CLASS-BOOK 0F BOTANY: BEING OUTLINES OF THE STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLA r NTS; WITH' fort of tft hliite6;tates lIb Ianada. BY ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M. PRINCIPAL OF FEMALE ACAXDEMY, BROOKLYN.' TIE SPAKE OF TREES, FROMh THE CEDAR OF LEBANON EVEN UNTO THE IHYSSOI TrAT SPRINGETII OUT OF THE WALL."-1 Kings, iv. 33. "CONSIDER THE LILIES OF THE FIELD.... EVEN SOLOMON, IN ALL HIS GLORY, WAS NOT ARRAYED LIKEI ONE OF THESE."-2lfatt7hew, vi. 28, 29. NEW YORK: PUBLISH E D BY A. S. S. BARNES & BURR TROY: MOORE & NIMS. CINCINNATI: ItICKEY1 MAILORY & CO. NEW OIl,LEANS: H. 3). i'GINNLS.-' MOBILE: RANDIALL & WILLIAMS. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, by A. S. BARNES & BURR. In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.'ELECTROTYPED BY PRINTED BY SMITH & McDOUGAL, GEORGE W. WOOD, 82 & 84 Beekman-st., N. Y. cor. Dutch & John St., N. Y. P R E F A C E. THE Class-Book of Botany was first offered to the student in 1845. It was originally prepared with immediate reference to the wants of the author's own pupils, with scarcely a hope of approval from the community beyond. The event, however, proved that the wants of his own pupils were precisely the same as those of mnyriads of others; and the use of tile book, notwithstanding its numerous imperfections, soon. became general. The lapse of fifteen years has done much to develop not only the knowledge of our native Flora, but of the science of Botany in general; and materials for the revision of our whole work have indefinitely accuinulated. In this revision, which seems to be demanded not less by the growing appreciation of scientific studies as a means of intellectual and moral discipline, than by the progress of the science itself; w-e have still confined ourselves to the limits of ca single volume, and sternly resolved against any essential enlargement, except such as the increased territory of our Flora requires. This we have done with direct reference to the convenience and the means of the thousands of youths who will still enter upon this delightful pursuit, and make their text-book their vade-?mecum. The labor expended in this condensation will bel appreciated by few, and those few, while they justify the motives, will regret the necessity. The limit of our Flora in this new series has been much extended. It now embraces the territory lying East of the Mississippi River with the exception of the Southern Peninsula of Florida, and South of the Great Lakes and the River St. Lawrence. The States bordering upon the western shores of the Mississippi, although not strictly included, are essentially so, as well as those provinces of Canada upon the northern shore of the St. Lawrence. This Class-Book is, therefore, now professedly adapted to the student's use from Quebec to New Orleans and from St. Pauls to St. Augustine. Tile southern peninsula of Florida is neglected in consequence of tile author's inability to visit that region hitherto. During his extended tour southward in 1857, the Seminole war rendered the route to the 9iv. PREFACE. Everglades unsafe, or at least undesirable. The species omitted are generally unknown northward of Key West. Students at Mecanopy, Ocala, to St. Augustine, will scarcely miss them; but should they do so, they will confer a grateful favor by contributing specimens of such to the author. That every species of native plant in this extensive region is accurately defined, or even noticed, we cannot presume; yet this has been our aim; and as in the former series, so here, we have distrusted every source- of information except that of our own personal inspection. Therefore, into nearly every section of this territory, firom the St. Lawrence and the Lakes to the Gulf, and from. the Sea-Coast to the Great River, the author has made repeated excursions in delighted converse with the vegetable world. Together with the plants of spontaneous growth which constitute our proper Flora, we have included in our sktc1he5 also our exotic Flora; that is, all those plants which seem to us to have attained a general cultivation in this country, either as useful, curious, or ornamental. By this accession, learners in the city, as well as in the country, may be supplied with subjects for illustration and for practice in botanical analysis; and all with the means of acquainting themselves with the beautiful tenants of their own fields, gardens, and conservatories. From the multiplication of species and genera we have studiously refrained, believing that our books already contain more than Nature will warrant. In the case of any doubtful specimen, which might have served as the basis of a new species, or possibly genus, (had this been our aim), we have always inclined rather to the extension of the limits of some kindred group for its reception, having less apprehension of error in this direction than in the opposite, with all due regard for the permanence of true species. The same principle has compelled us to disallow the claims of many reputed species of the best authors. In the sequence of the Natural Orders, we have, in common with all recent American authors, mainly adopted the arrangement of De Candolle,l-an arrangement seen, in part, in the' Flora of the State of New York,' by Dr. Torrey. It commences with those Orders supposed tobe of the higher rank in organization, and proceeds gradually to the lower, regarding the completeness of the flower and the distinctness of its parts as the general criterion of rank. Tables of analysis by the dichotomal method were first in the ClassBook applied to the genera of plants, and introduced into general use. They are now regarded as indispensable, and have been adopted into their Floras by nearly every subsequent author. In the present new P REFACE. V series, wehave greatly modified, extended, and improved this system, adapting it to the analysis of Species as well as of Orders and Genera. By means of this addition, our Flora is now adapted to class exercises in analysis throughout, from the Grand division to the Species —an imimprovement which will be duly appreciated by the practical teacher. An analytical Key to the Orders, mainly artificial, more simple than any hitherto constructed by us, founded, as in the previous edition, almost solely upon characters taken from the flowers and leaves (not fruit), will readily conduct the student to that Order where any given flowering specimen may belong. Next, under the Order, a table of the utmost simplicity, analyzes the Genera, mostly in such a way as to do but little violence to their natural affinities. Lastly, under the Genus (when large enough to require it) another table conducts to the species in groups of twos or threes, which groups are instantly resolved by a brief diagnosis in italics catching the eye in some part of the description which follows. The limited space allowed us in the Flora compels us to use very sparingly illustrative engravings in this part of our work, which occasions us less regret considering the copiousness of illustration in the scientific treatise in the former part. Those engravings are designed partly with reference to the Flora, where frequent references will be found. The few which we have adopted in the Flora, are prepared with reference to the deficiencies of the former part. In other words those which have no illustrative figure in the former treatise are generally furnished with one or more in the Flora. Throughout the work, these are mostly from original sketches and drawings on wood by the author's own hand. Others are copied from Lindley, Henfrey, Peyer, &e. In addition to those colaborers in Botany, whose invaluable aid is acknowledged in former editions, namely Dr. Edward E. Phelps, Dr. James W. Robbins, Dr. Joseph Barratt, Dr. Albert G. Skinner, Mr. I. A. Lapham, Dr. Truman Ricard, Dr. H. P. Sartwell, Dr. John Plummer, Dr. S. B. Mead, Mr. S. S. Olney, &c., we have now to mention with grateful acknowledgments other names of equal merit. Dr. Josiah THale of Alexandria, La., has sent us a suit of specimens, well nigh representing the entire Flora of that State. Dr. A. WT. Chapman of Apalachicola, Fla., presented us with many of the more rare plants of Florida, on the occasion of our recent visit to his own familiar walks. Dr. H. A. Mettauer of Macon, Ga., has made contributions of great value from that district, and from the vicinity of Tallahasse and St. Marks, Fla., with many critical notices and observations on the Flora!of those States. Vi P R E FACE.. Prof. William T. Feay, M.D., and Prof. Thomas G. Pond, both of Savannah, Ga., have sent almost the entire Flora of that State, with copious original notes and observations, such as result only from the most extensive and accurate investigation. Miss Sarah Keen of Blainbridge, Ga. (now of Mariana, Fla.), has also sent an herbarium of beautiful specimens prepared by her own and her sister's hands. To her, as well as to the gentlemen last mentioned, the author is also indebted for every kind hospitality and encouragement during a protracted herborizing tour along our southern coasts. MrI. William Wright of Bainbridge, and Prof. N. H. Stuart of Quiney, Florida (since deceased), also contributed to the consummation of our work by many facilities affordedc us in our laborious researches in their respective precincts, and by the shelter of their hospitable mansions. To Rev. Dr. Curtis of lHillsborough, N. C., and to Rev. Dr. Bachman of Chlarleston, S. C., we are indebted for the fiee use of their very complete herbaria, during our sojourn in their respective cities; and Mr. S. B. Buckley, recently of Yellow Springs; Ohio, has afforded us similar facilities through his rich collection. Dr. Cousens generously supplied us with the plants of the State of Iowa. His name often appears in our pages. Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, has also favored us with the friee use of his admirable monograph of the genus Cuscuta, and with many important notes in MS. on other difficult genera in our Flora, especially on the Euphorbiacee. Our entire collection of specimens belonging to this Order was, by his kind permission, submitted to his inspection and determination. The Rev. Chester Dewey, D.D., of Rochester, N. Y., the venerable pioneer in American Caricography, has placed us and our readers under renewed obligations by additional contributions to the genus Carex, rendering it complete for the extended territory of our present Flora. Communications containing specimens, critical notices or corrections, or soliciting information, will always, as heretofore, be acceptable. BROOKLYN FEMALE ACADEMY, Dec., 1, 1860. CONTENTS. C O N T E N T So rAGE PREFACE........................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION.................9 CHAPTER I.-THE LEADING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE;-MIENTAL AND) MIORAL DISCIPLINE ITS ArmI AND END...................................... 9 CHAPTER II.-THE DEPARTMENTS OF BOTANY.......................... 1 2 CHAPTER IfI.-APPARATUS.-AIETHODS OF STUDY....................... 15 PART FIRST.-STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGIIAPHY.................... 17 CHAPTER I.-PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF1 THE VEGETAkBLE KINGDOM...........I 17 CHAPTER II.L-THE TERM OF PLANT LIFE.............................. 19 CHAPTER II.-TIIE PHENOGAMIA;-HIIow DEVELOPED............... 22 CHAPTER iV.-THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AxIS24 CHAPTER V.-THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.......................... 30 CHAPTER VI.-THE LEAF -BUD.-VERNATION........................... 41 CHAPTER VII.-THE LEAF........................................... 46; PIIYLLOTAXY, ORI LEAF-ARRANGEMENT............................ 46 ~ MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF....................................... 50 OF THE STIPULES.............................................. 51 ~ OF THE VEINS................................................ 52 ~ FORMI OF THE LEAF, OR FIGURE.................................. 54 ~ MARGIN...................................................... 59 ~ APEX......................................................... 59 ~ COMIPOUND LEAVES............................................. 60 CHAPTER VIII.-TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF... 63 CHAPTER IX.-INFLORESCENCE........................................ 67 ~ FLOWERING.... t5 CHAPTER X.-M[ORPIIOLOGY OF THE FLOWER.......................... 7 ~ SIV T.................................................. 9 ~ THE FLORVL ORGANS........................................... 81 ~ THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER......................................83 CHAPTER XI.-TmI FLORAL ENYELOPES.-PERIANTHI..................... 91 CHAPTER XII.-THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS.99 ~ THE STAMENS, OR ANDRECIUM................................... 99 ~ THE PISTILS, OR GYN(EICIUM..................................... 104 ~ THE OVULES.................................................. 108 viii CONTENTS. pTH11 c O N T s N T s. PAGE CHAPTER XIII.-T E FRUIT;-PERICARP............................. 110 CHAPTER XIV.-THE FRUIT;-SEED.................................. 117 ~ GERMINATION........................................ 121 CHAPTER XV.-THE CRYPTOGAIA.-ORGANS........................ 124 PART SECOND.-PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY............................ 130 CIIAPTER I. —THE VEGETABLE CELL.................................. 130 CIIAPTER II.-THE TISSUES.......................................... 134 CHAPTER III.-TIHE EPIDERMAL SYSTE............................. 137 CHAPTER IV. —_THfE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM................................ 139 ~ STRUCTURE OF LEAVES.. 145 CHAPTER V.-OF VEGET*TION, OR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT LIFE. 146 ~ FERTILIZATION................................................ 148 ~ RIPENING OF FRUITS.............................. 151 CIAPTER VI. —OF ABSORPTION...................................... 152 ~ CIRCULATION............................1....................... 153 ~ TRANSPIRATION............................................. 16 RESPIRATION...................................................... 15 CHItPTER VII.-R-E IEv OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.............. 158 PART THrRD.- SYSTE~MATIC BOTANY.................................. 164 CHAPTER I.-OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS....16...........4...... 16i CHAPTER II.-OF THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM...... 166 CHAPTER III.- OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM............................. 169 CHAPTER IV.- NO'OENCLATURE.-ANALYSIS........................... 175. INDEX AND GLOSSARY....................... 80 K EY ANALYTICAL TO THE NATURAL ORDERS....................... 191 PART FOURTH.-DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY; -THE FLORA..................... 199 ORDERS OF THE POLYPETAL.................................... 200 ORDERS OF THE GXAMOPETAL...................................... 393 ORDERS OF TEE APETAL................................... 601 ORDERS OF THE CONOIDEE...................6................ 659 ORDERS OF THE SPADICIFLORAL.................................... 666 ORDERS OF THE FLORIDEE.............66........................... ORDERS OF THE GRA.MINOIDE...............31 ORDERS OF THE CRYPTOGAMIA................................ 810 I NTR OD U CT IO N. CHAPTER I. LEADING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE:-MENTAL AND MORAL DISCIPULIN ITS AIM ANP END. 1. PLANTS AS RELATED TO MAN. The vegetable kingdom maintains towards man several important relations. Besides its obvious utility as the source of his food, shelter, clothing and medicine, it furnishes an exhaustless field for interesting and disciplinary study. 2. PROOF TIIAT NATURE IS RELATED TO MIND. This remark is commonplace. But the fact stated is neither a necessity nor accident. Since the phenomena of Nature are ordained subject to the cognizance of the human understanding while yet their depths are unfathomable by it, it is evident that God made them for each other. It is certainly conceivable that Ho might have ordained otherwise. 3. ILLUSTRATION. The phenomena of vegetation, or of nature in general, might have been all simple and uniform, thus awakening no curiosity, presenting no motive for study. Or on the other hand, they might have involved plans so intricate as to defy all efforts of the mind in their investigation. In this case, as in the former, the mind and nature would have remained for ever estranged. 4. TIIE STUDY OF NATURE SUCCESSFUL. But an intermediate course hath seemed good to an All-wiso and Beneficent Creator. The works of His HI-and are commensurate with the powers of the understanding. We study them not in vain. Step by step His plans are unfolded; and research, although never reaching the goal, yet never wearies, nor fails of its appropriate reward. 5.-PLEASURABLE. Hence the study of nature, through this beautifully adjusted relation, becomes a source of the purest pleasure, being ever accompanied by fresh discoveries of truth in the plans and operations of a sublime Intelligence. 6.-DISCIPLINARY. But a higher purpose than present pleasure is accomplished by this means, namely, discipline. Enterinff life as a mere germ, the soul expands into intelligence and virtue through the teachings of surrounding objects and influences. In this good work the beauty, purity and wisdom displayed in the vegetable world bear a full share. These invite to investigation; and their tendency is to impress upon their votaries the characteristics of their own sincerity and loveliness. 7. CREATIVE WISDOM NEVER gWORKS IN VAIN, nor merely in sport. Even the flying cloud Which now passes over the sun has its mission; the forms which it assumes, and the colors, were each necessary and divinely appointed for that special purpose. The hills and valleys, which seem scattered in accidental confusion, have received each their contour and position by design, according to the ends foreseen. Consequently, each stone or mineral composing these hills was also the work of special design, as to its magnitude, form and place. 10 INTRODUCTION. 8. NO ACCIDENT OR CAPRICE IN NATURE. Much more in the living kingdoms of nature may we look for an adequate purpose and end accomplished by every movement and in every creature of the Divine hand. Each species is created and sustained to answer some worthy end in the vast plan; and hence no individual, animal or plant is to be regarded in science as insignificant, inasmuch as the individual constitutes the species. Nor is accident or caprice to be found in the form of the leaf or the color of the flower. There is for each a special reason or adaptation worthy of unerring wisdom. 9. OBJECT OF NATURAL SCIENCE. In the study of nature we are therefore concerned in reasons and ends as well as in forms and appearances. That investigation which ceases contented with the latter only is peurile. It may amuse, but can scarcely instruct, and can never conduct to that purest source of the student's enjoyment, namely, the recognition of Intelligence by intelligence. 10. DESIGN, A SETTLED PRINCIPLE IN SCIENCE. The end or purpose, it is true, is not always as easily discerned as the form and fashion are. In a thousand instances the end is yet inscrutable. Nevertheless it is now a settled principle of science that there is an end-a purpose-a reason, for every form which we contemplate; and the adaptation to that end is as beautiful as the form itself. That the tendril of the vine and the runner of the strawberry were happily adapted to a special purpose is readily admitted; for that purpose is immediate and obvious to all. Let us not then say that the spine, the stipule, or'the varying tints of the rose, were made merely in caprice, their uses being less obvious in the present state of our knowledge. 11. DESIGN, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM'" TYPICAL FoutMs." In addition to this sequence of cause and effect in nature, disclosing the Infinite Designer in all things, as early taught by Paley in his " Natural Theology,' another class of principles more recently developed are shown by the author of "Typical Forms" (McCosI), to indicate with a still clearer light the thoughts of the Omniscient Mind in the operations of nature. A single observation often suffices for the discovery of design, as in the down of the thistle, by means of which the seed is wafted on the winds to flourish in distant lands. But a tylpicalforin or plan requires a long series of observations for its discernment, 12. TYPICAL Fonis ILLUSTRATED. The scientific world were slow to learn that the numerous organs of plants so diversified in form and use are all modeled from a single type, one radical form, and that form, the leaf! 13. RESULTS. This interesting doctrine, now universally admitted, sheds a new light upon nature, making it all luminous with the Divine Presence. It brings the operations of the Great Architect almost within the grasp of human intelligence, revealing the conceptions which occupied His mind before they were embodied in actual existence by His word. 14. GRADUATED FORAIS. Again, by continued observation, the principle of graduated forms, allied to the last, appeared as another grand characteristic of nature. This principle implies that while natural objects vary to wide and seemingly irreconcilable extremes, their differences are never abrupt, but they pass by insensible gradations and shades from species to species in a continuous series. 15. ILLUSTRATioaTr Thus in maagnitude, although the tiny moss is far removed from the gigantic oak, yet a series connects them representing every imaginable intermediate grade in size. So in number, from the one-stamened saltwort to the hundred-stamened rose, there is a connecting series, representing every intervening number. Moreover, in formaz and figure, we pass from the thread-leafed pine to the broad-leafed poplar through a series of every intermediate degree of leaf-expansioa; LEADING PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE. 11 and from the regular-flowered crowfoot to the distorted monks-hood by a series graduated in like manner. 16. NATURA NON SALTUS FACIT, said Linnmus, in evident allusion to this beautiful principle, which will constitute one of the most interesting themes of botanical study. 17. ACCOMODATED FORanS or organs is a phrase applied to another principle in. the Divine plan, the reverse of the first. This principle appears in the adaptation of different organs in different species to one common use; of which there are many familiar 18. EXAAMPLES. Thus, the slender vine requires support. Now it throws out a tendril for this very purpose, grasping whatever object it may reach, as in the grape. Again, the prolonged leaf-stalk answers the same end, as in Clematis. Again, the supple stem itself, by its own coils supports itself, as in the hop; and, lastly, adventitious rootlets in the ivy. 19. ANOTHER ILLUSTRATION. Reproduction is the general office of the seed; but this end is also accomplished, in different species, by nearly every other organ,a by buds, bulblets, bulbs, tubers, cuttings, scions, and even leaves. 20. ANOTHER. This principle is also traced in the nutritious deposits of plants, which are generally made in the fruit; but often the root serves as the reservoir instead, or even the stem. And in case of the fruit, the rich deposit is now found in the pericarp of the peach, the calyx of the apple, the receptacle of the strawberry, the cotyledons of the almond, the bracts, flower-stalks, &c., of the pine-apple. Thus God's boundless resources of skill can accomplish either one purpose in a thousand different ways, or a thousand different purposes by a single organ. 21. ARRESTED FORIis. This principle, demanding a wider range of generalization than either of the foregoing, we state rather as a hypothesis, that the student may hereafter test its probability by his own observations. The flowering plants which clothe the earth in such numbers, constituting the apparent vegetable world, are in truth but a minor part of it in respect to numbers. Numerous tribes, of lower rank, embracing thousands of species, reach far down the scale, beyond the utmost. limits of the microscope. Now a principle of analogy seems to pervade these ranks, called the principle of arrested forms, binding all together in one consistent whole, proving that for the vast realm of vegetation there was but one plan and one origin. 22. THE HIYPOTHESIS STATED. The successive tribes of vegetation, beginning with the lowest, have each their type or analogue in the successive stages of embryonic growth in the highest tribe. 23. MORE EXPLICITLY: the flowering plant, in the course of its growth from the pollen grain to the completed embryo, passes necessarily through a series of transient forms. Now, suppose the development of the plant arrested at each of these stages, so that these transient forms become permanent, we should have a series of organisms analogous to the various tribes of Flowerless Plants; the Protococcus, e. g., an arrested pollen grain; the Oscillaria, an arrested pollen tube; and so on up to the Marsillea, whose organization answers to that of the full-formed embryo of the flowering plant. Thus we might truly say of the lower plants that they are the arrested forms of the higher. 24. INDIVIDUALITY OF THE PLANT. The plant is both material and immaterial. Its form and substance is the material, its life the ihnmaterial. The material commences existence as a single cell, and is ever changing. The immaterial gives to that cell its individuality, and fixes inevitably its law of development, so that it must grow up to become such a plant as it is,. and by no possibility any other, 25. ILLUSTRATION. The embryonic cell of a. rose may not differ mnaterialy, in the 12 INTRODUCTION. least, from that of the grape: but the individuality of each is widely different. This principle in the one will make it a rose; in the other, a grape. Individuality can not be predicated of a stone. 26. LIFE AND DEATH ARE EQUALLY PREDICATED OF THE PLANT. The latter follows close upon the former, with unequal, inevitable step, and soon disputes possession in the same living fabric. The plant both lives and dies at once. Life passes on from cell to cell, and in the parts which it has abandoned dissolution and decay are soon manifest. Thus the whole existence of the individual is a contest. Life advances, death pursues, and ultimately triumphs. But not so in the species. Securely transferred to the seed, the living immaterial plant mocks the destroyer, and begins its career anew, multiplied a hundred fold. 227. THE SEED OF THE PLANT IS ITS REDEMPTION. Through this appointment, the conquest of death is apparent, while the triumph of life is real. In the "grain of mustard" there is literally afaith-an energy which will raise it fr6m the dust, "a tree." Yet, as in the wheat and all other seed, " it shall not be quickened except it die." Hence, 28. PLANTS MrAY TEACH US LESSONS IN SACRED THINGS. While we study the facts and the forms of the vegetable world, we should also aim to learn the purposes accomplished, and the great principles adopted in its creation. We should also learn to recognize here the tokens (too long overlooked) which declare that nature sympathizes with humanity in the circumstances of the Fall, the Redemption, and the Life. Such study alone is adapted to acquaint us with the thoughts of the intelligent Creator, and to discipline aright the mind which was created in His image. 29. BOTANY COMBINES PLEASURE WITH IMPROVE3MENT. It conducts the student into the fields and forests amidst %the verdure of spring and the bloom of summer; to the charming retreats of Nature in her wild luxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous exercise, both of body and mind, which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart. CHAPTER II. TH~E DEPARTMENTS OF THE STUDY. 30. THREE GREAT DEPARTMENTS IN NATURE are universally recognized, commonly called the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms. The first constitutes the Inorganic, the other two the Organic IWorld. 31. A MINERAL is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without distinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may be broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain all the essential,haracteristics of the original body, so that each fragment will still be a stone. 22. A PLANT iS an organized body, endowed with vitality but not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is essential to THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE STUDY. 13 the completeness of its being. A tulip is composed of organs which may be separated and subdivided indefinitely, but no one of the fragments alone will be a complete plant. 33. ANIMALS, like plants, are organized bodies endowed with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is complete in itself; but they are elevated above either plants or minerals by their power of perception. 34. THESE DISTINCTIONS, long since suggested by Linnmus, the founder of botanical science, are perfectly obvious and definite in the higher grades of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. But in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual approach, in both. to inorganic matter, and consequently to each other, so that in the lowest forms of life all traces of organization are lost to our perception, and the three kingdoms of nature, like converging radii, apparently meet and blend in a common centre. 35. THE POSITION OF TIlE A PLANT-WORLD IN RANK and office is intermediate. While inferior to the animal in re- / spect to perception and instinct, it is superior to the'sooa mineral in its vitality. In office it constitutes the food i and nourishment of the animal, the vesture and ornament of the mineral world,it o whence alone itself is fed. In other words, plants feed on minerals, animals feed on plants. FIGURa. 1. A diagram illustrating these views of the three 36. PHYSICS is the kingdoms of nature-how related to each other. general name of the science which treats of the mineral or inorganic world. 37. ZOOLOGY relates to the animal kingdom. 38. BOTANY is the science of the vegetable kingdom. It includes the knowledge of the forms, organs, structure, growth, and uses of plants, together with their history and classification. Its several departments correspond to the various subjects to which they relate. Thus 39. STRUCTURAL BOTANY, or Organography, treats of the special organs of plants as compared with each other, answering to Comparative Anatomy in the science of Zoology. Morphology is a term often used in a similar sense; but it especially relates to the mutual or typical transformations which the organs undergo in the course of development. 40. ELEMENTARY BOTANY treats of the elementary tissues-the organic elements out of which the vegetable fabric is constructed. 14 INTRODUCTION. 41. PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY is that department which relates to the vital action of the several organs and tissues, including both the vital and chemical phenomena in the germination, growth, and reproduction of plants. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing upon the labors of husbandry in the propagation and culture of plants, both in the garden and in the field. 42. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY arises from the consideration of plants in relation to each other. It aims to arrange and classify plants into groups and families, according to their mutual affinities and relative rank, so as to constitute of them all one unbroken series or system. 43. DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY, or PHYTOLOGY, iS the art of expressing the distinctive characters of species and groups of plants with accuracy and precision, in order to their complete recognition. A flora is a descriptive work of this kind, embracing the plants of some particular country or district. 44. BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE, which is the art of properly applying names to the species and groups, is intimately associated with the above department. Terminology relates to the explanation and application of botanical terms whereby the organs of plants, with their numerous modifications, are accurately designated. This is, therefore, inseparable from Structural Botany. 45. ULTIMATE AI3x OF BOTANY. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends also the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other departments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of its researches is the development of the boundless resources of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance and protection as well as education; for the healing of our diseases and the alleviation of our wants and woes. This branch of botanical science is called 46. APPLIED BOTANY. It includes also several departments, as JMedical Botany, or Pharmacy, Agricultural Botany, or Chemistry, Pomology, &c. 47. PLAN OF THE WORK. In the following pages, designed as a complete although compendious treatise for the special convenience of the learner, we shall conmmence with Structural Botany, whose subjects (the constituent organs of plants) are conspicuous and most readily comprehended. 48. SECONDLY, the cell and the elementary tissues will claim our attention. THIRDLY, we shall inquire into the vital activities of all these organs, and endeavor to explain the phenomena of vegetable life. FOURTHLY, the principles of vegetable nutrition which constitute the foundation of agricultural science. 49. IN THE FIFTH PLACE we shall treat of Systematic Botany, the principles of arrangement adopted in the Natural System, and the methods of Botanical Analysis. 50. LASTLY, the Natural Orders will be defined, and illustrated by our flora, both native and cultivated. INTRODUCTION. 1 5 51. NOTWITHSTANDING the extreme brevity of this work, the author believes that no principle of the science essential to a liberal course in Botany is omitted. The brevity is attained by a studied conciseness of expression, and by the omission of all needless illustrations, theoretical views and wordy discussions. In the flora those multitudinous repetitions which are liable to encumber the descriptions of allied groups are avoided, without the sacrifice of minuteness by means of copious tables of analysis. CHAPTER III. APPARATUS-METHODS OF STUDY. 52. THE PROPER SEASON FOR TIIE COMMENCE MENT OF THE STUDY of Botany in schools is in late winter, at the opening of the first session or term after New-Years. The class will thus be prepared before hand by a degree of acquaintance with first principles, for the analysis of the earliest spring flowers-the sweet Epigrea, Anemone, Erigenia or spring beauty, of the North, the yellow jessamine, Chaptaiia, or Crysogonum of the South, the blood-root and violet every where. 53. SPECIMENTS Of leaves, stems, roots, fruit, flowers, &c., in unlimited supply are requisite during the whole course. In the absence of the living, let the dried specimens of the herbarium be consulted. Crayon sketches upon the black-board, if truthful, are always good for displaying minute or obscure forms. In the city, classes in Botany may employ, at small expense, a collector to supply them daily with fresh specimens from the country. Moreover, the gardens and conservatories will furnish to such an abundant supply of caltivated species for study and analysis, with almost equal advantage; since the present work embraces, together with the native flora, all exotics which are in any degree common in cultivation. 54. AN HERBARIUM (h. s., hortus siccus, dlry garden), is a collection of botanic specimens, artificially dried, protected in papers and systematically arranged. Herbaria are useful in rmanny waysJ; (a.) for preserving thle knowledge of rare, or inaccessible, or lost species; (b.) for exchanges, enabling one to possess the flora of other countries; (c.) for refreshing one's memory of early scenes and studies; (d.) for aiding in more exact researches at leisure; (e.) for the comparison of species with species, genus with genus, &c. 55. FOR COLLECTING BOTANIC SPECI.IENS, a strong knife for digging and cutting is needed, and a close tin box eighteen inches in length, of a portable form. Enclosed in such a box, with a little moisture, specimens will remain fresh for a week. 56. SPECIMENS FOR THE HERBARIUM should represent the leaves, flowers and fruit, and, if herbaceous, the root also. Much care is requisite in so drying them as to preserve the natural appearance, form and color. The true secret of this art consists in extracting the moisture from them by pressure in an abundance of dry, bibulous paper, before decomposition can take place. 57. THE DRYING PRESS, to be most efficient and convenient, should consist of a dozen quires of ordinary blotting paper, at least 11 x 14 inches, two sheets of wire gauze, (same size) as covers, stiffened by folded edges, and three or four leather straps a yard in length, with buckles. When in use suspend it in the wind and sunshine. In such a press, the specimens dry well in fair weather without once changing. If boards be used for covers instead of wire-gauze, the papers must be changed and dried daily. 16 INTRODUCTION. 58. SUCCULENT PLANTS may be immersed in boiling water before pressing, to hasten their desiccation. 59. THE LENS, either single, double, or triple, is almost indispensable in the ordinary pursuits of Morphology or Phytography. In viewing minute flowers or parts of flowers the use of the lens can not be too highly appreciated, For dissection with the lens, a needle inserted in a handle, a penknife and tweezers are required. The dried flowers of the herbarium need to be thrown into boiling water before dissection. 60. THE COMPOUND IICROSCOPE is undoubtedly a higher aid in scientific investigation than any other instrument of human invention. It is like the bestowment of a new sense, or the opening of a new world. Through this, almost solely, all our knowledge of the cells, the tissues, growth, fertilization, &c., is derived. The skillful use of this noble instrument is itself an art which it is no part of our plan to explain. For such information the student is referred to the works of Carpenter and Quekett 61. ON THE PREPARAkTION OF BOTANICAL SUBJECTS for examination we remark briefly. The field of view is necessarily small, and only minute portions of objects can be seen at once. The parts of it are to be brought under inspection successively by the movements of the stage. 62. THE TISSUES OF LEAVES, &c., are best seen by transmitted light. They are to be divided by the razor or scalpel into extremely thin parings or cuttings. Such cuttings may be made by holding the leaf between the two halves of a split cork. They are then made wet and viewed upon glass. The stomata are best seen in the epidermis stripped off; but in the sorrel leaf (Oxalis Violacea) they appear beautifully distinct (~ 678, Fig. 585,) upon the entire leaf. 63. WOODY TISSUES, &C., may be viewed either as opaque or transparent. Sections and cuttings should be made in all directions, and attached to the glass by water, white of egg, Canada balsam. To obtain the elementary cells separately for inspection, the fragment' of wood may be macerated in a few drops of nitric acid added to a grain of chlorate of potassa. Softer structures may be macerated simply in boiling water. 64. CERTAIN REAGEN:TS are applied to the softer and more recent tissues to effect such changes in the cell contents, of either color or form, as shall render them visible. Thus sulphuric acid coagulates the primordial utricle (~ 639); a solution of iodine turns it blue; sugar and nitric acid change it to r9d. PART FIRST, STRUCTURAL BOTANY; OR, ORGANOGRAPItY. CHAPTER I. PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 65. Two NATURAL GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM have long been recognized by botanists, viz., the Phrenogamia or Flowering Plants; the Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. Besides the obvious distinction made by the presence and absence of the flower, 2, Rose (flowers double) —an Exogen. 8, Lily —an Endogen. 4, Fern-an acrogeaouo Cryptogam. 5, Lichen —a thallogenous Cryptogam. 18 PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 66. THIESE GRAND DIVISIONS ARE FURTHER DISTINGUISHED by their organic structure and general aspects. In the Phwnogamia we find a system of compound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, bud, flower, successively developed on a determinate plan; while in the Cryptogamia, a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become, at length, in their lowest forms, simple expansions of a uniform tissue, without symmetry or proportion. This distinction is rendered perfectly clear by a reference to 67. EXAMPLES. Compare a rose with a fern. In the former a regular axis bears buds which are unfolded, some into leaves, others into flowers succeeded by fruit. In the fern no buds nor flowers appear, and the fruit dots sprinkle over the back of the leaf Again, contrast the violet with a lichen, where neither stem, root, nor leaf appears, much less flowers, but disc-like expansions with fruit-dust (spores) produced indifferently in any part of them. 68. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PHIENOGAMIA. This grand division is itself very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, named by De Candolle Exogens and Endogens. 69. EXOGENOUS PLANTS OR EXOGENS (outside-growers), including all the trees (except palms) and most herbaceous plants of temperate regions, are so named, because the additions to the diameter of the stem are made externally to the wood already formed. 70. ENDOGENOUS PLANTS OR ENDOGENS (inside-growers), including the grasses and most bulbous plants of temperate climates, and the palms, canes, etc., south, are so named from the accretions of the stem taking place within the parts already formed. 71, THESE SUBDIVISIONS ARE MORE ACCURATELY DISTINGUISHED by the structure of the seed. The seeds of the Exogens consists of two equal seed-lobes, called cotyledons, as seen in the pea. The seed of the Endogens consists of but one seed-lobe or cotyledon, as in the Indian Corn. 011 this account Exogens were first called Dicotyledonous (two-cotyledoned) plants, and Endogens, Monocotyledonous (one-cotyledoned) plalnts;-namnes quite appropriate, but too hard and long for general use. 72. TIIEY ARE ALSO VERY READILY DISTINGUISHED by their leaves, which are net-veined in the Exogens, and parallel-veined in the Endogens. Moreover, their flowers are remarkably different, being almost always three-parted in the latter and about five-parted in the former. But all these distinctions, with some others,will be more definitely stated hereafter. 73. THE NAME OF A PLANT or other natural object is twofold,-the trivial or popular name, by which it is generally known in the country; and the Latin name, by which it is accurately designated in science throughout the world. For example, stlrawberry is the popular name, and Fragaria vesca the Latin or scientific name of the same plant. 74. In elementary treatises, like the present, for the sake of being readily understood, plants are usually called by their popular names. Yet we earnestly recommend to the learner to accustom himself early to the use of the more accurate names employed in science. TERM OF PLANT LIFE. 19 75. THE LATIN NAME IS ALWAYS DOUBLE; -generic and specific. Thus Fragaria is generic, or the name of the genus of the plant, vesca is specific, or the name of the species. 76. A SPECIES embraces all such individuals as may have originated from a common stock. Such individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other as well as to their common parent, in all their parts. 77. For EXAMPLE, the white clover (Trifolium repens) is a species embracing thousands of cotemporary individuals scattered over our hills and plains, all of common descent, and producing other individuals of their own kind from their seed. 78. VARIETIES. To this law of resemblance in plants of one common origin there are some apparent exceptions. Individuals descended from the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or fruit differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form, etc. Such plants are called varieties. They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency to revert to their original type. 7 9. EXAMPLES. Varieties occur chiefly in species maintained by cultivation, as the apple, potato, rose, Dahlia. They also occur more or less in native plants (as Hepatica triloba), often rendering the limits of the species extremely doubtful. They are due to the different circumstances of climate, soil, and culture to which they are subjected, and continue distinct only until left again to multiply spontaneously from seed in their own proper soil, or some other change of circumstances. 80. A GENUS is an assemblage of species closely related to each other in the structure of their flowers and fruit, and having more points of resemblance than of difference throughout. 81. ILLUSTrATION. The genus clover (Trifolium) includes many species, as the white clover (T. repens), the red clover (T. pretense), the buffalo clover (T. reflexum), etc., agreeing in floral structure and general aspect so obviously that the most hasty observer would notice their relationship. So in the genus Pinus, no one would hesitate to include the white pine, the pitch pine, the long-leafed pine (P. strobus, rigida, and palustris), any more tlhan we would fail to observe their differences. 82. Thus individuals are grouped into species, and species are asso(iated into genera. These groups constitute the bases of all the systems of classification in use, whether by artificial or natural methods. CHAPTER II. T ERM 3 O F P L N T L I F' E. 80. PLANT LIFE DEFINED. The vital principle in the plant or its lifeb is known only by its effects. In the animal these effects are, in kind., twofold, indicating two kinds of life, the organic and the nervoes life.. In the plant the latter kind is wanting, and the sum of its vit.l phle — noimena is popularly expressed in the one word, vegetation. 20 TERM OF PLANT LIFE. 84. STAGES OF PLANT LIFE. The successive phenomena of vegetation are germination, growth, flowering, fruit-bearing, sleeping, dying; and we may add along with these, absorption, digestion, secretion. The development of every plant, herb or tree, commences with the minute embryo, advances through a continual series of transformations, with a gradual increase of stature, to its appointed limit. 85. THE LIFE OF THE PLANT IS A BIOGRAPHY. Its form is never permanent, but changing like a series of dissolving views. The picture which it presents to the eye to-day differs, perhaps imperceptibly, from that of yesterday. But let the views be successively sketched when it sprouts from the seed in spring, when clothed in its leafy robes, when crowned with flowers, when laden with ripe fruit, arfd when dead or dormant in winter-and the pictures differ as widely as those of species the most opposite. 86. THE TERM OR PERIOD OF PLANT LIFE varies between wide extremes, fiom the ephemeral mushroom to the church-yard yew, whose years are reckoned by thousands. The term of life for each species is, of course, mainly dependent on its own laws of growth, yet is often modified by thle climate and seasons. Thus the castor oil bean (Ricinus) is an annual herb in the Northern States, a shrub in the Southern, and a tree forty feet in height in its native India. 87. FLOWERING AND FRUIT-BEARING IS AN EXHAUSTING PROCESS. If it occur within the first or second year of the life of the plant it generally proves the fatal event. In all other cases it is either preceded or followed by a state of needful repose. Now if flowering be prevented by nipping the buds, the tender annual may become perennial, as in the florist's tree-mignionette. 88. WE DISTINGUISH PLANTS, AS TO THEIR TERM OF LIFE, into the annual (X), the biennial (), and the perennial (4). 89. AN ANNUAL HERB is a plant whose entire life is limited to a single season. It germinates from the seed in spring, attains its growth, blossoms, bears fruit, and dies in autumn, as the flax, corn, morning-glory. 90. A BIENNIAL HERB iS a plant which germinates and vegetates, bearing leaves only the first season, blossoms, bears fruit, and dies the second, as the beet and turnip. Wheat, rye, &c., are annual plants, but whenl sown in autumn they have the habit of biennials, in consequence of the prevention of flowering by the sudden cold. 91. MONOCARPIC HERBS. The century plant (Agave), the talipot palm, &c., are so called. They vegetate, bearing leaves only, for many years, accumulating materials and strength for one mighty effort in fructification, which being accomplished, they die. But although the vital principle is extinguished in the parent, it survives multiplied a thousand fold in the seed. 92. PERENNIAL PLANTS are such as have an indefinite duration of life, usually of many years. They may be either herbaceous or woody. 93. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS, or perennial herbs, are plants whose TERM OF PLANT LIFE. 01 parts are annual above ground and perennial below. In other words, their roots or subterranean stems live from year to year, sending up annually in spring flowering shoots, which perish after they have ripened their fruit in autumn; as the lily, dandelion, hop. 94. WooDY PERENNIALS usually vegetate several years, and attain, well nigh their ordinary stature before flowering; thenceforward they fructify annually, resting or sleeping in winter. They are known as trees, shrubs, bushes and undershrubs-distinctions founded on size alone. 95. A SHRUB is a diminutive tree, limited to eighteen or twenty feet in stature, and generally dividing into branches at or near the surface of the ground (alder, quince). If the woody plant be limited to a still lower growth, say about the human stature, it is called a bush, (snow-ball, Andromeda.) If still smaller, it is an undershrub (whortleberry). 96. A TREE is understood to attain to a height many times greater than the human stature, with a permanent woody stein, whose lower part, the trunk, is unbranched. 97. LONGEVITY OF TREES.'Some trees live only a few years, rapidly attaining their growth and rapidly decaying, as the peach; others have a longevity exceeding the age of man, and some species outlive many generations. 98. THE AGE OF i TREE MAY BE ESTIMATED bV the nmllber of woodcircles or rins seen in a cross section of the trunk (~ 667), each ring being (very generally) an annual growth. 99. EXAMPLES., The known age of an elm, as stated by De Candolle, was 935 years; of a larch, 576; a chestnut, 600;- an orange, 630; oaks, from 810 to 1500; yews, 1214 to 2820. 100. ADANSON estimated the age of the baobabs of Africa at 5000 years. Livingston reduces it to 1800. The yew trees of Britain, as described by Balfour, are of wonderful longevity. One in Bradburn church-yard, Kent, is 3000 years old, and the great yew at Hedsor; Bucks, twenty-seven feet in diameter, has vegetated 3200 years. 101. MAGNITUDE. At the first establishment of Dartmouth College, a pine tree was felled upon the college plain which measured 210 feet in height. In the Ohio Valley the red maple attains a girth of 20 feet, the tulip-tree of 30, and the sycamore of more than 60. But the monarch tree of the world is the Sequoya gigantea -the California pine. One which had fallen measured 31 feet in diameter, and 363 feet in length. Among those yet standing are some of still greater dimensions, as beautiful in form as they are sublime in height, the growth (as estimated by the wood-circles) of more than 3000 years. 102. Trees are again distinguished as decidlous and evergreen-the former losing their foliage in autumn and remaining naked until the following spring; the latter retaining their leaves and verdure throughout all seasons. The fir tribe (Coniferae) includes nearly all the evergreens of the North; those of the South are far more numerous in kind, e. g., the magnolias, the live-oaks, holly, cherry, palrnetto, &c. 09. THE PH gNOGAMIA-10OW DEVELOPZDEI CHAPTER III. THE PH2ENOGAMIA — IOWV DEVELOPED. 103. THE EMBRYO. The plant in its earliest stage of life is an embryo, contained in a seed. It then consists essentially of two parts, the radicle and the plumule. We may discern both in many seeds, as the pea; bean, acorn. 104. GROWTHI OF THE EMBWYO. After the seed begins A to grow or germinate, the embryo extends itself in two directions, to form the axis of the plant. The radicle or root-end grows downward, penetrating the dark damp earth,so if to avoid the light, and forms the root or descending fl axis. The plumule, taking the opposite direction, ascends, seeking the light, and expanding itself as much as possible to the influence of the atmosphere. T!his constitutes the stemn or ascending axis,. bearing the leaves. 105. GROWTH o0 THE TERMINAL BUD. At first the ascending axis is merely a bud, I r that is, a growing point, clothed and protected by little scales, the rudimentary leaves. As the growing point advalnces, and its lower scales gradually expand in-to leaves, new scales suc-':essively appear above. Thus the IT axis is always terminated by a bud. 100. AXILLARY nuDs. By the growth of the terminal bud the asis is simply lengthened in one direction, an undivided stem. But besides this, buds also 6o exist, ready formed, in the Acorn (seed of Querczs palu.8axils of the leaves, one in er s)germinatin; G, section showing the radicle (r) which is to beeach. come the root, and the two cotyledons (c) which are to 107. Ho-w R BRANCHES nourish it; 7, the radicle', descending; 8 alnd 9, the 10R E ORMED. These axil- radicle,', dlescending, and the plunmule (p) ascentding. ARE FORMED. -These axillary buds, a part or all of them, may grow and develop like the terminal bud, or they may always sleep, as in the simple-stemmed mullein or palm. But in growing they become branches, and these branches T'IE -PII/NOGAMIA'- HOW DEVELOPED.'3 llay, in turn, generate buds and branchlets in the axils of their own leaves in like manner. 108. BY THE CONTINUAL REPETITION OF THIS SIMPLE PROCESS the vegetable fabric arises, ever advancing in the direction of all its growing points, clothing itself' with leaves as it advances, and enlarging the diameter of its axis, until it reaches the limit of existence assigned by its Creator. 109. THE ORGANS OF NUTRITION. Reared by this process alone the plant consists of such organs only as were designed for its own individual nourishment-roots to absorb its food, stem and branches to transmit it, and leaves to digest it. These are called organs of nutrition. But the divine command which caused the tribes of vegetation in their diversified beauty to spring from the earth, required that each plant should have its " seed within itself" for the perpetuation of its kind. 110. How THIE FLOWER ORIGINATES. In the third stage of vegetation, therefore, a change occurs in the development of somne of the buds. The growing point ceases to advance as hitherto, expands its leaves in crowded whorls, each successive whorl undergoing a gradual transforination departing from the original type,-the leaf. Thus, insteadcof a lerafy branch, the ordinary progeny of the bud, a flower is the result. 111. NATURE OF THE FLOWMER. A flower may be considered as a transformed branch, having the leaves crowded together by the nondevelopment of the axis, moulded into more delicate structures, and tinged with more brilliant hues, not only to adorn the face of nature, but to fulfill the important office of reproduction, oW X a 10, Poeony, with some of its petals removed to show the stamens and pistils. 11 to 22, the organs, graduated froln the leaf to the pistil. 24 THEE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS. 112. THE FRUIT. After the flower has fulfilled its office, the deciduous parts fall away, and the remaining energies of the plant are directed to the development of the pistils into the perfect fruit. Let us illustrate this doctrine by tracing out 113. A VIEW OF THE ORGANS OF THE PEONY, for example. (r) The root with its numerous Jibers and fabrillce (some fibers tuberous) continues the axis downward, and (s) the stem upward. The leaves (a) approaching the summit, gradually lose their characteristic divisions, and at length become simple bracts, (b) still undoubted [leaves. Next by an easy gradation they appear as sepals (c, d, e,) in the calyx, tile outer envelope of the flower, with stalk expanded and blade contracted. Then by a somewhat abrupt transition they pass into the delicate and highly colored petals of the corolla (f, g,), still retaining the essential marks of the leaf. To the corolla next succeed those slender organs called stamens (m, n), known to be altered leaves from the fact of their being often converted into petals (i, h). Lastly the pistils (o,) destined to bear the seeds, two or more central organs green in color, are each the result of the infolding of a leaf, the mid-vein and united edges being yet discernible, CHAPTER IVo THE ROOT OR DESCENDING AXIS. 114. DEFINITION. The root is the basis of the plant and the principal organ of nutrition. It originates with the radiclo of the seed; the. tendency of its growth is downward, and it is generally immersed in the soil. 115. DIAGNOSIS. Roots are distinguished from stems by their downward direction, by the presence of absorbing fibers, (fibrillee), and by the absence of color, pith, buds, leaves, and all other stem-appendages. 116. OFFICE. The two important offices in vegetable life which the root is designed to fulfill, are obvious to every one, viz., to support the plant in its position, and to imbibe firom the soil the food and moisture requisite for its growth. How well God has adapted its structure and inG =.V i,:_ stincts to this twofold purpose observation is continually showing. 117. THE LEADING PROPENSITY OF TIHEROOT iS, to divide itself into branches, and its only normal appendages are branches, branchlets, fibers *and fibrillte, which are multiplied to an indefinite extent corres22, a. Extremity of a rootlet of maple pending with the multiplication of the with its fibrille and spongiole (magni- leaves, twigs, &c., above. This at once fled 10 diameters.) THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS. 25 insures a firm hold upon the earth, and brings a large absorbing surface in contact with the moist soil. 25 24 23 23. White clover-an Axial root (with minute tubers). 24, Buttercups-fibrous roots; filaxial. 25, Erigenia-root tuberous. 118. Tim SUBMUIT of the root, or that place where the root meets the stem, is called the collum: the remote, opposite extremities, the ends of the fibers, being chiefly active in absorption, are the spongioles. Neither of these terms denote distinct organs, but places only, and arcoften convenient. 119. FIBRILL, a Latin telr11, refers to those minute hairs, (seen only with a lens), which clothe the younger fibers. They arise from the tender epidermis or skin, and perish when that thickens into bark. These cooperate with the fibers in the absorption of fluids. These two organs are the only efficient absorbers of liquid nourishment. 120. TRANSPLANTING TREES. The fibrille are developed and perish annuaily with the leaves, wvlhose servants they are. Few of them remain after the fall of the leaf. This fact plainly indicates that the proper time for transplanting trees or shrubs is the late autumn, winter, or early spring, when there are but few tender fibrilla?, to be injured. 121. Two MODES OF ROOT-DEVELOPMENT are definitely distinguishe(l, -the axial and the inaxial. 122. THE AXIAL MODE is that where the primary, simple radicle, in growing extends itself downwards in a main body more or less branched, continuous with the stem, and forms the permanent root of the plant. 20i TiHE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS. Such is the case with the mustard, beet, maple, and most of the Dicotyledonous plants. In 123. THE INAXIAL MODE, the primary radicle, proves abortive, never developing into an axial root; but, growing laterally only, it sends out little shoots from its sides, which grow into long, slender roots nearlyequal in value, none of them continuous with the stem. Of this nature are the roots of all the grasses, the lilies and the Monocotyledons generally, and of the Cryptogamia. Plants raised from layers, cuttings, tubers, and slips, are necessarily destitute of the axial root. 26 27 28 29 Fres. 26, Maple-an axial, ramose root. 27, Parsnip-a fasiform root. 28, Turnip -a napiform root. 29, Corallorhiza-a coralline root. 124. TrE VArlIOUS FORMS OF TH1E ROOr are naturally and conveniently referred to these two modes of development. The principal axial forms are the ramose, fusiform, napiform, conical. To all these forms the general name, tap-root, is applied. 125. THE RAMOSE is the woody tap-root of most trees and shrubs, where the main root branches extensively, and is finally dissolved and lost in multiplied ramifications. 126. TuBERo us TAP-ROOTS. In herbaceous plants the tap-root often becomes thick and fleshy, with comparatively few branches. This tendency is peculiarly marked in biennials (~ 90), where the root serves as a, reservoir of the superabundant food which the plant accumulates during its first year's growth, and keeps in store against the exhausting process of fruit-bearing in its second year. Such is 127. THE FUSIFORM (spindle-shaped) root, thick, succulent, tapering downwards, and also for a short space upwards. The beet, radish, ginseng are examples. THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS. 27 128. Tini CONICAL ROOT tapers its whole length, from the collurm downwards (carrot). 129. THE NAPIFORM ROOT, (turnip,) swells out in its upper part so that its diameter equals or exceeds its length, as in Erigenia, Panax trifolium (25, 25). 34 30 S 8 32 33 FIGS. 80, Pmony-fibro-tuberous roots. 81, Ginsensg-fusiform root. 32, Pelargonium tristemoniliiform root. 338, Spirea filipeindula-nodulose root. 34, A creeping stem, with adventitious roots. 1 30. TIIE FORMS OF INAXIAI ROOTS are fibrous, fibro-tuberous, tlubercular, coraline, nodulous, moniliform. 131. THE: FIBROUS root consists of numerous thread-like divisions sent off directly from the base of the stem, with no main or tap-root. Such are the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres excessively in light sandy soils. 132. FIBRO-TUBEROUS ROOTS (or fasciculate). Inaxial roots are so called when some of the fibres are thick and fleshy, as in the asphodel, crow-foot, peony, Orchis, Dahlia. When the fibre is enlarged in certainm parts only, it is NODULous, and when the enlargements occur at regular intervals, it is MONILIFORM (necklace-like). When it bears little tubers here and there, as in squirrel-corn (Diclytra Canadensis), it is TUBERCULAR. 133. DEPOSITS OF STARCIH, or farinaceous matter, in all these cases, constitute the thickening substance of the root, stored up for the future, use of the plant. 134. ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS are such as originate in some part of the ascending axis,-stemn or branches, whether above or below the grouncd. They are so called because their origin is indeterminate, both in place and time. Examples are seen in the ground-ivy, twin-flower, and other creeping plants. Several special forms should be noticed; as, 8 THIE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS, 135. THE CIRRHOUS ROOTS of certain climbing vines (European ivy, poison ivy, trumpetcreepcr) put forth in great numbers from the stem, serving for its mechanical support and no other known use. Again, 136. THE FULCRA of certain endog enous plants originate high up the stem, and descending obliquely, enter the soil. Of this kind are the roots of the screw-pine (Panda-;us) of the conservatories, which are often several feet in length before reaching the ground. The figure represents a screwpine which was wholly propped up by roots of this kind as if on stilts. Similar roots occur, in a smaller way, at the lower joints of the Indian corn. 137. THE BANYAN TREE (Ficus Indica) develops adventitious roots on a grand scale. When the __:_ branches have stretched out so far as to need ad- 35. Screw-pine (Pandanus). ditional support, they send forth adventitious roots, descending to the earth. 1Iaving penetrated the soil, these roots become supporting columns. The branches 56. Banyan (Ficus Indica), THE ROOT, OR DESCRIPTIVE AXIS. 29 continuing to advance, send down other roots, which in turn become columns similar to trunks, until a single tree becomes a grove capable of sheltering an army of men. 138. THE MANGROVE (Rhizopora), of the West Indies, sends down axial roots from its branches. The seed germinates before detached, sending down its long radical until it reaches the mud in which these trees grow. Thus the young plants gain a firm standing before quitting their hold of the parent tree. 139. To FAVOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS on any particular part, keep that part in contact with moist soil We often observe such roots to arise naturally, in prostrate branches or stems, at those points which touch the ground. In slips, cuttings, &c, the same thing occurs artificially. Hence to increase the roots of the potato vine, or corn, heap the earth against the stems. The madder plant, which is cultivated solely for the rich coloring matter in its roots, is successfully treated in no other way. Its adventitious roots are excessively multiplied by deep spading and high "hilling." 140. To PRODUCE DWARF TREES it is only necessary, by any contrivance, to retain a quantity of moist earth against the base of the selected branch until it, strikes root. Afterwards it may be severed from the tree and transferred to the soil. (Fig. 40, d). 141. AXIAL AND INAXIAL ROOTS IN AGRICULTURE. This distinction must never be lost sight of. The former strike deep, anchor firmly, aind draw their nourishment from the lower strata of the soil. The latter abide near the surface, and feed upon the upper soil. Hence let us learnl a. Which class of crops requires deep and which shallow tillage b. Which should succeed each other in the rotation of crops c. Which may be sown together in the mixture of crops. 1.42. To TRANS.FORM A TAP-ROOT TO A FIBROUS. At a certain distance below the collum sever the tap-root without otherwise disturbing the plant. The consequence will be an increased growth of the lateral or fibrous roots nearer the surface of the ground~ [H I/ ~3T. Old oak trunk vith horizontal branch bearingepipytes and // ~~ ~. ] parasites. a, A fern (Polypodium incanum). b, Epidendrum con-' r// ~ opseumrn). cc, Long moss (Tillandsia). c, Misseltoe (Viscun). e, Lichen. E143. EPIPHYTES (Emt, upon, ovov, a plant), \ od class of plants, called also air-plants, have roots K W Which are merely mechanical, serving to fix such k~'gd bh( ~~ ~tg 30 TIlE ROOT, OR DESCRIPTIVE AXIS. plants firmly upon other plants or trees, while they derive their nourishment wholly from the air. The long-moss (Tillandsia) and Conopscum. are examples. 144. PARASITES-THREE CLASSES. Very different in nature are the roots of those plants called parasites, which feed upon the juices of other plants or trees. Such roots'penetrate the bark of the nurse-plant to the cambium layer beneath, and appropriate the stolen juices to their (own growth, as the dodder and mlisseltoe. Other parasites, although standing in the soil, are fixed upon foreign roots, and thence derive either their entire sustenance, as the beach-drops and other leafless, colorless plants; or a part of their sustenance, as the cow-wheat (Melamnpyrum), Gerardia. 145. SUBTERRANEAN STEMS. As there are arial roots, so there are subterranean stems. These are frequently mistaken for roots, but may be known by their habitually and regularly producing buds. Of this nature are the tubers of the Irish potato, the root-stock of the sweet flag, the bulb of the tulip. But even the true root may sometimes develop buds-accidentally as it were, in consequence of some injury to the upper axis, or some other unnatural condition. CHAPTER V. THE STE EM, O R ASCE N D ING A X I S. 146. DEFINITION. That part of the plant which originates with the plumule, tends upward in its growth and expands itself to the influence of the air and the light, is called the stem or ascending axis. 147. THE GENERAL IDEA OF THE AXIS is the central substantial portion of the plant, bearing the appendages, viz., the root below and the leaf-organs above. Although not marked by gay coloring or fantastic forms, yet we regard the stem with a lively interest for its substantial value, its gracefulness and lofty proportions, its infinite gradation of form and texture from the tender speedwell crushed,beneath the foot to the strong forest oak. 35. Procumbent stem-Chiogenes hispidula. 148. DIRECTION OF ITS GROWTEI. Although the first direction of the stem's growth is vertical in all plants, there are many in which this direction does not continue, but changes into the oblique or horizontal, either just above the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. If the THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 81 stem continues to arise in the original direction, as it most commonly does, it is said to be erect. If it grow along the ground without rooting it is said to be procumbent, prostrate, trailinyg. If it recline upon the ground after having at the base arisen somewhat above it, it is dec'ullbent. If it arise obliquely from a prostrate base, it is said to be ascending, and if it continue buried beneath the soil, it is subterraneatn. 09. Decumbent stem-Anaa]lis arvensis. 149. SUBTERRANEAN STEMS may be readily distinguished from the roots by the natural and habitual presence of buds in the former, regularly arranged, while no buds (unless rarely adventitious) exist in the latter. 1.50. STEMS ARE EITHER SIMPLE OR BPRANCIIED. The simple stem is produced by the unfolding of the primary bud (the plumule) in the direction of its point alone. As this bud is developed below into the lengthening stem, it is continually reproduced at its summit, and so is always borne at the termination of the stem. Hence the axis is always terminated by a bud. 151. THE BRANCHED STEM, which is by far the most common, is produced by the development of both terminal and axillary buds. The axis produces a bud in the axil of its every leaf, that is at a point just above the origin of the leaf-stalk. These buds remain inactive in the case of the simple stein, as the mullein, but more generally are developed into leafy subdivisions of the axis, and the stem thus becomes branched. 152. A BRANCH is, therefore, a division of the axis produced by the development of an axillary bud. This bud, also, ever renewed, is borne at the termination of the branch, so that axillary buds each in turn become terminal. 153. THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE BRANCHES upon the stem dependls therefore upon the arrangement of the leaves, which will be snore particularly noticed hereafter. This arrangement is beautifully regular, according to established laws. In this place we briefly notice three general modes: The alternate, where but one branch arises from the node on different sides of the stem, as in the elm. 3 2 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. The opposite, where two branches stand on opposite sides of the same node, as in the maple. Verticillate, where three or more branches, equidistant, encircle the stem at each node, as in the pine. 154. THE ANGLE OF DIVERGENCE in branches is also subject to definite rules more obvious in the earlier stages of growth. While the divergence is uniform in the same species, it varies to every degree of the circle in different species, greatly affecting the form of the tree. In general, without marking the exact degree, branches are said to be erect (Lombardy poplar), spreading or obliquely ascending (common), divaricate or at nearly a right angle (oak), deflexed (beach), and pendulous (weeping willow). 155. CERTAIN KINDS OF BRANCHES are noted for their tendency to produce adventitious roots, and thus to become independent plants. Nurserymen avail themselves of this property in propagation, and name such branches cions, stolons, oqfsets, slips, layers, cuttings, and runners. 156. THE SUCKER is a branch issuing from some underground portion of the plant, leaf-bearing above and sending out roots from its own base, becoming finally a separate, independent plant. The rose and raspberry are thus multiplied. a b c d f e 40. a, Slip (gooseberry) taking root. b, Cutting (grape) taking root. e, Stolons or layers artificially arranged for propagation. d, A amode of dwarfing (~ 140). e, Cions-process of grafting. f; A Sucker. 157. THE STOLON or LAYER is a branch issuing from some aboveground portion of the stem, and afterward declining to the ground takes root at or near its extremity, sends up new shoots, and becomes a new plant. The hobble-bush and black raspberry do this naturally, and gardeners imitate the process in many plants. 158 THa CION is any healthy twig or branchblet bearing one or more buds, used by the gardeners in the common process of grafting. Slips and cuttings are fragments of ordinary branches or stems con THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 33 sisting of young wood bearing one or more buds. These " strike" root when planted in the earth. So the grape-vine and hop. 159. THE OFFSET is a term applied to short side-branches ending in a tuft (rosette) of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated from the parent plant, as in houseleek. 41, A strawberry plant (Fragaria vesca) sending out a runner. 160. THE RUNNER is a prostrate, filiform branch issuing from certain short-stemmed herbs, extending itself along the surface of the ground, striking root at its end without being buried. Thence leaves arise and a new plant, which in turn sends out new runners; as in the strawberry. 161. THE NODE or joint of the stem marks a definite point of a peculiar orga-zni-ation where the leaf with its axillarI bud arises. The nodes occur at regular intervals, and the spaces between them are termed internodes. This provides for the symmetrical arrangement of the leaves and branches of the steam. In the root no such iprovision is made, anrd the branches have no manner of arrangement. 162. WHY THE STEM GRADUALLY DIIMINISHES UPWARDS. In the inlternodes the fibres composing the stenm are parallel, but at the nodes this order is interrupted in consequence of some of the inner fibres from below turning outwards into the leafstalk, causing more or less a jointed appearance. Hence each internode contains fewer fibres than those below it. 163. How THE STEM GROWS. The growth of the stem consists in the development of the internodes. In the bud the nodes are closely crowded together, with no perceptible internodes, thus bringing the rudimentary leaves in close contact with each other. But in the stemn, which is afterwards evolved from that bud, we see full grown leaves separated by considerable spaces. That is, while leaves are developed from the rudiments, internodes are evolved fromn the growing point. 164. BUT T TERE ARE EXCEPTIONS here as to all other rules in science, adding another element of diversity to the endless gradation of form in iature's works. In 34 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. many plants the axis of the primary bud does not develop into internodes at all, or but partially in various degrees, as in the Trillium, Crocus, blood-root. Such stems seldom appear above ground, and are said to be subterranean. 165. This fact makes a wide difference in the forms of stems, and natuirally constitutes them into two greal divisions, viz., the leaf-stem and the scale-stem. 166. THE LEAF-STEMS are those forms which, with internodes fully developed, arise into the air crowned with leaves. The principal forms are the caulis, culm, trunk, caudex, vine. 167. THE SCALE-STEMS are those forms which, with internodes partially or not at all developed, and generally bearing scales, which are undeveloped leaves, scarcely emerge from beneath the soil. They are the creeper and rhizoma (developed), the crown, tuber, corn and bulb (undeveloped). 42. 45. 44 43 42. Scale-stem, (Dicentra cuctillaria). 43, A flower of the same. 44, A flower of D. Canadlensis. 45, Leaf-stem (Chimaphila maculata). 168. THE LEAF-STEMS ARE EITHER HERBACEOUS ORt WOODY. The herbaceous, whether arising from annual, biennial or perennial roots, bear fruit but one season and then perish at least down to the root, scarcely becoming woody; as the ( mustard, ~ radish, and the %1 grasses. The woody leaf-stems survive the winter, and become firm and solid in texture in after years. 169. CAULIS is a term generally applied to the annual leaf-stemns of THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 35 herbaceous plants. " Hialm" is a term used in England with the same signification. Caulescent and accaulescent are convenient terms denoting, the former the presence, and the latter the absence of the caulis or aerial stem. 170. THE CULM is the stem of the grasses and the sedges, generally jointed, often hollow, rarely becoming woody, as in cane and bamboo. 171. THE TRUNE is the name of the peculiar stems of arborescent plants. It is the central column or axis which supports their branching tops and withstands the assaults of the wind by means of the great firmnness and strength of the woody or ligneous tissue with which it abounds. 172. VARIOUS FORMS. The trunk is usually seen simple and columnar below, for a certain space, then variously dividing itself into branches. Here it is cylindrical, straight and erect, as in the forest pine; prismatic often, as in the gum-tree; gnarled and curved, as in the oak; or inclined far over its base, as in the sycamore. _ _ _ _ - E 8 ~~B B 46. X, Spruce. B, Beech. E, Elm; to illustrate excurrent and solvent axis, 1 N3. I DIVIDING ITSELF INTO BR ANCHEX we observe two general modes, mith. their numerous variations, strikingly characterizing the true forms. In tle one, named by Lindley the EXCURRENT, the trunk, from the superior vigor of its terminal bud, takes precedence of the branches, and runs through to the summit, as in the 36 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. beech, birchi, oak, and especially in the sprauce-trees with oval or pyramidal crowns. 174. BUT IN THE OTHER, the SOLVENT axis, as seen in the elm, the apple-tree, the trunk suddenly divides into several subequal branches, which thence depart with different degrees of divergency, giving the urnL fornm to the elm, the rounded fbrmn to the apple-tree, the depressed form to the sloe-tree (Viburnum) and dogwood. 175. THE FORl 0F TIE TRUNK sometimes changes wvith age, especially in tropical regions, some distorted by huge local excrescences, others swelling out in the midst; to "aldermnanic" proportions. I L I I il:l:::i:a:!::M a b c d e 47. a, An old willow (Salix Babylonice) with gnarled and misshapen trqmtl. b, Caddex of a cactus (Echinocactus Ottonis). c, Bombax, of Brazilian forests, with distended trunk. d, Palmuetto (Chamll ops), the caudex rough with the. persistent bases of the petioles. 176. CAUDEx is a term now applied to the peculiar trunk of the palms and treeferns, simple, branchless columns, or rarely dividing in advanced age. It is produced by the growth of the terminal bud alone, and its sides are marked by thescars of the fallen leaf-stalks of former years, or are yet covered by their persistent bases. 177. THE STOCK or CAUDEX of the cactus tribe is extraordinary in form and substance. It is often jointed, prismatic, branched, always greenish, fleshy, and full of a watery juice. Instead of leaves, its lateral buds develop spines only, the stem itself performing the functions of leaves. These plants abound in the warm regions of tropical America, and afford a cooling, acid beverage to the thirsty traveler when springs dry up under the torrid sun. 178. THE VINE is either herbaceous or woody. It is a stem too slender and weak to stand erect, but trails along the ground or any convenient support. Sometimes, by means of special organs for this purpose, THE STrEM, OP ASCENDING AXIS. 3? called tendrils, it ascends trees and other objects to a great height, as the grape, gourd, and other climbing vines. 48 49 50 Vines. 45, Passion-flower (Passiflora lutea) climbing by tendrils. 49, Morning-glory, twining from left to right. 50, Hop, twvining from right to left. 179. THE TWINING VINE, having also a length greatly disproportioned to its diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects by entwining itself around them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop ascends into the air by foreign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its winding is always the same, viz., with the sun, from left to right; nor can any artificial training induce it to reverse its course. This is a general law among twining stems. Every individual plant of the same species revolves in the same direction, although opposite directions may characterize different species. Thus the morning glory revolves always against the sun., 180. T-IE FORMS OF SCALE-STEMS are singular, often distorted in consequence of their underground growth and the unequal development of the internodes. They commonly belong to perennial herbs, and the principal forms are described as follows; but intermediate connecting forms are very numerous and often perplexing. 181. THE CREEPER is either subaerial or subterranean. In the former case it is prostrate, running and rooting at every joint, and hardly distinguishable otherwise from leaf-stems, as the twin-flower (Linnvea), the partridge-berry (Mitchella). In the latter case it is more commonly clothed with scales, often branching extensively, rooting at the nodes, exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions beneath the soil, annually sending up from its terminal buds erect stems 1 8 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. into the air. The witch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultivation than to be torn and cut to pieces by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as there are fragments. 5 b Fig. 51. Creeper of "Nimble Will," or witch-grass; a, Bud; bb, Bases of culms. 182. UTILITY. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They frequently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind and secure against the inroads of the water and even the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its very existence to the repent stems of such plants as the mat-grass (Arundo arenaria), Carex arenarius and Elymus arenarius, which overrun the artificial dykes upon its shores, and by their innumerable roots and creepers apparently bind the loose sand into a firm barrier against the washing of the waves. So the turf, chiefly composed of repent grass-stems, forms the only security of our own sandy or clayey hills against the washing rains. X83. TIm RHIZOME OR RooT?-STrocK differ1s from the creeper only i,being shorter and thicker, having its internodes but partially developed. It is a prostrate, fleshy, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subterranean, often scaly with the bases of undeveloped leaves, or marked with the scars of former leaves, and yearly producing new shoots and roots. Such is the fleshy, horizontal portion of the bloodcl-root, sweetflag, water-lily, bramble (the latter hardly different from the creelr). 184. TIE GROWTHI OF THE RHIZOSm is instructive, marking its peculiar character. Each joint marks the growth of a year. In spring the terminal bud unfolds into 58 52 a Fig. 52. Rhizoma of Solomon's-seal (Polygonatum multiflora) ct, Fragment of the first year's growth; b, the second year's growth; c, growth of the third year; d, growth of the present (fourth) year, bearing the stem which, on decaying, will leave a scar (seal) like the rest. 53. Premorse stem of Trillium. THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 39 leaves and flowers to perish in autumn-a new bud to open the following spring — and a new internode with its roots to abide several years. The number of joints indicates, not the age of the plant, but the destined age of each internode. Thus if there are three joints, we infer that they are triennial, perishing after the third season, while the plant still grows on. 185. THE PREMORSE ROOT-STOCK, formerly described as a root, is a short, erect rhizome, ending abruptly below as if bitten square off (premorsus). This is owing to the death of the earlier and lower in: ternodes in succession, as in the horizontal rhizome. Scabious, Vio]il pedata, benjamin-root (Trillium) are examples. 186. CowVN OF TIIE ROOT designates a short stem with condensed internodes, remaining upon somne perennial roots, at or beneath the surface soil after the leaves and annual stems have perished. 187. TiHE TUBER is an annual thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with latent buds called eyes, from which new plants ensue the succeeding year. It is the fact of its origin with the ascending axis, and the production of buds that places the tuber among stems instead of roots. The potato and artichoke are examples. 56 55 54 Tubers as they grow. 54, The common potato (Salanum). 55, Artichoke (Helianthus) 50, Sweet potato (Convolvulus). 188. How TRE POTATO GROWS. The stem of the potato-plant sends out roots from its base, and branches above like other plants; but we observe that its branches have two distinct modes of development. Those branches which arise into the air, whether issuing from the above-ground or the under-ground portion of the stern, expand regularly into leaves, &c., while those lower branches which continue to grope in the dark, damp ground, cease at length to elongate, swell up at the ends into tubers with developed buds and abundance of nutritious matter in reserve for renewed growth the following year. 40 THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 189. THE CORM is an under-ground, solid, fleshy stem, with condensed internodes, never extending, but remaining of a rounded form covered with thin scales. It is distinguished from roots by its leaf-bud, which is either borne at the summit, as in the crocus, or at the side, as in the colchicum and putty-root (Aplectrum). 190. How THE CORaI GROWS. The corm usuully accomplishes its part in vegetation in one or two seasons, and then gradually yields up its substance and life for the nourishment of the new progeny formed from the axils of its upper scales in case of the Crocus and Gladiolus, or the single new corm from the axil of a lateral scale, as in Colchicum. 59 58 57 57, Corms of putty-root (Aplectrum); ac, of last year, b, of the present S ear. 58, Scale bulb of white lily. 59, Scale bulb of Oxalis violacea. 191. THE BULB partakes largely of the nature of the bud. It consists of a short, dilated axis, bearing an oval mass of thick, fleshy scales closely packed above, a circle of adventitious roots around its base, and a flowering stem from the terminal, or a lateral bud. 192. How MfULTIPLIED. Bulbs are renewed or multiplied annually at the approach of winter by the development of bulbs from the axils of the scales, which increase at the expense of the old, and ultimately become detached. Bulbs which flower from the terminal bud are necessarily either annual or biennial: those flowering from an axillary bud may be perennial, as the terminal bud may in this case continue to develop new scales indefinitely. 193. BULBS arce said to be tunicated when they consist of concentric layers, each entire and enclosing all within it, 60. Bulb of Lilinm superbum, with habit as in the onion. But the more comn- of a rhizome; a, full-grown bulb sending up a terminal stem c, and two offsets bb, for mon variety is the scaly bulb-consist- the bulbs of next year. ing of fleshy, concave scales arranged spirally upon the axis, as in the lily. THE LEAF-BUD. 41 62 61 63 64 61, Corm of Crocus, with new ones formin,, above; 62, Vertical section of the same; 63, Section of bulb of Hyacinth with terminal scape and axillary bulblet; 64, Section of bulb of Oxalis violacea, with axillary scapes. 194. THE TUBER, CORM AND BULB ARE ANALOGOUS FORMIS approaching by degrees to the character of the bud, which consists of a little axis bearing a covering of scales. In the tuber the axis is excessively developed while the scales are reduced to mere linear points. In the cormn the analogy is far more 65 evident, for the axis is less excessive and the scales more 66 manifest, and lastly in the bulb the analogy is complete, or A overdone, the scales often becoming excessive. CHAPTER VI. THE LEAF-BUD. 195. It is but a step from the study of the bulb to that of the leaf-bud. Buds are of two kinds in respect to their contents; the leaf-bud containing the rudiments of a leafy stem or branch, the flowerbud containing the same elements transformed into the nascent organs of a flower for the purpose of reproduction. 196. THE LEAF-BUD consists of a brief, coneshaped axis with a tender growing point, bearing a protecting covering of imbricated scales and incipient leaves. 65. Branch of pear tree. The terminal bud a, having been destroyed, an axillary bud supplied its place, and formed the axis b. c, Thickened branch with flower-buds, d, branch with leaf-buds. 66. t, section of terminal bud; l, of axillary bud. 4 2 THE LEAF-BUD. 197. NATURE OF THE SCALES. The scaly envelops of the bud appear to be either the rudimentary leaves or stipules of the preceding year, formed late in the season, arrested in their development by the frosts and scanty nourishment, and reduced to a sear and hardened state. If the bud of the rose, tulip-tree, or horse-chestnut be examined when swollen in the spring, the student will notice a gradual transition from the outer scales to the evident leaves or stipules within. 61 68 71, Bud of currant unfolding,-the scales gradually becoming leaves. 68, Bud of tulip-tree,-the scales unfolding into stipules. 198. It is an interesting ILLUSTRATION OF DESIGNING WISDOM that buds are furnished with scales only in wintry climates. In the Torrid Zone, or in conservatories, where the temperature is equalized through the year, plants develop their foliage into buds immediately after formation, without clothing them in scales. In annual plants also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to survive the winter. Hence it is evident that the transformation of autumnal leaves into scales, is a means ordained by the great Author of Nature to protect the young shoots in their incipient stages from sudden cold and moisture, —an office which they effectually fulfil by their numerous downy folds and their insoluble coat of resin. 199. How BUDS ARE PROTECTED. In many trees the bud-scales are clothed with dense, downy hairs. In others, as in the horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other species of poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid, aromatic resin, resembling a coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be separated from a handful of such buds in boiling water. 200. THE PARENT BUD, In regard to position, buds are either terminal or axillary-a distinction already noticed. The plumule of the embryo is the original parent bud, containing within its minute organization the manifold parts of the future plant-stem, leaves, flower, fruit-all to be successively unfolded in future months or years. The unfolding of this first terminal bud in the one direction of its point produces the simple stem. 201. ORIGIN OF BRANCHES. But in every plant a special provision is made for the development of branches. It is a general law that every expanding leaf shall subtend an infant bud in its axil, that is, in the upper angle of the insertion of the leaf-stalk; hence the plant may always have as many axillary buds as it has leaves. 202. AXILLARY BUDS are especially noted as being either ACTIVE or THE LEAF-BUD. 43 LATENT. In the former case they are unfolded into branches at once, or in the spring following their formation. But latent buds suspend their activities from year to year, or perhaps are never quickened into growth. 203. AXILLARY BUDS BECOME TERMINAL SO soon as their development fairly commences, therefore each branch also has a terminal bud, and, like the main axis, is capable of extending its growth as long as that bud remains unharmed. If it be destroyed by violence or frost, or should it be transformed into a flower-bud, the growth in that direction forever ceases. 204. THE SUPPRESSION OF AXILLARY BUDS tends, of course, to simplify the form of the plant. Their total suppression during the first year's growth of the terminal bud is common, as in the annual stem of mullein and in most perennial stems. When axillary buds remain permanently latent, and only the terminal bud unfolds year after year, a simple, branchless trunk, crowned with a solitary tuft of leaves, is the result, as in the palmetto of our 70 southern borders. 205. A PARTIAL SUPPRESSION OF BUDS occurs in almost all species, and generally in some definite order. In plants with opposite leaves, sometimes one bud of the pair at each node is developed and the other is suppressed, as in the pink tribe (Caryophyllaceae). When both buds are developed, the branches, appearing in pairs like arms, are said to be brachiate, as in the Labiatie. In many trees the terminal buds are arrested by inflorescence each season, and the growth is continued by axillary buds alone, as in the Catalpa and horse-chestnut. In all trees, indeed, buds are suppressed more or less, from various causes, disguising at length the intended symmetry of the branches, to the utter confusion of twigs and spray. 206. ACCESSORY BUDS, one or more, are sometimes found just above the true axillary bud, or clustered with it, and only distinguished firom it by their 69, ITypericum Sarothra, wvith brachiate smaller size: as in the cherry and honey- branches. 70, Pink (Dianthus)-axillary buds suckle. alternately suppressed. 207. ADVENTITIOUS OR ACCIDENTAL BUDS are such as are neither terminal nor axillary. They occasionally appear on any part of the 44 THE LEAF BUD. plant in the internodes of the stem or branches, on the root, or eve leaves. 208. CAUSES AND EXAMPLE S. Such buds generally result from sore abnormal condition of the plant, from pruning or other destruction ( branches or stem above, while the roots remain in full vigor; thus d( stroying the equilibrium of vital force between the upper and low( axis. The leaf of the walking-fern emits rootlets and buds at its apes the leaf of Bryophyllum from its margin, each bud here also preceded bL a rootlet. Some plants are thus artificially propagated in conservato., ties from the influence of heat and moisture on a leaf or the fiagimenof a leaf. 209. VERNATION OR PREFOLIATION are terms denoting the mode o arrangement and folding of the leaf-organs composing the bud. ThW arrangement is definitely varied in different orders of plants, furnishis useful distinctions in systematic botany. 210. THE VERNATION OF TIlE BUD IS EXI-IBITED ill an interesting nmae ner by making with a keen instrument a cross-section of it in its swolle state, just before expansion; or it may be well observed by removilone by one the scales. 211. THE FORMS OF VERNATION are entirely analogous to those o oestivation, and denoted by similar terms. We shall here notice on] such as are more peculiar to the leaf-buds. 212. VERNATION is considered in two different aspects, first, tti manner in which the leaf itself is folded; second, the arrangement the leaves in respect to each other. This depends much upon tl_ phyllotaxy. (~ 220.) 7a 72 73 74 75 76 Vernation, 71, of oak leaf; 72, of Liriodendron (tulip tree); 783, of fern; 74, of carex; 75, sage; 76, iris. 213. EACH LEAF ALONE CONSIDERED is either flat and open, as in the mistletoe, or it is folded or rolled, as follows: Reclined, when folded crosswise with apex bent over forward towards the base as in the tulip-tree. Conduplicate, when folded perpendicularly, with the lateral halves brought together, face to face, as in the oak. THE LEAF BUD. 45 Plaited or plicate, each leaf folded like a fan; vine, birch. Circinate, when each leaf is rolled or coiled downwards from the apex, as in the sun-dlew and ferns. Convolute, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the cherry. Involute, having both edges rolled inwards as in apple, violet Revolutte, with both margins rolled,s outwards ancd backwards, as ill tlhe dock, willow, 1roeinary. 17 T9 Vernation. 7'7, of birch leaf; 7S, of lilac, (inmbricate); 79, cherry leaves, (convolute) 80, dock buad, (revolute); 81, ba.lrn of Gilead, (involute). 214. THE GENERAL VERNATION is loosely distinguished in descriptive botany as valvate (edges meeting), and imbricate (edges overlapping), terms to be noticed hereafter. The val- ~7~ rate more often occurs in plants with opposite leaves., -,' Imblricated vernation is EQUITANT (riding astraddle), when conduplicate leaves alternately embrace- the outer one the next inner, by 82. Vernation of Sy its unfolded margins, as in tile privet and iris. camore buid. 84 58 OBVOLUTE, or half-equitant, when the outer leaf' - embraces only one of the margins' of the inner, as in the sage. I, TaRIQUETROUS, where the bud is triangular in see- tion, and the leaves equitant at each angle, as in 21 5. THE PRINCIPLE OF BUDDING. Each leaf-bud [ rtlay be regarded as a distinct individual, capable of vegetating either in its native position, or when reemoved to another, as is extensively practiced in the important operation of budding. 216. BUrLBLETS. In the tiger-lily, Cicuta bulbifera, s8, 4, Showing the process and Aspidium bulbiferum, the axillary bdcls spon- of budding." taneously detach themselves, fall to the ground, and become new plants. These remarkable little bodies are called bulbletso 46 THE LEAF. CHAPTER VII. THE LEAF. 217. ITS IMPORTANCE. The leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and is by far the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery of nature. It is also of the highest importance in the vegetable economy, being the organ of digestion and respiration. 218. THE LEAF IS CHARACTERIZED by a thin and expanded form, presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air and light, which agents are indispensable to the life and increase of the plant. 219. THE COLOR OF THE LEAF is almost universally green, which of all colors is the most agreeable to the eye; but its intensity varies by infinite shades, and is often finely contrasted with the more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity its verdure is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson, orange, yellow, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety, variety, and splendor of coloring which the wildest fancy could scarcely surpass. PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 220. As the position of the leaf upon the stem marks the position of the axillary bud, it follows that the order of the leaf-arrangement will be the order of the branches also. The careful investigation of this subject has developed a science of unexpected exactness and beauty, called phyllotaxy (0i2l.ov, a leaf, ardts, order.) 85 86 87 88 85, Ladies'-slipper (leaves alternate); 86. Synandrat grandiflora (leaves opposite); 88, Medeolh, Virginica (leaves verticillate); 87, Larix Americana (leaves fasciculate). PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 47 221. POSITION UPON THE STEM. Leaves are radical when they grow out of the stem at or beneath the surface of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots; cauline when they grow from the stem, and ranmial (ramus, a branch), when from the branches. 222. INSERTION UPON THE AXIS. The arrangement of the scales and young leaves in the bud appears to be in close, contiguous circles. By the development of the axis the leaves are separated, and their order variously modified, according to the following general modes:Alternate, one above another on opposite sides, as in the elm. Scattered, irregularly spiral, as in the potato vine. Rosulate, clustered regularly, like the petals of a rose, as in the plantain and shepherd's-purse. Fasciculate, tufted, clustered many together in the axil, as seen in the pine, larch, berberry. Op2posite, two, against each other, at the same node. Ex. maple. Verticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle at each node, as in the meadow-lily, trumpet-weed. We may reduce all these modes to 223. Two GENERAL TYPES, —the alternate, including all cases with one leaf at each node,-the opposite, including cases with two or more leaves at each node. 224. THE TRUE CHARACTER OF THE ALTERNATE TYPE may be learned by an experiment. Take a straight leafy shoot or stem of the elm or flax, or any other plant with seemingly scattered leaves, and beginnincg with the lowest leaf, pass a thread to the next above, thence to the next in the same direction, and so on by all the leaves to the top; the thread will form a regular spiral. 2253 FAscIrULATE LEaAVES are the members of an undeveloped branch, and in 91 90 89 Phyllotaxy. 89, leafy branch of elm, —cycle -. 90, leafy branch of alder,-cycle a; 91, leafy branch of cherry,-cycle W. 48 PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF ARRANGEMENT. case of the subsequent development of the branch, as often occurs in the Berberis and larch, their spiral arrangement becomes manifest. Inll thepines the fascicles have fewer leaves, their number being definite and characteristic of the species. Thus P. strobus, the white pine, has 5 leaves in each fascicle, P. palustris, the longleaved pine, has 3, P. inops, 2. 226. TIIE OPPOSITE LEAVED TYPE is also spiral. The leaves in each circle, whether two or more, are equidistant, dividing the circumference of the stem into equal arcs. The members of the second circle are not placed directly above those of the first, but are turned, as it were, to the right or left, so as to stand over the: intervening spaces. Hence there may be traced as many spirals as there are leaves in each whorl. 227. DEcUSSATE LEAVES result from this law, as in the motherwort and all the mint tribe, where each pair of opposite leaves crosses in direction the next pair, forming four vertical rows of leaves. Therefore, it is 228. AN ESTABLISHED LAW that the course of development in the growing plant is universally spiral. But this, the formative cycle as it is called, has several variations. 95 94 90 92 2 - 6 6........... 1 9'2, 98, 94, showing the course of the spiral thread and the order of the leaf-succession in the axes of eln, alder, and cherry. 95, axis of Osage-orange with a section of the bark peeled, displaying the order of the leaf-scars (cycle l). 229. THE ELM CYCLE. In the strictly alternate arrangement (elm, linden, grasses) the spiral thread makes one complete circuit and commences a new one at the third leaf. The third leaf stands over the first, the fourth over the second, and so on, forming two vertical rows of leaves. Here (calling each complete circuit a cycle) we observe 230. FIRST, That this cycle is composed of two leaves; second, that the angular distance betweenits leaves is- a cycle (10~); third, if we express this cycle mathematically by - t-, the numerator (1) will denote the turns or revolutions, the denominator (2) its leaves, and the fraction itself the angular distance between the leaves T(- of 3600). y2.TEEa PL.Itetityc'trae arneet em izegass PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF ARRANGEMENT. 49 231. THE ALDER CYCLE. In the alder, birch, sedges, &c., the cycle is not complete until the fourth leaf is reached. The fourth leaf stands over the first, the fifth over the second, &c., forming three vertical rows. Here call the cycle o; 1 denotes the turns, 3 the leaves, and this fraction itself the angular distance (I of 360~). 232. THE CHERRY CYCLE. In the cherry, apple, peach, oak, willow, etc., neither the third nor the fourth leaf; but the sixth, stands over the first; and in order to reach it the thread makes two turns around the stem. The sixth leaf is over the first, the seventh over the second, &c., forming five vertical rows. Call this the 2 cycle; 2 denotes the turns, 5 the leaves in the cycle, and the fraction itself the angular distance (2 of 3600). 233. THE OSAGE-ORANGE CYCLE. In the common hedge plant, Osage-orange, the holly, evening primrose, flax, etc., we find no leaf exactly over the first until we come to the 9th, and in reaching it the spiral makes three turns. Here the leaves form eight vertical rows. It is a -0- cycle; 3 the number of turns, 8 the number of leaves, and the fraction the angular distance between the leaves (} of 3600). 234. THE CYCLES COMPARED. These several fractions which represent the above cycles form a series as follows: l, -,, 2 -, in which each term is the sum of the two preceding. The fifth terms in order will, therefore, be i5L; and this arrangement is actually realized in ~~90 5T 1_ A V 282 above, forming necessarily that kind of mstivation called quincuntial. 235. THE WHITE PINE CYCLE. -In the young shoots of the white pine, in cones of most pines, in flea-bane (Erigeron Canadense), etc., the fourteenth leaf stands over the first, the fifteenth over the second, etc. The spiral thread makes five revolutions to complete the cycle, which is, therefore, truly expressed by ~s. 3Q 35 57 236. THE HOUSELEEK CYCLE iS next in order, expressed by the fraction (3+ fly having eight turns and twenty-one leaves. Examples are found in the Scotch pine, houseleek, &c. imit o f the leaves. In the pine con e (Fig. 96, Pinus serotina) several sets of seeon ary spirals are see n; one set of ive paralle spirals turning right (ncuntil.16, the first, the fifteenth over the second, etc. The spiral thread makes five revoluondary spirals ar~e seen; one set of five para~llel spirals turning right (1 —6 —11 —16, 50 THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS. etc., the common difference being also five); two sets (one of three, the other of eight) turning left; and still another set, of thirteen, steepest of all, turning right (1-14-27, etc.). Now the sum of the spirals contained in the two steepest sets gives the denominator of the fraction explressing the true formative spiral sought. Thus, 8-J13-21. The numerator corresponding is already known, and the fraction is -. See also the white pine cone, whose cycle is 5. 238. Diagram 97 represents the leaves of a cherry cycle as seen from above, and verified in the estivation of the flowers in the rose-family. MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 239. GENERAL CHARACTER. The leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the substance of the bark, extended into a broad thin plate by means of a woody frame work or skeleton, issuing from the inner part of the stem. The expanded portion is called the lamina or blade of the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, attached to the stem by its base, or it is petiolate, attached to the stem by a footstalk called the petiole. 240. STIPULES. But the regular petiole very often bears at its base a pair of leaf-like appendages, more or less apparent, called stipules. Leaves so appendaged are said to be stipulate, otherwise they are exstipulate. 241. Therefore a complete leaf consists of three distinct parts; the lamina or blade, the /hi,/'\ petiole, and the stipules. 242. TRANSFORMATIONS. Both the petiole, blade and stipules are subject to numerous modI~ [,N~t:/// Tk ifications of form.'Either of them may exist without the others, or they may all be transformed ~! ~'"'~'~,, into other organs, as pitchers, spines, tendrils, and even into the organs of the flower, as will' ~\ ~~ ~hereafter appear. OF THE PETIOLE..t. ".' 243. THE FORM OF THE DISTINCT PETIOLE is h rarely cylindrical, but more generally flattened ~:k~ (~ or channeled on the upper side. When it is flattened in a vertical direction, it is said to be ]l compressed, as in the aspen or poplar.' In this case the blade is very unstable, and agitated by 98. Leaf of willow (Salix the least breath of wind. lucida); s, the stipules. The midvein is 8-lined; veinlets 244. THE WINGED PETIOLE is flattened or ex2-lined; veinulets single-lined. panded into a margin, but laterally instead of 99, clover leaves; s, stipules, p, petiole, 1, leaflets. vertically, as in the asters. Sometimes the OF THE STIPULES. 51 margins outrun the petioles, and extend down the stem, making that winged or alate also. Such leaves are said to be decurrent (decurro, run down). Ex. Mullein. 245. THE AMPLEXICAUL OR STEM-CLASPING PETIOLE is dilated at the base into a margin which surrounds or clasps the stemin, as in the umbilifers. Frequently we find the stem-clasping margins largely developed, constituting a sheath-with free edges in the grasses, or cloed into a tube in the sedges. 246. The petiole is simple in the simple leaf, but compound or branched in the compound leaf, with as many branches (petiolules) as there are divisions of the lamina. OF THE STIPULES. 247. STIPULES are certain leaf-like expansions, always in pairs, situated one on each side of the petiole near the base. They do not occur in every plant, but are pretty uniformly present in each species of the same natural order. In substance and color they usually resemble the leaf, sometimes they are colored like the stem, often they:are membranous and colorless. In the palmetto its substance is a coarse net-work resembling canvass. 100 101 100, lOose leaf, odd-pinnate, with adnate stipules. 101, Violet, (V. tricolor), with simple leaf ( 1), and free compound stipules. 248. STIPULES ARE OFTEN ADNATE or adherent to the petiole, as in the rose; more generally they are free, as in the pea and pansy. In these cases and others they act the part of leaves; again they are very small and inconspicuous. 249. AN OCHREA iS a membranous sheath inclosing the stein from the node upwards, as in the knot-grass family (Polygonacese). It is formed of the two stipules cohering by their two margins. In case the two stipules cohere by their outer margin only, a double stipule is formed opposite to the leaf, as in the button-wood. If they cohere by their inner margin, the double stipule appears in the leaf axil, as in the pond-weed (Potamogeton). 52 OF THE VEINS. 250. INTER-PETIOLAR STIPULES Occur in a few opposite leaved tribes, as the Galilum tribe. Here we find them as mere bristles in Diodia while in Galium they look like the leaves, forming whorls. Such whorls, if complete, will be apparently 6-leaved, consisting of two true leaves and four stipules. But the adjacent stipules are often united, and the whorl becomes 4-leaved. 102 103 104 105 102, Leaf of Conioselinum, tripinnate, with sheathing petiole. 103, Leaf of Polygonurn Pennsylvanicum, with its (o) ochrea. 104, Culln of grass, with joint (j), leaf (1) ligule (s). 105, Leaf of pear-tree, with slender stipules. 251. TiE LIGULE of grasses is generally regarded as a double axillary stipule. The leaflets of compound leaves are sometimes furnished with little stipules, called sti3els. 252. STIPULES ARE OFTEN FUGACIOUS, existing as scales in the bud, and falling when the leaves expand, or soon after, as in the Magnolia and tulip-tree. OF THE VEINS. 253. LEAVES, SIMPLE AND COMPOUND. A leaf is simple when its blade consists of a single piece, however cut, cleft or divided; and compound when it consists of several distinct blades, supported by as many branches of a compound petiole. 254. NATURE OF VEINS. The blade of the leaf consists of, (1) the frame-wovkc, and (2) the tissue commonly called the parenchlyma. The frame-work is made up of the branching vessels of the foot-stalk, which are woody tubes pervading the parenchyma, and conveying nourishment to every part. Collectively, these vessels are called veins, from the analogy of their functions. 255. VENATION is a term denoting the manner in which the veins are divided and distributed. The several organs of venation, differing from each other only in size and position, may be termed the midvein, veins, veinlets and veinulets. (The old terms, mnidrib and nerves, being anatomically absurd, are here discarded). 256. THE MIDVEIN iS the principal axis of the venation, or prolongation of the petiole, running directly through the lamina, from base to OF THE VEINS. 53 apex, as seen in the leaf of the oak or birch. If there be several similar divisions of the petiole, radiating from the base of the leaf, they are appropriately termed veins; and the leaf is said to be three-veined, five-veined, etc. Ex. maple. 257. Thb primary branches sent off from the midvein, or the veins we may term the VEINLETS, and the secondary branches, or those sent off from the veinlets, are the VEINULETS. These also branch and subdivide until they become too small for vision. 108 101 106 109 Varieties of venation. 106, feather-veined,-leaf of Betula populifolia (white birch), lying upon a leaf of plum-tree; same venation with different outlines. 107, Palmate-veined,-leaf of white maple, contrasted with leaf of Circis Canadensis. 103, Parallel venation, —plant of " three-leaved Solomon's-seal," (Asteranthemum trifoliatum lzithf.) 109, Forked venation,-climbing fern (Lygodium). 258. MODES OF VENATION. Botanists distinguish three principa. modes of venation, which are in general characteristic of the three grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom already noticed. RETICULATE, OR NET-VEINED, as in the Exogens: this kind of venation is characterized by the frequent reunion or inosculation of its numerously branching veins, so as to form a kind of irregular net-work. PARALLEL-VEINED, as in the Endogens. The veins, whether straight or curved, run parallel, or side by side, to the apex of the leaf, or to the margin, and are always connected by simple transverse veinlets. FORK-VEINED, as in the ferns (and other Cryptogamia, where veins are present at all). Here the veins divide and subdivide in a furcate manner, and do not re-unite. 54 FORM OR FIGURE. 259. Of the reticulate venation, the student should carefully note three leading forms, the feather-veined, the palmate-veined, and the triple-veined. THE FEATHER-VEINED (pinni-veined) leaf is that in which the venation consists of a midvein giving off at intervals lateral veinletssand branching veinulets. Ex. beech, chestnut. 260. IN THE RADIATE-VEINED (palmi-veined) leaf the venation consists of several veins of nearly equal size, radiating from the base towards the circumference, each with its own system of veinlets. Ex. maple, crow-foot. 261. THE TRIPLI-VEINED seems to be a form intermediate between the two others when the lowest pair of veinlets are conspicuously stronger than the others above them towards the apex, extending with the midvein towards the summit. 262. IN PARALLEL-VEINED venation the veins are either straight, as in the linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaf of the orchis, or transverse as in the Canna, Calla, &c. FORM OR FIGURE. 114 115 116 113 112 110 118 Forms of leaves. 110, Rhododendron maximum. 111, Alnus glutinosa (cult.). 112, Polygonumn sagittatum. 113, Pawpaw. 114, Impatiens fillva. 115, Celtis Americana. 116, Circaea Lutetiana. 117, Catmint. 118, Solidago Canadensis-a triple-veinled leaf. 263. THAT INFINITE VARIETY Of beautiful and graceful forms for which the leaf is distinguished becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed for the development and extension of the parenchyma, it follows that there will be the greatest extension of outline when the veins are largest and most numerous. Consequently the form of the leaf will depend upon the direction of the veins and the vigor of their action in developing the intervening tissue. In our cescription FORM OR FIGURE. 5j of individual forms of outline we shall select only the most remarkable, leaving others for explanation in the glossary. 264. THE MOST OBVIOUS ARRANGEMENT is that which is founded upon the modes of veining; but it should be premised that different forms of venation often give rise to the same outline. Were we required to characterize our idea of the abstract, typical leaf-form, we should sketch an oval outline of surface, with equal sides and unequal ends. The nearest approach to this we find among the 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 123 Diagrams of pinnate-veined leaf-forms n 119, orbicular, 124, spathaulate, 120. oval, 125, oblaaceolate, 129 121, elliptical, 126, obovate, 122, oblong, 12T, deltoid, 123, cuneiform. 128, lanceolate, 129, ovate. 265. FEATHER-VEINED LEAVES. Of these, the following forms depend upon the length of the veinlets in relation to each other and to the micvein. Wshe the lower veinlets are longer than the others, the form of the blade will be (1) ovate, with the outline of an egg, the broad end at the base; (2) lanceolate, or lanceshaped, narrower than ovate, tapering gradually upwards; (3) deltoid or triangular-shaped, like the Greek letter A. a. IF THE MIDDLE VEINLETS EXCEED the others in length, the leaf will be (4) orbicular, roundish or quite circular; (5) elliptical, with the outline of an ellipse, nearly twice longer than broad; (6) oval, broadly elliptical; (7) oblong, narrowly elliptical. 266. AWHEN THE VEINLETS ARE MORE LARGELY DEVELOPED IN THE UPPER REGION OF THE LEAF its forma becomes (8) obovate, inversely ovate, the narrow end at base; (9) oblanceolate, that is, lanceolate with the narrow end at base; (10) spatulate, like a spatula, with a narrow base and a broader, rounded apex; (11) cunecate or cuzeiform, shaped like a wedge with the point backwards. 267. AGAIN, IF THE LOWEST PAIR OF VEINLETS ARE LENGTHENED AND MORE OR LESS RECURVED, the leaf will be variously modified in respect to its base, becoming (12) cordate, or heart-shaped, an ovate outline with a sinus or reentering angle at base; (13) auriculate, with earshaped lobes at base; (14) sagittate, arrow-slhaped, with the lobes pointed, and directed backwards; (15) hastate,halbert-shaped, the lobes directed outwards. 56 FORM OR FIGURE. 268. PINNATIFID FORMS. The following pinnate-veined forms, approaching the compound leaf, depend less upon the proportion of the 137 136 185 \ 1t 180 131 182 133 Forms of leaves. 130, Silene Virginica. 181, Magnolia Fraseri. 136, Arabis dentata. 137, Polygonum arifoliuim. 182, Hepatica acutiloba. 13388, Asarnm Virginicum. 134, HIydrocotyle Americana. 185, 1H. umbellata.'N veinlets than upon the relative development of the intervening tissue. The prefix pinnated is obviously' used in contrast withp almated among palmate-veined forms. 142 189 138 140 141 Feather-veined leaves, approaching the compound. 138, Quercas imbricaria-undulate. 189, Q. alba (white oak)-lobate-sinuate. 140, Q. Inaerocarpa-lyrate.'141, utilgedium (milkweed). 14~, Bipinnatifid leaf of Ambrosia artenmisifolia (hog-weed). 269. PINNATIFID (pinna, feather, findo, to cleave) FEATIHIER-CLEFT, the tissue somewhat sharply cleft between the veinlets about half way to the midveiln, forming oblong segments. MWhen the segments of a pinnatifid leaf are pointed and curved backward it becomes uzncinzate, i. e., re-uncinate. WVhen the terminal segment of a pinnatifid leaf is FORM OR FIGURE. 57 orbicular in figure and larger than any other, presenting the form of the ancient lyre, the form is termed lyrate. 143 144 145 146 Feather-veined leaves almost compound. 148, NIigella (pinnatisect). 144, Cheledonium mlajus. 145, Thistle (Cirsium lanceolattm). 146, I)andelion (runcinate-lyrate). 27;0. PIl-N-NATELY PARTL:ED i Erli'ti t-h.a thc incisioi s are leeper than pinnatiid, nearly reaching the m3idvein. In either case the leaf is said to be sinuate when the incisions (sinuses) as well as the segments are roundecl and flowing in outline. Such segments are lobes, and the leaves lobate or lobed, a very generic term. 271. THEI PALMATE VENATION presents us with a set of forms which are, in general, broader in proportion than the pinnate, having the breadth atout equaling the length. Such'a leaf may be rarely broadly ovate or broadly cordate, terms which require no further explanation. Or it may be Renifornm, kidney-shaped, having a flowing outline broader than long, concave at base; or Peltate, shield-form, the petiole not inserted at the margin but in the midst of the lower surface of the blade. This singular form evidently results frolm the blending of the base lobes of a deeply cordate leaf, as seen in hydrocotyle. It may be orbicular, oval, etc. 272. PALMATE liORMS. The following result from deficiency of tissue, causing deep divisions between the veins. Leaves thus dissected are said to be Kpalately-lobed when either the se -ments or th9 sinuses are somewhat rounded and continuous. Thll e number of lobes is denoted by such terms as bilobate, trilobate, five-lobed, etc. 58 FORM OR FIGURE. 150 149 147 14S Palmate-veined leaves. 147, Menispermum Canadense. 148, Passiflora cerulea. 149, Broussonetia papyrifera. 150, Oak geranium. Leaves are palmately cleft and palmately parted, according to the depth of the incisions as above described. But the most peculiar modi153 151 152 fication is 273. THE PEDATE, like a bird's foot, having the lowest pair of veinlets enlarged, recurred, and bearing each several of the segments (148). 274. THE FORIS OF THE PARALLELVEINED LEAVES are r.::markable for their even, flowing outlines, diversified solely by the direction and curvature of the veins. wa.i" \\/ )When the veins are straight the most common form is 275. THIE L Il AR, long and narrow, with parallel margins, like the leaves of the grasses-a form which may also occur in the pinnate-veined leaf, when the veinlets are all equally shortened. The ensiform, or sword-shaped, is also linear, but has its edges vertical, that is, directed upward and I'~; ~ downward. 276. IF THE VEINS CURVE, we may have the lanceolate, elliptical, or even orbicular forms; and if the lower curve downward, the cordate, sagittate, etc., all of which are shown in the cuts. The palmate or radiate form is finely illustrated 151, Ensiform leaves of iris. 152, Acerose leaves of pinus. 158, in the palmetto and other palms, whose large, Subulate leaves of Juniperus comn- fan-shaped leaves are appropriately termed fiabel munis. liform (fan-shaped). 277. THE LEAVES OF THE PINE AND THE FIR TRIBE (ConiferTa) generally are parallel-veined also, and remarkable for their contracted FORM OR FIGURE. 59 forms, in which there is no distinction of petiole or blade. Such are the acerose (needle-shaped) leaves of the pine, the subulate (awl-shaped) and scale-form leaves of the cedars, etc. MARGIN. The following terms apply to the various modifications of the margin, as such, not affecting the general outline of the leaf. a b c a e f g s k I 154. Diagram of leaf-margins. c, entire; b, undulate; c, pepand; d, spinous; e, crenate; Jf dentate; g, serrate; A, laciniate; k, incised; 1, erose. 278. ENTIRE, even edged, having the tissue completely filled out. Sometimes a vein runs along the margin, which might otherwise be easily torn, as in the Caladium. But when the marginal tissue is deficient, the leaf becomes 279. DENTATE, having sharp teeth pointing outward from the centre; serrate, with sharp teeth pointing forwards, like the teeth of a saw; crenate, with rounded'or blunt teeth. The terms denticulate, serrulate, crenulate, denote finer indentations of the several kinds; doubly den-: kte, tc., denote that the teeth are theao.%veC tootihed. 280. THE UNDULATE, or wavy edge is somewhat different from the repand, which bends like the margin of an umbrella. If the veins project, and are tipped with spines, the leaf becomes spinous. 281. IRREGULARLY DIVIDED MARGINS are said to be erose or jagged, laciniate or torn, incised or cut. 282. CRISPED. Often, instead of a deficiency there is a superabundance of marginal tissue, denoted by the term crispate or crisped. AP EX. a b c d e f g 1 155, Apex of leaves. a, obcordate; b, emarginate; c, retuse; d, truncate; e, obtuse;, acute; g, mucronate; h, cuspidate; k, acuminate. 156. Bases of leaves. 1, hastate; n,, ssggittate; ao, auriculate; p, cordate; q, reniform. 60 OF THE COMPOUND LEAF. 283. POINTED LEAVES. II1 regard to the termination of a leaf at its apex, it may be acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point; cuspidate, abruptly contracted to a sharp, slender point; nmucronate, tipped with a spiny point; acute, simply ending with an angle; obtuse, rounded at the point. 284. POINTLESS LEAVES. Or the leaf inay end without a point, being truncate, as if cut square off; retuse, with a rounded end slightly depressed where the point should be; emarginate, having a small notch at the end; obcordate, inversely heart-shaped, having a deep indentation at the end. OF THE COMPOUND LEAF. 285. THEOeRY. If we conceive of a simpnle leaf becoming a compound one, on the piinciple-of "' deficiency of tissue between the veins," it will be evident that the same forms of venation are represented by the branching petioles of the latter as by the veins of the former. The number and arrangement of the parts will therefore in like manier correspond with the mode of venation. 286. LEAFLETS. The divisions of a compound leaf are called lealets, and the same distinction of outline, margin, &c., occur in them as in simple leaves. The Ipetiolules of the leaflets may or may not be articulated to the main petiole, or rachis, as it is called. 157 161 159 160 158 Compound leaves. 157,Trifolium repens. 158, Desmodium rotundifolium. 160, Glotidium. 161, Cassia. 159, Agrimonia. 287. PINNATELY COMPOUND. From the pinnate-veined arrangement we may have the pinnate leaf, where the petiole (midvein) bears a row of leaflets on each side, either sessile or petiolulate, generally equal in OF THE COMPOUND LEAF. 61 number and opposite. It is unequally pinnate when the rachis bears an odd terminal leaflet, and equally pinnate when there is no terminal leaflet, and interruptedly pinnate when the leaflets are alternately large and small (159, etc). 288. THE NUMBER OF LEAFLETS IN THE PINNATE LEAF varies from thirty pairs antd.upwards (as in some acacias), down to three, when the leaf is said to be ternate or trifoliate; or two, becoming binate, or finally even to one leaflet in the lemon. Such a leaf is theoretically compound, on account of the leaflet (blade) being articulated to the petiole. 163 162 165 164 Compound leaves. 162, Clematis. 163, Erigenia bulbosa. 164, Acacia. 165, Honey-locust. 289. A BIPINNATE LEAF (twice pinnate) is formed when the rachis bears pinnce or secondary pinnate leaves, instead of leaflets, and tripinnate (thrice pinnate), when pinnae take the places of the leaflets of a bipinnate leaf. When the division is still more complicated the leaf is decompound. 290. TRANSITION LEAVES. Different degrees of division often exist in different parts of the same leaf, illustrating the gradual transition of leaves from simple to 169 166 168 167 167, Lemon. 168, Jefersonia. 169, Potentilla anserina. 166, P. tridentata. 062 OF TEXTURE AND SURFACE. compound in all stages. The leaves of the honey-locust and coffee tree (Gymnocladus) often afford curious and instructive examples. 291. A BITERNATE LEAF iS formed when the leaflets of a ternate leaf give place themselves to ternate leaves, and triternate when the leaflets of a biternate leaf again give place to ternate leaves. 292. PALMATELY COMPOUND. A DISTINCTION. The palmate venation has also its peculiar forms of compound leaves, as'ternate, quinate, septinate, etc., according to the number of leaflets which arise together from the summit of the petiole. Ternate leaves of this venation are to be carefully distinguished from those of the pinnate plan. The palnzately ternate leaf consists of three leaflets, which are either all sessile or stalked alike; the pinnately ternate has the terminal leaflet raised above the other two on the prolonged rachis (157, 158). 172 171 170 Insertion of leaves. 170, Aster oblongifolins? (amplexicaul). 1T1, Uvularia perfoliata 1T2, Loniccra sempervirens, (connate). With regard to the insertion the leaf is said to be 293. AMPLEXICAUL, when its base lobes adhere to and clasp the stem. Should these lobes extend quite around the stem and become blended together, on the other side a pegfoliate leaf will be formed (per, through, folium, leaf), the stem seeming to pass through the leaves. 294. CONNATE denotes that the bases of two opposite leaves are united so as to form one piece of the two. OF TEXTURE AND SURFACE. IN descriptive botany it is also needful to regard the variations of leaves in the above respects. The terms which we briefly notice below are equally applicable to any other organs. TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 63 295. IN TEXTURE leaves may be membranous, or coriaceous (leathery), or succulent (fleshy), or searious (dry), rugous (wrinkled), &c., which terms need only to be mentioned. 296. IN THE QUALITY OF SURFACE, the leaf may be glabrous (smooth), destitute of all hairs, bristles, &c., or scabrous (rough), with minute, hard points, hardly visible. 297. A DENSE COAT OF HAIRS will render the leaf pubescent when the hairs are soft and short; villous when they are rather long and weak; sericeous, or silky, when close andcl satin-like; such a coat may also be lanuginous, woolly; tomentous, matted like felt; or Jloccose, in soft, fleecy tufts. 298. THINLY SCATTERED HAIRS render the surface hirsute when they are long; pilbus when short and soft; hispid when short and stiff. The surface will be 299. SETOUS, when beset with bristly hairs called setae; and spinous when beset with spines, as in the thistle and horse-nettle. Leaves may also be armed with stinging hairs which are sharp and tubular, containing a poisonous fluid, as in nettles and Jatropha stimulans. 300. A PRUINOUS surface is covered with a bluish-white waxy powder, called bloom, as in the cabbage, and a punctate leaf is dotted with colored points or pellucid glands. 301. DOUBLE TERMiS. The modifications of leaves are almost endless. Many other terms are defined in the glossary, yet it will be found often necessary in the exact description of a plant to combine two or more of the terms defined in order to express some intermediate figure or quality; thus ovate-lanceolate, signifying a form between ovate and lanceolate, etc. 302. SUB. The Latin preposition sub (under) prefixed to a descriptive term denotes the quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as subsessile, nearly sessile, subserrate, somewhat serrate. CHAPTER VIII. TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. Hitherto we have considered the leaf as foliage merely-constituted the fit organ of a6ration by its large expansion of surface. This is indeed the chief, but not the only aspect in which it is to be viewed. 303. THE LEAF IS A TYPICAL FORM, that is, the type or idea from which the Divine Architect derived the form of every other appendage of the plant. To trace out this idea in all the disguises under which it lurks is one of the first aims of the botanist. Several of these forms of disguise have already been noticed, e. g. 64 TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 304. THE SCALES which clothe thetvarious forms of scale-stems are leaves, or more usually petioles, reduced and distorted, perhaps by the straitened circumstances of their underground growth. The scales of corms and rhizomas are mostly mere membranes, while those of the bulb are fleshy, serving as depositories of food for the future use of the plant. That these scales are leaves is evident, 1st, from their position at the nodes of the stem, 2d, from their occasional development into true leaves. 305. BUD SCALES. The brown scales which cover winter buds are of the same nature and origin. 306. TIE COTYLEDONS of seeds or seed-lobes are readily recognized as leaves, especially when they arise above ground in germination, and form the first pair upon the young plant, as in the beech-nut and squash seed. Their deformity is due to the starchy deposits with which they are crammed for the nourishment of the embryo when germinating, and also to the way in which they are packed in the seed. 307. PHYLLODIA are certain leaf-forms, consisting of petioles excessively compressed, or expanded vertically into margins, while the true lamina is partly or entirely suppressed. Fine examples are seen in our greenhouse acacias from Australia. Their vertical or edgewise position readily distinguishes. them from true leaves. 11T' 174 175 176 177 Ascidia. 173, Nepenthes. 174, Sarracenia psittacina. 175, S. purpurea. 176, S. Gronovii, #. Drummondii. 117, Acacia heterophylla, its phyllodia. 308. ASCIDIA or pitchers, are surprising forms of leaves, expressly contrived, as if by art, for holding water. The pitchers of Sarracenia, whose several species are common in bogs North and South, are evidently formed by the blending of the irr volute margins of the broadly winged petioles, so as to form a complete vase. The broad expansion which appears at the top may be regarded as the lamina. These pitchers contain water, in which insects are drowned, being prevented from escaping by the deflexed hairs at the mouth. TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 65 309. NEPENTHES. The greenhouse pitcher-plant is a native of the East Indies. Its proper leaves are sessile and lanceolate. The midvein extends beyond the apex like a tendril, to the length of six or eight inches. The extremity of this tendril is inflated into a hollow vessel, similar to a pitcher, and usually contains about half a pint of pure water. It is furnished with a leafy lid connected to it by a ligament which expands or contracts according to the state of the atmosphere, so that the cap is open in damp weather and closed in dry. 310. DISCHIDIA. Another wonderful provision of this kind is observed in a plant growing in the forests of India, called Dischidia. It is a twining plant, ascending the tall trees to the distance of a hundred feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves except near its top. The pitchers seem formed of a leaf with its edges rolled inward and adherent, and its upper end or mouth is open to receive whatever moisture may descend into it. But the greatest marvel in its -structure is that several bundles of absorbent fibres, resembling roots, are sent out from the nearest parts of the stem, enter the pitchers, and spread themselves through the cavity. 311. AIR BLADDERS. Many weak-stenmmed water plants are furnished with little sacks filled with air to buoy them up near to the surface. Such are the bladders of the common bladderwort, formed from the leaf lobes. In the horned-bladderwort the floats are made of the six upper inflated petioles lying upon the surface of the water like a wheelshaped raft, and sustaining the flower upon its own elevated stalk. 312. THE LE AF OF VENUS' FLY-TRAP (Dionea), native of Carolina, is also of curious design. At the end of the leaf are two lobes bordered witlh spines. In the cavity between the lobes are several sharp points projecting upwards, and a gland which secretes a liquor attractive, i to insects. But when an unlucky fly, in search of food, alights upon it, the irritable lobes instantly close and impale him in their fatal embrace. 313. THE TENDRIL is a thrreadlike coiling appendaage furnished -.. to certain weak-stemmed plants as their means of support in place.?1s, Leaves of Venus' fly-trap (Dionea). Its first growth is straight, and it remains so until it reaches some object, when it immediately coils itself about it, and thus aquires a firm, though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacere and grape, above cited; also in many species of the pea tribe (Leguminosm), when it is appended to the leaves. It is Xnot a new organ, but some old one transformed and adapted to a new purpose. In Gloriosa superba the midvein of the leaf is prolonged beyond the blade into a coiling tendril. In the pea, vetch, etc.; the tendrils represent the attenuated leaf blades themselves. Agaiii, the entire leaf sometimes becomes a tendril in Lathyrus, while the stipules act as leaves. 66 TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 314. THE PETIOLE OF THE LEAF OF CLEMATIS, otherwise uinchanged, coils like a tendril for the support of the vine. In the greenbriar, the stipules are changed to tendrils, which thus arise in pairs from the babe of the petioles. So probably in the gourd tribe. 315. BuT THE TENDRILS OF THE GRAPE-VINE are of a different nature. From -their position opposite the leaves, and the tubercles occasionally seen upon them, representing flower buds, they are inferred to be abortive, or transformed flowerstalks. 1?9 180 181 182'Thorns. 179, Crattcgus parvifolia (thorns axillary.) 180, -Ioney-locust. S1,81. Common locust. 182. Berberis, c:, a, its thorns. 316. SPINES. Many plants are armed, as if for self-defense, withl hard, sharp-pointed, woody processes, called spines or thorns. Those which are properly called spines originate from leaves. In Berberis the spines are evidently transformed leaves, as the sane plant exhibits leaves in every stage of the metamorphosis. In goat's-thorn (Astragalus tragacanthus) of S. Europe, the petioles change to spines after the leaflets fall off. In the locust (PRobinia), there is a pair of spines at the base of the petiole, in place of stipules. 317. THOaRNS originate from anxillary buds, and are abortive branches. This is evident from their position in the hawthorn and Osage orange. The apple and pear tree in their wild state produce thorns. but by cultivation become thornless, that is, the axillary buds, through better tillage, develop branches instead of thorns. The terrible branching thorns of the honey-locust originate just above the axil, from accessory budls. 318. PRICKIES differ from either spines or thorns, growing from the epidermis upon stems or leaves, at no determinate point, and consisting of hardened cellular tissue, as in the rose, bramble. 319. BPRACTS.'By a more gentle transformation, leaves pass into bracts, which are those smaller, reduced leaf-forms situated near and among the flowers. So gradual is the transition from leaves to bracts INFLORESCENCE. 67 in the peony, e. g., that no absolute limits can be assigned. Equally gradual is the transition from bracts to sepals of the flower-affording a beautiful illustration of the doctrine of metamorphosis. (374.) Bracts will be further considered' under the head of Inflorescence. 184 18i3 Bracts 153, Pinclneya pubens; b, colored bracts (reduced leaves). 184, Zornia tetraphylla; b, bracts (enlarged stipules). CHAPTER IX. INFLORESCENCE. 320. TuiE FUNCTIONS OF PLANT-LIFE ARE TWO-FOLD, namely, vegetation and reproduction: the former looking to the preservation of the individual plant itself, the latter to the species. Corresponding with this view, there are also two classes of organs. Having considered the former class, that is, the organs of vegetation, we come now to the organs of reproduction, including the flower, the frmuit, and the seed. 321. INFLORESCENCE is a term denoting the arrangement of the flowers, and their position upon the plant. 322. ORIGIN or FLOWER BUDS. All the buds of a plant are supposed to be originally of one and the same nature, looking to the production of vegetative organs only. But at a certain period, a portion of the buds of the living plant, by an unerring instinct little understood, are converted from their ordinary intention into flower buds. 323. PROOF OF THIS THEORY. That this is the origin of the flower bud is evident from the known effects of cultivation, causing it to revert partly or wholly to its former intention, as in the green rose, when the petals, &c., all. return to leaves; in 68 INFLORESCENCE. the proliferous rose when the axis grows on through the flower bearing leaves above it. In some instances the skillful gardener learns how to effect this interchange of nature in the buds at pleasure. 324. HENCE IN POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT flower buds can not differ from leaf buds, and both are settled by the same unerring law which determines the arrangement of the leaves. Accordingly the flower bud is always found either terminal or axillary. 325. A single bud, whether terminal or axillary, may develop either a conmpound inflorescence, consisting of several flowers with their stalks and bracts, or a solitary injforescence, consisting of a single flower. 326. THE FLOWER-BUD IS INCAPABLE OF EXTENSION. While the leafbud may unfold leaf after leaf and node after node to an indefinite extent, the flower-bud blooms, dies, and arrests for ever the extension of the axil which bore it. 327. THEE PEDUNCLE is the flower-stalk. It bears no leaves, or at least only such as are reduced in size and changed in form, called bracts. If the peduncle is wanting the flower is said to be sessile. 328. THE SIMPLE PEDUNCLE bears a single flower; but if the peduncle be divided into branches, it bears several flowers, and the final divisions bearing each a single flower, are called pedicels. 329. THE SCAPE is a flower-stalk which springs from a subterranean stem, in such plants as are called stemless or aculescent, as the primrose, tulip, blood-root. Like the pedluncle it is leafless or with bracts only, add may be either simple or branched. 330. THE RACHIS (PaXtI, spine) is the axis of the infiorescence, or the main stem of the compound peduncle along which the pedicels are arranged. 331. THE TORUS OR RECEPTACLE is the end or summit of the flowerstalk. 18T 186 s85 Anomalous peduncles. 185, Linden-tree, 186, Butchers-broom. 187, Xylophylla. 188, Coxcomb. INFLORESCENCE. 69 332. THE peduncle is subject to endless modifications. We find it sometimes excessively lengthened, again very short or wholly wanting; very slender or very thick. In coxcomb its branches are blended into a thick, fan-shaped maps; in butcher's-broom it expands into the form of a green leaf, and in the linden-tree into a seal-like bract. In Xylophylla it is foliaceous, bearing flowers along its margins. 333. BRACTS. The branches of the inflorescenece arise from the axils of reduced leaves, called bracts. These leaves, still smaller, growing upon the pedicels, are called bracteoles. 334. The bracts are usually simple in outline and smaller than the leaf, often gradually diminishing to mere points, as in Aster, or even totally suppressed, as in the Cruciferm. 335. IN COLOR they are usually green, often colored, sometimes brilliantly, as in painted-cup. Sometimes they are scale-like, and again they are evanescent membranes. 336. ThE SPATHE iS a large bract formed in some of the monocotyleollns, enveloping the inflorescence% and often colored as in the Arum, Calla, or membranous as in the onion and daffodil. Bracts also constitute an 191 190 189 ]3racts (b, b, b,). 1S9, Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of 4 colored bracts. 190, Hepatica triloba, with an involncre of 3 green bracts. 191, Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract. 337. INVOLUCRE when they are collected into a whorl or spiral group. In the Phlox, Dodecatheon, and generally, the involucre is green, but sometimes colored and petaloid, as in dogwood and Euphorbia. Situated at the base of a compound umbel, it is called a general involucre, at the base of a partial umbel it is a 2partial involucre or involucel, both of which are seen in the umbellifere. 338. IN THE COMPOSITE, where the flowers are crowded upon a coammon torus, forming what is called a com2pound flower, an involucre composed of many imbricated scales (bracts) surrounds them as a calyx surrounds a simple flower. The chaff also upon the torus are bracts to which each floret is axillary. '70 INFLORESCENCE. i93 195 194 192 192, IHelianthus grosse-serratus. 1, involucre; 7, rays, or lignlate flowers; 193, one of the disk flowers with its chaff-scale (bract). 194, Acorn of moss-cup oak (Q. macrophylla). 195, Poa pratensiss;,f spikelet entire, g, glumes, separated; c, a flower separated, displaying the two palem, 8 stamens, and 2 styles. 339. IN THE GRASSES the bracts subsist under the general name of chaff. The bracts situated at the base of a spikelet of flowers, are called the glumes, corresponding to the involucre. Those situated at the base of each separate flower are palece, answering to the calyx or corolla. The pieces of which each calyx is composed (generally two) are called valves or pales. 340. OTHER EXAMPLES Of the involucre are seen in the cup of the acorn, the burr of the chestnut, beech, etc. 341. THE FORMS OF INFLORESCENCE are exceedingly various, but may all be referred to two classes, as already indicated; the axillary, in which all the flowers arise from axillary buds, the terminal, in which all the flower-buds are terminal. 342. AXILLARY INFLORESCENCE is called indefinite, because the axis, being terminated by a leaf-bud, continues to grow on indefinitely, developing bracts with their axillary flowers as it grows. It is also called centripetal, because in the order of time thle blossoming commences with the circumnference, and proceeds towards the centre in case of a level topped cluster, as the hawthorn, or with the base, and proceeds towards the summit in case of the lengthened cluster, as the mustard. The student will readily perceive that the circumnference of a depressed (flattened) inflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one; and also that the centre of the former answers to the summit of the latter. For when the axis or rachis is lengthened, it is the centre which bears it along with it at its apex, leaving the circumference at the base. 343. TERMN/IAL INFLORESCENCE, on the other hand, is definite, implying that the growth of the axis as well as of each branch is definitely arrested and cut short by a flower. It is also centrifug~cal, because the INFLORESCENCE. 71 blossoming commences with the central flower and proceeds in order to the circumference, as in the sweet-william, elder, hydrangea. In this kind of infiorescence all the flowers are considered terminal because they do in fact (except the first which terminates the axis) terminate lateraT branches successively produced on a definite plan at the node next below the primary flower. 344. BOTHI KINDS OF INFLORESCENCE ARE OCCASIONALLY COMBINED in the same plant, where the general system may be distinguished from the partial clusters which compose it. Thus in the Compositse, while the florets of each head open centripetallay, the general inflorescence is centrifugal, that is, the terminal head is developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiatin the partial clusters (verticilasters) open centrifugally while the general infiorescence is indefinite, proceeding from the base upwards. 345. OF CENTRIPETAL OR AXILLARY INFLORESCENCE THE PRINCIPAL VARIETIES ARE the spike, spadix, catkin, raceme, corymb, umbel, panicle, thyrse, head. 346. TiE SPIKE iS a long rachis with sessile flowers either scattered, clustered, or crowded upon it, as plantain, mullein, vervain. The socalled spikes of the grasses, as wheat, timothy, are in fact compound.spikes, bearing little spikes or spikelets in place of single flowers. 347. THE SPADIX is a thick, fleshy rachis with flowers closely sessile or imbedded on it, and usually with a spathe, as in the Arum, or without it, as in the Typha. 200 201 i 202 200, Spiranthes cernua; flowers in a twisted spike. 201, Orontium aquaticum; flowers on a naked spadix. 202, Betula lenta; flowers in aments. 348. TiE CATKIN or AMENTUM is a slender, pendant rachis with scaly bracts subtending the naked, sessile flowers, and usually caducous, as in birch, beech, oak, willow. 349. THE RACEME is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels. It may be erect, as in hyacinth, Pyrola, or pendulous, as in currant, blackberry. 72 INFLORESCENCE. 350, THE CORYMB differs from the raceme in having the lower pedieels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to about the same level, as in the wild thorn. 207 205 204 206 203 203, Andromeda racemosa; flowers in a secund raceme. 204, Verbascum Blattaria; raceme. 205, Lolium perenne; a compound spike or a spike of spikelets. 206, Dipsacus sylvestris; head with an involucre of leaves. 20T, Osmorhiza longistylis; a compound umbel. 208, Its fruit. 351. AN UMBEL consists of several pedicels of about equal length radiating from the same point, the top of the common peduncle, as milk-weed, ginseng, onion. When the pedicels of an umbel become 209 210 209, Staphylea trifolia; a pendulous, paniculate cyme. 210, Catalpa; a paniclo. INFLORESCENCE. 73 themselves umbels, as in caraway and most of the Umbeliferae, a compound umbel is produced. Such secondary umbels are called umbellets and the primary pedicels, rays. 352. THE PANICLE is a compound inflorescence formed by the irregular branching of the pedicels of the raceme, as in oats, spear-grass, Catalpa. 353. A THYRSE is a sort of compact, oblong, or pyramidal panicle, as in lilac, grape. 354. A HEAD OR CAPITULUM iS a sort of reduced umbel, having the flowers all sessile upon the top of the peduncle, as in the button snakeroot, button-bush, clover. But the more common examples of' 213 215 214 the capitulum are seen in the Compositie, where the summit of the peduncle, that is, the receptacle, is dilated, bearing the sessile flowers above, and scalelike bracts around, as an involucre. 355. THE CAPITULUM OF THE CoMPOSITm is often called a compound flower from its resem- blance, the involucre answering to a calyx, the rays to the corolla. 212 211 The flowers are called florets, those of the outer circle, florets - of the ray, generally differing in form from those of the central portions, the forets of the. cdizsk. Vernonia fasciculata; flowers in a discoid head wvith an imbricated involucre. 211, A 356. OF TERMINAL INFLORES- single flower remaining on the receptacle. 212, CENCE THE FOLLOWINCG~I VARIE~T~IES A fruit crowned with the pappus. 213, Mulgodium; a head. 214, A single flower remaining are described: cyme, fascicle on the receptacle. 215, A fruit with pappus. (verticilaster), glomeruli. 218 217 216 44. r 4 4 Diagrams 216 of a cyme, flowers numbered in the order of their development. 217, Cyme fastigiate. 218, Cyme half developed-a scorpoid raceme. 357. CYME is a general term denoting any inflorescence with centri '74 INFLORESCENCE. fugal evolutions, but is properly applied to that level-topped or fastigiate form which resembles the corymb, as in the elder. If it is loosely spreading, not fastigiate, it is called a cymose panicle, as in. the chickweed, spergula, etc. If it be rounded, as in the snowball, it is a globous cyme. 220 219 220, Myosotis pallsltris; scorpoicil racemes. 219, Stellaria media; a regular cymne. 358. A SCORPOID CYME, as seen in the sundew, Sedum, and borrage family, is a kind of coiled raceme, unrolling as it blossoms. It is Understood to be a half-developed cyme, as illustrated in the cut. 221 221 35 9. THE PECULIARI EVOLUTION OF THE CYME is Well illustrated in the chick-weed ~ -{s Hi~, (Alsine media). The first opening flower terminates the axis and stops its growth. Then from the pair of axils next below issue... Y. two opposite branches, each bearing a pair ~-~-?~~_/t/// ~of leaves and a terminal flower. Next, the / same process is repeated with each of these two branches, and so on indefinitely. Thus the stem becomes repeatedly forked, each fork having an older flower in its angle. 360. EVOLUTION OF TI-IHE SCORPOID ACEME. But let only one branch be developed at the node next below the flower, and that always on the same side, and we have a scorpoici raceme or cyme. Other irregrulari. ties occasioned by partial development may also variously disguise thoe cyme. 2S1, Spigelia BMarilandica; a scorpoid raceme. 361. FASCICLE. This is a modification of the cyme, with crowded and nearly sessile flowers, as in sweet-william (Dianthus). 362. GLOMERULE, an axillary tufted cluster, with a centrifugal evolution, frequent in the Labiatie, etc. When they occur in the axils of FLOWERING. 7 5 opposite leaves and meet around the stem, each pair constitutes a verticilaster or verticil, as in catmint, hoarhound. 363. How THESE MODES ARE MUTUALLY RELATED. All the forms of inflorescence above described may, after all, be shown to be buft modifications of a single typo, as follows: Let us-commence with the spike, a slender rachis with sessile flowers. Conceive that pedice]s-be developed for the flowers, a raceme; let the pedicels branch, - 228 221 226 225 224 223 222 221 Diagrams illustrating the forms of inflorescence; graduated from the spike to the compound umbel, showing how related to each other. a panicle; or let them all be lengthened to the height of the rachis, - a corymb. Now suppress the rachis to a point, making all the pedicels equal, - an umbel. Once more, suppress all the pedicels, - a head. Now, if in each case we suppose the evolutions of the flowers to be reversed, we have a cymose inflorescence. Finally, by a metamorphosis still more remarkable, The entire inflorescence is sometimes transformed into attenuated tendrils, as in the grape. FLOWERING. 364. DEFINITION. In the bud the floral leaves (sepals and petals) infold the floral organs (stamens and pistils) and conceal them from view. Flowering consists of the opening or expansion of these envelops, displaying every organ Ilow perfected in growth and beauty, and ready for the exercise of its function. 365. PERIOD OF FLOWERING. Each species of plant has its own special season for flowering, uniform in the same climate, but varying in different climates according to the general temperature. Hence each month and each day of the month mark the date of flowering for some one or more species, and these facts, when duly observed and recorded in their proper order, constitute the floral calender for that locality. 366. THIE FLORAL CALENDAR is an index of climate, and may vary to a considerable degree in different years for the same locality or for different localities in the same year. Such a calendar is prepared by the botanical student when he carefully journalizes his discoveries from day to day throughout the season. '76 FLOWERING. 367. EXAMPLES. At Savannah the red maple, shad-bush, blood-root, flower in February; in the District of Columbia in March; at Concord, N. H., in April. In New England the witch-hazel flowers in February; Hepatica in April; dogwood in May; elder in June; lilies in July; boneset in August; asters and Solidagos in September and October; and chrysanthemum in November. 368. THE FLORAL COCK. Each plant has also its definite hours in the day for opening its flowers and for closing them-for waking and sleeping; and a careful record of these facts (as once made by Linneus) may seem to indicate the hour of the day. Thus, The morning glory opens at (about) 2 A. at., and closes about 10 A. M. Rutland beauty " " 3 " " " 11 " Vegetable oyster 4 "C 4 " " 12 6 Poppy " " 5 " Bitter-sweet' IC -6 " Water-lily IC " c Scarlet pimpernel "' 8 "' Calendula arvensis " " 9 " Arenaria rubra l " 10 Ornithogalum umbellatum:' " 11 " Passiflora coerulea " " 12 M. Pyrethrum'" " 2 P. M. Marvel of Peru c"'; 4 " Silene noctiflora C " 5 " Evening primrose' " 6 " Lychnis vespertina " II V Cereus grandiflora " " 8 " 369. THE COLORS OF FLOWERS constitute one of their chief attractions, and are of special interest to the florist. By various modes of culture he may often change at will those colors, thus producing numerous varieties, as in the tulip and dahlia. But in scientific descriptions the colors are seldom employed as characteristics on account of their variableness. 370. CLASSIFICATION OF COLORS. De Candolle divides the colors of flowers into two series; 1, those having yellow for their type and capable of varying to red and white, but never to blue; 2, those having blue for their type, and capable of varying to red and white, but not to yellow. The first series is called Xanthic, the second, the Cyanic. Both series commence with green (which is composed of blue and yellow) and end in red, thus: GREEN. Blue-green. Yellow-green. Blue. Yellow. Blue-violet. Yellow-orange. Violet. Orange. Violet-red. Orange-red. RED. MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. 77 371. EXAMIPLES. The tulip was originally yellow. All its numerous varieties are of the xanthic series. So also the rose and Dahlia. Florists have never yet obtained a blue tulip, rose, or dahlia. The geranium varies throughout the cyanic series, and a yellow geranium is unknown. Different species of the same genus may belong to different series, so also different parts of the same flower. CHAPTER X. MORPHOLOGY OF THE'FLOWER. 372. THuE FLOWER AS THE STANDARD OrF BEAUTY. SO it has ever been regarded, Through this attribute, so evidently divine in its origin, it breathes on the heart an influence which is essentially spiritual, always pleasing, elevating, and pure. The benevolent Thought which first conceived of this crowning glory of the vegetable world had evidently in view the education of man's moral nature as well as the relroduction and permanezce of vegetable naoture. 373. THE FLOWER IN THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE. The pleasure of the florist in contemplating the flower as merely an object of taste is not diminished when he comes to view it in the light of science. Parts which he before regarded as embellishments only, now assume new value as indispensable agents in fulfilling a great design; every organ takes form according to the sphere of its office, and the beauful flower no longer appears as the possible accident of a chance-world. 374. ITS NATURE AND ORIGIN. We have before observed that the flower-bud is, in nature and origin, one and the same with the leaf-bud. Now a leaf-bud is regularly unfolded into a leafy branch. A flowerbud is unfolded into a flower. Hence the flower, in its nature and origin, is one and the same with a leafy branch. 3715. THEORETICAL VIEW. When, therefore, this new necessity arises in the life of a plant, viz., the perpetuation of its species, no new principle or organ is evoked, but the leaf, that same piotean form which we have already detected in shapes so numerous and diverse, THE LEAF, is yet once mnore in nature's hand molded into a series of forms of superior elegance, touched with colors more brilliant, and adapted to a higher sphere as the organs of r'e2production. 376. TInE EVIDENCE ON WHICH THIS THEORY RESTS may be referred to two sources; namely, natural and artificial development. We mention a few instances of each kind, earnestly recommending the student to study for himself the many facts which will fall under his own observation bearing upon this deeply interesting. theory. 317. CASE OF THE POPPY. The ordinary complete flower, e. g., the poppy, consists of four kinds or.sets of organs, viz., the sepals (outside), petals next, stamens and pistils, and each kind is quite different and distinct from the others. The metamorphosis of the leaf first into the sepal then the petal, etc., is so abrupt that it seems to lose its identity at once. But there are some 378. CASES IN TIE NATURAL D)EVELOPMENT OF PLANTS where the transition of the leaf is gradual, changing insensibly, first to- bracts then to sepals, thus apparently making the metamorphosis ia question visible before our eyes. Such cases 78 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. 240 239 238 2387 236 233 231 233 232 281 230 229 229, Papaver (poppy); s, stamens; p,. stigmas. 230, Sepal. 231, Petal-a-ll very different. 232 Petals of the water-lily (Nymphsea) gradually passing into (240) stamens. are exactly in point. The leaves of the peony, large and much divided below, become smaller and more simple above, gradually passing into- bracts and thence into sepals. In Calycanthus the sepal passes into the petal by gradations so gentle that we can not mark the limit between them. In the lilies these two organs are almost identical. In the water-lily, where the sepal, petal, and stamen are all thus graduated, the transition from petal to stamen is particularly instructive. These two forms meet half way by a perfect series of gradations, when a narrowed petal is capped slightly with the semblance of an anther. And finally, cases of a close resemblance between stamen and pistil, so unlike in the poppy, are not wanting, as in the tulip-tree. 379. FLOWERS ALWAYS REGULAR IN THE EARLY BUD. An early examination of flower-buds often exhibits the several kinds of organs much less diverse than they subsequently become. See the ecaly bud of columbine. Those flowers which are 243 242 241 241, Ranunculausacris; a single flower. 242, R. acris, 3. plena, a double flower. 243, Epacris impressa; the flowers changing to leafy branches (Lindley). ASTIVATION. 79 called irregular, as the pea, catmint, violet, are regular, like other flowers, in the early bud; that is, the several petals are at first seen to be precisely similar, becoming dissimilar and distorted in their after growth; so in the stamens and other organs. 380. CASES IN ARTIFICIAL DEVELOPMENT or TERATOLOGY (rspa, a monstrosity, 26yoC), where organs of one kind are converted into those of another kind by cultivation, afford undeniable evidence of the doctrine in question-the homnology of all thefloral orgasms with the leaf. Such cases are frequent in the garden, and however much admired, they are monstrouibs, because unnatural. In all double flowers, as rose, pmony, Camillia, the stamens have been reconverted into petals, either wholly or partially, some yet remaining in every conceivable stage of the transition. In the double butter-cup (242) the pistils as well as stamens retert to petals, and in the garden cherry, flowering almond, a pair of green leaves occupy the place of the pistils. By still further changes all parts of the flower manifest their foliage affinities, and the entire flower-bud, after having given clear indications of its floral character, is at last developed into a leafy branch. (Fie. 243.) 381. IN CLARKIA, CELASTRUS, damask rose, and other garden plants, cases have been noted wherein the petal asserts its foliar nature by producing a secondary flower-bud in its axil I Thus in a thousand instances of abnormal growth, we find evidence proving the leaf to be the type whence all other forms of appendages are derived, and whither all tend to return. 382. FURTHER EVIDENCE of this view, equally conclusive, is found in the essential agreement of the mstivation of the flower-bud with the phyllotaxy of the branch. XISTIVATION. 383. DEFINITION-IMPORTANCE. This term (from cestivus, of sumnler) refers to the arrangement of the floral envelops while yet in the bud. It is an important subject, since in general the same mode of mstivation regularly characterizes whole tribes or orders. It is to the flower-bud what vernation (vernus, spring) is to the leaf-bud. 384. THE VARIOUS MODES OF 1ESTIVATION ARE BEST OBSERVED in sections of the bud made by cutting it through horizontally when just ready to open. From such sections our diagrams are copied. 385. SEPARATELY CONSIDERED, we finld each organ here folded in ways similar to those of the leaf-bud; that is, the sepal or the petal may be convolute, involute, revolute., etc, terms already defined. 386. COLLECTIVELY CONSIDERED, the mstivation of the flower occurs in four general modes with their variations; the valvate, the contorted, imbricate, and plicate. 387. IN- VALVATE mSTIVATION the pieces meet by their margins without any overlapping; as in the sepals of the mallow, petals of Hydrangea, valves of a capsule. The following varieties of the valvate occur: 388. INDUPLICATE, where each piece is involute; i. e., has its two margins bent or rolled inwards, as in Clematis; or reduplicate, when each piece is revolute-having its margins bent or rolled outwards, as in the sepals of Althea rosea. (Figs. 245, 246.) 80 ESTIVATION. 248 247 245 246 244 251 250 249 244-251, Modes of oestivation. 250, Petals of the wall-flower. 389. CONTORTED AtSTIVATION, where each piece overlaps its neighbor, all in the same direction, appearing as if twisted together, as in Phlox, flax, oleander. (247, 252.) 390. IMBRICATED AESTIVATION (imbrex, a tile) is a term restricted to those modes in which one or more of the petals or sepals is wholly outside, overlapping two others by both its margins. This kind of aestivation naturally results from the spiral arrangements so common in phyllotaxy, while the valvate and contorted seem identified with the 252 opposite or whorled arrangement. The principal varieties are 391. THE QUINCUNTIAL,'o k~ \<-m mconsisting of five leaves, two of which are wholly without, $r" 9 \ qp:2 ~~Ytwo wholly within, and one partly both, or one margin out, the other in, as in the rose "'.(/ 77_)-% family (248). This accompanies the two-thirds plan in phyllotaxy, and corresponds precisely with it, each quin-,t take ncunx being in fact a cycle. with its internodes suppressed. (~ 232.) 392. THE TRIQUETROUS, consisting of three leaves in 252, Gossypium herbaceum, the cotton plant. Petals each set, one of which is outcontorted. ] side, one inside, and the third partly both, as in tulip, Erythronium, according to the one-third plan in phyllotaxy. THE FLORAL ORGANS. 81 393. CONVOLUTE, when each leaf wholly involves all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia; and vexillary, when one piece larger than the rest is folded over them, as in the pea (251). 394. PLICATE or folded mestivation occurs in tubular or monopetalous flowers, and has many varieties, of which the most remarkable is the supervolute, where the projecting folds all turn obliquely in the same direction, as in morning-glory, thorn-apple (Datura). 256 255 254 253 Diagrams of flowers (as seen by cross-sections). 253, Jeffersonia diphylla: o, ovary; s, stamens; d, inner row of petals, sestivation triquetrous; bi, outer row of petals, estivation contorted; C, sepals, sestivation quincsuntial. 254, Lily. 255, Strawberry. 256, Mustard. The pupil will designate the modes of testivation. The restivation of the sepals often differs from that of the petals in the same flower. Thus, in the pink the sepals are imbricated and the petals contorted. 395. THE POSITION ON THE PARTS OF THE FLOWER, with respect to the main axis and the bract whence it arises, is often important in description. That part which is adjacent to the axis is the posterior or upper, while that which looks toward the bract is the anterior or lower part. THE FLORAL ORGANS. 396. TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF THE FLOWER. The flower is an assemblage of leaves more delicately and variously formed, borne at the upper nodes of the axis where the internodes are undeveloped. This portion of the axis is called 397. THE RECEPTACLE or TORUS. It is the axis of the flower situated at the summit of the flower-stalk. Its form above is commonly that of a flattened or somewhat conical disk, the center of which corresponds with the apex of the axis. 398. THIIE FLOWER MAY CONSIST of the following members: 1, the floral envelops; 2, the essential floral organs. 399. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS consist of one or more circles or whorls of leaves surrounding the essential organs. The outer of these whorls is called the calyx and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The calyx may, therefore, exist without the corolla, but the corolla carn not exist without 400. THE CALYX. This is a Greek word signifying a cup. It is applied to the external envelop of the flower, consisting of a whorl of 14 82 THE FLORAL ORGANS. 257 258 259 257, Flower of the strawberry. 258, Flower of the pink. 259, Flower of the lily (Lilium snperbum). The pupil will point out the parts. leaves with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but sometimes highly colored. The calyx leaves are called sepatls. 401. COROLLA is a Latin word signifying a little crown, applied to the interior envelop of the flower. It consists of one or more circles of leaves, either distinct or united by their edges, usually of some other color than green, and of a more delicate texture than the calyx. Its leaves are called petals. 402. PERIANTH (n9e/, around, vOo;, flower) is a word in common use to designate the floral envelops, as a whole, without distinction of calyx and corolla. It is used in description, especially when these two envelops are so similar as not to be readily distinguished, as in the tulip, lily, and the endogens generally; also where only one envelop exists, as in Phytolacca, elm, etc. (259, per.) 403. T.ImE ESSENTIAL FLORAL ORGANS stand within the circles of the perianth, and are so called because they are the immediate instruments in perfecting the seed and thus accomplishing the final purposes of the flower. These organs are of two kinds, perfectly distinct in position and office; viz., the stamens and the pistils. 404. THE STAMENS are those thread-like organs situated just within the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies from one to a hundred or more; but the most common number is five. Collectively they are called the andreciumz n (dvdpv,* stamens, obtcof, a house). 405.-THE PISTILS (called also carpels) occupy the center of the flower at the absolute terminus of the flowering axis. They are sometimes numerous, often apparently but one, always destined to bear the seed. Collectively they are called the gynoeciunz (yvv/r, pistil, oUiof). * The plural of avep, a man, a term applied to the stamen by Linnceus in accordance with his favorite theory of the sexes of plants. The term yvvr7, woman, is, on the same ground, applied to the pistil. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 83 406. RECAPITULATION. Thus we have noticed the members of the flower in the order of their succession from the outer to the inner circle. Now, in regard to the receptacle on which they stand in concentric whorls, we find (reversing the order) the gyncecium in the midst, the center of the flower, the andrcecium encircling it, the corolla next without, and the calyx embracing the whole. 407. APPENDAGES. These are the four proper members or sets of organs composing the flower. Occasionally we meet with a fifth between the corolla and stamens, not easily referrible to either, like the scales in the throat of the Borrageworts, or the cr'own of the Narcissus and jonquils. Such are regarded as appendages, not necessary to the completeness of the flower. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 408. ESSENTIAL UNITY COMBINED WITH ENDLESS DIVERSITY is every where a characteristic of nature. Herein consists the perpetual charm of her presence and the perpetual reward of her diligent study. There is no better example of this happy combination than is found in the structure of the flower. Unity or uniformity, when often repeated, becomes monotony. Diversity without unity is confusion. Hence, in our study of the thousand forms in which God has attired the flower we shall arrive at no satisfactory result until we come to discern that unity of plan, that simple idea of the flower in which all its diversities harmonize. There is such an idea. It originated in the Infinite Mind. Let us search for it. 409. TuE FLORAL ORGANS. We have already seen that the flower may consist of four sets of organs-calyx, corolla, androecium, gyncecium; or of four kinds of organs-sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, each arranged circularly around a common center. 410. SYMM ETRY OF THE FLOW E. Now as the leaves of a branch are definitely apportioned into equal cycles, we naturally look for a corresponding syrz-nzetry in the flower. Each set of organs should consist of at least one cycle. And as the cycle itself may vary numerically, being 2-leaved, 3-leaved, 5-leaved, etc., in different species, so in the flower each cycle or set may be 2-parted, 3-parted, 5-parted, etc. That is, the sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, may each be two in number, or three, or four, or five in number, etc. 411. AGAIN! IN RELATIVE POSITION the organs of each set, as a rule, alternate with the organs of each adjacent set; the petals alternate with the sepals and stamens, the stamens with the petals and pistils. This alternation accords with the opposite and verticillate arrangement of leaves, where (~ 226) the leaves of any given circle do not stand exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over the intervals between them. In a word, 412. THE TYPICAL FLOWER, one that exemplifies the full idea of the floral structure, consists of four different circles of organs, each circle having the samne number of separate, alternating parts. Such a flower is not only Pes;fect, having both the essential organs, but also Complete, having the four kinds of organs. 84 THE PLAN OF THE FLOW~ER. Regular, the organs of the same kind similar, and Symmetrical, the same number of organs in each whorl. 413. SELDOM REALIZED. Happily, this our conception of the typical flower is not often realized in nature, although the tendency toward it is universal. Deviations occur in every imaginable mode and degree, causing that endless variety in the floral world which we never cease to admire. 414. EXAMPLES. In our cut (Pink, 258) illustrating the organization of the flower the tendency in this direction is evident, but the stamens are too many and the pistils seem too few. Among the Flaxworts and the Houseleek tribe, however, are some good examples. The flower of the flax combines very nearly all the conditions above specified. It is complete, regular, symmetrical. Its organs are alternate and all separate, and (disregarding the slight cohesion of the pistils at their base) this flower well realizes our type. But 260 263 261 262 260, bis, Flower of Crassula lactea, regular, symmetrical, organs distinct. 261, Diagram showing its plan. 262, Flower of the Scarlet Flax. 263, Diagram of its plan. 415. THE FLOWERS OF CRASSUTLA, an African genus sometimes cultivated, afford unexceptionable examples, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils each being five in number, regularly alternating and perfectly'separate. 416. FLOwE RS OF SEDUM. Admitting two whorls of stamens instead of one, we have a good example of our type in stone-crop (Sedum ternatum), a little fleshy herb of our fwoods. Its flowers are both 4-parted and 5-parted in the same plant. See also the 12-parted flowers of the common houseleek. 417. How To STUDY THE FLOWER. If, with this type as our adopted standard of the floral structure, we compare any of the myriads of different forms which occur, we shall be able to trace out the features of the general plan even among the widest deviations. The more important of them are included in the following synopsis:1. Variations in the radical number of the flower. 2. Deficiencies rendering the flower a, Incomplete, b, Imperfect, c, Unsymmetrical, d, Organs opposite. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 85 3. Redundancies, a, In the multiplication of organs, b, In appendicular organs. 4. Union of parts. a, By cohesions, b, By adhesions. 5. Irregularities of development, a, In homogenous parts, b, In the receptacle. 6. Comlbined deviations. We shall consider these several topics in their order. 418. THE RADICAL NUMBER OF THE FLOWER is that which enumerates the parts composing each whorl. It varies from one to twenty, and is expressed thus: /9 V/, V/, V, etc., which mathematical expressions are to be read by the words, disnerous (dif, two, pfpof, part), or 2-parted; trimerous, or 3-parted; 4-merous, or 4-parted; pentamerous, or 5-parted; 6-merous, or 6-parted, etc. 419. EXOGENS AND ENDOGENS DISTINGUISHED. Pentamerous (V/) flowers, like the rose, flax, when each whorl is (naturally) 5-parted, are more generally characteristic of the exogenous plants, - flowers of the endogens, as the lily, Trillium. The flowers of Fuchsia are AV, of Circea $/, and of Hippuris 1 V/. 420. DEFICIENCIES. Incomplete flowers often occur. They lack some one or more entire sets of organs. When only one of the floral envelops, the calyx, exists, the flower is said to be apetalows or monochamrydeous (X;ov'uf, a cloak), as in elm3 Phytolacca. These terms are also loosely applied to such plants as rhubarb, Anemone, liverwort, where the pieces of the perianth are all similar, although in two or three whorls. When the perianth is wholly wanting, the flower is said to be achlainydeouzs or nakecd, as in lizard-tail. (264.) 267 266 265 264 264, Flower of Saururus (lizard-tail); achlymydeous. 265, Flower of Fraxinus (ash). 266, Flower of Salix (willow), staminate. 267, pistillate. 421. IMPERFECT FLOWERS are also of frequent occurrence. They are deficient in respect to the essential organs. A sterile or staminate flower (denoted thus S ) has stamens without pistils. A fertile or pistillate flower ( 9 ) has pistils without stamens. Such flowers being counterparts of each other, and both necessary to the perfection of the seed, must exist either together upon the same plant or upon separate plants of the same species. In the former case the species is moncecious (~ ) as in oak; in the latter case dicecious ( 5 s ) as in willow. The term diclinous, denwting either 8 or &? without distinction, is in common use. 86 THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 270 269 268 268, Pistillate flower of Balm-of-Gilead. 269, Staminate. 270, Diplocliniumn Evansianum. a, staminate; b, pistillate. 422. A NEUTRAL FLOWER is a perianth or calyx only, having neither stamens nor pistils. Such are the ray-flowers of many of the Compositme, anrd of the cymes of Hlydrangea, high cranberry, etc., which in cultivation may all become neutral, as in the snow-ball. 271 423. UNSYMMETRICAL FLOWERS. The term symmetry, as used in botany, refers to number only. A flower becomes unsymmetrical by the partial development of any set or circle in respect to the number of its organs. The mustard family affords a good example. 424. FLOwERS OF THE CRUCIFERS. The flowers of mustard, ~ /~t///' o~ ~~~~cress, etc., are understbod to be 4-morons 4V). The sepals are four, petals four, but the stamens are six and the styles but two. The stamens are arranged in two circles, having two of those in the gi.,,((_Sb outer circle suppressed or reduced to mere glands. Two of the car( ~'~',~' ~ pels are also suppressed. (256.) 425. IN THE MIINT FAMIILY and the figworts one or three of the stamens is generally abortive. / -.-f —-=_ Here, while the flowers are /, the stamens are four in some species and only two inl others. The missing stamens, however, often appear in the guise of slender processes-the rudiments of stamens-proving in an interesting 271, "Radiant" paniele of Hydrangea quercifoliuln; manner the natural tendency to the larger flowers fieutral. symmetry. 426. OTHER EXAMPLES. In the V/ flowers of poppy, the sepals are hut two; in v spring-beauty they are but two; in both cases too few for symmetry. In lark THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 87 spur the / flowers have but four petals, and in monk's-hood, also 5V the petals are apparently but two strangely deformed bodies. A careful inspection, however, generally reveals the other three, very minute, in their proper places, as displayed in the cut. (283.) 427. " ORGANS OPPOSITE" is a condition much less frequent than " organs alternate," but is highly interesting, as being sometimes characteristic of whole families. Thus in the primrose, thrift, and buckthorn families, the stamens always stand opposite to the petals! 428. How HAPPENS THIS? Among the primworts this question is solved in the flowers of Lysimachia and Samolus, where we find a circle of five teeth (abortive filaments) between the petals and stamens, alternating with both sets, thus restoring the lost symmetry. Hence we infer that in such cases generally a circle of alternating organs has been either partially or wholly suppressed. In the buckthorn, however, a different explanation has been given. 272 2T3 274 275 Diagrams. 272, Flower of Samolus, showving the rudimentary stamens alternating with the perfect. 273, Flower of a Labiate plant, showing the place of the deficient stamen. 274, Flower of Asarum; three sepals, twelve stamens, etc. 215, Filower of Saxifrage; two pistils, ten stamens, etc. 429. THE MIULTIPLICATION OF ORGANS is exceedinglyr common, and usually according to a definite plan. The increase takes place, as a rule, by circles, and consequently by multiples. That is, e. g., the stamens of a / flower, if increased, will be so by 3s; of a V flower by 5s, etc., sometimes to the extent of twenty such circles. 430. CROWFOOTS AND ROSEWORTS. In the crowfoot family the stamens are almost always multiplied. The carpels are also generally multiplied, yet often, on the contrary, diminished, as in the peony. In Rosacee, also, the stamens are generally multiplied, while the carpels exist in all conditions as to number. Thus in strawberry they are multiplied, in the apple they are regularly five, in agrimony reduced to two, and in the cherry to one. 431. OTHER CASES. In Magnolia the V flowers have three sepals in one circle, six or nine petals in two or three circles, numerous stamens and carpels in many circles of each. In the V flowers or blood-root there are two sepals, eight petals, twenty-four stamens, and two carpels. 432. I[NCREMENT BY CLUSTERS (CIIORISIS). In other cases the organs seem to be increased in number by clusters rather than by circles, as when in the same circle several stamens stand in the place of one, e. g., in squirrel-corn, st. johnswort, linden. Such cases afford wide scope for conjecture. Perhaps each cluster originates by division, as the compound from the simple leaf; or as a tuft of axillary leaves; or thirdly, by a partial union of organs. 433. APPENDICOULAR ORGANS (. 407) consist of spurs, scales, crown, glands, etc., and often afford excellent distinctive marks. The old term 88 THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 279 276 277 278 276, Flower of Aurantium Limeta (Lime-tree); stamens in five sets. 277, One of the sets. 278, Flower of Hypericum Aigypticum; stamens in three sets. 279, Flower of Tecoma radicans; petals cohering into a tube, free only at top. Sepals also coherent. nectary was indiscriminately applied to all such organs, because some of them produced honey. 434. SPURS are singular processes of the flower, tubular and projecting from behind it. In columbine each petal is thus spurred; in violet, one petal only. In larkspur, a petal and a sepal, the spur of the latter inclosing that of the former. The curved spur of the jewel-weed belongs to a sepal. (280, 281.) 435. SCALES are attached to the inner side of the corolla, usually upon the claw of the petals, as in butter-cups, or within the throat of the corolla tube, as in the Borrageworts. Similar appendages, when enlarged and conspicuous, constitute a crown in catchfly, corn-cockle The flowers of Narcissus are distinguished by an excessively large crown or corona, with its parts all blended into a tube or rim. 280 281 282 / I P P Flower of Delphinium Consolida (common larkspur), displaying, 9, s, S, s, S the five sepals, Ca, the upper one spurred; c, the corolla of four petals here united into one and produced into a spur. 281, Flower of Impatiens fulva (touch-me-not). 282, Displaying, S. s, s, y, the four sepals, S, the anterior one, being probably double, and y, saccate and spurred; p, 2p, the two petals, both double. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 89 436. GLANDULAR BODIES are often found upon the receptable in the places of missing stamens or carpels, or as abortive organs of some kind. Examples are seen in the Crucifers and grape. In grass-Parnassus they are stalked and resemble stamens. 437. UNION OF ORGANS. This condition in some way occurs in almost every flower, and more perhaps than any other cause tends to disguise its plan and origin. The separate pieces which stood each as the representative of a leaf, now, by a gradual fusion, lose themselves in the common mass. Nevertheless, marks of this process are always discernible either in parts yet remaining free, or in the seams where the edges were conjoined. The floral organs may unite by cohesion or adhesion. 438. COHESIoN, when the parts of the same whorl are joined together, as the sepals of the pink, the petals of morning-glory, the stamens of mallows, the carpels of poppy. 439. ADIESION, when the parts of different whorls are conjoined, as the stamens with the corolla in phlox, with the pistils in milkweed, ladies' slipper; or calyx with ovary in apple or wintergreen (Gaultherin). 440. THE ADJECTIVE FREE is used in a sense opposite to adhesion, implying that the organ is inserted on (or grows out of) the receptacle, and otherwise separated from any other kind of organ. The adjective distinct is opposed to cohesion, implying that like organs are separate from each other. This subject and also the next will be more particularly noticed in another chapter. 283 284 285 288, Flower of Aconittum Napellus displayed; s, s, s, s, s, the five sepals, the upper one hooded; p, p, the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries covered by the hood, and the three lower very minute. 284, Flower of Catalpa, 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 285, Corolla laid open, showing the two perfect stamens and the three rndimentary. 441. IRREGULAR DEVELOPMENT. Our typical flower, it will be rerembered, is regular; and observation proves that all flowers are actually alike regular in the early bud. These inequalities or "onesided" forms, therefore, which characterize certain flowers are occasioned by subsequent irregular growth from a regular type. The irregularity of flowers may consist 90 THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 1. In the unequal size of like organs (petals of mullein). 2. In their dissimilar forms or positions (petals of the pea). 3. In the unequal cohesion of like parts (petals of Lobelia). 4. In unequal suppressions (stamens of the Labiate flowers, where, indeed, as in many other flowers, all these phases of irregularity are combined). 281 28T 288 289 286, Flower (magnified) of Myosurus a vertical section showing its elongated receptacle, etc. 28T, The same, natural size. 288, Flower of Isopyrum biternatum; vertical section, showing the convex or globular receptacle, etc. 2S9, Flower of rose, showing its excavated torus. 442. THE REGULAR RECEPTACLE has no internodes. It bears the several whorls of the flower in close contact with each other, and is usually short and depressed. 443. LENGTHENED RECEPTACLE. When these whorls are numerons, as in buttercups, tulip-tree, the receptacle is necessarily elongated. So in Myosurus, blackberry, strawberry. In the two latter it imbibes the 290 nutritious juices of the plant and becomes a part of the fruit. 444. EXCAVATED RECEPTACLE. On the contrary, the torus instead of lengthening may be hollowed oit in the center. The carpels of the rose are sitDated in such a cavity, while the other organs are borne upou its elevated rim. In Nelumbium the carpels are immersed in as many separate excavations in a large, fleshy receptacle. 445. BUT THE INTERNODES OF THE TORUS ARE SOMIETIiMES DEVELOPED, 290, Flower of Cleome pungens, showing its oary, e. g., in noble liverwort a short intero, mounted on a long stype. node between the corolla and calyx THE FLORAL ENVELOPS. 91 has changed the latter (technically) to an involucre. In the pink a similar internode renders the ovary stipitate. In the Caper family the torus is developed into long internodes, sometimes raising the ovary upon a long stipe, sometimes the stamens and ovary. 446. THE DISK is a portion of the receptacle raised into a rim somewhere in the midst of the whorls. It is found between the ovary and stamens in pmony and buckthorn. It bears the stamens in maple, mignionette, and crowns the ovary in the Umbelliferm. Finally 291 292 293 291, Pseonia Montan, showing its very large disk (d) sheathing the ovaries (p). 292, Pistil of the lemon, with its base surrounded by the disk, d,. 298, Section of flower of Alchemilla, showing its single simple pistil, large disk, etc. 447. COMBINED DEVIATIONS are quite frequent, and sometimes obscure the typical character of the flower to such a degree as to require close observation in tracing it out. The study of such cases is full of both amusement and improvement. 448. FOR EXAMPLE, the V poppy has suppression in the calyx, multiplication in the stamens and carpels, and in the latter cohesion also. The i sage has cohesion and irregularity in the calyx, every kind of irregularity in the corolla, suppression and irregularity in the stamens, suppression and cohesion in the pistils. The / Cypripedium is perfectly symmetrical. yet has irregular cohesion in the calyx, great inequality in the petals, cohesion, adhesion, and metamorphosis in the stamens, and cohesion in the carpels. (In this way let the pupil analyze the. deviations in the flower of Geranium, hollyhock, moth mullein, larkspur, sweetbriar, touch-me-not, Petunia, snapdragon, violet, Polygala, squirrel-corn, Orchis, henbit, monk's-hood, Calceolaria, etc.) CHAPTER X I. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTIH. 449. IDEA OF THE TYPICAL FLOWER. In our idea of the typical flower, the perianth consists of two whorls of expanded floral leaves encircling and protecting the more delicate essertial organs in their midst. The outer circle, calyx, is ordinarily green and far less conspicuous than the inner circle of highly colored leaves-the corolla. 92 THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 450. EXCEPTIONS. But to this, as to all other general rules, there are many exceptions. Strictly speaking, the calyx and corolla are in no way distinguishable except by position. The outer circle is the calyx, whatever be its form or color, and the inner, if there be more than one, is the corolla, 451. RULES. The sepals of the calyx and petals of the corolla are, according to rule, equal in number and severally disconnected save by the torus on which they stand. 452. RESEMBLANCES. The sepals more nearly resemble true leaves in texture and color; but the petals in form. Both have veins and retain more or less the same venation which characterizes the grand division to which the plant belongs (~ 258). 453. PARTS. Both blade and petiole are 299 >d m clistinguishable in the floral leaves, especially in the petals. The blade or expanded part is here called limb or lamina'; the petiolar -x~!~ part, when narrowed into a stalk, is called 995S29 the claw. 454. NATURE OF THE SEPALS. The sepals are more generally sessile, like bud-scales, and appear to represent the leaf-stalk only, with margins dilated like a sheathing petiole. 2aT In confirmation of this view, we find in some flowers, as the psony and rose, the lamlina also developed, but smaller than the petiolar part. -AU455. FORMS OF PETALS. In form or outline there is a general resemblance between 296 the limb and the leaf. It is ovate, oval, lanceolate, obcordate, orbicular, etc. In margin it is generally entire. Some peculiar 295 forms, however, should be noticed, as the ___________ bilobate petal of the chickweed, the pinna294'/ tifid petal of miterwort, the inflected petal of the Umbeliferse, the fan-shaped petal of \/];~i ~ pink, the fringed (fimbriate) petal of camForms ofpetals. 294,Butter- pion (silene stellata), the hooded sepal of cup, showing the scale at base. 295. Mignonette, fringed at top. Napellus, the saccate petal of Calceolaria, 296, Silene stellata, fringed and Cypripedim. ungticulate. 297, Flower of Osmorhiza longistylis, petals in- 456. NECTARY. The limb is, moreover, fected. 29S, Flower of Mitella often distorted into a true nectary, spurred, diphylla, petals pectinate-pinnatifid. *299, Petal of Cerastium as already shown (1 434), or otherwise denutans, 2-cleft. formed, as in Napellus, Coptis, etc. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 93 457. UNION. We have seen that the floral organs are often in various ways united. Considering their crowded state in the flower, we rather wonder that they do not always coalesce in their growth. 458. The calyx with united sepals was called by the, early botanists monosepalous; the corolla with united petals was called monopetalous (fo6vog, one-from the false idea that such an organ consisted of a single piece or leaf!). Opposed to these terms were polypetalous (iro~vS9, many), petals distinct, and polysepalous, sepals distinct. 459. THE MONOSEPALOUS CALYX, OR MONOPETALOUS COROLLA, although thus compounded of several pieces, is usually described as a simple organ, wheel-shaped, cup-shaped, tubular, according to the degree of cohesion. The lower part of it, formed by the united claws, whether long or short, is the tube; the upper part, composed of the confluent lamine, is the border or limb; the opening of the tube above is the throat. 460. THE nOnDER is either lobed, toothed, crenate, etc., by the dis. tinct ends of the pieces composing it, as in the calyx of pink, the calyx and corolla of Primula, Phlox, and bellwort, or it may become by a complete lateral cohesion, entire, as in morning-glory. I-ere the -ompound nature of the organ is shown by the seams alone. 300 302 303 300, Flower of Saponaria (bouncing bet); petals and claws quite distinct. o01, Phlox; clawr united, with lanisna distinct. 302, Spigelia (pink-root), petals still further united. 303, Quamoclit coccinea, petals united throughout. 461. A TERMINAL COHESION, where summit as well as sides are joined forming a cap rather than cup, rarely occurs, as in the calyx of the garden Escholtzia and the corolla of the grape. 462. THE MODes OF ADHESION are various and important, furnishing some of the most valuable distinctive characters. An organ is said to be adherent when it is conjoined with some dissimilar organ, as stameii with pistil. All the organs of our typical flower are described as free. 94 THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 463. HYPOGYNOUS (vrwi, under, yvv4, pistil) is an adjective term in frequent use, denoting that the organs are inserted into the receptacle under or at the base of the free pistil or ovary. It is, therefore, not applicable to the pistil itself. Thus the outer organs of butter- I i cups are hypogynous. 805 304 80T 808 Section of flowers. 304, Jeffersonia diphylla, hypogynous. 805, Viola rotundifolia. 306 Phaseolus multiflorus (bean, organs spirally twisted). 8307, Pyrus (Pear), perigynous; ovaries nearly inclosed. 805, Prunns (plum); ovary not inclosed. 464. PERIGYNOUS (7repl, around) denotes that the organ is inserted on the calyx-tube around the free ovary. Thus in Phlox the stamens are inserted on the tube of the corolla. In cherry both stamens and petals are (apparently) inserted on the calyx-tube. The calyx can never be perigynous. 465. EPIGYNOUS (crrT, upon) denotes that all the organs are apparently inserted upon the ovary, as seen in the apple, caraway, sunflower. The common phrases " calyx superior," "1 ovary inferior," have the same signification as calyx epigynous, all implying the apparent insertion of the organs upon or above the ovary. 466. THERE IS ALSO ANOTHER SET OF TERBS in use, of the same application, founded upon a more modern view of the floral structure, viz.,' calyx adherent," " ovary adlherent." -rhich is the better form of expression will depend upon our location of the receptacle. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTIH. 95 309 310 311 809, Ribes aureum (Missouri Currant); stamens and petals perig.; ovary inferior. 210, Saxifiaga Virginientis; half superior. 311, Fuchsia gracilis (Ear-drop); inferior; stamens epipetalous. 46]. In the cases above cited, it is commonly taught that the receptacle is located at the base of the ovary, and that all the organs thence arising are adherent to its sides. Another doctrine is also taught, viz., that the receptacle itself may be elevated and become perigynous or epigynous, or, in other words, the ovary may be imbedded in the foot-stalk. That it is so in the rose (289) we call hardly doubt. The so-called calyx-tube of the cherry, peach, is certainly an analogous structure, more expanded, and so is the more contracted " calyx tube" of the apple, pomegranate. The analogy extends throughout the Roseworts, and perhaps still firther. 468. CALYX IHALF-SUPERIOR. Calyx superior or free, ovary inferior or free, are all phrases of the same import as-calyx hypogynous. Between the two conditions, calyx superior and calyx inferior, there are numerous gradations, of which one only is defined, to wit, calyx halfsuperior, as exemplified in the mock orange (and 313). 469. SPECIAL FORMS OF THE PERIANTIH, whether calyx, corolla, or both, have been named and described. We may arrange them thus:POLYPETALOUS, regzlar —Cruciform, rosaceous, caryophyllaceous, liliaceous. Irregular-papilionaceous. MONOPETALOIS, regular mostly-rotate, cup-shaped, campanulate, urceolate, funnel-form, salver-form, tubular. I-regular-ligulate, labiate, orchidaceous. 470. CRucIFoRM (crux, a cross) or cross-shaped, implies that four long clawed, spreading petals stand at right angles to each other, as in the flowers of the mustard family (Cruciferm) in general. 471. RosACEOUS, rose-like; a flower with five short-clawed, spreading petals. 472. CARYOPHYLLACEOUS, pink-like; a five-petaled corolla, with long, erect claws and spreading laminte. 463. LILIACEROUS, like the lily; a flower with a six-leaved perianth, each leaf gradually spreading so as to resemble, as a whole, the funnelform. 96 THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 312 313 314 815 Forms of corollas. 812, Cheiranthus (stock). 813, Silene yegia (scarlet catchily). 314, Pyrus coronaria. 315, Amaryllis (Atamasco lily). 474. PAPILIONACEOUS, butterfly-shaped; a corolla consisting of five dissimilar petals, designated thus: the upper, largest, and exterior petal is the banner (vexillum); the two lateral, half-exterior, are the wings (alce); the two lower, interior petals, often united at their lower margin, are the keel (carina). The flowers of the pea, locust, clover, and of the great family of the Leguininosm in general are examples. 816 31i 318 c c \, 316, Papilionaceous flower of the Pea. 317, Displayed; x, the vexilllm; a, a, the als; c, ao the carinas. 318, Section of flower of Dicentrta Cucullaria. 475. ROTATE, wheel-shaped or star-shaped, is a monpetalous form, with tube very short, if any, and a flat, spreading border, as the calyx of chickweed, corolla of Trientalis, elder. It is sometimes a little irregular, as in mullein. 4760 CuP-SHAPED, with pieces cohering into a concave border, as in the calyx of mallows, corolla of Kahlnia, etc. 477. CAMPANULATE or bell-shaped; when the tube widens abruptly at base and gradually in the border, as in the harebell, Canterbury bell. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 97 478. URCEOLATE, urn-shaped; an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow opening, as the whortleberry, heath. 479. FUNNEL-FORM (infundibuliform), narrow tubular below, gradually enlarging to the border, as morning-glory. 480. SALVER-FORM (hypocrateriform), the tube ending abruptly in a horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia, both of which are slightly irregular. 481. TUBULAR, a cylindraceous form spreading little or none at the border, as the calyx of the pink, corolla of the honeysuclle. It is often a little curved. Tubular flowers are common in the Cornposita, as the thistle, sunflower, when they are often associated with 482. LIGULATE (ligula, a little tongue), apparently formed by the splitting of the tubular on one side. The notches at the end plainly indicate the number of united petals composing it, as also do the parallel, longitudinal seams. 483. LABIATE, bilabiate, lip-shaped, resembling the mouth of an animal. This very common form results from the unequal union of the parts, accompanied with other irregularities. In the labiate corolla three petals unite more or less to form the lower lip, and two to formn the upper. In the calyx, when bilabiate, this rule is reversed, accord321 32)0 319 318 327 325 $24 82S 322 826 IForms of corollas. 81S, Csmpanula Americana; rotate. 819, Campanula cdivaricata. 8'20 Andromeda, m'ceolate. 821, Convolvulus (morning-glory). 022. Petunia. 32, Lonicelera sempervirens (honeysucklile). 824, Dalndelion; ligulate corolla (c), S-toothed; a, five anthers united into a tube around s, the style. 825, Synandra grandiflora, ringent, uppel lip 2-1obecd, lower 3-lobed. 326, Linria (yellow snaplragon), personate. 327, Cypripedium aicatlule, orchidaceous: 7 98 THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. ing to the law of alternation of organs; two sepals are united in the lower lip and three in the upper, as seen in the sage and the Labiate Order generally. Labiate flowers are said to be galeate or helmeted when the upper lip is concave, as in catmint; ringent or gaping when the throat or mouth is wide open; personate or masked when the throat is closed as with a palate, like the snapdragon. 484. ORCEIDACEOUS, a form of the periantlh peculiar to the Orchis with that large and singular tribe in general. It is a 6-parted double perianth, very irregular, characterized chiefly by its lip (labellum), which is the upper petal (lower by the twisting of the ovary) enlarged and variously deformed. Certain reduced forms of the perianth require notice here 485. PAPPUS (7ra6rrrog, grandfather, alluding to his gray hairs) is a term applied to the hair-like calyx of the florets of the Compositm and other kindred orders. The florets of this order are collected into heads so compactly that the calyxes have not room for expansion in the ordinary way. The pappus is commonly persistent and often increases as the fruit matures, forming a feathery sail to waft away the seed through the ail, as in the dandelion and thistle. It varies greatly in form and size, as seen in the cuts, sometimes consisting of scales, sometimes of hairs, again of feathers or bristles. Sometimes it is mounted on a stipe, which is the beak of the fruit. 381 333 329' 330 328 332 Cypsela (incorrectly called achenium) of the Compositm, with various forms of pappus. 328, Eclipta procumbens, no pappus. 329, Ambrosia trifida.. 830, Helianthus grosse-serratus, pappus 2-awned. 381, Ageratum conizoides, pappus of five scales. 832, Mulgedium, capillary pappuS, -cypsela slightly rostrate. 333, Lactnca elongata, rostrate cypsela. 486. OTHER REDUCTIONS. Again, the calyx or the limb of the calyx is reduced to a mere rim, as seen in the Umbelliferm. In the amentaceous orders the whole periantl diminishes to a shallow cup, as in the poplar, willow, or altogether disappears, as in the birch, ash, lizard-tail. (264-267). 487. SrET, mneaning bristles in general, is a term specifically used to denote the reduced perianth of the sedges. In the bog-rush (Scirpus) there is, outside the stamens, a circle of six setse, which doubtless represent a 6-leaved perianth. In the cotton-grass (Eriphorum) the sete are multiplied and persistent on the fruit, becoming long and cotton-like. THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR.PERIANTH. 99 488. PERIGYNIUM is the name given 385 34 to the urceolate perianth of Carex, investing the ovary but allowing the style to issue at its summit. It is evidently composed of three united sepals. g 489~ GLUMES AND PALES represent the floral envelops, or rather the involucre of the Grasses. Their alternating arrangement clearly distinguishes themla from a perianth. They occur in pairs, I1 the smaller usually above. The glumes envelop the spikelet, the pales the single 34, Flower ofScilpus lacustis, iagflower, and often within the pales are nifed; consisting of six setac, three statwo or three scales representing the mens, three pistils united, except the stigmas. 335, Flower ofCarex rivuliaris perianth, surrounding the stamens and,,with g, its glunne, ps, its bottle-shaped ovary, all which are illustrated in the perigyninm, 3-toothed at top, envelopwheat. (19) i the triple ovary; stigmas, three. wheat. (195.) 490. THE DURATION of the calyx and corolla varies widely, and is marked by certain general terms, It is caducous when it falls off immediately, as the calyx of poppy, corolla of grape; deciduous when it falls with the stamens, as in most plants; and persistent if it remain until the fruit ripens, as the calyx of apple. If it continue to grow after flowering, it is accrescent, arnd if it wither without falling off it is marescent. CIHAPTER XII. OF THE ESSENTIAL OR GANS. ~ THE STAMENS, OR ANDRCECIUM. 491. PosITIon. Within the safe inclosure of the floral envelops stand the essential organs-the stamens and pistils, clearly distinguishable from the perianth by their more slight and delicate forms, and from each other by various mlarks. In the complete flower the andr(ecium next succeeds the corolla in the order of position, being the third set, counting from the calyx. 492. A PERFECT STAMEN COIsists of two parts-the filament, corresponding with the petiole of the typical leaf, and the anther, answering to the blade. Within the cells of the anther the pollen is produced, a substance essential to the fertility of the flower. Hence the anther alone is the essential part of the stamen. 100 THE STAMENS, OR ANDR(CEIUM. Ih / 341 340 339 342 344 343 337 36 335 Andrecium (and gyncecium) of Frankenia (after Peyer). 837, Stamen (adnate) of morningglory. 338S, Sllle enlared, with pollen grains discharged; f, filament; e, (t, anther, 2-lobed; c, top ofthehe connectile. 339, Ranunculus. 340, Same, cut transversely. 341, Iris cuttransversely (extrorse). 312, Amaryllis, versatile. 343,Larkspur, innate. 344, Same, cut. 49.3 THE FILAMENT (filum, a thread) is the stalk supporting the anther at or near its top. It is ordinarily slender and filiform, yet firmly sustaining itself with the anther in position. Sometimes it is capillary and pendulous with its weight, as in the Grasses. 494. THE ANTHER is regularly an oblong body at the sunmmit of the filament, composed of two hollow parallel lobes joined to each other and to the filament by the connectile. In front of the connectile, looking toward the pistil, there is usually a furlrow; on its back ad ridge, and on the face of each lobe a seam, the usual place of dehiscence or opening, all running parallel with the filament and connectile. The stamen, as thus described, may be considered regular or typical in form, and is well exemplified in that of the buttercup (Fig. 339). But the variations of structure are as remarkable here as in other organs, depending on circumstances like the following495. ATTAcH3IENT OF FILAMENT TO ANTHER. This may occur in three ways. The anther is said to be iannate when it stands centrally erect on the top of the filameilt, adnate when it seems attached to one side of the filament, versatile when connected by a single point in the back to the top of the filament. 496. DEIIISCENCE, or the modes of opening, are also three, viz., valvular, -where the seam opens vertically its whole length, which is the usual way; porous where the cells open by a chink or pore usually at the top, as in Rhododendron and potato; opesrcular when by a lid opening upward, as in sassafras, berberis. (346.) 49". THE FACING OF THE ANTHER is also an important character. It is intr-orse when the lines of dehiscencee look toward the pistil, as in violet; extrorse when they look outward toward the corolla, as in Iris. 498. THIE CONNECTILE is usually a mere prolongation of the filament, terminating, not at the base, but at the top of the anther. If it fall short, the anther will be emarginate. Sometimes it outruns the anther and tips it with a terminal appendage of some sort, as in violet, oleander, Paris. Again, its base may be dilated into spurs, as in two of the stamens of violet. 499. DIMIIDIATE ANTHER. If the connectile be laterally dilated, as we see gradually done in the various species of the Labiate Order, the lobes of the anther will be separated, fcrming two dirnidiate anthers (halved authers) on one filament, as in sage, 1 ururla; Such are, of course, 1-celled. (351.) TTHE STAMERNS OR ANDRECIUM. 101 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 853 354 Peculiar forms of stanmens. 345, Pyrola rotundifolia; p, dehiscence by pores at top. 350 Vaccinium uliginosum; p, dehiscence. 347, Berberis aquifolium, anthers opening (346) by valves upward. 348, Anther of Violet, introrse, with an appendage at top. 349, Oleander, sagittate, appendaged. 354, Catalpa, lobes of anther separated. 351, Sage, lobes of anther widely separated, on stipes; b, barren lobe without pollen. 352, Malva, anther 1-celled. 3853, Ephedra (after Peyer), anther 4-celled. 500. THIE CELLS OF TH-E ANTHERS are at first commonly four, all parallel, becoming two only at maturity. In some plants the four are retained, as in the anthers of.Ephedra. (353.) In others, as mallows, all the cells coalesce into one. (352.) 501. APPENDAGES of many kinds distinguish the stamens of different species. In the Ericacee there are horns, spurs, tails, queues, etc. In onions and garlic the filament is 2 or 3-forked, bearing the anther on one of the tips. Sometimes a pair of appendages appear at base, as if stipulate. It is often conspicuously clothed with hairs, as in Tradescantia. 855 357 359 356 358 300 361 Essential organs. 355, PRhododendron, five stamens (s), one pistil (p), oblique or slightly irregular. 357, Flower of oEscnlus (Buckeye), regular, 5-toothed calyx (c), very irregular 4-petaled corolla, seven stamens unequal, one style (s). 359, Flower of Hydrastis; 8, sepals deciduous. 360, Same, showing the distinct pistils and one stamen remaining. 361, Anemone thalictroides, the gyncecium of distinct, ribbed achenia. 356, Trilliumn, six stamens (s), three pistils (p). 358, Staphylea trifolia. 102 THE STAMENS, OR ANDRECIUM. 502. STAMIINODIA, or sterile filaments with abortive anthers or none, occur singly in many of the Figworts and Labiates, or in entire whorls next within the petals, alternating with them, as in loose-strife; in all cases restoring the symmetry of the flowers. They are generally reduced in size, as in Scrophularia, rarely enlarged, as in beardtongue (Pentstemon). 503. THE NUMBER of the stamens is said to be definite when not exceeding twenty, as is sometimes definitely expressed by such terms as follow, compounded by the Greek numerals, viz., vzonandrous, having one stamen to each flower; dindolrous, with two stamens; pentandrous, with five stamens. If the number exceeds twenty, it is said to be indefnitd (denoted thus, co ) or polyandrous. 504. TIE POSITION or insertion of the stamens (~ 463) may be more definitely stated here, as lypogyynous, on the receptacle below the ovaries; perigynous, on the calyx around the ovary; ep2ipetalous, on the corolla, as in Phlox; epigynous, on the ovary at its summit, and gynandrous (yvvr, pistil, dvdpeq, stamens) on the pistil, that is, when the stamens are adherent to the style, as in Orchis. 505. INEQUALITY IN LENGTH is definitely marked in two cases, as tetradynamous (-rsp'gf, four, dvvajlut, power) when the stamens are six, whereof four are longer than the otler two, as in all the Crucifers; didynarmous, where the stamens are four, two of them longer than the other two, as in all the Labiates, etc. 366 865 864 363 362 362, Collinsia verna: J na flower enlarged, cut, showing the slightly didynamous stamens, etc. 863, Stamens (diadelphous) of a Leguminous plant. 364, Stamens (syngenecious) of a Composite; f, filaments distinct; a, anthers united(; s, stig-mas revolute, etc. 365, Tetradynamous stamens of a Crucifer. 366, Gynandrous column of Cypripedium; o, ovary; r, torus; s, sterile stamen; a, two pollinia; c, stigma,. 506. CoinsION is as frequent with stamens as with petals. They are monadelplhous (adeO5f6g, a brother) when they are all united, as in mallow, into one set or brotherhood by the filaments; diadell7hozus in two sets, whether equal or unequal, as in pea, squirrel-corn; polyadel THE STAMENS, OR ANDRECIUM. 103 plhous, many sets, as in St. John'swort; and syzgenesious, when they are united by their anthers, as in the Compositre. Finally, 507. THE ABSENCE of the stamens altogether, whether by abortion, as in the 9 flowers of Veratrum, or by suppression, as ill oak, occurs in various modes, rendering the plant moncecious ( 8 ), dicecious ( 8? ), or polygamous ( 3 ), as already explained (. 421)> 508. TImE POLLEN is ill appearance a small, yellow dust, contained in the cells of the anther. When viewed with the microscope it appears as grains of various forms, usually spheroidal, or oval, sometimes tri. angular or polyhedral, but always of the same form and appearance in the same species. Externally they are curiously, and often elegantly' figured with stripes, bands, dots, checks, etc. 3-71 36i 368 369 380 Pollen grains. O67, Pinus larico. 368, Basella rubra. 369, Ranunculus repens. 370, Scolymus grandiflorus. 571, Passiflora incarnata. 509. EACH GTRAIN or POLLEN is a mem-, t branous cell or sack containing a fluid. Its coat is double, the outer is more thick and firm, exhibiting one or more breaks where the inner coat, which is very thin and expansible, is uncovered. In the fluid l are suspended mlolecules a of inconceivable minuteness, said to possess a tremulous motion. When the membrane is exposed if< {. to moisture it swells and bursts, discharging its contents. 72Setoofte372 ote72, Section of the Passion-flower (Passiflora ccernlea); 510. POLLINIA. In b, bracts of the involucre; a, sepals; p, petals; a,a, stami the Orchids and Silkweed nodia or sterile filaments; C, stipe; o, ovary; d, stamens; t, stigmas. 104 THE PISTILS, OR GYN(ECIUM. tribe, the pollen grains do not separate as into a dust or powder, but all cohere into masses called pollinia, accompanied by a viscid fluid. THE PISTILS, OR GYNECIUM. 511. POSITION. The Gyncecium occupies the center of the flower at the termination of tile axis. It consists regularly of a circle of distinct pistils, (~ 405), symmetrical in number with the other circles. It is subject to great variation. The pistil may be distinct and simple, as in columbine, or coherent in various degrees into a compound body, as in St. John's wort. 379 376 371 372 3 374 375 377 378 Pistils. 872, Symphytum, basilar style, ovary 4-parted. 371, Fl. of Emblica (Euphorbiacem), branching styles. 373, Mirabilis Jalapa, globular stig. 377, Fl. of Luzula, stigmas linaer. 374, Feathery stigmas of a grass. 379, Stigmas of Aster. 375, Rusmex. 376, Poppy. 37S, Filiform stigma of Zea Mays, (Corn), 512. EXCEPTION. Also instead of being free and superior, as it regularly should be, it may adhere to the other circles, as already explained' (~ 462), and become inferior, that is, apparently placed below the flower, as in the currant. 51 3. THE NUMBER of the pistils is by no means confined to the radical of the flower. They may be increased by multiples, becoming a spiral on a lengthened receptacle, as in tulip-tree, or still remaining a circle, as in poppy. On the other hand they may be reduced in number often to one, as in cherry, pea. Certain terms are employed to denote the number of pistils in the flower, such as monongynous, with one pistil, trigynous, with three, polygynous, with many, etc. 514. THE SIMPLE PISTIL may usually be known from the compound, by its one-sided forms —having two sides similar and two dissimilar. If the pistils appear distinct, they are all simple, never being united into more than one set, as the stamens often are. TIE PISTILS7 OR GYNC(CIUM. 105 515. THE PARTS Of a simple pistil are three, the ovary at base, the stigma at the summit, and the style, intervening. Like the filament the style is not essential, and when it is wanting, the stigma is sessile upon the ovary, as in crowfoot. Ill order to understand the relation of these parts we must needs first study 1516. THE MORPHOLOGY OF TIlHE PISTIL. As before stated, (~ 380), the pistil consists of a modified leaf called a carpel (uaproc, fruit), or carpellary leaf. This leaf is folded together (induplicate) toward the axis, so that the upper surface becomes the inner, while the lower becomes the outer surface of the ovary. By this arrangement two sutures or seams will be formed, the dorsal, at the back by the midvein, the ventral, in front by the joined margins of the leaf. 37S bis 379 bis 380 381 352 8S3 384 353 385, Simple pistil of Strawberry, the style lateral. 386, Simple pistil of Crowfoot, cut to showr the ovule. 380, Simple pistil of the Cherry. 381, Vertical section showing the ovule (o), style (s), stigma (a). 3882, Cross-section of the same. 384, Compound pistil of Spring-beauty. 358, Cross-section of the salme showing the 3 cells of the ovary. 387, Expanded carpellary leaf of the double cherry. 379, The same partly folded as if to forml a pistil. 517. ILLUSTRATION. This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the flowers of the double cherry, where the pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, reverting toward the form of a leaf. This carpellary leaf stands in the place of the pistil, having the edges infolded toward each other, the midvein prolonged and dilated at the apex. 518. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry seen in the figure (378, 379), no doubt can be entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to the walls of the ovary, the margins to the ventral suture, the midvein to the dorsal suture, and the lengthened apex to the style and stigma. Sometimes the flower contains two such leav~es, which always present their faces toward each other. This corresponds to the position of the true carpels, in which the ventral sutures of both are contiguous. 519. THE DOCTRINE DEDUCED. Many other plants, as the rose, Anemone, Ranunculus, flowering almond, exhibit similar transformations of the pistil, making it probab]e that it is formed upon the same plan in all plants. The ovary, therefore, is the blade of a leaf, folded into a sack; the style is the lengthened apex folded into a tube; the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion of the upper margin of the leaf. 1L06 THE PISTILS7 OR GYNCEEOIUM. 520. THE PLACENTE are usually prominent lines or ridges extending along the ventral suture within the cell of the ovary, and bearing the ovules. They are developed at each of the two edges of the carpellary leaf, and are consequently closely parallel when those edges are united, forming one double placenta in the cell of each ovary. 521. THE SIMPLE CARPEL, with all its parts, is completely exemplified in the peapod. When this is laid open at the ventral suture, the leaf form becomes manifest, with the peas (ovules) arranged in an alternate order along' each margin, so as to form but one row when the pod is closed. In the pod of columbine the ovules f'or two distinct rows; in the simple plum carpel each margin bears a single ovule, and in the one-ovuled cherry only one of the margins is fruitful. 522. TIHE STIGMA is the glandular orifice of the ovary, communicating with it either directly or through the tubiform style. It is lsuallv globular and terminal, often linear and lateral, but subject to great variations in form. It is sometimes double or halved, or 2-lobed, even when belonging to a single carpel or to a simple style, as in Linden, where these carpels are surmounted by three pairs of stigmas. 523. THE COMPOUND PISTIL consists of the united circle of pistils, just as the monopetalous corolla consists of the united circle of petals. The union occurs in every degree, always commencing at the base of the ovary and proceeding upward. Thus in columbine we see the carpels (pistils) quite distinct; in early saxifrage cohering just at base; in pink as far as the top of the ovaries, with styles distinct; in evening primrose to the top of the styles, with stigmas distinct; and in Rhododendron the union is complete throughout. 3e7 3ss s89 e90 s91 a92 o89 88T, Ovary (follicle) of Larkspur, composed of single carpellary leaf. 385, Ovaries of the Columbine, five, contiguous btt distinct 3S9, Compound ovary of HIypericnm, of carlpels united below with distinct styles. 390, Ovary of another Hypericurn of three carpels completely iunited. 391, Ovary of Flax; carpels five, united below, distinct above. 392, Dianthus (Pink). 393, Saxifraga. 524. To DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF CAIRPELS il a compound ovary is an important matter. It may be known, 1, by the number of styles; 2, by the number of free stigmas (remembering that these organs are liable to be halved, ~ 522); 3, by the lobes, angles, or seams of the ovary; 4, by the cells; 5, by the placenta. THE PISTILS, OR GYNECIUM. 107 525, Two MODES OF COHESION in the carpellary circle greatly affect the structure of the ovary and fruit. First and regularly, the carpels may be closed as when simple, and conjoined by their sides and fronts, as in lily and marsh mallow. In this case, 1, The compound ovary will have as many cells as carpels. 2, The partitions between the cells, i. e., the dissepiments (dissepio, to separate) will each be double, will meet in the center, will be vertical and alternate with the stigmas. 3, The single carpel can have no true dissepiment. If any ever occur it is regarded as spurioas, being a membranous expansion of the dorsal suture or the placentae, as in flax. 4, The placenta as well as the ventral suture will be axial, and the dorsal suture on the outer wall, opposite the stigmas. 526. AGAIN, the carpels may each be open and conjoined, by their edges, as the petals in a monopetalous corolla. So it is in the compound ovary of the violet, rock-rose. In this case, 1, There will be no dissepiment (unless spurious, as in the Cruciferze), and but one cell. 2, The placentae of each carpel will be separated and carried back to the wall of the ovary, i. e., they will become parietal (paries, a wall.) 52 7. INTERMEDIATE CONDITIONS. Between the two conditions of axile (or central) and parietal placentae we find all degrees of transition, as illustrated in the different species of St. John'swort, and in poppy, where the inflected margins of the carpels carry the placentae inward, well nigh to the axis. Moreover, the placentae are not always mere marginal lines, but 394 395 896 897 397, Flower of Dodecatheon Meadia. 394, Vertical section showing the free central placenta. 395, Vertical section of Lucojum (Snow-drop). 396, Cross section of ovary. 108 TIE OVULES. often wide spaces covering large portions of the walls of the cell, as in poppy, water-lily, and in other cases, as Datura, they become large and fleshy, nearly filling the cell. 528. A FREE AXILE PLACENTA, without dissepinments, occurs in some compound, one-celled ovaries, as in the pink and primrose orders. This anomaly is explained in two ways: first, by the obliteration of the early formed dissepiments, as is actually seen to occur in the pinks; secondly, by supposing the placenta to be, at least in some cases, an axial rather than a marginal growth; that is, to grow from the point of the axis rather than from the margin of the carpellary leaf, for in primrose no dissepimnents ever appear. 404 398 405 403 402 401 099 409 o3S. Samolus Yalorandi, section of lower showing the free axile placenta. 399, Ovary of Scrophulariacee. 400, Ovary of Tulip. 401, Cross-section of ovary of Flax, 5-celled, falsely 10-celled. 402, Ovary of Violet, 1-celled. 403, Ovary of Fuchsia, 4-celled. 404, Ovary of roclrose, 1-celled, 5-carpelled. 405. GentianacQee, 2-valved, 1-celled. 529. AX FEW PECUI,IAR FOrInS of the style and stigma are worthy of note in our narrow limits, as the lateral style of strawberry, the basilar style of the Labiatme and B]3orrageworts, the branching style of Emblica, one of the Euphorbiaceae; also, 530. THE GLOBULAR STIGMA of Mirabilis; the linear stigma of Gyromia; the feathery stigma of grasses; the filiform stigma of Indian corn; the lateral stigma of Aster; the petaloid stigmas of Iris; the hooded stigma of violet (371-379). 531. STIGMA WANTING. In the pine, cedar, and the Coniferm generally, both the style and stigma are wanting, and the ovary is represented only by a flat, open, carpellary scale bearing the naked ovules at its base. THE OVULES. 532. THEIR NATURE. Destined to become seeds in tile fruit ovules are understood to be altered buds. Their development from the margins anid inner surface of the carpel favors this view; for the ordinary leaves of Bryophyllum and some other plants do habitually produce buds at their margin or on their upper surface; and in the mignonette ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves. THE OVULES. 109 406 413 40S 407 409 415 416 417 414 412 411 410 406, Pistil of Celosia, the pericarp detached showing the young ovules. 413, Flower of Rhubarb; pericarp removed showing the young ovule. 407, A similar ovule (orthotropous) of Polygonnam. 408, The same, full grown; foramen at top. 409, Section showing its two coats, nucleus and sac. 410, Anatropous ovule, as of columbine; ce, foramen. 411, Section of same. 412, Campylotropous ovule, as of Bean; a, foramen. 414, Section of a cherry, ovule anatlopous, suspended. 415, Section of carpel of Ranunculus; ovule ascending. 416, Senecio; ovule erect. 417, llippuris; ovule pendulous. 533. THE NUMBER Of ovules in the ovary varies from one to hundreds. Thus in buttercups, Compositm and grasses the ovule is solitary; in Umbeliferl it is also solitary in each of the two carpels; in the Pea Order they are definite, being but few; in Mullein, Poppy, indefinite ( oo), too many to be readily counted. 534. THE POSITION Of the ovule in the cell is defined by certain terms as follows; erect, when it grows upwards from the base of the cell, as in Compositme; ascending, when it turns upwards from its point of lateral attachment; horizontal, when neither turning upwards nor downwards; pendulous, when turned downwards, and suspended, when growing directly downwards from the top of the cell, as in birch. (315, 316, 317, 319). 535. THE OVULE AT THE TIME OF FLOWERING is soft and pulpy, consisting of a nucleus within two coats, supported on a stalk. The stalk is called funiculus; the point of its juncture with the base of the nucleus is the chalaza. The nucleus was first formed, then the tegmen or inner coat grew up from the chalaza and covered it, and lastly the outer coat, the testa, invested the whole. Both coats remain open at the top by a small passage, the micropyle. 536. CHANGE OF POSITION. In most cases the ovule, in the course of its growth, changes position, curving over in various degrees upon its lengthening funiculus or upon itself. When no such curvature exists, and it stands straight, as in the buckwheat order, it is orthotropous. It is 110 THE FRUIT. 537. ANATROPOUS when completely inverted. In this state a portion of the funiculus adheres to the testa, forming a ridge called raphe, reaching firom the chalaza to the hilurn. 538. IT IS CAMPYLOTROPOUS When curved upon itself. In this state the inicropyle is brought near to the chalaza, and both are next the placenta., as ill the pinks and Crucifere. 539. AiPrnTITROPOUS when half inverted, so that its axis becomes parallel with the placenta, as in mallow. Here the raphe exists, but is short. In campylotropous there is no raphe. The ovule contains no young plant (embryo) yet; but a cavity, the embryo sac, is already provided to receive it just within the upper end of the nucleus. 540. THE RELATIONS OF THE OVULE TO THE POLLEN GRAIN will be more suitably discussed hereafter under the head of fertilization. We briefly remark here that the immediate contact of the two is brought about at the time of flowering by special arrangements; and that, as the undoubted result of their combined action, the embryo soon after originates in the embryo sac. CHAPTER XIII. THE FRUIT. 541. ITS ORIGIN. After having imbibed the pollen which the anthers have discharged, the pistil or its ovary continues its growth and enlargement, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit of the plant. I The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovary brought to perfection. 542. STATE OF THE OTHER PARTS IN FRUIT. The other organs of the flower, having accomplished their work, the fertilization of the ovary, soon wither and fall away. Some of them, however, often persist, to protect or become blended with the ripening fruit. Thus the tube of the superior calyx (~ 446) always blends with the ovary in fruit, as in currant, cucumber, apple, etc. In Compositte the persistent ligmb enlarges into the pappus of the fruit. In buttercups the fruit is beaked with the short, persistent style. In Clematis, Geum, it is caudate (tailed) with the long, growing style. In the Potato tribe, Labiate, and many others, the inferior calyx continues to vegetate like leaves until the fruit ripens. 543. CONSOLIDATED FRUIT. In some cases the fruit, so-called, consists of the receptacle and ovaries blended, as in blackberry, strawberry. Again, in mulberry, fig, pine-apple, the whole inflorescence is consolidated into the matured fruit. 544. A RULE AND EXCEPTION. As a rule, the structure of the fruit agrees essentially with that of the ovary. In many cases, however, the fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary as to disguise its real structure. An early examination, therefore, is always more reliable in its results than a late one. PERICARP. 1 1 545. FOR EXAMPLE, the oak-acorn is a fruit with but one cell and one seed, although its ovary had three cells and six ovules I This singular chance is due to the non-development of five of its ovules, while the sixth grew the more rapidly, obliterated the dissepiments by pressing theim to the wall, and filled the whole space itself. Similar changes characterize the chestnut, hazelnut, and that whole order. The ovary of 422 418 41'9 420 421 418, Section of the ovary of an acorn, 3-celled, 6-ovuled. 4209 Section of ovary of Birch, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. 419, Vertical section of the same in fruit. 422. Pericarp of Mignionette open soon after flowering. 421, Naked seed of Taxus Canadensis, surrounded, not covered by the fleshy pelicarp. the birch is 2-celled, 2-ovuled; but by the suppression of one cell with its ovule, the fruit becomes 1-celled and i-seeded. 546. ON THE OTI-IER IAND the cells are sometimes multiplied in the fruit by the formation of false partitions. Thus the pod of thorn-apple (Datura) becomes 4-celled from a 2-celled ovary, and the longer pods of some leguminous plants have crosspartitions formed between the seeds. 426 427 428 425 424 423 Capsule, 427, of Scrophularia, 2-celled; 423, of Datura Stramonium; 425a, of Iris; 426, showing its inode of dehiscenco (loculicidal); 424, of Colchicum, 3-celled. 42S, Regma, ripe fruit of Geraniumn, the carpels (cocci) separating froln the axis and bending upwards on the elastic styles. PERICARP. The fruit consists of the pericarp and the seed. 54'7. THE PERICARP (wep, around) is the envelope of the seeds, consisting of the carpels and whatever other parts they may be combined with. It varies greatly in texture and substance when mature, being 112 PERICARP. then either dry, as the pea-pod, or succulent, as the currant. Dry pericarps are membranous, or coriaceous (leathery), or woody. Succulent pericarps may be either wholly so, as the grape, or partly so, as the peach and other stone fruit. 548. PERICARP CLOSED OR OPEN. With very few exceptions the pericarp encloses the seed while maturing. In mignonette (322), however, it opens, exposing the seed, immediately after flowering. The membranous pericarp of cohosh (Leontice) falls away early leaving the seed to ripen naked. In yew (Taxus) the seed is never enclosed wholly by its fleshy pericarp; but in most of the other Conifers, the closepressed, carpellary scales cover the seeds. One-seeded fruits, like those of butter-cups, etc., are liable to be mistaken for naked seeds. 549. DEHIISCENCE. The fleshy pericarp is always indehiscent. Its seeds are liberated only by its decay, or bursting in germination. So also inll many cases the dry pericarp, as the acorn. But more commonly the dry fruit, when arrived at maturity, opens in some way, discharging its seeds. Such fruits are dehiscent. 550. MODES. Dehiscence is either valvular, porous, or circumscissile; valvular, when the pericarp opens vertically along the sutures, forming regular parts called valves. These valves may separate quite to the base, or only at the top, forming teeth, as in chickweed. We notice four modes of valvular dehiscence, viz.: 1, Sutural, when it takes place at the sutures of any 1-celled pericarp, as columbine, pea, violet. 429 430 431 Dehiscence; 429, septicidal; 430, loculicidal; 431, septifragal. 2, Septiciclal (septumn, partition, ccedo, to cut), when it takes place through the dissepiments (which are double, ~ 525). The carpels thus separated may open severally by sutures, (Mallows), or remain indehiscent, as in Vervain. 3, Loculicidal (loculus, a cell, eapdo, to cut), when each carpel opens at its dorsal suture directly into the cell (evening-primrose, lily). Here the dissepiments come away attached to the middle of the valves. 4, Septifraycal (septum, and frango, to break), when the valves separate from the dissepiments which remain still united in the axis (Convolvulus). PERICARP. 113 551. PoRous dehiscence is exemplified in the poppy, where the seeds escape by orifices near the top of the fruit. It is not common. 552. CIRCUMSCISSILE (circumscindo, to cut around), when the top of the ovary opens or falls off like a lid, as in Jeffersonia, henbane, plantain. 553. CARPOPHORE. Some fruits, as the Gerania and Umbeliferae, are furnished with a caepophore, that is, a slender column from the receptacle, prolonged through the axis of the fruit, supporting the carpels. 554. THE MORPHOLOGY of the pericarp is exceedingly diversified, but it will suffice the learner at first to acquaint himself with the leading forms only, such as are indicated in the following synopsis and more definitely described afterward. 555. The following is a synopsis of the principal forms of Pericarps. ~ 1. FREE FRUITS (FORMED BY A SINGfLE FLOWER). * PERICARPS INDEHISCENT, f With usually but one seed, and: Uniform, or 1-coated. 1. Separated from the seed. Achenium (buttercups), 2. Inflated, often breaking away. Utricle (pigweed). 3. Inseparable from the seed. Caryopsis (grasses). 4. Invested with a cupule (involucre). Glans (oak). 5. Having winged appendages. Samara (ash). Double or triple-coated, fleshy or fibrous. 6. Three-coated. Stone cell entire. Drupe (cherry). V. Two-coated. Stone cell 2-parted. Tryma (walnut). 8. Drupes aggregated. Etserio (raspberry). - With two or more seeds, 4: Immersed in a fleshy or pulpy mass. 9. Rind membranous. Berry (gooseberry). 10. Rind leathery, separable. Hesperidum (orange). 11. Rind hard, crustaceous. Pepo (squash): Inclosed in distinct cells. Pome (apple). * PERICARPS DErISCENT. 12. Dehiscence circumscissile. seeds ro. Pyxis (henbane). f Dehiscence valvular or porous;: Simple or l-carpeled, 13. Opening by the ventral suture. Follicle (columbine). 14. Opening by both sutures. Legume (pea). 15. Legume jointed. Loment (Desmodiumrn). 4: Compound pericarps; 16. Placentm parietal with two cells. Silique (mustard). Silique short. Silicle (shepherd's purse). 17. Placentne parietal only when 1-celled. Capsule (flax). 18. Capsule with carpophore and elastic styles. Regma (Geranium). ~ 2. CONFLUENT FRUITS (FORMED OF AN INFLORESCENCE). * With open carpels aggregated into a cone. Strobile (pine). * With closed carpels aggregated into a mass, as in the fig, mulberry, Osage-orange, pine-apple, etc. 8 114 PERICARP. 556. THE ACHENIUM is a small, dry, indehiscent pericarp, free from the one seed which it contains, and tipped with the remains of the style (buttercups, Lithospermum). 551. The double achenium of the Umbeliferoe, supported on a carpoephore is called cremocarp. The 2-carpeled achenium of the Compositne, usually crowned with a pappus, is called cypselca. 558. Tr-IE ACrIENIA ARE OFE N MISTAKEN for seeds. In the Labiatx and Borrageworts they are associated in fours (372). In Geum, Anemone, etc., they are collected in heads. The rich pulp of the strawberry consists wholly of the overgrown receptacle, whiclh bears the dry achenia on its surface. (440). 432 40033 440 435 43g 434 431 43S 439 432, Achenia of Anemone thalictroides. 433, Cremnocarp of Archangelica officinatlis, its halves (mesocoarps) separated and suspended on the carpoipphoe. 434, Cypsela of Thistle with its plumous pappus. 4385, Utricle of Chenopodium (pigweed). 436, Caryopsis of Wheat. 431. Samara of Elm. 438, Glans of Beech. 439, Drupe of Prunus. 440, Fruit of Fragaria Indica, a fleshy torus like the strawberry. 559. THE UTRICLE is a small, thin, pericarp fitting loosely upon its one seed, and often opening transversely to discharge it (pigweed, prince's feather). 560. CARYoPSIS, the grain or fruit of the grasses, is a thin, dry, 1seeded pericarp, inseparable from the seed. 561. SAMARA; dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent, furnished with a membranous iwing or wings (ash, elm, maple). 562. GLANS OR NUT; hard, dry, indehiscent, commonly 1-seeded by suppression (~ 545), and invested with a persistent involucre called a cupule, either solitary (acorn, hazelnut) or several together (chestnut, beechnut). 563. DRUPE, stone-fruit; a 3-coated, 1-celled, indehiscent pericarp, exemplified in the cherry, peach. The outer coat (epidermis) is called the epicarp, the inner is the nucleus or endocarp, hard and stony; the intervening pulp or fleshy coat is the sarcocarp (ra'p, flesh). These coats are not distinguishable in the ovary. PERICARP. 115 564. TRYMA, a kind of dryish drape, 2-coated, the epicarp fibrofleshy (butternut) or woody (hickory), the nucleus bony with its cell often deeply 2-parted (cocoa-nut). 565. ETaRIo, an aggregate fruit consisting of numerous little drupes united to each other (raspberry) or to the fleshy receptacle (blackberry). 566. BERRY, a succulent, thin-skinned pericarp holding the seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp (currant, grape). 567. HESPERIDUM, a succulent, many-carpeled fruit, the rind thick, leathery, separable from the pulpy mass within (orange, lemon). 568. PEPO, an indehiscent, compound, fleshy fruit, with a hardened rind and parietal placentae (melon). 569. THE POME is a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp formed of the permanent calyx, containing several cartilaginous (apple) or bony (haw) cells. 570. THE PYXIS is a many-seeded, dry fruit, opening like a lid by a circumcissile dehiscence (plantain, henbane, Jeffersonia). 571. THu FOLLICLE is a single carpe], 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the ventral suture (columbine, larkspur, silk-grass). 572. THE LEGUME or pod is a single carpel, 1-celled, usually splitting into two valves, but bearing its 1-co seeds along the ventral suture only, in one row, as in the bean and all the Leguminose. It is sometimes curved or coiled like a snail-shell (Medicago). 573. THE LOMENT is a jointed pod, separating across into 1-seeded portions (Desmodium). 574. SILIQUE. This is also a pod, linear, 2-carpeled, 2-valved, 2celled by a false dissepiment extended between the two parietal placentta. To this false dissepiment on both sides of both edges the seeds are attached (mustard). 575. SILICLE. This is a short silique, nearly as wide as long (shepherd's purse). The silique and silicle are the peculiar fruit of all the Cruciferme. 576. CAPSULE (casket). This term includes all other forms of dry, dehiscent fruits, compound, opening by as many valves as there are carpels (Iris), or by twice as many (chickweed), or by pores (poppy). 577. THE REGMA is a kind of capsule like that of the Geranium, whose dehiscent carpels separate elastically but still remain attached to the carpophore. 578. STROBILE on coNE; an1 aggregate fruit consisting of a conical or oval mass of imbricated scales, each an open carpel ( flower), bearing seeds on its inner side at base, i. e., axillary seeds (pine and the Gymnosperms generally). 579. THE CONE (SYNCARPIUM, vv, together) of the Magnolia tribe 116 PERICARP. 442 449 441 441 445 448 444 443 Fruits. 441, Eterlio of Rubus strigosus (Blackberry). 442, Pepo, section of cucumber. 449, Berry, Grape. 443, Ponme, Crataegus (HIaw). 444, Pyxis of Jeffersonia. 445, Legume of Pea. 446. Loment of Desmodium. 447, Silique of Sinapis. 445, Silicle of Capsella. is a mass of confluent, closed pericarps on a lengthened torus (cucumber tree). 580. TEE FIG (syconus) is an aggregate fruit, consisting of numerous seed-like pericarps inclosed within a hollow, fleshy receptacle where the flowers were attached. 581. OTHER CONFLUENT FRUITS (soRosIS) consist of the entire inlflorescence developed into a mass of united pericarps, as in the mulberry, osage-orange, pine-apple. 451 450 452 449, bis. 449, bis, Strobile of Pinus. 450, The Fig (syconus). 4-1, Sorosis of Mulberry. 452, Hip of Rosa, achmia nearly inclosed in the leathery calyx tube. THE SEED. 117 CHAPTER XIV. THE SEED. 582. THIIE SEED is the perfected ovule, having an embryo formed within, which is the rudiment of a new plant similar in all respects to the original. The seed consists of a nucleus or kernel invested with 583. THE INTEGUMENTS OR COVERINGS. The outer covering is the testa, the inner the tegmen, as in the ovule. The latter is thin and delicate, often indistinguishable from the testa. 460 464 461 462 460 453 454 455 456 45 458S 459 Seed of Water-Lily (Nympheca), enlarged section; alb., albumen; a, the embryo contained in the embryo-sac; s, secundine or tegmen; I, primine or testa; -, raphe, as,, aril; sl, micropyle; funiculus. 463, Seed of Bean. 464, Same, one cotyledon with the leafy embryo. 461, Seed of Apple. 462, One cotyledon showing the raphe and embryo. 460, Fruit of Mirabi. lis; embryo coiled into a ring. 454, Onion; embryo coiled. 455, Convolvulus; leafy embryo folded. 456, Embryo of Cuscuta. 45t, Typha. 458, Ranunculus. 459, Hop. 584. THE TESTA is either membranous (papery), coriaceous (leathery), crustaceous (horny), bony, woody, or fleshy. Its surface is generally smooth, etc. (118, a). 585. THE COMA IUST NOT BE CONFOUNDED WITHI the pappus, which is a modification of the calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as in the achenia of the thistle, dandelion, and other Composit e. Its intention in the economy of the plant cannot be mistaken, serving like the pappus to secure the dispersion of the seed, while incidently as it were, in the case of the cotton-seed, it furnishes clothing and employment to a large portion of the human race. 586. THE ARIL is an occasional appendage, partially or wholly investing the seed. It originates after fertihzation, at or near the hilum, where the seed is attached to its stalk (funiculus). Fine examples are seen in the gashed covering of the nutmeg, called mace, and in the scarlet coat of the seed of staff-tree. In the seed of Polygala, etc., it is but a small scale, entire or 2-cleft, called caruncle. 118 THE SEED. 581, THE POSITION OF THE SEED in the pericarp is, / St like that of the ovule, erect, ascending, pendulous, etc. (g 534). Likewise in respect to its inversions, it is orth6ro pozus, ancdiropous, amphitropous, and camnpyldtropous ( 536), terms already defined. The andtropous is by far the most common condition. t ~ 1(tIi 588. THE HILUM is the scar or mark left in the testa of the seed by its separation from the funiculus. It is cornin the bean. In orthetropous and campyl6of~ Catalpa. 464, Seedtropous seeds, the hilum':' S ER A C I O W p,~ tr 46onol and thmey,6a corresponds with the n ~ ot e r ny I chalaza (~535). In other pa n mbconditions it does not, 465 464 463 461 4 660 26 and the raphe (~537) ex460, Aril of Euonymus. 461, Aril of Nutmeg (mace). 462, tends between the two Seed of Polygala, embryo, earuncle, c, (too small.) 463, Seed of Catalpa. 464, Seed of Willow. 465, Seed of Cotton. points, as in the ovules. 589. THE SEED KERNEL MAY CONSIST OF two parts, the embryo and albumen, qr of the embryo only. In the former case the seeds are albumeinous, in the latter, exalbuminous, a distinction of great importance in systematic botany. 590. THE ALBUMEN is a starchy or farinaceous substance accom-o panying the embryo and serving as its first nourishment in germination. Its qualities are Iwholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous plants. Its quantity when compared with the embryo varies in every possible degree; being excessive (Ranunculace), or about equal (Violacem), or scanty (Convolvulace m), or none at all (Leguminosm). In texture it is mealy in wheat, mucilaginous in mallows, oily in Ricinus, horny in coffee, ruminated in nutmeg and pawpaw, ivory-like in the ivory-palm (Phytelephas), fibrous in cocoa-nut, where it is also hollow, enclosing the milk. 591. TIHE EMBRYO is an organized body, the rudiment of the future plant, consisting of root (radicle), stem-bud (plumule), and leaves (cotyledons)., But these parts are sometimes quite undistinguishable until germination, as in the Orchis tribe. 592. TuIE RADICLE is the descending part of the embryo, almost always directed towards the micropyle, the true axis of the seed. 593. THEI PLUMULE is the rudimentary ascending axis, the terminal bud, located at the base of, or between 594. TaE COTYLEDONS. These, the seed-lobes, are the bulky, farinaceous part of the embryo, destined to form the lrst or seminal leaves THE SEED. 119 of the young plant. The nutritive matter deposited in the seed for thi early sustenance of the germinating embryo is found more abundant in the cotyledons in proportion as there is less of it in the albumen, — often wholly in the albumen (wheat), again all absorbed in the bulky cotyledons (squash). 595. THrE NUMBER OF THE COTYLEDONS is variable, and upon tlhis circumstance is fbunded the most important subdivision of the PPhxnogamia, or Flowering-plants. 596. THE MONOCOTYLEDONS are plants bearing seeds with one cotyledon, or if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants are also called -Endogens, because their stems grow by internal accretions (~ 716). Such are the grasses, the palms, Liliace, whose leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 597. THE DICOTYLEDONS are plants bearing seeds with two cotyledons. These are also called Exogens, because their stems grow by external accretions, including the Bean tribe, Melon tribe, all our forest trees, etc. These are also distinguished at a glance by the structure of their leaves, which are net-veined (8 258). 598. MoRE THAN TWO COTYLEDONS. The Pine and Fir have seeds with several cotyledons, while the dodder is almost the only known example of an embryo with no cotyledon. 466 467 468 469 466, Dicotyledonous (Bean). 467, Meoocotyledonous (Wheat). 468, Polycotyledonous (Pine). 469, Acotyledonons (z6ospore of one of the Conferve). (r, r, r, radicle; p, p, p, plumnIle; c, e, c, cotyledon; a, albumen). 599. THE POSITION OF THE EMBRYO, whether with or without albumen, is singularly varied and interesting to study. It may be straight, as in cat-tail, violet, or curved in various degrees (moon-seed, pink), or coiled (hop), or rolled (spice-bush), or bent angularly (buckwheat), or folded (Cruciferae). In the last case three modes are to be specially noticed. 1, Incumbent, when the cotyledons fold over so as to bring the back of one against the radicle (shepherd's purse); 2, accumbent, when the edges touch the radicle (Arabis). 1 20 OFFICE OF THE SEED. 600. THE LEAFY NATURE of the cotyledons is often distinctly manifest in their form and structure, as in Convolvulus (455). A few plants, as the onion, orange, Coniferse, occasionally have two or even several embryos in a seed, while all the Cryptogamla or flowerless plants have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from spores, bodies analogous to the pollen grains of flowering plants (469). OFFICE OF THE SEED. 601. ITS NATURE AND USE. After the embryo has reached its wonted growth in the ripened seed, it becomes suddenly inactive and torpid, yet still alive. In this condition it is, in fact, a living plant, safely packed and sealed up for transportation. This is the distinctive and wonderful nature of the seed. 602. LONGEVITY OF THE SEED. This suspended vitality of the seed may endure for years, or even, in some species, for ages. The seeds of maize and rye have been known to grow when 30 to 40 years old; kidney-beans when 100; the raspberry after 1700 years (Lindley), and kernels of wheat found in a mummy-Fase, and therefore 3000 years old, were a few years ago successfully cultivated in Germany and England (Schleiden). Seeds of 1Mountain Potentilla (P. tridentata) were known to us to germinate at Meriden, N. II., after a slumber of 60 years. On the other hand the seeds of some species are short-lived, retaining vitality hardly a year (Coffee, Magnolia). 603. IN ORDER THAT SEEDS MAY LONG HETAIN THEIR VITALITY they must be kept dry. ]But an even temperature is by no means necessary, as they are generally able to resist all the changes of our climate from many degrees below zero to 110~ above, provided no moisture is present. 604. ThIE DISPERSION OF SEEDS over wide, and often to distant regions is effected by special agencies, in which the highest intelligence and wisdom are clearly seen. Some seeds made buoyant by means of the coma, or pappus, already mentioned, are wafted afar by the winds, beyond rivers, lakes and seas; as the thistle, dandelion, silkgrass. 605. SEEDS ARE ALSO FURNISHED WITH WINGS for the same purpose. Others are provided with hooks or barbs, by which they lay hold of men and animals, and are thus, by unwilling, agents, scattered far and wide (burr-seed, tick-seed). 606. OTHER SEEDS. destitute of all such appendages, are thrown to a distance by the sudden coiling of the elastic carpels (touch-me-not). The squirting cucumber becomes distended with water by absorption, and at length, when ripe, bursts an aperture at base and projects the mingled seeds and water with amazing force. 607. TRANSPORTATION. Rivers, streams, and ocean currents are all means of transporting seeds from country to country. Thus the cocoa and the cashew-nut and the seeds of mahogany have been known to perform long voyages without injury to their vitality. Squirrels laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to effect the same important end. GERMINATION. 121 GERMINATION. 608. DEFINITION. The recommencement of growth in the seed is called germination. It is the awakening of the embryo from its torpor, and the beginning of development in its parts already formed, so as to become a plant like its parent. 474 473 472 471 Germination of the Beach-nut. 470, Cross-section, showing the folded cotyledons. 471, The radicle only.. 472, The ascending axis, above c, appears. 473, The cotyledons expand into the primordial leaves. 474, The first true leaves. 609. EXPERIMENT. All the stages of this interesting process may be conveniantl? nobatonvd, at any Qeagon, by an exooriment. Let a fow neadl, an of flaxiJ cotton, wheat, pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton roesting upon water in a bulbglass, and kept conetautly at a proper temperature. Or, in spring, the garden soil will give us exarnples of all kinds everywhere. 610. THAT THE SEED MAY BEGIN TO GROW, 01'r germinate, it is first planted, or, at least, placed in contact with warm, moist soil. Concerning the proper depth of the planted seed agriculturalists are not agreed; but nature seems to indicate that no covering is needed beyond what will secure the requisite moisture and shade. 611. TEIE PROCESS COMMENCED. Thus situated the integuments gradually absorb water, soften and expand. The insoluble, starchy matter deposited in the cotyledons, or in the albumen, or in both, undergoes a certain chemical change, becoming sweet and soluble, capable of affording nourishment to the embryo now beginning to dilate and develop its parts. First (in the winged seed of the maple, scattered everywhere) the radicle is seen protruding from the micropyle, or the 1 22 GERMINATION. bursting integument. A section of this seed would now show the folded embryo impatient of confinement. ow~, D ~i)T5 480 479 478 477 476 Germination of the Maple. 475, Samara; section showing the folded cotyledons at C. 476-480, Progressive stages. 612. THE PROCESS CONCLUDED. Soon the radicle has extended, and, pale in color, has hidden itself in the bosom of the dark, damp earth. 481 482 Now the cotyledons, unfolding and gradually freed from the seed coats, display themselves at length as a pair of green leaves. Lastly the plumule appears in open air, a green bud, already showing a lengthening base, its first internode, and soon a pair of regular leaves, lobed cI as all maple leaves. The embryo is now an embryo no longer, but a grow-'r>:-I~ ing plant descending by its lower axis, ascending and expanding by its upper. 613. WEAT BECOMES OF THE COTYLEDONS. The germination of the tulip-tree, oak, pea, squash, and other Dicotyledons maybe watched with equal advantage, and the chief difference observed among them will be in the disposal of the cotyledons. In general, these arise with the ascending axis, as in the maple and bean, and act as the first pair of leaves; but someg' V times, when they are very thick, as in the pea, Germination of Wheat; o, the grain buck-eye, oak (6-9), they remain as first containing the cotyledon c, plumule; r, placed with the collum (~ 118), neither ascendradicle; 8, rootlets (adventitious). ing nor descending. GERMINATION. 123 614. THE GERMINATION OF MONOCOTYLEDONS, as seen in Indian corn, wheat, tulip, is in this wise. The cotyledon is not disengaged from the, seed, but remains stationary with it. The radicle (r) protrudes 4s8 484 slightly and one or more rootlets (s) break out fiom it and descend. The plumule (c) shoots, at. first parallel with the cotyledon along the face of the seed, but soon ascends, pushing out leaf from within leaf. 615. TIIE CONDITIONS REQUISITE P T;' -for germination are moisture, air, and warmth. 616. MoisTUrE is necessary for softening the integuments, dissolving the nutritive matter, and facilitating its circulation. Tbis is supplied in the rain and dew. 617. AIR, or rather its oxygen, is required for the conversion of the starch into sugar —a process 480, 484, Germination of Indian Corn. always depending upon oxydation. The oxygen absorbed unites with a portion of the carbon of the starch, producing heat, evolving carbonic acid, and thus converting the remainder into grape sugar, soluble and nutritive. 618,. WARMTII iS a requisite condition of all vital action, as well in the sprouting of a seed as in the 7atching of an egg. The proper deglee of temperature for our own climate may be stated at 60~ to 80~. Extremes of heat and of cold are not, however, fatal to all germination. In one of the Geysers of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of Chara was found in a growing and fruitful state. A hot spring in. thle island of Luzon, which raises the thermometer to 187~, has plants growing in it and on its borders. Many species of plants also seem well adapted to growth in the Arctic regions. 619. DARnNTESS is favorable to germination, as proved by experiment, but not an indispensable condition. Hence, while the seed should be covered for the sake of the moisture and shade, the covering should be very thin and light, for the sake of a free access to air. 124 THE CTYPTOGAMIA 01R FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 485 620. THE CAUSE OF THE DOWNWARD TENDENCY OF THE ROOT iS a theme of much discussion. Somre have referred it to the principle of gravitation; others to its g;:~%~ supposed aversion to light. But it is a simple and satisfactory explanation that its growth or cell-development' takes place most readily on the moist side of its growing i;~'~16' a',! g point, and consequently in a downward direction, so long as the soil in contact with its lower surface is more moist than that above. Hence also the well-known tendency of roots toward springs and water-courses. I",_CHAPTER XV. THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. (iI;[[ ~ 621. DISTINCTION OF PARTS. In the lowest of the Cryptoga tnic ti bes the organs of vege-,,',.... tation and of roeproduction are the same. Each cell in the structure grows, nourishes, multiplies. Higher in the scale we find a gradual specializa485, A Tree Fern (of the Island ion of organs, and in the tribes, as of Java), 40 feet in height. higher tribes, a 490 499 489 48T 486 A Fern, Polypodium vulgare. 4S6, Ilts frond. ~ ~/II1 ~'~~~~~~ 487, Lobe of the firond enlarged, showing the sori, 48o, One of the sori (magii' t &( % t tX nified) consisting of many 498 sporangi. 489, One spor-.x \( ( ) L l/n|| 7g7 ange (further mngnified) bursting and discharging K the spores. 490, A spore. $ 491, Spores beginning to 488 K-..~,..~germinate; and 492, 498,' ~with' ootlets. At a ap)c~ @0One of its cells. 496, The'b same hur-st; and 497, the./spermatozoid escaped. b~-' -~~~~~ -~'/(.~ pThese feat about, and t&;b | | s ~~ 491 some of them at length enter, 498, the archegone, r-> 7i8~1~( Ifertilizing, and at length prfdacinc, 499, the yogll Fern. 500, Soleui of As_;~__ _-_ —_ =-e_____ pidium marginale, covered with the i4 tdcsiu es. 401, 492 493 o01 Same, side view. THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 12 a the Phaenogamia, one portion is devoted to the preservation of the individual, the other to the preservation of the species; in other words, the organs of vegetation and of reproduction become separate and distinct. 622. DI)STINGUISED FROM Pm12ENOGAMIA. But the reproductive organs, although distinct from the nutritive, are never seen combined into flowers, nor producing seeds markedl by the presence of an embryo. Hence in the scale of rank the cryptogams are inferior to the flowering plants and easily distinguished from them. 623. VEGETATIVE ORGANS. 505 Aoain iu the lower tribes,.ii viz., the seaweeds, Fungi and./'iO w Lichens, there is no distinc- \ tion of root, stem and leaves; but the entire plant grows l t i into an expansion of substance j 3 more or less uniform and in - definite, called a thallus. But I the higher Iepaticse, mosses, club-mosses,Equisitacee, ferns 502 503 504 506 and marsileads, possess stems, 502, Equisetimn arvense. 503, E. syvaticum. 504. roots and leaves like the Section of the spike. 505, A sporange. 506, A spore with its elators coiled. Phsenogamia. 50., 9D7 624. CLASSES. The tribe last mentioned are embraced in the class. Acregens, so named by Lindcley fionm.', t.' 1,~ ~. ~',~. their manner of growth (dr p6v, point i! S I3!,MME S or summit), lengthening into an axis. 5so".",, ~. } The remaining three tribes first named above constitute the lowest class of the vegetable kingdom, called Thallogens, and named from their manner of growth. 508 ~ 625. THE STEMS OF THE MARSILEADS and ferns are mostly rhizomes, but in tropical countries some species of the latter arise on firm aerial trunks like palms. The club-mosses 507, Lycopodium dendroideum. 508, A have slender, woody stems much insingle spike. 509, a scale with its sporange dined to bifurcate. Those of the bursting. 510, Spores. Equisetacese, Characeem are jointed, 126 THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. >" a bearing slender, whorled, leafiess branches. The mosses and Hepatica have filiform stems and b branches, erect and creeping. Fern leaves and mushrooms arise on stipes. a 7- ~~~ &X5 626. LEAVEs. The ferns are characterized by 511\~',0 a their great development of leaves called fronds. They are rarely simple, often pinnatifid, or pinnate, simply, doubly or triply. Their venation is 7 512 ffork-veined and their vernation circinate. The leaves of the mosses and Hepatice are veinless and delicate, mostly ovate and entire, numerously 511, Chara fretida. 512, covering the axis. Those of the latter are often Portion of a brancl; the garnished with stipule-like processes called amtwo reproductive organs. a, Globule; b, nucule. phi gastria. 627. THALLUS. The vegetative system of the Thallogens consists either of delicate filaments or of flattened membranes, varying in color through every shade and hue. In Marchantia, lichens, and seaweeds it is green, olive or red, and called 520 514 thallus. It may resemble a leaf 519 or a steel, but its functions are still the same. In size it varies from the microscopic Collfervme to the gigantic seawrack, a furlong in length. Its structure is f purely cellular and uniform, or, a2,g,en as in Marchantia, in layers. hi? 628. MYOELIJM or spawn is the vegetative system of the l,', Fungi, distinguished from thalli by its want of coloring matter x-:,' in its cells. It consists of 51s 522 517 516 51a meshes of white or colorless Mosses. 513, Polytrichium. 514, Sporangewith ufilaments branching and anuns-ealyptra, without calyptra. 515, Sporange (enfilaments, brancared) with the opereulam at top. 516, Mninm, tamosing to form entangled 517, Sporange. 518, Bartramia. 519, Sporange with ealyptra. 520, Samne mature, open. 521, Pemasses pervading the substance ristone. with its teeth. 522, Antheridium and in which the Fungus grows. It paraphases (a flower) of Polytrichium. is far less conspicuous than the fructification (toad-stool, etc.) which ultimately arises from it. 629. TE Rn PRODUCTIVE ORGnAS of the Cryptogamia are the antheridia and archegonia; and by their reaction spores in various spore: vessels are produced. They have been detected in nearly all the cryptogamic tribes, and are supposed to represent the stamens and pistils THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 127 525 624 2 528 Hepaticse. 523, Marchantia, sterile plant. 524-5, Fertile plant. 526, Vertical section of the fertil-receptacle; 527, of a perianth, showing the sporange bursting. 52S, One of the elators with four spores. 529, Portion of it highly inagnified. 543 544 of the flowering plants. In the mosses, liver- worts, etc., they appear only oin the full-grown plant; in the ferns, Ecuisetaceet, etc., they ap- pear only on the prothallus, the earliest growth of the spore, and here the archegone gives birth - to an embryo, whence at length the true fern arises, while the prothallus dies away. i41 630. SPORES. These G are the true reproductive e germinating bodies of the / 538 Cryptogams. They con a sist each of a single cell, often exceedingly minute, " _ and produced in immense 4 numbers. The cell-wall X. of the spore may be sim- \ " pie (Botrytis) or double, - as if a cell within a cell' 540 539 537 (ferns). But the spores Fungi. 53S, Agaricus (AlMushroom) in various stages: e, are often apparently tearing open the volva; b, annulus. the remains of the veil double or 2-celled (lich- (e); c, pileus; c, mycelium. 538, Portion of the gills. 539, Basidia and spores from the same (manh. 400 diam.). 540, ens), or 4-celled, or 6, 8, Cyathus; 541. Section. 542, One of the conceptacfes. 43, or many-celled. These Penicilium (mildew). 544, Mucor; a, mycelium. compound spores are in fact spore-vessels inclosing several spores yet immature, and called sporidia or theca-spores. The spores or sporidia are often inclosed in still larger cells called the sac. 631. ENDOSPORES AND EXOSPORES. Spores are developed either in the interior of the parent cell or on the outside of it, and hence the di 128 THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. A)> A, X W)/jiC H / tdivision of the Cryp-:; ( toramis into the En54P P4 P51G 549 5voo it such united, as in Seaweeds (Algs). PjI5, Vaucheria forming anlld dischalfrin'. its the lichens and spores (a) at the extremities. P45, lFucus; (f, air-vessel; b, fd tith a mass of conceptacles. 5PT, Transverse section of a conceptacle. mushrooms, fornl a 545, A spore wvith paraphases. 549, I-Iydrogastrum, consisting of a tissue called hymesingle cell. 550, Spirogyrae ("rogspittle) one of the Confervae; a, two threads (thalli) conjugated, i. e., united by tubes. DuImf. In lichens such sporiferous tissues existing in spots of ldefiite form, constitute thedishar its apovtheczica when flat, receptclihes whenand conca ve, and concepta cles when shroo or a 632. 550, TSpirogyrae OR SPORANGIA of the onferv; a, ferns asp -osses consist of tissues (Diatom mainum) separating fro eich rathe than of single cellsand contaitut othethe c on cav e, and concet.tacles when ol530 531 535 536 533 534 532 Lichens, 530, Cladonia; the minute thallus at the base of the podetia, cup-like above, bearing scarlet conceptacles. 531, Usnea. 532, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 534, Receptacle, vertical section. 535, A portion (highly magnified) with thece and paraphases. 536, A spore (double). numerous spores. In ferns they grow on the back of the fironds in little clusters called soni. When mature, the sporange is torn open by the contraction of an elastic ring which surrounds it. In the mosses the sporange is stalked, solitary, terminal, and opens by a definite number of teeth called the peristomne. 633. ZOOSPORES AND SPERMATOZOIDS are minute bodies endowed with spontaneous locomotion in water by means of vibratile cilie. Zoospores of ovate formi proceed from the vegetative cells of the Alga, swim about for a time, then settle down and grow into new plants. Spermatozoids are mostly filiform bodies with sevoral cilie, discharged from the ZD iiYIC/. THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 129 antheridia (as pollen?) and actively floating until they reach the archegones, or perish. 634. ALTERNATE GENERATION is a phenomenon distinctly traced in many of the cryptogams. Thus the mosses, in germinating, first produce long, greenish filaments quite analogous to the Conferves (frog's-spawn). From these, at length, buds arise and grow into a true moss. Ferns, also, and Equisetacem, first from the spore exist in the form of a liverwort-a small green thallus, creeping and rooting along the ground., Secondly, upon this prothallus reproductive organs are developed and an embryo, whence a true fern arises. Thus the plant is transiently, as it were, a liverwort, permanently, a fern. (~21-23.) 635. OTHER MDODES OP PROPAGATION occur in these plants, as, for example, by innzovations, slporules, gonidia. These bodies are analogous to bulbs and bulblets in the flowering plants, originating from the nutritive organs, and capable of separating from the parent and growing up independent plants. 5e2 553 554 555 556 557 552, Zoospore of one of the Confervme (Chaetophora). 553, Phytozoin of Chara. 554, Antheridium of Fucus containing two phytozoa. 555, Zo5spore of Confervee with a tuft of cilia. 556, Another species with but two cilise. 557 Zouspore of Vaucheria with cilia all around. 9 PART SECOND, PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. CHAPTER I, OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 636. REVELATIONS OF THE MICROSCOPE. We have now completed a brief survey of the phenomena of visible vegetation. VWe commenced with the root and now the consideration of the seed with its embryo completes the circle and brings us around to the root again. We have studied hitherto superficially, as best we were able by the unassisted eye. But the microscope opens to us a new world in botany, more wonderful and fair, if possible, than that which we have already surveyed. No just appreciation of microscopic botany can be obtained from drawings or descriptions. Here the microscope itself is the only adequate teacher. 637. NEXT INQUIRIES. We have seen and studied the general organs of vegetation and their metamorphoses; but of what are these organs made? What their structure within? What their office and use in the life and growth of the plant? These inquiries must next be answered. 638. STRUCTURE OF PLANTS CELLULAR. All forms of vegetable structure, however numerous and diverse, are alike composed of little bladders, called vescicles or cells. We can often discern the cells in some structures with the naked eye, as in the pith of elder, pulp of snowberry, and especially plain in the pulp of orange. Other structures, which appear as a solid mass to the eye, are seen at once, under the lens, to consist of cells also-even the most solid wood or the stony substance of the peach. A thin cutting (shaving) from the rhizome of the blood-root, magnified 100 diameters, appears in outline (to say nothing of its brilliant coloring) as here sketched (557). Therefore 639. THE CELL is the elementary organism which by its repetitions makes up the mass of all vegetation. It is defined as a closed sac composed of membrane containing a fluid. 640. THE PRIMARY FORM OF TIlE CELL is spheroidal. In some cases it retains this form during its existence, but generally, in growing, it takes new and various forms, which, on account of the two causes which control them, may be classed as inherent and casual. 641. THE INHERENT FORMS OF TIIE CELL, or those which depend upon its own laws of growth, may be referred to three general types; OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 131 (1) splheroidal, like pollen grains, the red snow-plant, the cells of leaftissue, etc., varying to oblong, or lobed, or stellate; (2) cylindrical, or tribe-form, as most wood-cells are; (3) tabular or flattened,qas the cells of the epidermis. 642. THE CASUAL FORMS result from external pres- sure, as of cells crowding against cells, in stems or;. pith. In this way spheroidal cells may become cu- / bical, 8-sided, 12-sided, etc; tubiform cells pris- tmatic, and tabular cells 4- - angled, hexagonal, etc., in a outline according to the original pattern. \ 643. In MAGNITUDE the plant \1l79 cell varies from TIUl to -:I of an inch in diameter; the more common size is about -b inch. 55T, Section of the rhizome of Blood-root. a, a. A bundle The cells of elder pith measure of wood-cells. The shaded cells contain the color. about I 7 inch; those of parenchyma (leaf-tissue) about 4_,o; consequently, 64,000,000 of them would occupy only one cubic inch. The cells of cork are computed to be xl; inch in diameter1000 millions to a cubic inch. 644. BUT THE LENGTH of some cells is much more considerable. Wood-cells measure -- inch; bark cells, as flar, hemp, nearly - inch; the cells of some planthairs an inch or more. 645. TfHE WALL of the new cell consists of two layers; the outer one a firm, colorless membrane, made of cellulose, the inner a plastic, gelatinous layer applied to the outer, and chiefly concerned in cell-life and multiplication. This is called the primordial utricle. 6460 Ir IS BEST SEEN WHEN treated with a weak solution of nitric acid, iodine, or alcohol. It thus becomes colored, contracts, and lies loose in tile cell. 647. THE CELL WALL IS EASILY PERMEATED by fluids flowing in and out. It must, therefore, be regarded as porous; although it appears perfectly entire even under the highest magnifier. 648. A SECONDARY LAYER is subsequently added to the outer layer, between it and the primordial utricle, as if to strengthen it. This new layer is seldom entire, but perforated and cleft in a great variety of patterns, leaving certain points or parts of the cell-wall still bare and discernible by their transparency. Hence the following varieties of cells: — 132 OF THE VEGETABLE CELL. 649. WOOD CELLS, which are finally filled up by the repetitions of the secondary layers, leaving only minute points of the original cell-wall bare and transparent. 558 560 559 561 Forims of cells. 560, Wood-cells. 561, Cellular tissue of a rootlet, etc. 650. PITTED CELLS, a variety where larger transparent points appear, surrounded by 2 or 3 rings (pine and the Coniferm in general). 651. SPIRAL CELLS, where the secondary layer consists of spiral fibers or bands. There may be a single fiber, or several (2 to 20) united into a band. It is usually elastic and may be drawn out and uncoiled. 564 566 562 563 565 562, Polyhedral cells of parenchyma in pith of Elder. 563, Stellate cells in pith of zRush. 565, Spherical cells in Houseleek. 566, Wood-cells and ducts of Oak. 564, Wood-cells of the Flax-fiber. These beautiful cells may be well seen in a shoot of elder, in the petiole of rhubarb, Geranium, strawberry. In the two latter, if gently pulled asunder, the coiled fibers appear to the naked eye. 652. ANNULAR CELLS, when there are numerous rings within, instead of a spiral coil, as in the stems of balsam and some Cryptogamia. 653. SCALARIFORM CELLS, when the rings seem conjoined by bars crossing between them, giving an appearance compared to a ladder (scala), as in the vine and ferns. Porous cells with the secondary layers full of perforations, reticulated cells, as if a net.work; and many other forms. OF THI VEGETABLE CELL. 133 654. CELLULOSE, the material of which the outer cell-walls and other secondary layers are made, is proved by a chemical analysis to consist of three simple elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, in the proportions of C24 H20 0,,,-carbon and the exact elements of water. In the material of the primordial utricle nitrogen is-added. Out of these four simple elements (C HO N) with slight additions of lime, silex, and a few other earthy matters, God is able to produce all the countless varieties of plants which clothe and beautify the earth. 655. CONTENTS OF THE CELL. Some cells contain air only. Others are filled with solid matter; but the greater part contain both fluids and solids. There is the cytoblast, a globular atom, earliest of new cells; and protoplasm, the nourishing semi-fluid, both of the same material as the primordial utricle, and with it, and the fluid cell-sap, ever flowing, acting, combining, transforming, and producing either new cells or products like the following. 656. THE COLORING rATTER, which gives to fruits and flowers their bright and varying tints of yellow, red, and blue, is generally dissolved in the cell-sap which is otherwise colorless; but 57s 577 576 575 574 573 572 571 a a; b 567 568 569 570 567, Cells, a., of the pulp of Snow-berry, showing the nucleus; b, of the parenchyma of the leaf of Pink, showing the granules of chlorophylle. 568, Cell of a Cactus, soaked in Alcohol, the primordial utricle separated and contracted. 569, Cell of pleurenchyma of Pine, dotted. 570, Sketch to illustrate the nature of those dots; a. dot seen in front; b, a side view of the same. 571, Trachenchyma, a spiral cell from the sporange of Equisetum. 572, Spiral vessel of the Melon, single thread; 573, of the Elder, 4 threads. 574, Annular duct, distended by rings instead of a coil. 575, Scalariform vessels, firom Osmunda (Fern). 576, A dotted duct from Gymnocladus (Coffee-tree). 578. Spiral vessels apparently branched. 577, Branching spirals in the Gourd. 657. CHLOROPHYLLE, the green coloring matter of leaves, consists of green corpuscles floating in the colorless sap or attached to the colorless wall. In the indigo plant these corpuscles are blue and constitute that poisonous drug. 134 THE TISSUES. 658. THE STARCH Of the plant also originates here, in the form of little striated granules of the same composition as cellulose (C54 II, 0,0). Some 20 such granules appear in the same cell, either loosely or compactly filling it. Starch is nutritive matter, sealed up for preservation and future use. 579 583 584 585 5S2 580 581 586 Contents of cells. 579, Cells of Potato containing starch grains. 580, Starch grains from the potato; 581, from the E. Indian Arrow-root. 582, Raphides, acicular crystals, in a cell of Polyanthes tuberosse. 583, Crystals in a cell of Cactus. 584, Cells from the pulp of Pear, coated internally; a longitudinal section; 585, Transverse section. 586, Starch granules from W. Indian Arrow-root. 659. Gu.f, SUGAR, SALTS, acids, alkalies, poisons, medicines, whatever is peculiar in the properties of each vegetable substance, may also be held in solution in the cell-sap and invisible, unless forming 660. RAPHIDES, little bundles of crystals, acicular or of some other form, seen in the cells of rhubarb, Cactus, Hyaciuth. 661. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CELLS inl the plant is the process of its growth. This is accomplished within the pre-existing cells and by the agency of their contents. The primordial utricle divides itself into two or more utricles, by septa growing from its sides until they meet. These then acquire the cellulose layer outside, the cytoblast inside, at the expense of the old cell, which shortly gives place to its new progeny. Thus cells multiply, and by millions on millions build up the fabric of the plant. CHAPTER II. THE TISSUES. 662. ONE-CELLED PLANTS. The cell, as heretofore described, is endowed with a life within itself. It can imbibe fluids, nourish itself, and reproduce others like itself. It may, therefore, and actually does in some cases, exist alone as a plant! Many species of the Confervoids and Diatomes are plants consisting of a single cell-the simplest possible form of vegetation. 663. PLANTS MANY-CELLED. With a few such exceptions, vegetation consists of a combination of cells united in a definite manner and form. THE TISSUES. 135 Such combinations are called tissues, which we may describe under four general names or types: I. CELLULAR TISSUE (PARENICHYMA): II. FiBROUS TISSUE (PLEURENCHYMA): III. VASCULAR TISSUE (TRACHENCHYMA): IV. LATICIFEROUS TISSUE (CIENCHYMA). 664. PARENCHYMA, composed of spheroidal cells, is the most coinmon form of tissue, no plant being without it, and many, especially of the lower orders, being entirely composed of it. Numerous varieties occur according to the forms of the cells and their closeness of contact, intermediate between the following extremes, 1, when there are copious intercellular spaces, the cells slightly touching,.and being (a) rounded, or (b) lobed, or (c) stellate; 2, when the cells are crowded, leaving no intercellular space and being (d) prismatic, or (e) polyhedral, or (f) irregular. 665. EXAMrPLES of these tissues are found (a) in the pulp of fruits, in newly-formed pith, and in all young growths; (b) in the lower stratum of leaf-tissue; (c) in the pith of rushes and other aquatic plants; (d) in the herbaceous stems of Mlonocotyledons; (e) everywhere, but well observed in full-formed pith; (f) abundant in all the soft, fleshy parts of plants. 666. PLEURENCHYMA is composed of elongated cells cohering by their sides in such a way that end overreaches end, forming a continuous fibre. Two varieties are noticed (a) wood-.:'l7ii j c~fibre, with cells of moderate length, POI ~ remarkable for its firmness, the: main constituent of the stems and 1$ o -- o a trunks of the higher plants; (b) iA~ C/ cm t — r liber, with very long attenuated I A, j cells, the substance of the inner layers of bark, remarkable for its! opl i tenacity, especially in flax, henip, linden. 667. THE PITTED CELLS (~ 650) wood-fiber, common in pines, firs, etc. That mysterious double ring ring 9, Longitadinal section of Thuja (Red Cedar). which encircles each pit, is pro- a, Mledullany rays. jetted, the inner by the pit itself, which is an aperture in the secondary layer, the outer by a lens-shaped intercellular cavity right opposite outside. (470). 668. TRACHENCHYMA is a tissue of vessels or tubes rather than cells, The vessels are extended lengthwise, and composed each of a row of cells joined end to end, and fused into one by the absorption of the ] 36 THE TISSUES. contiguous walls. This tissue varies according to the character of the constituent cells, which are (a) spiral, or (b) annular, or (c) sclariform, or (d) reticulated. 669. Such cells, with their. tapering ends, form vessels with oblique joints. When porous cells (653) with their truncated ends unite they form right-jointed vessels resembling strings of beads, called dotted or vascular ducts. These are usually quite large, and characteristic of the woody layers of all exogenous plants. (470.) 670. THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TRACHENCHYMA are assigned to different regions and offices, (a) to the earliest formed part of the wood, the petioles and veins of leaves, petals of flowers, etc.; (b) to similar parts, but later formed, most abundant 580 in ferns and Equisetacee; (c) in the woody bundles of the Endogens and in the succulent parts of plants in general; (d) most | - ~ -~I? \ abundanlt in ferns, club-mosses. 671. CIENCHYMA IS a system of milk-vessels-vessels secreting the latex or peculiar juice of the plant, white, yellow, red, turbid, containing opium, gamboge, caoutchouc, resin, etc. It'I - if s occurs in the petioles and veins; in the parenchyma of roots, in the liber especially; sometimes simple, generally branched and netted in a complicated mamnner, as well seen in the poppy, ceVessels of Cienchyma; 5S0, from Dan- landine, blood-root, gum-elastic tree, delion; 581, from the Celandine. etc. 672. THEIR NATURE. These vessels are probably mere open spaces between the cells at first, subsequently acquiring a lining membrane which never exhibits pores or spiral markings. But there are also true 673. INTERCELLULAR PASSAGES filled with air and admitting its free circulation in all directions through the parenchyma. These are necessarily very irregular, and they communicate with the external air through the stomata. (~ 678.) 674. IMPORT OF THE CELL. Thus the cell appears to be the type of every form of tissue, the material of which the vegetable fabric is built, and the laboratory where the work is performed. 675. ELEVATION IN RANK IS MARKED BY the increasing complication of the tissues. The basis of the structure of all plants is parenchyma. In the lowest tribes no other tissue is ever added, this alone performing all the functions. Iigher in the scale, as in mosses, a few central bundles of wood tissue are added, as if to strengthen the stem. Still higher, as in ferns, etc., we begin to find vessels (trachenchyma) of the simpler sort, for the freer circulation of the fluids, together with the strengthening pleurenchyma. Lastly, in the highest plants, Phcenogamia, the true spiral vessels appear, filled with air, cienchyma with secretions, and all the tissues in their appropriate functions, THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM. 137 CHAPTER III. THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM INCLUDES the external covering of all herbaceous growths, viz., the epidermis, stomata, hairs, glands, cuticle, etc., organs which in older stems give place to bark. 676. THE EPIDERMIS (skin) consists of a layer of united, empty cells, mostly tabular, forming a superficial membrane. It invests all plants higher than mosses, and all parts save the extremities, the stigma and rootlets. Its office is to check evaporation. 583 a 554 582 5S2, Cells of epidermis with a stoma from leaf of HIelleborus fbetidus. 583, Vertical section of a stoma of Narcissus; a, cuticle. 584, Epidermis cells with stomata of Tradescantia Virginica. 677. EXAMPLE. That delicate membrane which may be easily stripped off from the leaf of the houseleek or the garden iris is the epidermis. It is transparent, colorless, and under the microscope reveals its cellular structure. 678. STOMATA. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues beneath it from the external air, but is cleft here and there by little chinks called stomata (mouths). Each stoma is guarded by a pair of reniform cells, of such mechanism (not well understood) as to open in a inoist atmosphere and close in a dry. 619. POSITION OF STOMIATA. The stomata are always placed over and communicate with the intercellular passages. They are found only on the green surfaces of parts exposed to the air, most abundant on the under surface of the leaves. Their numbers are immense. On the leaf of garden rhubarb 5,000 were counted in the space of a square inch; in the garden iris, 12,000; in the pink, 36,000; in EHyp drangea, 160,000. 188 THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM. 585, Cells and stomata of the epidermis of Oxalis violacea and 536, of Convallaria racemosa. 680. CUTICLE. The surface of the epidermis at length becomes itself coated with a delicate, transparent pellicle, not cellular, called the cuticle. It varies in consistency, being thicker and stronger in evergreen and succulent plants. It seems to be merely the outer cell wall of the epidermis thickened and separated from the newly-formed wall beneath it. 681. THE HAIRS which clothe the epidermis are mere expansions of its tissue. They may each consist of a single elongated cell, or of a row of cells. They may also be simple, or branched, or stellate, or otherwise diversified. 682. GLANDS ale cellular structures serving to elaborate and contain the peculiar secretions of the plant, such as aromatic oils, resins, honey, poisons, etc. A gland may be merely an expanded cell at the summit of a hair, or at its base, and hence called a glandular hair (Labiatse). Or it may be a peculiar cell under the epidermis, giving to the organ a punctate appearance, as in the leaf of lemon. Other glands are compound and either external (sundew), or internal reservoirs of secretion (rind of orange). 683. STINGS are stiff-pointed, 1-celled hairs expanded at base into a gland containing poisonous secretion. An elastic ring of epidermal cells presses upon the gland so as to! inject the poison into the wound made by its broken point (nettle). 684. PRICKLES are hardened hairs connected with the epidermis alone, thus differing from spines, which have a deeper origin. Examples in the rose. THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM, 139 594 593 592 f58T 588 589 590 591 5S7, Rootlet of Madder, showing cells expanded into fibrillt.. 588, Glandular hair of Fraxinella, section. 589, TIair of Bryonia, of several cells. 590, Hair of several cells, surmounted by a gland, of Antirrhinum majus. 591, Sting of Urtica dioica. 592, Jointed hair of the stamens of Tradescantia. 593, Stellate hair from the petiole of Nuphar advena (magnified 200 diameters, Henfrey). 594, Branched hair, one cell, of Arabis. CHAPTER IV. THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM 685. INCLUDES the firm structures of roots, stems, and their appendages, summarily called the wood. 686. STRUCTURE. The growing rootlet of the germinating plant exhibits under a microscope a nearly uniform mass of cellular tissue. The cells composing it are soft and delicate, with thin, porous walls adapted to absorb moisture, which it has already begun to do. It grows by the accession of cell to cell through their division and enlargement at its point, or rather just behind the advance layer which constitutes its cap (pileorhiza 7125. 687. THE EARLIEST TISSUE. The same structure also appears in the expanding cotyledons and the opening bud of the plumule. At this early stage, therefore, all plants alike in all their parts are composed of simple parenchyma. Subsequent changes in structure occur, giving to each tribe its several peculiarities. Still the growing points of the axis, both ascending and descending, advance by the formation of the same tissue, and the vessels, if formed at all, follow a little later. 688. THE CHANGES. The rootlet soon becomes a r-oot, assumes a corky layer instead of the tender, spongiform epidermis, and ceases to absorb. But new rootlets spring from the radicle, or branch from the axis, which in their turn absorb, harden, divide and subdivide; and so on indefinitely. 689. THE INCREASING DEMCAND FOR MOISTURE IS THUS MET by the multiplication of these root ends, which have been called the spoizgelets. The absorbing surface is also greatly increased by the hair-like processes of the epidermis; —tho fibrillEs (~ V24) which multiply generally in proportion to the dryness of the soil. 690. THERE ARE FOUR GENERAL MODES OF GROWTH and structure, whereby the vegetable kingdom is distinguished into as many great classes, viz.: 140 THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. THE OUTSIDE-GROWERS (ExoGErs), THE INSIDE-GROWERS (ENDOGENS), THE POINT-GROWERS (ACROGENS), THE MASS-GROWERS (THALLOGENS). 691. THE EXOGENOUS STRUCTURE. A cross section of the stem or branch of any dicotyledonous plant (mustard, maple), exhibits zones of different structures, which are distinguished as pith, medullary sheath, wood, and bark. 692. THE PITH occupies the central part of the stem. It consists of parenchyma, is chiefly abundant in herbaceous plants and all young stems. WThen new, it is filled with fluids for the nourishment of the buds until they can make food for themselves. As the plant advances in age, the pith loses its vitality, is filled with air only, is often torn into irregular cavities, or disappears. 693. THE MEDULLARY SIIEATH immediately surrounds the pith. It is a thin, delicate tissue consisting of spiral vessels. It communicates with every bud, and sends off detachments of its vessels to the petioles and veins of every leaf. Its tubes secrete oxygen from carbonic acid or water and convey it to the leaves. 694. THE WOOD consists of pleurenchymla and ducts (~ 666) arranged more or less distinctly in concentric zones or layers. The first or inner layer, together with the medullary sheath and pith, is the product of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year, during the life of the plant. 695. ANNUAL CIRCLES. The ducts are usually first formed and lie in the inner part of the strata next the center, while the wood-fibers are produced toward the end of the season, and deposited in the outer part. The former are distinguished by the large size of their open ends, while the fibers are minute and compact. This circumstance renders the limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross section, and their number, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age of the tree. 696. EXCEPTIONS. There are doubtless some exceptions to this rule. In tropical countries, where there is no distinction of seasons, there may be several zones deposited annually, or on the other hand, several or all the annual layers may be so blended by the uniform mixture of the ducts with the wood-tissue as to be rndistinguishable. The layers of the beet-root are certainly not annual. They seem to correspond with the number of leaf cycles (~ 228). 697. THE ALBURNUM AND DURAMEN —the sap-wood and heart-wood, are well-known distinctions in the wood. The former, named from albus, white, is usually of a light color and softer structure. It is the living part of the wood through whose vessels mainly the sap ascends. 698. How FORMED. The interior layers of the alburnum gradually harden by the deposition of solid matter in their vessels, and the thickening of the cell-walls, until fluids can no longer pass through them. THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 141 Thus the duramzen (durus, hard) is formed of a firm and durable textiure, the only part valued as timber. Its varying colors in cherry, walnut, rose-wood, are well-known. 596 595 595, Cross-sections of an exogenous stem (Elm), of 2 years' growth; 1, pith, 2, 3, annual layers of wood, next the cambium, 4, bark; 595, and endogenous stem (Sorghum or Millet), where there is no distinction of layers. 699. TrHE DUrAMEN IS or NO ACCOUNT IN VEGETATION, and is in this respect dead. Hence it often decays, leaving the trunk hollow, and the tree at the same time as flourishing as ever. 700. TriEu BARE succeeds and replaces the epidermis, covering and protecting the wood. It is readily distinguished into three parts, viz.: The inner, white bark (liber), The middle, green bark (cellular), The outer, brown bark (cortical). The substance of all these is parenchyma and arranged, like the wood, in layers. 701. TEi LIBER or white bark contains scattered bundles of pleurenchyma and cienchyma with its cellular tissue. Its wood-cells are very long (~ 666), called bast-cells, and are strengthened with secondary deposits until quite filled up. Hence the strength and toughness of flax and hemp. The strong material of" Russian matting" is from the liber of the linden-tree, and the " lace" of the South Seas from the lace-bark tree. The liber of other trees is not remarkable for strength. 702. TuE CELLULAR OR GREEN BARK succeeds to the liber. Its tissue resemnbles that of the leaf, being filled with sap and chlorophylle. It grows laterally to accommodate itself to the enlarging circumference of the tree, but does not increase in thickness after the first few years. 703. THE CORTICAL or brown bark. Its color is not always brown, being rarely white (canoe birch), or straw-color (yellow birch), or greenish (striped maple), or grayish (beech, magnolia). Its substance is always cellular tissue, but differing widely in consistency in different species. Its new layers come from within, formed from the green bark, while its older are sooner or later cast off. 142 THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 704. THE CORTICAL LAYERS sometimes accumulate to a considerable thickness (map'le, hickory, oak), but are finally rent and furrowed by the expanding wood. In the cork oak (Quercus suber) they attain an excessive growth, furnishing that useful substance, cork. In birch (Betula papyracea) these layers resemble paper, long abiding by their elasticity the expansion of the trunk. 705. TIE MEDULLARY RAYS (nedulla, pith) are those fine lines which appear in a cross-section passing like radii from the pith to the bark, intersecting the wood and dividing it into wedge-shaped bundles or sectors. They consist of firm plates of parenchyma (imuriform tissue, the cell resembling brick-work) belonging to the same system with the pith. 159 7'106. The medullary rays are no less frequent in - "' __ -their number must increase yearly, and a new set commence with each successive layer, extending I lh'Ai dYcM^o l with those already formed through the subsequent H 1! 4 S11_ layers to the bark, as shown in the diagram. (595.) I =-'1707. THE SILVER GRAIN. In a radial section (597, 598) the medullary rays are more conspicuous as shining plates of a satin-like texture, called the 2I.~, cI I'.1| i 1 silver-grain. quite showy in oak, maple. A tangenooo' A11 I tial section shows their ends in the form of thin'0''[ o~ellipses. 0O2!C d;< I.: IIR 1'1 1?(08. THEY SERVE AS BONDS to combine into one firm body the successive wood layers, and as chan-$ |l nels of communication to and from the bark and I / t"~I~ 111 ~| heart-wood. They also generate, at their outer extremities, the adventitious buds. 597, Wood of Oak; section lon- 709. TEIE CAMBIUTM LAYER. Between the ritudinal, shoovig, nc, medullary liber and the wood there is formed in the raysb;, wood-cells; c, p~orous dncats. spring, at the time of the opening of the buds, a mucilaginous, half-organized 598 layer of matter. Its presence loosens the bark and renders it easily peeled J from the wood. The camnbium is a Y sap solution of the starchy deposits _. of the preceding year, now rapidly --,, being organized into cells. r..l.lllli lill'11 7 l 710. THIS IS THE GENERATIVE LAYER whence spring all the growths of the lig- _! neous system. From this, during each:ijiI,,'l growing season, two layers are developed,::, i. //& one of liber and one of wood both at first l i \'< a cellular mass, but the cells with wonder- I l; ful precision transforming, some into the o I, lri!i;l l slender bast-cells of the liber, some into }[l.,,,,,1 the dotted ducts and fusiform cells of the -"~::1ll ll') wood, some into the muriform tissue of the 598, Wood of Maple; a medullary rays; b ducts; c, wood-colls. THE I.IGNEOUS SYSTEM. 143 medullary rays. Through these latter the quickening influence of the cambium pervades both wood and bark.'711. UNLIMITED GROWVTI- S therefore a characteristic of the exogenous sten: for the yearly increments are added to the outside of the wood, and the bark is capable of expansion by lateral growth to any extents 71]2. THE PECULIAR SECRETIONS OF THE PLANT are generally more abundantly deposited in the bark than in the other parts. Hence the bark is more generally sought for its medicinal and chemical properties. 713. THE ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE. In the cross-section of a mnonocotyledonous stem (corn, palm) there is no visible distinction of bark, wood, pith, or of annual layers of any kind. 714. IT IS COMPOSED Of tissues quite similar to those of the exogenous stem, but very differently arranged. The body of the monocotyledonous stem consists of parenchyma, within which tissue numerous thread-like bundles of woody matter are imbedded. 715. THESE BUNDLES CONSIST EACH OF one or more dotted ducts accompanied by spiral vessels, pleurenchyma, and often cienchyma also, variously arranged in different species. 716. THE FORMATION OF THESE BUNDLES is dependent upon the leaves from which they may severally be traced downwards, first tending toward the interior of the stem, Further on they recurve outward again, and finally terminate near the surface, there interlacing and combining with their fellows and forming an excessively hard but inseparable rind (false bark). 717. CLEAVAGE DIFFICULT. From this entanglement of the fibers the cleavage of endogenous stems is difficult or impossible. In jointed stems (culms) this entanglement occurs only at the nodes (cane, grasses). 718. THE, GROWTHI of monocotyledonous stems thus takes place by the addition of the new wood bundles to the interior of the stem, and hence such plants are called Inside-ryeowers or ENDOGENS. 719. PECIuARXt FORMS of the caudex. The rind of endogenous trees is capable of only a limited expansion. This limit is soonest attained at the base of the stem long before the upper parts cease to enlarge. Consequently such trunks are often seen of equal or greater diameter at the summit than at the base: so the palmetto, corn, bamboo. 720. TIlE ACROGENOUS STRUCTURE iS found in mosses, ferns, and the other higher tribes of the Cryptogamia. The stems advance, beneath or above the ground, full-formed, growing only at the end, hence called facrogens. 721. A CROSS-SECTION of a fern stem shows a body of parenchyma strengthened by an outer zone of fibro-vascular bundles, the whole invested with a sort of bark. The bundles are precisely similar to those found in the petioles, showing that the stem is the aggregate of the unaltered leaf-bases. (600.) 144 I THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM. 599 - 600 b'I c~~llr ass 1,2 3. 722. TIIALLOGENS are the lowest J in the scale of rank having no true axis. 599, Va'ious kinds of vessels in a w ood- an fiber of Basmboo or L'attan. a, Cells of parenh rhymn; b, annular cells; c, spiral vessels; which grows in threads or in mass in d, poos duct; e, wood-cells. all directions The a pparen stem of Tree-s (stipes), if any, support the fructification only (sea-weeds lichens, mushrooms, puffballs, frog-spittle, mildewe). 723. THrE svrucTun or ROOTS presents few deviations fiom that of the stems to which they severl ly belong, being exogenous in Exoogens, endogenous in Enfdogens, etcd In the orircumferen class the central pithe, cecupied mainly by vascular ducts, and the liber, if any, lulas no ast-cells. 601 602 V724. TALL FIBRI arend pileor-.~1.....hiza should, however, he mentioned as peculiar in the s tructure of the 99 Vaios kinds of the young rootlets a wooit h soils. They usually consist of a fiber of Bamboo or single a, Ceells of pren- and n ther thissue epider prmis extended poros ut; e, aood-c seen in figureio 601. The apparent the (stipes), if any, support the fructiiction only(seae absorb, lichens, mushrooms, puff- the growing plant. ba lls725. Tfro-spittle, mi-deE 23. TRE presents croscope shows that the extreme, advancing point of the delicate; growto hich theying fibers is exoenot thrus t naked against the opposing soil, but is covered 601, Extremity of the rootlet of Maple wi ith disappears, its plece being occufibrillm and (s) 2p9leorhise. 602, Two plants of a cap, rhiza, root), which consists of piem mainly (Dby vasculmeat)r ducts, and their liber, older, hardened cells, behind which are formed the new cells. Inthe IuIk-meat the pileorhiza is lengthened into a sheathi 726. THE SANNEER OF GROWTH TIN TH-E ROOT is not like that of strems, by the extension of parts already fo dormednts, but simply by ththe addition ths oat the extension of parts already formed, but simply by the addition of new matter at the STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 145 advancing point. This accounts for the wonderful facility with which it penetrates the soil and finds its way uninjured into the hardest earth. 727. DICTYOGENS. In those few Monocotyledons which bear reticulated leaves (Smilax, Dioscorea), the Dictyogens of Dr. Lindley, the roots exhibit a structure resembling that of exogenous stems, STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 728. NATURE OF THE LEAF. The leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the two outer integuments of the bark, or of the green bark and the epidermis, expanded into a broad, thin surface by a woody framework proceeding from the medullary sheath and the liber. \ i'29. THE FRAMEWORK of veins is therefore fibro-vascular, abounding in spiral vessels, and strengthened with liber. 730. THE PARENCIIYMA exists in two strata more or less distinct. In all those leaves which are ordinarily horizontal in position, one surface being upward and the other downward, these two layers are dissimilar; but in 603 Section ofasten t the o w vith averticallamina(irs),andigin of a leaf; p, cellular, or pith; leaves with a vertical lamina (iris), and in a, vascular, the medullary sheath phyllodia (~ 307) the two layers are similar. sending off a bundle into the leaf-stalk; d, the swelling (pul731. TIm LAYERS DESCRIBED. The superficial layer vinus) just below the articuiaof empty tabular cells, belongs to the epidermis. Next tion of the leaf-stalk (1); b, the beneath this, in the surface on which the sun shines, axillary bud. are one or two layers of oblong cells placed perpendicularly to that surface, and more compact than the cells beneath them, which are pervaded by intercellular passages and by the veins. 732. PLACE OF THIE STOMATA. The stomata as a rule belong to the shaded side of the leaf, avoiding the sun's direct rays. On the sunny side there are few comparatively or none. In the submerged leaves of water-plants the epidermal layer is hardly distinguishable, and is wholly destitute of stomata. In such leaves as float upon water (water lilies) stomata are found in the upper surface alone. 733. THE CHLOROPHYLLE. Within all the vesicles of the parenchyma are seen adhering to the walls the green globules of chlyrophylle, which give color to the leaf-dark green above, where it is more compact, paler beneath, where the cells are more loose and separate. 734. VESSELS of cienchyma pervade the under-layer of parenchyma, returning the elaborated juices through the petiole into the cam. bium layer. 10 146 VEGETATION. 604 7 3 5. THE STRUCTUIRE OF BRACTS, a __sepals, petals, and other organs, 1 which are but modifications of a~j 5b' the leaf, hardly requires a separ-'a~)2o2 ~ ate notice. The same kinds of vessels pervade their parenchyma, but the spiral exist in a larger proportion. In the pistil; the fibrovascular bundles may be traced \, 0 - to the placenta, and thence into'i/ the funiculus and raphe of the ovule. In the more delicate orkti -j j' gans chlorophylle is wanting, and the peculiar coloring, matter of 604, Minute portion of a leaf of Viola tricolol, viewed whatever other tint, is uniformly in perspective, showrincr, ac, cells of epidermis above; diffused through the fluid conb, compact parenchyma of the upper portion of the leaf; c, loose parenchyrna; d, elidermal-cells of the tents of the cells of parenchyma. lower surface with stomata, one cuat and opening into The depth of the tint depends on the intercellnlar passages. (Magnified 100 diameters.) the number of cells thus colored. CHA l APTER V. VEGETATION, OR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT LIFE. 736. NEXT INQUIRIEs. We have now briefly surveyed the mechanism of the plant, both its outward forms and internal structure. We next inquire into the uses of all this wonderful apparatus; what the specific office which each part performs in the economy of the plant? and how do all parts cooperate in the work of living and growing? 731. THIS IS'A SUBJECT OF GREAT EXTENT, and involves many inquiries of deep interest both in science and art, —many inquiries, also, which have never been answered. Our limits confine us to the bare statement of admitted principles, to the exclusion of all speculative discussion.'738. WHAT IS LIFE? This inquiry meets us at the beginning-a problem never solved. The spontaneous action of the plant, the selfdetermined shapes which it assumes, we at once refer to this principle, its vitality; but of the nature of this principle itself we can only say, Is it not a direct emanation from the Supreme Will, the Fountain of all life? 739. VEGETATION IS DOUBTLESS THE LOWEST FORM OF LIFE. It springs directly from inorganic or mineral matter, and is the first step in the organization of mineral matter. Its material is, therefore, mineral matter rendered organic through the vital force. ~EGETATION, OR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT LIFE. 147 740. THE SUBORDINATION OF THE VEGETABLE to the animal kingdom is thus manifest in its being fed and nourished on inorganic matter. It is interposed between these two incompatible extremes, and is ordained to transform the innutritious mineral into the proper and indispensable food of the animal kingdom. 7l41. PARASITIC PLANTS do indeed require the ready organized juices of other plants, just as the carnivora among animals live on flesh. Still the general fact remains, that plants alone feed on inorganic matter, and in turn become themselves the food of the animal kingdom. 742. THE PROCESS OF VEGETATrON consists of imbibing the crude matters of the earth and air, transforming into sap, assimilating to plant juice (latex), and organizing into its own structure according to its own plan. The vital phenomena on which these transformations depend are called absortion, circulation, exhalation, assimilation, secretion, all of which processes take place in the individual cell. Therefore, /q43. CELL-LIFE is an epitome of the life of the whole plant. The cell is never a spontaneous production; it is the offspring of a pre-existing cell. So with the plant; it is always the offspring of a pre-existing embryo or cell. Nothing but a cell can produce or nourish a cell. 744. Two KINDS OF ORGANIC MATTEr make up the cell. The first protoplasmn or pr5oteiz (C40 H,1 O12 Nh), the material of the primordial utricle (. 645), etc., containing nitrogen; 2d, cellulose, (C12 H1t0 o00), the material of the outer wall or crust, etc., containing no nitrogen. The former more nearly resembles animal matter, and is the seat of the vital force and chemical action. 745. WHAT THE CELL IM- 605 606 BIBES. Through the invisible % pores of its walls the cell imbibes the fluid in which its food is dis- 0 solved, viz., sugar or dextrine, ammonia or some other nitrogen- 605, Protococuns viridis, the 606, Penicillum glauous substance. Such a fluid may Green snow-plant. cum, the Yeast-plant. be the flowing' sap of the plant or any similar artificial mixture in which the cell is bathed, as (in the case of the yeast plant) a syrup with mucilage. 746. THE CHEMICAL CHANGES. The sugar is thus brought into contact with the protoplasm in the cell, through whose action it is decomposed and its elements transformed into cellulose and water. Thus each atom of (grape) sugar or dextrine becomes One atom of cellulose, C,2 H1 0,10 and two atoms of water, IT.2 02 C,2 1112 O1,=grape sugar. 148 FERTILIZATION. The water is exhaled with the rest; the cellulose is retained to incrust a new cell as soon as the primordial utricle shall next divide itself to form one. Or it may be deposited as starch granules for future use. 74'7. ACTION OF CHLOROPHI-YLLE. In the cells of green plants the globules of chlorophylle act an important part. Their formation depends upon the decomposition of carbonic acid (CO,), the retention of the carbon, and the exhalation of the oxygen under the stimulus of the light. If the formation of cellulose continue beyond the present need for cell-formation, the excess is deposited in the formn of starch-granules inclosed within the globules of chlorophylle, one in each. 748. DESTINATION OF TIIE STARCH GCRANULES. When the starch granules are redissolved, they go to incrust the next new cell or to form a secondary layer in the old cell; or in autumn they go out into the general circulation and are at length stored up in the buds, the cambium, the roots, ready for an early use the following spring, 749. THE INCREASE OF THE PROTOPLASM fi'Om the decomposition of the ammonia or other nitrogenous compounds present is a more intricate process, but no less evident, and when in excess, this also is deposited in minute globules of gluten, mucus, legurine, chiefly in seeds (wheat, beans, rice), in aid of germination. 50. THE STARCH AiND GLUTEN DEPosITS of the wheat kernel are about sixtyeight and seventeen per cent. The former is found in the interior cells, the latter in the exterior, adjoining the pericarp or bran. In " flouring" some of the gluten adheres to the bran, and some constitutes the coarser meal, all of which is separated by the "bolt." Extra flour must, therefore, necessarily be deficient in gluten, the only element of the wheat which adapts it to the formation of nzuscle. A great error. FERTILIZATION. 751. CAPACITY OF THE CELL. Such being the vital energy of the cell, it is easy to admit the possibility of either its solitary existence as a plant (Protococcus, etc.), or of its associated existence, as in the living tissue of most plants. 752. Two MODES OF CELL-GROWTH. NOW all plants, without exception, do actually commence existence in the state of a simple cell. But while in the lower plants (Cryptogamnia), this simple cell, the plantrudiment is at once discharged, free and independent, to float or grow, in the Phenogamia it is yet a while protected and nourished by other cells,-the cells of the ovule. 753. A DISTINCTION. This primitive cell-plant, after acquiring the requisite means, swells and divides itself into two or more new cells. If these new cells cohere into a tissue assuming a definite form, as in FERTILIZATION. 149 the higher plants, the process is called growth; but if they separate, each one still abiding separate, it is 9reproduction..754. THE EMBRYONIC VESICLE is the expressive name of the embryonic cell of the Flowering Plants. It has its birth in that large cell of the nucleus of the ovule (~ 539) called the embryo sac, and is in some way developed from the cytoblast (~ 655). Inl appearance it may be like other new cells, but in the impulse or instinct with which it is endowed it is immeasurably different. It looks not to the mere continuation of an old series, but is the projector and pioneer of a new. 755. ITS NEW IMPULSE. Before it n can enter upon its course of development so different fiom the destination to of common cells, it must somehow be - quickened and energized with an im.pulse in this new direction. In other words, it must be fertilized,- a process dependent on the pollen grains 156. THE POLLEN TUBE-ITS COURSE, When the pollen falls upon the stigma, it imbibes the saccharine moisture there, expands, and its inner, expansible coat of pro- / toplasm protrudes through the aperture (one or more) of the outer crustaceous coat, in the form of an attenuated tube. This, like a radicle. sinks into the soft tissues of the stigma and style, reaches the ovary, and o there meets and enters the micropyle of t' _ ovule. 15V. Irs CONTENTS, HOW DISCHARGED. 17 At this juncture the ovule has so turned itself, whether orthotropous, anatropous, etc., I as to present the micropyle favorable to this process. The pollen tube makes its way l finally to the nucleus and penetrates to the c embryo sac. Here its growth ceases; its point is applied externally to the sac, sometimes indents it; but (according to the most 607, Section of the ovary of Polygonum observations, Pennsylvanicum, in process of fertilization. accurate observations), does not penetrate (Magnified 20 diameters). c, Natural size. it. During this contact the contents of the n, One of the stamens having discharged its tube pass by absorption into the sac. pollen. t, a grain of pollen and its tube. s,758 GROWT O Styles and stigmas. o, Ovary, ovule, embryo sac containing the embryonic globule. Immediately the embryonic globule, thus, The extremity of a pollen tube is seen in somehow endowed with a new instinct, now contact with the embryo sac. 150 FERTILIZATION. 308 first expands' into a proper cell, and is usually attached to the wall of the sac near the micropyle. It then divides itself transversely, becoming two cells; the upper elongates either with or without subdivision, forming a filament (suspensor); the lower cell enlarges by subdivision, first spherically, and afterwards the little mass begins to take form according to the species, showing cotyledons, plumule, etc., until fully developed into the embryo.'759. SCHLEIDEN'S VIEW. Owing to the extreme difficulty of observation in this minute field, different views of this process have been advanced. That of Schleiden should not be overlooked. Hie maintains that the end of the pollen tube actually penetrates the sac and itself becomes the embryonic cell. The pollen grain is'/?etl in this view the primitive cell, and is itself 60, Gowth of the emryo quickened into development by the contents of 608, Glrowth of tile emlbryo in Iippuris vulgaris. The ferti- the embryo sac. lized cell has divided itself into several, of which e, l, con- 760. FERTILIZATION IN THE CONIFER-E. to severni, of which c, b, constitute the esueeezsooi attached Where no style or stigma exists, as in the Conito the apex of the sac; a, em- fer.l the pollen falls directly into the micropyle bryo dividing into 2, then into 7 rcells. of the naked ovule and its tubes settle into the tissue of the nucleus. 761. CHEMICAL CHANGES in germina- 609 tion. The ovule matures with the cornm- B *d pletion of the embryo, andc passes into the fixed state of the seed in which the embryo sleeps. A store of nutritive matter, starch, gluten, etc., is thoughtfully provided in the seed for the use of the young plant in germination, until its root has gained fast hold of the soil. 762. \THE CHANGES WHICH OCCUR IN A THE SEED at the reconmmencement of G09, Ovule of Viola tricolor, showing growth, are simply such as are requisite the process of fertilization according to to reduce its dry, insoluble deposits to a the views of Schleiden. p, Pollen; t, tube, r, raplie; c, chalaza; b, primine; solution which shall contain the proper a, secundine; it, nucleus; s, sac which materials for cell-formation or growth; the tube appears to have penetrated. that is, gluten and other nitrogenous matters, oil, starch, etc., are to be changed to diastase, the same as yeast, and dextrine, the same as gum or grape sugar. RIPENING OF FRUITS. 151 763. THE PROCESS. To this end water and oxygen are absorbed, the gluten begins decomposition, forming yeast; fermentation ensues; heat is produtced by the slow combustion of the carbon with oxygen forming and evolving carbonic acid, by which process some of the oil and starch is destroyed, while another portion gains water and turns to sugar. All this within the cells of the seed. RIPENING OF FRUITS. 764. In the pericarps of most fleshy fruits (grape, pear, apple, peach, strawberry), sugar exists before germination, ready formed in the process of ripening. 765. How THE FRUIT GRows. In its earliest stages the pericarp consisted of a structure similar to that of green leaves, composed of parenchyma, pleurenchyma, vessels, and epidermis with stomata. Its distended growth afterwards results from the accumulation of the flowing sap, which here finds an axis incapable of extension. Thus arrested in its progress, it gorges the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by exhalation, assimilated by their green tissues, which still perform the office of leaves. Cell-formation goes on rapidly within, and the excess of cellulose is deposited in the cells as starch. Oxygen is usually absorbed in excess, acidifying the juices. 766. HI-ow IT RIPENS. After the fruit has attained its full growth, the process of ripening commences, during which the pulp becomes gradually sweetened and softened chiefly by the change of the starch into more or less of soluble sugar. 767. HONEY. In the same way we account for the production of honey in the flower. Copious deposits of starch are provided in the receptacle and disc (~ 446). At the opening of the flower, this is changed to sugar to aid in the. rapid development of those delicate organs which have no chlorophylle wherewith to assimilate their own food. The excess of sugar flows over in the form of honey. 768. THE WISE ECONOMY OF THIE HONEY is seen in fertilization. For, attracted by it, the insect enters the flower, rudely brushes the pollen from the now open anthers, and inevitably lodges some of its thousand grains upon the stigma! 169. EXPERIMIENT IHAS PROVED that in all these cases of the formation of sugar from starch oxygen is absorbed and carbonic acid evolved,-a process which we might expect, since starch (Cl: EHIo 0lo) contains proportionably more carbon than sugar (Cl 212 012) contains. It is probable that these two phenomena in vegetation are always co-existent. 152 ABSORPTION. CHAPTER VI. ~ 1. ABSORPTION. 770. OFFICE OF THE ROOT. The absorption of liquids, containing in solution the food of the plant, is the peculiar and indispensable office of the root, as may be shown by an 771. EXPERIMENT. Take a small growing plant from the earth and immerse it by its roots, which should be nearly or quite entire, in a cup containing a definite quantity of Water. Place near it another cup with a like quantity of water to indicate the amount of evaporation. The difference of the diminution in the two cups will be the amount of absorption. A plant of spearmint has thus been found to absorb more than twice its own weight per day. Every one is familiar with the rapid disappearance of water from the roots of potted plants, as Hydrangea, Oleander. 772. THE ABSORBENTS. An impervious epidermis destitute of stomata everywhere clothes the roots, excepting its fibrillse and the tender extremities of the rootlets.,No part, therefore, is capable of absorption except the latter. But these, by their multiplied numbers, present an adequate absorbing surface to the soil. 773. EXPERIMENT. Let a growing radish be placed in such a position that only the fibrils at the end may be immersed in water; -it will continue to flourish. But if the root be so bent that the fibrils shall remain dry while the body of the root only is immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will again revive if the fibrils be again immersed. 774. INFERENCE. Hence, in transplanting a tree almost the only danger to its life arises from the difficulty of preserving a sufficient number of these rootlets. 775. THE FORCE WITH WHICH PLANTS ABSORB FLUIDS by their roots is surprisingly great, as sllown by 776. EXPERIMENT. If the stem of a grape-vine be cut off when the sap is ascending, and a bladder be tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days become distended with sap even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercurial gauge to a vine thus severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal to twenty-six inches of mercury, or thirteen pounds to the square inch. 777. BUT WHAT CAUSES THIS absorption of fluids in a direction contrary to gravitation? In explanation of this phenomenon reference has been made to two well-known principles in physics, viz., to capillary attraction by the tubular vessels and to endosmose by the closed cells, which are far more numerous. 778. EXPERI-MENT. Invert the end of several open thermometer tubes in a colored liquid. It will be seen rising in the tubes above its level, to various heights-highest in the smallest calibre. 779. Exe. Suspend a napkin in such fashion that its lowest corner shall dip into a cup of water. In a few hours the water will have ascended into the napkin. These are results of capillary attraction. ABSORPTION. 153 780. Exr. Throw dried prunes, currants, or raisins into water. After a while they will have become swollen and distended with fluid. Now place them in strong syrup; they will again shrink. 781. EXP. Attach a bladder filled with syrup to a long glass tube, and immerse in water. The water flows in and the mixture arises slowly but forcibly in the tube. Reverse the liquids. Pure water from within the bladder will flow into syrup without. The former is a case of endosmose (ivdov, inwards, uld, to seek), the latter of exosmose (gd, outwards). 182. DIRECTION OF THE CURRENTS. The flow will continue until the two fluids are equal in density. In both cases there is also a flowing of syrup into the water, but the greater flow is always froom the lighter into the denser fluid. 183, THE FORCE OF ENDOSMOSE is found to depend upon the excess in density of the inner fluid. Syrup, with the density of 1.3, caused a flow of water with an upward pressure of 4 atmospheres (DItrochiet). The great force with which the capsule of the squirting cucumber (~ 606) bursts shows the power of endosmose. But a more probable theory is stated in ~ 7'91. 7 84. THE USE OF ABSORPTION in the vegetable economy is not merely the introduction of so nmuch water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth the elements of its food held in solution, whether gaseous or earthy. In attaining this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a certain power of, selection or choice which we can not explain. Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil withi the pea, the former will select the silica along with the water which it absorbs in preference to the lime; the pea selects the lime in preference to the silica. Buckwheat will take chiefly magnesia, cabbage and beans, potash. This fact shows the importance of the rotation of crops in agriculture. 785. OTHER MEANS OF ABSORPTION. The office of absorption is not performed by the root alone. Every green part, but especially the leaf, is capable of absorbing gases and watery vapor. 7'86. PRooFs. Every one knows how greatly plants, when parched and withered by drought, are revived by a shower which sprinkles their leaves without reaching their roots. Air plants or epiphites (~ 143),' such as thq long-moss alnd Epidendrum, must rely on this source chiefly for the supply of their food; and when the dissevered stems of such plants as the houseleek grow without roots, suspended by a thread in air, it is evident that all their nourishment comes through their leaves. CIRCULATION. 787. TENDENCY OF THE FLOW. Tile fluids which are thus taken into the system by absorption can not remain inactive and stagnant. As their inward flow is regular and constant in its season, so must be their upward and outward flow, inl a course more or less direct, toward the parts where they find an outlet or a permanent fixture. 788. Is THOSE CRYPTOGAMS which are composed of cellular tissue alone the circulation of the sap consists only of a uniform diffusion from cell to cell throughout the mass, as through a sponge.'789. IN THE HIGHER PLANTS, the different tissues perform appropriate 154 CIRCULATION. offices in the circulation, some conducting upward, some downward, some conveying the crude sap, some latex, and some air. 790. AIR-VESSELS. Spiral vessels and others of the trachenchyima are generally filled with air, and take no part in the circulation of fluids, except in the spring, when the whole system is gorged with sap. The intercellular passages, also, generally circulate air alone. 791. THE MOVING FORCE. From the roots the newly absorbed fluidflows upward through the stems and branches, toward the buds, leaves, and flowers, being probably drawn thither into them by the exhalation and consequent exhaustion there going on. 792. THROUGH WHAT TISSUE. The tissue of the stem and branches through which the ascending sap loves chiefly to travel is the pleurenchyma-those long cells of the wood fiber, whether arranged in broad layers, as ill the Exogens, or scattered in slender bundles, as in the Endogens. 793. THROUGH WHICH LAYERS. And when the stem grows old, the sap ceases to traverse the inner layers, —the duramen, where its passage becomes obstructed by thickened cell walls, and frequents only the outer newer layers,-the alburnum, next adjoining the, liber. 494. THIE CRUDE SAP. The fluid which thus flows upward seeking the leaves consists largely of water, is colorless, and is called the crude sap. It contains in solution minute quantities of gases and mlineral salts, imbibed by the roots, together with dextrine and sugar (no starch) which it dissolved out of the cells on its way. This is the fluid which flows so abundantly from incisions made in trees in early spring. 795. THE OVERFLOW Or THE SAP depends upon the excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and the consequent cessation of exhalation, the rootlets, being' deep in the ground, below the influence of frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumulation of sap in the system, even in the air-vessels and spaces, takes place. Also in early spring,'before the leaves are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap, which will burst forth from incisions, as in the sugar maple, or sometimes spontaneously, as in the grape. As soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers, the overflow ceases. 796. THE TRUE SAP. Throughout its whole course to the leaves the sap gains in density by solution. There arrived, it loses by exhalation a large part of its water, gains additional carbon, and undergoes other important chemical changes (hereafter to be noticed), and becomes the true sap, dense and rich, both in nutritive matter for the immediate growth and in special products for the future nourishment of the plant. 79'7. RETURNING, the true sap distributes its treasures in due and exact proportion as needed to every organ. Its course lies in the tissues of the barik, cellular and woody, first distributed over the under surface CIRCULATION. 155 of the leaves, thence by the leaf-stalks into the liber, and so pervading all, down to the extremities of the roots. 798. ON ITS PASSAGE IT MAKES DEPOSITS Of food, first in the cells, of the pith at the base of every incipient bud; then in the cambium region a copious store; next in the medullary rays a due portion, some carried outward for the supply of the cortical layer, and some inward for solidifying the wood; and lastly, the residue, often the richest legacy of all, falls to the root, and fills every branch and fiber; however vast its extent. This last deposit is that which is first met and dissolved by the rising tide of fluid in the following spring. 799. GROWTrI PROGRESSES DOWNWARD. Since the flowing of the true elaborated sap is downward, it scarce admits of a doubt that the progress of the growth is also downward, from the leaves to the roots. And on no other supposition can we account for the results of the following 800. EXPERIMEENT. Girdle an exogenous tree by removing an entire ring of its bark. It will flourish still during one growing season, and form a new layer of wood and bark everywhere above the wound, as before, but not at all below. The next season the tree will die. Why? Because the true sap returning can not descend to nourish the roots. 801. ExP. If a ligature be bound firmly around a stem (so. of silver-leaf poplar) its growth is checked below, while the part just above will exhibit, after a year or two, a circular swelling evidently caused by the interruption of the descending sap. 802. Exp. If a chip be cut from the trunk, the wound heals evidently from the upper side. 803. Exp. Cut off the top of a branch just below a leaf. The upper remaining internode will perish. It has no leaf above it to send down its food. 804. ExP. Girdle carefully the stem of a potato-plant. No tubers will be formed below. And, again, girdle a fruit tree, and the fruit will for once be increased in amount. 805. In A FEW INSTANCES TREESa IAVE SURVIVED THE GIRDLING PROCESS. In such cases the medullary rays complete the broken currents. The descending sap, on arriving at the ring, flows inwardly by the medullary rays, making a circuit, and appears again in the bark below the interruption. 806. ROTATION. Beside this general circulation of fluids rising and falling from extremity to extremity, there is also a special circulation going on pretty constantly in each new cell, called rotation. 807. ROTATION is a flowing of the protoplasm in slender and devious currents on the inner surface of the primordial utricle, rendered perceptible by the opaque particles floating in it. The cytoblast also partakes of the movement. It is well observed in the hairs of Tradescantia, leaves of Vallesneria, and especially in the stems of Chara, where the current expands into an entire revolving layer of protoplasm. It is a vital movement, 156 RESPIRATION. TRANSPIRATION. 808. TRANSPIRATION relates to that important office performed by the leaves and other green organs, whereby pure water is separated from the crude sap and given off into the air. It takes place chiefly through the stomata, and is greatest by day and in a warm, dry atmosphere. 809. UPON THE ACTIVITY OF TRANSPIRATION DEPENDS also the amount of absorption. It not only makes room for the fluids from below to enter, but by disturbing their equilibrium, it creates an upward tendency, as the flame of a lamp draws the fluid up the wick. All the mineral and organic constituents of the sap are of course left in the plant. 810. THE QUANTITY OF PURE WATER TRANSPIRED by plants is immense. A forest makes a clamp atmosphere for miles around. Dr. Hales, in a series of instructive experiments in transpiration, ascertained that a sunflower three and a half feet high, with a surface of 5,616 square inches, transpired from 20 to 30 oz. in twelve hours; a cabbage, 15 to 25 oz. in the same time-equal to the transpiration of a dozen laboring men. We may easily 811. EXPERIMENT with a-single leaf recently plucked, say of Podophyllum. Insert its petiole in a narrow-mouthed goblet of water, and around it fill the mouth with dry cotton to restrain evaporation. Over the whole place a bell-glass and expose to the sunshine. The vapor transpired will condense on the bell-glass, equaling (save the solid matters) the loss in the goblet. RESPIRATION. 812. RESPIRATION ill plants refers to their relations to the atmosphere. So in animals. These relations are in either case vitally important. 813. EXPERIMENT. Place a small, healthy potted plant (sc. Geranium, Mimosa) under the receiver of an air-pump, and thoroughly exhaust the air. At once every vital process ceases-no absorption, no assimilation, no irritability, but speedily de cay ensues. A vacuum would be no more fatal to a sparrow. Air is quite as necessary to the one as to the other. 814. ILLUSTRATION. So also when only the roots are excluded from the air by being buried deeply in an embankment, the tree suffers injury and perhaps perishes. 815. RESPIRATION IN PLANTS, OR AERATION (as sometimes called) consists of all those operations by which the sap is brought into contact with the air or subjected to its influence. It occurs in the intercellular passages, in the spiral vessels everywhere, but especially in the leaves and all other organs which have chlorophylle and stomata. 816. THE VITAL IMPORTANCE OF RESPIRATION is seen in the vast extent of the respiratory apparatus, consisting of millions of leaves and billions of breathing pores (stomata) and trachese (vessels)! 817. THE FACTS connected with respiration, which seem to have been well established by the experiments of Saussure, Garreau, Moue, Draper, etc., are these: RESPIRATION. 157 1. Carbonic acid (C 0) is absorbed by the leaves and all green tissues, under the direct solar light. 2. Oxygen (0) is absorbed by the leaves and all green tissues in the absence of direct solar light, and by the roots, flowers, fruits, and germinating seeds at all times. 3. The oxygen thus absorbed unites with some of the free (or nascent) carbon already in the tissues, and forms carbonic acid. 4. By a process of assimilation (~ 747) carbonic acid within the green tissues, from whatever source derived, is decomposed under the direct sunshine, and its carbon is retained; but.5. Its oxygen is set free and exhaled. 6. Carbonic acid is exhaled by the leaves and all the green tissues in the absence of the sunshine, and by all other parts (root, flowers, fruit, and germinating seeds) at all times. Hence it appears that there are 818. Two PHASES of aerial action constantly performed and seemingly opposed to each other. One dependent wholly upon the clear sunshine, in which, by the leaves, etc., C O~ is absorbed, decomposed, and O returned to the atmosphere; the other, in which 0 is absorbed, and C ~o exhaled, by the leaves in the absence of sunshine, and by all other parts (roots, flowers, etc.) at all times. Both are equally and vitally important. 819. THE FORMER PROCESS BECOMES VISIBLE to the eye by the rapid development of chlorophylle accompanying it, the latter by its gradual loss. Hence, during a protracted season of cloudy weather vegetation grows sensibly paler, but a few hours of sunshine restores the green to its wonted depth and richness. 820. BLANCHED PLANTS. Hence, also, plants growing in constant darkness and shade, as potatoes in the cellar, are very pale, and manifest their affinity for light by stretching themselves with famishing eagerness towards the slender sunbeam which gains admittance. Analysis shows structures thus grown to be deficient in carbon. We may easily repeat the 821. EXPERIaMENT OF SAUSSURE. Place a quantity of freshly gathered leafy stems under a bell-glass full of rain-water, and thus expose them to the sun. Soon bubbles of gas arise and slowly collect above, pure'oxygen gas, as long ago proved by Dr. Priestly. 822. REPEAT THE EXPERI3IENT with boiled or distilled water, and no oxygen will appear. Rain-water contains C O2 in solution, boiled water does not. The 0 trust therefore have come from the C 02 as would appear. 823. EXPERIMENT. Inclose air-tight in a glass globe the end of a leafy branch, without severing it from the tree. Thus it has been found by careful analysis after a day of sunshine that the proportion of 0 was increased at the expense of C 0O within the globe; and vice versa by night or in the shade. 824. THE RESULTS of both transpiration and respiration, as concerns the plants, tend to concentrate the diluted sap by the elimination of the 158 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. water, which served merely for its conveyance, and to assimilate it into food capable of being organized into cells and their various contents. And it is proper in this place also to notice the effects of this vast machinery upon the constitution of the atmosphere and its relation to the animal kingdom. 825. CARBONIC ACID gas is dissolved in the atmosphere and somewhat uniformly diffused throughout its whole extent in the proportion of about 4 parts in 10,000, or 2-'5. This gas flows, and is ever flowing into the air from decaying animal and vegetable substances, from combustion, and from the breath of all living animals. The quantity thus added to the atmosphere annually is estimated at 100 billions lbs., or nearly one tenth of the whole amount of carbon, and yet it does not accumnzdct be. 826. TrEi DEMAND AND SUPPLY. Were we able to compute in pounds the annual growth of the entire plant world, and the proportion of solid carbon which enters into that anount, we should doubtless find that the grand total of the demand equals this grand total supply. A POISONOUS ATMOSPHIERE. And further; not only are the necessities of the plant met by this wonderful circulation, but the necessities of animal existence also. Carbonic acid is poisonous, and should it be left to accumulate unchecked, it would gradually corrupt the air, and within a few centuries extinguish all animal life. 828. ANIMALS AND PLANTS MUTUALLY DEPENDENT. Thus are the two kingdoms of the organic world mutually, through the inorganic, dependent upon each other. The plant furnishes the oxygen which the animal consumes, the animal the carbonic, acid which the plant consumes, while each would perish in an atmosphere of its own production. "Great and marvelous are thy works, 0 Lord of Hosts! in wisdom bast thou made them allo." CHAPTER VII. REVIEW.OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 829. Tu-IE FOUR ORGANOG-ENS. It has already appeared in the preceding chapters that plants consist chiefly of four simple organic elements, viz.: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. The first exists in a larger proportion, the last in a smaller than either of the others. Unitedly these four elements constitute about 94 per cent. of all vegetable matter. REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 109 830. CARBON (essentially charcoal) enters so largely into the composition of plants that it retains generally the exact form and texture of the wood after the other elements have been expelled by heat. On this element chiefly depends the solidity and strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. Nitrogen, although equally essential, is less abundant in the tissues, and exists largely only in certain vegetable products. as gluten, albumen, casein, theine. 831. OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN exist in plants combined with other elements, and also combined with each other forming water, especially in all fresh green vegetable matter. The water is expelled by drying, and the following table shows, in a few cases, the proportion for each 100 lbs. Peas lose of water.......... 8 lbs. Apples and pears........... 83 lbs. Wheat.................... 14 lbs. Red beet................. 85 lbs. Rye and oats.............. 15 lbs. Strawberries and gooseberries. 90 lbs. Wheat straw.............. 26 lbs. Turnips................... 93 lbs. Potatoes about............ 75 lbs. Watermelons................ 95 lbs. 832. EARTtHY ELEMENTS. Besides these four universal elements, many other substances, earthy and mineral, are found in quantities greater or less, in different species. Thus forest-trees and most inland plants contain potassa; marine plants, soda, iodine; the grasses, silex, phosphate of lime; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate of lime; leguminous plants, carbonate of lime; the Cruciferoe, sulphur, etc. 833. THE PROPORTION OP EARTIIY MATTER is small and may be estimated from the ashes. As drying expels the water, so burning expels all other organic elements, and the inorganic earthy, whatever they be, remain in the form of ash. The following table from Bousingault is instructive on this point. Wheat Oats, Grain. { Straw. Grain. Straw.;4 | u Carbon... 46.1 48.4 50.7 50.1 46.5 49.4 458 42.9 44.0 Hydrogen.. 5.8 5.3 6.4 5.4 6.1 i 5.8 5.0 1 5.6 5.8 Oxygen.... 43.4 38.95 36.7 39.0 z40.1 i 35.0 38.7 42.2 |4.7 Nitrogen.... 2.3.35 2.2.4 4.2 1 7.0 1.5 1 1.5 1 Asl........ 4 7. 4. 5.1 3.1 2.8 9.0 7. 4.0 100 100] 100 100 100 1 00 100 100 00 00 834. AGRICULTURAI CHEMISTRY. Since all these elements are found in plants, we infer them to be essential ingredients il the food which they require for healthy vegetation; and an inquiry into the sources from which they may be supplied constitutes the chief object of Agricultural Chemistry. 835. THE FOOD OF PLANTS is air, earth, and water. It is evident that plants do not create a particle of matter, and therefore do not originate in themselves any of the elements which compose them. Consequently they must obtain them from sources without. Carbon is derived from the carbonic acid contained in the atmosphere, and from the decaying vegetable matter of the soil. Oxygen is derived from the 160 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. water and from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere; hydrogen from water and ammonia, and nitrogen from ammonia and nitric acid, drawn either from the atmosphere or the soil. 836. THE ATnMOSPHERE CONTAINS about'-5 part of carbonic acid, diffused through, out its whole extent; and as this gas contains 27 per cent. of carbon, it is demonstrable that the whole atmosphere contains more than 600 billions (600,000,000,000) of tons of solid carbon, derived from the sources already mentioned (~ 835),an amount fully adequate to the demands of the vegetable kingdom. 837. SOTL consists of two classes of materials, viz.: mineral, and organic. The former, called earths, consists of disintegrated and pulverized rocks, including all the various mineral substances which are found to enter into the composition of plants, as potassa, soda, silica, lime, etc., all of which are more or less soluble in water. The organcic materials consist of the remains of former tribes of plants and animals mingled with the earths; and which, having access to the air, are decomposed, evolving carbonic acid and ammonia both to the air and the water. 838. WABTE is composed of oxygen and hydrogen (El O) in the proportion of 8 to 1 by weight, or one atom of each to each. Having pervaded the atmosphere in the state of vapor and rain, and percolated through the soil, it holds in solution carbonic and nitric acids, ammonia, and many of the various minerals above mentioned. 839. AMMONIA consists of nitrogen and hydrogen combined in the proportion of one atom of the former to three of the latter (N 113). It arises from decaying animal and vegetable matter, as above stated, and is diffused through the atmosphere in the proportion of about 1 part in 10,000. 840. NITRIC ACID is also believed to yield nitrogen to plants. It consists of one atom of nitrogen to five of oxygen (N 0 3). During thunder-storms it is generated in the air by lightning and brought down by rain. When combined with the bases, as potassa, soda, etc., it forms nitrates-substances known to be efficient fertilizers in soils. 841. AIR PLANTS. Thus it appears that water, carbonic acid maid ammonia (or nitric acid) may yield to plants their four essential organic elements. And since all of them are contained in -the atmosphere, some plants are capable of subsisting on air alone (long moss, lichens); but most species are dependent on water, earth, andair, and demand a copious supply. 842. TIHE EXTERNAL CIRCUMSTANCES, therefore, first requisite to healthy vegetation are, —1, free access to an atmosphere which is often agitated by winds; 2, a proper supply of rain or river water; 3, a soil possessing the peculiar minerals required by the species to be grown upon it, together with a certain proportion of vegetable mold. 843. THE SUPPLY. The first of these is everywhere abundantly supplied by nature, and asks no aid from man. The second and third are often deficient, and are to be supplied by the labors of agriculture. By irrigatioo n streams of water are turned from their natural channels to add to the scanty moisture of fields parched with drought; by drainage the inundated bog is converted into a luxuriant lawn. 844. TiHE OBJECT O TILLAGE is to pulverize and lighten the too compact soil; and thus expose every part to the oxygen of the air in order to hasten its decomposition. Saubsoiting, or deep ploughing, is an operation whereby that stratum of earth REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION,. 161 which lies just below the ordinary soil is moved and subjected to atmospheric influence. The subsoil, with less organic matter, contains often soluble fertilizing earths which may thus be rendered available for the use of plants. S45. TIIE OBJECT OF bIANURING is mainly to increase the quantity of organic matter, or to restore to the soil those qualities which have been taken away by the crops. By'various amendments (as gypsum, lime, charcoal) ammonia is strongly attracted from the air and yielded again to vegetation. Marl promotes the decomposition of the soil, and ashes add to the potassa-a substance which also exists naturally in soils, being derived from the decomposition of the rocks which contain it, as granite, clay-slate, basalt, etc. 846. BONE MIANURE is rich in the phosphates indispensable in the formation of albumine, gluten, and other blood-making qualities of fruits. The mineral phosphate of lime, bone-chalk, etc., are of the same nature. 847. GUANO is a manure whose great value depends upon its abundan-t nitrates and ammoniacal salts. It is the excrement of sea-fowl which has for ages accumulated in vast deposits on certain coasts and islands of South America and Africa. 848. FALLOW GROUTND. Soils arc often imnproved by lying fallow for a season, thus allowing time to form, by decomposition, a fresh supply of that particular ingredient which had been exhausted by previous (crops. On the same principle is explained the beneficial effects of a rotation of such crops as require different mineral substances in their composition. 8-19. LIGHT AND HEAT. After all these materials have been supplied to the plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the great work of vegetation will not go on. These life-givinlg principles are light and heat, both of which emanate in floods from the sun. Under their influence the raw nmaterial is received into the vessels of the plant and assimilated to its own substance-a process which can be fully comprehended only by I-IM whose power is adequate to carry it on. 850. DIGESTION. Under the influence of solar light and a temperature above the freezing point, water holding various earths in solution is imbibed by the roots and raised into the tissues of the stem, dissolving as it passes small portions of gum or sugar previously deposited there. In this state it is crude sap. Passing on it enters tha loaves, and is there subjected to the action of the chlorophylle (~ 651) which chiefly constitutes the apparatus of digestion. Here it is concentrated by transpiration, sending off quantities of pure water. tMeanwhile the leaves are imbibing carbonic acid from the air, decomposing it, retaining the carbon, and returning pure oxygen. Thus elaborated, the sap is now called 851. THE PROPER JUICE, consisting evidently of carbon and mwater, with a little nitrogen. and minute portions of the mineral substances mentioned above. From this, the vital fluid, are elaborated the building material of the vegetable fabric, and all its various products and secretions. 852. PROTEIN, OR PROTOPLASMr, the substance of the primordial utricle, analogous in composition to the living tissues of animals, and containing nitrogen, is organized, filrst of all, from this vital fluid. Cellulose (or lignin) next, the peculiar principle of vegetable tissue, whether cellularl, vascular, or woody, consisting of carbon with the 11 162 REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. exact elements of water, viz., Cl2 Hio Olo. Then, through the action of light, chlo-.ophylle springs into being, clothing the plant in living green. Meanwhile 853. GUM, STARCH AND SUGAR, nutritive products common to all plants, are also developed from the proper juice-not all to be immediately employed in building up the tissues, but mostly to be stowed away in reserve for future use. Such deposits are made in the root of the beet, tuber of the potato, and in the fiuit generally. These three products, with cellulose, are all composed of carbon and the elements of water, often in identical proportions; thus cane sugar is C12 H12 O012; grape sug?,r, C1u lii 0n1; gum, C1 Hilo Olo; starch, C12 Hi1o 0o; cellulose, C1 Hl10 O10. 854. SUGAR IS SOMETI.MES PRODUCED DIRECTLY from the proper juice; as in the root of'beet, stalk of maize, and sugar-cane; but oftener, during germination, from the starch deposited in the seed. Its composition, as seen above, differs from that of starch only in containing a larger proportion of the elements of wtater or (what is the same) a smaller proportion of carbon. As starcl is insoluble, its transformation into soluble gum or su-gar is needful to render it available for th! nutrition of the growing embryo. 855. TiTE FACILITY WITI WHI-IICII TIEESE FIVE GENERAL PIODUCTS ARE CONV'ERTED INTO EACII OTHER, both in the growing plant and in the laboratory of the chemist, is accounted for by the simiilarity of their chcmical condition. Thus starch, gum and cellulose may reconvert merely by some change in the arrangement of their constituent atoBms, or they may becorme sugar by the addition of one or two atoms of water. 856. AMIoONGc TIME NUMEROUS SECRETIONS of plants, wlhich our limits forbid us to consider, are the vegetable acids containing more oxygen proportionately than.exists in water; the oily acids, resins and oils, containing less oxygen than exists iin water, or none at all. These substances vary in the dilferent species almost to infinity, taking into their constitution, in addition to the four olganogels, iminuto portions of the mineral substances introduced by rain and river water. Their pecu]iarities of odor, flavor, color, properties, etc., although so obvious to the senses, are occasioned by differences of constitution often so slight as to elude thile most delicate tests of the chemist. 857. THEE FOLLOWIN-G TABL'E CONTAINS examples of theo various classes of secretions, arrangoed in reference to their relative proportion of oxSygen:CLASS. NA.MOE AND SOURCE. PORaMa'A. iO:alic, Leaves of rlhubarb, sorrel, etc. C 04 Thepropor^ iitric, Fruit of the Orangeworts.......... O14 tionf o. IMallic, Apples and many fruits,........... Cs HG 01 gen to hyI t-'lTartaric, Juice of grapes................. Cs 012 drogen is.: - 1Gallic, Nuttgalls...................... C14 greaterthan [Tannic Astringent barks, nut.galls........ Cs Os ater. | i ieconic, Juice of the Poppyworts,....... Ci [ 0Ii4w t |.~~ Grape sugar. Grapes, raisins, honey,....1 Cl -I12 1 Te012 oxygen 1 proportion~-! ~ 4= Cane sugar. Maple, maize, sorghumn...... 12 111 0l ed to hy7 Starch. In all plants,................... 1 C12 Io Oo 010 droge e m, Gum, mucilage. Common,............. 12 E10 010 in water. Cellulose. Substance of cellular membranel 012 Hil 01o REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION. 163 CLASS. NAMiE AND SOURCE. F'OR MULA. A, bD!Phloridein. Bark of cherry, apple, etc.,... C12 H? 06 Oxygen in Slicine. Bark of willow,.............. C13 9 popotion [ Populine. Bark of aspen (Populus).....i. C2l Hil 0s N i.econine. Juice of poppy,..............C 10 04 z~' Alizarine (Turkey red). Madcler......... IC37 111 0 Oao water. Oil of anise. Pimpinella anisum,......... C16 Hs 04 Oil of cinnamon. Laurus cinnamomum,. C Hs 02 Oxygen in a Oil of clover. Caryophyllus aromaticus, C24 H.15 05 dininished 1'Oil of sassafras. Laurus sassafras,........ Ci H5 02 oj ~ Oil of peppermint. Mentha piperita..... C24 H20 02 [ Oil of valerian. Valeriana officinlis,..... H 02 c Valerie acid. Root of valerian.......C... HI Is-10 04 In this seEnanthylic. Castor-oil nut,........... C14 H14 04 es the proo. Pelargonic. Rose geranium,............Cs Hs 4 portion of. O Lauric. Laurus nobilis,................ 4 H24 04 oxygen o yristic. Nutmegs................. 23 H2s 04 regularly B1ehumIC..............iminishes. Cmho. L r cm. 0 H..... 02 i 10phony, or resin of pine, etc..........C20 H1 02 Resl of Cop aiva. Copaifera,...... 1....10 1 ery little Resin of Mastic, Pistacialenltiscus,.....C40 a31 0 oygel Te a I i;esill of Copal. lIyllmlnxa etc.,......... H ainin dr-. l ) Carnphor. Laurus camphora............Co H, O 2 T, Teorneo camphor. Dryobalanops. C.o Hi0s NO4 Oil ofttlrplentine. Pines................ C5 I-I4 Calrbo-hyNBeriaot. A variety of orange,....... C 114 drogens, B BlaC k pepper. Piper nigrlumn........... Ci iSomC, oo!i(Jal~L~- [destitute of O o Juniper, savine. Junipers,............ ygen. Parsley, cubebs, etc.,.................. C5 H4 s o haini de. Preruvd n bark,............... CSI 22 C 34 N 2 o xygenless Oi' oi f o grphine. Opium, poppy,.............. C3 Ho1 OS N than ydroTheine. Leaves of tle tea-plant,.. lC o 4 N4 gen. _. _.......,Nicotine. Tobacco (Nicotiana).......... PC r H14 N2 Oxygen on Coneine. e iernlock (Conium), P.......... C1 H1S N none. 0Oi of mustard. Sinapis nigra,......C1G 15 N S2 Oen O 1 il of horse-radishl. Cochlearia,........ C1G t5 N S2 none. |Oil of garlic. Alliumr sativum,..........C 5 S o |Protein. Prirmordial utricle,.............Cso 25 Olio N4 =Pr.' ~ Gluten. The cereal grains,.............. 10 Pr+S b casein. ILeguminous seeds,...........10 lO Pr+P+S iAlbumen. Many seeds,................10 Pr+P 2 S PART THIRD. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. CHAPTER I. OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 858. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY relates to the arrangement of plants into groups and families, according to their characters, for the purpose of facilitating the study, of thleir names, affinities, habits, history, properties and uses. 859. IN THIS DEPARTMENT, the principles of Structural and Physiological Botany are applied and broug'ht into practical use in the discritmination of the diCerelt; groups, and the limitation of their characters. Besides the immediate uses of Systematic Botany in the determination of species and kinds, as above stated, it accomplishes 860. ANOTHERE PURPOSE OF STILL HIGHER IMPORT. It aids us ixn studying plants as related to each other, and constituting one great adn'd glorious system. It shows us the Almighty Creator at once employed in the mninutest details andc upon the boundless whole, equally attentive to the perfection of the individual in itself, and to the completeness of the grand system, of which it forms a necessary part. 861. TmEE SUBJECT OF GREAT EXTENT. The study of classification introduces the botanist into an extensive field of inquiry. The subjects of his research meet him at every step). They clothe the hill a-nd plain, the mountain and valley. They spring up in the hedges and by the way side. They border the streams and lakes and sprinkle over their surfaces; they stand assembled in vast ferests, and cover with verdure even the depths of the ocean. Now, with each individual of this vast kingdom the botanist proposes to acquaint himself; so that he shall be able readily to recognize its name, and all that is either instructive, interesting, or useful concerning it, whenever and wherever it is presented to his view. 862. TnE WRONG WAY TO STUDY. NOW it is obvious that if the student should attempt the accomplishment of this labor by studying each and every individual plant in detail, whether with or without the aid of books, the longest life would scarcely suffice him for making a good beginning. 13ut such an attempt would be as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author of Nature has grouped these myriads of individuals into OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 165 863. SPECIES (~ 76). When He called plants into existence, in their specific forms, He endowed each with the power of perpetuating its own kinzd and no other, so that they have descended to us distinguished by the same characters and properties as at the beginning. When, therefore, the student has formed acquaintance with any individlual plant, he is also acquainted with all other individuals belonging to the sane species. 864. FOR EXAMPLE: a single plant of white clover is a true representative of all the millions of its kind that grow on our hills and in our meadows; and a single description of the white pine will answer in all'essential points Ibr every individual tree of that noble species, in all lands where it is found. 865. GENER.A. Although the species are separated frol each other by clear and definite distinctions, still they are found to exhibit also constant affinities, whereby they stand associated into larger groups called genera (~ 80). A genus, therefore, is an assemblage of related species, having more mlarked affinities with each other in general structure and appearance than they have with other species. 866. FoR EXAMPLE: the -white clover and the red (Trifolium repens and T. pratense) are universally recognized as different species, but of the same genus; and a single generic description of one plant of the genus Trifolium will convey intelligence to a certain extent concerning every other plant belonging to its 150 species. 867. Tnus are the individual plants of the globe grouped by descent and resemblance, and comprehended under species; and the species associated into higher groups called genera. " An individual," says Prof. Forbes, " is a positive reality; a species is a relative reality; a genus is an idea —but an idea impressed on nature, and not arbitrarily dependent on inan's conceptions. An individual is one: a species consists of many resulting from one; a genus consists of more or fewer of these mzanies resulting fron one linked together, not by a relationship of descent, but by an affinity dependent on a Divine idea." 868. ORDERS. But natural affinities do not end here. The genera are yet too numerous for the ready and systematic study of the naturalist. IIe, therefbre, would generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and broader groups. On comparing the genera with each other, hle finds that they also possess in commoin certain important characters which are of a more general nature than those which distinguish them from each other. By these general characters the genera are associated into orders. 869. FOR, EXAMIPLE: comparing such genera as the mustard, radish, cabbage, cress, wall-flower, etc., it is seen that, while they differ sufficiently in their generic characters, yet they all have certain marked resemblances. in their didynamous stamens, siliquous fruit, whereby they are obviously associated into the same order -the Crucifere. So, also, the pines, the spruces, the cedars, the larches, and the cypress, while as genera they are obviously distinct, yet all bear cones of some fbrm, with naked seeds hence they are naturally groupedL into one Order-the Coniferae. 870. CLASSES, In like manner the Orders, by characteristics of resemblance still mnore general, are associated into a few groups, each of great extent, called Classes, whether natural or artificial. 166G THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. 871. INTERAIEDIA'rE oGROUPS, formed on the same principles, are recognized as Subgenera, Suborders or Tribes, and Subclasses or Cohorts, which will be further noticed and described in another place. 872. METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION. Two independent and widely different methods of classifying the genera have been generally approved, the Artificial System of Linneus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. The former is founded solely on characters relating to the organs of fructification, leaving all other natural affinities out of view. The latter, on the contrary, takes for its basis all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants whereby Nature herself has distinguished them into groups and families. CHAPTER II. THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. 873. A SYSTEM OF CLASSSIFICATION IS SAID TO BE ARTIFICIAL WIrEN, disregarding the real nature of the subjects classified, it rests merely on some obvious external circumstance. As when the books of a library are arranged on shelves according to their size, octavo, duodecimo, etc., or as when the words in a language are arranged in dictionaries, aclphabetically, forming thus class A, class 13, etc. In either case the books or the words constituting any group may be quite diverse in charactor, having nothing in common except their octavo size or initial letter. The only use of such an arrangement is convenience of reference. 814. CARL VON LiNN- (Linnoeus) of Sweden, born in 1707, everywhere honored as the father of systematic and descriptive botany, was the author of that renowned artificial system which bears his name. For well nigh a century it continued in almost universal use, and was regarded by his followers with far more respect than by Liunmus himself, who designed it simply as an index or clue to the vegetable kingdom. For ho says (Philosophia Botanica)':Methodi Naturalis fragmenta studiosd inquirenda sunt. Primum et ultimum hoc in B3otanicis desideratum est."' 87i5. CONSIDERED AS A SYSTEM, the Linnman arrangement totally fails to exhibit those true relations and affinities of plants which render the knowledge of each kind a guide to that of the others, and combine all into one consistent whole. It can not, therefore, properly be regarded as a system. 876. CONSIDERED AS AN INDEX or key to the vegetable kingdom, it is by no means reliable, for the stamens and styles often vary numerically in the same plant; and secondly, the species of the same genus often vary in these respects, thus obliging us to violate even specific affinities; and again, when the stamens or pistils are accidentally marred, or lost, or immature, the index must also fahil of its purpose. For these reasons this arrangement has fallen into disuse, having been superseded by thed Natural System, and by other arrangements better adapted to the present advanced state of the science. Yet being intimately connected with the history of b:otany, and having largely.contributed to its early progress, its outlines at least demand a record in our pages. 877. TIE LINNNEAN SYSTEM proposes to arrange all the known geonera of plants under twenty-four classes, each based on some special character derived from the essential floral organs, as follows: TIHE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. 167 ~ 1. TUIE FIRST THIRTEEN CLASSES comprehend all such plants as have their flowers all perfect, their stamens unconnected and and of equal length, or at least neither didynamous nor tetradynamous. Class I. MoNANDRIA, —one stamen to each flower (Saltwort, etc.). Class II. DIANDRIA, — two stamens (Circaa, Veronica). Class III. TRIANIDRIA, —three stamens (Iris. Nearly all the Grasses. Class IV. TETRANDRIA,-four stamens (Galium, Plantago). Class V. PENTANDRIA,-fi Vee stamens (Vitis, Coniulm). Class VI. HEXANDRIAt,-six stamens (Lily, Tulip, Luzula). Class VII. HEPTANDRIs,-seven stamens (Trientalis). Class VIII. OCTANDRIA, —eight stamens (Erica, (Enothera). Class IX. ENITNEANE.RIA, — nine stamens (Rheum, Sassafras). Class X. DECA.NDRIA,-ten stamens (Dianthus, Rllodod6ndron). Class XI. DODECANDRIA,-twelve to nineteen stamens (Asarum). Class XII. ICOSANDRIA, -twenty or more stamens, perigynous (Rosa). Class XIII. POLYANDRIA t -twenty or more stamens, hlypogynous (Ranunculus, Papaver). 2. THE NEXT TWO CLASSES are founded on the relative length of the stamens, the flowers being perfect and stamens generally unconnected. Class XIV. DIDYNA1IAA —four stamens, two long and two short, by pairs, as in Antirrhinumn, Prunella. Class XV. TETRADYNI) MIA,,-six stamens, four long and two short, as in the wall-flower and the Cruciferm generally'. ~ 3. THE NEXT FOUR CLASSES are determined by the connection or union of the stamens. Class XVI. MIONADELPIIA,I-stalmens united br their filaments into one set, a:, in Malva, Geranium. Class XVII. DIADELPHII:, —stamnens united by their filaments into two sets (Polygala, pea, Lathyrus). Class XVIII. POLYADELPIIA, -stamens united by their filaments into three or more sets (Hypericum). Class XIX.; SYNCrENESIA, stamens united by their anthers, as in the Asters and other Compositae. ~ 4. THE NEXT CLASS DEPENDS for its character upon the adhesion of the stamens with the pistil. Class XX. GYNANDRIA,-stamens and styles united, forming a column, as in Orchis, Asclepias. ~ 5. TIEE NEXT THREE CLASSES include all plants with diclinous flowers, some with pistils, some with stamens only. Class XXI. MONECIIA,-staminate and pistillate flowrers, both upon the same plant (Pinus, Araum, Hazel). Class XXII. DroEcIA,-staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants (Willow, Hemp, Hop, Smilax). Class XXIII. POLYGAIA. — staminate, pistillate and perfect flowers either on thb same or onl different plants, as in Acer, Acacia, Veratrum). ~ 6. THE LAST CIASS includes flowerless pilants. 168 THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM. Class XXIV. CRYPTOGABIIA,-plants in which the organs of fructification are concealed (as the name implies) as in ferns, mosses, seaweeds. 818. THE LIN1NXAN ORDERS. Each class is subdivided into orders, and these also are founded on some condition of the essential organs. The orders of the first thirteen classes are determined by the number of styles (or stigmas when the styles are wanting) in each flower. Order 1. Monogynia, 1 style. Order i. HIeptagynia, 7 styles. Order 2. Digynia, 2 styles. Order 8. Octogynia, 8 styles. Order 3. Trigyina, 3 styles. Order 9. Enneagynia, 9 styles. Order 4. Tetragynia, 4 styles. Order 10. Decagynia, 10 styles. Order 5. Pentagynia, 5 styles. Order ll. Dodecagynia, 12 styles. Order 6. Hexagynia, 6 styles. Order 12. Polyginia, more than 12. 819. THE ORDERS OF CLASS XIV. depend upon their seed vessels. Order 1. Gymnospermia —Fruit four achenia, as in the,labiatme. Order 2. Angiospermia-Fruit inclosing several seeds. 880. TIIE ORDERS OF CLASS XV. also depend on the fruit. Order 1. Siliculosa-Fruit a sillicle, as in pepper-grass. Order 2. Siliquosa-Fruit a silique, as in wall-flower. 881. THE ORDERS OF CLASSES XVI., XVII., XVIII. are distinguished by the number of stamens and named like the first classes. Order 1. Triandria-three stamens united by their filaments. Order 2. Pentandria-five stamens united by their filaments. 882. THE ORDERS OF CLASS XIX. are five, as follows: Order 1. Equalis —Florets of the head all perfect ( )Order 2. Superfiua-Florets of the disk V, of the ray V. Order 3. Frustranea-Florets of the disk V, ray abortive. Order 4. Necessaria-Florets of the disk S, of the ray 9. Order 5. Segregata-Each floret with a separate involucre. 883. THE ORDERS OF CLASSES XX., XXI., XXII. distinguished in the same way as the first thirteen, the XVI., XVII., XVIII. classes; as Order 1. MAonandria-one stamen. Order 2. Diandria-two stamens. Order 3. Triandria-three stamens, etc. 884. THE ORDERS OF CLASS XXIII. are founded on the position of the flowers relatively, thus: Order 1. Monlecia-Flowerss, I, y on the same plant (Acacia). Order 2. Dicecia-Flowers ~ on one plant, S, X, on another (Chamerops). Order 3. Tricecia-Flowers I, A, and X, each on separate plants. 885. THE ORDERS OF CLASS XXIV. are the same as in the Natural System, and can not be defined by a single character. Order 1. Felices, ferns. Order 4. Lichens, lichens. Order 2. Musci, mosses. Order 5. Fungi, mushrooms. Order 3. Hepaticae, liverworts. Order 6. Algae, seaweeds. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 169 CHAPTER I I I. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 886. TIE AInI OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM is to associate plants into groups and fanlilies according to their true natural likenesses and affinities, and thus to make an expression, so far as possible, of the Divine plan in the System of Nature. 887. IT DIFFERS FROM THE ARTIFICIAL arrangement: while that employs only a single character in classification, the natural system regards the total organization, and seizes upon every character wherein plants agree or disagree, and forms her associations only upon the principle of natural affinity. Hence each member of any natural group resembles the others, and a fair description of one will serve, to a greater or less extent, for all the rest. 888. THE SPECIES AND GENERA are formed on this principle of classification, as above stated, and are truly natural associations. Individuals altogether similar, cast as it were in the same moldl, constitute a species. Species agreeing in nearly all respects and differing but in few constitute a genus. Thence the genera, associated by their remaining affinities into groups of few o U many, by this same method are organized into Natural Orders anld other departments of the vegetable kingdoin. 889. RELATIVE VALUE OF CHARACTERPS. Although1 t1he natural method employs every character, yet it does not regard all of equal value or importance. As a.rule, the higher the physiological importance of any organ, the higher will be the value of the characters which it affords. 890. BECAUSE, (1) the less will it be subject to variation, and (2) the more general in respect to other organs will be the resemblance of those plants which agree in respect to that organ. Thus, first in value are those characters drawn from the cellular tissue; second, from the vessels, the stomata, the embryo, and albumen; third, from the axis and leaves, the stamens, pistils, andi fruit; fouerth, frorm the perianth; fifth, from the inflorescence anti bracts. 891. HISTORY OF THE NATURAL MIETIIOD. Its foundation was first laid 1682, by John Ray, of England. He separated the Flowering from the Flowerless plants, and divided the former into Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. Linneus, about 50 years later, constructed a fragment of the system, consisting of the names of 67 natural orders, without descriptions. But to Antoine de Jussieu is due the honor of the final establishment of this Method upon the true principles of natural affinity. He arranged the genera then known (A. D. 1180) into 1.00 natural orders, defining them with so much exactness, that nearly all have withstood the test of time; and have been adopted into our present systems. Robert Brown contributed largely to its completion anid introduction into England, by the publication of his Flora of 170 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. New Holland in 1810; and finally De Candolle, by the publication of his grct work " Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis", commenced in 1816, and designled as the universal Flora, brought this system into general use. 892. MANY SYSTEMIS. But the aim of the natural system as an expression of the Divine Order of Nature is not yet consummated. The lower divisions of the System — species, genera, and orders,-are well defined and settled as truly natural groups. The grand divrisions also,-Cryptogamia, Phenogamous Exog'ens and Endogens (~ 897) —are fully established. But in the midst, between these extremes, there is a region of uncertainty, respecting the arrangement of the orders into groups subordinate to the grand divisions, viz., into Classes and Subclasses. In this' matter, authors have maintained different views, and proposed a variety of systems. 893. TIIE DIFFICULTY lies in this. We attempt necessarily a linear arrangeement of the orders, placing one after another in succession, thus regarding the affinities of each in two directions only, viz., toward the preceding and the succeeding; whereas each order ~hould be regarded as a center of affinities; being related immediately to all others lyingo arounzd it, as a province on a geographical map is related equally to call those which touch upon its borders. Hence any linear arranagement of the orders must be in some degree artificial. 894. ONE NATURAL SYSTEM. Although there be but one truily natural system, yet while any portion of it remains imperfectly understood, Co far authors may be expected to hold cifferent views, a nid to attemlpt by different methods to express that true systesn. Still the discrepancies observed in the several " Natural Svstcnms, proposecl by different writers, are slight comlpared with the numbelr ald imnportance of the principles now common to them all and univerlsally adclitted. 895. THE FIRST AND HIGIIEST DIVISION of the Vegetable Kingdoim. viz., into the 1Phsenogamia or Flowering Plants, and the Cryptogamina or Flowerless Plants, has already been roticed and defined. These grand divisions, or sub-kingdoms, lie at the foundation of both the systems of Linneus and of Jussieu, and have ini substance been adopted by every subsequent author. It is a division fournded in nature, that is, marked by nature herself, for The PHENOGA&IA (baiev., to appear, yduof, nuptials), a, Consist of a regular axis of gruowth with leafy appendages, b, They possess a -woody and spiro-vascular structure, c, They develop stamens and pistils constituting flowers. d, They produce seeds containing an embryo. On the other hand The CRYPTOGAMIA (l~p[ rr(or, to conceal, yd6oc). a, Are generally destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves, b, They possess mostly a cellular structure only, c, They do not develop true flowers, cZ They produce spores having no embryo. 896. NATURAIL DIVISIONS INDEFINITE. The above diagnosis does not mark the absolute limits between the two sub-kingdoms, for the higher Cryptogamia, as the mosses and ferns, give indications of approach to the Phaenogamia, both in form andl structure, while the lower Phsenogamia can scarcely be said to produce flowers. And universally, so gradual is the transition from group to group, that it is difficult THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 171 or impossible to fix upon characters so definite as to circunmscribe completely any one group, while at the salme time they exclude every menmber of the surrounding allied groups. 897. SECOND DIvISIONo The Flowering plants are next resolved into two great provinces, indubitably imtarked by nature's own hand, and employed in every natural method. The following is their diagnosis. EXOGENIE (t1o), without, yev&,cw, to generate), or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. a, Growing by layers external to the wood, internal to the bark, b, Leaves net-veined, c, Flowers 4 or 5-parted, rarely 3-parted, d, Seeds with two or more cotyledons, and e, The radicle producing an axial root. ENDOGENSE, (Evwdov, within, 7evvcro), or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. a, Growing by scattered internal wood-bundles, b, Leaves parallel-veined, c, Flowers very generally 3-parted, dc Seeds with one cotyledon, and e, The radicle never producing an axial root, 898. THIRD DIVISION;-cLASSES. The provinces are next broken into classes-groups of the third rank in extent. Two are constituted of the Exogens, viz.: ANGIOSPErRAIE (ayyioc, a vessel,,rdp/jta, seed) (oak, rose). a, Flowers more generally perfect or complete, b, Pistils complete, inclosing' the ovules, c, Seeds inclosed in a pericarp. c, Embryo with only two cotyledons. GYMNOSPErMAI (yvt/vbf', nakled, creippa) (pinlle, yew). a, Flowers imperfect and incomplete, b, Pistils scale-like, without a stigma, c, Seeds truly naked, that is, destitute of a pericarp, cd, Embryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons. Two classes are formed from the Endogens, viz.:.PETALIFERY (xrr1atov, petal, ~(pw, to bear). Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers constructed on the usual plan; perianth of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting (lily, Orchis, rush). GLUIrIFEtRE (gZuma, husk, fe3ro, to bear). Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested with an imbricated perianth of glumes, instead of petals and sepals (grasses, grains, sedges). 899. DIvISIONS OF THE CRIYPTOGAMIA. This sub-kingdom is latuerally divided into two provinces, the Acrogens, and Thallogens, — terms founded upon their mode of vegetation. The former include those tribes which make soime approximation towards the Phmnogamia, the latter include the lowest tribes in. the vegetable kingdom. ACROGENAE (dxKpov, the summit, yevvUa). Flowerless plants having a regular stem or axis, which grows by the extension of the apex only, wTithout increasing at all in diameter, generally 172 THE NATURAL SYSTEM. with leaves, and composed of cellular tissue and scalariform ducts (Ferns, mosses, club-mosses, horsetails, etc.) THALLOGENzE (0JAdog, green branch, ye7vmio). Flowerless plants producing in vegetation a fhallus, with no distinction of stem and leaf, or root, and composed of cellular tissue only (Lichens, fungi, etc.) 900. CLASSES OF THE FLOWERLESS PLANTS. For the sake of analogy and an advantageous comparison with the PhLenogams, we may also regard these two provinces of the Cryptogams in the light of Classes: founded upon'their different modes of fruitbearing. Thls thle Acrogens constitute the class ANGIOSPORm (ayy toc, cTopd). Acrogenous plants, producing their spores in sporangia (vessels) whicl burst when the spores are mature. GYMNOSPOR2E ('yv/l'vb, Caiopp). Thallogenous plants reproduced by spores, which are produced in parent cells, either forming a part of the vegetating thallus, or growing, upon the surface of some definite region of the thallus. 901. FOURTH DIVISIdN-COHtORTS. The six classes, as above constituted, are still each of great extent,-too great for the comprehension of the learner, or practical use. A further division is therefore necessary. To effect this on strictly natural principles botanists have labored hitherto in vain. The truth is, the members of these several classes are united by affinities so equable as to render it impossible to subdivide, except by distinctions more or less arbitrary. So adjacent territories, -where rivers or other natural boundaries are w-vanting, must be separated by artificial lines. 902. THE ANGIOSPERMS ARE DIVIDED ByY DJ CANDOLLE, in his great descriptive work "Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" into four sub-classes founded upon the conditions of the floral envelops, viz.: 1. Thalaezflorce, petals distinct, and (with the stamens) hypogynous. 2. Calycifiorce, petals (with the stamens) perigynous. 3. Corollifiorce, petals united, hypogynous, stamens epipetalous. 4. lonochlanzycece, petals wanting. 903. TIE PLAN OF ENDLICHER in his'" Genera Plantarunl" is more simple and convenient, and has been followed by American writers generally. He separates the Angiospermae into three "cohorts," thus: 1. Dialypetalce (t&auXw, to dissolve). Exogenous plants, having both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of distinct petals (polypetalous), sometimcs slightly cohering by the base of the stamens, rarely abortive. 2. Gamoapetalce (yaot6c, union). Exogenous plants, having bothl calyx and corolla, the latter composed of petals more or less united. 3. Apetalce (a, privative). Exogenous plants with flowers having a calyx only, or neither calyx nor corolla (achlamydeous). 904. THiE CLASS PETALIFERaE may be conveniently separated into two cohorts, as follows. 1. S'padicifiorce. Endogenous plants with flowers having no perianth, or a scaly one, and borne nQ a thickened spadix, which is often enveloped in a spathe. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 173 2. Foridec. Endogenous plants with the flowers usually perfect and complete, the perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often and sometimes both green. 905. ThE CLASS GLUMIFERE is equivalent to the cohort Gralvinoidece, including the sedges, grains, and grasses-a truly natural assemblage. 906. Tin CLASS ANGIOSPORA consists of three cohorts definecd as follows. 1. Sporogasnaia. Angi6sporous plants, producing spores in which, when germinating, anthiridial cells and archegonal, or ovulary bodies, are found (Lycopodiacesm, Isoetaceae, Marsileacere). 2. Tlallogamia. Angiosporous plants- producing spores of one kind in sporanges on the surface of the leaf or stenm, the spore germinating into a green lrothcalus (629) on which are developed antheridia and arcgheoniao, the latter giving origin to a leafy ermbyo (Equisetaeme, Filices). 3. Axoganmi. Angiosporous plants producing antheridia and archegonia inr the axils of the leaves or in buds, the fertilized archegonia giving birth to sporanges filled with spores, all reproducing the plant'(Mosses, Hepatiea, Characee)..900. THE CLASS GYMNOSPO R colnsists of three cohorts, viz.: I. Aerojl7yjtca. Thallogenas growing and fructifyin in the a1ir, reproduced by spores formed in asci, and by greenl gonidia formed in the medullary layer of the thallus (Lichens). 2. Hysterolvyla. Thallogens growing in or on decaying. organic substarces and fructifying in the open air, destitute of chlorophylle and starch, reproduced by spores formed in asci, by archegonal spores and by gonidea (Fungi). 3. fIydroplzytca Thallogens with a branching or foliaceous thallus; membranous, gelatinous, or cartilaginous in texture, containing either chlorophylle or a red coloring matter and often starch grains; growing in water, salt or fresh, or in moist substances in damp air (Algae). 908. TIIE FOLLOWING SYNOPTICAL ARRANGEMENT Of the above divisions and subdivisions will exhibit at a glance the relative position and mutual relations of each. THE VEGETA.BLE KINGDOMI. The sub-kingclom, PsoMNOGAMIA, or FLOWERING PLANTS. Province 1st. Exogence, or Dlicotyledons. Class I. Angiospermre. Cohort 1. Dialypetale, or Polypetalte. Cohort 2. Ganmopetalm, or Mlonopetalm: Cohort 3. Apetale, or Monochamydem. Class II. Gyimnospermc. Cohort 4. Conoidlee. I rovince 2. Erndoyence, or Alonocotyledons. Class III. Petaliferm, or Algumaceee. Cohort 5. Spadiciflorre (Aroideae, etc.) 174 TNOMENOLATUlTRE. —BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. Cohort 6. Floridere (Liliacee, etc.). Class IV. Glumiferse, or Glumacea-. Cohort 7. Graminoidem (Sedges, grasses). The sub-lingdom CRYPTOGAMIA, or FLOWERLESS PLANTS, Province 3. Acrogenzc. Class V. Angiosporme. Cohort 8. Sporogamia (Maarsilleacer, Lycopodiacece). Cohort 9. Thallogamia (Filices, etc.). Cohort 10. Axogamia (AMosses and Hepaticae). Province -4. Thalloyence. Class VI. Gymnosporm. Cohort 11. Aerophyta (Lichens). Cohort 12. Hysterophyta (Fungi). Cohort 13. Hydrophyta (Algae). CHAPTE R IV. ~ 1. NOMENCLATURE.-BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 909. THE NAMES OF THE ORDERs, are Latin adjectives (feminine, plural, to agreo with pclance, plants, understood), usually derived fiom the name of the most promlinent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the termination into acece, as Rosacecec, the rose tribe, Papaveracece, the poppy tribe, from Rosa and Papaver. Earlier names, however, derived from some leading character in the order, and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Conmjositce, with compound flowers; Labiatce, with labiate flowers. 910. GENERIC NAMES are Latin substantives, arbitrarily formed, often from some medicinal virtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the genus; sometimes from the native country of the plants, or from the name of some distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, are often retained. Examples of all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen. 911. SPECIFrIC NAMES are Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gen(ier with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded upon some distinctive character of the species; as Gerardaic glauca, glaucousstemmed Gerardia; G. zpuorourea, purple-flowered Gerardia; C. tenuifolia, slenderleaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after some other genus, which, in some respect, it resembles; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G. delephiniffolia, larkspur-leaved Gerardian. 912. COIMMEIMORATIVE SPECIFIC NA7MES. SPECIES, like genera, are also sometimes named in commemoration of distinguished persons. The rules given by Lindley, for the construction of such names, are, 1st. If the person is the discoverer, the specific name is a substantive in the genitive case, singular number; as, Lobelia al7mrii, Kanlm's Lobelia; Pinzs Fraseri, Fraser's pine. 2d. If the name is merely conferred in honor of the person to whom it is dedicated, it is an adjective ending NOMENCLATURE.-JBOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 175 in azs, na, num; as Erica Linneana, Linnaeus' heath; Rosa Lawrenciana, /Iiss Lawrence's rose. 913. RULES FOR TIIHE USE OF CAPITALS. The names of the order, the sub-order or tribe, and of the genus should always commence with a capital letter. The name of the species should never commence with a capital except in the following cases; (1.) w-hen it is derived from the name of a person or of a country, as Phlox Drummondii, Aquilegia Canadensis; (2.) when it is a substantive, as Delphinium Consolida. 914. SYNONYM&S. Very frequently, the same species has been described by different (or even by the same) authors, under diffi-rent names. In such cases it becomes a question, often of difficult solution, -which name is to be adopted. Obviously, tle prior name, that is, the original one, if it can be ascertained, is entitled to the most respect; and it is a rule with botanists to adopt this name, unless it had been previously occupied, or be strongly objectionable on some other account. All other nanaes are sy1oneyeavs. 915. BOTANI.,CAL ANALYSIS. The application of the rules of Systematic Botany to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, L&c., is called boltanicae anaZlysis. This exercise, wheuhther for pleasure or improvement, is the constant pursuit of the practical botanist. A more accurate and useful knowledgo of a plant can be acquired in a fewr minutes, by a careful examination of the living specimen, or eveni of the dricrd, than by committing to memory the most elaborate description found in books. 916. During thle flow ering mronths, the learner Nwill often in his walks meet with plants in blossom, witlh which lie is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly interested in his pursuit, will by no mearns fail to seize and analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, heo will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity. 917. Let us suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite is its zeirme. Now, having learned by examination the organic and physiological structure of the flower, leavcs, stem, etc., the experienced botanist, who lhas at his command the chlaracters of all tl! Natural Orders, iwill at once determine to which of them the plant belongs. 91 S. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the characters of the orders. He must be guicded to ihe place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a lo nger course of inquiry arnd comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the convenience of all, wVe are happy to be able to add a full series of ANALYTIC.AL TABInES, which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting them almost immediately to the object of their search. 919. TIsn ANALYTICAL TABLES whllich accompany the present edition of our Flora, atre in many respects novel in form, and remarlkable, at least, for their simplicity-. A dichotonmal diiszion, that is, of the whole into two parts, is the principle on which: they are constructed; and since those divisions are, each, characterized mainly by a. single character, the tables are technically ar'lz'fici(r. But they are also natu-eal to at considerable extent, at least so far as the divisions and sections which they malke are in accordance with the natural method. -We subjoin a few examples of the analysis of particular species by the aid of these tables. If the exercise be conducted in. the class-roomln, the successive steps in the process (indicated by the numbers, 1, 2, 3, &c., belov) may be assigned, in order, to each pupil in the class. 1'76 ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS HERB. ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS HERB. 920. To DETErmINE THE COHORT. A good specimen of a little yellow-flowered herbaceous plant, common in the grassy fields of cool regions, is supposed to be now in the hands of each pupil of the class. (1.) The first pupil, reading (if necessary) the characteristic of each sub-kingdom, pronounces the plant one of the Phsnogamia, and refers the next pupil to the Provinces, 1 or 2. (2.) The next reads the characters of those Provinces, and comparing the speci men (which has nelt-veined leaves and 5-merous fZowers), concludes that it is an Exogen. Refer next to the Classes, 1 or 2. (3.) "F owers with stigmas, and pistils, &c. "Flowers with open scales instead of pistils (or no pistils at all)," &c. Our plant has pistils, &-c., and is (moreover, not a pine, spruce or cedar). It is, therefore an Angiosperm. Refer next to Cohort 1, 2, or 3. (4.) "Corolla with distinct petals. "-This characterizes our plant, and it is pronounced " Polypetalous." Refer then to (A). 921. To DETERMINTE THE NATURAL OEERE, the (5th) pupil reads the first atrernative, or triplet, noted by a star (:), and comparing his plant, finds it to correspond with the first line, for it is an herb with alternate leaves." Pass now to (11). (6.) " Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume."': Flowers irregular," &c. The flower is regular. Pass to (13). Again a pupil reads:(7.) " Stamens 3-10 times as many as the petals." "Stamens few and definite."-The stamens are many. Pass to (15). The next (8) pupil reads, compares, and determines that the stamens are " perigynous on tile base of the calyx," and announces the letter (d) as the reference to the next:alternative. (9.) Next, the pupil reads and compares his specimen with thce triplet (d), and concludes that the sepals are 5. Refer then to the dash (-). (10.) Lastlythe pupil determines that the sepals are imbricated in the bud, and consequently belongs to the Nat. Ord. RosAcE:E. 922. TO DETERPMINE THE GENUS. After a careful comparison of his specimens with the brief diagnosis of the Roseworts (page 325), in order to verify the analysis thus far (11), the learner consults the Table of the Genera, and inquires the character of the carpels, styles, &c., in order to learn the suborder of the plant. As the carpels are many, and free, he concludes that it is of the Suborder RoseTe. Next learn its tribe. (12.) As the "':carpels are 1-seeded in an open calyx," we infer thlat its tribe is Rosidmi. Refer to i. (13.) fAre the " styles persistent," etc., or " deciduous," etc.? They are deciduous;- refer now to the dash (-). (14.) Inquire, "Calyx bractlesi?" or " calyx bracteolate?" As the calyx is bracteolate (having five little leaves close to the calyx beneath, as if a double calyx), we refer again to the dash (-). (15.) "Receptacle pulpy" or "spongy," or "dry?" Tle- latter is true, carrying us to the next dash (-). (16). Finally, are the "stamens Do," or "5?" They are numerous, and POTENTILLA is the genus sought. 923. To DETERIMINE TIMF SPECIES. H-aving compared the generic description of Potentilla, witll our specimens; and assured ourselves of its agreement thereto, (17.) we next inquire, are the "leaves palmately 3-foliolate," "palmately 5-foliolate," or':pinnate?" They are palmately 3-foliolate, and our plant is now referable to the 1st, 2%, or 3d species. (18.) Ldstly, the italicized words alone in the description of these species, at once mark our plant as belonging to the first, for it is hirsute, and flthe sepals exceed the petals. The name is, therefore, P. NonvEGICA. ANALYSIS OF AN APETALOUS IIERB. 177 ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS SHRUB. 924. Again, suppose the class of pupils in botany to be furnished with specimens of a certain flowering shrub. The cohort of the plant is ascertained, by the process already noticed, to be Dialypetalme, the Polypetalous flowers (A), and we refer to the (*), reading:"a Herbs with the leaves alterhate or all radical. "' Herbs with the leaves opposite on the stem. "Shrubs, trees or undershrubs."-It is decided that our plant is a shrub, and referred to the dash (-). Wre next read:- Flowers regular or nearly so. " Flowers irregular (or the fruit a legume)."-The flowers are quite regular, and referred to (2). W~,e. then read: "Polyandrous," &c. "Oligandrous," &-c.-The stamens are numerous, and the plant referred to (3), where we again read:"Leaves opposite." "Leaves alternate."-They arc alternate, and we refer to the letter (.-), and readc:" Stamens on the receptacle, in several sets."'"Stamens on the calyx. —The latter is true. Roefr to the dash (-). Lastly:"- Leaves with a marginal vein." "- Leoaves with no marginal vein." —As the latter is true of our specimens, we conclude it to belong to the Order SAXIFWRAGCEo 1oc, and thither next refer, in order 925. To DETERMINE THE GENUS. After reading and comparing as before, we read the characters of the tribes; and as our specimens are " shrubs witlh opposite leaves," we readily conclude that it belongs to the Tribe HI-ydrangem. We next read:-" Corolla valvate in the bud." " Corolla convolute in the bud."-It is the latter. Refer the next reader to the dash (-); "Stamens 20 to 40. Petals 4." " Stamens 10. Petals 5." —In our specimens there are 20 or more stamens with 4. petals, and they must be referred to the Genus PIILADELPFIUS. Next turn to that genus and compare characters. 926. The species is next found summarily by the italicized diagnosis in the descriptions, thus:" Leaves entire. Sepals scarce longer than the tube. "Leaves sharply denticulate. Styles united. "Leaves subdentate. Styles distinct."-Our specimens agree well with the 2d, and we conclude that the species for which we have sought is P. grandiflorus, a fine flowering shrub, native of woods in the Southern States, and also cultivated in shrubberies. ANALYSIS OF AN APETALOUS HERB. 927. Specimens of a weed common in cultivated grounds are now supposed to be before us. It has small, homely flowers, not easily discernible except under a lens. As the leaves are net-veined, and the flowers 5-parted, with a calyx only, the learner readily pronounces it a, member of the Cohort APETALE, and refers lus to (C). The two lines marked with the paragraph (T[), although placed (for obvious reasons) at some distance apart, are to be read together, thus:" Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments." "' Plants woody, shrubs or trees."-Our plant is an herb. Refer to the two lines marked with a star ('). " Flowers with a regular calyx, or a calyx-like involucre. 12 178 ANALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN. "' Flowers achlamydeous, —with neither calyx nor corolla."-Our specimens have a regular calyx. Refer to the lines marked (1). "Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed or toothed. "Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes enclosing it."-The latter. Refer to the five lines marked (3). The Sd of these lines reads, "':Ovary one, 1-3-ovuled, with 2-5 styles or stigmas."' Our weed, havingc a 1-ovuled, 2-styled ovary, well,agrees wit this description. Refer to (5). "Fruit 3 seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas." "Fruit 1-seeded-."It is the latter, and refers us, next, to tile dash (-). - Stipules sheathig'o the stem." - Stipules none. Calyx scarious-bracteolate." - Stipules none. Calyx naked. Leaves alternate." - Stipules none. Calyx naked. Leaves opposite."-In our specimens, the stipules are wanting bracteoles are wanting, and the leaves are alternate. Hence they belong to CIIENOPODIACEa. WVe turn ancl consult that order, as before, to verify our analysis thus far, and to learn the genus. 928. To ascertain the suborder, we must examine the embryo contained in the little shining black seed. By a good cllens (or even with good eyes), we learn that the embryo is not coiled, but merely bent into a ring. The leaves also, are thin (not fleshy) and expanded. Hence its suborder is Cyclolobece. Retir to the starred (~') lines and determine the tribe. As the inflorescence is normal (that is, of the usual form, or nothing unusual), -with perfect flowers and continuous (not jointed) stems, we conclude that it belongs to Tribe Chenopodiesa. Refer to (e). As the seed (or the plane of its ring) is horizontal, the pericarp thin and the calyx not bordered we decide that its genus is CIExNOPODIsu. The species remains now to be determined. Wro first read:-: Plant smooth, never glandular, ill-scented. Embryo a complete ring."'; Plant glandular-puberulent, green, aromatic. Embryo half a ring." The latter character applies to our plant. Read the starred (`5) lines, respecting the herbage, whether green or glaucous, &c. It is glaucous in our plant, and covered with mealiness. Refer to species 5-7. Seeing, next, the italicized d'iagnosis, we finally determine that the species sought is No. 6. C. ALPBUM; for the leaves are rhombic-ovate, sinuate-toothed, etc., etc. ANALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN. 929. A grass-like, yellow-flowered plant is now supposed to be found and furnished to the pupils for analysis. HIaving determined that it is an Endogen (for it lhas parallel-veined leaves and 3-parted flowers), the pupils next seek 930. To DETERMINE ITS CLASS, whether the 3d or 4th. They read the diagnosis of these clases, as follows: — "CLASS 3d. Flowers with no glumes." "CLASS 4th. Flowers with greenish, alternate glumes," &c. The flowers of our plant have no glumes, but a regular perianth. It is, therefore, decided to be one of the PETALIFER.E, or Class 3d. Refer to Collorts 5 and 6, and the next pupil reads:" Cohort 5. Flowers on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete." " Cohort 6.'Flowers complete, with a double perianth." The latter is true of our plant, and it therefore belongs to the cohort of the FLORIDEnE. Next refer the pupil to (1'), on page 197, in order 931. TO DETERMINE TIIE NATURAL ORDER. He reads: AN-ALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN. 179 "~ Flowers (not on a spadix) in a dense, involucrate head."'" Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &ec." The latter is true here. Refer to (3). "3 Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, wholly or partly." "3 Perianth free from the ovary." It is adherent. Refer to (*5). The next pupil reads:."* 5 Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Low aquatic herbs," "* 5 Flowers dicecious, 6-androus. Shrubby climbers.";' Flowers perfect." The last is true of our specimens. Refer to the dash (-), and read, "- Gynandrous." - Monandrous. " " —3-G-androus." It is 6-androus. Refer the next pupil to (6). " 6 Perianth woolly or mealy out-side."'6 Perianth glabrous out-side." The latter applies to our specimens. Refer to the dash — ). "- Stamens 3, anthers introrse." " - Stamens 3, anthers extrorse." " —Stamens 6." The last is true of our plant. it must, therefore, belong to the Nat. Ord. AMARYLLIDACE-M. Turn to that order, and 932. DETERMINE TH1: GENUS, AND SPECIES. Further illustrations are unnecessary. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. A (a, privative), prefixedl to a Greek Analytical tables explained, 919. word signifies without, as aphyllous, Anastomosis, union of vessels or veins. without leaves. Anatropous, 537. Abbreviations, page, 189. Ancipital, two-edged. Abortion, nondevelopment of a part. Androecium, 491. Absorption, 770, 775, 791. Androgenous, stamens an'd pistils on the Acaulescent, apparently stemless, 169. same peduncle. Accessory, something superadded. Angiosperme, angiosperms, 898. Accresent, growing after flowering. Angiospores, 900. Accumbent, lying against a thing, 569. Annual, yearly, 89. Acerose, needle-shaped, 277. Annular cells, 652. Achdnium, plural, achenia, 556. Anterior, parts (of a flower) adjacent to Achlamydeous, without floral envelopes. the bract. Acicular, finely needle-shaped. Anthelmintic, expelling or killing worms. Acotyledonous, without cotyledons. Anther, 497. Acrogens, summit-growers, 899. Anthesis, the opening of the flower; flowactleate, armed with prickles. ering. Acuminate, drawn out into a point, 283. Antheridia, 629. Acute, ending in a sharp angle, 283. Apetalm, 903. Apetalous, without petals. Adherent, growing to, 466. Aphyllous, without leaves. Adnate, growing fast to, 495. Apophysis, a swelling, e. g. under the Adventitious, growing out of thoe usual thecae of some Mosses. or normal position, as roots, 134. Apothecia, 631. AerAtion, sanme as Respiration, 815. Appendlicular organs, 433. Aer6phyta, includes the Lichens, 907. Appressed, closely applied but not adheriEstivation, 383. ing to; the same as adpressed. Affinity, resemblance in essential organs. Apterous, without wings. Age of trees, 97. Aqudtic, living in water. Aggregate, assembled close together. Arachnoid, resembling cobwebs. Aglumaceous, without glumes, the same Arboreous, arborescent, tree-like. as Petaliferae, 898. Archego'nia, 629. Agricultural Chemistry, S34. Arcuate, arched or curved like a bow. Air bladders, 311. Areolate, having the surface divided into Air cells or vessels, 790. little spaces or areas..ir plants, 841. Aril, an extra seed-covering, 586. Ala, wing; Alas, wings, 474. Aristate, with an arista or awn (barley). Albdmen?, 590. Albihminous, 589. Armed, bearing prickles, spines, etc. Albfirnum, sap-wood, 697. Articulated, jointed, as the culm of wheat. Alga, sea-weeds, 907. Fig. 545-550. Artificial classes, 877. Alternate; 222. Artificial orders, 878. Alternate generation, 634. Ascending, arising obliquely; assurgent. Alveolate, with pits like the honey-comb. Ascidia, leaves holding water, 308. Ament, a deciduous spike, 348. Attenuate, becoming slender or thin. Ammonia, 839. Auriculate, ear-bearing, 267. Amorphous, without definite form. Awn, the beard of barley, and the like. Amphigcistria, 626. Axial root, 122. Amnphitropous, 539.: Axil (arm-pit), the angle betwQen the Amplexicaul, stem-clasping, 245. petiole and the branch on the upper Analysis, Botanical, 915. side. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 181 Axillary, growing out of the axils. Calyculate, having an-outer calyx or calyxAxis, ascending, 146, 148; erect, 148; like involucre. procumbent, prostrate, trailing, decum- Calyptra, the hood of the sporange (capbent, 148; excurrent, 173; solvent, sule) of a moss. Fig. 514, 519. 174; descending, 114. Calyx, the outer floral envelope, 900. Cambiurn, 709. Baccate, berry-like; covered with pulp. Campanulate, bell-shaped, 497. Banner, same as Vexillum, 474. Campylotropous, 53S. Banyan tree, 137. Canaliculate, channeled. Ba6bab tree, 100. Canescent, grayish white. Bark, 7'00. Cipillary, capillaceous, hair-shaped. Basidia, 631. Fig. 539. Capitate, head-shaped, growing in close BAsilar, basal, attached to the base. clusters, or heads. Bast cells, wood-cells of bark, 701. Capitulum, a little head, 354. Beaked, ending in an extended tip. Capreolate, bearing tendrils. Bearded, with tufts of long, weak hairs. Capsule, 576. Berry, 566. Carbon, 830. Carbonic Acid, 825. Bi, Bis, twice (in compound words). Carina, 474. Carinate, boat-shaped, havBicolor, two-colored. ing a sharp ridge beneath. Bicuspidate, with two points or cusps. Carpel, carpellary, 516. Bidentate, with two teeth. Cdrpophore, 553, 557. Fig. 432. Biennial, of two years, 90. Cartilaginous, firm and tough in texBifid, cleft into two parts. ture. Bifoliate, with two leaflets. Caruncle, 586. Biffircate, twice forked, or merely forked. Caryophyllaceous, 472. Bildbiate, two-lipped. Caryopsis, 560. Binate, 289. Catkin, 348. See Ament. Bipinnate, 289. Caudex, 176. Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid. Fig. 142. Caulescent, 169. Caulis, 169. Biternate, twice terniate, 291. Cauline, relating to the stem. Bivalved, two-valved. Cellular tissue, 664. Cell, 639. Blade. See Lamina, 239. Cell-growth, 752; life, 743. Blanched (plants), whitened for the want Cellultar bark, 702. of light, 820. See Etiolated. Cellulose, 654, 144. Bloom, a fine, white powder on some Centrifugal inflorescence, 343. plants. Centripetal inflorescence, 342. Botany defined, 38. Cephalous, same as Capitate. Botany, elementary, 40. Cereal, relating to grains, corn, etc. Botany, physiological, 41, 636. Cernuous; nodding (less inclined than Botany, systematic, 42, 858. pendulous). Brdchiate, with opposite, spreading Chaff, chaffy. See Paleaceous. branches (arms). Chalaza, 535. Bract, 319, 333. Channeled, hollowed out like a gutter. Bracteate, having bracts. Characters, relative value of, 889. Bracteoles, or bractlets, 333. Chartaceous, with the texture of paper. Branches, 107, 152. Chlorophylle, 657, 733, 749. Bristles, stiff, sharp hairs. Chlorosis, 432. Bry6logy, the science of Mlosses. Ciliate, fringed with marginal hairs. Bud, 105. Budding, 215. Ci6nchyma, 671. Buds axillary, 202; accessory, 206. Cion or Scion, 158. Buds, adventitious, 207. Cinereus, ash-gray, ash-color. Buds, suppression of, 205. Circinate, rolled inward from the top, 213. Bud-scales, 197, 305. Circulation of the sap, 748. Bulb, 191; tunicated, 193; scaly, 193. Circumscissiie, 552. Bulblets, 216. Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril. Cirrhous roots, 135. Caducous, dropping off early. Classes, artificial, 877, etc. Calyciflorse, 902. Classes, natural, 898. Cwespitous, forming tufts or turf. Classification, artificial, 873. Calceolate, slipper-shaped. Clavate, club-shaped. Mclycine, calyx-like. Codretate, contracted, drawn together. 182 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Coccus, a berry. Also (in the pl. cocci) Ctipule, a litte cup (sc. acorn), 562. the 1-seeded carpels of separable fruits. Cdspidate, with a sharp, stiff point. C6chleate, spiral like the snail-shell. Cuticle, 680. Cohesion, 438. Cydnic, 370. Cohorts, 901. Cydthiform, cup-shaped. Collateral, placed side by side. Cycle (in Phyllotaxy), 228. Cbllum, 118, Cyclosis, same as Rotation, 807. Color of flowers,.69, Cyme, cymous, 357. Colored, of any color except green, which Cymbiform, boat-shaped. in botany is not a color, while white is. Cypsela, 557. Column, the combined stamens and styles. Cytoblast, 655. Coma, 585. Commissure, the joined faces of the car- Deca, (in Greek composition), ten. pels of the cremocarp. Deciduous, falling at the end of the season. Common, belonging alike to several. Ddclinate, bent downwards. Complete flower, 412. Decompound, much compounded or diComplicate, folded up upon itself. vided. Compound leaf, 285. Decumbent, 148. Fig. 39. Compound flower, 355. Decurrent, 244-, 286. Compressed, flattened on the sides. Decossate (leaves), 227. Conceptacleb, 631. Drfinite, 503. Conduplicate, folded on itself lengthwise. Deflexed, bent downward. Cone, 578, 579. Defoliation, the casting off of leaves. Confluent, uniting, same as Coherent. Dehiscence, 524. Conglomnerate, clustered or crowded. Deliqudscent (axis), same as Solvent. 174. C6njugate, coupled, joined by pairs. Deltoid, form of the Greek letter A, 265. Connate, 294. D1endroid, tree-like in form. Connectile, connective, 494, 498. Dendron (in Greek compounds), a tree. Connivent, converging, coming together. Dentate, 279. Denticulate, 219. Continuous, the reverse of Jointed. Denuded, become naked. Contorted, twisted, 389. Depauperate, less developed than usual. Convolute, 393. Dependent, hanging down. Cordate, heart-shaped, 267. Depressed, flattened from above; low. Coriaceous, leather-like, 295. Dextrine, 762. Corm, 189, 407, 435. Dextr6rse (twining), turning to the right, C6rneus, horn-like in texture. Fig. 49. Corniculate, with a small horn or spur. Di (in Greek numerals), two. Corolla, 401. Corolliflorm, 902. Diadelphous, 506. C6rolline, pertaining to the corolla. Diagn6oscis, a brief statement of the disCorona, crown, 435. tinctive character of a plant or group. Cortical bark, 703. Dialypetalous, Polypetalous, 903. Corymb, corymbous, 350. Diaphanous, transparent or translucent. Costate, ribbed, with rib-like ridges. Diandrous, with two stamens, 503. Cotyledons, 306, 594. Diastase, 762. Crassula (a genus of plants), 415. Dichotomous, forked or two-forked. Crateriform, of the form of a goblet. Diclinous, 421. Creeper, creeping stems, 181. Dicotyledons, Dicotyledonous, 421. Cremocarp, 557. Dictyogens, 727. Crenate, bordered with rounded teeth. Didymous, double. Crenulate, 279. Didynamous, Didynamia, 877,. 2. Crestedl or cristate, with an elevated Digitate, with several distinct leaflets ridge. palmately arranged (as in the leaf of Crispate or Crisped, 282. the Horse-chestnut). Crown of the root, 186. Diffuse, much divided and spreading. Cruciform (corolla), 470. Dimidiate (anther), halved, 499. Crude sap, 794. Dicecia, dieecious, 877, ~ 5. Crustaceous, hard, thin and brittle. Dipterous, having two wings. Cryptogamia, cryptogams, 621, 895. Dischidia, 310. Cheullate, rolled up into a hood-shape. Disk, 446. Discoid, no rays. Fig. 211. Cumn, the straw of grasses, 17.0. Dissected, cut into deep) lobes. Chueate, cuneiform, wedge-shaped, 266. Dissepiment, 525. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 183 Distichous, arranged in two rows. FArinous, mealy on tho surLace., Distinct, separate, not united. Fascicle (a bundle), 361. Divaricate, wide-spread, straggling. Fasciculate (leaves), 222. Divergent, spreading with a less angle. Feather-voined, 259. Dorsal, on or relating to the back. Ferruginous, of the color of iron rust. Double terms, 301. Fertile (flower), seed-producing, 421. Downy, clothed withll short, weak hairs. Fertilization, 751, etc. Drupe, 563. Drupaceous. See Tryma. Fibrilllm, fibrils, 119, 724. Ducts. See Trachenchyma, 668. Filament, the stalk of a stamen, 493. Duplicate, in pairs, double. Filiform, slender like a thread. Duramen, heart-wxood, 698. Finrbriate, fiiinged, having tihe edge borDwarfing, 140. dered with slender processes. Fistular, hollow, as the leaf of onion. E, ex (in composition), without; as, Flabelliform, fin-shapedl, 276. E]bracteate, withiout bracts. Flagelliform, whip-shaped; long, taper Earthy elemaents, 832. and supple. Echinate, prickly with iigid hairs. Flavescent, yellowish, turning yellow. Eftfete, sterile, exhausted. Flexuous, zig-zag, or wavy. Elaters, spiral, elastic threads accompany- Floccous, with lhairs in soft fleecy tufts. in- certain spores. Fig. 506. Flora, (a) the spontaneous vegetation of Elliptic, elliptical (leaf), 265, a. a country; (b) a written description of Elongoated, lengthened, extended. the saame. Ema.ro inate, 284. Floral, relating to flowers. Embryo, 591, 103. Floral calendar, 366. Embryonic vesicle, 754. Floral clock, 368. i]ndocarp, 563. Floral envelopes, 399 Endochrome, the colorilg matter of plants. Florets, the flowers of a compound flower, See Chlorophylle. 355. Endo'genous structure, 713. l'lower, 372, etc.; origin of; 110. Endogens, 70, 897. Flower, the standard of beauty, 372. Endoplehra, same as Tegmen, 583. Flowerinog, 364. ]Endospores, 631. Flower-bud, 195, 374, etc. Ensiform, sword-shaped, 275. Foliaceous, leaf-like in texture or form. Entire, even-edged, 278. Foliation, the act of leafing. Ephemeral, enduring for one day. Follicle, 571. Epi (in G-reek composition), upon; as, Food of plants, 835. Epiearp, 563. Fordmen, same as Miicropyle, 535. Epidermis, 676. Forms, accommodated, 17. ]Epig'ynous, upon the ovary, 465, 504. Forms, arrested, 21. Epipetalous, on the petals, 504. Forms, graduated, 14. Epiphytes, plants on other plants, 143. Forms, typical, 11. Episperm, the skin of the seed. Free, not adherent nor adnate, 462. Equitant (astraddle), 214. Frinoged. See Fimbriate. Erose, eroded, as if gnawed, 281. Frond, an oro-an which is both stem and Etmerio, 565. leaf, as in duck-meat, fern, 626. Etiolatel, colorless for want of light. F'rondescent, bursting into leaf Exalbuminous, without albumen. Fructiication, flower and fruit as a whole. Excurrent, 113. Fruit, 112, 541; growth of; 765. Exogene, Exogens, 69, 897. Fruit, ripening of, 766. Exogenous structure, 691. Frutescent, shrubby, becoming shrubby. Exosmose, flowing out, 781. Fulcra (roots), 136. Exospores, 631. Fuliginous, smoky brown, blackish. Exserted, projecting out of, or beyond. Fulvous, dull yellowish brown. Extra (in composition), beyond; as, Funiculus (a little rope), 535. Extra-axillary, same as supra-axillary. Funnel-form. See Infundibuliform. Exstipulate, without stipules, 240. Furcate, forked. Extra Flour (of whleat), 750. Furfilrceous, scurfy. Elxtr6rse, turned outward, 497. Furrowed, marked with channels lengthwise. Falcate, scythe-shaped, curved. Fuscous, grayish or blackish brown. Farinaceous, flour-like in texture. Fusiform, spindle-shaped, 535. 184 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Galea, galeate, 483. Hermaphrodite (flower), with both sta. Gamopetale, monopetalse, 903. mens and pistils. Gamopetalous, with the petals united. EIeterocephalous, heads of two sorts in Gamophyllous, of united leaves. the same plant, some S and some?. Gamosepalous, with the sepals united. Heter6gamous, two sorts of flowers in Geminate, twin, two together. the same head, some S and some 7. Gemmation, state of budding (Latin, Hiexa (Greek numeral), six; as in, genrima, bud). Hexagonal, 6-sided. IHexamerous, 6Genlliculate, bent as the knee (genu). parted. Genus, 80. Genera, 888. Hexandrous, 6-stamened. Hexandria, Germ, the ovary (obsolete). 877, ~ 1. Germination, 608, 761. Hilum, 537, 568. Gibbous, more tumid in a certain place. Hirsute, hairy with rather long hairs. Glabrous, smooth or not hairy, 296. Hispid, bristly with stiff hairs, 298. Gladiate, sword-shaped, ensiform. Hoary, frost-colored, grayish-white. Gland, glandular, 682. lEomo'gnamous, head with all the flowers Glans, 562. alike, as to the stamens and pistils. Glaucous, sea-green, bluish, usually with Honey, 767. Honey-bee, 768. a bloomn or whitish powder. eooded. See Cucullate. Globous, in form nearly spherical. Horny, of the texture of horn. Glomerate, collected into close heads. Hortus siccus, herbarium, 54. G16merule, 362. Humifuse, spreading on the ground. Gloss6logy, the same as Terminology. HyI-Ialine, transparent or nearly so. Glumes, 339, 459. Hybrid, a cross-breed between two Glumiferse, 898. species. Gluten, 750. Hydrogen, 831. Gonidia, 635. Hydr6phyta, 907. Granular, composed of grains. Hymenium, 631. Grafting, 158. I-Iyperborean, inhabiting northern regions. Graminoideme, 905. Hypo (in Greek compounds), under; as, Grand Divisions, 76. HIypocrateriform, salver-form, 481. Fig. Growth is downwards, 799. 322. Gymnos (a Greek prefix), naked; as, Hypogan, growing under ground. Gymnospermous, withl niaked seeds. Hypogynous, 463, 504. Gymnospermca, gymnosperms, 898. Hyster6phyta, 907. Gymnosporms, gymnospores, 900. Gynandrous, 504. Icosandria, 877, Class XIIT. Gyncecium, 405. Imbricate, imbricated, 90. Gynobase, a process of the torlus on and Immarginate, having no rim or border. around which the carpels are sus- Immersed. See Submersed. pended; sc. Geranium, Fig. 428. Inaxial root, 123. Gynophore, a produced torus bearing the Incised, divided deeply as if cut. ovary on its summit. Fig. 290. Included, inclosed within, or shorter Gyrate, same as Circinate, 213. than; as the stamens in the corolla Gyrous, strongly bent to and fro. tube. Incrassate, thickened. HIabit, the general aspect of a plant. Incumbent, sc. embryo, 599. HIabitat, the natural locality, or place of Indehiscent, not opening, 549. growth of a wild plant. Indigenous, native of a country. HIIairs, 681. Hairy, hirsute. Induplicate, 388. Halbert-shaped, hastate. Fig. 155, 1. Indusium, the shield of the fruit-dot, tIalved, one half apparently deficient. (sorus) of a fern. Fig. 500, 501. H-Iastate, with the base lobes abruptly Inferior, lower in position, 465. spreading, as in a halbert. Fig. 155, l. Infiorescenee, 320. Heart-shaped. Fig,155, p. Heart-wood, Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped, 479. 697. Innate (se. anther), 495. Herb, herbaceous, 89, 90. Innovations, 635. Herbaceous, green and cellulamr in tex- Inserted, Insertion, refer to the point of ture, junction or apparent origin, Herbarium, 54. Integument, a coat or covering. Hesperidium, 567. Internode 161. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 185 Interruptedly pinnate, 287. Fig. 159. Marcescent, withering, but persistent. Intr6rse (anthers), turned inward, 497. Marginal, belonging to the border. Involucre, 337. Marginate, having the border different. Involute, rolled inward, 213. Fig. 81. Medclla, pith. iMedullary rays, 105. Irregular flowers, 441. Mdclullary sheath, 693. Membranaceous, membranous, thin and Jointed, having joints, separable pieces. pellucid. Jugurm, a pail'; as, bijugous, with two Mericarp, one of the carpels of a cremopairs of leaflets; trijugous, three pairs. carp of an Umbilifer, 557. Mlicropyle, 535; same as Foramen. Keel, Keeled. See Carinate. Microscope, 60. Kidney-shaped. See Reniform, 271. Midrib, the central vein of a leaf. Kingdoms of Nature, 31-33. Midvein (used in this work), 256. Mitriform, formed like a conical cap. Labellum, the odd petal of an orchid, 484..IMonos (in Greek compounds), one only; as, Labiate, lip-shaped, 483. Monadelphous, 506. Lacerate, torn irregularly by deep inci- Monandrous, one-stamened, 503. sions. Moniliform (roots), 132. Laciniate, slashed, with deep incisions. Monocarpic herbs, 91. Lactescent, containing lac, or milk." Monochlamydee, 902. Lacunous, with large depressions or pits. Mhonochlamydeous (flowers), 420. Lacustrine, growing in lakes. Monocotylldonous, 596, 891. Lamnina, the blade of a leaf, 453. Monoecious, 877, ~ 5. Lanceolate, lance-shaped. Fig. 116. Aion6gynous, with one style, 513. Lanuginous, woolly, 297. Monopetalbe. See Gamopetalse, 903. Latex, the turbid or milky juice of plants. Monopetalous, 458, 459. Laticiferous tissue. See Cienchyma, 671. Milonophyllous, one-leaved. Latin names of plants, 15. MIonosepalous, 458, 459. Layer. See Stolon, 151. Monstrous flowers, 380. Leaf, 217, etc.; structure of, 129. Morphology, 39; of the flower, 312. Leaf-bud, 195, etc. M Eorphology of the leaf, 339. Leaflet, the pieces of a compound leaf. Mucro, a sharp, small, abrupt point. Leaf-stems, 166. Mucronate, 283. Legume, 5712. Multi (in composition), many. Lenticulate, shaped like a double convex Multifid, cut half way into many soglens. ments. Liber, the inner bark, 705. AMuricate, bearing short, hard points. Lichens. Fig. 530-536. See A6ro- Muriform, like a wall of mason-work. phyta, 907. Muscology, a treatise on mosses. Ligneous system, 685. Muticous, pointless, not pointed. Ligulate, strap-shaped, 482. Mycelium, 628. Ligule, the stipules of grasses, 251. Liliaceous flower, 473. NIaked seeds, 548. Limb, the border, 453. Napiform (root), 28. Linear, long and narrow, 275. Natant, swimming; under water. Livid, clouded with bluish, brown, and cNaturalized, growing spontaneously but gray. not native. Lobate, lobed, 270. Natural System, 886. Loculicidal, opening into the cell, 580. Natural System, history of; 891. Lociasta, a spikelet of the grasses. Nectar, honey: Nectary, 433, 456. Loment, a jointed legume, 573. Nepenthes, 309. Lorate, thong-shaped. Nerve, the veins (254) are sometimes Lunate, crescent-shaped. so-called. Lyrate, pinnatifid with the upper lobes Netted or net-veined. See Reticulate, 258. mnch larger than the lower. Neutral flower, 422. Nodding, the summit bent over (sc. snow., Macros (in Greek compounds), long or drop). large. Node, a joint of the stem, 161. laculate, spotted or blotched. Nodous, knotted; large-jointed. Mangrove tree, 138. Nodulous (root), 132. Male (flowers), same as Staminate. Nomenclature, 909. 186 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Normal, according to rule, regular. Pepo, a fruit like a melon, 568. Nuciform, nut-like. Perennial, living several years, 92. Nucleus, kernel (sc. ovule), 537. Perfect flower, with both stamen and Nut. See Glans, 562. pistil. Perfoliate (through the leaf), 293. Oh (in composition), denotes inversion; as, Peri (in Greek composition), around. Obcorrpressed, flattened back and front. Perianth, 402; forms of, 469. Obcordate, 284. Oblanceolate, 266. Pericarp, 547.'Oblique, unequal-sided (sc. leaves). Perigynium, 488. Oblong, 265. Obovate, 266. Obtuse, 283. Perigynous, 464. Obvolute (in sstivation), 214. Period of flowering, 365. Ochrea, sheathing stipules, 249. Perisperm, same as Albumen, 590. Ocllrolehcous, cream-color, pale yellowr. Peristome, 632. Octo (in Greek composition), eight. Persistent, remaining long) in place. Octandria, 877. Octandrous, 8-stamened. Personate, 480. Oct6gynous, 8-styled, 878. Petals, 401; forms of, 455. Offset, a short lateral shoot, 159. Petaliferse, 898. Oligos (in Greek composition), few; as, Petaloid, with the form or texture of Oligandria, with few stamens. petals. Olivaceous, olive-green, brownish-green. Petiole, 243. Petiolate, 239. Opaque, dull, not shining. Petiolule, 246. Opercular, with a lid, 496. Phaenogamia, 89, 895. Opposite, two at a node, 153, 222. I Phyllodium, plur. Phyllodia, 307. Orbicular, Orbiculate, circular, 265. Phlyllotaxy, leaf-arrangrement, 220. Orchidaceous, 484. Physiology, 41, 736. Organogens, 829. Phytology, 43 (Greek, phytos, a plant). Organogriaphy, 39. Pileorhiza, cap of a rootlet, 725. Organic world, 30. Organic soil, 837. Pileus, cap of some FuIgals. Fig. 531, c. Orth6tropous (ovule), erect, 536. Piloeus, with erect, thin hairs, 298. Osseous, bony, as the peach-stone. Pine, size of, 101.,-Californian, 101. Oval, 265. Ovate, 265. Pinnate, 287. Pinnatifid, 268, 269. Ovary, 515. Ovule, 532. Pistil, 407, 511. Ovoid, egg-shaped as in. fruits. Pitchers (leaves). See Ascidia, 308. Oxygen, 831. Pith, 692. Pitted cells, 650, 667. Pitted, with depressions or excavations. Paleme or Pales, 339, 489. Placenta, 520; free axile, 528. Paleaceous, chaffy, having pales. Pleurenchyma, 666. Palmi-veined, 260. Palmate, 272. Plicate, plaited lengthwrise as a fan, 394. Panduriform, fiddle-shaped. Plumous, feathery. Panicle, 352. Paniculate, panicled. PliLmule (a little plume), 103, 593. Papilionaceous, 475. Pollen, 508. Pollen tube, 756. Pappus the calyx of Composites, 4185. Pollinia, masses of pollen, 500. Parallel-veined, 258. Poly (in Greek compounds), many. Pardphyses, jointed threads arouncl the Polyadelphous, 506.-877,, 3. antheridia of mosses. Fig. 522. Polygamous, Polygamia, 877, $ 5. Parasites, 144. Polypetale. See Dialypetalse, 903. Pareanchyma, 664, 730. Polypetalous, Polysepalous, 41:8. Parietal, on the wall (paries), 526. Pome, a fruit like an apple, 569. Parted, deeply divided into parts. Posterior, next the axis. Patent, wide open. Patulous, half open. Potato, manner of its growth, 188. Pear-shaped, obovoid, larger above. Precocious, flowering before the leaves. Pectinate combed, finely pinnatifid. Praefoliation, vernation, 209. Pedate, shaped like a bird's foot, 273. Premorse, endinog abruptly, 185. Pedicel, 328. Peduncle, 327. Press for lrying plants, 57. Peltate, shield-form, 271. Prickles, 18, 684. Pendent, Pendulous, hanging, drooping. Primine, salme as Testa, 5315. Penicillate, with a tuft of hairs, as if' a Prim6rdial utricle, 645. camel's-hair pencil. PrismiLtic, prism-shaped, havino several Pente (in Greek composition), five; as, parallel, longitudinal angles. Pentaenerous, 5-parted. Procurnbent (stem), 148. F}ig. 38. Pentandrous, 503. Pentandria, 877. Produced, extendledl more than usual INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 187 Proliferous, reproducing, as cymes from Rhombic, Rhomboidal, in the figure of a the midst of a cyme, flowers from the rhomb, or approaching it. midst of a flower. Ribs, the chief veins of a leaf, ridges. Protein, 744. Protoplasm, 744, 655. Ring elastic (of the fern-sporange). Fig. Protothallus, 629. 489. Prhinous, powdered, as if frosted, 300. Ringent (corolla), 483. Prhriens, causing an itching sensation. Root, 114. Root-stock, 183. Pseudo (in Greek composition), spurious. Rosaceous (corolla), 491. Pubescent, downy with short, soft hairs. Rostrate, beaked, with a beak. Pubderulent, minutely downy, 297. Rosulate (leaves), arranged around the Pumilus, pumilous, dwarfed in size. base of the stein as rose-leaves. Puncta;te, seeming as if perforate, 682, or Rotate, wheel-shaped, 475. marked with minutec dots. Rotation, circulation in the cell, 806. Pungent, piercing, sharp-pointed. Ruibicund, blushing, rosy red. Putamen, the bony nucleus of a drupe. Rudiment, the beginning of a thing. Pyramidal, form of a cone or pyramid. Rugous, wrinkled, 295. Pyriform, of the form of a pear. Ruminated (albumen), full of chinks as if Pyxis, a pericarp with a lid, 570. composed of numerous folds. Runcinate, hooded backwards, 269. Quadri (in composition), four; as, Runner, 160. Quadrifbliate, four-leaved. Quadrangular, four-angled. Sagittate, arrow-shaped, 267. Quadclrijugate, with four pairs of leaflets. Salver-shaped. See Hypocrateriform, 480. Quadrilateral, four-sided. Samnira, 561. Quinque (in composition), five. Sap, the crude, 494; the true, 496. Quinate, growing in fives, 292. Sarcocarp (of the drupe), 563. Quincuncial, 391. Fig. 218. Scabrous, rough, 296. Quintuple, five-fold. Scaldriform (cells), ladder-shaped, 653. Scales, 435. Scale-stems, 169. Race (Latin, stirps), a permanent variety, Scandent, climbing. as red-cabbage. Scape, 329. Scarious, 295. Raceme, 349. Scattered, sometilies used for alternate. Rachis, axis of the inflorescence, 286, 330. Scorpoid (in-florescerce), 358. Radiate, diverging from a common center. Scrobiculate, pitted, with little depresRadiate (in the Composites), the outer sions. row of florets ligulate. Fio. 170. Screw-pine, 136. Radiant, outer flowers enlarged (and often Sea-green, light bluish green, glaucescent. neutral), Fig. 271; or (in the Compos- I Secinll, all on one side or turned one ites), all the florets ligulate. way. Radical, from the root, 103. Seefindine, same as Tegmen, 535. Radical of the flower, 408. Seed, 582. Seed coverings, 535. Radicle, rootlet (of the embryo), 592. Seed, longevity of; 602; dispersion of, Ramial, of' branch, 221. 604. Raphe (of the ovule or seed), 536. Semi (in composition), half; as, R iphides, 660. Semicordate, half of cordate. Receptacle, 331, 397, 443, 631. Semilunar, half-moon-shaped. Recurved, bent (not rolled) backward. Semisagittate, and Semiterete. Reflexed, curved backward excessively. Sepals, 400. Sepaloid, sepal-like. Refracted, bent suddenly as if brokeln. Septum, a partition between two spaces. Reo ina, fruit as of Geranium, 577. Septicidal (dehiscence), 550. Regular, like parts similar, 412. Septifiragal (dehiscenece), 550. Reniform, kidney-shaped, 271. Sericeous, silky, 297. Repand (margin), 280. SerStinous, occurinog late in the season. Repent, creeping. Serrate, Serrulate, 279. Respiration, 812. Sessile, sitting, not stalked, 239. Resupinate, reversed, upside down. Setse, 299, 487. Setaceous, bristle-form. Reticulate, netted, 258. Setous, Setigerous, bearing bristles. Retrorse, backwards, downwards. Sheath, Sheathino, as the leaves of the Retuise (apex), 284. Fig. 155, c. grasses. Revolute, rolled backwards! 213. Shrub, 95. Rhizoma, Rhizome, 183. Silique, 574. Silicle, 575. i88 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Siliquous, bearing siliques (as the Cruci- Supra-axillary, situated above the axil. fers). Supradecompound, very much divided. Silver-grain (of wood), 707. Suspended (ovule), 534. Figs. 414, 419. Simple, of one piece, not compound. Suspensor (of the embryo), I58. Fig. 608. Sinistrorse, twining from right to left. Sfitural (dehiscence), 550. Figr. 50. Sword-shaped, as the vertical leaves of Iris. Sinuate, 270. Slips, 158. Syconus, fruit, such as the Fig. 580: Soil, 837. Symmetry (of the flower), 410, 412. Solitary, growing alone, or singly. Syn (in Greek compounds), together, Sori, patches of fruit in ferns, 632. Fig. 488. union. Spadiciflorse, 904. Spadix, 347. Syncarpium, 579. Spathe, Spathaceous, 336. Syngoenesia, Syngenesious, 877, 506. Spatulate (leaf), 266. Synonyms, 914. Species, 76, 888. Specific name, 75. Specimens (of plants), 53, 56. Taper-pointed. See Acuminate, 283, Spermatozcid, 633. Fig. 497, 553. Tap-root, 124, 142. Spike, Spicate, 346. Tawny, fulvous, dull yellowish brown. Spikelet, a little spike, as in a grass. Tax6nomy, the science of classification. Spine, a woody thorn, 316. Tegmen, the inner seed-coat, 535, 583. Spindle-shaped (root), 127. Fig. 27. Tendril, 313, 178. Spiral arrangement (of leaves), 228. Terat6logy, 380. Spiral cells or vessels, 651. Terete, cylindrical or nearly so. Spongelet, Spongiole, 118. Term of Plant Life, 83, etc. Sporange, 632. Spores, 630. Terminal, situated at the end or apex. Sporidia, 630. Sporules, 635. Terminology, 44. Sporogamia, 906. Ternate (leaves), in threes, 288. Spur, a projecting, slender appendage, 434. Tessalated, checkered, as a pavement. Squarrous, spreading widely, as the in- Testa, the outer seed coat, 535, 583, 4. volucral scales of some Composites. Tetra (in Greek composition), four. Stamens, 404, 491. Staminate flower, Tetradynamnous, 505. Tetradynamia, 877. 421. Tetrfdgonal, with four corners. Staminodia, 436, 502. TetrcAgynous, with four pistils. Starch, 658, 748, 750. Thalamiflrore, 902. Stem, or Ascending Axis, 146. Thallogamia, 906. Sterile, not bearing seeds, 421. Thallogens, 722, 899. Stigma, Stigmatic, 515. Thallus, 627. Stipe, the stalk of the ovary or ovaries; Thecaspores, 630. Theca, Thece., 632. also, the stem of a mushroom. Thorn, 317. Stipels, Stipellate, 250. Throat, the orifice of a monopetalous corStipules, Stipulate, 240, 247. olla. Stolon, 157. Stoloniferous, producing Tllyrse, 353. stolons. Tomdntous, with short, dense, woolly Stomata, 678, 732. Figs. 582-586. hairs. Strap-shaped, flat, narrow and straight. Top-shaped, inversely conical. Strict, erect and very straight. Torus, same as Receptacle, 336, 397. Strigous, with sharp, close, rigid hairs. Trachenchyma, 668. Strobile (fruit), 578. Tree, 96. Str6phiolate, having an appendage (stro- Tri (in Greek compounds), three. phiole or caruncle) about the hilum. Triadelphous, the stamens in three sets. Style, 575. Styloid, style-like. Triandria, Triandrous, 877. Sub (in composition), 302. Trigynous, three-styled, 513. Shberous, corky in texture. Tricoccous (fruit), with three one-seeded Subulate, awl-shaped, 277. ~ carpels. Succulent, very juicy and cellular. Tricolored, with three colors. Sucker, 156. Triennial, lasting three years. Suffrutescent, woody at the base only. Trifid, split half-way into three parts. Sulcate, furrowed. Trifoliate, with three leaflets. Superior, 465, 468. Trilobate, having three lobes. Superior calyx, calyx adherent to ovary. Trimerous, 3-parted, 418. Superior ovary, calyx free from ovary. Tripartible, separable into three parts. Supervolute, 394. Triple-veined, 261, Fig. 118. INDEX AND GLOSSARY. i89 Triquetrous, three angled. Vaulted, arched. [736. Tripinnate, thrice pinnate, 289. Vegetation, or Physiolo'y of Plant Life, Triternate, thrice ternate. Veins, 253. Veinlets, Veinulets, 257. True sap, 796. Venation (of the leaf), 255. Truncate, 284. Fig. 155, d. Ventricous, swelling out on one side. Trunk (of a tree), 171. Vernal, appeariln ill the Spring time, Tryma, fruit as the hickory-nut, 564. Vernation (of the leaf bud), 213. Tube, 459. Tubular corolla, 481. Ventral, belonging to the fiont side, i. e, Tuber, 187. the side towards the axis. Tubdrculate, covered with -warts (tuber- V~rrucous, covered with warts (verrucae). cles). Versatile (anther), 495. Tumid, swollen or inflated. Vertex, the simmit, same as Apex. Tunicate, coated, as the bulb, 193. Vertical, in the direction up and down, Turion, young shoot, as of asparaLgus. or parallel uwith the axis. Typical Flower, 412, 449. Figs. 260, 262. Verticillate, whorled, 222. Typical Forms, 11, 12. Verticilaster, 362. Vdspertine, appearing iii thle c vening. Umbel, 351. Umbellet, a partialumbel. Vexillary (istivation). 1'i 2u. Umbellate, bearing umbels. Vexillum, tndaid 471. ig 316, 317. hUmlbilicate, with a sharp dlepression at end. Villono clotheci rl n wveak hairs, Unarmed, with no stings, thorns, etc. Vimineous wa ith long flexible shoots, osier. Undershrub, a low shrub, 95. Vik inse ne r Undulate, wavy, 280. le. [slender. Unequally pinnate, 281. Vine, 178. ~irgate, twiggy, long and Unguiculate (petal), having a claw, 453. Viscid, Viscous, sticky or glutinous.. Uni (in cotmpoundls), one. Vitta, Vitte, the minute oil-tubes in the UTnY (int\ * *o*mp 1 1 nfruit-coat of the Umbelifer.. UnifolIate, with one leaf or leaflet. fruit-coat of t,Uniform of one form. Volva, membrane enclosing the young Unifornm, of one form. -. Unilateral, one-sided. ungus. Fig. 53, e. Unilcular one-celled. Unil.culair one celled. W;Vedge-shaped, gradually tapering to the -nivalved, with but one valve. base. trceolate, urn-shaped, 478.. Water, 838. Utricle (fit) 559. Worl, a circle of similar organs. Witch-grass, 181. Vag'inate, sheathing, the flattened petiole Wood, 694. Wood-cells, 649. involving the stem. Yalvate, 387. Yeast Plaut. 745. Valves, Valvular, 550. Varieties, 78. Zoology, 37. Vascular tissue, 668. Zoospores, 633. ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS OFTEN USED IN' DESCRIPTIVE B3OTANY. ach. achenia. fil. filaments. ped. peduncle. cast. mstivation. f3. flower; fis. flowers. Ipet. petals. alter. alternate. ft. fruit. c)erig. perigynous. aemplex. amplexicaul. hd. head; hds. Ileads. p1erig. perigynium. anth. anther. hyp. hypogynous. ~recep. receptacle. axill. axillary. imnbr. imbricate.' eg. regular. cal. calyx. ifg inferior. rhiz. rllizoma. caps. capsule. invol. involucre. rt. root. cor. corolla. irreg. irregular. sets. seeds. decid. deciduous. leg. legume. seg. segment. diam. diameter. lf. leaf; lvs. leaves. sep. sepals. ellip. elliptical. Ifti. leaflets. st. stem. emary. emarginate. loem. loment. sta. stamens. epig. epigynous. o epp. opposite. c sti. stigmas. f. or ft. feet. ova. ovary. sty. styles. 190 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. The names of the months, and of states and countries, are often abbreviated, and always in the same manner as in other works; thus, Apr. April; Jn. June; Mass. Massachusetts; N. Y. New York; Ia. or Ind. Indiana; Car. Carolina; La. Louisiana; etc. The follow-ing Signs are also in general v,se:(1 An annual plant. 12 A plant with a woody stem. i2) A biennial plant. $ A staminate flower or plant. 24 A perennial herb. 9 A pistillate flower or plant. U A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers. 8 Monmecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers. / Dicecious; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. q ~ Polygamous; the same species with staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers. O Wanting or none. c0 Indefinite, or numerous. 0= Cotyledons accumbent. o11 Cotyledons incumbent. Used only in the Cruciferm. O>> Cotyledons conduplicate. ~ A naturalized plant. t A plant cultivated for ornament. t A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs are adopted in this work:f (without the period) A foot. (a single accent) An inch. "(double accent) A line (one twelfth of'). I The note of exclamation, common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to the note of interrogation (?). It denotes: in general, certainty from personal observCation. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either in or from that pla.ce. Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens supplied by him. Its use in the present work is discontinued, except in the case of controverted faclts. AU-TnoRS NAXMES are usually abbreviated, as follows: Adans. Adanson. Grey. Greillce. Poir. Poihct. A. DOC. Alphonse De Candolle. Griseb. Grisebach. Ph. Pursl. Ait. Aiton. G-ron. Gronovius. 1R. Br. Reobet Browan, Amrn. Arnott. lledw. Iedwig. Pal. Rafinesque. Aubl. Aubiet. t Ioffm. IIoffilan. Rich. tichardl. Bart. Barton. Hook. looker. Ri'chnli. 1 ichardson. ]Iealv. Beanrvois. Ituds. Hudson. IRemn. Iemener. -Benth. Belnthamn. Juss. Jussien. Salisb. Salisbury. Berl. Berlalndier. Larg. Lagasca. Schiw. Schwneitz. Bernh. Bernhardi. Lamn. Lanark. Schrad. Schrader. Brongn. Brongniart. Lamb. Lamnbert. Schult. Sclhltes. Bigl. or~ Bw. SigeloTw. Lehm. Lehmann. Soop. Scopoli. Bo3hlni. Boehmer. Lindll. Lindley. Ser. Seringe. Bone. Bongard. L. ori Linn. Linnemus. Schk. Sclhkuhr. 1Br. B ro wn. Lk. Link. Sin. Smith. C('ass. Cassini. Mart. Martius. Soland. Solander. Cav. Cavanilles. Mentz. Mentzel. Spr. Sprengel. Chamn. Chamnisso. Miclhx. Michaux. Steed. Steudel. DC. De Candolle. Michx. f. [filius), Michaux the Sw. Swartz. Desf. Desfontaines. youanger. T. & G., Torr. & Gr., Torrey & Desv. Desvaux. M il. Miller. I)ew. Dewey. Mirb. Mirbel. Torr. Torrey. ])ill. Dillenius. Macench. Mnchansen. Tourn. Tournefort. Dui. Duhamel. Meuhl. Muhlenberg. Trin. Trinilus. I)umort. Dainortier. Nees. Nees von Esenbeck. Traut. Trautvetter. Endl. Endlicher. Nutt. Nuttall. Vaill. Vaillant. Ehrh. EIdhrhart. Pav. Payon. Vent. Ventenat. Ell. Elliot. Pers. Persoon. Wahl. Wahlenberg. IEngel. EncelInann. Pall. Pallas. Willd. Willlenow. 1Prel. FIrelich. Pulk. Plikelet. Walt. Walter. Gtert. Gamrtnler. Plunm. Plumier. Wulf. Wulfen. Gmel. Gmnelin. ANALYSIS OF THIE NATURAL ORDERS9 FOUNDED UPON THE MOST OBVIOUS OR ARTIFICIAL CHIARACTERS1 DESIGNED AS A KEY FOR TIIE READY DETERMINATION OF ANY PLANT, NATIVE, NATURALIZED OR CULTIVATED, GROWING WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THIS FLORA. PROVINCES, CLASSES A.ND COHIORTS.,SUB-rINGDOM I. Piaenogamina o0r 0F wersig Pats (Provn.rc.) PROvINgc 1. Bark, wood and pith distinct, the two fobrmer as concentric layers aroundci the latter. Leaves ~nes-cveined. ]sowe', at least, nese' cornpletely 3-azeroos, its'piaSrt mtly in 4s and 5s. DICOTYIEDO:NS or EXOGiES. (CLrAS.) CLASS 1. EloiWes W it7 stiOas, aenld pistils Onclosing the ovules, bec6ming seed-vessels enclosing the seeds. ANGIOSPERMS. (CiornoT.) CoIoisrr 1. Corolla witlI the petals distinct. POLYPETALOUS. (A) CoionRT 2. Corolla with the petals united. GAMOPETALOUS. (B) COHOM' 3. Corolla (and often the calyx, also,) wanting. APETALOUS. (C) CLAss 2. lZlowvers witi open~, scales isenctead f instilZs (or no pistils at all),;tihe ovities kiie. (Pie, Cedar, Firi, Yew, Cypress, etc.). GYMNOSPEPMIS. (CoHorT.) COnHOnT 4. The cone-beariing plants (Scame as Class 2). CONOIDEA. (D) I'RGovNcE 2. Bark, wood and plth commingled. L;V,?aralcIlseeined (rarely netted). Fl, 38merous. hi ONOCOT ILEDONS or ENDOGENS. CIrAss 3. Fis. nxilth no gintnies PlET iLIFY:RGT or AGLUMACEIOUTS. (COcORT.) CoioRT 5. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or inconplete. SPADICIFLORILE. (E) COIIOaRT 6. Flowers complete, with a double perianth. FLORIDEME. (F) CLASS 4. Flowers invested with green, ialternate glunies instead of the perianth which is wanting or minnte. GLUMIFERUE. (ConIOr'T). CocORsT 7. The Grasses and Sedges (same as Classi 4). GRAMINOIDEIE. (G) SUB-INGDOM 1 II. CrptfogmaBEl, o Flowerless Ptanirts,. (Po wv0INCE.) PI.ovINcE 1. With stem and leaves distingnishable, and containinag rwoody tissue and -vessels. ACROGENIS or ANGIOSPORZIE. ((13) PRiovINc, 2. With a thallus, often stem-like, but containing cellular tissue only. Tl IALLOGENS or GYMNOSPOR LA. ( i-) A CooIsT 1. POLYPETA-LOUS. * Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical (11). H Eerbs with the leaves opposite on the stem (7). *Shrubs, trees or nlcelrshrabs.-Flowers regular or nearly so. (2) -Flowers irregnular (or fruit a legume). (r) 2 Polvandrous,-stamens 3 to 10 times as many as the petals, or more. (3) 2 Oliganldrons-stamens 1-2 times as many as the petals or fewer. (4) 3 Leaves opposite. (s) 3 Leaves alternate.-Stamen on the receptacle or the hypogynous corolla. (t) -Stamens and petals on the calyx-tube. (v) 192 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 4 Ovaries simple, distinct or solitary. Vines or erect shrubs. (w) 4 Ovary compound, —wholly adherent to the calyx. (x) -free from the calyx or nearly so. (5) 5 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same nmnber. (y) 5 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a different numnber. (6) 6 Leaves opposite on the stems. (z) 6 Leaves alternate,-compound. (yy) -simple. (zz) 7 Polyandrous,-stamens 3 to 10 times as many as the petals, or more. (m) 7 Oligandrous,-stamens 1-2 times as many as the petals, or fewer. (8) 8 Pistils separate uand distinct, few or solitary, simple. (n) 8 Pistils united, —ovary compound, free from the calyx. (9) -ovary compound, adherent to the calyx. (o) 9 stamens opposite to the petals and of the same numlber. (p) 9 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a greater number. (q) 11 Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legune. (13) 11 Flowers irregular (rarely regrular and the fruit a legumne). (12) 12 Stamens numerous, 3 or more t;ines as many as the petals. (k) 1'2 Stamens few and definite, 5-12. (1) 13 Stamens 3 to 10 times as many as the petals. (15) 13 Stamens few and definite.-Ovary free from the calyx. (14) -Ovary adherent to the calyx. (j) 14 Pistils one, or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple. (e) 14 Pistils definitely-2 united, the short styles combined into one. (f) -3 or 4 united, styles or stigmas 3, 4 or 6. (g) -5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles. (h) -5 united and the styles combined in one. (i) 15- St.mens hypogynous,-on the receptacle. (16) 15 Stamens perigynous,-on the corolla at base. (c) -on the calyx at the base. (d) 16 Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles). (a) IO Pistils (and styles if any) completely united. (b). a Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. R1ANUmcunLELACEs. 1 a Petals 3, persistent, withering. Floating leaves peltate. CABOMBACE.3y. 7 a Petals numerous, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. NELUmBnIACETZ. S b Sepals 4-6, equal. Petals Co, imbricated in the bud. NyPurrn BAeE. 9 b Sepals 5, equail, Petals 5, imbricate. Leaves tubular. SARRnnAENIACE. 10 b Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5, convolnte. Flowers of 2 sorts. CISTAcEAm. 17 b Sepals 2, with-5 petals imbricated in the bud. PolrTuLncaAcm. 22 -4 petals usually crumpled in the bud. PAPAvERAcE,. 11 c Filaments united into a tube. Anther 1-celled. MALvACE n-. 24 d Sepals 2, persistent, capping the pyxis. PonvTULACACE. 22 d Sepals 3-5, valvate in the bud. Pod long, 2-carpeled. TILIACEE. 26 d Sepals 3-5.-Petals imbricate in bud. Fruits simple. RoSAcEa. 47 -Petals convolute, in bud. Fruit compressed. LoAsAcEa. 53 e Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil 1 only. BanERnEIDoACc. 6 e Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous. RIsUNCULACEaE. 1 f Stamens 6 (tetradynamous). Pods 2-celled. CRUCIFsc -. 13 f Stamens 4, or 8-32. Pod 1-celled. CAPPARIDACEM. 14 g Sepals and petals in 3s. Stamens 6. Small herb. LIMNANTHACEE. 36 g Sepals and petals in 4s. Stamens 8. Climbing. SAPINDACE-M. 41 g Sepals, etc., in Ss.-Stam. 5, monadelphous. Climbing. PASSIFLORACE.. 57 -Stam. 5, distinct. Greenish. Climbing. Atema. 104 -Stam. 5, distinct. Yellow. Erect. TURNNRACE~. 56 -Stam. 5, distinct. Cyanic. Erect. DR)OSERAaCEm. 19 -Staim. 3-15. —Fls., very many, minute. CISTACEr. 17 -Fls. moncecious. AcEa. 113 ANALYSIS OF TIlE NATURtAL ORDERS. 193 h Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds O0. LINACETE. 30 h Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1. Ac -E. 80 hI Stamens 10, the filaments united at the base. OxxALIDACiE. 32 h Stamens 6 —24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. CRASSULACE2E. 60 i Ovary one —celled. Leaves radical, irritable. DRosEnRACE. 19 i Ovary 2-5-celled.-Leaves dotless, mostly r'dical. AcEE. 73 -Leaves dotted. Camiline, pinnlate. RuTAczz. 37 j Styles 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, half-adherent. Sepals 2. PORITULACACEIE. 22 j Style 1, carpels as many as the petals (2-6). ONAGRACE-'. 52 j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals. Seeds several. SAxnhRAGACEc S. 61 j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals. Seeds two. U mBELn r;FE. 63 j Styles 3-5, ovary 3-5-celled, 3-5-seeded. AlrALIsCEAs. 64 ]r Ovaries many, or few, rarely 1, always simple. RANUNCULACE M. 1. Rk Ovary compound, 3-carpeled, open before ripe. RESEDACEa. 15 i Sepals 2. Petals 4 (2 pairs). Stam. 6. Spurs 1-2, blunt. FUMrAIeACE z. 12 I Sepals 5, very unequal, Petals 3. Stllm. 6-S. No spur. POLYGALACs:S. 45 1 Seplis 4, petals 2, all colored alike. Spur slender. BALSAMINAOEID. 34 1 Sepals and~ petals each —, not very irregular. No spur. CAIPARIDACIOA. 14 -5. Stamens 8. Spur slender. TROnPaOLACE:. 35 -5. Stamens 5. Spur blunt or none. VIOLACEa. 16 -5. Stiem. 10 (or more). Fr. a legume. LEGUUaIN'osm. 46 ma Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple. RANUNCULAxCE.. 1 Ial Pistils 3 —5, united more or less completely. HPrsERICACEa. 18 -mn Pistils 5-10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. MISEaMBRYAC.EN. 23 n. Pistil solitary, simple. Petals 06-9. Stamens 12-18. BaEPmBE.IDACE,,. 6 n Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. CRASSULACEaE. 60 _i Pistils 2, consolidated withl the 5 stamens. Juice milky. Acm:e. 97 o Carpels as many as the sepals. Anthers open at the top. MTaLAUiTOm.ACE. 50 o Carpels as many as the sepals. Authors open laterally. ONAGRACm.. -52 o Carpels fewer than the sepals s,- -seeded. Styles 2. SAXIeRAGACEzE. 61 -1-seeded. Styles 2 or 3. AarAIacEal. 64 — l-seeded. Style I (double). CORNACzzM. 65 p Style 3 cleft at the summit. Po'TULzACACArE. 22 p Style and stigma 1, undivided. AcE.;. 78 -q Leaves pinnate, wi4th interpetiolar stipulcs. ZYGOPeInLLvACe. 33 q Lvs. simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 6. CRuciri F. 13 q Ivs. simrnple, toothed or lobed. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. GERANIACgEE. 31 q Leaves simple, entire. (qq) qq Petals and stamens on the throat of the clalyx. LYTHEACELE. 51 qq Pet. hypogynous.-Fls. irregular, unsymmetrical. POLYGALACE. 45 — Fls. regular —2 (or 3)-paroted throughout. ELATINACE.J. 20 -5-parted. —Leaves pductate. IyIsPRICAe3 E. 18 -Lvs. dotless. CARYOPHYLLACEYE. 21 r Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10-100. LoEGU;INos;.. 46 r Pistil compound,,-3-carpeled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. digitate. SAPImNDACE. 41 -3-carpeled. Fls. moncecious. Cultivated. BaEo~oAcEIs. 59S -5-carpeled.-Stipules present. Cultivated. GERArNIACEe. 31 — Stipules none. Native. ERIascaE. 73 s Stam-ens on the receptacle, in several sets. Leaves clotted. HYPERIcAcEn. 18 s Stamen on the calyx.-Ovaries many, free, but enclosed. CALYCANZTmhACEE. 48 -Ov. compound, free in the bell-shaped cal. LYTI-RsACEi. 51 -Ov. adherent. —Lvs. with a marginal vein. MYRTAcEr,. 49 — Lvs. withno marg. vein. SAxRraGAc2E. 61 t Petals imbricate or valvate in estivation. (u) t Petals convolute.-Anthers 1 -celled, turned inwards. MALVACEE. 24 -Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. STsuRCUrcxa. 256, 13 19 4 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. u Ovaries distinct. Petals 6, valvate. Erect shrubs. ANONACET. 3 it Ov. distinct. Petals 3-9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. MA]GTOLIACE-. 2 u Ov. distinct, few. Petals 6-9, imbricate. Climbing shrubs.MNimseP nraecEa. 5 u Ov. compound.-Lvs. puuctate with pellucid dots. AURAXTIACE. 28 -Lvs. opaque.-Sepals valvate. Fls. small. TILLACE-,. 26 -Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. CAMELLIACEJZ. 27 v Style 1 with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs. CACTACEE. 54 v Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs. ROSACEEA. 47 Ar Pistils manly, spicate on the slender torus. Climbing. SCIIZANXu ACE Eu. 4 Wv Pistils 2-6, capitatate on the short torus. Climbing. MEN{ISPEurMACEA. 5 -w Pistil one only. Flowers 6-parted. Stnm. opposite the petals. BEtErnDACEa.. 6 X Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8. (Flowers red or roseate.) ONAGRACEXE. 52 x Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 4. Flowers whitish. CORNAcE. 65 x Flowers 5-parted.-Ovary 5-carpeled, 5 styled. ArALIACME. 64 -Ov. 2-carpeled.-Leaves palmate-veined. GROSSULACEZe-. 55 -Leaves pinnate-veined. Stx-IFxrAnACFe.. 61 -y Leaves opposite, stem climbing with tendrils. VITACiE. 44 y Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils. RLIAMSNCEc. 43 z Carpels 3-5, styles short. Leaves simple. CELASTnRACE.. 42 z Carpels 3, styles long, slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate. SAPINDACErz. 41 z Carpels 2, with 2 slender styles. Samara double. ACE;ACE. 40 z Carpels 1-2, with 1 short style. (Drupe or single samara.) OLEACEX. 99 yy Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bipinnate. itELIACEX. 29 yy Fils. 5, distinct.-Leaves pellucid punuctate. RUTcusCe. 17 -Lvs. opaque.-Ov. 8-carpeled, 1-seeded. ANACARIUnCECE. 38 -Ov. of 3 one-seeded carpels. SArINanACE. 41 zz Petals 4, yellow. Ovary 2-carpeled, 2-seeded. II A.aRAELACE-. 62 zz Petals 4 —7, cyanic.-Drupe 1-sceded, but witlh 3 stigmas. An-ICARDInCeCE. 38 -Drupe 4-6-seeded, stigmas 4-6. AQUeroLA(cEaM. 74 -Capsule 00-seeded. Ericinenas, 73. PITTOSPOR1ACEAi. 39 -Cap. 3-seeded (scarlet). Seeds ariled. CzL-rsTnAcEa. 42 -Capsule 2-3-seeded. Ovules pendulous. ~ 3, OPrD. 73 B- COHORTT 2. GAMOPETALOUS. ~ Stamens (6- Oo) more numenrous than the lobes of the corolla. (a) ~ Stamens (2-12) fewer than the corolla lobes or of the same number. (*2) -;2 Ovary inferior, adherent to the tube of the calyx. (3) 3 Stamens cohering by their anthers. (c) 3 Stamens entirely distinct. (d)': Ovary superior, free from the tube of the calyx. (6) G Flowers regular and the stamens symmuetrical. (7) 7 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and free). (e) 7 Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (rarely connate). (9) 9 Shrubs, trees, with the carpels or stigmas 3 —. (f) 9 IIerbs 1-10-carpelled or shrubs 2-carpeled. (g) G Flowers regular and the stamens reduced to 2. (is) G Flowers irregular. Stam. (except in 3 or 4 species) unsymimetrical. (o) a Filaments 6, united into 2 equal sets. Herbs. ORn. 12 -a Filaments G/3, united into 1 tube enclosing the styles. OnD. 24 a Filaments 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. ORD. 46 a Filaments 0o, united only at the base into 1 or 5 sets. (b) b Calyx of 5 leafy imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees. ORD. 27 b Calyx tubular, 5 toothed or truncate. Shrubs, trees. STYi AcacaE. 75 a Fillam. entirely distinct. — or 10 in number. Flowers perfect. ERICc r. 73 -- and 16 in numb. Fls. polygamous. EBENAuC E. 76 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 195 e Flowers in a compact head surrounded by an involucre. ComPosiTer. 70 c Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. LOBELIAOEiE. 71 c Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. 0nD. 58 d Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. CAM, xAU-LACe m. 72 d Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticiilate. RueB icL\E. 67 ( Lvs. opp. Stipules none.-Stam. 5-4. Ov. 2-5-celled. CAPIrIFOLIACE,;I. 66 -Staml. 2-3. Or. 1-celled. VALEIITANACEE. 68 -Stameils 4. Flowers capitate. DIS)IrAnE. 69 e -Ierbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. PLvUXm1CGIxACENE. 80 e Ierbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. PRIMIULACE~. 78 e Trees or shrubs. Ov. 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded. SAPOTAcE. 77 f Style none. Drupe 4 —6 seeded. AQUIsFOLACEX. 74 f Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. VRMcs-NAOEAz. 88 f Style one. Capsule 3-5-celled, 0O-seeded. ERIAcacEmr. 73 g Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 achenia. BOPmRAGXIACn.I. 90 g Ovaries 2, distinct (often covered by the stamens). (th) g Ovary 1, compound, 1-celled (placenta often large). (k). gOvary 1, compound, 2-6-celled. (m). h Stigmas connate. Flower bud convolute. APocYrNCE X. 96 h Stigmas connate, Flower bud valvate? AscLEPI.I)ACE-. 97 h. Stiigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow, CO-NvOLvULAC.E. 91 k Ovules several. Leaves cleft and lobed. HTy-r1uoPr1YLLacj,. 91 k Ovules several. [Leaves (or leaflets) entire, GCENTIAXAoCExs. 95 Ik Ovule solitary. Corolla limb entire. Onr. 101 nx Leaves opposite.-Ovary 2-celled. Lo.AXniUiAO. 85 -Ov. 3-celled. NIot twinilg. } mLeaves alternate.-Ov. 3-celled. Not twining. tPOLEMONIACEa. 92 -Ov. 2-celled. Twining. CoNvoVULhAcmRei. 93 -Ov. 2-celled, 4-seeded. Er'ect. 3onRAGIexACE-x. 90 -.Ov. 2-celled, C/o-seed.-Styles 2. HYDROPHYL. 91 -Style 1. SOL ZACEx,. 94 n Herbs. Ccrolla 4-parted, dry, scarious. PLA.TAGlIACorm. 7 9 n Sh1rubs Corolla 5-parted, imbricatecl in bud. JASnINACE.S. 9S nt Shrubs. Corolla 4-parted, valvate, or none. OLEACrO. 99 o Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achleni. (p) o Ov. entire, 4-ovuled, 4 or fewer-seeded. Lvs. opposite. VErmBE-NAOE-E. 87 o Ovary entire, 00-ovuled, CG or several-seeded. (s) p Leaves opposite. Stems square. Stanens 2-4.. LA2LtE. 89 p Leaves alternate. Stenis round. Stamens 5). BonRAcGINACE. 90 s Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. BIGNOeNIACEa. 83 s Trees. Seeds not winged. SC'RP IIULARuLaACSE. 86; s Iterbs. —Leafless parasites. nonAoM IcncaCE. 82 -Lvs. at base. Fruit 1-celled. FIs. spurred. LE-STmBrTaLACEx. 81 -Leafy.-Fruit 4-A —celled. Leaves opposite. PEDIuIACE. 84 -Fruit 2-celled. (t) t Corolla convolute in bud. Seeds exalbuminons. AcANTIrACEmE. 87 t Corolla imbricate in bud. Seeds albuminous. ScaOrHULAmAcxACZ. 87 t Corolla plicate in bud. Seeds albuminous. So.NAaiEEM. 94 C COHORT 3. APETALOUS. mnts herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except Ilumulus, 115). (2) Lnts woody,-shrubs or trees. (5) Flowers with a regular calyx (or a calyx-lile involucre). (3) Flowers achaemydeous, with neither calyx nor corolla. (f) 3 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire. (a) 3 Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes enclosing it. (4) 196 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 4 Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-ovuled. OnDepE 1 4 Ovary one, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded, style or stigma 1. (b) 4 Ovary one, 1-3-ovuled, with 2-5-styles or stigmas. (c) 4 Ovary 1, with many ovules and 1 style or stigma. (d) 4 Ovary one, -with 4- Co ovules and 2 —12 styles and stigmas. (e) a Stamens 1-8, symnmetrical with the stigmas. ORD. 52 Stamnens 8-10, the stigmas 2. Ovary 0C-seeded. ORD. 61 a Stamens 6 or 12, symmetrical with the 6 ovary-cells. AP ISTOLOCHIXCaEm. 100 a Stamens 5, the style 1. Ovary 2-ovuledl, -seeded. SANTALACEr. 109 b Flowers perfect. Calyx 4 lobed, stamens 1-4. ORD. 47 b Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, fennel-shaped, colored.'YCTAGINACE-S. 101 b Flowers diclinous. Calyx 4 —5-parted, green. URTICACE-M. 115 Fruit; 3-seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas. EunPHOnBIACE. 112 C Fruit 1-seeded.-Stipules sheathing the stems. POLYGONACE.tc. 102 -Stip. O. Calyx scarious-bracted. AMARANTAC T;. 106 -Stip. 0. Calyx double. Climbing. ]ASESLLACE.E. 104 -Stip. 0. Calyx naked. Lvs. alternate. CHENOPODIxcEM. 105 — Stip. 0. Calyx naked. Lvs. opposite. ~ 3, ORD. 21 d Stamens (4) opposite the sepals. ORD. 51 (d Stamens (5) alternate with the sepals. ORD. 78 e Leaves opposite. Fruit circrumscissile (utricle). OrD. 22 e Leaves opposite. Fruit 4-5-valved (capsule). ORD. 21 e Leaves alternate.-Fruit 5-horned, 5-celled (capsule). ORD. 60 -Fruit a fleshy 4-10-seeded berry. PiHYTOTACCXCEM. 103 -Fruit circumscissile (utricle). AMARANTAOETM. 106 f Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. Monocotyledons. R OrD. 131. f Flowers in a long naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. SArUPEACE-. 123 f Flowers solitary, axillary, minnte. Aquatic plants. (g) g Stamen l1, styles 2. Leaves opposite. CALLIITRICACEE. 124 g Stamens 2, styles 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. PODOSTEIACrE. 125. Stamens 1 — 24, style 1. Lvs. verticillate, dissected. CEnRmTOPrYIILACE. 120 5 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves opposite. (ji) 5 Flowers not in amentts, with the leaves alternate. (1i) 5 Flowers (diclinous), the sterile only, in arcents. (n) 5 Flowers (dielinous), both the fertile and sterile in anments. (o) hI Fruit a double samara (2-wingel). Orne. 40 i1 Fruit a single samara (1-winled), or a drupe. Stamens 2. O LcEns. 99 Ih Fruit not winged,-3-seeded. Stamens 4. EurHornnIcEa. 112 - -seeded. Stamens 4 or 8. ELEAGNACeIE. 111 — 1-seedecd. ScStamens 3. Parasites. LOuAN-TNcEAOE.. 108 1k Style or stigma one. Fruit I-seeded. (m) mn Calyx friee from t;he ovary.-Anthers opening by valveso;a LAunRcE. 101 mn Calyx fiee frone the ovary. —Anthers opening by sliso. TIYsrEMLXCsF. 110 In Calyx adherent to the ovIry. —Ovules 2-4. (Shrubs.) SANTALACCEL. 109 -Ovule 1. (Trees.) ORD. 65 k Styles or stigmas 2.-Stamens numerous. ORID. 62 -Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. ULasACEX. 113 Ic Styles or stigmas 3 (rarely 2-4). —Fruit dry, 3-partible. EuIPHooBIAcrE. 112 -Fruit a fleshy drupe. OnD. 43 k Styles or stigmas 6-9. Heath-like undershrubs. EPrpETA1R. E. 115 k Styles and ovaries 5, scarcely united. Leaves pinnate. OnD. 837 n Nut or nuts in' a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. CUPrrLIFRnM. 119 in Nut drupaceous, naked. Leaves pinnate. JUGLANDACEn. 118 o Fruit fleshy, aggregated (sorosis). Juice (or sap) milky. AP.TOCARPACcE X. 114 o Fruit dry. Plants with a watery juice or sap. (jp) ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, 197 p Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled, woolly. ORU. 62 p Aments globular, solitary. INutlets 1-celled, 1 seeded. PLATANACELE. 117 p Aments cylindrical or oblong. (s). s Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit often fleshy. hYRICACMR. 121 s Ovary 2.ceiled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. Fruit often winged. BETULACE. 120 S Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. Seeds comous. SALICacLE. 122 D COHORT 4. CONOIDEAE. ~T Leaves simple. Fertile flowers in cones. Stems branching, woody, jointless. CONIFERA.:. 127 I[ Leaves simple. Fertile flowers solitary. Stems branching, woody, jointless. TAXACEX. 128 j Leaves pinnate. Fertile flowers solitary. Stems simple, palm-like. CYrADACE~. 123 E:CorIOm' 5. SPADICIFLOIlR. 1[ Trees or shrubs with palmi-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and a branching " spadlix" from a spathe. PALMACiE. 130 T[ Herlbs with simple, rarely ternate'leaves. Spadix simple. (2) 2 Plants frond-like, minute, floating loose on the water. LERNXACEa. 132 2 Plants with stem and leaves, rooting and fixed. (3) 3 Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape. ARACE-E. 131 3 Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy. (4) 4 Flowers with no perianth, densely spicate or capitate. TYPIICE.E. 133 4 Flowers with a perianth or not. Plants submersed. INATADACEE:. 134!P COnORT 6. FLORIDE3E. ~[ Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involuerate head. (k) ~j Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, etc. (3) 3 Perianth tube adherent to the ovary wholly or partly. (a) 3 Perianth free friom the ovary. (4) 4 Petals and sepals differently colored (except in MBedeola, 14:7). (c).a Petals and sepals similarly colored. (e) a Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Low, aquatic herbs. IIDROeCAnIDACE,. 136 a Flowers diceeious, 6-androus. Shrubby climbers. DIOSCOrLEACE E. 14z4 a Flowers perfect,-gynandrous (stamen on the pistil). OaRCIDACEE. 138 -monanclrous with half an anther. MIAR..NT.&CE2E:. 139 -3-6-androus'. Stamens distinct. (ib) b Perlauth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half- free. ILMEmOODORAG C. 142 b Perianth glabrous outside.-Stamens 3, anthers introrse. BUPICmAN-NIACEE. 137 -Stamens 3, antlhers extrorse. IEIDAcE. 143 -Stamens 6. A.,rA1YLrcnLDACEu. 140 c Carpels many, distinct, acheniate in fruit. ALIS AC.E. 135 c Carpels 3, united, with the stigmas distinct or not. (d) d Leaves verticillate in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3. TRILLIACE.E. 147 d Leaves alternate.-Stigmas 3. Scurfy epiphytes. EBOM1ELTACEfE. 141. -Stigmas united into 1. CoanAICLY-NACEs-. 152 e Leaves net-veined, dilated.-Flowers perfect, 4-parted. I0oxSununGIIIACEE. 146 — Flowers dicecious, 6-parted. SXraILem. 145 e Leaves parallel-veined. (f) f Styles, and often the stigmas also united into 1. (g) g Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in 1 species). LILIACEfE. 1.4.8 g Flowers colored, irregular or else triandrous. PONTEDEPIACEO. 150 g Flowers greenish, glume-like or searious. JUNcAcE E. 151. 198 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. f Styles and stigmas 3, distinct. (h1) h Leaves rush-like. Ovary of 3 one-seeded carpels. JUNCAGINE-M. 135 hI Leaves linear, lanceolate, etc. Ovary 6 —0 -seeded. AILANTHIAXCEE. 149 k Petals yellow, small but showy. Plant acaulescent. XYRIDACEza. 153 1 Petals white, minute, fringed. Plant acaulescent. JEMIoauLo NACeZ. 154COHORT 7. GRAMINOIDE. T Flower with a single bract (glume). Culm solid, sheaths entire. CYPERACE. 1515 ~[ Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Cunlm hollow. Sheaths split on one side. GAMIsNE.E. 15; [ PROVINCE, ACROGENS. ~ Plants with well developed foliage. (~) ~T Leaves few, mostly ample and fiom subterranean rhizomes. (a) a Fruit borne on the leaves which are often more or lesscontracted. FILICEs. 160 a Fruit borne at the base of the radical, entire or lobed leaves. MARSILEACE;M. 157 ~ Leaves numerous, small, mostly spirally imbricated on the stem. (b) b Fruit axillary, sessile, opening by a slit. LvYCOPOInAC-E. 158 b Fruit mostly terminal and usually stalked, opening by a lid. MuscI. 163 ~ Leaves numerous, small, imbricated on the stem in 2 rows.? IIEP.,TICx. 164 ~ Plants with the leaves and stem confounded, thallus-like. ~ Plants with verticillate branches instead of leaves. (c) c Fruit in terminal spikes, and of one kind only. EQUISETACE E. 159 c Fruit lateral, scattered on the branches, and of two kinds. CHARACEf. 161 K PROVINCE, THALLOGENS. Plants aquatic, with a colored thallus. Fruit immersed in the frond. ALGc. 164 Plants on dry rocks, logs, or bark of trees, thalloicld or granular. LiccHiEs. 165 Plants growing on decaying organisms. Thallus cotton-like, the fruit very different, all without chlorophylle or starch. FuNGIo 166 PART FOURTH, DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY; ORL, PHYTOLOGY. COMPRISING THE FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA (WVITIIIN TIE LIMITS.MENTIONED IN; TIIE PREFACE). SuB-KINGDOM, PHAINOGA /iA OR FLOWERING PLANTS.-Vegetables having an axial development, leafy appendages and true flowers, their substance composed of cellular, spirovascular, and woody tissue; their flowers with manifest stamens and pistils, and producing seeds with an embryo. (For sub-kingdom Cryptogllmia or Flowerless Pl]ants, see page 810). PROVINCE, EXOGENAE on DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.-Plhen6gamous plants having a stem composed of -a central column of pith enclosed with wood and bark, the latter exterior; growing by the addition of concentric: layers external to the wood, internal to the bark. Leaves mostly net-veined. Flowers very generally 5-nmerous, rarely 3-merous. Embryo with two or more opposite cotyledons. (Province Endogenre or Monocotyledonous plants, see page 666.) CLASS I, ANGIOSPER3Lf.-Exogenous plants with netveined leaves. Pistils complete, having stigmas for the reception of the pollen, enclosing the ovules within an ovary which becomes at mnaturity a seed-vessel enclosing the seeds. Cotyledons only two. (Class II. GymnospermA, with no stigmas, naked seeds, and leaves not netveinedcl, see page 659.) COHORT 1, DIALYPETALIE on POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS.-Plants having a double perianth, consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of distinct petals, rarely abortive. (Cohort 2. Gamopetale or Monopetalous Exogens, page 393. Cohort 3. MonochlamydeI or Apetalonus Exogens, page 601.) 200 ORDER L. —EANUNCULACE.o ORDER I. RANUNCULACE2E. CROWFOOTS. iHerbs (or woody climbers) with'a colorless, acrid juice. Leaves mostly divided, exstipulate, with half-clasping petioles. Ccbyjx.-Sepals 3-15, green or petaloid, distinct, hypogynous. Corolla.-Petals 3-15, distinct, hypogynous, sometimes irregular or none. Stamens G:, distinct, hypogynouls, Anthers adnate, opening lengtchwise. Ovaries GC or few, simple, distinct, the cell 1 —c -ovuled. Fruit either dry achenia, or follicles, or baccate, 1 —^0 -seeded. Seeds anatropous with a straight, minute embryo in horny albumen. Illustrated in Figs. 10, 24, 132, 143, 162, 241, 242, 283, 291, 294, 836, 38S, 415, 458, 2S6, 2S8, &c. Genera 4S, species about 1000, mostly natives of cool, damnp climates, those of the tropicai regions groewing only upon the mountains, and in their proper localities abuntdant. lPltO>r rTIrs. Nearly all the genera possess acrid and more or less narcotic properties, somne o(f them being highly prejudicial to animnal life. These qualities are dissipated by a boiling heat or by drying, or heightened by spirits and sugar. The species of Helleborus and n.conitinm are highly poisonous, but medicinal when rightly used. This order is rich in ornamental cultivated ilanits, TRIBES AND GENERA. Sepals 4, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. (Tribe I.) Sepals imbricated in the bud.-Ovaries 1 — seeded, acheniate. (2). -Ovaries 2 —c -seeded. (3.) 2 Corolla O, or unldistingishable from the colored calyx. (Tribe 1I.) 2 Corolla and calyx distinct either in color or form. (Tribe III.) 3 Sepals as permanent as the staumens. Fruit follicular. (Tribe IV.) 3 Sepals caducous sooner than the stamens. (Tribe V.) 3 Sepals persistent with the follicular fruit. (Tribe VI.) I. CLEMATIDE.AE. Petals 0, or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. CLEMATIS. 1 II. ANEMIONEzE.-Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Stem-leaves opposite. ANENsONE. 2 -Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Leaves all radical. HEPATICA. 3 -Sepals caducous. Flowers usually imperfect. TIrA.LIcTraUc. 4 -Sepals caducous. Flowers perfect. TRAUTVETTERIA. 5 IIi. RItNANCULEI.-Sepals not appendaged. Flowers scarlet or yellow. ADOcNIS. 6 -Sepals not appendagedl.'Petals xanthic, a scale at base. ltRAumTNCULrs. 7 -Sepals appendaged. Plant minute. Leaves radical. MYosURus. 5 IV. HELLEBOREZA, Perianth regular. -Petals 0. Sepals white. IsoPYRUNa. 9 -Petals 0. Sepals 6 to 9, yellow. CALTI1A. 10 -Petals slender, trbular at apex. Roots bright yellow. COPTI. t11 -Petals minute, tubular at base, I-lipped. TPOLLIU'S. 12 -Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent IIELLesoRus. 13 -Pet. small, concave, 2-lobed. Fls. racerned. roots.yel.ZANTIIbOmnZA. 14 -Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. NIGELLA. 15 -Petals larger than the colored sepals, spur-like, equal.AquILEcIA. 16 IV. IIELLEBOIt1EE, Perianth irregular. -Upper sepal spurred, conctaining two spurred petals. DEZLP1.sunr1Nr. 17 -Upper sepal hooded, covering tile deforlmeld petals. AcoNsITUr. 13 V. CIMICIFUGEzE. —Flowers numerous, in long spicate racemes. CmIICIFUGA. 19 — Flowers mlany, in short racemes. FIruit fleshy. ACTgA. 20 -Flower 1 only. Plant 2-leaved. Berry compound. I{YDRASTIs. 221 VI. PdEONIEJE. —Pet. plane, large, showy. Disk sheathing the ovary. Pmoc-n.. 22. CLE Ik ATI S L. VIRGIN's BOVER. (Gr.. 0,?i/dta, a vinlle or tendril.) Calvx of four colored sepals, in estivation valvate-induplicato. Petals none, or if present more like sterile filaments. Stamens oo, shorter tltan the sepals, the outer or all sometimes sterile. Ovaries oo, in a head. Achen'ia caudate with the lengthened plumous or pubescent style. 24 Herbs, or vines a little woody, climbing by twining petioles. Leaves opposite. The herbage is acrid and caustic. ~ ATRAGENIcc. Outer stamenspetal-like. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. solitary. Vine........No. 1 ~ (C;.Lre ATIS proier. Petals none. Leaves opposite. (*)': Vines. —Flowers in cymnous panicles...........................................Nos. 2-4 -Fls. solitary.-Sepals panduriform, wavy-edged...................Nos. 5, 6 -Sepals lance-ovato with a reflexed point..................Nos. 7, S * Erect herbs, near I f. high. Flowers solitary.................................os. 9-11i Exotic, cultivated species....Nos. 12-15 ORDER 1.t-RINUNCUL ACEME. 201 1 C. verticillris DC. Stem ascending trees 15 ft. by means of its twistino petioles. At each node is a whorl (arising from two buds) of four ternate leaves, and two large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1-2' by — 1', ovate, slightly notched. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 15" by 5". Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals?) dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers.-A handsome climber in highland woods, Vt. (Dr. Phelps) to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts. May, Jn. (Atragene Americana Sims). 2 C. Virginin a L. Lvs. ternalte; Ifs. smooth, lobed, and czt-dentate.-A common, hardy climber in hedges and thickets, Can. to Ga. and the Miss. Stem 8-15 f. in length, supporting itself on fences and brushwood by means of the long petioles. Leaflets 2-3' by 1 —-2', with mucronate teeth. Sepals 4, white, oblong-obovate, obtuse. Starnens 28-36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit furnished with long, plumlous tails (cau.de), appearing in large, downy tufts. Aug.]t 3 C. holosericea Ph. Lvs. ternate; fts. pubescent both sides, enti7'e, oblonilanceolate.In Carolina. Plant climbing. downy or silky in all its parts. Panicles corymbous, trichotomous, few flowered. Flowers dioecious, small, white; the linear petals lonrer than the stamens. Achenia long-plumed. 4 C. Catesbylna Ph. Lvs. bilernate; Ifts. ovate, snmall, mostly 3-lobed, the lobes entire.-In Georgia. Plant climbing, minutely pubescent. Flowers in axillary, divaricately forked cymes, small, mostly Y'. Sepals linear oblon'.- Filaments in the p flowers, linear-margilned, without authers. Achenia shortplumed. 5 C. cylilndrica Sims. Lvs. ternate, pinncte, or decompoeLnd; Ifts. ovate (very variable), acute, smzooth, rmeozbracnous.-V irginia to Ga. and La, Stems climbing. but notextensively, smooth. Leaves exceedgnoly various. Leaflets 3-15, glabrous, simple, often lobed or 3-parted, render ing the leaf decompound. Peduncle terminal, bearing a large, nodding, bell-shaped, bluish purple flower. Achenia with short (6-9") pubescent tails. Apr. May. f3. crispea. Lfts. large (2'-3'), broadly-ovate, obtuse or subcordate at base. Sepals above much dilated and crisped, spreadingf or reflexed.-Ga. Varying imperceptibly into a. (C. crispa L.) y. Wditeri. Slender throughout. Leaflets 3 —5, very narrow, acute at each endl Sepals narrow and scarcely wavy. Stamens sometimes sterile.-Ga. Perhaps distinct. (E. Wliteri, Ph.) 6. lineariloba. Lfts. about 15, lance-linear, acute or acuminate at each end. Flower more or less cylindraceous below.-Quincy, Fla., La. (C. iinearil6ba, DC.) 6 C. reticulhta Walt. Leaves pinnate or ternate. Lfts. obtuse at each end, at length rigid and_ prominen.tlqy net-veined.-Flha. Lfts. 3-6, stalked as in the other species, oblong, ovate or oval: entire, simple or lobed. Flower terminal, nodding: bell-shaped, pale-purple, much resembling that of No. 5. Sepals 1-14' long. Achenia with long silky tails. Apr? C. Vi6 rna L. LEATHERii-FLowER i ts. ovate, acute, smnooth. Sep2als ovate. thick and leathery; ach. with long plumous tails.-Woods, Ohio to Ga. Stems 10-15f in length, striate. Lvs. pinnate, those of the branches (bracts) simple, ovate, subsessile. Lfts. ovate or lance-ovate, simple or 3-lobed. Flower terminal, nlodding, dark purple. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1' long, cuspidate point reflexed. Tails 1-}' long. Jn. J1. 8 C. Pitcheri T & G. Lfts. roug7, with prominent veins, coriaceous. Sepals lance-ovate, thick, achenia with short pubescent tails.-Iowa, Ill. to Ark. Leaves pinnate, those of the peduncles simple, subsessile. Leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse, often subcordate at base. Sepals of the nodding flower ovate-lanceolate, dull purple,.8-10" in length, the cuspidate point reflexed. Jn. Hardly distinct from the preceding.) 9 C. ochrolefica Ait. Lvs. simple, ovate, silky, puzbescent beneath. —Mts. and river banks, N. Y. to Ga. Rare; stem 12-18' high, sericious. Leaves sessile, entire, simple, 2-4' loncg, 7 as wide, with prominent veirns, upper surface at length smooth. Flower terminal, nodding, ovate-campanulate. Sepals silky outside, yellowish-white within. Plumes of the fruit long, straw-colored. May. 202 ORDER 1. —RANUNCULACEzE. O0 C. ovata Ph. Leaves broadly ovate, glabrous, glaucous and veiny beneath. -N. Car. to Fla. Stem simple, 1-2f high, glabrous as well as the whole plant. Leaves entire, simple, on short petioles, the lower subcordate. The stem terminates in a short, nodding, purple flower, with ovate-acuminate sepals. Achenia with long plumous tails. 11 C. Baldwfinii T. & G. Leaves varying from oblong to lance-linear, the lower 3-lobed or clefl.-Tampa Bay, Fla. (Baldwin.) Slender, 1-2f high. Lvs. acute at base, about -' by 2', petiolate. Flower cylindrical-campanulate, purplish, on a long terminal peduncle. Plumous tails 2' long. 12 C. F1am1mula L. Flowers paniculate; lvs. pinnate; IfIs. oblong, acute at each end. —S. Europe and N. Africa, often cultivated. Its long, half woody, angular, climbing stems form shady masses,, covered with small, white, cymous, extremely fragranbt flowers. Lfts. very variable. Fruit tipped with long shaggy tails. J1., Oct.t 13 C. fl6rida L. Flowers solitary; sepals acuminate, smooth; Ifts. ovate, acute. -Fromn Japan. Vine 12f long. Lvs. ternate and decompound; lfts. entire. Peduncles longer than the leaves, bearing each a large, white-yellow flower. J-a., Sept.t 14 C. Viticella L. Flower solitary; sepals obovate.-From Spain. Vine long and climbing, with ternately decompound leaves. Lfts. entire, ovate or oval. Flower large, purple, the sepals broad, obtuse at end, often double. Jn. —Sept.+ 15. C. lasiantha Nutt. Fls. solitary, diecious, on clustered 2-leaved branchlets; sepals oblong-cuneate, spreading, villous on both sides; lvs. ternate, lfts. broadly ovate, incisely toothed, the terminal 3-lobed or cleft.-YVine delicate, climbing many feet, pubescent or villous. Lfts. about 1)' by 1'. Peduncles 3' long, the pale blune-purple fl. 1' broad.. Rocky MIts. 2. AWE16NE, L. Fig. 361. (Gr. advejtog, wind. Most of the species grow in elevated or windy places.) Involuere remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves; calyx regutlar, of 5-15 colored sepals; corolla 0; stamens Co, much shorter than the sepals; ovaries Go, fi'ee, collected into a roundish or oblong head; achenia with a short, rarely lengothened beak; seeds suspended. — Lvs. radical, stein lvs. 2 or 3 opposite or whorled, forming the involucre. ~ PULSATTLLA. Carpels many (50-T-7) with long, plumnous tails...................... No. 1 ~ ANEMONE Irop2er. Carpels not produced into tails. (-) * Pistils many (50-70) in a head, densely woolly in freuit. (a) a Involucrate leaves sessile, with a single flower................................Nos. 2 —1 a Involucrate leaves petiolate, with 2-3 flow-ers...............................Nos. 5 — Pistils fewer (15-20), inereiy pubescent in fruit..............................Nos. 8, 9 * Pistils few (10 —15), glabrous. Flowers umbeled..............................Nos. 10, 11 Exotic, cultivated species... Nos. 12, 1.' 1 A. NuttalliAna DO. PAsQuE-FLOWER. Plant clothed with silky hairs. St. in flower very short, in fruit 8 —12' higoh. Lvs. long-stalked, many-cleft, segments linear or cuneiform, incised. Involucre below the middle of the stem, sessile, subulately dissected; concave or cup-shaped in position. Sep. of tile single showy flower 5 or 6, 1' long, pale-purple, silky outside, appearing before the leaves, in Apr. Tails of the carpels 1' long.-Dry hills, Wisc., Ill., W. to 1R. Mts. (A. patens L. Pulsatilla, Gray.) 2 A. Caroliniana Walt. Lvs. 3-parted into curneate-linear tlwice trifid segmcnts; invol. similarly cleft half way, hand-shaped; sep. 15-20, obtuse; head of carpels cylindraceous-oblolg. —A delicately beautiful plant, Car. to Ark. and Nebr. Rhizome tuberous, sending up many stalked, multifid leaves and a scape 6 —10' high, bearing xhe 2 or 3-leaved involucre below the middle, and the single large, fragrant, whit or rose-colored flower at top. Scape pubescent above. Outer sepals dotted with purple, oblong, the inner (or petals) narrower, all nearly persistent. Invol. similar to, or less deeply cleft than the leaves. Apr. (A. tenella, Ph.) 3 A. heteroph-lla Nutt. Lvs. of roundish-oval, crenate segments; invol. linear-cleft to the base; sep. acute, 5-13; head of carpels cylindrical.-Ga. (near Macon, Jettauer) to La. (i-ale) and Ark. Rhizome tuberous. Radical lvs. one or ORDER 1.-RANUNCULACEJE. 203'ew, long-stalked (3-5'), ternate, the segments stalked, simple, or incisely 3-lobed or parted. Scape 8-16' high, silky pubescent above. Lye. of the invol. totallyunlike the others, the segments 1-1 —' by 1", placed (in flower) above the middle of the scape. Fl. greenish, scentless: sepals commonly 8, all linear-oblong, 5-6" long, soon falling. Heads of carpels 1~' long; ach. flattened. Mar.-Apr. 4 A. parviflora Mx. Invol. 2-leaved: sep. 5-6, oval; head of carpels globular.Canada and northward. Stem 2-12' high, pubescent. Lvs. 3-parted, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft, crenate lobed, those of the involucre similar, subsessile. Flower whitish. (A. cuneifolia, Ph.) 5 A. mn-Lltifida DC. RED WIND-FLOWER. Ienvoel. short-petioled; lateral peduncles involucellate: heads of carpe7s oval.-Rocks, northern Vt. and N. Y., WV. to Lake Superior; rare. Plant hairy, about If high. Radical lvs. ternately divided, segm. cuneiform, gashed into 3 linear acute lobes, petioles 2-4' long. Invol. 2 —3-leaved, similar, subtending 2 or 3 peduncles. Involucels 2-leaved, sessile. Fls. of 5-8 obtuse sepals, small, purple, varying to white. Jn. (A. Hudsoniana Rich.) 6 A. VirginiAna L. Invol. long-petioled; lateral peduncles involucellate, heads of cacpels oblong. —A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures, Can. to Car. Scape erect, 2-3 f. high, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long parallel 1-flowered peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an involucel of two bracts. Lvs. 2-3' by 3-1', 3-parted; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, toothed and lobed; petioles 6-10' long, petioles of the bracts much shorter. Sepals 5, yellowish green. Fruit woolly, in heads 3-'l ong. July. 13. ALBA. Fis. larger; sep. white. —Ledges, Vt. (Dr. Robbins.) 7 A. cyllndrica Gray. Invol. long-petioled; peduncles all naked; head of carpels cylindrical —Dry soils, lM~ass., N. H. to Iowa. Plant silky pubescent, 1-2f high. Lvs. 2-3' wide, 3-parted; segm. cuneate, deeply gash-lobed and cut-toothed, petioles 3-6' long; ped. 3-6, 1-flowered, 6-10' long, umbellate, sometimes one or two with involucles; sep. 5, silky, greenish-white, obtuse; heads of fruit l1' long. May. $.Q. nemlor6sa (and quinquefolia) L. Low, senooth, 1-flowered; invol. petiolate.A common and ihteresting little plant, 6-9' high, found in old woods, hedges, and in open fields. Radical leaf 1, ternate, segm. cleft or lobed. Invol. of 3 petiolate leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its bracts cut-toothed and lobed, the lateral segments cleft, sometimes quite to the base, so as to render the leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single white flower, purplish outside. Apr., May. 9 A. Penlnsylxrv ica L. Hairy: invoe. sessile: ped. one, at length 2 or 3. lateral ones involucellate.-Shores and wet prairies, Can. to Penn. W. to Ind. and Wis. Stem 12 to 20' high; lvs. large, veiny, those of the root 5-parted, segm. cuneate, 3-lobed, pointed. Lvye of the involucre 3-parted, acuminate-lobed and toothed. First flower on a naked stalk. From its base arise two branches, each 2-leaved (involuceled) and 1-flowered. Sep. 5, obovate, large, white. Jn.-Aug. 10 A. narcissiflora L. Villous; involuecre sessile; achenia flattened.-In Canada and northward. Plant clothed with long silky hairs. Lvs. palmately 3-5-parted, segm. cuneiform, incisely many cleft into linear acute lobes. Invol. somewhat similar, the sessile leaflets 3-5-cleft. Flowers several, umbelate, white, on leafless stalks. 11 A. thalictroides L. RUE ANEMONE. (Fig. 361.) Glabrous, low; invol.'etiolate: ach. grooved.-In woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Iowa, common. A fine little plant of early spring. Root consisting of several oblong tubers; lvs. bitersate or triternate, the comlmon petiole 2 —4' long. Lfts. like those of the invol. 6-12" long, - as wide, oval, subcordate, 3-lobed. Invol. of two ternate leaves appearing as a whorl of 6 petiolulate lfts. Flowers several, white varying to pale purple. Hight 6-8'. Apr., May. (Thalictrum anemonoides Mx.) 12 A. corona.ria L. Lvs. ternate, with?nultifid segments antiUnecar mucronate lobes: sep. 6, oval, close.-From Levant. A hardy, flowering. plant, with large single or double variegated flowers. May.t 13 A. hort6nsis L. Lvs. 3-parted, with crenate, cut-dentatel obes: invol. sessile, of oblong, entire or cut leaflets. Sep. 10 —12, oblong. — From Italy. A fine garden species, with double and semi-double varieties of red, white, and blue flowers. tMay.t 204 ORDER 1. —RANUNCULACE2E Observation.-M- any other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely cultivated. They all prefer a fresh, loamy soil. 3. HEPATICA, Dill. LIVERWORT. Fig. 132, 190. (Gr. r-rai -o9, of the liver; from the fancied resemblance of the leaf.) Involucre of 3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below the flower; calyx of 5-9 petaloid sepals, disposed in 2 or 3 rows; corolla 0; achenia awnless. H. triloba Chaix (and acutiloba DC). Lvs. trilobate, the lobes entire; scape 1-flowered, hairy.-Woods, Can. to Ga., and Wise. This little plant is one of the earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in the neighborhood of some lingering snow bank. The root consists of numerous and strong fibers. Lvs. all radlical on long, hairy petioles, smooth, evergreen, coriaceous, divided into three lobes, which suggest all its names. Fis. on scapes 3 —4' long, solitary, numerous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white and flesh color. In cultivation they become double. In respect to the form of leaves there are two varieties: a. OBTUSA, lobes obtuse, rounded. Prefers the south side of hills. f,. AcrTA, lobes acute.-Prefers the north side of hills. 4. THLICTRUvlU, Tourno MEADOW.RUE. (Said to be frona OdACto, to be green.) Calyx colored, of 4 —5 roundish, concave, caducous sepals; corolla 0; filaments ceo, compressed, dilated upward, longer than the calyx; ovaries numerous (4-15); achenia sessile or stipitate, ribbed or inflated, pointed with the stigma or short style.1Z Lvs. ternately compounded, with stalked leaflets. Fls. panliculate, oftenl 2' or 2 j'. * Carpels mlostly 10 or 12, beaked with a style................................. Fos. 1, 2 * Carpels few (4-6), with sessile stigmas....................................... Nos. 8, 4 1. T. diolcun L. 9'; stem leaves on a short comnson petiole; Ifts. obtusely 5-I lobed; ach. about 8, sessile. —Hilly woods, Brit. Am. to Ga. and Ala. A slender and delicate plant, glabrous and glaucous, 1-2f high. Lvs. ternately decompound, the cauline on petioles 1-3' long, shortening upward. Lfts. roundish, about 5' diameter, with 5-7 obtuse lobes, paler beneath. Filaments filiform, longer than the 5 obtuse sepals. The slender terminal panicle is often purplish, generally pale green. Fruit strongly ribbed and distinctly pointed. AMay. 2 T. cortniti L. S; stem Ivs. all sessile (no common petiole); lfts. roundish obovate, rather acutely 3-lobed; ach. about 12, substipitate, ribbed. —Common in meadows. Stem 3-if high, smooth, hollow, jointed, furrowed. Lvs. resem-. bling those of the columbine (Aquilegia), green above, smooth, several times compounded. Lfts. 1-2' long, - as wide. Petioles sheathing at base. Panicles large and diffuse. The barren flowers have numerous club-shaped stamens, with oblong yellow anthers. Fertile fis. smaller and less crowded. Jn., J1.,B. DnBITATUL. Radical lvs. (many) and lower stem lvs. petiolate. Ga. (Pond.) 3 T. filipes Torr and Gr. 9; *Lvs. cauhiane: panicle corymrbouls: ach. stiped. — N. Car. (Curtis). Plant very smoooth, 2f or more in hight. Lvs. biternate, on petioles 1' in length; lfts. roundish, obtusely 3 —5-lobed, glaucous beneath. Panicles loose and capillary. Fruit inflatel, obovate, striate, each as long as its slender stipe, acute. Style 0. 4 T. alpinurm L. Lvs. mostly radical: fis. ~ in a sirmple raceme: ach. ovate, sessile.-Can. and northward. Plant about 6' high, glabrous. Lvs. petiolate, biternate; lfts. roundish, about 4' diam., crenately toothed. Stems few-leaved, terminating in a cluster of a few nodding flowers on slender pedicels. Filaments filiform. Style 0. 5. TRAUTYETTIRIA, Fisch. and Meyer. (Named in honor of Tracttvetter, a German botanist.) Sepals 4 —5, colored; caducous; petals 0; stamens co, petaloid; carpels 15-20, inembranous and in ORDER 1l.-RANUNCULACEA. 205 dehiscent, angular, 1-seeded, tipped with the short, hooked style. — 4 Lvs. palmately lobed. Fls. corymbous. T. palmAta Fisch and leyer. A coarse plant of the prairies and woods, Va. to Can., W. to Ill. Stem slender, 2-5f high, terete, smooth, terminating in a large branching corymb. Radical lvs. 4-6' wide by 3-5' long, rugous and reticulate*veined, 5-9 lobed, long-stalked; stem lvs. few, remote, the upper sessile. Fls. mlany, white. Sepals orbicular, concave, falling as soon as expanding. J1., Aug. (Cimicifuga, Hook.) 6. AD{WIS, L. PEEASANT'S-EYE. (Feigned to have sprung froml the blood of Adonis when wounded by the boar.) Sepals 5, appressed; petals 5 —15, with a nakecl (scaleless) claw. Achenia.spiked, ovate and pointed with the hardlened, persistent style. —Herbs with dissected ivs. and terminal, solitary, red or yellow flowers. 1 A. autu M a lis L. Petals 5 —S (cirrnson), concave and connivent.-A fine hardy annual, fronm Europe, naturalized in sonme parts of the country. Stem thick, branching, if high. Lvs, pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Fls. 1' diam. Carpels crowned with a very short style, and collected into an ovate or sub-cylindric head. Seeds to be sown in autumn in a light soil. 2 A. vernAlis L. Petals 10-12 (yellow), oblong, spreading.-A hlandsome perennial, from Europe. Stem branching, 1 f. high. Lvs. sessile, multifid. 7. RANi0NCULUS, L-. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUPS. Fig. 24, 241, 242, 294, 369. 458, 386, 415. (Lat. rana, a frog; from the aquatic habitat of some species.) Calyx of 5 ovate sepals; cololla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each witll a nectariferous scale (Fig. 294) or pore at the base inside; filaments co; achenia o, flattened, pointed, crowded in a roundish or oblong head. —Herbs, mlostly 4!, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. C Seeds (carpels) rough writh points or prickles..................................... Nos. 1, 2i Seeds (carpels) smooth and even, or merely ruogeus (a). a Leaves in fine, numerous, thlead-like divisions, under water....................s. 4, 4 a Leaves all undivided and simple.-Stems creepinge...............................Nos. 5, 6 -Stems erect................................Nos. 7 —9 a Root-lvs. simply crenate or lobed, stem leaves divided........................os. 9, 10 a Leaves all more or less divided, not submersed (b). b Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the showy petals.................. Nos. 11 —14 b Sepals reflexed in fiower.-T-Tead of carpels oblong.........................Nos. 15, 16 -I-eads of carpels globous........................Nos. 17, 1S R1. nluricatns L. Glabrous; carpels aculeate, strongly margined, and ending in a stout, ensiforeem, recuLrved beak. Va. to La. Stem branched, erect, lf high. Lvs. roundish (1~' diam.), cordate, 3-lobed, lobes coarsely crenate-toothed, all similar, and on petioles 1-5' long. Bracts close to tile flower, simple. Fls. small, few. Pet. obovate, yellow. Carpels large (3" longs including beak). Eur. 2 R. parvi'fl.usl L. FiZZlloezs carpels roundish, granulated, tipped with a very shoret beak. —Vm to La. Stem 6-12' high, slender, branched. Lvs. all petiolate, small, roundish (9-16" diam.), cordate, 3-lobed or parted, the segments acutely toothed. Fls. quite small, the yellow petals not exceeding the calyx. Seeds scarcely 1" in length, inl a globular head. ~ Eur. 3 R. aquiStilis L. B CarAPILLOcEus. Lvs. all fiiliormny dissected; pet. white; carpels traseersely -nugous.-Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic Am. to S. Car., W. to Rocky Mts. The whole plant is submerged except the flowers, and perhaps a few of the upper leaves. Stem 1-2f or more in length, slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves disvided dichotomously into numerous hair-like segments, in outline roundish and, —1' diam. Pod. thick, 1 —1t long. Fls. smaller than in t. acris. Petals rather narrow, white, except the yellow clanws. IL, Aug. 206 ORa0ER 1. —RANUNCULACEi. 4 R. Pidrshii Rich. Floating; st. long; submerged lvs., cleft into numerous capillary segments, emersed ones renifor'sm, 3-5 par'ted, the lobes variously divided; reflexed, half as long as the yellow petals; carpets smnooth, with a short0 straight, ensiform style; hds. globus.-Poncds, sluggish streams, and muddy places, Can., U. S Stem 1-2f or more in length, fistulous. Lvs. pentangular in outline, 2-1' cdiam., those below more finely divided; petioles 1- 2' i length. Fls; bi-ight yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn. L. FI'UviATiLIS. Lvs. all capillaceous-multifid; fis. as large as in RI. ac'is. (R. lacustris Beck.) 5 R. Cynmbalaria Ph. St. fitiform, creepoing, rooting; Ivs. r1en~for7m-cordate, crencate-dentate; ped. solitary, mostly 2-flowered; petals spatulate; ach. oblong.In salt marshes on the sea-coast, and at Salina, N. Y. Stern round, sending out runners from the joints. Lvs. radical, 2 —1' dianm. on long petioles. Scapes 2-6' high, each with 2 small, bright-yellow flowers, and as many obtuse bracts. Nectary naked (not covered by a scale). Jn. 6 R. r-ptans L. Stem c~reep2ing, geniculate, rsooting; nodes 1-flowered; lvs. linear, entire, rernote.-A slender species, creeping on river banks and other wet places, Can., N. IT., W. to Oregon. Stem 6 —8' long, round, rooting at the joints. Lvs. fleshyT, 6-12" in length, mostly very narrow and acute at each end. Fls. small (3-4" wide). Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yellow, fading to white. Nectary covered by a scale. Aeh. very smooth. JI. (R. filifornis Mx.) P. OVALIS. LvS. oval and lanceolate; pet. 5-10. 7 R. FlArmmnula L. SPEARWORT. Stem declinate at base, erect; Ivs. all lanceshaped, on sheathing petioles.-An aquatic herb, growing' in ditches and swamps, Can. to N. Car., W. to Ill. Root fibrous. Stem 6-18' long, more or less decumbent, succulent. Lvs. 3-6' in length, entire, or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. Fls. solitary, of a golden yellow, on peduncles i as long as the leaves. Fruit roundish, twice longer than its beak, in a globular head. Jn., Aug. (R. alismsefolius Geyer.) S R. pusillus Poir. KErect; lvs. alt petiolate, lower ones ovafe, upl2er onzes lineiarianceoleate; pet. ~mostly but 3 scarcely loyger than the caltyxi; stam. 8-10; carpels ovate, scarcely pointed. —-In wet grounds, N. Y. to Ga. and La. Stems slender, weak, 6-12' high, dichotomously branched. Louer lvs. subcordate,'-1' long. as wide, petioles 1-3" long, upper ones 1 —1" long, - as wide, Jith minute, remote teeth. Fls. very small, yellow, on long peduneles. May. 9 R. Texdnsis Engl. TExAs CROWFOOT. Erect, ditfuse, branched; Ivs. lance. ouate an.d lanceolate; fls. sninite, stanz. about 20.-La. and Te. Glabrous, or stem puberulent, 12 18' high, dividing above in numerous slender branches and peduncles. Lvs. petiolate, denticulate, upper linear. Fls. numerous, petals yellow, less than 1" long. Carp. minute, pointless, in round heads. 10 R. abortvua L. Smooth; radical las. rountdish, cordate, crenate, petiolale; cal a little longer than petals, reflexed. A very pretty species in woods, Can. to Ark., remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8 —16' high, n early nalked, Root lvs. 8 —18" diam., quite regularly margined with crenate divisions, and on petioles 2-5' long. Lower stem lvs. pedate, with a pentangular outline; upper in 3 deep, linear segments, sessile. Fis. small yellow. Fruit in globous heads. May3 Jn. /3 AIiCRANTH-US. Hairya low (3 —5); lower lvs. scarcely cordate, 3-lobed or 3cleft. Fls. 1 or 2. Mass. (Sprague)' to Ga.! (R. micrantlius, Nutt.) 11 iRT. rhonboidlens Goldie. bir sutely pubescent, ~much branched; root ivs. rhomboid-ovate, crenafe-dentate, on~ long petio!es; sep. s)preading, shorter than the petals; ach. smooth, withl very short beaks.-AVis. (Lapham) and Can. WT. A low, bushy, hairy species, 6-10' high. Root lvs. about 1' by V-', often roundish. or elliptical the petioles about 2' long. Segnients of the stem leaves linearoblong, obtuse, oftecier entire. Petals yellow, oblong-obovate. Heads of carpels globous. (R. ovalis and brevicaulis Eiook.) 12 R. fasciculris Muhi. E.ARLY CROWFOOT. L Erect; sootf ascicldate; radical blvs. apearmzng pinnate p; eduncles fergete; carpiels scarcely snargined. —-Rocky woods ORDER 1. RANUNCULACEAE. 207 and hills. Root a cluster of fleshy fibres. Root lvs. on petioles 3-8' long, ternate, with the middle segment long-stalked and again pinnately ternate; lateral segm. mostly sessile, all 3-5 cleft into acute lobes. Stems never creeping. Pubescence silky, appressed. Fls. bright yellow, 1' broad. Petals spatulatoobovate, with a broad scale. Beak of the carpels slender. Apr., May. 13 R. rbpensi L. Root fibrous; radical lvs. ternate wil7t stalked leaflets; peduncles furrowed; carp. broadly margined and pointed.-In moist and shady places. Early flowering stems erect; later branches from the base prostrate, 1-3-4f long, generally hirsute at the base. Petioles hairy, long. Lvs. hairy on the veins, dark green, ternate, the Ifts. ovate or broadly crenate, variously lobed andi cleft, all (or at least the middle ones) petiolulate. Fls. middle size, bright yellow. Fr. in a round head. 1May,-J1. Varies exceedingly in different localities a:nd stages of growth. Some of its mnore striking forms are: t3. LINEARILOsBUS. St. very long, floriferous, smoothish; lobes of lvs. very narrow. Fruit not strongly margined. y. HiSPIDUS. Stem and petioles densely hirsute with soft-spreading hairs; lfts. all distinctly stalked, deeply parted. Fr. short-pointed. 6. NiTIDUS. Mostly erect, glabrous; fls. large, sep. reflexed; fr. strongly margined. Common South. Probably a distinct species.!14 R. palmktus Ell. Lyas. palmately 3-5 cleft or divided, with, the sinus at base closed, the segin. all sessile and cut-toothed or lobed; carlp. few, margined, and straight-bleakled. —In wet barrens, Ca:r. to Fiae St. 12 —18' high, with a few slender branches, pubescent. Lvs. all petiolate, pentangular in outline, 1-2' wide, with appressed pubescence. Upper lvs. of 3 linear segments. Fls. few, yellow, small (6-S8" diam.) Fr. compressed..15 iR. Acris L. BUTTER-CUPS. St. erect, many-flowered; lvs. more or less pubescent, deeply trifid, with the base segm. clivaricate, all laciniate, upper ones with lin.ear segments; pod. terete; cal. hairy, spreading; carp. roundish, smooth, compressed; beak short, recurved.-This is the most common species in N. Eng. and Can., in meadows and pastures, rapidly and extensively spreading. St. 1 —2f high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Lvs. 11-3' diam., upper ones ill 3 linear segmnents. Fls. large (1' diam.), golden yellow. Jn., Sept. p. PLfiNA. Fls. double, the petals excessively multiplied. Gardens. 16 R. Pennsylvtdnious L. Hirsute, with stiff spreading htairs; Ivs. ternate, lft-s. sub-1etiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate; cal. reflexed, rather longer than the roundish petals; carp. tipped with a short, straight style.-A very hairy species in wet grounds, Can. and U. S. Stem 11 —3f high. Lvs. 2-3' diam., lfts. strongly veined and with spreading segments. FMs. numerous, small, bright yellow. Fruit il dense oblong or cylindrical heads —-Jn., Aug. (R. hispidus Ph..) 17 R. sceleratus Ph. Smooth; lower Ives 3- parted, segm. 3-lobed, cre-nately incised, or entire; carp. minute, pointtess.-Grows in wet places, Can. to Ga.:St. rather thick, hollow, much branched, 1-1 f high. Lower petioles 3 —5' long, with rather large, palmlately 3 —5-plrted leaves. Floral lvs. or bracts mostly simple, lanceolate and entire. Vls. small, yellow. Cal. reflexed, as long as the minute petals. lids. of carpels only 2-3" long. This is one of the most acrid of the tribe, and will raise blisters upon the skin. Jn., J1. 18 ~R. recurvAth s L. ir'sufte wiha thin, spreading hairs; Ivs. all similarly 3-p arted, segm. oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones 2-lobed; cal. recurved, longer than the lanceolate petals; ach. with a hooked beak.-About If high, in dalmp woods. Lab. to Fla. Pale green, branching above. Lvs. 1 —2' long, 2 —31' wide, on petioles 3-6' long. Upper lvs. subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. FIs. small, with inconspicuous pale yellow petals. Carp. ovate, tipped with long, hooked beaks. Mfay-J1. 19 R. bulb6sus L. Haib-y; st. erect, bulboz at fthe base; S adical lvs. ternate, efts. 2etiolate, incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft; ped. furrowed, cal. reflexed.This is another acrid species, very common in pastures, mow-lands, &c. Rt. fleshy. St. leafy, furroiwed, 6-18' high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb, and dividing above into upright peduncles, with golden yellow 208 ORnDER 1.-RANUNCULACE.E. flowers. It is well distinguished from R. acris by its reflexed sepals and its furrowed peduncles., The lobes of the root-leaves are also rounded rather than acute at apex. May, Jn. ~ Eur. 8. I YOSURUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL. Fig. 286, 287. (Gr.o jtt, LZvbf, mouse, o')pa, tail; alluding to the long spike of carpels.) Sepals 5, produced downwards at base below their insertions; petals 5, with slender, tubular claws: stamens 5-20; achenia very closely spicate on the elongated torus. —( Lvs. linear, entire, radical. Scapes ilfiowered. I 1:f. minimu.s L. Prairies and bottoms, Ill. to La. and Oreg. A diminutive plant, remarkable for its little terete spikelet of fruit,' which is often more than an inch long. Lvs. 1-3' long and 1-2" wide. Scape a little taller, with a single minute, pale yellow flower at top. Carp. very numerous, blunt. Apr. 9. ISOPYRUM, L. FALSE RUE ANEMONE. Fig. 288. Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous; petals 5, small, -tubular, sometimes oD; stamens 10-40; ovaries 3-20; follicles subsessile, acuminate With the style, 2-several-seeded.-Delicate herbs, with leaves 2-3-ternate, segments 2-3-lobed. Fls. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white. I. biltern. itum Torr. & Gr. Low, erect, glabrous; pet. none; carp. 3-6, broadly ovate, divaricate, sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded; sds. ovate, compressecl, smooth, and shining.- 4 Damp shades, Lakle Erie to Ark., rare. Rt. fibrous. Stems several, 4-10' high. Lvs. mostly biternate, the radical on long petioles, sernm. cuneate-obovate, 4-6" long, on stalks of equal length. Fls. on slender pduncles 1-2' long. May. Looks like the Rue Anemone. 1o. C LTITA, L. MARSH MARIGOLnD. (Gr. K:cdaOog, a goblet; the yellow clyx mlay well be compared to a golden cup.) Calyx colored,, of 5 —9 sepals, resembling petals; corolla 0; stamens 0c, sholter than the sepals; follicles 5-10, oblong, compressed, erect, many seeded.-. Aqualtic and very glabrous. C. palfistris L. Lvs. reniform or orbicular, crenate or entire..Wet meadows, Can. to Car., W-. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem about If high, some-: times trailinog, hollow, round, dichotomous. Lower lvs. 2-4' wide, on long semicylindrie petioles, upper ones sessile, all of a dark, shining green, veiny and smooth. Fls. of a golden yellow in all their parts, 1-' diam., few and pedunculate. Outer row of filauents clavate, twice longer than the inner. The young leaves are in great recquest in spring for greens. M. ay. 1i. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTIIREAD. (Gr. C6orr7ro, to chop or cut; referring to the parted leaves.) Sepals,5-7, oblong, concave, colored, deciduous; petals 5 —, smuall, clavate, tubularat a pex; stanmens 20-25; follicles 5 —10, stipitate, rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner, 4 —6-seedecI. —Low herbs with radical ivs., and a long, slender, peren — nlial, creeping rhizome. C. trif6lia Salisb. Lvs. 3-foliate; scape 1-flowered; petals much smaller than,the sepals. —Penn., N. to Arctic Am. St. subterranean, extensively creeping, golden yellow, very bitter and tonic. Lvs. all radical, Ifts. sessile, 1-8" long, crenate-mucronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1 —2 long'. Ped. 3-4' high, iwith a single minute bract above the middle, bearing a single whlite, star-; like flower. The yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color among the white stamens..-May. lIedicinal. 12. TROILLIUS, L. GLOBE FLOWER. (Germ. trol or treollen, globuJtar; alluding to the form of the flowers.) Sepals 5-10 —1 6 reoundish ORDER 1.-RANUNCULACEM. 209 ovate, colored, deciduous; petals 5-25, small, linear, tubular at base; stamens 00, mluch shorter than the sepals; follicles /o, subeylindric, sessile, many-seeded.- 24, Smooth, with palmately parted leaves. 1 T. laxus Salisb. Sep.. 5, oblong, spreading; petal 15-25, shorter than the stamens.-In swamps, Can. to Penn. Not'common. About 1 fi high. Lvs. deeply cleft into 5 segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Fls. 1I' diam., not globular. Sep. yellow, greenish outside. Petals very small, orange-colored. Follicles about 10, crowned with the persistent styles. This is the only American species. Jn. (T. Americanus Muhl.) 2 T. Ellropaeus L. Sep. 15, incul'sed petals 5-10, as long as the stamens. — From Europe. St. 2 —3f high. Fls. of a rich yellow. A very ornamental plant, of easy culture from seeds or roots. May, Jn.t 3 T. AsiAticus L. Sep)als 10, spreading; petals 10, longer th'an the stamens.irom Asia. Plant about 2f. high, with ample foliage, and large, deep orangecolored flowers-yellow in some of its varieties. Jn.t -3. HELLEBORUS L. HELLLEBORE. ('Ehetv, to cause death, Oopd, food; the poisonous qualities are well known~) Sepals 5, mostly greenish, persistent; petals 8-10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped; stamens on; stigmas 3-10, orbicular; follicles cohering at base, many-seeded.- 4 Lvs. coriaceous, palmately ol pedately divided. Fls. large, nodding. R. viridis L. Glabrous; radical lvs. pedately divided, segim. lanceolate, acute, serrate; cauline lvs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile; peods. often in pairs; sep. roundish ovate, acute, green.-A. European plant, on Lon~g Island. Stem 2 —3f hig1, thick. Apr.t. 14. ZA0THORH]IZA, L. YELLOW ROOT. (Gr. favOfC, yellow; P[c, a, root.) Sepals 5; petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes raised on a pedlicel; stamens 5 —10; ovaries 5-10, beaked with the styles, 2-3-ovuled; follicles mostly 1-secdedl, seed suspended.-Suffruticous, stem and bark yellow, and bitter. Lvs. pinnately divided. Racemes axillar-y, compound. Fls. small, dark purple, often? ~,. Z. apif6lia L'Her. River banks N. Y. to Ga. Rt. thick. St. short, woody, leafy above. Lvs. glabrous, about 8' long, including the long petioles. Lfts. 5, 2-3' long, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate. Rac. many-floTwered, appearing with the leaves. Follicles spreading 1-" long. March, Apr. (Z. simlplicissima ix.) 15. IGE LLA, L. FENNEL-FLOWER. Fig. 143. (Lat. niger, black; the color of the seeds, which are used in cookery.) Calyx of 3 sepals, colored; cbrolla of 5, 3-cleft petals; styles 5; capsules 5, follicular, convex. —f Oriental herbs. Lvs. in many linear and subulate segrumenlts. 1 N. Danmasce'na L. Flls. in a teafi involucre; carp. 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an ovoid-globose capsule. A hardy annual of the gardens, to which have been applied the gentle names of "'ragged lady," "devil in a bush," &c. Lvs. twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the fennel. Fls. terminal, solitary, encompassed and over-topped by a circle of leaves divided like the rest. They are often double, white or pale blue. Jn.-Sept..t 2 N. satlva L. NUTMEG-FLOWER. St. hairy, erect; fis. naked; capsules muricate, not united. From Egypt. Rather smaller than the last. Jn.-Sept.+ iG. AQUILEGIA, L. COLUmBINE. (Lat. aquila,. the eagle; the spurred petals resemble the talons of a bird of prey.) Sepals 5, equal, ovate, colored, spreading, caducous; petals 5, tubular, dilated at tlhe 14 210 ORDER 1.-RANUNCULAOE2E. month, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the torus, extending behind into a long spurred nectary; stamens 30-40, the inner ones longer and sterile; styles 5, follicles 5, many-seeded. Lvs. 2-3ternate. Fls. nodding. 1 A. Canadednsis L. Glabrous; spurs straight, longer than the limb; sta. and sty. exserted.-This beautiful plant grows wild in most of the States, in dry soils, generally on the sunny side of rocks. It is cultivated with the greatest ease, and is much more delicate in its foliage and in the hues of its flowers than the common blue columbine. St. branching, a foot high. Lfts. 3-9, cuneate, lobed. Fls. terminal, scarlet without and yellow within, pendulous, much embellished by the numerous descending, yellow stamens and styles. F'ruit erect. May. 2 A. vdlghAris L. Sp2urs incurved; lvs. nearly smooth, glaucous, biternate; sty. a little longer than the stamens.-Gardens. St. 1-2f high, Aith a profiusion of handsome, smooth foliage and large purple flowers. Lfts. bifid and trifid, with rounded lobes. In cultivation the flowers become double, by the multiplication of the hollow, spurred petals. They also vary in color through all shades from purple to white. Jn.ut Eur. 17. DELPHINIURI, L. LAPRKSSPUR. Fig. 280. (Gr. d8a5tV, a dolphin, friom the fancied resemblance of the flower.) Sepals 5, colored, irregular, the upper one spurred behind; petals 4, very irregular, the two upper ones protracted into a tubular, nectariferous spur, enclosed. in the spur of the calyx; styles 1-5; follicles 1-5.-Showy herbs. Lvs. palmately divided. Fls. of the cyanic series, never yellow. Leaves many-cleft into linear or subulate divisions...............................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Leaves 8-5-parted, the segmients lobed. (*) * Spur as long as tile sepals, ascending, straight................................Nos. 3, 4 * S)nr longer than the sepals, deflexed at end....................................Nos. 5, 0 1 D. Coons6lida L. Glabrous, with spreading branches; fis. few, loosely'racemed, ped. longer than the bracts: sty. solitary, smooth.-The common larkspur of the gardens, sparingly naturalized, fields and roadsides. Lvs. in nulmerous linear divisions. Jn., J1. It lihas numerous varieties of double and semidouble flowers of various colors..t- ~ Eur. 2 D. azfirenxen Mfx. Pubescent or nearly smooth; st. erect; Ivs. 3-5-parte-, many-cleft, with linzear-stalked lobes; petioles some dilated at base; orac. slict; petals shorter than sepals, lower one densely bearded, 2-cleft; spur ascending; ovaries 3-5.-42 Native in Wis. and Ark. A very variable species cultivated in gardens. St. 2 —4f high. Fls. azure colored.t 3 D. exaltattumn L. Petioles not dilated at base; lvs. flat, 3-cleft below the middle, segm. cuneiform, 3-cleft at the end, acuminate, tile lateral ones often 2-lobed; rac. strict, mnany-flowered; sptr slightly lZonger than the calyx; pods 3, erect.-Z4 Native of the Mhiddle States, rarely of the Northern. St. 3 —4f high, straighlt, erect. Pls. of a brilliant purplish blue. It is deservedly esteerred in tile flower garden, aud is of the easiest culture. Jl., Aug'.r D:. tri6rne Mix. Petioles slightly dilated at base; lvs. 5-parted, divisions 3-5 cleft, lobes linear, acutish; -vac. fezw-fiowered, loose; petals shorter thlan sepals, lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded inside; spur ascending, straight, as long as the calyx; pods 3, spreading ie fSrlit.- 21 Uplands, Penn. to Mo. and Ark. Plant 6-18' high, nearly smooth. Lvs. roundish in outline, on long petioles. Fls. 6-8, light blue, in a rather loose panicle. 5 D. virescen.s Nutt. Pubescent; rae. loose, few-flowered; spur longer than the sepals, ascendinsg, straight, or but slightly deflexecd; lower petals deeply 2cleft; fls. greenish white; ovaries 3.-N. Car. to Ga. Wr. to Kansas. Plant 812' high. Ivs. 3-5-parted, lobes lanceolate, 2-3-cleft, the middle one mostly entire. Petals much shorter than the sepals, the lower densely bearded. 6 D. elattuam L. BEE LARI sPur, Lvs. downy, 5-lobed, lobes cuneate at base, tritid, cut-dentate; spur curved downwsvards.-24 Gardens. St. 5 or 6f. high. Fls. ORDER 1. —RANUNCULACEME. 211 blue, and when viewed at a little distance the stamens and bearded petals resemble a bee nestling within the calyx. t Siberia. 7:D. graldidfl6rum L. Lvs. palmately 5 —7-parted, lobes linear, distant; sessile, 3-cleft pedicels longer than bract; petals shorter than calyx.-A superb perennial. Fls. double or single, in racemes, of brilliant dark blue, with a tinge of purple. 1 Siberia. Observationz.-A few other species may, perhaps, be found in gardens. All are showy plants, of the easiest culture. t8. ACOIITUPl, Tourn. WOLFSBANE. Fig. 283. (Gr. dtov7-rog, without dust; because the plants grow on. dry rocks.) Sepals 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted; petals 5, the 3 lower minute, the 2 upper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, recurved and nectariferous at the apex; styles 3-5; follicles 3-5.- -4 Lvs. digitate or palmnate. FIs. in terminal spikes. 1 A. uncina.tum L. Stem flexuous; pan. rather loose, with divergent branches; Ivs. palmate, 3-5-parted, with rhomboidal-lanceolate, cut-dentate dcivisionzs; helqmet (upper sepal) exactly conical, short-beaked in front; ova. villous.-AA cultivated, poisonous plant, also native, N. Y. to Ga. St. 2f high. Lvs. coriaceous, darkl green, 4 —5' wide. Fls. large, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch. J1., Aug. 2 A. reclini.atum Gray. St. trailing (3-8f long); ivs. deeply 3 —-cleft, petiolate, divisions crenate, incised or lobed; fis. white, in very loose panicles; helsnet soon, horizontal, elongated conical, with a straight beak in front.-Alleghany Mts., Va. and Southward. Aug. 3 A.:Nape1lus L. MONKSEOOD. St. straight, erect; ivs. deeply 5-cleft cut into linear segments, furrowed above; sippes sep. arched at the back, lateral ones hairy inside; ova. smooth. —A poisonous plant cultivated among flowers. It is a tall, rank perennial, making quite a consequential appearance. St. 4f high, with a long spicate inflorescence at its termination. Fls. dark blue, surmounted by the vaulted upper sepal, as if hooded in a monk's cowl. Aug. There are varieties with flowers white, rose-colored, etc. 19. CIICiFU]GA, L. BUGBANE. (Lat. cimez, a bug, faego, to drive away; alluding to its offensive odor.) Sepals 4 or 5, caducous; petals stamen-like, 1-8, sinall, clawed, 2-horned at apex; sta. numerous, witll slender white filaments; follicles I -8, dry, dehiscent.- 7g Lvs. ternately decomlpound. Flowers white, in long, slender racemes. ~ MOIArOTYS. Pistil 1, with a broad stigma, and seeds in two rows....................No. I ~ CIMIIFeUG} proper. Pistils 2-S, with a minute stigma, seeds in one row..........N.. os. 2, 3 1 C. racemisa Ell. BLACK SNAKEReOOT. Lfts. ovate-oblong, incisely serrate; rac. velry long; caps. follicular, ovoid, sessile. —Plant resemblingo a tall Actran found in upland woods Can. to Ga. St. 4-Sf high, with long, panicled racemes of white-sepaled and mnonogynous flowers. Petals 4-6, small. Sta. about 100 to each flower, giving the raceme the appearance of a long and slender plume. Fls. very fetid. Jn., J1. (Actsa, L. Macrotys, Raf) 2 C. Amneriicna Mx. Glabrous; Ivs. triternate, segn. ovate, terminal one cuneiform at base, 3-parted or 3-cleft, and incised; petals concave, sessile, 2-lobed, nectariferous at base; ova. 2-5, stiped, obovate and pod-shaped in friuit; sds. 6-8, flattened vertically.-Mts Penn. to N. Car. and Tenn. St. 3-6f high. Lfis. 2-4' long, with coarse, unequal, mucronate serratures. Fls. smaller tian in C. racemosa, in a long partnicle of racemes. Aug. (C. podocarpa Eli. Actwa podocarpa DC.) 3 C. cordif6lia Ph. Lvs. biternate; Irfs. broadly cordate, 3-5-lobed; ova. 1 —3; follicles sessile, 8-10-seeded. —Mts. Carolina. St. 3-5f high, terminating in a long glabrous panicle of racemes. Sep. 5, roundish, petals spathulate, biidcl, few or wanting. 212 ORDER 1.-RANUNCULIACEY. 20. ACTRA, L. BANEBERRY. (Gr. aic-r-e, the Elder; which plant these herbs resemble in foliage.) Sepals 4-5, caducous; petals 4-8, spatulate, long-clawed; filaments about 30, slender, white; pistil 1, with a sessile 2-lobed stigma; berry globous, with a lateral furrow, Icelled; seeds many, smooth, compressed.- - with ternately divided leaves. Fls. white, in a short, oblong raceme. A. spic&ta L. unx. REiD ANEURBEIRRY. Rae. hemispherical; petals acute; pedicels slender; berries red, ovoid-oblong.-Not uncommon in rocky woods, Can. to Penn. W. to the R. fMts. Plant glabrous, 1 —2f high, bearingo 2 or 3 ample bi or triternate lvs. and a terminal short raceme of white ils. Lits. ovate, 1-3' long, half as wide, incisely lobed and toothed. Petioles 4-7' lono, somewhat glaucous. Rac. as broad as long. May. (A. rubra. Bw.) AL. ALeA. Mx. Rac. oblong; petals truncate; pedicels of the fruit thicker than thle peduncle; berries white.-Common in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. The ample leaves are precisely similcar to those of a. and the distinctive characters given above are not quite constant. Specimens' from Castleton, Vt., have bright red berries on thickened pedicles; frorn N. Y. (Torr.) have white berries on slender pedicles. The European variety has purplish black berries. May. 21. HYDRASTIS, L. TuaRaMRIC ROOT. Fio. 359. (Gi. v3Wop, water; the plant grows in watery places.) Sepals 3, petaloid, caduconus; petals 0; stamens co, a little shorter than the sepals; ovaries 12 or more, becominig a baccate fi'uit composed of 1-seeded acines a(rggregated into a head. —L4 Rhizome thick, knotty, yellow, with long1 fibrous roots, sending up a single radical leaf and a stem which is. 2leaved and 1-flowered. H:. Caneadusis L. The only species. It grows in bog- 1meadows. Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 6-12' high, becoming purplish, hairy above. St. leaves 2 only, alternate on the upper part of the stem, petiolate, palmate, with 3-5 lobes. Ped. terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Sep. reddish white, of short duration. Fr. red, juicy, resembling' the raspberry. Sds. nearly black. May, Jn. 22. P]O0IA, L. L oPoYu. Fig.:1.0-23, 30, 291. (The physia cian Pceorn, according to mythology, first used this plant in medicine, and cured Pluto with it.) Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistenit; petals 5; stanmcs uo (mostly changed to petals by cultivation); ovaries 2 5, surrounded by an annular disk; stigmas sessile, double, persistent; follicles many seeded.-2- Rt. fasciculate. Lvs. biternatae. Fls. large, terminal, solitary. Stems annual, herbaceous. C1arpels 2-5................................... Nos. 1 — * Stems perennial, shrubby. Crpels 5.......N................................Nos 4, 5 1.P. officinliis L.. Co0IsONarP PONY. Lower lvs. bipinnately divided; lfts. ovate-lanceolate, variously incised; ca?~p. 2, deowzy, nearly strcaight. —Tb splendid P'm ony has long been cultivated throughout the civilized world. This species is said to be a native of Switzerland. It is a hardy perennial, requiring' very little pains for its cultivation. Among its varieties the double red is nloSt common. The white is truly beautiful. The flesh-colored and the pink are also favorites. May, Jn.t 2 P. albifllra L. Lfts. elliptic-hlanceolate, acute, entire, smooth; follicles 2 or 3, s-ecurved, srnootlh.-Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark, shining green aand smooth..'ls. smaller than the last, but truly elegant and fraorant. Petals white. Cal. brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at base. Nine or ten varieties, with flowers single or double, white, rose-colored, &c., are now menltioned in the catalogues of American gardeners.]. 3 P. and6mala L. Lfts. with many lanceolate segments, smooth; follicles 5, depressed, smrooth; cal. bracteolate. From Siberia. Distinguished by the long narrow segments of the leaflets. Fls. concave, rose colored. Many varieties..? ORDER 2. —MAGNOLIACE.E. 213 4 P. Moutkn L. CHINESE TREE PsEONY. St. shrubby; lfts. oblong-ovate% glaucous and somewhat hairy beneath, terminal 1-3-lobed; ova. 5, distinct, surrounded by the very large disk.-From China. The woody stem branches into a bush 3-4f high. Lvs. large, on long stalks. Fls. very large, always double in cultivation, firagrant and truly splendid. This plant is remarkable for producing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom. 5 P. papaverAcea L. St. shrubby; lfts. oblono-ovate, glaucous and slightly hairy beneath, terminal one lobed; ova. about 5, closely znited into a gZobozis head.From China. Resembles the last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from all the other species by its united carpels. Flowers white, with a purple centre, often single in cultivation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in this country, amounting to about 150 in all. ORDER II. MAGNOLIACE2E. MAGNOLIADS. Trees or shrubs with alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lobed (never toothed) leaves. Lecf buds sheathed with membranous stipules which soon fall off. Fls. large, polypetalous, polyandrous, polygamous, hypogynous, perfect. Calyx aszd corolla imbricated in, bud, colored alike, in 4 or more 3-merous circles. Ovaries several or many, compactly covering the elongated torus. lFJ'uit of numerous dry or fleshy carpels, aggregated into a sort of cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (See Figs. 68, 12, 131.) An or(der of 12 /yelerea and 6S 3species, including some of the most splendid of flowering trees and shrubs. M:[ost of them belong to the Southern States, some to the Western, and a few to Japan, China and India. Pvqoperties. —The bark is aromatic, containing an intensely bitter principle, whicb is tonic and stimulating. The flowers are farrant and aronatic in a high deogree. TRIBES AND GENERA. Tribe ILLICIEIE. Carpels arranged into a single circle.....................i. LLICIUr.. 1 Tribe MAGNOLIEAE. Carpels imlbricated into a cone-like fruit.* ~ Anthers opening inwards. Lvs. folled lengthwise in bud........-......MAGoOLIA. 2 ~ Anthers opening outwards. Lvs. folded crosswise in bud................ LIRIODENDRON. 3 1. ILLICiUM, L. STARt ANISE. Sepals 3-6, colored; petals 6 —30; carpels capsular, dry, arranged circu'arly, dehiscent on the upper side, each with one smooth shining seed.-Sh rubs with very smooth, evergreein leaves; exhaling, when bruised, the odor of Anise. 1 T. floridmnuni Ellis. Petals 21-30, pur ple; lvs. acuminate.-Swamps, Fla. to La. Shrub 4-Sf hligh. Lvs. on short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, entire, smlooths, thick, 3-6' by 1-2'. Fls. about 1 —' broad, on slender, nodding pedicles. Cal. deciduous. Petals purplish crimson, linearn obtuse, in 3'whorls. Sta. 30 or more. Ova. about 12 in one regular circle, wsith short, recurved styles. Seed polished, as large as that of the apple. M{ay. 2 I. parvifiora ATx. Petals 6-12, yeliozoish; lvs. oblong, obtusish.-River banks, Fla. and Ga.- Shrub 6 —10f high. Lvs. thick and leathery, entire, on sllort petioles. Flso smaller than in the last, nodding, dull yellow. Petals ovate or rounudish, concave. May. The bark and leaves of these plants are strongly rasomatic and spicy, in their properties, much resembling Anise. The root of the latter has the properties of Sassafras. 2. IAGUOLIA, L. (Namled for Prof. fiagnol, a French botanist of the 17th century.) Sepals 3; petals 6 -9; anthers longer than the filaments, opening inlvards; carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded, aggregated into a hard, cone-like fruit; seeds berry-like, and suspended fiom the opening carpels by a long funiculus.-Trees and shrubs with large, fragrant flowers. Lvs. conduplicate in the bud, embracing and embraced by the sheathing stipules. 21 4 ORDER 2.-MLAGNOLIACEAE. L* Laves cardate or auricullate at the base. Trees 80-40f high......................Nos. 6, 7:: Leaves acute at the base,-ferruginous or glaucous beneath, thick...................Nos. 1, 2 — reen (not shining) both sides, thin.....................Nos. 3 —5 Exotic species, cultivated. Nos. 8-10 MI M. grandifl6ra L. BIG LAUREL. Tree; lvs. wus't-downy beneath, evergreen; petals obovate. —In swampy woods, N. Car. to Fla. and Miss. A stately and beautiful tree, attaining the hight of 0 —90f; with a diameter of 2 or 3f at base. Its form in open: ground is pyramidal. Bark smooth, gray, resembling that of the beech. Lvsye. 6-8' long, thick and firm, oval-oblong, entire, dark green and shining above, clothed with a rust-colored tomentum beneath. Fls. pure white, strongly fragrant, 8 or 9' broad. The seeds after quitting the cells of the ovoil fruit remain several days suspended on a white thread. kMay. 2 M. glaica L. WHITE BAY. BJEAveR TREE. Shrub or small tree; lys. oval, obtuse, gaqcoes-white beneath; petals ovate or romzndish, erect.-Native in marshy grounds, Mass. to La., chiefly found near the coast. It is a fine shrub, 5-20 f. higlh, with a grayish bark, crooked, divaricate branches. Lvs. beneath remarkably pale, silky -when young, 3-4' long, 8' on the young shoots, entire, nearly persistent southward. Fls. 2' broad, cup-shaped, with white, concave petals, very fragrant.. May (South)-J1. X 3 1M. aculminaita L. CucuaBERa TREE. Lvs. oval, acemienate, pubescent beneatlh: petals obocate, obtusish. —Groves near the Falls of Niagara, but more abnndant in the Southern States. It is a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straiDght, 4-5f diam., 60-80f high, bearing an ample and reguiar summit. Lvs. very acuminate Fls. 5-6' diam., bluishl, sometimes yellowish-white, numerous, and finely contrasted with the rich, dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3' long, cylindric, bearing some resemblance to a small cucumber. May. 4 *M. umbr!lla Lam. UIBRELLA TREE. Lvs. deciduonus, cnZeale-laznceolate, silky when young; sep. 3, reflexed; pet. 9, narrow-lanceolate, acute. — small tree 20 —30f high, common in tlle southern States, extending north to southern N.'Y. and 0. Branches irregular. Lvs. 16-20' by 6-8', appearing whorlecl at the end of the branchles in the form of an umbrella. Fls. terminal, white, 7 —8' diam. Fr. conical, 4-5' long, rose-colored whlen ripe. May, Jn. 5 IM. macrophylla MNx. Lvs. obovate-spatatdate, cordcate; pet. rh7omb-ovale, white,.perple inside at base.-River banks, Chattahouchee to Red R. (Dr. Hale), north to the Tenn. (Miss Carpenter), and to the Ky. R. A small tree 30-50f high, 8-10' diam. Lyev. with a strong' midvein, often, on young shoots, 3f in lengtlr by If in breadth, glaucous-white beneath. Fls. magnificent, the separate petals measurinll 6-8' in length. Sepals erect, lance-linear. June. 6 M. Praseri Walt. Lvs. obovate-splatulate, aurictlate at the narrowved base, glabrous; pet. pzure white.-A slender tree, 25-35f high, Fla. northward to Va. antl Ky. Bark smooth, light-gray. Lvsye. 6-9' long, 4-6' broad above, much narrowed below, and ending at base in peculiar ear-shaped lobes. Sep. 3, greenish on the back. Pet. 6, lance-ovate, thick, 2 —3' long, strongly aromatic. Apr. May. 7 3M. cordata AMx. Lvs. broadly ovate, sabcordate, acute, whilish and pubescent beneath; pet. 6-9, oblong, yellow.-The yellow flowered species inhabits the upland regions of Ga. and Car. Trunk straight, 40 —50f. high, covered with a deeply furrowed bark. Lsye. long-petioled, 4-6' by 3-4', smooth, and entire. Fls. about 4' diam., marked within with fine red lines. Fr. cylindrical, 3' long. May. 8 M. fusscata. Lvs. evergreen, elliptic or oblong, cloth7ed with fuscous down when young, at length glabrous; branches also fuscous-tomentous; fis. erect.From China. Shrub 3f high. Fls. brownish.. 9 M1. obovta L. Lvs. deciduzous, obovate, acute, strongly veined, glabrous; fls. erect; sep. 3; petals 6; obovate.-From Clina. Shrub 6tf high, opening its erect, cup-shaped, rose-purple fls. in May. O0 M. conspicua L. YULAsi. Lvs. deciduous, olovate, abruptly acuminate, the younger pubescent; sep. none or very seall; pet. 6-9, white or rose color.From China. Shrub or small tree, 10-30f l-lgh, itll numerous white, fragrant flowers appearing early in spring. ORDER 3.-ANONCAEE. 215 3. LIRIODENDRON, L. TULIP TREE. (G1. Xetpiov, a lily; &svdpov, a tree.) Sepals 3, reflexed, caducous; petals 6, erect; carpels irnbricated in a cone, 1-2-seeded, indehiscent and attenuated at apex into a lanceolate wing. —Tree, with showy, bell-shaped, upright flowers. Vernation induplicate. Stipules large, oval, caducous. In the bud, each leaf bends inward to an. inverted position, infolds all that is within it, and is in itself infoldecl by its pair of stipules and by the next lower leaf, and so on- as seen in Fig. 000 L. tulipffera. TULIP TREE. WHITE-WOOD. POPLIAR. A fine tree' one of most remarkable of the Aimerican forests, Can. to La., especially abundant in the Western States. It is ordinarily about 80f high, with a diam. of 2 or 3f, but along the Ohio and Miss. rivers it grows much larger. Near Bloomington, Ind., we measured a tree of this species which had been recently felled. Its circumference 4f from the ground was 23f; 30f from the ground its diam. was 5f; the whole hight 125f. The trunk is perfectly straight and cylindric. At top it divides abruptly into coarse, crooked, rather unsightly branches. Lvs. dark-green, smooth, truncate at the end, with 2 lateral lobes, 3 —5/ in length and breadth, on long petioles. In MIay and June it puts forth numerous campanulate flowers, greenish yellow, orange within, solitary, broader than the tulip, and erect. The wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine. ORDER III. ANONACE~f. ANONADS. Tl'ees or0 s7hriubs with naked buds, entire. alternate ivs. destitute of stipules. Fts. usually green or brown, axillary, hypogynous, vallvte in sestivation. Spanls 3; petals 6, in two circles, sometimes coherent. Stamens ow, with an enlarged connectile, short filament, and largo torus. Ovca. several or cc; separate or coherent, fleshy or not, in fruit. Embryo minute in the end of ruminated albumen. Geneera- 20, species o00), chiefly natives within the tropics of both hlenispheres. Four species are fiund within the lignits of thle United States, all of the following genus. The Anonads are generally aromatic in all their parts. Thleir pulpy fruit, as the coastcard acpples, are sweet and escalent. ASIMINIA Adains.?PAPAW. Fig. 113. Sepals 3, petals 6, the outer row larger than the inner; stamens densely packed in a spherical nmass; pistils several, distinct, ripening but few, which become large, oblonll, pulpy fruits with many flat seecls. —Shrubs or small trees, with brownish, axillary, solitary flowers. Flowers appearinl before the leaves......................o.............. Nos. 1, 2. * Flowers appearing with the leaves.........................................Nos. 3, 4. 3 A. triloba D-unal. Lvs. obovate-obleozg, acuminate; pet. dac7' u7rple, exterior orbicullar, 3 or 4 times as long as the sep.2-A small and beautiful tree, 15-20f high, on banks of streams, *Mid., Southern and Western States. Branches and lvs. nearly glabrous, the latter 8-12' by 3-4-', very smooth and entire, tapering to very short petioles. Fls. 1' broad, precocious. Fr. about 1' thick and 3' long, ovoid-oblong, about 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Fls. in MIfarch, Apr. (Uvaria, Torr. and Gr. Anona, L.). 2 A. parvifi6ra Dunal. Lvs. obovate-ova,, acuminate; 2elt. greenis7h-pusplle, t7he outer oval, hardly twvice, the length of the se2p. —Woods near the coast, from Car. to Fla. and La. Shrub 2-3f high, smaller every wvay than No. 1. Lvs. about half cas large, glabrous, obtuse-pointed, tapering to the base. Fls. less than half as large, opening while the branches are naked. Fr. roundish, about 1' long. May. 3 A. grandifl6ra Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oblong, obtuse, g9rayish-tomenztozs both? sides; outer pet. very large, yellowish white.-Pine woods, Ga., and Fla. Shrub 2-3f high, its young branches also tomentous. Peduncle and calyx woolly, of about qqual length. Outer petals about 2' in length, oval or obovate, obtuse, 6-8 times longer than thlle oblong, brownislh, inner petals. Apr. 216 ORDER 5.-MENISPERMIACEE.-MENISPERMIADS. 4 A. pigmua Dunal. DwARF PAPAW. Lvs. coriaceous, evergreen, linearlanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, or lin.-oblong or spatulate, etc., glabrous; pet. reddish-brownr, obovate-oblong.-Shrub 6-12' high, sandy plains, Ga., and Fla. Lvs. very variable in form, 3-6' long, usually very narrow, often obovate or elliptical. Pet. about 1' in length. Carp. ripening about 3, 1' long in ftuit, erect. Apr. ORDER IV. SCHIZANDRACEfElE. Scramnbling shrubs with alternate, simple, exstipulate, punctate ieaves; with ils. diclinous, axillary, small, hypogynous and polygynous; with Cal. and cor. 3-merous, in two or several rows, imbricated; with Stam. few or many, on very short filaments, condensed on a roundish torus. Ova. few or coherent, becoming baccate, 1-2-seeded in fruit. Seeds suspended; embryo minute, in solid albumen. Geneact 5, slesies 12, belonging to India, Japan, and the United States. SCHIZANiDR Mx. (Gr. t[i/o, to cut, dvdpa, stamens; the stamens are cleft.) 8 Sepals and petals 9 —12, similar, roundish, concave; stamens 5, anthers connate; carpels at first aggregated in a roundish head, becoming in fruit scattered on the elongating, filiform torus. —A trailing shrub with entire or repandly denticulate leaves, and small crimson flowers. S. coccineta lix. A handsome plant in damp woods, S. Car., Ga., to La. St. 10 or 12f long. Lvs. alternate, ovate or oval, tapering at each end or somewhat cordate at base. Flss. axillary, solitary, on slender stalks, the upper ones stamninate. Carp. and torus red when mature. May, Jn. ORnDEn V. MENISPERMACEAE. MENISPERMADS.,Shrubs climbing or twining, with alternate, palmate-veined, exstipulate leaves. Eis. dioecious, 1rarely ~ or 8 ~', hypogynous, 3-6-gynous. Sepals and petals similar, in 3 or more circles, imbricated in the bud. Slanb. equal in number to the petals and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times as many. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe wvith a large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. (Illust. in Fig. 147.) This curious order consists of 44 geicerac and 302 specie., most of thenl natives of tropical Asia and America, wihere they become, in the forests, woody climbers of great size. Properties.-A few plants of this order contain a bitter principle in their roots. A f'oreign species of Menispermnumn yields the col-inmbo of the shops, -which is a valuable tonic; another genus, Anamirta cocculus of India, furnishes the Ifdia-?e cockle, so intoxicating to iislhes. GENERA. 3 Stamens 12-20, sep. 4L-8, nut imoon-shaped. Lvs, peltate............ Mrs Um....MEIsrtU. 1 $ Stanmens 6; sepals 6; nut moon-shaped. Iv-s. sinunate, C-lobed............ CoccULTrs. 2 e Stamens 6; sepals 6; nut cup-shaped. Lvs. deeply 5-lobed............... CAxYcocxneITM. 3 1. IME1 SPER Ui, L. MOON-SEED. (Gr. Ittrvj, the moon; arrpEla, seedl from the crescent form of the seed.) Fls. 9 S; sepals 4-8; petals 4-8, minute, retuso; $ stamens 12-20, as long as the sepals, anthers 4-celled; 9 ovaries and styles 2-4; drupes 1-3-seeded; seeds lunate and compressed.-Fls. white, in axillary clusters, M. Canadelnse L. St. climbing; lvs. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the petiole inserted near the base; rac. compound; petals, 6 —7, small.-In woods and hedges i-ear streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Mdiss. Sts. round, striate, 8-12f long. Lvs. 4 —-5' diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3-5' long. Fls. in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4" diam., black, resembling grapes. The root is perennial, and in medicine has the properties of a tonic. Jl. 3o. LOBATUIr, has the leaves lobed. ORDERt 6.-BERBERIDACEgE. 217 2. COCCULUS, DC. (Diminutive, from Lat. coccunm, a berry.) Fls. 9'. Sepals, petals and stamens 6; anthers 4-celled;? ovaries 3 to 6; drupe globular-compressed, nut curved as in Menispermum. -FIs. in axillary panicles. C. Carolinidnus DC.- -In woods along rivers, S. Ill. to Ga. St. round, slender, trailing Lyevs. pubescent, at length glabrous above, broadly ovate or cordate, mucronate, entire or sinuate-lobed, sometimes hastately 3-lobed, 2' to 3' diam., petioles half as long. Fls. very samall, greenish. Pet;. of the sterile fls. with inflected auricles at the base of each. Drupes red, 1-3 tog'ether, 2" wide, the nut curved almost into a circle and finely crenated. Jn., J1. 3. CALYCOCARPU If, Nutt. CUP-SEED. (Gr. cadXv5, a cup; ifap7rbg, fiuit.) SepalsO6 petals 0; 8 stamens 12, anthers 2-celledcl; Y stamens 6, abortive; ovaries 3; stigma fimbriate-radiate; drupe oval with the putamen deeply excavated in front and cup-shapecl. —-ls. greenish white, in long axillary panicles. C. Ly6nil Nutt. Ga. (Mettauer) to KFy. A slender vine, very smooth, ascending many feet. Lyvs. large, thin, 4-8' diam., the lobes dilated above and acuminate. Petioles long, slender. Rac. slender, 3-12' long. Fls. small, 2" diam., nearly white, about 5 on each ped. Drupe 1' long, oval. JX. (MIenispermum Lyoni Ph.) On~nx ~YI. BERBERIDACE2E.. BeneaIns. Hferbs or shrubs with alternate, usually exstipulate, simple or compound leaves. Flowers perfect, hypogynous, imbricated in sestivation. Calyx of 2-6 deciduous sepals, in 1 or 2 rows, often with petaloid scales at base. Cforolia of as many or twice as many petals as sepals, in one to sevdral rows. Stlar. as many as the petals and.opposite to them, rarely more numler)us. Anethers opening mostly by recurved valves hinged at the top. Pistil one, style short or none. Fr. a berry or capsule; seeds several, albuminous. (Figs. 168, 182, 253, 304, 346, 347', 444.) An order hard to define, including 12 ef7nerac and 100,species, somle of them of widely different habit and very doubtful nffinities. They inhabit the temperato zones. Some genera, as Podophylluma and Teffersonia, possess catharic properties. Others, as Berberis, contain in tlheir frtits nalic and oxalic acids. TRIBES AND GENERA. TrtBE BErIBERIDEIE. —Shrabs. ]nEmbryo long as albuelne. Anth. halved..... BnEraumts. 1 TEsrBEF NANDINE E.-HetIbs. Embryo short or minuete. (i) * Anthers opening by 2 valves hinged at the top. (a) a Stamens 6. Fruit 2 drupe-like, soon naked seeds................. CAU(LaOPIrYLLI.IM. 2 a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2-4 seeded belry................................ DIPIIYLLEIA. 8 a Stamens S. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid.......................... JEFCFERSONltso I. 4 * Anthers opening by 2 slits lengtthwise. Stam. 6-iS.....................PoaolIeOYLLc-I. 5 1. BERBERIS, L. BERBERRY. (Name from the Arabic.) Calyx of 6 obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the 3 outer oines smaller; corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with two glands at t;he base of each; filaments 6, flattened; autl;hers 2 separate lobes on opposite edfges of the connectile; style 0; berry oblong, 1-celled Seeds 2 or 3.-Fine, hardy shrubs. 1 B. vulgaris L. Spines (reduced lvs.) 3-forked; lvs. simple, serratures terminated by soft bristles; rac. pendulous, many-flowered; pet. entire. —A wellknown busby, ornamental shrub, in hard gravelly soils. Northern States. Grows 39-Sf high. Lvs. 11-2' long, half as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering 218 ORDER 6.-BERBERIDACEAE. at base into the petiole, and remarkably distinguished by their bristly serratures. Fls. yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging cluster. Sta. irritable, springing violently against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, forming an agreeable jelly when boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow. Jn.? Eur. /3 CNAENSIS Willcld. Rac. few (6-8)-flowered; berries oval.-Can. (Pursh) to Va. and Ga., along the Alleghanies. Apparently a reduced form of a, with narrower leaves and smaller flowers and clusters. (B. Canadensis Ph.) 2 B. Aqunif6limn Ph. Lvs. pinnate, lfts. 3-6 pairs, leathery, with spinulose teeth; fil. with 2 slender teeth.-In woods, Oregon (Rev. G. Atkinson), now often cultivated. A firm bushy shrub, 3-5f high, with shininin dark green leaflets, resembling the leaves of the holly. Fls. yellow, in short, upright clusters, opening early.t- (Mahonia Nutt.) 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Mlx. CoTiosri. (Gr. tavSZbg, stem; f XV ov, leaf; the stemn appearing as the stalk of the compound leaf.) Calyx of 6 green sepals 3-bracted at base; corolla of 6 short, gland-like thickened petals, opposite the sepals; stamens 6; ovary 2-ovuled, becoming a thin pericarp, which sooni breaks away after flowering, and the 2 round clrupe-like seeds ripen naked.-1 Glabrous and glaucous, arising fiom a knotted rhizome. Lvs. compound. C. thalictroides Mx. PoPPOOSE ROOT. A curious plant inl woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. St. 1 —22f high, round, dividing above into 2 parts, one of which is a short common petiole of a triternate leaf, the other bears a 2-ternate leaf and a racemous panicle of greenish flowers. Lfts. paler beneath, 2-3' long, lobed like those of the Thalictrumn or Aquilegia. Seeds 2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin, pericarp, deep blue, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. (Leontice, L.) 3. DIPHYLLEgA, IMx. ITMBRELLA-LEAF. (Gr. i~q, twice; bNhtov, eaf.) Calyx of 5 sepals, cadlucous; cor. of 6 oval petals larger than the sepals; stamens 6; ovary eccentric; stigma subsessile; berry fewseededl, seeds attached laterally below thIe middle.- 24 Glabrous, arising from a -thick, horizontal root-stock. Lvs. simple, peltate. D. cymnsa Mx. Along streams or Mhts., Va. to Ga., and Tenn. Stems 1-2f high, stout, some of them bearing a single large (1-2f broad) orbicular, cutlobed, centrally peltate leaf; others witll two alternate, smaller, roundish reniform leaves, which are peltate near the base, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes cleft, and a terminal cyme of white flowers in June. 4. JEFFERSONIA, Bart. TWIN-LEAF. (In honor of President Jefferson, a patron of science.) Sepals 4, colored, deciduous; petals 8, spreading, incurved; stamens 8, with linear anthers; stigma peltate; capsule obovate, stipitate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence. Rhizome thick, blackish, with a mass of matted fibers. Scape simple, 1-flowered. Lvs. 2-parted or binate. (Figs. 168, 253, 304, 444.) J. diphrlla Barton. A singular plant 8-14' high, Middle and Western States, S. to Ga. Rhizome horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binatb, obliquely ovate leaflets, which are placed base to base, and broader than long, ending, in an obtuse point, glaucous beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. Fls. large, regular, white. The capsule opens only half round, and has, therefore, a persistent lid. Apr. This plant has, in Ohio, the reputation of a stimulant, and anti-spasmodic, and is there significantly termed rheumatism root. 5. PODOPHYLLUIl, L. MAY APPLE. (Gr. Tro~~, rodSb, a foot,,t RZov, a leaf; alluding to the long, firmu petioles.) Sepals 3, oval, ORDEn 8.-NELUMBIACEME. 219 obtuse, concave, caducous; petals 6-9, obovate, concave; stamens 9-18, with linear anthers; berry large, ovoid, 1-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma.- -1 Low, rather poisonous herbs. Flowering stems, 2-leaved. Fl. solitary. P. peltAtum L. WILD MANDIirtE. In woods and fields, common in the Mid. and1 Western States, rare in N. Eng. S. to La. Height about if. It is among our more curious and interesting plants. St. round, sheathed at base, dividing into 2 round petioles, between which is the flower. Lvs. broadly cordate, in 5-7 lobes, each lobe 6' long from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed and dentate at apex. Barren stems with one centrally peltate leaf. Fl. pedunculate, drooping, white, about 2' diam. Fr. ovoid oblong, large, yellowish; with the flavor of the strawberry. The root is cathartic. May. ORDER VII. CABOMBACE.E. WATER SHIELDS. ITerbs aquatic, with the floating ivs. entire, centrally peltate, the submersed ones dissected. Fls. small, erect, one on each peduncle, hypogynous. Petals 3-4, alternate with the 3 or 4 sepals which are colored inside, all persistent. Sta. twice, or 4 or 6 times as many as the petals. Anthers adnate. Ova. 2 or more, distinct. Slig. simple. Fr. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. Sds. globular, pendulous. Embryo, minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fleshy albumen. Genera 2, species 3. American water plants, extending from Cayenne, S America, N. to N. Eng. Properties, slightly astringent. i. BRASMIIA, Schlreb. WATER TARGET. Calyx of 3-4 sepals, colored within, persistent; corolla of 3-4 petals; stamens 12 —24; ovaries 6-1 8; carpels oblong, 2 (or by abortion l)-seeded.- 24 Aquatic. The stems and under surface of the leaves are covered with a viscid jelly. Lvs. all floating, entire. B. pelta'ta Ph. It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with the water lily, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Lvs. peltate, elliptical, entire, 2-3' by 1-1I-', with the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in the center, floating on the surface of the water, smooth and shining above. Fls. arising to the surface, on long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3" long. J1. (flHydropeltis purpurea Mx.) 2. C/ABO~BA, Aublet. Sepals 3, petaloid; petals 3; stamens 6; pistils 3 (rarely 2 or 4), nearly the length of stamens, and half as long as the petals and sepals; carpels few-seeded. —Lvs. opposite, mostly submersed and filiformly dissected. C. Carolinialna Gray. In stagnant waters, N. Car. to Ga. and La. Stems branched. Floating lvs. small (6" long, 1" wide) and few, oblong-linear, centrally peltate; submersed lvs. many, reniform in outline, 1-2' broad, repeatedly di and tri-chotomous into threadlike segments. Ped. 2' long, 1-flowered. Fls. white, 5-6" broad, strictly V/, (sometimes /), with oval, obtuse petals yellow at base. May. ORDER VIII. NELUMBIACEA.. WATER BEANS. Herbs aquatic, large, with prostrate rootstock and radical, peltate leaves, with flowers large, solitary, on long, upright scapes, 4-5-sepaled; petals numerous, arranged in many rows, as are also the stamens, ovaries separate, each with a simple style and stigma, becoming in fruit 1-seeded nuts half sunk in the hollows of the very large torus, the seecds with largely developed embryo, and no albumen. 220 ORDER 9.-NYMPHAEACE_/E. This order comprises but a single genu.s with 2 speiesa, viz., N. speciosunm, supposed to be the sacred Egyptian bean of the E. Indies; the other, as follows. The nuts are nutritive, and also at certain seasons, the farinaceous rhizomes. HNELUJIIBIUM, Juss. CELUMBO ha racters of tho genus thle same as those of the order..TT. lfiteum- L. A magnificent flowering plant, frequent in the stagnant waters of the South and West; in Sodus Bay, N. Y. (Williams); Lyme, Ct.; near Philadelphia, etc. Rhizome creeping in mud in depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6f: From this arise the simple scapes and petioles to the surface. Lvs. 10-18' diam., orbicular, entire, concave, the petioles inserted at the center. Fls. several times larger than those of Nymrphsea odorata, firagrant. Petals concave, obtuse, lightyellow, 3-4' in length. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of acorns, and remarkable for the large, leafy embryo. June (S.)-Aug. ORDER IX. NYMPEIAEACEzE. WATEPR LILIES. lTerbs aquatic, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhizome. Fls. large, showy, often sweet-scented. Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually passing into each other. Sep. persistent. Petals inserted upon the disk which surrounds the pistil. Sta. numerous, in several rows upon the disk, often passing into petals. Anthers adnate, introrse. Pistils many, united into a many-celled, manyseeded, compound ovary with a radiate stigma. Sds. embryo inclose.d in a sacl at the end of a copious albumen next the hilum. (Figs. 453, 232-240.) Gemera 5, species 50, inhabiting the northern hemisphere, Victoria in equatorial Amierica. Their general aspect is that of an endogen, but they have 2 foliaceous cotyledons. The stemsn of nymphlea contain a powerful astringent principle, which is removed by repeated washing in water, after which they are tasteless, and may be usedL for food. i. NYMPHAEA, L. WATERt LILY. (The Greek nymph, or Naiad, of the waters.) Sepals 4 or 5; petals co, inserted on the torus at its base; stamens gradutally transformed into petals: stigma surrounded withi rays; pericarp many-celled, mnany-seeded.-24 Aquatic. N. odordta L. One of the loveliest of flowers, possessing beauty, delicacy, and fragrance in the highest degree. Ponds and sluggish streams, N. Am. E. of R. Mts. Rhizome thick, in mud where thle water is of 3-8 or 10f in depth, sending up leaves andt flowers to the surface. Lyes. 5-6' diam., dark shining green above, orbicular, entire-edged, cleft at the base quite to the insertion of the long petiole. Sep. colored within. Pet. lanceolate, 11-2' long, of the most delicate texture, white, tinged witht purple. Fil. yellow, dilated gradually from the inner to the outer series so as to pass insensibly into petals. (~ 378). J1. 1 ROSEA Ph. Petals rose-colored. Miass. 2. NOPHAR, Smith. POND LILY. (NTeutfar is the Arabic name.) Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within; corolla of numerous small petals furrowed externally, and inserted with the ntlmerous, truncated, linear stamens on the torus;'stigma discoid, with prominent rays; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded.-l2- Aquatic. Lvs. oval or oblong, sagittatc-cordate. 1 UN. advana Ait. YELLOW POND LILY. LVS. floating or erect, with rounded, diverging lobes at base, petioles half-round; sep. 6; petals 0o; stig. 12-15-rayed, margin slightly repand.-Very common in sluggish streams and muddy lakes, Can. to Ga., W. to Oregon. A well-looking and very curious plant, but from its filthy habits it has been called, with justice, the frog lily. The rhizome is large, creeping extensively. Lvs. large, dark green, shining above, and when floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles half round. Fls. rather large and ORDER 10. —SARRACENIACEME. 22 1 globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid stalk. Three outer sepals yellow inside, and the three inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. Jn. J1. (Nymphlea hIx.) 2 IN. Kalmid.na Ait. Floating lvs. with base lobes approximate, submersed lye. membranous, -elzifornm-cordate, the lobes divaricate, margin waved, apex retuse; sep. 5; stig. 8-12-rayed, crenate. —A smaller species, with small yellow fis., growing in similar situations with the last, Northern States. Dr. Robbins, from whose {MSS. the above is quoted, thinks it wholly distinct from N. lutea, (Smith) or any other species. Petiole slender, subterete. Upper lye. 2-3' longo 1-1 -2' wide; lower lvs. 3-4' diam. J1. (Nuphar lutena, Kalmi'ana Torr & Gr.) 3 N. sagittmf6lia Ph. Lvs. elongated, sagittate-cordate, obtuse; sep. 6; pet. 0; anth. subsessile. —In slow waters, N. Car. to Ga. (Savannah). Rhizome erect. Lvs. large, 10 to 15' long. Fls. as large as in No. 2. Outer sep. green; inner, yellow and petaloid. VICTO!RIA regia is also a member of this Order,-a gigantic Water Lily, native of the rivers of Brazil and Guiana, and successfully cultivated here. Its earliest leaves are linear, then hastate, next sagittate; its late ones become ovate with a deep slit at base. Thence they gradually become circular and centrally peltate, exhibiting by a distinct line the union of the base lobes. When full grown they are 4-6f diam. (or 8-12f in their native rivers), with upturned edges and prominent veins beneath. The expanded flowers with numerous petals and sepals are if in diameter. ORDER X. SAR RACENIACE2E. WATER PITOCHIER. Herbs aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, perennial, and with the leaves all radical, urn-shapedl, or trumpet-shaped, and large flowers on scapes. Floral envelops 4-10, imbricated, the outer greenish, sepaloid. Stacmens 0, hypogynous. Carpels united into a several-celled capsule. (Figs. 174, 175, 176.) A curious order, chiefly remarkable for the leaves which are of that class called asciidia (~3O8). It embraces at present 8 gezersc and 6 or 8 species; the IIeliamphora of Guiana, the Darlingtouia of California and SARRACENI A, Tourn. PITcHER PLANT. (Named in honor of DJr. Sarrazen of Quebec.) Calyx of 5 colored sepals, with 3 small bracts at base, persistent; corolla of 5, incurved, deciduous petals; stigmas 5, united into a large, peltate, persistent membrane covering the ovary and stamens; capsule 5-celled; seeds very numerous, albuminous.Lyevs. holding water, with a wing on the front side and a hood (lamina) at top. Scapes 1-flowered, fl. large, nodding. Lanmils inflected over the throat of the tube.....................................Nos. 1, 2. LaTminat ecect or nearly so, throat open.* * Leaves ventricous, never spotted with white....................................No. 3. * Leaves truaipet-shaped, very tall, often mottlecd and spotted above.............. No. 4. I S. psiticrlna x. Lyevs. short, recined, witll a broad semi-ovate wing: fis. deep pzteple.-Bogs, Ga., Fla. to La. Lyevs. 3' to 5' long when the plant is in flower, 6-10' when in fruit, slightly mottled with white on the back. The tube is small and nearlmy closed by the hooded lamina, which gives to the whole leaf the semblance of a parrot, whence the specific name. Scapo if high. Fl. rather smaller than that of S. purpurea. Mbarch. 2 S. variol'fris I Mx. LEe. elongated, nearly erect, mottled with white on the back, the wing lance-linear; Jls:?yelow.-Bogs in pine barrens, S. Car., Ga. (Feay and Pond) and Fla. Lvs. 12' to 18' high, remarkable for their white diaphanous spots near the top. Tube somewhat ventricous above, nearly enclosed by the strongly inflexed hood; wing 6" to 12" wide. Scapes shorter than lvs. Fls. about the size of the last. Mar., Apr. 222 ORDER 12.-PAPAVERACE_?E. 3 S. purpiarea L. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. Lvs. short, decumbeelt, inflated most near the ziddle; lamina broad cordate.-Bogs throughout Can. and U. S. This species is the most common, and on it the genus was founded. Lvs. 6-9' long, rosulate, evergreen, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form petiole, swelling in the middle, with a wing-likeo appendage extending the whole length inside, from' —1' wide, and extended on the outside of the mouth into a lamina, covered above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when of ordinary size is about a wine glass, and generally, like the other species, they contain water with drowned insects. Scape 14-20' high, terete, smooth, supporting a single, large, purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as the leaves. Jn. 6 3. IHETEROPHYLLA Torr. Scape rather shorter; sep. yellowish green; pet. yellow.-Northampton, lMass. (R. M. Wright). Lvs. scarcely different. (S. heterophylla Eaton.) 4 S. Gronvgii. TRU1IPET-LEAF. Lvs. tall, straight, erect, tube gradually enlarged to the open throat, wing narrowly linear, laminca sub-erect, roundish, mucronate, contracted at base.-The largest species of the genus, in swampy pine woods, Va. to Fla. and La. Lvs. often 3f in hight, and the scapes even taller; the lamina as broad as the open throat (2-3'). Fls. very large (when extended 4-5' diam.) and of exactly the same structure in all the varieties. a. FLAVA. Fls. yellow; foliage yellowish green, with or without purplish veins (S. flava L. S. Catesbemi Ell.). 3. ALATA. Fls. yellow? large; lvs. 1-2f high, with the tube somewhat ventricous above, throat contracted, wing conspicuous (-' broad). La. (Hale).-A remarkable variety. Y. RUBRA. Fls. reddish purple, smaller than S. purpurea. Lvs. 1-2f high, with purple veins (S. rubra Walt.). 8. DRauMMONDii. Fls. purple, very large; lvs. very tall (20-30'), remarkably mottled above with purple veins and white, diaphanous interstices. (S. Drummondii Croom) Fla. (Chapman.) ORDER XII. PAPAVERACEIE. POPPY-WORTS. Herbs with alternate, oxstipulate leaves, and generally a milky or colored juice. lcs. solitary, on long peduncles, never blue, hypogynous, regular, / or e/. Sel. 2, rarely 3, caducous, and petals 4, rarely 6, all imbricated. Sta. indefinite, but some multiple of 4. Anthers 2-celled, innate. Ova. compound. Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the fiat apex of ovary. RF. either pod-shaped, with 2 parietal placente, or capsular, with several. Sds. co, minute. Embryo mi/nute, at the base of oily albumen. (Figs. 229-231, 276.) An order consisting of 15 genera and l O0 slpecies, more than two-thirds of which are natives of Europe. The order is characterised by active narcotic properties, principally resident in the turbid juice. Opi2iu is thfi d(iied mlilky juice of Papaver solnniferuin. The seeds are coiiDionly rich in fixed oil. Several of the species are highly ornamienti' in cultivation. [ Plants with a red juice. Petals 8, plain in the bud......................SA.NCU1NA'S. I [ Plants with a yellow juice. Petals crumpled in the bud. (*) " Stigmas and placentme 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid. (b) * Stigmas and placentae 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped. (a) a Pod 1-colled, smooth. Lvs. pinnate..............................CIIELIDONI.M. 2 a Pod 2-celled, rough. Lvs. palmate..............................GAu. 3 b Style distinct, but short...................................... MECONOPIS. 5 b Style none, stigma sessile........................................ARCEI..4 9 Plants with a white juice. Petals 4, cruml)lecd in bud.........PAPAVE1R. 6 9[ Plants with a watery juice. Cahlyx a ilit/re, falling off whole.........IESCIISCaoLTZIA. T 1t SA1UGUINARIA, L. BLOOD-ROOT. (Latin sanguis, blood; all its parts abound in a red juice.) Sepals 2, caducous; petals 8-12, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer longer. Stamens about 24; stigma sessile, 1 or 2-lobed; capsule silique-form, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each ORDER 11.- PAPAVERACtE. 223 end, many-seedecl.- 4 A low, acaulescent plant, with a Nwhite flower, and a glaucous, palmate-veined leaf. S. Canadelnsis L. An interesting flower, ill oods, Can. and U. S., appearing in early spring. Rhizome fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes an orange-red fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each bud of the root-stalk there springs a single large, glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6' high, with a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses. FP. of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. Apr., May. (Fig. 557.) 3. Leaf not lobed, margin undulate. [Bainbridge, Ga. 2. CHELXDOIUM, L. CELANDINE. (Gr. X0EGt)Lv, the swallow; being supposed to flower T'ith the arrival of that bird, and to perish with its departure.) Sepals 2, suborbicular; petals 4, suborbicular, contracted at base; stamens 24 —32, shorter than the petals; stigmna 1, small, sessile, bifidc; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valved, 1-celled; seeds crested.- ( Fragile, pale green, with saffron yellow juice. C. maju-s L. Lvs. pinnate; Ifts. lobed, segments rounded; fis. in umbels.-By roadsides, fences, etc., arising 1-2f high. Lvs. smooth, glaucous, spreading, consisting of 2 —4 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Lfts. 11 —21' long, 2- as broad. irregularly dentate and lobed, the partial stalks winged at base. Umbels thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals elliptical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious, like every other part of the flower. The >). 6. Closs section of atseed of capsella, tlhe cotyledons incnumbent ( II). 7. Section of a nrinred seed of Aralbi6 (anadensis, cotyledons accumbent (0=). Her-bs with a pungent, watery juice, and alternate, exstipulate leaves, with flowers cruciform, tetradynamous, generally in racemes, and bractless. Sepals 4, deciduous; petals 4, hypogynous, with long claws and spreading limbs. Stamens 6, the 2 outer, opposite ones shorter than the 4 interior. Ovary 2-carpoled, 2-celled ORDER 13.-CRUCIFER-M. 22 7 by a false partition, with parietal placentse. Fruit a silique, or silicle, usually 2celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Seeds 2-rowed in each cell, but often so intercalated as to form but one row. Embryo with the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Albumen 0. Illust. 256, 312, 365, 447, 448. Genera 195, species 1600. This is a very natural order, larger than any of the preceding. The greater part of the species are found in the temperate zones. About 100 are peculiar to this continent. Proper-ties. The Crucifers as a class are of mnuch importance to man. They furnish several alimentary articles, which are very nutritious, as the Turnip, Cabbage, Cauliflower; several others are used as condiments, as Mustard, Radish, Cochlearia, etc. They all possess a peculiar acrid, volatile principle, dispersed through every part, often accompanied by an etherial oil abounding in sulphur. Thsey are also remarkable for containing more nitrogen than other vegetables, for whlich reason ammonia is generally evolved in their putrefaction. In medicine theare eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. None are really poisonous, although very acrid. The root of Isatis tinctoria affords a blue coloring matter. Obs. The genera of this large order were arranged into sub-orders by De Candolle, according to their various mnodes of folding the cotyledon upon the radiele, which inosdes are as follows: 1. Cotyledons accumbent, the radicle turned round and applied to the edges of the cotyledonis, represented thus 0=. 2. Cotyledons incumbent, the radicle applied against the back of one of the cotyledons, 0 II. 3. Cotyledons conduplicate, radicle folded as in the last case, but the cotyledons bent so as partly to enfold it, 0>>, as in the miustard. In the analysis of the Crucifers it is indispensable that the specimens be in fruit as well'as flower, and that the student bring to bear all his patience and resolutios in the study of the above and other forms of structure in the seed, however minute. In the following synopsis the student may use in analysis either the artificial arrangement of the Genera or thle less obviolus but more natural arrangement of the TRIBES. ~ SILIQUOSIE,-fruit a silique opening by valves. (Tribes.) Tribe 1. ARABIDnzm.a,. Seeds flattened, often bordered; cotyledons 0=-..........Genera 1 —10 Tribe 2. SISInnmRE.. Seeds oblong, not bordered; cotyledons 0 11.........n......Ge 11-14 Tribe 3. B.ASSICE.E. Seeds globular, cotyledons 0>>. Flowers yellow..........Gen. 15, 16 ~~ SILICULOSiE,-fruit a silicle opening by valves when snore than 2-seeded. (Tribes.) Tribe 4. ALYSSINEmE. Dissepiment broad. Cotyledons 0=..................... Gen. 17 — Tribe 5. CAAMELINEA1. Dissepiment broad. Cotyledons 0 II................. Gen. 22, 2C3 Tribe 6. TIHLasr.sP:. Dissepimuent narrow. Cotyledons 0...........................Gen. 24 Tribe 7. Leimn Es. I)issepimlent narrow. Cotyledons 0 li.................. Gen. 25-27 Tribe S. ISATIDE,. Disssepiment 0. Silicle 1-seeded, indehiseent...................Gen, 28 ~~~ LOMENTACEEi,,-fruit a jointed silique, partitioned across. (Tribes.) Tribe 9. CAKALINEm. Cotyledolls 0=, seeds compressed......................... Gen. 29 Tribe 10. tAPiANE-sEa. Cotyledons 0>>, seeds globous...........................Gen. 30 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA. ~ Fruit a silique. Flowers cyanic (a). Flowers xanthie (c). a Seeds in a double row.................................................... Genera 1, 2 a Seeds in a single row (b). b Siliques terete (petals showy, purple)................................... Genera 3, 4, 14 b Siliques flattened, —no stype. Petals white................................Gen. 5-7 b Siliques flattened, on a filiform stype. Pet. white..'....................... 1.' c Seeds globular (0>>)......................................................en.. 15, 16 c Seeds oblong or lens-shaped (d). d Siliques terete or flattened, veinless...........................Gen. 8, 9 d Silique squarish, valves each 1-S-veined......G.............................Gen. 10-12 ~ Fruit a silicle 2-celled (a) or 1-celled and 1-seeded in Isatis (c). a Siiiele turgid or flattened lwith a broad partition (b). a Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow Iartition (c). b Native. Flowers cyanic............................................Gen. 17 18, 2, b Native. Flowers xanthic...................G...............Gen. 1, 19, 22 b Exotic,arden flowers, variously colored...................... Gen. 20, 21 c Seeds many.........G......................................Gen. 24, 25 c Seeds 2 only. Wild and cultivated............................, Gen. 26, 27 c Seed I only. Cultivated...................................................Gen. 28 ~ Fruit a loment,-jointed and partitioned crosswise...............................Gen. 29, 30 228 OIrDEt 13. —CRUCIFERiE. 1. NASTUIRTIUM, IR. Br. WATER CRESS. (Lat. nasus tortus; from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose.) Sepals equal at base, spreading; siliqucs subterete, generally curved upwards, sometimes shortened so as to resemble a silicle; valves veinless; seeds small, lens-shaped, o, in a double row (0= —).-Aquatic plants with pinnate or pinnatifid lvs. * Petals white. Siliques rather long (10 —12/)........................................No. 1 * Petals yellow. Siliques slhortened (4 —8/), but longer than the pedicels (a). * Petals yellow. Siliques or silicles (1-6//) shorter than the pedicels (b). a Leaves pinnate or pinnatilid. Diffusely branched............e..............Nos. 2, 3 a Leaves lyrate, or meieely tootlhed. Sterns erect............N...................Nos. 4, 5 b Petals not longer than the calyx, obscure.................................... Nos. 6, 7 b Petals longer than the calyk, bright yellow..................................Nos. 8, 9 I N. officindle R. Br. ENGLISI W~ATER CRESS. LVS. pinnate, ifts. ovate, subcordate, repand; petals white, longer than the calyx. — 2 Brooks and springy places, rare. (Yellow Springs, O.) Sts. decumbent, thlickl, branching, 6 —-12' long. Lfts. 3-7, broad, mostly rounded at base, obscurely toothed, terminal one largest. Fls. corymbed. Siliques hardly 1' long.l Occasionally cultivated for salad. May, Jn. ~. 2 N. tanacetif1liun IHook. TANSEY-LEAVED. Up)per leaf segm. confluent, lowesdistinct, oblong or roundish, sinuate-toothed, teeth obtuse; pods liEzear-oblong. —-$) Damp soils, Ga. anld Fla., W. and N. W. to the Miss. Sts. smooth, diffusely branrched from the base, 4 —1 2' high. Root lvs. 2-4' long, narrow, regularly pinnate with 19 —15 sgrgm. in thie larger plants, the 3 upper segm. often confluent. Fls. minute. Pods 4 —8" long, slightly curved, on ped. ~ as long, and tipped with a distinct but short style. Mhar., May. fB. onTusur. Lfts. mostly distinct, oval, obtuse; pods shorter (3 to 5"), twice longer than pedicel. (N. obtusum, Nutt.) 3 N. Wfilteri. Segrn. of the lvs. all distinct, nzarrow, with a few linear, acute lobes or teeth; pods linear, —4? Ga. (Feay and Pond.) and Car. Rt. thick, blackish, with many strong fibres. Lvs. numerous, mostly radical or subeauline, 1-2' long, finely dissected, thle terminal segm. 3-lobed. Sts. branched from the base (only?), 3-5' high, puberulent. Fls. minute. Pods slender, about 5" long, pod. half as long; style distinct. MIar., Apr. (Sisymbrium Walteri Ell.) 4 N. limr sum Nutt. Lvs. ianceolate, toothed, lower ones pinnatified at baso (lyrate), tipper entire at base; pods elliptic-oblong (3 —4"). —- Edges of the Miss., La. (Hale.) Glabrous. Sts. erect, simple, branched only at top, 10-15' high. Lvs. all cauline and petiolate, the lower irregularly divided at base, where they touch the water. Rae. several. FIls. minute. Pods on very short pedicels, with styles mchl shorter. Apr., May. Hardly distinct from the next. 5 N. sessilifiorum Nutt. Lvs. cuneate-obovale, repandly toothed or sub-entirepods linear-oblong (5-6"), subsessile. —) Barnks of tihe Miss. Glabrous. Sts. erect, nearly simple. Lvs. attenuated at base, those of the stem nearly entire. Fls. minute. Rac. elongated in fruit, both pods and stigmas almost sessile. Apr.-Jii. 6 N. palastre DC. MARSH CREss. Glabrous; Ivs. pinnately lobed, amplexical, lobes co7filuent, dentate; rt. fusiform; pet. as long as the sepals; silicle splead in~g, turgid, twice longer than wide.-2( In wnet places. St. 1-2f high, erect, branched above. Lvs. 2-3' long, all more or less pinnatified, with the terminal lobe large, ovate. Fls. numerous, small. Silicle 3" long: pedicels twice as long, often deflexed. Jn.-Aug. 7 N. hispidum DC. Villous; Ivs. runcinate-pinnatified, lobes obtusety dentate; silicles tunzid, ovoid or globular, the pedicels lononer, ascending; pet. scarcely as long as the calyx. —) Banks of streams N. H. to Penn. Stem angular, branched, 1-3f high, with many paniculate racemes above. Lvs. 3-6' long. Fls minute. Silicles 1" long, on pedicels 2-3" long- and somewhat spreading. JR. -Aug. 8 N. sylv6stre R. Br. WooD CRESS. Lvs. pinnately divided, segm. sernate or incised; pods linear, style very short. —2 Wet meadows, near Philadelphia (Nutt); OtRDa 13.. —{TRUCIFERLE, 229 near 3Boston (Sprague). Sts. ascending from a prostrate base. Fls. rat;her large and showy. Pet. - longer than calyx. Pods nearly ~' long, the pedicels rather longer, ascending. Jn., J1. ~ Eur. 9 N. sinuStunm Nutt. Lvs. pinnatified, segrn. lance-oblong, nearly entire; pods oblong, acute, with a slenrder style. —Banks of the Miss. opposite St. Louis, southwar(4 W. to Oregon. Glabrous and difFusely branched. Lvs. regularly pinnatified, the terminal segmo. often confluent. Fls. rather lar(e and showy. Pods about' long, slightly curvaed, the pedicels still longer, spreading or recurved. Jn. 2. TURRIT]S, Dillon. Tow i MIUSTArD. (Lat. tuerritis, turreted; from -the pyramidal form of the plant.) Sepals erect, converging; silique long; linear, 2-edged; valves plain, 1-veined; seeds in a double row (margined in one species) (0:). —Fls. white or rose-colored. Stem Ivs. mostly saggYittate-clasping. 1 T. glAbraa L. Fls. (cream-white) erect; siliquzees long (3'), strictly erect; stem-las. ovate lanceolate. —- In rocky fields about New i-avein (Eaton) and Can. Glabrous. St. round, simple, lif high. R.adical-lvs. petiolate, dentate; cauline arrow-shaped and half-clasping at base, smooth, glaucous and entire. Siliques straight and very narrow. MIay. ~ Eur. 2 T. strl'cta Graham. Fgs. (rose-wgitc) erect; silique long (3'),: erect, finally ascend.. ing, stemt-lvs. linear-lanceolate.-~) On rocks, N. Y. (rare), W. to Or. Plant glabrous. St. straight, erect, simple, 1-2f high. Root-lvs. spatulate, remotely denticulate; stem-Irv. arrow shaped, clasping, erect, nearly entire. Rac. terminal, elongated in fruit. May. 3 T. brachyc/[rpa Torr & Gr. ls. pa.?le-sprple) nzodding; siliques shorler (1') spreadizng. —Lake shores Mich. Glabrous and glaucous, often purplish. Stem i.-2f high. Root-lvs. spatulate,,dentate; caulino linear-lanceolate, sagittate and clasping. Fls. rather large. 3. I0DANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. FALSE ROCKET. (Gr. (cd]S9 violetcolored, davOog, flower,) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals; silique linear, terete, veinless; seeds arranged in a single row in each cell (0=).-Glabrous, with violet-purple flowers in panicled racell es. I. pinnatifida Torr & Gr.-h Penn. to Ill., S. to Ark. St. slender, furrowed 2-3f high. Lvs. thin, sharply dentate, 3-5' long, + as wide, the lower often lyrate-pinnatifid, theose of the stem lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely petiolate. Rac. terminal and axillary. Petals long-clawed, with an obovate border. Pods torulous, 15-20" long; sads. oblong, plano-convex. May, Jn. 4. IIATT4I1OLA, R. Br. STOCK. (In honor of P. A. Matthioli, physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic autlhor.) Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base; petals dilated; siliques terete; stigmas connivant, thickened or cornute at the back.-IHerbaceous or shrubby, oriental plants, clothed with a hoary, stellate pubescence. * Perennial or biennial. Stems herbaceous.................................. Nos. 1, t. * Perennial. Stems shrubby at base......................................Nos. 3, 4. 1M. dinnuus R. Br. TEN WEEKS' STOCK. St. erect, branched; lvs. hoarycanescent, lanceolate, obtuse, subdentate; siliqgne ssubcytindrical. —- A fine garden flower from S. Europe. St. 2f high, and, with the leaves, covered with a soft, stellate pubescence. Fls. variegated. Jn.t 2 M. Grecus R. Br. GRECIAN STOCK. St. erect, branched; lvs. lanceolate, glabrous; siliques somewhat comopressed. —Z From Greece. Plant about If high, distinguished from the remainder of the genus byits srooth foliage. Fla. white, appearing all summer.y 3 M. incanus R. Br. PURPLE JULY FLOWER, St.'erect, branched; lvs. lanceelate, entire, hoary-canescent; siliques subcylindrical, truncate and compreased 230 ORDER 13.-CORTCIFERAI. at apex.%-4 One of the most popular flowers of the genus, native of England, etc. St. 2f high. Fls. purple.-Several varieties are enumerated, as the double flowered, Brompton Stock, Brompton Queen. Jn.f. 4 M. fenestraflis R. Br. Erect, sizmple; lvs. crowded, recurved, uzndulate, downy; siliques downy, broadest at base. —4 From S. Europe. Plant if high. Els. numerous, large, purple. JI., Aug.f 5. DE1TARIA, L. PEPPER-ROOT. (Lat. dens, a tooth; from the tooth-like projections of the rhizome.) Sepals converging; silique lance-linear, with flat, veinless valves, often opening elastically; placentx not winged; sds. in a single row, ovate, not bordered; funiculus broad (0=).-Rhizome N. Lvs. palmately divided, those of the stem but 2 or 3, somewhat whorled. Fls. white or purplish, in a terminal raceme. * Leaves of the stem sub-opposite or sub-verticillate..............................Nos. 1-3 * Leaves of the stemn alternate......................................... Nos. 4, 5:D. diphil1a L. St. 2-leaved; Ifts. subovate; rhizome continuous, toothed. —In woods and wet meadows, Can. to Car., W. to the Mliss. St. about If high, round, smooth, with 2, nearly opposite, ternate leaves above the middle. Lfts. on very short stalks, the lateral ones oblique, all with rounded, mucronate, unequal teeth. Fls. racemed, large, white; thle petals much larger than the calyx. The rootstock is long and large in proportion to the plant, beset with teeth, with a pungent, aromatic taste. May. 2 D. laciniAta AMuhl. OCauine Ivs. 3, 3-partel, the divisions lanceolate or lizsearoblong, obtuse, lobed, toothed or entire; rhiz. mnoniliform.e-In woods, Can. and U. S. The rootstock consists of several connected tubers of a pungent taste. Stem If high, smooth, simple. Lvs. usually in a whorl about half way up, the segm. with very irregular, mucronate teeth, rarely subentire, lateral ones sometimes cut nearly to the base, rendering the leaf almost quinate. Root-lvs. generally wanting. Fls. racemed, purplish. Apr., May. 3 D. rnl-tfacfida Mluhl. Ca'ucine Ivs. mostly 3, and verticillcate, -sareli 2, neultifid wit-1h 1um erovens linear lobes; rhiz. tsuberous. —Isn wroods, N. Car, to Ala.., rare. St. 6-10' high. Lvs. finely dissected in a bi- or triternate manner. Fls. white, smaller than in the above species. 4 D. maixima Nutt. Stem, abosut 3-leaved (2 to 7); Ifts. 3, ovate, toothed or cleft; rhizs moniliform, the tubers toothed.-N. Y. and Penn., rare. Tubers of the rootstock thick as the finger, an inch or more in length. St. 1-2f high, bearing a lengthened raceme, with pale purple flowers which are larger than in No. 1, and several alternate, remote, ternate, petiolate Ivs. Lfts. sharply and coarsely cut-toothed or lobed. May. 5 D. heterophfrla Nutt. St. about 2-leaved (2 or 3), leaflets 3, lanceolate and ssearly entire; root-lvs. of 3, ovate-oblong, toothed and cut-lobed lfts.; rhiz. moniliform, scarcely toothed.-Penn., Va., Ky. A small and delicate species, some 6' high. Tubers of the root few (1-3), oblong. Radical lf. always present, long-petioled. The alternate stem-lvs. small (1' long), also petiolate. Fls. few (6-9), palepurple. Jn. 6. CARDAMINE, L. BITTER CRESS. (Gr. icap6ia, heart, dacado, to strengthen; from its stomachic properties.) Calyx a little spreading, silique linear with flat, veinless valves, narrower than the dissepimenlt, and often opening elastically from the base; stigma entire; seeds not margined, with a slender funiculus (0= —). Fls. white or purple. * Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets..............................................Nos. 1, 2 * Leaves simnlle, or partly ternate. Roots mostly perennial. (a) a Style slenderl. In low, wet grounds..........................................Nos. 3, 4 a, Style none. In high mountains...............................................os. 5, 6 1 C. hirsufta L. St. (hirsute in Europe) glabrous, erect; lvs. pinnately 5-11foliate, terminal lft. largest; fis. (white) small, silique erect, linear or filiform; stig. ORDERa 13.-CRUCIFERi2. 231 minute, sessile.-rg) Common in streams and springy places throughout thle country. Aspects various; st. varying from filiform to thick and fleshy. Lfts. few or many, regular or not, lobed, toothed, angled or entire, always obtuse, terminal one generally 3-lobed. Pods always torulous and straight (except in O) about 1' long. Mar.-Jn. /3. VIRGINTCA Hook. Slender and delicate; lfts. 1 or 2-toothed; pods filiform, incurved.-Grows on rocks and sandy shores. 2 C. pratensiis L. CucInoo FLowER. St. ascending, simplie; lus. pinnately 1-15foliate, Ifis. petiolate, subentire, lower ones szuborbicuzlar, upper linear-lanceolate; sty. distinrct.-42 Swamps, N. Y. to Are., Am. Whole plant smooth. St. round, stiriate, 10-16' high. Lvs. few, 1: —2' long, including the petiole. Lfts. small or minute, regcular. Fls. large (6 —8" broad), few in a terminal raceme. Pet. white or rose-color. Siliques nearly 1' in length, erect. Apr., May. 3 C. rhomnboidea DC. Sis. simple, erect or ascending, tuberiferous at base; sitiques linecar-lanceolcate.-2f Wet woods and meadows, common. Glabrous, 8-14' high. Tubers 1 to several, roundishl, white, bearing one or several stems. Radical leaves roundish, long-stalked, somewhat cordate, entire; stem lvs. oblong or rhomboidal, angular-subdentate, the upper lanceolate, sessile. Racemes one or two, with white, showy, flowers. Styles 1" long; stigmas capitate. Apr.-Jn. f3. PURPUREA Torr. Slender, erect, few-leaved and purple-flowered.-Clev-eland, 0., &c. May. 4 C. rotundifBlia Mx. Sts. decumbent, branching, finally stoloniferous; lvs. all petiolate; siliques lianear-sbuelate; rt. fibrous. —2 Cool springs and rivulets in Mts., Penn. to Car. (Buckley). Prostrate stems or runners 1-2f in length. Lvse. roundish, subcordate angular, the lower 3-lobed or ternate, with the terminal 1ft. much the largest. Fls. smaller than in No. 3, white. May, Jn. 5 C. bellidifblia L. Lvs. smooth, orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate; cauline entire or 3-lobed; siliques erect.- 1 A minute species, on the summits of the White Mts. (Storrs), &c.; also, Arc.. Am. to Cal. Stem 1-.-3' high. Lva mostly radical, broadly oval or ovate, -' long, on petioles as long as the stems. Fascicles corymbous, each of 3 or 4 white flowers. Pet. oval, obtuse, about twice as long as the calyx. J1. 6 C. spatulAta MIx. Lvs. hirsute, the radical spatulate, petiolate; cauline sessile, siliques spreading. —') Ats. of Car. and Ga. Sts. decumbent, slender, 6-8' long. Lvs. about 1' in length, the lower entire, obtuse; the upper somewhat toothed, narrow. Rac. several, loose, with filiform, spreading, distant pedicels. Fls. white. Pods straight, 1' long. Apr. 7. ARABIS, L. RocK CRESS. (Namec fronm Arabia, the native coumtry of some of the species.) Sepals mostly erect; silique linear compressed; valves each with one or three longitudinal veins, seeds in a single row in each cell, mostly margined, cotyledons accumbent or oblique.-Fls. white. * Leaves (all or at least the radical) pinnatifid....................................Nos. 1, 2. * Leaves all undivided, toothed or entire, often clasping. (a) a Siliques short (6-12"/) antd straight. Seeds not winged......................Nos. 3, 4. a Siliques longer (1-2'), straniht or curved. Seeds not winged.............Nos. 5, 6. a Siliques long (3'), curved, pendant. Seeds winged.........................N..os. 7, 8. I A. LudoviciAna Meyer. All the lvs. pinnatifid or lpinnate, smoothish; stf branched at base silique at base; siliques and pedicels ascending; sds. bordered. —O N. Car. and Ky. (Curtis) to (Macon) Ga. Sts. 6-10' high, slender. Leaves 1 —2' long, at first rosulate, of 6-9 pairs of oblong, few-toothed leaflets, rachis slightly winged. Pods 7-10" by 1", valves veiny. Fls. minute, white. Mar., Apr. 2 A. lyrata L. Upper ivs. smooth, linear, entire; radical lvs. lyrately pinnatifid, often pilous: st. branched at base; pedicels spreading; siliques erect, seeds not bordered. — 2 On rocky hills, Can. and Wis. to Va. Sts. declined at base, 6-12' high. Root-lvs. numerous, rosulate, 1-3' long, - as wide, petiolate, pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, upper ones sublinear and subentire. Fls. middle size (3" long. 232 ORDEiR 13.-CURCIFER2E. Siliques when mature 1 —2' long, 1" wide, tipped with a short style. Cotyledons obliquely 0= or nearly 011. Apr., May. 1l. A variety (A. PETRIEA Lam.?) has very slender, upright stems, smooth, a few small, incised root-lvs., few linear stem-lvs. and cotyledons wholly 0=.Shores of the great lakes (Ohio), Can. 3 A. ThaiiAna L. MOUSE-EAR CRESS. Sts. branched at base, erect; lvs. pilous, oblong', nearly entire; petals twice longer than calyx,; pods erect, squarish. —) Rocks and sandy fields, Vt. to Ill. and Car. Whole plant pubescent with stellate-hairs. St. several from the same root, erect, simple, slender, 4-12' high. Root-lvs. rosulate, petiolate, 1 —2' long, cauline appressed, an inchl long, base somewhat clasping. Fls. small, white. Pods 6-8" long. Cotyledons obliquely 011. May. Ear. (Sisymbrium, Gay.) 4 A. dentata Torr. & Gr. Sts. branched at base, diffuse; lvs. roughish-downy, oblong, sharploy toothed; petals hardly longer than calyx; pods spreading. —) River banks, N. Y. to Mo. Plant scabrous with stellate hairs. Sts. decumbent, a foot high. Root-lvs. 2' long by -; cauline half-clasping with an auriculate base, all very obtuse and irregularly toothed. Fls. small, whitish. Pods very slender, 1' long. May. 5 A. pttens Sullivant. Erect, pubescent; cauline lvs. coarsely toothed; siliques spreading aund curvecd u2pwards, beaked with a distinct style. —Rocky banks of the Scioto, O. (Sullivant), and southward. Sts. 1 —2f high. Root-lvs. rosulate, petiolate; stem-rls. oblong-ovate or linear, auriculate-clasping. Fls. rather large (5-6" broad), white. Pods nearly 2' long. May. 6 A. hirshta Scop. Erect, hirsute; radical lvs. oblong-ovate, tapering to a petiole, cauline oval or lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, entire or toothed; siliques straight, erect; sty. none. —-l Found in low, rocky grounds, Can. to Va., W. to Oregon. Sts. 2 or more from the same root, round, hairy at base, near a foot high, slender and parallel. Lvs. scarcely dentate, sessile, with heart-shaped or arrow-shaped bases, the upper acute. Fls. greenish-white. Siliques 1-2' long. Jn. 7 A. leevigata DC. Tall, glaucous, s70ooth; stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate, and linear, sagittate-clas ping, the upper entire; siliques very long, linear, at length sproaling and pendulous. —%2 In rocky woods and low grounds, Can. to Tenn. and westward. St. 2 hig, round, simple, or branched iabove. Root-lvs. often purplish, obovate and oblong, petiolate, ~ -1!' long, -3 as wide, with acute teeth. Stem-lvs. 3-5' long and very narrow. Fls. erect, greenish, the petals hardly longer than the calyx. Siliques 3' long, scarcely 1" wide. May. 8 A. Canad6nsis L. SICKLE POD. Tall, pubescent; stem Ivs. lanceolate, pointedc both ways, sessile; silique subjfalcate, veined, pendulous. —' On rocky hills Can. to Ga., W. to Ark. A plant remarkable for its long, drooping pods which resemble a sickle-blade, or rather a scythe. St. 2-3f high, slender, round, smooth. Lvs. 3-5' long, I as wide, the lowest early marescent, middle and upper ones sessile or clasping, with narrow bases, remotely denticulate. Fls. small, the narrow, white petals twice longer than the calyx. Pods slender, flattened, 3' long. May, Jn. 8. CHEI R THUS, L. WALL FLOWER. (Arabic kIheyry, the name of a certain plant, and Gr. fvlog, flower.) Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base; petals dilated; silique terete or compressed; stigma 2-lobed or capitate; seeds flat, in a single series, often margined. (0=). Garden perennials, mostly European. Lvs. undivided. C. Cheiri L. St. somewhat shrubby and decumlbent at base; lvs. entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate, acute, smooth; branches angular; petals obovate; siliques erect,:.cuminate. —' From S. Europe. A popular garden flower, admired for its agreeable fragrance, and handsome corymbous clusters of orange or yellow flowers. Plant about 2f high. Jn... 9. LEAVEHW6ORTHIA, Torr. (Named for Dr. Lecavenworth, the discoverer.) Calyx rather erect; petals cuneate, retuse or truncate; ORDER 13.-CURCIFERM. 233 silique flat, linear or oblong, valves indistinctly veined; seeds in a single row, flattened, wing-margined; embryo nearly straight, curving towards an accumbent form.-(- Low, smooth herbs with lyrate-pinnatifid Ivs. FIs. yellowish. L. Michatxlii Torr. (and L. aurea Torr.). On wet rocks S. E. Ky. to Texas. Plant 2-6' high. Lvs. mostly radical, an. inch or two in length, segm. 1-5, angular. Fls. at first solitary, on slender scapes, finally racemed. Petals twice longer than the sepals, yellow, at least its broad claws. Pods erect, 3-5-seeded. Mar., Apr. (Cardamine unifiora. Mx.) 10. BAtIAREA, R1. Br. WVINTER CRESS. (In honor of St. Barbara who discovered [what are since unknown] its medicinal properties.) Sepals erect; siliques columnar, 2 or 4-angled, valves carinate Aith a mnid-vein; seeds in a single row (O0 ).-Lvs. lyrate-pinnatifid. FIs. yellow. 1 B. vu!gAris R. Br. Upper lvs. toothed or pinnatifid at base; siliques obscurely 4tangled, pointed with the style. —) Fields and brooksides, common, N. Statas. Whole plant glabrous. St. furrowed, 1-2f high, branching above. Lower lvs. lyrate pinnatifid, with small, oblong pinnam, and a large, broad-ovate, terminal lobe, dark green, shining, with clasping petioles; upper lvs. sessile, all very obtuse.-Fls. in dense racemes. Pods about 9" lon(g, usually curved, ascending or erect. May, Jn. 2 B. precoI R1. Br. BELLE IS1LE CRESS. SCURVY GRAsS. Upper lvs. pinnatifid, with the lobes all linear-oblong; silique 2-edged.-l- Cultivated southward for salad, and sparingly naturalized. St. slender, If high. Lower lvs. with the terminal lobe ovate. Siliques 2 or 3' long. Apr., Jn. ~1. ERYSI UlW, L. FALSE WALL FLOWF. (Gr. i;Pi3o, to cure; froom its salutary medicinal properties.) Calyx closed; siliques columnar, 3-sided, valves with a strong mnid-vein; stigma capitate; seeds in a single series; cotyledons oblong, O1I.-Fls. yellow. i. cheiralnthoildes L. Pubescence minute, appressed, branched; lvs. lanceolate, denticulate, or entire; fils. small; siliques slort (8-10"), on slender, slpreding pedicels; stig. small, nearly sessile. —- By streams and in wet grounds, U. S. and Can., not common. St. erect, 1 —2f high, often branched, and, with the leaves, scabrous. Lvs. acute at each end, 1-2' long, - as wide. Fls. small; yellow, in long racemes. Siliques -- to near 1' in length, linear, and somewhat spreading. JR. 2 E. A.rrdansanm i Nutt. YELLOw PHLOX. Scabrous, with an appressed pubescence; st. simple; lvs. linear-lanceolate, remotely dentate, sessile, lower ones runcinate-toothed; inflorescence racemous, corymbed at summit; siliques long (3'), erect, on short, erect pedicels; stig. capitate. —-- A fine plant, with large, showy flowers, resembling the wall-flower, on bluffs alongo rivers, Ohio to Ark. St. 1-3f hllig, slender. Lvs. 2-3' by 3-6". Sep. straw-colored. Petals large, bright-orange yellow. Siliques 3' long., Jn., J1. 12. SiSYRIBRIUI, Allioni. (An ancient Greek name.) Calyx halfspreadcing, equal at base; petals unguiculate, entire: silique subterete, valves concave, marked lengthwise with 1 —3 veins; style very short; seeds in a single series, ovoid, Ol[. —Fls. (yellow) small. 1 5. ofi cinale Scop. HEDGE MfUSTARD. Lvs. ruencineate; rae. slender, virgate; siliques subuelate, erect, closely appressed to the rachis. —m) A common weed, in fields, roadsides, rubbish, etc., Can. and U. S. St. 1-3f high, with spreading branches. Lower lvs. 3-8' by 1-3', the lower segments placed at right angles to the midvein, or pointing backwards, the terminal segment largest. Upper Ivs. in 3 lanceolate segments at right angles. Fls. small, yellow, terminating the ra 93 4 ORDER 13-CRUCIFERA. ceme, which becomes 1-2f long, and environed by the appressed sessile pods. Jn., Sept. Medicinal. ~ fur. 2 S. b6phia L. FLIXWEED. Lvs. bipinnatifid, lobes linear-oblong, acute, incised; sepals longer than the petals; silique linear, slender, erect, longer than the spreading pedicel.-Piattsburg, N. Y. (~~rs. Conant), and Can. along the St. Lawrence. Stems erect, 1-2f high. Leaves ovate in outline, finely dissected, almost tripinnatifid. Fls. very small, pale yellow. Siliques 1' long, very narrow, in long racemes. July. 3 S. can6scens Nutt. TANSEY MUSTARD. LVS. bipinnately divided, canescent, lobes oblong or lanecolate, sublentuate, obtuse; pe-tanls about equalling the catlyx; siliques oblong-linear, ascendizq, shorter (or never longer) than the spreadin2g yed,-icels. —' Arctic Sea to Florida.. Plant 1-2f hligh, often nearly smooth. Lvs. about 3' longc, sessile, lance-oblong in outline, segra. 5 — pails, finely divided. Fls. very small. Siliques 3-6" in length, the seeds somewhat 2-rowed. Variable. Mar., Jn. 913. WAREA, Nutt. (Namned in honor of.Mr. Ware, the discoverer.) Sepals colored, ligulate; petals with very slender claws, longer than the lamlina; silique flattened, long andc slender, raised on a slender stiph;:,i staruens nearly equal, 011. —- Glabrous, entire-leaved plants, with the aspect of Cleome. lFls. white or purple, in short racemes. Siliques curved and declinate.. W. cuneif6lia Nutt. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base, and sub-sessile.Dry hills, Ga. (felttauer) and Fla. St. 1-2f high, branched above. Lvs.'-1' ~long, rather thick, the upper linear. Fls. in showy clusters at the summits of' the branches, white or purplish. Pedicels divergent. Sta. exserted, with the aothlers finally circinate. Petals with remarkably slender claws 2" in length, lamina 1". Siliques 1-' or more in length, 4 times longer than the filiform stipe. Jn., Aug. 2 W. anmplexif61ia Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate, partly clasping. —3) Fla. In all other respects like No. 1, and in all probability not distinct firom it. i4. HESPERIS, L. ROCKET. (Gr. o'arrEpa, evening; when the flower is most fragrant.) Calyx closed, furrowed at base, shorter than the claws of the petals; petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate; silique 4-sided, 2-edged or subterete; seeds not margined; stigmas forked, with the apices converging (01l).-Fls. cyanic. I H. matronalis L. St. simple, erect; lvs. lanceolate-ovate, denticulate; petals emarginate, mucronate; pedicels as long as. the calyx.-A fine garden perennial, said to be found native about Lake Huron. St. 3-9f high. Fls. purple, often double, and white in, hortensis. f Eur. 2 H. dprica L. St. erect, simple, pubescent Ivs. oblong, obtuse, entire, ciliais hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx.-24 From Siberia. Stem a foot high. Fis. purple. May, Jn., -. i5. SINAPIS, Tourn. MUSTARD. (The Greek name, oivevrrt.) Sepals equal at base, spreading; petals ovate, with straight claws; siliques subterete; valves veined; style short and subulate, or ensiform; seeds in a single series, globular (0>>).-Fls. always yellow. 1 S. nigra L. BLACK MUSTARD. Smooth; silique smooth, somewhat 4-angled, appressed to the rachis, and beaked with a sldunder; 4 —siddd style.- t In cultivated grounds and waste places. St. 3-6f high, round, smooth, striate, branching. Lvs. all petiolate, lower ones variously lyrate and dentate, upper ones lance-linear, pendulous, entire. Sep. and pet. sulphur-yellow. Pods very numerous, nearly 1' long. Sds. numerous, small, globous, nearly black, well known as a condiment. Jn., July., f ~ Eur. ORDER 13.-CRUCIFERaE. 235 2 S. arv6nsis L. FIELD MUSTARD. St. and leaves hairy; silique smooth, mranyangled, torzulous, spreading, about 3 times longer than the dinder, ancipital style. —( Naturalized in N. Y. (T. and G.) and in Vt. (Robbins). Lower lvs. large, sublyrate-pinnatifid, upper ones oblong-ovate, all repand-toothed. Silique somewhat spreading, 1-' long. Sds. large and black. Jn., Aug., ~ Eur. 3 S alba L. WHITE M{USTARD. Lvs. smoothish; siliques hispid, torose, shorter than the ensiform beak sds. large, pale yellow. — Native of Europe. St. 2-5f high, thinly hirsute. Lvs. all lyrately pinnate, dentate, petiolate. Siliques: spreading, about 4-seeded. The seeds are used for about the same purposes as those of S. nigra. esteemed in medicine. Jn., J1.:. 16. BRASSICA, L. CABBAGE, etc. (Celtic bresic, the cabbage.) Sepals equal at base, (mostly)grect; petals obovate; filaments without teth; silique sub-compressed, valves concave, with a central vein; style short, subterete, obtuse; seeds globous, in a single (often double) row (O>>).-Fls. yellow. 1 B. campestris L. CALE. Lvs. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyratedentate, subeiliate, upper ones cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate. —Q Cultivated fields and waste places. St. 1- 3f high, with a few, scattered, reversed hairs below. Lower lvs. 3 —' long, -L as wide, upper smaller, entire, with rounded clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse point. Rac. 1-2f long. Sep. erect, spreading. Cor. yellow, 4-5" diam. Siliques 1-i long, with the style'. Sds. small, dark brown. Jn., JI. ~ Sweden. }3 RUTABIAG.\. SWEDIsH TURNIP. Rt. tumid, napiform, subglobous, yellowish. -Cultivated like the common turnip: but after a thorough experiment, it is conceded oy farmers to be inferior in value to that root, although it grows to an enormous size. t. 2 B. rdpa L. Radical Ivs. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, cauline ones incised, upper entire, smooth. 4. j3 DEPRESSA. COMMoiN TURNIP. it. depressed, globous or napiform, contracted below into a slender radicle. —~ Long cultivated for the table, etc., in gardens and fields. St. 2-4f' high, and with the leaves deep green. Upper lvs. amplexicaul. Pods 1' long. Sds. small, reddish-brown. Jn. t 3 B. oleracea L. CABBAGE. Lvs. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repandtoothed or lobed. —t( Native of Europe, where it grows on rocky shores and cliffs, with no appearance of a head, forming a surprising contrast with the cultivated varieties. The excellence of the cabbage as a pot-herb needs no encomium. 4,B BULLATA. SAVOY CABBAGE. LVS. curled, subcapitate when young, finally expanding. y Bor'YTIs-CAULIFLOIZA. CAULIFLOWER. St. low; hds. thick, compact, terminal; fls. abortive, on short, fleshy peduncles. 2. 6 BOTRYTIS ASPARAGOIDES. BROCCOLI. St. taller; hds. subramous; branches fleshy at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. t.. E CAPITATA. HEAD CABBAGE. St. short; lvs. concave, packed in a dense head before flowering; rac. paniculate. 4. 17. ALYSSUgN, L. MADVWORT. (Gr. a, privative, Avaaa, Irage; supposed by the ancients to allay anger.) Calyx equal at base; petals entire; some of the stamens with teeth; silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat or convex in the centre; seeds 1-4 in each cell (0=).Showy European herbs. 1 A. saxatile L. RoCR ALYSSUTM. MADWORT. St. suffruticous at base, subcorymbous; lvs. lanceolate, entire, downy; silicle obovate-orbicular, 2-seeded; sds. margined.-An early-flowering garden perennial, native of Candia. St. If high, with numerous yellow flowers in close corymbous bunches. Apr., May. {. 2 36 OnDsER 13.-CRUCIFER,. 2 A. maritimunm Lam. SWEET ALYSSUM. St. suffruticous and procumbent at base; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat hoary; pods oval, smooth.4 A sweet-scented garden plant, with fine leaves and small white flowers. St. a foot in length. FIs. from Jn. to Oct.-All the species of Alyssum are of easy culture in common loamy soils. t. 1. LUN ARA,I. HIONESTY. (Lat. luna, the moon; from the broad, round silicles.) Sepals somewhat bisaccate at base; petals nearly entire; stamnens without teeth; silicle pedicellate, elliptical or lanceolate, with flalt valves; fimiculus adhering to the clissepiment (0= —). 1 L. rediviva L. PERENNIAL SATIN FLOWER. St. erect, branching; lvs. ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate; silicles lanceolcte, zazrrowed at each end.-2_4 From Germany. Stem 2-3f high. Fls. light purple. Jn.t 2 L. bidnnis D0. I-IONESTY. St. erect; lvs. -with obtuse teeth; asilicles oval, obtuse at both enads. — These are large, hairy plants, native of Germany. Sts. 3-4f high. Lvs. cordate. Fls. lilac-colored. The broad, round, silvery silicles are the most remarkable feature of the plants. May, Jn.. 9. DRABA, L. IIITLOW GRAss. (Gr. adpc/3r, acrid, biting; from the taste of the plant.) Calyx equal at base; petals equal; filaments without teeth; silicle oval or oblong, entire, the valves fiat or slightly ooavex, veined; seeds not mnargined, 2-rowed in each cell (0-).-Fls. white, rarely yellow. Plants small. ~ ERIOPmIL (DC.). Petals 2-parted...................................................No. 1 ~ DPsAnA proper. Petils entire or only esnarginate. (a) a Style long or short, bult distinct. Plaits perennial................. Nos. 2, 8 a Style none Plants annial or biennial. (b) b Pedicel as long as or longer than the silicle..............Nos. 4, 5 b Pedicel shorter than the silicle.................... Nos. 6,'( 1X D:. (3ri6phila) vwrna L. W}ITLOw GRASS. Scape naled; lvs. oblong, acute; subserrate, hairy; petals bifid; stig. sessile: silicle oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel. —DI A little, early-flowering plant in grassy fields, rather rare, Can. to Va. Lvs. all radical, lanceolate, 2 1-i' long, L as widle, -ith a few teeth towards the end. Scape a few inches -ligh, with a rac. of 5-15 sinall, white flowers. Cal. spreading. Petals cleft half way down. Silicles about a line wide 3" long, with deciduous valves. Apr., May. 2 D. arabisans Mx. St. leafy, erectly branched, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, minutely denztate; silicle oblong-lanceolate, smnooth, longer thaee the pedicel; sty. short but distinct.-Lake shores, Willoughby, Vt., N. Y., Mich. Sts. several from the same root, 6-8' high. Radical lvs. about 1' long, formiing rosulate tufts at the top of top of the short radical shoots; cauline somewhat claspil-g. FIS. white, in a short raceme. Silicles elongated (4-6"), twisted when ripe so as to appear double. May. 3 D. ramosessima Desv. Minutely pubescent; sts. numerous; lvs. lineasrlanceolate, with remote and slender teeth, upper ones entire; rac. corymbously paniculate; silicle lanceolate, about the length of the pedicel, the style halof as long. -On rocks, Harper's Ferry, Va., W. to Ky. Sts. slender, 4 —10' lonlg, the barren ones with tufted leaves at top. Lvs. about 1' long, with one or two teeth on each side. Fls. white. Silicles 3" in length, ascending. Apr., ]~May. 4 D. nemorAlis Ehrh. St. pubescent, branched; lvs. oval, cauline, lanceolate, toothed; pet. emarginate; tiicles oblong-elliptical, half the length of the pedicels; seeds nearly 30. —Mich., Mo. Plant slender, 8-10' high. St. with a few branches. Lvs. mostly radical. Rac. much elongated in fruit, with very long pedicels. Fls. minute, yellowish-white. May. 5 D. brachycdrpa Nutt. Minutely pubescent; radical lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate, cauline oblong or linear, slightly dentate or entire; rac. many-flowered, straigilt, elongated in fruit; petals obovate, entire; silicle oval, glabrous, about.as long as the pedicels, 10-12-seeded.-4 Grassy places near St. Louis, S. to La. ORDER 13.-CRUCIFERAE. 237 t. branched and leafy, 2 —4' high. Silicles scarcely 2" in length. Mar., Apr. 6 D. cuneif5lia Nutt. Hirsute, pubescent; st. branching and leafy below, naked above; lvs. cuneate-oblong, sessile, denticulate; rac. elongated in fruit; silicles twice longer than the pedicels, 20-30-seeded.-Fields, Ky. to La. Plant 3-8' hligli. Fls. much larger than in the preceding. Petals white, nearly thrice longer than the sepals. Mar., Apr. 7 D. Carolinidana Walt..Lvs. ovate-roundish, entire, hispid; silicles linear, smooth, longer than the pedicels, corymnbous, 30-40-seeded.-Sandy fields, Ct., R. I., S. to Ga. St. 1 —3' high, leafy at base, hispid; naked and smooth above. Lvs. clustered on the lower part of the stem, very hairy. Petals white, twice as long as the sepals. Silicle 6" long, rather obtuse, smooth (or minutely hispid in p?). Apr.-Jn. (D. micrantha Nutt.) 20, AR 0IMRACIA, Rupp. HEORSE RADISH. (Armorica, its native country, now the province Brittany, France.) Calyx equal at base, spreading; petals entire, much exceeding the calyx; filaments toothless; silicles ellipsoid or globular, turgid, 1-celled from the incomplete partition; styles distinct; seeds few (O0).- 4 Lvs. oblong, undivided, or the lower pinnatifid. FIs. white. I A. rusticlana Rupp. Radical lvs. oblong, crenate; cauline long, lanceolate, dentate or incised, sessile; silicle roundish, ellipsoid, much longer tlhan the s/ty. — 4 A common garden herb, sparingly naturalized in wet grounds. R-t. fleshy, large, white, very acrid. St. 2-3f high, angular, smooth, branching. Radical Ivs. near a foot long,. as wide, on long channeled petioles. Lower stem-lvs. often cut in a pinnatifid manner, upper toothed or entire. Fls. not large. Silicle much shorter than the spreading pedicels. The root is a well known condiment for roast beef and other viands. Jn. ~ Eur. (Cochlearia L.) 2 A. kAmericana Arn. Aquatic; immersed leaves doubly pinnatifid with capillary segments, emersed oblong, pinnatifid, serrate or entire; silicle ovoid, little longer than the style.-Lakes and rivers, Can., N. Y. to Ky. Fls. not large (4" broad). Silicle 2" long, on long spreading pedicels, much as in No. 1. (Nasturtium lacustre Gray. N. natans p. Americanurn ejusd. Cochlearia aquatica Eaton?) 21. VESICAR IA, Lam. BLADDER-POD. (Lot. vesica, a bladder or blister; fiom the inflated silicles.) Petals entire; silicle globous or ovoid; inflated valves nerveless, hemispherical or convex; seeds several in each cell, sometimes margined (0O).-Fls. yellow. 1 V. Sh6rtii Torr & Gr. Lvs. elliptical, sessile, entire; style twice as long as the globous silicle; sds. 2-4, not margined. —) Banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Frankfort, Ky. (Short, in North Am. Flora.) St. decumbent, about a span long, slender, stellately pubescent. Lvs. 6-12" long. Pedicels 6" long, and the silicle as large as the fruit of Coriander. 22. CAI ELINA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX. (Gr. Xapal, dwarf, Xf vov, flax.) Calyx equal at base; petals entire; silicle obovate or subglobous, with ventricous valves and many-seeded cells; styles filiform, persistent; seeds oblong, striate, not margined (O11).-Fls. small yellow. C. sativa Crantz. Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire; silicle obovatepyriform, margined, tipped with the pointed style. —. In cultivated fields. St 1-24-' high, straight, erect, branchin. Lvs. roughish, 1-2' long, clasping the stem with their acute, arrow -shaped lobes. Fls. in paniculated racemes. Silicles 3-4" long, on pedicels 2-3 times as long. Said to be cultivated in Germany for the oil which is expressed from the seeds. Jn. ~ Eur. 238 ORDER 13. —CRUCIFER~. 23. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT. (Named in reference to the linear-subulate leaves.) Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded; stigma sessile; cotyledons linear, curved and incumbently folded on themselves. — X Aquatic acaulescent herbs. S. aquatica L.-A small plant, growing on the muddy shores of ponds in Me. and N. HI. Lvs. all radical, entire, subulate, an inch in length. Scape 2-3' high, racemous, with a few minute white fls. on slender pedicels, only 2" in length. J1. 24. IBERIS, L. CANDYTUFT. (Most of the species are natives of Iberia, nlow Spain.) The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner; silicles compressed, truncate, elarginate, the cells 1-seeded. —Handsome herbs from the Old WVorld, pretty in cultivation. Fls. white or purple. 1 I. umbellata L. Herbaceous, smooth; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acumiinate, lower ones serrate, upper ones entire; silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. —This and the following species are very popular garden annuals, very pretty in borders and of very easy culture. I. umbellata is from S. Europe. St. If high. Fls. purple, terminal in simple umbels, and like the rest of the genus remarkable for having the 2 outer petals longer than the 2 inner ones. Jn., J1. f 2 I. amara L. BITTER CANDYTUFT. Hlerbaceous; tvs. lanceolate, acute, somewhat toothed; fis. corymbed, becoming racemed; silicles obcordate, narrvowly emarginate. —( Native of England. St. if high. Fls. white. Jn., Jl. - 3 I. pinntata L. Ierbacebus, smooth; Ivs. pinnatifid; rac. corymbous, but little elongated after flowering. —T) From S. Europe. Plant If high. Fls. white. Jn.-Aug. 4 I. saxatilis L. Shrubby; lIv,. linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate; fis. in corymbs. —, From S. Europe. Nearly If high. Fis. white. Apr.-Jn. f (Obs.-Twenty-four species of the Iberis have been described, others of which are less known, but equally ornamental with those above-mentioned.) 25. CAPSELLA, Vent. (Derived from capsa, a chest or box; alluding to the fruit.) Calyx equal at base; silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate, compressed laterally; valves carinate, not winged on the back; septumrn sublinear; style short; seeds oo, oblong, small, 011.Fls. white. A common weed. C. Bursa-past6ris Msench. SHEPHERD'S PURSE.-Found everywhere in fields and pastures, roadsides. St. 6-8-12' high, nearly smooth in the upper part, hirsute below, striate, branching. Root lvs. rosulate, 2-5-8' long, I as wide, cut lobed, on margined petioles, segm. about 13. These leaves are sometimes wanting (when the weed is crowded); or only dentate. Stern-lvs. much smaller, very narrow, with 2 small, acute auricles at base, half clasping the stem. Fls. small, in racemes, which are finally 3-12' long. Silicle smooth, triangular, ornmarginate at the end, and tipped with the style. Apr.-Sept. ~ Eur. 26. LEPIDIUM, R. Br. PEPPER GRASS. (Gr. /eTartI, a scale; from tile resemblance of the silicle.) Sepals ovate; petals ovate, entire; silicles oval-orbicular, emarginate; septum very narrow, contrarv to the greater diameter; valves cariinate, dehiscent; cells 1-seeded. Cotyledons 011 (in No. 1, O0). Fls. white, small, often incomplete. * Stamens 2 only. Petals 4, or wanting................................N.....NTos. 1, 2 * Stamens 6. Silicles winged.................................Nos. 3, 4 1 L. Virginicum L. WILD PEPPERGRASS. TONGUE-GRASS. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, inciselv serrate, or the upper subentire petals 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate; cotyledons 0~11.- In dry fields and roadsides, U. S. St. rigid, round, smooth, if ORuDER 13.-CRUCIFEtRE. 239 high. Lvs. 1-2' by 1-3", acute, tapering at base into a petiole, upper ones sessile, lower pinnatifidly cut. Fls. and silicles very numerous, in a panicle of' racemes. Fls. very small, mostly diandrous; silicles 11" diam., with a notch at the end. Taste pungent, like that of the garden peppergrass. Jn.-Oct. 2 L. ruderAle L. Cauline ivs., incised, those of the branches linear, entire; fis. apetalous, and with but two stamens; silicles broadly oval, emarginate, wingless.Dry fields, Mich., Ind., Mo. St. 10-15' high, diffusadly branched. Rac. many. Fls. remarkable fobr wanting the petals, which are always present in our other species. 3 L. campdstre R. Br. YELLOW-SEED. Cauline lvs. sagittate, denticulate; silicles ovate, emarginate, scaly, punctate. —0 In waste places and dry fields, especially among flax. St. strictly erect, round, minutely downy, 6-10' high, branching. Lvs. 1' long, 4 as wide, with two lobes at base, upper one clasping the stem, all minutely velvety. Fls. small. Silieles 14" long, numerous, in long racemes. Jn., J1. ~ Eur. 4 L. sat.rium L. PEPPERGRASS. Lvs. variously divided and cut; branches without spines; silicles broadly oval, winged. —- Native of the East. Sts. 1-3f high, very branching. Silicles 2 —3" broad, very numerous. A well known garden salad. J1.: ~ 27. SENEBIERA, Poir. CARPET CRESS. SWINE CRESS. (In honor of Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) Silicle didymous, with the partition very narrow; valves ventricous, separating but indehiscent, and each 1-seeded, cotyledons incumbently folded on themseives.-W- or 0 Prostrate and diffuse, with minute white fis. 1 S. dcldyma Pers. Lvs. pinnate, with pinnatifid segments; silicles rugously reticulated, notched at the apex.-Waste places and waysides, southern States, common. Sts. spreading circularly like the carpet weed (Molugo), flat on the Around. Lvs. 1-:3' long, oblong in outline, its lobes obtuse, and cleft mostly on the upper margin. Fls. minute. Silicles very small, apparently doubled, rough-wrinkled. Feb.-Jn. 2 S. coron6pus DC. Lvs. pinnate, with the segm. entire, toothed, or pinnatifid; silicles tuberscled, not notched at apex.-Waste grounds, Va. and Car. (Pursh), R. Isl. (Robbins). Not common., Eur. 28. ISATIS, L. WOAD. (Gr. laedw, to make equal; supposed to remove roughness fiom the skin.) Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled (dissepiment obliterated), 1-seeded, with carinate, boat-shaped valves, which are scarcely dehiscent (Ol). None of the species are N. American. I. tinct6ria L. Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatulate at the end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. —) The Woad is native of England. It is occasionally cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that may be substituted for Indigo. The plant grows about 4f high, with large leaves clasping the stem with their broad bases. Fls. yellow, large, in terminal racemes. May —J1. T 29. CAKILE, Tourn. SEA ROCKET. (Named from the Arabic.) Silicle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform; seed in the upper cell erIect, in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortivc. —- Maritime herbs. C. maritima Scop. Upper joint of the silicle ensiform or ovate-ensiform.-Native of the seacoast and lake shores, N. States. A smooth, succulent plant, branching and procumbent, 6-12' long. Lvs. sinuate-dentate, oblong-ensiform, caducous. Fls. on short, fleshy peduncles, in terminal spikes or racemes, corymbously arranged. Petals purple, obtuse at end. Silicle smooth, roundish, lower joint clavate-obovate, upper with one elevated line on each side. J1., Aug. 240 OPRDEa 14 —CAPPARIDACEIE. 30. RAPHANUS, L. RADISH. (Gr. PA, quickly, 4aivco, to appear; from its rapid growth.) Calyx erect; petals obovate, unguiculate; siliques terete, torulous, not opening by valves, transversely 2-jointed, joints with one or several cells, seeds large, subglobous, in a single series (0>>). I R. Raphanistrum L. WILD RADISe. Lvs. lyrate; siiqie moniliform, 3-8-seeded, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style. —() Naturalized in cultivated fields and roadsides, but rare. St. glaucous, branching, 1-2f high, bristly. Lvs. rough, dentate, petiolate or sessile. Cal. bristly. Petals yellow, veiny, blanching as they decay. Jn., J1. ~ Eur. 2 TR. sativa L. GARDEN RADISH. Lower lvs. lyrate, petiolate; silique 2-3-seeded, acuminate, scarcely longer than the style.-A well known salad root from China. St. 2-4f high, very branching. Lower lvs. 6-10' long. Fls. white, or tinged with purple, veiny. Pods 1-2' long, thick and fleshy. The principal varieties are the Turnip Radish, root subglobous; Common Radish, root oblong, terete; Black Spanish Radish, root black outside. Jn.-Aug. 4 ORDER XIV. CAPPARIDACEA. CAPPARIDS. Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Leaves alternate, petiolate, either undivided or palmately compound. Fls. solitary or racemous, cruciform, hypogynous. Sep. 4, Pet. 4, unguiculate. Sta. 6-12, or some multiple of 4, never tetradynamous, on a disk or separated from the corolla by an internode of the torus. Ova. often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Sty. unAitd into one. Stig. discoid. Fr. either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Placentae usually 2. Seeds many, reniform. Albumen 0. Embryo curved. Cotyledon foliaceous. (Illust. in Fig. 290.) Generea 28, species 340-chiefly tropical plants. They are more acrid in their properties than the Crucifers, but otherwise much resemble them. One species of Polanisia is used as a vermifuge. Stamens 6, separated from the petals by an internode................................No. 1 Stamens 6, not separated from the petals............................................No. 2 Stamens 8-32. Torus not developed...............................................No. 3 1. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. (Gynandria, a Linnrean class, 6'5btg appearance.) Sepals distinct, spreading; stamens 6, separated from the 4 petals by a slender internode of the torus; pod linear-oblong, raised on a long stipe which rises from the top of the torus.-(- Lvs. digitate. Fls. racemed. G. pentaphlrlla DC. Middle lvs, petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones 3-foliate, lfts. obovate, entire or denticulate.-In cultivated grounds, Penn. to Ga St. simple, 2-3f high. Fls. of a very singular structure. Pedicels about 1' long, slender. Calyx small. Petals white, - as long as their filiform claws Sta. 1' long, spreading, apparently arising from the midst of the long styloid torus. Peds. 2' long. ~ Africa. (Cleome L.) 2. CLE0IIE, L. SPIDER FLOWER. Sepals sometimes united at base; petals 4; torus not developed between the petals and the stamens, which are 6-4; pod stipitate more or less. —Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or digitate. Fls. racemedl or solitary. I C. pungens L. Fig. 290. Glandular pubescent; st. simple, and with the petioles aculeate; lvs. 5-9-foliate, on long petioles, Ifts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, obscurely denticulate; bracts simple; fis. racemed; sep. distinct; pet. on filiform claws; sta. 6, twice longer than the petals. —' A tall, showy ORDER 16i-.-VIOLACEE. 241 plant, with curious purple flowers, common in gardeno, escaped into fields, &c. South. May —Aug.f ~ W. Ind. 2 C. speciocissima Deppe. Pilous; st. branching below; lvs. 5 —7-foliate, on long petioles; lfts. lanceolate, acuminate, the upper lvs. simple, bract-like, ovate; petals as long as the pedicels; fruit shorter than its stipe. — Gardens. Plant very showy, 3-4f high. Fls. rose-purple, clustered at the summit of tho rising raceme from Jn. to Sept. f Mexico. 3. POLANISIA, Raf. (Gr, ~roZvd, much, dcvtoog, unequal.) Sepals distinct, spreading; petals 4, unequal; stamens 8 —32, filaments filiform or dilated at the summit; torus'not developed, minute; pods linear.@ Strong-scented herbs, with glandular, viscid hairs. P. graveolens Raf. Viscid-pubescent; lvs. ternato, lfts. elliptic-oblong; fsK. axillary, solitary; sta. 8-12; caps. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base.-Gravelly shores, Vt. to Ark. St. If high, branching, striate. Lfts. 1 —l,' long, - as wide, nearly entire and sessile; common petiole 1' long. IFls. in terminal racemles Petals yellowish-white, narrowed below into long claws. Fil. slender, exserted. Pods 2' long, glandular-pubescent, siliquose, viscid like every other part of the plant. J1. ORDER XV. RESEDACEAA/. MIGNONETTS. Eerbs, with alternate, entire, or pinnate leaves. St'ilpcles minute, gland-like. Et3. in racemes or spikes, small and often fragran-t, 4 —7-merous. Sepals somewhat united at base, unequal, green. Petals unequal, entire or cleft. Sta. 8-20, inserted on the disk. Torus hypogynous, one-sided, glandular. Ova. sessile, 3-lobed, 1-celled, many-seeded. Placentac 2, parietal. Fr. a capsule, 1-celled, opening between the stigmas befbre maturity. (Illustrated in Figs. 295, 422.) Geanera 6, species 41, inhabitinl the countries alonlnd the Mediterranean Sea, lhaving no very remarkable lproperties. Reslea luteola contains a yellow coloring matter, tand other species aro very fragrant. RESEDA, L. (Lat. resedo, to calm; the plants are said to relieve pain.) Sepals 4-7; petals of an equal numnber, often cleft; torus large, fleshy, one-sided, bearing the 8 —0o stamens. 1:R. lut~eola L. DYER'S WEED. LVS. lasnceolate, with a tooth on each side at base; sepals 4, united below; petals (greenish-yellow) 3-5-cleft. —f Nearly naturalized in West. N. Y. St. about 2f high. The flowers are arrLanged in a long spike, which, as Linnmus observes, follows the course of the sun, inclining east, south and west, by day, and north by night.-It affords a useful yellow dye, also, the paint called Dutch pink. ~ Eur. 2 R. odorfAta L. MIGNTONETTE. Fig. 295, 422. Lvs. cuneeformm, entire or 3-lobed; sep. shorter than the 7 —13-cleft petals.-A well known and universal favorite of the garden, native of Egypt. The flowers are highly fragrant and no bouquet should be considered complete without them. The variety FRUTESCENS is by a peculiar training (~87) made periennial and raised to the height of 2t with the form of a tree. The species phyteuma, native of Palestine, has a calyx larger thau the petals. ORDER XVI. VIOLACEIA. VIOLETS. Herbs with simple (often cleft) alternate leaves with stipules. PI.s. irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals and stamens in 5s. STp. persistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior. Petals comsmonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base. Sta. 5, usually inserted on the hypogynous disk. FiL dilated, prolonged beyond theo anthers. Ova. of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal 16 242 ORDER 16.-VIOLACEAE. placentse. Style 1, declinate. Stig. cucullate. Fr. a 3-valved capsule. Sds. many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza. (Illustrations in Figs. 101, 305, 348, 402, 604.) Genera 15, species 800, mostly inhabitants of the Northern temperate zone. The roots of almost all the Violaceo, possess eimetic properties, and soine are valued in mnedicine. The Ipecac of the shop is I)artly the product of certain Brazilian species of Ionidium. Several species of the violet are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. ~ Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base................................VIOLA. i. ~ Sepals nearly equal, not auricled at base....................................SOLEA. 2. 1. VIOLA, L. VIOLET. PANSEY. (From the Latin.) Sepals 5, unequal, auricular at base; petals 5, irregular, the broadest spurred at base, the 2 lateral equal, opposite; stamens approximate, anthers connate, two of them witll appendages at the back; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to the middle of the valves.- 24 Low, herbaceous plants. Ped. angular, solitary, 1-flowered, recurved at the summit so as to bear the flowers in a resupinate position. Joints of the rhizome often bearing apetalous flowers. * Acaulescent.-Petals yellow......................................No. 1. -Petals white................................Nos. 2-4. -Petals blue,-beardless........................................Nos. 5 —7. — bearded.-Lvs. divided........................ Nos. S, 95, 9y. -Lvs. undivided.......Nos. 9-11. (Exotic No. 21.) * Caulescent.-Petals yellow. Sts. leafy at the top only.......................Nos. 12-14. -Petals not quite yellow.-Stipulles entire...........................Nos. 15. -Stipules fringe-toothed............... Nos. 16-18. -Stipules ]yrate-pinnatifid, very large... Nos. 19, 20. 1 V. rotundif6lia lx. Fig. 305. Lyevs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, sligrhtly serrate, nearly smooth, with the sinlus closed; petiole pubescent; cal. obtuse.-A small, early violet, found in woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. Lvs. varying friom ovate to reniform, mostly round, with a narrow sinus at base. Veins and petioles pubescent. Ped. as long as the leaves, sub-4-sided, bracted in the middle. Petals yellow, marked at base with brown lines. Fls. small. Mar., May. 2 V. lanceolhta L. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, tapering at base into the long petiole obtusish, subcrenate. —Found in wet meadows, Can. and U. S. Rhizome creeping. Lvs. varying from lanceolate to linear, and, with the stalk 3-5' long. Petioles half-round. Pod. sub-4-sided. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with blue lines, generally beardless. Fls. small, those fromn the lower nodes of the rhizomne apetalous. Mar. (S)-.May. 3 V. prinulmu l8lia L. Lvs. lance-ovate, abrzepoly contracted at base and decurrent on the petiole; petals nearly equal, beardless.-Found in damp soils, Mass. to Ga. and Tenn. Rhizome creeping. Lvs. sometimes subcordate, rather obtuse, crenato, pubescent or nearly smoothz. Petals obovate, flat, marked with purple lines at base, generally beardless and obtuse. Fls. small, white, on sub-4-sided stalks. May, in N. lRnug. /3. ACUTA Torr. & Gr.-Smooth; lvs. ovate; petals acute, lateral ones nearly beardless. Mass. (V. acutaBr.) 4 V. bldnda Willd. Lvs. cordate, roundish, slightly pubescent; petiole pubescent; petals beardless.-Found in meadows, Can. to Penn. Rhizome slender and creeping. Lvs. close to the earth and sometimes with a rounded sinus so as to appear reniform. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with a few blue lines. Fls. small, fragrant. May (V. clandestina Ph. V. amcena Le Conte). 5 V. palsItris L. Lvs. -enefornm-cordate; stip. broadly ovate, acuminate; stig. margined; sep. ovate, obtuse, spur very short; caps. oblong-triang'ul.r.-Summits of the White Mts. About 3' high, pubescent. Lvs. crenate, 1' by -'. Fls. small, pale blue on peduncles longer than the leaves and bibracteate near the middle. Rhizome creeping, scaly. Jn. 6 V. Selkirklii Goldie. SELKIRx'S VIOLET. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, crenately ser rate, the sinus deep and nearly closed; spur nearly as long as the petals, thick ORDER 16.-VIOLACEM. 243 very obtuse.-Grows on woody bills and mountains, Mass., N. Y., Can., rare. A small, stemless violet 2' high, with small, pale blue fls. conspicuously spurred. Lvs. rather numerous and longer than the peduncles. Petals beardless, the upper one striate with deep blue. May. 7 V. pedAta L. Rt. premorse; Ivs. pedately 5-9-parted, segments linear-lanceelate, entire; stig. large, obtusely truncate, scarcely beaked; spur short, obtuse.A smooth, beautiful: large-flowered violet, in hilly woods, Can. to Ill. and Fila. Rhizome fleshy, endingg abruptly as if cut or bitten off. Lvs. thick, 2-ternately divided into about 7 obtuse, narrow segments. Petioles wittl long, ciliate stipules at base. Ped. sub-4-angled, much longer than the leaves. Petals pale blue, white at base, all of them beardless and entire. Apr., May.,3. The two upper petals deep violet colored, the others light-blue with much yellow at their bases, as in the garden pansey. Plants smaller, with large flowers. —Tn Mt. Hope Cemetery, Mhacon, Ga. 8 V. clelphinifdlia Nutt. Lvs. pedately 7 —9-parted, with linear, 2-3-cleft segmnents all similar; stig. thick, distinctly beaked.-Prairies and bottomsl, 1ll., Iowa, Mo. Lvs. often finely divided with many dissected segments, pubescent along the edge, prominently veined beneath. Stip. acuninate, subentire. Ped. a little longer than the leaves. Fls. rather smaller than in the last, of a rich blue; lateral petals bearded. Mar., Apr. 9 V. cuoullAta Ait. Lvs. reniform-cordate, cucullate at base, acute, crenalte; stip. linear; inferior and lateral petals bearded. —This is one of the more common kinds of violet, found in low, grassy woods from Arctic Am. to Fla. Lvs. on long petioles, usually rolled at base into a hooded form. Fls. light blue or purple, with scapes somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals twisted, vlwhite at the base, marked with lines of deeper blue. Apr., May. This species varies fiom pubescent to glabrous, from lvs. reniform to ovate, deltoid, or hastate; from fls. deep blue to light-blue or even white, and as is now generally conceded, to the following remarkable forms: p. PAa-LMATA. Lvs. (cordate) all or some of them very irregularly hastate-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the earlier lvs. commonly undivided and broadly cordate. Fls. large. Plant 4-12' high. (V. palmata L.)-Common at the South. y. SEPTEMaLOBA. LVS. (concave at base) more deeply 5-'7-lobed, the middle lobe largest, oblanceolate, all rather succulent and strong'ly veined beneath; fls. very large. (V. septemloba Le Conte.)-Low, pine woods, Ga. (Pond). Plant 5-12' high. A remarkable form truly, but evidently varying into 3. Apr. 10 V. viollsa WValt. Lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, pubescest, obscurely crenate, siznus narrow or closed; pet. bearded; stig. beaked.-Sandy 1woods, middle Ga., common N. to Penn. Plant 2-3' hig'h. Lvs. spreading, scarcely 1' long, the petioles longer (1-2'). Fls. small, bluish purple, on stalks shorter than the leaves. Mar., Apr. 11 V. sagittAta Ait. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often incisely dentate at base, serrate-crenate, smooth or slightly pubescent; pedicel longer than the leaves; lower and lateral pet. densely bearded. —On dry hills, Can. to Fla., W. to Ark. Lvs. varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate, on margined petioles. Scapes 3 to 5' long. Sep. lanceolate, acute. Pet. entire, veiny, purplish blue, white at base. Stig. rostrate, margined. Apr. —Jn. fl. OVATA. Lvs. ovate, abrupt at base and decurrent on the petioles, pubescent, the upper often incisely dentate at base. (V. ovata Nutt.)-N. J., southward. 12 V. 1.asttaa Mx.. Smnooth; st. simple, erect, leafy above; Ivs. deltoid-lanceolate or hastate, acute, dentate; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate-dentate; lower pet. dilated, obscurely 3-lobed, lateral ones slightly bearded; sep. lanceolate, with a very short spur.-Pine woods, Tenn. to Fla. St. slender, 6-10' high. Fls. yellow, on stalks shorter than tile leaves. Apr., May. 13 V. tripartita Ell. Hairy. St. simple, erect, leafy above; lvs. deeply 3-parted, lobes lanceolate, dentate; stip. lanceolate.-Upper Ga. Plant about If high, vil 244 ORDER 16.-VIOLACE _E. lous when youn. Lyev. often divided to the base. Fls. yellow, streaked with purple, the stalks longer than the leaves. Mar., Apr. 1-4 V. pubdscens Ait. Villous-2pubescent; st. erect, naked below; Ivs. broadcordate, toothed; stip. ovate, large, subdentate.-A large yellow violet, found inl dry stony woods, Can. to Ga. and Mo. St. simple, somewhat triangular and fleshy, bearing a few leaves at the top. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate or deltoid, obscurely dentate, obtuse, on short stalks. Fl.-stalks rather shorter than leaves, with 2 subulate bracts. Lateral petals bearded, and with the upper one marked with a few brown lines. The plant varies, in pubescence, sometimes even glabrous. Height very variable, 5 —20'. Mlay-Jn. f3. ERIOCARPA Nutt. Capsule densely villous. (V. eriocarpa Schw.) y. SCtBRIUSCULA Torr. & G-r. St. decumbent, branching from the root, and with the smaller leaves somewhat scabrous. (V. scabriuscula Schw.) 15 V. Canacldnsis L. Smooth; lvs. cordate, acuminate, serrate; ped. shorter than the leaves; stip. short, entire.-A large species, found in the woods, British Am. to Car., often a foot in hight. Stem subsimple, terete, all the way leafy, with lance-ovate, membranous stipules. Lvs. acute or obtuse, the lower on very long petioles. Ped. sub-4-sided, with minute bracts. Fls. large, nearly regular. Pet. white or light blue, yellowish at base, the upper ones purplish outside and marked with blue lines inside, lateral ones bearded. Flowering all summer. 16 V. striata Ait. Smooth; st. branching, nearly erect; lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, the upper ones somewhat acuminate, cernate-serrate; slip). large, ciliatedentate, obhong-lanceolate; spur one foutrth as long as the corolla.-Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. St. 6-12' high, half round. Lvs. 1 —1-1' wide, on petioles 1-2' long. Stip. conspicuous, laciniate. Ped. axillary, often mucll longer than the leaves. Cor. large, yellowish-whlite or ochroleucous, lateral petals densely bearded, lower one striate with dark purple. Stig. tubular. Jn. 17 V. Mn/uhlenbdrgii Torr. St. weak, assurgent; lvs. reniform-cordate, upper ones rather acuminato; stfip. lanceolate, somewhzat fimrbriate; spur half as long as the corolla, obtuse.-A spreading, slender species, in swamps, &c., U. S., N. to Lab. Sts. branched below, 6-8' long, with stipules usually cut into fi'inge-liko serratures. Lvs. 6-10" diam., younuer ones involute at base. Petioles longer than the leaves, and shorter than the axillary peduncles. Bracts subulate, mostly opposite, on the upper part of the stalk. Petals entire, pale purple, the lateral ones bearded. Stig. rostrate. May. 18 V. rostrAta L. Smooth; st. terete, diffuse, erect; lvs. cordcate, roundish, serrate, upper ones acute; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed; petals bearded; spur longer than the corolla.-A common violet in moist woods, Can. to I(y., well characterized by its long, straight, linear, obtuse nectary, which renders the largeo flowers similar to those of the larkspur. St. 6 —8' high, branching below. Petioles much longer than the leaves. Stip. almost pinnatifid. Ped. slender, very long, axillary. Fls. pale blue. May. 19 V. tricolor L. PANsEY, IIEARTSEASE. St. angular, diffusely branched; lv. oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenate; stip. as large as the leaves; sipur short, thick.-Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring and latest in autumn. Fls. variable in size, often 1' broad, the 2 upper (lower) petals purple, the two lateral white anmd with the lower striate, all yellow at base. pl. ARVENsis DC. Annual. More slender and less branched; upper lvs. ovatespatulate; petals scarcely twice longer than the calyx, yellowish blue, spottoed with purple. (V. arvensis Ell.)-This is, doubtless, a hmere variety escaped firom gardens, in rocky hills, N. Y. to Ga. Not common. Sts. 3 —6-10' long. May. 20 V. grandifidra L. St. 3-cornered, simple, procumbent; slye. ovate-oblong, crenate, shorter than the peduncles; stip. mauch smaller t7an the leaves; fs. large. — Native of Switzerland. A beautiful species, with very large flowers (1-2' diam.); all the petals alike are deep purple. Whole plant smooth, 6-12' long. Stip. 1 —1' long. Flowering all seasons but winter. f 21 V. odor/rta L. SWEET, OR ENGLSIn VIOLET. Stolons creeping; Ivs. cordate, crenate, nearly smooth; sep. obtuse; lateral petals woith a hairy linc.-Nativo ORDER 17.-CISTACEE. 245 of EnAland. It is well characterized by its long, trailing, leafy runners. Thelvs are truly heart-shaped. Stip. lanceolate, toothed. Ped. longer than the leaves, bracted. Fls. small, fragrant. Several garden varieties are known, and distinguished by the form and color of the flowers; viz: —the purple, white and blueflowered, the double white, double purple and double blue-flowered, and the Neapolitan with pale blue flowers. Apr., May.-l 2. SOLEA, Gingins. GREEN VIOLET. (Dedicated to WT. Sole, an English writer on plants.) Sepals nearly equal, not auriculato; petals unequal, the lowest 2-lobed and gibbous at base, the rest ecnalrginate; stamens cohering, the lowest 2 bearing a gland above the middle; capsule surrounded at base by the concave torus; seeds 6 —8, very large. — An erect, leafy plant, with inconspicuous axillary flowers. S. c6noolor Gingins. GRaEEN VIOLET. Woods, Western N. Y. to Mo., and S. to Car. Stem 1-2f high, simple, and, with -the leaves, somewhat hairy. Lv& 4-6' by l-1-24', lanceolate, acuminate, subentire, tapering to short petioles. Ped. very short, 1-5-flowered, axillary. Fls. small, greenish, white. Cal. about as long as the corolla. Lower petal twice larger than the others. Capsule near 1' in length. Apr., May. ORDER XVII. CISTACEiE. lrocx ROSES. Herbs or low shrubs with simple, entire, opposite (a-t least the lower) leaves, with jis. perfect, regular, hypogynous, in one-sided racemes, very fugacious. Sep. 5, unequal, persistent. Petals 5 (sometimes 3 or wanting) convolute in aestivation. St'a. mostly oo. Caps. 1-celled, 3-5-valved, with as many parietal pl-ccntin. Seeds allbuminous. InEmbryo curved or spiral. (Illust. in Fig. 404.) Genera 7, species 185, mlost abundant in S. Europe and N. Africa. GENERA. IV Petals 3, linear-lanceolate, small....................................LicA. 1 ~f Petals 5,-large antd showy, or wanting.............................tII. EL TIIrTHEMUM. 2 ~-minute. Delicate shrubs................................ IUDONIA. 3 1. LECHEA, L. PINWEED. (In memory of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.) Sepals, 5, the 2 outer minute; petals 3, lanceolate, small; stamens 3 to 12; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct; capsule 3-celled, 8-valved; placent, nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1-2-seeded. — 24 Often shrubby at base, with numlerous very small brownish purple flowers. 1 L. major!MX. -laiJ-y; Ivs. elliptical, sn7cronsclate; tls. minute, about as long as the pedicels.-In dry woods, U. S. and Can. St. 1 —2f high, rigid, brittlo hairy, purple, somewhat corymlbously branched. Lvs. of the stem about 4" long, alternate, opposite, or even verticillate on the prostrate branches, crowded. Fls. brownish-purple, inconspicuous among tile numerous bracts. Caps. roundish, about the size of a small pin-head. Variable. JI., Aug. 2 L. minor Lam. Smoothish; Ivs. linear, ver'y acute; fis. small, on peclicel which are snostly twice longer.-Grows in dry, sandy grounds, U. S. and Can. Sts. 8-16' high, slender, red, paniculately branched, often decumbent at base. Stem Ivs. 6-10" by 1", alternate, revolute at the margin, those of the divergent, filiform branches gradually minute. Pls. twice as large as in L. major. Petals brownish-purple, cohering at apex. Caps. tlle size of a large pin-head. Jn. —Sept 3 L. thymifblia Ph. Shrsbby, hoary swith appressed hairs; lvs. linear and liUlearoblanceolate, s-ather acute, often verticillate; fis. small, on pedicels still shorter.Seacoasts, Mass to N. J. Sts. about If high, many from the same caudex, rigid and very bushy. Lvs. 6-10" lono, erect, crowded. Fls. in terminal, dense cymules, on very short pedicels. Petals brown. Caps. globous. J1.-Sept. 246 ORDEB 18. —HYPERICACE1E. 2. HELIANTHIEMUM, L. RocK ROSE. (Gr. 9'Xtof, the sun, avOo', flower.) Sepals 5, the 2 outer, smaller, the 3 inner convolute; petals 5, or rarely 3, convolute contrary to the sepals, sometimes abortive; stamens oo; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct; capsule triangular, 3-valved, opening at top; seeds angular. —Fls. yellow often of 2 kinds, the later being smaller and apetalous. 1 H. Canad6nse Mx. FaosT PLANT. Hoary pubescent; pelaliferous fls. solitary, pedicellate, terminal, apetalous ones axillary, small, clustered, subsessile cal. acute; lvs. revolute on the margin, lanceolate, acute.-In dry fields and woods, Can. to Flor. St. 8-12' high, at length shrubby at base. Lvs. 8-12" long, - as wide, entire, subsessile. Primary fis. with large bright yellow petals. The axillary fis. later, very small, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta. declinate. Caps. smooth, shining, those of the apetalous fis. rot larger than a pin's head. Sds. few, brown. May Sept. a. oBrUsA. Hoary tomentous; Ivs. oblong, obtuse; fis. (all petaliferous?) smaller (7" broad), several, terminal. —iddle Flor. St. 3-6' high. Lvs. about 9" by 2"!. Apr. It may prove distinct. 2 HE. corymbssum iMx. Canescently tomentzous; fls. in crowzded, fastigiate cymes, the prizmary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the calyx; sep. villous canescent, obtuse; Ius. oblong-lanceolate, snargins revolute.Sterile sands, N. J., to Fla. Plant somewhat shrubby, very tomentous when young, at length diffusely branched, about If high. Primary fis. 7 or 8" diam.; secondary ones apetalous, subsessile. Jn. —Aug. (H-Ieteromeris cymosa Spach.) 3 H1. Carolinihnum bMx. Villous, simple, erect; fis. all large. petaliferons and subterminaizce; scpals acuminate; lvs. oblong-oval, edges denticulate, not- revolute.Dry woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La., common. St. rarely branched from the base, brownish, 8-12' high. Lvs. distinctly petioled, 1 -21' long, j as wide, obtuse or acute, black-dotted beneath. Fls. 1 to 4, more than 1' broad, the pedicels supra-axillary. Apr., May. 3. HUDSONMIA, L. (In honor of i[rillican? Ieudson, author of Flora Anglica.) Sepals 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones outside; petals 5; stamens 9-30; style filiform, straight; capsule, 1-celled, 3-valved, mnany-seedd. — Low shrubs with very numerous branches, and minute, cxstipulate leaves. 1 H. toment6sa Nutt. Hoary-tomentous; Ivs. ovate, appressed-imbricate, acute; Pts. subsessile; sep. obtuse.-Shores of the ocean and lakes, Me. to N. J. and Wis. Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending stems from the same root, and a multitude of tufted branches, all covered with whitish down. Lvs. less than 1' in length, closely appressed to the stem. Fls. about 2" broad, yellow, numerous. MIyay. 2 -!. ericoides L. Hoary-pubescent; Ivs. subulate, a little spreading; pedicels exserted, as long as the calyx; sep. acuztish. —A very delicate shrub. L. Champlain, Vt., Conway Pond, N. H. to Va., along the coasts. St. lf high, erect, with numerous, short, compound, procumbent branches. Lvs. not more than 1' long. Fls. yellow, about 3" broad. Caps. oblong, pubescent. May. 3 EH. monthana Nutt. lfinutely pubescent; lvs. filiform-suebulate; pedicels longer than the flowers; sep. acuminate, the outer ones longer, subulate. —High Mts. of N. Car. Sts. decumbent, 3-5' high. Lvs. partly imbricated, 2" long. Fls. about 5" broad, the pedicels when in fruit 1' long. Caps. about 3-seeded. ORDER XVIII. H-IYPERICACEJE. ST. JOHN'S WORTS. Herbs or shrntbs with opposite, entire, dotted, exstipulate leaves, with flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous, 4 or 5-merous, cymous and mostly yellow; sepalsunequal, ORDER 18.-IYPERICACEIE. 247 persistent; petals mostly. oblique or convolute in the bud; stamnens few or many, polyadelphous; anthers versatile; ovary compound, with styles united or separate, becoming in fruit a 1-celled capsule with parietal placenta, or 3 to 5-celled when the dissepiments reach the center. Seeds exalbuminous, minute. (Illustrations in Fig. 69, 278, 389, 390.) Genera 15, species 276, very generally distributed, presenting a great variety of habit, and flourishing in all kinds of localities. The juice of nmany species is considered purgative and febrifugal. GENERA. Sepals 4. Petals 4, oblique, yellow............................................ Ascvrveu, 1 Sepals 5. Petals 5, —oblique, yellow........................................... -IYPRIcuA 2 -equilateral, purplishl.....................................ELODE.a 8 1. ASCYRUM, L. ST. PETER'S V OnRT. (Etymology uncertain.) Sepals 4, the two outer usually very large and foliaceous; petals 4, oblique, convolute; filaments slightly united at base into several parcels; styles 2-4, mostly distinct; capsule 1-celled.-Plants suffruticous. Lvs. punctate with black dots. Fls. pale yellow 1 or 3 terminating each branch. Pedicels bibracteolate. The outer pair of sepals-very large, ovate. Styles 1 or 2.......................... Nos. 1, 2 -still larger, orbicular. Styles 8.........................Nos. 8, 4 -small, like the two inner. Styles 3.......................... No. 5 1 A. Crux-Andree L. ST. ANDREw'S Caoss. Branches msany, suberect, ancipital above; Ivs. linear-oblong, obtuse; outer sep. twice longer titan the pedicel; 2 bracteoles a little below the flower.-Sandy woods, N. J. to Ga. and La. Sts. I to 2f high, with brown, scaly bark below. Lvyes. 6 to 12" long, minutely dotted, sessile, smaller ones axillary. Cymes leafy. The persistent, ovate sepals close after flowering. Jn., J1. / ANGUSTIFOLIA Nutt. Lvs. oblong-linear, crowded; outer sepals acute, tho two bracteoles close to the flower.-Car. and Ga. (Feay.) Looks vory different from a, from the smallness of its numerous lvs., which are 3 to 6" long, 1t wide. 2 A. pilmilum Mx. Low, trailing at base; evs. oval and obovate, obtuse, sessile; outer sepals shorter than the slender pedicel, inner sepal 0; bracteoles O. —Ga. and Fla., in dry, piny barrens. Much branched, branches a few inches long. Lyev. about 3" by 2," often smaller. Cymes exserted, the pedicels 6 to 10" long. Pet. rather larger than the sepals. 3 A. stdns MAx. St. erect, ancipital; lvs. oblong, sessile, and half-clasping, obtuse; caps. ovate, acute. —Swamps in pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. Sts. 1 to 3f high, straight, winged throughout, branched above, usually simple at base and shaggy with loose bark. Lvs. 10 to 15" long, l - as wide. Outer sepals orbicular, subcordate, 6" diam., inner lance-linear. Petals unequal, ovate, acute, a little longer than the sepals. Sty. 3, distinct, short. Jn.- Aug. 4 A. amplexicaile iMx. St. erect, terete below; lvs. broadly ovate, cordate, clasping; caps, oblong.-Ga. and Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, dichotonously branched above, branches somewhat 2-edged. Lvs. 8 to 12" long, 2 as broad. Outer sepals nearly round, 5" broad, the petals ~ longer. 5 A. microsdpalunm Torr. and Gr. Bushsy; st. scarcely edged; lvs. oblong and oblonig-linear, crowded; sep. oblong-linear, much shorter than the obovate, unequal petals; sty. 3, long, distinct.-Ga. and Fla. Very different in aspect from the others, with crooked, straggling stems. Lvs. 2 to 4" long, 1' wide (in a variety twice as large). Pedicels longer than the calyx. Fls. 9" broad. Sty. filiform, as long as the oblong capsule. May. 2. HYPtRICUI, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Derivation unknown.) Sepals 5, connected'at base, subequal, leaf-lik]e; petals 5, oblique; stamens co (sometimes few), mostly united at base into 3-5 parcels, 248 ORDER 18. —lYPERICACEE. with no glands between them; styles 3-5, distinct or united at base, persistent.I-Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Lvs. punctate with pellucid dots, opposite, entire. Fls. solitary, or in cymous panicles, yellow. ~ Stamens 25-100, more or less united into sets (a). ~ Stamens 5-15, not at all united (d). a Carpels (and styles) 5 or mIore. Capsule 5-celled............................. Nos. 1, 2 a Carpels 8. Capsule 3-celled (the placent.e meeting (b). a Carpels 3. Capstule 1-celled (the placenta not quite meeting (c). b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate........Nos. 8 —5 b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear............................. os. 6, 7 b HIerbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots.......................... Nos. 8 —10 C Shlrubs. Styles united into one......................................... Nos. 11-14 c ITalf-shrubby. Styles united into one............................Nos. 15-18 I1erblaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top............................os. 19-22 d 1lowelrs in corymbous cymles.............................Nos. 23, 24 d Flowers racemed on the slender branches...........................Ns. 25, 26 1 HI. pyramidaturn Ait. Herbaceous; Ivs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute; sty. 5; placentam retroflexed in the cells of the capsule.-24 Hills and river banks. Ohio and Penn. to Can. St. 3-5f higlh, scarcely angular, smooth, rigid. Branches corymbous, erect, 4-angled. Lvs. of the stem 2 — 5 long, 1 as wide, of the branches about half these dimensions. FIs. very large (1I' broad) Petals obovate. Sta. capillary, 100 or more. Caps. 1' long, ovoid-conical, tipped with the 5 styles. Sds. Oo..J1., Aug. 2 EH. KailrniAnum L. Shlrubby; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse; caps. 5-celled, tipped with the 5 styles.-Rocks below Niagara Falls, etc. A handsome species, a foot or niore in hiight. Lvs. an inch in length, slightly revolute on the margin, I-veined, minutely and thickly punctate, sessile. Branches slender and delicate, somewhat 4-angled. Fls. 9" diam. Sta. very many. Aug. 3 H:. BuchlEyi Curtis. Low, diffusely branched from the shrubby base, lvs. wedge-oblong or obovate, subsessile, smooth, very obtuse; fis. terminal, solitary, peduncled; sep. unequal, leafy, obtuse, and with the C_ staem. shlorter than the petals; caps. 3-celled, styles unitedcl.-Iigh. M/ts. of N. Car. to Ga. Stems 8-12' high. Lvs. 6 or 7" by 3 or 4". Resembles Ascyrum Crux-Andrem. 4H. prolificumn L. Branching'; br-anches azcei2pital, smooth; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at base, crenulately waved at edge; cymes compound, leafy; sep. unequal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate; petals obovate, a little larger than sepals.-A highly ornamental shrub, 2-4f high, prairies and creek shores, Mid. and W. States. Lvs. 2 —2-' long, 4-6" wide. Fls. 9" diam., orange-yellow in an elongated inflorescence. Sta. Go. Jl., Aug. A 1. 13. DlNSIFLORUUM T. and G. Branches very numerous; lvs. crowded, much snmaller (less than 1' long); fls. very numerous, in compound cymes, and much smaller (about 6" diam.)-E. Tenn. to Fla. (t1. densiflorum Ph.) 5 H. galioldes Lam. Branches few, terete; ivs. Iinear-lanceolate, rather obtuse; cymules numerous, axillary and terminal, paniculate; sep. subequal, linear-lanceolate.-S. Car. to Fla. in damp soil. St. 2 to 3f' high, with straight, erect branches and a smooth bark. Lvs. fascicled in the axils as if whorled, 10 to 15" by 2 to 3", dotted with large, pellucid glands. Fls. about 7" dianm. Jn., Aug,. 6 H-r. rosmarinif6iium Lam. St. straight, erect, sparingly branched; ivs. linear, shorter tlhan th7e internodes, narrowed at base to a petiole; cymules dense, fewflowered, panicled.-Ky. to Fla. Smooth a:cd handsome, 18 to 30' high, half shrubby. Lvs. 1' to 1 -' losng, 1-2" wide, revolute-edged, fascicled in the axils as if w-horled. Fls. 6" dianm. Sep. subequal, about as long as the obovate petals. Jn., Aug. 7 I-1. fascicu.latumrn Lam. Sqhrutb much rbranched, bushy; ivs. linear, very narrow, longer thaze the internodes, sessile; eymules leafy. —Wet places in pine barrens, (Ga., Fla. to La., common. Bush 1 to 2f high, very leafy. Lvs. nearly 1' in length. recurved or straight, with smaller ones clustered in the axils. FIs. numerous, G6' diam. Petals oeovate, 1-toothed (like Nos. 4, 5) about tlle length of the linear sepals. Jl., Sept. B. ABBRETVIATUM. Branches irregular and crooked; l-s. very short (2 to 3"), tufted in the axils; petals 3 times longer than the sepals.-Car. to Ga. ORDER 18. —HYPERICACE2E. 249 8 EH. perfor'tum L. St. 2-edged, branched; lvs. withpellucid dots; sep. lanceolate, half as long as the petals. —21, A hardy plant, prevailing in dry pastures, Can. and U. S., much to the annoyance of farmers. St. 1 to 2f high, brachiate, erect, round, with 2 opposite, elevated lines extending between the nodes. Lvs. 6-10" long, I as wide, ramial ones much smaller, all obtuse, the dots as well as veins best seen by transmitted light. Fls. numerous, deep yellow, in terminal panicles. Petals and sep. bordered with fine dark-colored glands. Jn., JT. ~ Eur. 9 H. corymbobsuim Muhl. Sts. terete, corymbously branched; Ivs. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse, marked with black (as -well as pellucid) dots; sep. ovate, acute (very small) 1 as long as the petals.- 24 Woods and plains, Can. to Penn. and Ark. St. 1 to 3f high, with many small fls. in a corymb of dense cymes. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, nearly - as wide, veiny, either clasping or sessile, or (in a variety, E. Tenn.) almost petiolate. Fls. small, petals with oblong black dots. Stig. orange-red, on distinct styles. Jn., JI. 0LO H. macul.tuln Walt. St. terete, corymbously branched; Ivs. oblong, thickly sprinkled with, black dots; sep. lanceolate.-S. Car., Ga. (Feay) Fla. St. at first simple, often becoming diffusely branched, 1 to 4f high. Lvs. smaller (fabout 1' by 3"). Fls. rather smaller. This species (or variety?) scarcely differs from No, 8, but in its bluish aspect (from the numerous dots) and smaller lvs. J1., Aug. 11 HI-. afireum Bartram. Branches spreading, ancipital; lvs. thick, lance-ovate, obtuse, sessile; fis. (large) solitary, sessile.-A beautiful shrub, Ga., near Macon. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long,;) as wide, obtuse or mucronulate, only the strong mid-vein visible, almost petiolate, edge wavy-crisped. Fls. 18" broad. Petals reflexed. Sta. excessively numerous (more than 500), shorter than the 3 partly united styles. Jn., Au,g. 1.2 H. myrtifSliuin L. St. terete; lvs. thick;, ovate or oblong, cordate-clasping; fls. in a leafy comp2ound fastigiate cyme, the dichotomal sessile.-Ga., Fla. Shrub 1 to 2fin bhiht, declined and often divided at base, corymbed above. Lvs. about 1' long, 1 or - as wide, glaucous. Sep. lance-linear, as long as (3-4") the petals, at length reflexed. Sta. as long as the sty., which separate at top. May, Jn. 13 1-. anbifguin Ell. IBranclles ancipital; Ivs, lance-linear, thin, acute; fis. so'itary and in 3s in the axils of the upper leaves. —Banks of the Congaree and Chattahoochie, Ga. Shrub with scaly bark, 2 to 4f high, with numerous, opposite branches. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, 3-4:" wide, sessile, mucronate, with a white, callous point. Sep. lance-linear, as long as the 1-toothed petals. Sty. united. May, Jn. 14 H. cistif6lunm L]am. St. 2-winged, subsimple; lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse sessile; fls. in a leafless, compound cy7ne.-Ga. to Fla. and La. Shrub straight and erect, 1- to 2f high. Lvs. 1' long, 2 —3" wide, opaque, with smaller ones clustered in the axils. Petals twice longer than the oval sepals. Sty. united except at the top, nearly as long as the capsule. IMay.:15 1I. adprdssurm, Bart. St. 2-winged above; lvs. linear-oblong or lanceolate, half erect; cy?/es fzvw-leaved; sep. lance-linear; caps. almost 3-celled. —Swamps, It. I., Penn. to Ark. Plant, about 2f 4igh. Lvs. 1-2' by 2-4", pellucidpunctate, sessile, rather acute. Fls. 6" dialu., 15-20 in an almost leafless cyme. Sep. unequal, half as long as the oblong-obovate petals. Sty. 1. Aug., Sept. 16 H. nudifi.izumn Mx. St. and branches 4-angled and winged; lvs. ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile; cyme leafless, peduncled; sep. linear; caps. almost 3-celled.-Wet grounds, Penn. to La. and Ga. Plant woody at base, 1-2f high, with numerous branches. Lvs. thin, about 2' long, with minute, pellucid, reddish dots. Fla. few, small, rather loose in the stalked cyme. Aug., Sept. 1.7 H. dolabrif6rmle Vent. St. decumbent at the woody base, scarcely 2-edged above; lvs. linear-lanceolate, spreading, veinless; fls. in a leafy, fastigiate cyme; seps. lance-ovate, about as long as the very oblique (dolabriform) petals.-Ky. and Tenn. Sts. 6 —18' long, with scaly bark at base. Lvs. 1' or more in length, sessile, with smaller ones in the axils with brownish dots. J1. Aug. 2 50 ORDER 18.-HYPERICACEA_. 18 H. sphaerocorpon Mx. St. obscurely 4-sided; lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with a minute callous tip, almost veinless; cyrne compound, nearly leafless, pedunculate; sep. ovate, mucronate; sty. closely united; caps. globular.-Rocky banks of the Ohio and Ky. rivers. St. somewhat woody at base, 10-15' high. Lvs. 1-2' long, - as wide, closely sessile, with large, pellucid dots. Fls. at length numerous, 7" diam. J1. 319 HE. angul6sum Mx. Hrerb smooth; st. acutely 4-cornered; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute; cymes leafless; sty. distinct, thrice larger than the ovary. —Swamps in pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. (Bainbridge, Ga., Misses Keen). St. nearly 2f high. Lvs. distinct, opaque, scarcely punctate, 8-12" long, 1-3" wide, edges revolute. Fis. oftan alternate on the ultimate branches. Sepals ovate, striate, acute, 5 times shorter than the orange-colored petals. J1. 20 1H. ellipticum Hook. Herb smooth; st. quadrangular, simnple; Ivs. elliptical, obtuse, somewhat clasping, pellucid-punctate; cyme pedunculate; sep. unequal; sty. united to near the summit, as long as the ovary. —[ Low grounds Can. to Penn. St. 8-16' high, slender, colored at base. Lvs. 8-13" by 2 —4", somewhat erect, about as long as the internodes. Cymes of about a dozen flowers, generally 1 or 2' above the highest pair of leaves. Central fla. subsessile. Petals acutish, oranoe-yellow, 2-3" long; sep. shorter. Stig. minute. Jl. 21 H. graveolens Buckley. St. terete, smzooth, nearly simple; lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, punctate beneath; cymes terminal and axillary; sep. and pet. narrow; fil. Go; styles 3.-High AMts., N. Car. (Buckley). Plant with a strong odor. Stem 2-3f high. Lvs. 2' long, half as wide. FIs. large and numerous. J.-Aug. 22 IH:. pil6sum Walt. Herb r'ough-downy; st. simple, terete, virgate; lvs. ovatelanceolate, appressed, clasping, acute; cyme few-flowered; sty. distinct, as long as the ovary.-(iJ) Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and La., common. Lvs. 4-8" long, - as wide, very acute. St. 1-3f high, quite simple to near the top, clothed with a rough coat of hairs. Fls. 5 —6" diam., mostly alternate on the branches of the cyme. Jn.-Sept. 23 H. miftilum L. DWARF ST. JOHN'S WeORT. St. quadrangular, branched; lvs. obtuse, ovate-oblong, clasping, 5-veined, minutely punctate; cymes leafy; pet. shorter than the sep.; sta. 6 —12. — Damp sandy soils, Can. to Ga., W. to Ind. St. 3-6-9' high. Lvs. closely sessile, apparently connate, 4-8" by 2 —5', outer veins obscure. Fls. minute, orange-colored. Jl., Aug. 24 H. Canadnise L. St. quadrangular, branched; Ivs. linear, attenuated to the base, with pellucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse; pet. shorter than the lanceolate, acute sep.; sta. 5-10. —-- r Wet sandy soils, Can. to Ga. St. 6-12' high, slightly 4-winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Lvs. 8-12"'by' —1 or 2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short. Fls. small, orange-colored. Ova. longer than the styles. Caps. red, very acute, twice as long as the sepals. Jn. —Aug. 25 H. Sarhthra Mx. St. and branches filifornn, quadrangular; lvs. very minute, subulate; fis. sessile; sta. 5-10. — St. 4-8-12' high, branched above into numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches apparently leafless, from the minuteness of the leaves. Fls. very small, yellow, succeeded by a conical brown capsule which is twice the length of the sepals. Jl., Aug. 26 H. Drumnm6ndii Torr. & Gr. Branches alternate, square above; lvs. linear, very narrow, acute, longer than the internodes; fis. pedicellate; sta. 10-20; sep. lanceulate, shorter than the petals, but longer than the ovoid capsule.if) Near St. Louis, to Ga. and La. Plant more robust than the last, 10-20' high, very branching. Lvs.-' long. Fls. about 4" diam. 3. ELODEA, Adams. (Gr. e'M46sJ, marshy; from the habitat of the plants.) Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base; petals 5, deciduous, equilateral; stamens 9 (rarely more), triadelphous, the parcels alternating with 3 hypogynous glands; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3-celled.2, Herbs with pellucid-punctate lvs., the axils leafless. Fls. dull orangepurple. OQirDE 19.-DROSERACEE. 251 1 3E:. Virginica Nutt. St. erect, somewhat compressed, branching; lvs. oblong amplexicaul; sta. united below the middle, with 3 in each set.-Swamps and ditches. U. S. and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9-20' high. Lvs. 1 —-2j' long, - as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblong-ovate, all very obtuse, glaucous beneath. Fls. 5" diam., terminal and axillary. Pet. about twice longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colored. Caps. ovoid-oblong, acutish. J1. —Sept. 2 E. petiolata Ph. Lvs. oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole; fis. mostly in 3s, axillary, nearly sessile; filaments united above the middle; caps. oblong, much longer than the sepals.-Swamps S. States, N. to N. J. St. about 2f high. Lvs. 1-3' long, rounded-obtuse, with a short but distinct petiole. Fls. smaller than in the last. Aug., Sept. ORDIER XIX. DI)ROSERACE1E. SUNDEYws. Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glandular hairs, with lvs. alternate or all radical, mostly circinate (rolled from top to base) in vernation; fis. regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, the sepals, petals and stamens persistent (withering); ova. compound, one-celled, with the styles and stigmas variously parted, cleft or funited' seeds 00 in the capsule, albuminous; embryo minute. GeneraC, 6, species 90. Curious and interesting plants, scattered over the whole globe wherever marshes are found. The halved stigmas are their mnost singular characteristic. In the sundew, &c., each half stigma is distinct, hence apparently doubling their number, but in. the suborder, Parnassihe, the adjacent halves of different stigmas are united, and thus stand op-. posite to the placentie. I. DROSERA, L. SUNDEW. (Gr. dpoaoS, dew; from the dew-like secretion.) Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5; stamens 5; styles 3-5 each 2-parted, the halves entire or many-cleft; capsule 3-5-valved, 1-celled, mnany-seeded.- 12 Small aquatic herbs. Lvs. covered with reddish, glandular hairs, secreting a viscid fluid. Ternation circinate. Scapes 4-60 times as long as tile le-av,...................................Nos. 1 — Scapes 1-2 times as long as the leaves..................................... Nos. 4-6 3 D. rotundifllia L. Lvs. orbicular, ab upttly contracted into the hairy petiole; fis. white.-A curious little plant, not uncommon in bogs and muddy shores. Whole plant of a reddish color, like the other Sundews, and beset with glandular hairs which are usually tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, glistening like dew in the sun. Lvs. about 5" broad and with the petioles 1-2' long. Scape slender, 5 —8' high, the racemes uncoiling as the small white flowers open. Caps. oblong. Jn.-Aug. 2D. minor. Lvs. obovate, cuneiformq at base, the petioles naked; fls. purople; scape erect.-More delicate than the preceding, in marshes, Fla. to Texas. Lvs. forming a rosulate tuft, 8-12" long, the smooth petiole three times longer than the lamina, which is 2-3" wide. Scapes filiform, 3-6' high, the raceme simple or forked, 5 or 6-flowered. Petals light purple. Caps. globular. Seeds oblong, tubercled. May. (D. brevifolia,3. major Torr. & Gr. D. intermedia Chapman.) 3 D. brevif6lia Ph. Lvs. cunezformn-spatelate, forming a small, dense tuft (1' diam.); petioles sveey short, hairy; fis. few, rose colored.-In wet, springy places, Car. to Fla. and La. Not half as large as the last. Lvs. 5 or 6" long, 1-2" broad, flat on the ground, forming a round, compact rosette. Scape 2 or 3' high, bearing one to three conspicuous flowers. Capsule roundish. Apr. 4 D. longif6lia L. Lvs. splatulate-oblong or obovate, ascending, alternate, tapering at base into a lozng, snooth petiole; scape declined at base; petals white. —Slender and delicate, in similar situations with the last. Lvs. slender, ascending, crenate, beset with numerous hairs tipped with dew-like drops,-length, including the petioles 2-3'. Candex lengthened, declinate. Scape bearing a simple racem of small, white flowers, arising 4-7'. JIn.-Aug. 252 ORDEa 19.-DROSERACELIg. 6 D. filif6rmis Raf. Lvs. filiform, very long, erect; scape nearly simple, longer than the leaves, many-flowered; petals obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glandular calyx; sty. 2-parted to the base.-Grows in wet, sandy places, along the coast Mass. to Fla., much larger than the preceding species.. The Iva are destitute of a lamina, nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs, except near the base. Scape about a foot high, with large purple flowers. Aug., Sept. 5 D. lineAris Goldie. Lvs. linear, obtuse; petioles elongated, naked, erect; scapes few-flowered, about the length of the leaves; cal. glabrous, much shorter than the oval capsule; seeds, oval, shining, smooth. —Borders of lakes, Can., Mich. to the Rocky fiMts. (Hooker, Torn & Gr.) Scape 3-6' high, with about 3 small flowers. Lvs. about 2" wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on the petiole. Jl., Aug. 2. DI0AiEA, L. VENus' FLY-TRAP. (One of the names of Venus.) Sepals spreading; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins; stamens 10-15; styles united into 1, the stigmas many-cleft; capsule breakinog irregularly in opening, i-celledc; seeds many in the bottom of the ecll. — 1 Glabrous herbs. Lvs. all radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when touched. Scape umbeled. D. muscip-ula ElI. A very curious plant, native of sandy bogs in Car., along rivers from the Neuse to the Santee. Sometimes cultivated in a pot of bog earth placed in a pan of water. Lvs. rosulate, lamina roundish, spinulose on the margins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects and other objects which light upon it. Scape G-12' high, with an umbel of 8-10 white flowers. Apr., May. f SUBORDER, PARNASSIEJE, Consists of the single genus Parnassia, which differs from the Sundews in having 5 sets of abortive stamens and the 4 stigmas placed over the parietal placentas (as if each stigma were compounded of the t-wo adjacent halves of two divided stigmas. 3. PARPNASSIA, Tourn. GRAss OF PARNASSUS. (Named from Mozent Parnasseus, the abode of the Muses, Graces, &c.) Sepals 5, united at base, persistent; petals 5, persistent, nearly perigynous; stamens in two series, the outer indefinite in number, united in 5 groups, sterile, the inner 5 perfect; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved; seeds very numerous with a winged testa. — 2 Glabrous herbs, with radical lvs. and 1flowered scapes. I P. CarolinAiana L. Sterile fil., 3 in each group, distinct to near the base, surmounted with little spherical heads; pet. mauch exceeding the cat., marked with green veins; Ivs. radical, or sessile on the scape, broad, oval, wit7 no sinus at the base.-An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet meadows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Rt. fibrous. Lvs. 7-veined, broadoval or ovate, smooth, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, the cauline only one, sessile, clasping, a few inches above the root. Scapes 10-15' high, with a handsome, regular flower about 1' diam. Jn. —Aug. /f. Filments nearly as long as the petals; cauline leaf small or none; rhizome thick and large. —Fla. (Chapman.) 2 P. palilstris L. Sterile fit. pellucid, setaceous, 9 to 15 in each set; cauline lf, if any, sessile; radical lvs. all cordate. —Bogs and lake shores, Mich. to Lab., and W. to Rocky,lts. Scapes about 6' high, naked or with a single clasping leaf near the base. Fls. white. Sepals oblong-laneeolate. Petals marked with 3-5 green or purple veins. 3 P. asarifklia Vent. Sterile fil., 3 in each set; petals abruptly clawed; lvs, reniform.-Mts., Va. and Car. Lvs. large (1-2' broad), the cauline one sessile, orbicular. Fls. 1~' diam. ORDER 21.-CARYOPHYLLACEt. 253 ORDER XX. ELATINACEKE. WATER PEPPERS. Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranous stipules. PFl. minute axillary. Sepals 2-5, distinct or slightly coherent at base, persistent. Petals hypogynous, as many as the sepals. Sta. equal in number to, or twice as many as the petals. Anth. introrse. Ova. 2-6-celled. Stigmas 2-5, capitate; placenta in tihe axis. I-r. capsular. Seeds numerous, exalbuminous. Genzera 6, species 22, found in every part of the globe, growing in marshes. The following is our only northern genus. ELATIPE, L. (Gr.'eXdrq, fir; from the resemblance of the slender leaves of some species.) Fls. 2-4-moerous. Stigmas sessile, minute.;3. Americina Arn. MUD PURSELAN-E. St. diffuse, procumbent, striate, rooting from the joints, with assurgent branches; lvs. lance-oval or obovate, obtuse, entire; sty. 0; sep., pet., sta., stig. 2 —3, as well as the cells and valves of the capsule; stip. very minute.-A little mud plant, on the borders of ponds and rivers, U. S. Fls. axillary, sessile, solitary. Cor. minute, closed. J]. —SepL (Crypta minima Nutt. Peplys Americana Ph.) ORDER XXI. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. PINIcWORTS. Herbs with swollen joints, opposite, entire leaves, and regular flowers. Sepal.s 4 or 5, persistent, distinct, or cohering into a tube. Petals 4- or 5, unguiculate or not, bifid or entire, mostly removed'from the calyx by a short internode of the torus, sometimes wanting. Stamens distinct, twice as many as the petals, rarely an equal number or fewer. Ovary often stipitate; styles 2-5, stigmatous the whole length of the inner surface. PFr. a 1-celled capsule (or imperfectly 2-5 celled), opening at the top, or loculicidal. Sds. numerous; eimbryo curved around the albumen. (See Figs. q0, 209, 258, 296, 299, 300, 313, 392.) The Pinkworts as constituted by Endleicherland others, and above characterized, comlprehends four Suborders, and in the aggregate SS generac and 118O species. They are in general destitute of active properties. A few of them are valued as hlighly ornamental inl cultivation, but the greater part are insignificant weeds abounding in waste sandy tracts tllroughout the temperate zones. ~ Leaves furnished with dry, membranous stipules. SUBORDMl II. (~) ~ Exstipulate.-Capsule 1-celled, 3-Co-secded. Petals rarely absent. Sur,nonDel I.(5) -Capsulo 1-celled, 1-seeded. Petals none. Sunor.mEr III. (h) -Capsule completely 3-celled. Petals none. SBuornDrEn IV. (k) e Sepals united into a tube. Petals long-clawed. Ovary stiped. TmRIBI 1. (a) * Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals subsessile. Ovary sessilo. TrsaIB 2. (b) ~ Styles or stigmas 5. Capsule 1-ccelled, Co-seeded. TrsBE 3. (a) 5 Styles 2 or united into 1. Utricle 1-seeded. TRIBE 4. (f) SUBO3RDE I. CARYOPHYLLINE2E. a 1. SILENE E.-Calyx with scale-like bractlets at base. Styles 2.........DIANTTIsIS. 1 -Calyx bractless.-Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed when open. SPONARIA. 2 -Styles 3. Capsule G-toothed when open. Siln.E-. 3 -Styles 5. Caps. 10-toothed...AGROSTEZMlA, 4.. LcCeINIS. 5 b 2. ALSINEI.-Petals 2-parted (sometimes wanting in No. 6.) (c) c Styles 5. Capsule opening at the top by 10 teeth.....CE'AsTIs3Ir. 6 c Styles 3. Capsule opening deeply by 6 half-valves...STELLAnI, 7 -Petals undivided (sometimes wanting in No. 9). (d) d Valves of the capsule 3, each 2-toothed. Styles 3... ArlENAsnA. 8 d Valves, &c., entire.-Styles 3, always fewer than sepals......ALSINFX 9 -Styles 4 or 5, always as many as sepalIs.. SOGINA. 10 — Styles 3 &5. Disk large, 10-lobedH.tEIoNKENYx. 11 SUrBoRDEt II. ILLECEBRINEM. e. 8PERGULE./-Styles 5. Petals white. Lvs. linear, whorled.......... SEE ULA. 12 -Styles 3 and 5. Petals red. Lvs. linear, opposite....SPERGULARIA. 13 -Styles 3in all the flowers.-Stipules ovate. Lvs. in 4's. PoLrcARPON. 14 -Stip. multifid. Lvs. opp... STrIPULIIDA. 15 254 ORDER 21.-CARYOPHYLLACEA. f 4. PARONYCHIEBE.-Sepals herbaceous, distinct or nearly so............PARON'NYCmA. 16 -Sepals white above, united in a tube below.........SYPI{ONYCIIIA. 17 SUBORDER III. SCLERANTHINEA1. h Styles 2. Utricle inclosed in the hardened calyx tube... SCI-ILERANTIUS.'28 SUBORDER IV. MOLLUGINE2_i. k Styles 3. Stamens hypogynous, 3 or 5. Herb prostrate..MoLLUGo. 19 I. DIANTHUS, L. PINK. (Gr. Atos, dv~of, the flower of Jove, alluding to its preeminent beauty and fragrance.) Calyx cylindrical, tubular, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, imbricated scales or bractlets at base; petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched; stamens 10; styles 2, tapering, with long, recurved stigmas; caps. cylindric, 1-celled.-Beautiful Oriental plants, everywhere cultivated. ~ Flowers in dense corytmbs.-Scales as long as the calyx...................N..Nos. 1, 2 -Scales ovate, awned, short..........................No. 7 ~ Flowers solitary or panicled.-Petals toothed or erenate..........................Nos. 3, 4 -Petals fringed...................................Nos. 5, 6 I D. Armpnhlra. WILD PINK. Lvs. lisnear-subsulate, hairy; fis. aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyz lanceolate, subulate, as long as the downy tube. —) Our only wild species of the pink, found in fields and pine woods, Mass. to N. J. St. erect, 1-2f high, branllching. Lvs. erect, 1-2' long, 1 —3" wide at the clasping base, tapering to a subulate point. Fis. inodorous, in dense fascicles of 3 or more. Cal. and its scales -' long. Petals small, pink-colored, sprinkled with white, crenate. Aug. ~ Eur. 2 D. barbttus L. SWEET WILLIAM'A Ot BUNCH PINK. Lvs. lanceoelate; fis. aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyx ovate-subulate, as long as the tube. —2T An ornamental flower, still valued as in the times of old Gerarde, "for its beauty to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowins for pleasure." Stems 1-lf high, thick. Lvs. 3 to 5' by -- to 1', narrowed to the clasping base. Fls. in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often greatly variegated. May-J1. t 3 D. Chin6nsis aI. CHINA PI.'M St. branched; lvs. linear-lanceolate; yfs. sol,'tary; scales, Zliear, leafy, spr'ea(diuzt, as lozy as the tube.- ( Native of China. An elegant species, well characterized by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large, toothed or crenate, red petals. The foliage, like that of the other species, is evergreen, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer. i 4 D. caryoph1llus L. CARNATION, BIZARRES, PICTOTEES, FLAKES, &C. LVs. linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous; fis. solitary; scales very short, ovate; petals very broad, beardless, crenate.-Stem 2-3f high, branched. Fls. white and crimson; petals crenate. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the splendid varieties of the Carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated by florists, distinguished mostly by some peculiarity in color, which is crimson, white, red, purple, scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of stripes, dots, flakes and angles. 5 D. plumtarius L. PIEASANT'S EYE. Glaucous; st. 2-3-flowered; fls. solitairy; calyx teeth obtuse; scales ovate, very acute; lvs. linear, rough at the edge; petals many-cleft, hairy at the throat. —2 Native of Europe. From this species probably originated those beautiful pinks called Pheasant's-eye, of which there are enumerated in Scotland no less than 300 varieties. Fls. white and purple. Jn. —Aug. f 6 D. sup6rbus L. Lvs. linlear-subulate; fs. fastigiate; scales short, ovate, mucronate; petals pinnate.-24 A singular, beautiful pink, native of Europe. St. 2f high, branching, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed in a pinnate manner beyond the middle, and hairy at the mouth. Jl.-Sept. 7 D. Carthusian16rum L. The MONTHLY PINK, common in house cultivation, with bright green, channeled, linear leaves, short, cespitous sterns, pink-red, double flowers, appears to be a variety of this species. 2. SAPONARIA, L. SOAPWORT. (Latin scipo, soap; the mucila ORDER 21.-CARIYOPHYLLACEz. 255 ginous juice is said to make soap.) Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales; petals 5, unguiculate; stamens 10; styles 2; capsule oblong, 1-celled. Petals often crowned. 1 S. offlicinAlis L. BOUNCING BET. Lvs. lanceolate, inclining to elliptical; fls in paniculate fascicle.,; cat. cylindrical; crown of the petals linear. —4 By roadsides, N. E. to Ga. A shady, smooth, succulent plant, with handsome, pinklike flowers. St. 1-2f high. Lvs. 2-3' long, - or more as wide, very acute. Fls. many, flesh-colored, often double. The plant has a bitter taste, and makes lather with water. JI., Aug. X Eur. 2 S. (Vaccdria) vulgAris Mdik. Lvs. ovate, lanceolate, sessile; fls. in panniculate cymes; cal. pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth; bracts membranous, acute.() Gardens and cultivated grounds. Whole plant smooth, a foot or more high. Lvs. broadest at base, 1-2' long, 1 as wide, tapering to an acute apex. Fi. on long stalks, pale-red. Caps. 4-toothed. Sds. globous, black. July, Aug. ~f Eur. 3. SILEE, L. CAMPION. (Silenus was a drunken divinity of the Greeks, covered with slaver, as these plants are with a viscid secretion.) Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at the base, 5-toothed; petals 5, unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2 or mlany-cleft, or entire; stamens 10; styles 3; capsule 3-celled, opening at top by 6 teeth, many-seeded. ~ Acaulescent, low, tufted. Perennial..........................................No. 1 ~ Caulescent.-Petals fringe-cleft, white or rose-color. Perennial...................Nos. 2-4 -Petals bifid or entire.-Calyx inflated, veiny. Perennial.............. Nos. 5, 6 — Calyx close on the pod. (*) * Flowers spicate, alternate. Annual.............. -.............................Nos. 7, 8 * Flowers not spicate.-Petals white, closed in sunshine...-.................... Nos. 9, 10 -Petals red, purple, etc.,-bifid.........................Nos. 11, 12 -entire....................... Nos. 13-15 I S. acalis L. Low and densely caespitous; lvs. linear, ciliate at base; ped. solitary, short, 1-flowered; cal. campanulate, slightly inflated; pet. obcordate, crowned. —21 A little turfy plant, 1 —3' high, on the White Mts., N. I-I., and throughout Arctic Am. Sts. scarcely any. Leaves numerous, "' long. Fls. purple. 2 S. stell~ta Ait. Erect, pubescent; Ivs. in whorls of 4s, oval-lanceolate, acurminate; cal. loose and inflated; petals finTbriate. —24 An elegant plant, woods and prairies, Can. to Car., W. to Ill. and Ark. St. 2-3f high, paniculately cymous. Lvs. 2-3' long, L- as wide, tapering to a long point, sessile. Cal. pale green, with more deeply colored veins. Petals white, lacerately fringed, claws webbed at base. J1. 3 S. ovOta Ph. Erect, puberulent; lvs. opposite, lance-ovate, acuminate; cat. ovate, not inflated; pet. many-cleft, crownless.-Virg. to Ga., rare. Sts. stout, 2 —f high, branched from the base. Lvs. 4 —5' long, broadest at base. Claws of the white petals exserted from the short calyx, the limb deeply and repeatedly forked, with linear segments. Fil. long, exserted. 4 S. Baldwinii Nutt. Weak hairy; lvs. obovate-spatulate; calyx not inflated; pet. cuneiform, divaricately fimbriate.-River banks near Quincy. Fla. Sts. decumbent at base, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. few, much shorter than the internodes, 1 to 2' long, the upper elliptical, acute. Cyme of 3 to 5 large (2' broad), pale rosecolored flowers. Apr. 5 S. nifvea DC. Jinutely puberulent, erect, subsimple; lvs. oblong-lanceolate. acuminate; fs. few, solitary, leafy; cal. inflated; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown; caps. shorter than its stipe.- 24 In moist places, Penn., Ohio, Ill., rare. St. slender, leafy, 11 to 3f high, generally forked near the top. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 6 to 9", tapering to a very slender point, floral ones lance-ovate. Fls. 1 to 3. Cal. reticulated. Petals white. 6 S.. inflAta Smith. BLADDER CAPimON. Clabrous and glaucous; lvs. ovatelanceolate; fls. in cymous, leaefls{ panicles, drooping; cal. ovoid-globular, much 256 ORPDER 21.-CARYOPHYLLACEE.K inflated and netted; sty. long-exserted; caps. short-stiped. —4 In pastures., about fences, Charlestown, Mass., etc. St. erect, about 2f high. Lvs. 11 to 3' long, o as wide, rather acuminate. Petals white, cleft half' way down. Cal. with pale purple veins. Jl.-The young shoots and leaves may be used as a substitute for Asparagus. ~ Eur. 7 S. quinquevflinera L. Branched, villous; lvs. oblong-spatulate, obtuse, the highest linear; spike somewhat one sided; cal. very villous; petals rooundish, entire, crowned. —1) About Charleston; S. C. A foot high. Petals pink or crimson, with the border pale-purple. J1. ~ Eur. 8 S. noctrlna L. St. branching, hairy below; lvs. pubescent with long cilime at base, lower ones spatulate, upper lance-linear; fls. appressed to the stem in a dense one sided spike; cal. cylindrical, almost glabrous, reticulated between the veins; pet. narrow, 2-parted. — j Near New Haven, Ct. (Robbins) to Penn., Va. Fls. white, greenish beneath. J1. ~ FEur. 9 S. Antirrhina L. SNAP-DnAGON CATCH-FLY. Nearly smooth, erect, branched above; lvs. lanceolate, acute, the upper linear; fis. few, on slender pedicels or branches; cal. ovoid; pet. emarginate. —) Road sides and dry soils, Can. and U. S. St. slender, branching, with opposite leaves, about a foot in height. Lvs.' about 2' long, the upper ones very narrow, all sessile, and scabrous on the margin. A few of the upper internodes are viscidly pubescent above their middle. Fls. small, red, in loose, erect cymes. J1. /3 LImNARIA. Very slender; lvs. all linear except the lowest, which are linear-. spatulate; cal. globular. Ga. and Fla. 10 S. noctiflsra. L. Viscid-pubescent; st. erect, branching; lower lvs. spatulate, upper linear; cal. cylindrical, ventricous, the alternate veins veinleted, teeth subulate, very long; petals 2-parted. —-) Cultivated grounds. Fis. rather large, white, expanding only in the evening, and in cloudy weather. l ~ Eur. 11 S. Virginica L. Viscid-pubescent; st. procurmbent or erect, branching; root-lvs. spatulate, cauline oblong-lanceolate; fls. large, cymous, cal. large, clavate; pet. bifid, broad, crowned.-2-1 Gardens and fields, Penn. to Ga. St. 1 to 2f high, often procumbent at base. Lvs. a little rough at the margin. Cymes dichotomous. Sta. and pistils exserted. Petals large, red. Jn. 12 S. roti u-diffla Nutt. Pubescelnt, weal, decumbet, branching; lvs. thin, roundish-oval; fs'. solitary, very large; cal. cylindric-campanulate; pet. bifid, crowned.-Rocks, Western States, rare. Lvs. 1 to 3' by 1 to 2', the upper suborbicular. Petals deep scarlet. Jn., Aug. 13 S. Pennsylv~dnica lMx. Viscid —pubescent; sts. numerous; lvs. from the root spatulate or cuneate, of the stem lanceolate; cyme few-flowered; pet. slightly emzarginate, subcrenate. —4 Dry, sandy soils, N. Eng. to Ky. and Ga. St. decumbent at base, nearly If high, with long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, upright bunches of flowers. Cal. long, tubular, very glutinous and hairy. Pet. wedge-shaped, red or purplish. J1. 14 S. r'gia Sims. SPLENDTD CArTCI-FLY. Scabrous, somewhat viscid; st. rigid, erect: lvs. ovate-lanceolate; cyme paniceelate; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end; sta. and stig. exserted. — 4 A large species, beautiful in cultivation, native Ohio to La. Sts. 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 8 to 15". Fls. very large, numerous. Cal. tubular, 10-striate, 1' long. Petals bright-scarlet, crowned. Jn., J1. f 15 S. Armrnia L. GARDEN CATCH-FLY. Very smooth, glaucous; st. branching, glutinous below each node; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; fls. in corymbous cymes; pet. obcordate, crowned; cal. clavate, 10-striate. —{ A popular garden flower, sparingly naturalized. St. 1 to l-f high, many-flowered. Lvs. 11 to 2-'- long, 1 as wide; internodes elongated. Cal.' long', a little enlarged above. Petals purple, lamiemT half as long as the calyx. J1., Sept. f ~ Eur. 4. AGROSTE'Y- A, L. CORN CocKLE. (Or.'aYpovar'e[tea, crown of the field.) Calyx bractless, tubular, coriaceous, the limb of 5 long, leafy, deciduous sepals, exceeding the corolla;' petals undivided, crown ORDEn 21.-CARYOPHYLLACEE. 257 less; stamens 10; styles 5; capsule 1-celled, opening at the top by 5 teethl.-p- and ~2. Erect, hairy, dichotomous. A G:ithago. A well known, handsome weed, growing in fields of wheat or other grains, and of a pale green color. St. 2 to 3f high, forked above. Lvs. linear, long (3 to 5'), fiinged with long hairs. Fls. few, large, of a dull purple, on long, naked stalks. Sds. roundish, angular, purplish-black, injurious to the whiteness of the flour. JI. ~ Eur. 5. LYCH11S, L. (Gr. XvXvog, a lamp; some cottony species having been used as lamp-wick.) Calyx bractless, tnbnlar, oblong' or ovoid, limb of 5 short lobes, persistent; petals 5, entire or cleft, mostly crowned; stamens 10; styles 5; capsule more or less 5-celled at base, opening by 5 to 10 teeth.-Handsome perennials, cultivated. ~ Fls. perfect,-Petals entire or 2-parted.....................................Ios. 1, 2 -Petals laciniate, or 4-parted...................................No. 3, 4 F Flowers dioceious. Petals 2-lobed......................................Nos. 5, 6 I L. coronIaria DC. MULLEIN PINIX. R\OSE CAMIPION. Villous; st. dichotomous; ped. long, 1-flowered; cal. campanulate, veined; pet. broad, cntire.Native of Italy. Whole plant covered with dense wool. St. 2f high. Fls. purple, large. Varieties are white-flowered, red double-flowered, etc. ~. 2 L. Cha.lcecl6nica L. SeARLET LYTI-INIS or SWAEET WILIAx.MT,. Smoothish; fJt. fascicuce; cal. cyZlind'ic, clevate, ribbed; pet. 2-lobed.e-A fine garden flower, native of Rtssia. St. I to 2fhigh, with dark green, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate Ivs., and large, termiIaln convex, dense fhscicles of' deep-scarlet flowers. It has varieties of white ls. and also with double. Jn., Ji1.. 3 L. JFloesc uuli L. RHAGED ROBIN. Smoothishl st. ascending, dichotomous at summit; ftI. fascicled; caL. campanulate, 10-ribbed; pet. in 4 deep, linear segments.-Native of Europe. St. 1 to 2f high, rouuagh angled, viscid above. Lvys lanceolate, smooth. Fls. pink, vdry- beautifll, with a brown, alngular, smooth calyx. Caps. rourldish, 1-eelled. Jl., Sept. t. 4 L. coro'att a L. CI-IINESE LYcm. Smooth; fls. termTinal and axillary, 1 to 3; cal. rounded, clavate, ribbed; pet. laciniate. -N ative of China. St. 1 to 2f lligh. Petals of lively red, remarnkable for thleir large size. There are varieties with double red and double white flowers. j. 5 L. diirna L. St. dichotomous-paniculate; fis. S Y; petfls half-bifid, lobe.s mnalrrow, cliveegiyg; caps. ovoid-globous.-Native of Britain, almost naturalized. Sts. about 2f high, pubescent. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, elliptic-ovate, acute. Fls. lightpurple, middle size. 6 L. diolca L. Dicecious; st dichotomous-paniculate; petals half-bifid, the lobes broad, approximating; caps. conical. Hardy at the South. St. 2f high, hoary-pubescent. Lvs. lance-ovate, acuminate, 1 to 2' long. FIs. white, middlesize. Jn.-Aug. - Eur. 6. CERASTI1UI, L. MOUSE-EAR Cratur-WEDn. (Gr. cIFpOg, a horn; from the reseiMblance of the capsule of some of the species.) Calyx of 5, ovate, acute sepals; corolla of 5, bifid petals; stamens 10, sometiames 5 or 4; the alternate ones shorter; styles 5; capsules cylindrical or roundish, elongated, opening at the apex by 10 teeth; seeds numerous.-Fls. cymous, white. ~ Petals about as long as the calyx.................................................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Petals much longer than the calyx................N............... os. 3 —.. 1 C. vulgAtumn L. -fairy, pale green, ceespitous; Ivs. attenuated at base, ovate or obovate, obtuse; fls. in subcapitate clusters; sep. when young, longer than the pedicets. —-P Fields and waste grounds, Can. and U. S., flowering all summer, St. 6 to 12' longz,, ascending, mostly forked. Lvs. 5 to 8" by 3 to 5", mostly very obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Fls. in dense, terminal clusters, the~ terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Seps. mostly green, a littleshorter than the corolla. Petals white, appearing in 10 segments. 17 258 ORDER 21.-CARYOPHYLLACELE. 2 C. viscosum L. Hairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute; fls. in loose cymes; sep. scarious and white on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedicels.-'4 Fields and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. Plant greener than the last. Sts. many, assurgent, dichotomously cymous. Lvs. 5 to 9" long, J to - as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Fls. white, in diffuse cymes. Pet. hardly as long as the sep., obovate, bifid. Sta. rarely but 5. Jn.-Aug. 3 C. arvdnse L. Pubescent, somewhat csespitous; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, often longer than the internodes; cyme on a long, terminal peduncle, four-flowered; petals more than twice longer than the calyx; caps. scarcely exceeding the sepals.-Q — Roclky hills. Sts. 4 to 10' high, decumbent at base. Lvs. 9 to 15" long, I to 2" wide. Fls. white, rather large. Caps. usually a little longer than the calyx. May-Aug. 4 C. oblonlgif6lium Torr. Villous, viscid above; st. erect or declined; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, and shorter than the internodes; fis. numerous, in a spreading cyme; pet. twice as long as the sepals; caps. about twice as long as the calyx. —L Rocky places. Sts. 6 to 10' high, thick. Lvs. 9 to 12" by 3 to 5", tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Fls. larger than either of the foregoing, white, in two or three-forked cymes. Apr.-Jn. 5 C. nuitans Raf. Viscid and pubescent; st. weak, striate-sulcate, erect; lvs. lanceolate; fis. many, diffusely cymous, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels; pet. nearly twice as long as the cal.; caps. a little curved, nearly thrice as long.-(P Low grounds, Vt. to Ill. and La. Pale green and clammy. Sts. 8 to 15' high, branched from the base. Lvs. - to 2' long, 1 as wide. Fls. white. May.Varies greatly at different dates; beginning to flower when small in all its parts. 7. STELLARIA, L. STAR CHICKWEED. (Latin, stella, a star —from tLhe stellate or star-like flowers.) Sepals 5, connected at base; petals 5, 2-parted, rarely 0; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3, sometimes 4; capsule ovoid, 1-celled, valves as many as styles, 2-parted at top; seeds inany.-Small herbs in moist, shady places. Fls. in forked cymes or axillary, white. ~ Stems leafy to the top, or with leafy bracts. (a) ~ Stems leafless above, bearing scarious bracts......................................Nos. 6 —S a Leaves ovate. Stems prostrate, pubescent.........os. 1, 2 a Leaves oblong, lanceolate or linear.................Nos. 3 —5 1 S. mcdia Smith. Crsc.KWEED. Lvs. ovate; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line; pet. shorter than the sep; sta. 3 to 5 or 10.-A common weed in almost every situation N. of Mexico, flowering from the beginning of Spring to the end of Autumn. Sts. branched, becoming cymous, brittle, round, jointed, leafy, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge. Fls. small, white. The seeds are eaten by poultry and birds. ~ Eur. 2 S. prostr.Ata Baldw. Lvs. ovate, the lower on long petioles, sts. procumbent, hollow, pubescent; fis. on long pedicels; pet. longer than sepals; stam. 7.-J- Ga. and Fla. Sts. 1 to 4f long, slightly channelled and downy; lower lvs. subcordate, shorter than the ciliate-petioles. Fls. small. Mar., Apr. 3 S. piibera Michx. St. ascending, pubescent in one lateral or two opposite lines; lvs. oblong or elliptical, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate; fis. on filiform, finally recurved pedicels; petals longer than the sepals. — In rocky places, Penn. to Ind. and Ga. St. 6 to 12' high, often diffusely spreading. Lvs. 1 to 2~' by 4 to 10", with minute, seattered hairs. Fls. ~' diam.. axillary and terminal, with 10 stamens and 3 styles. Sep. white-edged. Apr.-Jn. *4 S. uniflora Walt. St. glabrous, erect, branched from the base; Ivs. linearsubulate, lanceolate, acute; ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered; pet. emarginate, twice as long as the sep. —{ N. Car., Ga., in swamps. Sts. 10-12' high, slender. Lvs. much shorter than the internodes. Ped. filiform, as long (2 to 3') as the internodes. May..5 S. boredlis Bigelow. St. weak, smooth; Ivs. veinless, lanceolate. acute; ped. at length axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; petals 2-parted (sometimes wanting), ORDER 21.-CARYOPHYLLACEME. 259 about equal to the veinless sepals. —OlZ Wet places, N. H., N. Y., N. to Arctic Am. A spreading, flaccid plant. St. 6 to 12 or 15' long, with diffuse cymes both terminal and axillary. Lvs. 8 to 15" long, 1-veined. Petals, when present, white, small, at length about as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals. Caps. longer than the calyx. Jn., JL. 6 S. aquatica Pollich. Nearly glabrous; st. slender, decumbent; Ivs. lanceoval and oblong, acute, with manifest veinlets; cymes lateral; sep. lanceolate, very acute, 3-veined, rather longer than the bifid petals; caps. ovoid, about equalling the calyx; sty. 3.-4'4 Swampy springs, Penn., Md. (Dr. Robbins); also, Rocky iWits. A very slender plant, 6 to 12' long, with inconspicuous flowers Lvs. 6'" by 2 to 3". Mafy. (Labrnca uliginosa IH-ook.) 7 S. 16ngipes Goldie. Smoothl and shining; st. more or less decumbent, withl ascending branches; Is. Ii near-lanceolae,, broadest at base, acute; peduncles and pedicels erect, filiform, cymnous, with ovate membranous bracts at base; sep. with membranous margins, obscurely 3-veined, scarcely shorter than the petals.-l% Lake shores, N. Y. and Mich. Petals white, 2-parted. Fls. in loose cymes. the terminal peduncle or the middle one the longest. Jn.-Aug 3 S. longif5lia _Muhl. Lvs. linear; cyme terminal, spreading, with lanuceolate, scarious bracts; pedicels spreading; cal. 3-veined about equal to the petals.-U. S. N. to Arc. Circle. The stems are of considerable length, very slender and brittle, supported on other plants and blushes. Lvs. alternate atl; base. FIs. in a divaricate, naked cyime, very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the other species. Three sharp, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn., Jl. 8. ARENARIA, L. SAINDWORT. (Lat. arena, sand; in which most species grow.) Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire; stamens 10, rarely fewer; styles 3; ovary 1-celled; capsule 3-valved, valves each 2-parted; seeds oo. —Sty. rarely 2 or 4. Aml.NARIA. Leaves and sepals acute. Seeds not append(aged....................... Nos. 1 AMlIrINGIA. Leaves and sepals obtuse. Seeds strlopiolate...........................No. 3 1 A. serpyllif6lia L. THnx'E-LExAVED SANDWORT. St. dihllOtomus, spreading lus. ovate, acute, subeiliate; cal. acute, striate; petals shorter than the c'ilyx; caps. ovate, 6-toothed. —d) By roadsides and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Sts. numerous, downy, with reflexed hairs, a few inches in length. Lvs. but little longer than a filaxseed, beautifully ciliate. Fls. on axillary and terminal peduncles. Pet. white, oval, mostly much shorter than the 3 to 5-veined, accuanimate, hairy sepals. Jn. 2 A. difffisa El]. St. long, decumbent, diffuse; lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends; peod. 1-floNered; sep. acute: pet. or'al, entire, much shorter than the calyx, but generally wanting.-Mtoist woods, N. Car. to Fla. and Ga. Sts. clambering, 2 to 5f in length, pubescent. Lvs. minutely dotted, attenuate at base often to a petiole, 6 to 12" long. Peod. twice as long, terminal, but soon axillary. Cal. as long (1") as in No. 1. Apr.-Jn. (Stellaria lanuginosa Tort. & Gr.) 3 A. laterifl6ra L. Upright, slightly pubescent; lvs. oval, obtuse; ped. lateral, 2 to 3-flowered; sds. (strophiolate) appendaged at the hilum.-'% Damp, shady grounds, N. States and B3rit. An. St. 6 to 10' high, nearly simple, slender. Lvs. elliptical, rounded at each end, 6 to 10" long, - as wide, on very slender petioles. Ped. terminal and lateral, 2 to 3' long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicuis one of them with 2 bracteoles in the middle. Fls. 4" diam.; white petals mere.: than twice as long as the sepals. Jn. (Mceringia, L.) 9. ALSI RE, Wahl. GROVE SANDWORT. (Gr. daoof, a grarve the, favorite locality of these little plants.) Sepals 5; petals 5, entire or. merely notched at apex; stamnens 10; styles 3; ovary 1-celledc: cap-. sule deeply 3-valved, valves entire; seeds oo. —Small, slenderd herbsa 260 ORDEi 21.-CARYOPI-YLLACEK. with very narrow, minute lvs. and whit3 fis. (The species were forinerly included in the last genus.).q Sepals 8 to 5-veined, acute..................................................... Nos. 1 —3 ~ Sepals veinless, obtuse.-Leaves densely ilmbricated................................. No. 4.-Leaves opposite, distant................................ Nos. 5 —T 1 A. pdtula Gray. Diffusely and divaricately branched, glandular-pubescerlt; lvs. linear-filiforn, obtuse; petals emarginate. —~- Rocky cliffs, Va. and Ky. Sts. exceedingly slender, 6-10' high, many from one root. Lvs. few and minute, 3 to 5" longo, obtuse under a lens. Cyme at lengthl diffuse and many-flowered. Petals twice as longo (2"') as the 3 to 5-veined sepals. Jn., J1. (Arenaria Mx.) 2 A. Pitcheri. Erect, fastigiately branched, alasost glabrous; lvs. linear, obtuse, flat; pet. entire, twice as long as the 5-veined sepals.-T Davison Co., Tenn. (Prof. Calender), and westward. Sts. several from one root, simple, with a fewflowered (3 to 7), pedunculate cyme at top, 3 to 6' high. Lvs. rather erect, 3 to 6" by i". Pedicels minutely glandular. Petals about 3" long. (Arenaria, Nutt.) $ A. stricta. Glabrous, diffuse; st. branched from the base; I/s. subulate-linear, rigid, so fascicled in the axils as to appear whorled; cymes few-flowered, with spreading branches. —2 Sterile grounds, Are. Am. to Car. Sts. 8 to 10' high. Lvs. 5 to 8" long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile, 1-veined, muchl fascicled in the axils. Pet. obovate-oblong, twice as long as the 3-veined, ovatelanceolate sepals. M'ay, Jli. (Arenaria, fMx. Alsine AMichauxii Fenzl.) 4 Ag( squarrosa Fenzl. Cmspitous; st. few-flowered; lower lMs. squarrous-imbricate, crowded, upper ones few, all subulate, channeled, smooth; pet. obovate, 3 ttmes longer than the obtuse, veinless sepals.-'1- In sandy barrens, Long Island to Ga. Sts. 6 to 10' high, pubescent, much divided at base into simple brfinches. Ivs. about t! long, obtuse, sessile. Fls. white, in small, terminal cymes. Sep. green. Caps. obtuse. Apr.,-Sept. (Arenaria Mx). 5 A. Greenilandica Fenzl. CaEspitous; sts. numerous, filiform; lvs. linear, fiat, spreading; pod. i-flowered, elong'ated, divaricate.-24 Summits of high mountains, N. I-., N. Y. to Greenland. It grows in tufted masses consisting of exceedingly numerous sterns about 3' high, and sprinkled over with large (8"' diam.) white fis. withl ellow stamens. Lvs. 4 to 6" by "', numerous. Sepals ovate, veinless. Aug. (Arenaria, Spreng.) 6 A. brevif6lia. Erect (not tufted), few-leaved; sts. many, filiform, simple, cymous above; Ivs. minute, 10 times shorter thae the internodes, ovate, subulate; sep. oblong.-Rocks (Stone 1Mt., &c.), Gao Sts. almost capillary, 2-3' high, with about 3 pairs of leaves and 3 to 7 flowers on long pedicels. Fls. not half as large as in the preceding (about 4" diam.) Lvs. 1" long. Apr., May. (Arenaria Nutt.) I7 A. gldibra. Cseepitous, glabrous; sts. decumbent, filiform; Ivs. linear-setaceous, spreading; sep. oval, veinless, half as long as the petals.-1 Mts. Car. to Ga. and Ala. Sts. very numerous, 5 to 8" high, forming grass-like tufts, the branches exceedingly slender, divaricate. Lvs. 5 or 6" long. It differs from No. 5, in its bristle-shsaped leaves and smaller (5" broad) fls., and from No. 6, in its tufted stems. (Arenaria Mx., nec Ell.) 10. SAGINA, L. PIEArLWORT. (Lat. sagina, food or nourishment; badly applied to these minute plants.) Sepals, styles and petals 4 or 5, the latter entire, often 0; stamens as lmany or twice as many as the:sepals; capsule 4 or 5-valved, iLany-seeded.-Diminutive, spreading herbs, -with narrow leaves and small white flowers.:1 S. procu'mbens L. Procumbent, glabrous; pet. about half as long as tJie roundishobtuse sepals; sta. sep. and pet. 4 or 5.-4 A small weed, with slender, creeping stems, 3 or 4' long, found in damp places, R. Isl., N. Y. to S. Car. Lvs. very small, linear, mucronate-pointed, connate. or opposite. Fls. white and green, axillary, on peduncles longer than the leaves. Jn. ORDER 21.-CARYOPHYLLACEME. 261 2 S. er6ota L. Ascending, simple, glabrous; pet. as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals; sep. pet. and sta. 4. —1 Dry places, Md. Sts. smooth and glaucous, 2 or 3' high, with only one or two fls. Lvs. linear, acute, 4 to 5" long. Caps. ovate, as long as the calyx. Apr., May. ~ Eur. (MRcenchia quaternella Fenzl.) 3 S. Elli6ttii Fenzl. Taflted, decumbent, glabrous; lvs. linear-subulate, very acute; ped. much longer than the leaves; fls. V; pet. hardly as long as the sep.;.cia. 10. —'-) Sandy fields and woods at the South, common. St. 2 to 3' long. Lvs. 6 to 10" long, connected at base by a membrale. Fls. much smaller than in No. 1. Petals white, hardly as large as the sepals. Miar., Apr. 4,S. nodosa Fenzl. Tufted, ascending, glabrous; 17vs. subulate, the upper very short and fascicled; fls. V; pet. mnuch, longer than the sep.; sta. 10. 24 Lake shores, Can., Isle of Shoals, N. H. (Robbins). Sts. mauy from one root, subsimple, appearing knotted by the short, dense fascicles of leaves. 5 S. fontinlfiis Short..Procumbent, glabrous; los. linear-spatulate; petals 0; sta. 4 to 6. —CD Ky. (Short and Peter.) An herb of larger growth than the other species, on limestone rocks. Sts. a foot long. Sep. 4 or 5, obtuse, longer than the depressed capsule. Apr., May. 6,. ap6tala I. Erect and pubescent; lvs. linear-subulate; ped. elongated ascending in fruit; sep. and sta. 5; pet. very minute or 0. —( Sandy fields, N. J., Penn. Sts. numerous, filiform, 2 to 4' high. Sep acute, shorter than the caps. May, Jn. 11. HONKENYA, Ehr1h. SEA SANDWORT. (Named in honor of J. (.. Hoznkenya, a Germian botanist.) Sepals 5, united at base; petals 5, with short claws, entire; stamens 10, inserted into the crenate edge of a conspicuous disk; styles 3 to 5; capsule 3 to 5-valved, mnany-seeded. — i(, Herbs of the sea coast, with fleshy lvs. iH-. peploldes DC. Abundant on the Atlantic coast, N. J. to Lab. Sts. creeping, with upright branches, If long, forming dense tufts. Lvs. ovate, half clasping, acute, thick, 5 to 7 or 10" long, more than half as wide, mostly shorter than the internodes. Fls. small, axillary, on short pedluncles. Sep. veinless, exceeding the white petals. _May, Jn. (A.denarium, Raf.) 12. SPERGULA, L. SPURRY. (Lat. sp2eryo, to scatter; from the dispersion of the seeds.) Sepals 5, nearly distinct; petals 5, entire; stamens 5 or 10; styles 5; capsule ovate, 5-valved, the valves opposite the sepals; seeds o; embryo coiled into a ring.-r- HIerbs; vith fis. in loose cymes. Lvs. verticillate. Stipules scarious. S. arvinsis L. Lvs. linear-subulate; ped. reflexed in fruit; sds. reniform, angular, rougll.-.T weed in cultivated grounds, Can. to Ga. Rt. small. St. round, branched, with swelling joints, beset with copious whorled lvs., somewhat downy and viscid. Two minute stipules under each whorl. Cyme forked, the terminal (central) peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx, capsule twice as long. Sds. many, with a membranous margin. May-Aug. ~ Eur. 13. SPERGULARIA, Pers. RED SANDWORT. Sepals 5; petals 5, entire; stamen 2 to 10; styles and valves of the capsule 3 (rarely 5, and then alternate with thle sepals); seeds o; embryo curvecd. — ) ( Low, spreading and slender-leaved, with red or rose-colored fls. Stip. scarious. S. rkibra Pers. St. decumbent, much branched; lvs. linear, slightly mucronate; stip. ovate, membraneous, cleft; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins; Eds. compressed, angular, roughish. —Sandy fields, Can. to Flor., nehr the sea coast. Sts. a few inches in length, slender, smooth, spreading on the ground, with small nIarrow lvs., and dry,,sheathing stip. Fls. small, on hairy stalks. blay —Oct. (Arenaria rubra L.) /3. M3ARINA L. Lvs. fleshy, usually much longer than the internodes, not mucronate, seeds marginless.-i- n salt marshes. 262 ORDER 21.-CARYOPHYLLACEIE. 14. POLYCARPON, L. ALL-SEED. (Gr. rroXgf, many, maporbg, fruit. The capsules are numerous.) Sepals 5, ovate, carinate, scarious-edged; capsule 3-valved, inany-seeded. —2 Lvs. opposite and quaternate on the low spreading branches. P. tetraphallumn Li Lvs. spatulate or oval, tapering to La petiole, some of theml in whorls of 4; stam. 3.-Around Charleston, S. Car. A low, much branched plant, sts. 3 to 6' high. Lvs. 2 to 5" long. Stip. several at each joint, ovate.lanceolate, membraneous. Fls. small, in dense cyrnes. Pet. muchl shorter than sep., notched, white. May, Jn. ~ Eur. 15. STIPULICIDA, Michx. (Lat. stipula, ccedo; the stipules being' much cleft.) Sepals oblong, with broad, scarious marlrgins; petals 5, as long as the sepals, entire; stigmas 3, subsessile; capsule subglobous, 3-valved, fow-seeded. —( A slender, tufted, dichotomously branched herb, almost leafless, with the small fls. in terminal cymules. S. setacea Mx. In dry, sandy soils, Ga. (Feay, Mettauer) and Fla. (Chapman). Sts. many from one root, glabrous, 6 to 10' high, each several times forked, slender, the branches almost setaceous. Root lvs. roundish-obovate, narrowed to a petiole, 1" diam. Joints distant, each marked by a fringe of leaves and stipules j" long. Fls. sessile, 4 to 6 together, green and white, at length reddish. May. 16. PAIROfNCHIA, Tourn. NAILWORT. (Gr. rrapa, with, ovvf, the nail; i. e., the wlhitlow; supposed cure for.) Sepals 5, linear-oblong, connivent, slightly hooded and mucronate or awned near the apex; petals or sterile filaments very narrow and scale-like or none; stain. 2, 3, or 5; stigmas 2; with the styles more or less united into 1; utricle l-seeded, not exceeding the calyx.-Low herbs dichotomously branched, with scarious, silvery stipules, and at least the lower lvs. opposite. ~ PARONYCIIIA. Sepals evidently awned atapex. Lvs. linear and subnlate.........Nos. 1, 2 ~ ANYCIIIA (AIs. partly). Sep. merely muocronate at apex. Lvs. lanceolate to oval.(*) * Stems procumbent, diffuse on the ground. Stanmens 5............Nos. 3, 4 * Stems erect, with diffusely ascending branches. Stamens 2 or 3...Nos. 5, 6 1 P. dichoto6ma Nutt. Glabrouls, densely branched; Ivs. acerose, mucronate; bracts like the leaves; cy-mes fastigiate, with no central flower; sep. 3-veined, cuspidate.-'4 Rocks (Harper's Ferry), Va., and Car. to Ark., rare. Densely matted and branched, the flowering stems 6 to 12' high. Lvs. crowded, 1' by i". Sty. bifid at top. Minute setas in place of petals. JI.-Nov. 2 P. argyr6conma Nutt. Pubescent, tufted, decumbent; Ivs. linear, acute; cymnes glomerate, terminal; fis. enveloped in dry, silvery bracts: sep. hairy, 1-veined, setaceously cuspidate. —4 White Mts., N. H., in the gorge behind the Wrilley house (Chapman) and in the Allegh. and Cumb. Mts. Flowering stems 4 to 10' high. Lvs. crowded, 6 to 10" long.-Fls. concealed in the bracts; the cusp equaling the sepals. Jl. 3 P. herniarioides Nutt. Scabrous, diffusely branched; lvs. oval or oblong, mucronate; the raminal alternate. Fls. sessile in the axils of the leaves; sep. 3-veined, merely mucronate.-I- N. Car. (Miss Carpenter) to Ga., in sandy soil. A little depressed plant, spreading on the sand, with minute lvs. and ils. Branches alternate with 1-sided branchlets. Lvs. 3-2-1" long, - as wide, stip. shorter. Fls. ~" long. 4 P. Baldwinii Torr. & Gr. Diffusely branched, procumbent; lvs. linearlanceolate, very acute, all opposite; fls. longer than the setaceous stipules, mostly terminal, stalked; stam. 5. —Fla. (Mettauer), in dry fields. Sts. more openly branched, many from the same root, covering a circular spot 12-20' diam. Lvs. few, 3-8" long, — 2" wide, sessile. Fls. a X larger than in No. 3. Oct. 5 P. Canadensis. Stem erect, slender, pubescent, many times forked, with slender or capillary branches; lvs. lanceolate, varying to oblanceolate; the ORDER 22. —PORtTUL A7 CAC(I 3,A. 263 cauline opposite, the raminal alternate; 2 pairs of scarious, subulate stipules at each fork, which are shorter than tile flower; style none; utricle equaling the greenish sepals.-Hilly woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ark. Hight 6-10 or 18', often nearly smooth. Lvs. 4-10" long, somewhat stalked. Fls. ~" long, somewhat pedicellate. Seed globular, rosin colored.. Jn.-Aug. (Queria, L. Anychia capillacea Nlutt.) 3. PUmILA. Dwarf, a foew inches (2-4') high, the lvs. reduced in proportion, very pubescent; stems short-jointed, tufted, fls. sessile, glomerate; style as long as the ovary (at least in specimens from Md. sent by Mr. LI. Shriver), forked at apex. (A. dichotoma DC.) 17. SIPHONYCHIA, TorI. and Gr. (Gr. ( al owv, a tube, that is, Anychia with a tubular calyx.) Sepals linear, petaloid above, coherent into a tube below, unarmed; petals 5 setie alternate with the stamens; style filiformn, minutely bifid; utricle included in the calyx. —O Procumbent, diffuse and widely spreading. Fls. in glomierate, terminal cymules. S. Amrericana Torr. and Gr.-S. Car. to Fla. Sts. I-2f in length. Lvs. oblanceolate, much shorter than the internodes, 12-9 —G" long, obtuse. Bracts, like the lvs., very small. Fls. very numerous, 1" or more in length, with hooked bristles below. Sep. white above. (Herniaria Nutt.) 18. SCLERANTHUS, L. KNAWEL. (Gr. attr: pbg, hard, avOog; when in fruit the floral envelope appears hard and dry.) Sepals 5, united below into a tube contracted at the orifice; petals 0; stamens 10, rarely 5 or 2; styles 2, distinct; utricle very smooth, inclosed in the hardened calyx tube. —( A prostrate, diffuse little weed, exstipulate. S. dannuus L. Dry fields and roadsides, N. Eng. and Alid. States. Sts. numerous, branching, decumbent, short (3-6'). Lvs. linear, acute, short, opposite, partially united at their bases. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. J1. 19. MOLLUGO, L. CARPET-WEED. Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united at base, colored inside; corolla 0; stamens 5, sometimes 3 or 10; filainents setaceous, shorter than and opposite to the sepals; anthers simple; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded; seeds reniform. —Lvs. at length apparently verticillate, being clustered in the axils. M. verticillata L. Lvs. cuneiform, acute; st. depressed, branched; pedicels I-flowered, subumbellate; sta. mostly but 3.-O( Dry places throughout N. Amnerica. Sts. slender, jointed, branched, lying flat upon the ground, forming a roundish patch. At every joint is a cluster of wedge-shaped or spatulate lvs. of' unequal size, usually 5 in number, and a few flowers, each on a solitary stalk, which is very slender, and shorter than the petioles. Fls. small, white. JI.-Sept. ORDER XXII. PORTULACACE2E. PURSELANES. elerbs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves, no stipules, and regular flowers. Sepals 2, united at base, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, sometimes more or less imbricated in sestivation. Sla. variable in number, but opposite the petals when as many. Ova. superior, 1-celled. Sty. several, stigmatous along the inner surface. Fr. a pyxis, dehiscing by a lid, or a capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as stigmas. Seeds few or many, on long funiculi from the base, or on free central placenta. Generac 27, species 250, inhabiting dlry places in every quarter of the world. They possess no remarkable properties. GENERA. ~ Sepals 5. Petals none. Fruit a pyxis................................SEsUvI. U 1 ~ Sepals 2.-Stamens 5, opposite the 5 petals..................................Cr LrTONI A. 2 -Stamens 7 to 30.-hypogynous, capsule 8-valved.................. T3LIN f. & -perigynous. Pyxis opening by a li............ PORTUL.AtA. 4 264 ORDER 22.-PORTULACACE2E. t. SESV[IUM, L. SEA PURSELANE. Sepals 5, united below, colored inside; petals 0; stamens few or many, always more than the sepals, and inserted on them; capsules (pyxis) few, 3-celled, opening transiversely like a lid; seeds 0o minute. —Succulent sea-side herbs, with opposite lvs. and axillary, solitary fls. S portulaca'strum Tourn. Lvs. linear-spatulate; fs. sessile or short-peduncled; stam. Oc.-Sea-coast, in sand, N. J. to Fla. St. round, branching, smooth, thick, a foot or more in length. Lvs. obtuse, tapering at base to a petiole, very thick and smooth. Ped. much shorter than the leaves. Sep. rose-white inside, exceeding the rose-colored stamens. J1., Nov. 2. CLAYTONIA, L. SPRING BEAUTY. Fig. 383, 384. (In memory of John Clayton, one of the earliest botanists of Virginia.) Sepals 2, ovate or roundish, petals 5, emargined or obtuse, stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals; stigmas 3-cleft; capsule 3-valved, 2 to 5-seecled.-Small, fleshy, early flowering plants, arising from a small tuber. 1C. Caroliniana Mx. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate; sep. and pet. obtuse.-'LL A delicate little plant, common in woods and rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. W. to the Miss. Rt. a compressed, brown tuber, buried at a depth in the ground equal to thell hight of the plant. Root lvs. very few if any, spatulate. St. weak, 2 to 3' high, with a pair of opposite leaves half way up, which are I to 2' by 4 to 8", entire, tapering at base into the petiole. Fls. in a terminal cluster, white with a tinge of red, and beautifully penciled with purple lines. Apr., May. 2 C. Virginica L. Lvs. Uinear or lance-linear; sep. rather acute, pet. obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse; ped. slender, nodding. —% In low, moist grounds, Mid. and S. States, W. to Mo., rare in N. Eng. Tuber as large as a hazel nnt, deep in the ground. St. 6 to 10' long, weak, with a pair of opposite, very narrow lvs. 3 to 5' long. Fls. 5-10, rose-colored, with deeper colored veins, in a terIminal, finally elongated raceme. Apr., May. 3. TAL'NUM, Adans. Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous; petals 5, sessile; stamens 10 to 20, inserted with the petals into the torus; style trifid; capsule subglobous, 3-valved, many-seeded. T. teretif51ium L. St. simple or branched, short and thick; lvs. linear, crowded at the summit of the stem, on short branches; ped. elongated; fis. in a dichotomous eyme.-4 An interesting plant on rocks, Penn. to Ga. and westward. Rhizome or perennial stern firm and fleshy, with fibrous roots. Branches 1 to 3' long. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, incurved, fleshy. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, minute. Ped. 5 to 8' high, very straight, slender, and smooth. Fls. 8" broad, purple, ephemeral. Stam. about 20. Caps. globular, with 35 seeds. Jn., Aug. 4. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSELANE. Sepals 2, the upper portion deciduous; petals 5 (4 to 6), equal; stamens 8 to 20; styles 3 to 6cleft or parted; pyxis subglobous, dehiscing near the middle, manyseeded.-Low, herbaceous, fleshy. FIs. expanding only in sunshine. 1 P. oleracea L. Lvs. cuneate; ifs. sessile. —l A prostrate, fleshy weed, more common in our gardens than desirable. St. thick and succulent, much branched and spreading, smooth. Lvs. fleshy, sessile, rounded at the end. Fls. yellow. The herbage of the plant is of a recddish-greeu color. Sometimes used as a potherb. Jn., Aug. 0. 2 P. grandiflra Hook. Sts. ascending, much branched, branches suberect, enlarged upwards; Ivs. linear, acute, the axils villous, with long, woolly hairs; fls. terminal, sessile, 1 or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leaves ORDER 24.-MALVACE/El. 2 6 5 and dense tufts of wool; pet. obovate; stam. about 15.-4- A very delicate plant, with purple stems and bright purple fls. 1t' diam. P. Gilligsii Hook, with short, cylindrical, blunt lvs., somewhat flattened, ascending, branched stems, and large, deep purple fis., is also popular in house cultivation. These species are natives of S. A.merica. - ORDER XXIII. MESEMBRYACEI/E. iCE-PLANTS. Plants fleshy, of singular and various form, yet beautiful, with opposite, fleshy Leaves. Fis. solitary, axillary and terminal, remarkable for their profusion, brilliant, and of long duration. gESpals definite; petals numerous, colored, in many rows. Sta. indefinite, distinct, arising from the calyx (perigynous). Ova. inferior or nearly superior, many-celled. Stigmas numerous. Caps. many-celled, opening in a stellate manner at the apex, or one-celled. Sds. more commonly indefinite, attached to the inner angle of the cells, or to a free central placentoa. Genera 5. species 375, chliefly natives of the arid, sandy plains of theo Cape of Good iHope. The species are much cultivated for ornament. Lewisia rediviva or 0):egeon, called SpaUtlnum, is lighly valued for its farinaceous, nutritive roots. IViESEDIBRYANTHErfIU1/M, L. (Gr. (leo,711oiipia, mid-day, vAOog; flowers expanding at mid-day.) Calyx 5-cleft; petals very numerous, linear; stamens c/, perigynous; capsule inferior, fieshy, turbinate; seeds numerous, cither axile or parietal. 1 M. crystallinum L. ICE-PLANT. Biennial, procumbent; lvs. large, ovate, acute, wavy, frosted, 3-veined befneath. —A popular house plant, from Greece. It; has a creeping stem, If or more in length, and with the leaves is covered over with frost-like, warty protuberances, giving the plant a very singular aspect. Fis. white, appearing all summer. {. 2 M. grandiflbrumn L. Perennial, procumbent, spreading; lvs. petiolato, opposite, cordate-ovate; cal. 4-cleft, 2-horned. —4 An interesting plant in house cultivation, from Cape Good I-lope. The whole plant fleshy and succulent, like others of its kind. Fls. pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the horns opposite. Caps. translucent, marked at summit with cruciform lines. f. ORDnER XXIV. MALVACE/E. MALLOWS. eerbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate lvs. and regular flowers, with 5 sepals united at base, valvate in the bud, often subtended by an involucel; 5 petals hypogynous, convolute in the bud, with the stamens oo, monadelphous, hypogynous, and 1-celled, reniform atlthers. Pistils several, distinct or united, and stigmas various. Fruit a several-celled capsule, or a collection of 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. Seeds with little or no albumen, and a curved embryo. (Fig. 252, 352.) Genesa 40, species 1000, abundant in the tropics, frequent in the temperate zones, entirely wvanting in the frigid. Cotton, one of the moost implortant products of the vegetable kingdom, is the colna of the seeds (~ 585) of Gossypium. lMalny of the IMalvaces are handsome flowering plants, and are often cultivated as such. Ps/oeperties. —Gene'ally aboaunding in mucilage, and destitute of any deleteriouts qalities. G-ENERA. ~ Calyx naked, i. e., having no involucel. (b) ~ Calyx involucelate.-Carpels (and styles) more than 5. (a) -Carpels 3 to 5 only,-one-seeded. (e) -3- C/O-seeded. (d) a Imnvolucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. Carlpels 1-seeded........................ALrTI.E. 1 a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seedeVA...................MALVA. 2 a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded....................LAVATErA. 3. a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carp)els 2-sceded................... MoboIA. 4 266: ORDER 24.-MALVACE2E. b Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 10, linear........................NAP.A.. 5 b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded.................SIDa. 6 b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or nmany, 3 to 9-seeded........ui...BUTILOse. 7 c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united...................MALVAV S c Stigmas 10. Carpels5, dry, distinct.....................AVONIA. 9 c Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod I........O.....OSTELETZIKYA. 10 d Involucre of many bractlets. Calyx regular.................IHmrISCs. 11 ct Involucre of Imany bractlets. Calyx split on one sile........ ABELMOscnus. 12 d Involucre of 3 incisely toothed bractlets.....o............GossPIUM. 1 i. ALTHMA/, L. MARSH MALLOW. (Gr. &X0' [~v monly dioecious, small. Sepc*als 3 to a, united at base, persistent. Petals of the esame numbelr, h (sometimes 0), imbricated. SiCczemes as n many as petals, alternate with them, distinct or coherent, -;X A I 1 ancl perigynous. OvaryJ 1-celled, free. Ovale one. 1' " / St.yles 3 or 0. Stizgmas. Fal bery or drupe, usually the latter, and 1-seeded. tAlbmrnen 0. g~fi/2 7tGe6nera 43, sleiesa 100, cliefly iatives of tiropical 2 631 / lregions, represented in the U. S. by the genus:l{hls 2'~ 031 1' only. Prope-ties.-These plaants abound in a resinous juice, 631,'lius, leafatnd panicle. 2. A stam- which is poisoenous, but is used as an indelible ink in inre elower. 3. Section of a fertile flower. Inarking linen, and as an ingredient in varnish. Even the eJhlalaltiosn.s from some of the species are deemed poisonous. The Cashew nut is the product of a small tree of' both Indies. When fresh the kernel is full of a milky juice, and has a nmost delicious taste, but tlhe coats are filled *with a caustic oil which blisters the skin anld kills warts. RHUS, L. SUMAC. (The ancient name, from Celtic, rhulcd, red?) Calyx of 3 sepals united at. base; petals andt stanmens 5; styles 3, stigInas capitate; firuit a small, i-seedecd, subglobous, dry drupe. —Small 284 ORDER 38.-ANACARDIACEME. trees or shrubs. Lvs. alternate, mostly compound. Fls. often, by abortion, imperfect. ~ Jeaves simple. Flowers perfect (or all abortive in cultivation)....................Nos. 9, 10 L ceaves compound. Flower polygamous. (a) a Fls. in clustered spikes preceding the trifoliate leaves........................o. S' a Fls. in axillary panicles, Icith the 3-18-foliate leaves. Poisonous......Nos. 5-7 a FIs. in terminal thyrses, wIith the 9 —31-foliate leaves. (b) b Common petiole wainged between the leaflets..................No. 4 b Common petiole, not winged.................................Nos. 1 —3 1 R. glabra L. Lvs. and branches glabrous; ifts. 11 to 31, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath; lirred with crimison hairs. —Thickets and waste grouiiid, U.; S. and Can. Shrub, 6 to 15f high, consisting of many straggling branches, smooth, except its fruit. Lfts. sessile, except sometimes the terminal odd one. Fis. in teraminal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, greenish-red, p S. Fertile ovaries, clothed with grayish downi, which in fruit becomes crimson, and contains mallic acid (bi-malate of lime, Prof. Rogers), extemely sour to the taste, Jn., J1. The bark of this and other species may be used in tanning. TIhe drupes dye red. 2 R. typhina L. Branches anzd 1etioles densely villous; lfts. 11 to 31, oblonglanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath; fi. red, witlh crimson hairs.-A larger shrub than the former, attaining the height of 201, in rocky or low barren places; Can. and U. S. St. with straggling, thick branches. Lye. at length 2 to 3f long; lfts. sessile, except the terminal, odd one. FIs. in terminal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, yellowish-green, often ~$ or $ ~. Drupes compressed, compact, the crimson down very acid. Jn. The wood is aromatic, of a sulphur-yellow, and used in dyelnug. 3. LCINIATA. Lfts. very irregulally coherent and incised; panicles partly transfoinced into gashed leaves. Hanover, N. I-I. (Rickard). 3 R. pumila Mx. Procumbent, vilto;as-epubescent; lfts. 9 to 13, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed; drupes red, silky-pubescent. —In upper Carolina. Shrub, creeping- extensivrely, with blileraches 1 to 2f high, bearing a subsessile, terminal, thyrsoid panicle. Lts. all sessile, clothed with a velvety pubescence beneath, the thr-ee upper often confluent. This species is very poisonous.4 R. copallinia L. M]OUt'NIetIN SuAxc,. Branches and petioles pubescest; ilfs 9. to 21, oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, unequal at base, common Petiole ewinged; fls. in dense panicles; cdrules red, hairey. A smaller shrub, not half the hight of the last, in dry, rocky places, U. S. and Can. C(ompound petiole about 6' long, expanding into a leafy margin, between each pair of leaflets. Lfts. 1 to 3' long, near } as wide, dairk-green, and shining on the upper surface. Panicles of sie. terminal, sessile, thyrsoid, 9 S, greenish. Drupes acid. J1. j3. Lfts. coarsely and unequally serrate. N. Y. (Barratt.) 5 R. venenata DC. PorsoN Su.eAc. Dec WoonD. Very glabrous; lfts. 7 to 13, oval, abruptly acuminate, very entire; panicles loose, axillary, pedunculate; druspes greenish-yellow, smnooth. A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10 to 15f high, in swamps, U. S. and Can. Trunk several inches diam., with spreading branches above. Petioles wingless, red, 6 to 10' lonog. Lfts. about 3' long, 2 as wide, sessile, except the odd one. Panicles axillary, 9 S, those of the barren ones more diffuse. Fls. very small, green. Drupes as large as peas. Jn. The whole plant is very poisonous to the taste or touch, and even taints the air to some distance around with its pernicious effluvium. 6 R. toxicod6ndroin L. PoIsoN OAK~. POISON IVY. Erect, or decumbent; lvs. pubescent; lfts. 3, broadly oval, acuminate, angular or sinuate-dentate; fis. in racemous, axillary, subsessile panicles; drupes smooth, roundish. —Can. to the uplands of Ga. A small, weak shrub, 1 to 3f high, young branches,, and lvs. beneath downy. Lfts. 2 to 6' long, -? as wide, petiolate, the common petiole 4 to 5' long. Fls. small, p /. Drupes pale-brown. Poisonous, but less so than the last. 7 R. di.cans L. CLaIBING IvY. Stems climbing by means of innumerable radicating tendrils; leaflets ovate, smooth, entire; fls. racemed in axillary panicles. A vigorous, woody climber, ascendingc trees and other objects 10 to 40 or 50f, comnoei in damp woods, Can. and U. S. The stem becomes 1' to 2! in ORDER 40. —CERACEMF. 285 thickness, covered with a grayish, scaly bark, and throws out all along its, length myriads of thread-like rootlets, which bind it firmly to its support. Leaflets 3, of a dark and shining green, the lowest rarely angular. Berries dull white. Fls. greenish. May, Jn. —The juice, like that of the last, is poisonous, and forms an indelible ink. (N. tox. P. Mx. and Ed. 2d.) 8 R. aroma'tica Ait. SWxEET SU~MAc. Lvs. sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent beneath, lateral ones ovate, terminal one rhomboid; fis. in close aments, preceding the leaves; drupe globous, villous.-A small, aromatic shrub, 2 to 6f high, in hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, -. as wide, sessile, the common petiole an inch or two in length. Fls. yellowish with a 5-lobed, glandular disk. Drupes red, acid. May. Not poisonous. 9 R. Cotlnun L. VENETIAN SUMiAC. Lvs. obovate, entire; fls. mostly abortive, pedicels finally elongated and clothed writlh hairs.-A small shrub 8f high, native in Ark. according to Nuttall (?), remarkable chiefly for the very singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse, feathery fruit-stalks, showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in'a cloud of smoke. Fls. small, in terminal, compound panicles. Lvs. smootll, entire, much rounded at the end. In Italy the plant is used for tanning. 1O R. cotinosdes Buckley. A large tree, 40 to 50f in height, in woods on the high mts. of N. Car. (Buckley). Also in Ark. (Nuttall?). We have seen no specimens, and are unable to give the specific differences between this new species and iR. Cotinus, if, indeed, it be distinct, as is probable. ORDER XXXIX. PITTOSPORACEIE. Trees or Slhrubs, with alternate, cxstipulate leaves and regular flowers. Calyx and corolla 4 or 5-ierous, imbricated in the bud, deciduous; stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals. Ovary free, style single, stigmas 2 or more, cells or placeeltce as many. Seeds numerous; embzryo in fleshy albumen. Geneece 12, species 78, chiefly fromn Australia. PITTOSPOR U., Solander. (Gr 7rr-,-a, pitcli, r6pog, seed; the capsule is resinous.) Sepals 5, deciduous; petals 5, conniving in a tube; capsule 2 to 5-celledl, 2 to 55-valved; seeds pulpy.-I-landsome evergreen shrubs. P. tobira Leland. Lvs. coriaceous, smooth and polished, obovate, obtuse; caps. 3-valved. —This plant is hardy in the gardens, south, and common in the greenhouse, north. Lvs. entire, beautifully dark-green and shining. Fls. in terminal clusters, white. ORDEr1 XL. ACERACEzE. MAPLES. >!/ \~ i Tsrees or shrutbs, with opposite, usually simple and..,i / W j\ & palmate-veined leaves. Stigules 0. Flowers often polygamous, in axillary corymbs or racemes, hypot [,f\ \a. j\A/ species of Polygala, as P. Senegl, sam;guinea, K&-\ //Si\VX pnrplllea, etc., are emetic, rturlgative anId dliu- A; /S \t~ retic. K X 0' L >>,POLYGALA, Tourn. AmTILmWOIlRT (Gr. 7rOvt', mluch, a/ua, mllilk; said ~~.1,."~~~~~ 4 ~64 to favor the lacteal secretioins of animals.) Flowers vcry irregular.''k -k \ Sepals 5, 2 of them ivwing-shaped and petaloid; petals t, cohering /, W9 by their claws to the filaments, /t.%,' 4; /1? fC<; lower one carinate anad often crested on the back; sta uels or 8, fila-. ments united into a split tube; an-....` "" ~~,,.,, thers 1-colled; capsule obcordclate, 2-celled, 2-seeded, loculicidal; seed (::7. P lygal /n- Q // appendaged with a various caruncle pral al flo the at the hilurn.Bitter herbs in tb-h, palcisfo tlial fto' he U. S. and Can, (elsewhere often petal. 9, The sta- " U shrubby), with simple lvs. Fls. mlens inl sets and the style seen beneath the hooded lower petal. 640, The ovary anrd the style. 1. Seed often of two forms, the subterraoft' 1'. sangSuinea with its 2-lobed caruncle. 2. Seed ean apetalo of P. Nuttallii. nean apetalous..Leaves alternate. —Fls. Iprlple, solitary, 2 to 4. Perennial..............................N. N — Fls. purple, racemed, manny. Biennial........................... Nos. 2, 3 -Irls. white. Spike slender. Perennial.......................... 4 — Fls. purple. Spike capitate.-Crruncle double.................. Nos. 5, 7 — atruncle appears simple. Annual.Nos. 8-10 -Fls.xanthic.- Spikes solitary, large. Biennial................. Nos. 11, 12 -Spilkes numerous, corymbed, small. Biennial....Nos. 1I, 14 Leaves verticillate on the stem. —Spikes acute, slender.........................Nos. 15, 16 -Spikes obtuse, thick.......................... Nos. 17, 18 1 P. paucifblia L. St. simple, erect, naked below; lvs. ovate, acute, smooth; terminal fls. large, crested, radical ones apctalous.-A small, handsome plant, with a few large (10" long) purple flowers. Woods and swamps, Brit. Am. to Ga. St. 3 to 4' high, with its acute lvs. mostly near the top, 2 to 4 flowers above them. Cal. of 5 leaves, the upper one gibbous at base. Corolla mostly purple, with a purple crest on its middle lobe. The radigal fis. are either close to the ground or subterraneous, smaller, greenish, wanting the Nwings of the calyx. hfay. 2 P. grandiflbra Walt. Ascending, pubescent; lvs. ovate-lanreeolate to lancelinear, acute; fl. distant, pendulous after blooming, wings large, roundish, covering the corolla and fruit, keel as long as the wings (3"), crestless. —(2? Common in dry soils, S. Car., Ga., Fla. to La. A pretty plant, 9 to 12' high, remarkable for its changeable flowers, -rose-colored at first, soon becoming green and drooping, and alone destitute of a crest, having a yellow callosity instead. Lvs. 9 to 15" long, 2 to 4" wide, often nearly glabrous. May-Aug. 3 P. polrgamna Walt Sts. simple, numerous, glabrous; lvs. linear oblong, mucronate, obtuse; fls. racemed, short-pediceled, those of the stem winged, those of the root wingless; keel cristate.-Fields and pastures, Can. to Fla. and La. Sta. crowded, many fiom the same root, angular, smooth. Lvs. smooth, lower ORDER 45.-POLYG-ALACE- E. 295 obovate, upper sessile. Fls. purple, 2" long, finally drooping. Wings obtuse. knth. 8. Bracts small, subulate, caducous. Terminal racemes with perfect fls., radical racemes prostrate or subterraneous, wingless and nearly apetalous. Jn., J1. Bitter and tonic. (P. rubella Willd.) 4. P. S&nega L. SENECA SINAKE-ROOT. St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy; lvs. alternate, lanceolate, tapering at each end; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal spike-form, slender raceme.-A-roods, Western States, rare in Eastern. Root ligneous, branched, contorted, about 1' thick, ash-colored. Sts. 8 to 14' high, several from the same root. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, -} as wide, numerous, scattered. Fls. white, in a filifbrm spike, 1 to 2' long. Sep. obtuse, larger than the petals. The root has a sweetish, nauseous taste, soon becoming pungent and hot. Jl. A valuable stimulating ex.pectorant. 13. LATIFOLIA T. f& G. Lvs. ovate, a-cuminate at- each end.-St. leafy, more than If high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1' or more broad. Ind. (Dr. Plummer.) 5 P. setacea Mx. Sts. filiform, simple, apparently leafless (lvs. minute, deltoidacuminate); spike (small) oblong, acute; wings shorf/-pointed, shorter than the petals; caruncle enclosing tlie short stipe of the hairy seed.-2- N. Car. to Ga. and Fla. Sts. ablo;u if high. Lvs. 1" or less long. Fls. pale roseate, in a spike about half an inch long. Jn., J1. —Each stem produces several heads during the season, the next in succession arising from an inferior node after the former hias shled its fruit. Hence the naked footstalk often accompanying the single head (MIettauer). G P. incarnAta L. Glaucous; st. erect, slender, mostly simple; Ivs. few, scatfered, linear-subulate; spike oblong; wings lanceoelae, cuspidate, claws of the petals united into a long, cleft tube; caruncle double, covering the short stipe of the very hairy seed. —l Dry soils, N. J., to Fla., AW. to Ark. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 4 to 6" long, remote. Spikes 1 to 1-' long. Fls. pale rose-color or fleshcolor. The slender corolla tube erect, nearly twice as long (4") as the wings, the keel with a conspicuous crest. Jn., J1. 7 P. Clhapmanli Torr. & Gr. Very slender, simple, or nearly so; lvs. linearsubulate; spike loose; roundislh oblong, rather acute; wings obovate, slightly clawed; caruncle 2-lobed, covering one side of the thick stipe of the thin-hairaed seed. —- W. IFla. to La. (EHale). Sts. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. acute, 6 to 8" long, not -"' wide. Fls. bright rose-color. Heads 5" thick. 8. P. NLutii;lii Torr. & Gr. St. erect, sonmewhat fastigiate; Ivr. linear; spies acute, roundisll-oblono dense; wings elliptical, attenuate at base; crest minute; caruncle notched, lateral on the th.ick7 seed stipe.-Mass., R. I., to La. St. 6 to 10' high, the branches overtopping the stem. Lvs. 6 to 8" by 1", acute. Spikes 5 to 7" long, 3 to 4" diam. Wings of the calyx rose-red. Seeds black, pear-shapedl. Aug. (P. sanguinea Nutt.) 9 P. fastigiata Nutt. Slender and much branched above; lvs. linear;.pike.. roundish, loose-flowered; Nwings ovate-oblong, distinctly clawed; caruencle broad, nearlyl embracing the small seed-staipe (immature). —N. J. to Fla. in dry soils. St. 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 8 to 12" long, 1" wide, acute. Spikes about 5" diam., the ils. distinctly pediceled, and of a brighter rose-color than the foregoing. (P. sanguinea T. & G.) 10 P. sanguinea L. St. branching at top; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, spikes oblong, obtulse, dense; wings oval or ovate, obtuse, subsessile; carunce mostly simple, nea-ly as loozg as the hairy seed.-An erect plant, 6 to 12' high, found in meadows and wet grounds, Mass. to La. St. angular, with fastigiate branches, eac;h ending in a smaller spike than that of the main sterh, but often overtopping it. Lvs 1' long, 1 to 2" wide. IHeads about 6" thick. The caruncle is double in a few of the seeds, with divergent segments. Fls. purple, caducous. J1.Oct. (P. purpurea Nutt.).1 P. lfitea L. St. mostly simple; root Ivs. spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base; cauline ones lanceolate, acute; rac. ovate-globous, obtuse, dense; fls. pedicillate; wings ovate, mucronate, keel with a minute crest.-Sandy plains, N. J. to Fla. St. 8 to 13' higlh, generally many from the same root, seldom with a few spreading branches. Fls. orange-yellow, longer than the bracts, aggregated in one ter. minal roundish head which is 8 or 9" thick. A showy plant. 296 ORDEOR 46.-LEGUMINOSE. 12 P. nauna DC. Low, ascending; vs. obovate and spatilate, mostly radical; heads ovate, becoming oblong, dense; wings lance-ovate, cuspidate-acuminate twice longer than the slightly crested keel.-S. States, in pine woods, common. Sts. 3 to 5' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, rosulate.: Head often near 1' tthick, disproportionately large, the fls. citron-yellow, changing to green. Apr., Maay. 13 P. ram'sa Ell. Erect, corymbously branched above; spikes loose, oblong, numerous, forming ond or more dense, level-topped cymnes; radical lvs. few (small), spatulate, caouline ob0long-linear; seed oval, car~'$ncled. —Swamps, Del. to Fla. and La. This and tle next are species of singular aspect. St. 1f high. Lvs. about 6" long, few at the root. Spikes about 4" diam., the fls. greenish yellow, becoming finlally dark green. Fis. pedicelled. Jn.g-Au.. (P. corymbosa Nutt.) 14 P. cymssa Walt. Sts. tall, simple, corymbously branched at top; Ivs. mzostly r'adical, linear, pointed, crowded; stem lvs. very few, linear-subulate; racemes spike-like, numerous, forming a dense, fastigiate cyme; seed globular, nalked.Swamps, in the pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. Sts. often many from the same root, 2 to 4 or 5f high. Lvs. grass-like, 2 to 3' long, forming a dense tuft at base. Fls. pedicelled, greenish yellow, becoming finally greenish-brown. J. —Aug. (P. attenuata Ell. graminifolia Poir. acutifolia T. & G.) 15 P. verticilla ta L. St. ranched above, erect; lvs. linear, verticillate both on the stem and opposite branches; spikes slender, stalked; fls. alternate, crested; calycine wings roundish; seed oblong, smooth, caruncle hardly half a.s long.Found on dry hills, U. S. and Can. St. very slender, square, 6 to 8' high. Lvs. in -whorls of 5 or 6, 4 to 10" long, 1" wide. Fls. small, greenish-white, in racemes 3 to 10"' long, which are higher upon the branches than upon the main stem. J1. Oct. J3. AMBIGUA. Branches filiform, alternate; lower Ivs. verticillate, upper alternate; spikes elongated, with the fls. scattered; seed exactly as in a —Dry fields and woods, Mass. to Tenn. 16 P. Boykinii Torr. & Gr. Sts. erect from an ascending base, simple; lvs. obovate and lanceolate; whorled, a few of the upper linear and alternate; spike slender, pointed, dense; wings, roundish, concave; caruncle - the length of the very hairy seed-.Ga. and Fla. Sts. slender, several from the same root, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 6 to 12" long, in 3s, 4s, and 5s. Fls. whitish, the wings green, with white borders. Jn., Aug. 17 P. cruciAta L. St. erect, somewhat fastighiate, winged at the angles; lvs. verticillate in 4s, linear-oblong, punctate, spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, sessile or nearly so; seed ovate, smooth, caruncle fully as long; wings deltoid-ovate, cuspidate. -In sphagnous swamps and other low grounds, Mass. to Fla. and La. St. 3 to 12' high, very slender, smooth, slightly winged at the 4 angles. Lvs. 2 to 10" or more long, 1 to 2" wide (upper ones largest), obtuse, tapering to the base, with small, resinous dots. Spikes capitate, 5" thick. Wings greenish-purple, much dilated at base. JI., Aug. jl. CUSPID'rAA. Les. linear; heads larger, oblong, squarrous with the elongated cusps of the wings. This is the more common southern form, (P. cuspidata Hook.) 18 P. brevif6lia Nutt. Slender, branched above; lvs. linear, short, remote, in 4s, or on the branches scattered; spike oblong, dense, obtuse, on long peduncles; uings: ovate-lanceolate, acute; seed just as in No. 17.-N. Y. to Fla. About 1f high. Heads 4" thick, 1 to 2' long (as appears from the squarrous rachis). Lvs. 6 to 9!' long. Fls. roseate. Aug., Sept. P. BALDWINII Nutt. of S. E. Georgia is unknown to the author, unless it be a,variety of P. ramosa, differing in its more dense heads of greenish-white flowers. ORDER XLVI. LEGUMIN OS E. LEGUMIOVUS PLANTS. ITerbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, usually compound, margins entire. Stilpules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2, Sepals 5, more or less united, often unequal, the odd one always anterior. Petals 5, either papilionaceous or regular, perigynous, the odd one (when present) posterior. Stamens OarDE 46.-LEGUMIN0OSE. 2t 7 diladelphous, mronadelphous or distinct. Anthers versatile. OMa superioI', single and simple. Style and stigma simple. Fr. a legume, either continuous (1-ce!led), or (a loment), joined into 1-seeded cells. Sds. solitary or several, destitute of albumen. Illust. in figs. 99, 155, 160, 161, 164, 165, 177, 180, 1S1, 184, 306, 316, 317, 363, 445, 446, 466. The geterac and species of this vast order were estimated by Mir. Bentham in 1845, as follows: Suborder 1. PapilionaceT, 350 genera, 4800 species. " 2. C(esalpllinea, SS " 700 "1 " 4. Iirmosee, 29 " 1000 " Total, 467 1 6500 Geog7rapz,y. — The Legunminos ar'e distribiuted throughout all lands, witih the exception of a few unimtportant islands, from the equator to the frigid zones. Of its 6500 species (now known, about 350 are natives of the United States and Territories. Priopeerties.- No family of the vegetable kingdom possesses a higher claim to the attention of the naitralist thani the Leguminlose, whetlher we regard them as olbjects of ornament or utility. O)f the former, we ilight mention the splendid varieties of Cercis, with their purple flowers, the Acacias, with their airy foliage and silken staniens, the Pride of India, Colutea and Cresalpina, with a host of otlelrs, which, like the Sweet Pea, are redolent with perfume. Of the latter. tile beans, peas, lentils, clover and lucerne, are too well known to require recommendation. Amonl timber trees, the (Rosewood (a Brazilian species of Mimiosa), the Laburnuin, whose wood is din'able and of an olive-green color, andl the Locust of our own country are preeminent. The following are a few of the iInportant officinal products of this order. In medicine; liqscoi'ice is the product of the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purga tive sennra consists of leaves of Cassia Senna, C. acutifolia, C. A3;thiopica, and other species of Egypt and Arabia. C. Marylandica is also a cathal-tic, but more iiild than the former. Thle sweet pulp tnrimciecl,i is the pro(duct of a large and beautiful tree (Tamna'i ndus Indica) of the E. andl AV. Indies. Resins and Balsams: Gums? Seteqacg is yielded by Acacia Verek of the Piveir Senegal G'se As abic, by several species of Acacia of Central Afiica; Gulti Tragac&?/th, by Astrlafllls'verls, &c., Persi. Bs2c.eaiwi Copcivc. is the product of several species of Copaifeia, natives of B3razil andI W. Indies; 3olaalsm Tol2e of Myospermurn tolllifernum of Pern, annd Balsan Pe'it o,f h. peruiferum of the same country. Dyes, &c.: ilsdiyo, the most valuanble of all (but a violent poison), is the Iproduct of several southerli species of Indigofera, as I. anil of the W. Indies, anil 1. argentea of Egypt. Bpaczil-wvoooc fro-m Cscsalpina Braziliensis. Iog-tood froml IIonatoxylol Campeachianum, of Caripeachy, and 12ed Sazedsl-eeoocd fi'om Pterocarpus slintalilius of Egypt; &c., &c. SUIBORDERS, TRIBES AND GEINERA. ~ Corolla valvate in sestivation, riegular. Flowers in dense hcads or spises. Leaves twice pinnate o................................onesussl...... S U r, I. (a) Corolla imbricate in aestivation, the upper or odd petal inte:ior or the flower subregular............................................. SUSBOiDEPr II. (b) ~ Corolla imbricate in -estivation, the upper petal (vexillum) exterior Flowers papilionaceous..S........................................... SUBO PDEPR IL (*) ~ Stamens 10, all distinct. TIniBi 1. (c) ~ Stamens 10, all or 9 united (2) 2 Leaves cirrhous, the rachis ending wvitll a tendril. Trra, 2. (d) 2 Leaves not cilrhous. (3) 3 Pod a lornent (~573), of traznsverse, 1-seeded joints. TRIm:, 3. (e) 3 Pod a legutme 1-2-CO-seeded, not in joints. (4) 4 Erect (or, if prostrate, with palmately 8-f4liate leaves). Cotyledons thin, becoming leafy in germination. TRIiE: 4. (f) 4 Trailing or twining vines with pinnately compound leaves. Cotyledons thick, not becoming leaves in germination. TrPBE 5. (g) SUBOmERI I. MIMOSE.E. a Pods flat, corlmposed of one or more i-seeded joints...................i.......... ImosA. 1 a Pods contintous,-prickly, 4-sided and 4.-valved............ cAA.............SCAeCIA. 2 -smooth,-turgid, fillediw-ith pulp.......EL.............. VAC}ELLIA. 3 -compressed, dry, —Fls. all perfect.............DEs.ANsTInUS. 4 -FVls. polygamous.....A........... IAr 5 SUBORDER II. CESALPINE2E. b'ls. dieceous, greenish, stamens 10. A tree unnarned................ GYMNOcLADUS. 6 b Fls. polygamous, green, staIens 5. Trees thorny...................... GLTSC. b FIs. perfect,-yellow.-Leaves equally pinnate............................... CAssA. -purple, papilionaceous. Leaves simple.........CErsis. 9 SUBORDER III. PAPILIONACE2E. o 1 PODnAL.LrE-.- Legnme lfiat and thin, short-stiped. Lvs. pinnate........... CrADASTRIS. 10 -Legumnse inflated, stipitatc. Lvs. palmately 1 —3-folijlte......BarTn. I.11 298 ORDER 46. —LEGUMINOS I. d 2. VIcmeE.-Erect. Tendrils obsolete. Seeds with the linear hilum at end.......FABA. 12 -Climbing. —Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded.....C...................CIcenR. 13 -Leaflets entire.-Style grooved outside, hairy inside......PIsum. 14 -Style flattened, hairy most inside....LATIYnus. i5 -Style filiform, hairy most outside........VICIA. if; e 8. HEDYSARICsAs. -Fls. yellow.-Leaves palmnately 4-foliate. Stam. monadelph.................Zo xIA. 17 -Leaves pinnate, 7 to 49-foliate. Stam. diadelphousL... fFscs'sosIIY'SE. 1S -Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base........ STYLOSANesTI1ES. 19 -Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base............. AsACIlIs. 24} — ls. cyanic.-Lvs. pinnate, 5 to 21-foliate.-Umbels pedunlculate..........ColnONII,L. 21 — Iacemes pedunculate........ ITEDYAsro ui. 22 -Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate,-stipellate. Pod 3 to 7-jointed....DESMoDIru. 23 f-exstipellate. Pod 1-jointed......L-ESSPEDzA. 24f 4. LOTEj. -Leaves simple, with yellow flowers. —Keel oblong, straight.................GE-STrA. 25 -Keel faicate, acuminatte..........CloT hALARIA. 26 -Leaves pallately 5 to 15-folite (rarely simple). (Genus 30, or).........L..uLerrNes. 2T -Leaves palmrately 3-foliate.-Tree with yellow flowers..................... LAsUiNuI. 23 -Herbs ewith straight, small pods............-.TPor,. TrFomf. 29 -I-Ierbs with curved or spiral S...........M.........C.c. 3( -Lys. pinnately fol.-Pod few-seeded. Fls. (scarlet, Gen. 49) whl. or yel. MELILoTUS. 31 -Pod 1-seeded. —Fls. yellow.-Lvs. resinous-dotted......(Gen. 47) -Fls. cyanic.-Lvs. dark-dotted.....Pso.ALEA. 32 -Lvs. not dotted........(in Gen. 31) -Lvs. pilnnate, witll no odd leaflet, 15 tio 25 pairs.-Pod 1-2-seeded....... G-LOTIDIUs. 33 -Pod CG-seeded......... SESsBANA. 384 -Lvs. odd-pinnate,-dotted with dark gtlnds.-Shrub. l'ls. spicate........ Amstror. 85 " — IIelb 10-androes..............-dDALDEA. 36 r" — He-rb 5-an ldrous....... PETALOSTEMON. 38 -dotless.-Legunme 2-celled lengthwise, turgid...... ASTRAGALUS. 33 -Legume half 2-celled lengthwise.P..A.........A...PLCA. 39 -Leg. 1-celled.-Herbs. Style hairy outside.TaEsuIlosIx. 43 — Herbs. Style glabrous....I.NDIGOFE.A. 41 -Shrubs or trees. Cyanic..... OBmINIA. 42 -Trees with fis. yellow0.. COLIUTEA. 4:> g. 5. PIIASEOLE,. -Lvs. pinnate, 5 to 15-foliate. —Vine shrubby. Keel falcate................sTAIA. 44. -Herbs. KIeel (straight, Gen. 49) spiral.........APIos. 45 -Lvs. pinnately 3 (rarely 1)-foliate.-Fls. yellow. Legumes 5-seeded.......VI..NA. 46. -FPls. yellow. Legumes 1 to 2-seeded.IRYlNCOSIA. 47 -Fls. cyanic. (*) * KIeel with stamens and style spirally twisted......................PHr.sEo L:-s. 4S * Keel straighltish.-Fls. scarlet. Erect herbs or trees................. EnYTIINA. 49 -FIs. purplish.-Calyx ebracteolate... AP........ArmIIICAn A. 5) -Calyx bibracteolate,-4-cleft........GALACTIA. 51 -4-toothed.....o.DLImos. 5),2 -5-cleft, long....CLITORIe. 533 -5-cleft, short. CE;sTROSElaA.. 5-1'. AINO'/SA, L. SENSITIVE PLANT. (Gr. fi/tog, a buffoon; thls leaves seem sporting with the hand that touches them.) Flowers T u;} J Calyx valvate, 5-tootlled; corolla 0, or 5-toothed, staimens 4 to 15 legume separated into 1-seeded joints; 4 like the perfect, but without ovaries or fruit.- l4 Herbs anld shrubs, natives of tropical America, &c. 1 M. strigillosa Torr & G-r. Nearly unarmed, prostrate, diffuse, strigous; stie>. ovate; petioles and peduncles very long; Ivs. bipinnate, pinnse 4 to 6 pairs; Ifis. 10 to 15 peairs, oblong-linear; heads oblong; leg. broad, 1 to 3-joilnted.-Banks of the Miss. (Hale) to E. Fla. Sts. several feet in lengtIh, reddish and in appearance smooth. Lfts. 3 to 4" by 1", crowded. Ped. and lvs. 6 to 8' long. I-Ids. rosecolor, with innumerable spreading stamens. Pods crowded, very hispid. Jl., Aug. 2 M. pudica L. St. sp-ickly, more or less hispid; lvs. digitate-pinnate, pinnm 4, of many (20 or norej) pciris of linear /is. —Native of Brazil. St. shrubby, about ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSE. 2 9.9 a foot high, Lfts. about 3" long, very numerous. FIls. small, capitate. It is occasionally cultivated for the curiosity of its spontaneous motions;-the leaves benlding, folding, and apparently shrinking away from the touch of the hand. 2. SCHBRA KIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BaIER. (In honor of Francis de Paula Sclramz k, a Gei'mnai botanist.) Flowers U /; calyx minute, 5-toothedl; petals united into a funnel-shaped, 5-cleft corolla; stainens J8 to 10, distinct or monadelphous; legume long and narrow, echinate, dry-, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — 2 Prickly herbs. St. procurnbent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical heads, purplish. S. uncinlta Willd. St. angled, grooved; pinnm 6 to 8 pairs; lfts. numerous, minute, elliptic-oblo(ng or linear; hds. axillary, 1 to 2 together, on peduncles shorter than the Ivs.; leg. long and slender, very prickly,-Dry soils, Clark Co., Mo. (Mead), and Southern States. St. 2 to 4f long, and with the petioles and pecluncles armed with short, sharp prickles turned downwards. Lfts. about 2" by P". Ped. 2 to 3' long, hds. -} to -' diam. Pods 2 to 4' long. May —JI. (S. angustata T. & G.) 3. VACHEL LIA, W. and Amn. SPONGE TREE. Stamens very nuinerous, distinct; legumne cylindrical, turgid, scarcely dehiscent; seeds in a double row,7 imbedded in pulp. Otherwise as in Acacia.-Tree armed with straight, stipular spines. Lvs. bipinnate, with a gland. FIls. in globular heads, yellow. V. Farnesi.ana WV. & Arn. Pinnm 4 to 8 pairs; lts. 15 to 20 pairs, veiny, oblong, crowded; ped. 2 or 3 together. —Grows about N. Orleans (1Hale) and along the Gulf to St. BMarks, Fla. Lfts. about 2" long. Pods 2 to 3" long, blackish when ripe. Said to yield gum. 4. DES -Ag'THUS, Willd. (Gr. &d/ctm, a bundle, dcvOoS, flower.) Flowers 5 or 5 3; calyx valvate, canipanulate, 5-tootlhed; petals 5, distinct; staimens 5 or 10, distinct; legume dry, flat, 2-valved, 4 to 6-seeded, smooth.-IHerbs with bipinnate lvs. and white fis. in axillarv, pedunculate heads. Stip. setaceous. Petioles with one or more glancs. D. bracohnlobus Benth. Erect, smoothish; pinne 6 to 13 pairs, 1fts. minute, 20 to 30 pairs; fls. all perfect, pentandrous; pods short (1' long), oblong, somewhat curved, 2 to 4-seeded, and crowded.-%Along the Miss. from Ill. to La. Sts. striate, 1 to 3f high. Jn.-Aug. (Darlingtonia brachyloba and glandulosa DC.) 5. ACATCIA, Necker. (Gr. d-'dco, to sharpen; alluding to the spines.) Flowers polygamous; calyx valvate, 4 to 5-toothed; petals 4 or 5, united below, rarely distinct; stamens 8 to 200; legume continuous, not lointed, dry, 2-valved, many-seeded.-l-Trees, shrubs or herbs, spineless, or with stipular spines. Lvs. (in the N. Aml. species) bipinnate. Fls. in heads or spiked. (This is a large and ornamental genus of chiefly tropical plants, much cultivated in the greenhouse. In many of them the leaffets disappear and phyllodia (5 307) take their places.) 2 A. lVt-lea Leav. Prostrate, herbaceozts, minutely strigous; stip. lance-subulate; pinnce 3 to 5 pairs, I.ts. 12 to 20 pairs, very small (2" long); lids. oblong-cylindric, the peduncles longer than the leaves; is. yellow, decandrous; pods broad and flat, obtuse, about 6-seeded, and raised on a slender stipe.-Prairies Fla., La. and Ala. Its herbage much resembles Mimosa strigillosa, except the stipules. Pods 1 to 2' long, 8" wide, the stipe about'J. Lvs. ciliate, sensitive, with no glands. 2 A. Julibrdassin Willd. Tree glabrous, unarmed; pinnce 8 to 12 pnirs, Ifts. 20 to 30, halved, acute, inequilateral; gland depressed at the base of the petiole; hds. pedunculate, forming a terminal panicle; stam. numerous, lono, exserted.-A very ornamental tree cultivated and sparingly naturalized in the Gulf States. Corollas white, with purplish stamens. Pods large, pointed at both ends, contracted between the seeds. 300 ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSE. 6. GYMrtNOC'LADUS, Lam. COFFEE TREE. (Gr. YTv/fv', naked, ac0ddoS, a shoot; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter.) Flowers? S. S Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, equal; petals 5, inserted into the summit of the tube; stamens 10, distinct,? Calyx and corolla as above; style 1; legumes 1-celled, oblong, very large, pulpy within.-A slender, unarmed tree, with unequally bipinnate lvs. Lfts. ovate, acuminate. G;. Canadensis Lam. Grows in Western N. Y., Ohio, Ind. S. to Tenn., onD the borders of lakes and rivers. Height 50f, with a trunk 15' diam., straight and simple to the height of 25f, covered with a rough, scaly bark, and supporting a rather small but regular head. The compound lvs. are 2 to 3f long, and 15 to 20' wide, being doubly compounded of a great number of dull green leaflets. Single leaflets often occupy the place of some of the pinnse. Fls. greenish-whlite, in long racemes, succeeded by very large curved pods containing each several round, depressed, brown, polished, and very hard seeds. May-J1. 7. GLEDITS'CHIA, L. IONEEY LoCUST. (For Joh/n G. iedCitsch, a botanical writer, Leipzig.) Flowers? Q S. Sepals equal, 3 to 5, united at base; petals 3 to 5; stamens 3 to 5, distinct, opposite the sepals, sometimes by abortion fewer or 0; style short, often abortive; legume continuous, compressed, often intercepted between the seeds by a quantity of sweet pulp. —Trees, witlh supra-axillary, branched spines.. Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnatc, often. in the same specimel. FIs. small, green, racemous. i G. triacAnthus L. Branches arsmed with stoul, trile 3pi~nes; Ifts. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; leg. linear-oblong, compressed, imany-seeded, intervals filled with sweet pulp.-Penn. to {Mo. and La. In favorable circumstances it attains the height of 70f, undivided half its length, with a diameter of 3 to 4f. The thorns are 2 to 12' long, ligneous, numerously branched, forming horrid masses along the trunk. Foliage light and elegant.. TLfs. about 18, 1 to 1' long, j as wide, 1, 2 or 3 of them frequently transformed, either partly or wholly, into smaller leaflets (~ 290). Fls. succeeded by flat, twisted, hanging pods 12 to 18' long, of a dull red. Sds. flat, hard, brown, imbedded in a fleshy substance, at first sweet, but becoming sour. Jn.-The wood is very heavy. 2 G. monospErm1a Walt. WATER LOCuST. Armed zwith few, slender, mostly sinple spines; lfts. ovate-oblong; leg. broadly oval, without pulP, one-seeded.Swanmps, S. Car. to Fla. and La., not common. A tree of smaller dimensions than the former, with a smoother bark. Pods about 2' long with the stipe, 1' wide. Fls. greenish, in ament-like racemnes like the other. Jn. 8. CAS'SIA, L. SENNA. (Hebrew, Kactzioth.) Sepals 5, scarcely ulnited at base, nearly equal; petals 5, unequal, but not papilioniaccous; stamens distinct, 10, or by abortion fewer, anthers opening by terminal pores, the three upper often sterile; legume many-seeded, 1-celled or many-celled transversely.-Trees, shrubs or herbs. Lvs. simply, abruptly pinnate. ~ Stan. 5 or 10, all perfect. Sepals acute. Lfts. snmall............................. Nos. 1, 2 ~ Stanm. 10, the 3 upper abortive. Sep. obtuse. Las. large. (a) a Gland on the pTetiole at or near the base.Nos. 3, 4 a Gland on the rachis betweenl the two lowest leaflets....Nos. 5, 6 1 C. Chammrehrista L. SENSITIVE PEA. Lfts. 8 to 12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate; fis. large, pedicillate,. 2 or 4 in each fbscicle; anth. 10, un.equal, all fertile. —) An elegant plant in dry soils, Mass., Mlid., rW. and S. States. St. - to 2f high, round, pubescent. Lfts. crowded, 4 to 85' by 1 to 21", smooth, subsessile. Fls. 15 to 18" broad. Bracts lance-subulate, as are also the stipules, persistent. Petals bright yellow, the 2 upper ones with a purple spot. Aug.-The leaves possess considerable irritability. 2 C. nictitans L. WILD SENSrITIVE PLANT. Lfts, 6 to 15 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, sessile; f.s. smeall, 2 or 3 in each subsessile fascicle; sta. 5, sub ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSI. 301 equal.-In dry, sandy soils, Mass. to La. St. about If long, slender, branching. Lfts. crowded, 4 to 6" by 1 to 2". The petiolar gland, as in No. 1, placed 2 or 3" below the lowest pair of leaflets. Fls. very small (5" broad), pale yellow, on short pedicels. J1.-The leaves are quite sensitive, closing by night and when touched. 3 C. Marildndica L. ArMEarcAN SENNA. Perennial, smooth; Ifts. 6 to 9 pairs, oblong-lanceotate, mnucronate, an obovoid gland near the base of the common petiolo; fis. in axillary racemes and terminal panicles; leg. curved, 12 to 20-seeded.-This handsome plant is frequently met with in alluvial soils (U. S.) growing in close masses, 3 to 5f high. St. round, striate, often with scattered hlairs. Petioles channeled above, and distinguished by the pedicelled gland near the base. Lfts. 1 to 2' by 4 to 9". Racemes in the upper axils, forming a leafy particle. Petals bright yellow, 3 erect and 2 declined. In medicine it is a mild cathartic. Aug. 4 C. occidenthls L. Anrnual, smooth; Ifts. 3 to 6 pairs, ovate or lance-ovat. shaplTy acuiminzate; an obtuse, sessile gland at the base of the petiole; is. in axi! lary, short racemes, and panicled above; leg. nearly straight, 25 to 40-seeded.Waste grounds, Va. to Ga. (Feay), and La. Stem stout, sulcate, 4 to 6f highl. Lvs. 7 to 8' long, Ifts. 2 to 3'. Stip. deciduous. Fls. large, yellow. Pods strongly margined, rigid, torulous. July. ~ Cuba. 5 C. obtusif6lia L. Annual, smoothish; lfts. about 6, obovate, obtuse; stip. linear-subulate; leg. very long and narrow, recurved, 20 to 40-seeded; seeds longitudinal.-Dry soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 1 to 3 to 4f high. St. round, striate. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, half as wide. Pods about 6' lon-, hardly 2" wide, the seeds longest, the same way with the pod, not transversely as in No. 4. Fls. large, on slender pedicels. J1. —Oct. 6 C. nmelanoca'rpa Vegel. Shrubby; Vfts. 2 or 3 pairs, narrotoly lanceolate, rath.er acute at each end, coriaceous; gland pedicellate; rac. pedunculate, in the upper axils, as long as the leaves.-G-a. Escaped from gardens (Feay). Lfts. 12 to 18" by 4 to 5". FIs as large as in C Marilandic. 9. CER'CIS, L. JUDAS TREE. BED-BUD. (Gr. ESeputc, a weaver's shuttle; sc. the legumnes.) Calyx broadly camipanulate, 5-toothed; petals scarcely papilionaceous, all distinct; wings longer than the vexillum and smaller than the keel petals; stamens 10, distinct; legume compressed, with the seed-bearing suture winged; seeds obovate.Trees with simple, cordate lvs. and rose-colored fls. C. Canaddnsis L. Lvs. broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins beneath.-A handsome tree, 20 to 30f high, Mlid. and W. States. The wood is finely veined with black and green, and receives a fine polish. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 4 to 5', entire, smooth, 7-veined, on petioles 1 to 2' long. The flowers appear in advance of the leaves, in small, lateral clusters, clothing the whole tree in purple, in early Spring. The young twigs will dye wool a nankeen color. The old author Gerarde in compliance with the popular notion of his time, says "' This is the tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not on the elder tree, as it is said." 10. CLADASTRIS, Raf. YELLOW-WO D. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth short, obtuse; petals of nearly equal length, those of the keel distinct. and straight like the wings; vex. large, roundish, reflexed; stam. 10,. distinct.; filaments glabrous, incurved, legume flat and thin, short-stipel,. 5 or 6-seeded.-A tree with yellow wood, pinnate lvs., and pendulous clusters of white fls. C. tilct6ria RafI Hills, in rich soils. W. Sy. and W. Tenn. Tree 20 to 40f high, with a smooth greenish bark. Lfts. 7 to 11, stalked, oval, acuminate, 3 to 4' long. Rac. 6 to 10' long, compound, thyrse-like, showy, resembling those of the common locust. Leg. as long as the leaflets, very narrow. Apr., May. 11. BAPTIS'IA, Vent. WILD INDIGO. (Gr. /3adr76), to dye; a use ~o which some species are applied.) Calyx 4 to 5-cleft half way, per 302 ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSA. sistent; petals of about Pequal length, those of the kleel nearly dlistinct and straight; vexillum orbicular, emarginate; stamens 10, distinct, deciduous; legunme inflated, stipitate, many (or by abortion few)seeded.-24 Lvs. palmately 3-foliate, or simple. ~ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow............................................Nos. 1-3 ~ Leaves 3-foliate. —Fls. blue, in few elongated racemes.................No. 4 -l'ls. -white in few elongated racemes. (a) — Fls. yellow, solitary or in short racemes. (b) a Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles...................N.......os. 5, 6'a Stipules mutch shorter, or inot longer than the petioles...............Nos. 7, 8 b Pedicels not longer than the calyx. Drying dark...... Nos. 9, 10 b Pedicels much longer than the calyx. Dryiln bright.Nos. 11 —18 1 E. perl-foli'ta R. Br. Glabrous and glaucous, Ivs. oval, orbicular, perfoliace; fls. solitary, axillary. —S. Car. and Ga. (Savanna h, Feay) in the pine woods. St. branching, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. large (2, by 2'), all turned one way, and complet(ely closed at base around the stem or branch. Corolla 6" long, on a pedicel half as long. Pocl large, inflated. A remarkable species. Nay-J1. 2 B. mioroph-jIla Nutt. "Lvs. simple, sessile, roundish, cuneiform; the upper somewhat clasping, stipules roundish; fis. axillary; legumes short, subglobose."W. Fla. to Ala. St. much branched. Lvs. small (7 to 10" in lengthl), the upper partially coalescing with the stipules. Described by Mr. Nuttall from late fruiting specimens. Not since found? 3 B. simplicif6lia Croom. Glabrous; lvs. broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile; stip. nonze; racemes terminal, elongated, meany-flowered; bracts ovate, as long as the) pedicels.-Quincy. Fla. St. furrowed, branching, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. large (2 to 4' by 1I to 3'), rather firm, shining above. Fls. 8" long, the pedicels shorter. Leg. ovate, about "G long. Jn.-Sept. 4 B. australis PI. Br. Glabrous; petioles short; lfts. obovato or somewhat oblong, obtuse; stip. lanceolate, rather longer than the petioles, distinct at base; rac. long, erect; leg. oblong-oval, stipe long as the calyx.-Alluvial soils, Ohio River to Ga. and La. St. 2 to 3f high, branched. Petioles 1 to 6" long. Lfts. 1' to 3' by fl- to 1', sometimes acute. Stip. 1 to 1' long. Fls. indigo blue, large, very showy. Pod about 2' long. Jn.-Aug. 5 13. leucophaea Nutt. Villous; petioles almost 0; Ifts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate; stip. and bracts large, triangular-ovate, persistent; rac. nodding, the msncny flowers turtned to the upper side on their long pedicels; leg. ovoid or r1oundish, inflated.-Common in wild prairies, W. States and southward. St. 2 to 3f high, smoothiish when old. Lfts. 2 to 3' by I- to 1', stipules more than half as large. Rac. 20 to 50-flowered, inclined horizontally. Pedicels 1 to 2' long. Corollas very large, ochroleucous. Apr. 6 D3. vill6sa Ell. Villous-pubescent; petioles almost 0; lfts. lance-oblong, or oblanceolate; stip. lance-linear, persistent; rac. long (erect?); bracts mnziute, deciduozs; ped. not secund; leg. oblong.-N. Car. to Ga., rare. Plant of coarse aspect, as well as No. 5, 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, obtuse, tapering at base, becoming smoothish when old. Fls. dirty white, nearly 1' long. Jn., J1. 7 DB. leuoantha Torr & Gr. Glabrous and glaucous; lvs. petiolate; lfts. cuneiform-obovate, obtuse; stip. lance-linear about as long as petioles, often caducous; rae. elongated, erect; bracts caducous; leg. inflated, stipitate.-Conspicuous in rich soils, prairies, etc., AW. States to Ga. and Fla. St. thick, 2 to 4f high, branched above. Rac. 6 to 24' long, with large white fls. Lfts. 1 to 2' long. The whole plant turns bluish-black in drying. Mnay-J1..$ B. alba R. Br. Glabrous, fastigiate-branched above; petioles slender; lfts. elliptic-oblanceolate, acute at base; stip. andcl bracts minuite, caducous; rac. erect or nodding, on a long peduncleo; pedicels rather longer than calyx. In rich soils, Va. to Fla. Plant 2 to 3f high. Lfts. about 11 long', a third as wide, the petiole about half as long. Fls. pure white. Plant does not blacken in drying. Mar. Apr.:9 1. lanceol~ata Ell. Mluch branched, bushy; ]vs. subsessile; Ifts. narrowly elliptic, varying to oblanceolate, tapering to a petiolule, obtuse; stip. almost anone; fls. axillary, subsolitary, short-pedicelled; leg. ovate-globous. Pine woods, S. Car, to Fla. and La. About 2f high. Foliage yellowish-green; lvs. 2 to 3" ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSUE. 303 lon,, coriaceous. Fls. large, dull yellow. Apr., Jn. —Each plant forms a globular mass which when dry, breaks away and rolls about with the wind frightening horses; hence called horse-devils.,B. Taller, branches less fiexuous; lits. obovate, very obtuse; fls. solitary and somewhat racemed at the ends of the branches. —Fla., La. 10 B. tinct6ria R. Br. Glabrous, branching; lvs. subsessile; Ifis. small, r'oundishoboeate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex; stip. setaceous, caducous; rac. loose, terminal; leg. subglobous.-A plant with bluish-green foliage, frequent in dry soils, Can. and U. S. St. very bushy, about 2f high. Lfts. about'" by 4 to 6;', emarginate; petiole 1 to 2" long. Fls. 6 to 12 or more in each raceme. Petals 6" long, yellow. Leg. about as large as a pea, on a long stipe, mostly 1-seeded. J1.-Sept. 11 B. Lec6ntii Torr. & Gr. Sornewhat pubescent; lvs. short-petioled; ills. obovate-oblong; pedicels longer than the fls., with two bractlets; bracts persistent; leg. short-stiped; branches, stipules and racemes as in No. 10.-Fla. and S. Ga. Does not turn black in drying,. Mlay. 12 B. megacdrpa Chapman. Glabraoes, slender; lvs. petioled; Ifls. oval; rac. short and short-stalked; stip. and bracts minuzte, caducous; fls. noddying, on ped'icelS shorfter than the corolla; leg. large, globular; and much inflated.-Near Quincy, Fla..Fls. and lvs. nearly as large as in No. 9. Mature pods 1' diaem. Does Lot blacken in drying. May. 13 B. m6llis Mx. Minutely-hoary-pubescent, sparingrly branched; petioles half as long as the cuneiform-oblanceolate lfts.; stip. lanceolate, as long as the petioles; pediceLs as lony as the fls., in terminal racomes.-In mountain woods, N. Car. and Tenn. (Lookout Mt., Chattanooga.) A fine, bright-flowered species, I]f high. Dries bright. May, 12. FA BA, Mcench. lonsE BEAN. COFFEE BEAN. Flowers as in Vicia, but the seeds oblong, with a long scar (hilutn) on the narrower end, and leathery, tumid legurnes.-Lvs. equally pinnate, with the tendril obsolete (in the following species). P>eduncle shorter than the flowers. F. vulg-ris Mcench. St. rigidly erect, with very short axillary racemes; lfts. 2 to 4, oval, entire, mucronate or acute; (tendrils obsolete by cultivation;) stip. semisagittate, dentate at base.-Native of Egypt. Frequently found in gardens, but not so much admired for the table as formerly. FIs. white, with a large black spot on each of the alme. Leg. torulous. Sds. very large, with a large hilum at one end. (Vicia Faba L.) 13. CI'CER arieti' num, the CHICK PEA, rarely cultivated may be readily known by its serrated leaflets, a character quite strange in this Order. 14. PI'SUr, L. PEA. (Celtic pis, Lat. piysum, Eng. peta, Fr. pois.) Calyx segments leafy, the upper two shortest; vexillum large, reflexed; stalmens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style grooved on the back, villous and stigmatic on the inner side; legurme oblong, tumid, many-seeded; seeds globous, with an orbicular hilum.-Herbaceous, clirmbing. Lvs.. abruptly pinnate, ending with branching tendrils. P. sativum L. Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4; stip. ovate, semi-cordate at base,. crenate; ped. several-flowered. —) Onle of the most valuable of leguminous plants,. smooth and glaucous. St. 2 to 5f long, nearly sirnple, climbing by tendrils. Lds.2 to 3' long, 2 as wide, obtuse, mucronate, stip. rather larger than the leaflets. Fls. two or more, on axillary peduncles, large, white. This plant has been cultivated from time imlmemorial, so that its native country is unknown. There are many varieties. 15. LATH'YRUS, L. Calyx campanulate, the two upper sepals shortest; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style flat, dilated above, ascending, 304 ORDER 46.-LEGUAMINOS]. bent at a right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inside next the free stamen; legume oblong, several-seeded.-Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Lvs. abruptly pinnate, of 1 to several pairs of leaflets. Petioles produced into tendrils. Pods axillary. * Leaflets a single pair................Southern, No. 1....................Esotic, Nos. — S * Leaflets commnonly three pairs. Perennial.....................................Nos. 2, 3 * Leaflets commonly 5 plirs. Perennial..........................................os. 4, 5 I L. pusillus Ell. St. winged; Ifts. 2, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end; stip. conspicuous, lance-falcate, half-sagittate; ped. long, 1 to 3-flowered. —S. Car. to La. A weak, scrambling vine. Lfts. 1- to 2' long, 4 to 6" wide; stip. about a third. as long. Tendrils branching. Fls. purple. Leg. linear-oblong, 15 to 20seeded. Apr., May. 2 La. ochroleifcus Hook. St. slender; ifts. about 3 pairs, broadly ovate; stip. semi-cordate, large; ped. 7 to 10-flowered, sho rter than the leaves.-A small, delicate species, rare, in shady places and on river banks, N. J. to Wisc., N. to Are. circle. St. 2 to 3f long, leaning or climbing on other plants. Lfts. i to 1-' long, as wide, twice larger than the stipples. Corolla yellowvish-white (ochroleucous). Jn., J1. (L. glaucifolius. Beck.) 3 La. paluistris L. St. winged; stip. semi-sagittate, ovate, mucronato; Ifts. 2 or 3 pairs, oblong-ovate, mucronate; peel. 3 to 5-flowered, longer than the leaves.A slender climber, found in wet meadows and thickets, N. Eng. to Or. St. slender, square, broadly winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Les. pinnate-cirrhous; lfts. broad, or narrow-ovate. Flas. drooping, rather large, variegated with blue and purple. Jn., J1.,B. MYRTIFOLIUS Gray. St. square, often slightly winged, weak; lfts. oblonglanceolate, rather obtuse.-Can. to AId. and Ind. Fls. pale purple. (L. myrtifolius Mluhl.) 4 L. ven6sus Muhl. St. 4-angled; stip. semi-sagittate, lanceolate, very small; ped. 8 to 16-flowered, shorter than the leaves; Ifts. 4 to 7 p2airs, somewhat alternate, obtusish, mucronate. —In shady grounds, Can. and U. S. St. erect, 2 to 3E high, mostly smooth. Ped. axillaty, 3 to 5' long. Lfts. ovate, 1l to 2' by 1', the veins conspicuous. Fls. rather large and showy, purple. Leg. flat and narrow. Jn., J1. 5 L. marltimus Bw. BEACH PEA. St. 4-angled, compressed; petioles flat above; stip. cordate-hastate, nearly as large as the 8 to 12 ovate leaflets; ped. manyflowered. —A pale green creeping plant, resembling the common pea, found on sandy shores, N. Y. to Lab., W. to Oreg. St. rigid, 1 to 2fin length. Stip. connate. Lvs. ending in a branching tendril, the lower pairs of leaflets largest. Fls. large, blue. May-J1. (Pisum maritimum Ph.) 6 L. latifblius L. EVER.LASTING PEA. Ped. mzany-flowered; lfis. 2, lanceolate; joints membranous, winged. —2 A very showy plant for gardens and arbors, native of England. St. 6f long, climbing, winged between the joints. ies. large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 10' in length. J1., Aug. 7 L. odotratus L. SWEET PEA. Ped. 2-flowered; Ifts. 2, ovate-oblong; leg. hirsute. —-) A well known garden flower, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large, variegated with red and white. Very fragrant8 L. satilvus L. CEICI PEA. Ped. 1-flowered; lfts., 2 to 4; leg. ovate; compressed, with two winged margins at the back. — Native of S. Europe, where it has been sometimes cultivated for food; but it proves to be a slow poison, both to man and beast, producing ultimately entire helplessness, by rendering the limbs rigid, but without pain. 16. VIC'IA, L. VETCH. (Celtic gwvig, whence, Gr. Otfov, Lat. vicia, Fr. vesce, and Eng. vetch.) Calyx tubular, with the 3 inferior segments straight, and longer than the 2'above; vexillunt emarginate; stamuens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovary, villous beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel); legume oblong, several-seeded. —Herbaceous, mostly climbing. Lvs. abruptly ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOS2E. 305 pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets, and a branching tendril. Peduncles axillary. * Leaflets about 4 (3 to 7). Annual........................Nos. 1, 2 * Leaflets about 10 (S to 24).-Pedluncle man-y (5-20)-flowered Perennial........... Nos. 3-5— Peduncle few (1-5)-flowered.........................Nos. 6, 7 1 V. tetrasperma Loisel. Ped. 1 to 2-flowered, in fl. shorter (in fr. longer) than the lvs.; leg. smooth, 4-seeded; lfts. 4 to 6, small, linear, obtuse; stip. lanceolate, semi-sagittate.-Slender and delicate plants, banks of streams, &c., Can. to Penn. Sts. almost filiform, 1 to 2f long. Lfts. 5 to 10" Iby 1", acute or obtuse. Fls. very small, bluish-white, on filiform peduncles. ILeg. 4 to 6" long, 4- sometimes 5-seeded. JI. (V. pusilla Muhl. Ervum, L.) 2 V. acutif6lia Ell. Jfts. 3 to 6, linear, acute; stip. lance-linear; tendrils mostly simple; rac. 3 to 9-flowered, lonzger than the leaves. —Ga. and Fla. Very slender, glabrous. St. 3 to 6f long, climbing. Lfts. 6 to 12" long, 1" wide. Fls. small (3" long), bluish white. Calyx teeth shorter than tube. Pods 1' long, about 8-seeded (4 to 10). 3 V. Americona aMuhl. Ped. 4 to 8-flowered, shorter than the Ivs.; stzp. semisagittate, deeply dentate; Ifts. 10 to 14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, veined, somewhat alternate; leg. oblong-linear, compressed, reticulated.-N. Y. WA. to the R. Mts. Sts. slender, 1 to 3f long. Lfts. 1' by 5", subsessile. F]s. blue or purple. Lower calyx teeth broad-lanceolate, much longer than the 2 upper. Style very hairy at the summit. May. 4 V. Caroliniana Walt. PFed. 6 to 10 or 12:flowere, rather shorter than the leaves; fis. loose; teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube, the two upper very short; sty. hairy at the summit; stip. lance-iinear, entire; lfts. 8 to 12, linear-oblong or linear, smoothish; leg. not reticulated, oblong.-Woods and river banks. A slender climber, 4 to 6f long. Lfts. 6 to 12' by 1 to 3", mostly alternate. Fls. 3" long, pale blue, the banner tipped with deep purple. May. 5 V. Crdcca L. TUFTED VETCrI. FS. imbricated, 12 to 20 or more ins the raceme; lfts. 12 to 24, oblong, puberulent; stez. semi-sagittate, linear-subulate, entire.A slender climber, 2 to 3f long, about fences, hedges, thickets, &c., lat. 390 to Can. St. square, downy. Lvs. of many pairs of downy, mucronate lfts., with a branched tendril at the end of the principal stalk. Lfts. 6 to 8" by 2 to 3", petiolulate. Fls. blue and purple, in a long, dense, one-sided raceme. JI. 6 V. sativa L. VErTCIr. TARES. Fts. solitary, or in oairs, subsessile; Ifts. 10 to 12, oblong-obovate, often linear, retuse, mnucronate; stip. semisagittate, subdentate, dotted; leg. erect, roundish, reticulated, senooth. —C)A slender climbing plant, found in cultivated fields, introduced from Europe. St. decumbent or climbing, 2 to 3f long. Lfts. 8 to 12" by 1 to 4"/, lower ones near the base of the petiole. Fls. pale purple, half as long as the leaves. Leg. 1 to 2' loIng. Jn. ~ 7 V. hirszata Koeh. Lfts. linear, truncate, mucronate; stip. semisagittate, narrow; ped. 3 to 6-flowered, shorter than leaves; leg.' hirsute, 2-seeded. —A creeping weed in cultivated fields, N. Y. to S. Car. St. very slender, 1 to 3f long. Lfts. 8 to 20, 4 to 8" long, hardly 1" wide, broadest above. Ped. axillary, 3 to 6 flowered. Cal. segm., rather shorter than the bluish white corolla. Leg. slhort, with roundish, compressed brown seeds. Jn. ~ { (Ervurn, L.) V. micrantha Nutt, with the fis. minute and solitary on the peduncle, and V. Ludoviciana Nutt. (V. Leavenworthii T. & G., is the same plant with a more slender habit) sent from W. La. (Hale) have not yet, to my knowledge, been found East of the Miss. River. 17. ZORT'lIA, Gmel. (For John Zorne, M.D., of Bavaria.) Calyx bilabiate, upper lip obtuse, emarginate, lower 3-cleft; corolla perigynous, vexillumn orbicular, with the sides revolute; stamens monadelphous, the alternate anthers different; legume compressed, of 2 to 5 roundish joints. —Herbs with palmately 2 to 4-foliate lvs. and sagittate stip., which are enlarged above and supplythe place of bracts. (Fig. 184.) Z. tetraphylla Mx. Lfts. 4; stip. or bracts oval, acute; leg. aculeate, about 3-jointed.-A plant of many singular marks, N. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Sts. pros20 306 ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOS2E. trate, slender, I to 2f long. Lvs. on long petioles; lfts. elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, the lower often obovate. Stip. as such very small (1" long) but as bracts they are as broad as the leaflets but much shorter. Els. deep yellow. Leg. small, adhesive by their retrorsely rough spines. Jn.-Aug. 18. /ESCHYRO:i'ENE. (Gr. atrrxvvo1_at, to be modest; alluding to its sensitive property.) Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolato; upper lip bifid, lower trifid; vexilluli roundish; keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at base; stanens diadelphous, 5 in each set; legume exserted, composed of several truncated, separable, 1-seeded joints.-Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stip. sesni-sagittate. I-ac. axillary. 1 21. hispida Willd. St. erect, somewhat scabrous, as well as the petioles, peduncles and legumes; lfts. very smooth, 27 to 37 (49, Nutt.), oblong-linear, obtuse; stip. ovate, acuminate; rac. 3 to 5-flowered; lomnent compressed, 6 to 9-jointed.-, 0 Marshes, Penn. to Fla. and La. (Hale). St. 2 to 3f high. Lfts. about 4' long. Rac. usually bearing a leaf Fls. yellow, reddish outside. Leg. 2' long, sinuate on one side, some of them. deeply parted. Aug. 2 E3. viscidula iMx. Slender, procumbent, viscidly pubescent; Ifts. I to 11, obovate; stip. and bracts veiny; ped. filiform, 1 to 2-flowered; cal. slightly bilabiate, 3 lower teeth nearly equal; pod. 2 or 3-jointed, deeply lobed. —f( Sandy fields, S. Car. (Ell.) to E. Fla. St. diffuse, 1 to 2f long. Lfts. 6" long. Fls. small, yellow. 19. STYLOSAN'THES, Swartz. (Gr. aTr5og, a style, &vOog.) Flowers of two kinds. S Calyx somewhat bilabiate, bibracteolate at base, the tube very long and slender, with the corolla inserted on its throat; vexillum very broad; stamens 10, monadelphous'; ovary always sterile, with a very long style. T Calyx and corolla 0; ovary between 2 bracteoles; legume 1 to 2-jointed, uncinate with the short, persistent style.-Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. S. elAtior Swartz. PENCIL FLOWER. St. pubescent on one side; lfts. lanceolate, smooth, acute at each end; bracts lanceolate, ciliate; spikes 3 to 4-flowered; ]oment 1-seeded (lower joint a.bortive). —4 Dry, gravelly woods, Long Isl. to Fla. and Ark. St. mostly erect, branched, If in hight, remarkable for being densely pubescent on that side only which is opposite the insertion of each leaf, while the other side is smooth. Lvs. on short stalks; ifts. 1' or more in length. Bracts fringed with yellow bristles. Fls. yellow. J1., Aug. 20 AR'ACHIS, Willd. PEA NUT. (Lat. aracos, used by Pliny to designate some subterranean plant.) Calyx bilabiate; corolla resupinate, stamens mona-delphous, legume gibbous at ba-se, coriaceous, veiny, turgid, and indehiscent, the joints not separating. —A S. American genus with equally pinnate lvs. aind yellow fls. A. hypogEa WMillc. Nearly glabrous; lfts. 2 pairs, oval or roundish, cuneate at base; stip. entire, lance-subulate, as long as the lfts; fruit subterranean.Cultivated in N. Car. and S. and AW. as easily as the sweet potato, and is very prolific. The specific name (5iro, gv, under ground) alludes to the curious habit of' forcing its ovaries, after flowering, into the soil and there ripening them. 21. CORONIL'LA, L. (Lat. corona, a crown; fronm the inflorescence.) Calyx bilabiate, petals unguiculate; loment somewhat terete, jointed; seeds mostly cylindrical.-Mostly shrubs. Lvs. unequally pinnate. FIs. in simple, pedunculate umbels. I C.:.Emerus L. ScoRPION SENNA. St. woody, angular; ped. about 3-flowered; claws of the petals about thrice longer than the ealyx.-A beautiful, free flowering shrub froZm France. St. about 3f high, square, with opposite branches. Lfts. about 7, broadly obcordate. Fls. rose-colored, collected in little tufts on the ends of the subaxillary peduncles. Apr., Ju. t ORDER 46. -LEGUMINOSI. 307 2 C. varia L. St. herbaceoes, erect, smooth, branching; lvs. sessile, smooth; ifts. 11 to 19, all subsessile, oblong, obtuse; umbels long-podunculate, 10 to 15flowered; fls. pale purple. —An elegant European species, 2 to 4f high, crowned with many hemispherical umbels 1' diam. J1.-Sept. t 22. HEDYS'ARUII, L. (Gr. s63T, sweet, gdpaoa, smell.) Calyx cleft into 5 linear-subulate, subequal segments; keel obliquely truncate, longer than the wings; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), and with the style abruptly bent near the summit; legume (lomnent) of several 1-seeded joints connected by their middle.- - Mostly herbaceous. Lvs. unequally pinnate.:I. bore~hle Nutt. Sts. erect; Ivs. subsessile, of 6 to 10 pairs of oblong, smoothish ifts.; stip. united, sheathing, with subulate points; rae. spicate, on long peduncles; fis. numerous, deflexed; cal. teeth short, the lower longest; keel longer than the banner or wings; joints of the legume 1 to 4, fiat, suborbicular, rugosereticulate.-On the precipitous sides of Willoughby iMt., Westmore, Vt. 500f above the lake below, N. to Iludson's Bay. St. rigid, 1 to 2f high, very leafy. Lfts. 5 to 8" by 2 to 4", obtuse-mucronulata. Rac. 2 to 4' long, on rigid peduncles 3 to 5'. Els. large and handsome, violet-purple. Jn. —J!. 23. DES O'DIUN, DC. (IHedysarum L.) B3usIs TREFOIL. (Gr. -eoqbo~, a bond; in reference to the slightly connected joints of the loment.) Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate, sometimes bibracteolate at base; vexillum roundish; keel obtuse; stamens diatdelphous (9 and 1), sometimes monadelphous; legume (lomenut) compressed, jointed, constricted mnost on the lower (dorsal) suture, the joints 1-seeded, separable, mostly aculeate and adhesive.- -4 I-erbaceous or suffruticous. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. Fls. in racemes or panicles, purplish. g Legumes distinctly stiped, the stipes about as long as tire joints (a). a Stemis prostrate, creleping. Lfts. round or oval.......... o..N....os. 1, 2 a Sterns erect. Lfts. ovate, broadly or (in No. 6) narrowly. (b). b Calyx teeth shorter than the tube.........................Nos. l —5 b Calyx teeth longer than thei tube,-upper one notche(l.....Nos. 6-8 — upper one entire.......................... No. 9 ~ Legumes snlsessile, tire stipes, if any, not exceedinr, the calyx (C). Co Iracts Iureo, covering the flower bruds, cadnucens (d). o Bracts inconspicuous, smaller than the flower burds (e). d Stipules large (6 to 9// long), ovate-lanceolate..............Nos. 10, 11 d Stipules quite small, subulate..R........................Nos. 12, 13 e Leaflets large (2 to 8' by 1 to 2'), oblong-ovate. Nos. 14, 15 e Leaflets small, orbicular or oval...............Nos. 16-18 e Leaflets long, linear..............................1o. 19 1 D. rotundif6lium DC. St. prostrate, hairy; Ifts. suborbicular, hairy on both sides; bracts and stipules broadly ovate. acuminate; rac. few-flowered; loment constsricted on botll margins nearly alike.-A. hlairy, prostrate plant, 2 to 3f in length, found in rocky woods throughout the U. S. Lvs. of 3 roundish Ifts., pale beneath, 1 to 2' diam., on hairy stalks. Stip. cordate, reflexed, hairy. Fls. purple, in axillary and terminal racemes. Pods about 6-jointed. Aug. 2 D. hunmifiisum Beck. St. procumbent, striate, nearly snoot7h; Ifts. oval, subpubescent; stip. lance-ovate; rac. axillary and terminal; loment slightly constricted on the uplper margin, of 2 to 4, obtusely 4-angled joints. —Woods, Waltham, Mass. (Bigelow), Penn. (Aluhl). A species much resembling the last, but the whole plant is much smoother, with smaller and narrower bracts. St. 2 to 3f long. Lfts. oval or ovate, subacute. Aug. 3 D. nudifl6rum DnC. Lfts. roundish ovacte, luntly tl cunmiiate, slightly glaucous beneathl; scape -eadical, panicled, smooth; joints of tle loment obtusely triangular.-Common in woods, U. S. and Can. It is remarkably distinguisled by Ilaving its leaves and fis. on separate stalks often distant firomn each other. St. 8 to 10' hirlh, with several ternate, long-stalked, smoothish, terminal Ivs. Scape 2 to 3f lon0, slender, smooth, leafless, panicled, with nmany small, purple flowers, Aug, 308 ORDEn 46.-LEGUMINOS2A. 4 D. acuminiAturm DC. Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy only at top; Ifts. ovate, long-acminalte, the odd one round-rhomboidal; pan. terminal, on a very long peduncle.-Common in woods, U. S. and Can. St. 8 to 12' high, ending in. a slender panicle 1 or 2f long. Lvs. at the top of the stem and below the panicle; terminal lft. roundish, 3' diam.; lateral itts. smaller, all of them covered with scattered, appressed hairs, and conspicuously pointed. Fls. small, flesh-colored. Pods of about 3 triangular joints. J1., Aug. 5 D. paucifl6rum DC. St. assurgent, leapfy all the wapy, retrorsely hairy; Ifts. membranous, pale beneath, scabrous-pubescent above, terminal one rhomboidal, lateral ones inequilateral-ovate, all rather acute or subacuminate; rac. terminal, few-flowered; fis. in pairs; petals all distinct, spreading.-Woods, Penn. to Ill. and La. Rt. creeping, tubercular. Sts. often clustered, If high. Petioles 2 to 3' long. Lfts..1 to 31 long, -Z to - as wide.'ls. 2 to 6, white or purplish. Leg. of 2 to 3 obtusely triangular joints. J1., Aug. 6 D. paniculatum DC. Erect, slender, qzearly glabrous; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; stip. subulate, deciduous; fls. on long (4 to 5") and slender pedicels in panicled racemes; loment of about 3 triangular joints.-A, handsome species, near 3f in hight, found in woods, U.'S. and Can. St. striate, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. of 3 smooth, narrow-ovate lfts., broadest at the base, ending with an obtuse point, 1 to 3" in length. Pods about 3 to 5-jointed, large. FIls. purple, numerous. Jl., Aug. 7 D. viridiflrOnim Beck. St. erect, densely pubescent and scabrous above; Ifts. ovate, mostly obtuse, scabrous above, softly villous beneath; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; panicles very long, leafless; lower tooth of the hairy calyx thrice longer than the upper; leg. of 3 to 4 triangular joints. —Alluvial soils, N. Y. to Fla. and La. St. 3 to 4f high, rigid, branched. Lfts. 2 to 3' long. Corolla violet, turning green in withering. Leg. I to 2' long. 8 D. leavigtun m DC. Glabrous or nearly so; st. simple, erect; lvs. on long petioles, lfts. ovate, rather obtuse; pan. terminal, nearly simple; fls. in pairs, on elongated pedicels; bracts ovate, very small; lower calyx tooth twice longer than the upper.-Woods, N. J., Harper's Ferry, and southward. The smoothest of our Desmodia, 2 to 3f high. Lfts. rather coriaceous, 1 to 3' long, -} as wide. Pedicels 5 to 8" long. Fls. purple. Joints of the loment 2 to 4, half rhombic. Sept. p. MroNOPiYLLUTM. Dwarf; smaller in all its parts; very smooth; lower lys. unifoliate; rac. simple.-Uxbridge, Mass. (Ricard.) 9 D. glabellum DC. St. erect, smoothish; lfts. ovate, small, scabrous-pubescent both sides; stip. subulate; lower tooth of the'calyx twice longer than the upper entire one; loment nearly straight on the back, with about 4 half rhombic joints. -In shades, Car. (Ell. Curtis). Aug., Sept. 10 D. cuspiddtum Torrn & Gr. Erect, smoothl; ifts. oblong-oval, or ovate, sharply acuminate; stip. lanceolate-subulate; rac. paniculate, terminal, large, with scattered fis.; bracts deciduous, ovate, acuminate, striate, smooth; joints of the loment suboval.-A larger species than either of the preceding, found in woods, U. S. and Can. St. branching, erect, 4 to 5f high. Lfts. 3' long, widest at base, smooth, entire. Stip. and bracts 8 or 9" long. Stipels subulate. Fls. large (8" long), purple. Pods in about 6 joints, long, pendulous, rough. Aug. (D. bracteosum DC.) 11 D. canrscens DC. St. striate, scabrous; Ifts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, soft-villous be-neath; stip. large, oblique, acuminate; pan. terminal, very long, densely canescent, naked; joints of the loment obliquely oval; upper lip of the calyx nearly entire.-Woods, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. An upright, branching plant, with very long panicles of flowers, greenish externally, purple within. St. 3f high, pubescent. Pods about 4-jointed, most constricted on the lower side. J1., Aug. (D. Aikinianum Beck.) 12 D. Canadense DC. St. pubescent; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate; obtuse, nearly smooth; stp. filifornm; bracts ovate, long-acuminate; fis. racemed; joints of the loment obtusely triangular, hispid.-Rather common in woods, Can., Penn. and Ind. A handsome plant 3f in. height. St. upright striate. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, 1' wide, with 6 pairs of straightish veins. Fls. purple, about as large as in NTo. 10, ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSIE. 309 in axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts conspicuous before flowering. Pods about 5-jointed. 13 D. sessilif6lium Torr. & Gr. St. erect, tomentous-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, fis. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly tomentous beneath; st2p. subulate; pan. of spicate racemes, very long; bracts. minute; leg. small, hispid, of 2 to 3 semi-orbicular joints.-Woods, the W. States and Tex. St. 2 to 3f high. Lfts. about 2' by -/. Fls. small, numerous and crowded. Aug. 14 D-. Dill6nii Darl. Plant erect, branching, hairy; lfts. oblong, villous beneath; stip. subulate; rac. panicled; joints of the loment 3, 1rhomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy, connected by a narrow neck. —Moist soils, N. and WV. States. St. sulcate, scabrous, 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', smooth above. Panicle large, terminal, naked. Fls. purple. J1. (D. Alarilandicum DC.) 15 D. rigidn l DC. Erect, branching, scabrous, pubescent; lfts. ovate-oblong, obtuse, terminal one the longest; petioles short, hairy; sip,. ovate-acumincate, ciliate, caducous, rac. paniculate, very long; leg. wzith 2 to 3 obliquely oval or semiobovate joints. —-lills and woods, Mlass. to La. St. 2 to 3f high, often with numerous long, erect, rigid branches. Lfts. 1 to 3' long, i as wide, rather coriaceous, reticulate-veined. Fls. violet-purple. Aug. i6 D. ciiiare DC. Erect, slender, scabrous-pubescent; lvs. crowded,. on short hairy petioles; lfts. small, ovate, short-stalked, pubescent beneath, ciliate on the margin; stip. fiifors, caducous; pan. terminal, lower branches much longer; joints of the short stiped loment 2 or 3, obliquely'rouzndish, hispid, reticulate.Woods, N. Eng. to La. Hight 2f. Fls. purple. Aug. 17 D. Marildndicum 3Boott. Erect, branching, hairy; lfts. ovate, obtuse, subcordate at base, the lateral ones as long as the petioles; stip. subulate; pan. terminal; loment stype as long as calyx, joints 1 or 2, obliquely obovate.-Woods, N. States to Fla. St. 2 to 3f high. Lits. 6 to 12" by 4 to 8". Ils. violet-purple, small. Aug. (D. obtusum l)C.) 138 D. lineftunm DC. Slender, assurgent; st. finely striate with colored lines; lfts. small, roundish oval, smoothish, green both sides; rac. terminal and lateral, very long and loose; loment quite sessile in the calyx, joints about 2, roundish oval.-Dry woods, Can. to Fla. aind La. Sts. 2 or 3f long. Lvs. oi short stalks; lfts. 6 to 12" diam., quite obtuse. lFls. and leg. small. 19 D. strictum DC. Erect, slender, nearly glabrous; lvs. petiolate; lfts. linear, elongated, coriaceous and reticulately veined, mucronate; stip. subulate; pan. slender, few-flowered; leg. hispid, incurved, of 1 to 3 lunately triangular joints, with a filiform isthmus, the stipe shorter than, or about as long as the calyx.Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. St. about 3f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3", longer than the petioles. Fls. small, purple, on slender pedicels. Aug. (D. tenuifolium T. & G.) 24. LESPEDE'ZA, Mx. (In honor of Lespedez, Governor'of Florida, who protected Michaux in his travels there.) Calyx 5-parted, bibracteolate, segments nearly equal; keel of the corolla very obtuse, on slender claws; legume (lorment) lenticular, compressed, small, unarmed, indehiscent, 1-seedecd. —Genus taken from Iledysarum. 24 Lvs. palmnately trifoliate, reticulately veined. ~ Flowers all complete. Calyx villons, long. Col. whitish with a purple spot.......s.. 1. 2 ~ Fls. partly apetalous. Calyx short. Corolla violet.-Stems upright...............Nos. 3, 4 — Stems prostrate................No. 5 I Li. capitAta Mx. BUS3 CLOVER. Lfts. e2liptical, silky beneath; stip. subulate; fascicles of fls. ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary; loments hairy, shorter than the villous calyx.-An erect, hairy, half shrubby plant, in dry soils, Can. to Car. St. nearly simple, villous, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. numerous, on short petioles, consisting of 3 coriaceous lfts. Lfts. 1 to 1-' by 3 to 6", nearly smooth above, covered with silky pubescence beneath. Aug., Sept. (L. frutescens Ell.) fl. ANGUSTIFOLIA Ph. Lfts. linear, smooth above. (L. angustifolia Ell.) 2 L,. hirta Ell. St. villous; Ifts. roundish oval, pubescent beneath; rac. capitate, axillary, oblong, longer than the leaves; cor. and loment about as long as the 310 ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSAE. calyx.-Plant 2 to 4f high, found in dry woods, Can. and U. S., erect, branching and very hairy. Lvs. less numerous than in the last, on very short stalks colsisting of 3, oval leaflets hairy beneath. Ped. hairy, becoming longer than the raceme. Fls. reddish-white, crowded. Aug., Sept. 3 L. Steutvi Nutt. Branched and bushy, tomenlous orpubescent; irfs. oval-obovate or roiundish, longer than the petiole; rae. axillary, capitate or loose, equaling or exceeding the leaves; leg. villous-pubescent, ovate-acuminate; apetalous is. few.-Dry soils, Mass. to Ga. and Tex. Sts. assurgent, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. always hairy beneath, generally so above. Aug. to Sept.-Quite variable, appro aching the next species. 4 L. violacea Pers. Erect or diffuse, shparingly pubescent; Ifts. oval, varying to oblong and linear, obtuse, mucronale, as long as, or a little longer than the petioles; rac. axillary, few-flowered, the apetalous ones generally below and subsessile; leg. roundish-ovate, being much longer than the calyx.-Dry w7oods, Caln and U. S. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Cor. 3 to 4" long. Pods about 2" long. J., Aug. — Varies gradually into the followinf diverse extremes. a. Lfts. large (9 to 12" by 6 to 8"), not longer than the petioles; fls. fe-w mostly complete, and near the upper part of the branches; rt. strong, creeping'; sts. clustered, slender, diffuse or erect. /3. sEssrLIFLonA T. & G. Lfts. small (3 to 6 to. 8' by 1 to 2"), oblongo to linear, long'er than the petioles; fils. mostly apetalous, numerous, in axillary glomoerules; st. erect branched. (L. sessiliflora Ph.) y. RETICULTvA. Lfts. all linear (10 to 18" by 2 to 3"), rigid, on short, erect petioles; fls. fascicled, on short stalks.-Erect, slender; branches short or nlone. (L. reticulata Pers.) J. nDvflRGENs T. & G. Lfts. ovate, the upper pecluncles fililbrm, much longer than the leaves and mostly unfruitful. (L. divergens Phi.) 5 L. repens Torr. & Gr. St. prostrate, diffuse, sparingly pubescent; lfts. oval or obovate-elliptical, smooth above, oil very,;hort petioles; ped. axillary, filiform, simple, few-flowered, lower ones bearing apetalous flowers; leg. suborbicular, subpubescent.-Dry soils, Can. and U. S. Sts. very slender, numerous. Lfts. 5 to 9" by 3 to 5", obtuse. Ped. 2 to 5' long. Aug., Sept. (H. repens L.) 13. PROCUnMENs. Tomentous-pubescent, varying to pubescent, but the lvs. llways smooth above. (L. procumberis Mx.) Y. FEAYANA. Smoothish; sts. decumbent and assurgent; lfts..obovate, tw-ice longer than the petioles; upper ped. elongated and bearing apetalous fis.Savannah. (Feay.) Appears intermediate between Nos. 3 and 5. 25. GENIS'TA, L. DYER's BnIoo,. TWOAD-WAXEN. (Celtic, gen, Fr., genet; a small shrub.) Calyx -witlh the upper lip 2-parted and tlhe lower 3-toothed; vexillum oblong; leel oblong, scarcely including the stamens arid style; stig'ma involute; stamens nlonadelphous.-Sh rubby plants, with simple lvs. and yellow fls. G. tinct6ria L.:Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect; lvs. lanceolate, smooth; leg. smooth.-4- A naturalized species, in dry, hilly grounds, Mass. Sts. or branches numerous, ascending or erect, If high, from long, woody, creeping roots. Lvs. sessile, alternate. Fls. bright-yellow, axillary, sessile or nearly so, solitary. The whole plant dyes yellow, and, with Woad, green. Aug. Efur. 28. CROTALLA'RIA, L. RIlATTLE POD. (Gr. itcp06ratov, a rattle; from the rattling of the loose seeds in the horny pod.) Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat bilabiate; vexillpm cordate, large; keel acuminate; stamens 10, monadelphous; filamentous sheath cleft on the upper side; legnune pedicellate, turgid.-Helrbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or palmately conmpound. Fls. yellow. 1 C. sagittalis L. Annual, erect, branching, hairy; lvs. simple, lance-oval to lancelinear; stp. opposite, acuminate, decusrent; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the!vs.; cor. shorter than the cal.-About a foot high, withla hairy aspect, in woods and sandy fields, N. H. to Ark. St. herbaceous, rigid. Lvs. alternate, entire, nearly ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSE. 311 sessile, rounded at the base. Its most remarkable feature is the opposite, united, decurrent stipules, so situated that each pair appears inversely sagittate. Sep. long, hairy. Cor. small, yellow. Sds. few, rattling in the turgid pod. JI. 2 C. ovAlis Ph. Perennial, hairy, diffuse; evs. simple, oval and elliptic, on'very short petioles; stip, few, small or sninute, partly decurrent; pedicels long, 3 to 6flowered; cor. longer than the cal. —In sandy woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Rt. strong, fusiform. Sts. annual, 4 to 10 to 12' long, prostrate or assurgent; lys. about 1' long. Fls. rather showy and remote, with minute, lanceolate bracts. Pods 1' long, rattling. Ap.-Jn. 3 C. Pfirshii DC. Perennial; slender, assurgent, nearly smooth; Ivs. simple, oblong-linear or linear, subsessile; stip. narrowly decurrent through the whole internode; redicels long, 5 to 7-flowered; cor. as long as the cal.-In damp shades, S. Car. to la. ancl La. Sts. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Pods much inflated, black, horny, and rattling like the other species when fully ripe. Apr. JI. 27. LUPI'NUS, Tourn. LUPINE. (Lat. uepus, a wolf; because it overruns the field and devours its fcrtility?) Calyx deeply bilabiate; ulpper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed; wings united at the SUlmlmit; keel falcate, acum inate; stamens monadelphous, the filanlmetous sheath entire; anthers alternately oblong and globous; legurme coriaecous, com pressed.-I- erbs, rarely shrubby. Lvs. palmate!y 5 to 15 foliate, rarely unifoliate. 1 L.. vill6sus'Willd. U5nifoliate, densely silky-tomenious; sts. decumbent-assurgent; lvs. large, elliptic-oblong, long-petioled; rac. terminal, long, dense-flowered. -A very showy plant in the pine barrens, etc., N. C. to Fla. Plant 1 to 2f high, remarkably clothed in silky wool, the lvs. 3 to 5' long, mostly at the base, and the numerous (50 to 100), large, violet, and roseate flowers above them. Pods covered with shaggy wool, oblong, 4 or 5-seeded. Apr., Jn. p nIFFbSUS T. & G. Somewhat branched at base, and diffuse; lvs. shorter (2 to 3'), oval-oblong, obtuse, soft-silky, but hardly tomentous; pods very silky.-Near Savannah, etc. (Feay and Pond.) (L. diffusus Nutt.) 2 IL. perennlis L. 1:liinutely pubescent, 5 to 7-foliate; lfts. oblanceolate, mucronate; fls. alternate; calyx without appendages, upper lip emarginate, lower entire.- 4 In sandy woods and hills, Can. to Fla. It is a beautiful plant, cultivated in gardens. It is often called sun-dial, from the circumstance of its lvs. turning to face the sun from morning till night. St. erect, soft, smoothish, a foot higll. Lvs. soft-downy, on long stalks; lfts. 1-i to 2' by 4 to 6", lanceolate, broadest above the middle. Fls. blue, varying to white in a terminal spike or raceme. May, Jn. 3 L. polyphlrlus Lindl. TcZl, 11 to 15-foliate; lfts. lanceolate, sericeous beneath; fls. alternate, in a very long raceme; pedicels longer than the lanceolate, deciduous bracts; cal. ebracteolate, both lips subentire; leg. densely hairy.4 A splendid ornament of the garden from Oreg. St. 3 to 5f high:. Rac. a foot or more long.'ls. scattered (subverticillate in.j3. grandifolius, Lindl.), white, purple, or yellow, in different varieties. t 4 L. Nootkat6nsis DIonn. NTooTA. SOUND LUPINE. St. villOus, witUh lon g, spreading hais, 5 to 9-foliate; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, attenuate at base, sericeous beneath; cal. very hairy, both lips nearly entire; bracts linear, hairy, longer than the calyx.-A handsome species from the N. West Coast, 2 to 3f high, in gardens. Fls. purple. 1 5 L. arb6reus L. TREIE LUPINE. Shrubby; fls. yellow, in wwhorls; cal. appendaged, lip acute, entire.-A handsome exotic shrub, 6f high, with large, yellow fis. { Obs.-Several annual species arc occasionally sown in gardens, as L. ALBUS, with white fis.; L. rILosus, with rose-colored fis.; IL. LUTEcUS, with yellow ls.; and L. InIRBUTUS, with blue lls. and an appendaged calyx. 28. LABUR'NRUSI, Benthl. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, upper lip 2, lower 3-toothed; vexillum ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings; filaments diadelphous (9 & 1); legume continuous, tapering to the 312 ORDER 46.-LEGUMIINTOS;E. base, several-seeded.-Oriental, thornless shrubs or firees. Lvs. palmately trifoliate. Fls. mostly yellow. 1 L. vulgAre L. GOLDEN CHAIN. Arborescent; Ifts. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acuminate; rac. simple, elongated, pendulous; leg. hirsulte.-A small, ornamental tree, 15f high, from Switzerland. MFls. numerous, large, in rac. If long. - (Cytisus Laburnum L.) 2 L. alpinum L. Arborescent; Ifts. oblong-ovate, rounded at base; rae. long, simple, pendulous; leg. glabrous.-A beautiful tree, 30f high, native of various Alpine regions of Europe. Like the fbrmer it develops numerous brilliant, yellow fis., in long, drooping clusters. There are varieties with ochroleueous, white, and even purple fis. 29. TRIFO'LIUM, Tourn. CLOVER. (Gr.7vpetoQNV ov, (three-leaved); Lat. trifoliumn; Fr. trefie; Eng. trefoil.) Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent; petals mnore or less united at the base, withering; vexillum reflexed; also oblong, shorter than the vexillum; carina shorter than, the alto; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1); legume short, membranous, mostly indeh!iscent, covered by and scarcely longdr than the calyx, 2 to 4-seeded; seeds roundish.-E-Ierbs. Lvs. palmnately trifoliate; lfts. with straight, scarcely reticulated veins. FIs. in dense heads or spikes. ~ Flowers yellow, in small, dense, rondish heads..................................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Flowers cyanic,-:-pedicellate, finally deflexed. (a) -subsessile, hever deflexed. (b) a HTeads small, on stalks some ten times longer.............N...........os. 3, 4 a Heads large, on stalks tqvo or three times longer....................Nos. 5, 6 b Calyx teeth plumose, longer than the whitish corolla........N(o, 7 b Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla...Nos. 8-10 1 T. procfimnbens IL. YELLOW CLOVtER. St. procumbent or ascending; lfts. obtuse or retuse, denticulate, terminal one petiolulate; stip. ovate-lanceolate acuminate, much shorter than the petioles; lhds. small, subglobous; cor. yellow; sty. 3 or 4 times shorter than the 1-seeded leg.-a-4 In dry soils, N. HI. to Va. Sis. many from the same root, slender, more or less pubescent, striate, 3 to 10' long, often suberect. Lfts. 4 to 8" long, 1- to equally as wide, lateral ones placed 1 to 2" below the terminal one. -Ids. 2 to 3" diam., on slender peduacles 1' long. Fls. at length reflexed. Jn., J1. ~ Eur. 2 T. agrarium L. St. ascending or erect; lfts. often emarginate, denticulate, all subsessile; stip. linear-lanceolate, cohering wit7l and longer than the petiole; hds. ovoid-elliptic; sty. about equaling,the 1-seeded leg.-l) Slandy fields, N. Eng. Sts. 6 to 15' high, branched, minutely pubescent. Lfts. 5 to 10" by 1 to 3". Common petioles 3 to 10" long, the upper ones shorter than their stip. Itds. of fis. twice larger than in the last, on peduncles about 1' lolg. Fls. at length reflexed. Jl., Aug. ~ Eur. 3 T. Carolinianur n 1i:x. Slender, diffuse; lfts. cuneate-obovate, the middle one obcordate; stip. ovate-acuminate, foliaceous,; hds. long-stalked; cal. teeth thrice longer than its tube; leg. 4-seeded. —) Fields, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex., almost forming a turf and poor pasturage. Sts. 6 to 12' long, many from one root. FIs. white or purplish. Ped. 4 to 6' long. Mar.-May. 4 T. repens L. WIIITE CLOVER. SHAMIROCe. St. creeping, diffuse; lfts. obeordate, denticulate; stip. narrow, scarious; lds. subumbellate, on very long, axillary peduncles; leg. about 4-seeded; cal. teet7h shorter than the tube. —4 In all soils, mountainous, meadow or rocky, throughout N. Am. Sts. several from the same root, extending 6 to 12', rooting at the joints. Poed. angular, much longer than the lvs. Fls. white. May-Sept. Highly valued for pasturage. 5 T. refledxurm L. BUFFALO CLOVER. Pubescent; ascending or procumbent; lfts. obovate or oblong-obovate, serrulate, some of them emarginate; stip. leafy, semicordate; has. umbel-like; cal. teeth nearly as long as the cor.; leg. about 4-seeded. —-.2 Prairies and meadows, W. and S. States. St. 8 to 16' high. Lfts. subsessile, 7 to 8" by 4 to 5"; petioles 1 to 2' long. Hds. large and handsome. Ped. 1 to 3' long. Ils. rose.red, turning brownish when deflected. Apr.-Jn. ORDER 46. —LEGUMINOSE. 313 6 T. stolonfferum Muhl. Glabrous, creeping; branches axillary, ascending short; Ifts. broadly obcordate, denticulate; stip. leafy, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fls. loose, umbellate-capitate; cal. teeth not half the length of the cor'.; leg. about 2-seeded.-Fields and woods, W.! States. Sts. 6 to 12' long, several together. Branches 3 to 4' high, generally with one head which is 1' diam. Lfts. 6 to 10" by 5 to 9'. Fls. white, erect. but ill fruit all reflexed. May, Jn. 7 T. arve6nsse L. lids. cylindrical, very hairy; cal. teeth setaceous, longer than than the cor., Ifts. narlrow-obovate. ——,? A lwv plant in dry, sandy fields, Me. to Fla. Sts. nuchl branched, round, hairy; 6 to 12' high. Lvs. hairy, on short petioles, of 3 narrowv lfts., 1 to 1' long. I-Ids. of white or pale red fls., 1' long, very soft and downy, the slender, equal calyx teeth being densely fringed with fine silky, reddish hairs, and projecting far beyond the corolla. JL-Aug. ~ Eur. 8 T. prat6nse L. RIED CLOvEa. Ascending, thinly hirsute; lfts. Rpotted, oval, entire; stapr. ovate, cuspidate-acuminate; heads sessile; lower tooth of the cal. longer than the four others which are eqlual.-.4 This is the common red clover so extensively cultivated in grass lands, with herds' grass (Phleum pratense) and other grasses, and often alone. Sts. several from the same root, hairy. Lvs. ternate, the lfts. ovate, lighter colored in the center, entire and nearly smooth. Fls. red, rarely white, sweet-scented. All Summer. ~ Eur. 9 T. mbdium L. ZIG-ZAG( CLOVER. St. suberect, branching, fiexuous; nearly glabrous; l/ts. not spotecl, oblong or elliptical, subentire; st'ip. lanceolate, acuminate; hds. ovoid-globous, pedunculate; cal. teeth setaceous, hairy. —2 In meadows, Danvers, Mass. (Oakes). Hlds. of fls. larger than in T. pretense. Cor. deep purple. Lvs. of a uniform green. ~ Eur. 10 T. incarntrlla L. St. erect, flexuous; Ifts. ovate-orbicular, obtuse or obcordate, sessile, crenate villous; spike dense, obloog, obtuse, pedunculate; cal. teeth setaceous, villous. —C( A fine species from Italy, occasionally cultivated as a border flower, and has been proposed (Dr. Dewey Rep. Herb. P1. Mass.) for cultivation as a- valuable plant for hay. 30. IEDEICA'GO, L. MEDICI. (GCr. stEdt1C'i, lucerne; friom Media, its inative country?) Calyx 5-cleft; corolla deciduous, vexillum free and remlote from the keel; legunme variously curved, or spirally coiled or twisted. — Herbs or shrubs with pinnately 3-foliate lvs. * Pods smooth............. Nos. 1, 2, 8. * * Pods spiny............. Nos. 4, 5, 6. 3 M..lupulina L.. NoNE-sucH. Procum bent, pubescent; ifts. obovate, obtuse, cuneate at base; ped. much longer than the leaves, with an oblong spike of smael yellowflowers; pods reniform, l-seeded. —T- Fields and waste grounds, Can. to Fla. Sts. 6 to 20' long. Pods black when ripe, as large as a pin-head. Iay —Oct. ~ Eur. 2 M. sativa L. LUCERnE:. Erect, glabrous; ifls. oblong-oblanceolate, toothed above, mucronate; stip. lance-linear; ped. longer than thle lvs., wit: ca oblong rac. of lar7ge violet fis.; pods spirally twisted, reticulated.-4 Sts. 2 to 3f hig-h, from a strong, deep root. Highly valued in Europe as a forage plant, with us sparingly cultivated. ~ Jn., J1. 3 M. sctellitta L. SNAILs. Lfts. elliptical, denticulate, the lower obovate; stip. ovate, dentate; ped. 1 to 3-flowered, shorter than the leaf; pods, snail —shaped, convex below, flat above, witll about 6 concentric-spiral turns.-I) Gardens, anmong flowers, cultivated for its curious pods resembling snail shels. J1. f ~ Eur. 4 M. denticulhta Wrilld. Procumbent, glabrous; ifts. obovate, denticultoe, and often emarginate above; stip. laciniate, setose; ped. 1 to 3-flowered, shorter than the leaves; pods loosely spiral, with 2 or 3 turns, flattened, stronglr reticulated, thle border echinate with a double rosw of hooked spines. —; Waste grounds, hero and there. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Fls. small (yellow in h. s.), purplish. Jn. ~ Eur. 5 iIM. intertexta L. I1EDGEHOGa Lfts. rhomboidal, toothed; stip. laciniate; ped. about 2-flowered; leg. oval, 5 or 6-fold, spirally coiled, echinate, the mnargins bordered with setaceous, refleced, appressed prickles.-Gardeins, and occasionally spontaneous. Cultivated like No. 3, for its curious pods. 3 1 4 ORDER 46.-IEGUMi1INOSX. 6 M. maculata Willd., with lvs. marked with a purple spot, and pods compactly spiral, and echinate somewhat like No. 4, said to be naturalized South; we have not met with it, unless an imperfect specimen from Potsdam, N. Y., be this plant. Other species of this curious genus are occasionally found in gardens. 31. IELILO'TUS, Tourn. MAELILOT. (Lat. mel, honey, andu lotus; inl drying it exhalees a swect odor.) Calyx tubular, 5-toothecl, persistelut; corolla deciduous, keel petals completely united, shorter than the alo or0 vexillumn; stamens diadclphous (9 & 1); legume rugous, longer than the calyx, 1 to few-sceded.C-Genus taken friom Trifoliumn. Lys. pinnately trifoliate, veins of the ifts. simple or foiredcl. Fs. in racemes. 1 1M. officiinalis WVilld. St. erect, with spreading branches; Ifs. obovate -oblonm, obtlse, dentate; rac. spicate, axillary, paniculate, loose; cal. haltf as loeg as Ithe yellow corolla; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid.-Alluvial meadows. St. sulcate, about 3f high. Lfts. smooth, with remote, mucronate teeth. Fls. in long, l-sided, slender racemes; petals of nearly equal length. The whole plant is sweet-scented. JII. ~ Eur. 2 M. lfba Lam. SWEET-SCENTED CLOVER. WI'-ITE MSELILOT. St. erect, branched, lfts. ovate-oblong, truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate; stip. setaceous; cal. less than half as long- as the white cor.; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid.~) Alluvial soils. St. robust, very branching, sulcate, 4 to Gf high. Lfts. 1 to 2' lonLg, more obtuse at the apex than at base, mucronately serrate. Fls. numerous, the racemes more loose and longer than in the last. Petals unequal' banner longer than wilgs or keel. Very friagrant when dried. J1., Aug. ~ - Eur. 32. PSORA'LEA. (Gr. aopaitXog~, leprous or scaly; alluding to the glandular dots.) Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate; segments aculminate, lower one longest; stamens diadelphous, rarely somewhat inonzadelphols; legunmes as long as the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent.- 14 or Tr. Often glandular-dotted; stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Flus. cyanic. * Leaves palimately 1 and 3 (iarely 5)-foliate.......................................Nos. 1, 2 * Leaves pllmately 5, or 5 anlld 7-fliate............................Nos. 3, 4 * Leaves piIlnnately o or 1-foliate....s......................Nos. 5 —3 * Leaves pinnate, 19 to 21-foliate...................................................No. 9 1 P. can6scenis 3iMx. Very branching, canescently pubescent, lowesr lIs. 3-foliate, upper 1-foliate, Ifts. roudidsh-obovate, obtuse, tapering at base into a petiolule, dotted.-Sandy woods, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 2f high, excessively brancled, forming a globular bush. FlIs. in small clusters at the end of the branchlets; small, " blue at first, changing to dull yellow" (Afettauer). Cal. gibbous, almost spurred at base. May —Jl. 2 P. floribniida Nutt. Canescent, much branched; Ifls. 3, -arely 5, dotted, oblong-obovate, vairying to liHnear; stip. setaceous; rac. slender, many-flowered, twice longer than the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers, and longer than the small, ovate-acumirLate bracts; vex. roundish; leg. smooth.-Alluvial soils, Ill. (Mead), Ark. W. to the RI. hts. St. 2 to 4f high, branches spreading. Lts. 1 to 2' by 2 to 4". Common petiole - to 1' long. Fls. bluish purple, 3" long, 15 to 30 in the very canescent racemes. J11. 3 P. subacafllis, Torr. & Gray. Nleaely ccaulescent, huirsste; lvs. 7-foliate on very long petioles; lfts. obovate-oblong; fis. in dense, egg-shaped racemes; cal. much shorter than the cor.-Tenn., near Nashville (Dr. -toam in N. Am. Flora). Lvs. and flower-stalks almost radical, 6 to 10' long; Ifts. about 1' long. 4 P. lupinellus Mx. St. slender, glabrous; lvs. 5 to 7-foliate; lfts. linear-filiform; rac. longer than the lvs., many-flowered; pod incurved at base, recurved at apex, so as to simulato the letter S.-Pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. about 2f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' long. FIs. as large as in P. floribunda. May, Jn. 5 P. variegaita Nutt. Virgate, smoothish; lvs. 1-foliate, remote; lts. linear (tho lower rarely 3-foliate and oblong); ped. shorter than the lvs.; spikes rather denseflowered.-Near St. AMary's, Ga. St. about 2f high. Ifts. 2 to 4' by 2 to 4". Fls. pale violet. OnDEa 46.-LEGUMINOSE. 315 6 P. stipnlatEta Torr & Gr. Nearly glabrous and glandless, ascending; lvs. pinnately 3-fbliate, lfts. elliptic-ovate, obtuse, mucronate; stip. (large) ovate; ped. as lonrg as the lvs.; spikes capitate. —Falls of the Ohio (Jones in N. Am. Flora). Sts. branched from the base. The large stipules are remarkable, resembling those of the red clover. 7 P. lelilotoides Mix. Virgate, minutely pubescont; lvs. 3-foliate, lfts. oblonglanceolata, rather obtuse, on very short petioles, more or less glandular; stip. lanceolate; spike oblong, at length elongated, on virga.te peduncles; pods orbicular, transversely wrinkled.-Dry soils, S. and NV. Sts. Slender, branched, erect, 2f higih. Lfts. 2 to 2a' long(, I as wide. Ped. 6 to 10' long. May-Jl. (P. eglandulosa EII.) 8 P. Oniobrychis Nutt. Pubescent; lfts. ovate-acuminate; rac. elongated; cal. much shorter thai. coi., teath small, obtuse, equal; leg. ovate, transversely wrinkled. —Low grounds and thickets, W. States. St. rigidly erect, nearly simple, 3 to 5f high. Lft:. 2 to 4' long, nearly-A as wide. Fls. small, pedicellate, blue. Pods exceeding tlo calyx, rostrate. Jn., J1. 9P. multijuga Ell. Lfts. numerous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; spikes oblong; cal. villous, teeth very long; bracts small.-In the upper country, Ga. (Elliott),:.. Car. (Darby). St. stout, furrowed 1 to 2f high, nearly smooth. Fls. violet. -Lfts. 9 or 10 pairs. Mlay, Jn. 33. GLOTTID'IU., Desv. (Gr. yTZ-r-a, tongue; alluding to the sing-ular structure of the pods.) Calyx campanullate, truncated, minutely 5-toothed; vexillum i eniform, broader than lono; leguime elliptic-oblong, compressed, pointed at each end; valves double, the inner meabranous, inclosing the seeds after the outer have fallen away; seeds 1 or 2.-(1 Glabrouns. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. Fls. small, yellow. G. Ploridatnum DC. In waste and damp soils, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. St. tall and rank (4 to 10I). Lfts. 30 to 50, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 6 to 18" long. Fls. about a third as large as in Sesbania, in slender rac. Pods 18" by 6", appearing after the opening of the outer valve, as tongue and lips. Seeds beanshaped. 34. SESB A'HIA, PCers. Calyx camnpanulate, subequally 5-toothed; vexillumn longer than the obtuse keel, the claw appended; legume very long and slender, lineari, closed between the seeds. —Shrubs or herbs, wikth abruptly pinnate lvs., caducous stip. antl bractecoles, andt yellowish flowers. S. macroca.rpa Muhli. Herb annual, glabrous; lfts. 30 to 50, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate; rac. about 2-flowered, shorter, but the legumes twice longer than the lvs.-Damp grounds, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. tall (2 to 8f). Lvs. G to 10' long, the iat. i to 9", glaucous beneath. The extrenmely slender leg. nearly a foot long, with a bordered margin are very singular. Aug'.-Oct. 35. AIPOR'PHA, L. LEAD PLANT. (Gr. a, privative, ltopo,'1, form; alluding.to the deficiencies of the corolla.) Calyx subcampanulate, 5cleft; vexillui concave, uuguiculate, eiect; wings Cand ieel none; stamens exserted; legume oblong, sornmewhat curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 to 2-seeded.-Shrubs or half shrubby American plants. Lvs. unequally pinnate, punctate. Fls. bluish white, in virgate -racemes. * Lceaves stalked (i. e., the lovest ifts. remote from stem)..............................No. 1 * Leaves sessile,-ltts. obtuse, not muciloniate.......................................Nos. 2, 8 — Lfts. acute, imucronate................................ No. 4 i A. fruticosa L. Nearly glabrons or somewhat pubescent, shrubby or arborescent; lfts. 9 to 19, oval, petiolulate, very obtuse, the lower pair remote from the stem; cal. teeth obtuse, short, lower one acuminate and rather the longest; leg. 2-seeded.-A shrub or small tree, 6 to 16f high, mis. to a. and Fla., W 316 ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSAM. Mts. Lvs. 3 to 5' long; lfts. about 1 by', rather remote from each other and from the stem. Petiolules scarcely 2" long. Spicate rac. terminal, solitary or fascicled, 3 to 4' long. Vexillum purple, emnarginate. May, Jn. 2 A. glabra Desf. Nearly glabrous, shrubby; Ifts. oblong or elliptical, dotted, petiolulate, the lowest pair close to the stem; fls. subsessile; cal. teeth, short, the 2 upper obtuse, the 3 lower longer, or nearly equal, villous; sty. hairy towards the base.-Near Wilmington and-Newbern, N. Car. Plant 4 to 5f high. Fls. dark blue. JI. (v. s. in herb. Curtis.) (A. Caroliniana Croown). 3 A. herbAcea Walt. Pubescent and vomezwhat hoary, shrubby; Ifts. 20 to 25 pairs, oblong, obtuse, dotted, the lowest pair close to the stem; fls. subsessile; teeth1 of the cal..nearly equal, short; cor. wohiish. —Pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 2 to 4f high, grayish. Lvs. 5 to 7' long; lfts. 6 to 8" by 3". Petiolules 1!' long. Spilkes Inany, clustered at top, very downy, 6 to 8' long. Jn., J1i. 4 A2. can6scelns Nultt. Suffruticous, and canescently villous, lfts. small, numerous, crowded, ovate-elliptical, subsessile, ezucronate; spikes aggregate; fls. subsessile; calyx teeth equal, oval acute; vex. brigzht blue; leg. 1-seeded.-A beautiful species, 2 to 4f high, in dry, sandy soils, Wis. to La. and R. AMts., and is supposed to prefer localities of lead ore. Lvs. 2 to 3' long; lfts. coriaceous, 16 to 24 pairs, obtuse at base, 4 to 6" by 1 to 2". Spikes 2 to 3' long. J1., Aug. 36. DA'LEA, L. (In honor of Thoman s cale, an English botanist.) Calyx subequally cleft or toothed; petals unguiculate, claws of the wings andt keel adnate to the staminiate tube half way up; vexillum free, the limb cordcate; stamen s 10, united into a cleft tubc; ovary 2-ovulecd; legum e inclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. —Mostly herbaceous and glandular-punletate. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipels 0, stip. minute, setfaceous. Spikes mostly dense. D. alopecuroides WVilld. Glabrous and much. branched; lfts. 8 to 14 pairs, linear-oval, obtuse or retuse, punctate beneath; spike pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, terminal, silky-villous; bracts about equaling the acuminate segments of the cal. —( Prairies and bottoms, Ill., Mo., Car. Plant about 2f high, bushy and leafy and pale green: Lfts. not more than 4" by 1", sessile, and nearly in mutual contact. Spikes 1 to 2' long. Vexillum white, wings and keel pale violet. (D. Linnmi fsx. Petalostemon Ph.) 37. PETALOSTE'IION, Mx. (Alluding to the union of the petals. and stamens.) Calyx 5-4ootthed, inearly equal; petals 5, on filiforni claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and united with the staminate tube; stamens 5, monadelphous, tube cleft; legume, 1-seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx.-Mostly 4. Lvs. unequally, pinnate, exstipe]late. Fls. in dense, pedunculate, terminal spikes or heads. ~ PETALOSTEMON proper. Calyx teeth short. Heads not involucrate. Bracts small (a). a Bracts aristate-pointed, longer than the calyx.......Nos. 1, 2 a Bracts obtuse or acute, not aristate, short...........Nos. 3, 4 ~ KIUelNISTEnA, Lanm. Calyx teeth very long, setaceous, plumonus, pappus-like. lids. involucrate, with broad, scale-like bracts...................N.................... No. 5 1 P. c~indidum M~x. Glabrous, erect; lfts. 7 to 9, all sessile, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, glandular beneath; spikes on long peduncles; bracts setaceous, longer than the white petals; vex. broadly cordate, the other pets. ovate.-A finelooking plant in dry prairies, S. and AV. States. St. 2 to 4f high, sparingly branched, slender. Lfts. 9 to 18" by 3 to 51", terminal one larges-t. Fls. small, white, crowded in dense spikes which are 1 to 3' long. J1. 2 P. violiceum Mx. Minutely pubescent, erect lfts. 5, linear, glandular beneath; spikes pedunculate, oblong or subglobous, shorter than the violet petals; vex. cordate, the other petals oblong, obtuse at base.-A beautiful plant, of similar habits with the last. St. slender, striate, subsimple, 17> to 2f high. fils. about 1' by 1", all sessile. Spikes 1 to 8, very dense, - to ij' long. Petals of a bright violet-purple. Jl., Aug. ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSA3. 3 1 7 3 P. carneum Mx. Glabrous, erect; lfts. 5 to 7, lance-linear; spikes oblong, peduncculate; bracts obovate, somewhat exceeding the short teeth of the glabrous calyx; pet. oblong, narrowed at base in the long claws. —Ga. and Fla. Slender, branching, 1 to 2f high; lvs. fascicled ill the axils. Lfts. acute, 5 to 8" long. Spikes l' long. Fls. roseate or white. Aug. 4 P. grsicile Nutt. G-labrous, decumbent at base; lfts. 7, lance-linear; spikes oblong or cylindrical, somewhat sessile; bracts acute, about equaling the short, blunt calyx teeth; petals ovate; vex. broadly cordate. —I) WV. Fla. and Ala. nearly simple, 1 to 2f lon0, leafy to near the top. Lfts. 3 to G" long. Spikes 6 to 12" long. Fls. white. 5 P. corymabosum Mx. St. corymbously branched; spikes capitate, sessile; bracts broad, colored, the outer leaf-bearing and flowerless; Ifts. linear, 5 to 7.A singularly elegant plant of the pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, many from one root, each with a corymb at summit. I-Ieads resemble the Compositae, with red scales and white lance-oblong petals. Sept., Oct. 38. ASTRAG'ALUS, L. TMII. VYETCH. Calyx 5-toothled; keel of the corolla obtuse stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); legumes 2-celled by the introflexion of the lower suture. -Ierbaceous or suffruticous, with unequally pinnate lvs.; and the fls. in spikes or racemes. ~ Legumes straight, eylindric. Flowers ochrolencous........................No. 1 ~ Legumes curved, prismatic. Fls. whitish or bluish.....................Nos. 2-4 ~ Legumes globular, fleshy. Fls. whitish or blue...................................... No., I A. Canadensis L. Canescent, erect, diffuse; stip. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; lfts. about 10 pairs, elliptical, obtuse at both ends; the lowest ovate, obtuse; ped. about as long as the lvs., when in fruit shorter; bracts subulate, as long as the cal.; fls. somewhat reflexed; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, suberect, smooth, many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped with the permanent style.24 River banks, etc., Can. and U. S. St. bushy, about 3f high, very leafy. Fls. greenish-yellow, in dense spikes. Pods -' in length, leathery. J1. Aug. 2 A. glAber Mlx. Nearly glabrous, erect; stip. minute or 0; lfts. 8 to lr pairs, oblong-lanceolata or linear, obtuse or emarginate; spikes loose, much longer than.the lvs.; bracts subulate, scarcely lonzger than the pedicels; leg. flattened, reticulated.-I4 Pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f high. Fls. greenish white. Pods distant, 1~' long, spreading, incurved, acute at each end. Apr. 3 A. obcordatus Ell. Nearly glabrous, decumbent or assurgent; stip. lanceolate; Ifts. 7 to 12 pairs, obcordate or obovate, ped. about as long as the lvs., fewflowered, fls. pedicellate; cal. teeth subulate, about as long as the tube; leg. curved, pointed, strongly reticulated.-River banks, N. Car. to Fla. Plant low and leafy, ascending 4 to 8'. Fls. blue and white. Pod 1' in length. Lfts. 3 to 4" long. 4 A..dist6rtus Torr. & Gr. St. and ped. as in No. 3; stip. ovate; lvs. longpetioled, lfts. oblong-obovate, mostly emarginate, 7 to 12 pairs; spikes short; cal. teeth triangular-acunminate, half as long as the tube; leg. smrooth, declineae, curved. — Prairies, WV. Ill. (Mead) to Ark. Branches ascending 4 to 6'. Lfts. 3 to 5" by 1 to 2". Fls. blue, 6'r long. Pods 1' long, beaked with the coiled style. Probably a variety of the last. 5 A.MexicAnUs A. DC. Lo-w, branches decumbent, glabrous; lye. pedunculate, lfts. 7 to 10 pairs, obovate, emarginate; ped. rather longer than the lvs.; spikes short, 10 to 15-flowered; leg. globular, obtuse, succulent, sweet-tastedl.-Prairies, Ill., Mo. to Ark. Plant 3 to 5' high. Lfts. 2 to 3" by 1 to 2". Els. about 9" long (yellowish white in h. s.), bluish? Fr. as large as the plum, and "eaten. unripe by travelers, raw or cooked." 39. PHIA'CA, L. (Gr. (dicoj, lentil, fiom dayo, to eat.) Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); legoume continuous, turgid, 1-celled; placentee tumid, several-seeded. 4 Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in axillary, pedunculate raceme. (Differs fromn Astragalus only in its fi'uit.) * Plant densely villous. F.loeltrses reeuish vellow...................................No. 1 * l'lant nearly glabious. 1.'lowes iwhite or purple............................... Nos. 2-4 318 ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOS1E. 1 P. villosus Nutt. Low, villous-hirsute, decumbent; Ivs. petiolate, lfts. distant, 9 to 15, oval or oblong, the odd one obovate; ped. rather longer than the lvs.; spikes short, somewhat loose; cal. teeth longer than the tube; leo'. clothed with long woolly hlairs.-Dry sandy fields and woods, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. spreadingo on the sand, 2 to 3' long. Lfts. 3 to 4" by 1 to 2". Fls. 10 to 15 in a head, 4 to 5" long. Maar., Apr. 2 P. neglecta Torr. & Gr. Erect; lfts. elliptical, 7 to 13 pairs; stip. minute; ac. many-flowered, rather loose and some longer than the Ivs.; leg. nzot stiued, smooth, roundcish ovate, mvucl injflatled, with a deep groove at the ventral suetzre. —By streams andc lakes, W. N. Y. to Wis. Plant resemblingo Astragalus Canadensis, but of flirer and finer look. St. 1 to 2f high, terete. Lfts. 9 to 15" by 3 to 5", minutely puberulent beneath. Fls. white, 10 to 20 in a raceme. Pods about i' long, with niany small sds. Jn., J1. 3 P. Robbinsii Oakes. Erect; lfts. 5 to 11, elliptical, terminal one largest, stip. triangular-ovate; ped. twice longer than lvs.; rac. short, ovate; co. horizontal, twice as long as thlle cal.; leg. stiped, obloneg, keeled at thce ventral suture, tipped with the recurved, persistent style.-Ledges by rivers and lakes, northern Vt., rare. Plant nearly smooth. St. slender, 8 to 14' high. Lvs. remote, 2 to 4.' lono. Lfts. 4 to 8" by 11- to 3", petiolulate. Rac. surpassing the stem, on ped. 5 to 10' lonog 12 to 1S-flowered. Cor. white, about 5" long. Pods 1' long, 4 to S-seeded. May, Jn. 4 P. astragalana DC. Low, ascendig2g or nearly stemless;!fts. 15 to 21, oval; slip. ovate; ped. at, lcngtth longer than the lvs.; rac. dense, with 8 or 10 violetcolored fls.; cal. teeth shorter l;than tubo; leg. pendulous, stiped. —Can. along the St. Lawrence and northward. Slts. 1 to 6' high. 40. TEPHRO SIA, L. GO T'S RUE. CAT-GUT. (Gri.,E0PQb, ashcolored; fi'oln the color of the foliagerc.) Calyx with 5, nearly equal, subulate tetlh; bractcoles 0; vexillum large, orbicular; keel obtuse, Coherinoi wVith thle winogs; stamens diadclphous (in the following species) or meonadelphous; legunie linear, much compressed, many- seeded. -Herbs and shrubs, with unequally pinnate lvs.. Flower-s large (9 to 10" lonl), in a leafy, terminal cluster.............................No. 1 ~ Flowers small (5 to 6"1 lon), spicate on long, leafless peduncles..................Nos. 2-4 1 T. Virginiana Pers. Erect, villous; lfts. numerous, oblong, mucronate; rae. terminal, subsessile among the lvs.; leg. falcate, villous.-24 Plant 1 to 2f' high, in dry, sandy soils, Can., Incd., Ill., S. to Fla. St. simple, very leaftr. Lfts. 15 to 27, 10 to 13" by 2 to 3", straight-veined, odd one oblong-obcordate, petiolules 1" long. Stip. subulate; deciduous. Fls. as large as those of the locust, in a short, crowded cluster. Cal. very villous. Banner white, keel rose-colored, wings red. J1. 2 T. spictaa Tori & Gr. Vilozus with r'usty hairs; st. subsinmple; lfts. 9 to 17, oblong-oval or elliptic, mucronate, obtuse or rotuse; pell. very lonzg, few-flowered; cal. sege,. subllate, longer tha/ the tzebe.-Comrron in dry soils, S. States. An unlsightly plant. Sts. ascending, 1 to 3f long, flexuous, scarcely branched, tough. Lvs. fbw, distant; fts. 1' 10ong. Ped. 6 to 12 to 18' long. Fls. purplish red. Jro., Aug(. 3 T. hispidula Phl. Miniuitelpy hispid or uubescent; stis. dichotomous, slender, decumbont; lfts. 9 to 19, elliptic-oblong, acute; ped. several, few-flowered; cal. segn7. not lonzer tlhael the tuibe; pods falcate.-Dry soils, S. States. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Lvs. remote; fts. 10 to 15" long, mucronate, sometimes nearly linear. Ped. 3 to 6' long. Fls. reddish purple.!iMay, Aug. e. ELEGANS T. & G. Very slender, nearly glabrous; Ifts. 11 to 17, narrowly elliptical, acute; ped. filiform; pods nearly straighlt.-Savannah (Pond). (T. elegans Nutt.) 4T. chlrysoph'lla Ph. Soft-2pubescent, prostrate, dichotomous; lfts. 5 to 9, oval or obovate, coriaceous, glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath; ped. longer than the Ivs.; cal. segm. shorter than the tube.-Ga. (Savannah, Pond) and Fla. St. If or more long, clothed witll a rusty down. Foliage with a lively tinge of yel0 ZD~~~~~~ —— ~ ~ —--- JV ORDER 46.-I~EGUMAINOSA. 319 low. Lf'ts. about 9/t by 7", beautifuilly striate, and wavy at edge. Pods straight (always?) May, JI. G. RAOILIoR. Nearly glabrous, slender; lfts. few, oblong (9" by 3'.) Plant 3 to 9' long. Pod small (15" long.) Fls. reddish purple as above.-Covington, La. (Hale.) 41. INDIGO'FERA, L. ITDIGO-PLANT. (Lat. I2ndigo, fero, to bear.) Calyx with 5 acute segments; vexillum roundish, emarginate; keel spurred each side, at length reflexed; legume 2-valved, 1 to o-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Stip. small, distinct friom the petiole. Fls. cyanic. 1 I. CarolinAiana Walt. terb erect, branched; lTs. unequally pinnate; Ifts. 11 to 15, oblong-ovate, petiolulate; rac. slender, longer than the lvs.; leg. pendulous, obllong, rumoose, veiny, 2-seeded. - Sandy woods, N. Car. (Dr. Porcher) to Fla. St. 3 to'i high. Lfts. 9 to 12" long, obtuse or retuse. Rac. 3 to 6' long; ils. pecdicellato, yellowish-brown. Calyx pubescent, small, with 5 short, subulate teeth. JI., Sept. 2 1. leptos6pala Nutt. IHerbs decumbent, strigous, with ashy hairs; lvs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 7 to 9, obovate-oblong, subsessile, nearly glabrous above; rac. longer than the lvs., fls. nearly sessile; leg. linear, reflexed, 6 to 9-seeded.Ga. to Ark. St. 2 to 3f long. Pls. pale scarlet. Pods 11-' long, pointed. 42. ROBIIA'I/, L. Locusr. (In memlory of JoHsx RoXIN, herbalist to Louis XIV.) Calyx short, cartmpanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments more or less coherent; vexillurm large; alt obtuse; stamnens diadelphous (9 & 1); style bearded inside; legume compressed, elongated, llmany-seedcd. —Tmees and shrubs with stipular spines. Lvs. unequally piinate. Fis. showy, in axillary rac. I R. Paeu dacdcia L. Coni3oxN LocUST. B3ranches armed with Stipular prickles; lfts. ovate and oblong-ovante; rac. liendldoZs, smooth, as well as the legumes.-Native in Penn. and the more Southern and Western States, and abundantly naturalized in N. Eng. Hight 30 to 80f, with a diam. of 1 to 3 or 4f. The pinnate lvs. have a beautiful symmetry of form, each composed of 8 to 12 pairs of Ifts., with one at the end. These are oval, thin, nearly sessile, and very smooth, closing as if in sleep by night. Fls. in numerous, pendulous clusters, diffusing an agreeable fragrance. Pod narrow, flat, with 5 or 6 small, brown seeds. When young the tree is armed with thorns, which disappear in its maturity. Apr., May. —The wood is very hard and durable. 2 R. viscO6sa Vent. CLArMaiY LocusT. Stipular spines very short; branchlet%, Ietioles, and leg. glancdtla'-viscid; lfts. ovate; rac. crowded, erect. —This beautiful tree is native of the Mts. of N. Car. to Ga., where it attains the hight of 40f The fls. numerous, rose-colored, in erect, axillary clusters, with the thick, dark green foliage, render this tree one of the most brilliant ornaments of the park or the garden. Apr., Jn. 3 R. hispida L. RosE ACACIA. Stipular spines almost wanting, sh7Szb mostly hispid; rac. loose, suberect. —A beautiful shrub, native of the Soutlhern States, lmuch cultivated in gardens for the sake of its numerous, large, deep rose-colored and very showy 11s. Heig'ht 3 to 5 or 8f. Lfts. 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval. FPs. inodorous, twice larger than those of the common locust. 43. C0 U'TEA, L. BL.ADDER SENN-A. Calyx 5-toothed; vexilluml with 2 callosities, expandeld, laroer than the obtuse carina; stig-nla lateral, under the booked summit of the style, which is longituclinally bearded on the back side; legunine inflated, scarious. Shrubs with unequally pinnate lvs. C. afborescens L. Lfts. elliptical, retuse; vex. shortly gibbous behind.- 1 hardy, free-flowering shrub, native of Italy, &c., growing almost alone on the summits of Mft. Vesuvius. Sts. 8 to 1 f highl. l]fts. about 9.'ls. large, yellow, 320 ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSIE. with a broadly expanded banner. In medicine the leaves are used instead of senna. Jn.-Aug. f 44. WISTA'RIA, Nutt. (In memory of Caspar Wistar, M.D., President of Am. Phil. Soc.) Calyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lower one 3 subequal teeth; vexillumn with 2 callosities ascending the claw and separating above; swings and keel falcate, the former adhering at top; legume torulous; seeds many, reniform. — Twining, shrubby plants, with pinnate lvs. Rac. large, with large, colored bracts. Fls. lilac-colored. 1 W. frutescenrs DC. Sts. pubescent when young, at length glabrous; Ifts. 9 to 13, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, subpubescent; wings with 2 auricles at base; ova. glabrous.-An ornamental, vigorous vine, in rich alluvion, S. & W. States. Sts. several yards long, climbing over bushes, etc. Lfts. 1 to 2' by -, to 1'. Fls. nearly as large as those of the sweet pea, numerous, in rac. 3 to 6 or 8' long, sheathed in very conspicuous bracts. Sds. spotted. Apr., May. - (Glycine firutescens L. Thyosanthus EIl.) 2 W. consequdAna Benth. Lfts. 9 to 13, ovate-lanceolate, silky-pubescent; rae. terminal, nodding, loosely many-flowered.-A splendid flowering vine from China. St. of rapid growth, 12f or more in length. Fls. in long, pendulous clusters. May, Jn. f 45. A'PIOS, L. GRIOUND NUT. ('Artlo9, the pear; from the form of its tubers.) Calyx campanulate, obscurely bilabiate, the upper lip of 2 very short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lower one acute and elongated; keel falcate, pushing back the broad, plicate vexillum at top; ovary sheathed at base.- -4 Twining, smooth. Root bearing edible tubers. Lvs. pinnately 5 to 7-foliate. A. tuberdsa Ph. St. twining; lvs. pinnate, of 7 ovate-lanceolate lfts.; rae. shorter than the lvs.-Thickets and shady woods, Can. and U. S., twining about other plants. St. round, 2 to 4f in length. Lvs. rather numerous, each consisting of 3 (rarely 2) pairs of leaflets and an odd terminal one. These are ovate, narrow, more or less pointed, smooth, on short pedicels. Rae. axillary, solitary, 1 to 3' long', crowded. FIs. dark purple. To the root are appended oval, fleshy tubers, which are very nutritious, and would perhaps be cultivated had we not the potato. Jl., Aug. (Glycine Apios L.) 46. IG'NA, Savi. (In memory of Dominic Vinca, Commentator on Theoplirastus.) Calyx of 4 lobes, the upper twice broader, the lower longer; vexillusn broad with 2 callosities near the base of the limb; lkeel not twisted; stigma lateral; legume terete; seeds not compressed.-Twining herbs. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. V. hirsuita Feay. Plant hirsute, the stem retrorsely so; cal. with 1 bractlet at base, segm. all acute, the lower acuminate; ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pointed.-Rice field dams, Savannah (Feay), swamps, NT. Orleans (Hale). Sts. scrambling over bushes, many feet long, slender. Lfts. 2 to 3' by I to 1', with scattered, appressed hairs both sides, and minute stipels. Ped. 8 to 12' long. 3 to 5-flowered at the top. Fls. pale yellow, the banner 6" long and 9" broad. Pods 2' long, with 4 to 6 large, black, polyhedral seeds. Oct., Nov. (V. glabra Savi? Dolichos luteolus Ell.) 47. RHYNCHO'SIA, DC. (Gr. PVyXof, a beak; in reference to the projecting keel.) Calyx somewhat bilabiate, or 4-parted, with the upper segrn. 2 cleft; vexillum without callosities; kIeel falcate; style glabrous; legume oblique, short, compressed, 1 to 2-seeded; seeds carunculate.- 4 Erect, or twining. Lvs, resinous-dotted beneath, pinnately 3-foliate, sometimes reduced to a single leaflet. Fls. yellow. ORDER 46.-ILEGUMINOSE. 321 ~ RIHYNCIHOST proper. Calyx segments subulate, the lower much the longest, shorter than the corolla. Fls. in slender racemes...................No. I ~ ARcYPHYLLu M, Ell. Calyx persistent, leafy, segments nearly equal, as long as the corolla. Lvs. coriaceous, rugose. Fls. fascicled or racemned.....................Nos. 2 —4 ~ PITCHrERI, Nutt. Calyx segments lance-subulate, the upper rather the longer, shorter than the corolla. Fls. axillary, subsolitary........................................ N( 5: R. mlnima DC. Scrambling, puberulent; lfts. membranous, rhomboidal, acute with a large angle; rac. much longer than the lvs., about 12-flowered; fls. small, remote, reflexed.-Along rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La. A delicate vine, several feet in length. Lfts. not rugose, 6 to 9" square, petiole hardly 1' long. Rac. axillary, about 6' long. Pods I-' long, mucronate. 2 R. volhubilis. Twining, pubescent; lvs. 3-foliate, lfts. broadly oval or orbicular, somewhat rhomboidal, obtuse or acute; rac. few (3 to 10)-flowvered, pedunculate; cal. segm. ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate.-Dry woods, Ga. (Miss Keen), to La, (Hale). Sts. 2 to 4f long, square, especially downy on the angles; Lower lvs. sometimes? monophyllus; lfts. smaller than in No. 3. Sep. becoming quito large in fruit. (R. difformis DC. and R. latifolia Nutt.) 3 R. simnplicif6lia. Dwarfish, pubescent, erect; lvs. reduced to a single leaflet orbicular or reniform, obtuse. —Dry san1Cdy woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. angular, 1 to 3' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' broad, very veiny and rugous. Fls. small, in one or more dense tufts. Pods ovate-oblong, i" in length. Apr., May. (R. tomentosa, a. T. & G.) 4 R. erdcta DC. Tall, erect, velvety-pubescent; lvs. 3-foliate, lfts. elliptic or oval, acute, terminal one sometimes roundish; fls. fascicled or racemed, axillary and terminal; cal. segm. parted almost to the base, lance-ovate to lance-linear. — Dry soils, Md. to Fla. Sts. about 6-angled, 2-5f high. The lowest leaf or lvs. sometimes monophyllous. Lfts. about as large as inl No. 3. Rae. 1 to 3' long. (3 to 7' Ell. in Glycine mollissima.)-The leaflets are sometimes strikingly variegated with lines of black dots along the veins above. (R. tomesntosa, var. Tor. & Gr. G. tomentosa, var. Mx. 5 R. galactoides.' Erect, rigid, with many simple, angular, pubescent branches; ivs. trifoliate, lfts. (small) coriaceous, elliptic or oval, margins reflexed, under surface with numerous resilous atoms; pedicels about equaling the petioles, half as long as the fis.-Ala. and W. Fla. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 6 to 9"' by 3 to 6", those of the virgate branches much smaller. Fls. yellow. 48. PHASE'OLUS, L. KIDNEY BEAN. (Lat. rhaselus, a little boat; from the form of the pods.) Calyx subbilabiate, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed; keel with the stamen s and style spirally twisted; legune comlpressed and falcate, or cylindric, many-seeded; seeds compressed, reniform. —Herbaceous, twining or trailing. Lvs. pinnately trifoliato; lfts. stipellate. Native species-FIs. racemed. Pods fitlcate........................................No. -Fls. 1 or few in a head. Pods straight..........................Nos. 2 —4 Exotic.-Stems clilbinlg....................................................os. 5-Stems erect, bushy............................. 8 L P. perculnis Walt. WILD BEAN VINE. Twining, pubescent; rae. paniculate., mostly in pairs, axillary; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, 3-veined; leg. pendulous, lalcate. broad-mucronate. —24 A slender,; twining vine, in dry woods, Can. and U. S., common. St. 4 to 7f long, somewhat branching. Lfts. Il to 3}1' long, 4 to equal width; terminal one often subcordate, lateral ones unequally enlarged at base outside, under surface scabrous. RIac. 1 to 3 together, 6 to 12' long, loose, often unfruitful. Cor. purple and violet. Leg. about 2' long, -' wide, with compressed, reniform, dark purple seeds. Jl., Aug. 2 P. diversif6lius Pers. St. prostrate, diffuse, scabrous with recurred hairs; IfIs. angular-, 2 to 3-lobed or entire; ped. longer than the leaf, few-flowTered, lower tooth of the calyx longer than the tube; leg. pubescent, broadly-linear, cylindric. —2) A creeping or climbing plant, 3 to 5f long, on sandy shores and prairies, Can. and U. S. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, 4 as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, often variously and very obtusely lobed. Ped. 2 to 8-flowered, 3 to 6' long. Cor. purplish. Leg. becomes black when ripe, 5 to 7-seeded. Aug. —Oct. 21 322 OQDER 46.-LEGUMINOSE. 3 P.' h6lvolus L. St. slender, twining; Ifts. between oblong-ovate and lance-ovate, not lobed; ped. slender, several times longer than the lvs., few-flowered; leg. straight, cylindric, 8 to 10-seedecld.- Sandy fields, N. Y. to Fla. and La. St. 3 to 5f long. Lfts. 1 to 2' by:- to 1'. Ped. 4 to 8' long, 4 to 7-flowerecl. Cl. with 2 bracts at base. Cor. purplish, vexillum large, roundish. Leg. 2 to 3' long, very narrow, subfalcate. Aug., Sept. (Strophostylis peduncularis Ell.) 4 P. paucifl6rus Benth. St. slender, retrorsely hirsute; Ifts. linear-oblong, not lobed, as long as the petiole, hirsute and reticulated on both surfaces; stip. subulate; ped. much longer than the lvs.; lids. few-flowered; leg. hirsute, 5 to S-seeded.-Prairies, Ill. (Meead). Also Ark. and La. St. 2 to 4f long, prostrate. Lfts. 1 to 2' by 3 to 5". Pods 1 to 1-' long, straight and slender. Jl., Aug. (P. leiospermus T. & G.) 5 P. vulg~aris L. St. twining; lfts. ovate-acuminate; rac. solitary, shorter than the lvs.; pedicels in pairs; cal. as short as its two bracts at base; leg. pendulous, long-mucronate; seed reniform, variously, often brightly colored. —.I' Native of E. Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens, not only for the mature fruit but for the young pods which constitute that favorite dish, string beann.s. St. 3 to 8f long, twining against the sun. FMl. mostly white. J1. 6 P. multiflorus L. SCARLET POLE BEAN. St. twining; Ifts. ovate-acute; rac. solitary, as long as the lvs.; pedicels opposite; cal. longer than the 2 appressed bracts at base; leg. pendulous; seeds reniform. —(l Native of S. America. St. 6 to 10f long, twining against the sun. Fls. scarlet, numerous, and very brilliant. Fr. not so generally admired as the last. J1. 7 P. lunAtus L. LIAA BEAN. St. twining; lfts. ovate, deltoid, acute; rae. shorter than the Ivs.; ped. in pairs; cal. longer than its 2 bracts at base; leg. scimetar-shaped, or somewhat lunate; sds. large, much compressed, purplishwhite. —Native of E. Indies. St. 6 to 8f long. Fis. small, whitish. Much valued and cultivated. J1. 8 P. iRnfus L. BusI BEAN. St. smooth, very branching, erect; ifts. broadovate, acute; cal. shorter than its 2 bracts at base; leg. pendulous, compressed, rugous. —P Native of India. St. If high. Fls. white. Seeds white, small, but there are many varieties. Much cultivated. Jn. 49. ERYTHRI'IA, L. (Gr.:pvOQbS, red; from the color of the flower.) Calyx campanulate, tubular, truncate or lobed; vexillum long, lanceolate, with no callosities; wings and keel much smaller; stamens straight, nearly as long' as tlhe vexillum; style glabrous; legume torulous. —Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often prickly. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. Fls. racemed. t. E. herbacea L. Glabrous; lfts. rbonmbic-hastate, with 3 rounded, shallow lobes, petioles, with here and there a small hooked prickle; rac. terminal; cal. truncate; leg. dehiscent.-In rich soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. A plant of splendid hues, arising from a thick subterranean rhizome, 3 to 4f high. Sts. simple, purple. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, 2 as wide, the petiole twice as long. FPI. numerous, slender, the banner 2' long, deep scarlet, the keel and wings very small. Sds. scarlet, the size of a small bean. Apr., Jn. 2 E. Crista-gdlli L. Cocrs-carn. St. arboreous, unarmed; lfts. ovate or elliptical, coriaceous, the petiole and midvein armed with strong, hooked prickles; cal. short, campanulate, vex. strongly curved. —A handsome flowering shrub or tree, planted at the South. Rac. of many large scarlet flowers, terminal on the branches. Apr., Jn. From Brazil. 50. AW1PHICARPA'A, Ell. PEA VINE. (Gr. dpetq, Lat. amnbo, both, Kca7pnrg, fruit; i. e., two kinds of fructification.) Calyx tubular, campanulate, with 4 or 5 nearly equal segments; petals oblong; vexillum with the sides appressed; stigma capitate; ovary on a sheathed stipe; legume flat, 2 to 4-seeded. —(l Slender, twining. Lvs. pinnately ORDER 46.-LEGUMINOSA. 323 trifoliate. The upper fls. complete, but usually barren, the lower apetalous and fruitful. 1 A. monoica Nutt. St. retrorsely pubescent; ifts. ovate, thin; cauline rac. simple, pendulous; cal. segm. very short, triangular-acuminate; bracts minute.A very slender vine in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. St. twining, rough backwards, 4 to 8f in length. Lfts. very thin, I to 3' long,:- as wide, lateral ones oblique at base. Rac. axillary, few-flowered. Fls. pale purple. Cauline leg. smoothish, with 3 to 4 dark purple seeds. Radical leg. often subterraneous, with one large, compressed, brown seed. J1., Sept. 2 A. Pitcheri Torr & Gr. St. villous, with ferruginous, spreading hairs; lfts. rhombic-ovate; rac. erect, often branched; cal. segm. lance-subulate, a third of the length of the tube; bracts broad, conspicuous. —Alluvion about N. Orleans and W. La. (HIale). Lfts. rather thick, 2 to 3' by 1- to 2', hirsute both sides. Fls. a little smaller (6" long); fr. a little larger (16 to 18" long) than in No. 1. Sds. 3, compressed, purplish-black. 51. GALAC'TIA, L. (Gr. yTda, milk; some species have a mlilky juice.) Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segnents of nearly equal length, upper one broadest, entire; pet. oblong; vexillum broadest and incumbent; keel petals slightly cohering at top; legume many-seeded. -Herbs prostrate or twining, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. pinnately compound. Rac. axillary. Fls. cyanic. ~ Leaves pinnate, 7 to 9-foliate. Stems prostrate, twining.............................No. l ~ Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Stems prostrate, twining............................Nos. 2-4 ~ Leaves pinnately 8-foliate. Stems erect or ascending.................e........Nos. 5, 6 1 G-. Elli6ttii Nutt. Lfts.' to 9, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each end; ped. longer than the lvs., few-flowered at the top; upper sep. (double) broad, ovate, subulate-mucronate. —Ga. (Feay and Pond). Sts. running or climbing many feet. Lfts. 1' or more long, minutely pubescent beneath. Pods villous, 2' long, 4 to 6-seeded. Corolla white or rose color, 7" long. Mlay-J1. 2 G. glabella Nx. St. nzearly glab~rous; lfts. 3, elliptic-oblong, emarginate at each end, sub-coriaceous, shining above, a little hairy beneath; r'ac. pedunculate, about the length of the Ivs., fls. pedicellate.-In arid soils, N. J. to Fla. Sts. 2 to 4f long. lfts. 10 to 20" by 5 to 10", varying in form from elliptic through oblong to ovate. Fls. rather large (7 to 8" long), reddish-purple, greenish externally. Pods 1-' long (immature), erect, falcate. Aug. —Sept. 3 G. m6llis MAx. St. softly poubescent; tfis. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth above, softly villous and nwhitish beneath; sac. longes- than the vls., pedunculate, fasciculate; fls. on very short pedicels; leg. villous.-Dry soils, Id. to Ga. St. several feet long. Lfts. about 1' long, 8" wide. Fis. about half as large as in the last. Aug. —Sept. 4 G. pil6sa Nutt. St. rets'orsely hirsute; lfts. 3, oval-oblong, retuse at apex, finely hirsute on both surfaces, paler beneath; 7sac. twuice or thrice longer than'the Ivs., with scattered, distant fls. —N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. several feet in length. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, half as wide, petioles 1 to 1' long. Fls. a fourth. smaller than in No. 2, pale roseate, pedicellate. Pods villous. Jn.-Sept. 5 G. br-ach:poda T''orr. & Gr. St. flexuous, somewhat erect; lfts. 3, oblong or linear-oblong, odd one petiolulcte, petioles longer than the lfts. or the few-flowered, stalked ro'ac. —Pino barrens, gr. Fla. Sts. leaning, 2 or more f high. Lfts. 12 to 18" by 4 to 6". Fls. purplish, about half as large as in No. 2. 6 G. sessiiifl6ra Torr. & Gr. St. flexuous, erect; Ifts. oblong-linear or linear, odd one subsessile; petioles longer than the lfts.; rac. very short, sessile.-Ala. and W. Fla. Sts. two or more together, I to 2f high. Lfts. 12 to 20" by 3 to I", obtuse or emarginate. Fascicles 3 to 6-flowered. Fls. purple. Pods erect, 6 to 8-seeded. 52. DOL'ICHOS, L. (Gr. doqt6XC, long; from the great length of these vines.) Calyx 4-lobed, the upper lobe 2-tootlhed or entire, vexil 324 ORDER 47.-ROSACEAE. lum, with 2 or 4 callosities near the base of the limb; stigma terminal, legume compressed, with few oval, compressed seeds.-Twining herbs with pinnately trifoliate Ivs. D. multifblrus Torr. & Gr. Lfts. large, round-ovate, with a short acumination; rac. about as long as the petioles, dense, many-flowered; upper segm. of the cal. entire, lower longest, lanceolate; leg. broad, 3 to 5-seeded. —iver banks, Ga. to La. and Ark. Sts. very long, retrorsely pubescent. Lfts. 2 to 4' diam., smooth when old. Pods 2' long, 8" wide, with an abrupt, incurved beak. Sds. brown, much flattened. Jn., J1.,3. HALI. St. minutely pubescent; lvs. glabrous; petioles 3 times longer than the few (5 to 8)-flowered rac. —Near N. Orleans (Hale.) ID. sesquipedAlis W. a vine with very long pods, native of the W. ncdies, and D. Cat-iang W., with two erect pods at top of the peduncle, native of E. Indies, are occasionally seen in cultivation at the South (Feay). 53. CLITO'RIA, L. Calyx bibracteolate, tubular, 5-toothed, segments acuminate; vexillum large, spreading, roundish, emarginate, not spurred; keel smaller than the wings, acute, on long claws; legume linear oblon(g, torulous, several-seeded.-24 Mostly twining. Lvs. pinnately 3 to 5-foliate. Fls. very large, solitary or several together. C. Maridna L. Glabrous; st. suberect or twining, suffruticous; lfts. 3, oblongovate or lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones petiolulate; ped. short, 1 to 3-flowered: ~ bracteoles and bracts very short; leg. torulous, 3 to 4-seeded.-Dry soils, N. J. to Fla. St. 1 to 3f long, round, slender, branched. Lfts. rather remote, about 1' by 6". Cor. pale purple, 2 to 2~' in length, calyx A', bracteoles 2". Jl., Aug. 54. CENTROSE' iA, DC. (Gr. Ic'v-pov, a spur, Sjl-ea, a standard; the vexillum spurred.) Sepals lance-linear, slightly unitedl, the lower longest, and with 2 broad bracteoles; vex. very large, with a short spur on the back near the base; keel and stamens much shorter, incurved; legume long, linear, margined and long pointed.-4- Twining. Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate. Fls. very large. Bracts, bractlets, and calyx striated. C. VirginiAna Benth. St. very slender; lfts. oblong-ovate to oblong-linear, firm, very veiny, the veins incurved; ped. 1 to 4-flowered bracteoles larger (not longer) than the cal.; pod. veined along'the margin.-Dry soils, S. States. Whole plant of firm texture, glabrous and very slender, several fbet in length. Banner orbicular, 1-' broad, violet blue. Pod 4 to 6' long, 2 to 3" wide. J1., Aug. ORDER XLVII. ROSACEIE. ROSEWORTS. Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate, stipulate lvs. and regular flowers.,S'eals 5, garely fewer, united, often reinforced by as many bractlets. Petals 5, rarely 0, distinct, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube. Stamens 0o, rarely few, distinct, inserted with the petals (perigynous). Ovaries 1, 2, 5 or Co, distinct, or often coherent with each other, or immersed in an excavated receptacle (~ 444). Fruit a drupe, or achenia, or a dry or juicy etTrio ($ 565), or pome. Seeds 1 or few in each carpel, anatropous, exalbuminous; embryo straight. (Illustr. in figs. 33, 41, 65, 66, 19, 91, 100, 106, 179, 166, 1617, 159, 293, 307, 385, 289, 380, 381, 414, 439, 440, 441, 443, 452, 461, 462.) This order-, as here constituted, includes five suborders, and together 87 genera and 1000 spedes. A larage proportion of these are natives of temperate climates forth of the equator. Properties.-A highly important order, whether we regard its delicious fruit, its medicinal products, or the beauty of its flowers. None of its species (excepting those of the alnond tribe) are unwholesonme. An astringent principle characterizes the fImily, residing chiefly in the bark and the roots. The roots of the blackberry have been used in medicine as an astringent; those of the Gillenia, as an emetic; Agrimonia, as a verinifuge. The petals of Rosa damnascene yield the well known fragrant oil called attar of rose. The almond, peach, &c., abound in prussic acid, ORDER 4. —ROSACE. 325 a deadly poison, residing chiefly in the kernels.-Of the Rosace~, as ornamental flowering shrubs, it is scarcely necessary to speak, neither of its many delicious fruits, as the Apple, Pear, Quince, Apricot, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Strawberry, Blackberry and Raspberry. SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA. ~ SuuBoaDER I. SANGUISORBE1E. Carpels 1 (rarely 2-4). Petals 0. Herbs. (a) a Stamens 1 to 4, style lateral. Flowers scattered....................... aLCIEMILLA. a Stamens 4, style terminal. Flowers in dense spikes.................. SANGUISOBA 2 a Stamens Cn, style terminal, stigma fringed. Fls. spicate.............. POTERIUM[ 8 ~ SUBORDEuI II. CHRYSOBALANEz. Carpel 1, style lateral. Petals 5. Shrubs.............................................................. CIIRYSOBLANum. 4 ~ Si-onuDn III. A.MYGDALEL.L Carpel 1, style terminal. Pet. 5. Trees, &cl. (b) b Stone smooth, globular. Fruit smooth but not glaucous.............. CEnAsus. r b Stone smooth, flattened. Fruit glaucous with bloom, or downy....... PuNus 6 b Stone roughened with pits and furrows.-Fruit pulpy................ PERsmI.e. P -Fruit dry.................. AYGDALUS 8 SUBOmRDERI IV. POM3EAE. Carpels 2 to 5, consolidated wi th the calyx. Fr. a pome. (c) C Ovary half-superior, 2-carpeled. Leaves very thick, lucid............ PIIOTINA 9 C Ovary inferior,-Petals bearded. Radicle retracted...................EYOBOTRYA 11) -Petals smootlh,-oblong-spatulate.....................AELANII 11 -roundish.-C.arpels 1-seeded......... C RATEGUS 12 -Carpels 2-seeded......... PYrPs 18 -Carpels 0o-seeded..... CYDONi.A 14 ~ SuBornDEn. ROSEAt. Carpels 2 to 50, free, in an open or closed calyx. (4) * Tribe 1. ROSIDEX. Carp. 1-seeded achenia inclosed in the calyx tube. (d) * Tribe 2. FaxGarmDsDe. Carp. 1-seeded. Achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx. (e) * Tribe 3. SPIRIDEgi. Carpels several-seeded follicles in an open calyx. (f) d Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Fls. often double...............PRosA. 5 d Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, echinate calyx..............A..... AGIteON IA. 16 e Styles persistent on the dry achenia. Petals 8 or 9..................DIYAs. 17 e Styles persistent on the dry achenia. Petals 5...................u..... GrEz. 18 e Styles deciduous,-Calyx bractless. Fr. a heap of pulpy achenia......Ruus. 19 -Calyx bractless. Ach. dryish. Sepals unequal.....DALIBADA. 20 -Calyx bractless or minutely bracteoled. Sep. equal...WALDSTEINIA. 21 -Calyx bracteolate,-Receptacle pulpy, globular, red.FRAGARI. 22 -Recept. spongy,glob. ls. purple.Co.irmmua. 23 -Receptacle dry.-Stamiens GO. POTENTJILLA. 24 -Stamens 5... SIBBALDIA. 25 f Follicles 2 to 10-seeded, Petals obovate, cyanic................... SPIRA.. 26 f Follicles 2 toc 4-seeded. Petals lance-linear, cyan ic................ GILLENIxA. 27 f Follicles 1-seeded. Petals multiplied, orange-yellow....E.....1....KIfix. 28 i. ALCHEUgIL'L i L. LADIEs' MANTLE. (The plant is called in Arabic dlkdmeiyeh.) Calyx 4-toothed, with 4 external bracteoles; petals 0; stamens 1 to 4, carpels (1 to 4) mostly solitary, with the style lateral, stigma capitate; seed suspended.-Herbs with palnate-lobed or incised lvs. alnd silall green fis. 1 A. arvdnsis Seep. PARSLEY PIERT. Lvs. incisely 3-lobed or parted, the segments 2 or 3-cleft, pubescent, cuneate at base; fls. axillary, clustered. —j Waste grounds, E. Va. A worthless weed, so small as to be easily overlooked. 2 A. alpinuis L. Lvs. radical, silky beneath, digitately 5 to'-foliate, segm. oblanceolate, cuneiform at base, incisely serrate at apex; fls. corymbous. — "On the peaks of high mts., Vt. and N. IH." (Pursh). 3ut the plant has never been rediscovered there. It is an elegant plant, sometimes cultivated. Common in Fur. 2. SANGUISOR'BA, L. BURNET. SAXIFRAGE. (Lat. sanguis, sorbere, to absorb blood; the plant is esteemed a vulnerary.) Calyx tube 4-sided, 2 or 3-bracted at base; limb 4-parted; petals 0; stamens 4, opposite the calyx segments; filaments dilated upward; style 1, filiform; achenium dry, included in the calyx.-Herbs with unequally pinnate lvs. Fls. in dense spikes. 326 ORDER 47.-ROSACEtIE. S. Canadlnsis L. Glabrous; iffs. oblong, cordate, obtuse, serrate; spikes cylindric, very long; stam. much longer than the cal. —4 In wet meadows, Brit. Am. to Ga. along the mts., and cultivated in gardens. St. 2 to 3f high, smootlh, striate, sparingly branched. Stip. leafy, serrate. Lfts. 2 to 4' long, 1 to 2 as wide, petiolate, mostly stipellate. Spikes 3 to 6' long, terminating the long, naked branches. Bracteoles 3. Calyx greenish-white, resembling a corolla. Aug. 3. POTE'U'RIUi, L. BURNET. (Literally [in Lat.] a drinking vessel, and hence a beverage.) Flowers 8. Calyx tube contracted at the mouth, 3-bracteolate, limb 4-parted, petals 0; stamiens 20 to 30; ovaries 2; stigma penicillat.c; achenia dry, included in the calyx. Herbs with unequally pinnate lvs. Fls. spicate. P. Salgulis6rba L. Herbaceous; st. unarmed, angular, and with the lvs., smooth; l:fts. 7 to 11, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate; spikes or heads subglobous, the lower fis. staminate. —4 Occasionally cultivated as a salad, but is now less valued in medicine than formerly. It is said by Hooker to be native about Lake Huron. 4. CHRYSOBALA'NUS, L. COCO. PLUM. (Gr. Xpvarog, gold, 3diXavog, acorn; in reference to the yellow fruit.) Calyx 5-cleft; petals 5; stamens about 20, in a single series, ovary solitary, sessile, the style arising from the base; ovules 2, collateral; drupe 1-seeded, with thin pulp. SlShrubs unarmed, with entire, veiny lvs., minute stipules, and terminal panicles. C. oblongif2lius Mx. Lvs. oblong, varying to oblanceolate, subsessile, pedicels and calyx tomentous-hoary; filaments and ovary glabrous; petals sessile; nucleus of the fruit not grooved.-Pine barrens, Ga., Ala. and Fla. A shrub with a slender, prostrate stem or woody rhizome, sending up short branches (8 to 12'), with smooth, coriaceous, subentire lvs., very glossy above, and very strongly veined, acute or obtuse. Fls. quite small, white. Fruit oblong, as large as a plum. May, Jn. 5. CEWARSUS, Juss. CIHEte.; (Prunus L.) (Name from Cerasus, a town in Pontus, whence originated the garden cherry.) Calyx 5cleft, regular, deciduous; petals much spreading; stamiens 15-20; ovary 2-ovuled; drupe globous, succulent, very smooth, destitute of a glaucous bloom; stone subg'lobous, smooth, with no border.-Trees or shrubs. Lvs. conduplicate (folded) in vernation. ~ Leaves evergreen. Pacenmes axillary, bractless...................................I lNo. 1 ~ Leaves deciduous. —Racelmes leafy at base..........................Nos. 2, 3 -Umbels lateral, leafless,-Nati.ve............................Nos. 4, 5 — Exotic............................Nos. 6, 7 1 C. Carolini. na Mx. nHERnY LAUREL. Lvs. oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate, on short petioles, entire, coriaceous; fls. small, in numerous, dense racemes shorter than the lvs.; drupes persistent.-Along rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La., and much cultivated. A small, beautiful evergreen tree, 30 to 50f high. Lvs. about 21-' by 1', glabrous, shining above. Drupes black, juiceless, 4" long. They are considered poisonous as well as the leaves. In gardens this tree is trimmed into the semblance of walls, domes, arbors, and all manner of fantastic forms. 2 C. serot'ina DC. BLACK or WILD CHERRY. Lvs. firm, oval-oblong or elliptic, acuminate, smooth, shining above, unequally glandular-serrate; petioles with 2 to 4 glands; rac. spreading, elongated.-A large forest tree throughout the U. S. Trunk 50 to 80f hligh, of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to 30f 2 to 4f diamn. Bark black and rough. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, I as wide, i May and June it puts forth numerous cylindric clusters of white fls. Fruit nearly black when mature, lbitterish, yet pleasant to the taste, and is greedily devoured by birds. The wood, extensively used in cabinet work, is compact, fine-grained, and receives a high polish. The bark is tonic, with a strong, bitter taste. 38 C. VirginiAna DC. CHOiEi CHERRY. LvS. smooth, oval or obovate, shortpointed, thin, vot shininsg, with shasp, subadate serratures, veins bearded on each ORDER 47. —ROSACE-. 327r side toward the base; petiole with 2 glands; rac. lax, short, spreading; petals orbicular.-A small tree or shrub, 5 to 20f high, in woods and hedges. Bark grayish. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, with a short, abrupt acumination. Fls. appearing in May. Fruit (cherries) abundant, of a dark-red color, very astringent to the taste, yet on the whole agreeable. 4 C. pitmila Mx. SAND CHERRY. Lvs. oblanceolate or obovate, acute, subserrate, smooth, paler beneath; umbels few-flowered, sessile, drupe ovoid. A small trailing shrub, in gravelly soils. Can. and U. S. Branches ascending, i to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, J as wide, very acute at each end. Fls. white, 3, 4 or 5 in each umbel, the pedicels smooth, 1' in length. Fruit small, dark red, acid but agreeable to the taste. M'fay. (Prurusa depressa Ph.) 5 C. Pennesylvnaica Ait. WILD RED CHERRY. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, membranous, smooth; umbels corymbous, with elongated pedicels; drupe small, ovoid-subgolobous.-A small tree, common in woods and thickets in the Northern States. The trunk rarely exceeds 25f in height,- with a diam. of 6 to 8'. Bark smooth, reddish brown. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, - as wide, the fine teeth mostly glandular, apex tapering to a long acumination. Fls. white, on long (24') slender pedicels collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit red, very acid. —This tree is of rapid growth, and quickly succeeds a forest clearing, if neglected. May. (Prunus boreali3 Ph.) 6 C. A'viuzm Moench. DUREt: CHERRY. OX-HEART. ENGLISH CHERRY. BIGAREAU, &c. Branches erect or ascending; Ivs. oblong-obovate, acuminate, hairy beneath; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels; drupe ovoid globous, subcordate at base.-Cultivated in gardens, fields, &c., common. Trunk 20 to 50f in height, with an oblong or pyramidal head. LvS. 3 to 6' long, - as wide, on petioles 1 to 2' long, often with 2 glands. Fls. expanding with the leaves, white. Drupes various shades of red, firm but juicy. AMay.-About 75 varieties are published in American catalogues.:t 7 C. vtulgaris Mill. SOUR CHERRY. LARGE RED. MORELLO, &C. Branches spreading; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, narrozoed at base, nearly smooth; umbels subsessile, with short pedicels; drupes globous.-A smaller tree than the preceding, much cultivated. Trunk 15 to 20f high, with a roundish, compact head. Branches slender. Lvs. 2 to 3' longo, as wide, unequally serrate, on petioles I as long, with 2 glands. F1s. white, expanding sooner than the leaves, 2 or 3 from each bud, on pedicels 2' long. Fr. large, various shades of red, acid or subacid. Apr. —More than 50 varieties are enumerated. t (Prunus Cerasus L.) 6. PRU'i US, Tourzn. PLUM, APRIcoT. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous; petals much spreading; stamens 15 to 30; ovary 2-ovuled; drupe ovate, fleshy, generally clothed withl a glaucous bloom or with a soft pubescence; inucleus compressed, smooth. —Small trees or shbrubs. Lvs. convolute in vernation. Fls. white, in simple umbels from lateral buds, mostly preceding the lvs. ~ Drupe downy; stone furrowed at edges. Lvs. acuminate......................... Nos. 8, 9 ~ Drupe glabrous —umbels 1 or 2-flowered. Lvs. acute.....................Nos. 5-7 — umbels 2 to 5-dfowered.-Lvs. rather acute......................Nos. 2-4 — Lvs. acuminate............................ No. 1 1 P. A1 mericana Marsh. RED PLUM-. YELLOW PLUm. Somewhat thorny; lvs. oblong-oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate; drupes roundish oval, reddish orange, with a thick, coriaceous skiz.-Hedges and low woods, U. S. and Can., often cultivated for its sweet and pleasant fruit, which is about the size of the Damson. Shrub 10 to 15f high. JLvs. 2 to 3' long,:- as wide, petioles'- to -' long, mostly with 2 glands at the summit. Fls. preceding the lvs., 3 to 4 in each of the numerous umbels, white. Drupes nearly destitute of bloom, ripe in Aug. Flowers in May. 1 (Cerasus nigra Loisel.) 2 P. maritima Wang. BEACH PLUM. Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, sharply serrate; petioles with 2 glands; umbels few-flowered; pedicels short, pubescent; fr. nearly round.-A small shrub abundant on the sea-beach, particularly on Plum Island, at the mouth of Merrimac River. Very branching. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, downy-canescent beneath when young, becoming at length nearly 328 ORDER 4'7.-ROSACE E. smooth. Fls. white, 2 to 5 in each of the numerous umbels. Fr. globular, eatable, red or purple, little inferior in size to the common garden plum. Ripe in Aug-, Sept. Fl. in May. (P. littoralis Bw.) 3 P. umbellata Ell. Lvs. lanceolate or lance-oval, acute or barely acuminate, obscurely serreulate; petioles glandless; umbels 3 to 5-flowered; fr. oval, small, glaucous, red.-Dry soils, in copses, etc., Savannah (Feay, Pond) to Bainbridge, Ga. and Fla. A small, bushy tree, scarcely thorny. The flowers bloom and decay before the lvs. appear. Lvs. small (about 18" by 9"), downy all over or often glabrous, with 1 or 2 glands, if any, on the margin near the base. Drupes pleasantly acid and much used, ripe in J1. and Aug. Fl. in Mar. 4 P. Chfcasa Mx. CO-IrcASAW PLUAI. Branches spinous; lvs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolato, glanndular serruleate, illth tIhe glands l9pe1lucid, not at all acuminate, nearly smooth; umbels 2 to 3-flowered, pedicels slort, smooth; drupe globors.-A fine fruit shrub, native of Ark., Ac., often cultivated. I-Height 8 to 12f, with a bushy head. Lvs. 1 to 2', petioles about 1-, long. PIs. small, white, expanding with the lvs., in Apr. Fr. red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in Jl. There are several varieties. i (Cerasus, DC.) 5 P. p inbsa L. BLAce THORN. SLOE. Branches thorny; fls. solitary; cal. campanulate, lobes obtuse, longer than the tube; lvs. pubescent beneath, obovateelliptical, varying to ovate, sharply and doubly dentate; drupe globous. —Iedge rows and cultivated grounds, Penn. (Pursh.) A thorny shrub 12 to 15fhigh, native of Europe. ~-Some botanists regard the next two numbers as varieties of this, altered by cultivation. 6 P. insitetia L. WILD BULLACE. PLUSB. L;v. ovate-lanceolato or oblanceolate, tapering to the petiole, acute, serrate, pubescent-villous beneath; branches somewhat spiny;./s. generally in pairs; cal. segm. entire, obtuse; pet. obovate; fr. globular.-Tree 15 to 20f high, sparingly naturalized. Lvs. 1 to 1-' long, with short petioles. Petals white. Fr. black, covered with a yellowish bloom. ~. 7 P. donmstica L. CorMoxN GARDEN PLU.3. DA-AISON PLUMA. Branches:snarrmed; lvs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe globous, oval, ovoid and obovoid.-This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15f in height. Lvs. quite variable irl form, I to 3' long, 2 as wide, sometimes obtuse, on petioles about 1' in length. Fls. white, generally but one from a bud, expanding while the lvs. are but half grown, in Apr. and AMay. Fr. black, varying through many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in iAug. tAbout 150 varieties are published in the catalogues of American gardeners... 8 P. Armeniaca Willd. APRIcOTr. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, subcordate at base, denticl:lato; stip2. pablmate; fls. sessile, subsolitary, preceding the 1vs.; drupe somewhat compressed, subglobous, large.-Occasionally cultivated in gardens, &c. Tree 10-15f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long,'- as wide, smooth, petioles nearly 2' long, with several glands. Fls white. Apr. Fr. purplish-yellow, &c., 1 to 2' diam.; ripe J1. Aug. There are about 20 varieties.: 9 P. dasyc~rpa Ehrh. BLACc APPrICOT. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate; petioles with 1 or 2 glands; fl. pedicellate; drupe subglobous. —This species is from Siberia. —The tree or shrub is about the size of the last, hlardy and thrifty. Lvs. smooth ab~ve, pubescent on the veins beneath, 2 to 3' long, - as wide, on petioles near 1' long. Fls. white, preceding the Ivs., distinctly pedicellate. Fr. dark purple when mature, in July. Fls. Apr.: Neither species is yet common. 7L PER'SICA, Tourn. PEACH. NEtCTARINE. (Named from Persia, its native country.) Calyx 5-cleft, tubular-campanulate, deciduous; petals 5; drupe fleshy, tomentous or smooth; nucleus somewhat compressed, ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the surface. -Small trees. Lvs. conduplicate in vernation. P. vulgaPris Mill. PEACnE. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute; fls. solitary, subsessile, preceding the lvs.; drupe tomentous.-Tree or shrub, 8 to 15f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, ~ as wide, smooth, petioles short, with ORDE.R 47.-ROSACE.E. 329 1 or 2 glands. Fls. rose-color, with the odor of prussic acid. Fr. large, i to 2~' diam., yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentous.-About 200 varieties ofthis delicious fruit are named and described in the catalogues of American nurserymen. The double-flowered peach is a hlighly ornamental variety, blossoming in Apr. and May, but fruitless. B. LVIS. ~NECTARINE. Drupe glabrous.-Closely resembles the peach in form, foliage, and fls. The fr. is 1 to 3' diam., smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c. Of its numerous (about 25) subvarieties about a fourth are cling-stones — flesh adhering to the stone, and the remainder free-stones or clear-stonesflesh free or separating from the stone.. 8. ANIYG'DALUS, Willd. ALIOND. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, deciduous; petals 5: drupes inot fleshy, compressed: nucleus perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, obtuse.-Trees or shrubs. Lvs. conduplicate in vernation. 1 A. cornmangis Willd. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with the lower serratureq glandular; fls. sessile, in pairs, appearing before the Ivs. —From Barbary. Scarcely cultivated in this country for the fruit, which we receive mostly from S. Europe. A double-flowered variety is highly ornamental in shrubberies. f 2 A. lnana Ait. DWARF SINGLE-FLOWERJINGT ALMIOND. LvS. ovate, attenuate at base, siniply and finely serrate; fis. subsessile, appearing before the lvs.-A very ornamental shrub from Russia. Height about 3f, branching. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, I as wide, smooth, acuminate at each end. Fls. numerous. Petals oblong, obtuse, roseate, often double. May, Jn. f 3 A. pfimila Ait. DwxAR DOUBLE-FLOWER1ING ALeIOND. Lvs. lanceolate, doubly serrate; fls. pedicellate.-Native of China. A low shrub, highly ornamental, common in cultivation. Sts. 2 to 3f high, branching. Lvs. 3 to 5' by i to 1', acute at each end, smooth. Fls. very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in their roseate hue, while the lvs. are yet small. May, Jn. t 9. PHOTI'l'IA, Lindl. (Gr. pof, owrobg, light; on account of its brilliant leaves.) Calyx 5-toothed; petals reflexed; ovary villous, 2carpeled, half-superior styles glabrous; fruit included in the fleshy calyx; testa cartilaginous. -Elegant shrubs or trees, with coriaceous, persistent lvs. Panicles terminal. 1 P. arbutif6lia Lindl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, distinctly serrate; pedicels shorter than the cal.-California. Height 10 to 20f. Lvs. dark, shining green, very rigid, revolute at edge. Fls. small, numerous, white. 2 P. serru!i'ta Lindl. Lvs. oblong, acute, serrulate; pedicels longer than calyz.-China. Lvs. very smooth and shlining. Fls. small, white. Both are hardy at the South. 10. ERIOBO'TRYA, Lindl. LOQUAT. (Gr. Fptov, wool, f36TpvS, a cluster of grapes; alluding to its villous flowers.) Calyx woolly, of 5 obtuse teeth; petals bearded; stamelns erect, as loang as the sepals; styles 5, filiform, included,- hairy; pome 3 to 5-celled, closed; chalaza none; radicle retracted within the cotyledons. —Shrubs or trees, with persistent lvs. B. Jap6nica Lindl. Lvs. lanceolate, wavy, and serrate; fls. in terminal, woolly racemes, with very short pedicels; fr. oval or roundish.-Cultivated and hardy at the South. Fls. small (3" diam.), white. Fr. about the size of the gooseberry, bright yellow, and agreeable in taste, ripe early. j' Japan. II. AW IELA'CHIER, Medic. SHAD-FLOWERI. WILD SERVICE. (Fr. Amelancier, the popular name of A. vulgaris.) Calyx 5-cleft, petals 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate; stamens short; styles 5, somewhat united at base; pome 3 to 5-celled, cells partially divided, 2-seeded.Small trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple, serrate. Fls. racemous, white. A. Canad6nsis Torr. & Gr. Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate often cordate at base, 330 ORDER 47.-R-OSACEA. acuminate or cuspidate or mucronate, sharply serrate, smooth; rac. loose, elongated; segm. of the cal. triangular-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; petals linear-oblong or oblanceolate; fr. purplish, globous.-A small tree or shrub, found inl woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., rarely exceeding 35f in lheight. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, downy-tomentous when young, at length very smooth on both sides, very acute and finely serrate. lls. large, white, inl terminal racemes, appearing in early spring, rendering the tree quite conspicuous in the yet naked fbrest. Fruit pleasant to the taste, ripening in June. (Pyrus ]1otryapium L. f.) B. OOLONGID'oLIk T. &. G. Shrubby; Ivs. oblong-oval, mucronate, and with small, sharp serratures; rac. and flowers smaller; pet. oblong-obovate, thrice longer than the calyx. (A. ovalis I-Iook.) Y. eROTUNDIFOr IA T. L. G. Lvs. broad-oval; petals linear-oblong. Shrub 1.0 to 20f highs. (Pyrus ovalis Willd.). ALNIFOLIA T. & G. Shrubby or arborescent; lvs. orbicular-oval, rounded or retuse at each end, serrate only near the apex; pet. linear-oblong; stain. very short. (Aronia. alnif'olia Nutt.) e. OLIGocARPA T. & G. Sh1srubby; lvs. mostly glabrous firom the first, ellipticoblong, cuspidate; rae. 2 to 4-flowered, pet. obovate-oblong.-AMountain swamps, N. II., N. Y. and northward. 12. CRAT AFGUS, L. TsIonRN. HAWTHW ORN. (Gr. hKpdd7-oT, strength; on account of the firminess of the wood.) Calyx urceolate, limib 5-cleft; petals 5; stamens co; ovaries 1 to 5, with as many styles; pome fleshy, containing 1 to 5 bony, 1-seeded carpels, and crowned at the summit by the persistent calyx and disk. —Trees or shrubs, armed with thorns. Lvs. simple, often lobed. Bracts subulate, deciduous, mostly glandular. Fls. corymbous. ~ Corymbs 6 to 80-flowered, appearing with the leaves. (a) a Villous or pubescent. Lvs. plicate or sulcate along the veins N......... s. 1, 2 a Pubescent., Lvs. plain, not at all plicate, cleft or not................Nos. 3, 4 a Glabrous thlroufghout.-Lvs. abrupt at base, lobed, petioled......... Nos. 5-T -Lvs. attenuate at base, seldom lobed.......... Nos. 8, 9 ~ Corymobs 1 to 6-flowered,-appearniag befoire the downy leaves......................No. 10 -appearing with the leaves,-pubescent.................... No. 11 -glabroul:................ os. 12, 1I3 ( C. toment8Ega L. BLACK THORN. Lvs. broad-ovalte or ovalt, Obc'ept at base, the imargin doubly and sharply serrate or cut itlo emany scs. all lobes, villous or pubescent when young as well as the petioles and compound corymbs of large fls., veins prominent beneath, sulcate above; fruit rather large (8 to 9" diam.) oval or globular, 5-carpeled, 2 to 5-seeded, crimson, tinged yellowish. —Can. to Ky. and Car. Mrlts. A large shrub or tree 15 to 25f high. Lvs. half groown with the handsome white fls., finally 2 to 3' by 1 to 2'. Fl. Apr., May. Fr. J1. Aug. /. PLICATA. Lvs. smaller, nearly glabrous and strongly plicate. Vt. (T. &G.), N1. H. and N. Y. y. PYRIFOLIa. Ait. Lvs. ovate-elliptic or oval, acute at base, and with the slender petioles and corymbs thinly pubescent, plicate, sharply toothed and slightly cut-lobed. Styles mostly 3.-Mich. to Iowa. 6. FLABELLATA Bose. Lvs. roundish-cuneiform or somewhat fanshaped, glabrous, dentate and cut-lobed above; corymbs and bracts pubescent, giandular.-Ill., Iowa. e. MrLLIS Gray. Lvs. large, softly villous, subcordate, iwith the margin quite conspicuously, many (9 to 13)-lobed; corymbs canescentlyr villous; fruit downy when young. -Ohio to Iowa. 2 C. puncta.ta Jacq. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate, entire at base, and narr'owed to a short, winged petiole, veins straight and prominent, pubescent beneath; corymbs and cal. villous-pubescent; sty. 3 (1 or 2); ft. globous, punctate.-Borders of woods, U. S. and Can. Tree 12 to 25f high. Branches wide-spreading, crooked, covered with cinerous bark. Thorns stout, sharp, 1 to 2' long, sometimes wanting. Lvs. 11 to 21' long, - as wide, acute or short acuminate; petioles I- to 1' long. Fla. white, in somewhat leafy, compound corymbs of 8 to 15. Fr. 5 to 8" diam., red or yellowish, eatable in Sept. Fls. Apr.-Jn. ORDER 47.-ROSACEE. 331 3 C. arborescens Ell. Unarmed; lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, deeply serrate, glabrous above, pubescent in the axles of the veins beneath; cal. hairy, segm. subulate, obtuse, entire; sty. 5.-Fort Argyle, on the Ogeechee R. (Elliott). A tree 20 to 30f high, with spreading branches. Petioles short, with shorter, linear-lanceolate caducous stipules. Segm. of the cal. reflected. Fr. small, red, 3" diam. Mar., Apr. 4 C. aDiifblia Mx. Pubescent, thorny; lvs. deltoid, truncate at base, deeply 5 to 1cut-lobed, lobes incisely toothed at end, petiole slender, often longer than the blade; sep. lanceolate; sty. 2 or 3; fr. small, red.-In woods, Va. to Fla. and La. A handsome shrub, 8 to 12f high, with rather short, stout thorns, and large, white or roseate fls. Lvs. small, broader (10 to 18") than long, fascicled, numerous. Corymbs 10 to 12-flowered. Fr. oval, about 3" long. Mar., Apr. 5 C. Oxyodntha L. IHAWTIIORN. ENGLISI THORN. Lvs. obovate, obtuse, 3 to 5-lobed, serrate, smoothish, shining above, wedge-shaped at base: corymbs glabrous; sty. I to 3; fr. ovoid, small.-Hedges, &c., sparingly naturalized. Shrub very branching, 8 to 18f high. Thorns slender, very sharp, axillary. Lvs 11 to 2' long, nearly as wide, deeply lobed; petioles a to 1' long. Fls. white, varying to roseate. Fr. 2 to 3" diam., usually 1-seeded, purple. Used for hedges (extensively in Europe). There are several varieties. t f 6 C. coccinea L. WsHITE THonN. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate,'I to 9lobed (lobes shallow), thin and smooth, abrupt at base; petioles long, slender, and (with the calyx) smooth and subglandular; sty. 3 to 5.-A thorny shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high, in thickets by streams, &c., Can. and U. S. Branches crooked and spreading, branchlets and thorns whitish. Thorns stout, rigid, sharp, a little recurved, about 1~' long. Lvs. 11} to 22-' long, A as wide, lobed, or (rather) coarsely, doubly acuminate-serrate. Petioles very slender,. as long as the lamina. Fls. white, in paniculate, lateral corymbs of about 12. Fr. 5" diam., bright purple, eatable in Sept. Fls. May. 7 C. cordLgta Ait. WASHINGTON THORNr. Thorny, glabrous and glandless; lvs. cordate-ovate, somewhat deltoid, incisely and often deeply 3 to 5-lobed, serrate, with long and slender petioles; sep. short; sty. 5; fr. small, globous-depressed.Banks and streams, Va. to Ga., cultivated in the Middle States for hedgerows. Shrub 15 to 20f high, the branches with very sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3' long. Lvs. about 2 by 1~', the upper rather cuneate at base, the others truncate or heart-shaped. Pomes' diam., numerous, red. Jn. ~ $ 8 C. Crua-gdali L. Cocx-srun THoRN. Glabrous; les. obovate-csneifornn, or oblanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, serrate, coriaceous, shining above; shpines very long; corymbs glabrous; sep. lanceolate, subserrate; sty. 1 (2 or 3).Hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. Shrub 10 to 20f high, much branched. Thorns 2 to 3' long, straight, sharp and rather slender. Lvs. 1 to 2-' long, a third as wide, tapering and entire at base, mostly obtuse at apex; petioles 1 to 5" long. Fls. white, fragrant, in corymbs of about 15, on very short, lateral branchlets. Fr. pyriform, dull red, 2 to 3" diam., persistent during winter, unless eaten by birds. Jn.-Varies with the Ivye. somewhat oblong or oval. 9 C. spathulAta Mix. Glabrous and glandless; lvs. small, coriaceous, shining, oblong-spat7elate. attenuated to the subsessile base, crenate above,,sometimes lobed; corymbs numerous, lateral, 20 to 25-flowered; sepals very short; fr. very small, scarlet.-Va. to Fla. and Tex. A handsome shrub 1.0 to 15f high, profusely flowering. Lvs. mostly 1' in length, much inclined to vary, those on the barren shoots much larger, becoming rhomboidal and lobed. Fr. 2 to 3" diam. Spines few and small. Fils. small, white. Apr., May. 1O C. Eesti~v'lis Torr. & Gr. APPLE HAW. Fls. just before the elliptical, repand, short-petioled lvs., which, when young, are glandular at edge, and clothed with a rusty tornentum, at length glabrous above; corymbs glabrous, 2 to 5-flowered; cal. segm. short, triangular, glandless; fr. quite large (8 to 9"), globular, red.In the edges of ponds and rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Hale). Tree much branclbed, 20 to 30f high. Fr. ripe in May, juicy, pleasant flavored, and much used. Fls. in Feb., Mar. (Mespilus sestivalis Walt.) 11 C, parvifl6ra Ait. Thorns straight and slender; lvs. coriaceous, pubescent, ceieate-obovate, subsessile, crenate-serrate; fis. subsolitary; cal. with the pedicels' 332 ORDE0R 47. —ROSACEE. and branchZets villous-tomentous; sep. incised, leafy, as long as the pet.; sty. 5; fr. large, roundish-obovoid, with 5 bony, 1-seeded nuts.-Sandy woods, N. J. and Southern States. A much branched shrub, 4 to 7f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by.- to 3-, the upper surface shining and nearly glabrous when old. Fr. greenish-yellow, near 2' diam., eatable when ripe. Apr., May. /3. PUBESCOENS. Shrubs somewhat larger, with larger, roundish, less downy lvs.; petals rather longer than the calyx. Spines very slender. —Ga. (C. elliptica Ait.) 12. C. fliava Ait. SuIrMiER H.w. Glabrous; thorns straight or arcuate; lvs. membranous, rhombic-obovate, attenuate into a glandular petiole, incised, glandulartoothed and slightly lobed above; coryrbs 1 (often 2 or 3)-flowered, glabrous; ls. large; sty. 4 or 5; fr. large, pear-shaped, yellowish.-In dry, shady places, Va. to Fla. Tree 15 to 25f high. Lvs. when mature, 2 to 3' long; Fr. 9" long, not well-flavored. Bracts and sepals as well as the petioles glandular. Apr., May..13 C. vfridis L. Glabrous; thorns few and short; lvs. thin, roundish or oval, acute at each end, sharply and doubly toothed above; petioles glandless (always?); corymbs 3 to 6-flowered; fls. rather large, the bracts very glandular; sep. subulate; sty. 2 or 3 (rarely 5?); fr. large, globular, red, tinged with yellow.-Iowa (Cousens) to Fla. Shrubs 12 to 18f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, varying from elliptic-ovate to deltoid-ovate (C. populifolia Ell.) or even cordate, sometimes slightly lobed, the petioles slender, often as long as the leaf. Fr. 4" diam., purplish, eatable. Apr., May. (C. coceinea,3. Torr. & Gr.) 1i- C. berberif6lia Torr. & Gr., with coriaceous, oblong-cuneiform lvs. and (in Sept.) large (6" diam.), deep blue pomes sent from Louisburg? La. by Dr. Hale, is a doubtful member of this difficult genus. 13. PY'RUS, L. PEAR, APPLE, ETC. (Celtic peren; Anglo-Saxon pete; Fr. poire; Lat. pyrus; Eng. pear.) Calyx urceolate, lirnlmb 5-cleft; petals 5, roundish; styles 5 (2 or 3), often united at base; pome closed, 2 to 5-carpeled, fleshy or baccate; carpels cartilaginous, 2-seeded.-Trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple or pinnate. Fls. white or rose-colored, in cymous corymbs. ~ PYrus. Lvs. simple, glandless; styles distinct; pome pyriform.................No...... 1 ~ MlALS. Lvs. simple, glandless; styles united below; ifr. globous........Nos. 2-4 ~ AocNIA. Lvs. simple., glandular on the midvein; styles united, etc.................. No. ~ SoRuus. Lvs. pinnate; styles 2 to 5, distinct...................e..................Nos. 6, 7 i P. cornmisnis L. PEAR TREE. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, glabrous and polished above, acute or acuminate; corymbs racemous; cal. and pedicels pubescent; sty. 5, distinct and villous at base.-Tree usually taller than the apple, 20 to 35f high. Branches ascending. Lvs. 2 to 31' long, - as wide; petioles 1 to 2' long. Fls. white. Native in Europe, where in its wild state the fruit is small and unpalatable. The Romans cultivated 36 varieties (Pliny) but, like the apple, varieties without end are now raised from the seed of this delicious fruit. t 2 P. M1ius L. CO:MMTON APPLE TREE. Lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate,,not lobed, downy, the verins all incurred; corymrbs subumbellate; pedicels and calyx villous-tomentous; pet. with short claws; sty. 5, united and villous at base; pome globous.-Nativo in Europe, and almost naturalized here. Tree 20 to 251 high'(in thickets 50 to 60). Branches rigid, crooked, spreading. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 2 as wide, petioles - to 1' long. F'ls. expanding with the lvs., firagrant, large, clothing the tree in their light roseate hue, niaking ample amends for its roughness and deformity.-The Romans had 22 varieties (Pliny) but the number is now greatly increased. Probably nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the U. S. f 3 P. coron&ria L. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB-TREE. LVS. ovate, rounded at base, incisely serrate, often, sublobate, straight-veined, pubescent when young, at length smoothish, on slender petioles; pet. clawed; pedicels glabo-ous; sep. subulate; sty. united and woolly at the base; fr. as well as fls. very fragrant, corymbous. —Borders of woods, Mid., West. and South. States. A small tree 10 to 20f high, with spreading branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, half as wide, petioles - to 1' ORDEn 47.-ROSACEE,. 333 long. Fls. very large, rose-colored, in loose corymbs of 5 to 10. Fr. as large (1 to 1' diam.) as a small apple, yellowish, hard and sour but esteemed for preserves. May. $ /3. IOENSIS. Lv.s. (when young), pedicels and calyx densely tomentous. Lvs. ovate and oblong, distinctly lobed; (fr. not seen).-Sent from Iowa by Dr. Cousens. 4 P. angustif6lia Ait. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, or Obtuse at base, glabrous, scarcely veiny, crenate-serrate or almost entire, on short petioles; corymbs racemous, few (4 to 7)-flowered; pedicels and calyx outside glabrous; sep. ovate, villous within; sty. distinct, villous at base.-Penn. to Ga. and La. Tree 20 to 30f high (in woods near Ogeechee causeway). Lvs. about 4 times longer than wide. Fls. similar to No. 3, rose-purple, large, fine and fragrant. Mar.-T. & G. describe a variety with the styles glabrous. 5 P. arbut;if(lia L. f[ CiORoE BERnY. Lvs. oblong-obovate or oval-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenate serrulate, smooth above, tornentous beneath when young, attenuate at base into a short petiole; pedl. and cal., when young, tomentous; fi. pyriform or subglobous, dark red.-Low, moist woolands, U. S. and Can. A shrub 5 to 8f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long,'- as wide, often subacuminate, subcoriaceous, serratures small, with a glandular, incurved point; petioles 2 to 4" long. Fls. white, in compound, terminal corymbs of 12 or more. Fr. astringent, as large as a currant. May, Jn. n /3. MIELANOCARPA Hook. Lvs., cal. and ped. glabrous or nearly so; fr. blackishpurple.-Swamps. Height 2 to 4f (P. melanocarpa Willd.) 6 P. ARmeriodna DC. MOUNTAIN ASII. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth, subsessile; cymes compound, with numerous fls.; pome small, globous; sty. 3 to 5.-A small tree in mountain woods, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Trunk 15 to 20f high, covered with a reddish brown bark. Lvs. 8 to 12' long, composed of 9 to 15 leaflets; fis. 2 to 3-' by - to 1', subopposite, often acute, on petioles 1" in length. Fls. small, white, in terminal cymes of 50 to 100 or more. Fr. scarlet, 2 to 3" diam., beautiful. May. + P. enIcROcARPA T. & G. Fr. smaller. (P. microcarpa DC.) 7 P. Akacnnpiria L. ENGCLISII MOUNTAIN ASE. Lfts. as in P. Americana, except that they are always smooth on both sides, and, with the serratures, less acute at apex; fis. corymbous; fr. globous.-Native of Europe. A tree 20 to 40f high, often cultivated as well as the last species, for its ornamental clusters of scarlet berries. It is a tree of larger size and rougher bark than the last, but is hardly to be distinguished by the foliage, flowers or fruit. t 4. CYDOW tA, Tourn. QUINCE. (Named from Cydonia, a town in Crete,, from whence it was brought.) Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft; petals 5; styles 5; pomne 5-carpeled, carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded, seeds covered with mucilaginous pulp.-Trees andcl shrubs. Lvs. sinsple. Fls. mostly solitary.. C. vulgAris Pers. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth above, tomentous beneath; ped. solitary, and, with the cal. woolly; pome tomentous, obovoid.-Shrub 8 t6 12f (rarely 20f) high, with crooked, straggling branches. Lvs. about as large as those of the pear tree. Fls. white, with a tinge of purple, large, terminal. Fr. large, lengthened at base, clothed with a soft down, yellow when ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves. The plant is reared from layers. t Eur. 2 C. 3ap6nica Pers. JAPAN QUINcr. Lvs. glabrous, shining, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate; stip. reniform; spine short, straight; fls. axillary, subsessile. —From Japan. A low shrub, beautiful or even brilliant when in bloom. Fls. about as large as in No. 1, varying in color from the richest scarlet to a delicate blush or white. It is hardy and easily reared. Apr. (Pyrus Japonica L.) 15. RO'S/, Tourn. RosE. (Celtic rhos, red; Gr. 566ov; Lat. rosa; Eng. rose.) Calyx tube urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, limb 5-cleft, the segments somewhat imbricated in mstivation, and mostly 334 O)RDER 47.-ROSACEZ. with a leafy appendage; petals 5 (greatly multiplied by culture); achenia oo, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the inside of the fleshy tube of the calyx.-Shrubby and prickly. Lvs. unequally pinnate. Stip. mostly adnate to the petiole. Ohs. Oar innumerable varieties of garden Roses have mostly originated with the few species nlentioned below. To define these varieties in order to their recognition would generally be impossible, folr their forms are as evanescent as their namnes are arbitraly. All that the author here proposes is to aid the botanist ill tracing back each form to the 3species whence it sprung. This will be easily done in all cases except with the hybrids. ~ Styles cohering in an exserted cdlumn. Climbers (a). ~ Styles not cohering.-Stipules nearly free and caducous (b). -Stipules adnate to the petiole.-Prickles recurved (c). -Prickles straight (d). a Leaflets 3 to 5, mostly 3. Native and cultivated..........................No. 1 a Leaflets 5 to 9.-Stipnules.and sepals mostly entire........................Nos. 11, 12 -Stipules pectinate. Sepals entire.......................No. 3 — Stipules entire. Sepals pennatifid........................No. 18 b Pend(lncle very short, enveloped in bracts. Leaflets 5 to 9.....................No. 4 b Penduncle elongated, bractless. Leaflets 3 to 5.-Thorny, mostly climbing..Nos. 2, 19 -Thoirnless, erect............. No. 24 c Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect, —wild.,,.......No. 8 -cultivated............. Nos. 13, 14 C Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath.-Flowers single.............. Nos. 9, 10 -Flowers double........ Nos. 15-17 d Wild, native R1oses, 1-Sf erect.......................Nos. 5, 6, 7 d Cultivated exotics, climbing (No. 20) or erect....... Nos. 21-23 I R. setigera Mx. MICHIGAN or PRAIRIE ROSE. Branches elongated, ascend, glabrous; spines few, strong, stipular; lfts. large, 3 to 5, ovate; stip. earrow, adherent, acusnziate; fls. corymbous; cal. glandular, segm. subentire; sty. united; fr. globous.-This splendid species is a native of Mich. and other States W. and S. About 20 varieties are enumerated in cultivation, among which is the Baltisnore Belle. They are hardy, of rapid growth, and capable of' being trained 12 to 20f. Fls. in very large clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of short duration. 2 R. leviga.ta Mx. CHEROKEE RosE. Glabrous and polished; branches long, trailing, armed with very strong, curved prickles; ifts. 3, rarely 5, coriaceous, evergreen, shining, elliptical, sharply serrate; stip. free, setaceous, deciduous; fis. solitary; cal. bristly, sep. entire.-In hedges, etc., Fla. (Tallahassee), N. to Tenn., etc. Sts. very long, numerous, and with their broad, hooked pricks, make the most impervious of all hedges. Fis. often 3' diam., white. Apr.-Common also in gardens. ~ China. 3 R. multiflora Seringe. MANY-FLOWERED, or JAPAN ROSE. Branches, pod. and cal. tomentous; shoots very long; prickles slender, scattered; lfts. 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, soft and slightly rugcous; stip. pectinate, fimzbriate; fls. corymbous, often numerous; flower-bud ovoid-globous; sep. short; sty. exserted, scarcely cohering in an elongated pilous column; pet. white, varying through roseate to purple. —Grows in hedges with No. 2, about Tallahassee (Plank road to Bellair). Shrub with luxuriant shoots, easily trained to the height of 15 to 20f. -Among its varietiesare the Seven Sisters; Boursault's, etc. ~ Japan. 4 R. bracteata ILinn. MACARTNEY RosE. Branches erect, tomentous; prickles recurved, often double; lfts. 5 to 9, obovate, subserrate, coriaceous, smooth, and shining; stip. fimbriate-setaceous; fls. solitary, terminal, wvith large bracts subtending the calyx; ped. and cal. tomentous; fr. globous, large, orange.-Naturalized in hedges near N. Orleans (Riddell in T. and G.) Fls. large, white. ~ China. Varieties with cream-colored to scarlet fis. 5 R. licida Ehrh. SHINING, or WI.D ROSE. St. low; prickles scattered, setaceous, the stipular largest, straight; IfIs. 5 to 9, elliptical, simply serrate, smooth and shining above; petioles glabrous or subhispid; fls. generally in pairs (1 to 3); fr. depressed, globous, and with the 1)eduncles, glandular-hispid.-Shrnb 1 to 3f high, in dry woods or thickets throughout the U. S., slender, with greenish branches. Lfts. acute or obtuse, odd one petiolate, the others sessile. Sepals often appendiculate, as long as the large, obcordate, pale-red petals. Fr. small, red. Jn. J1. (R. Carolina Mx., nec Bw.) ORDER 47. —ROSACEE. 335 /3. PARVIFLORA. Lfts. oval, mostly very obtuse, paler beneath; petioles smooth or pubescent. (R. parviflora Ehrh.) 6 R. nitida Willd. WILD ROSE. St. low, densely armned with straight, slender; reddish prickles; Ifts. 5 to 9, snarrow-lanceolate, smooth and shining, sharply serrate; stip. narrow, often reaching to the lower lfts.; fls. solitary; cal. his id; fr. globous.-In swamps, N. Eng. (Lexington, Mass.) Sts. 1 to 2f high, reddish from its dense armor of prickles. Lfts. 1 to 1-' long, subsessile, odd one petiolulate. Stip. 5 to 8" long, adnate to the petiole, each side. Fls. with red, obcordate petals.:Fr. scarlet. Jn. 7 R. bldnda Airt. BLAND ROSE. Taller; st. armed with few, scattered, straight, deciduous prickles; Ifis. 5 to 7, oblong, obtuse, serrate, smooth, but not shinzing above, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath; petiole unarmed; stip. dilated; fls. mostly in pairs (1 to 3); ped. short, and with the cal. smooth and glaucous; fr. globous.-Shrub, found on dry, sunny hills, N. and M. States. Sts. 2 to 3f high, with reddish bark. Fils. rather large. Sep. entire, shorter than the reddish, emarginate petals. Bracts large, downy. Jn. 8 R. Carolina L. CAROLINA ROSE. SWAMP ROSE. St. tall, glabrous, with strong, recurved, stipular priclles; Ijts. 5 to 9, elliptical, acute, sharply and doubly serrate, glaucous beneath, not shining above, petioles hairy or subaculeate;, ft. corymbous; fr. depressed-globous, and with the peduncles hispid.-Swamps and damp woods, forming thickets, Can. and U. S. Sts. 4 to 8f high, bushy, with reddish branches. Prickles mostly 2 at the base of the stipules. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, I as wide, rather variable in form. Fls. in a leafy corymhb of 3 to 7. Petals obcordate, large, varying between red and white. Fr. dark red. Jn., J1. 9 R. rubigin6sa L. EOGLANTINE. SWEET 3RIER. St. glabrous, armed with very strong, recurved prickles, with many weaker ones; lfts. 5 to'7, broad-oval, with feruginous glands beneatlh; fis. mostly solitary; sep. permanent; fr. obovoid, and ped. glandular-hispid.-A stout, prickly shrub, 4 to 8f high, in fields and roadsides throughout the U. S. The older stems are bushy, much branched, 1' diam., the younger shoots nearly simple, declined at top. Lfts. small, serrate (the glands beneath not always present), when rubbed very fragrant. Fls. light-red, fi'agrant. Fr. orange red. Jn. There are about 25 cultivated varieties, single and double. ~ Eur. (R. suaveolens Ph.) 10 R. micrdntha Smith. SMALLF-FLOWERED SWEET BRIER. St. gfabrous, armed with few, equal, strong, recurved prickles; lfts. 5 to 7, ovate, rusty-glandular beneath, fjs. solitary, small; sep. deciduous from the ovate or oblong fruit; ped. somewhllat hispid. —Roadsides and pastures, N. Eng. A large shrub, 6 to 8f high, much resembling the last. F]s. usually white, much smaller (15" diam.) than in that species. Jn. ~ Eur. 1]!H. sempervirenis Ser. EVERGREEN ROSE. St. climbing; prickles subequal; Ifls. persistent, 5 to 7, coriaceous; fis. subsolitary or corymbous; sep. subentire, elongated; sty. coherent into an elongated column; fr. ovoid or subglobous, yellow, and with the ped. glandular-hispid. —Allied to thei following, but its leaves are coriaceous and evergreen, persistent until January.-Among the varieties of this (or the next?) species is the Virginia Lass, with blush white ifs. 1 2 I-. arvnsi.s L. AYRSIiRE ROSE. Shoots very long and flexile; prickles seneqcual, falcate; ifls. 5 to 7, smooth, or with scattered hairs, and glaucous beneath, deciduous; fls. solitary or corymbous; sep. subentire, short: sty. cohering in a long, glabrous column; fr. ovoid-globous, smoothish. —England. The shoots grow 15 to 20f in a season, and are very hardy. Fls. white to blush, crimson and purple. —Here belong the varieties known as the Adam Tea,;llrs. P2iece's, etc. 13 R. cino amhmea L. CINNABION ROSE. St. tall, with ascending branches; pricklies of the younger stems numerous, scattered, of the branches few, larger, stipular, curved; Ifts. 5 to 7, oval-oblong, simply serrate, grayish-pubescent beneath; sbtp. dilated and acuminate above, more or less involute, wavy; ped. short and cal. glabrous; sep. entire, as long as the petals; fr. smooth, globous, crowned with the connivent calyx lobes.-Native of Eur. Sts. 5 to 12f high, with reddish bark, Fls. mostly double, pink, purple, or red. 336 ORDER 427.-ROSACEl.E. 14 R. canina L. DoG RosE. Prickles remote, strong, compressed, falcate; lfts. 5 to 9, with acute, incurved, and often double serratures; stip. rather broad, serrulate; ped. and cal. smooth or hispid; sep. after flowering deflexed and deciduous; fr. ovoid, red.-Native of Europe. Shrub 4 to 8f high. 1.3. BURBONIANA Ser. Lfts. ovate, subcordate, simply dentate; fls. purple, double and semidouble; pet. concave; sep. entire.-A splendid class of roses, of which more than 100 varieties are cultivated. They are hardy, with ample and glossy foliage. 18 other varieties are described by Seringe in DC. 15 IR. celntifi1ia L. HUINrDRED-LEAVED OR PRovE Ns ROSE. Prickles nearly straight, scarcely dilated at base; l[ts. 5 to 7, ovate, glandular-ciliate on the margin, subpilous beneath; flower-bud short-ovoid; sep. spreading (not deflexed) in flower; fr. ovoid; cal. and ped. glandular-hispid, viscid and fragrant.-From S. Europe. Shrub 2 to 4f high, very prickly. Fls. usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form, size, etc., through a hundred known varieties, among which are the incomparable moss rose, the cabbage, etc. 16 R. dama ascena Ait. DAMIASK ROSE. St. branching and bushy, armed with unequal tspines, mostly stipular, cauline ones broad, falcate or hiooked; lIfts. large, broadly elliptical, downy-canescent; selp. efiexed; fr. ovoid, elongated — Native of the Levant. Shrub 3 to 4f high. Fls. rather numerous, of a delicate, pale, roseate hue, usually with very numerous petals, and a delicious fragrance. Among its numerous varieties is the common l}oanthly, low, blooming at all seasons. 17 R. dba L. WrHITE GARDEN ROSE. RErect, tall, slightly glaucous; prickles slender, recurved, sometimes wanting; lfts. roundish-ovate, shortly acuminate; petioles and veins subtomentous, glandular; sep. piznnatfid; pet. spreading; fr. ovoid, nearly smooth. —From Germany. Shrub 5 to 8f high. Fls. large, corymbous, sweet-scented, generally pure white, but often in its numerous varieties, tinged with the most delicate blush. 18 R. moschiata L. MvUSK RosE. Shoots ascending and climbing; prickles cauline, slender, recurved; lfts. 5 to 7, lanceolate, acuminate, smoothish, discolored; stip. very narrow, acute; fis. often very numerous; ped. and cal. subhispid; sep. subpinnatifid, elongated and appendiculate; fr. ovoid, red. Native of -. Sts. trailing or climbing 10 to 12f. Fls. peculiarly fragrant, rather large, white, produced in panicles. 19:R. Indica L. CHINESE MONTHLY or BENGAL ROSE. Erect or climbing, purplish, prickles strong, remote; Ifis. 3 to 5, ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, shining, smooth, serrulate, discolored; stip. very narrow: fis. solitary or paniculate; pod. often thickened, and, with the cal. smooth, or glandular-hispid; sep. mostly entie e; stalm. inflexed; fr. turbinato?-Splendid varieties, blooming from Apr. to Nov. Fls. of every hue from pure white to crimson, as the Noisette, Sangzuinea (foliage as well as fls. blood-red), Youland of Aragon, Giant of battles, Cloth-of-gold (sulphur yellow), and the favorite Tea Roses.,3. LAWRENCIANA. MISS LAWRENCE'S Rosa. St. and branches aculeate, bristly and subglabrous; lfts. ovate, purplish beneath; ped. obovate-acuminate.-A class of varieties with very small flowers, pink to deep purple, (R. Lawrenciana Lindl. R. Indica acuminata Ser.) 20 R. alpina Ser. ALPINE OiR BOURSAULT ROSE. Younger shoots echinate with numerous weak prickles, older ones smooth, rarely armed with strong prickles; lfts. 5 to 11, ovate or obovate, sharply and often doubly serrate; stip. narrow, apex diverging; ped. deflexed after flowering, and with the cal. hispid or smooth; sop. entire, spreading; fr. ovoid, pendulous, crowned with the connivent calyx.-Hardy, vigorous, climbing, with pink, red or crimson flowers. 21 R. eglanteria Ser. YELLOW ROSE. AUSTRIAN EGLANTINE. St. with a cinerous bark, branches red, both armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles; lvs. 5 to 7, small, broad-oval or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply. serrate; cal. nearly naked and entire; pet. large, broad-obcordate.-'rom Germany. Shrub about 3f high, bushy. Fls. numerous of a golden yellow, very fugacious, of less agreeable fragrance than the leaves. There are many varieties, both single and double, variegated with red. Ju. (R. lutea Mill.) ORDER 47. —ROSACE2E. 337 22 R. Gallica L. COMMON FRENCH ROSE. St. and petioles armed with numerous, fine, scattered prickles; lfts. mostly 5, elliptical or oval, thick; fls. erect; petals, large, spreading; sep. ovate; fr. ovoid and with the pedurcles hispid.-The common red rose of gardens, from which have originated not less than 300 varieties, known in cultivation, and registered in catalogues, as the Velvet, Carmine, Carnation, &c. Many of them are beautifully variegated, as the Tricolor, Yorkl and Lancaster, Nosegay, Picotle, &c. The dried petals are used in medicine, and from them are extracted tinctures for cooking. Jn., J1. 23 R. pimpinellifblia Ser. SCOTCHI, or BURNET RosE. St. densely armed with straight, acerose prickles; lfts. 5 to 9, roundish-obtuse, smooth, simply serrate; fis. small, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous varieties to white, red or yellow. —Native of Scotland and other parts of Europe. These shrubs are but 2 to 3f high, with small, delicate leaflets. Fls. numerous, globular, very fine, of all colors,. even yellow. 1May, Jn. (R. spinosissima L.) 24 R. Bdnksia L. BANKS' RosE. Smooth; lfts. lanceolate, crowded, 3 to 5, scarcely serrate; stip. deciduous; fis. umbellate; fr. globular, nearly black.From China. Thornless shrubs, with small, cup-shaped fis. Not hardy. 16. AGRIf U0'IA, L. AGRIMONY. (Gr. aypob, a field, Irpvog, alone, a name of dignity for its medicinal qualities.) Calyx tube turbinate; contracted at the throat, armned with hooked bristles above, limb 5cleft, connivent in fi-uit; petals 5; stamens 12 to 15; ovaries 2; styles terminal; achenia included inl the indurated tube of the calyx. —4 Lvs. pinnately divided. Fils. yellow, in long, slendter racemes. 1 A. Eupat6ria L. Hirsute; lvs. interruptedly pinnate, upper ones 3-foliate, Ifts. 5 to 7, lance-oval or obosate, with small ones interposed, coarsely dentate; stip. large, dentate; petals twice longer than the'eflexed calyx.-Roadsides, borders of fields, Can. and U. S., common. St. 1 to 3f high, branching, leafy. Lfts. nearly smooth beneath, 11 to 3' long, I as wide, sessile, terminal one with a petiolule 1 to 3" long. Rac. 6 to 12' long, spicate. Fls.'rellow, about 4" diam. on very short pedicels. Calyx tube curiously fluted with 10 ribs, and surmounted with reddish, hooked bristles. J1. f,. HIRSUT.OT Torr. Smaller and more hairy. y. PAvIFLORa ITook. Less hairy; fls. smaller, on longer pedicels. (A. parviflora DC.) 2 A. parvifl6ra Ait. St. and petioles hirsute; lvs. interruptedly pinnate; lIs. numeroas (9 to 17), crowded, pubescent beneath, linear-lanceolate, equally and incisely serrate,'with small ones interposed: stip. acutely incised; rac. spicatevirgate; fis. small; petals longer than the erect calyx; fr. hispid. —Woods and dry meadows, Penn. to B. Car. W. to Iowa and Tenn. Sts. 3 to 4f high, the hairs spreading, brownish and glandular. Lfts. 2 to 3' by 1- to -i', with smaller ones intermixed. Petals yellow. The plant has an agreeable balsamic odor. Aug. (A. suaveolens Ph.) 3 A. incisa Torr. & Gr. Pubescent and hirsute; lvs. interruptedly pinnate- lfts. I to 11, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, inciseljy p2ineatiid, canescent beneath?; stip. deeply cleft; fls. small, remote, nearly sessile in the slender racemes.-N. Car. to Fla. (at Macon, Ga.) Fls. rather larger than in No. 2. Cal. segm. very short.'J1., Aug. 17. DRY'AS, integrifolia Vahl.-On the White Hills of N. H. Prof. Pcck (Pursh),-but never since seen within our limits. 18. GE'UL, L. AVENS. (Gr. Tecv), to taste well; in allusion to the taste of the roots.) Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments or bractlets smaller and exterior; petals 5; stamens co; achenis co, ag-gregated on a dry receptacle, and caudate with the persistent, mostly jointed, geniculate and bearded style. —4 Lvs. pinnately divided. 22 338 ORDER 47.-ROSACE/E. ~ Style straight, jointless, all of it persistent. SIEVERsIA...........................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Style bent and jointed ii the middle, hooked or plumose. (a) a Hlead of fruits raised on a stipe. els. yellow or purple............Nos. 3 —5 a Head of fruits sessile (no stipe).-Fls. yellow.......................Nos. 6, T -Flowers whllite....................... No. 8 1 G. trifilrum Pursh. Villous; st. erect, about 3-flowered; lvs. mostly radical, interruptedly pinnate, of nunerous cuneate, incisely dentate, subequal Ifts.; bracelets lirnear, longer a than the sepals; sty. plumous, very long in fruit. —Brit. Am. and N. W. States, rare in the Northern. Sts. scarcely a foot high, with a pair of opposite, laciniate lvs. near the middle, and several bracts at the base of the long, slender petioles. Radical lvs. 5 to 6' long, the terminal Ift. not enlarged. Fls. rather large, purplish white. Sty. 2' long ill fruit. May, Jn. 2 G. Pdckii Pursh. Nearly glabrous; st. erect,, several-flowered, nearly naked; radical lvs. lyrate-pinnate; the termzinal 1Yt. very large, trluncate at base, the lateral ones minute; pet. ohovaSe, much longer than the cal.-White Mts. Scape 9 to 1[5' ligh, with several small, incised bracts. Petioles 3 to 5' long, bearing 4 or. 5 dentate, lateral ifts. 1 to 4" long, and ending in a half round Ift. 2 to 4' wide, lobed and dentate. Fls. 8" dianm., yellow, terminal on the elongated branches. ji., Aug. 3 G. radihiturnm Mx. Very hairy, hispid; st. leafy, 5 to 10-flowered; it. lvs. lyrate-pinnate, the terminizal 1fi. very large, broadly'eneiform-cordate, incised, the lateral ones very small; st. lvs. sessile, cleft and toothed; petals obcordate; sty. persistent, much longer than cal. in fruit.-roan Mt. N. Car. (Curtis). Sts. 1 to 2f high, bearing a spreading panicle of large, yellow fl3. 4 G. vernumn Torr. & G-r. Slender and slightly pubescent; st. ascending at base; radical lvs. pinnately 5 to 9-foliate, with incised lfts. or often simple and cordate, incisely lobed and dentate; cauline Ivs. 3 to 5-foliate or lobed; stip. large and incised; fls. jelloew, erect, very small; sep2. reflexed; head of carpels globous, raised on a slender stipe.-Shades and thickets, Ohio to Ill. and Tex. St. 8 to 20' high, striate, di- or trichomotous at top, few-leaved and few-flowered. Petals yellow and with the sepals hardly more than. 1" in length. Stipe of the head of carpels 4' long. Apr.-Jnr. (Stylipus vernus Raf.) 5 G rivd.le. L. Pubescent; st. subsimple; radical lvs. lyrate; stip. ovate, acute; fls. zodding, pzerple; p-et. as long as the erect cal. segm.; upper joillt of the persistent style plumous.-A fine plant, conspicuous among the grass in wet meadows N. and M. States. tRhizome woody, creepiLLg. St. 1 to 2f high, paniculate at top. Root ivs. interruptedly pinnate, inclining to lyrate, 4 to 6' long, terminal 1ft. large, roundish, lobed and crenate-dentate. St. ivs. 1 to 3, 3-foliate or lobed, subsessile. F]s. subglobous. Cal. purplish-brown. Petals broad-obcordate, clawed, purplish-yellow, veined. Jn. The root is aromatic and astringent. 6 G. strictutan Ait. Hirsute; radical Ivs. interruptedly pinnate; cauline 3 to 5foliate; lfts. obovate and ovate, lobed and toothed; gtip. large and erect; bractlets linear, shorter than the sep.; pet. roundish, longer than the cal.; sty. smooth, upper joint hairy.-Fields, moist or dry, N. States and B3rit. Am. St. hispid at base, 2 to 3f high, dichotomous, and with spreading hairs at summit. Rt. lvs. 5 to 8' long, inclining to lyrate, the terminal lft. largest, obovate and lobed. Fla. numerous, rather large, yellow. Receptacle densely pubescent. J1., Aug. 7 G. nmacrophrllunum Willd. Rlispid; r-adica lvs. interruptedly lyrate-lpinnate, the terminal Ift. nquch the largest, roundishl-cordate, cauline with minute lateral lfts., ancd a large, roundish, terminal one, all unequally dentate; petals longer than the calyx; recept. nearly smooth.-White Mts. and Brit. Am. St. I to 2f high, stout, very hispidc and leafy. Terminal Ift. 3 to 5' diam. Fls. yellow. Jn., J1. 8 G. Virgini-ainumr L. Pubescent; radical Ivs. pinnate, ternate or even rarely simple, cauline 3 to 5-foliate or lobed, all unequally and incisely dentate, nearly smooth or softly pubescent; fls. erect; petals not exceeding the calyx; sty. glabrous; recep. densely hirsute. —Hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. St. simple or branched, smoothish above. Lvs. very variable in form, lower ones often 3foliate, with long (6 to 8') appendaged petioles. Stip. mostly incised. Upper lvs. simple, acute, sessile. Fla. rather small, white. Ped. in fruit long and diverging. J1. G. alb.um Gmel.) ORDER 47.-ROSACE2E. 339 19. RU'BUS, L. BRAMnLE. (Celtic rub, red; the color of the fruit of some species.) Calyx spreading, 5-parted; petals 5, deciduous; stamens o0, inserted into the border of the disk; ovaries many, with 2 ovules, one of them abortive; achenia pulpy, drupaceous, aggregated into a compound berry; radicle Superior.- 24 Half shrubby plants. Sts. usually (2:, and armed with prickles. Inflorescence imperfectly centri-'ugal. Fr. esculent. ~ Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle. BLACKBIRIERIES (a) a Stenms (mostly) erect, stout, armed with stout, recturve( prickles........ Nos. 1, 2 a, Stems procumbent, trailing, mostly with slender, minute prickle s.....Nos. 3 to 5 ~~ Fruit separatint froom the dry, persistent receptacle. RASPBERItIES (b) b Leaves simple, lobed. Not prickly..................................Nos. 6 to 8 b Leaves compound.-Ste-ms not prickly, herbaceous.........................No. 9 -Stems prickly, shrubby.-Corollas single......... Nos. 10-12 -Corollas double........... No. 13 1 R. villbsus Ait. IlrGH BLACKBERRY. Pubescent, viscid and prickly; st. angular; I2ts. 3 to 5, ovate, acumninate, serrate, hairy both sides; petioles prickly; cal. acuminate, shorter than the petals; rac. leafless, about 20-flowered.-A well known. thorny shrub, Can. and U. S. Sts. tall and slender, branching, recurved at top, 3 to Gf high. Lfts. 2- to 4' by 1- - to 2~', terminal one on a long petiolule, the others on short ones or none. Pedicels slender, 1' long. Petals white, obovate or oblong, obtuse. Fr. consisting of about 20 roundish, shining, black, fleshy carpels, closely connected into an ovate or oblong head, subacid, well-flavored, ripe in Aug. and Sept. 3. FRONI)Osus Tore. Lfts. incisely serrate; rac. with a few simple lvs. or leafy bracts at base; fls. about 10 in each cluster, the terminal one opening first, as in all the species, the lowest next, and the highest but one last. Fr. more acid and with fewer carpels. (R. frondosus Bw.) y. IIUmrFUsus T. & G. St. procumbent or trailing; lvs. smaller; ped. fewflowered.-Often occurs southward with the erect forms, and with R. trivialis, from which it is sometimes hard to be distinguished. 2 R. cutnei:flius Ph. SAND L;LaCcnERRa~. St. erect, shrubby, armed with recurved prickles; lvs. 3-foliate, and with the young branches and pet. pubescent beneath; ifts. cuneate-obovate, entire at base, dentate above, subplicate, tl;omentous beneath; rac. loose, few-flowered.-A low shrub, 2 to 3f high, in sandy woods, L. I. to Fla. Petioles often prickly. Lfts. rarely 5, 1 to 2' long, I- as wide, obtuse, or with a short acumination. Petals white or roseate, 3 times as long as the cal. F1r. black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in J1., Aug. Fls. May, Jo. 3 R. hifspidus L. St. slender, reclining or prostrate, hispic with reftrorse brislles; lvs. 3-foliate, rarely quinate, smooth and green both sides; ifts. coarsely serrate, obovate, mostly obtuse, thiclkish, persistenzt; ped. corymbous, many flowered, with filiform pedicels and short bracts; fils. and fr. small. —In damp woods, Can. to Car. Sts. slender, trailing several feet, with suberect branches 8 to 12' high. Lfts. I to 2' long, ~ as wide, nearly sessile, persistent through the winter. EPls. white. Fr. dusky-purple, sour. May, Jn. (I. sempervirens Bw.) i. SETuoSUS T. & G. Lfts. oblanceolate, rather narrow, 1-S to 24-' long, tapering, and (like variety a) entire at base, sharply serrate above. 1'r. red. (R. setosus 3w.) 4 R. Cainadnusnis L. LNORTrERN DE:BER1Y. St. procumbent or trailing, a little prickly; lvs. 3-foliate, rarely quinate, lfts. elli'ptical or rhomboid-oval acute or acuenminate, thin, unequally cut-serrate; pedicels solitary, elongated, somewhat corymbed; fr. large, black.-Common in dry, stony fields, Can. to Va., trailing several yards upon the ground. Lfts. light green and membranous, nearly sessile, 1 to 1~' Iong, ~ as wide. Mls. large, on slender pedicels. Petals obovate, white, twice as long as the calyx.?Fr. -. to 1' diam., very sweet and juicy in Jl. and Aug. IlIs. May. (R. trivialis Ph.) 5 R. trivi-ilis }Mx. SOUTtIER DEWBERRY. Procumbent, trailing, with rooting runners, shrubby, armed with bristles and recurved prickles; Ivs. 3-foliate and quinate, persistent, lfls. coriaceous, ovate-oblozg or oval, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate; ped. 1 to 3-flowered; fls. large, pet. roundish-obovate; sep. oblong, obtuse, 340 ORDER 47. —ROSACEAE. reflexed; fr. large, black.-M- d. to Fla., common. Sts. long, slender, terete, some of the prickles at length recurved. Lfts. small (about 12" by 8"), minutely pubescent. Petioles slender, much shorter than the slender peduncles. Petals white. Fr. well-flavored, ripe in May. 6 R. odorditus L. MULBERRY. St. erect or reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilous; lvs. pa2lmately 3 to 5-lobeld, middle lobe longest, unequall12 serrate; fils. large, in terminal corymnbs; pet. orbicular, purple.-A fine flowering shrub, 3 to 5f high, in upland woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, nearly as wide, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, petioles 2 to 3' long, and, with the branches, calyx and peduncles clothed with viscid hairs. Fls. nearly 2' diam., not very unlike a rose, save the (100 to 200) stamens are whitish. Fr. broad and thin, bright red, sweet, ripe in Aug. Iels. Jn., J1. f 7 IR. Nutkalnus Mlocino. St. shrubby, somewhat pilous, with glandular hairs above; [vs. br'oad 5-lobed, lobes zearly equal, unequally and coarsely serrate; ped. few-flowered; sep. long-acuminate, shorter than the very large, round-oval, white petals.-A fine species, AMich., Wis. to Oreg., &c., withl very large, showy, white fls. It has received some notice in cultivation as a flowering plant. 8 R. Chaimalm6rus L. CLOUDBERPRY. Herbaceous, dioecious; st. decumbent at base, erect, unarnmed, l-flowered; Ivs. qosty beet 2, cordate reniform, rugous, with 6-rounded lobes, serrate; sep. obtuse; pet. obovate, white.-An alpine species with us, found by Dr. Robbins (also by the author, 1855) on the White Mts., and by Mr. Oakes in Ate.; N. to the Are. Sea. Fr. large, yellow or amber color, sweet and juicy, ripe in Sept. Fls. in lMay, Jn.-This plant may easily be mistaken for HIydrastis. 9 R. tr ifirus Rich. St. shrubby, unarmed, declined; branches herbaceous, green; lyvs. 3 or 5-foliate, ifts. nearly smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, unequally cut-dentate, odd one petiolulate; stip. ovate, entire; ped. terminal, 1 to 3-flowered; pet. erect, oblong-obovate. —ioist woods and shady hills, Penn. to Brit. Am. Sts. flexuous, smooth, reddish. Petioles very slender, 1 to 2' long. Lfts i to 2' by -- to 1', lateral ones sessile, oblique or unequally 2-lobed. Pet. white, rather longer than the triangular-lanceolate, reflexed sepals. Fr. consisting of a few large, dlark red grains, acid, ripe in Aug. FIs. MIay. (R. saxatilis Bw.) 10 R. Id&u&s L. GARDEN RASPBERRY. Hispid or armed with recurved prickles; lvs. pilnnately 3 or 5-foliate; IfIs. broad-ovate or rhomboidal, acusninate, unequally and incisely serrate, hoary-tomentous beneath, sessile, odd one petiolulate; fils. in paniculate corymbs; pet. entire, shorter thac, the hoary-tomeetous acuminate cal. —aany varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. Sts. shrubby, 3 to 5f high. Lfts. smoothish above, 2 to 4' long, A as wide. Fls. white, in lax, terminal clusters. Fr. red, amber color, or white.-Plants essentially agreeing with the above described were found at Cambridge, Vt., in woods, also at Colebrook, Ct., by Dr..Robbins. 11 R. str1ig6suS MX. xVILD PLED RASPBERRY. St. strongly hispid; lvs. pinnately 3 or 5 foliato, Ifts. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse at base, coarsely and unequally serrate, canescent-tomentous beneath, odd one often subcordclate at base, lateral ones sessile; cor. cup shaped, about the length of the cal.-In hedges and neglected fields, Can. and N. States, very abundant. St. without prickles, covered With strong bristles instead. Lfts. 1- to 21-' long, - to? as wide, terminal one distinctly petiolulate. Pls. white. Fr. hemispherical, lig'ht red, and of a peculiar rich Ilavor, in Ju.-Aug. Fls. May. 12 R. occi dentalis L. BLAcic RASP:BERRY. THIIBLE BERRY. St. glaz~cous with, bloosn, armed with recurved prickles; lvs. pinnately 3-foliate, ifts. ovate, acuminate, sublobate or doubly serrate, hoary-tomentous beneath, lateral ones sessile; fls. axillary and terminal; fi. black.-A tall, slender bramble, 4 to 8f high, in thickets, rocky fields, &c. Can. and U. S. St. recurved, often rooting at the end. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, -~ to ] as wide; common petiole terete, long. Fls. white, lower ones solitary, upper corymbous. Fr. roundish, glaucous, of a lively, agreeable taste, ripe in Jl. Fls. May. 13 R. rosmef6lius i. BRIDAL RosE. Erect, branching, armed with nearly straight prickles; lvs. pinnately 3 to 7-foliate, ifts. ovate-lanceolate, subplicate, doubly serrate, smooth beneath, velvety above; stip. minute, subulate; sep. spread ORDER 47. —ROSACE2E. 341 ing, long-acuminate, shorter than the narrow-obovate, emarginate petals; sty. o.A delicate house plant, with snow white double fis. Native of Mauritius. 20. DALIBAR'DA, L. FALSE VIOLET. (Named by Linnmus, in honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.) Calyx inferior, deeply 5 to 6-parted, spreading, 3 of the segments larger; petals 5; stamens numerous; styles 5 to 8, long, deciduous; fruit achenia, dry or somewhat drupaceous.- 24 Low herbs. St. creeping. Lvs. undivided. Scapes 1 to 2-flowered. D. repens L. Diffuse, pubescent, bearing creeping shoots; lvs. simple, roundish-cordate, crenate; stip. linear-setaceous; cal. spreading in flower, erect in fruit.In low woods, Penn. to Can. Creeping stems 1 or 2' to 10 or 12' in length. Lvs. 1 to 2' diam., rounded at apex, cordate at base, villous-pubescent on petioles 1, 2 or 3' long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. Petals white, obovate, longer than the sepals. Jn. 21. WALDSTEI'fIA, Willd. DiY STRAWnBEnRRY. (In honor of Franz de Waldstein, a Gcrman botanist.) Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alterate, sometimes minute and deciduous bractlets; petals 5 or more, sessile, deciduous; stamens numerous, inserted into the calyx; styles 2 to 6; achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle.- 4 Acaulescent herbs, with lobed or divided radical lvs., and yellow fls. 1 W. fragarioides Traut. Lvs. trifoliate; Ifts. broad-cuneiform, incisely dentate-crenate, ciliate; scapes bracteate, many-flowered; cal. tube obconic.-A handsome plant, in hilly woods, Can. to Ga., bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Rhizome thick, scaly, blackish. Petioles 3 to 6' long, slightly pubescent. I:fts. 1 to 2' diamn., nearly sessile, dark, shining green above. apex rounded and cut into lobes and teeth. Scape about as high as the lvs., divided at top, bearing 2 to 6 flowers d' ciam. Petals varying from 5 to 10. Jn. 2 hTU. lobAta Torr. & Gr. Lvs. simple, roundish, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, incisely crenate; scapes filiform, bracted, 3 to I-flowered; cal. tube narrow.-I-Iills, Ga. (Bainbridge, Columbus). Plant hairy, about 6' high, from a slender rhizome. Achenia about 2. Petals scarcely as long as the sepals. Apr.-Jn. (Dalibarda lobata Baldw.) 22. FRAGA'RIA, L. STRAWBERRY. (Lat. fr'agrans, fragrant.) Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate, exterior segments or bractlets; petals 5, obeordate, stamens 0o; styles ao; lateral, achenia smooth, affixed to a large, pulpy, deciduous receptacle.- 24 Sts. stoloniferous. Lvs. trifoliate. Fr. red. ~ Bractlets entire; petals white. Stemless, stoloniferous.................... Nos. 1, 2 ~ DUCnESNIA. Blractlets 8-lobed; petals yellow. Stems trailing.,..................No. 8 1 F. Virginiana Ehrh. Pubescent; cal. of the fr. erect, spreading; ach. iembedded in pits in the globous receptacle; ped. commonly shorter than the lvs.Fields and woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stolons slender, terete, reddish, often if or more long, rooting at the ends. Petioles radical, 2 to 6' long, with spreading hairs. Lfts. 3, oval, obtuse, coarsely dentate, subsessile, lateral ones oblique. Scape less hairy than the petioles, cymous at top. Flowers Mar.-May. Fr. May —J., highly fragrant and delicious when ripened in the sun. 2 FP. versca Linn. ALPINE, WOOD, or ENGLISH STRAWBERRY. Pubescent; cal. of the fr. much spreading or reflexed; ac/s. st2peyficial on the conical or hemispherical receptacle which is without pits, pod. usually longer than the leaves. —Fields and woods, N. States, etc. Stolons often creeping several feet. Lvs. pubescent, and fls. as in F. Virginiana.-Numerous varieties are cultivated in gardens, where the fruit is sometimes an ounce or more in weight. —Fl. Apr., May. Fr. Jn., JX. 3 F1. Indica Ait. Pubescent, trailing, rooting at the joints; lfts. ovate; obtuse, incisely crenate-serrate; stipules lanceolate, free; pedicels axillary, solitary ].-flowered; bractlets about equaling the petals, enlarging and leafy in fruit. 342 ORDER 47. — ROSACE]E. Escaped from, cultivation, now common everywhere from Charleston. S. 0. to Tallahassee, etc. The large crimson, oval fruit is quite ornamental but insipid. Ripe in May and Jn. ~ India. (Duchesnia Indica Smith. Potentilla Durandii T. & G.) 23. CO'IIARUV1I, L. (Gr. jt'fapof, the strawberry tree, which this plant resembles.) Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with bractlets alternating with the segments; petals 5, much smaller than the sepals; stamens numerous, inserted into the disk; achenia smooth, crowded upon the enlarged, ovate, spongy, persistent receptacle.-24 Lvs. pinnate. Fls. purple. C. palfsJtre L. In sphagnous swamps, N. States, Wise. to the Arc. Ciro. Sts. creeping at base, 1 to 2f high, nearly smooth, branching. Lfts. 3, 5 and 7, crowded, 11 to 22-' long, ~ as wide, oblong-lanceolate, hoary beneath, obtuse, sharply serrate, subsessile; petiole longer than the scarious, woolly, adnate stipules at base. Fls. large. Cal. segm. several times larger than the petals. Petals about 3t" long, ovate-lanceolate, and, with the stamens, styles, and upper surface of the sepals, dark purple. Fr. permanent. Jn. 24. POTEITIL'LA, L. CINQCUEFOIL. (Lat. potentia, power; in allusion to its supposed potency in medicine.)' Calyx concave, deeply 4 to 5-cleft; with an equal number of alternate, exterior segments or bractlets; petals 4 to 5, roundish; stamen s c; filaments slender; ovaries collected into a head on a small, dry receptacle; styles terminal and lateral, deciduous; achenia oo. —Ierbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. pinnately or palrnately compound. Fls. solitary or cymous, mostly yellow. * Leaves palrmately 8-foliate................................................... Nos. 1-3 * Leaves palnmately 5-foliate.......................................... Nos. 4-6 * Leaves pinnate.-Shrubs +with axillary pedicels....................................No. 7 -I-Herbs with axillary pedicels...........No......................os. 8, 9 I-Ierbs with terminal cynes.................................Nos. 10,11 I P. iTorvegica L. liirsute; st. erect, dichotomous above; lfts. 3, elliptical or obovate, dentate-serrate, petiolulate; cymes leafy; cal. exceeding the emaraginate petals.-Old fields and thickets, Arc. Am. to Car. Sts. I to 4f high, covered with silky hairs, terete, at length forked near the top. Cauline petioles shorter than the lvs., lfts. I to 1I' by,- to 2' (lower and radical ones very small), often incised. Stip. large, ovate, subentire. Fls. many, crowded, with pale yellow petals, shorter than the lanceolate, acute hairy sepals. Jl.-Sept. f. HIRSUTA T. & G. Hairs loose, silky; st. slender, erect, subsimple, lower and middle Ivs. equal, long-petiolate, ifts. roundish-obovate, sessile, incisely dentate; fls. few; petals rather conspicuous, nearly as long as the calyx.Dry fields. (P. hirsuta Mx.) 2 P. tridentllta Ait. Smooth; st. ascending, woolly and creeping at base; Ifts. 3, obovate-cuneate, evergreen, entire, with 3 large teeth at the apex; cymes nearly naked; petals white, obovate.-On the White Mts. and other Alpine summits in the N. States. Flowering sts. 6 to 12' high, roundl, often with minute, appressed hairs. Petioles mostly longer than the leaves. Lfts. sessile, 9 to 18"' by 4 to 6", coriaceous, smooth. Petals twice longer than the cal. Carp. and ach. with scattered hairs. Jn., J1. 3 P. mninima IIaller. St. pubescenzt, ascending, mostly 1-flowered; Ivs. trifoliate, Ifts. obovate, obtuse, incisely serrate, with 5 to 9 teeth above; petals yellow, lo-nger than the sep.-Alpine regions of the White Mts. Sts. numerous and leaflr, 1 to 3' high. Lfts. with the margins and veins beneath hairy. Fls. small. Petals obcordate. Bractlets oval-obtuse, narrow at the base. Jn.-J1. 4' P. Canadhnsis L. Villous-pubescent; st. sarmentous, procumbent and ascending; ifts. 5, obovate, silky beneath, cut-dentate towards the apex, entire and attenuate below; stip. hairy, often cleft; ped. axillary, solitary; bractlets longer than the sepals, and nearly as long as the petals.-Common in fields and thickets, U. S. and Can. Sts. more or less procumbent at base, from a few inches ORaDE 47.-ROSACEIE. 343 to a foot or more in length. Fls. yellow, on. long pedicels. Cal. segm. lanceolato or linear. Apr.-Aug. p. PUMILA T. & G. Very small and delicate, flowering in Apl: and May, everywhere; sts. a fbw inches long. (P. pumila Ph.) y SIMPLEX T. & G. Plant less hirsute; st. simple, erect or ascending at base; lfte. oval-cuneiform. Flowering Jn. to Aug. in richer soils. Sts. 8 to 14' high. Lfts. about 1' long, 2 as wide. (P. simplex Mx.) 5 P. argentea L. St. ascending, tomentous, branched above; Ifis. oblong-csneiform, with a few, large, incised teeth, smooth above, silvery canescent beneath, sessile; fis. inz a cymous corym b; petals longer than the obtusish sep.-A pretty plant, on dry or rocky hills, Can. and N. States, remarkable for the silvery whiteness of the lower surface of the lvs. Sts. 6 to 10', long, at length with slender branches. Lfts. 5 to 9" by I to 2", with 2 or 3 slender, spreading teeth each side; upper ones linear, entire. Fla. small; cal. canescent; petals yellow. Jn. Sept. 6 P. recta Willd. Erect, simple, pubescent; lfts. 5 to 7, oblong or oblanceolate, coarsely serrate, with large, cleft stipules; fis. in a terminal, expanding cyme; petals obcordate, longer than the ovate, acute sep.-Cultivated and sparingly naturalized, N. Eng. to Ohio. St. 1 to 2f high. Fls. light yellow. 7 P. frutio6sa L. St. fruticous, very branching, hirsute, erect; flis. 5 to 7, linear-oblong, all sessile, margin entire and revolute; petals large, much longer than the calyx.-A low, bushy shrub, N. States (Niagara Falls, Willoughby Lake, Vt. etc.) and Brit. Am. Sts. 1 to 2f high, with a reddish bark. Petioles shorter than the leaves. Leaf about 1' by 2", acute, crowded, pubescent.. Stip. nearly as long as the petioles. Fls. 1' diam., yellow, in terminal clusters. Jn., Aug. (P. floribunda, Ph.) 8 P. anserina L. SILVER WEED. GCOOSE GRASS. St. slender, creeping, prostrate, rooting; Ivs. interruptedly pinnate, Ifts. sqanqJ pairs, oblong, deeply serrate, canescent beneath; ped. solitary, 1-flowered, very long.-A fine species, on wet shores and meadows, N. Eng. to Are. Am. Sts. subterraneous, sending out reddish stolons 1 to 2f long. Petioles mostly radical, 6 to 10' long. Lfts. 1 to i~' by 3 to 6", sessile, with several minute pairs interposed. Pedl. as long as the lvs. Fls. yellow, 1' diam. Jn. —Sept. 9 P. paraddxa Nutt. Decumbent at base, pubescent; Ivs. pinnate, lfts. 7 to 9, obovate-oblong, incised, the upper ones confluent; stip. ovate; ped. solitary, recurved in fruit; petals obovate, about equaling the sap.; ach. 2-lobed, the lower portion a thick, starchy appendage.-River banks, Ohio to Oreg., Isl. opposite St. Louis. St. 8 to 12' long. Lfts. 6' long, scarcely larger than the entire stipules. Jn., Jl. (P. supina Mx.) 0l P. Pennsylvdnica L. Erect, canescently tomentouL or soft-villous; lfts. 5 to 9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid or pectinate, upper ones crowded or confluent, larger; cyme fastyigite, at length expandingy; petals emarginate, scarcely longer than the acute sepals.-N. Eng. (Pursh.), Can. N. W. to Siberia. (P. pectinata Fisch.) 11 P. arg'rta Ph. Erect, grayish, pubescent and villous; radical Ivs. on long petioles, 7 to 9-foliate, cauline few, 3 to I-foliate, lfts. broadly ovate, cut-serrate, crowded; fis. in dense terrminal cyymes.-Along streams, etc., Can. and N. States, W. to the Rocky Mts. St. 2 to 3f high, stout, terete, striate, and with nearly the whole plant very hairy. Radical ivs. one foot or more long; ifts. 1 to 2' by 8 to 16", sessile, odd one petiolulate. Fls. about 8" diamin.; pet. roundish, yellowish white, longer than the sepals; disk glandular, 5-lobed; anth. blackish, with a white border. May, Jn. (P. confertiflora Hitchcock. Boottia sylvestris B w.) 25. SIBBAL'BIA procumbens, L. "Mountains, of Can. and Vt." (Pursh); but not since found within our limits. 26. SPIR&E'A, L. (Gr. airelpa, a cord or wreath; the flowers are or may be used in garlands.) Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; petals 5, roundish; stamens 10 to 50, exserted; carpels distinct, 3 to 12, follicular, 344 ORDER 4. —ROSACEZ. 1-celled, 1 to 2-valved, 1 to 10-seeded; styles terminal.- - 4 Unarmed shrubs or herbs. Branches an4 lvs. alternate. Fls. white or rosecolor, never yellow. ~ Shrubs with lobed or pinnate, stipulate leaves.................................... Nos. 1, 2 ~ Slhrubs with siimple leaves and no stipules...................................... Nos. 3-6 ~ Ierbs perennial, with interruptedly pinnate leaves and perfect fls................Nos. 7-9 ~ Herbs perennial, with twice and thrice pinnate-leaves and dicecious fis..............No. 10 1 S. opulif6lia L. NINEBARIc. Nearly glabrous; Ivs. rouindish, 3-lobed, petiolate, doubly serrate; corymbs pedunculate; carp. 3 to 5, inflated, and exceeding the cal. in fruit. —A beautiful shrub, 3 to 5f high, on the banks of streams, Can., Ind., 1Mo., S. to Ga., rare. Bark loose, outer layers deciduous. Lvs. 1 to 21' long, nearly as wide, sometimes cordate at base, with 3 obtuse lobes above; petioles 6 to 9" long. Corymbs resembling simple umbels, hemispherical, 24' diam. Fls. white, often tinged with purple. Follicles diverging, smooth, shining, purple, 2-seeded. Jn. + /3. FERRUGINEA Iutt. Lvs. and branches brownishl tomentous.-Ga., Fla. 2 S. sorbif6lia L. Shrub stout, with straggling branches and rough bark; Ivs. unequally pinnate, ifts. oblong-lanceolate, the terminal often larger, irregularly lobed, all acuminate, sessile and doubly serrate; fls. in thyrsoid panlicles, large, numerous, white.-In shrubberies. Height 4 to 6f. May. t Siberia. 3 S. tomentosa L. iHARDnnAc. Ferruginous-tomentous; vlyes. simple, ovatelanceolate, smoothish above, unequally serrate; rac. short, dense, aggregated in a dense, slender, terminal panicle; carp. 5.-A small shrub, common in pastures and low grounds, Can. and U. S., particularly eastward. St. very hard, brittle, consequently troublesome to the scythe of the haymsaker. Lyevs. dark green above, rusty-white, with a dense tomentum beneath, crowded, and on short petioles.:Ils. small, very numerous, with conspicuous stamens, light purple, forming a slender, pyramidal cluster of some beauty. The persistent fruit in winter furnishes food for the snow-bird. J1. Aug. 4 S. salicifolia L. iNearly glabrous; lvs. oblong, obovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate; s-ac. forminug a sore or less dense, terrminal panicle; carp. 5.-A small shrub, in Leadows, thickets, U. S. and Brit. Am. St. 3 to 4f high, slender, purplish, brittle. Lvs. smooth, 1- to 3' long, - to 4; as wide, acute at each end, petiolate, often with small leaves in the axils. Fls. white, often tinged withl red, small, numerous, with conspicuous stamens, in a more or less spreading panicle. J1. Aug. 1. (S. alba Bw.) 5- 8. corymb6sa Riaf. Lvs. ovate or' oblong-oval, incisely and unequally serrate near the apex, whitish, with minute tomentumi beneath; corymbs large, terminal, pedunculate, fastigiate, conapound, dense, often leafy; sty. and carp. 3 to 5. —Mountains, Penn., Fauquier Co., Va. (Robbins), to Ky., S. to Fla. St. slightly pubescent, 1rddish, 1 to 2fhigh. Lvis. nearly smooth above, entire towards the base, 2 to 3' by 3- to 14R'. Pls. innumerable, white or rose-colored, in a corymb 4 to 6' broad. May, Jn. t (S. Chamedrifolia Ph.) 6 S. hypericif6lia L. ITALIAN MAY. ST. PETER'S WREATH. LVs. obosate-oblong, obtuse, tapering at base to a petiole, entire or slightly dentate, nearly smooth; fTs. in lateral, pedunculate corymbs, or sessile unnbels; pedicels smooth or pubescent; segm. of the cal. ascending.-Cultivated iii gardens and shrubberies. Shrub 3 to 5f high, nearly smooth in all its parts. Fls. white, in numerous umbels, terminating the short, lateral branches. Pedicels as long as the lvs..May. t 7 8. Trtlmaria L. DOUBLE MEADOW SWEET. Lyevs. 3 to 7-foliate, with minute lfts. interposed, lateral lf1s. ovate-lanceolate, ter'minal one much larger, palmately 5 to 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and whitish tomentous beneath; stip. reniform, serrate; pan. corymbous, long-pedunculate.-In gardens, where the numerous white fls. are mostly double. J1. t B S. lobdtta L. QuEIrN OFI THE PRAIRIE. LVS. pinnately 3 to 7-foliate, often with smaller Ifts. interposed, lateral lfts. of 3 lanceolate lobes, cuneate at base, terminal one large, pedately 7 to 9-parted, lobes all doubly serrate; stip. reniform; pan. large, cymously branched; fis. dee2p rose-color; carp. 6 to 8.-An herb of ORDER 48.-CALYCANTHACE~.E. 345 exquisite beauty in meadows and prairies, Mich., Iowa, to Car. St. 4 to 8f high. Fls. numerous, and exceedingly delicate. Jn., J1. t 9 L. filipendula L. PRIDE OP THE MEADOW. Herbaceous, smooth,'.fts. pinnatifidly serrate, 9 to 21, with many minute ones interposed; stip. large, semicordate, serrate; corymb on a long, terminal peduncle.-A very delicate herb, often cultivated. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long; lfts. 1 or 2' long, linear, the serratures tipped with short bristles. Fls. white, 4 or 5" diam., petals oblongobovate. Jn. Other species of this beautiful genus are sometimes cultivated. 10 S. Arincmus L. GOAT'S-BEARD. LVS. membranous, tripinnate, llfts. oblonglanceolate, acuminate, straight-veined, doubly serrate, subcordate, the odd ones ovate-lanceolate; Rs. very numerous, small, whitish, in numerous slender racemes, forming a large compound panicle; carp. distinct, glabrous, 3 to 5.-Chieflyalong the mountains, Catskill, N. Y. to KIy. and Ga. Sts. slender, 3 to bf high. Carp. 1" long. Jn., J1. + Plant more delicate than Astilbe, which see, page 371. 27. GILLE'NIi, Mmcnch. INDIAN PHYSIC. (Gr. YECiCo, to laugh; on account of its exhilarating qualities.) Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft; petals 5, linear-lanceolate, very long, unequal; stamens 10 to 15, very short; carpels 5, connate at base; styles terminal; follicles 2-valved, 2 to 4-seelded.- -4 erbs with trifoliate, doubly serrate lvs. 1 G. trifoliAta Mcench. Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate; stip. linear-setaceous, entire; fis. on long pedicels, in pedunculate, corymbous panicles.-In woods, W. N. York to Ga. A handsome herb 2 to 3f high, slender and nearly smooth. Lower lvs. petiolate; lfts. 2 to 4' long, J.- as wide, pubescent beneath, subsessile. Fls. axillary and terminal. Petals rose color or nearly white, 8' by 2". Sds. brown, bitter. Jn., J1. Roots said to be emetic, cathartic, or tonic, according to the dose. 2 G. stipula.cea Nutt. BOWMAN'S ROOT. Lfts. lanceolate, deeply incised; radical lvs. pinnatifid; stip. leafy, ovate, doubly incised, clasping; fis. large, in loose paulicles.-Western N. Y. to Ala. Readily distinguished from the former by the large clasping stipules. Fls. fewer, rose colored. Jn. Properties of the root like the former. 28. KER'IA, -DC. (In honor of 7W'e2. Kerr, a botanical collector, who sent plants from China.) Calyx of 5, acuminate, nearly distinct sepals; corolla of 5 orbicular petals; ovaries 5 to 8, smooth, globous, ovules solitary; styles filiforlln; achenia globous.-A slender shrub, native of Japan. Lvs. simple, ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate with stipules. Fls. terminal on the brcanches, solitary or few together, orange yellow. K. Japbonica DC. JAPAN GLOBE FnowER. Common in gardens, etc. Sts. numerous, 5 to 8f high, with a smooth bark. Ivs. minutely pubescent, 2 to 3' by 1 to 1-', with a very sharp, slender point; petioles 3 to 5" long. Fls. double in cultivation, abortive, globous, near 1' diam. - ORDER XLVIII. CALYCANTHACEE. E CALYCANTHS. Shlsubs with opposite, simple, entire, exstipulato leaves. Flowers solitary, axillaryv, with the numerous sepals and petals confounded, in several rows, all united below into a fleshy tube or cup. Stamens indefinite, perigynous, with adnate, extrorse anthers. Seeds with convolute cotyledons, otherwise as in the tribe Rosidse The order consists of but 2 geone'rs, Calycanthus, American, and Chimonantllus of Japan. The spoecies are probably but 3. The flowers are highly aromatic, and the same quality resides in the bark. CALYCA'THUS, L. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB. (Gr. iczdvf, calyx, dvOog, a flower; from the character.) Lobes of the calyx imbricated 346 ORDER 49.-MYRTACEE. in many rows, lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous and fleshy, colored; stamens unequal, about 12, outer ones fertile; anthers extrorse; pistils few or many, inclosed in the calyx tube, fruit many times larger than that of the rose, loosely enclosing the large achenia.-The bark and lvs. exhale the odor of camphor. Fls. of a lurid purple. C. fiSridus L. Lvs. oval, mostly acute or acuminate, tomentous beneath; branches spreading; fis. nearly sessile.-Fertile soils, along streams, Va. and all the S. States. Not uncommon in gardens farther north, and valued for its exquisite, strawberry-like fragrance. Shrub 3 to'f high. Lvs. 3 to 5 to I' long. Fls. on short branches. Fr. rare, of the size and form of a fig, acute at base, truncate and involute at top, longitudinally veined. (Sent by Prof. Pond.) l. LFEVIGATUS T. & G. Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or gradually acute, g'labrous or somewhat scabrous above; branches erect. t (C. lmevigatus Willd.) y. GLAUCUS T. & G. Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, much acuminate, large, glaucous and glabrous or minutely downy beneath; branches spreading. f (C. glaucus Willd.),. INODOnIUS T. & G. Lvs. lanceolate, scabrous and shining above, smooth below; branches spreading; fts. inodorous. (C. inodorus Ell.) ORDER XLIX. MYRTACEE..MYRTLEBLOOMS. Trees and shrubs, without stipules. Lvs. opposite, entire, punctate, usually with a vein running close to the margin. Cal. adherent below to the compound ovary, the limb 4 or 5-cleft, valvate. Petals as many as the segments of the calyx. Stamens indefinite. Anthers introrse. Style and stigmna simple. Fruit with many seeds. Albumen none. A fine order of 45 gezera and 1300 species, native of warm and torrid countries, especially of S. America. and the E. Indies. Propesties..-A fragrant or pungent volatile oil, residing chiefly in the pellucid dotting of the leaves, pervades the odor. The Caryophyllus aromaticus, native of Arabia, a tree about 20f iii height, yields the clove (clos?, Fr. a nail), which is the dried flower. Cajeput oil is distilled firom the leaves of the Malaleuca Cajeputi, native of the E. Indies. A kind of gum lcino is obtained froml Eucalyptus resinifera, also a native of India. The root of the Pomegranate yields an extract which is an excellent vermifulge. All the genera are exotic with us. Many of them are highly ornamental in culture. f.,YR'TUS, Tourn. IYRTLE. (Gr. (~ v pov, perfume.) Calyx 5cleft; petals 5; berry 2 or 3-celledc; radicle and cotyledons distinct.Shrubs with evergreen lvs. marked by a nmargincal vein. 1M. cormnlir;s L. Lvs. oblong-ovate; fis. solitary; involucre 2-leaved.This popular shrub is a native of S. Europe. In this country it is reared only in houses and conservatories. Leaves about 1 by 6'. Flowers white. Among the ancients it was a great favorite for its elegance of form, and its fragrant, evergreen leaves. It was sacred to Venus. The brows of bloodless victors were adorned with myrtle wreaths, and at Athens it was an emblem of civic authority. 2. PU IICA, L. POMEGRANATE. (Lat. punictea; Carthaginian or of Carthage, where it first grew.) Calyx 5-cleft; petals 5; berry many-celled, many-seeded, seeds baccate; placenta parietal.-Deciduous trees and shrubs. 1 P. Granlatum L. Arborescent; lvs. lanceolate, with no marginal vein. -A thorny bushl when wild, from S. Europe, where it is sometimes used for hedges like the hawthorn. In Fla., &c., it is a tree 15 to 20f high. Lvs. entire, smooth, 2 to 3' by 1 to 10", obtuse. The fis. are scarlet, large, and make a fine appearance. The fr. is large, highly ornamental, and of a fine flavor. Mucih care is requisite for its cultivation. It requires a rich loam, a sunny situa O iDER 50.-MELASTOMAkCE2E.: 34 7 tion, protected northward by glass. In this way double flowers of great beauty may Ibe produced.' 2 P. nana L. Shrubby; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute.-Native of the W. Indies, where it is used as a hedge plant. Shrub 4 to 6f high, with smaller purple fis., often double. t ORDER L. MELASTOMACJEAi. MELASTOMES. Trees, shrubs or herbs with square branches, and usually exstipulate. Lvs. opposite, entire and undivided, without dots and with several veins. Cal. persistent, the tube urceolate, cohering with only the angles of the ovary. Petals as many as the segments of the calyx (4 to 6), twisted in sestivation. Stamens twice as many as petals, sometimes the same number, inflexed in mstivation. Anthers before flowering contained in the cavity between the calyx and the sides of ovary. Fruit capsular or baccate. Geeerac 118, specie.s 1200. Tile order is represented in thle U. S. by a single genus, the remainder beiilg natives chiefly of India and tropical Atnerica. No plant of tlis order is poisonous. All are slightly astringent. RHEX'IA, L. DEER-GRASS. (Gr. /jedl5, a rupture; some of the species are good vulneraries.) Calyx 4-cleft, swelling at the base; petals 4; stamens 8, 1-celled; style declined; capsule 4-celled, nearly free from the investing calyx tube; placcntae prominent; seeds nnmerous. — 7 Lvs. opposite, exstipulate, 3-veined, ~ Anthers curved, saccate at base, with a bristly appendage at the insertion of the filament.-Stem square, winged............................Nos. 1, 2 -Stem terete or teretish..............................Nos. 3-5 ~ Anthers straight, terminal.-Stems simple, with purple flowers....................os. 6, 7 -Stems brachiate, with yellowv flowers........... No. 8 2 RZ. Virginica L. iEADOW BEAUTY. St. square, the angles narrowly winged; lvs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, and with the stesm clothed with scattered hairs; cal. hispid.-Grows in wet grounds, lMass. to Ill. and La. St. if or more high, often 3-forked above. Lyevs. with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent veins, 1 to 3' long, about - as wide, acute. Fls. large, in corymbous cymes. Petals bright purple, obovate, hispid beneath, caducous. Anth. long and prominent, crooked, golden yellow above, with apurple line beneath. Sty. somewhatlonger than the stamens, a little declined. JI., Aug. 2 R. strfcta Ph. St. tall, \with 4 strongly winged angles, glabrous; lvs. ovatelanceolate, acemeinate,.setaceously serrate, glabrous, or slightly hispid above; cal. glabrous, the tube very short.-Bogs around pine barrens, S. Car. to Ala. and Fla. St. 3 to 4f high, slightly bearded at the joints. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Fls. purple, large and fine. Jn., J1. 3 RI. Maridna L. St. nearly terete, covered with bristly hairs; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, attenuate at base into a very short petiole, and, with the calyx clothed with scattered'hairs.-In sandy bogs, N. J. to Filor The whole plant is lispid, even the petals externally. St. 1 to 2f high, slender, and generally with few branches. Lyevs. often narrowly oblong, 4 to 6 times longer than wide, serrate-ciliate. Petals large, obovate, purple. Jn.-Sept. 4 R. lanceolata Walt. St. szsiuch branched, hirsute, teretish; lvs. linear and lance-linear, attenuate to a short petiole, slightly hispid and ciliate; fls. very pale, in fastigiate cymes; cal. glabrous.-Damp soils, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. 1 to 2f ligh, very leafy, growing in dense patches, with numerous white or pale purple fis. Lvs. 7 or 8 times longer than wide. Jn. —Aug. 5 R. glab6lla Ph. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; st. simple, teretish; lvs. lanceolate; calyx glandular-hispid.-Damp woods, N. Car. to E]la. and La. St. 2 to 3f high, dividing at top into a few peduncles. Lvs. mostly longer than the internodes (1 to 2'), obscurely serrulate, acute, sessile. Cal. rather funnel form above the ovary. Petals pale purple, large, expanding near 2'. Jn.-Aug. 348 ORDER 51.-LYTITHRACE. 6 R. ciliosa Mx. St. tall (1 to 2f high), squarish, glabrous; Ivy. broad-ovate, glabrous beneath, sparsely hispid above, the margin serrate-ciliate, with long, spreading bristles; fis. nearly sessile between the upper pair of lvs; cal. glabrous, the lobes acute.-Damp pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. Lvs. nearly 1' long, 2 as wide, acute, on short petioles (scarcely 1"). Fls. terminal, 1 to 3 together, large, the petals roundish, 9" long, purple. Jn. —Aug. 7 R. serrulata Nutt. St. low (6 to 8') square, glabrous; lvs. small, roundishoval, glabrous both sides, the margin serrulate, ciliate; fis. subsessile, I to 3 between the upper pair of lvs.; cal. glancdular-hispid, the lobes short, obtuse.-Open swamps, Ga., Fla. Much like the last, but smaller in all its parts. Lvs. 3 to 6" long. FIs. large, purple. Jn., J1. 8 R. lhitea Walt. Sparsely hispid; st. square, brachiately branched; lyvs. lancelinear and oblong-linear; cal. much constricted above the ovary, the upper portion campanulate, with cuspidate teeth.-Damp pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. St. about 18' high. The soft, scattered bristles on all its parts are quite characteristic, as well as its showy, yellow, paniculate fis. Jn.-.Aug. ORDER LI. LYTHRACEAC. LOOSESTRIFES. Heerbs, rarely shrubs, with mostly opposite, entire, exstipulate leaves. Calyx tubular, the limb 4 to 7-lobed, sometimes with as many intermediate teeth. Petals inserted into the calyx between the lobes, very deciduous or 0. Stamens equal in number to the petals, or 2 to 4 times as many, inserted into the calyx. Ovary free, inclosed in the calyx tube, 2 to 4-celled. Styles united into one. Fruit, capsule membranous, enveloped in the calyx, usually by abortion 1-celled. Seeds small,;0, attached to a central placenta. Albumen 0. Genedrat 85, species 300. Some of the species are found in temperate climes, but most of theml are tropical. Lythrusn salicaria, native of Europe, N. I-Tolland, and U. S., is used for tanning where it abounds. All the species are astringent. GENERA. ~ Shrubs with numerous stamens and clawed petals...................... LAGERSTRI(MIA.. 1 ~ ITerbs —Fls. irregular. Calyx inflated, gibbous at base.................. UPIIEA. 2 — Fls. regular —Calyx cylindrical, striate, with 5 minute horns.... LYTHRUM. 3 -Calyx campanulate,-5 teeth with 5 long horns...NAs'A. 4 -4 teeth with 4 short horns.. AMIANNIA. 5 -4 teeth. IIorns 0, petals 0..IIYrocar.cIIa. 6 1. LAGERSTR(BI'e IA, L. CRAPE MYRTLE. (In. honor of Mcagnus Lagerstroems, a Swedish traveler.) Calyx broadly campanulate, 6-cleft, with 2 bracts below; petals 6, on claws inserted into the calyx tube; stamens co; capsule 3 to 6-celled; seeds many, winged. —East Indian shrubs. L. In'dica L. Petals crisped, on slender claws; lyvs. alternate, roundish ovate, coriaceous, subpetiolate, glabrous; branches winged; fis. in terminal panicles.A common and beautiful exotic, with large, delicately crisped, bluish purple fis. ~ 2. CU'PHEA, Jacq. (Gr. cv6fog, curved or gibbous; in reference to the capsule.) Calyx tubular, ventricous, with 6 erect teeth, and often as many intermediate processes; petals 6 or 7, unequal; stamens 11 to 14, rarely 6 or 7, unequal; style filiform; capsule membranous, 1 to 2celled, few-seeded.-Hlerbaceous or suffruticous. Lvs. opposite, entire. Fls. axillary and terminal. C. viscosissima Jacq. lHerbaceous, viscid-pubescent; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, scabrous; fls. on short peduncles; cal. gibbous at base on the upper side, 12-veined, 6-toothed, very viscid. —) Wet grounds, Pittsfield, Mass. (Hitchcock), Cambridge, N. Y. (Stevenson) to Ga. and Ark. St. 9 to 18' high, with alternate branches. Lvsy somewhat repand, 1 to 2' long. Fls. solitary, one in each axil ORDER 51.-LYTHRACEM. 349 Calyx often purplish. Petals violet, obovate; stamens included. Capsule bursting lengthwise before the seeds are ripe. Aug. (Lythrum petiolatum L.) 3. LYeTHRUI, L. LOOSESTRIFE. (Gr. 2v'9pov, black blood; referring to the color of the flower.) Calyx cylindrical, striate, limb'4 to 6toothed, with as many intermediate, minute processes; petals 4 to 6, equal; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted in the calyx; style filiform; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. —Mostly L4, with entire lvs. ~ Stanens as many as the petals. Fls. axillary, solitary.........................Nos. 1 — ~ Stamens twice as many as the petals. Fls. spicate or racerled...................Nos. 4, 5 1 L. hyssopif6lia L. GRASS-POLY. Glabrous, erect, branching; vs. alternate or opposite, linear or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; fls. solitary, axillary, subsessile; pet. and stain. 5 or 6.-A slender, weed-like plant, found in low grounds, dry beds of ponds, &c., Mass. and N. Y., near the coast, rare. Plant 6 to 10' high, with spreading, square branches. Lvs. sessile, acute at base, pale green, each with a single small flower, sessile in its axil. Petals pale purple. Calyx obscurely striate, with short lobes. J1. 2 L. alaitum Ph. Glabrous, erect, branched; st. winged below; lvs. lance-ovate, acute, sessile, broadest at base, alternate and opposite; fls. axillary, solitary.Damp grounds S. and W. States, common. St. 1 to 2f high, striate, the wings narrow. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, 1 as wide. Calyx tube 12-striate, 12-toothed, alternate teeth coraute. Corolla purple, wavy, 6-petaled. Stam. 6, included. Jn., J1. 3 L. lineare L. St. slender, somewhat 4-angled, branched above; lvs. linear, mostly opposite and obtuse; fls. nearly sessile; petals and stamens 6.-Swamps near the coast, N. J. to Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, the angles sometimes slightly winged. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 2 to 4", rather fleshy. Fls. small, nearly white. L4 L. Salicaria L. More or less pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, cordate at base; fls. nearly sessile, in a long, somewhat verticellate, interrupted spike; petals 6 or 7; stam. twice as many as pet.-Anl ornamental plant, native in wet meadows, Can. and N. Eng., rare. St. 2 to 5f high, branching. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, -} as wide, gradually acuminate, entire, oin a short petiole, opposite or in verticels of 3, upper ones reduced to sessile bracts. Fls. large, numerous and showy; petals purple. RJ., Aug. f 5 L. virga'tum L. St. erect, branched, virgate; lvs. lanceolate, acute each end, floral ones small; fls. about 3 in each axil of the virgate raceme; stamin. 12.-A fine species for the garden, native of Austria. St. 3 to 4f high. Fls. purple. Jn.-Sept. + 4. NASh'A, Juss. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, with 5 erect teeth, and 5 elongated, spreading, hornlike processes; stamens 10, alternate ones very long; style filiform; capsule globous, included, manyseeded.- 24 Lys. opposite or verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, purple. N. verticillAta Kuinth. Swamps, throughout the U. S. and Can. St. woody at base, often prostrate, and rooting at thle summit, 3 to 8f in length, or erect, and 2 to 3f high, 4 to 6-angled. Lvs. opposite, or in whorls of 3, lanceolate, on short petioles, acute at base, 3 to 5' long, gradually acuminate and acute at apex. FIs. in axillary, subsessile umbels of 3 or more, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy, terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 or 6, large, and of a fine purple J1., Aug. (Decodon verticillatum Ell.) a. PUBESaENs. St. and lvs. beneath pubescent.-R. Island (rare) to La. /. LVIGcATUmn. Glabrous and bright green.-More common. N. Eng. to Ill. 5. AIfAN'NIA, L. (To John Amnman, of Siberia, professor of botany at St. Petersburg.) Calyx campanulate, 4 to 5-toothed or lobed, generally with as many horn-like processes, alternating with the lobes; petals 4 or 5; stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes; 350 ORDER 52.-ONAGRACEM. capsule globular, 2 to 4-celled, many-seeded. — ( In wet places. Sts. square and lvs. opposite, entire. Fls. axillary. 1 A. hilmilis Mx. St. branched from the base, ascendizg; lvs. linear-oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, tapering at base into a short petiole; fls. solitary, closely sessile, all the parts in 4s; sty. very short.-Aun obscure and humble plant in wet places, Conn. to Ga., W. to Oreg. Sts. square, procumbent at base, 6 to 10' high. Fls. minute, with 4 purplish, caducous petals.-A variety has the leaves somewhat dilated at base, approaching the next species. Aug., Sept. (Ammannia ramosior L.) 2 A. latif6lia L. St. erect, branching; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and auriculated at the sessile base; fls. crowded, and apparently verticillate, upper subsolitary and pedunculate; cal. 4-angled, 4-horned; sep., pet., stam. and cells of capsule 4. —Wet prairies, W. States to La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 5". Fls. purple. JL.-Sept. (A. ramosior L.)' 6. HYP0BRICH'IA, Curtis. Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth; petals 6; stanlens 2 to 4; ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed, subsessile; capsule globous, bursting irregularly, many-seeded. —A submersed, aquatic herb. Lvs. opposite, crowded, linear. Fls. axillary, sessile, minute. E. Nutt!!ii Curt. A little inhabitant of ponds and sluggish streams, Ill. (Mead, Buckley) to N. Car. and La. Its habit is similar to a Callitriche. St. mostly submersed, 10 to 20' long. Lvs. 10 to 15" by 1 to 2", very numerous. Jn.-Aug. (Peplis diandra Nutt.) ORDER LII. ONAG1ACE.E. ONAGRADs. Herbs rarely shrubs, with the flowers 4 (sometimes 2 or 3)-merous, with the calyx tube adhering to the 2 to 4-celled' ovary, and teeth valvate in the bud; the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes obsolete as well as the calyx teeth. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx teeth; ovary 1 to 2 to 4-celled, styles united, and stigma-s capitate or 4-lobed; fruit capsular or baccate, 2 to 4-celled, seeds with little or no albumen. Illust. in Figs. 1.1, 311, 403, 417. Two Suborders are comprehended under this Order, viz:-the Onagracex proper or Epilobiete, and Hlaloragcre. The latter are aquatic herbs of low grade,-reduced.Epilobes, the flowers being imperfect or reduced to solitary organs. Both together contain 8S genersaand 520:species, particularly abundant throughout America, ilore rare in the Old World. They possess no relnhrkable properties. Many of them are ornamental, as the genus Fnchsi'a, Cl.arkia, etc. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. EPILOBIE.E. Flowers perfect and complete (sometimes apetalous in Ludwigia) 2-parted or 4-parted. Pollen connected by cobwebs. (*) II. IIALORAGEE. Flowers incomplete and often imperfect, small and greenish, 1, 3, and 4-parted. Plants aquatic, often submersed. (c) ~ Stamens 8 (or twice as many as the petals). (a) * Stamens 4 or 2,-as many as the petals or sepals. (b) a Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary.-Seeds comous.. EPLOBIUM. 1 -Seeds glabrous.. JUISSIEA. 2 a Calyx tube prolonged, the free summit-slender. Seeds co...(.. CNOTIIERA. 3 — slender. Seeds 1 to 4. GAUrA. 4 -short. Petals clawed.CL.AmIsA. 5 -long and enlarged.... FucIsSIA. 6 b Flowers 4-parted, perfect, sometimes apetalous..LuDwIcGIA. 7 b Flowers 2-parted, perfect and complete.......... CnmcEA. 8 C Flowers 3-parted, perfect, apetalous.................. P.... OsN...PROSrIACA. 9 C Flowers 4-par'ted, mnsncecious, petals 4 or 0. Submersed...... MytloPuxYLLUM. 10 C Flowers I-partedl, perfect, apetalous...................'...... HIer.uras. 11 1. EPILO'BIU1M, L. WILLOW HERB. ROSE BAY. (Gr. e7rt, upon, Xo,6g, a pod, iov, a violet; i. e., a violet growing upon a pod.) Calyx ORlERa 52. —ONAGRACE.N- 351 tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb deeply 4-cleft, deciduous; petals 4; stamens 8, anthers fixed near the middle; stigma often with 4 spreading lobes; ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved; seeds oo, comous, with a tuft of long silky hairs. —4 Fls. violet purple or white. ~ Leaves alternate. Fls. showy, expanding. Stamens and sty. declined..............No. 1 ~ Leaves opposite. els. small, not expanding.-Petals entire.....................Nos. 2, 3 -Petals notched................... Nos. 4 —6.:l. angnstifoliumia L. St. simple, erect; lvs. scattered, lanceolate, subentiroe with a marginal vein; rac. long, terminal, spicate; petals unguiculate; stam. and sty. declined; stig. with 4 linear, revoluto lobes.-In newly cleared lands, low waste grounds, Penn. to Are. Am. St. 4 to 6f high, often branched above. Lvs. sessile, smooth, 2 to 5' long, I as wide, acuminate, with pellucid veins. Fls. numerous and showy, all the parts colored; petals deep lilac-purple; ova. and sep. (5 to 6' long) pale glaucous purple. Jl., Aug. /3. cNESecENS. Fls. of a pure white in all their parts; ovaries silvery canescent. Danville, Vt. (Miss Towle.) 2 E. alpanatum L. St. creeling at base, ausueally with 2 pubescent lines, few-flowered; Ivs. glabrous, opposite, oblong-ovate, subentire, obtuse, sessile or subpetiolate, smooth; stig. undivided; caps. mostly pedicellate.-Mlountains, N. States to Arc. Am. St. 6 to 121 high. Lvs. often slightly petiolate and denticulate, lower obtuse, middle acute, and upper acauminate. Fls. smaller than in E. molle, reddish white. jI. UTANS I-Iornem. St. large, nodding at the summit; lvs. oblong, denticulate. 3'E. pallistre L. Minutely tomentous; st. terete, branching; lvs. scssile, lanceolate, subdenticulate, smooth, attenuate at base, rather acute, lower ones opposite; petals small, erect (acute?), twice longer than the calyx; sty. included; stig. clavate; caps. pubescent.-In swamps and marshes, Penn. to Arc. Am. W. to Oreg. Sts. 1 to 2f high, very branching. Lvs. mostly alternate, 1 to 3' long, 2 to 6" wide, entire, or with a few minute teeth. Fls. numerous, rose color. Caps. 2 or 3' long, on short pedicels. Aug. #. ALBIFL6oRUsM Lehm. St. slender, at first simple, branched at top; lvs. linear, entire, margin revolute; caps. canescent.-In mud about ponds, N. H. and Can. St. 2 to 3f high. (E. lineare Muhl.) 4 E. nm6lle Torr. Plant velvety-pubescenzt; st. terete, straight, erect, branching above; lvs. opposite (alternate above), crowded, sessile, mostly entire, oblonglinear, obtusish; petals deeply emarginate, twice longer than the calyx; stig. large, turbinate; caps. elongated, subsessile.-)l Swamps, Mass. to N. J., rare. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. numerous, 8 to 15" by 1 to 4". Fls. rose color. Caps. 3' long. Sept. 5 E. coloratum Muhl. St. subterete, puberulent, erect, very branching; lvs. mostly opposite, lanceolate, dent-serrulate, acute, subpetiolate, smooth, often with reddish veins; pet. small, 2-cleft at apex; cal. canmpanulate; sty. included; stig. clavate; ovules in a single row.-Ditches and wet, shady grounds, British Am. to Ga., WY. to Oreg. St. I to 3f high, becoming very much branched. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, - as wide, with minute white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on short petioles. Fls. numerous axillary. Pedicels 1 to 2" in length, ovaries 4 to 6", caps. 20", very slender. Petals rose color, twice longer than the sepals. J1.-Sept.-Scarcely distinct from the next. 6 E. tetragonum L. St. 4-angled, erect, branched and nearly glabrous; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, glandular-serrulate, more or less decurrent, the lower subpetiolate, petals emarginate. —Mts. of N. Car., N. Y. and Can. St. 1 to 2f high, apparently winged along the middle by the decurrent lvs. Petals rose red. Stig. clubshaped, pods pedicellate, puberulent. 2. JUSSIE'A, L. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, founder of the Nat. System.) Calyx tube long, but not produced beyond the ovary; the lobes 4 to 6, leafy, persistent; petals 4 to 6, spreading; stamens 8 to 12; capsule 4 to 6-celled, commonly lengthened, opening between the ribs; seeds very numerous. Herbs with alternate lvs. and yellow ls. 352 ORDER 52.-ONAGRACE2iE. 1 J. decfirrens DC. Glabrous; fis. 4-nerous; sts. erect, with slender branches, and winged by the decurrent ivs.; lvs. lanceolate, sessile; caps. clavate, 4-angled, thrice longer than the pedicel, crowned with the lance-ovate, acuminate calyx lobes. —2 In swamps, Va. to Fla. and La., common. Sts. 6 to 12 to 20' high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Fls. showy, expanding about 9". J1.-Sept. 2 3. grandiflfra Mx. Hirsute; fls. 5-mzerous; st. creeping at base, erect; ivs. elliptical, the lower spatulate, acutish, short-petioled; Ifs. large; ova. slender, shorter than the pedicels; sep. lanceolate, acute. — Bogs and ditches, S. Car. Ga. (Savannah, Feay and Pond). Creeping stems several feet long, branches I to 2f high. Ova. with 2 tubercles at base. Fls. expanding nearly 2'. May —Aug. 3 J. leptocdarpa Nutt. Hirsute; fis. mostly 6-mnerous, small; st. erect; lvs. lanceolate, subsessile; caps. linear, nrmuch longer than the pedicel, crowned with the lanceolate, acuminate sep. —-f, Fla. and La. to Mo. St. nearly simple, 1 to 2f high. Caps. nearly 2' long, terete, at length nearly smooth. 4 J. repens L. Nearly glabrous; fis. 5-merous, largee; st. creeping, ascending; wvs. lance-oval, mostly obtuse, taperinzg to a slenrder petiole; caps. cylindrical, much shorter than the long pedicel, with 2 bracteoles at base. — 2 Ponds, La., Ark. Sts. long creeping and floating. Petioles and pedicels about 2' long. Jn.-Aug. 3.: OTHE' RA, L. EVErNING PRIaROSE. (Gr. oZvog, wine, Orlap&o, to hunt; thle root is said to cause a thirst for wine.) Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, dleciduous, segments 4, reflexed; petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the calyx tube; stamens S; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved; stigma 4-lobed; seeds many, without a coma. —Ierbs with alternate ivs. Fls. yellow. ~ Fls. nocturnal (open by night only). Ovary sessile, oblong.....................Nos. 1-53 ~ F'ls. diurnal.-Calyx tube not longer thanI the ovary.............................Nos. 4, 5 -Calyx tube about twice longer than the ovary...................os. 6 — -Calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary...................Nos. 9, 10 1 CE. biennis L. St. erect, hirsute; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate; fis. sessile, in a terminal, leafy spike; cal. tube 2 to 3 times longer than the ovary; stam. shorter than the obcordate or obtzuse petals; caps. oblong, obtusely 4-angled.(j and g Common in fields and waste places, U. S. and Brit. Am. St. mostly simple, 2 to 5f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, roughly pubescent, slightly toothed, sessile on the stem, radical ones tapering inato a petiole. Fls. numerous, large, opening by night and withering the next day. Jn. — Aug. /3. nHURICATA. St. muricate or stricosely hirsute, red; petals scarcely longer than the stamens. St. I to 2f high. ((E. muricata Ph.)'. GIRANDIFLORA.. Petals tmuch longer than the stem, rather deeply obcordate. St. branched. f ((E. grandiflora Ait.) 6. PARIVIFL)nA. Petals small, about as long as the stamens; tube of the cal. elongated. (CE. parviflora L.) C. cORUCIcTA. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. (CE. cruciata Nlutt.). CAN2SCEcNS Torr. & Gr. Petals enlarged; whole plant canescently hairy.Iowa, etc. 2 CE. rhomnbipdtala Nutt. Tall, erect; lvs. lance-linear, sessile, acute, spreading, lower ones petiolate, becoming somewhat pinnatifid; spike strict, fis. large, longer than the leafy bracts; cal. tube very slender, 3 or 4 times longer than the sessile ovary; petals r'homnbic-elliptical, acute 0or acuminate; caps. small.-Wis. (Dr. Parry) to Ark. (Prof. Robertson.) A'ine species, with a profusion of strawyellow fis. Jn. 3 C7. sinv.uAta L. St. pubescent, diffusely branched or subsimple, decumbent and assurgent; lzs. pubescent, oblong-oval, sinuate-dentate, or incised; fis. axillary, solitary, sessile; cal. villous, the tube twice longer than the ovary; caps. prisrnatic.-(- Fields, N. J. to Ga. and La. St. 3 to 8' long. Lvs. often pinnatifid. Fils. about 6" diam., pale yellow, turning roseate in withering. /. IINIMar Nutt. Low, simple, 1-flowered; Ivs. nearly entire. —Pino barrens, N. J. to Ga. (CE. mininma, Ph.) OtrDER 52.-ONAGRACEAE. 353 4 (E. pimila L. Low, pubescent; st. ascending; lvs. lanceolate, entire, obtuse, attenuate at base; spike loose, leafy, naked below; cal. tube shorter than the subsessile, oblong-clavate, angular ovary. —) A small, half-erect plant, common in grass lands, Can. to S. Car. St. 6 to 10' long, round, slender, simple. Lvs. 1 to 12t by 2 to 3", radical ones spatulate, petiolate. Fls. yellow, 6" diam., opening in succession, 1 or 2 at a time. Jn., Aug. (CE. pusilla? Mx.) 5 CE. chrysdntha Mx. St. ascending, slender; fls. small, crowded, spicate cal. tube equaling,in length the ovary, longer than the segm.; petals broadly obovate, ernarginate, longer than the stamens; caps. smooth, pedicellate, clavate, the alternate angles slightly winged. —2 Western N. Y. to Mich. St. 12 to 18' long, purple. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate at base, denticulate, radical ones spatulate. Fls. 5"' diam., orange-yellow. Jn., J1. 6 0C. frutic6sa L. Sgt. pnubescent or hirsute; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, repand-denticulato; rac. leafy or naked below, corymbed; caps. oblong-clavate, 4-winged, with intermediate ribs, pedicellate.-2- In sterile soils, Mass., Conn., N. Y. to Fla. and W. States. St. hard, rigid (not shrubby), 1 to 3f high. Lvs. variable in pubescence, form and size, 1 to 3' by 3 to 8", sessile, minutely punctate. Flas few or many, 1~' diam., in a terminal, bracteate, mostly pedunculate raceme. Cal. tube longer than the ovary. Petals broad-obcordate, yellow. Jn.,- Aug. J3. AnSBIGUA. Lvs. membranous; petals longer than broad. 7 C. riparia Nutt. Nearly glabrous; stem erect, with slender branches, usually purple and polished; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acutish at both ends, petiolate, repanddenticulate, coriaceous; fls. large, loosely corymbed, at length racemed; cal. tube nearly twice longer than the pedicelled ovary; caps. clavate, scarcely winged.() Along rivers, N. J. to Fla. and Ala. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long. FIs. as large as in No. 6. A handsome species. May, Jn. 8 CE. linearis M/x. Hoary puberulent; st. slender, erect, simple or fewbranched; Ivs. linear, subentire, obtuse, the lowest linear-spatulate; fis. large, corymbed at the summit of the branches, tube of the calyx somewhat longer than the pedicellate ovary; fr. obovate, scarcely winged. —4 Montauk Point to N. Car. (Miss Carpenter), and Ala. St. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. much as in No. 7..May, J1. 9 CE. glahuca Mx. Glabrous and glaucous; st. erect, with few, slender branches above; lvs. ovate, sessile, acute or acuminate, obscurely denticulate; fls. large, clustered at the ends of the branches; calyx tube 3 or 4 times the length of the short, pedicellate ovary; caps. oval, 4-winged above.-Rock Castle Co. Ky. to Va. and NT. Car. St. stout, 2 to 3f high, purplish. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, often lanceolate. Caps. 4 to 5" by 2 to 3". May —J1. 10 G. Miissouriensis Sims. Simple, decumbent; lvs. coriaceous; lanceolate, acute, or short-acumizate, petiolate, subentire, downy canescent when young; fia very large, axillary; cal. tube 3 or 4 times longer than the downy-canescent ovary; caps. very large, oval, depressed, with 4 broad-winged margins. —Dry hills, Mo. Remarkable for the magnitude of its fls. and fruit. Petals yellow, expanding 4 inches. Cal. tube 4 to 7' long. Caps. 2' long. Sds. large, crested, in one row in each cell. Jl.-Oct. t CO. speci6sa of Ark. and Tex. is a splendid species, with white or roseato fls., fixe in cultivation. GAU'RA, L. (Gr. yctpOg, superb.) Calyx tube much prolonged above tnhe ovary, cylindric, lilnb 4-cleft; petals 4, unguiculate, somewhat unequal, inserted into the tube; stamens 8, declinate, alternate ones a little shorter; ovary oblong, 4-celled, one only proving fruitfull, nut usually by abortion, 1-celled, 1 to 4-seeded. —lerbaceous or shrubhy. Lvs. alternate. Fls. white and red, rarely trimerous. 1 G. biednis L. St. branched, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, oblong, remotely dentate; spike crowded; cal. tube as long as the segm.; petals rather declinate, and shorter than the sepals; fr. subsessile, slightly acuminate, 8-ribbed, alternate ribs minute.-A beautifil biennial, on the dry banks of streams, Can. to Ga., rare. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. sessile, pale green, acute at each end. Fls. numerous, 23 354 ORDER 52.-ONAGRACEA. sessile. Cal. reddish;' cor. at first rose-color, changing to deep red; stig. 4-lobed. Fr. rarely maturing more than one seed. Aug. 2 G. filipes Spach. Paniculate and naked above; lvs. linear-oblong, repanddentate, lower ones almost pinnatifid; branches of the panicle very slender, naked, with tufted lvs. at their base; cal. segnz. canescent, longer than the tube or the petals; fr. obovate-clavate, on a filiform pedicel.-Dry ground, S. and W. States. St. rigid, 3 to 5f igh, leafy just below the panicle. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, 2 to 6" wide, tapering at each end. Petals oblong-spatulate, rose-color or white. J1., Aug. 3 G. angustif6lia Mx. Herbaceous, pubescent; Ivs. linear, repand-denticulate, very acute; cal. lobes much longer than the tube or the petals; fr. sessile, ovate, with 4 sharep, almost winged angles, and r'ather obtuse at each end, 1 or 2-seeded. -S. Car., Ga. (Mettauer), Fla. (Chapman.) Plant strict, and slender, fewbranched. Fls. small, white, in paniculate spikes. J1., Aug. *5. CLAR'KIA, Ph. (In honor of Gen. ClarkC, the companion of Lewis across the Rocky Mts.) Calyx tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-parted, deciduous; petals 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, cTaws with 2 minute teeth; stamens 8; style 1, filiform; stigma 4-lobed; capsule largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valved, mlany-seeded.d) Herbs (from Oreg. and Cal.) with showy, axillary fls. 1 C. pulch6lla Ph. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; petals large, broadly cuneiform, tapering into a slender claw, with 2 reflexed teeth, limb with 3 spreading lobes; alternate stam. abortive; caps. pedicellate.-Gardens. A handsome annual, with lilac-purple or white fls., of easy culture. t 2 C. eiegans Lindl. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, on short petioles; petals undivided, rhombic or triangular ovate, with a toothless claw; stem. all fertile, with a hairy scale at the base of each; stig. hairy; caps. subsessile, hairy. -Gardens. Fls. smaller than in the last. Petals and stig. purple. Hairs at base of stamens red. t 6. FUCH'SIA, L. LADIES' EARDROP. (To Leona'rd Fuchs; an early German botanist of the fifteenth century.) Calyx tubular-infundibuliform, colored, deciduous, limb 4-lobed; petals 4, in the throat of the calyx, alternate with its segments; disk glandular, 8-furrowed; baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 4-sidecd.-Mostly shrubby. South American plants of great beauty. 1 P. coccinea Ait. LADIES' EARDROP. Branches smooth; lvs. opposite, and in verticils of 3s, ovate, acute, denticulate, on short petioles; fls. axillary, nodding; sep. oblong, acute; petals convolute, half as long as calyx.-Native of Chili. A very delicate and beautiful greenhouse shrub, 1 to 6f high. FIs. on long, filiform pedicels. Cal. scarlet, much longer than the included, violet-purple petals. Stam. crimson, much exserted. Berry purple. There are many varieties. (F. Magellanica Lam.) 2 F. gra.cilis Lindl. St. suffruticous, often simple; lvs. opposite, ovate, petiolate, slightly acuminate, glandular-dentate; fls. opposite, solitary, pendulous, longer than the lvs., petals nearly as long as the sepals and much broader.Chili. A beautiful parlor plant, quite common. St. 2 to 3f high, thick. Fls. larger, but less elegant than in the former, with a red calyx and crimson corolla. t Many varieties. 3 P. fdilgens DC. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, cordate-ovate, acute, denticulate; pedicels a xillary, shorter than the flowers, upper ones racemed; cal. tube long, trumpet-shaped, lobes ovate-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the petals. -From Mexico. Fls. bright-red. 7. LUDWIG'IA, L. BASTARD LOOSESTRIFE. (To C. D. Ludwig, Prof. of Botany at Leipzic, 1750.) Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly persistent; petals 4, equal, obcordate, ORDER 52.-ONAGRACERE. 355 often minute or none; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; style short; capsule short, often perforated at top, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seedel, and crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. — 24 Herbs in wet grounds. Lvs. entire. ~ Leaves alternate, sessile. (a) a Petals large, yellow. Fruit pedicellate, short........................Nos. 1 —' a Petals small, yellowish. Fruit sessile, elongated, smooth............... Nos. 4, 5 a Pet. 0 or ininute. —Frit elongated, hairy or smooth....................Nos. 6, I -Fruit short, smooth.-Stem winged....................No. 8 -Stem teretish. —Fls. axillary. Nos. 9- 1 -Fls. capitate.....No. 12 L~ eaves opposite, petiolate.-Fls. sessile, mostly apetalous...................Nos. 13 —15 -Fls. pedicellate, with showy petals........................No. 16 I L. alternif6lia L. SEED-Box. Erect, branched, glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, sessile, pale beneath; ped. axillary, solitary, l-flowered, 2-bracted above the middle; petals scarcely as large as the spreading, acuminate sepals; caps. large, with 4, winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx.-Shady swamps. St. 1 to 3f high, round, with a strong bark, and several branches. Lvs. with marginal veins, 2 to 3' long, - to 1' wide. Caps. convex at apex, the. angles conspicuously winged. Sep. large, purplish. Petals large, yellow, showy. J1., Aug. 2 L. hirt6lla Raf. Hairy, erect, sparingly branched; Ivs. ovate-oblong, sessile. obtuse; fis. axillary, solitary, pedicellate, with 2 bractlets below it; sep. nearly as long as the pet.; caps. subglobous, 4-angled and winged.-Moist soils. N. J. to Fla. St. 1 to 3f high. Lvs. numerous, hairy on both sides, - to 1' by 2 to 8". Fls. yellow, about -' diam. Cal. spreading, and, with caps. villous. Jn.Sept. (L. hirsuta Ph.) 3 I3. virgAta Ph. Nearly glabrous, erect, virgate; lus. oblong, closely sessile, obtuse, the upper linear; fls. large, on a slender pedicel; petals longer than the leafy calyx lobes; caps. roundish-cubical, with winged angles, and finally as long as the reflexed cal. lobes. —In dry soils, S. States. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fis. spreading 1' on pedicels 6" long. May-Sept. 4:L. linehris Walt. Glabrous, slender, with angular, erect branches; lvs. lancelinear, acute at each end; fls. axillary, solitary, sessile; pet. obovate-oblong, slightly longer than the triangul'ar-ovate sep. which are much shorter than the elongated, obovoid-clavate, 4-sided capsules.-Swaamps, N. J. and S. States. Plant I to 2f high, with the habit of Lythrum alatum, often sending out runners at the base, with obovate leaves. Fls. sometimes apetalous. J1.-Sept. (Isnardia DC.) 5 L. linif6lia Poir. Glabrous, mostly simple, creeping at base, then erect; lvs. spreading, linear, rather acute, tapering to a slender base; fls. closely sessile; cal.-lobes ovate, acuminate, about the length of the petioles and of the oblong, 4sided capsules.-Muddy places, N. Car. to Fla. Plant If high, with much the habit of Proserpinaca palustris. Lvs. 1' long. 6 L. cyliundrica El]. Glabrous, erect, much branched; lvs. lanceolate, acute; fls. minute, 1 to 3 together, apetalous; cal. lobes much -shorter than the rather slender, cylindrical, abrupt capsule.-S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. St. 3f high. Lvs. veiny and somewhat denticulate. Capsules 2 to 4" in length, 1" wide. JI.Sept. (Isnardia DC.)?7 L. pilhsa Walt. Villoes-pubescent, erect, much branched; lvs. lanceolate, acute; fls. axillary and spiked above; cal. lobes ovate-acuminate, about as long as the oblong, 4-sided, villous capsule.-Swamp, S. Car. to Fla. and La: Plant 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, those of the branches much diminished, of the stolons spatulate. Caps. about 4" by 2 or 3". J1.-Sept. (Isnardia DC.) 8 I. alAta Ell. Glabrous, few-branched, erect; st. winged by the decurrent bases of the lanceolate lvs.; fis. solitary, apetalonus; cal. lobes broadly ovate, nearly as long as the small, 4-sided, obconic capsule.-Swamps, S. States. Plant about 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, the lower broad-oval. J1.-Sept. (Isnardia DC.) 9 L. sphaerocirpa Ell. Erect, smooth, or nearly so; Ivs. lanceolate, acute; at.tenuate at base; fls. axillary, subsolitary, on very short pedicels; pet. minute or wanting, as well as the bractiets; sep. as long as the small subglobous caps.-IIn 356 ORDER 52. —ONNAGRACEAE. water, S. to Ga., partly submerged, or in very wet grounds, near Boston, Mass. St. 2 to 3f'high, branching, angular.'Margin of the lvs. rough, sometimes remotely and obscurely denticulate. Fls. greenish, inconspicuous. Jl.-Sept. (Isnardia DC.) 10 L. polycdrpa Short & Peter. Glabrous, erect, much branched, and often stoloniferous; lvs. lance-linear, gradually acute at each end; fis. apetalous, axillary, solitary, with 2 subulate bractlets at base; caps. 4-angled, truncated above, tapering below, crowned with the 4-lobed stylopodium.-Swamps, W. States. St. I to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 4", ten times longer than the "flowers. Aug. —Oct. 11 -L. microcarpa Mx. Glabrous; st. creeping at base, then ascending; lvs. spatulate-obovate, minutely denticulate; cal. lobes roundish, acuminate, larger than the very small, obovate capsule; stig. sessile.-Wet grounds, S. Car. to Fla. St. mostly simple, if high: often with stolons at base. JI. —Sept. (Isnardia lanceolata DC.) 12 L. capitata Mx. Glabrous, erect, slender; Ivs. lance-linear or lance-oblong, obtuse at the sessile base, obtuse or very acute at the apex; fls. sessile, crowded in a terminal bracted head or spike: cal. lobes shorter than the 4-angled capsule. -S. Car. to Fla. Sts. 2 to 3f high, simple, or with few virgate branches. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, the upper linear and taper-pointed. Aug.-Oct. (Isnardia DC.) 13 L. pal'stris Eli. WATER PURSAAIn. Prostrate and creeping, smooth, and slightly succulent; lvs. opposite, ovate-spatulate, acute, tapering at base into a petiole; fls. sessile, solitary; pet. 0, or very small, flesh color; caps. oblong, abrupt at both ends, with 4 green angles; bracelets 0. —In U. S. and Can., creeping in muddy places or floating in water. St. round, reddish, 10 to 18' long Cal. lobes and sty. very short. Caps. 2" long. Jn.-Sept. (Isnardia L.) 14 L. niatans Ell. Ureeping or floating, smooth and slightly succulent; lvs. oblong, tapering to a petiole, or the lower subsessile; fls. sessile; cal. lobes triangular-ovate, acute, as long as the yellow petals; ova. with 2 conspicuous bracteoles; fr. 4-angled, tapering to the base. —Swamps, S. States. Caps. about 4" long, at first top-shaped. Jl.-Oct. 15 L. spatulata Torr. & Gr. Branched, ascending, downy and not succulent; lvs. oval, tapering to a petiole; fls. very small, apetalous, sessile; caps. pubescent, ovate, somewhat 4-sided, small.-4 Middle Fla.. Plant near If high, diffusely branched from the base. Lvs. and margined petiole about 2' long. 16 L. arcuAta Walt. Nearly smooth, creeping; 1vs. oblanceolate, tapering to the sessile base; fis. solitary, on a slender axillary peduncle, which is twice longer than the Ivs.; petals bright yellow, longer than the lance-linear, spreading sepals; caps. clavate, finally arcuate, as long as the persistent calyx lobes.-Swamps, Va. to Fla., along the coast. Sts. 3 to 10' long. Lvs. 10" long. Fls. 10" broad..May —J1. (Isnardia pedunculosa DC.) 8. CIRCAJA, L. ENCHANTER'S NIGI-ITSHADE. (Circe was supposed to have used these plants in her enchantments.) Calyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted; petals 2, obcordate; stamens 2, opposite the sepals; capsule obovoid, uncinate-hispid or pubescent, 2-celled; 2-seeded; styles united.-4 Lvs. opposite. 1 C. Lutetiana L. St. erect, pubescent above; lvs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, slightly repand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles; bracts none; fr. reflexed, hispid-uncinate.-Damp shades and thickets, Can. to Car. W. to Ill. St. 1 to 2f high, sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes. Lvs. dark green, smooth or slightly pubescent, 2 to 4' long, a as wide; petiole 8 to 15" long. Fis. small, rose color, in long, terminal, axillary racemes. Fr. obcordate, with conspicuous hooks. Jn., J1. 2 C. alplna L. Smooth; st. ascending at base, weak; Ivs. broad-cordate, menmbranous, dentate, as long as the petioles; bracts setaceous; caps. pubescent.A small, delicate plant, common in wet, rocky woodlands, in mountainous districts, N. Eng., Brit. Am., W. to Or. St. diaphanous, juicy, 5 to 10' high. Lvs. ORDER 52.-ONAGRACEA. 357 1 to 2' long, i as wide, acute or acuminate, with small, remote teeth, pale green and shining. Fls. white, rarely reddish, minute, in terminal racemes. J1. 9. PROSERPINA'CA, L. MERMAID WVEED. (Lat. Prosespina, a Roman goddess; firom some fancied resemblance.) Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted; petals none; stamens 3; stigmas 3; fruit 3-angled, 3-celled, bony, crowned with the permanent calyx.- 4 Aquatic. Lvs. alternate. 1 P. palfistris L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those below (if any) pinnatifid.-Ditches, swamps and ponds, often partly submerged, N. Eng., Fla. and La. Rt. creeping. Sts. ascending at base, 6 to 20' high, striate, roundish. Lvs. 10 to 15' by 2 to 3", acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles and, if growing in water pinnatifid with linear segments. FIs. greenish, sessile, 1 to 3 togethel, in the axils of the upper leaves, succeeded by a very hard, triangular nut. Jn., J1. 2 P. pectinAcea Lam. Lvs. allpectinate, with linear-subulate segm.; fi. obtusely 3-angled. —Sandy swamps, in Mass. (rare) S. to Fla. St. 5 to 10' high, ascending at base from long, creeping roots. Lvs. all finely and regularly divided into very narrow segments. Sty. 0; stig. attenuate above. Fr. rather smaller (less than 1" diam.) than in P. palustris, rugous when mature. Jl., Aug. 10. MYRIOPHYL'LUNI, Vaill. WATER MILFOIL. (Gr. ftvpiOg, innumerable, OvXa, leaves.) Flowers 8, or frequently 5; calyx 4-toothed in the 5 and? flowers, 4-parted in the S; petals 4, often inconspicuous or none; stamens 4 to 8; stigmas 4, pubescent, sessile; fruit of 4, nut-like carpels, cohering by their inner angles. — submersed, aquatic herbs. Submersed lvs. parted into capillary segments. Upper ifs. usually 6, middle ones;, lower V. ~ Stamens 8. Carpqs smooth and even. Leaves whorled in 8s......................os. 1, 2 ~ Stamens 4. —Carpels ridged on the back. Lvs. whorled in 4s and 5s............... Nos. 8, 4 -Carpels smlooth and even. Lvs. alternate or wanting................. Nos. 5, 6 1 M. spicitum L. Lvs. in verticils of 3s, all pinnately parted into capillary segments; fls. in terminal, nzearly nzaked spikes; floral Ivs. or bracts, ovate, entire, shorter than the fis., lowest ones subserrate and larger; petals broadly ovate; stain. 8; carp. smooth.-N. Eng. to Ark., in deep water, the fis. only rising above the surface. St. slender, branched, very long. Lvs. composed of innumerable, hair-like segments, always submerged. Fls. greenish, sessile. Jl., Aug. 2 M. verticillatunm L. Lvs. in verticils of 3s, lower ones pinnately parted into opposite, capillary or setaceous segments; fls. in terminal, leafy spikes; floral lvs. pectinate-pinnatifid, much longer than the fls.; petals oblong-obovate; stam. 8; carp. smooth. In stagnant water, Can. to Fla.., W. to Or. St. long, less slender than in the last, only the upper part emerging. Fls. small, green, axillary, with conspicuous floral lvs. Sep. acute. Anth. oblong. J1., Aug. 3 M. heterophl'llum Mx. Lvs. in verticils of 5s, the lower ones pinnately parted into capillary lobes; spikes terminal, nearly naked; floral lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, longer than the fls., crowded; petals oblong; stamin. 4 to 6; carp. scabrous, with 2 slight ridges on the back.-In sluggish water, Can. to Fla. and Tex., rare. St. thick, branching. Lvs. very various, lowest floral ones pectinately divided. Petals somewhat persistent. Sepals minute. Bractlets serrulate. Jn.-Sept. 4 M. scabratum Mx. Lvs. pinnatifid in whorls of 4s and 5s; fls. verticillate, axillary, upper fls. S, with 4 stanm., lower ones I; floral lvs. linear, pectinately toothed; fr. 8-angled, the ridges tuberculate.-Plymouth, Mass. (Oakes), Block Island (Robbins), S. and W. States. St. 6 to 12' high. Segm. of the lvs. linearcapillary. 5 M. tenellum Bw. Erect and almost leafless; floral lvs. or bracts alternate, minute, entire, obtuse; fis. 8; petals linear; stam. 4; carp. smooth, not ridged.About the edges of ponds and rivers, Providence, R. I. (Olney), northern part of 358 ORDER 53. —LOASACEE. N. Y. to Newfoundland. Rhizome prostrate, creeping, sending up several stems or scapes which are simple and 4 to 12' high. Fls. small, purplish white,' sessile, alternate, a little shorter than the bracts, the upper ones S. J1. 6 M. ambiguum Nutt. Lvs. many, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary segments, middle ones pectinate, upper linear, petiolate, toothed or entire; fls. mostly A; petals oblong, somewhat persistent; stam. 4; carpels smooth, not ridged on the back.-In ponds and ditches, Penn. to Mass. Sts. floating, upper end emerged, with minute fis. and linear floral Ivs. (MI. natans DC.) In other situations it varies as follows. /3. LnOSUMi Nutt. St. procumbent and rooting; lvs. all linear, rigid, often entire.-Muddy places, where it is a small, creeping and branching plant. (M. procumnbens Bw.) y. CAPILLACEmuiM Torr. Lvs. all immersed and capillary.-Ponds. 1. HIPPU'RIS, L. MARE'S TAIL. (Gr. Zrrrro~, a horse, ovpd, a tail.) Calyx with a minute, entire limb crowning the ovary; corolla none; stamen 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx; anther 2-lobed, compressed; style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the whole length in a groove of the anther; seed 1. —4 Aquatic herbs. St. simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, minute. IH. vulgAris L. Lvs. in verticils of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire; fis. solitary, often V S. —In the borders of ponds and lakes, Penn. to Arc. Am., very rare. Rhizome with long, verticillate fibers. St. erect, jointed, 1 to 2f high. The flowers are the simplest in structure of all that are called perfect, consisting merely of 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed in a 1-celled ovary, with neither calyx lobes nor corolla. May, Jn. ORDER LIII. LOASACEiE. LOASADS. Herbs often hispid with stinging hairs, with leaves opposite or alternate and no stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-parted, lobes persistent, equal. Petals 5 or 10, in 2 circles, often cucullate, inserted on the calyx. Stamens indefinite, inserted with the petals, free or cohering in several sets. Ovary 1-celled, with several parietal placentae, or one central. Style 1. Ovules pendulous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Genera 18, s pecies 70, natives of America. MENTZETLIA, L. (In honor of C. rentzel, physician to the Elector of Brandenburg.) Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted; petals 5 to 10, flat, spreading; stamens 0c, 30 to 200; ovary inferior; styles 3, filiform, connate, and often spirally twisted; stigmas simple, minute; capsule 1celled, many-seeded. Branching herbs. Lvs. alternate. 3. M. oligosperma Nutt. Very rough, with barbed hairs; st. dichotomous; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, tapering to very short petioles, lobed or incisely dentate; petals entire, cuspidate, expanding in sunshine; stam. 20 or more, shorter than the petals; caps. 3 to 5-seeded. —4 Dry or rocky places, Pike Co., Ill. (Mead), and Mo. to Tex. Rt. tuberous. St. If high, divaricately branched. Lvs. 10 to 15" by 6 to 8", upper ones ovate. Fls. solitary, of a deep, golden yellow, 8 to 10" diam., very fugacious. Caps. cylindric, very small. May-J1. 2 M. Lindleyi Torr. & Gr. GOLDEN BAItTONIA. Hispid; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobes often dentate; fis. solitary or nearly so, terminal; petals broadly obovate, very abruptly acuminate; filaments filiform, and with the seeds numerous. —) Gardens. St. decumbent, branching, 1 to 3f in length, with golden yellow fis. 2 to 3' diam., the beauty of which is greatly heightened by innumerable, thread-like, yellow stamens. (Bartonia aurea Lindl.) t California. ORDER 54.-CACTACE2. 359 ORDER LIV. CACTACEE.: INDIAN FIGs. Stems succulent and shrubby, usually angular or 2-edged or jointed. Leaves almost always wanting; prickles numerous and formidable. Flowers solitary, usually showy and of short duration. Sepals and petals often indefinite and confounded with each other, the sepals from the surface, and the petals from the summit of the ovary. Stam. Ca; filaments long and filiform; anth. ovate, versatile. Ovaries inferior, I-celled, fleshy, with parietal placentas. Style single, filiform, with several stigmas in a star-like cluster. Fr. succulent. Seeds numerous, parietal or in the pulp, exalbuminous. (Illust. in fig. 47, b.) Genera 18, species about 800, all peculiarly American, no one having ever been found in any other quarter of the globe. They abound in the deserts of New Mexico and southward. The prickly pear (Opuntia vulgaris) is the only species found native as far north as N. York. Their a.spect is peculiar, usually distinguishable at sight. Stigmas oo. Calyx tube not prolonged. Berry tubercular, umbicate.;..... OPUNrTIA Stigrimas ao. Calyx tube pIolonged above the ovary. Berry areolate, &c.... CErEus 2 Stigmnas 5 to 7. —Calyx tube prolonged. Berry smooth. Axis grooved...... MELOCAcTus P> — Calyx tube short. Berry smooth. Axis mammiferous.....MASMMELLErIA 4 1. OPUN'TIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. (Opuntiana was a country near Phocis, -where this was said to be naturalized.) Sepals and petals numerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced into a tube above it;. stamens so, shorter than the petals; style with numerous, thick, erect stigmas; berry umbillicate at apex, tuberculate, cotyledons semiterete. -Shrubby plants, with articulated branches, the joints, usually broad and flattened, with fascicles of prickles, regularly arranged upon the surface. 0. vulga.ris Mill. Prostrate, creeping; joints ovate; prickles numerous in each fascicle, often with several subulate spines; lvs. minute, subulate from a broad base; fis. yellow.-A curious, fleshy plant, native in rocky anqd sandy places, Mass. to Fla. W. to Iowa. The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy leaves, 4 to 6'...long, 3 as wide, growing from the tip or sides of each other, and armed with orange-colored spines from the edge of the joints, large, bright-yellow, and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fiuit. - (Cactus opuntia L.) 2. CE'REUS, DC. Sepals very numerous, imbricated, adnate to the base of the ovary and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter, the inner petaloid; stamens indefinite, coherent with the tube, style filiformn, with many stigmas; berry scaly with the remains of the sepals; cotyledons none —.Fleshy shrubs, with woody, prismatic axes, armed with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines. ~ Stock and branches compressed, somewhat leaf-like.....................Nos. 1 — ~ Stock and branches angular-cylindrical, creeping................................. Nos. 4, 5 1 C. phyllanthus DC. SPLEENWORT. Branches ensiform, compressed, serrate; fis. with the terete, slender tube much longer than the limb of the petals.-From S. Am. The articulations of the stem are 2f or more long, 2' wide, weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and traversed lengthwise by a central, cylindrical, woody axis. Fls. white, 9 to 12' long, expanding by night, fragrant. t 2 C. phyllanthoides DC. Branches ensiform, compressed, obovate, with spreading, rounded teeth; fis. arising from the lateral crenatures of the branches; tube shorter than the limb of the petals.-From Mexico. A splendid flower, with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each 6 to 10' long, 1 to 2' wide. Fls. rose-colored, 4' in length, expanding by day. 3 C. truncatus L. Branching; joints short-compressed, serrate, truncate at the summit; fis. arising from the summit of the joints; sty. longer than the stam. or reflexed pet.-From Brazil. A very distinct species, a foot or more high. Joints 2 to 3' long, 1 to 1~' wide, leaf-like. Fls. 2 to 3' long, pink-colored. + (Cactus L.) 360 ORDER 55. —GROSSULACEAE. 4 C. grandifnlon.s DC. Creeping, rooting; st. with about 5 angles; fls. terminal and lateral, very large, nocturnal; petals spreading shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals.-From the W. Indies. Sts. cylindric or prismatic, branching, the angles not very prominent. Fls. expanding by night, and enduring but a few hours, 8 to 12' diam. Sepals brown without, yellow within. Petals white. A magnificent flower, of difficult culture. t 5 C. flagellif6rmis DC. SNAKE CACTUS. St. creeping, with about 10 angles, hispid; fls. lateral, diurnal; tube slender, longer than the limb of the petals.-From S. Am. St. about the size of the little finger, cylindric, indistinctly articulated, 2 to 5f long. Fls. of a lively pink color, smaller than those of the last, and continuing in bloom several days. t 3. MIELCAC'TUS, Baluh. MELON THISTLE. TURK'S CAP. (Comrpounded of melon and cactus, fromn its form.) Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, lobes 5 to 6, petaloid; petals as many as sepals, united with them into a long, cylindric tube; stamens and style filiform; stigma 5rayed; berry smooth, crowned with the withered calyx and corolla.Suffruticous, fleshy, leafless. Spadix simple, crowning the globular, deeply-furrowed axis. Fls. terminal. M. commrnisa Link. Axis ovate-subglobous, dark green, 12 to 18-angled; ribs straight; spines fhsciculate, subequal.-Native of the Caribbean Islands. This remarkable plant appears like a large, green mnelon, with deep furrows and prominent ribs, and is full of juice. It is surmounted with a spadix, which is cylindric, tuberculate, densely tomentous, bearing the red flowers at the summit. t 4. bIAMl ILA'RIA, Hawarth. (Lat. mamma, the breasts; alluding to the tubercles.) Flowers and fruit similar to the preceding genus.Stock roundish or cylindrical, covered with conical or mammireform tubercles, spirally arranged and tipped with a cluster of spines in wool. Fls. sessile among the tubercles. M. macr6meris Engelm. Bright green, with large, pear-shaped tubercles, each surmounted by a cluster of straight, slender spines, and large (near 3' diam.) carmine-roseate flowers. t From New Mexico.-Other species are cultivated in the green-house. ORDER LV. GROSSULACEzE. CURRANTS. Low shrubs, often prickly with alternate, palmately lobed leaves. CALYx 5-lobed, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, bearing at top the corolla of 5 petals alternating with the 5 short stamens. Anth. introrse. Fruit a I-celled, inferior berry with 2 parietal placente. Styles 2. Seeds co, embryo minute, in abundant horny albumen. (Figs. 67, 309.) Gesnera i, species 95. The gooseberries and currants ale natives of the N. temperate zone of both continents, but unknown in the tropics or S. hemnisphere, except S. America. Properties. The berries contain a sweet, mnucilaginous p)ulp, together with malic or citric acid. They are always wholesome, and usually esculent. 1. RI'BES, L. CURRANTS. (Named from the Arabic.) Character the same as that of the Order. CITrPRANTS. Stems unarmed. Lvs. convolute in bud. Fls. yellow...................No. 1 CURRANTS. Stems unarmed. Lvs. plicate in bud.-Fruit hairy.............. Nos. 2-4 — Frauit smoothl............... Nos. 5-T ~ GoosEBarsuEs. Stems spinescent. Lvs. plicate.-Frit hispil..............................Nos. 8, 9 -Fruit slnooth.-Pe(l. very short.Nos. 10, 11 -Pedl. long...... Nos. 12-14 1 R. afireuin Ph. MISSOURI, or GOLDEN CURRANT. Plant smooth; lvs. 3-lobed, lobes divaricate, entire or with a few large teeth; petioles longer than the leaves; bracts linear, as long as the pedicels; rac. lax, with many bright yellow fis.; cal. tubular, longer than the pedicels, segm. oblong, obtuse; petals ORDER 55. —GROSSULACEAE. 361 linear; fr. smooth, oblong or globous, yellow, finally brown. —Mo., W. to Or. A beautiful shrub 6 to 10f highli, common in cultivation. Fls. numerous, very fragrant. Apr., May. t 2 R. sanguineum Ph. Lvs. canescent-tomentous beneath; glabrous above, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, doubly serrate; rac. long and loose; bracts red, spatulate, rather longer than the pedicels; fis. rose-red; cal. tubular-campanulate, segm. spreading, obovate, as long as the spatulate petals; sty. urnited into 1; stig. 2-lobed; fi. dryish, with sparse glandular hairs. —Oregon (Rev. G. Atkinson). A beautiful shrub with large showy racemes. [ 3 1R. resinosum Ph. Plant clothed throughout with resinous-glandular hairs; lvs. 3 to 5-lobed, roundish; raec. erect; cal. segm. spreading; petals obtusely rhomboidal; bracts linear, longer than the pedicels; fr. hairy. —Mts. of N. Car. (Parker. See N. Am. Fl. p. 550). We have seen no specimens of this obscure species. 4 R. prostratum L'ier. MOUNTAIN CURRANT. St. reclined; Ivs. smooth, deeply cordate, 5 to'-lobed, doubly serrate, reticulate-ruoous; rac. erect, lax, many-flowered; cal. rotate; berries globous, glandular-hispid, red.-A small shrub, on mountains and rocky hills, Penn. to Can., ill-scented and with ill-flavored berriessometimes called Skunkl Clurrant. Prostrate stems, with erect, straight branches. Lvs. about as large as in No. 1, lobes acute. Petioles elongated. Rae. about 8-flowered, becoming erect in fruit. Bracts very short. Fls. marked with purple. Berries rather large. May. (R. rigens Mx.) 5 R. rtbrunm L. ConioN RED CURRANT. Lvs. obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, smooth above, pubescent beneath, subcordate at base, margin mucronately sen'ate; rae. nearly smooth, pendulous; cal. short, rotate; bracts much shorter than the pedieels; fr. globous, glabrous, red.-Woods, St. Johnsbury, Vt. (Carey), Wis. (Lapham), N. to the Arc. Ocean. Cultivated universally in gardens. 3. (WIsITEa CURRANT). Fr. light amber-colored, larger and sweeter. 6 R. fibridum L'IIer.'WILD BLACK CURRANT. Lvs. subcordate, 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish, resinous dots; rac. many-flowered, pendu.. lous, pubescent; cal. cylindrical; bracts linear, longer than the pedicels; fr. obovoid, smooth, black.-A handsome shrub in woods and hedges, Can. to Ky., common, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, the width something more, lobes acute, spreading, 3, sometimes with 2 small additional ones; dots just visible to the naked eye. Petioles 1 to 2' long. Fls. rather bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fr. insipid. May, Jn. 7 R. nigrurn L. BLACK CURRANT. Lvs. 3 to 5-lobed, punctate with Jyellowish dots beneath, dentate-serrate, longer than their petioles; rac. lax, hairy, somewhat nodding; cal. campanulate; bracts nearly equaling the pedicels; fr. rouzndishovoid, nearly black.-Native of Europe, etc. Cultivated and esteemed for its medicinal jelly. Fls. yellowish.-This species much resembles R. floridum. 8 R. Cyn6sbati L. PRICILY GoOSEBERRY. St. prickly or not; subaxillary spines about in pairs; ivs. cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, pubescent, lobes incisely dentate; rac. nodding, 2, to 3-flowered; cal. tube ovate-cylindric, longer than the segm.; pet. obovate, shorter than the cal. segm.; sty. united to the top; berries prickly. —N. and W. States, about 4f high, in hledges and thickets, mostly without prickles, but armed with 1 to 3 sharp spines just below the axil of each leafi Petioles downy. Fls. greenish white. Fr. mostly covered with long prickles, brownish-purple, eatable. May, Jn. 9 R. lacfistre Poir. SWAVmP GOOSEnmERRY. St. covered with prickles; subaxillary spines several; lvs. deeply 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes deeply incised; rac. 5 to 8-flowered, pilous; cal. rotate, sty. 2-cleft; berries small, hispid. —In swamps, N. States, and Brit. Am. Shrub 3 to 4f high. Sts. reddish from the numerous prickles, which differ from the spines only in size. Lvs. shining above, 1~ to 2y' diamn. Petioles ciliate, hispid, longer than the lvs. Fls. green. Fr. covered with long prickles, dark purple, disagreeable. May. —The older stems are unarmed save with. a few spines. 10 R. hirtellum Mx. St. unarmed, srarely prickly; subaxillary spines short, solitary, or nearly so; Ivs. roundish, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath; ped. short, 1 to 2-flowered; cal. tube smooth, campanulate, segm. twice 362 ORDER 57. —PASSIFLORACEE. longer than the petals; stam. longer than either; sty. hairy, 2-cleft; fr. smooth.In rocky woods, N. H. and Mass. to Wisc. N. to Hudson's Bay. Lvs. 9 to 18" diam., generally cleft half way to the middle. Fls. nodding, greenish. Fr. purple. May, Jn. (R. triflorum Bw. R. saxosum Hook.) 11 R. oxycanthoides L. St. clothed with bristly prickles; subaxillary spines 3, often fewer, united at base; lvs. 5-lobed, roundish, subcordate, cut-dentate; ped. about 2-flowered, very short; cal. tube cylindr'ic; sty. cleft half way; fr. smooth.Can., in rocky woods. Readily distinguished from No. 10 by its numerous prickles, but some of its forms are nearly destitute of them. Fr. bluish purple. 12 R. rotundif6lium Mlx. Subaxillary spines mostly solitary, short; lvs. roundish, smooth, 3 to 5-lobed. incisely crenate-dentate; ped. smooth, 1 to 3-flowered; cal. cylindrical, smooth, segm. linear, finally reflexed; pet. spatulate, unguiculate; stam. and 2-parted sty. slender, much exserted, smooth; berries smooth.-In woods, N. H. to N. Car. and Mo. Shrub 3 to 4f high. Sts. with a whitish bark, the younger often prickly. (R. Missouriense Nutt.) Lvs. 1 to 2' diam., mostly truncate at base, shining above. Petioles ciliate, 1 to 3' long. Petals yellowish-white. Fr. purple, delicious, resembling the garden gooseberry. May. 13 R. grdcile Mx. Pubescent; st. scarcely prickly; subaxillary spines 1 to 3, short, very slender; lvs. roundish, 3-lobed; ped. 1 to 2-flowered, long and slender; cal. tube cmuch shorter than the linear, recurved segm.; pet. very small; fr. smooth. Mts. of Tenn. and Ala. Apr.-Probably another variety of No. 12. 14 R. Uva-crispa L. ENGLISH, or GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. St. prickly; lvs. roundish, 3 to 5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short, hairy petioles; ped. hairy, 1-flowered; cal. campanulate; sty. and ova. hairy; fr. smooth or hairy, globous.Gardens. Long cultivated, until there are several hundred varieties, with red, white, green, and amber fruit, often weighing an ounce or more each. Apr.: Eur. ORDE I LVI. TURNERACEzE. Herbs with simple, alternate, exstipulate leaves, with the solitary Flowers 5-merous, the petals and stamens inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placente; styZes 3, distinct. Fruit a 3-valved capsule; seeds albuminous, strophiolate. Genera 2, species 60, confined (with one exception) to tropicat Amnerica. Propeertics, tonic and aromatic. TURNERA, Plum. (In memory of Win. Turner, M.D., author of "A New Herball," London, 1551.) Calyx funnel-form; petals convolute in Dstivation, longer than the imbricated sepals; styles 3; stigmas flabellate, maney-cleft; capsule dehiscing to the middle.-Fls. showy, yellow. T. cistoides L. Plant hirsute, erect; fls. in the upper axils and terminal; pod. bractless, but jointed near the middle; lvs. lanceolate, obtusely serrate or entire, subsessile, obtuse, the lower oblong-oval. —2 Ga. from Savannah, along the railroad, westward (Feay, Pond), and Fla. Sts. 12 to 18' high, simple or branched from the base. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. in a leafy, terminal rac. Ped. 9"' long. Fls. dimorphous (some with the stam. longer, others with the pistils longer). Cor. 1' diam., deep yellow. Caps. globular, downy. Sds. obovate, sculptured, the membranous caruncle lateral. Jn.-Sept. ORDER LVII. PASSIFLORACELE3. PAssIONwoRm'1S. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, usually climbing, with alternate Ivs. and foliaceous stipules.'ls. axillary or terminal, perfect. often with a 3-leaved involucre. Sepals 4 to 5, united below into a tube, the sides and throat of which are crowned with circles of filamentous processes, which appear to be metamorphosed petals. Petals ~5, arising from the throat of the calyx, outside the crown. Stamens 5, monodel ORDER i5.- CUCURBITACEAE. 363 phous, surrounding the stipe of the ovary. Ovary superior, on a long stipe, 1-celled; styles 3. Fruit many-seeded. (Illust. in figs. 48, 148, 371, 372.) Genera 12, species 210, chiefly natives of tropical America, but cultivated in many other countries as ornamental flowers. The fruit of the Granadilla (Passiflora multiformis) is eaten in the W. Indies, and highly valued as a dessert, but the root is poisonous. PASSIFLO'RA, L. PAssION FLOWER. (Lat.,flos passionis; the several parts of the flower were compared to the instruments of the Saviour's passion, viz., the cross, the nails, and the crown of, thorns.) Calyx colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex, filamentous crown; petals 5; sometimes 0; stamens 5, connate with the stipe of the ovary; anthers large; stigmas 3, large, clavate, capitate; fruit a pulpy berry.-Climbing herbs or shrubs. Fls. large, of a singular and wonderful structure. (Fig. 372.) 1 P. ocerhllea L. Shrubby; les. palmately and deeply 5-parted; segm. linearoblong, entire, lateral ones often 2-lobed; pet. glandular, with a 3-bracteolate involucre near the flower; bractlets entire; fil. of the crown shorter than the cor. -Native of Brazil, where it grows to the thickness of a man's arm and to the height of 30f. Fls. large and beautiful, blue externally, white and purple within, continuing but one day. Fr. ovoid, yellow. ~ 2 P. incarnfita L. Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong, acute, serrate, petioles with 2 glands near the summit; bractlets of the involucre 3, obovate-glandular; crown triple.-Va. to Fla. Sts. climbing 20 to 30f. Fls. large and showy. Petals white. Two outer rows of filaments, long, purple, with a whitish band, the inner row of short rays, flesh-colored. Berry pale yellow, of the size of an apple, eatable. May —J1. 3 P. lfitea L. Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse; petioles without glands; ped. mostly in pairs; pet. narrower and much longer than the sep.-A slender climber, 5 to 10f long, in woods and thickets, Ohio and S. States. Lvs. yellowish green, nearly as broad as long. Fls. small and greenish yellow. Corona in 3 rows, the inner row a membranous disk with a fringed border. Fr. dark purple. May —J1. ORDER LVIII. CUCUCURBITACE. CUCURBITS. Hrerbs succulent, creeping or climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves. Flowers moncecious or polygamous, never blue. Calyx 5-toothed, adherent. Petals 5, united, inserted on the calyx, the lobes alternating. Stamens 5, distinct, generally cohering in 3 sets. Anthers very long and wavy or twisted. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentoa often filling the cells. Fruit a pepo or membranous. Seeds fiat, with no albumen, often ariled. (Fig. 442.) Genera 60, species 800, natives of tropical regions, only a few being found in the temperate zones of Europe and America. A highly important olrder of plants, affording some of the most delicious and nutritive fruit. A bitter laxative principle pervades the group, which is so concentrated in a few as to render them actively medicinal. The officinal colocynt/ is prepared from the pulp of Cucumis Colocynthis, a powerful drastic poison. ~ Corolla white, —-cleft. Stigmas 2. Fruit echinate.......................ECHINOCYSTIS. 1 -5-pietalled. Pepo smooth, many-seeded.......L............ LAENA1RIA. 2 -5-parted. Berry smooth, few-seeded..................... BRYONIA. 3 -5-lobed. Fruit prickly, i-seeded......................... SiYos. 4 ~ Corolla yellow,-5-lobed. Berry small, smooth, G -seeded................MMELOTatsIA. 5 -5-lobed.. Pepo large. Seeds thick at edge.............. CucUInsTA. 6 -5-cleft. Pepo large.-Seeds colored, thick-edged........ CITRULLUS. 7 -Seeds white, acute-edged..........Cucmrrs. 8 I. ECHINOCYS'TIS, Torr. & Gray. (Gr. ex-tvo', sea urchin,,tcarrt, bladder; alluding to the spiny, inflated fruit.) Flowers moncecious. Sterile fl.-Calyx of 6 filiform-subulate segments, shorter than the corolla; petals 6, united at base into a rotate calnpanulate corolla; sta 364 ORDER 58.-CUCURBITACELE. mens 3, diadelphous. Fertile fls.-Cal. and cor. as above; abortive fil. 3, distinct, minute; style very short; stigmas 2, large; fruit roundish, inflated, echinate, 4-seeded. —O A climbing herb with branched tendrils. E~. lobftta Torr. & Gr. A smoothish, running vine in rich river soils, Can. to Penn. and Mo. St. deeply furrowed, with long, 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the long -petioles. Lvs. membranous, palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, denticulate. Fls. small, white, the barren ones very numerous, in axillary racemes often If long; fertile ones solitary or se'veral, situated at the base of the raceme. Fr. 1 to 2' in length, setose-echinate, at length dry and membranous, with 4 large seeds. J1.-Sept. (Sicyos Mx. Momordica echinata Muhl.) 2. LAGE/A'RIA, Ser. GouaRD (Gr. Xdy'ivos, a flagon or bottle; from the form of the fruit.) Flowers 8. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; petals 5, obovate. S Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers very long, contorted. T Stigmas 3, thickl, 2-lobed, subsessile; pepo ligneous, 1-celled; seeds ariled, obcordate, compressed, margin tumid. —Mostly climbing by tendrils. L. vulga.ris Ser. CALABASH. BOTTLE GOURD. Softly pubescent; st. climbing by branching tendrils; lvs. roundish-cordate, abruptly apuminate, denticulate, with 2 glands beneath at base; fls. axillary, solitary, pedunculate; fr. clavate, ventricous, at length smooth. —-- Gardens. The hard, woody rind of'the fruit is used as ladles, bottles, &c. Fls. white. Jl., Aug. i: Tropical. 3. BRYO'NIA, L. BRYONY. (Gr. /3pVo, to grow rapidly.) Flowers 8 or'. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth short; corolla 5-cleft or parted;. stamens 5, triadelphous, with flexuous anthers;? style trifid; berry small, globular, few seeded.-Fls. greenish white. B. Boykinii Torr. & Gr. Scabrous pubescent; lvs. deeply 3 to 5-lobed, cordate, denticulate, acuminate-cuspidate; fls. (small) clustered in the axils, both kinds together, on short pedicels; berries oval, 3-seeded. —In wet grounds, along streams, Ga. to La. (Hale). Sts. 10 to 20f long, climbing over bushes by simple or fbrked tendrils. Fr. as large as a small plum, bright crimson, charnginl to yellow. The seeds with 2 lateral teeth. Jn., J1. 4. SIC'YOS, L. SINGLE-SEED CUCUMBER. (Gr. acr[vo~, the ancient name of the cucumber.) Flowers 8.' Calyx 5-toothed; corolla rotate, 5-petaled; stamens 5, monadelphous, or at length triadelphous, anthers contorted.? Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate; petals 5, united at base into a campanulate corolla; styles 3, united at base;' fiuit ovate, membranous, hispid or echinate, with one large, compressed seed.-() Climbing herbs, with compound tendrils. Sterile and fertile fls. in the same axils. S. angulatus L. St. branching, hairy; lvs. roundish, cordate, with an obtuse sinus, 5-angled or 5-lobed, lobes acuminate, denticulate;? much smaller than o. Can. and U. S. A weak climbing vine, with long, spiral, branching tendrils. Lvs. 3 to 4' broad, alternate, on long stalks. Fls. whitish, marked with green lines, the barren in long pedunculate rac. Fr. 6" long, ovate, spinous, 8 to 10 together in a crowded cluster, each with one large seed. J1. 5. 1IELO'THRIA, L. (Gr. flytov, a melon, Opiov, a certain food,) Flowers y Z S or 8. Calyx infundibuliform-campanulate, limb in 5 subulate segments; petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. g Stamens 5, triadelphous. 5 Stigmas 3; fruit a berry, ovoid, small, many-seeded.-Tendrils simple, filiform. ORDER 58.-CUCURBITACE2E. 365 M. pendula L. Lvs. roundish. cordate, 5-lobed or angled, pointed, slightly hispid; fls. axillary, tile sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles.N. Y. to Ga. and La. A delicately slender vine, climbing over other plants. Ivs. small (1 to 2' diam.) Fls. small, yellowish. Sty. short, surrounded by a cup-shaped disk. Fr. small, oval. J1. 6. CUCUR'BITA, L. SQUASH. (A Latin word, signifying a vessel; from the form of the fi'uit.) Fls. 8. Corolla campanulatc; petals united and cohereInt with the calyx. S Calyx 5-toothed; stamens 5, triadelpllous, anthers syngenecious, straight, parallel.? Calyx 5tootled, upper part deciduous after flowerin(o; stiomals 3, thicl, 2-lobed; pepo fleshy or ligneous, 3 to 5-celled; seeds thickened at miargin, obovate, compressed, smootlh. —Fls. mostly yellow. 1 C. pepo L. PUMIPKIN. HIispid and scabrous; st. procumbent; tendrils branched; lvs. (very large) cordate, palmately 5-1obed or angled, denticulate; fls. axillary, S long-pedunculate; fr. very large, ~roundish or oblong, smooth, fiurrowed and torulous. —() Fields. Long cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable or for cattle. Fls. large, yellow. Fr. sometimes 3f diam., yellow when mature, yieldiig sugar abundantly. Jl.: Levant. 2 C. Melopepo L. FLAT SQUASH. Hairy; st. procumbent, with branched tendrils; lvs. cordate, palmately somewhat 5-lobed, denticulate; fis. pedunculate; fr. depressed-orbicular, the margin mostly torulous or tumid, smooth or warty.Gardens. Cultivated for its fruit, a well known kitchen vegetable. There are many varieties in respect to the fruit. t'Nativity? 3 C. verruc6sa L. WARTED SQUASII. CnROOr-NECR SQUASH, &C. Hairy, procumbent, lvs. cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, terminal lobe narrowed at base; fis. pedunculate, large; fr. roundish elliptic or ciavate, often elongated and incurved at base. —l Mentioned by Nuttall as long cultivated by the Indians ~W. of the Mississippi. Common in our gardens, with numerous well known varieties of the fruit. J1. t 7. CITRUL'LUS, Neck. WVATERMELON. (Lat. citrus, an orange.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft, segments linear-lanceolate; petals 5, united at base and adnate to the bottom of the calyx; stamens 5, triadelphous; style trifid; stigcmas convex, reniform-cordate; fruit subglobous, fleshy, the succulent placentin filling the cell; seeds colored, numerous, truncate at base and obtuse on the margin. C. vulgAris Schrad. Hirsute; st. prostrate, slender; lvs. somewhat 5-lobed, the lobes obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, glaucous beneath; fis. solitary, pedunculate, with a single bract; fr. globous or oval, smooth, stellate-maculate.-Extensively cultivated for its well-known delicious, cooling fruit. Fl. Jn.-Aug. Fr. Aug., Sept.-A variety is the citron, a smaller fruit with thicker and firmer rind t India. Afr. 8. CU'CUNIS, L. CUCUMBER. (Celtic cuce, a hollow vessel?) Flowers 3 or. Calyx tubular-campanulate, with subulate segments; corolla deeply 5-parted. 3 Stamens 5, triadelphous. r Style short; stigrmas 3, thick, 2-lobed; pepo fleshy, indehiscent; seeds ovate, flat, acute, and not margined at the edge. —Creeping or climbing by tendrils. Fls. axillary, solitary, yellow. 1 C. sativus L. CUCUvMER. St. prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; lvs. subcordate, broad as long, palmately 5-angled or lobed, lobes subentire, acute, terminal one longest; fr. oblong, obtusely prismatic, prickly, on a short peduncle. ) First brought to lingland in 1573. It is now universally cultivated for the table, either fresh or pickled. Gathered and eaten before maturity. Jn.-Sept. Many varieties. 2 C. Me'lo L. MUSK MIELON. St. prostrate, rough, tendrils simple; lvs. subcordate, roundish, obtuse, palmately 5-angled, lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely 366 ORDER 60.-CRASSULACEXE. denticulate; fis. 9 ~ A, the V on short peduncles; fr. oval or subglobous, smooth, longitudinally torulous. —) Native of Asia, whence it was first brought to England in 1570. Generally cultivated for the juicy, yellowish, delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit. Jn., J1. Varieties numerous. 3 C. Angfiria L. PRICKLY CUcUMBEmR. St. prostrate, slender, hispid; tendrils simple; Ivs. palmately and deeply sinuate-lobed, cordate at base; ft. ovalovoid, or subgloboms, echinate.-fl Cultivated for the green fruit, which is about the size of a hen's egg, and used for pickles. Jl., Aug.: Jamaica. 4 C. Coloc-nthis L. COLOCYN-TH. St. prostrate, subhispid; lvs. cordateovate, cleft into many obtuse lobes, hairy-canescent beneath; tendrils short; fis. axillary, pedunculate; y with a globous, hispid cal. tube and campanulate limb, with small petals; fr. globous, yellow when ripe, about as large as an orange, and intolerably bitter.-The extract is the colocynth of the shops, poisonous, but medicinal. -I From Japan. 5 C. angihinus L. SERPENT CUCUaBER. Sts. climbing; lvs. 3 to 5-lobed, repand-dentate; tendrils forked; fg. very long, smooth, cylindrical, coiled.-Cultivated for the curiosity of the long, snake-like fruit. t E. Ind. ORDER LIX. BEGONIACEzE. BEGONIADS. Herbs or succulent undershrubs with an acrid juice. Leaves alternate, oblique at the base, with large, scarious stipules. Flowers diclinous, pink-colored, cymous. Calyx adherent, colored. Sepals of the S 2 pairs, decussating; of the? 5, imbricated, or 8. Stamens Co, distinct or coherent in a column. Anthers clustered. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 3 large placentae meeting in the axis. Seeds minute, without albumen. Fruit capsular. (Fig. 210.) &Ge'nera 4, species 160, mostly natives of the Indies and S. America-none N. American. They are frequently cultivated as curious and ornamental. Properties astringent and bitter. DIPLOCLIN'IUMI, Lindl. ELEPHANT'S EARS. (Gr. dt)rrioS, double, fiAi'P, couch; alluding to the double placenltme.) Fls. 9.- - Siepals orbicular, colored like the petals, but larger; petals oblong, acute; stamens combined in a coluumn; anthers in a globous head. V Sepals 3, lanceolate, ]ar'ger than the 2 petals; stigma lobes distinct, spiral, erect; capsule wings unequal; placeunta double, or 2 in each cell.Evergreen, succulent undershrubs. D. Evansianum Lindl. Glabrous; st. branched, tumid and colored at the joints, succulent; Ivs. large, slightly angular, rrucronate-serrate, cordate-ovate, very unequal at base, petiolate, with weak, scattered prickles, and straight, red veins, the under surface deeply reddened; fis. pink-colored in all their parts, except the golden yellow anthers and stigmas; y larger than the S, and on peduncles twice as long. From China. (Begonia discolor Willd.) —lMany other species are found in conservatories-too many for our limits. ORDER LX. CRASSULACEAE. HOUSE-LEEKS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Lvs. entire or pinnatifid. Styp. 0. Flowers sessile, usually in cymes and perfectly symmetrical. Sepals g to 20, more or less united at base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, distinct, rarely cohering. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, or twice as many. Ovary as many as the petals and opposite them. Fil. distinct. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lengthwise. F'uit, follicles as many as the ovaries, each opening by the ventral suture, many-seeded. (Figs. 260, 261.) Genera 22, species 450, chiefly natives of the warmer regions of the globe, particularly the cape of Good Ilope. About 20 are found in N. America. They grow in the thinnest and driest soil, on naked rocks, sandy deserts, etc. They have no peculiar property except a slight acridity. Many are highly ornamental. ORDER 60.-CRASSULACE. 3 67 TRIBE 1. CRALSBSLEA. Carpels distinct, forming a circle of follicles. (a) a Flowers all 4-parted. Stamens 4.............................. TLLEA. 1 a Flowers all 4-parted. Stamens S... BPRYOPIIYLLUM. 2 a Flowers 5-parted, or 4 and 5-parted. Petals distinct, spreading.SEDUaM. 3 a Flowers 5-parted. Petals united below, erect, connivent.......ECvIIEERIA. 4 a Flowers 6 to 20-parted. IIypogynous scales laciniate........P....SEIrPFmRVIVUar. 5 TRIBE 2. DIAMOrPPIHIE. Carpels united into a many-celled capsule. (b) b Flowers 4-parted. Stamens S.........DIAtORPriA. 6 b Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 10....... PaaTINIoEur. 7 1. TILLE'A, Mx. PIGMAY-WEED. (To Michael Angelo Tilli, an Italian botanist; died 1740.) Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base; petals 3 or 4, equal; stamens 3 or 4; capsules 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening by the inner surface, 2 or many-seeded.-J Very minute, aquatic herbs. Lvs. opposite. T. simplex NTutt. St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints; lvs. connate at base, linear-oblong, fleshy; fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4s; pet. oval or oblong; carpels 8 to 10-seeded.-Near East Rock, New Haven, Ct. (Dr. Robbin's), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. St. 1 to 3' high. Lvs. 2 to 3" long. Fls. as large as a pin's head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a greenish white color. - J1. Sept. 2. BRYOPHYL'LUMI, Salisb. (Gr. j3pivo, to grow, 000tov, leaf; i. e., germinating from a leaf.) Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle; corolla mnonopetalous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse at base; limb in 4 triangular, acute lobes; seeds many. —An evercgreen, fleshy, suifruticous plant, native of E. Indies. Lvs. opposite, unequally pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish purple. B. calycinum Salisb. Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but little water, in a well-drained pot of rich loam. St. thick, green, about 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate Ifts. Fls. in a loose, terminal panicle, pendulous, remarkable for the large, inflated calyx, and the long, tubular, exserted corollas.-This plant is distinguished in vegetable physiology (see ~ 532), producing buds and new plants from the margin of its leaves. 3. SE'DUI1Y, L. STONE CROP. (Lat. sedere, to sit; the plants, growing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there.) Sepals 4 or 5, united at base; petals 4 or 5, distinct, spreading-; stamens 8 to 10; carpels 4 to 5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each.Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescence cymous. Fls. mostly pentamerous. ~ Flower of the branches 4-merous, central fl. 5-merous...........................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Flowers all pentamerous. Spikes not umbellate...............................Nos. 3-5 1 S. ternlatum IMx. Lvs. ternatety verticillate, obovate, flat, smooth, entire, the uppe' ones scattered, sessile, lanceolate; cynme in about 3 spikes; fls. secund, the central one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8. —1 Damp woods, Can. West, Penn., the Southern and Western States. Sts. 3 to 8' long, branching and decumbent at base, assurgent above. Cynme with the 3 branches spreading and recurved, the white fls. loosely arrranged on their upper side. J1., Aug. t 2 S. pulch6llu1m Mx. Sts. branching at base, ascending; Ivs. alternate, linear, obtuse, sessile with an auriculate base; spikes umbellate, spreading, finally erect, the crowded flowers unilateral, octandrous, the central fl. usually decandrous.On rocks and mts., Va. to Ga. and Tex. Sts. 4 to 12' high, very leafy. FIs. closely sessile, small; petals rose-color, acute. May, Jn. 3 S. telephioides Mx. Lvs. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at base, subdentate, smooth; cymes dense, corymbous; sta. 10, the pet., sep. and carp. in 5s.-Found on rocks, lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper's Ferry, Va., etc. St. a foot. high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, 2 as wide. Fls. numerous, purple, in a terminal, branching cyme. Jn.-Aug. —Like the other species, very tenacious of life, and will grow when pressed and apparently dried in the herbarium. 368 ORDER 60.-CRASSULACEAi. 4 S. Telbphium L. COMMON ORPINE. LIVE-FrBEVEEn. Rt. tuberous, fleshy, white; st. erect, very leafy; Ivs. flattish. ovate, obtuse, serrate, scattered; cyme corymbous, leafy. —24 Cultivated and nearly naturalized. Sts. simple, round, smooth, purplish. Lvs. sessile, fleshy. Fls. white and purple, in dense, terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. t Eur. 5 S. acre L. ENGLISH MOSS. WALL PEPPER. Procumbent, spreadinzg, branching from the base; lvs. very small, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifid, leafy. —In cultivation it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower-beds. etc., densely covering the surface. Fls. yellow'. The whole plant abounds in an acrid, biting juice. t Eur. 4. ECHEVE'RIA, DC. (To Echeveri, a botanical draulghltsman.) Sepals 5, unequal; petals 5, coherent below, erect, connivent, carinate; stam. 10, shorter than the petals; carpels 5, tapering into a short, subulate style, with 5 short, obtuse, hypogynous scales.-IHandsolne, herba. ceous or shrubby, fleshy plants, from California and Mexico. Fls. scarlet or yellow. E. grandiflbra Haw. Glaucous with bloom, erect; lvs. fleshy, spatulateo, or obovate, acute, narrowed into a thick petiole; fis. paniculate, erect. -Greenhouse. St. about 2f high. Lowest lvs. large, rosulate; cauline gradually smaller. Sep. thick. Cor. urn-shaped, orange-purple. Maex. 5. SEMIPERVI'VUN, L. IOUvSE-LEEiK. (Lat. se;tper vivere, to live forever; for their tenacity of life.) Sepals 6 to 20, slightly cohering at base; petals as many as sepals, acuminatc; stamens twice as many as petals; hypogynous scales lacerated; carpels as many as the petals. — 4 Herbaceous plants or shrubs, propagated by axillarv offsets. Lvs. thick, fleshy. 1 S. Tectorum L. Lvs. fringed; offsets spreading. —A well-known plant of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous lvs. It sends out runners with offsets, rarely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will grow on dry walls,and on the roofs of houses (teetorum). It is sometimes placed in the borders of flower beds. 2 S. arb6reum. St. arborescent, smooth, branched; lvs. cuneiform, smoothish, bordered with soft, spreading ciliae.-A curious and ornamental evergreen, from the Levant. St. very thick and fleshy, branching into a tree-like form, 8 to 10f high (1 to 3f in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing. 6. DIAMIOR'PHA, Nutt. (A Greek word signifying defornmed; alluding to its singular dehiscence.) Sepals 4, minute, coherent at base; pet. 4, oval, concave; stamens 8, with purple anthers; carpels 4, united below the middle, each with a minute obcordate, hypoy'vious scale, and dehiscent by an irregular dorsal valve; seeds 4 to S.-A- very small, fleshy, branching hlerb, with corymbs of white or pink-colored flowers and purplish herbage. D. pusilla Nutt. —( On rocks in dry, sunny places, Ga. (Stone Mft. 16m. E. of Atlanta), N. and S. Car. (Shields). Sts. 1 to 3' high, cmspitous, forming patches. Lvs. oval, sessile, 1" long, alternate. Fls. numerous. MIar., Apr.-A curious little plant. 7. PENTHO'RUMI, L. VIRGINIA STONE-CROP. (Gr. 7r-evre, five; on account of the 5-parted, angular capsule.) Calyx of 5 sepals united at base; petals 5 or 0; stamens 10; capsules of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-beaked, dehiscent by an obliquely terminal valve; seeds co, mnute. —4 Erect (not succulent) herbs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish, cymous. P. sedoides L. St. branched and angular above; lvs. nearly sessile, lanceolate, ORDER 61.-SAXIFRAGACE2E. 369 acute at each end, unequally serrate; fis. in unilateral cymous racemes.-A hardy plant of little beauty, in moist situations, Can. and U. S. St. 10 to 16' higll, with a few short branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' by - to 1', membranous, smooth, sharply and unequally serrate. Rac. several, recurved at first, at length spreading, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corymbous, scentless, pale, yellowish green cyrne. Petals generally wanting, JL.-Sept. ORDER LXI. SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, and partly or wholly adherent. Petals as many as the sepals, ~:nserted between the lobes of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and altrnate with them, or 2 to 10 times as many. Ovary inferior, usually of 2 carpels, coheringo at base, distinct and divergent above. Fruit generally capsular, 1 to 2. cdled. Seeds small, many, albuminous. (Figs. 270, 298, 310, 393.) Cene'era 42, species 640, subdivided into) four groups as given belw. They are distributed in bot' hemispheres as follows. The Saxiliafreoe heloen to the northern andl alline re,ions. The Esclilomiewa to the alpine regions of S. Amnerica. The Philadelphete to- the north Temperate Zone, and the Cunoniee to the E. Indies, Australia and S. America. Many are cultivated fbr theirgreat beauty. Their properties are generally astringent. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. SAIlFRAGEME. Herbs. Stipules none or adnate. Petals imbricate, rarely convolute in tie bud. Calyx free or partly adherent. (a) a icetals wanting. Ovary adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 10............. CHRYOSPLENTUM. 1 a P tals pinnatifid. Ovary half a(ldherent, 1-celled. Stanmens 5 or 10...........MITELLA. 2 a Petals entire.-Stamu ens 10.-Ovary i-celled, nearly fiee.................... IIARELLA. 3 -Ovary 2-celled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. sintl1ple... SAXIFAGOA. 4 -Ovary 2-celled. Fls. polygamous. Lvs. comp... As-rLn E. 5 -Stamens 5.-Ovary 2-celled, adherent. Seed rough......... BoyeINIA. 6 -Ovary 2-celled, friee., Seed vi ing-magtnlineed..SULLIVANTIA. 7 -Ovary 1-celledl.-Styles and carpels 2..........HE IItC1ERA. 8 -Styles and carpels 3....L. I,:uiOImLOE N. 9 II. ESCALLONIIEE. Shirubs wvithl, lternzate Ivs., no stipules and a vail ate corolla bud. (b) b Calyx'lee from the 2-celled ovary. Stamens 5. Capsule Co-seeiled............ ITEA. 10 b C:tlyx allcrent to the ovary. Stain. 5. 1Ber. Go-seeded. (Frorm S. AIII.)..EeSCALLaONIA. 11 III. HIYDRAYT(xEiE. Slt/ersb7s with oppo.site, simple leattes and no stipliles. (e) c Corolla valvate in the butl. —Cynes radiate. Shrub erect................ TIYRANGEA. 12 -CyInes nakeid. Shrub climbing.............. DECUMARIA. 13 C Corolla cenvolute in the bud. —Stame ns 20 to 40. Petals 4..........- PrLADEPIIUU.S..rP -Stamens 10. Petals 5. (Asiatic)......... I). UTZIA. 15 1. CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM, Tourn. WATER CARPET. (Gr. Xpobq, gold, aorrX7v, the spleen; on account of the medicinal qualities.) Calyx adnate to the ovary, 4 to 5-lobed, morle or less colored inside; corolla 0; stamens 8 to 10, superior, short; styles 2; capsule obcolrdate, compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-scedcd.-Small aquatic herbs. C. Americanum Schw. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly creuate, tapering to the petiole. —A small plant, in springs and streams, spreading upon thle muddy surface. St. square, 3 to 6' long, divided in a dichotomous mnclnner at top. Lvs. opposite, —' in length, smoothll. Calyx 4-cleft, greenish-yellow, willth purple lines. Corolla 0, stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, whicll are the only conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous. Apt,, ray. 2. MITEL'LA, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. (A Lat. diminutiive from vnitra, a mitre. See TIARELLA.) Ciilyx 5-cleft, campanulate, adherent to the base of the ovary; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifid, inserted on the throat of the calyx; stamens 5 or 10, included; styles 2, short; capsule 2 beaked, 1-celled, with twQ equal valves. —4 Fls. small, in a slender raceme or spike. 24 3370 ORDER 61.-SAXIFRAGACEE. 1 M. diph1lla L. Lvs. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on long petioles, the cauline 2, opposite, subsessile.-Very common in the woods of N. Eng. to Can. and Ky. St. a foot or more high, bearing the pair of leaves near the midst. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, nearly as wide, hairy, on the hispid petioles 2 to 6' long. Fls. on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme, and most beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petals. Seeds black and shining. May —Jn. Fig. 298. 2 M. nida L. Lvs. orbicular-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform segments.-A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady woodlans, Potsdam, N. Y., and in northern N. Eng. Lvs. and sts. light green, pellucid. Scape 4 to 6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white fis. with finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate and send out creeping stcions from the base. Lvs. -' long and of nearly the same width. Jn. 3. TIAREL'LA, L. BISHIOP'S CAP. (Lat. tiara, a mitre or sovme other head dress; from the resemblance of the capsule.) Calyx 5parted, the lobes obtuse; petals 5, entire, the claws inserted on'he calyx; stamens 10, exscrted, inserted into the calyx; styles 2; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. —2 Fls. white. T. cordif6lia L. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilous; scape racemous; stolons creeping.-Rocky woods, Can. to Macon, Ga. and Eufala, Ala. Common in N. Eng. and generally associated with Mitella diphylla, which plant, in its general aspect, it much resembles. The scape arises from a creepirg rootstock 10 to 20' high, often bearing a bract. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 4 as wide, hairy, and on hairy petioles 4 to 6' long. Rac. 1 to 2~' long; fls. wholly white, with minute bractlets. May, Jn. 4. SAXIF'RAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. (Lat. saxutm, a rock, frayegre, to break; often growing in the clefts of rocks.) Sepals 5, more or less united, often adnate to the base of the ovary; petals 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the calyx; stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence; capsule of 2 connate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acurminate beaks (styles); seeds co. — 4 ~ Leaves opposite (small) on the prostrate stem. Fls. purplish......................... No. 1 ~ Leaves alternate on the ascending stern. Fls. yellow or white.................. Nos. 2, 3, 4 ~ Leaves rosulate at the base of the mostly leafless scape. (a) a Calyx entirely free from the ovary (inferior).........................Nos. 5, 6, T a Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary (half superior)..............Nos. 8, 9, 10 i S. oppositif5lia L. Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate, obtuse, punctate, persistent; fls. solitary; cal. free from the ova.; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined, longer than the stam.-In the same locality as the next species. Sts. purplish, very branching, diffuse. Lvs. bluish-green, 1 to 2" long. Fls. light purple, large and showy. May, Jn.? 2 S. aizoides L. Csespitous, leafy; Ivs. linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, thick, flat, mostly persistent; flowering sts. annual; fls. paniculate, sometimes solitary; sep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ova; pet. oblong, longer than the sep.; stig. depressed; caps rather thick, as long as the styles.-In the clefts of rocks, at Willoughby Lake, Vt. (500 feet above the water), N. to tile Arc. Sea, Barren stems short, with densely crowded lvs.; flowering stems ascending, 2 to 4: long, with scattered lvs. Lvs. 4 to 6" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate. Fls. yellow, dotted. 3 S. rivuldris L. St. weak, ascending, 3 to 5-flowered; radical Ivs. petiolate, reniform, crenately lobed, cauline, lanceolate, subentire; cal. lobes broad-ovate, nearly as long as the ovate petals, but muclr shorter than the short-beaked capsule.-White Mts. N. H. (Oakes), N. to Are. Am. A very small species, with white, bracteate fls. Sts. about 2' high, annual, with alternate lvs. 4 S. tricuspidta Retz. St. thick, erect; lower lvs. crowded, oblong, 3-cuspidate; fls. few, large, somewhat corymbed; sep. thick, ovate, shorter than the oblong ORDER 61.-SAXIFRAGACEE. 3 71 obovate, yellow, dotted pet.; caps. ovate, tipped with the diverging styles. —Lake shores, Can. and northward. 5 S. leucanthemif6lia Mx. Viscid-pubescent; lvs. radical, spatulate, cut-dentate, tapering to a petiole; scape diffusely paniculate, with capillary pedicels; calyx free, reflexed; pet. unequal.-Mts. of Car. and Ga. Scapes 1 to 2f high, bearing numerous small ifs. Lvs. cut into several large teeth. Petals white or pink, the three larger spotted with yellow. Jn. —Sept. 6 S. er6sa Ph. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. radical, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute, with erose teeth; panicle oblong, loose, with leafy bracts and divaricate branches; cal. free, with reflexed, obtuse sepals as long as the equal, obtuse petals. —Mts. Penn. to Car. Scape 12 to 18' high. Fls. scattered, on slender pedicels. Petals small, white, yellow at base. Jn., J1. 7 S. CareyAna Gray. Lvs. radical, long-petioled, thin, glabrous, round-ovate, coarsely crenate-dentate, base truncate or suebcordate; scape slender, diffusely cymous-paniculate; pedicels filiform; petals lance-oblong, sessile, twice longer than the recurved sepals; carpels distinct, turgid, free. —Mts. N. Car., on wet, shady rocks. A low herb with small, white flowers. 8 S. aizoon Jacq. Lvs. mostly radical, rosulate, spatulate, obtuse, bordered with white cartilaginous teeth and a marginal row of impressed dots; fls. corymbous paniculate; cal. (and ped. glandular viscid) tube hemispherical, as long as the 5-toothed limb; pet. obovate; sty. divergent, longer than the calyx.-Southern shores of Lake Superior, to Nova Scotia and northward, on shady, moist rocks. Sts. 5 to 10' high. Fls. white. Jl. 9 S. Virginiensis IMx. EARLY SAXIFRAGE. Lvs. mostly radical, spatulate-obovate, crenately toothed, pubescent, shorter than the broad petiole; scape nearly leafless, janiculately branched above; fls. many, cymous; cal. adherent to the base of the ovary; pet. white, oblong, much exceedling the calyx.-All early and interesting plant, on rocks and dry hills, Can. and U. S. Scape 4 to 12' high, pubescent, annual. Lvs. rather fleshy, 9 to 13" by 6 to 12". Fls. in rather dense clusters, white, or tinged with purple, in early spring. Fig. 310. 10 S. Pennsylvanica L. Lvs. radical, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, denticulate; scape nearly leafless; branches alternate, with close cymes formaing a diffuse panicle, fls. pedicellate; pet. greenish, linear-lanceolate, but little longer than the cal.-Larger than the foregoing, common in wet meadows, Me. to Ohio. Lvs. fleshy, pale green, 5 to 8' by 1 to 2', on a broad petiole. Scape 2 to If high, gross, hollow, hairy and viscid, branched into a large, oblong panicle of yellowish green fls. of no beauty. -May. 5. ASTIL'BE, Don. (Gr. a, privative o(r-tCi, brightness; the leaves are not shining.) Polygamous; calyx adherent to the base of the ovary, obconic, with 4 or 5 erect segments; petals 4 or 5, spatulate; stamens 8 or 10, exserted; ovary 2-celled; carpels of the fruit separating and dehiscing lengthwise inside; seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, covered with a loose, membranous testa.- 24 Coarse and weed-like plants. Lvs. compound, 2 or 3-ternate. Fls. small, yellowish-white, in spicate rac. forming a compound panicle. A. decdndra Don. St. tall, angular; lfts. subcordate, incisely lobed, mucronateserrate; sterile fls. mostly apetalous; sta. 10. —Mts. of S. W. Va., IE. Tenn., N. Car. to Ga. Abundant in its localities. St. 4 to 6f high, with very large panicles. Its resemblance to Spirea Aruncus is very striking, but its irregularly cleft lfts. and its twice larger (2" long), 2-carpeled fr. are positive marks of difference. Jn.-Aug. 6. BO~YKIN'IA, Nutt. (Dedicated to Dr. Boykin, of Georgia, a pioneer botanist.) Calyx turbinate adherent, 5-cleft; petals 5, deciduous; stamens 5; ovary 2-celled, 2-beaked; capsule invested swith the permanent, urceolate calyx tube, dehiscent between the beaks.- 24 Lvs. alternate, petiolate, palmate. Fls. cymous, white. 372 ORDER 61.-SAXIFRAGACEtE. B. aconitif6lia Nutt. St. viscid-glandular; Ivs. smoothish, deeply 5 to 7-lobed (like those of Aconitum); cyme fastigiate, the fls. secund.-Mts. S. W. Va. and N. Car. (Curtis). St. 1 to 2f high. Fls. small, numerous. JL 7. SULLIVAN'TIA, Torr. & Gray. (To Winm. S. Sullivant, the distinguished muscologist.) Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, segments ovate, acute; petals oval-spatulate, unguiculate, inserted on tlle suminit of the calyx tube, and twice as long as its lobes; stamens 5, inserted with the petals, shorter than the calyx; capsule 2beaked, 2-celled; seeds co, ascending; testa wing-margined.- 4 Lvs. mostly radical, pallnate-veined. Fls. in a loose panicle, small, white. S. Ohionis Torr. & Gr. A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in Highland Co., Ohio, by him whose name it bears. St. annual, very slender, 8 to 16' long, ascendinrg, glandular. Radical lvs. roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed, 1 to 2' diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like, cuneate at base, 3 to 5-toothed at summit. May, Jn. 8. HEU'CHERA, L. ALuM ROOT. (To Prof. Heucker, botanic author, Wittembcrg, Germany.) Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the ovary below, segments obtuse; corolla of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx; capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks; seeds many, with a rough, close testa.4 Lvs. radical, long-petioled, petioles with adnate stipules at base. ~ Fls. small (I t, 2/ long), regular; stam. and sty. mnuch cxserted...................Nos. 1 — ~ Els. larger (3 to 5'1 long), rather oblique; stalm. and sty. short.....................Nos. 4, 5 1 H. AmericAna 1W1illd. Viscid-pubescent; Ivs. roundish, cordate, somewhat 7lobed, lobes short and roundish, crenate-dlentate, teeth mucronate; panicle elongated, loose; pedicels divaricate; cal. obtuse, short; pet. spatulate, atout as long as the calyx; stem. much exserted.-A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of N. Eng. and N. Y., frequent at the W. and S. Lvs. 2 to 3"' diam. Scape 2 to 4f hig'h, paniculate, nearly ~ this length. Ped. 2 to 3-flowered. Cal. more showy than the purplisll-white petals. May, Jn.-Root astringent, hence the common name, Alum 1toot. 2 HI. villsa iMx. Villous, with rausty, spreading hairs; radical lvs. round-cordate, thin, g labrous above, 7 to 9-lobed, lobes short, crenate-mucronate, ciliate; panicle loose, withL filiform branclles and pedicels; fis. very small; pet. white, about as long c ad as narr'ow as the filaments.-Mits. Md. to N. Car. and EKy. Scape 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 6' diam., petioles sometimes densely villous. —The plant varies nucll in size. Scope often with one or more lvs. Jn., J1. 3 E. caiuldscers Ph. N2early glabrous'; Ive. acutely 5 to 7-lobed, cordate, lobes acutely tootheod. ciliate; panicle loose, slender; petals white, linear-spaatulate, 2 or 3 times longer than the sepals. —Iig'h Mits. Car., Ky., Tenn. Scape often bearing a leaf or two below, and with the petioles somnewhat hairy below. May, Jn. B. Quite glabrous; radical lvs. slightly lobed; cauline 2, collateral; branches of the panicle racemous, elongated, divaricate.-Buncome Co., N. Car. (H. Curtisii G-ray.) 4 1H. pubescens Ph. Scape nakled, minutely pubescent above, and with the long, petiole glabrous bc-low; Ivs. glabrou.s, orbicular-cordate, 7 to 9-lobed, lobes rounded, and with rounded, mnucronlate, ciliate teeth; ped. cymoeus, dichotomous, joints flexuous, alnost geniculate; fls. large; pet. longer than the included stam.; sty. exserted. —Mts. Penn., -Md., Va. Scape 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam., the veins beneath withll a few scattered hairs. Fls. 5 to 6" long, purple. May, Jn. (Ht. grandiiora Raf.) 5 H. hispida Ph. ilispid and scabrous on the upper surface and margin of the obtusely 5 to 7-lobed lvs., tlhe lobes broadly mucronate-toothed, teeth very short, almost retuse; branches of the panicle few-flowered; pet. spatulate, as long as the calyx, shorter than the somewhat exserted stamens.-AMts. of Va. and N. Car., anld prairies of Ind. to Mlo. The petals purple. The prairie form is less hairy, almost smooth. (I. Richardsoni R. Br.) ORDER- 61.-SAXIFRAGACEA~. 373 9. LEPUROPET'ALON, Ell. (Gr. Xs.rwrvpov, a scale, 7rr-raXov, a petal.) Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse, tube turbinate, adherent to the base of the 3-carpeled ovary; petals 5, minute, spatulate, persistent; stamens 5, short; capsule globous, 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.A minute, succulent herb, growing in tufts. Lvs. entire, dotted. Fls. terminal. L. spatulatum Ell. 0 Grows in hard soils, S. Car. (Charleston), Ga. to Tex. The plant is less than 1' high, branched from the base, forming little convex tufts. Lvs. spatulate, veinless. Fls. large in proportion, white. Mart, Apr. 10. I[TEA, L. (Gr. name for the willow; for the resemblance of the foliage.) Calyx small, with 5 subulate segments; petals 5, lancelinear, inflexed at the apex, inserted on the calyx; stamens 5, inserted into the calyx; styles united; capsule 2-celled, 2-furrowed, 8 to 12seeded.-A shrub with alternate, simple lvs., and a simple, spicate, terminal raceme of white fis. I. Virginica L. Margins of swamps and sluggish streams, N. J., Penn. to Fla, Shrub about 6f high. Lvs. 1~ to 3' long, oval-acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles. Rac. oblong-cylindric, 2 to 3' long. Caps. oblong, acuminato with the style, its 2 carpels separating in maturity. May, Jn. 11. ESCALLO'NIA rubra and E. gladulosa are handsome shrubs, with evergreen leaves and scarlet. flowers, prized in greenhouse cultivation. 12. HYDRANfGEA, L. HYDRANGEA. (Gr. v'dwp, water, ayyeiov, a vessel; requiring an abundance of water.) Marginal flowers, commonly sterile, with a broad, rotate, 4 to 5-cleft, colored calyx, and with neither petals, stamens, nor styles. Fertile fls. Calyx tube hemispherical, adherent to the ovary, limb 4 to 5-toothed, persistent; petals ovate, sessile; stamens twice as many as the petals; capsule 2-beaked, opening by a foramen between the bealks; seeds numerous.-Shrubs with opposite lvs. Fls. cymous, generally radiant. 1 H. arborescens L. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, or cordate at base, acuminate, serratedentate, paler beneath, nearly smooth; fls. in fastigiate cymes.-An elegant shrub, native in the Mid. and West. States, cultivated in the Northern, attaining the height of 5 or 6f on its native, shady banks. Fertile fis., small, white, becoming roseate, very numerous. The sterile fls. are often reduced or wanting. The cultivated varieties have either the marginal flowers radiate, or all sterile and radiate. (H. vulgaris Mx.) 2 H. quercif6lia Bartram. Lvs. deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentous beneath, and on the petioles and veins above; cymes paniculate, radiant, the sterile fls. very large and numerous.-A superb species, native of Fla. and S. Ga., in wet, springy places, also often cultivated. Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. nearly all as broad as long (5 to 10'), green above, hoary beneath; panicles dense, thyrsoid, large, pyramidal, the sterile fls. 18" broad, with orbicular, white or roseate sepals. Often cultivated. May, Jn. (Hi. vulgaris Mx.) (Fig. 271.) 3 H. radidta'Walt. Lvs. ovate, abrupt or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate, silvery.tomentous beneath; cymes fastigiate, radiate.-Upper country of Ga., Car. and Tenn. Shrubs 6 to 8f high. Sterile fis., white, smaller than in No. 2, often reduced to 3, 2 or I sepal. The silver white of the under leaf-surface is a striking character. f May, Jn. 4 H. hortensis L. CHANGEABLE HYDRANGEA. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth; cymes radiant; fly. mostly sterile.-Probably native of China, where it has long been cultivated. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Lvs. large. Barren fls., very numerous and showy, at first green, passing successively through straw-color, sulphur yellow, white, purple, and pink. Tho 3'74 ORDER 62. —tHAMAMELACEAL. perfect fls. are central and much smaller. It thrives in large pots of peat mixed with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure several months. t 13. DECUMA'RIA, L. (Lat. decemn, ten; from the 10-parted flowers.) Fls. all fertile; calyx 7 to 10-toothed, tube adherent to the 5 to 10celled ovary; petals as many as calyx teeth, oblong-spatulate, valvate in the bud; stamens 3 times as many as the petals, in one row, epigynous; stigma as many as petals, radiate, capsule urn-shaped, many-ribbed, crowned with the style, oo-seeded.-A shrub creeping or climbing by rootlets, with opposite lvs. and cymes of white, fragrant fis. D. bairbara L. A beautiful climber, in damp woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La., ascending trees 15 to 30f. Lvs. ovate or oval, entire or obscurely serrate, acute or acuminate, very smooth, —those of the young creepers elliptical, irregularly toothed. Cymes terminal on the divergent branches, with numerous fls. Caps. persistent, exhibiting in winter their curious structure. May, Jn. 14. PHILADEL'PHUS, L. FALSE SYRINGA. (To Philadelphus, king of Egypt.) Calyx 4 to 5-parted, half superior, persistent; corolla 4 to 5-petaled; style 4-cleft; stamens 20 to 40, shorter than the petals; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence; seeds many, arilled.-Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs. opposite, exstipulate. 1 P. in6dorus L. Glabrous; lvs. ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, tripleveined, entire, or with few obscure teeth; sep. aculte, scarcely longer than the tube; sty. united.-Va. to Ala. in the upper country (Buckley). Fls. small, several at the end of each branchlet, inodorous. May, Jn. 2 P. grandifl6rus Willd. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sharply denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy; sep. acleminate, mnuch longer thcan the tube; stig. 4, linear; sty. united. —A very showy shrub, 6f high, native at the South, cultivated in shrubberies. Branches smooth, long and slender. Fls. large, in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Jn.-The upper lvs. are often entire and quite narrow. ~ 3 P. coronarius L. MocK ORANGE. LVS. ovate, subdentate, smooth; sty. distinct.-Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrubberies. The ifs. are numerous, cream-colored, showy, resembling those of the orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect. It grows 5 to 8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked lvs. and opposite, reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers. f 15. DEUT'ZIA gracilis and D. scabra, are two handsome shrubs occasionally cultivated in parks. The genus is readily recognized by the filaments, which are 3-cuspidate at the top, bearing the anther on the middle cusp. D. scabra Thunberg, has ovate, acute, sharply serrate, pilous leaves, with terminal, downy racemes of handsome, bell-shaped, white flowers, each usually with 3 pistils. 1f Eastern Asia. ORDER LXII. HAMAMELACEJE. WITCHHAZELWOR'TS. Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or moncecious. Calyx adherent. Petals linear, valvate or convolute in bud or wanting. Stamens twice as many as petals (the opposite sterile and scale-like) or co. Ovary of 2-carpels, 2-celled and 2-styled, ovules 1 or X00 in each cell. Fruit a woody capsule, 2-beaked, 2-celled and 2-seeded. Generca 14, species 20, widely diffused. Various species of Liquidambar yield the pungent re. sin called storaxa. Otherwise the products of this order are unimportant. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1. IIAMAMBLE.E. Flowers dichlamydeous. Ovule solitary in each cell. Calyx 4-parted; petals ligulate, long. Shrub....AMA............l....... HAMALI.! ORDER 63.-UMBELLIFERI.E. 375 2. FEOTHERGILLEE. Flowers monochlamydeous. Ovary solitary in each cell. Cal. 5 to T-parted; petals 0; stamens 0). Shrub......................FOTHERGILLA. 2 3. BALSAMIFLUA. Flowers mostly achlamydeous. Ovules several in each cell. Calyx none; fis. moncecious, in globous aments.................. LIQUIDAMBAR. S 1. HAEMAE'LIS, L. WITCH HAZEL. (Gr. dtea, with, /Fzi~ov, fruit; i. e., flowers and fruit together on the tree.) Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with an involucel of 2 to 3 bracts at base; petals 4, very long, linear; sterile stamens scale-like, opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones; capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked.-Shrubs or small trees. Petals yellow. HE. Virginiana L. Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, obliquely cordate at base, on short petioles; fis. sessile, 3 to 4 together in an involucrate, axillary, subsessile glomerule.-U. S. and Can. A large shrub, consisting of several crooked, branching trunks from the same root, as large as tile arm, and 10 to 12f high. Lvs. nearly smooth, 3 to 5' long, l as wide. Petioles -' long. Cal. downy. Pet. curled or twisted, 9" long. Cap. woody, containing 2 nuts. This curious shrub is not unfrequent in our forests, and amidst the reigning desolations of winter puts forth its yellow blossoms. The small branches have been superstitiously used for " divining rods," to indicate the presence of the precious metals and of deep springs of water. 2. FOTHERGIL'LA, L. filius. (Dedicated by the younger Linnaeus to Dr. Fothergill.) Calyx campanulate, truncate and obscurely 5 to 7toothed at the margin, bearing the 20 to 28 clavate filaments in a marginal row; petals none; styles 2, distinct; capsule adherent at base, 2lobed, 2-celled, cells 2-valved, 1-seeded. —A shrub resembling an alder in its leaves and a witch-hazel in its fruit. Fls. white, appearing before the leaves, in a terminal dense spike or ament. P. alnif6lia L. f. Shady margins of swamps, Va. to Fla. Shrub 2 to 4f high, with virgate blossoms and stolons. Lvs. oval or obovate, somewhat crenate, pubescent beneath. Cal. white, fringed with the long white or pink stamens. Sty. long, filiform, recurved. Mar., Apr. 3. LIQUIDAII'BAR, L. SWEET GUM TREE. (Lat. liquidam, fluid, ambar, from its ambar-colorid gum.) Involucre 4-parted, deciduous; 8 ament conical; flowers naked, polyandrous; V aments globous; calyx a scale if any; styles 2, elongated; fruit aggregate (sorosis ~ 581), globular, consisting of the hardened scales and woody, 2-celled capsules whllich open between the beaks; ovules many, but only I or 2 maturing into a seed. —Trees with fragrant lvs. and exuding a balsamic resin. L. styraciflua L. Lvs. palmate, with acuminate, serrate lobes; veins villous at their bases.-A large and handsome tree, abundant in the swamps and higher grounds of the South, extending N. to Conn. and Ill. With a diameter of 5f it arises to the height of 60. Trunk covered with a deeply furrowed bark. Young twigs yellowish, putting forth leaves of'a rich green, which are deeply divided into 5 lobes more star-like than those of the Rock Maple. Fruit a globular, compact ball, suspended by a slender pedicel, consisting of numerous capsules, each containing 1 or 2 seeds. May. ORDER LXIII. UTMBELLIFERE z. IUMBELWORTS. Herbs with hollow, striate stems, sheathing petioles and flowers in umbels. Calyx adherent to the ovary, limb entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, usually inflected at the point, imbricate in mestivation. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, and. inserted with them on the disk. Ovaries 2-carpeled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. Styles 2, distinct or united at their 376 ORDER 63.-UMBELLIFERAE. thickened bases. Stigmas simple. Fruit a cremocarp (~ 557), consisting of 2 coherent achenia called mericarps which separate along the middle space, which is called the colnmissure. Carpoophore, the slender, simple or forked axis attached to and supporting the mericarps at top, inclosed between them at the commissure. Ribs —5 ridges traversing each mericarp lengthwise, and often 4 intermediate or secondary ones, some, all, or none of them winged. Vitte —little tubular receptacles of colored volatile oil imbedded in the substance of the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs, and also sometimes in the face of the commissure. Embryo in the base of abundant, horny albumen. (Illust. in figs. 25, 27, 102, 134, 135, 163, 207, 297, 433.) Genera 270, species 1500 or more. A large and well defined natural order, native of damp places, waysides, groves, &c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical countries, except upon the mountains. Properwties, aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the vitte of the fruit, in the roots, &c. The herbage is frequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic principle, rendering it very poisonous. Of this nature is the Coniun mnaculatumn (H-Iemlock), Cicluta virosa, XEthusa Cynapinul (Fool's Parsley), besides many others which have at least a suspicious character. But the fruit is never poisonous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic, as Caraway, Anise, Dill, Coriander, &c. Even the roots and herbage of other species are wholesome and nutritive, as the Carrot, Parsnip, Sweet Cisely, Celery, and Archangelica. The gum resin asw.fietidac exudes fromn incisions on the Ferula of Persia. The Gsqm Galbanmrsm is the product of Gal-)banurri offlicinale, an Indian species. The genera of the Umbellifer, are often best defined by characters founded upon the number and development of the ribs, the presence or absence of the vittme, and the form of the albumen, particularly at the cominissure. These parts. therefore, minute as they are, will require the especial attention of the student. De Candolle subdivided the Umbelworts into sections, depending upon the form of the albumen and seed, whether (1.) flat on the inner face, or (2.) convolute at the sides, or (3.) involute at the ends. This arrangement is often impracticable as a step in the AN.ALYSIS OF TIHE GENERA. ~ Flowers in simple umbels, sometimes spicate. Leaves simple. (a) ~ Flowers in capitate umnbels, i. e., sessile, forming dense heads. (b) ~ Flowers in regularly compound umbels, not sessile in heads. (1) 1 Fruit flattened on the back, the margins only singly winged. (c) 1 Fruit flattened on the back, the margin only doubly winged. (d) I Fruit terete or flattened on the sides. —libs bristly echinate. (e) -Ribs smooth. Flowers xanthic. (f) — ibs smooth. Flowers cyanic. (2) 2 Plants exotic, growing in gardens, &c. (1) 2 Plants native or naturalized, growing wild. (3) 3 Fruit slender, thrice longer than wide, often beaked. (g) 3 Fruit short, once to twice as long as wide. —Ribs (6 to 10)-winged. (h -Ribs not winged. (4) 4 Seed furrowed or excavated on the inner face. (i) 4 Seed flat on the inner face.-Involucre none or almost none. (j) -Involucre of 2 to 8 bracts. (k) a Fruit flat, orbicular. Leaves round or roundish......................IIYDrOCOTYLE. 1 a Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy phyllodia..........................C:ANTZIA. 2 b Flowers partly sterile. Fruit densely muricate, few.....S..............SNICULA. 3 b Flowers all fertile. Fruit scaly, many in the head.,.................. E NGI. 4 c Flowers yellow. Fruit with a thick, corky margin.............POLYTE:NIA. 5 C Flowers yellow. Fruit with a thin margin......................PASTINACA. 6 C Flowers white,-of two sorts,-the marginal radiant............. ERACLEUM. 7 -all alike.-Lfts. 3 to 9, mostly entire............ARCHEIsroRA. 8 -Lfts. 0, phyllodia linear...........TIPEDEMANNIA. 9 d Seed adherent to the pericarp, with 6 to S vittte..A............AGELICA. 10 d Seed not adherent, &c., all covered with vitt e........... AnCIANGELa CA. 11 e Involucre of several pinnatifid bracts.......................DAUCUs. 12 f Involucels of ovate, entire bracts. Leaves simple......B........BUPLURUir. 13 f Involucels none. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs.....................ANETvUm. 14 f Involucels subulate.-Ribs sharp or winged. Leaflets toothed....TuAsrIuM. 15 -Ribs not at all winged. Leaflets entire......... ZIzrIA. 16 ORDER 63. —UMBELLIFERA. 377 g Beak slender, longer than the fruit. Vittme none............................SCANDTx. 17 g Beak short or none.-Fruit upwardly hispid............................ Os.Iomnz&. 18 -Fruit glabrous.-Carpels 5-ribbed......... n.....CIIArOPIsYLLUM. 19 -Carpels 9-ribbed................T PocAs. 38 h Marginal wings twice longer than the dorsal........s...... C.....Co.......ossELr. 20 h Marginal and dorsal wings alike. Leaflets large..............;L.....LIGSTICM. 21 i Fruit a double globe. Plant low, early flowering................ 1IIGENlU. 22 i Fruit ovate,-with obscure, straight ribs. Tall..................EULoPIIus. 23 -with distinct, crinclled ribs. Large......o....... NI. 24 j Fruit roundish-oblate (broader than long). With inv)lucels..............CICUTA. 25 j Fruit roundish-oblong. Involucels none or almuost none........... IILosclADIUni. 26 j Fruit elliptic-oblong. Leaves large, 3-foliate, serrate.............. CRYPTOTETA. 27 j Fruit ovate,-smooth, strong-ribbed. Involucels drooping............... E TrlusA. 28 -clothed with scales. Involucels spreading............ LEPTOCAUTLIS. 29 k Calyx teeth obsole-te. Leaves pinnate, witll serrate lfts............... Sr. 32 k Calyx teeth persistent.-Leaflets capillaceous. Vittw 4.......DrsCOLEUr'A. 30 -Leaflets linear, entire.-Vittm 16.. NIurltOPIvYLLUM. 31 -Vitta G.... CYNOSCIAnDIU. 89 1 Flowers of 2 sorts, the outer radiant. Fruit globous................CoeANnrouL, 38 1 Flowers all alike.-Fruit terete (not compressed), ovate...............PMPINELLA. 34-Fruit compressed laterally.-Vitt. none.........-. iEGorcowuNr. 35 -Vittm 8 to 12............J Apiu. 36 I CAReum. 37. 1. HYDROCOT'YLE, L. PENNY-WORT. (Gr.'dwp, water, 9o0v7z], a vessel; the concave leaf often holds water.) Calyx obsolete; petals equal, ovate, spreading, entire, the point not inflectedl; style shorter than stamens; fiuit laterally flattened, the commissure narrow; carpels 3-ribbed, without vitte. —Ierbaceous, creeping, usually aquatic plants. Umbels simple. Invol. few-leaved. * Leaves reniform or cordate, the base, lobes not united......................Nos. 1-3 * Leaves peltate, orbicular, the base lobes united............................N.....os. 4, 5 1 H. Americana L. Smooth and shining; st. filiform, procumbent; lvs. resnformorbicular, slightly lobed, crelate; umbels sessile, 3 to 5-flowered; fr. orbicular.4 A small, delicate plant, growing close to the moist earth beneath the shade of other vegetables, Can. to S. Car. Sts. branching, 2 to 6' long. Lvs. thin, 1 to 2' diam., on. petioles 2 to 3' long. Fls. greenish white, small, nearly sessile, in simple, capitate, sessile, axillary umbels. Jn.-Aug. 2 H. ranunculoides L.f. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, deeply 3-lobed, middle lobes smallest, all crenate; ped. much shorter than the petioles, branched; umbel 5 to 9-flowered, capitate. —24 Waters, Va. to Ga. and La. (hIale). Sts. rooting at the joints, or floating. Petioles thick, 4 to 8' long, ped. 1 to 2'. Lvs. veiny. Sty. spreading and incurved. JI., Aug. 3 H. repAnda Pers. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, very obtuse, margin repanddentate; ped. simple, much shorter than the petioles, umbels capitata, 3 or 4flowered. —4 Muddy shores, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Hale). St. creeping. Poed. radical, slender, 2 to 3' high, the petioles 3 to 8'. Fr. large, broader than long. Involucre 2 ovate bracts. Jn.-Aug. 4 H. interrdpta Muhli. Lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate: urmbels capitate, proliferous, about 5-flowered; fr. acute at base. —2 In wet places, New ]Bedford, Mass. to Ga. (Mettauer, Feay). Rt. and stem creeping. Lvs. almost centrally peltate, thin, 8 to 13" diam. Petioles 2 to 6' long. Poed. longer than the petioles. Fls. subsessile, in close umbels which become whorls in interrupted spikes by other urbels being successively produced on the extending peduncle. Jn. 5 H. umbellAta L. Lvs. peltate, orbicular, crenate, emarginate at base, on long petioles; scapes about as long as the petioles; umbels simple (rarely proliferous) fls. 20 to 30, pedicellate. — In ponds and bogs, Mass. to La., rare. Sts. creeping, often submersed, several inches long. Lvs. 8 to 12'" diam., notched at base so as to appear reniform. Petioles a little eccentric, and with the scapes, slender, floating or erect, and 4 to 6' long. May —J1. 378 ORDER 63.-UMBELLIFER:. 2. CRANT'ZIA, Nutt. (To Prof. Crantz, author of a monograph of the Umbelliferoe.) Calyx tube subglobous, margin obsolete; petals obtuse; fruit subglobous, the commissure excavated, with 2 vittoe; carpels unequal, 5-ribbed, with a vitta in each interval. —Small, creeping herbs, with linear or filiform, entire lvs. Umbels simple, involucrate. C. lineita Nutt. Lvs. cuneate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with transverse veins, shorter than the peduncles. —- Muddy banks of rivers, Mass. to La. Sts. several inches long, creeping and rooting in the mud. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 1 to 2", often linear and appearing like petioles without laminae. Umbels 4 to 8-flowered: Ped. ~ longer than the leaves. Involucre 4 to 6-leaved. Fr. with red vittue. May-JI. (HIydrocotyle Mx.) 3. SANIC'ULA, Tourn. SANICLE. (Lat. sanare, to cure; for its reputed virtues as a vulnerary.) Flowers T y'; calyx tube echinate, segments acute, leafy; petals obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point; fruit subglobous, armed with hooked prickles; carpels without ribs; vittue numerous. — N TUmbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many-flowered, capitate umbellets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several entire. 1 S. MarilAndica L. Lvs. 5 to 7-parted, digitate, mostly radical; lfts. or segments oblong, incisely serrate; sterile fls. many, pedicellate, fertile ones sessile; cal. segm. entire; sty. slender, conspicuous. recurved.-Thickets, U. S. and Can., common. St. 1 to 2f high, dichotomously branched above, smooth, furrowed. Radical lvs. on petioles 6 to 12' long, 3-parted to the base, with the lateral segm. deeply 2-parted; segm. 2 to 4' long. Cauline lvs. few, nearly sessile. Involucres 6-leaved, serrate. Umbels often proliferous. 2 S. Canad6nsis L. Lower lvs. 5-parted, upper 3-parted, segre. ovate, mucronlate:serrate; sterile fis. few, much shorter than the fertile; sty. shorter than the prickles.-Woods, thickets, N. States to 0. and Can., common. About the size of the preceding, or taller. Umbels more numerous and smaller. Lfts. thin, 1 to 3' long. Jn.-Aug. 4. ERYN'GIUlM, Tourn. (Gr. IpvyeZv, to belch; a supposed remedy for flatulence.) Fls. sessile, collected in dense heads; cal. lobes somewhat leafy; petals connivent, oblong, emarginate with a long, inflexed point; styles filiform; firuit scaly or tuberculate, obovate, terete, without vittm or scales. —Herbaceous or suffruticous. Fls. blue or white, bracteate; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and paleaceous. ~ Scales or chaff of the heads entire.................................Nos. 1-3 ~ Scales or chaff of the heads tricuspidate.................................... Nos. 4-7 1 E. yucceef6lium AMx. Erect; Ivs. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with remote soft spines; bracts tipped with spines, those of the involucels entire, shorter than the ovate-globous heads. —24 Prairies and Pine barrens, W. and S. A remarkable plant appearing like one of the Endogenm. Very glaucous. St. simple. 1 to 5f high. Lvs. often 1 to 2f long, -{ to 1' wide. Heads pedunculate, i to 1' diam. Fls. white, inconspicuous. J1., Aug. (This name, if allowable as Dr. Gray suggests, is more appropriate than E. aquaticum L. in part.) 2 E. prostrAtum Baldw? Sts. filiform, pr-ostrate, rooting at the joints; Ivs. (small) of two forms in the same cluster, some ovate, dentate, petiolate, others 3-cleft with lanceolate segzments, middle segm. largest; heads on slender peduncles, axillary, small, ovate; involucre bracts 4 to 6, linear, rather longer than the head; scales entire, shorter than the fis. -2 In wet places, Ga. and Fla. (Mettauer). St. 6 to 12' long, many from one root. Lvs. 4 to 7" long. Hds. 3" long, white, the fis. blue. Jn. —Oct. (E. gracile Ell.). FOLIOSsUM. Lvs. larger, all 3-cleft, irregularly toothed; bracts of the invol. leafy, twice longer than the oblong heads.-La. (Hale). (E. prostratum Nutt.) 3 E. Baldwinii Spreng. Sts. filiform, prostrate, clustered; lowest lvs. oblong, ORDER 63. —UMBELLIFERi2E. 379 cuneate, petiolate, angular-toothed, lower stem lvs. 3-cleft, with lance-linear, cuttoothed segm., upper a4l linear or fiilform, clustered, obtuse, entire; ped. longer than the lvs.; hds. very small, globular; invol. not distinguishable from the entire scales.-2- Tallahassee (Mettauer) to Apalachicola (Chapman). St. 10 to 20' long. Hds. 2" diam. (E. gracile Baldw.) 4 E. aromaticum Baldw. Lvs. pinnate segm. cuspidate, entire, cartilaginous along the margin, the 3 upper more distant and conspicuous; lfts. of the invol. about 5, 3-cleft; hds. globous, long-pedunculate; scales tricuspidate.- 24 In dry pine barrens, Fla. Sts. 9 to 18' long, assurgent, beset with the short (1') bristly, pinnate lvs. Hds. many, 6 to 8" diam. Aug.-Nov. 5 E. virgatunm Lain. Lvs. oval or oblong, thin, abruptly petiolate, dentate-serrate, the upper cauline, subsessile; invol. of 6 to 8 linear lvs., longer than the depressed, globous hds.; scales tricuspidate. —% Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 4f high, simple or cymously branched with slender, virgate branches. Hlds. 5" diam. 1Fs. pale blue or white. J1. —Sept. (E. ovalifolium Mx.) 6 E. Virginia.num Laml. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, uncinately serrate, tapering to both ends; invol. of 7 to 8 linear lfts., longer than the hds., 3-cleft or spinous-dentate; scales tricuspidate. —% Marshes, N. J. (Rev. J. Holton) to Ohio and La. St. hollow, 3 to 4f high, branched above. Lvs. 6 to 10' by 5 to 10", upper ones much smaller. Hlds. numerous, less than 1' in length. Fls. pale blue, or nearly white. J1., Aug. (E. aquaticum Mx.) 7 1. Mettauieri. Tall, simple, erect; lvs. linear, few, distinctly dent-serrate, consisting chiefly of the fistular, inflated, membranous midvein, jointed by transverse partitions within and narrowly winged by the lamina; bracts of the invol. 8 to 10, silvery above, longer than the head; with long, cuspidate teeth; scales tricuspidate.-'4 In wet places, Newport, Fla. (Mettauer.) The tallest of our species, often 6f high. Its characteristic, hollow-jointed 1vs. are 12 to 20' long.Allied to E. Virginianum Lam. 5. POLYTAE'NIA, DC. (Gr. rroXKb, many, Taltva, vittee.) Calyx limb 5-toothed; petals with a long inflexed point; fruit oval, glabrous, lenticularly compressed on the back, with a thickened, corky margin; ribs obscure or obsolete; commissure with 4 to 6 vittm; seeds planoconvex.-A smooth herb, with bipinnately divided lvs. Invol. 0. Involucel of setaccous bracts. P. Nuttallii DC. Prairies and barrens, WV. States, etc. St. furrowed, scabrous or nearly smootl. Lower lvs. on long petioles, segm. incisely toothed, upper ones 3-cleft, lobes entire or with lateral teeth. Umbels terminal and opposite the lvs., about 2' broad. Fruit large (3" long) tumid and smooth, with a thick, corky pericarp, and the flavor of turpentine. May. 6. PASTINA'CA, Tourn. PARSNIP. (Lat. pastus, food or repast; from the nutritive properties of the root.) Calyx limb 5-toothed; petals broad-lanceolate, with a long' inflexed point; fruit much compressed, oval, with a broad margin; carpels with 5 nearly obsolete ribs; intervals with single vittae; carpophore 2-parted; seeds flat.$ Rt. fusiform. Invol. mostly 0; involucels 0 or few-leaved. Fls. yellow. P. sativa L. Lvs. pinnate, downy beneath, lfts. oblong, incisely toothed, the upper one 3-lobed.-Grows wild abundantly in fields, by fences, etc. The root is fusiform, large, sweet flavored, esculent, as every one knows, in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and poisonous, and much dwindled in size. St. 3f high, erect, furrowed, smooth, branching. Umbels large, terminal. Fls. yellow, small. Fr, large, flat. JL ~: 7. HERAC'LEUIVI, L. Cow PARSNIP. (Named after the hero Hercules; it being a rank, robust plant.) Calyx limb of 5 small, acute teeth; petals obcordate, with the point inflexed, often radiant in the 380 ORmDE 63.-UMBELLIFERA.E. exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft; fruit compressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs to each carpel; intervals with single vittue; seeds flat.-Stout herbs with large umbels. Invol. deciduous. Involucels many-leaved. E. lanaitum L. Lvs. ternate, petiolate, tomentous beneath, lfts. petioled, roundcordate, lobed; fr. orbicular.-Penn. to Lab., W. to Oregon. A large, coarselooking plant in moist cultivated grounds. Sts. about 4f high, thick, furrowed, branching, with spreading hairs. Lvs. very large, on channeled stalks. Lfts. irregularly cut-lobed and serrated. Its huge umnbels are often a foot broad. Involucre of lanceolate, deciduous leaflets. Petals deeply heart-shaped, white, those of the outer fls. unequally enlarged (radiate). Jn. 8. ARCHEMIO'RA, DC. (A fanciful name from Archemorus, who, according to mythology, died from swallowing a bee.) Calyx limb 5-toothed; petals obcordate Nwith an inflexed point; fiuit oval, lenticular, compressed on the back; carpels with 5 ribs, marginal ones broadly winged; intervals with single large vitt:, comnruissure with 4 or 6; seeds flat. — 4 Invol. 0 or few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. I A. rigida DC. WATTER DROPWORT. COWBANE. St. rigid, striate, smooth; lvs. pinnately divided, smooth, lfts. 3 to 11, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, entire or remotely toothed, sessile; umbels spreading, smooth. —Swamps, Mich. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 4f high, slender, terete. Lfts. 2 to 4' by 3 to 9", varying in outline in the same plant. Umbels 2 to 3, of many slender rays. Petals white. Fr. with subequal, greenish ribs, and large purple vitte filling the intervals. Commissure white. Sept.-Said to be poisonous. (CEnanthe Nutt.) /3. AMBIGUA. Lfts. long-linear, mostly entire. ((Enanthe ambigua Nutt.) 2 A. tern'ta Nutt. Lvs. ternately divided, with very long petioles; segm. linear. —Margins of swanmps in the pine forests, N. to S. Car. Near Newbern (Nuttall). St. 2 to 3f ligh, slender. Lvs. and petioles 2f long; segm. 3" wide. Fruit as large as that of the parsnip. 9. TIEDEMANNIA', DC. (To Prof. Tiedemann, of Hiedelburg.) Calyx limb 5-toothed; petals roundish ovate; fruit flattened dorsally, obovate; carpels with 5 equal, filiformi ribs, the lateral coalescing with the broad, marginal wings; intervals with sinrle largce vittme, commissure with 2; seed flat.- 4 Smoothl, tall, slender. Lvs. reduced to fistular-jointed phyllodia. Involucra subulate, 5 to 0-l-d. Fls. white. T. teretifdlia DC.-Va. to La. and Fla. St. 3 to Gffhigh, hollow, round, striate. Phyllodia 6 to 16' long, tapering, the joints 1' apart. Fr. as large as in parsnip, disk dark brown, not wider than the yellowish wings. Aug., Sept. 10. ANGEL'ICA, L. (Named for its excellencies.) Calyx teeth obsolete; petals lanceolate, acuininate; fruit dorsally compressed; carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, the 2 marginal winged, intervals with single vittw; carpophore 2-parted; seed serniterete.-Lvs. bi. or triternate, sessile, umbels terminal. Invol. 0 or few-leaved. Involueels many-leaved. A. Curtisii Buckley. Lvs. biternate or with 3 quinato divisions; lfts. thin, ovate or lance-ovate, acuminate, sharply and incisely toothed; bracts of the involucel small, subulate; wings of the fruit broad.-24 Mts. of Ashe Co., N. Car. (Curtis.) Cheat Mt., Va. (Buckley.) Aug. ii. ARCHANGEL'ICA, Hoffm. ANGELICA. (Named for its preeminence in size and virtues.) Calyx teeth short; petals elliptical, entire, lanceolate, acuminate, with the point inDiexed; fiuit dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 marginal ones dilated into membranous wings; seed loose in the ripe carpel, ORDER 63.-UMBELLIFERA E. 381 covered with vittre.- Petioles usually large, inflated and 3-parted. Umbels perfect. Involucels many-leaved. * Invollcels less than half the length of the pedicels..................................No. 1 4 Involucels about as long as pedicels. —Fruit broadly winged..................... Nos. 2-4 -Fruit scarcely wringed......................... No. b 1 A. atropurpArea Hoffm. St. dark purple, furrowed; petioles 3-parted, the divisions quinate, Ifts. incisely toothed, odd leaflet of the terminal divisions rhomboidal, sessile, the others decurrent; involucels of short, setaceous bracts.-Among the largest of the UmbelliferT, well known for its aromatic properties, common in fields and meadows, N. and W. States. St. 4 to 6f high, 1 to 2~' in thickness. smooth, hollow, glaucous. Petioles large, inflated, channeled on the upper side, with inflated sheaths at base. terminal ift. sometimes 3-lobed. Umbels spherical, 6 to 8' diam., mostly puberulent. Fr. 3" long, winged. Jn. Fls. greenish white. (Angelica triquinata Mx.) 2 A. hirs~ita Torr. & Gr. St. striate, the summit with the umbels tomentous-hirsute; lvs. bipinnately divided, the divisions quinate, segm. oblong, acutish, the upper pair connate, but not decurrent at base.-Dry woods, N. York to Car. St. simple, erect, straight, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. on petioles from 6 to 10' long; lfts. 1 to 2-' long, 1 as wide, mostly ovate-oblong, often tapering at base. Unieels 3 or 4, on long, velvety peduncles, 2 to 4' broad; rays unequal, spreading, densely tomentous. Invol. 0. Involucels of 4 to 6 bracts, about as long as the rays. J1., Aug. (Angelica Mx.) 3 A. officin'llis Hoffm. GARDEN ANGELICA. St. smooth, round, striate; lvs. pinnately divided into lobato, subcordate, acutely serrate segments, the terminal one 3-lobed; sheaths large and saccate.-Said to be native in Labrador. Cultivated in gardens occasionally for the sake of the stalks, which are to be blanched and eaten as celery. T (Angelica Linn.) 4 A. dentata Chapman. Very slender, finely striate, with slesder petioles; lower lvs. first ternate, then ternate or quinate, with lance-ovate, coarsely and remotely toothed, veiny segm., more or less confluent; umbels few-rayed, with scarcely any involucre; involucel 4 to 6-leaved, about equaling the pedicels; fr. broadoval, broadly winged.-Bainbrid(e, Ga. (Hisses Keen), Quincy, Fla. (Chapman.) Plant 2 to 3fhigh. Fr. 1'" long. Jl., Aug. 5 A. peregrina Nutt.'St. striate, pubescent at summit; lvs. ternately divided, the divisions quinate, segm. incisely serrate: umbel with many slender rays; invol. 0; involucels of many lfts., as long as the umbellets; fr. with obtuse, subequal, scarcely winged ribs.-Sea coast, Mle. and Mlass. (Pickering.) 12. DAU'CUS, Tourn. CARROT. (AarKo~, the ancient Greek name of the carrot.) Calyx limb 5-toothedl; petals emarginate, with an inflected point, the 2 outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft; fruit oblong; carpels with 5 primary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more prominent, winged, and divided each into a single row of prickles, and having single vittve beneath; carpophore entire, free. —Z Invol. pinnatifid. Involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts. Central fl. abortive. 1 D. Carota L. St. hispid; petioles veined beneath; ls. tripinnate or tripinnatifid, the segm. linear, cuspidate-pointed; umbels dense, concave.-The word kar in Celtic signifies red, hence carrot. Naturalized in fields and by roadsides, abundant in the Mid. States. Rt. fusiform. St. 2 to 3f high, branching. Lvs. numerous, divided in a thrice pinnatifid manner, pale green. Umbels large and very compact, with white fls. blooming all the summer. Cultivation has produced several varieties. J1. —Sept. ~: 2 D. pusillus Mx. St. slender, retrorsely scabrous-hispid; /its. pubescent, bipinnatifid, divisions deeply lobed with linear-oblong, merely acute segm.; invol. bzpinnatifid; fr. muricate with barbed prickles.-Dry soils, Savannah (Pond) to S. Car. and La. Sts. 6 to 18' high. Umbels small, an inch or two broad, enveloped in the many-cleft involuere. Sds. smaller than in the Carrot. 382 ODaER 63. —UMBELLIFERAE. 13. BUPLEU'RUVI, Tourn. MODESTY. THOROUGH-WAX. (Gr. f3ovi, an ox, raevpiOv, a rib; from the veined leaves of some of the species.) Calyx margin obsolete; petals somewhat orbicular, entire, with a broad, closely inflexed point; fruit laterally compressed; carpels 5ribbed, lateral ones marginal; seed teretely convex; flattish on the face. —Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. mostly reduced to entire phyllodia. Invol. various. Fls. yellow. B. rotundif6lium L. Lvs. (phyllodia) roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; invol. 0; involucels of 5, ovate, mucronate bracts; fr. with very slender ribs, intervals smooth, mostly without vittme. — In cultivated grounds and fields, N. Y., Penn., and Ind., rare. St. If or more high, branching. Lvs. 1 to 3' long; 4- as wide, rounded at base, acute at apex, very smooth. Umbels 5 to 9-rayed. Involucels longoer than the umbellets. Fr. crowned with the wax-like, shining base of the styles (stylopodium.) JI., Aug. 14. AIIE'THUVI, Tourn. DILL. FENNEL. (Gr. a'Ow, to burn; the plant (its seeds) is very stimulating.) Calyx margin obsolete; petals involute, with a broad, retuse apex; fr'uit ovate or oblong, laterally subcompressed; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, the lateral ones marginal; intervals with single vittee, commissure with 2. —Unbels perfect, with no invol. or involucels. Fls. yellow. 1 A. gravbolens L. DILL. I'r. elliptical, compressed, surrounded by a flat, dilated mnargin; lvs. tripinnate, segm. capillary; umbels on long stalks.-Native of S. Europe. The oval, flat, brown seeds are aromatic, pungent, and medicinal. t 2 A. Fceniculum L. FENNEL. Lvs. biternately dissected, segm. linear-subulate, elongated; rays of the umbel numerous, unequal, spreading; carp. turgid, ovate-oblong.-Native of England, &c. Cultivated in gardens. St. 3 to 5f high, terete, branched. Lvs. large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous, very narrow segments. J1.-The seeds are warmly aromatic. t (Fceniculum vulgare Gaert.) 15. THAS'PIUl, Nutt. GOLDEN ALEXANDERS. (From the Isle of Thaspia, Which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia.) Calyx margin 5-toothed; petals elliptic, with an inflexed point; fruit elliptical, compressed laterally and didymous; carpels convex, with 5 prominent or winged ribs, the lateral margined; intervals with single vittme. — 2 Umbels without an invol. Involucels 3-leaved, lateral. Fls. yellow or dark purple. ~ Leaves 1 or 2-ternate, the radical often simple..............................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Leaves thrice ternate; stem often pubescent at the nodes................... 3, 4 1 T. ailreum Nutt. L[Is. mostly biternate, lfts. thin, oval-lanceolate; sharply serriate; umbellets with short rays; fr. oblong-oval, 10-winged. —Hills and meadows, U. S. and Can. Sts. I to 2f high, branching above, rather slender, erect, hollow, angular-furrowed, smooth. Lower lvs. on long petioles, the lfts. with coarse serratures, and sometimes quinate, the very lowest one sometimes simple. Umbels about 2' broad, of 10 to 15 rays, the umrbellets dense. Fls. numerous, orangeyellow. Fr. oval, brown. Rt. black, tufted. Jn. A/. APTERUm Gray. Fr. with sharp and prominent ribs, not winged. (Smyrnium aureum L. Zizia aureum Koch.) 2 T. cordatum Nutt. Radical Ivs. simple, cordate, crenate, cauline ones ternate, stalked, segm. acute, serrate; umbels terminal; fr. roundish oval, 6-winged.Shady hills and barrens, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. St. erect, slightly branched, smooth, 2 to 3f high. Rt. Ivs. on long stalks, roundish, heart-shaped, the rest ternate, becoming only 3-parted above, all Iight green. Umbels dense, with yellow fis. Fr. black, oval, with 3 prominent, paler, winged ridges on each side. May, Jn. (Smryrnium cordatum Mx. Zizia cordatum DC.) ORDER 63.-UMBELLIFER.EE. 383 jf. ATROPURPUREUM. Fls. dark piurple.-N. Y. to Tenn. (Thapsia trifoliata L.) 7. APTERUM Gray. Fr. with prominent sharp ribs, scarcely winged (Zizia cordata Koch). 3 T. barbin6de Nutt. St. pubescent at the nodes; lower lvs. triternate, upper biternate, serrm. cuneate-ovate, acute or acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate, entire towards the base; umbels terminal and opposite the leaves; fr. elliptical, large (3" long), 6-winged. —River banks, Can. and U. S. St. 2 to 3f high, angular and grooved, branching above. Lvs. smooth, upper ones sub-opposite; segm. 1 to 2' by - to 1k'. Rays about 2' long, each about 20 flowered. Petals deep yellow. Jn. 4 T. pinnatifidum Gray. St. rough puberulent above; lvs. thrice ternate, the upper biternate and ternate, ifts. pinnatifid with linear or oblong segm.; fr. oblong, narrowly 8-winged, small (2" long).-Barrens, Ky. to E. Tenn. and W. Car. (Zizia pinnatifida Buckley). 16. ZIZ'IA, Koch. GOLDEN ALEXANDERS. (Dedicated to I. B. ZiZ, a Rhenish botanist.) Calvyx margin obsolete; petals carinate, apex acuminate, inflexed; fr. oval, contracted at the commissure and didymous; carpels with 5 slightly prominent ribs; intervals with 3 vittT, commissure with 4; carpophore 2-parted; seeds terete or 5-angled.-?4 Smooth, erect, glaucous. Lvs. bi or tri-ternate, lfts. entire. Umbels perfect, with no involucre or involucels. Fls. yellow. Z integerrima DC. Rocky woods, etc. Mich., N. Y., to Ga. Plant 1 to 2f or more high, readily recognized by its entire leaflets, which are oblong and ovate, 1' or more in length, petiolate. Rays of the umbel very slender, 2 to 3' long, about 13 in number, with minute involucels or none. Mlay-JI. 17. SCAN'DIX, L. VENUS' COMB. (Gr. afito, to prick; on account of its sharp seeds:) Calyx limb obsolete; petals obovate and oblong, undivided, more or less unequal; fruit laterally compressed or nearly terete, attenuated into a bealk which is longer than the seed; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs, vittse 0, or scarcely any. —) or ( Lvs. finely dissected. Invol. 0. Involucel 5 to 7-leaved. Fls. white. S. apiculAta Willd. Slender, with slender branches and long petioles on inflated sheaths; the pinnm 3 or 4 remote pairs dichotomously decompound; ultimate segm. acute; umbels about 3-rayed; bracts of the involucel lance-ovate, 2 or 3cuspidate; pet. oblong; fr. beak long, slender, forked at apex with the sty.-A curious plant found near Savannah (Feay), much resembling the S. pecten of Europe. Sts. 12 to 18' high. Fr. 9" long. 18. OS1IORHI'ZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY. (Gr. 6o01i, perfume, tpca, root; from the anisate, aromatic root.) Calyx margin obsolete; petals oblong, nearly entire, the cuspidate point infiexed; styles conical at base; fruit linear, very long, clavate, attenuate at base; carpels with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs; intervals without vittse; commissure with a deep, bristly channel. —24 Lvs. biternately divided, with the umbels opposite. Invol. few-leaved; involucels 4 to 7-leaved. Fls. white. 1 0. longistylis DC. Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary; ftr. clavate.Woods, Can. to Va., 1 to 3f high, with inconspicuous umbels of white flowers. Rt. branching, fleshy, of an agreeable, spicy flavor. St. erect, branching above, nearly smooth. Lvs. many, decompound, the ultimate divisions often pinnate; lfts. irregularly divided, the lobes broadly ovate, slightly pubescent. Involucres of linear bracts longer than the rays. Fr. blackish, an inch in length, crowned with the slender persistent styles. May, Jn. (Fig. 207.) 2 0. brevistylis DC. Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary; fr. somewhat tapering at the summit.-Common in woods, Can. to Penn. W. to Or. Aspect similar to that of the preceding, but the root is destitute of the aniselike flavor of that species, being disagreeable to the taste. The plant is more 384 ORDER 63.-IUMBELLIFER:E. hairy, and with more deeply cleft divisions in the leaves. Invol. deciduous. Umbels with long, diverging rays, of which but few prove fertile. Fr. crowned with short, convergent (not spreading) styles. May, Jn. 19. CH)AROPHYL'LUM, L. Calyx limb obsolete; petals obovate, emarginate, point inflexed; fruit laterally compressed, contracted above but scarcely beaked; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs; intervals with 2 vitte, commissure deeply sulcate.-Lvs. 2 to 3-pinnately divided, segm. incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved; involucel many-leaved. Fls. mostly white. 1 C. procumbens Lam. Decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous; segrn. of the Ivs. pinnatifid, with oblong, obtuse lobes; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple, sessile or pedunculate; invol. 0; involucels of 3 or 4 very small oval lfts; fr. linear-oblong, acute; ribs narrower than the intervals.-(- or E2, Moist woods, Ohio, (Clark) Ky. (Short) to S. Ca. Sts. 1 to 2f long, pubescent when young, diffuse, slender. Segm. of the lvs. rather open, about 4" by 1". Rays 1 to 4, 1 to 4-flowered, about 2' long. Apr. May. (Scandix procumbens L.) 2 C. Tainturieri Hook and Arn. Decumbent or erect; lvs. tripinnate, segm. crowded, again pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, ultimate segm. very small, oblong, acute; fr. attenuated to a short beak; ribs terete, mZuch broader than the intervals.-E. Ga. (Feay, Pond) to Ala. and La. (Hale). Plant 10 to 20' high, smooth when old. Lvs. very finely dissected, ultimate segm. only 1" long. Fr. nearly 4" long, brown and smooth when ripe. 20. CONIOSELI'NUr/I, Fisch. (Name compounded of Coniumn and Selinzten..) Calyx teeth obsolete; petals obovate, with an inflected point; fruit compressed on the back; carpels with 5-winged ribs, lateral ones mnarginal and much the broadest; intervals with 1 to 3 vittee, commissure with 4 to 8. —." Smooth. St. hollow. Lvs. on very large, inflated petioles. Invol. various; involucels 5 to 7-leaved. C. Canad6nse Torr. and Gr. Lvs. ternately divided, divisions bipinnate, with oblong-linear lobes; invol. 0, or 2 to 3-leaved; fr. oblong-oval; vittle solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2 to 3 in the lateral.-In wet woods, Mfe. to Wis., but not common. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. mnuch compounded, the ultimate segments pinnatifid with linear-oblong lobes. Umbels compound. Pet. white, spreading. Sty. slander, diverging. Fr. about 2" long. Aug. Sept. 21. LIGUS'TICUM, L. LOVA GE. (One species was said to be native of Liguria.) Calyx teeth minute or obsolete; petals obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point; fruit nearly terete, or slightly compressed laterally; carpels sharply 5-ribbed, with numerous vitt'e.- - Lvs. ternately divided. Invol. many-leaved. Fls. white. 1 L. Sc6ticun L. SEA LOVAGE. Glabrous; st. Ivs. biternate, the upper ones ternate; lateral ifts. oblique, cut-dentate, the terminal one rhomboid; bracts of the invol. numerous, linear.-Fr. narrowly oblong.-Sea coast. Rt. thick, tapering. St. a foot high, nearly simple, striate, smooth. Lvs. petiolate. Lfts. 1 to 2 h' long, dark green, smooth and shining, entire at base, serrate above. Fr. 4 to 5" long. J1. X Eur. 2 L. actaef6lium Mx. ANGELICO. Glabrous; Ivs. triternate, with ovate, dent- serrate Ifts.; umbels numerous, forming a whorled panicle or a triply compound umbel; intol. and involucels of about 3 short, ovate-subulate Ivs.-Topsfield and Scituate, Mass. (Oakes Russel), on Lookout MIt., Chattanooga, Tenn. Plant 3 to 6f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, distinct, abrupt at base, rounded or acute at apex, veiny. Umbels on long, verticillate peds., terminal one abortive. Fr. short, with the ribs distinctly winged. May-J1. 22. ERIGENI'A, Nutt. PEPPER-AND-SALT.-(Gr. s7pltyrvetta, daughter of the early spring; for its early flowering.) Calyx limb obsolete; petals flat, entire; fruit contracted at the commissure; carpels 3-ribbed, ORnDER 63.-UMBELLIFERA. 385 ovate-reniform. —2- Rt. tuberous. Radical If. triternately decompound. Involucrate lvs. solitary, biternately compound. Involucels of 3 to 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. E. bulbosa Nutt. A small, early-flowering herb, shady banks, Western N. Y. to Ohio and Mo. Plant 4 to 6' high, fiom a round tuber deep in the ground, with 2 to 4 lvs., the lower one radical, numerously divided, the divisions incisely cleft into narrow segments; the upper ones bract-like, similarly divided, each subtending a 3-raved umbel of white fls, with dark purple or brownish anthers (hence the odd popular name). March, Apr. 23. EU'LOPHUS, Nutt. (Gr. e-v, true, u6qboq, crest; application not apparent.) Calyx limb 5-toothed, deciduous; petals obovate, emarginate, with a long inflexed point; fruit contracted laterally, somewhat double; carpels surrounded with large vittm, 4 in the commissure, ribs obsolete; seed chanpnelled on the inner face.-2 Tall, slender, smooth, with dissected lvs. Invol. nearly 0. Involucel setaceous.-Fls. white. E. America.na Nutt. Near Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant), to Tenn. St. round, striate, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. biternately divided, the segm. lance-linear, 1' long, acute; upper lvs. of 3 long, entire segm. Umbels long-stalked, 8 or 10-rayed. Fr. as large as caraway. J1. 24. CONI'UIVI, L. POISON IHE-MLOC. (Gr. c~veetov, hemlock, from Ic&nvo', a top; because it causes dizziness.) Calyx margin obsolete; petals obcordate, with an acute, inflected point; fruit ovate, laterally compressed; carpels with 5, acute, equal, undulate crenulate ribs, lateral ones marginal; intervals without vittam; seeds with a deep, narrow groove on the face.-() Poisonous herbs. Lvs. decompound. Invol. and involucels 3 to 5-leaved, the latter unilateral. Fls. white. C. maculAtum L. St. spotted; lvs. tripinnate; lfts. lanceolate, pinnatifid; fr. smooth.-Grows in waste grounds, way-sides. A well known poisonous plant. St. much branched, about 4f high, very smooth, round, hollow, with purplish spots. The lower lvs. are very large, several times pinnate, bright green, on long, sheathincg footstalks. Umbels terminal, the invol. of 6 to 8 lanceolate bracts, the involucels with the inner half wanting. Fls. small, white. Fr. with undulate or wrinkled ribs. A powerful narcotic, exhaling a disagreeable odor when bruised. Used in medicine. J1., Aug. ~ Eur. 25. CICU'TA, L. WATER HEMLOC I. (A Latin name used by Virgil (E(el. 2d and 5th), but of unknown application.) Calyx Tnargin of 5 broad segmelnts; petals obcordate, the points inflected; fruit subglobous, didymnous; carpels with 5 flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them marginal; intervals filled with single vittr, commissure with 2 vitt; carpophore 2-parted; seeds terete. — 4 Aquatic poisonous herbs. Leaves compound. Sterns hollow. Umbels perfect. Invol. few leaved or 0. Involucels many leaved. Flowers white. 1 C. maculAta L. St. streaked with purple; lower lvs. triternate and quinate. upper biternate; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate; umbels terminal and axillary.-Common in wet meadows, U. S. and Can. St. 3-6f high, smooth. striate, jointed, hollow, glaucous, branched above. Lfts. or segm. 1-3' long, - i' wide, finely serrate, the veins mostly running to the notches, rarely to the points; umbels rather numerous, naked, 2-4' broad. Involucels of 5-6 short narrow, acute bracts. Fr. 1" diam., 10-ribbed, crowned with the permanent calyx and styles. Jl., Aug. —The thick, fleshy root is a dangerous poison, but sometimes used in medicine. 2 C. bulbifera L. Axils of the branches bulbiferous; lvs. biternately divided; Ifis. linear, with remote, divergent teeth; umbels terminal and axillary.-In wet meadows, Penn. to Can. Stem 3-4f high, round. striate, hollow, green, branching. 25 386 ORDER 63.-UMBELLIFERAE. Leaves various, those of the stem generally'biternate, of the branches ternato. Leaflets or segments 2-4' long, 1-4" wide, linear or lance-linear, smooth, with slender teeth. Bulblets often numerous, opposite, and within the axils of the bracteate petioles. Umbels terminal. Invol. 0. TJmbe!lets of close, small, white, fls., and slight involucels. Aug. 26. HELIOSCIAD'IUI, Koch. (Gr. N'oc, a nmarsh, oxtacdtov, an un-1 brella or umnbel.) Calyx limb obscurely 5-toothed; petals ovate, entire; styles slhort; fruit laterally compressed, oval, not scaly; carpels with 5 filiform ribs, the lateral ribs marginal; intervals with single vittia; carpophore free, undivided; seed plano-convex.-Lvs. various. Invol. mostly none. Umbels opposite the lvs., mostly sessile. Fls. white. I H. nodiflSrum Koch. Procumbent, striate; lvs. pinnate, lfts. oblong, equally serrate; umbels sessile or on short peduncles; invol. 0, or of 1, 2 or 3 bracts, involucel 6 to 8-leaved, reflexed. —-(l Sts. diffuse, 1 to 2f long, int wet places about Charleston, S. C. Apr. ~ Eur. (Sium L.) 2 H. leptophrllum DC. Erect or diffusely branched; Ic's. ternately or somewhat pinnately divided, with linear segm.; umbellets pedunculate; invol. and involucels none; fr. roundish. —- Savannah (Feay. Pond) to La. (Hale). Sts. 6' to 2f high. Umbels many, sessile, often one, pedunculate. Fr. smaller than a mustard seed. Jn., JI. 27. CRYPTOTE'NIA, DC. HIONE-WORT. (GrI. NpVrTiro, to conceal, atv~a a. wreath or border, from the obselete border of calyx.) Margin of the calyx obsolete; petals with an inflexed point; friuit linear-oblong or ovate-oblong, with slender styles; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs; carpophore free, 2-parted; vittw Very narrow, twice as many as the ribs.24 Lvs. 3-parted, lobed and toothed. Umbels comlpound, with very unequal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fls. white. C. Canaddnsis DC. Lvs. smooth; lfts. or segm. rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2 to 3-lobed, doubly serrate, lateral ones oblique at base; umbels numerous, irregular, axillary and terminal.-Common in moist woods. St. erect, 1 to 2f hirgh. Lower petioles 2 to 6' long, clasping. Lfts. 3, 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, petiolulate. Umbels paniculate, of 3 to 5 very unequal rays. Umbellets of 4 to 6 unequal pedicels and minute involucels. Fls. small, white. Fr. near 3"' long, crowned with the straight styles I- as long. (Sison, L.) 28. IETHU'SA, L. FOOL'S PARSLmEY. (Gr. atOw, to burn; on account of its poisonous acridity.) Calyx margin obsolete; petals obcordate, with an inflexed point; fruit globonus-ovate; carpels with 5 acutely carinated ribs, lateral ones marginal, broader; intervals acutely angled, with single vittae, commissure with 2. —Q Poisonous herbs. Invol. O. Involucels one-sided. Fls. white. -E. cynapium L. Lvs. bi- or tri-pinnately divided, segm. cuneate, obtuse; involucels 3-leaved, pendulous, longer than the partial umbels.-In waste grounds, N. Eng., not common. St. about 2f high, green, striate. Lvs. with numerous, narrow, wedge-shaped segm., uniform, dark green, flat. Lfts. of the involucels linear, long, deflected, and situated on the outside. JM., Aug.-The plant somewhat resembles parsley, but is distinctly marked by the involucels, and by its disagreeable odor. It is said to be poisonous. ~ Eur. 29. LEPTOCAU'LIS, Nutt. (Gr. 2Xern6q, slender, tav)06-, stem.) Calyx limb obsolete; petals ovate, entire; fruit (often scaly) laterally compressed, ovate, crowned with the short styles; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal; intervals with single vittin, commissure with 2; carpophore 2-cleft at the tip; seed plano-convex. —-- Herbs slender, smooth, ORDER 63.-UMBELLIFERE. 387 erect. Lvs. finely divided. Umbels pedunculate, few-rayed. Invol. 0; involucel few-leaved. Fls. minute, white. L. divaric.tus DC. Umbels (very small) 3 to 5-rayed, lateral and terminal; involucel lvs. divided, shorter than the very short pedicels; fr. muricated with short, whitish, erect scales. —Dry sandy soils, S. Car., Ga. Sts. 2 to 8' high. An insignificant weed. Mar., Apr. 30. DISCOPLEU'RA, DC. BISHOP-WEED. (Gr. 6[mccoq, the disk, 7rtevpcd, a rib; that is, the disk and ribs (of the fruit) united.) Calyx teeth subulate, persistent; petals ovate, entire, with a minute, inflexed poillt; fruit ovate, often didymous; carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united, with a thick, accessory margin; intervals with single vittm; seeds subterete.-T- Lvs. capillaceous-dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the invol. cleft. Fls. white. 1 D. capillAcea DC. Erect or procumbent; sbmbels 3 to 10-rayed; /ls. of the invol. 3 to 5, mostly 3-cleft; fi: ovate.-In swamps near the coast, Mfass. to Ga. St. much branched, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. very smooth, ternately dissected, with filiform, spreading segm. Umbels axillary and terminal, pedunculate, spreading. Invol. lfts. about 3, with setaceous segm. Involucels filiform, longer than the umbellets. Jn.-Sept. (Ammi, Spreng.) 2 D. costdta. Branched, erect; umbels I to 15-rayed; bracts of the invol. 10 to 12, 2 to 5-parted; lf.-segm. filiform, numerous, apparently verticillate; fr. with ribs and vittce strongly contrasted.-Swamrps, Ogeechee R. to the Miss., more common than No. 1, which prevails northward. St. stouter, 1 to 2f high. The corky ribs and persistent sepals conspicuous on the ovate fruit. Oct., Nov. (Ammi costatum Ell.) 3 D. Nuttallii DC. Erect, tall; umbels 15 to 20.rayed; invol. few-bracted, bracts entire; fr. as broad as long.-Wet prairies, Ky. to Fla. and La. Sts. 2 to 6f high, branched above. Lvs. few, but with numerous capillaceous segm. Invol. not hal' as long as the rays; involucels minute. Umbels near 2' broad. 31. N EUROPHYL'LUM, Torr. & Gray. (Gr. vetpov, a nerve (vein), i3vA2uov, leaf; leaves prominently veined.) Calyx limb of 5 lanceolate, persistent teeth; petals obovate, joint inflexed; stylopodium conical; fruit laterally compressed, ovate; ribs filiform, slight; intervals with 3 vittm, commissure with 4; seed teretely plano-convex.- 2f Tall, slender, smoothl. Lvs. ternate, segm. very long, linear, entire, 3-veined. Umbels perfect. Invol. 0 to 3-leaved; involucel 4 to 6-leaved. Fis. white. N. longif6lium Torr. & Gr. Swamps, N. Car. to Fla. (Chapman). St. 3 to 4f high, brancled above, very slender. R't. lvs. 12 to 18' long, the segm. much shorter thlan the petioles. Umbel 5 to 7-rayed, rays very slender. Bracts of invol. and involucel subulate, very short. Sept. 32. 1'URi, L. WATER PARSNIP. (Celtic sizw, water; that is, a genus of aquatic plants.) Calyx margin 5-toothed or obsolete; petals obcordate, with an inflexed point; fruit nearly oval; carpels with 5 obtusish ribs, and several vittm in each interval; carpophore 2-parted.2f Aquatic. Lvs. pinnately divided. Umbels perfect, with partial and general many-leaved involuera. Fls. white. 1 S. latif6lium L. St. angular, sulcate; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, acutely and coarsely serrate, acute; cal. teeth elongated. —A tall plant in swamps and ditches, N. J.? to Ind. and Can. St. 3 to 4f high, smooth, hollow, with deep-furrowed and prominent angles. Lfts. or segrn. 4 to 6' long, 1 to 2' broad, in 3 to 5 pairs, with a sessile odd one, each with about 10 large, sharp teeth. Umbels very 888 OaDEnR 63. —UMBELLIFERIE. large, 20 to 30-rayed. Cal. segm. acute, exceeding the broad 5-lobod stylopodium. Ribs of fr not prominent. Jl., Aug. 2 S. linefAre Mx. St. angular, sulcate; Ifts. 9 to 11, linear and lance-linear, finely serrate, acute; cal. teeth obsolete; fr. ribs winged.-,-_More common than the last, in swamps, N. J. to Ind. and Can. St. 2 to 4f high, smooth, with 7 prominent angles. Lfts. 2 to 4' long, 2 to 4" wide, the odd and lower ones petiolulate, middle pairs sessile. Umbels 1 to 2-' broad. Invol. of 5 or 6 linear bracts, 4 as long as the 15 to 21 rays. Umbellets with numerous, small, white fls. Fr. roundish, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. Jl., Aug. 33. CORIAN'DRUIi, L. CORIANDER. (Gr. i;Opqt, a bug; on account of the smell of the leaves.) Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth; pelals obcordate, inflexed at the point, outer ones radiate, bifid; fruit globous; carpels cohering, with the five depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary more prominent ones, seeds concave on the face. —-/O Smooth. Invol. 0 or 1-leaved. Involucels 3-leaved, unilateral. C. sativum L. Lvs. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneate lfts., upper with linear ones; carp. hemispherical.-Native of Eur., etc. This well-known plant is cultivated chiefly for the seeds which are used as a spice, as a nucleus for sugar-plums, etc. St. 2f high. Lvs. numerously divided, strong-scented. Umbels with only the partial involucra. Fls. white. Jl.: 34. PIMIPINEL'LA, L. ANISE. Calyx limb obsolete; petals obcordate, a little unequal; disk 0; flowers perfect or diclinous; styles capillary, as long as fruit; fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals.-European herbs, mostly U2, with pinnately, Inany-parted lvs., and white fis. Umbels compound. Invol. 0. P. Anisum L. Radical lvs. incisely trifid; cauline ones multifid, with narrow. linear segments, all glabrous and shining; umbels large, many-rayed.-Native of Egypt. The aromatic and carminative properties of the fruit are well known. 4 35. IEGOPO'DIU1MI, L. GOUTWEED. GOATS-FOOT. (Gr. at'Y (aiy6'), a goat; 7r6odov, a little foot; referring to the form of the leaf.) Calyx limb obsolete; fruit compressed laterally, oblong, crowned with the conical bases of the defiexed styles; carpels with 5 filiform ridges, without vittse.- 2~ Lvs. 1 to 2-ternate. Involucra none. Fls. white..A. podagrairia L. St. deeply furrowed, glabrous; Ills. ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed, upper merely 3-cleft.-Gardens. Sts. 12 to 18' high, from strong, tenacious, creeping roots hard to eradicate. Umbels manyrayed. f: 36. APIUM, L. CELERY. (Celtic alpon, water; the plants grow in watery situations.) Calyx margin obsolete; petals roundish, with a small infiexed point; fruit laterally compressed nearly double; carpels 5-ribbed, the lateral ribs marginal; intervals with single vitte.-European herbs. Umbels perfect. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Fls. white. 1 A. graveolens L. Lower lvs. pinnately dissected, on very long petioles. segm. broad-cuneate, incised; upper lvs. 3-parted, segm. cuneate, lobed, and incisely dentate at apex; invol 0; fr. roundish. —j Gardens. St. 2 to 3f hirh, branching, furrowed. Radical petioles thick, juicy, If in length. Umbels with unequal, spreading rays. —The stems when blanched by being buried, are sweet, crisp, and spicy in flavor, and used as salad' Jn.-Aug.: Eur. 2 A. petroselinum Willd. PARSLEY. Lvs. decompound, segments of the lower ones cuneate-ovate, terminal ones trifid, all incised, cauline segm. lancelinear, subentire; involucels of 3 to 5 subulate bracts; fr. ovate. —) Gardens. St. 2 to 4f high, branched. Lvs. smooth and shining, with numerous, narrow segm. Jn.-Cultivation has produced several varieties. Esteemed as a potherb, for soup, etc. (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.): Sardinia. Greece. ORDER 64.-ARALIACEAB.E 389 37. CA'RUM, L. CARAWAY. (From Caria, the native country of the plant, according to Pliny.) Calyx margin obsolete; petals obovate, emarginate, the point inflexed; styles dilated at base, spreading; fruit oval, compressed laterally; carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal; intervals with single vitte, commissure with 2.-Herbs with dissected lvs. Umbels perfect. Involucra various. Fls. white. C. C.rvi L. Lvs. somewhat bipinnatifid, with numerous linear segm. invol. 1-leaved or 0; involucels 0.-St. about 2f high, branched, smooth, striate. Lower Ivs. large, on long petioles, with tumid, clasping sheaths. Umbels on long peduncles; involucrate bracts when present linear-lanceolate. Jn.-Cultivrated for its fine aromatic fruit, so well known in domestic economy. 1 Eur. 38. TREPOCARPUS Etlhusa Nutt. Western La. (Hale). 39. CYNOSCIADIUM digitatum DC.-Western La. (Hale). Obs. These plants, of which we have beautiful specimens from Dr. Hale, may perhaps be found E. of the Mississippi. ORDER LXIV. ARALIACEzI. ARALIADS. Trees, shrubs or herbs closely allied to the Umbellifers in the leaves, inflorescence and flowers, but the styles and cells of the ovxa~ are usually more than 2 (3 to 5), cells 1-ovuled; fruit baccate or dry, 3 to 5-celled, with 1 albuminous seed in each cell. Gezerac 22, species 160. They are natives of northern temperate climes of both hemispheres.Several species are well known in medicine, etc., as Ginseng, Spikenard, Sarsaparilla, etc. The latter is sometimes substituted for the Sarsaparilla of the shops. i. ARA'LIA, L. WILD SARSAPARILLA, ETC. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb short, 5-toothed or entire; petals 5, spreading, apex not inflexed; stamens 5, epigynous; styles and carpels 5; berry crowned with the remains of the calyx and styles, mostly 5-celled and 5-seeded.Lvs. compound. Fls. in simple, solitary, or racemous umbels. g Plants wholly herbaceous and unarmed..........................................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Plants shrubby at base or wholly shrubby, prickly................................ Nos. 3, 4 1 A. nudicauilis L. Nearly stemless; If. solitary, decompound; scape naked shorter than the If., bearing the few umbels.-2L A well-known plant, found in woods, most abundant in rich and rocky soil, Can. to Car. and Tenn. It has a large, fleshy root, from which arise a leaf-stalk and a scape, but no proper stem. The former is long, supporting a single, large, compound leaf, which is either 3-ternate or 3-quinate. Lfts. oval and obovate, acuminate, finely serrate. The scape is about a foot high, bearing 3 simple umbels of greenish fis. Jn., JL1 2 A. racemosa L. PETTYIORREL. SPIKENARD. St. herbaceous, smooth; lvs. decompound;,umbels numerous, small, arranged in a decompound panicle. —Q- In rocky woods, Can. to the S. States. St. 3 to 4f high, dark green or reddish, arising from a thick, aromatic root. The lrf-stalks divide into 3 partitions, each of which bears 3 or 5 large, ovate, serrate lfts. Umbels numerous, arranged in branching racemes from the axils of the lvs. or branches. The root is pleasant to the taste, and highly esteemed as an ingredient in small beer, etc. J1. 3 A. hispida L.'WILD ELDER. BRISTLY AR._LIA St. shrubby at base, hispid, with prickles, herbaceous above; lvs. bipinnate, Ifts. ovate, cut-serrate; umbels on long ped., forming a terminal corymb. — 4 Common in fields about stumps and stoneheaps, N. Eng. to Va. St. 1 to 2f high, the lower part woody and thickly beset with sharp, stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous. Lfts. many, ending in a long point, smooth. Umbels many, simple, globous, forming bunches of dark-colored, nauseous berries. Plant ill scented. Jl., Aug. 4 A. spinosa L. ANGELICA TREE. Arborescent; st. and petioles prickly; lvs. bi- and tripinnate, ifts. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glaucous beneath; umbels numerous, forming a very large panicle; invol. small, few-leaved. —Damp woods, Penn. and Ohio to Fla. and La. Shrub 8 to 12f high, with the lvs. all crowded 390 ORDER 65.-CORNACEtE. near the summit. In the South it attains the height of 20 to 30f, usually without a branch, imitating the form of the palm (as Elliott remarks) more nearly than any other tree. Its leaves are there 4 to 6f in length. Fls. white. Aug.Properties emetic and cathartic. 2. PA'NAX, L. GINSENG. (Gr. 7rav, all, &dog, a remedy; i. e., a panacea, or iuniversal remedy.) Dieciously polygamous. 0 Calyx adnate to the ovary, limb short, obsoletely 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens 5, alternate with the petals; styles and carpels 2 to 3; fruit baccate, 2 to 3-celled; cells 1-seeded. & Calyx limb nearly entire; petals and stamens 5.-Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. 3 (in the herbaceous species), palmately compound. Fls. in a solitary, simple umbel. I P. trif6liun L. GROUNnD-NUT. DWARF GINSENG. Rt. globous, tuberous; lvs. 3, verticillate, 3 to 5-foliate, fis. wedge-lanceolate, serrate subsessile; sty. 3; berries 3-seeded. —Common in low woods. Can. to S. States. The globular root is deep in the ground, nearly 1' diam., connected with the stem by a short, screwlike ligament. The st. arises 3 to 6' above tho surface, smooth, slender and simple. At the summit is a whorl of 3 compound lvs. with a central ped. terminating in a little umbel of pure white fls. Lfts. generally 3, nearly or quite smooth. Barren and fertile fls. on different plants, the latter without stamens, succeeded by green berries, the former witt' a single abortive style. May. 2 P. quinquef6lium L. Rt. felsiform; lvs. 3, verticillate, 5-foliate; Ifts. oval, acuminate, serrate, petiolate; ped. of the umbel rather shorter than the common petiole. —Not uncommon in rocky or mountainous Bwoods. Can. to S. States. Rt. whitish, thick and fleshy. St. round, smooth, If high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound lvs. and a central ped. bearing a simple umbel. Fls. small, yellowish, on short pedicels, the barren ones borne on separate plants have larger petals and an entire calyx. Berries bright scarlet. Jn.-Aug. The root is in some estimation as a drug. 3. HED'ERA, L. EUROPEAN IVY. (Celtic Ihedra, a cord; from the vine-like habit.) Calyx 5-toothed; petals 5, dilated at the base; berry 5-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx.-European shrubby plants, climbing or erect, with simple, evergreen lvs. and green fls. H. H&lix L. St. and branches long and flexible, attached to the earth or trees or wall by numerous radicating fibres; lvs. dark green, smooth, with white veins, petiolate, lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate; fis. in num erous umbels, forming a corymb; berry black, with a mealy pulp. —Native of Britain. There are several varieties in gardens. f ORDER LXV. CORNACEAE. CORNELS. Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. Leaves opposite (alternate in one species), simple, with pinnate veinlets. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals adherent to the ovary, the limb minute, 4-toothed or lobed. Petals 4, disti ct, alternate with the calyx teeth, valvate in the bud. Stamens same number as petals, inserted on the margin of' the epigynous disk. Ovary 1 or 2-celled. Fru.it a baccate drupe crowned with the calyx. Genersa 9, species 40. Thev are natives througnhomut the temperate zone of both continents. The Order is distinguished f(or its bitter ansd astringent bark. That of Coornas florida is an excellent tonic similar in its,action to the Perevian bark. Many are beautiful shrubs in cultivation. 1. COR'NUS, L. DOGwOOD. (Lat. cornu, a horn; from the hardness of the wood of some species.) Calyx limb of 4 minute segments; petals 4, oblong, sessile; stamens 4; style somewhat clubshaped; drupe baccate, with a 2 or 3-celled nut.-Trees, shrubs, or perennial ORDER 65.-OORNACEiE. 391 herbs. Lvs. (mostly opposite) entire. Fls. in cymes, often involucrate, Floral envelops valvate in aestivation. Bark bitter, tonic. ~ Cymes subtended by a 4-leaved, white involucre.................................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Cymes naked.-Leaves alternate...................................................... No. -Leaves opposite.-Twigs and cymes pubescent........................ No. 4 -Twins, &c., glabrous.-Druipes white........... Nos. 5, 6 -Drupes blue.............Nos. 7, 8 1 C. Canadtnsis. L. Low CORNEL OR DOG-WOOD. H-lerbaceous, low; upper lvs. whorled, veiny, on short petioles; st. simple.-A small, pretty plant, in woods, nearly throughout N. Am., N. of lat. 390~. Rhizome creeping, woody. The flowering stems erect 4 to 8' high, bearing 2 small bracts in the middle, and a whorl of 6 leaves at the top, two of which are larger, placed a little lower and opposite. An umbellate cyme of flowers arises from the center of the whorl, and with its large, showy involucre of 4 white leaves, might easily be taken for a single flower. A bunch of red berries succeeds. The barren st. supports a whorl of 4 equal leaves. Mlay, Jn. 2 C. fl6rida L. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Arboreous; lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire; fis. small, in a close, cymous umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4 leaved, obcordate involucre.-A tree from 20 to:30f in height, very ornamental when in flower. Woods, U. S. and Can. Wood hard and compact, covered with a rough, extremely bitter bark, used in medicine as a tonic. Lvs. (partially expanded at flowering) nearly smooth, veiny, pale beneath. The true fls. are inconspicuous, greenish yellow, but the involucre is very large and showy, of veiny, white obovate lvs. ending in a callous point, which is turned up or down so abruptly as to appear emarginate. Drupes red. May. 3 C. alternif6lia L. Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath; branches alternate, verrucous; drupes purple, globous.-A small tree, N. and W. States and Can., about twice the height of the last, in moist woods. The branches are smooth, even, spreading from the upper part of the stem, and forming a depressed summit. Bark greenish, marked with warty streaks. Lvs. irregularly scattered along the branches, oval-lanceolate, acute, entire veined, whitish underneath, on rather long stalks. Fls. pale buff color, in a loose cyme. Jn. 4 C. seriocea L. Branches spreading, purplish, branchlets woolly; Ivs. ovate, rounded at base, acuminate, silky-pubescent beneath; cymes depressed, woolly; drupes bright blue.-U. S. and Can. A variety has lvs. tapering at base. A shrub about 8f high, with opposite, dusky purple branches, and dark red shoots. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, - as wide, varying from ovate and oval to lanceolate, nearly smooth above, with rather prominent veins; petioles X to 1' long. Fls. yellowish white, appearing in June. 5 C. paniculata L'Her. Branches erect, grayish, smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, roughish above, hoary beneath; cymes paniculate; drupes white.-A. handsome shrub 10f high, profusely flowering, common in low woodlands and thickets, N. and W. States and Can. It has numerous and very branching sts, covered with grayish bark, the shoots chestnut-colored. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Fls. small, white in all their parts, in many small, conical cymes, succeeded by drupcs as large as peas. May, Jn. 6 C. stolonifera Mx. RED OSIER. St. often stoloniferous; branches smooth; shoots virgate, reddish purple; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath; cymes naked, flat; berries white.-A small tree, N. and W. States, and Can., 8 to 1Of in height, with smooth, slender, spreading branches, which are commonly red, especially in winter. It often sends out from its base prostrate and rooting stems, with erect shoots. Fls. in terminal cymes, white, followed by bluishwhite drupes. May, Jn. 7 C. stricta Lam. Branches erect, brown, glabrous; lvs. elliptical or lance-ovate, nearly glabr-ous and green both sides; acute at base, long-acuminate at apex; petioles very short; cymes loose, umbel-like, fastigiate, glabrous; cal. teeth subulate, half as long as ovary; pet. ovate-lanceolate, rather acute; anthers and drupes pale blue.-Swamps, Va. to Fla. Shrub 8 to 12f high, readily known by its slender-pointed, short-stalked lvs. Apr. 392 ORDER 65.-CORNACEiE. P. ASPERIFOLIA Feay. Lvs. scabrous-pubescent above, downy beneath, rather inclined to elliptical; cymes scabrous.-S. and W. States. (C. asperifolia Mx.) 8 C. circinAita L. Branches verrucous; Ivs. orbicular or very broadly oval, white tomentots beneath; cymes spreading, depressed; drupes light blue.-A shrub some 6f high, Can. to Md., W. to Ind. St. grayish, upright, with opposite, cylindrical, green, spotted or warty branches. Lvs. large, about as broad as long, opposite, acuminate, crowned with a white, thick down. on the under side. Fls. white. Berries hollowed at base, soft, crowned with the remains of the style. Jn. 2. NYSSA, L. (The name of a nymph or naiad, says Linnmeus.) TULEPO, GUM-TREE. Fls. dicecious or polygamous., Calyx tube very short, limb truncate; petals 5, oblong; stam. 5-12, mostly 10, inserted outside a glandular disk in the bottom of the calyx; ovary 0.? Calyxtube oblong, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, limb truncate, a mere rim as in &; petals 2-5, oblong, often 0 or soon deciduous; stam. mostly abortive; style large, stigmatic on one side; drupe oval, 1-seeded.Trees with small green, fls. clustered on axillary peduncles, the sterile more numerous. 1 N. multiflora Wang. Lvs. oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse at each end, entire; the petiole, midvein and margin villous'; fertile peduncles 3 (2-5)-flowered; style revolute; nut short, obovate, striate, obtuse.-Woodlands dry or damp. U. S. A large tree, 30 to 70f in hight, trunk 1-3f diam. with a light gray hexagonally broken bark. Lvs. of a firm texture, 2-5' long, half as wide. g Peduncles 5-9-flowered, fil. at length slender. Drupe often solitary, blackish blue, 5-6" long. Wood soft, but hard to split. Apr.-Jn. (N. aquatica and biflora, auth.) 2 N. uniflora Walt. SwxAm TULEPO. LVS. green, oblong-ovate or ovate, longpetiolate, entire or denticulate, pubescent or smoothish beneath; fertile flowers solitary, 3-bracted; on slender peduncles; style nearly straight; sterile fis. 5 —10; drupe large, oblong.-Swamps, S. States, common. A tree of large size, 5080f high. Leaves when young thin, mostly acute at each end, when full grown large, abrupt or cordate at base, thickish, 3-9' long, the petioles 1-2'. Fruit blue, as large as a plum. Wood soft and white. Apr. M5ay. (N. denticulata, tomentosa, angulizans Mx., etc.) 3 N. capitata Walt. OCGEECHEE LIIE. Lvs. oval or oblong, short-petiolate, entire, whitened beneath, midvein subvillous, obtuse at apex, acute at base; fertile fils. solitary, on short peduncles, downy, 3-4-bracted, with 5 petals and 10 stamens; sterile fis. 20 —30 in each dense globular head; fruit large, oblong.-On river banks (especially the Ogeechee!) S. States. Tree 20-30f high. Lvs. ample, 5-9' long, 2-3' broad, usually mucronate; petiole 2-6" long. Fruit "dark red" as large as a small plum, acid. May, Jn. (N. candicans Ph.) 648. Symmetrical flower of Sedum acre. 4, of Sempervivnm. ORDERa 66.-CAPRIFOLIACE 393 COHORT 2, GAMOPETALE, OR MONOPETALOUS EXOGENs.-Plants having a double perianth, consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of petals partially or wholly united. ORDER LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEAi. HONEYSUCKLES. Shrubs, rarely herbs, often twining with opposite leaves, no stipules; flowers cluE tered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular; corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate; stamens inserted on corolla tube, rarely one less than the lobes; ovary adherent to the calyx; style 1, stignmas 3 to 5; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. Genera 16, species 220, chiefly natives of the northern temperate regions, and occasionally found in the alpine parts of the tropical zone. Properties. The fever-root (Triosteum perfoliatum) is a mild cathartic, and in large doses emetic; the dried and roasted berries are sometimes substituted for coffee. The leaves and bark of the Elder are both emetic and cathartic; the flowers are sudorific, and the berries laxative. The beauty and fragrance of the Honeysuckle in cultivation is well known. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1. LONICEREE. Corolla tubular, with a filiform style (a). a IIerbs.-Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens but 4..........................LLINNMA. 1 -Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens 5..............................TRIOSTEUM. 2 a Shrubs.-Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded.....SYMPuoRICARPUS. 8 -Corolla tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2 to 8-celled....... LoNIERA. 4 — Corolla funnel-form. Capsule 2-celled, co-seeded........DIERVILLA. 5 2. SAMBUCE/E. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas sessile (b). b Shrubs with pinnate leaves. Berry 3-seeded.... SANBJucus. 6 b Shrubs with simple leaves. Drupe 1-seeded.....VIURNUM. 7 1. LINN/E'A, Gron. TWIN-FLOWER. (Dedicated to Carl Von Linne, the most renowned of naturalists.) Calyx tube ovate, limb 5parted, deciduous; bractlets at base 2; corolla campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed; stamens 4, 2 longer than the other; berry dry, 3celled, indehiscent, 1-seeded (2 cells abortive).- 4 A trailing, evergreen herb, widely disseminated throughout the northern temperate zone. Ped. 2-flowered. L. borealis Gron. The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, generally in evergreen woods, from lat. 390 to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping, filiform, brownish sts., rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large patches. Lvs. small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with obtuse lobes or teeth, and scattered hairs. Ped. filiform, slightly hairy, about 3' high (the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished with a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate, nodding flowers. The corolla is rose-colored and very fragrant. Jn. 2. TRIOS'TEULIl, L. FEVER-WORT. (Gr. -petp, three, oiaErv, a oone; from the three bony seeds.) Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, segments linear, nearly as long as the corolla; corolla tubular, gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, subequal; stamens 5, included; stigma capitate, lobed; fruit drupaceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-seeded; 394 OaRDER 66.-CAPRIFOLIACEA. seeds ribbed, oony.- 4 Herbs coarse, hairy. Lvs. large, connate. Fls. axillary. 1 T. perfoliatum L. Iirsute; lvs. oval, acuminate; fs. verticillato or clustered, sessile, brownish-purple. —Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. S. along the Mts. St. stout, 3 to 4f high, covered with soft, clarmmy hairs. Lvs. 6' by 3', entire, abruptly contracted at base, pubescent beneath. Fls. in clusters of 5 or 6. Cor. limb in 5 rounded lobes. FIr. a rather dry drupe, crowned with the long, leaft-, spreading calyx segm., orange-colored when mature. Jn.-Root large, fleshy, in much repute, having many of the properties of' Ipecacuanha. 2 T. angustif6lium L. Hispid; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely connate; fis. mostly solitary, short-stalked, yellowish or straw-colored. —S. States to Ill. and Glen Cove, L. I. (Mr. J. Coles). Plant 2 to 3f high, more slender and rougher than the other. Lvs. about 4 or 5' by 1', contracted to a narrow base, roughest on the upper surface. May. 3. SYMFPHORICAR'PUS, Dill. SNOW-BERRY. (Gr. avv, together,.Spo, to bear, cap7r6f, fruit; bearing fruit in close clusters.) Calyx tube globous, limb 4 to 5-toothed; corolla fiunnel-shaped or bell-shaped,. the limb in 4 to 5 subequal lobes; stamens inserted on the corolla, and as many as its lobes; stigma capitate; berry globous, 4-celled, 2-seeded (2 opposite cells abortive).-Small shrubs, with entire, oval lvs., and small, rose-colored fis. 1 S. racemcsus MxI. Fis. in termi'nal, loose, inzterrupoted, o/ten leafy r'ac.; cor. campanulate, densely b:earded within; sty. and sta. included; berries snow-white. -A smooth, handsome shrub, 2 to 3f high, common in cultivation, and native in W. N. York, Can., &c. Lvs. oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles. Cor. rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round or ovoid, and very ornamental when mature. J1., Aug. 2 S. occidentAlis R. IBr. AWOLF-BERRY. Lvs. ovate, obtusish; spires dense, axillary and terminal, nodding; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded inside; sta. and bearded style eeserted; berries white.-Woods, Mich. to Wis. and Can. Shrub 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' by 3 to 2'; pubescent or nearly glabrous, paler beneath. Cor. rather larger and more expanded than in the last, plarplish white. J1. 3 S. vulgaris Mx. Lvs. roundish-oval; spikes axiliarcy, subsessile, ccapitate and crowded; cor. campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous; sta. and bearded style included; berries dark red. —River banks, Penn, to Iowa (Cousens), and S. States. Shrub 2 to 3f high. Branches purplish and often pubescent. Lvs. 1 to 2' by; to 1i', somewhat pubescent. Cor. greenish-red. J1. (Lonicera Symphoricarpus L.) 4. LONICE'RA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. OODBINE. (In honor of Adanz Lonicer, a physician of Frankfort, in the sixteenth century.) Calyx 5-toothed, tube subglobous; corolla infundibuliform or campannlate, limb 5-cleft, often labiate; stamens 5, exserted; ovaries 2 to 3celled; berry few-seeded; stigma capitate.-A beautiful genus of climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate les. ~ XYLOSTEON. Shrubs erect. Leaves never connate. Floners in pairs (a). a Corolla gibbous at base, lobes somewhat irregular........................... Nos. 1 —3 a, Corolla not gibbous, lobes spreading, equal, roseate.............................No. 4 ~ CAPRIFOLIUM. Shrubs climbing. Fls. sessile, mostly whorled (b). b Leaves all distinct. Corolla ringent. Cultivated exotics......................os. 5r, 6 b Leaves (the upper pair) connate-perfoliate (c). c Corolla subequal, both tube and limb scarlet...............................No. 7 o Corolla limb ringent,-tube equal (not gibbous) at base.............. Nos. 8-10 -tube gibbous at the base......................Nos. 11, 12 ORDER 66.-CAPRIFOLIACHE.. 395 1 L. ciliata Muhl. FLY HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate; cor. limb with short and subequal lobes; tube saccate at base; sty. exserted; berries distinct, red.-A branching, erect shrub, 3 to 4f high, found in woods, Me. to Ohio and Can. Lvs. thin, oblong-ovate, often cordate at the base, somewhat ciliate on the margin, and villous beneath when young. Fls. pale straw-yellow, in pairs at the top of the peduncle, with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs, but not connate, 3 to 5-seeded. Jn. 2 L. oblongif6lia Hook. Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety-pubescent beneath, cor. limb deeply bilabiate; tube gibbous at base; ped. long, filiform, erect; berries connate or united into one, globous, purple, bi-umbilicate. —A shrub, 3 to 4f high, in swamps, Car. and N. Y. Lvs. almost sessile, 1 to 2' long, ped. of equal length. Cor. hairy, greenishl-yellow outside, purplish inside, the lower lip nearly entire, the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked withl the remains of the two calyces. Jn. 3 L. ccerkulea L. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length smoothish; ped. short, reflexed in friuit; bracts longer than the ovaries; cor-. gibbous at base, lobes short, subequeal; berries connate or united into one, deep blue.A low shrub in rocky woods, Mass. and N. Y. north to Hludson's Bay. St. 2f high, with small lvs. and pairs of small, yellow fls., rwhich are longer than their peduncles. Lvs. ovate, oval, obovate and oblong, enling abruptly. May, Jn. 4 L. Tartrica L. TARTARIAN IIONEYSUECKLE. Sts. erect, much branched; ivs. ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth, shining, and dark green above, paler beneath, entire, on short petioles; ped. axillary, solitary, 2-flowered; segm. of the cor. oblong, obtuse, equal.-An elegant and much sdmired shrub, from Russia. Grows from 4 to 10f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 4- to 1~', coriaceous. Fls. small, pale purple, varying to pure white, fragrant. Apr. —Jn. 1x 5 L. Jap6nica L. CIINEsE IHONEYSUCKLE. Sts. soft-pubescent; lvs. ovate and oblong, minutely pointed, all distinct, petiolate; ped. axillary, 2-bracted and 2-flowered; corI. limb ringent, tube equal at base, slender, downy; stam. and sty. exserted.-Frorn China. Sts. flexuous, climbing 15f high, bearing a profusion of orange-colored fis. t South. 6 L. Periclyrmenum Tourn. WOODBINE. Lvs. deciduous, all distinct, elliptical, rather acute, on short petioles; fis. in dense, imbricate, terminal heads; cor. ringent.-A woody climber, native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturalized. Fls. yellow and red, fragrant, succeeded by red berries. Variety quercifolium has sinuate lvs.. May —J1. t 7 L. sempervirens Ait. TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. oblong, evergreen, the upper ones connate-perfoliate; fils. in nearly naked spikes of distant whorls; cor. truinpet-shaped, nearly regular, ventricous above.-In moist groves and borders of swamps, N. Y. (near the city), to Fla. and La. St. woody, twining with tbe sun. The distinct lvs. in the wild plant are elliptical or almost linear; the conuate, but 1 or 2 pairs. Cor. nearly 2' long, of a line scarlet without and yellow within. Miar, Apr. (S.)-May —JI. (N.) -. 8 L. flAva Sirn. YELLOW IIONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. ovante, glazcous both sides, upper pair connate-perfoliate; spikes terminal, of about 2 close whorls; cor. smooth, tube slender, not gibbous at lbase, limb somewhat ringent; stam. exserted, smooth.-Shrub scarcely twining, N. Y. to Ga., Wr. to Wisc. Lvs. deciduous, abruptly contracted at base, except the upper perfoliate pair. Fls. in heads of about 10, fragrant. Cor. an inch or more in length, the tube much longer than the lips, bright yellow; upper lip much broader than the lower, in 4 segm. May, JI. t 9 Lo grata Ait. EVERGREEN HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. ever'green, obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pair connate-perfoliate; fits. in sessile, terminal and axillary whorls; cor. ringent, tube long, slender, not gibbous at base.-Dallmp woodlands, N. Y., Penn., and W. States. St. climbing many feet. Lvs. opposite or in 3s, margin revolute. Fls. large and very fragrant, 5 or 6 in each whorl. Cor. whitish, becoming yellowish within, reddish without. Sta. exserted. Berries red. Jn. t 10 L. Caprifblium L. Co3IION OR ITALIAN HONEYSUCKLE. Lvs. deciduous, the upper pair perfoliate-connate; f7s. izn a single te-rminal verticil; cor. rin 396 ORDER 66.-CAPRIFOLIACEIE gent, lips a third the length of the tube, strongly revolute.-Native of Europe. Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. Fls. of various hues, red, yellow and white. Jn. —Aug. t 11 L. parviflira Lam. Lvs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all sessile or connate, the upper pair perfoliate; fis. in hds. of 1 or more approximate whorls; cor. ringent, tube glabrous, short, gibbous at base; fil. bearded.A small, smooth, shrubby climber, in rocky woods, Can. and U. S. St. 8 to 10f long. Lvs. wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous on the underside. Fls. rather small. Cor. 1' in length, yellow, tinged with dull red, gibbous at base, the short limb in curved segments. Sta. and sty. exserted. Berries orange-colored. Atay, Jn. 13. Lvs. large, pubescent beneath, all except the upper pair distinct, the lower petiolate; fls. pubescent.-Ohio (Sullivant) and westward. (L. Douglasii, DC.) 12. L. hirsfita Eaton. Lvs. hairy above, soft-villous beneath, veiny, broad-oval, abruptly acuminate, the upper pair connate-perfoliate; fis. in verticillate spikes; cor. ringent; fil. bearded.-A climber of coarser aspect, in woods N. Eng. to Mich. and Can., twining about trees to the height of 15 to 20f. The whole plant is more or less hairy. Lvs. pale green, not shining, the edges and the upper side ciliate with scattered hairs, fls. large, numerous, greenish yellow, in whorled, axillary and terminal clusters. Limb of cor. spreading. Sty. and sta. exserted, Jn. (C. pubescens Goldie.) 5. DIERVIL'LA, Tourn. BusH HONEYSUCKLE. (In honor of Dierville, a French surgeon, discoverer of the original species.) Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft; corolla twice as long, funnel-shaped, limb 5-cleft and nearly regular; stamens 5; capsular fruit 2-celled (apparently 4-celled from the projecting placentae), many-seeded. —Shrubs, with opposite, serrate, deciduous lvs. 1 D. trifida Mcench. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, on short jetioles; ped. axillary and terminal, 1 to 3-flowered; caps. attenuate above.-A low shrub not uncommon in hedges and thickets, Can. to Car. St. about 2f high, branching. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 1.-', finely serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Ova. slender, 4 to 5" long, about half the length of the greenish yellow corolla. Sta. and sty. much exserted. Stig. capitate. Jn. 2 D. sessilif6lia Buckley. Lvs. glabrous, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, sessile or subamplexicaul; peduncles 3 to 5-flowered, crowded in the axils above; caps. cylindric-oblong, short-beaked, crowned with the subulate-setaceous calyx teeth.-High mountains of N. Car. (Buckley). Shrub 2 to 4f high. Leaves 2 to 4' long. Flowers sessile or pedicillate. Jn., J1. 6. SA$'BUCUIS, L. ELDER. (Lat. sambuca, musical instrument, said to have been made of the elder.) Calyx small, 5-parted; corolla 5-cleft, segments obtuse; stamens 5; stigma obtuse, small, sessile; berry globous, pulpy, 3-seeded.-Shrubs or perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate or bipinnate lvs. Fls. in cymes. 1 S. Canad6nsis L. St. shrubby; cymies fastigiate, 5-rayed; lfts. 3 to 5 pairs with an odd one, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth. —A common shrub 6 to 10f high, in thickets and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. St. filled with a light and porous pith, especially when young. Lfts. serrate, the lower ones often binate or trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Fls. numerous, in very large (2f broad in Ind.) leveltopped cyries, white, with a heavy odor. Berries dark purple. May —Jl. 2 S. pibens Mx. St. shrubby; cymes paniculate and pyramidal; lfts. ovallanceolate, acuminate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and with the petiole pubescent beneath.-A common shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to Can., growing 6f high, more or less. Lvs. simply and unequally pinnate; lfts. sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Fls. in a close, ovoid thyrsus or panicle. Cor. white. Berries scarlet, small. Jn. p. LEUcooARPA T. & G. Berries white. Catskill Mountains. (Mr. J. Hogg, fide T. & G.) O)DER 66.-CAPRIFOLIACEA. 397 7. VIBUR'NUM, L. (Lat. viere, to tie; for the pliancy of the twigs?) Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent; corolla rotate, limb 5-lobed, segments obtuse; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla; stigmas sessile; ovary 1 to 3-celled, 1-ovuled; drupe, l-seeded.-Shrubs or small trees, with simple, petiolate lvs., white fls. in cymes which are sometimes radiant. a Cymes radiant, —-the outer flowers sterile and showy............................Nos. 1, 2 a Cymles not radiant, tle flowers all alike. ().................................. b Leaves 3-lobed, palmately 3 to 5-veined.................................. Nos. 3, 4 b Leaves not lobed,-coarsely toothed. Cyines stalked...................... Nos. 5, 6 -sharply serrate. Cyines sessile.......................Nos. 7, 8 -entire or nearly so.-Species native................Nos. 9, 10 -Species exotic...............Nos. 11, 12 1 V. lantanoicldes L. HOBBLE-DBUSH. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate; petioles and veins covered with/ a fe-r'uginous down; cyme sessile; fr. ovate.-A shrub very ornamental when in flower, common in the rocky woods of N. Eng., N. Y. and Can. Height about 5f. Branches long and crooked, often trailing and rooting. Lvs. very large, covered with a rusty pubescence when young, at length beconming green, the dust and dorin remaining only upon the stalk and veins. The radiant sterile fls. of the cyme are near 1' diamu.. from a greenish color becoming white, flat, with 5-rounded lobes. Inner fis. much smaller, fertile. May. 2 V. Opulus L. HIGIr CRIANERRY. Smooth; ivs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long', rounded at base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed; petioles glandular; cymes pedunculate.-A handsome shrub, 8 to 12f high, in woods and borders of fields, N. States and Brit. Am. Sts. several from the same root, branched above. Lvs. with large, remote blunt teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at base, channeled above. Cymes ra&diate like the preceding species. Fr. resembles the common cranberry in flavor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It is red, very acid, ripens late, remaining upon the bush after the leaves have fallemn. Jn. (V. Oxycoccus Ph.) 1. bizsEumRS. G-UELDER Ros. SXTOW-ALL. Lvs. rather acute at base, longer than broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth; petioles glandular; flq. all neutral, in globous cymnes. —This variety is the popular shrub so generally admired and cultivated as a companion of the Lilac, Snowberry, Philadelphus, &c. Its dense spherical cymes are wholly made up of barren flowers. 3 V. acerif6liuin L. DOCmIMACImIE. Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, 3-veined, 3-lobed, acutely dentate; petioles without glands, cymes on long peduncles; stam. exserted.-A shrub 4 to 6f high, with yellowish green bark, growing in' woods, Can. and U. S. Lvs. broad, rounded and sometimes cordate at base, divided into 3 acuminate lobes, with a form not very unlike that of' the maple leaf, the under surface as well as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slender, very flexible, ending with a pair of lvs. and a long stemmed, cymous umbel of white fls. Fr. oval, compressed. Jn. 4 V. pauciflorum Pylaie. Nearly smooth in all its parts; lvs. roundish, with 3 short lobes at summit, serrate, rCostlly 5-veined fiom the base; cymes small and pedunculate, terminating the very short lateral branches; stam. much shorter than the cor.-A small shrub with white fls., Mansfield, Mt., Vt., (Macrm), White Mts., N. H. (Robbins), N. to Newfoundland. 5 V. dentAtusm L. ARnovW-wOOD. Nearly smooth; lvs. roundish-ovate, coarsely dentate-serrate, petiolate, straight-veined; cymes pedunculate.-A shrub 8 to 12f high, not uncommon in damp woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrowwood firom the long', straigoht, slender branches or young shoots. Lvs. roundish, 2 to 3' diam., the upper pair oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pubescent in their axils. Fls. white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue berries. Jn.-Ha.rdly distinct from the next. 6 V. pubescens Ph. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely dentate-serrate, straight veined, viifous beneath and someewhat hair-y above, on short stalks; slip. 2, subulatek; cymes pedunculate, smoothish; fin. oblong. —In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. A shrub about 6f high. Ivs. each with a pair of short, hairy, sub 398 OaDER 67. —RUBIACE~E. ulate appendages (stipular?) at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes small few-flowered. Fls. rather larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Fr. nearly black. Jn. fl. MOLLE. POISON HAW. Soft, rusty, tomentous throughout the stalks, lvs. and cymes; lvs. rather acute; fls. large. —Tenn. to Ga. (Misses Keen) and La. (Hale). (V. molle Mx.) 7 V. Lentatgo L. SWEET VIBURNU1I. LeS,. ovate cad oval. long-acumiznate, acutely and finely uncinate-serrate; petiole with undulate margins. — A common tree-like shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Height 10 to 15f. Lvs. smooth, conspicuously acuminate, about 3' long and ~ as wide, their petioles with a curled or wavy dilated border on each side. Fls. white, in broad, spreading cymes, succeeded by well-flavored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Jn. 8 V. prunifblium L. BLAcrK HAW. SLOE. Lvs. smooth, shining above, roulndish obovate or ovate, rather obtuse, acutely serrulate, with uncinate teeth; petioles slightly and evenly margined; cymes mostly sessile. —In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high, with handsome, glossy lvs. and large cymes. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 2 to id as wide, on short petioles, slightly margined. Cvmes terminal. Fls. white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are sweet and eatable. Jn. 3. FERRUGINEuJUr. T. & G. Veins and petiole beneath covered with reddish brown wool; ivs. narrower. —S. 7W. Ga. and Mid. Fla. Called l)osvs-n haw, the black drupes being insipid. 9 V. nfidum L. Smooth; lvs. oval-oblong, or lance-oval, subrevolute at edge, entire or subcrenulate, scot shining, veiny anzd dotted beqzeath; petioles not winged; cyc'zes on short stalks. —Shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f ligh, U. S. Lys. thick, and whlen fully grown 3 to 4' long, mostly acute or even short acuminate. Oymnes large, on peduncles 1 to 2' in length, nakecl after losing tdheir caducous bracts. Fls. -white, berries dark blue, covered with bloom, sweetish. Apr.-Jn.-Very variable. f. ANGOUSTIFOLIUM. T. & G. Lvs. olonlg lanceolate, acute or acunirnate at each end, margin obscurely ropand-denticulate.-South (Pond, &c.) y. CXSSINOIDES T. & G. Lvs. oval, oborate or oblong, obtuse, acute or shortacuminate, margin nearly entire, veins not prominent. —North and South (V. cassinoides L.).-Another variety (J. ovale) has smaller, oval, obtuse, very entire Ivs. (South), &c. 10 V. obovatum Walt. Lv.s. small, obovate, obtuse, entire or nearly so, subsessile, dotted beneath; cynzes small, numerous, sessile.-Shrub 8 to 15f hig'h, swampy river banks, Va. to Ga. Branches straggling, some virgate ones, all covered with a profusion of white cymes about 1.' diam. Lvs. at flowering time 6 to 8" long, finally 10 to 18". Fr. black, shining, sweet. Apr., May. 11 V. Tinus L. LAURESTINE. Lvs. coriaceous, lance-ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts beneath.-A fine evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height L to 5f. Lvs. acute, thick but veiny, dark, shining green above, paler beneath. Fls. white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable. 12 V. odoratissimum Ker. Smooth; lvs. coriaceous, evergreen, ellipticoblog, remotely rea,)cnd-dentate; fls. in paniculate cymes, white, very fragrant.t From China. ORDER LXVII. RUBIACEAi. MADDERWORTS. Trees, shrubs and herbs. Lvs. opposite, somewhat verticillate, entire. St'ipules between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. Calyx tube more or less adherent to the ovary; limb 4 to 5-cleft. Corolla regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions. Stamens inserted upon the tube of the corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments. Ovaries 2 (rarely more)celled. Style single or partly divided. TFr. various. Seecls one, few, or many in each cell. (Fig. 183.) Genera 380, species 2800. It is generally divided into two suborders, viz.. Stellateie and Cinchoneae, to which a third, Loganiese (which'has few representatives at the North) is appended by ORPDE 67.-RUBIACELE. 399 Torrey and Gray. The species of the first suborder, Stellatee, are common in the northern parts of both continents; the other suborder prevails chiefly in warm or torrid regions. Propesties.-A very important family, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one of the most important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Rubia tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by several species of Galium. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuge, is the product of several species of Cinchona, viz., C. micranthia, C. condaminea, C. lanceolata, C. magnifolia, &e, all natives of Peru. Their febrifugal properties depend upon the presence of two alkalies, Cinchonia and Quinia, both comlbined with Kinic acid. Ipecacuanha, the prince of emtetics, is the product of the root of Cephulis Ipecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping roots, in the dlamp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchonetc afford substitutes for the true Ipecac. Coffee is the hard albumen of the seeds of Coffea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a light bhrown trlunk,- a-nd a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fiagrant. The berries are black when ripe. Coffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time immemllorial. In Pais and Londou it seems not to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. 1. STELLATREM. Leaves (,and leaf-like stipules?) whorled. Ovary entirely adherent. (a) a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twvin. Slender herbs with square stems.....GALIU. 1 a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, fleshy and baccate. Stems square..... RUBIA. 2 B. CINCHONEAI. Leaves opposite, with stipules between the petioles. Ovary adherent, at least the lower half. (b) b Tree. Flowers 5-parted, in involucrate cymes.............P.......PINENEYA. a b Shrub. Flowers 4-parted, in globular heads......................... CEPHALANTHUS. 4 b Ilerbs. Flowsers habitually 4-parted (5-parted in O. Htalei). (c) c Flowers twin (2 corollas on one (double) ovary)..................MITCHELLIA. 5 c Flowers not twin.-Carpels 2, 1-seeded, both indehiscent..........DIDIA. 6 -Carpels 2, 1-seeded, one indehiscent........... SPEIIMACO. 7 -Carpels 2, few-seeded. Corolla much exserted.IousToNiA. 8 -Carpels 2, o -secded. Corolla scarcely exserted..................................... OLDENLANDIA 9 L. GA'LIUI, L. CLEAVERS. BEDSTRAW. (Gr. yda, milk; the flowers of G. vernue are used in coagulating milk.) Calyx limb minutely 4-toothed; corolla rotate, 4-cleft; stamens 4, short; styles 2; carpels 2, united, separatingl into 2, 1-seeded, indehiscent nutlets.-Herbs with slender, 4 angled sts. Verticels of 4, 6 or 8 lvs., rarely of 5. a Flowers yellow. Leaves in whorls of about 8. Fruit smooth...................... No. 1 a_ Flowers (lull purple. Leaves (large) in whorls of 4. Fruit hispid or not.......Nos. 2 —4 a Flovwers white.-Leavesin 4s only. Fruit dry. Panicle terminal.................. No. 5 -Leaves in 4s only. Fruit sInooth, purple berries....... N 6..... Nos. 6, 7 — Leaves in 4s and 6s.-Frurit hispid with booked hairs............ No. 8 — lruit sInooth or nearly so, dry.......... Nos. 9-11 -Leaves in Ss, long and narrow. Fruit hispid.................. No. 12 1 G. verum L. YELLOW BEDSTRAW. Erect; lvs. in 8s, grooved, entire, rougth, linear; fls. densely paniculate.- - Found irn dry, open grounds, in the vicinity of Boston, probably introduced (Bigelow). Root long, fibrous. St. slender, erect, 1 to 2f high, with short, opposite, leafy, unequal branches. Lvs. deflexed, linear, with rolled edges. Fls. numerous, small yellow, in small, dense, terminal panicles. Jn. —Tle roots dye red. The flowers are used in England to curdle milk.. Eur. 2 G. pilsunm Ait. St. ascending, hirsute on the angles; Ivs. in 4s, oval, indistinctly veined, hirs-ite both sides and punctate with pellucid dots; ped. several times forked, each division 2 to 3-flowered; fls. pedicellate, densely hispid.-A tall species found in dry woods and sterile soils, Miass. to Ind., S. to the Gulf. St. 1 to 2f high, acutely 4-angled, mostly with few, short, spreading branches, sometimes much branched. Lvs. 9 to 12" by 4 to 8", obtusish, very hairy as well as the stem and fruit. Fls. purplish. Jn. (G. puncticulosum Mx.) 3 G. circze'zans AMx. St. erect or ascending, smooth; Ivs. in 4s, oval or ovatelanceolate, obtuse, 3-veined, smoothish, ciliate on the margins and veins; ped. divaricate, few-flowered; fr. subsessile, nodding, hispid.-Grows in woods, U. S. and Can. St. about If in height; with a few short branches near the top, or simple. Lvs. I to 2' by 4 to 8". Fls. on very short, reflexed pedicels, scattered along the (usually 2) branches of the dichotomous peduncle. Fr. covered with little hooks as in Circoea. J1. —The leaves have a sweet taste like liquorice. 400 ORDEm 67 —RUBIACEME. t3. LANCEOLATUM Torr. Very smooth; lvs. lanceolate; fr. sessile.-A fine variety with larger leaves (2' or more in length). Fls. purple. (G. Torreyi Bw.) My. MONTANUM T. & G. Dwarf; lvs. obovate.-White Mts. (Oakes.) (G. Littelli Oakes.) 4 G. latif6lium Mx. St. erect, smooth; ivs. in 4s, lanceolate, 3-veined, very acute; ped. axillary (leafy) and terminal, about twice trichotomous; purple fis. and smooth fruit on filiform pedicels. —Mts. E. Tenn. and Va. to Ga. Anll elegant species. St. about 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. very small, pedicels 2 to 6" long, divaricate. J1. 5 G. boreAle L. St. erect, smooth; lvs. in 4s, linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, smooth; fls. in a terminal pyramidal panicle. —Grows in rocky, shady places, N. States and Brit. Am. Sts. If or moro high, several together, branched above. Lvs. 12 to 20' by 2 to 9", tapering to an obtusish point. Fls. numerous, small, white, in a thyrse-like panicle at top of the stem. Fr. small. J1. (G. septentrionale Bw.) 6 G. hispiadulum Mx. Diffuse, qminutely hispid; Ivs. in 4s, oval, tfhickish, mostly acute or mucronate; ped. axillary, 1 to 3-flowered; fr. fleshy and berry-like, larye, bluish-purple. —S. Car to Fla. and La. Sts. sharply 4-angled. Lvs. 5 to 7" by 2 to 3", margin'somewhat revolute. Pedicels of the fr. about 6" long. May-Oct. 7 G. uniflorum Mx. Glabrous; sis. ccespitous, slender, many, ascending; lvs. in 4s. linear, acute; ped. axillary, solitary, bearing 2 to 4 bracts, mostly 1-flowered; fr. oblong, fleshy, smooth, purple.-Damp woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. straight, nearly simple, about If high, the lys. about 1' by 1", and 1-veined. Fr. smaller than in No. 6. Mlay. 8 G. trifirunm Mx. St. weak, often procumbent, smoothish, shining; Ivs. in 5s and Gs, elliptic and lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate, 1-veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin; ped. elongated, axillary, 3 (rarely 2)-flowered at the extremity, often twice di- or trichotomous; fs. pedicellate; fr. himspid with hooked hairs.-Moist woods, Can. and U. S. St. 1 to 3f long, slightly branched. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, + as broad, often obovate. Fl. greenish white, small. Fr. whitish, with its uncinate clothing. J1. 9 G. aspr6llum ix. RlouGH CLEAVERS or CLIVERS. St. diffuse, very branching, rough backwards; Ivs. in Gs, 5s, or 4s, lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, margin and midvein retrorsely dbuleate; ped. short, in 2s or 3s.-Common in thickets and low grounds, Can. and N. States. St. weak, 2 to 5f long, leaning on other plants, and closely adhering to them by its minute, retrorse prickles. Lvs. 5 to 8" by 2 to 3,'. Fls. white, small and numerous. Fr. minute, smooth, often slightly hispid when young. J1. 10 G. trifidum L. DYER'S CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS. St. decumbent, very branching, roughish with retrorse prickles; Ivs. in 5s and 4s, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, rough-edged; parts of the fls. mostly in 3s. —4 In low, wet grounds, Can. and U. S. It is one of the smallest of the species. Lvs. 3 to 6" by 1 to 2", often cuneate at base. Pod. mostly in 3s, and axillary. Fls. small, white. J1. j3. TINCTORIUar Torr. St. nearly smooth; lvs. of the st. in 6s, of the branches in 4s; ped. 2 or 3-flowered; parts of the fl. in 4s.-A somewhat less slender variety than the first. The root is said to dye a permanent red. (GC. tinctorium L.) Y. LATIFOLIUM Torr. Lvs. in 4s, oblanceolate, obtuse; ped. 3-flowered; parts of the fl. in 4s. 11 G. concinnurn Torr. & Gr. St. decumbent, diffusely branched, retrorsely scabrous on the angles; Ivs. in 6s. linear, glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upwards on the margins; ped. filiform, twice or thrice trichotomous, with short pedicels; lobes of the corolla acute.-Dry woods and hills, Mich., Ky., Ind. Sts. very slender, 10 to 15' high. Lvs in numerous whorls, 5 to 8" by 1", slightly broader in the middle. Fls. minute and numerous, white. Jn. 12 G. Aparine L. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly; Ivs. in 8s, Is, or 6s, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate, rough on the midvein and margin; ped. axillary, 1 to 2.-fowered. —- In wet thickets, Can. and N. States to Ind. (Plumrmer.) Sts. several feet long, leaning on other plants and closely adhering by their hooked ORDER 67.-RUBIACEAl.. 401 prickles to every thing in their way. Lvs. 12 to 20" by 2 to 3". Fls. numerous, small, white. Fr. rather large, armed with hooked prickles. Jn. —The root will dye red. The herbage is valued as a domestic remedy. ~? 2. RU'BIA, Tourn. MADDER. (Lat. rubra, red; from the coloring matter of its roots.) Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-toothed or obsolete; corolla rotate, 5-parted; stamens short; styles 2, united at base; fruit twin, roundish, baccate, smooth. —Herbaceous or shrubby. St. 4-angled, diffuse. R. tinct6rium L. St. weak, its angles retrorsely aculeate; lvs. in whorls of 6, lanceolate, the margins and midveins aculeate; ped. axillary and terminal, 3-forked; cor. 5-parted, brownish yellow, with a callous point.-From Europe. Cultivated for its roots which yield that valuable coloring matter, madder. J1. 3. PINCKNE'YA, Mx. (Dedicated to Gen. C. C. Pinckney, of S. Carolina.) Calyx tube campanulate, limb 5-parted, one segment of several of the flowers dilated into a large rose-colored bract; corolla tube cylindrical, limb 5-lobed, somewhat imbricated in the bud; stamens 5, from the base of the corolla, exserted; style slender; stigma 2-lobed; capsule roundish, thinly coriaceous, 2-valved, many-seeded.A small tree (or large shrub). Stip. caducous, leaving a strong ridge between the petioles. P. pfibens Mx. Swamps and along creeks, S. Car. to Fla., common. It is a singularly beautiful tree, 15 to 25f high in its native woods, with a straight and slender trunk. In cultivation it has more the character of a shrub, branching from the base and flowering when but 10f high. Lvs. large, ovate, acute or subacuminate at each end. Young branches and cymes downy. Cor. purple within, canescent without. Cymes splendidly radiant by the largely expanded marginal calyxes. Capsules as large as an ounce bullet. May, Jn.-Properties similar to the Peruvian bark. (Fig. 183.) 4. CEPHALAN'THUS, L. BUTTON BUSH. (Gr. Iecaijt, a head,,vOof, a flower; flowers in heads.) Calyx limb 4-toothed; corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft; stamens 4; style much exserted.-Shrubs with opposite lvs. and short stip. Fls. in globous heads, without an involucre. C. occidentalis L. Lvs. opposite and in 3s, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth; hds. pedunculate.-A handsome shrub, frequenting the margins of rivers, ponds and brooks, U. S. and Can. It is readily distinguished by its spherical heads of flowers, which are near 1' diam., resembling the globular infiorescence of the Sycamore. Height about 6f. Lvs. spreading, entire, 3 to 5' by 2 to 3'. The fls. are tubular, with long, projecting styles, and are inserted on all sides of the round receptacle. J1. 5. TfiiTCHEL'LA, L. PARTRIDGE BERRY. (In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, an English resident in Virginia.) Flowers 2 on each double ovary; calyx 4-parted; corolla funnel-shaped, hairy within; stamens 4, short, inserted on the corolla; stigmas 4; berry composed of the 2 united ovaries.-Evergreen herbs smooth and creeping, with opposite lvs. M. repens L. St. creeping; lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate.-A- little prostrate plant fbund in woods, throughout the U. S. and Can. St. furnished with flat, coriaceous, dark green lvs., and producing small, bright red berries, remarkably distinguished by their double structure, and remaining on the plant through the winter. The corollas are white or tinged with red, very fragrant, sometimes 5 or even 6-parted (Mr. Shriver). Fr. well-flavored but dry and full of stony seeds. Junoe 26 402 ORDER 67.-RUBIACEtE. 6. DIO'DIA L. (Gr. dtl, twice, O6o,5, tooth, alluding to the two calyx teeth crowning the ovary.) Calyx, corolla, stamens, style and fruit as in the next genus (Spermacoce) except that the (2 or 3) 1-seeded, separable carpels are in both indehiscent; seeds oval, peltate.-American, chiefly tropical herbs. Stip. fringed with bristles. Fls. small, white, axillary, sessile, solitary or few. 1 D. VirginiAna L. Procumbent, nearly glabrous or hirsute; sts. squarish; Ivslanceolate, sessile, entire; bristles of the stip. longer than the sheaths; fls. solitary, opposite; cor. salver form, tube very slender, thrice larger than the cal.; stami. exserteld; style deeply 2-cleft, lobes filiform. —4 Damp places, Ill. to G-a and La. St. 1 to 2f long, somewhat 4-sided. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 3 to 5", 1-veined, often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils. Cor. 6" long, hairy inside. Mayv September. p. has ovate-lanceolato lvs. (D. tetragona Wralt.) y. has lance-linear, hairy lvs.; cor. 6" long. May-Sept. (D. hirsuta Ph.) 2 D. tbres Walt. Erect or ascending, hairy or scabrous; lvs. linear-lanceolate, sessile, rough-edged, acute, much longer than the sheaths or fruit; fls. solitary, or several in each axil; cor. funnel-forin, withZ a wide tabes, twice longer' thaez the cal.; fl. somewhat hairy and 4-sided.-Sandy fields, N. J. to Ill. (Mead) and S. States. Sts. rather rigid, simple, or branched, 5 to 18' long, brownish. Lvs. about 1' by 2". Cor. reddish white, shorter than the reddish brown bristles. Aug., Sept. (Spermacoce diodina Mx.) 7. SPERMIACO'CE, L. (Gr. oerm'pla, seed, dtro cW}, a point; alluding to the pointed seeds.) Calyx tube ovoid, limb 2 to 4-parted; corolla tubular, limb spreading, 4-lobed; stamens 4; stigma 2-cleft; fruit dry, 2-celled, crowned with the calyx, separating into 1 open and 1 indehiscent carpel; seeds 2, peltate, furrowed on the face.-Mostly. herbaceous and tropical. Fls. small, in dense, axillary, sessile whorls, or clusters. 1 S. glbLbra lMx. Glabrous, procumbent at base; lvs. lanceolate, entire; whorls many-flowered; cal. 4-toothed (rarely 5); cor. funnel-form, short, hairy in the throat; anth. included in the tube; stig. subsessile. 24 River banks, W. States. St. 1 to 2f long, terete, with 4 prominent lines, branched. Lvs. 2 to 3' by I to 1', tapering to each end. Fls. white, 9 to 20 in a whorl, subtended by the subulate bracts of the stipules. J1., Aug. —Resembles some of the Labiatee. 2 S. Chapmdnii Torr. & Gr. Nearly glabrous; st. slightly 4-angled; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate to a petiole; whorls dense-flowered: cor. funnel-form, thrice longer than the cal.; stam. and slender sty. exserted.-River banks, Mid. Fla. (Chapman.) 8. HOUSTO'NIA, L. BLUETS. (Dedicated to Dr'. Win. Houston, the friend and correspondent of Miller.) Calyx tube ovoid-globous, limb 4-toothed or cleft, persistent; corolla tubular, much exceeding the calyx; limb 4-lobed, spreading; filaments 4, inserted on the corolla; style 1; authers and stigmas dimorphous, that is, in some plants, the former exserted and the latter included, in others the style exserted and anthers included; capsule 2-lobed, the upper half fiee, cells few (8 to 20)-seeded.-IIerbs. Stip. connate with the petiole, entire. Fls. solitary or in cymes, white, purplish, or bluish. ~ Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Pedauncles 1-flowered-terminal................. Nos. 1, 2 -axillary..................os 8, 4 ~ Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles co-flowered, cymous.-Leaves lance-ovate.........No. 5 -Leaves lance-linear... Nos. 6, 7 1 E. ccerailea L. DWARF PINK. INNOCENCE. CCespitous; radical Ivs. ovate. spatulate, petiolate; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous; ped. filiform, 1 to 2-flowered. —g) An elegant little plant found in moist grounds, fields, and road-sides, Canada and U. S., often ia patches. Cauline lvs. very small, opposite, lance ORDER 67.-RUBIACEhE. 403 ovate. Sts. very slender, forked, 3 to 5' high, each branch bearing a flower. Cor. pale blue, yellowish at the center, about 5" wide. May-Aug. (Hedyotis Hook. Oldenlandia, Gray.) 3. II'NOR AMx. Branches and ped. spreading with a wide angle; fis. smaller (3 to 4" wide).-The more common form in the S. States. AMar., April. (H. patens Ell.) 2 H. serpyllif6lia AMx. Caespitous; sts. filiform, procumbent; Ivs. roundishovate, abrupt or subcordate at base, petiolate, ciliolate; ped. terminal, very long; cor. lobes broad-oval. —2? Springy places among the mts. of Car. and Tenn. Sts. very slender, weak, 6 to 12' long. Lvs. no larger than in No. 1 (of which this may be but another variety). May-J1. 3 H: minima Beck. Glabrous, simple or dichotomously branching; Ivs. linearspatalate, much attenuated to the base; ped. at first nearly radical, at length axillary, often not longer than the leaves; sds. 10 to 15 in each cell, oval, smooth, concave on the face. —() Prairies, etc. -Mo., Tenn. to La. Very small and delicate, 1 to 3' high. Lvs. about 5" by 1". Fls. rose color, nearly as large as in No. 1, a. Mar.-May. (Hedyotis T. & G.) 4 H. rotundif6lia Mx. Procumbent, creeping, leafy; lvs. roundish-oval, abrupt at base, petiolate; fis. axillary, solitary, ped. mostly longer than the lvs.; caps. emarginate, few-seeded. —4 Sandy, damp places, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Forms small patches. Sts. much branched, 2 to 5' long. Lvs. generally longer than the internodes, 3 to 4" diam. Fls. white, about aslarge as in No. 1. Mar.-Dec. 5 H. purpfirea L. St. ascending, clustered, branching, 4-angled; lvs. ovatelanceolate, 3 to 5-veined, closely sessile; cymes 3 to i-flowered, often clustered; cal. segm. lance-linear, longer than the capsule.-Mid. and W. States S. to Ala. (Eufala), in woods and on river banks. A very delicate flower, about If high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, 1 as wide. Cor. white, often tinged with purple. May-J1. (fledyotis Hook.) 6 H. longif6lia Gaert. Radical Ivs. oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end; cauline linear or lance-linear, 1-veined; fis. in small, paniculate cymes.-24 Dry hills, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Much more slender than the last. Sts. erect, 5 to 12' high, 4-angled, smooth or ciliolate on the angles. Lvs. 9 to 15" by 2 to 3", cauline sessile, rather acute at each end, all smooth. Fls. 2 or 3 together on very short pedicels, pale-purple, with deeper colored striae in the throat. Jn., J1. (Hedyotis Hook.) fl. TENUIFOLIA. St. very branching; lvs. very narrow; ped. filiform; fls. smaller. (TT. tenuifolia Nutt.) y CILIOLATA. LVS. oblong-linear, rather obtuse, often ciliate; branches mostly erect.-Banks of rivers and lakes, N. Y. to Ohio and I(y. Varies imperceptibly into a. (H. ciliolata Torr.) 7 H. angustif61ia Mx. Slender, tall, strictly erect; lvs. narrowly linear, 1veined; fls. very numerous, short-pedicelled, in compact, terminal cymules; cal. lobes subulate; caps. obovoid or top-shaped.-2- Prairies and bottoms, Il1. to La. Sts. slightly 4-angled, nearly terete, 10' to 2f high, branching. Lvs. 12 to 18" long, acute, attenuate at base, 1" wide. Cor. white, hairy inside, 2" long. Jn., J1. (Hedyotis stenophylla T. & G.) 9. OLDENLAN'DIA, L. In memory of Oldenland, a German physician and botanist, who died at the Cape of Good Hope.) Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, persistent; corolla funnel-form, with a short tube, little longer than the calyx, 4 to 5-lobed; stamens 4 to 5; style short or 0, stigmas 2; capsule wholly adherent to and inclosed in the calyx tube; seeds very numerous and minute (40 to 60 in each cell.)-. Herbs erect or prostrate. Stip. with 2 to 4 subulate points each side. Fls. small, axillary, white. 1 0. glomeriata Mx. CREEPING GREEN-HEAD. St. assurgent, branching; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, or sessile; fls. glomerate in the axils and terminal, cor. shorter than the leafy cal. toeth.-A 404 ORDER 68.-VALERIANACEA2 plant varying in size from 1 to 2' to as many feet, found in swamps, &c., N. Y. to La. Lvs. 4' in length, apparently connate from the stipules adhering to each side of the petiole. Stip. 2-cleft into narrow, subulate divisions. Cal. in 4 deep, leafy divisions, which are much longer than the white, rotate corolla. Stam. nearly exserted. Sty. very short. Caps. opening crosswise. Jn.-Sept. (Hedyotis Ell.) 2 0. B6scii. St. erect, diffusely branched; lvs. lance-linear, acute, attenuated to a petiole, 1-veined; stip. 2-pointed each side; fls. axillary, sessile, 1 to 3 together; cor. shorter than the triangular-subulate calyx teeth, which are shorter than the roundish capsule. —24 Borders of ponds, &c., Car. to La. Sts. 6 to 10' high. Lvs. 1' by 1 to 2". Cor. purplish. J1.-Sept. (Iledyotis DC.) 3 0. IIalei, with pentamerousfls., a prostrate, succulent perennial, found by Dr. Hale on the Red River, La., may yet be found E. of the Miss. ORDER LXYVIII.-VALERIANACEA]. VALERIANS. Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules. Calyx adherent, the limb either membranous or resembling a pappus. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, 4 to 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at base. Stamens distinct, inserted into the corolla tube, alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobes. Ovary inferior, with one perfect cell and two abortive ones. Seeds solitary, pendulous, in a dry, indehiscent pericarp. Genera 12, species 185, widely diffused in temperate climates. The true valerian of the shops, used ill hysteria, epilepsy, &c., is a product of Valeriana officinalis. The roots of several other species possess a heavy odor, and are tonic, antispasinodic, febrifugal, &c. The spikecnard (John xii. 3, &cc). of old, valued as a perfume and a stimulant, is from the root of Nardostachys Jatamansi. 1. VALERIA'NA, L.'VALERIAN. (To King Vale-ius, a patron and friend of botanists.) Calyx limb at first very small, involute, at length evolving a plumous pappus; corolla funnel-form, regular, 5-cleft; stamens 3; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. —2 Lvs. opposite, mostly pinnately divided. Fls. in close cymes. * Leaves and leaflets broad, somewhat ovate...................................... Nos. 1, 2 * Leaves and leaflets narrow and nearly linear.....................................Nos. 3, 4 1 V. pauciflbra iMx. Glabrous, erect or decumbent, often stoloniferous at base, radical lvs. ovate, cordate, slightly acuminate, on long petioles, crezate-serrate, cauline, 3 to 7-parted; ifts. ovate, terminal one much the largest; cymules fewflowered, corymbous; corolla tube long (7 to 8"), and slender.-Ohio to Va. and Tenn. St. mostly simple, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. of the succors mostly undivided, 1 to 1' by t to 14', petioles 1 to 4' long. Fls. pale purple or white. Jn., J1. 2 V. sylvatica L. St. erect, striate, simple; radical Ivs. ovate or subspatulate (never cordate), undivided; cauline one pinnately divided; segin. ovate-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, the terminal one often dentate; cor. short (3 to 4"); fr. ovate, compressed, smooth.-St. 1 to 2f high. Swamps, Vt. to Mich., very rare. Lvs. ciliate with scattered hairs, those of the root petioled, sometimes auriculato at base, those of the stem with 4 to 8 lateral segm. and a large terminal one. Fls. numerous, rose-colored, appearing in July. 3 V. 6dulis Nutt. Simple, smooth, and somewhat fleshy; rt. lvs. linear, spatulate, entire, the cauline pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 lance-linear, acute segm., margins densely and minutely ciliate, mostly attenuated to the base, particle compound; cor. short (2 to 3"); fr. compressed, 4-ribbed, crowned with the late cal. limb of 10 or 12.plumous sete. —Low grounds, Can., Wis., Ohio. Rt. yellowish, fusiform. St. 1 to 3f high. Rt. lvs. many, 3 to 8' long, segm. 2 to 4" wide. Fls. white, in a dense panicle which is greatly expanded in fruit. Jn.-The fleshy root is said to be cooked and eaten by the Indians. (V. cilidta T. & G.) 4 V. officinAlis L. VALERIAN. Lvs. all pinnate; Ifts. lance-linear or lan. ceolate, the lateral and terminal similar, nearly entire; cor. small, short (2"), in a crowded, compound cyme.-From Europe. It yields the valerian of the shops. OREER 69.-DIPSACEAE. 405 2. VALERIANEL'LA, Mcench. DC. (Lat. diminutive of Valeriana.) Calyx limb'obsolete; corolla tube short, not spurred, limb 5-lobed, regular; stamens 3; stigmas 3-cleft or entire; fruit 3-celled, 2 of them empty and more or less inflated, the other with one seed. —0 Stems forked above. Lvs. opposite, oblong or linear, entire or toothed, sessile. Fls. in dense, terminal cymelets. The specific characters are afforded mainly by the fruit. * Fruit ovate in outline, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers white............. N.....Nos. 1, 2 * Fruit orbicular, glabrous,-compressed dorsally. Flowers white..................Nos. 3, 4 — compressed laterally. Flowers blue......................No. 5 1 V. Fagopyrum. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, subentire; fr. smooth, ovoid-triangular, the empty cells converging to the obtuse angle, with no groove between them; fis. large (14" broad). — West N. Y. to Ohio. St. 8 to 18' in height. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Fr. resembling that of Buckwheat (Polygonum Fagopyrum,) in form, containing one large seed and two empty cells. Fls. thrice larger than in the next. Fr. 1'" long. Jn. (Fedia T. & G.) 2 V. radiAta Dufr. Lvs. mostly toothed towards the base, linear-oblong, obtuse; fir. pubescent, ovoid, somewhat 4-anyled, 1-toothed at apex; empty cells not convergent, but with a groove between them; futile cell flattish, broader than the other 2; fls. small (i" wide).-Low grounds, Mich., Ohio, to Ala. St. 6 to 12' high, dichotomous like the other species, smooth. Lvs. oblong, more or less tapering to the base, 1 to 2' by 2 to 4". Fr. less than 1" long, at length nearly smooth. (Fedia, Mmx.) 3 V. umbilicita (Sull.) Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, toothed or incised at the base; fr. subglobous, inflated, apex 1-toothed, the anterior face deeplJ u mbilicate and perforated into the sterile cells which are much larger than the fertile one.-Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, (Sullivant). Plant smnooth, 1 to 2f high, many times dichotomous. Fls. in numerous cymules, corymbously arranged. Fr. nearly 1"' diam., with 1 rib at the back produced into a tooth at apex. (Fedia, Sull.) 4 V., patelldria (Sull.) Lvs. toothed at base; fr. obicular, much flattened, concave, notched at both ends, the sterile cells widely divergent, at length forming a winged margin to the fertile cells.-Wet grounds near Columbus, Ohio, (Sullivant). Resembles the last except in its fruit. (Fedia, Sull.) 5 V. olit6ria Mlcench. LAMB LETTUCE. Lvs. spatulate-obtuse, radical one petiolate; fr. compressed laterally as to the seed, oblique, at length broader than long, not toothed at apex; fertile cell longer than both the others, with a corky back; empty cells united, but with a groove (in the circumference) between; Afs. pale blue.-Naturalized in some portions of the U. S. St. smooth, 8 to 12' high, dichotomous. Lvs. mostly entire. Fls. in dense cymules. Fr. 1' diam. Jn. lt ~ Eur. ORDER LXIX. DIPSACELE. TEASELWORTS. Herbs -with whorled or opposite leaves and no stipules. Ftower's in dense heads surrounded by an involucre as in Compositm. Calyx adherent, pappus-like, surrounded by a special scarious involucel, corolla tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4 to 5-parted. Stamens 4, alternate with the lobes of corolla, often unequal. Anthers distinct. Ovary inferior, one-celled, one-ovuled. Style one, simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with a single suspended seed. (Fig. 206.) Genera 6, species 150. The order is nearly allied to the Compositme. The species are all natives of the temperate regions of the eastern continent, none of them American. Their properties are unimportant. One of the species below is useful in dressing cloth. 1. DIP'SACUS, L. TEASEL. (Gr. dt/&n, to thirst; water is held in the axils of the leaves.) Flowers in heads; involucre many-leaved; involucel 4-sided, closely investing the calyx and fruit; calyx superior; corolla tubular, 4-cleft, lobes erect; fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the 406 ORDER 69. —DPSACE3E. calyx. —-I Plants stout, prickly. Lvs. opposite, connate (sometimes distinct) at base. Heads oblong, the middle zone of florets first expanding. (Fig. 206.) 1 D. sylv6stris Mill. WILD TEASEL. Lvs. connate, sinuate or jagged; hds. cylindrical; bracts of the involucre longer than the heads of fls., slender and pungent, bent inwards; chaff of the receptacle pungent, not hooked.-A tall, thistle-like plant, growing in hedges and by roadsides, Mass. to Ind. St. about 4f high, angled and pricky, with the opposite, lance-shaped lvs. united around it. Fls. bluish, in a large oval, or cylindrical head whose bracts are not hooked, as in the next species, but straight. Jl. ~ Eur. 2 D. Fullnum L. FULLER'S TEASEL. Lvs. connate, entire or serrate; hd. cylindrical; bracts hooked; invol. sporeading.-Gardens. Rt. fleshy, tapering St. erect, furrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5f high. Lvs. 2 at each node, united at their bases around the stem in such a way as to hold a quantity of water. FLs. whitish, in large oval or ovoid heads. Cultivated for the use of the clothiers (fullonurem) who employ the heads with their hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woolen cloths. J1.. Eur. 2. SCABIO'SA, L. SCABISI. (Lqt. scabies, leprosy; plants said to cure cutaneous diseases.) Flowers in heads; involucre many-leaved; involucel nearly cylindrical, with 8 little excavations; calyx limb consisting of 5 setrr, sometimes partially abortive.- -2 Large, mostly European herbs with opposite lvs. I S. succlsa L. DEVILS'-BIT. Rt. premorse; st. lvs. remotely toothed, lids. of fis. nearly globous; cor. in 4 equal segments.-In gardens, though rarely cultivated. The stem is about If high. Corolla violet. t Eur. 2 S. atropurpuirea L. MOURNING BRIDE. Lye. pinnatifid and incised, hds. of fis. radiant; receptacle cylindric; outer crown of the seed short, lobed and crenate.-A beautiful species, 2 to 4f high, with dense heads of purple fis. -f Native country unknown. ORDER LXX. COMPOSITLE. ASTERWORTS. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with compound flowers (of the old botanists) i. e., the flowers in dense heads (capitula) surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (scales), with 5 united anthers and the fr-uit an acheniseum (cypsela). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple, yet often much divided. Fls. (florets) On, crowded, sessile, on the receptacle with or without pales (chaff). Cal. adherent, the limb wanting or divided into bristles, hairs, etc. (pappus). Cor. tubular, of 5 lobes with a marginal vein, often ligulate or bilabiate. Stam. 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, anthers cohering into a tube. Ov. 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule; style single with 2 stigmas at summit. Fr. a cypsela (~ 551), dry, indehiscent, i-seeded, often crowned with a pappus. Illustratedl in figs. 55, 118, 141, 142, 145, 146, 170, 192, 193, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 324, 328, 329, 830, 8331, 33-2, 333, 364, 879, 416, 434. Genera 1000 or more, species 9000? the most extensive and the most natural of all the Phtengamous Orders, always distinguished at sight by the capitate flowers and the united anthers. It comprehends. nearly one-ninth of all the species of flowering plants. The general inflorescence is centrifugal, that is, the central or terminal heads are first developed, while the inflorescence of the heads is centripetal, the outer flowers first expanding.. In color the flowers are various; sometilnes those of the disk and ray are of different colors, again they are all of the the same, but in the former case the disk florets arc almost always yellow. This immense order is diffused throughout all countries of the globe, but in very different proportions. According to Hurnbolt, they constitute about one-seventh of the Phaunogamous Flora of Germany, one-eighth, of France, one-fifteenth, of Lapland, one-sixth, of North America (north of Mexico), and one-half, of Tropical America. In New Ilolland they are in the proportion of about one-sixteenth, according to Brown, while in the island of Sicily they are one-half. The LiguliflormX are said to be most abundant in cold regions, and the Tubuliflorm in hot regions. The Labiatiflorre are almost exclusively confined to South America. In the northern parts of the world the Composita- are universally herbaceous, but towards the tropics they gradually become frutescent and even trees. In Chili they are generally shrubs, and on the island of St. Helena they are trees. Properties, &c.-The Compositm furnish comparatively few useful products. A bitter principle pervades the whole, which, when combined with resin and astringent mulilage, becomes ORDIiER 70.-COMPOSITA. 407 tonic and febrifugal, as in the chamomile, colt's-foot, thoroughwort golden rod, etc. Some are anthelmintics fiom the prevalence of the resinous principle, as tansey, Artemisia, Vernonia. Others are aromatic and extremely bitter, as wormwood and all the species of Artemisia. Other species are very acrid, as mayweed. The Jerusalem artichoke (I1elianthus tuberosus) the vegetable oyster (Tragopogon), the true artichoke (Cynara), lettuce, dandelion and a few others, are the only species useful for food. The order ab-unds inl ornamental plants. 641, bis. 1. Helianthus head radiate. 2. Vertical section of the head, showing the scales of the involucre and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. -. A perfect disk-flower showing every part. 4. Icead (radiate) of Solipago. 5. A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 6. A perfect disk fl. 7. A (radiant) head of Taraxacum. 8. A perfect, ligulate fl. 9. Acheniurnm, with its long beak and plumous pappus. 10. A (radiant) head of Nabalus altissimus. 11. A flower. 12. Lappa major, head discoid. 13. A flower. 14. One of the hooked scales. 15. A (discoid) head of Eupatorium purpureum. 16. A flower. 17. Ambrosia (Pigweed). 18. Staminate head enlarged. 19. Pistillate involucre enlarged. 20. The fertile flower. The following (not conveniently used in Analysis) are De Candolle's SUBORDERS AND TRIBES..- TUBULIFLORtE.-Corolla of the perfect fls. tubular, 5-lobed. (A) TRIBE 1, VERNONIACEE. Branches of the style long, slender, terete, and hispid all over. IIeads discoid; flowers all alike perfect...............................Nos. 1TRIBE 2, EUPATORIACEzE. Branches of the style clavate, obtuse, flattened, minutely pubescent. HIds. discoid. Fls. all alike, perfect....................... Nos. 4-1 TprIoBr, ASTEROIDEAE. Branches of the style flat, linear, downy above and opposite the distinct, stigmatic lines, appendaged at top. IIeads discoid or radiate........................................................... Nos. 1G-35 TRIBE 4, SENECIONIDmD. Branches of the style linear, fringed at the top, truncate or extended into a conical, hispid appendage.................................. Nos. 36 —S TRIBE 5, CYXAREr. Style thickened or node-like at top; branches not appendaged, the stigmatic lines not prominent, reaching the apex....................Nos. 83-97 II. LIGULIFLORoE.-Corollas all ligulate (radiant), the flowers all perfect. (B) TRIBE 6, CICOIIOACEE. Branches of the style long, obtuse, pubescent all over; stigmatic lines commencing below their middle. Juice milky................. Nos. 98-114 III. LABIATIFLORXE.-Corolla of the perfect flowers bilabiate. (C) TRI3BE 7, MULISIACE E. Style nearly as in Cynarete, the branches obtuse, very convex outside, minutely downy at the topi...................................... No. 115 408 ORDER 70. —COMPOSITAE. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA. A. SUBORDER, TUBULIFLORE. ~ Heads discoid, that is, without rays. (1) 1 Receptacle naked, i. e., with no pales or bristles among the flowers. (2) 2 Pappus a circle of 5-20 chaffy scales. (a) 2 Pappus none, or a short, toothed margin. (b) 2 Pappus composed of many capillary bristles. (3) 3 Leaves opposite. (Heads homogamous.) (d) 3 Leaves alternate. (4) 4 Heads homogamous,-fls. all perfect. (c) 4 Heads heterogamous, fis. not all perfect. (5) 5 Scales herbaceous, often deciduous. (e) 5 Scales scarious, persistent, often colored. (f) 1 Receptacle chaffy bearing pales among the flowers. (6) 6 Leaves alternate. (g) 6 Leaves opposite. (h) 1 Receptacle beca-iny bristles, ofr deeply alveolate (honey-combed). (7) 7 Pappts none, or consisting of scales. (i) 7 Pappus composed of many bristles. (j) ~ Heads radiate, i. e., the outer flowers ligulato. (8) 8 Receptacse ctaked (not chaffy), or (in No. 67) deeply hoseyconsb-ceZled. (9) 9 Pappus of 5-12 scales which are 1-awned or (in No. 61) cleft-bristly. (k) 9 Pappus none, or of a few short awns. (1) 9 Pappus of many capillary bristles. (10) 10 Rays cyanic, in a single row. (m) 10 Rays cyanic, in several rows. (n) 10 Rays yellow, in about one row. (11) 11 Pappus double, or of very unequal bristles. (o) 11 Pappus simple, the bristles all similar. (12) 12 Involucre scales imbricated, the outer shorter. (p) 12 Involucre scales equal, not imbricated. (r) 8 Receptacle chaffy, with pales among the flowers. (13) 13 Disk and ray flowers both fertile, the latter pistillate. (14) 14 Rays yellow (s) 14 Rays cyanic. (t) 13 Disk flowers sterile, ray flowers fertile. (u) 13 Disk flowers fertile, ray flowers sterile. (15) 15 Achenia obcompressed, often beaked. (v) 15 Achienfia compressed laterally, or not at all. (x) a Corolla lobes one-sided. Head large, many-flowered.................. -r.......STOESIA. 2 a Corolla lobes one-sided. HIeads 4-5-flowered, aggregated......... ELEPIIANTOPUS. s a Corolla lobes equal-Leaves opposite. Pappus awned.............AGERATUM. 4 -Leaves whorled. Pappus obtuse.................SCLEr.OLEPIS. 5 -Leaves alternate.-Pappus scales 8-10............... POLYPTERIS. 6 -Pappus scales 12-20.......... HYMENOPAPPUS. 64 b Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious, obscure........................... A MBROSIA. 45 b Leaves alternate.-Flowers yellow. Disk conical!......................MATRICARIA. 73 -Flowers yellow. Disk convex.......................TANACETUM. 75 -Flowers whitish.-Erect, leafless above..........ADENOCAULON. 15 -Erect, leafy.........................ARTEMISIA. 76 -Low and depressed....................SoLIVA. 77 C Scales of the involucre in one row. Flowers cyanic......................... CACALIA. 84 c Scales of the involucre in one row. Flowers yellow.........................SENECIO. 86 c Scales imbricated.-Flowers yellow...........................................IGELOVIA. 27 -Flowers whitish. EUPATORIInuM.......................... INIA. 8 -Flowers purple.-Pappus simple.......................... LIATRIs. 7 -Pappus double............... VERNONIA. ] d Achenia 10-striate. Flowers purple..................................B.R1.CCKELLIA. 9 d Achenia 5-angled.-Receptacle conical. Flowers blue.................. CoNOCLINUM. 12 -Receptacle flat.-Scales 4 or 5..........~................. IKANIA. 11 -Scales 8-20..EU....U.....................TORI. 10 ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT.tE. 409 e Shrubs. Flower dicecions, the I and t in different heads.................BACoARIS. 35 e Herbs.-Stem winged. Heads spicate................................PTERO0AULON, 36 -Stem wingless.-Heads corymbous, purplish.......................PL-cIHtA. 34 -Heads paniculate.-Pappus reddish................. CONYZA. 32 -Pappus white...............ERECITITES. 83 f Receptacle chaffy except in the center... FILAGO. 80 f Receptacle naked.-Heads dicecious....................................ANTENNARIA. 79 -Heads heterogarmous. -Involucre erect.............GNAPIALUM. 78 -Involucre radiate.......... IILCIRYSUM. 82 g Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus of scale-like awns....................... XER.ANTIEMUM. 81 g Scales herbaceous.-Flowers dicecious. Fruit a burr......................XAnTnITUM. 46 — Fls. all perfect. —Pappus of 5 or 6 scales............MA.StEIALLIA. 68 -Papp. of many bristles........... CARPrPEPorus. 6 h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 inversely hispid awns............................BIDENEs. 58 h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 erectly hispidt awns....................CosrEorlsIs. 57 i Flowers whitish,-dicecious. Anthers yellowish.......................... AlBrnOSIA. 45 -monecious. Anthers yellow........................I........ IA. 44 -all perfect. Anthers black......................... MELANTIHERA. 47 i Outer scales of the invol. leafy. Pappus none........................ CAPITIIAMIUS. 93 i Outer scales pectinate or ciliate-fringed...............................CFENTAUICrEA. 91 i Outer and inner scales obtuse, entire.................................. AMBERBOA. 92 Pappus plumous. Achenia obovate..........................................CYNARA. 88 j Pappus plumous. Achenia oblong.......................................... CISI 96 j Pappus scabrous,-triple, each row by 10s..............................CNICus. 94 -simple.-Scales spinescent............................ ONOPoRDON. 95 -Scales hooked..............................LAPPA. 97 k Leaves opposite. Papp. scales deeply cleft into bristles.....................I)YSODIA. 61 k Leaves alternate.-Rays fertile.............................HELENIUM. 65 — Rays sterile.-Receptacle naked or fimbriate.......... GAILLARDIA. 62 -Receptacle areolate,.................. L TOPODA. 66 -Receptacle deeply-celled...w.............BLDWIIA. 67 1 Leaves opposite. Involucre double, outer 8 united...........................DAIILI A. 23 1 Leaves opposite. Involucre single; scales united..................-A..........ETS. 89 1 Leaves alternate.-Pappus of a few short awns or bristles....................BOLTONIA. 24 -Pappus a membranous margin....... -.................MATRicrCAA. 73 -Pappus 0.-Rays fertile, disk sterile................... CALENULA. 90 -Fls. all fert.-Invol. scales equal.B..........BELLIS. 22 -Invol. broad, flat.........LEUCANTIIE.MUM. 72 -Invol. henmispherical.....CuuRYSAvNTIIEUs. 74 m Rays nutral, sterile, 3-12; Pappus simple...................-. A.. T.... GALATELLA. 16 m Rays pistillate, fertile,-about 5. Achenia very silky...s........ S CO......S ocARus. 17 -8-12. Pappus double........................DIPLOPAPPUs. 19 -5-75. Pappus simple..............................AsTE. 18 -4C —200, white. Scales equal......................EIGERON. 20 n Flowers dicecious, purplish. Leaves all radical...A.......................... 14 n Fls. all fertile. —Outer pappus 0 or very short bristles................ERIG 2oN. 20 -Outer pappus a crown of short, pointed scales......... CALLSTEPII US. 21 o Flowers of the disk mostly sterile. Rays 30-40......................... PrIorsOis. 29 O Fls. all fertile.-Pappus double in the disk, none in the ray...........-.IhTEnuOTIIECA. 30 -Pappus double in both disk and ray.....................-CsIRsoPsIs. 31 p Heads large, about 20-rayed. Pappus in one row.............................INULA. 33 p Heads very small, 1-15-rayed.-Pappuls 1 row, shorter than achenia...BaRACIIYcIL ETA. 25 -Pappus 1 row, tawny, longer than achenia..IsoPAPPus. 28 -Pappus irregularly 2-rowed, white........SOLIsAGO. 26 r Head solitary, on a scape with alternate bracts.T................... ssLc.....TUSS. 18 r Heads corymbed, &c.-Leaves alternate..................................... SENECio. 86 -Leaves opposite...................................... ARNICA. 8T s Shrubby. Pappus 4-toothed, obscure....................................BoRnIcusA. 87 s Herbaceous.-Scales (the 4 outer) united into a cup.................TETRAGONOTHECA. 50 -Scales distinct.-Achenia 4-angled. Pappus 0............... HELmP sls. 49 -Achenia flattened. Pappus 0................ ACMELLA. 59 -Ach. flat, with a 2-awned pappus...........VERBESINA. 6Q 4 10 OoaDO R 7O.-COMPOSITAE. t Leaves alternate. Paplpus none. Achenia terete..........................ANTHEMIS. 69 t Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia obcompressed............... ACHILLA. 71 t Leaves opposite.-Pappus none......................................... ECLIPTA. 38 -Pappus of fringed scales...................G........... GALINSOA. -Papp. of the disk a single awn of the ray 0.............N.... ZINNIA. 48 u Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Pappus none...........................POLYMNIA. 39 u Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Papp. a 2 or 3-toothed crown........ CRnaYSOGoNUM. 40 u Leaves alternate. —Rays whitish, very short, 5 only............. A........PATENIUM. 43 -Rays yellow.-Achenia winged.........................SILPIIIIu. 41 -Achenia wingless.................... BERLAisNDIRRA. 42 v Achenia with erectly hispid awns, or awnless; never rostrate.......... CoOnsoPsEs. 57 v Achenia with retrorsely hispid awns, often attenuated above..............BI.EsSes. 58 x Rays white, spreading. Pappus none...................................... MARUrA. 70 x Rays purple, pendant. Pales sharp, elongated........................... ECIIINACE. 51 x Rays yellow.-Pappus none. Achenia quadrangular.....................R...DECKIA. 52 -Pappus none. Achenia compressed........................ LEPACIIIS. 53 -_Pappus of 2 deciduous awns. Ach. wingless.............. IEL ANTIIU s. 54 -Pappus of 2 persistent teeth. Ach. winged............ IELIANTIELLA. 55 -Papp. of 2 persistent awns. Ach. broad-winged.......... CTINOMiERIS. 56 B. SnonRDER, LIGULIFLOR.E. ~~ Pappus none, or consistin. of little scales. (a) ~~ Pappus double (of scales and bristles), or simple and plumous. (b) ~~ Pappus composed of capillary bristles, not plumous. (*) * Achenia terete or angular, not flattened. (c) * Achenia evidently flattened. (d) a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Iteads paniculate.................LAMPSANA. 98 a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads solitary or umbellate............. APOGON. 99 a Flowers blue.-Pappus of many little scales. Recept. naked........, CicOnoRPuLsI. 100 -Pappus of 5 scales. Receptacle chaffy................. CATANANCIIE. 106 b Flowers purple. Feathery pappus on a long filifornm beak.............TRAGOPOGON. 104 b Flowers white. Feathery pappus on a short beak or sessile............ LEONTODON. 103 b Flowers yellow.-Pappus of many bristles with the scales.................CYNTHIIA. 102 -Pappus of 5 bristles and 5 scales...........................KaRIGIA. 101 c Flowers whitish or purplish, mostly nodding. Stem leafy............... NABALUS. 107 C Flowers rose-purple, erect. (Stem alnmost leafless.)....................LYcODESMIA. 111 C Flowers yellow. —Achenia long-beaked. Pappus white................ TA. IAXACUM. 109 -Achenia long-beaked. Pappus reddish............. PYRROPAPPUS. 110 -Achenia not beaked.-I'appus dull white or tawny...... IhIERACIUM. 106 -Pappus bright white............. TROXIMON. 108 d Achenia contracted into a slender beak. Fls. mostly yellow...............LACTUCA. 112 d Achenia scarcely beaked.-Flowers mostly blue........M..............MULGEDIUM. 113 — Flowers yellow. Papp. silky..................SoNcIusrs. 114 C. SUBORDER, LABIATIFLOR~E. ~~~ Hlead radiatc, solitary, nodding in bud. Pappus capillary....................,C PTLIA. 115 SUBORDER I. T U B U LIFLO R 1E. TRIBE 1. VERNONIACEAE. 1. VERNO'NIA, Schreb. IRON WEED. (Named for William Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in America in search of plants.) Flowers all tubular, perfect; involucre of ovate, imbricated scales, the inner longest; receptacle naked; pappus double, the exterior chaffy, the interior capillary. f_ Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. purple (in our species.) ~ Scales of the involucre all obtuse and closely appressed.....................No. 1 I Scales of the invol. (usually all)-with slender, flexuous points................Nos. 2, 3 -with acute or mucronate points........Nos. 4, 5, 6 ORDER T70. —COMPOSITAE. 411 ]1 V. fasciculata Mx. St. tall, striate or grooved, tomentous; lvs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate; hds. numerous, in a somewhat fastigiate cyme, invol. ovoid-campanulate; scales appressed, mucronate or obtuse.-Woods and prairies, W. States, very common. A coarse, purplish-green weed 3 to 10f high. Lvs. 4 to 8' by I to 2', smooth above. Cymes compact or loose. Heads large or small. Cor. showy, dark purple, twice longer than the involucre. J1. —.Aug. Variable. 2 V. Noveborac6nsis Willd. Lvs. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough, cyme fastigiate; scales of invol. filiform at the ends.-A tall, showy plant with numerous large, dark purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U. S. St. branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6f high. Lvs. crowded, paler beneath, radical ones often lobed. Cymes terminal, flat-topped, compound. Scales and corolla deep purple, the former ending in long, threadlike appendages, or in one variety (V. precalta Less.) partly cuspidate. In another variety (V. tomentosa Ell.) the plant becomes tomentous in the coryinbs and under surface of the leaves. Sept. 3 V. scaberrlma Nutt. St. simple, corymbed above; Ivs. crowded below, sessile, lanceolate and lance-linear, scabrous above, margins revolute, subeatire; hds. 20 to 30-flowered; scales lanceolate, ciliate, protracted into long, flexuous points; pappus whitish, exserted but shorter than the appendaged scales. —In pine barrens. Height 2 to 3f. Invol. usually green; cor. purple. Jn.-Aug. 4 V. angustif6lia Mx. Slender, many-leaved; lvs. linear or lance-linear, the lowest serrulate, upper entire with revolute margins; cymes corymbous, with very slender pedluncles; hds. 10 to 15 flowered; scales acute or mucronate, the lower spreading and more or less filiform-poibnted; pappus purplish, twice longer than the invol.-N. Car. to Fla. and La., in the pine barrens. About 2f high. Sept., Oct. 5 V. ovalif6lia Torr. & Gr. Lvs. lance-oval or lance-oblong, acute, sessile, sharply serrate, veiny; cyme loose, fastigiate; hds. rather large, scales appressed, acute or mucronate, much shorter than the pappus. —lid. Fla. (Chapman). St. 3 to 4f high. Hds. about 20-flowered, with a purplish pappus. 6 V. oligophy-lla Mx. St. nearly leafless, slender; lvs. mostly radical, oblongobovate, dentate-serrate, the 2 or 3 cauline lvs. bract-like, lanceolate, serrulate; cyme loose, somewhat dichotomous, with few heads; scales with spreading, acuminate tips. —Swampy pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. Sts. about 2f high. Jn., J1. 2. STOKE'SIA, L'TTer. (In honor of Jonathan Stokes, MI. D., an English botanist.) Flowers all tubular, the marginal larger, ray-like, irregular; scales of the involucre imbricated, in several rows, the outer spinulous and leaf-like; receptacle naked; fruit 4-angled; pappus of 4 or 5 awn-like, rigid, deciduous scales. — 4 Erect, with a downy stem, alternate lvs., and terminal, large heads of showy blue fls. S. c~ama L'Her. A rare and ornamental plant, found in S. Car., Ga., and La., rarely in gardens. It resembles a Centaurea. IHeight about 2f. Lvs. sessile, entire, glabrous, the bracts spinulous at base, gradually passing into the scales. Outer corollas with the innercleft deeper, limb spreading, palmate, imitating rays. 3. ELEPHAN{'TOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. (Gr. 0Xf8baf, elephants 7ro6~, foot; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species.) Heads 3 to 5-flowe-red, glomerate into a compound head with leafy bracts; flowers all equal; involucre compressed, the scales about 8, oblong, dry, in 2 series; corolla 5-cleft, one of the clefts deeper than the others, segments acuminate; achenia ribbed, hairy; pappus chafly-setaceous. — 2 Erect, with alternate subsessile lvs. Cor. violet purple. 1 E. CaroliniAnus Willd. St. much branched, leafy, hairy; lvs. scabrous and somewhat hairy, ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, lowrer ones on petioles, upper one subsessile; hds. terminal and subterminal. —Dry soils, Penn., 412 ORDEP 70. —COMPOSIT2E. Ohio to Fla. and La. St. 20 to 30' high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower stem lvs. 5 to 7' by 3 to 5', upper about 2' by 1I', the highest oblong, smaller, subtending the glomerules in the form of an invol. Scales 3" long. Ji.-Sept. 2 E. toment6sus L. St. hirsute, nearly leafless, simple or dichotomous above; radical Ivs. large, hirsute-tomentous, oblong-spatulate or obovate, crenate, narrowed to a winged petiole, cauline small and bract-like at the forks, or none; bracts thick, broad-ovate, scales rigid.-S. Car., Ga., Fla., to La., common in the pine woods. St. 1 to 2f, often quite simple, with a single, large glomerule at top. The stiff, acute scales are 5" long. J1.-Sept.-Varies with more branches and leaves, towards No. 1. TRIBE 2. EUPATORIACEz. 4. AGERA'TUMV L. (Gr. a (privative) and yripa~, old age; i. e., fadeless; misapplied in this case.) Heads co-flowered, 0, discoid; scales lineal, imbricated, pointed; receptacle naked; corollas all tubular; fruit (cypsela) 5-angled, narrowed at base; pappus 5 to 10 chaffy, awned scales. —D ( Mostly tropical, with opposite, petioled lvs. and corymbed heads. A. conyzoides L. Branching; lvs. ovate, tooth-crenate, acute or cordate at base, somewhat rugous; pappus of 5 subulate, denticulate scales as long as the cor. but much shorter than the conspicuous branches of the style. Near Savannah (Pond). Sts. 12 to 18' high, downy. Lower petioles half as long as the leaves. Fls. blue or white. Apr., Jn. ~ The cultivated variety called A. Mlexicana has nearly all its leaves cordate, and flowers always? blue. 5. SCLEROL'EPIS, Cass. (Gr. u;Oitp6g, hard, Aserig, scale.) Head 0o-flowered, X, discoid; scales equal, linear, in 2 series; receptacle nakedl; corolla 5-toothed, enlarged at the throat; branches of the style much exerted; achenia 5-angled, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5 obtuse, horny scales. — 4 Aquatic, glabrous, simple, with 1 to 3 terminal hds. Lvs. verticillate; fls. purple. S. verticillAta Cass. In shallow water, N. J.. to Fla. St. decumbent at base, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. in numerous whorls of about 6' linear-setaceous, entire, 1' ill length. Head commonly solitary at the top of the stem. J1.-Sept. (Sparganophorus Mx.) 6. CARPHEPH'ORUS, Cass. (Gr. tcdppof, chaff, q08pw, to bear; for its chaffy receptacle.) Heads (about 20-flowered), involucre, flowers and fruit as in Liatris; receptacle chaffy; pales narrow, 3-veined, rigid, shorter than the flowers. —4 Sts. simple, leafy, coryrbous at top, with middle sized heads of purple flowers. (Liatris, Mx. Ell.) * Scales of the involucre acute, downy-tomentous..............................Nos. 1, 2 * Scales of the involucre rounded-obtuse, nearly glabrous....................... Nos. 3, 4 1 C. pseudo-liatris Cass. Slender, erect, tomentous-pubescent; Ivs. nearly glabrous, linear-susbulate, rigid, the cauline gradually shorter, closely appressed to and covering the stem; hds. few in a racemous cyme; scales rigid, ovate-lanceolate, appressed. —Gadsden Co., Fla. to Ala. and La. Plant strictly erect, 2f high, its tomentum grayish. Hds. 15 to 20-flowered. (L. squamosa Nutt.) 2 C. tomentosus Torr. & Gr. Erect, downy and corymbous above; e't. Ivs. lanceolate, petiolate; cauline lance-ovate, sessile, erect, the upper pubescent; scales lanceovate, acute, mostly appressed, glandular tomentous.-Swamps, Va. to Ga. St. 2f high, bearing a loose, spreading corymb. Pales linear, pappus purplish. Sept., Oct. (L. Walteri, Ell.) 3 C. bellidif6lius Torr. & Gr. Low, nearly glabrous, tufted; root-lvs. spatulate, petiolate, obtuse, 3-veined, cauline mostly linear; branches with 1 to 5 heads; ORDER 7 O. —COMPOSIT.lE. 413 scales herbaceous, glabrous, oblong and obtuse.-Sand hills about Wilmington, N. Car. Sts. numerous and much branched, 8 to 12' high. Scales leafy, green, pappus rather plumous than barbellate. Sept. (L. bellidifolia Mx.) 4 C. corymb6sus Torr. & Gr. St. single, stout, erect, hairy; Ivs. nearly smooth, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the base, the upper small, oblong, sessile; hds. about 20, 20-flowered, in a dense corymbous cyme; scales smooth, oblong-oval, very obtuse, with a broad, scarious margin.-Swamp margins, N. Car. to Fla. St. about 3f high. Fls. pale purple. Sept., Oct. (L. corymbosa Nutt.) 7. LIA'TRIS, L. (Gr. AL, an emphatic prefix, arpcJg, invulnerable; used as a vulnerary.) HI eads few to many (5 to 60)-flowered; flowers all U, tubular; involucre oblong, imnbricate; receptacle naked; pappus of so capillary bristres, mostly plumous; achenia tapering to the slender base, 10-striate; styles much exserted. — 2 Herbs with simple, erect stems, alternate, entire lvs., and handsome rose-purple fls,. in spicate, racemed, or paniculate hds., blooming from Aug. to Nov. ~ Heads in a corymb or thyrse-like panicle. Root fibrous........................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Heads in a spike or a simple raceme. RIoot a roundish tuber (a). a Scales of the involucre colored and petaloil at their lengthened ends.............No. 3 a Scales not petaloid, green or slightly tinged at the end (b). b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (13 to 60) hairy within.............. os. 4, 5 b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (e to 5) smooth within............. Nos. 6, 7 b Pappus only barbellate (smooth to the naked eye) (c). c Heads 3 to 7-flowered,-in one-sided spikes or racemes..........Nos. 8, 9 -in a regular spike, raceme (or panicle)......Neos. 10, 11 I-eads 20 to 40-flowered, roundish, with rounded scales................... No. 12 c Heads 7 to 15-flowered.-Scales all similar, obtuse.................. Nos. 13, 14 -Scales all, or the inner only acute... o......Nos. 15, 16 1 L. odoratissima Willd. VANILLA-PLANT. DEER'S-TONGUE. Glabrous; rt.lvs. obovate-spatulate, obtuse, 5 to 7-veined, tapering to the base, caulino oblong, clasping; hds. about 8-flowered, in many cymes, constituting a large, loose corymb - scales all obtuse; fr. smoothish.-Pine barrens (Va.?) to Fla. and La., abundant. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Corymbs leafless. Fls. bright purple. Sept., Oct. -The fleshy leaves exhale a rich fragrance (compared to Vanilla.) even for years after they are dry, and are therefore by the southern planters largely mixed with their cured tobacco, to impart its fragrance to that nauseous weed. 2 L. paniculata Willd. St. simple, virgate, viscid-tomentous; rt.-lvs. spatulatelanceolate, acute, tapering to a petiole, cauline small, appressed, lanceolate-acuminate; hds. about 5-flowered, in an oblong, dense, thyrsoid panicle.-Damp pine barrens, Ga., Fla. St. 2 to 3f high. Scales few, all obtuse. Fls. pale purple or white. Sept., Oct. 3 L. 6legans Willd. Villous-canescent above; lvs. glabrous, the radical oblanceolate, 3 to 5-veined, cauline linear, the upper bract-like, spreading; spike or raceme dense; hds. oblong-cylindrical, 4 to 5-flowered; scales lance-linear, prolonged into a colored, petaloid appendage longer than the flowers; pappus evidently plumous.-A remarkable species, in pine barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex. St. 3 or 4f high, ending in a spike 6 to 16' long. The purple appendaged scales more showy than the florets. Aug., Sept. 4 L. squarrosa Willd. BLAZING STAR. Smooth or scabrous-pubescent; lvs. linear, lower ones attenuated at base; rac. flexuous, leafy; hds. few, 20 to 40flowered, sessile or nearly so; invol. ovate-cylindric; scales large, squarrousspreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminate, scarcely colored; fis. numerous; pappus plumous.-A splendid plant, native N. Y. (Eaton) Penn. to Fla. and W. States. Sts. 2 to 3f high, thickly beset with long, linear leaves. Hds. 5 to 20, with large, brilliant purple florets. Aug. f It varies with the heads only 12 to 15-flowered (Georgia, Feay), smooth or hairy, &c. 5 L. cylindracea }~fx. St. low, slender; and very leafy, smooth and somewhat hirsute, lvs. rigid, linear, mostly 1-veined; hds. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylindrical, 15 to 20-flowered; scales short, ciliate, close, rounded or obtuse, and abruptly mucronate at apex; pappus plumous.-Prairies and barrens, Mich. to Iowa (Cousens) and Mo. St. 6 to 18' high. Lvs. 2 to 5' by 2 to 4". Heads 1' long, 414 ORDER 70. —COMPOSITA. rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Fls. bright-purple. JI.Sept. 6 L. Boykinii Torr. and Gr. Slender, erect; Ivs. linear, punctate, elongated, the upper short and setaceous; hds. 3 to 5-flowered, sessile, or with short appressed ped. in a close virgate spike; scales few, the outer subulate. short, the inner lance-linear, margins scarious, tips acuminate, spreading, as long as the plumous pappus.-W. Ga. Plant nearly smooth, 1 to 2f high, with pale purple florets. Aug., Sept. 7 L. teniuiflia Nutt. Smooth, slender, simple; ivs. narrowly linear or filiform, the lower crowded, very long, diminishing upwards to setaceous bracts; hds. 5flowered, crowded, on scaly, filiform ped. forming a long raceme; scales oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, outer very short; pappus plumous, scarcely longer than the villous fruit.-Pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. Very elegant, 2 to 4f high. Rt. lvs. resembling those of the long-leaved pine, in a crowded tuft. Rae. of purple fis. 1 to 2f, peod. 1'. Aug.-Oct. 8 L. secnda Ell3. Slender, ascending and recurved; lvs. linear, short, the radical linear-lanceolate; rac. recurved, long, slender, with the heads all turned to the upper side (secund); invol. about 10-scaled and 5-flo-wered; pappus plumous (under a lens).-Dry sand hills, Mid. Car. and Ga. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Beautifilly distinguished by its long (6 to 12') secund racemes. Aug., Sept. 9 L. paucii6ra Ph. St. simple, glabrous; lvs. linear; pan. (composed of simple racernes?) virgate, leafy, branches short, with few hds.; hds. subsessile, secund, 3 to 5-flowered; scales erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous.-Ga. (Bartram, Pursh.) A species at present unknown. Probably a var. of the last. 10 L. grtcilis Ph. Pubescent, slender, simple; lvs. linear, 1-veined, short, the lower lanceolate, obtuse, all glabrous, ciliate at base; hds. 3 to 5 to 7-flowered, onr divaricate, slender, hairy pedicels, in a long virgate raceme, rarely paniculate; scales few, appressed, oblong, obtuse, shorter than the purple barbellate pappus. Dry pine barrens, Ga., Fla., Ala. Plant grayish, 2 to 3f high. Hds. small. Fr. villous. Sept., Oct. 11 L. pycnostichya Mx. Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy; lvs. rigid, ascending, straight, lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, narrow-linear; spiike dense and thick, long and bracted below; hds. tnumerous, cylindrical, sessile, 5-flowered; scales appressed, with acute, scarious and colored squarrous tips.-Prairies, Ill. to Tex. A stout species, distinguished from L. spicata, chiefly by its acute, squarrous scales, and feA-flowered heads. St. 3 to 5f high. Spikes cylindrical, 10 to 20' long. Aug. Varies Nwith stem and invol. nearly glabrous (L. brachystachya Nutt.) 12 L. scarilsa L. GAY f4YEATHER. Scabrous-pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper linear and much smaller; hds. remotely racemed, 20 to 40flowered, globous hemispherical; scales obovate, very obtuse, purplish; fls. rumerous; pappus scabrous.-A- beautiful plant, 4 to 5f high, in woods and sandy fields, Can., Mass. (Ricard) to Ga. and La. St. rather stout, whitish above. Lvs. numerous, entire, lower 3 to 9' long, upper 1 to 3' by I to 3"', rough-edged. lIds. 5 to 20, 1' dianm., in a long raceme, each 20 to 40-flowered. Cor. purple. Aug. t 13 L. spic~_ta Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones narrowed at base; hds. in a long, terminal spike, sessile; scales of the invol. oblong, obtuse; fls. about 8; pappus scabrous-plumous.-Native from N. J. and Mfich. to Fla. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated. St. 2 to 5f high. Hds. numerous, with bright purple ifs. Aug. I —Varies with smaller, 5 to 7-flowered heads. (L. resinosa Nutt.) 14 L. grarinhiif6lia Willd. Glabrous or with scattered hairs; st. slender and simple; lvs. linear, 1-veined; hds. 7 to 12-flowered, mostly pedicellate, spikes or racemes sometimes paniculate below; invol. acute at base; scales many (12 to 18), oboveate-.spatulate, very obtuse, appressed, outer row shorter; ach. hairy. —N. J. to Ga. and Ala. St. 2 to 3f high. The lower lvs. are lance-linear, 3 to 4" wide, upper subulate. Hds. generally pedicellate, pedicels 4 to 12" long. Fr. hairy, shorter than the scabrous pappus. Sept., Oct. /3. DUBIA. Inflorescence sometimes compound below, or partly paniculate' ORDER'0. —OMPOSIT^E. 415 hds. on short pedicels, 7 to 10-flowered; scales somewhat narrower, ciliate. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. (Miss Keen.) Approaches L. spicata. (L. dubia Bart.) 15 L. pilosa Willd. St. simple, pubescent; Ivs. linear, pilous-ciliate; hds. loosely racemed; scales linear-oblong, rafther obtuse; peduncles bracteolate.-In pine barrens and sandy fields, N. J. to Car. (Pursh.) Seven-mile Mt., Va. (Read.) Very rare and obscure. 16 L. heterophyrlla R. Br. St. simple, glabrous; Ins. lanceolate, smooth and glabrous; upper linear-lanceolate, many times smaller; hds. spicate, very shortpedunculate; invol. subsquarrous, scales lanceolate, acute, naked (not ciliate).-S. Car. and Ga. (Bartram.) A doubtful species, variety of L. scariosa? 8. KUH'NIA, L. (To Dr. Alddam. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, a pupil of jinnmus.) heads 10 to 25-flowered,?0; scales of the involucre lanceolate, loosely imbricated; receptacle naked; corolla slender, 5-toothed; pappus in a single series, plumous; achenia cylindrical, striate, pubescent.- 4 Herb with alternate, resinous-dotted Rvs., and coryinbed hds. of pale yellow florets. zK. eupatoroides L. Lvs. lanceolate and lance-ovate, varying to lance-linear, usually serrate, petiolate, sprinkled with resinous dots, especially beneath; corymb few or many-flowered.-Shady soils, N. J., Penn. and Iowa (Cousens), to Fla. and La. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. thin, 1 to 4' long, often coarsely and unevenly toothed, lower 3-veined, upper 1-veined, and very small. I-ds. few, terminal. Pappus very plumous, white or tawny. Aug., Sept. B. Lvs. lance-linear, mostly entire, sessile; pan. spreading, many-flowered; fis. and fr. unchanged.-With the other varieties (K. Critonia Willd.) 9. BRICKEL'LIA, Ell. (To Dr. Brickell, of Savannah.) Heads many-flowered, 5; scales imbricated, lanceolate or linear, striate; receptacle naked, flat; corolla tube slightly expanded above, 5-toothed; branches of the style clavate; fr. 10-striate, contracted above; pappus setaceous, in one series. —2 Herbs with tripli-veined leaves and large heads of purple florets in corymbs. B. cordif6lia Ell. Pubescent; lvs. all opposite, triangular, truncate or cordate at base, crenate, petiolate; corymbs dense, few-flowered; hcls. 30 to 40-flowered; scales obtuse, conspicuously striate, the inner as long as the purple pappus and corollas.-W. Ga. (Pond) and Fla. A plant of fine appearance, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. large, sprinkled with shining dots beneath, 3-veined, the lateral veins marginal just at the base. Sds. brown, longer than the purple pappus. Aug., Sept. 10. EUPATO'RIU1YI, Tourn. BONESET. (To.Eupator, King of Pontus, w'ho first used the plant in medicine.) Flowers all tubular, M; involucre imbricate, oblong; style much exserted, deeply cleft; anthers included; receptacle naked, flat; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous; achenia 5-angled..- - Herbs, generally with opposite, simple lvs. and corymbous hds. Fls. of the cyanic series, that is white, blue, red, etc., never yellow. ~ Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately dissected. Heads paniculate..................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Leaves mostly opposite or verticillate,-pinnately dissected...........................No. 3 -undivided. (*) * Scales imbricated in several rows, the outer gradually shorter. (a) a Flowers bluish. Leaves opposite. Scales strongly striate....................No. 4 a Flowers purplish. Lvs. whorled. Scales streaked and flesh colored......Nos. 5-7 a Flowers white,-5 only in each head. Leaves subsessile. (b) b Leaves acute at base. Scales with acute white points..............Nos. 8, 9 b Leaves acute at base. Scales obtuse, short, downy...............Nos. 10-13 b Leaves obtuse, roundish or truncate at the base.................. Nos. 14-16 a Flowers white, 7 to 15 in each head. Leaves various..................Nos. 17-20 * Scales all of equal length, in about 1 row. Leaves petiolate............... Nos. 21-28 1 E. fenicula.ceum Willd. DOG FENNEL. Very branching, nearly glabrous; Zvs. all alternate, the lower compoundly pinnate with linear filsform segments, the 416 ORDEWR'0. —COMPOSITE.L upper setaceous, simple, fascicled; hds. small, very numerous, 3 to 5-flowered, on short pedicels; scales 8 to 10, mucronate. —A common weed, in fields and damp soils, Va. to Fla. St. 3 to 10f high, bearing innumerable fine cut lvs. and a compound pyramidal panicle of innumerable hds. Fls. yellowish-white, little more than 1" long. Lvs. often channeled on the upper side. Sept., Oct. 2 E. coronopif6lium Willd. Much branched, pubescent; lvs. mostly alternate (the lower opposite), the lower twice pinnat'/fid with lance-linear lobes and segments: upper lvs. linear, fascicled; hds. small, very numerous, 5-flowered; scales 10, with scarious margins and cuspidate points. —In dry, thin soils, N. Car., Ga. to Fla., common. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. and fls. immensely numerous, as in No. 1. Fls. white, about 2" long. Panicle often 2f long. Sept., Oct.-Distinct from No. 1? 3 E. pinnatifidum Ell. Pubescent; lvs. laciniate-pinnatifid, segm. linear, toothed or entire, the lower whorled in 4s, middle opposite, upper alternate; hds. small, numerous, 5 to 9-flowered, in a fastigiate corymb; scales oblong, mucronate.Pine barrens, Car. to Fla. Height 3 to 4f. Hds. about the size of No. 2, to which this species is evidently related. 4 E. ivmfbc ium L. St. terete, branched; lvs. opposite, lanceolate, tapering to each end, subsessile, subserrate, 3-veined; hds. pedicellate, 15 to 20-flowered; scales 20, imbricated, the outer gradually shorter, all erect, obtuse, with 3 to 5 distinct stria.-Woods, near N. Orleans. Herb 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Florets light blue, in a few large, corymbed hlis. Aug., Sept. 5 E. purpsureum L. (not of Willd., Ph., nor DC.) St. solid, green, or sometimes purplish, with a purple band at the joints about 1' wide; lvs. feather-veined, in whorls of 3s, 4s and 5s (rarely in 2s), ovate, smooth above, downy on the veins beneath, coarsely serrate.-Dry woods and meadows, common. St. 3 to 6f high. Lvs. large, thin, 8 to 10' by 4 to 5'. Corymb lax, pale purple, varying to whitish. Aug., Sept. (E. trifoliatum Darl.) T/. TErXNIFOLLTM. St. solid, slender, green, with a purple blush; lvs. in 3s, very thin, lanceolate.-Mountain woods, etc. Height about 3f. 6 E. maculdtum L. PURPLE BONESET. St. solid, striate, hispid or pubescent, greenish and purple, with numerous glands and purple lines, the glands on the stemas and leaves give out an acrid effluvium in flowering time; Ivs. trSipli-veined, 3 to 5 in a whorl, ovate.-Iow grounds, U. S. and Can. Herb 4 to 6f high. Lvs. petiolate, 6 to 7' by 3 to 4', usually pointed, strongly serrate. Fls. purple. Jl., Sept. (E. purpureum P3. Darl.) fl. umTICIFOLIUtI Barratt. Slender; lvs. thin, much elongated,-lhight 4 to 5f. 7. E. fistulSsum Barratt. TRUbMPET'WEED. St. fistulous, glabrous, glaucouspurple, striate or fluted; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, in whorls of 5s or 6s, largest in the middle of the stem, rather finely glandular serrate, midvein and veinlets lividpurple; corymb giobous, with whorled peduncles.-A majestic herb, thickets, U. S. and Can. Height 6 to 10f, hollow its whole length. Lvs. including the 1' petioles, 8' by 2'. Corymb. often If diam. It does not appear to posses the acrid properties of E. maculatum. JI.-Sept. (E. purpureum Willd. in part. 13. angustifolium T. & Gr.) —Intermediate forms occur, rendering the distinctions of this species and the two preceding numbers a grave question. 8 E. dbuim L. Scabrous-pubescent; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, strongly serrate, sessile, rather acute, obscurely 3-veined; corymb fastigiate; hds. clustered, oblong, 5-flowered; scales 8 to 14, lance-linear, tipped with a white, scarious acumination, longer than the fis.; cyps. glandular.-Sandy soils, Pern. to La. St. about 2f high, corymbously divided above. Lvs. 2 to 3' by a- to 1', upper ones entire and alternate. Invol. concealing the fis., and with them copiously sprinkled with resinous dots, whitish. Aug.-Oct. (E. glandulosum Mx.)-A variety has the leaves rather obtuse and crenate. (Tenn.) 9 E. leuc6lepis Torr. & Gr. Nearly glabrous; st. simple; lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli-veined; corymb fastigiate, canescent; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8 to 10, scarious and white at the summit, as long as the fls.-Sandy fields, N. J. to La. St. 2 to 3f hiolh. Lvs. 1l to to 2 -' by L to I', glaucous-green both sides, divaricate with the stems, upper ones ORDER 7O. —COMPOSITAE. 417 linear and entire. Cor. dilated at mouth, with short, obtuse lobes, white. Aug.Oct. (E. glaucescens /3. leucolepis DC.) 10 E. hyssopif6lium L. Lvs. opposite, often verticillate, IUnear-lanceolate, obscurely tripli-veined, panctate, lower ones sccbserrate, upper ones entire; scales.short. oval, grayishl pubescent, very obtuse. —A more delicate species, smooth, or minutely pubescent, in dry fields, Mass. to Iowa and La. St. about 2f high, branclhing into a spreading corymb. Hds. 5-flowered, very small, in dense clusters, and 3" lolg,o scales half as long. Aug., Sept. P3. linearifolium is more pubescent, with the lon wer Ivs. serrate.-South. 11 TE. cmareif6liam Willd. Pubescent; lys. smeall, glaucous both sides, broadly obanceolate or oblong, obtuse at apex, acute at the subsessile base, slightly serrate above the middle; lids. small, in a loose corymb, 5-flowered; scales (2" long) soft-villous, obtuse, much shorter thalrlu the fls.-Rich shady soils, S. Car., Ga. to Ala. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 8 to 18" long. Fls. whllite. Aug., Sept. 12 D. parviflSraum Ell. Soft-puberulent, diffusely branched; Iys. mostly opposite (in 3s below), lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate above the middle, entire below, and tapering to the sessile base, 3-veined; hds. small and crowded; scales pubescent, glandular (like the 3 preceding), ozuter very short, inner linear, obtuse.Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and La. Height 1 to 3f. Pan. compound, loose. Lvs. 1 to 3' long-, the upper scattered. Hds. about 2" long, scales 1-". Aug. —Oct. 13 E. altissinamum L. St. pubescent tomentous, tall, corymbous at the summit; lvs. lanceolate, remotely and acutely serrate albove the middle, pubescent, tapering to each end, subsessile, conzspicuously 3-veined; lids. 5-flowered; scales 8 to 12, elliptical, obtuse, pubescent.-Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and W. States (Plummer). St. round, striate, 3 to 7f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, much resembling those of Solidago Canadensis; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb cornpound. Cor. whitish, nearly twice a- long (5") as the scales. Sept., Oct. (Ltuuhnia glutinosa DC.) 14 E. teucrifolau2 Willd. Lvs. opposite, sessile, ovate, rough, veiny, the lower ones doubly serrate, upper ones subserrate or entire; st. paniculate, pubescent, wvith fastigiate, coryrymbooms branches above; scales elliptical, faintly striate, rather aczrte.-M- ass. to La. Plant hairy, 2 to 3f high, with a somewhat panicled corymSb of white flowers. The upper ivs. are often entire. Invol. 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in 2 rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much more rough. Aug. (E. verbenmfolium Mx. E. pubescens Pers.) 15 E. sessilif6liaum L. Lvs. opposite, amplexicaul, ovate-la,aceolate, rounded at the base, very somootth, serrate; st. smooth; inner scales oblong-obovate, obtuzse.Plant 2 to 4f ligh, in rocky woods, IMass. to Ind. and Ga.-St. slender, erect, branching at top into a corymb with white fis. Lvs. large, tapering regularly foron the somewhat truimate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler beneatlh. Flower-stalks downy lilds. 5-floewered, with twice as many scales in 2 rows. Sept. 16 D. rotunldif6liulam Wrilld. Ho.ursoursnD. L'vs. opposite, sessile, roundishovate, subcordate at base, 3-veineed and veinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; hds. about 5-flowered; inner scales acuminztze, as lonzg as the flowers.-A bushy, compact species, in dry fields, N. J. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f high, roukghish. Livs. 1 to 2' by 9 to 20", obtuse or broadly acute.:Ids. fastigiate-corylmbous. Invol. very pubescent, concealing thie white florets. Pappus longer than cor. Sty. much exserted. Aug. Sept. 17 IB. p'ub'scens Muhl. St. hirsute; lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, acute, obtusely dentate, rough-pubescent; corymb fastigiate; invol. about 8-flowered; scales lanceolate, acute,?rather shorter than the flowers.-A large, rough plant, 3 to 4f high, growing on dry grounds, N. -H. to Penn. Distinguished fronm No. 16 by its larger lvs. (2 to 3' by 1- to 2'), hds., and proportionately shorter scales, which are about 12, the outer much the shortest. Aug. (E. ovatum Bw.) 18 E. perfoliAtum L. TIIOROUGH-aWOT. BONESET. Lvs. connate-peifoliate, verypubescent.-A commTon, well-known plant, on low grounds, meadows, U. S. and Can., abundant. St. 1 to 5f high, round, rough, and hairy. Each pair of lvs. are so united at the base as to constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated by the stein, and placed at right angles to it; they are rough, rugose, serrate, 27 418 ORDER 70. —COMPOSIT/. tapering to a long point, and both combined, are 8 to 14' in length. IIds, about 12-flowered, clustered in large, terminal corymbs. Cor. white. Aug.-The plant is bitter, and is used in medicine as a tonic. 19 E. resiinisum Torr. St. minutely tomentous; Its. linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, distinct, tapering to a long acumination, divaricate with the stem, slightly viscidly resinous-glandular both sides; corymb fastigiate, compound: hds. 10 to 15-flowered; scales obtuse, hoary-tomentous.-IWet, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. St. 2 to 3f high, growing in tufts. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 3 to 6'". Aug., Sept.-This singular species appears to be nearly confined to the pine barrens of N. J.,.where it was lirst found by Dr. Torrey. 20 E. ser6tiinumn Mfx. St. soft-puberulent, diffusely branched; Ivs. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, triple-veined, nearly glabrous; corynmbs compoun; hlids. 12 to 15-flowered; scales 9 to 11, nearly alike, scariousedged, very pubescant. —Ind. to Iowa (Cousens), and Ga. (Miss Keen). St. 4 to 6f high, somewhat paniculato above. Lvs. 4 to 6' by - to 1-', upper ones nearly entire, scattered; lower ones opposite, wTith large irregular serratures. Sept., Oct. 21 E. ageratoides L. St. smeooth, branched; Ivs. on long petioles, subcordate, ovate, acuminLate, dentate, 3-veined, nearly smooth; corymbs compound; invol. simple, smooth.-Rocky hills and woods, Can. and U. S. St. round, 2 to 4f high, and with the whole plant nearly smllooth. Lvs. large, 3 to 6' long, 2 to 4' broad at base, coarsely toothed, petioles 1 to 2' long. I-Ids. numerous, in small clusters, constituting a compound corymb. Invol. scales mostly in a row, containing 12 or more flowers of a pure white. Aug., Sept. 22 E. aromiticum L. St. rough, pubescent, corymbous at summit; r's. petiolate, opposite, subcordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smoothish; invol. simple, of about 12 lance-linear pubescent scales.-A handsome species, in low woods, Mass. to La. Whole plant slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, - as wide, on petioles less than an inch long. lids. of the fls. large, 10 to 15-flowered, white and aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal. Aug., Sept. 23 E. incarnAtum Walt. Minutely scabrous, diffusely branched; Ivs. deltoidovate, long-petioled, pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed. truncate or cordate; hds. on slender ped., about 20-flowered; scales 12 to 15, linear-acuminate, faintly 2striate, glabrous; cor. lobes pale-purple.-Damp soils, N. Car. (Shriver) to Fla. (Chapman) and Tex. Height 2 to 3f. Corymbs very loose, paniculate. Sept., Nov. Approaches Conoclinium, but readily distinguished by its short, blunt styles. iI. 1NIKA'NIAA, Willd. CLIMIBING BONESET. (In honor of Prof. f:ik-an, of Praglue.) Flowers all tubular,; involucre 4-leaved, 4-flowered; receptacle naked; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous; anthers partly exserted; achenia angled.-Mostly climbing herbs. Lvs. opposite. M. scAndens Willd. St. smooth; lvs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, rather unequal; lids. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. —A beautiful climnber of wet thickets, Mass. to Ga. (Miss Keen) and La., rather rare. Every part smooth. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', on petioles 1 to 2' long, apex tapering to a long point. Branches short, nearly naked, each bearing a small corymob of white or pink colored fis., almost always 4 in a head. Aug., Sept. 12. CON OCLIN'IUM,T DC. (Gr. tm)vof. a cone, icXfvrl, bed or receptacle.) Heads many-flowered; receptacle conical, character otherwise as in Eupatorium. — Herbaceous or suffruticous. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, serrate. Fls. blue or purple, in crowded corymbs. C. ocelestinum DC. Herbaceous, nearly glabrous, much-branched, lvs. deltoidovate, truncate or subcordate at base, tapering to an obtusish apex, crenate-serrate, 3-veined, petiole slender, about half as long as the lamina; corymbs numerous, subumbellate, scales numerous, linear.-Hedges, thickets, roadsides, &c., Penn., Southern and W. States. St. 1 to 2-f high, terete, with opposite branches. ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT2E. 419 Lvs. 1 to 21' long, 2 as wide. Fils. 20 to 50 in a head, of a beautiful sky blue, reddish in fading. Aug., Sept. 13. TUSSILA'GO, Tourn. COLT'S-FOOT. (Altered from the Lat. teussis, cough; considered a good expectorant.) IIead radiate, manyflowered; flowers of the ray?, those of the disk $; involucre simple; receptacle naked; pappus capillary. — 2 Lvs. radical. Ils. yellow, withl very narrow rays. T. farfara L. A low plant in wet place.s, brooksides, N. and MA. States, and is a certain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, about 5' high, simple, appearing with its single, terminal, many-rayed, yellow head in March and Apr., long before a leaf is to be seen. Lvs. arising after the flower is withered, 5 to 8' by 3 to 6', cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, covered with a cotton-!ik down beneath, and on downy petioles. ~? 14. NARDOS'IIA, Cass. (Gr.?dCptdo, spikenard, 0orFO, smlell; frolll the fragrance.) I-Heads radiate, miany-flowered, somewhat,; flowers of the ray ~, of the disk b, but abortive in the sterile plant; involucre sinmple; receptacle flat, naledl; pappus capillary.-42 Lvs. radical. Fls. cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row; of the fertile heads in several, but very narrow. N. palmata I-look. Scape with a fastigiate thyrso or corymb; lvs. roundisll-cordate,.5-7-lobed, tomentous beneath, the lobes coarsely dentate. —In swamps, Fairhaven, Vt. (Robbins), Sunderland, Mass. (Hitchcock) W. to R. Mts. Very rare. A coarse, acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palmately-lobed leaves, and a stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1-2f high. The heads are fragrant, numerous, with obscure rays, thllose of the barren plants anlmost inconspiclous. May. I5. ADENOCAU'LON, IIook. (Gr. ci&dev, a gland, tcav6go, a stem; i. C., glands stipitate.) HIeads discoid, few-floweredl; corollas all simnilar, tubular; flowers of the margin, of the disk 6; scales of the involicre equal, in one series; receptacle naked; cypsela clavate, bearing stalked glands above; pappus none.- 4 Nearly acaulescent, with'altern)ate lvs. and small, paniculate' hds., also gland bearing. A. bicolor I-took. St. leafy below, nearly naked above; lvs. deltoid, cordate, angular-toothed, decurrent on the petioles, glabrous above, arachnoid-pubescent beneath.-Shores of L. Superior (Dr. Pitcher, fide T. & G.), to Oreg. (Hook). Sts. I to 2f high, slender. Fls. white. TRIBE 3. ASTERlOIDErI. 16. GALATEL'LA, Cass. (Lat. dininutive of Galatea, from which genus this was taken.) Heads many-flowered; rays few (3 to 12) sterile, ligulate; disk-flowers U, tubular; scales closely imnbricated, without green tips; receptacle alveolate, toothed; corollas of the disk deeply 5cleft; achenia silky-villous; pappus simple, copious, capillary, that of the ray similar. —2 Herbs corymbed, with alternate lvs. Rays cyauice G. hyssopif6lia Nees. Glabrous, erect, lvso lance-linear, acute, 3-veined, entire; invol. ovoid, half as long as the disk; interior scales obtuse, membranous, outer acute, fleshy; rays 3 to 9, longer than the disk.-" ld. Car. and Ga. conmmon." (Darby.) Height 1 to 2f. Rays, pale purple. Aug.-Oct. 17. SERICOCAR'PUS, Nees. WHITE-TIPPED ASTER. (Gr. oe]ptrc0f; silken, Ktapir6f, fruit.) Heads few-flowered; ray flowers 4 to 6,?; diskflowers 6 to 10, ~; involucre oblong, imbricatedl; scales appressed, white, with green spreading tips; receptacle alveolate; achenium obconic, 420 ORDER 7 0.-COMPOSITME. very sillky; pappus sisiple. —2r Herbs with alternate lys. and close coryinbs. Iays white. S. solidagineus Nees. Smooth; Ivs. linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile, obsoletely 3-veined, rough on the margin; corymb fastigiate; hds. aggregate, subsessile, 5-rayed; scales obtuse, white, with green tips; pcappus white. —In woods, Can to La. Very elegant. Sts. clustered, slender, simple, about 2f high. Lvs. smiooth, 1 to 2' by 3 to 5". Hds. small (3" long). Invol. oblong. Scales with conspicuous green tips. Rays long, white. JI., Aug. (Aster solidaginoides AMix.) 2 L. conyzoldes Nees. St. somewhat pubescent, simple, corynrbus at top; Ivs. oval-laticeolate, smooth beneath, slightly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the upper ones sessile, nearly entire, the lozwer narrowed into the petiole, serrate; invol. cylindrical, the scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit; rays 5, short, pappus rusty.-Common in woods and thickets, Mlass to Flor. Stems somcwhal l)t 5-angled, 1-2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short, but longer than the disk, white. July, Aug. (Aster Willd. Conyza asteroides L.) 3 S. tortif6iius Nees. Grayish-pubescent, roughish, corymlbous above; Ivs. short, oblong-obovate, sessile, twistedl to a vertical position, and both sides alike minutely scabrous; scales regularly imbricated in many rows, the green tips slightly spreading; papp)us white. —Dry woods and barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. IHeight about 2f, often branched below. Lvs. 8 to 12" long obtuse or acute. Idds. larger than in the others, about 5" long. Sept., Oct. 13. AS'TER, L. (Gr. a6Tr'p, a star; finom the radiated flowers.) lids. radiate; involucre oblong, imnbricate; scales loose, often with green tips, the outer spreading; lislk flowers tubular,; ray flowers Y, in one row, generl ally few (0-100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute; receptacle flat, alveolate; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous; aIcheniuml usually onlpressed.-A_ large genus of 2i herbs, very aburndant in tihe T. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alternate. Disk fls. yellow, changing to purple, ray flowers blue, purple or vwhite, never yellow. nBOTIA. DOC. Scales closely imbricated, slightly tipped with green. lids. corymbous, rays 6 to 15, white or roseate. Lvs. cordate, petiolate, serrate, large................Nos. 1, 2 ~ CALILASTtRUa, T. & G. Scales loosely imbricatedl with green spreading tips. HIeads colymbous or few, large, rays 12 to 30, violet. Leaves never cordate, rigid; pappus unequal, rigi(l, the inner slightly club-shaped.-Leaves all or the lower serrate.....Nos. 8-:s -Leaves entire......................Nos. 6, 7' AvSTEa proper. Scales (variously) imlbricated, with green tips or wholly green. Hds. paniculate or racenous. Pappus soft, equal (nonie club-shaped). (a) a Leaves clasping with a cordate or auriculate base. (b) a Leaves sessile or petiolate, none of them cordate or anuiculate. (C) a Leaves petiolate, the lower cordate, —evidently serrate.........................os. 8, 9 -entire or obscurely serrate........... Nos. 10-12 b Leaves entire,-very small (1 to 3// lon-), erect or ieflexed............... Nos. 13, 14 — midille size (1 to 3/ long),-A-chenia silky................Nos. 15-17 — cheliia smooth..............Nos. 20, 35 b Leaves serrate (more or less).-Scales spreading, equall, in 2 rowss..........No. 1S -Scales imibricated, in 3 to 5 rows.......... Nos. 19-21 c Leaves silky on both sides alike. Pappus tawny..................... Nos. 22, 23 C Leaves not silky.-Involucre closely imlbricated. (d) -Involucre sqnarlols, the scales spreading. (e) d Leaves all entire.-Scales of the involucre obtuse................Nos. 24, 2,5 — Scales acute or mucronate...................Nos. 26-28 d Leaves (lower) sharply serrate. —Iteads larger (4 to 6(/ long)......Nos. 29, 30) -lIeads small (2 to 38 long).......Nos. 31, 32 e Scales obtuse, in several rows, unequal. Leaves also obtuse.. Nos. 33, 84 e Scales acute, in several rows, unequal. —Pappus tawny...... Nos. 835-7 -Pappus bright.....Nos. 38-40 e Scales acute, in one row, equal. Leaves linear. Heads solitary...No. 41 5 ScARTros. Scales (variously) imbricated, with scariois niargins and destitute of green tips. (f) f Leaves lanceolate broadly or narrowly. Scales rather obtuse................. Nos. 42-44. f Leaves subulate or linear. Scales very acute —leadls large, few...............N os. 45, 46 — Heads silall, many......... Nos. 47, 48 ORDER'O. —COMPOSIT:E. 421 ~ 1. BIOTIA, DC. CORYMBED ASTERS. 1 A. corym bfsus it. St. corymbous-fastigiate, nearly smooth, branches pubescent; lvs. thin, ovate-acuminate, serrate, wZiit shaep spreading teeth, the lower cordate, petinate, the petioles wingless; izvol. oblong, 6 to 9-rayed, imbricate with close-pressed, -acute scales. —Common in dry woods, N. and Miid. States. St. 2f high, often reddish, more or less fiexuous. Lvs. large, mostly smooth, the upper bec orming lanceolate, sessile. lIds. 4" long, in a broad, flat, open corynab, w ith about 6 oblong, white or roseate rays. Aug. (Eurybia corymbosa Cass.) 2 A r..vacophlylas n illd. St. rough-pubescent, widely branched; lvs. ovate, petiolate, serrate Uwith short, depressed teeth, rough, the upper ovate-lanceolat, sessile. lower cordate, petioiate, petioles somnewhiat wined; invol. cylindric, closely imbricate - ith ob!on, acute scales; rays 8 to 15.- Woods T. States and Can. St. lhrrowed, 1 to 2t high. Lvs. often very larce (6 to 10' by 3 to 6"). rlays white or paleb blue. ldls. G" long. Sept. (Eurybia coryl-nbosa Cass.) 2. CALLIfASTRUM, T'sorr. & Gr. VIOLET-Fi' wL- EEma.) ASTERS. 3 A. miabi'lis Tor. & Gr. Sabrous, simln belw; b,S. ovate, serrate, te lowest petiolate, the others sessile, those of the branches ~rovndfzsh, small; invol. hemispherical, shorter than the disik, scales iInbricated, in 4 or 5 series successive]y shorter, with obtuse, green,'ecurved tqpl; rays about 20.-Columbia, S. Car. (Prof. Gibbs in N. din. Flora II., 165). We have not met with this species. 4 A. r;ddula Ait. Erect, simple below, angular;, a s. hInceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the sessile base, sha.rply serrate, r'ugous and rough; invol. iimbricate, squarrous witlh the short spreading gryeen tips of the scales.-Moist groves and hedges, Me. to Penn. Height 1 to 3f,, remarkable for its straight, smooth sten, stiff, sharply serrate lxvs. Branches nearly leafless, simple, eaclh bearing a single large head, rarely more, awith 20 pale violet rays spreading 1-' Ag., Sept. 5 A. spectiibilis Ait. Erect, rough-puberulent above; eIvs. roughish, oblonglanceolate, sessile, entire, the lower obscurely serrate; brancels corymbecd, invol. hemispherical, w-ith squarrous, spleadiny, ciliate scales.- - low, handsome Aster, otf pine barrens, Mass. to N. J. and 5y. St. 1 to 2f high, branclling above into a nearly siniple corymb of 10-15 large and showy hea'lds, caclh vith about 20 long violet blu'. rays. Sept. —Nov. 6 A. surcul!lsus Mx. Sts. arising fiom a knotted creeping rhizomeae, low, slender, siimple or corymbous at top; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, upper linear, clasping; hds. 1 to 5; scales linear-oblong, ciliate, inner obtuse, outer with green spreasding tips; srays about 20. —Vet pine barrens, N. J. to N. Car. and Tenn. Sts. smoothislh, 12 to 18' hioh. Lt.-lvs. spatulate, I to 6' long. Ids. large, obconic, with violet-purple rays. Sep)t.. GtRAILIS G-Cray. lids. sualler and rnore nulmerous (S to 12), with the inlvolucre more close, and the rays about 12 (Ak. gracilis Isutt). 7 A palnd6sus L. Slender, glabrous; Ivs. loig, linear, rigid, margins scarcely rough, clasping at base; lids. 1 to 6, hemispherical; scales green, lance-linear, somewhat spreading; ray.s about 30, longer than the (6") involucre.-Swamps in pine barrens, N. Car. to'la. and La. Sts. 2 to 3f hi-h. Hds. very large, with violet-blue rays spreading 1 - to 2'. Pappus tawny. Xu'-. —Oct. ~ 3. ASTER PROPER. TRUEE ASTERS. 3 A. cordifhlius L. St. paniculate, srnoothishl lower lvs. cordate, hairy beneath, sharply serrate, acuminate, petiolate; petioles winged; invol. closely imbricate, the scales wvith short, green t/ps.-Common in rocky wvoods, N. and WV. States. Stem with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather small flowers. R.ays 10 —15, pale blue varying' to wvhite. Lower leaves large. Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced to small or minute bracts. Sept. 9 A. sagittif6lius Wiild. ARROWa-LEAVED ASTER. St. Withl racemous branches above, smooth; Il's. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, serrate in the middle, radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, serrate, petiolate; invol. loosely imnbricate. scales linear-subulate.-Low w-oods, N. and r'. States and Can. Stem 422 Oi.mi) 7,3.-CSvMfPOSIT2E. 2 —4f hihll dividinlg into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and crowded heads, forming a compound panicle of leafy racemes. I-leads small, each with about 12 rays, which are white or with various shades of blue. Leaves becoming smaller above, lanceolate and even linear. Sept. 10 A. undulE.tus L. St. paniculate, puberulent; branches bracted, 1 (or few)flowered; Ivs. oblong-cordate, arloplexicatl, entire, hairy, somewhat undulate or crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subserrate, vith winged petioles: invol. closely imbricate.-Dry woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with slender branches. Lewer lvs. on winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, upper ones becoming narrow-ovate and clasping. Fls. pale blue, solitary or somewhat clustered, forming a loose, racemous panlicle. Aug., Sept. /. DIVERSIFvtIUS. Very slender; lvs. shorter in proportion, ovate and ovblongbranches slender, 1-flowered.-South (Pond.) (A diversifolius, MIx.) 11 A. azilreus Lindl. Scabrous; st. and racemous-paniculate branches slender but rigid; Ivs. lance-ovate, corclate, slightly serrate, on sleAder petioles,.siddle and upper ones lanceolate and lifzear, acute at eachl end, ses.sile, entire, highest subulatelids. broadly obconic; scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed.- Voods and prairies, SV. States. St. about 2f high. Lvs. of several forms between the lowest cordate to the small, subulate, numerous, floral ones of the slender branches. Rac. panicled, with middle sized heads, sometimes reduced to a single raceme or head' Rays blue. Aug., Oct.-(Should the scales become loose and somewbhat spreadcling, it would be A. anomalous, Engelm. ez. descr.) 12 A. Shortii Hook. Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewrhat brauchied above; lvs. lance-ovate, deeply cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, entire, upper ones sessile and obtuse at base; hcs. middle-size, racemous or racemnous-paniculate, rather numerous; invol. broad-campanulate; scales scatriols, close, greec?.ti.pcd, shorter thant the diskl fiowers.-A distinct and beautiful species, on roclk banks of streams, Ohio to Ark. Stem a little flexuous, 2-4f hifh. Lower leaves about 5' by 1-', the others successively diminished upwards to the flowers where they are minute. Rays violet blue. 13 A. squarrc'sus Walt. Very slender, scabrous, with long, simple branches IL.s. very small, triangular, cordate-amplexicaul,'ejdexed-squarros3z; llds. terminal; invol. obconic, scales imbricated with ovate, green, squarrous points; achemnii pubescent.-N. Car. to lila. in dry soil. A very singular Aster, 2f or more high, rigid, shrubby at base. Lower lvs. remote, 1' long, middle and upper crowded, stiff, mucronate, 1 to 2" long. Ilds. middle size, with near 20 showy blue rays. Pappus rather tawny. Sept. —Nov. 14 A. adnatus Nrutt. Scabrous; stems and branches ascending, very slender; /Is. oblong-ovate or lanceolate, approximate, erect, and adherent to the steim by the enidcfin, the summit being free. A still more cutious species, found in Fla. to La. Sts. shrubby at base, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. as small as in the last, hlids. and ils. also similar. Sept.- Nov. 15 A. patens L. St. simple, paniculate above, pubescent; lvs. ovate-oblongl' acute, cordate-clasping, scabrous on the margin pubescent; pan. loosc; lids. terminal on the branchlets; scales imbricate, lanceolate, lax, only the points herlbaceous.-Grows in moist grounds, Mass., N. Y., to Ga. (Feay, Pond.) St. 2 to 3[ high, slender, branching above into a loose spreading panicle. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, } to J- as wide. lds. large, with 20 to 30 violet-colored rays. Pappus tawny. Aug. —Nov. — Varible. (A. amplexcaulis Willd.) f3. IuLOGcIFOLIUS. Simple or racemous-paniculato; Ivs. lance-ovate, cordaltaLriculate, very acute, edges ciliate; lids. large, spreading 16". Pappus deeply tawny.-N-. Y. to Ohio. l1 A. A Nove Al gliae L. Ilds. teztninaol, crowded, sonzewhiat fastigictte; st. hispid, particulate; ivs. linear-lanceolate, amnplexicaul, auriculate at base; scales equal lax, linear-lanceolate, rather longer than the disk, green their whole length.-A lar-ge and beautiful Aster, in fields, meadows and shades, more common in the M. and W. States than in N. Eng. St. 4 to 6f high, straight, erect, viscidly hairy, colored. Lvs. very numerous, entire, with 2 auricular appendages at base. Fls. large, in a kind of loose, paniculate corymnb. Ray-fls. deep purple, numerous (ID to 100). Pappus deeply tawn-y. Ach. hairy. Sept. t ORDER 7 0.-COMPOSIT2E. 423 17 A. amethystinus Nutt.? Clothed -with a minute hoary tomentum; st. racemous-paniculate; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire, rough, acute, with somewhat auriculate appendages at the clasping base; invol. broad-bell-shaped; scales htispid-paubescent, imbricated, erect, with acute squarrous, green tips; ach. silky.Found at Northbridge, Ms. (by Dr. Robbins, and by us). Hds. with showy blue rays, expending 1'. Differs from Nuttall's descr. in its scales which are not of equal length. Sept. 18 A. puniceus L. St. hispid, paniculate; ivs. amplexicaul and more or less auriculate at base, appressed serrate, roughish above; invol. loose, longer than the disk, the scales linenr-lanceolate, long and re-volute, rnearly equal and 2-rowed.-A large, handsome aster, commorn in swamps and ditches, sometimes in dry soils, N. States and Can. St. 4 to 6f high, generally red (at least on the South side), furrowed, hispid. Lower lvs. with remote serratures, rouph-e(lged and rough on the upper surface, all acurminate and narrowed at base. Fls. Iarlge and showy. Rays 50 to 80, long d and narrow, pale-purple. Aug.-Oct. 3. v,,ri-EUs. Tall aend nearly glabrous, slender; brainche.s cdi-ricate-ascenlding, mostly 1-flowered; lvs. linear-lanceolate, sparingly appressed-serrate, taper-pointed, auriculate-amplexicaul; lids. very large; scales leafy. —In damp woods. Rays spreading 18 to 20". 19 A. prenanthoides Muhl. St. hairy or pubescent above, corymbous-paniculate; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, attenuate at base into a long vinged'petiole which is anriculate at the insertion; invol. imbricated with several siows of linear. green-tipped, spreading scales.-Grows in low woods, N. Y. to IKy. Stern 2-3f high, with a terminal, corymnbous panicle of large heads on short pedunries. lays showy, pale blue. Leaves with the petiole 5 to 10' long. Branch leaves smaller, nearly entire. Sept.-Nov. 20 A. lmevis L. iery smooth; st. angular; branches iinplsJ, 1-lowered; Ivs. half-clasping, oblong, entire, shining, radical subserrate, lanceeolate, upper auricled at base; invol. closely imbricate, the scales broadly linear, rigid, thickened and herbaceous at the apex; ach. glabrous.-A- very smooth and beautiful species, 2 to 3f high, growing in low grounds. St. polished, green, often somewhat glaucous; lvs. rather fleshy, the lowrest tapering to a winged petiole. Fls. large aid showy, with numerous rays of a fine blue becoming purple. Sept. —Nov. (A. mnutabilis L. A. amplexicaulis Muhl.) 3. L:E-IGVTAUS. Lvs. loIlg linear-lanceolate. (A. ]'evigatus Willd.) Y'. crYNEUS. St. and Ivs. conspicuously glaucous. (A. cyaneus Ph.) B3eautifl varieties, especially the latter. 21 A. concinnus AVilld. not of Nees. St. simple, Ipaniculate or s-acemous, pulbescent; ]vs. lanceolate and lance-linear, narrowed and clasping at the base, remotely serrate, upper ones entire. Invol. closely inmbicate, scales green at the tip.Woods, N. States. A slender species 1 to 2f high. Branches of the panicle rather short and remote. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, acuminate, varying.from I to 1', in w-idth, smnooth except the inidvein beneath, branch lvs. few and much smaller. lHds. middle size, with 10 to 15 bluish-purple rays. Sept.- Nov. 22 A. sericeus Vent. Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky, pubescent, l:ranched above; vrs, clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silky-canescent tornentum, lance-oblong, entire, acute and mucronate, sessile; hds. large, mtostly solitary, terumi;al on the short, leafy branechlets; scales lanceolate, silkycanescent like the lvs., spreading at tip; ach. sm/ooth.-1- singularly elegant Aster, with slining, silvery foliage, prairies and river banksj Wisc. and Iowa to Miss. St. 1 to 2f high. Lower lvs. 2 to 3' by 9 to 16,. thle upper much smaller. Rays deep violet-blue. Pappus fulvous. Aug.-Oct. ~ (A. argenteus Mx.) 23 A. c6ncol6r L. St. subsimple, erect, pubescent; lvs lance-oblong, entire, mucronate, grayish, with a minute, silky pubescence both sides, upper ones cuspidate-acuminate; rac. terminal, virgate, simple or somewhat compound, elongated; scales lanceolate, silky, acute, appressed; ach. villous. —Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. A slender and virgate plant, 1 to 3f high, sometimes branched below. Rt. often tuberous. Lvs. 1' by 4', reduced in size upwards. Hds. in a long rac., with purple rays; and a rust-colored pappus. Aug.-Nov. —R esembles a Liatris. 424 ORDER 0.-COMPOSIT]3E. 2 4 A. turbinellus Lindl. Smooth or slightly scabrous; branches and branchleot: very slender; lvs. lanceolate, taperin.g to each enrd, acute, slightly clasping, entireinvol. clavate-turbinate, acute at base, as long as the disk fis. (6"); scales imbricated in many rows, linear, obtuse, with short green tips. -WoodX s and river bottoms, Ill. (Mead.), Mo., etc., to La. StS. 2f higb, somnlllhat corymbou:. Lower lvs. 3 to 5' by -a to 11-', the others gracluallyv reduced upwsards to tile scalo:':, lIds. middle size, Iwithl blue rays and Ibroawnish pa] rtu;:. Sopt. 25 A. dumnSosus L. Smooth or puberuient;'blranhe'l11s racemonus-panicled, /t.i' numerous, smoothl, linear, sessile, entireo or tihe lo,-ses subs-esrrate, llthose of tll branches very short; inzvol. oielse at a.se, closely ilbricate' scales obtusr.-< About 2f ligll, in dry shades and borlers of' oods, U. S. St. much braincl, 1 very leafy, the lower lvs. 2 to 3' long, the upper smaller and becoming' very minute. lids. small, with about 24 purplish-white rays. Quitevariablle in rcespect to tht: extent of its branching inflorescence, thoe acteness and size oi its lvs., the obtusenes of its scales, etc. lt. Itv. 1 to 3' long, st. and ibranchll I. 2 to 1!2' long. Sept. 3. CORIDIFOLIUS iS a starved, attenuate form, very slender every way. 26 A. carneus L. Smooth; st. dividing into many Ystraight, paanicullto, leaf!/e )ra?,lcees; lvs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminat%, entire, the lowser ones taper. ing to a sessile base, the upper amplexicaul; scales rather acute, clse, szisuie shorltr than the disk. —. landsomo buslhy Aster, by fences, etc. (Claremon t), IN [i., W. to Ind. Rare. St. about 2f long, often ptrple. St. lys. 3 to 5' by 4 to 6", branch lvs. mucl smaller. Hdcls. numerous, middlle sizte oso aleIwhatt securnld each with 20 to 30 pale purple, narrow rays. Sept., Oct. 27 A. ericoides L. Nearly or quite smooth; bracnches virqga'e, areal&,g, scc1.; L peaniculea.e; lvs. linear or lance-linear, very smooth, thllose of the branclles subulate? and approximate, short, of the stem long, of' the root oblon-g-spatulate; raSs as long as the disk; i;vol. loose, scales mucrozafe, Zwit/, subulate green til2) as long as tha disk. —Grows in rocky fields, in most of the States. St. 1 to 3f lligll, Awitl numerous brittle branches and branchlets forming a pyramid, and tormin.ated each by a single, pale-purple flower. Lvs. rather numerous 3" to 1' in length. lids. small, white, about 20-rayed. Sept. 28 A. racem6sus El. Rough-pubesceet, swith many eree braonche/s; lvs. li-near and linlear-subulate, very acute, margins very scabrous; hd&.. spicate-raceomed and crozoded on the upper part of th7e branches; scales very acute, as long as theo disk, solmewhat spreading, rays very short.-S. Car. to la. on the islanlds and coast. St. 2 to 3f hligh. The veiy small heads ('2" lone) are ablnost rayless. Sept., Oct. 29 A. simplex _Willd. Glabrous; st. col ymboios-spasisc'afe above; lvs. ianceoat'c, acuminate, entire, the margins scabrons, lower ones serrate; scal's loosegy ieibricatedl, linear-subulate.-Anotlh er variable species in lo-w grounids, U. S. and Can. St. 1 to 5f hiigh, somewhat corynblous. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 5 to 10", very smooth both sides, tapering to a slender point; thlose of thle brantchles anid branchlets proportioniately smaller. Hlls. rather fer, middle size (4 to 5"!on), eon tile short branchlets. Sept. /3. ALTItR. Branches hirsute or pubescent; hlss. above othe middle size, with. blue rays.-St. 4 to 6f high. }Y. iIUMsLIORa. Branches pubescent, with short, crowded sIikes of s-mall heads; rays pale blue. —St. 1 to 2f high. R(. rECURtV'TuS. Diffuse, wAitll long, spreading or recurvc! branceles; lids. loosely racemed; rays bluish white.-Western. 30 A. tenuiSlius IL. St. smooth, crect, lcanilo at.ibralac/'' iiy, eiiS 1-jZowered braizchle/,s; les. li'tear atnd linear-lanceolate, tapering at each enil, loag-acm'ionate, entire, avith roughish margins, the lower ones often serrate in the middlo; in;vol..seaces very slender, erect, acute, slightly lozger thae the disk. —Grows in moist fields, Can. to Va. St. vlys. 2 to 4' long, those of tlhe branches and branchllets proportionately smaller. Ids. 3 to 4" long, with numerous (20 to 30) long, palo purple rays. Sept. 31 A. Tradescanti IL. Smooth or smoolthish; branches virgato, paniculate; 1My. lance-linear! the lorwer remotely serrate, sessile; invol. closely imbricate; scales linear-filifbrm, scarcely equaling the disk.-A fine species, with numerous ORDER'0.-CO-O POSITE. 425 Ivs., growing in fields, M{ass. to La. St. rigid, brownislh, 2 to 3f high, terete, vith numercus slaall lids. densely raceeled and somewhat 1-sided on the erectspreading, slender branches. Lower st. lye. 4' long, gradually reduced in size upwards. Rays pale purple. Aug.-Oct. /3. FRGILIS. Cauline lvs. serrulatoe or entire, short; lids. lmuch scattered cnt the branclles. (. frianilis Willcl.) 32 A. miser Ait. T. a G. STARVED ASTER. St. racermous-paniculate, hairy or povbescerzt; I:s. sessile, lanceolate, sharrp)l serrale in the middle; invol. imbricated with lance-linear, acutisll scales; rays short.-A very variable species, cormmon in old fiehlid, hled-es, U. S. anld Can. In heigoht it varies from 6 to 30', and in lu-.e:riance proportionately to the moisture or fertility of tlhe soil. The st. is very branchlingo or nearly simple, bearing a large, compound, racemous panicle, or a few simnplo raccelpes. Lvs. lnarrosw-lanceo]ate, or broad-lanceolate, alwas serrate, 1 to 5' in lentih. Ills. usually numerou u, small, witli small, rwht or parplish rays. Aug.-t)cG. (1. miser, civegens, difflsus and pendulus Ait.)?. i)InFUSuS. Branches sprc-ading, difsuse; lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, more or less3 narrow ly so,.midvein hlairy beneatll; lids. often sessile, formin shllo;rt crowded spikes, or long, virgato ones. y. IIIrSvTITurC uIs. St. hlirute; lS. lon- and narrow, midvein hirsute; ]ods. racemeous or spicate, upper ones in short, dense branches; scales linear. (.k hirsuticaulis Lindl.) 33 A. nu1t:ificruas L. Grayish, pubescent; s'. diffese,}y b;-anched; lvs. liiear; entire, seesilf, obtusnie-mrucronate, mnrgoins subciliate; alds. simal; invol. imbricate, squ'arrous, lineaLr or spatulato, wvith oblon-, obtuse, ciliate scales. - very busly Aster, hirl', wVitll very niimerous, sl:xall fls. crowsecl oni the racemous branches, each I f wvith about 12 lwhite rays sproaditii 15) to G". Lvs. 1 to 2' long, obtuse, very narrowv diminislhin- upwards to tho sc.les. ltocl's and dry fields, U. S. Variable. Sept.'3,! A. grandclifi-rus L. Rouh wliitlh stiff hairs; st. ri.cld, branched, bransch,.s soe;e-.1uhat coryii.edl cnrdl l-flowereed; lvs. linear-spatulate or linear-oblong, small, obtase, rioid, subdclaspingo; hds. zeer-y lairge; inl-oi. scuarrous, of numerous, obtuse, reflened scale's, the outer leafr. -LDry, rlok'y p!anes, V. to Ga. About 2f lhie. Lvs. below 1 to 2' long, dimlisl-ino- upl wa rds. Ra ys showy, sprcading IS to 20", blue-purple. Sept. iov. 35 A. Car-oiniLmnus Walt. Rough-pubescent, divaricately branched; lye1. lance-ovate or oblong, acute, entire, clasping, thle base abruptly produced into small, auriculate lobes; hls. very lar;oe, scattered; scales imbricate, with squarrous, spreading, grcen tips.- A sllowy.tster, very tall, but slender, 6 to 13f high, in damp thickets, S. Car. to Fil'. Lvs. 1 to 3' long 3 to 9" wside.'Rays rosepurple, numerous: spreading o5'. Sept., Oct. 36 A. oblongbife1ius Nutt. St. rigoid, diffusely branclled, hi.iry; branches spreading, with loose and irregular branchlets; 1es. obongy-lanceolatc, acute, niucronate, partly clasping, entire, rough-edged, or the branches and branchlets g' _adxlaly poas'ir7 iyzLo fth leafy, lanceolace, si&bequal,'p -eadinzg scales.-Prairies, Ac., W. Sttates. Plant 1 to 2f high, often glandular-visci d. Cauline lvs. 12 to 20' by 3 to 5"; those of the branches 6'" by 2', of the branchllets 3" by ", indistinguishablo finom the scales. Rays purple. Pappus brownish. Sept., Oct. (A. oblonogiolius and A. graTveolens xNutt.) 37 A. E!!iottii Tor. r Gr. Ciabrous, stout; st. angular; Its. ample. lanceolate, subclasping (not auricled), serrate, with remote, small, appressed teeth; lids. middle size, corymbous-panicula te; ecld. nrked; scales somewhat equal, linear-attlenzuate, ithll spreading or recurved goreenish tips.-River-swamnps, N. Car. to'Ga. A very stout Aster, 2 to 4f llih. Lower Ivs. G' to 8' long, narrosved to a winged petiole. Rays nalrow, bright purple. Poippus tawny-white. Oct., Nov. 38 A. virghtus Ell. Glabroils; sf. and brLanches virgate, srict, racemed; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire, half-clasping, margins ciliolate-serrulate, the upper reducned, becoming szubeuate, eiect,.2numerous on the branzclces (,andl peduncles; scales lance-acuminate, the outer loose-spreading, graduating into thfe bracts; ac.h7. glabl~ros.e-Ga. to La. Sts. 2 to 3f hiihi. Lvs. belo-, 3 to G6 by:) to G", firmr and shining. Sept., Oct.- Probably passes into tile next. 39 A. 1'ovi B6lgii L. NEW YiORx AS'"ER;St. terete, stout, often glaucous, 426 ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT2E. the branches >lebescent in lines; lvs. subelasping, lanceolate and lance-linear, taperpointed or very acute, coriaceous, rough-edged, the lower subserrate; hds. large, racemed or subcorymbed; scales about 3 rows, subequal, acute, erect, shorter than the disk; ach. pubescent.-N. ing. to Va. (Pursh), more common westward to Wis. and Iowa. Comprehends many smooth and elegant varieties, which we vainly try to separate. St. 2 to 4f high. Lower lvs. 3 to 5' long. Rays blue, expanding 9 to 124". Aug. —Oct. (A. laxifolius Nees. A. aestivus Ait.) -j,. L.ETIFLORaUS. Slender; branches divergent; lvs. rigid, long and Ilarrow, scabrous; rac. loose, the ped. nearly leafless. — Ohio, Wis. Beautiful, with long, pale purple rays. (A. salicifolius Willd.) y. PItALTUS. Strict, with erect branches, bearing the leafy clusters near the summit; lvs. very narrow, elongated, cilio-serrulato on the margin.-N. IT. to Wis. Height 3 to 4f. lids. somewhat smaller. (A. prealtus Poir.) 40 A. longif6lius Lam. Glabrous; st. very branching, branches spreading, many-flowered; Ivs. subamplexicaul, linear-lanceolate, entire (the lowest rarely subserrate), very smooth; scales lauceolate, nearly equaling the disk, the outer loosely squarrous-spreadiing; ac7h. simooth. —Fields and thickets, Mlass., N. Y., to Car. St. 3f high. Lvs. pale below, shining above, smooth both sides, the lower ones 4 to 6' long. lIds. numerous, showy, with 25 to 30, light-blue rays. Ach. twice longer than in the last. Oct., Nov —Some specimens are minutely pubescent at the tops of the branches. Others have the outer scales quite leaf-like. (A. kevigatus Ph. A. laxus Willd. A. elodes T. & (G.) 41 A. gramlinlfblius Ph. Subpubescent; st. slender, branches filiform, erect; lower lvs. very numerous, narrow-linear; pod. slender, I-flowered; scales linearsubulate, loose, in one or two rows. equal, finally reflexed. — N. H. (Eddy.) High cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Vt.; also on an island in Wait's River, Bradford, Vt., 1860. Branches simple, leafy, naked at the end, l-floxwerieci, somewhat corymbous. Rays 15 to 25, much longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored. Jn., J1I — Rare and interesting, very different in aspect from any of the foregoing. ~ 4. SCARIOSI. WIHITE-SCALED ASTERnS. 42 A. acuminatus ~x-. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbous panicle above; Ivs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acuminate; invol. scales lax, linean —-Mts. woods, Can., Ni. Eng., N. Y. Stem a foot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, unequally and remotely serrate above, and ending in a long, acuminate point. Panicle corymbous, terminal, fewflowered, nearly or quite naked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the covymb, sometimes scattered. Heads rather large, with about 15 long, white rays. Aug. 43 A. nemoralis Ait. Branches corymbed or 0; ped. 1-flowered, nearly naked, filiform; lvs. narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, subentive; scales very acute, loose, shorter than the disk; rays long, about 20.-A handsome plant, in swampy woods, N. H., Mass. to N. J. Rather rare. Stem slender, 10-20' high. Leaves numerous, 10 —18" by 2 —1", rarely subdentate. IIeads large? few, often but one, terminating the simple axis or branches. Rays large, white or pale purple. Sept., Oct. 44 A. ptarmicoides T. & G. St. co rymbous-fastigiate above; its. linear-lammceolate, acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole; says short.-A very distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils, by streams and lakes, Vt. (Robbins) to Mo. Rare. Stems clustered, simple, eanch bearing a spreading panicle of heads, which are below the middle size, and furnished with snow-white rays. July-Sept. (1-Ieliastrum, DC.) 45 A. flexuosus Nutt. St. branching, slender, flexuous, very smooth; ivs. long and succulent, the lower ones sublanceolate-linear, upper ones subulate; brcanzches leafy, 1-flowered; invol. scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter than the inv-olucre; ach. subbpubescenet. —Grows in salt marshes, Mass. to Flor. The whole plant very smooth, If high, with large, purple flowers; disk yellow. Aug. —Oct. 46 A. Chapmanii Torr. & Gr. Glabrouzs; st. strict, slender, corymbous at summit; branches filiform, 1-flowered; lvs. linear-subulate, appressed, numerous; ORDER 7'0.-COMPOSITMX. 427 scales in 5 or 6 series, closely imbricatedc; rays longer thea tile invol.; ach. glabrous.-Swamps, Fla. (Chapman.) A curious Aster, very slender, with large hds., 20 to 30-rayed, spreading 2', purple. 47 A. liniflius L. SEA ASTER. St. paniculate, much branched from the base; Ivs. long, linear, very acute, the uppermost subulate; invol. cylindric, with subulate scales in about 3 rows; rays minute, ie, two series, scarcely exssrted.-An annual species, found in salt marshes, Mlass. to Car. St. 12 to 18' high, very smooth, thick, reddish. -Lvs. smooth, sessile. The plant is very branching, with numerous small hds., almost discoid from the shortness of the rays. Aug. 48 A. subulatus Mx. Annual; slender, much branched, glabrous: branches corymbed, slender; lvs. linear-subulate, scabrous, long-linear below; scales lancelinear, acute, in 2 or 3 series; rays numerous, narrow, longer than the disl7, in one row. —Damp grounds, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Hds. small, with about 20 blue rays longer than the disk. Sept., Oct. (A. divaricatus Sutt.) 3. xsLIrs. Taller, with fewer branches, corymbed; hds. racemed or solitary-. Rays pale purple.-Columbus, Ga. (A. exilis E'll.) HIeight 2 to 4f. 19. DIPLOPAP'PUS, Cass. DOUBLE-1BRISTLED ASTER. (Gir. t,rZ)06o., double, 7rraTrog, pappus.) HIeads many-flox-ered; ray-flowers about 12, d; disk-flowers O; involucre imbricate, scales narrow, destitute of green tips; receptacle flat, subalveolate; pappus double, the exterior very sllort (about -"Y long), interior copious, capillary; achenia cornpressed.- 2 Lvs. entire, alternate. PRays cyanic. I)isk yellow. ~ Rays violet. Achenia silky. Bristles of the iller pappus alike....................No.,1 ~ ays whllitish. Some of the longer bristles elavellate.-Ach. smioothlis...........Nos. 2,' -Ae-c. vil!oi s................No. 4 1 D. linariif6lius IHook. St. straight, roughish; branches 1-flowered, fastigiate; scales imbricate, ca rinate, as long as the disk; lvs. linear, entire, 1-veined, mucronate, carinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved.-A handsome species, in dry woods, along streams, U. S. and Can. Stems subsimple, purplish, about a foot high. Leaves numerous, obtuse, with a small, mucronate point, shining above. lBranchlets near the top, leafy, each with one rather large and showy, violet-colored head. Aug., Sept. (Aster, L.) 2 D. umnbelltus Hook. St. smooth, straight, simple; hals. nurneroies, in a level coryazb; lvs. long, lanceolate, smooth, acuminate at each end, rough on the margin; invol. scales obtusely lanceolate; ach. 1pzbescenzt in lines. —Low grounds, river banks, fields, N. Eng. to La. St. 3 to 4f high (in dry fields but 1 to 2f) purplish, channeled, branching at top into a large, level-topped, cornpound corymb. Lvs. narrow, entire, 4 to 6' in length, those of the brancllets smaller. Rays about 12, white. Disk yellow. Aug., Sept. (A. amlygdalinus Mx. A.. umbellatus Ait.) A3. AMvGDALTNUS. St. roughish above, green; branches of the corymb divaricate; lvs. broader.-Lower and less elegant than variety a. Common. 3 D. cornif6lius Less. St. smooth below, scabrous and slightly paniculate above, feuw-flowered; lvs. elliptical, thin, long-acuminate at both ends, entire, with scattered hairs, rough-edged, invol. scales inbricate, shorter than the disk, obtuse; ach. glabrous.-Grows in woods N. and M~. States. Whole plant nearly smooth, erect, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. paler beneath, on very short stalks or sessile. Fls. few, large; outer scales very short. Rays about 10, white. Jl., Aug. (Aster, Muhl.) 4 D. obovitus Torr. & Gr. Cinerous-pubescent, corymbous above; lvs. oblongobovate or elliptical, acute, sessile or the lower or short petioles torentous beneath; scales loose, linear-subulate, acute, in about 3 rons, downy, rusty yellow; ach. silky-villous.-Damp shades, S. Car. to Fla. Ileight 2 to 3I~ Lvs. longer than the internodes (2 to 3'), rarely with a few teeth. Invol. broadly obeconic. Rays narrow, white, spreading 1-'. Pappus rusty white. Sept., Oct. (.tster, Ell.) 20. ERIG'ERON, L. FLEA-BANE. WHITE-WEED. (Gr. sp, the spring, ysepov, old man; because it is soon hoary.) IHeads many-flowered, subhemispherical; ray-flowers v, very numerous (40 to 200), narrow, liricar; flowers of the disk; i receptacle fiat, naked; scales of the invo 428 ORDErI 70.-COMPOSITlE. lucre nearly ill one row and equal, pappus generally simplc. —Herbs with alternate lvs. PRays cyalni. Disk yellow. ~ Rays minute, shorter than the cylindrical involucre. Pappus simple............ Nos. 1, 2 ~ lays 1log, show-, 30 to 40. Pappus simple. Leaves all rafdical.....................N o. 3 ~ ays long, showy, 50 to 200.-Pappus simple. Leaves clasping.................. Nos. 4— Pappus double. Le.aves sessile, &c...............Nos.'-';) 1 E. Canad6nse L. Invol. oblong; rays numerous (40 —50), crowded, eninute pappus simple; st. lairy, pariculate; lMs. lanceolate, loser ones subserrate.-A — very cosmon annual plant of no beauty, growing by roadsides and in fields, throughout N.l Am. Stem 1 —9f! high, branching, hairy and furrowed. Leaves very narrow, with roughl edges. Flowers white, very numerous, small, of mean appearance, irregularly racemous upon the branches, and constituting a lar'i, oh-. long panicle. The plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil.- starvics( form is EI. pusillurni Iutt. 2 E. divaricbLtuiam I.. Decumbent and didfusely branclhed, hirsutc; lys. linear and subulate; hd5s. very small, loosely coryimbous; rays minute.- Dry soil, I.V States S. to La. Plant of a ieyiish or bluisll aspect, 3 —6' high, but at length spreading l-'f: Leaves 4-12!' by -1 — 1. Rays purplish. June-sAug. 3 E. nudicafne i. Glabrous; lMs. obovate or spatulate, radlical, rosulate, entire; one or tw-o seosi!e Ihbact-like on the simple stell or scape; lids. fiw, corymbous,; invol. Ilerniiplielica.l; ralis narrow, 30 or meore, conspicuous.-Pine barrens, sa. to Ila. ald La. ivs. about 2' long. Scape 1S' hill vrry sldender. Ra1ys white. IMay, J1n. 4 B. bellidif1ium _Muhlenb. tROBINS' PLANTAIN. iIrsulte radiCeal lVs. obvate, obtuse, subserrate; st. Ivs. remote, mostly entire, lance-oblong, acute, clasping; hds. 3,-7, in a close, terminal corymb; rays 50 to 60, nearly twice longer than the involucre, linzear-spaotulate.-Dry fields and thickets, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, simnle, sometimes stolonilerous, 1-2f high. Leaves 2 3' by 6-9", mostly broadest abov e the middle. Ra-s bluish (rarely reddish)-purple. This is our earliest species, flowering in o May andcl June. Resembles tl following. (E. putlcle!lhm Mx.) 5 E. Philadalphicunm L. Pubescent or hirsute;'s. thin, bower sejajf7afe, crc~rate-clentate, upper oblong-oblanceolate, ml irrowecI to the clasping (sometimes cordate-auriculate) base, subserrate; hlids. fe, on long, slenler ped.; rays 150 to 200, filJfo?',m, more trhan twice longeri ti t the invol.-Woods and pastures tlhrolglhout N. Am. St. slender, 1 to 3f hlill. Lvs. 2 to 4' byr to 9", lower inuch attenuated at base, upper acute. Rays reddish-purple or flesh-colored, nearly as slender as hairs. Jn. Auog. /. IAnnrDI. Cauline lyes. cordate-ovate. Meriden, N. II. (R;card). y. St. stout, wvith coarsely serrate lye., approaching the next. 6 B. quercif6liumn Lm. Pubescent; rt. Ivs. oblopzg-obovtte, lyrale-e26rsnarti^cl, or deeply sinuate-toothed, the cauline sharply serrate, clasping; upper enire; lids. small, numerous, corymbous, with innumerable filiform rays, tw-ice longer thleli the invol.-S. Car. to Ila. and La. Difers from the precedinog in its sinaller anll more numerous lids. as -well as its lye. Rays pale purple. Maar. Jn. 7 Ei. 6nnuum Pors. CoM3IMONx LEABASNE. ~ WI-IITE- iEED. Hirsute, wi tha s.cattered hairs, branchingg; Ivs. coarsely serrate, 1he lowest ovale, contl'ractedl at Ia:ei: into a winged petiole, stem leaves ovatc-lanceolate, sessile, acute, tile hi'hest la11ceolate; rays very numerous and narrow; pappus double.-A comnmonl weed, il: fields and wasto grounlds, Can. to Penn. ancl Ky. Stem thlick, 2-4f higli, stl'iate terminating ins a large, diffuse, corvini)ous particle of large heads. Pays white or purplish, 100 or more, short. Jn.-Aug. (E. heterophyilum 3Muhl.) 8 E. strigobsum L. Plant,'ouyhi, wiitll short, appressed hairs, or nearly smoothll Ivs. lanceolate, teleerinrg co each enad, ezivee, or witll a fel large teesti in the middle, lower ones 3-veined and petiolate; pan. corymbous; pappus double.-A rough weed, in grassy fields, Can. and U. S. St. about 2f high, slender, furrowved, withl close, short, stifT hairs, and bearing a large, loose coryolb. Lye. also vith closepressed bristles, sessilo. Rays very narrow, wlhite. Jn.-Oct.,3. St. simple, smooth; iv. enltire, pubesce-it; fls. corymnbed; rays 100 to 150. (E. integerrifbliun Bw.) ORDER 70. —COMPOSITLE. 429 9 E. glabellum Nutt. Lvs. smooth, entire, spatulate, long-tapering at base, upper lanceolate and lance-linear, sessile, acuminate; hds. 4 to 6, corymbed; invol. hemispherical, pubescent as well as the peduncles; rays very numerous, pale blue.-Wis. to Nebr. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. long and narrow. Rays 100 or more. Jl., Aug. 21. CALLIS'TEPHUS, Cass. CHINA ASTER. (Gr. acd'&of, beauty, 6r7'ogS, a crown; characteristic of the pappus.) Ray-flowers 9, numerous; disk-flowers 5; involucre hemispherical; receptacle subconvex; pappus double, each in 1 series, outer series short, chaffy-setaceous, with the setme united into a crown; inner series of long, fiiiform, scabrous, deciduous bristles. —T Exotics. Lvs. alternate. C. Chinensis Ness. St. hispid; branches divergent, I-flowered; lvs. ovate, coarsely dentate, petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base.-Said to be originally from China. Stem about 18' high, with longo branches, each terminated kby a single, large head. Rays dark purple. Disk yellow. July-Sept. —Cultivation has produced many beautiful and even splendid varieties, double a:d semidouble, with white, blue, red, flaked and mottled rays. -- (Aster Chinensis L.) 22. BEL'LIS, L. GARDEN DAISY. (Lat. bellhts, pretty; a term quite appropriate to the genus.) Heads mnany-flowered; rays 9; disk k; involucre hemispherical, of equal scales; receptacle subalveolate, conical; pappus nione.-Low herbs, either q1 and caulescent or 24 and acaulescent. clds. solitary. 1: B. integrif6lia Mx. Annual, di.3sely branched; lvs. entifre, spatulate-obovate, upper oblong-lanceolate, sessile; scales lance-ovate, setaceous-acuminate, with scarious margins. —Wet prairies, Ky. to Tex. Sts. 6 to 12'. Rays violet-purple, iin hds. similar to the next. Mar.-M-5ay. 2 B. perdennis L. Perennial; root creeping; scape naked, single-flowered; Ivs. oboeate, cvrenate.-2- Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly naturalized in some parts of N. England in culti~Vated grounds. Scape 3 or 4' higch, with a single white head which is single, double or quilled in the different varieties. Blossoms in the spring and summer months. 23. DAF'LIA, L. (In honor of Andrew Dao/al, a Swedish botarnist, pupil of Linnmus.) Heads many-flowered, rays 9, disk ~; involucre double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base; receptacle chaffy; pappus none.- 2 Splendid Mexican herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite. I D. varidibilis Desf. St. green;'eachis of thue i.vs. wvinged; fIts. ovate, acuminate, serrate, puberulent or nearly smooth; oider inrjvo. reflexed; ^ay 2fs. y, sterile or fertile.-These superb and fashionable plants are nativtes of sandy meadows in Mexico. They have coarse and roughish lvs. resembling those of the coummon eller, but the flowers are large and beautiful, sporting; into innumerable varieties, singole and double, of every conceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple, red, rarely yellow, blooming from July until arrested by frost. 2 D. coccinea Car. St. firosty, or hoary, hollow: Ivs. with the rachis raked; lfts. roughish beneath; outer invol. spreading'; rays neuter. —Stems about 4f high. Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron-color or yellow, never purple or white.-The Dahlias are generally cultivated by the divisions of the tuberous roots, which, as soon as the frost blackens the tops, are to be taken up and preserved through the winter in a dry place, fi-ee from frost. 24. BOLTO'NIA, L'Her. (To J. B. Boltoln, author of "Ferns of' Great Britain," &c., 1788.) Hds. many-flowered; ray-flowers 9, in a single series, those of the disk tubular,; scales in 2 series, appressed, with mnembranous margins; receptacle conic, punctate; achenia flat, 2 or 3-winged; pappus of winute setme, 2 (t9 4) of thema usually length 4:30 OnDER 70. —COMPOSITAE. cned into awns.- 4 Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, entile, sessile. I-Ids. loosely corymbous. Rays purplish-white. 1 B. glastif6lia L'Her. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, narrowed to the base, the lowest serrate; lids. on slender peduncles in a loose paniculate coryomb; ach. obovate, smiooth, iwit]h 2 awns nearly its length and several very minute setin between. —A very slender plant 3 to 7f, between Aster and Erigeron, in prairies, &c. Can. W. to Ga. and La. St. strict, green. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, the upper setaceous. Rays about 30, spreading 7 to 9". Jl., Aug. 2 B. diffflsa Ell. Lvs. linear-lanceolate and linear-subulate, all entire; hds. small, in a diffuse panicle with very numerous and slender branchlets; ach. obovate, narrowly winged, with 2 awzs less than half its length, and several very minute set.:e between.-Ga. to La., common. A very slender and diffusely branched plant, 3 to if high. Rays spreading about 5". Aug.-Oct. 3 B. asteroides L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate, all entire; hds. in a somewhat condensed corymb, on long pedluncles; branches leafy; ach. broadly oval, smooth, with 4 to 5 minute setUe, nzone of themn produced into azrns.-Margins of swamps, Penn. to Ga. Plant 1 to 3f high. Rays 13 to 20, spreading 6 to 7". Aug., Sept. 25. BRACHYCHI'TA, Torr. & Gr. FALSE SOLIDAGO. (G1r. PaveS, short, X al'i, hair; in reference to the pappus.) I-eads few-flowered; rays 4 or 5,?, ligulate; disk-flowers 4 or 5, 0, tubular; involuere cylindric, imbricate; receptacle naked; pappus a single row of scalelike bristles shorter than the obconic achenium.-24 Habit that of a Solidaoo. The golden yellow heads arranged in little clusters, forming one or several unilateral, recurved racemes. B. cordAta Torr. & Gr., Woods, E. Ky. (near Cumberland Gap) to Ga., along the nlts. St. 2 to 4f high, simple or with several branches above, pubescent. Lvs. alternate, cordate, ovate, acute or aculminate, the lower petiolate, more or less cordate, serrate, the upper entire, sessile. Heads small (3" long), in 1 (or more) long, recurved, nearly leafless, interrupted. raec. Aug.-Oct. 26. SOLIDA'GO, L. GOLDENROD. (Lat. solidari, to unite; from the vulnerary qualities of the plants.) Flowers of the ray about 5,?, remote; of the disk; involucre oblong, imbricate, with appressed scales; receptacle punctate, narrow; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. — Herbs, very abundant in the U. S. St. erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hcds. sinall, with 1 to 15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fl]. yellow (one species whitish), expanding in the autumnal months. a Shrub 1 to 3f high. lRays 1 to 3. Southern.........................................No. 1 a Iterbaceous; heads without rays,-discoid...................................... Nos. 2, 3 a HIerbaceous; heads radiate, rays, 1 to 11, usually small. (b) b Scales of the involucre with recurved, herbaceous tips........................os. 4, 5 b Scales imbricated, erect, scarious, seldom herbaceous. (c) c Rays white or cream-colored. Clusters axillary and terminal................ No. 6 C 1Rays golden yellow. (d) d Inflorescence axillary (chiefly), in clusters or short racemes, (e) e Stems pubescent............................................No. 7, S, v e Steills glabrous....................o.........................Nos. s, 9 d Inflorescence termninal, virgate or paniculate. (f) f Clusters or rae. erect, not secured. Lvs. feather-veined. (g) g Iheads large, with loose scales. Alpine plants.............Nos. 10 —12 g Heads notlarge. Plants glabrous. Raiys 4 to 7...........Nos. 13-15 g Heads not large. Phluts soft-downy. Rays 9 to 12......5Nos. 16, 17 Clusters or raceies rcecurved and secuind (one-sided). (h) h Leaves 3 (or 1)-veined. Very smooth, salt-marsh herbs.....Nos. 1S, 19 h Leaves evidently 3-vecined. HTerbs inland, &c. (k) k Leaves entire or very nearly so........................Nos. 20, 21 k Leaves serrate. Stem s!nooth anl glabroius............ Nos. 22-24 k Leaves serrate. Stern roughish-pubescent.............Nos. 25, 26 h Leaves not veiny, thick, subentire. Herbs inland.........Nos. 27 —29 h Leaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate. (m) m Stem hairy or downy. Leives rough or not..........Nos. 30-32 m Stem gli.brous. Leaves glabrous or not. Rays 2 to 5.Nos. 33 —35 m Stem glabrois. Lvs. glabrous or not. Rays 6 to 12. (n) ORDER 70. —COMPOSIT2E. 431 n PRacemes distant, loosely if at all panicled......... Nos. 86, 37 n Racemes close, forming compact panicles.......... Nos. 3S-410 d Inflorescence terminal, in afastigiate corymb. (o) o Leaves lanceolate, ample. Stein rough pubescent..............Nos. 41, 42 o Leaves lanceolate, ample. Stem smooth, glabrous............. Nos. 48-46i o Leaves linear. Heads small, scales close-pressed..............Nos. 47, 4S 1 S. pancifloscul6sa ~Mx. Shrub, much branched, glabrous, glaucous and somewhat viscid; lvs. somewhat lanceolate and linear, obscurely 3-veined, obtuse, sessile, entire; panicle compound, of erect racemes; hds. 5 to 7-flowered, with 1 to 3 large rays.-S. Car. to Fla., barrens near the coast. A low bush, about 2if high, remarkably distinguished among our Soliclaos as a shrub. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, leathery. Ray, usually solitary. Aug.-Oct. 2 S. discoidea (Ell.) Villous-pubescent, hoary; Ivs. ovate, petiolate, coarsely serrate, the upper ovate-lanceolate; rac. erect, in a virgate or thyrsoid pan.; lids. discoid, abouZt 12-flowecred; scales downy-canescent, the acute herbaceous tips squccrrous-spreadineg.-Ga. and Fla. (uplands), to La. Plant 3 to 4f high, remalrkable for its rayless fls. and squarrous aster-like involucre. Lower lvs. 3 to 4' long, gradually reduced upwards. Sept., Oct. 3 S. brachyph.lla Chapm. Rough-pubescent; hrs. numerous, appressed-serrate, spatulate, oval and ovate, glabrous; rac. secund, in virgate panicles: scale.s erect (not spreading), obtuse, smooth; hds. discoid; disk-flowers 5 to 6. Mid. Fla., uplands (Chapman). Tall (4 to Of), with erect leafy branches. St. lvs. 1' long, diminishing upwards. (Allied to S. altissima.) 4 S. squarr6sa MsAuhl. St. stout, simple, densely pubescent above; Ivs. smooth, lower very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper lanceolate-elliptic, highest, entire; rac. glomerate, rigid and pubescelt; scales rigid, oblozg, squarl outs with spreading creen li2is; hds. many flowered; suays 10-12, elongated.-A hanidsome species, found on rocky hills, Can. to Penn. Stein 2-5f high. Heads very large, forming a large terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascieles or racemes. Sept. 5 S. squarnl6sa (T. & (C.) Pubescent, striate; lvs.'ough, numerous, oval or lanceolate, the upper entire, the lower serrate, all abruptly contracted at base but scarcely petiolate; lhds. large (20 to 25-flowered), in a terminal, virgate raceme; rays 6 to 10; scales linear or iance-subdlate, with loose herbaceous tips, the outer spreading, bract-like.-Uplanclds, N. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 3i high, often branched above. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Aug., Sept. (S. squarrosa Nutt. S. petiolaris Ait.?) 6 S. bicola L. I-airy; st. simple; lvs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower serrate, short-stalked: rae. short, dense, axillary, paniculate-virgate above; invol. scales obtuse; -rays about 8, whitish.-Woods and dry hills, Can., N. Mid., & W. States. Remnarkably distinguished among the solidagos by having white or cream-colored rays. St. 2f high, a little hairy. Lvs. ihairy on both sides, mostly entire, grladually reduced in size upwards. Axillary clusters approximating aboveo into a terminal, interrupted spike. Rays short and obscure, JI., Aug. (Aster bicola Nees.),3. IIIlmSUTA. Fls. all yellow.-Penn. (S. hirsuta, Nutt.) 7. S. Biickleyi Torr. & Gr. Villous-pubescent; Ivs. oblong, serrate, acute at each end, subsessile; clusters axillary, loose, mucl- shorter than the ivs.; ped. villous; scales glabrous, acsutish, rays 4 to 6, disk-flowers 9 to 12; ach. compressed, gjlabrous. —nterior of Ala. (Buckley). St. 2 to 3f high? Lvs. as large as in No. 8, the hdcs. larger. Oct. 8 S. latif6lia Miuhl. St. somewhat flexuous, angular, smooth below, pubescent above; Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate at each end, deeply serrate, pubescent beneath; petioles marginal; rac. axillary and terminal; ach. silky pubescent.-A singular and. well-marked species common in dry woods and by rocky streams, U. S. and Can. St. slender, simple, about 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 4', with acute, often long-acuminate serratures. Clusters very short, axillary, the stena ending with a long terminal one. Hds. few. Sept. —Variable. Tile clusters are often long and loose, and exceeding the lvs. (S. ambigua Ait. S. S. acrophylla B w.) /3. PUBENS. Pubescent, becoming densely so above, especially the scales.iMts. of N. Car. (Curtus)-(S. pubens Curtis.) 432 ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT2E. 9 S. cesia Ait. St. erect, round, smooth and glaucous, eltoften flexuous; Ivs, smooth, linear-lanceolate, lower ones serrate; rac. axillary, erect, ach. stineetelly p)ubescent.-A very elegant species, in thickets and dry woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 to 4f high, of a bluish-purple color, terete and slender, somnevllat flexuous, simple or branched. Leaves 2-5' long, ending in a long point, sessile, glanucous beneath. Racemes axillary, numerous, short. Flowers of' a deep, rich yellow. Rays 5-7, once and a half the length of' the involucre. Aug. (S. axillaris, Ph.),. FLExICULIss. St. flexuous, ang'ular; lns. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the subcapitate racemes.-Leaves about 2' by J/" Rays pale yellow. (S. flexicaulis, Ph. not of L.) y. CunTISaI. St. tall, strict, striate-angular. — MIts. iN. Car. Heighllt 3 to 5f. (S. Curtisii, T. & G.) 10 S. thyrsoldea MeyerL St. simple, flexuous, v-ey smooth, pubescent above; lvs. smiooth, ovate, coarsely andcl sharl)ly serrate, acute, the lower on long petieoles, the upper subsessile, lanceolate; rac. mostly sia-iple, short; hds. laryge, ith conspicuous rays.-A coarse showy golden rod, in woods, White Bits., N. H., Willoughby and Green MIts., Vt. It is remiarkable for the long slender stalks of the lower ovate leaves, and for tile large lids. wc1hich exceed in size most other species. St. 1 to 3f high, racemes axillaiy and terminal, usually in a thyrse-liko panicle. Aug. (S. virgaurea, B3w.) 11 S. VirgaUrea L. L 3. ALPINA (Bw.) St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent at top; st. lvs. lanceolate, serrate, lower ones oval; contracted to a petiole, rac. erect ray elongated; his. large, about 30-/lowered; scales very thel, acute. This is thO only species common1 to the two continents. One of its numerous varieties is seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of thoe ANWhite Mts., N. It., Essex Mts., N. Y., L. Superior, C. W., also? Mts. of N. Car. The hds. are few, sometimnes one only, but larger than those of most other species, and of a rich, golden yellow. St. often purple, 2 to 3' high, simple, with axillary and terim-inal flowers. lu-.(S. glonierata Mx. whose description answers w-ell to the larger specimens of' S. virgaurea.) 12 S. rulmilis Ph. Glabrous; st. simple, erect; radical lvs. oblanceolate, petiolate, obtuse andel crenate-serrate at apex; the eauline oblanceolate. and lanceolate, acute; rac. simple or panilculate; hds. miziddle size, about 12-ifiowred; scales oblong, obtuse; rays short. —Rocks along mountain streams, Vt., IN. H., to Newfoundland. St. 6 to 12' hli'h, soewhallt glutinous. Rae. slender, strict. Lvs. of the stem about 2' by 3 to 4", serrulate. Hlds. 6 to 8 rayed. Aug., Sept. 3. Taller; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, formingo a dense, slender, interrupted rac. —Near the Willey House, White Mts. 13 S. virgata hIx. Glabrous, strict, virgate, ttall, simnplJy'acemoues at to); lvs. entire, thlickish, oblong -lanceolate, and oblanceolate, rough edged, the lowest subserrate, petiolate; Mls. about 15-fow e reed; rays 5 to 7; acid. pebescezt.Damp pine ba.rrens, N. J. to Fla. St. 3 to 5f high. Lower lvs. 3 to 4' long, gradually reduced above to the bracts of the peduncles 3 or 4" in length. Rac. 6' to i long, comlposed of small clusters. Sept., Oct. 14 S..strfcta Ait. Smooth; st. strict, erect, silple;- ecauline Ivs. lanceolate, very entire, rough-edged, sadicael Ivs. serrate, very lon y; rac. paniczilete, erect; ped. smnootlh; hids. about 10-flowered.-In -wet n-oods, N. States. St. (and every other part) very smooth; about 2f high. Lvs. 2 to I to 8' by 4 to. to 1', lower attenuated at base into a long, wringed petiole. Pan. terminal, close, composed of short, dense, appressed racemes. Hds. 12 to 18-flowered. Aug. 15 S. specic5sa Nutt. St. smooth, simrnple; s. lanceolate, entire, and scabrous, on the margin, thicl, the radical and lower Ivls., subserrate, very broacl; sac. erect, numerous, for ming a terminal, -Ilyrsoid panicle; peclicels shorter thaez the invol., pubescent; rays large, 6 to 8. —Woods, IdMass. to Ohio and Ga. A noble species, 2 to 6f high, St. stout, often purple, furrowed. Lvs. ample, some of theml 6' by 3'. Irds. exceedinoly numerous, about 15-flowered, withi conspicuous rays of a rich yellow, in a lalr e, showy, pyramnid al particle. Aug.-Oct. /. ERECTA. Panicle slender, spicate. —With the other; merely a reduced form. (S. erecta DC.) ORDER 70.-COMPOSITAE. 433 1G S. verna Curtis. Hoary pubescent; st. few-leaved, branched nearly naked, loosely panicled; lower lvs. finely serrate, ovate, veiny, on margined petioles, the upper lance-ovate or oblong, entire; scales lance-linear, smoothish; rays 10 to 12, dislk fs. 16 to 20; ach. pubescent.-An early fiowering Solidago, in pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla., rare. St. 2 to 3f high, erect or sonletimes inclined and the racemes a little recurved. Lowest Ivs. 3' by 2', 5-veined, the others partly 3-veined. M1iay, Jn. 17 S. pUb6r-ula Nutt. Dusty puberulent, simple strict; l1us. lanceolat., entir-e, atten~late at base, thle lower oblanceolate, subserrate; pan. spicate, erect, dernse but cornpound; ped. pubescent; scales linear-lanceolate, acute; rays about 10, elongated; disk fls. about 13.-Woods, Me. to Ga. St. straight, purplish, 2 to 3f high, terminating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, appressed racemcs. Lvs. -very minutely pubescent both sides, the lowest on close, wvingecl stalks. ids. rather large, bright yellow. Aug.-Oct. (Also S. pulverulenta Nutt.) 18 S. senmpervlrenrs L. St. smooth; lvs. lanceolate, somewhat succulent, smooth, entire, and scabrous on the nmargin. subamplexicaul, obscar0ely 3-veined/ rac. secund, paniculate; pedicels scabrous-pubescezt; rays elongtatedl to 10, diskfls. 15 to 20. Mari.shes along the coast, and river banks, within the influence of the brackish water. St. 3 to 6f high, purplish, somlewhat glaucous, with numerous longo and narrowv leaves. IEds. large. Rays showy. Sept. (S. ievigata Ait.) 19 S. angustif6lia Ell. St. smooth, strict, branched or simple; lIvs. lance-linear. thick, smooth, entire, sessile, short and esect, 1-veined, thlle lower lanceolate, taperint at base; pan. dense, eec, rt, virgate; lpediccIs glabroozs, sle:,der; hlids. small, 15 to 20-flowsered; rays about 7.Br.ackisli swamps, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Sts. 2 to 4f hirh. Lvs. diminishing upwards, the hignhest saibulate. Ilds. very numerous. partly inclined to one side. Scales acute. Sept., Oct. 20 S. naeraoraltis Ait. Duisty-sublto ent2z s; livs. r'oughish, acute, obscurely 3veined, attenuate at base, sub-entire thle lower pQtiolate; rac. secund, paniculate; lids. snall; rays 5 to 6, disk-fls. 5 to 7.-Dry fields and roadsides, Can. and U. S. A common, starved-lookino species; wvith a grayish, dusty aspect. HIeight 1 to 2f: Lvs. often fascicled irl the axils. Hlds. with conspicuous rays. Pa1. dense, composed of many short racames, icliningi to one side, or often of a single, terminal recurved one. Again, the stem divides into hbranches, each bearing a panicle. Sept.'/. Very slender, minutely puberulent, terminated by a slender spicate (recurved) panicle.-In woods. Lvs. as long as in S. casieia. 21 S. rupdrstris Raf. Sazooth, slender; lvs. linear-lanceollate, atlentuae at both ends, plainly 3-veined, entire, or the lowver subserrulate; lds. small, about 15flovered, in a simnple, slender panicl;'ayaS veryJ 7hor.-Ind., Ky., on river banks. St. 2 to 3f high, often branched. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, veins whitish beneath. Aug., Sept. Too near the next. 22 S. ntssoulri2snsis Nutt. Glabrous, low, simple, slender; (vs. lance-linear, tapering to each end, pllainly 3-veined, very acute and rountoh-eddrl, lower ones with sacuitO, slender ser-ratures, radical, oblanceolate, petiolate; i rac. small, in a dease, pyr amidal, or somewhat corygnwbou$s 2an.; p)d. glabrousC.'; scales with, greenish tips; lids. small, 12 to 15-flowered.-A delicate species, 1 to 2f higll, in dry prairies, 1ll. anrd Mo. Lvs.. smooth and shining, lower 3 to 1' by 3 to 5', the others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Rays about S. Ji., Aug. 23 S. serbtina WTilld. St. round, striate, smooth; lvs. linear-lainceolate, acuminate, sliglitly serrate, obscurely 3-veined, veins beneathtl pubescerit; rac. secund, recurved, panliculate; ped. 1,sbescent; hds. sma.ll, 15 to 20-floweseced. A smooth species in meadows mand thickets, U. S. and Can. St. 3 to 6f higlh, very smtooth, often glaucous or purple. Lvs. 3 to 5 to 7' long, smootlh; mtargin scabrous, upper entire. Fls. numerous, forming a minole or less compact panicle, inciined at summit. Rays less than 1' long. Sept. —Variable and scarcely distinct from the next. 24 S. gigdtntea Ait. St. smooth, striate; l s. lanceolate, serrate vith7 shzarp, spreadingy teeth, margins rouoh-ciliate, strongly 3-veined; rac. axillary and loosely panicled; branches pubescent; ped. ancd pedicels hairy; hds. 15 to 20 ilowered. — 28 434 ORDER 70. —COMPOSIT.. A large, showy species, in low, open grounds, U. S. and Can. St. green, sometimes purplish, 4 to If high, often much branched above. Lvs. 2 to 4 to 7' long, acurninate at each end, often with divergent teeth. Pan. often diffuse, on spreading, leafy branches. Aug.-Oct.-Rays twice longer than the last. 25 S. Canad6nsis L. St. downy; Zvs. lanceolate, serrate, 3-veined, acuminate, rough; rae. paniculate, secund, recurved; rays short, about 8, disk-fls. about 7: scales linear.-(Fig. 118.) Fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. From 18' to 5f high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle which inclines to one side. Lvs. sessile, 3' long, sometirnes nearly entire, and perhaps a little downy. Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very obscure, yellow rays. Aug. —Oct. /3. PROCERA. St. villous; lvs. rough, villous beneath; hds. larger, and with larger rays. —In low grounds, 4-7f high. Leaves distinctly 3-veined. (S. procera Ait.) 26 S. Sh6rtii Torr. & Gr. St. minutely rough-downy; lvs. oblolng-la.lceolate, sharply serrate, strongly 3-veined, acute, very smooth; rac. secund, dense; pae. contracted, elongated; scales linear-oblong, with gyreezish tips; rayvs 5 to 7, disk-fis. 5 to 7.-Banks of the Ohio River, Ind. and Ky. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Readily distinguished fioln the last. Jl., Aug. 27 S. pil6sa 1Walt. Hirsute, tall, stout; lvs. lance-oblong, remotely serrulate, rough, thllick, obsoletely veined, midvein hairy beneath, upper lance-ovate, sessile, entire; pan. pyramidal; rays 7 to 10, minute, disk-fls. 5 or 6.-Pine barrens, N. J. to I'la., in damp places. St. 4 to 7f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long below, reduced upwards, very naumerous, yellowish-green. Pedicels with subulate bracts, similar to the outer scales. Sept., Oct. 28 S. od6ra Ait. St. round, lpubescent in lines, slender; ivs. linear lanceolate, acute, abrupt and sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate, with pellucid dots, roughledged; rac. paniculate; rays 2 to 4, disk-fls. 3 or 4.-In dry, fertile woodlands and sunny hills, U. S. and Can. Stem 2-3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves 1- -3' by 3-5", with a strong, yellowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle inclined. Racemes 2-3' long, spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and a simple row of small heads on the upper side. J1. —Sept.-The only species of Solidago which has properties generally considered either agreeable or useful. The leaves araronlatic and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil. f3. RETRORS-c. Lvs. linear below, subulate above, often twisted; rays 1, 2 or 3; st. pubescent all over. S. W. Ga. (Miss Keen). Punctate lvs. acute. Scales, &c., as in a. (S. retrorsa MX.) 29 S. tortif1ia Ell. St. rough, pubescent; lvs. numerous, linear, subentire, often twisted at the base, smasll, scabrous above, not ~punctctle; rac. recurved, in a pyramidal panicle; scales obtuse; ray and disk-fls. each 3 to 5.-N. Car. to Fla. and Tex., in dry fields. St. 2 to 3fhigh, often much branched. Lower lvs. 2 to 3' long, reduced upwards to subulate bracts. (Elliott.) Aug.-Oct.-Is this thl same as our j3. N7o. 28? 30 S. altfssima L. St. h7airy, tall; lvs. lanceolate, very veiny, lower ones deeply serrate, rough and wrinkled. Scales acute; rays 6 to 8.-A variable species, the tall, roughl varieties of which are common about the borders of fields, in hedges, U. S. and B13rit. Am. Stem rough with hairs, erect, 3-5f high, much branched at top. Leaves variously toothed or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and branches. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle with the flowers turning upwards. Scarcely two of the plants look alike. The branches are very widely spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered heads, or with numerous heads; tho leaves are equally or unequally serrate, hairy or woolly. Aug.-Oct. (S. rugosa Willd.) 31 S. Drumm6ndii Torr. & Gr. St. velvety; Ivs. ovate or broadly oval, acute at each end, sharply serrate, smooth above, velvety beneath, veiny; scales oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.-I11. near St. Louis. (Drummond in ST. Am. Fl.) St. 1 to 2f high. 32 S. Radula Nutt. St. srough-dou'ny, simple; Ivs. oblong-spatulate, tapering to the sessile base, serrate above, very rough, rigid, the lowest petiolate; pan. contracted; disk-fls. 3 to 6, rays 5, very short.-Ill. near St. Louis (Engelman), to La. Plant slender. 1 to 2f high. Hds. small, crowded, in short, secund racemes. Sept. ORDER 70.-COMPOSITE. 435 33 S. ulmifolia Muhl. St. glabrous, with hairy branches; lvs. thin, elliptic-ovate, serrate, acuminate, sessile, tapering to the base, smooth above, villous beneath; rac. paniculate, recurved-spreadinrg; ped. villous; hds. small; scales acute; rays 3 or 4, disk-fis. 3 oi 4.-In woods and low grounds, N. and W. States. A species, of striking form, like Brachychaeta, with the slender, arched branches of the Elm. St. striate, about 3f high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical lvs. tapering to winged petioles, and hairy both sides, with coarse and unequal serratures, upper ones entire, middle ones about 3' by 14-'. Rays deep yellow. Aug., Sept. 34 S. Boottia Hlook. St. glabrous, with. hairy branches; lvs. ovate or lance-ovate, serrate, lower contracted to marginal petioles, upper sessile, acumninate at both ends; rac. long, recurved, loosely panicled; hds. meiddle size; scales oblong, ob, tuse; rays 2 to 5, disk-fis. 8 to 12. —Sandy soils, N. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Plant 2 to 5f high, variable, with the stem smooth, or more or less rough-downy. Aug. -Oct. 35 S. linoides Solander. Smooth throughoute; st. slender, simple; lvs. lanceolate, finely serrate and scabrous on the margin, radical ones petiolate, upper entire; hds. small, in short, secund, at length spreading racemes; scales oblong-linear, obtuse, appressed; rays 1 to 4, short, disk-fls. 4 to 5, short. —A small species, near Boston (Greene in N. Am. Flo.) to N. J. St. 12 to 20' high. Lvs. 1 to 5' by 3 to 6". Pan. small, usually turned to one side. Sept., Oct. 36 S. Mluhlenbergii Torr. & Gr. St. furrowed, glabrous; lvs. sneoot1h both sides, strongly and sharply serrate, the radical ovate, petiolate, cauline, elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate at each end; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading; pedicels pubescent; hds. 15-20-flowered; scales linear, obtuse.-In damp woods and thickets, N. II. to Penn. Stem 2-3f high, generally simple, bearing a long, open panicle. Leaves large, notched with very acute or acuminate teeth, featherveined. Heads middle size, with G-S rather large rays. Aug.-Oct. (S. arguta Muhl.) 37 S. pdtula. Muhl. St. smooth, angular-striate; lvs. elliptic, acute, serrate, very scabroes above, smooth beneath, lower ones oblong-spatulate; rac. paniculate, loosely spreading; pedicels pubescent; hds. abota 12 to 15-flowered; scales nrmuch imbricated, oblong, very obtuse.-In wet places, Can., N. and W. States, not common. St. 2 to 4f high, virgate, often purple, strongly angled, with leafy branches at the top. St. lvs. 1 to 2' long, J as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger. Rae. short, on the ends of the spreading branches. Sept. 38 S. elliptica Ait. Erect, glabrous throughout, leafy; lvs. elliptical, acute at each end, obscurely serrate, upper ones sessile, entire; rac. short, recurved, inb a dense pyrzamidal panicle; hds. middle size; rays 5 to 8, very short, disk-fls. 6 or'7; scales linear-oblong, obtuse.-Salt marshes, R. Isl. (Olney), near N. Y. (T. & G.), to Ga. St. 3 to 5f high, bearing a close, sornewhat leafy pyramidal panicle. Lvs. 2 to 4' by I to 1~', rough-edged, the serratures appressed and rather remote. Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct. pL. ELtIrrTIT. Pan. more widely spreading.-South. (S. Elliottii T. & G.) 39 S. arguita Ait. St. strict, smooth; Ivs.5 smooth, acutely and unequally serrate, with diverging teeth, cauliize, elliptical, sessile, highest entire and small, radical oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles; rac. secund, dense, in a spreadizng, cory.mbous panicle; hds. middle size; rays about 10, disk-fls. 9 or 10; ach. smooth.-In meadows and woods, U. S. (fiom lat. 38~), N. to the Arc. circle. A smooth, shining plant 3f high, with a large, dense, corymbous panicle. Rac. recurved, a finger's length, the compound pedicels roughish, bracted. Aug., Sept. d. JUNCEA. Lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, upper entire; st. brownish, striate; rays twice as long as the invol.; pan. less dense.-Open fields. (S. juncea Ait. S. ciliaris Muhl.) 40 S. neglecta Torr. & Gr. St. smooth, striate; lvs. smooth, acute, serrate, wvitll divergent teeth, cauline linear-lanceolate, subentire highest linear, sessile, lowest lanceola/e (large), tapering to a long petiole; rac. secund, erect, at length recurved, in an abrupt or oblique panicle; lids. middle size; rays 6 to 10, disk-fls. 7 to 12; ach. smooth.-Swamps Hanover, N. H. (Ricard, &c.) to Ind. and southllward. St. 3 to 4fhigh, terete. Rt. lvs. 6 to 12' long, feather-veined; upper obscurely 3-veined. Aug., Sept. —A handsome Solidago, best known by its peculiar panicle. 436 ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT.E. 41 S. Ohiensis Riddell. Glabrous tlhroughout; lower lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, entire or serrulate above, tapering to long petioles, epper oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acute, sessile, entire; hds. numerous, 15-20-flowered; rather large, in a dense, fastigiate corymb.-M-Ieadows and prairies, western N. Y. to Ind. A perfectly smooth Solidago, 2-3f high. Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a firm texture, the radical 6-8' by 1-1-', on petioles of equal length, middle cauline, about 2' by 5". Heads about 6-rayed. Sept., Oct. 42 S. Ridd1llii Frank. Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbously branched; radical Ivs. very long, laZce-l,,iear, longy-pointed entire, on long' margined, earinate petioles, caulieze lvs. claspizg at base, arcuate, carrinate, narrow, acate, entire; branches leafy; hds. 20-24-flowered, densely clustered in a compoundl filstigiato corymb.-Wet prairies Ohio, WNis. to Mo. A well marked species, 15-30' high. Radical leaves 12-18' long', almost grass-like, cauline 3-6' by x,', with a strong midvein, and generally much recurved. Rays sraall, 6-9. Sept. (S. Mlexican.:,. HookI.) 43 S. corymb6sa Ell. Stout, glabronus; wih irhe coryuSbens branches hirsl;e,' lvs. sessile, oblonil~-llnceolate, thick, rigid, smooth, the lower and radical subdeltate, upper entire, rough-ciliate; lids. large, in loose racemes, tlie ouzter secnrld, forming a fastigiate corymb; scales pubescent, oblong, obtuse; rays about 10, disk-flis. about 20; ach. glabrous.-M-iddle CGa. Plant 4 to 6f high, differingS from S. rigida in its smooth stem andc leaves, smaller lids., &c. Sept., Oct. 44 S. Houg- htoinii Torr. & Gr. Like S. Ohliensis, but smaller, with a fesw very large hds., —found in Northern Mich. in the State Survey. Aug. 45 S. rigida L. Stout, rough-hairy; Ivs. rigid, ovate-oblong, rough with minute hairs, the upper very entire, the lower serrate; branches corymbous-panliculate, with close, short racemes, the lower somewhat secund; lids.'very large; scale.s obtuse; rays large, 7 to 10, disk-ils. 25 or more; ach. glabrous. —A rough plant in dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to 2Mo. and Tex. Abundant in western prairies. St. 3 to 5f high, round, striate, with rigid lvs., of which the radical ones are sometimes near a foot long. Hds. 4 to 5" long and wide. Rays about 3" by 1", deep-yellow. Aug., Sept. 46 S. spitham'a a Curt. Villous; Ivs. lance-oval or oblong; thin, s00toohish, shaIply seriate, margin ciliate;- hlids. middle size, coryrubotus; scales lanceolate, acute; rays 6 to 8, disk-fis, 15 to 20; aclh. pubescent. —Tiglh Mts. Of N. Car. (Curtis). A low plant, growing in tufts, with hairy stemns, branches and corymbs, and inconspicuous rays. Aug., Sept. 47 S. lanceolAta Ait. St. angular, hairy, much branched' ls. linear-.lazceolate, entire, 3-veined, rough-margined, slightly llispid on tile veins beneatlhl coryrmbs terminial, fcastigiate; ctays sninoute, about 17, disk-fls. 10.-In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. St. 2 to -f high, w\ith numerous, very long and narrow lvs. which are distinctly 3-veined and acutely pointed, smaller ones often fascicled in the axils. Fls. in terminal, crowded, corymbed clusters. Invol. ovate. The whllole plant is friag'rant. Sept. 48 S. tennitfia Ph. St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches' lvs. narrowiy linear, spreading, mostly 1-veined, scabrous on the margin, tile axilc leafy; corymlb terminal, consisting of clustered lids.: rays about 10, scarclmlcl a long' as the disk.-Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass. to La. Also Ais. (Lappham.) A very slender species, distiilguislhed froom S. lanceolata by tile extrerm narrowness of tile leaves and the thinner, more open corymnab, which is often reduced to a few lids. Aug.-Oct. 27. BIGELO'VIA, DC. (In Lonor of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the wxellknlown author of "Florula Bostoniensis," &c.) Heads discoi(, 3 to 4flowered, the flowers all tubular,?; involucre cylindrical, as long as the flowers; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated; receptacle pointed by a scale-like cusp; achenia obconic, hirsute; pappus bristles in oue series. — Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate, entire. lids. fastigiately corynmbous, with yellow ils. and colored scales. ORDER 7 0.-COMPOSITUE. 437 B. virgAta DC. Smooth in all its parts; st. virgately branched from near the base; branches corymbous-fastigiate above; lvs. narrowly linear, i-veined, the cauline linear-spatulate; scales glutinous.-Swaramps, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. A plant resembling Solidago tenuifblia in aspect, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2", rather firm and somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales also yellowish. Au. -Oct. 28. ISOPAP'PUS, Torr. & Gr. (Gr. ao~,0 equal; -,r-rrod, pappus.) Hleads radiate; ray fls. 5 to 12, 9, disk-fls. 10 to 20 5; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, closely imbricated; receptacle alveolate, achelnia tcrete, silky-villous; pappus a single row of equal capillary bristles. —~ Rough-hairy, branching, with alternate lvs. anlld loose panicles. I. divaricoE.;us T. & Gr. Scabrous, with thin, hispid hairs; Ivs. linear-lanceolata, taper-pointed at each end, sessile, nearly entire; lids. on slender, naked pedicels; rays about 7, longer than the invol., disk-fls. about 12; scales slender-pointel, shorter than the tawny pappus. —Dry sandy soils, Ga. (Fenay) to F1n. and Tex. Plant 6' to 3f high. lids. in a diffuse panicle, invol. 2" long, rays 3", brig-ht yellosw. Aug.-Oct. 29. PRIONOP'SIS, Nutt. (Gr. 7rrQov, a saw, 6tLK, lresemblancee alluding' to the serrate leaf.) Heads depressed, radiate, imany-floweredt rays in one series, 9, disk fis.; scales imbricate, squarrous; receptacle alveolate, flat; ach. glabrous, turgid; pappus deciduous, of rigid, scabrons, very unequal bristles, the inner row longer than the corolla. — Leaves alternate. Fls. showy, yellow. P. Chapmanii Torr. & GPr. Hairy or downy, strict, erect; lvs. erect, smooth, lance-linear, serrate, with remote setaceous teeth; lhds. few; scales cuspidclate.-. 4 Sw-amps in pine barrens, Mid. Fla. (Chapman). Jn., J1. 30. HETEROTHE'CA, Cass. (Gr. T'~7pog, diverse, 07sjru, envelope.) -leads many-flowered; rays in one series, 9, disk-flowers t; scales imbricated, appressed; receptacle alveolate, fi'ringed; acbenia minutely canescent, of the ray without pappus (nalked), of the disk with a double papp)us, the. outer very short, scale-like, the inner of capillary bristles. 24 Herbs haily, corymnbously branched, with alternate Ivs. and yellow flowers. H. scAbra DC. St. erect, flexuous, striate; lvs. oblong-ovate, petiolate, dentate, scabrous; petioles abruptly winged as if stipulate at base; hds. large, in a loose, paniculate corymb; rays 15 to 20; pappus tawny-red, the outer wNhite.-A-i showy plant, in dry soils near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Plant 2 to 3f higlh. Lvs. 2 to 3' lohg, diminishing upwards, where they are lance-oblong and sessile. The ray achenia are glabrous, with a minute crown, those of tle disk silky. Ra-ys of a rich yellowr, expandineg 9". Sept., Oct. 31. CHRYSOP'SIS, Nutt. (Gr. XpvaSf, gold, O8'jt, appearance.) HIeads many-flowered; ray-flowers 9, disk-flowers 5; involucre imbricate; receptacle subalveolate, flat; pappus of the ray and disk similar, double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary; acheniurn hairy, compressed. —2_4 Iairy herbs, with alternate and entire leaves and yellow flovers.. Leaves linear, grass-like; achenia linear............................. Ne........Nos. 1 —3 ~ Leaves lancc-oblong; achenia obovate, colmpressed (a). a Outer pappus scale-like..............................Nos. 4, 5 a Outer pappus bristle-form........................N...os. 6-81 C. graminif6lia Nutt. Canescent with long silky lhairs; ]vs. linear, erect, entire, grass-like, tapering to both ends, the u:pper' nue'erozus and red,.ced to subu 438 ORDER 0.. —COMPOSITFR, lathe bracts; hds. corymbous; ach. sil7cy-pubescent.-Del. to.'la.. Ieommon iiL the pine woods. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Branches usually 1-flowered. llds. 5 to G" loena and wide. Pappus tawny-white. J1. —Oct. (C. argentea Nutt.) 2 C. oligantha Chap. Canescent -with long silky hairs; lvs. lance-linear and linear, erect, entire, tapering to both ends; st. above, nzearly naked; lids. few, large; pappus white; ach. silkyj-villous. — S. r. CGa. and Fla. in danll pine woods. Height 1 to 2f. Hds. 1 to 6, a third larier than in No. 1. Ral s spreading 14 to 11", appearing in Apr. and May. 3 C. pinif61ia El. Glabrozls, rigid; lvs. mirroowliy linear, rlyi.id, erec, crowded, the upper setaceous; hds. solitary, terminal, coryvnbous; acll. villous; xpepus reddish-brown, the outer scale-like, shitish. —Sandy hills, middle Ga. St. 1 to 2f high. lids. nearly as large as in No. 2. Lower lvs. 3 to 5' long. Sept. Ot. 4 C. failcta Ell. Weoolly anzd villoies; lus. sessile, linear, very acute. subjcibcalte, sj2reablimce veins pileus on both sides; lds. smZall, i't axillary corymbs; iinol. pilous.-A low, leaty plant, in dry, sandy soils, near the sea, MIass. to N. J. St. thick, leafy, about 8' high. lids. small, bright yellow, in croixded, palniculate corymbs. Rtys 3-toothed at the apex. Sept., Oct. (Inula falcata Ph.) 5 C. Mariaena Nutt. Silky-ar'ach7loid; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, smooth when old; the upper sessile, acute, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse; corymob simple; scales acute. viscidlly-Iubescelt; rays 15 to 20. —Sandy barrens, N. J., Md. to Fla., common. St. and lvs. clothed with scattered, long, silkly, deciduous hairs. Plant about 2f hig h. LTS. 1 to 2' long. Corymhs somnewhatilumbeled; lids. few, large, 16 to 20-rayed, yellow, on viscid-glandular pedluncles. Aug.-Oct. (Inula Marians L.) 6 C. vill6sa Nutt. Erect, leafy, villous-pubescent, and strigous; Ivs. entire, sessile, ciliate towards the base, lo-eor ones oblong-spatulate, upper oblong-linear or lanceolate; lids. large, solitary, and terminal, somewhat fastigiately corrlybous; scales linear-subulate, sti-yos; r'ays 20 to 30. —Prairies, Ill. to Or. St. 1 to 2f higlh. Lvs. I to 2' by 3 to 5", wlhitish and rough. Rays oblong-linear, entire, golden-yellow. JI.-Sept. (Arnellus Ph. Diplopappus Hook.) 7 C. gosskpina Nutt. ClotMedl tholougheod, vzIh a cottoezy lomentzl; Ivs. oblonj/, obtuse, entire, the lower spatulate, upper sessile; lids. solitary, corymbous; scales woolly; pappus tawny, thle outer bristle-form, white. —Va. to Fla., in the barrens. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Hds. larger than in No. 5, witl about 25 rays. Aug. —Oct. 8 C. trichophSlla Nutt. C'lot7ed Zwit1 lobzg, weag te z hais below, nearly glzbroius above; Ivs. nzar'eowly oblong, obtuse. Otherwise as in No. 7. —. Cear. to Fla. and La., in dry soiis. Aug. —Oct. 32. CONYM ZA, L. GNAT-BANE. (Gr1. liC(mCvo, a gnat; the plant was supposed to expel gnats and fleas.) lids. discoid; flowers all tubular, those of the margin 9; of the centre 8 omr; scales in seve-ral rows; receptacle flat or convex; achenia compressed; pappus one row of capillary bristles. — Herbs chiefly tropical. Fls. yellow. C. sinu-ta Ell. Hairy and cinerous-pubescent; lowirer lvs. sinuate-lobed, acute, mliddle repand-dentate, upper linear, entire; hds. paniculate; fis. white, all fertile; acil. oblong, almost glabrous.-Charleston, S. C. and Savannah, Ga. (Pond), common —" appearance of an Erigeron," (Elliott.) St. a foot or more high. Lvs. narrow, 12 to 18' long. Florets very numerous (100 or more) in each head. Pappus pale cinnamon color. Apr.-JL 33. IN'ULA, L. ELECAMPANE. (An11Cient Lat. name.) Heads many-flowered; involucre imlbricate; ray-flowers nimerous, l, diskflowers; receptacle naked; pappus simple, scabrous; anthers with 2 bristles at base. — Coarse European herbs, w-ith alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 1elienium L. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugous, downy beneath; invol. scales ovate.-Herb coarse-looking, in pastures and roadsides, N. Eng. to IlL Stem 4 OREER 70.-CO.MPOSITAE. 439 6f high, furrowed, branching, and downy above. Radical lvs. very large (1 to 3f by 6 to 12'), serrate, those of the stem clasping. Hds. large, solitary, terminal. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. Esteemed as a tonic and expectorant. J1., Aug. ~ 34. PLU'CHEA, DC. MARSH FLEA-BANE. Heads many-flowered, those of the mnargin?, of the center 5, but sterile; involucre imnbricated; receptacle flat, naked; style undivided; pappus capillary, simple.-Strong-seented herbs, with alternate lvs. and corylobs uf purple fis., and copious, reddish pappus. 1 P. camphorSta DC. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, sessile or short-2petioled, serrate, serratures mucronate: fls. in crowded coryrabs.-24 A fleshy, strong-scented plant, native of salt mamslles, Mass. to Flor. Stem a foot, high, thick, downy, with alternate lvs. and axillary branches. Fls. light purple. Aug. (Conyza camlphorata Muhl. C. MIarilandica Mmx.) 2 P. fontida DC. Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy; lvs. broadly lanceolate, acute or actminiate at eac7h end, petiolate, feather-veined, obtusely subserrate; hlds. numerous, i2n pcaaicildate corymobs; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute.-A strong-scented plant, in open, hilly grounds, Western States. St. 1-2f high, subsimple. LVs. 4-7' by 1 —3', sprinkled with minute dots; petioles — 1' long. lids. numerous. Aug.-Oct. (Baccharis, L. Conyza camphorata Ph.) 3 P. bifrons DC. Pubescent, leafy; hls. oval-oblong, acute, finely serrate, cordate- amp~lexicaul, veiny; hlds. in compound, corymbous clusters.-Moist, low lands, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. 1 to 3f high, strict. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1' wide. Fls. very numerous, as in the other species, dull purple. J1.-Sept. 35. BAC'CHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL TREE. (From Bacchus, wine; its fragrance resembling that of wine.) I3eads discoid, many-flowered, dicecious; involucre imbricate, cylindric, or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales; sterile flowers withl the stamens exserted; receptacle naked; pappus capillary.-Shrubby plants, wwith alternate lvs. and white fis. 1 B. halimrif6lia L. Glabrous, whzitish-sclfyg; Ivs. obovabe, incisely dentate above, the highest lazceolate, panicle compound, leafy; fascicles pedunculate, terminal, in a dense panicle.-Ct., N. Y. to Ga. An elegant shrub, 6 to 12f high, growing on sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white dust. The fertili lids. growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, terminal panicles, and furnished with very long, slender pappus. Cor. white, 20 in each head. Sept.3Merits cultivation. 2 B. angustif6lia Mx. Glabrous, diffusely branched; Ivs. linear, sessile, entire; hds. small, 15 to 20-flowered, cylindrical, axillary, loosely paniculate.-S. Car., Fla., and La., in the edge of salt marshes. A fine shrub, 6 to 10f high, with slender, tough branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 3" wide, acute. Hds. less than 2"' long, in a diffuse, leafy panicle. Sept., Oct. 3 B. glomerulifira Pers. Glabrous, minutely scurfy; ivs. all obovate tape~ring to a shortpetiole, very obtuse, repand-few-toothed; hds. in sessile glomelrules, in ithe axils of the tepper lvs.-Va. to Fla. and La., along the coast. St. 3 to 5f high, pale green as well as the whole plant. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, 2 as wvide. Ids. thrice larger (3" long and wide) than in No. 1. Sept. —Nov. TRIBE 4. SENECIONIDAE. 36. PTEROCAU'L0N, Ell. BLACK-ROOT. (Gr. -, rpov, a wing, tav ov a stem; i. e., a winged stem.) Heads many flowered, the fertile flowers y in several rows, the sterile flowers central ( ), mostly 0; scales imbricated, caducous with the firuit, 9 corollas 3-toothed, 5 5-cleft; aechenia angular, hispid; pappus of equal capillary bristles longer than 440 ORDER 70.-CO030MPOSITXA. the involucre. —?2 Rhizome tuberous~ Lvs. alternm1 ato, very densely tomentols beneath, decurrent into the winlgs of tile steml. Hds. sessile, densely crowded into a woolly terminal spike. (Coxyz li, iMx.) P. pycnostdclhyunm Ell. St. simple; lvs. laniceolate, finely serrulalte, smooth.above; spike continuous.-Sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. A curious plant, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. a finger's length, dark green above.b r-eainy-white beneath, as are also the wing-s of the stein. Spike 2 to 3' lono. May-Aug. 37. BOORIH-'IA, Adans. SEX OX-EYE. (Dedicated to Olof or7ricCA, a Danish botanist.) HI-eads radiate, maiy —flow\ered; rays 9, fertile; scales imbricated, the outer leafyv; receptacle flat, chaff, the chaff rigid, persistent; achenia 4-angular, crowned with a 4-toothed pappaus. -Shrubby maritinme plants with opposite lvs. and solitary, yellow hlcds. (Buphthalimum, L.) B. frutdscens DC. Minutely canescent downy; lvs. lanceolate and oblanceolate olscurely rpandcl-toothed, slightly connate at base, chaff of the roeept. cuspidateo witl a rinid point.-Va. to Fla. St. 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, rounded at tile rnd (oith a cuspidate point), varying to linear, thlle upper alternate. Jn.Oct. 38. ECLIP'TA, L. I-lead many-flowered; ray fls. 9 nUmneroaus ntarrow; disk!J tlbular, mostly 4-toothed; scales 10-12 in 2 rows, leafy, lance-ovate; eceptacle flat; chaff bristly; achenia somewhlat canguolar or 2-edlged; pappus 0. -- erbs strigose with rigid hbans, crect or procmumbeunt. xLvs. opposite. Heads axillary and terminial, solitary. Fls. white. (Fi,. 328.) E. crecta L. S/. often decunmbent; les. linceolate or lance-oblonlg, tapering to each end, subserrate; peel. longer than thie healds; sccales or leaves of thle i'votecree acuminate.-Damp soils, Md., Olio, and I111., S. to Flor. Stem often rooting at the lower joints, 1-3f long, with an elastic, thiread-like fiber. Leaves 1 to 2' long, roulgh, obscurely tripli-veined. I-eads small, awith minute flowers and short rays. The juice turns black, and is said to dye xwool black. Jn.-Sept. (hI. procurnbens and brachipoda, iMx.) 39. P0 YI'NIA, L. LEAF-CUP. (Thre InLmne of one of thle ancient Muses; why apjplied to this plant is not obvious.) lieads radiate. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 large, lealf scales, inner of about It) leaflets, concave; ray-flowers pistiliate, fev; dislk terile; receptiacle chaffy}; pappus none.- - Clamn-my herbs. Lvs. opposite. F!s. yellow. 1 P. Canadfslnis L. Viscid-villous; ivs. denticnlate, petiolate, acuminate, lowerc pinnatifid, upper 3-lobed or entire, rczays sholter thcan tOhe invol. —A coarse, broadleaved, lairy-viscid plant, 3-5f high, Can., NT. Y. to I11., and the nts. of Calr. Stem witil opposite leaves aInd spreadinlg branches. Flowers light-yellow, the rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of the double calyx in such a manncr as to form a sort of cap, hence called Leaf-cup. Leaves featlle-veined, 3C 8' long, and nearly as widle, lobes deeply dividced andI acuminate. Heads -' diam. June. 2 P. uvedUlia L. Hairy and rouoh, stout; los. — lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole, lobes sinuate-angled; rctys 7 to 12,.much1 lo;nger than, the i:zvolscre.In highland woods. Stem 3-Cf high. Lower leaves very large. F:lowers large, yellow, the rays oblong, obtuse. J1.-N-Xeithler of these plants has been found icl N. Eng., and they are rare in N. Y., but not uncommrnon in the WAA. and S. W. States. 40. CHRYSOG'0HUBTv, L. (Gr. Xpvr o6, gold, y60vr, knee; the golden flowers at the joints.) -Teads many-flowered, radiate; rays about 5, 9, fertile, disk?i but sterile; scales in 2 rows of about 5 eachl, the outer ORDER O. —COMPOSIT-_E. 441 leafy, the inner chaffy; receptacle flat, chaffy; achenia of the ray ohcompressed, obovate, each embriaced by a chaff-scale; achenia of the disk abortive; pappus a small, 2 to 3-toothed crown. — 21 A little pros-'trsate lher-b, with opposite lvs. anti solitary, pedunculate, bright yellow vernal Pis. C. VTi-g.ezi dnannlu L. —In rich shady soils, 3Md. to Iii., common southwrard to the GuIf: 0:Oe of the earliest flowers of spring. lPlant tlat on the grouiit, 1lirel te, at first acaulescent, at length caulescent and ascending. Lvs. ovate, tapering to a petiole, crenaLe. Itays expanding 7 to 9". Feb.-May. 41. SIL'PLilUI, L. ROSIN-WEED. (The ancient name of some resinous pluan.j.) I-eads many-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, in 2 or 3 Irows, fe.'tile, outer row ligulate; disk-fllowers sterile; involucre canmpannllate, seales in several series, leafy and sprleading at summit; receptacle sinall, flat, Chafit; achenia broad, flat, obcornpressed, crowned with1 a 2-toothed pappus.- - Stoat, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large. 3is. yellow. * Stein nearly leafless, scape-like. Lvs. very large, alternate, mostly radical...... Nos. 1-8 * Stem lclafy.-Leaves ierticillate in whorls of 8s, rarely 4s......................Nos. 4, 5 / -Leaves opposite, larel v the highest scatte redl...................... Nos. 5-7 -Leaves alternate (the lowest opposite or vertici!!ate or al!tel rnatc)..... N o. S -Leaves connate-pcrloliate............................................ao. 9: S. laciniA;turn L. POL at PLANT. Ver)y roeg7i, Zwith white, thispid haions; lvs. alternate, pinn-ately parted, lower petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire; hds. spicatet, distant; scales ovate, appjendaygsd and squarrous at apex. — cstern States to Tex., producing columns of smoke in the burning prairies by its copious resin. Stem 3-10f high. Lowver lvs..1-2f long, much divided, resemnbling those of some thistles. Heads 4-8, very large, w-ith large, yellow rays. J1.-Sept. 2 S. tere.bi't ns'ace.nln B. PRAIRIE BURDOCKe. St. and ped. glabrous; Ivs. mostly radii.- l, ovate and ovate-oblong, cordate, de-etcsL,-lse rani;e, obtuse., sceab'oves, on long petioles; i(ls. iew, paniculate; scales toulzdish ca il oval, glabrous, rays about 20. Prairies, Western and Southern States. Plant exudilng resin. Stem 4 —8f ligoh, neally naked and simple. Leaves 1 2f loneg, Cl1G' wide. Involucre ilobous. I-ds. 1' dial., rays 1' long. Achenia nalrrowly 2-winged. J1.-Sept.;. PNNATIFIDtIt TV. L 11more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid.-P'rairies, etc., with the other form. (S. pinnatitidum ill.) 3 S. cclmp6situnLa T:x. Glabeross thzrouyhogt; st. slender, almost naked, glaucous; Iys. radical, on long petioles, deeply sinzuace-p)i zaslid, the segments sinuatelobed or toothed; lids. corymbned on long pedluncles; scales oval, obtuse; ach. roundih-obovate; rays about I.0.-B13arrens, IN. Car. to Fla. (Feay). St. 3 to Cf higlh. Iclds. 7" dianm., about 10-rayed, rays about as long (4") as the involucre. Jan.-Aug. j3. nE'srIFOxar e. Lvs. roundishs or reniform, cordate, slightly sinuate-lobed or toothed.-Upper district3 of Ga. and Car. 4 S. trifotic-itumr L. St. glabrsozts and often glaucous, terete or C-sided; cauline lvs. laslceolate, acute, scabrous above, ssmooth below, remotely dentate, on veerg shos I tyiotles, verticillate in 3s ora 4s; upper ones opposite; lads. loosely cymose, on rather long peduincles; scales broadly ovate, rather obtuse, S1mooth; ach. oval, with 2 short teeth.-Dry awoods and prairies, Ohio and Southern States. Stem 4-6f higll.-Leaves 4-6' by 1-2". Rays 12K-C, expanding about 2}'. Ach. 3 to 4" long; 2 to 3" -wide. Aug., Sept. 5 R. irntegrif61uini x. Scab-eoUs; st. quadrangular, striate, simple'; ls. opposite, sessiln, ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate; hds. in a close corymnb; scales sqzaarrtous; acr. oundisih, broadly vei2ged, with 2 long leeth. —Western States S. to Ga. Stern very rigid, 3-7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and clasping at base. Heads middle-size. Rays 12-20. 1' in length. Ach. 4 to 5" long, 4" wide. Jl., Aug. 442 ORDER 70.-COMPOSITAE.,B. TERNATUM. St. 6-sided; Ivs. ternately verticillate.-Prairies, with the common form; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatum, from which it is nevertheless distinct. 6 S. scaberrimum Ell. St. hi;spid; lys. opposite, rigid, oval somewhat pointed, serrate, very roughly hi.spid on both sides, the lower petiolate, upper subsessile, entire; scales ciliate-serrulate, squarrous; ach. large,'roundish, broadly wiinged, with convergent teeth.-W. Ga. to La. St. 3 —4f high. IIds. nearly 1' diam., rays 20 or more, spreading 2'. Ach. 6" long. Aug., Sept. 7 S. lIevigAtum Ell. Smooth and glabrous; lvs. opposite, thick, lance-oblong, subserrate, somewhat pointed, the lower petiolate, upper sessile, with an abrupt base, highest cordate, entire; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliate-squarrous; ach. o'al. narrowly -winged, the teeth short, divergent. —W. Ga. and Ala. St. 2 to 3f high, somewhat 4-angled. Hds. small, corymbed, rays spreading 1}'. Achenia 4" long. Aug., Sept. 8 S. Asteriscus L. tHispid, often hairy; st. terete, striate; lvs. mostly alternate, lanceolate, crenate-serrate, obtusish, the lower tapering to a petiole, opposite or alternate, upper sessile; scales squarrous, leafy; ach. roundish-obovate, with short divergent teeth.-Dry soils, Va. to Fla. and La., common. St. 2 to 4F high, generally purple. Lower lvs. (rarely whorled) 4 to 7' long. HIds. few, 1' broad, with 12 to 15 rays, 1' in length. Ach. 3 to 4" long. Jn.-Aug. —Variable, being sometimes nearly smooth, the lower lvs. sometimes sinuate-toothed, etc.. PUrMILur. Downy or tomentous, low; lvs. elliptical, obtuse, subserrate, upper entire; hds. smaller; ach. with very short teeth or almost truncate.Ga. (Feay), (S. pumilum Ph.). The teeth of the ach. are not invariable in this genus. 9 S. perfoliatum L. CUP-PLANT. St. square; lvs. large, thin, opposite, connateperf!iate, ovate, coarsely toothed, narrowed towards the base; hds. in a trichotornous cyme, on a long ped.; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrous; ach. broadly obovate, winged, emarginate.-Along streams, etc., Mich. to Tenn., plant coarse and forbidding, 4 to 7f high. Lvs. 8 to 14' by 4 to 7', the upper pairs forming a cup with their connate bases. Hds. large, with 12 to 20 rays. Ach. 6" long. Jl., Aug. (zAlso, S. connatum L.) 42. BERLANDI'ERA, DC. (Namled for Berlandier, a botanical collector.) Heads radiate; ray-flowers y, fertile, in one series; disk 5 but sterile; scales in 3 series, leafy, subequal; receptacle chaffv; pales obtuse; achenia all marginal, in one row, obcompresscd, winhgless, obovate, more or less adherent to the inner scales of the involucre; pappus minute.- - IHerbs velvety-canescent, with alternate, cordate, petiolate lvs. and hds. with yellow rays. 1. B. tomentosa Torr. & Gr. Caulescent, whitened with a close, soft tomentum; st. simple; lvs. oblong, obtuse, crenate, petiolate, somewhat smooth and greenll above; hds. in small, dense corymbs.-Barrens, Ga., Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1', the upper and lower surfaces strongly contrasted hir color. Rays 7 to 10, spreading 2'. Apr.-Aug. (Silphium Ph.) 2 B. subacarhlis Nutt. Acaldescent, at length somewhat caulescent, roughish canescent; lvs. radical, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes crenate-toothed; scapes elongated, bearing a single head.-Ga. and Fla. Melay, Jn. 43. PARTHE'NIUIYI, L. (Gr. TraQ0f,evof, a virgin; fiom its mnedicinal efficacy.) Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, fertile; disk flowers tubular, sterile; involucre hemispherical, scales ill 2 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular; receptacle conical, chaffy; achenia 5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous pales. —American herbs with alternate lvs. 1 P. integrif6lium L. St. pubescent, striate, erect; lvs. hispid-scabrous, lanceovate, coarsely dentate-crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile, lids. many, tomentous, coryrmbed. —2 Dry soils, Mid. and W". States. St. rigid, 3 to ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT2E. 443 5f high., Radical petioles If long. Lvs. 4 to 12' long, ~ as wide. HIds. white, with 5 very short cucullate rays. J1.-Sept. 2 P. Hyster6phorus L. Annual, puberulent, decumbenl, lower Ivs. bipinnatifid, upper linear; hds. numerous, very small, in a diffuse panicle. —River banks, Fla. to La. 44. F VA, L. MARSH ELDEER. IIGIWATEr,'SMU13. tIeads discoid, mounecious, involucre of 3 to 9 scales, distinct or partly united; marginal flowers 1 to 5, fertile, the others sterile; receptacle chaffy' alchenia obconic, obtuse; pappus iione. — Ierbs or shrubs. Lower lvs. opposite. 1 1. frutdscens L.,Shrubby; lrs. fleshy, lanceolate, coarsely serrate; upper lance-linear, entire; lids. axillary; scales 5, distinct, rounded; ach. 5. —Borders of salt marshes, /Mass. to Fla., common. St. 3 to 8f high, with numerous opposite branches and lvs. I-Ids. small, green, drooping on short stalks, in leaf-, parniculate racemes. J1.-Sept. 2 1. ciliata WVilld. Annual, hairy; lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, coarsely toothed, upper lance-ovate; lds. spicate; scales 3, distinct, roundish, ciliate; ach. 3. —Aet grounds, Ill. to La. A coarse plant of no beauty, 3 to if high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long. Spikes dense, 3 to 5' long, numerous, panicled, green, like an Ambrosia. Aug.-Oct. 3 I. imbricaria Walt. Ilerbaceous, terete, glabrous; lvs. fleshy, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering to the sessile base; hds. axillary; invol. of 6 to 9, fleshy, obtuse, rounded scales in 2 rows, their margins scarious, lacerated; ach. 2 to 4.xr Sea coast, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. lids. drooping, on short pedicels, in leafy clusters or racemes. JI.-Oct. 45. ADIBRO'SIA, Tourn. HORSE.-WEED. (Gr. adj/3poai'a, food of the gods; a term strangely applied). IIds. heterocephalous. Sterile: involucre of several scales united into a depressed, hemispherical cup, many-flowered: anthers approximate, but distinct; receptacle naked.!'ertile; involucre 1-leaved, entire or 5-toothed, 1-floweredl; corolla 0; styles 2; stamenis O. —IHerbaceous plants with mostly opposite lvs. an1d unsightly flowers. ~ Sterile heads sessile, densely spicate, chaffy. Leaves alternate.......................No. 4 - Sterile headls pedicellate, raceme(l, not chaffy.-Lelaves opposite.......................No. 1 -Leaves alternate.................. Nos. 2, 3 1 A. trifida L. Hairy, rough; lvs. 3-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate; fr. with 6 ribs ending below the conical summit. —-), A very tall, herbaceous plant, along streams, &c. Can. and U. S., common. Stem 5-10f high, erect, branching, furrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes, with long points and close serratures. Flowers mean and obscure, in slender, leafless, terminal racemes, the fertile in axillary glomerules. Auog.-It is greedily eaten by horses. /3. INTEGRIFOLIA. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate at base, often some of them 3-lobed. (A. integrifolia Muhl.) 2 A. artemisiaef6lia L. HOG-WEED. Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth,; petioles ciliate; rac. terminal, panicled; st. virgate. —) A common and troublesome weed of the gardens, fields, &c. (Can. to Ga.) far more worthy of its English than its Latin name. Stem 2-3f high, branching, pubescent when young. Leaves with segments acute and parallel. Barren flowers small, green, in terminal racemes, the fertile ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug., Sept. (A. elatior Ph.) 3 A. psylostachya DC. Whitis7 with appressed woolly hairs, branched; lvs. crowded, rigid, the lower opposite, bipinnatifid, upper lanceolate, sessile, pinnatifid; sterile hds. in spicate racemes, fertile clustered at the base of the sterile spikes, in the axils of the upper leaves; fr. hairy. —-) Prairies, Wis. to Tex. Stem 1-5f high, at length very branching and leafy. Aug., Sept. 444 ORDER 70. —COMPOSITAE. 4 A. bidentata xfm Very hirsute; st. branching; branches simple; Ivs. crowded, mostly alternate, closely sessile or partly clasping, undivided, oblong, with a single tooth or short lobe on each side near the base; sterile hds. densely spicate, fertile axillary; fr. 4-angled, acutely pointed, thle 4 ribs produced in 4 short spines. -- Prairies, Ill. to La. Stem 1 —3f hlioh, with numerous leaves and very dense, terminal spikes. J1.-Sept. 46. XAN'THIU1 I, Tourn. CLOT-WEED. Heads heterocephalous. Stcerile, in globous heads; scales distinct, in one row; anthers approxinate, but distinct; receptacle chaffy. Fertile' involuc re 2-leaved, clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-bealkel, enclosino- 2 flowers; stamens 0. — Coarso weeds with alternate \ls. s X. Striimnariua m L. Rough, unarmed, branlching; le. cordate, lobed, 3-veinedl, unequally serrate; fr. elliptical, armed with uncinate, stilf thorns, and ending with 2, spreading straight horns. —A coarse, roughll plant, in old fields, &c., N. Eng. and'Mid. States. Stem branched, bristly, spotted, 2-3f high. Leaves large, on long stalks, rigid. M Fls. fewv together, terminal, globular, green; 2 in sessile, axillary tufts. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiffi; ooked prickles, which, like those of the common burdock, serve to disperse the seeds. ug. -- aria ble; f'ruit more than 1', or less than 1' in length; thorns very close or somewhat scattteredl; horns spreading or iilcurLed. (X. echinatuom Iurray.) 2 X. spinosuIn L. WFi7tish-downy,, arnedl with triple, slender, sibaxillary spines, spines at base of the leaves triple, slender; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, cuncate at base, petiolate, 3-lobedl or dentate or entire, under surfaca and veins above w-hitish, twice lotlhr that thle spines; invol. oblon, with slender, uncinate thorns.Roadsides and fields, Mlass. to Penn. and Ga. Pllant about if hligh, very conspicuously arined with Sawl' coloed pies i'- loa Heads sessiae, oterile in the upper, e'tilte in the lower axils. Sept.-Nov. 47. rE LA N'THEPA, Cass. (Gr. tCm GaC, black, Lat. rthera, anthle.) I-lads discoidc; flowers all tubullar,; scales in 2 sabequal scries; receptacle chaffy, tL pales partlxy investing the flowers; achenia short, truncate, angularl pappus a fIw minute caducous awns or bristles. —2f IIelbs rougnh, h -itll sluare strems, opposite, petioled, 3veined lys. and long peduncled lids. Co. wlite. Anth. black, tipped wvith a white appendage. M. hastAta MIx. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed, acuminate, dcientate, on slender petioles; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pales rigid, cusp-pointed. —Dry soils, S. Car to Fla and La. Sts. 3 to 6f high, beautifully variegated with purple, the branches slender, erect, few-flowered. Lys. deep green, very roughl, 4 to 6' long, the upper smaller. HIds. near 6"' broad, of stiff scales and singularly contrasted, colors.-Ji.-Sept. 48. ZiN'NIA, L. (To Joeli; Godfl;ey Zina, a, German botanist, 1557.) Heads radiate; rays?_, disk tubular-,; scales of the involucrm'e oval, margined, imbricate; receptacle chaffy, conical; pappus of the disk of 1 or 2 erect, flat awns.-(1 Aimerican herbs, with apuosite, entire l-s. and solitary terminal hds. Rays bright colored, showy. Z. multifira L. Lxs. ovate-lanceolate, abrupt at base, scarcely petioled; hds. on peduncles as lolng as the lvs.; pales obtuse, entire; ach. of the dislk with one awn.-Fields and xwaysides, Ga., Fla., to Tex. Sts. 6' to 2f high, simple or nearly so. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, rather obtuse. Ped. enlarged upwards, hollow. Rays about 12, oval, scarlet within, yellowish without. May, Jn. ~ 2 Z. 61egans L. Les. ovate, cordate, sessile-amplexicaul; hds. on pod. lonoer than the lvs.; pales serrated; ach. of the disk with 2 awnls.Gardens; Plant tall, elegant annd show-y, Nwith brilliant fis. of varying colors, as orange, scarlet, crimson, purple, violet aend white. Jl., Aug. t Mexico. ORDER.70.-COMPOSITE. 445 3 Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers is sometimes cultivated. 49. HELIOP'SIS, Pers. OX-EYE, (Gr. i2toLg, the sun, 6ijbt, appearalice; flowers radiant like the sun.) Hids, radiate; involucre imbricate, with ovate, subequal scales; rays linear, large,; disk i; receptacle chaffy, conical, the pales lanceolate; achenia 4-asided; pappus O. —4 Lvs. opposite. l:ds. large. FIs. yellow. (Helianthus, L.) H. levis Pers. St. smoothl; lvs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 3veined, smooth beneath, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or less truncate at base.-A- large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and thickets, U. S. St. angular, striate, di- or triclhotomously branched abore, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 2 to 6' by 1 to 4', acute, distinctly 3-veined. Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solita'ry, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base and obtuse at sumlmiit. Jn., J1. l. GRItcrIrs. Small and slender; lvs. scabrous, ovate-lanlcel.t'.o, acute at base.-2f high. (H. gracilis, Nutt.) Y. sXnBRA. St. and lvs. scabrous and yellowish-green; lvs. somewhat deltoid, distinctly truncate at base.-Gf hig1h. Common in Ilnd. (If. scabra, HI-ook.) 50. TETRAGONOTHE'CA, Dill. (Gr. T-enpa, four; yOVzv, anglec; Oit,17?, envelope.) Heads radiate; involucre double, the outer of 4 leafy bracts united at base, the inner of 8 small scales siinilar to the chaff- of the conical receptacle; achenia smooth, truncate, destitute of pappus.- i2 Herb clothed with viscidc hairs, opposite lvs., w-ith yellow-flowered, large lids. T. helialntholdes L. Sandy soils, Va. to Fla. and Ala. A stout, coarse, unsightly herbo, 2f high. Lvs. ovate, sessile, repa-nd-toothed; 3 to O' long. I-Ids. I or fbw-, on long peduacles, the rays spreading nearly 3'. Cor. strongly veined. Apr.-Jn. 51. ECgINA' CEA, AIcench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. (UAr. XlZvog, the hedgoehog; fioln the character of the pales.) HIeads radiate; involucre, scales in 2 rows'; ray flowers nentral; dis- flowers O; receptacle conic, with rigid, mucronate pales; ached ia 4-angled; pappus 0.- 24 Lvs. alternate. Rays purple, pendulous. (Rudbecwia, L., Nutt.) I E. purpfirea lcencli. Very rough; loZVwer Ivs. broacr-ovcte, 5-veined, attenuate at base, remrotely toothed; cgutine laniceolatle-cvale, acuminatc, nearly entire; rays 12 to 15, very lonog, defloxed, bitld.IThick-ets and barrens, V. and S. States. Plant sllhowy, 4f highi, branched. Lvs. 4 to 8' log r o, rougah ith short, stiff bristles, 3-veined. lids. lrge, solitary, on lon peod. Dlisk thickly beset with the stiff; pointed, brown chaf: Rays 2 to 3' long, pendulous, rarely varyiin to white. t J1.-Sept. 2 E. angustif6iia DC. St. hispid, subsimple, slender, naked above; les. entire, hispitdly pubescent, 3-veiecld, lowee~ ltnccolalce, lpeliolcte, upper lazce-lilear, sessile; scales in about 2 rows, short; rays 12 to 15, slender, drooping.-'r1airies and marshes, Ill.. Mo. to Ter. Plant of a inore slender habit than thlle last, 2 to 3f liigh. lids. onl longll, naked peod. Rays 1 to 2' long, purple, varving to vwhite. Disk brown. May-J1. 52. RUDBECKI'A, L. (To the celebrated Olacus Rudbec,, Professor of Botany, at Upsal, Sweden.) leads radiate; involucre scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double row, 0 in each; ray-flowers neutral; disk perfect; receptacle conic or columnar, \vith unarmed pales or chaff; achenia 4-angled; pappus neone, or a lacerate or toothed mnargin. — Lvs. alternate. IIds. laroge. I-ays yellow. g Rays large, drooping. Disk columnar, at least ini fruit...... Nos. 1, 2 ~ Rays spreading. Disk dark purple, conical or rounded. (*) * Leaves deeply lobed or parted, the upper undivided........................ Nos. 3, 4 * Leaves undivided.-Patles of the disk whitish-lowlny........................Nos. 5, 6 -Pales dark purnle as well as the flowers................ Nos. 7-9 446 ORDER 70.-COMPOSITE. 1 R. nitida Nutt. Glabrous, shining, subsimple, lvs. thick, lanceolate, acute, the lower subserrulate, petiolate, upper sessile or clasping; hds. few or solitary, with long, drooping rays; pappus coroliform, lacerate at summit.-Ga., Fla., to La. A hlandsome herb. 3 to 5f high, in swampy thickets. Lvs. with prominent veins and veinlets. I-Ids. on long naked peduncles. Rays 9 to 12, nearly 2' long. Disk dark purple, oblong-ovate or spicate in fruit. Jn., J1. 2 R. laciniAta L. Glabrous; lower lvs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper ones ovate; pappus crenate.-In the edges of swamps and ditches, Can. and U. S. A tall, showy plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its conical, at length ovate disk. St. round, branching, 6 to 8f high. Lvs. alternate, ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Fls. large, terminal. Rays 11- to 2' long, oblanceolate, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. (R. l 1avigata Ph.) 3 R. subtoment6sa Ph. St. branching, tomentous-pubescent; lvs. petiolate, hispid-scabrous above, softly subtomentous beneath, serrate, the lower deeply 3lobed or 3-parted, upper undivided, ovate, acuminate; hds. corymbous; scales numerous, spreading; ~rays 10 to 15, spreading; disk at length globous; pales bearded, shorter than the corollas.-Prairies, &c., Western and S. WV. States. St. 3 to 5f high, angular, marked with browa lines. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, on petioles 1 to 24" long. Rays orange yellow, about 1' long. Jl., Aug. 4 R. triloba L. Ilirszte; branches panicled spreading; lower cauline lvs. mostly 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, acuminate; upper ovate lanceolate somewhat clasping, serrate or entire; radical ones ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or incisely lobed, petiolatc; hds. rather small, disk dark purple; at length ovoid; rays 8, broad-oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales. —Fields, Mid. and W. States. A handsome species, 2 to 4f hligh, very branching. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, 3-veined. Rays deep yellow, 6 to 10" long, -2 as wide. Chaff cuspidate-awnecl at the summit. Aug., Sept. 5 iR. m6llis Ell. Soft-woolly or lomentozcs all ove.; lvs. oblong, sessile or clasping; scales linear lanceolate, reflexedl; rays 15 to 20, elongated; disk dark purple except the canescent pales. WM. Ga. An interesting species, confined as yet to a narrow limit. Plant whitened writh down, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. small. 1lds. large; rays an inch long. Pappus almost none. Aug. —Oct. 6 R. Heli6psidis Torr. & Gr. Slightly dow7y; lvs. ovate or oval. 5-veined, mostly obtuse, petiolate; scales obtuse, squarrous; rays 10 to 12; disk conical, dark purple except the downy canescent pales. —3arrens, WV. Ga. and Ala. Plant i to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, the low er on long- petioles. Pappus scarcely any. Aug., Sept.'7 R. hirta L. Very hirsute or hispid; st. simple or somewhat branched; ped. naked; lvs. ovate-scpatulate, 3-veined, petiolate,.mostly entire, the upper ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate; invol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3-rows; rays spreading, oval; pales bearded.-A showy plant in dry soils, Can. WV. to Fla.. rarely in N. Eng. Sts. subsimple or branching fi'or the base, each branch leafless towards the summit, and bearing a large head with 12 to 15 bright yellow rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broadly conical disk of dark brown chaff and floweers. t Jl., Sept. 8 R. Efilgida Ait. St. hirsute with rigid hairs; branches slender, naked above; lrs. strigous-pubescent, remotely deetate, ~radical petiolate, ovate, 5-veined, cauline lance-oblong, tapering to the sessile, subclaspig bahse; scales oblong, spreading, as long as the spreading rays; pales glabrous, lincar-oblong, obtuse.-Mountains, Penn. to Ohio and Ga. St. 1 to 3f' high. Rays 12 to 14, scarcely longer than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow. Jl.-Oct. t (R. chrysomela 3Mx. R. spatulata Ph.) 9 R. speciosa Wender. St. hispidly hirsute; branches slender, elongated, naked above; lvs. scabrous-pubescent, strongly dentate aculminate, radical ovate, 5-veined, on long petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile; scales lance-linear, much shorter than the spreading rays; pales lieLear-oblong, acute.Borders of wsoods, Ill. (Jenney), Ohio to Penn. A large and very showy species, 2 to 4f high. Ivs. iather thin, radical, 4 to 5' by 3 to 4', the teeth mucronulate; ORDER t0. —COMPOSITE. 447 petioles 6 to 10' long. Rays about 18, oblong, linear, bright yellow. Aug.Oct. f 53. LIP'ACHYS, Raf. Heads radiate; involucre in one series of linear scales; ray flowers few, neutral, disk perfect; receptacle columnar, chaffy; chaff obtuse, and bearded at apex; pappus 0; fertile achenia compressed, 1 to 2-winged.- 4 Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. -Ids. of fls. yellow, with long, drooping rays. L. pinn.lta Torr. & Gr. Scabrous; lvs. all pinnate, the divisions 3 to 7, somle of the lower ones 2-parted, the rest undivided; rays elongated.-In dry soils, Western N. Y., AW. and S. States. St. 2 to 4f high, slender, furrowed and hispid. lids. very showry. Rays yellow, about 2' in length, pendulous, the disk ovate, purple. Jn.-Sept. (Rudbeckia Aix. Obelisearia Cacss.) 54. HELIAN'THUS, L. SUN-FLOWER. (Gr. rZtof, the sun, vrOof, flower.) Heads radiate, ray-fls. neutral, disk ~; scales of the involucre imbricated in several series; receptable flat or convex, the chaff persistent, embracing the achenia; pappus of 2 chaffy alwns, deciduous; achenia compressed or 4-sided, not marginedl.-I-erbs mostly 2I, rough. Lvs. opposite, the upper often alternate, mostly tripli-veined. Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. ~ Disk (its corollas and pales) dark Iurple, mostly convex. (a) a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly altelnate..t...............................Nos. 1, 2 a HIerbs perennial. Leaves opposite.-Scalesacuminate...................... Nos. 3-5 -Scales obtuse.......................... Nos. 6, 7 ~ Disk (its corollas anld pales) yellow. (b) b Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined............................... Nos. -11 b Leaves cliefly opposite and 8-veined or tripliveined. (c) C Scales erect, closely imbuicated. —Plants green, rouglh................. Nos. 12, 13 -l'Iants whitish, downy..............Nos. 14, 15 C Scales loosely spreadint. IIeads large, 9 to 15-rayed. (d) d Scales lance-linear, longer tllian disk. Leaves thin................ Nos. 16, 17 d Scales laice-ovate, as llong as the disk. Leaves tlick............ Nos. 1S-21 C Scales loosely spreading. Ieads smnll, 5 to S-rayed.................. Nos. 22 — 25 1 H. annuus L. Efrect, stout; lvs. all corclate, 3-veined, only the lowest opposite; peod. thick; hds. large, nodding; acch. glabrous.-This stately annual is from S. America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is in proportion, varying from 2f to 10, or even 15f. The enormous size of the flowers with their broad rays of brilliant yellow are too well known to require description. A variety occurs withll the flowers all radiate. JI., Aug. —An edible oil has been expressed from the seeds. 2 H. ddbilis Nutt. D)ecuabenet, slezldec; lvs. ovate, serrulate, petiolate, mostly alternate; lds. small, solitary, pedunculate; scales narrow, slender-pointed; ach. pubescent.- I Fla., La. (Not within our limits?). Sts. 1 to 2f long. lids. half an inch dcian. Rays about 12. 3 H. Radula Torr. & Gr. Erect, hirsute, simple, bearing a single head; Ivs. sessile or nearly so, rolcndish obovate or ovate, obtuse, opposite, crowded below; scales and pales lanceolate, acutminzate, erect, dark purpleh; rays 7 to 10, rcarely none. -2: Iarrens, Ga., Ala., Fla. Sts. often clustered, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. very rough on the upper surface. HIds. near 1' diam., disk dark purple. Aug., Sept. f (Rudbeckia: Ph.) 4 H. heteroph:11us Nutt. Slightly hispid, slender, bearing a single head; lvs. opposite, entire, subsessile, thle lower oval, upper linear-lanceolate, scales acumninate, erect, ciliate; pales acutte; rays 12 to 18.-24 N. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high. IT-ds. 6' diam., rays expanding 2-'. Aug'., Sept. 5 H. angustifblius L. Erect, slender, scabrous or hispidly hirsute; lvs. sessile, lance-linec-r, tapering to a long point, 1-veined, rigid, opposite, the upper often alternate, subdenticulate, often revolut; hds. pedunculate, few; scales lancelinear, the long point spaeadig; pales licnear, 3-tloothed.-Sandy or rocky places, N. J., Ky., and S. States, common. St. 2 to 3f high, subsimple. Lvs. 2 to 5' by 3 to 6", broadest at the abrupt base. Rays 12 to i8, expandinc about 2'. Disk ilowers brown at the summit. Aug.-Oct. 448 ORDER 70.-COMPOSITiE. 6 H. rigidua Desf. St. rigid, simple or with few branches, scabrous or smoothish, nearly naked above; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to eachl end, petiolate, mostly opposite, tripli-veined, serrulate or entire, rigid, scabrous both sides; lids. few; scales in mrnany rows ovate, acute, regularly imbricate, shor ter than the disk; pales obtusish. —Prairies, &c., Wis. (Lapham), to Mo., La., c. Plant 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by to 1', very rough with papillous hairs, but less so than tI. divaricatus. Rays 12 to 20, cxplanindi 2 to 3", light yellow. (TH. scaberrimus ]ll11.) 7 I-l. atrorLbcenb s L. St. with few long, nalked peduncles aboive, hirsute below; Ivs. ovate, or ovil, obtsiah, abruptly contracted into -i'ing(ed petioles, subserratc. rough or hispid. 3-veined; scales obovate or ob7ong, oblnse. 3-veined, allSbout equaling' the disk; pales obtusisl. —Dry soils, Va. to Fla. and ArL. St. 2 to 4f higll. Lvs. mostly iner this base, 1arge. I-Ids. small, few, with 12 to 15 rays, 9 to 10" long. Aug. —Oct. 8.:Z giginlteusn L.,t. r ogl7, hlairy Ivs., alternate (the lowest opposite), tan2ceolate, acuannirate, ser-Rate, scabaoues, obscurely 3-veined, tapering at base into short, ciliate, wvinged petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, ciliate; papplus of 2 short, slightly fringed scales.-Can. to Car. arid Ky., in low grounds and thickets. Stern 4-8f high, purplish, branching above into a corymbous panticle of large, yellow flowers. Leaves 2 5' by — 1', opposite or alternate in various degrees. Rays 12-20. Variable. "3. nBIGenUUS. Lvs. nearly all opposite, sessile and rounded at base."- L. I. (T. a G.) 9 al. tomen'lt.au s xs. S':.' stout, lpubescvnt, branched above; lrs. mostly alternate, acuailate, ltearcly entiae, scabrous above, tomentous or nearly glabrous beneath leolwer ones oaeate, peticlate, up2ver long-lanceolate, subsessile; Ilcs. long-pedunculato; scales" IInce-linear, long-acuminiate, villous, squarrous; chaff 3-toothed, hirsute aIt sumniuit.-Dry soils, Ill. to Ga. Plant 4i to 8f high, with ample Ivs. aacnd fie. Ls. (; to 12' byr 2 to 6', soeno of them tripli-veined. Rays elliptical lanceolate, about 15" long. Aug. —Oct. /L. Lvs. oval, mostly opposite.-Ga. (11. spatulatus Ell.) 10 i.. grosse-serratus Maertens. smooth and glaucous; Ivs. mostly alternate, lanceoa"l. or lnce-ovate, lonrg-oacurzeaezte, shapgl serr-ate, scabrous above, hoary and sofdly pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into nakled petioles; scaes lance-subnu.lte, loosely imbricated, sparingly ciliate, as lon- as the disk.-0hllio, Idcl., Ill., to La. Allied to II. gciganteus. S-. 4 to 6t' hligh Lvs. 6 to 9' by 1 to 2', broadest near the base, lower ones rather coarsely serrate. ayes 15 to 20, e:xpandcing near 3'. Aug', Sept. L1 1T. t;uberosurs L. JERsUaSLEr A'TrcrroreCE. Root bearing obaong tzGibes; lvs. 3-aveinled, rough, lower ornes opposite, cordate-ovate, upper ovate, acuminate, alternate; petioles ciliate at blase.- Niative of Brazil. The plant has 1been cultivated for the sake of its tulberoun3 roots, whichl are used ior pickles. It is naturalized. i.l borders of fields, lledge3, e. Sept. I 12 H. Ize.tifi rus Pers. St. rough and branched above; las. oval-l7.ceoelate, acumainate, serrate, tripli-veined, vcer roughll on both sides, on short p/etveiole, uapper onaes often alternate; scales oWvate-lan.ceolate, ciliate, appressed, a lithle shioe,'er 1ha12 the dislk; chaff entire or 3-toothed; rays 12 to 20.-Barrens, &e., Ind., Oio (orr. & Gr.) A rough, bet slloy plant, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. thick, 5 to 8' by 1'. to 21'. Rays nearly 2' in length. Disk yellow. Aug.-Oct. t 13 J. ocoidentL;leis Riddell. St. slende,; simple, learly n2akel above; lys. opposite, oval, scabrous, obscure'ly serrate, contracted at base into long, hairy petioles, upper ones small and fer,s entire; lhds. pedunculate; scales lance-oval, lappressed. Sand prairies, W. States. St. 3 to 5f high, scape-like, slender. Lvs. 3 to 5' by I to 2', upper ones 1 to 2' long. l-Ids. few, middle size. Rays 12 to 15, light yellow. Jl.-Sept.. 14 -I. efl1olls Lam. St. villous; t'is. ovale, acuminate, sessile, cordate and clasping, entire or subserrate, tomzentous caozescent, opposite, upper ones sometimes alternate; scales lanceolate, vil oes canescent; pales entire, acute and canescent above. Prairies and barrlens, Ohio, Incd., Mo., common. A hoary and villous species, 2 to 41' higlh, nearly simple. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, 1 to -. as wide. Rays 15 to 25,, to 1' by 1', J.- Sept. (I-I. caneseens Mx.) ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT2E. 449 15 H. cinereus. /3. SUIILIVANTIT Torr. & Gr. Rough, cinerous-pubescent; st. virgate, somewhat naked and branched above; lvs. opposite (the upper often alternate), ovate-oblong, narrowed to the sessile- base, the lower to a winged petiole; scales lanceolate, canescent, pales pointed, with 2 lateral teeth.-Ohio (Suliivant). St. 2 to 3f high. Ilds. as large as in No. 14. 16 HI. decapetalus L. Lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, irregularly toothed, thin, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth or nearly so beneath, on winged petioles-; scales lanceolate-linear,; subeiliate spreading, nearly equal; rays 9 to 12, pale yellow.-Copses, along streams, Can., N. Eng. and Middle States. St. 3 to 4f high, purplish. Invol. varying in all degrees of leafiness between the present form and the variety following. Aug. ~,3. FRONDOSUS. Outer scales larger and leaf-like. (H. frondosus L.) 17 H. trachf6blius Willd. Lvas. opposite, those of the branches mostly alternate, thin, scabrous both sides, tripli-veined, appressed-serrate, acuminate, petiolate, lower ones ovate, middle lance-ovate, u2pepr lance-linear;* scales lance-linear, attenuate-acuminate, longer than the disk, loosely spreading, ciliate; chaff slightly 3toothed; rays 12 to 15.-Tall, handsome, in thickets, &c., Ohio to Ill. and Tenn. St. purplish, 3 to 8f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long. Hds. middle size, at top of the slender, suberect branches. Rays expanding 2 to 3'. 18 H. doronicoides Laim. St. branched, rough or hirsulte above; ivs. opposite, petiolate, fte upiper alternate and subsessile, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tripli-veined, serrate, very scabrous above, smooth and pubescent beneath; scales lance-linear, ciliate, longer than the disk; rays 12 to 15. —W. and S. States. St. 4 to 7f highb with irregular, alternate branches. Lvs. 3 to 10' by 1 to 3'; petioles jto 1' long. Rays very showy, 15 to 20" by 4 to 6". Jl.-Sept. /. PLEXA-FLORA. 1Is. all radiate.-Gardens. A handsome flower, somewhat like a yellow Dahlia. + 19 H. strninorsus L. St. smooth below, scabrous above; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, short p1tiosled, all similar, acuminate, finely- serrate, scabrous above, smooth or tomentous-caneseent beneath; lids. few, about 10-rayed; scales ciliate, equaling the disk, squarrous-spreading at tip. —2 Grows in swamps, &e., Can. andt U. S. St. 3 to 5f high, erect, branching above, Lvs. petiolate, with an acute point and close serratures, the lower surface varyin( in the degree of pubescence. Rays bright yellow, an inch or more in length. Scales hliry. J1. 20 H. hirshtus Rat St. simple or dichotomous above, scabrous, hirsute; Ivrs. opposite, petiola-fe, subserrate, 3-veined, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, very scabrous above, hirsute beneath,; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hirs-ute, as long as the disk; rays 11-15.-Dry soils, Western and Southern States. Stem 4-'if high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves 3-10' by 1-3', petioles — 1' hlong. ays very showy, 15 —18" by 4- 6". J1.-Sept. (H. diversifolius Ell.),3. PUBESCENS. Lvs. tomentous beneatll, subsessile. (H. pubescens -look.) 21 YH. divaricAt-us L. St. smooth, branchlinig or simple; les. nearly opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, scabrotus above, smooth beneath; panicle tr'ichotomous, slender, few-flowered.-Rocky woods, brook-sides, U. S. and Brit. Am. Steem 5f highll, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to a long, acute point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small tbr the genus, few, yellow and showy. The panicle is either 2 or 3-forkecL Aug., Sept. 2. SCAnERaIMUS. St. subsimple; lvs. thick, exceedingly rough and rigid; opposite or ternately verticillate.-B3arreils, West. 22 I. microcdphalus Torr. & Gr. St. glabrous; lvs. opposite, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acurninate at each end, petiolate, roughish above, downy beneath; hds. very small; scales with slender, spreading points; rays 5 to 7.-Thickets, W. Can., V. States, to La. St. 3 to 6f high, fork-branched, or sometimes irregularly. Lvs. 4 to 5' long. IHds. 3 to 4" dianm., rays spreading l1'. Jl.-Sept. 23 H. Schweiniftzii Torr. & Gr. St. pubescent, with appressed, bristly hairs; lvs. rough above, densely tomentous-canescent beneath, otherwise as in No. 22.-N. Car. in the upland counties (Curtis). Similar to HI. microcephalus, except in its rough alnd downy clothing. 24 H. lzevigatua Torr. & Gr. Smooth throughouzt; st. slender, nearly simple; 29 450 ORDEPR 70.-COMPOSIT-Z. hds. small, but larger than in No. 22. Character otherwise as in that species.Alleghanies of Va. and Car. 25 H. longif6lius Ph. Very smooth, often clustered; hls. chiefly opposite, longlance-linear, acute, entire, obscurely 3-veined, sessile, the radical somewhat serrate and petioled; scales ovate, acute, the outer with spreading tips; rays 8 to 10, short.-Western Ga. St. 4 to 7f high, smooth and dark purple. Hd. not larger than in No. 22.-A rare species. 55. HELIAN THEL'LA, Torr. & Gr. (Lat. diminutive of Helianthus.) Involucre, flowers and pales as in Helianthus; achenia compressed, 4angled, one or more of its angles slightly winged and produced into a persistent, awn-like or chaffy appendage.-2f Lvs. scattered. H. tenuif6lia Torti. & Gr. Rough, slender; lvs. narrowly linear; scales lancesubulate, spreading, hairy; rays 10 to 12; pales 3-lobed; ach. 2-toothed at the summit. Sand hills, Gadsden Co., Fla. (Chapman). 56. ACTINOII'ERIS, Nutt. (Gr. rtiv, a ray, a ra, po, a part; partially radiate.) Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4 to 14, rarely 0; involucre scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 to 3 series; receptacle conical or convex, chaffy; achenia compressed, flat, obovate, mostly winged, 2 awned. —24 Plants tall, with 3 veined, serrate lvs. lids. corymbous. Ra,; when present yellow * Stein winged with the d(ecnrrent, alternate leaves.............................. Nos. 1-S * Sterm not at all winged, with mostly opposite leaves...................N.............o. 4 I A. helianthoides Nutt. St. hirsute, winged except near the base; lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous; coiYmb contracted; s'ays 6-14, long, irregular; scales erect.-In barrens and prairies, Western States. It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem 2-4f high. Leaves 9 —4' by 6-14", grayish. Rays 1' long. Fls. all yellow. Jn., J1. (Verbesina Mx.) 2 A. squarrosa Nutt. St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent; lvs. alternate, often opposite, oblong-lanceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute or acuminate end, scabrous, decurrent; lids. small; scales spreading or reflexed; erays 4-8; regular, short; receptacle very smell. —Dry, alluvial soils, WV. N. Y. and W. States, common. An unsightly weed, 5 —lOf high. Leaves 6-14' by 1-3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. tRays l' long. Fls. all yellow. Aug. -Oct. (Coreopsis alternifolia L.) 3 A. alba Torr. & G-r. St. narrowly winged, rarely wingless; lvs. glabrolls but rough, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, finely serrate; scales lance-linear, fbw, in about 2 rows; r'ays none;'ach. broadly winged, with 2 spreading awns; cor. white.-S. Car., Ga. to La., common in moist, rich soils. St. 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 5 to 8' long. IIds. in small corymbs, globular. Aug.- Oct. (A. squarrosa,,/. Nutt.) k A. nudicaialis Nutt. Rough, hairy; st. wingless, naked and branched above; le.s. oblong, unequally serrate, acute, closely sessile, the upper bract-like; hds. paniculate, corylnbed; scales pubescent, in 2 or 3 rows;'rays 7 to 12, linear; ach. broad-obovate, narrowly winged. —Ga. (Feay, Pond), Fla., Ala., in sandy soil. St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Acl. I"long. ong. Awns erect. Fls. all yellow. Rays 1 to 1I' long. Sept., Oct. 57. COREOP'SIS, L. TIck-SEED. (Gr. 6Op'tl, a bug, otel, appear-:ance; from the concavo-convex, 2-horned achenia.) HIeads manyflowered, radiate, rays about 8, rarely 0; involucre double, each 6 to 12-leaved; receptacle chaff}y; achenia obcompressed, emarginate, each comlmonly with a 2-toothed, upwardly hispicl pappus, sometimes with none.-Lvs. nmostly opposite. Rays usually yellow; disk fls, yellow or dark purple. ORDER 70. —COMPOSITJA. 451 Corollas of the disk dark purple. (a) a Ray flowers yellow with apuriple base. Achenis incurved...... Nos. 1, 2 a Ray flowers wholly yellow. Achenia not incurved, 2-awned.....Nos. 3-5 ~ Corollas of the disk yellow. Pays rose-colored. Leaves simple....................Nos. 6,? ~ Corollas of the disk and ray all yellow (disk brownish inll o. 9). (b) b Leaves sessile, divided often so as to appear verticillate..............Nos. S-11 b Leaves petiolate, never serrate,-pinnate with lance-linear segmnents.Nos. 12, 1:; -simil)le, or rarely auricled below... Nos. 14. —1 b Leaves petiolate, serrated. —simple; achenia awns obsolete.........Nos. 16-17 -compound. —Rays about 8............... Nos. IS-_0 -1Rays wanting..................No. 21 1 C. Drumm6ndii Torr. & Gr. Ptlbescent; Ivs. pinnately divided, sornetimes simple, segments (or leaves) oval, entire; scales lanceolate-acuminate; rays u2nequally 5-toothed, twice longer than the invol.; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. —) From Texas. St. 10I to 20' ligh. Rays large, yellow, with a purple spot at base. f (Calliopsis, Don.) j3. ATROSANGUINEA. A garden variety with dark orange ils. f 2 C. tinctoria Nutt. Glabrous; Ivs. alternate, radical ones subbipinuate, ifts. oblong-linear, entire, smooth, cauline subpinnate, ifts. linear; s-ays 3-lobed at the apex, ach. wingless, toothless.-A hlandsome border annual, native of the upper Missouri. St. 1 to 3f high, with light, smooth foliage. IIds. with yellow rays, beautifully colored wihil purple at their base. Flowering all summer..- (Calliopsis DC.) 3 C. gladiAta Walt. Glabrous; st. terete, it.s. tlickish, alternate, some of them ternately divided, the lower lance-oblong, long-tapering to a clasping petiole, upper lance-linear, acute; outer scales lance-ovate; ach. fringed with 2 slender awns.Moist soils in barrens, N. Car. to Fit..St. 2 to 3f high, slender. Hdls. several, corymbed; rays 3-toothed at the dilated apex, yellow; disk purple. Aug., Sept. 4 C. angustifolia Ait. Glabrou3; st. square; Ivs. oppiosite, sometimes the lower alternate, ~undivided, the lowezr spatzlale, long-petiolate, upper linear, spatulate, obtzlse; outer scales ovate, obtuse; ach. wing-fringed, the 2 awns very short.-M-oist soils, in barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. slender, 2f high. Ilds. several, corymbed, with the rays 3-lobed at the dilated summit. Jn.-Sept. 5 C. C[mleri Ell. Glabrous; st. angular above; lvs. opposite, or the lowet alternate, lance-ovate, narrowed to a clasping petiole, upper lanceolate; oeter scales oblong, obtuse; ach. margined, ciliate, the 2 awns very short.-W. Ga. and'la., near the Chattahoochie. Sts. 21 high. Lvs. rather thick, entire, thle upper always opposie. J1., Aug. 6 C. nudata Nutt. Glabrous, very slender; lvs. few, terete,'rush-like, allernate, thie lower very long; hds. few; outer scales very shrt, obtuse, inner ovate, acutish; says wedge-obovale, unequally crenate-lobed. -4 A curious species, ilL shady swatnps, Ga. and Fla., near Savannah to St. Mary's and Apalachicola. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 10' long. Rays somewhat fan-shaped, rose-purple, spreading 20". Apr.-Jn. 7 C. r6sea Nutt. St. branched; lvs. opposite, 1-veined, linear, entire, ped. short; outer scales very short; rays oblong, obscurely tridentate.-2+z A very delicate species in wet grounds, Mass. (Dr. Robbins), to N. J. St. slender, erect, 8 to 16;' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, scarcely 1" wide, clothing the stem. lIds. few, small. Rays rose-color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl., Aug. }3 C. senif6lia Mx. 3Minutely downny or glabrous; Ivs. opposite, ternate, sessile, appearing in eOhorls of 6; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, thick; scales downy, obtuse; rays oval-oblong, entire.-Sandy soils, Va., Ky. to Ga., common. St. 1 to 2f high, angular, strict, slender. Rays bright yellow, 1' long. Corollas of the disk yellow. Jl., Aug. p. STELLATA. LftS. lance-linear, and even linear, mostly glabrous.-Ky. and Tenn. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. (C. stellata Nutt.) 9 C. delphinif6lia Lam. Glabrous; Ivs. opposite, sessile, divided into lfis. which are each again 2 to 5-parted, segmn. linear, entire, acute; disk corollas brown at summit; outer scales linear, inner ovate, all obtuse; rays acute. —Barrens, Va. to Fla. and Ala. St. 1 to 2f high. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, 1 to 3"' broad. IHds. small.. Aug. 10 C. verticillAta L. Glabrous branched lvs. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions; 452 ORDER?. —COMPOSITlE. pinnately or bfpinnately parted, segments fitform, linear, obtuse; rays acute or (in cultivation) obtuse and 2 or 3-toothed; ach. obovate, slightly 2-toothed.-2Moist places, Md. and Western States. Stem 1-3f high. Leaflets apparently verticillate in 6s. Heads with bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scales oblong-linear, obtuse, united at base. June-Aug. 11 C. palmata Nutt. Nearly smooth; st. branched, angled and striate, very leafy to the summit; Ivs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft (to below the middle), rigid, lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft; rays obovate-oblong; ach. linear-elliptic, incurved.-Dry prairies, W. States. Stem 1-2f high, sometimes much branched. Leaves 1-2~-' long, some of them undivided, lobes 2-4" wide. I-eads 1 or several, with yellow rays. Outer scales linear oblong, obtuse. Jn., J1. (Calliopsis, Spreng.) 12 C. tripteris L. Glabrous; st. simple, tall; corymbous at summit; lvs. coriaceons, opposite, petiolate, 3-5-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute; lids. small, on short peduncles, rays obtuse. —A tall, smooth, elegant species, in dry soils, Southern and Western States, common. Stem 4-8f high, slender, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3-5' by L-11'. Rays spreading ~' long. Outer scales linear, obtuse, spreading, much smaller than the inner. J1.-Oct. (Chrysostemma, Less.) 13 C. grandiflira Nutt. Glabrous; st. low,. simple or branched; lvs. petiolate, lanceolate, mostly pinnately or ternately divided, segments lance-linear cr linear; hds. solitary, on long peduncles, large; rays 4 to 5-cleft at apex. —Mo. to Ala. and Tex. Plant If high. Hds. much like No. 12. J1.-Sept. 14 C. lanceolAta L. St. ascending, often branched below; lower lvs. obmanceolate, petiolate, the u~pper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins; lids. solitary, on very lon, naked pedluncles; says 4-5-toothed at apex; ach. suborbicular, with 2 small teeth. —2 Native of the Southern States. Heads showy. Rays about 8, V by 3'. Jn.-Aug.. 15 C. auriculata L. Pubescent; lower lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate, some of them with 2 small, latee-al segmzeelts at base (auriculate), the utpper oblong, nearly or quite sessile; hds. few, on long peduncles; outer scales oblong-linear.-Dry soils, Va., Ky. to Ga. and La. Plant 1 to 3f high, variable. At first (Mhay, Jn.) it has divided lvs. and very long peduncles. Later (Jl., Aug.), it is tall, the lvs. all entire, the lower having perished. Hds. similar to No. 12. May —Aug. 16 C. latif6lia Mx. Very glabrous, tall; lts. thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, unequally toothed, petiolate, the upper ovate-oblong; lids. small;'rays 5 to 6, entire; outer scales 4 to 5, linear,; spreading. —Mts., N. Car. to Ga. Plant with ample lvs. and few large,,yellow rays. Aug. 17 C. argihta Ph. Smooth or nearly so; sts. strict, striate-angled; lvs. of the stem simple, petiolate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate-serrate; lids. few, large, on slender, naked peduncles; outer scales about 8, as long as the inner; rays 9 to 12, 3-cleft; ach. oblong, awns obsolete.-Car. (Pursh), W. Ga., in the upland districts. Differs much from C. aurea. St. 2 to 5f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Rays spreading l'. (Root lvs. not seen). May-Jn. 18 C. ahurea Ait. Nearly glabrous; lower lvs. pinnately divided, upper ternately, or simple; divisions ovate, lanceolate and lance-linear, acuminate, sharply serrate; outer scales about 8; linear as long as the inner; rays about 8, obtuse; ach. teeth ver'y short. — Ditches, etc., N. Car. to Fla. and La. An untidy weed, 2 to 4f high. lids. small, corymbed. Ach. 2" long. Aug., Oct. 19 C. aristbsa Mx. Sparingly pubescent; lvs. pinnately 5 to 9-parted, segments lance-linear, incisely serrate or pinnatifid; hds. small, with conspicuous rays; outer invol. of 1t to 12 linear, green scales longer than the inner, villous at base; awus slende-, spreading, about as long as the achenium.-@-) Low woods, W. States. St. obtusely 4-angled, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. thin, 4 to 6' long, petioles - to 1'. Rays 8, orange-yellow, expanding 1i'. (C. involucrata Nutt.).20 C. trichosperma Mx. St. glabrous, square, dichotomous; lvs. pinnately 5 to 7-parted, briefy petiolate, segm. lanceolate, incised or serrate; scales of the outer invol. ciliate, linear, long as the inner; rays entire, large; ach. narrow-cuneate, with'2 short, slout awns. —' In wet grounds, N. Y., Mfass. to Car. A smooth, ORDERn O.-COIMP'OSITE. 453 branching plant, 1 to 2f high, with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Lvs. mostly opposite, thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Ach. -:' long, awns half as long. JI., Aug. 21 C. discoidea Torr. & Gr. Glabrous, much branched, erect; lvs. ternate, longpetiolate; lfts. ovate-lanceolate, strongly dentate, hds. discoid on slender pedunCdes; outer involucr e 3-5 linear-spatulate, leaf-like bracts; ach. linear-oblong, twice longer than the 2 erect awns which are hispid upwards. —- Ohio to La. Stem andl branches purplish. Terminal leaflets 3-5 by 4 —1;', lateral much smlaller. Ileads small (;3" diam.), about 30-flowered. JI.-Sept. 58. BI'DENS, L. BURR-MARIGOLD. (Lat. bidens, two-toothed; the achenia have two (or more) barbed teeth.) Involucre double; scales somewhat similar, or the outer foliaccous; rays 4 to 8 (sometimes nlone), neutral; disk-flowers perfect; receptacle chaffy, flat; pappus of 2 to 4 awns rougrl backwards; achlenia obcompresseld, obscurely quadrangular.-Lvs. opposite, incised. FIs. yellow. Ac chenia linear, somewhat 4-angled, 8 to 4-awned. Rays f(ew or none.................l No. 1 ~ Achenia flattened, broadest at top,-R-ays none or very 1;;w...................... Nos. 2-4 -Blays about 8, showy, regular..................Nos.., 6 1 B. bipinniata L. SPArsisi NEEDLES. Smooth, lvs. bipinnate, lfts. lanceolate, pinnatifid, rays very short or none; outer invol. the length of the inner, ach. slender, elongated. — Grows in waste places N. Y. (Sartwell), Ct. (Robbins). St. 2 to 4f hig-h, hranching, smooth. Lvs. bipinnately dissected, nearly smooth. lids. of flowers on long peduncles, each w ith 3 or 4 (or none) obscure, obovate, yellow rays. J1.-Sept. 2 B. frond6sa L. Ilds. discoid; outer invol. 6 times as long as the flower, its leaflets ciliate at base; lower lvs. pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate; ach. 2-awned.-'L- A common weed, in moist, cultivated fields throughout Can. and U. S., often called Beggar-ticks from the 2-horned achenia which adhere to every passer-by. St. 2f igil, diffusely branched. Lower lvs. in 2s or 5s. ils. in clusters at the end of the branches, without rays, yellow, leafy. Aug., Sept. 3 B. conntata Willd. I-ds. discoid, smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, slightly connate at base, lower ones uostly trifid; outer scales longer than the head, leafy; ach. with/ 3 awns. — In swamnps and ditches, Can. N. Eng., to Mo. St. 1 to 3f high, smooth and 4-furrowed, with opposite branches. Lvs. thin, taper-pointed, often all undivided. lds. scarcely ever with a ray. Aug. (B. tripartite, Bw.) 4 B. cernua L. lIds. subrccadiate, cernzsous; outer invol. as long as the flower; lvs. all simple, lanceolate, subconnate, dentate.-In swamps and ditches, Can. to Pa. and Wisc. St. 1 to 2f high, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above. Branches opposite. Lvs. opposite, somew-hat connate at base. Fls. yellowish.green, finally drooping, generally with small yellow rays about 8 in number. Aug., Oct.. 5 B. chrysanthemolides L. Rays 3 times as long as the nearly equal invol.; Ivs. oblony, attenuate at each eszd, coznale at base, dentate. —J A low plant, with large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places, Can. and U. S. Stem 6-20' high, round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, opposite, with narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large, spreading. Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept., Oct. 6 B. Beckii Torr. St. subsimple; submersed lvs. capillaceous-etnultlfid; emersed ones lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or lanciniateo; fis. radiate; rays longer than the involucre.-24 In water, N. Y. (Sartwell), &c. Vt. (Chandler), N. to Can. Stem 2-3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. Lower leaves dissected as in Ranunculus aciuatilis; upper 1-2' long,. as wide, deeply serrate. Head solitary, terminal, yellow. July, Aug. 59. ACHMEL'LA, L. (Gr. da~/-, a point; from the sharp taste of the foliage?) Heads radiate; involucre shorter than the disk, double, appressed, pubescent; receptacle, conical, chaffy; pales embracing the flowers; rays about 12, c, disk; achenia compressed, those of the 454 ORDER 70. —COMPOSITAE. ray angular, mostly awnless.-4-5) Herbs with an acrid taste, opposite Ivs., solitary, yellow heads. Tropical. A. repens Pers. St. decumbent, rooting at the lower joints, diffuse; lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, petiolate, more or less serrate; hds. solitary, on axillary and terminal peduncles; scales lance-ovate; rays 10 to 12.Wet places, S. Car. to Fla. Sept., Oct. (Spilanthes Nuttallii, T. & G.) 60. VERBESI'NA, L. CROWN-BEARD. Hieads few or many-flowered; rays 9, few or none, disk 6; scales in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect; chaff concave, or embracing the flowers; aclhenia compressed. 2-awned.- - 4 American plants, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decurrent, serrate or lobed. Ilds. solitary or coryrlbous, 1 V. siegisbeokia Mx. St. 4-winged; Ivs. opvposile, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate. acuminate, triple-veined, tapering to a winged petiole, lids. radiate, in trichotomous cymes; rays 1 to 5; ach. wingless; fis. yellozu.-Roadsides and dry fields, N.,:and S. States, common. St. 4 to Gf high. Lvs. 5 to 8' by 3 to 4', thin. -Ids. about 25-flowered, with yellow corollas, and yellow, lanceolate rays, the latter about 9" long. Aug., Sept. (Coreopsis alata Ph. Actinomeris alata Nutt.) 2 V. Virginica L. St. narrowly-winged, pubescent above; lvs. alternate, lanceolate or lance-ovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the sessile base; lower ones decurrent; corymbs compound, dense; rays (oval) and disc-fis. white; ach. winged.-Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem 3-5f high, and leaves beneath often more or less tomentous. iHeads about 20-flowered, thll 3 or 4 rays scarcely ~' long. Aug. Sept. 3 V. sinuata Ell. St. wvingless, striate-angled, pubescent; lvs. alternate, ovate, acurmirate, contracted to a long, slender base, irregularly repandz-toothed and some of them sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid; hds. corymbous; rays 3 to 5, oval, anad with the disk white; ach. broadly winged.-Sandy soil, S. Car., Ga. (Feay), Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, with ample, coarse lvs. IIds. similar to the last, about 12-flowered. Lvs. feather-veined. Sept.-Nov. 61. DYSO'DIA, Cay. FALSE DOG-FENNEL. hIeads many-flowered; rays T; disk $; involucre of a single series of partially united scales, usually calyculate; achenia elongated, 4-anlgled, compressed; pappus.scales chaffv, in one series, fimbriately and palmately cleft into bristles. -— C Herbs with large, pellucid glands. Lvs. mostly opposite and )innately parted or toothed. -Ids. paniculate or corymbous. Fls. y ellow. D. chrysanthemoides Lagasca. St. glabrous, much-branched; lvs. pinnately parted, lobes linear, toothed; hds. terminal on the short branchlets; scales united at base, scarious, obtuse, with large, oblong' glands; outer scales 7 tQ 9, linear; pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre. —Prairies and roadsides, Ill., Mo., to La. An ill-scented plant, about If high, Awith finely divided Ivs. Aug.Oct. (Tagetes papposa Vent.) 62. GAILLAR'DIA, Fougeroux. hIeads radiate; rays neutral; scales in 2 or 3 series, acute, leafy-, spreading, outer largest; receptacle convex, fimbrillate (naked in the following species); rays cuneiform, 3cleft; acheniurn villous with long hairs from its base; pappus of 6 to 10 long awns, which are membranous at base.-Lvs. alternate, entire, often dotted. Hds. on long, naked peduncles. 1 G. lanceolata Mx. Pubescent; lvs. lanceolate or linear, sessile, the lower petiolate; scales as long as the disk; disk-fls. with long, subulate, pubescent teeth; receptacle smooth, (not fimbrillate!).-l~ Barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. St. 1 to 2f high, slender, ending in long, naked flower-stalks. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, rather oblong. Scales and disk purple. Rays yellow. May-Aug. 2 G. pulchella Fouger. Pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, the lower short-petioled, ORDER 70.-COMPOSITE. 455 toothed or incised, upper subelasping; scales very hairy, longer than the disk; disk corollas with subulate teeth; receptacle fimbrillate, with slender awns. —i. La., Tex, and in gardens. St. branching. HIds. 1 to 1~' diam. Rays 10 to 12, violet-purple, with yellow teeth. 63. POLYP'TERIS, Nutt. (Gr. rroZvic, many,,rTipov, a wing; fioni tile feather-like pappus.) Heads discoid; flowers all perfect, tubular and similar; scales flat, scarious, in 2 or 3 series, appressed; receptacle -naked; achenia 4-angled, slender at base; pappus of 6 to 12 Inem)ralnous, pinnately striate scales.-Lvs. scattered, lanceolate. F] s. (yanic. (Palafoxia, T. & GC.) P. integrif6lia Nutt. Rough; st. corymboens above; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire; outer scales loose, acute, inner obtuse; pappus of 8 to 10 acuminate squama v with fiinged or pllumed odges. —Barrens, S. WV. Ga. and Mid. Fla. Sts. 3 to 5f high, bearing the large, purplish heads in a level-topped corymb. ung. -Oct. 64. HYNtENOPAP'PUS, L'ilcr. (Gr.'i/t'rv, menmbrane, =drr7Tvof, pappus; froml thle character.) HIeads many-flowered; flowers all perfect, tubular; scales 6 to 12, in 2 series, oval, obtuse, mlenlbranaceous, colored; receptacle small, naked; anthers exserted; achenia broad at the summit, attenuate to the base; pappus of many short, obtuse, inembranous scales in one series.- or 4 North American, villous hlerbs. St. grooved and angled. Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided. H. scabisreus L'Her. IIoary-villus, or nearly glabrous; M-s. pinnately or bipinnately parted, segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingly toothed; hlids. in simple corymbs; scales obovate, 1-11, white, greenish at base, undulate on the margin, longer than the disk; cor. deeply lobed; ach. pubescent.-Ill. to Fla. Stem 1-2f high, whitish withll soft cotton when young, at length purplish:and glabrous. Segmnents 1 1 — by 1-2", rather acute. lIds. whitish, about 21-flowered. Apr., AMay. (South.)-Aug. 65. HELE'NIUMiI, L. AMERICAN SNEEZEWORT. (Named for the celebrated Ielen, w-ho is said to have availed herself of its cosmetic properties.) Involucre double, the outer of leafs, narrow scales, the inner chaffv; ray pistillate; pappus of several 5-awned, chaffy leaves; receptacle globous, naked in the disk, alnd chaffy in the ray only; ray flowers half 3-cleft; seed villous.-Lvs. alternate, decurrent. Rays yellow. ~ )isk elobnl:ar, its florets witl a 5-toothed coroila.................................. Nos. 1-: ~ D)isk oblong, its florets with a 4-toothed corolla......................................No. 4 1. H. autumn.le L. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, decurrent; fis. loosely coryr-nous. — In da.mp places. St. 2 to 3f high, branching strongly, winged by the decurrent lvs. Lvs. tapering to each end, or ellipticlanceolate, more or less deeply serrate. Fls. large, numerous, terminal, with drooping rays, each ending in 3 obtuse teeth, and longer than the large, globous disk. The plant is very bitter. Aug.,3. CANALICULXTUt. Rays concave, canaliculate or 3-furrowed. (FT. canaliculatum Lam.) 2 IHI. parviflorum Nutt. Lvs. lanceolate, subentire, smooth, scarcely decurrent; h.ds. solitary, or in small, scattered clusters. —Ga. (Nuttall.) Heads about half as large as in No. 1. Disk globous, longer than the filiform scales. Rays flat. Pappus scales awned, half as long as the corolla. Acl. smooth. 3 H. tenuif6lium Nutt. Smoothish; branches numerous, fastigiate, very leafy; lts. linear or filiform, entire, fascicled; scales subulate; disk globous.-Fields, waysides, Ga. (Feay, Pond) to La. St. 1 to 2f high, naked and woody below, 456 ORDER i 0.-COMPOSITAE. branches upright. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Hds. 4 or 5" diam. Rays about 12, spreading 9 or 10". Apr.-Nov. 4 H. quadridentkAtum Labill. Smoothish, much branched; lvs. oblong, spar. ingly lobed or toothed, the highest lanceolate, entire; disk oblong, longer than the rays; pappus scales obtuse.-Swamps, Miss., La. to Ark. St. 1 to 3f high, with solitary, terminal, small hds. Lvs. about 4-toothed or lobed. Disk fis. 4toothed. Jn.-Aug. 66. LEPTOP'ODA, Nutt. (Gr. er Tr6of, slender, 7rovT, foot; alluding to the elongated peduncles.) Ileads many-flowered; rays neutral, cunelate, 3-4-cleft; disk; scales spreading, numerous, attenuate; receptacle conical; chaff 0; pappus of 6-10-fringed sqcuasm.- 24 North American herbs, with the habit of IHelenium. Hleads corymbed, on short pedluncles. Pappus cuspidate-awned.....................No. 1 R hIead solitary, on a long pedluncle. Pappus awnless.-A chneia glabrous.........Nos. 2, S -Achenia hairy............. Nos. 4, 5 1 L. brachypoda Torr. & Gr. St. leafy, corymbous at summit; lvs. decurrent, lanceolate, subentire, the lower toothed, obtusei hds. on short peduncles; scales lance-linear, about half as long as the 8-12 drooping rays: disk brownish-purple. -Separated from Helenium only on account of its sterile rays. In damp soil, from Southern Ill. to Tex. and S. States. Stem about 2f high. Heads several or numerous. Rays broadest at summit, rather deeply and irregularly toothed, 7-9"' by 4-5". (Helenium. quadridentatum Hook.) 2 L. Helenium Nutt. Smooth; lvs. lanceolate or lance-linear, entire or remotely denticulate, mostly slightly decurrent, the lowest tapering to a petiole; pappus awnless, lacerated; ach. glabrous; s'ays 20 or sore in one row.-Moist soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. About 2f high, leafy below, ending in a long, naked stalk, bearing one hd. Lvs. 3 to 6' long. Disk 5 to 8' broad. MIar., Apr. 3 L. incisa Torr. & Gr. Glabrous; lvs. lanceolate, sessile, not decurrent, sinuatepinnatifid or incised; pappus awnless, lacerated; rays about 40, in 2 or 3 rows; ach. glabrous.-Ga. (Le Conte). 4 L. puberula Macbr. St. clustered, tomentots or downy; lvs. lance-linear, occasionally toothed or incised, not decurreut; ach. hairy; pappus scales obtuse.N. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, usually many from one root. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, half-clasping. Rays 20 to 30, broadly wedge-shaped, spreading 1 to 2'. Apr., May. (H. pinnatifida Nutt.) 5 L. brevif6lia Nutt. Nearly glabrous; lvs. all entire or nearly so, the cauline decu'rrent, the lower oblong-spatulate, obtuse, highest lanceolate, acute; ach. hairy.-N. Car. to Ala. St. 1 to 3f high, occasionally branched, and with more than 1 head. Hld.:about as large as in No. 4. M~ay, Jn. 67. BALDWIN'IA, Nutt. (To )Dr. Wrilliam Baldwin, one of our pioneer botanists.) Involucre scales imbricated in 2 to 4 rows, appressed, shorter than the disk, inner acute or acunilnate; receptacle convex, deeply alveolate with horny walls; rays 8 to 20, neutral, in one i-ow, narrow-cuneiform, 3-toothed; disk flowers 5, tube horny below; aclhenia immersed in the cells, silky-villous, crowned with a pappus of 9 to 12 oblong scales. —24 Herbs simple or coryrnbed, naked above, with alternate, linear, punctate lvs. and yellow fls. 1 B. unifl6ra Nutt. Puberulent, simple, l-flowered; hd. about 20-rayed; pappus 9-leaved.-Open swamps, Va. to Fla. and La,, near the coast. Plant 1 to 2f high, striate-angled. Lvs. thick, linear-spatulate below, linear and bract-like above. Disk 7 to 8" wide, rays narrow, spreading nearly 2'. Cells of the receptacle just like a honey-comb, 2 to 3" deep. J1. —Sept. 2 B. multifl6ra Nutt. Glabrous, nuch branched, with a corymb offis.'; lvs. very numerous, narrowly linear; rays about 10; pappus 12-leaved;c ach. marked with 12 rays on its flat summit.-Sand hills, Ga., Fla. Plant 1 to 3f high, slender, ORDEn 70. —COMPOSITzE. 457 the lvs& almost filiform. Eids. about 1-' broad, including the rays. Invol. squarrous. Aug., Sept. (Actinospermum angustifolium T. & G.) 68. WIARSHAL'LIA, Schreb. FALSE SCABISH. (To Humphrey Marshall of Penn., one of our earliest botanical authors.) Involucre scales lance-linear, subequal, erect, in one or two rows; receptacle convex, with linear, rigid pales; flowers all tubular, ~; corolla lobes slender spreading; achenia 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 Ilembranous, awned scales. —2 Ornamental herbs, simple or branched, with alternate, entire, 3-veined lvs., and solitary long-stalked hds. of purplish fls. resembling, a Scabish. 1 M. latif6lia Ph. St. simple, leafy; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acumninate,, sessile; scales rigid, acute; pales narrowly linear; pappus triangular-acuminatae-Dry soils, Va. to Ala. (Shields) along the mountains. A smooth, handsome plant If' high, with a slender, puriple stem. Lvs. about 2' long, conspicuously 3-veined. Cor. 6 to I" long, with slender tubes, scales half as long. May, Jn. 2 M. angustif6lia Ph. St. mostly branched, leafy; Ivs. below narrowly lanceolate, above narrowly linear, all acute; scales acute, pales setaceous; pappus ovateacuminate.-Swamps, &c., N. Car., Tenn. to Fla. A beautiful plant. Sts. often clustered at base, If high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, the lower petiolate, upper shorter. diminished to bristle form bracts. Jn.-Auo-. 3 M. lanceolgata Ph. Simple, leafy below, naked above; lvs. lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, tapering to a petiole, the upper sessile: scales oblong, linear, obtuse; pales spatulate; ach. pubescent.-Upper districts N. Car. to Ga. and Ala. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Apr.-Jn. 69. AN'THEIWIS, L. CHAMOMILE. Involucre hemispherical, with:cnarly equal scales; rays numerous, pistillate; receptacle chaffy, con-ex or conic; achenia crowned with a slight border. —European herbs with imuch divided lvs. 1 A. arvensis L. St. erect, hairy; lvs. bipinnatifid, hairy and canesceirt, segments linear-lanceolate; ach. crowned with a narrow margin; pales lanceolate, cuspidate, longer than the fiowers;- aGrows in dry; cultivated fields. A pilous, inodorous plant, somewhat resembling the Mayweed. Stems diffusely branching, 8-15' high. Heads large, solitary on the leafless, downy summits of the branches. Disk yellow, rays white. July. ~ Eur. 2 A. n6bilis L. St. prostrate, branching from the base. woolly; lvs. decompoundpinnatifid, segments linear, subulate; pales scarious, lanceolate, scarcely as long as t7heflowers. — 2 Grows wild occasionally in fields, and is cultivated in gardens. The strong and agreeable scent of the CHAMOMIILE is well known, also its tonic and anodyne qualities, which chiefly reside in the flowers. July-Sept. ~ Eur. 70. VIARU'TA, Less. MAY-WEED. Involucre hemispherical, imbricated; rays neutral; disk perfect; receptacle conical, chaffy (at least at the summit); pappus 0; achenisa smooth.-European herbs, with alternate, much divided leaves. Rays white. M. cotula DC. St. erect, nearly smooth; lvs. bipinnatifid, segments linear-subulate; pales bristly, shorter than the flowers. — T) Waste places, in hard, dry soils, especially by roadsides, in patcheis of great extent. Stem branching, diffuse, if high, with alternate leaves divided and subdivided into a multitude of segments. Flowers solitary, on terminal, striated stalks. The plant is ill-scented. Linneus says it is grateful to toads, drives away fleas, and is annoying to flies. Jn.Sept. ~ Eur. (Anthemis L.) 71. ACHILLE'A, L. AIILLFOIL. YARROW. (Named after Achilles, a disciple of Chiron, who first used the plant.) InvolucreI ovoid, of unequal imbricated scales; rays 5 to 10, slolrt, pistillatc; receptacle flat, 458 ORDER 7 0.-CO.MPOSITeE. chaffyS; achenia without a pappus. —2 European herbs with much divided, alternate lvs. Hds. radiate. 1 A. Millef6lium L. Lvs. bipianalifid, with linear, dentate. mucronate segments; st. furrowed, corymbed at top; scales oblong; rays 4 to 5, short.-Fields, pastures, &c., N. Eng. to Or. and Arctic America. St. a foot high, branching at top into a dense, flat-topped corymb of white or rose-colored fis. It has an agreeable, pungent taste and smell. Jn.-Sept. —The variety with rose-purple flowers is very pretty in gardens. 2 A. pta.rmica L. SNEEZEWORT. Lvs. linea', acuminate, equally and sharply serrate, smooth.-Found in moist grounds and shady places, Can. and N. Y. (Pursh), Mass. (Nichols). Plant about 15' high, branching at top into a diffuse corylmb oC white fls. The lvs. are remarkably distinct from the yarrow. The dried powder of the leaves, used as snuff, provokes sneezing. A variety with double flow-el.s occurs which is quite ornamental in pots. Aug. t ~ Fur. 72. LEUCAN'THE1IMUMI, Tourn. WHITE- rEED. (Gr. 2esVf!, whitr, avo90, flower; the heads have large, conspicuous rays.) Involuclr, broad, depressed, imbricatecd'; rays pistillate, numerous; receptacle flat, naked; achenia striate; pappus none. —Herbs with alternlate 1vs. Ilds. radiate. 3L. vuilgre Lam. Lvs. amplexicaul, lanceolate, serrate, cut-pinnatifid at basoc st. erect, branching. —4 The common white-weed is al ainnoyance to ialrers, rapidly overspreading pastures and neglected fields, U. S. to Arec. Am. Sts. 2f high, simple, or with one or two long branches, furrowed. Lvs. complaratiely few andcl small, obtuse, the lower ones petiolate, with deep and irregular teeth, upper ones small, subulate, those of the middle sessile, clasping, deeply cut at base, b ith remote teeth above. Hds. large, terminal, solitary: disk yellow; rans numerous, white. J. —Sept. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) 73. MYIATRICA'RIA, Tourn. FEVER IVE. I1 nvoluC1re scales imnbricate? snany-flowered, with nmcembranous nlarginls; receptacle conical or convex, lakedl; pappus a membraono s marorgin crowninog the achenia, or'none. —Ierbs chiefly perennial, with altelnate lxvs. 1ds. with or witll(lilt rays. (Pyrethrum, Smitfh.) M. parthenlium L. Hds. radiate; lvs. petiolate, filat, tripinnate, the segm. ovate. cut; ped. branching, corymbous; st. erect; invol. hemispherical, pubescent.Fields, rare. Several varieties of the Fever-few are cultivated, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their fine pyramidal form, surmounted with a corymb of pure white, double flowers which retain their beauty for several weeks. { Fur. 2 M. discoldea DC. lids. discoid; lvs. sessile, 2 to 3-pinnately parted, lobest small, linear-oblong, acute; lids. on simple pecluncles; scales equal, oval, obtuse, with white, scarious margins much shorter than the conical disk.- -I Ill. opposite St. Louis, also in Oregon. Sts. 3 to 8' high. Disk 2 to 3" broad and high. Pappus obsolete. 3 M. Balsimita Willd. ENGLISH MINXT. Pubescent; lids. discoid; st. erectlvs. ovate, oblong, serrate, the lower petiolate, upper sessile, auriculate at base: hds. corymbed; pappus none.-G-ardens.' St. 1 to 2f high. The plart is yellowish green, clothed with loose, minulle tomentum, with the fragrance of spearmint. 74. CHRYSAN'THEMUIM, (Gr. Xpvg6', gold, WvOof, flower.) Heads heterogamous; involucre imbricate, hemispherical; the scales 1witl mnembranous margins; receptacle naked; pappus nione.-Ornainental plants from China and other eastern countries. Lvs. alternate, lobed. -lIds. radiate. 1 C. coronAriumL. Annual; st. branched; ivs. bijpiznatifid broader at tlhe summit, acute. —Native of S. Europe and, N. Africa. The variety with double ORDER 70.-COXMPOSITAE. 45 9 flowers is frequently cultivated as a hardy annual. St. about 3f high, striate, smooth, erect, with alternate, clasping lvs. Fls. large, terminal, solitary, yellow. Aug. 2 C. carinatum Willd. Annual; Ivs. bipinnate, fleshy, smooth; invol. scales carinate.-Native of Barbary. lIds. large and beautiful; disk purple, rays white, with a yellow base. A variety has rays entirely yellow. J1. —Oct. (C. tricolor Andr.) 3 C. Sin6nse Sabine. Perennial; Ivls. coriaceous, stalked, sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous; rays very long. —A native of China, where it has long been cultivated and highly esteemed for its beauty. A great number of varieties have lbeen produced with double, semidouble, and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. It is of very easy culture in any common soil. The plants are propagated by divisions, by suckers, and by cuttings. (Pyrethrum Sinense DC.) 75. TANACEE'TUI, L. TxNSEY. (Said to be a corruption of OdvaToq, deathless; f'or the durlable flowers.) Involucre hemnispherical, imbricate, the scales all minute; receptacle convex, naked; pappus a slight, ncembranous border; achenia with a large, epigynous disk.-Lvs. alterniate, much dissected. Fls. yellow, discoid. T. vulgAre L. Lvs. pinnately divided, segments oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and incisely serrate; hls. f'astigiate-corymbous, r1ay fis. terete, tubular, 3-toothed.-24 in old fields and roadsides. Stems clustered, 2-3f high, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug.-The whole plant has a strong and aromatic smell and bitter taste. The seeds are anthelmintic. A variety called double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped leaves. ~ Eur. 2 T. Huronense Nutt. Lvs. bipinnately divided, lobes oblong, often again pinnatifid; hds. large, corymbhd; ray fi3. flacttened, zizequallyJ 3 to 5-cleft.-Shores of Lake Huron and Macleinaw Strait, to Hudson's Bay. Plant 1 to 3f high, somewhat tomentous. I-Ids. larger thlan in No. 1, citron-yellow. 76. ARTEr1IS'IA, L. WVoRawooD, &c. (Probably from Arternis, )one of the names of the goddess Diana.) Involucre ovoid, imbricate, with cdry, convenient scales; receptacle without pales; disk-flowers 1numerous, tubular, ray flowers few, often without stamens and with a subulate corolla or none; aehenia with a small disk; pappus 0.Bitter herbs. Lvs. alternate. CoI. yellow or purplish, discoid. ~ Receptacle villous or hairy. Flowers all fertile.................................Nos. 1, 2 Re lcceptacle naked.-Flowers all fertile. Leaves or segiments lanceolate............Nos. 8, 4 -Flowers all fertile. Leaves or scglnents linear................ Nos. 5, 6 — Flowers of the disk sterile. Leaves or seigments linear.......Nos. 7-9 1 A. P6ntica L. ROMAox WORMWOOD. Lvs. tomnentos beneath, cauline ones bipilnate, leaflets linear; hds. roundish, stalked, nodding.- 4 Common in gardens, where it arises 3 or 4f, with simple branches and racemes of yellow flowers. Head withl 24 flowers, those of the ray about 6). From Austria. t 2 A. Absinthium L. CoMrAoxN WORMWOOD. Lvs.,multifid, clothed with short, silcy pubescence, both sides; segments lanceolate; lids. hemisperical, drooping; receptacle hairy. —4 Growing among rubbish, rocks, and by roadsides, N. Eng., Can. Stems angular, branched, with erect racemes of nodding, yellow flowers. The whole plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a tonic, stomachic, &c. ~ Eur. 3 A. LudoviciAna Nutt. Canescently tomentous all over; lvs. lanceolate, lower incisely and remotely serrate or subpinnatifid, upper entire; hds. ovoid, subsessile, arranged in a simple, slender, leafy panicle. — Lake and river shores, Mich. to Mo. W. to Oreg. Stem 2-5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite variable in size and also in pubescance, sometimes nearly smooth. Tleads small and crowded. 4 A. vulgaris L. MUGWORT. Lvs. canescent-tormeltoeLs belneath, cauline ones pinnatifid, segm. lanceolate, acute, subdentate, floral ones entire, linear-lanceolate; 460 ORDER 70.-COMPOSITA.E. hds. erect, ovoid, subsessile; invol. tomentous. — Fields, roadsides, banks of streams, &c., Vt., N. H. St. 2 to 3f high, branching into a panicle of spicate racemes. Lvs. very variable, but never attenuated to linear, now obtuse, now acute, from the same locality (Hanover, N. H. Ricard.) lids. few-flowered, purplish. 5 A. bi6nnis WVilld. Plant erect, smooth; lvs. bipinnately parted, upper ones pinnatifid, all with linear, acute, and mostly incised lobes; lids. sessile, arranged in a close, narrow, leafy paniele of slhort spikes. —' Vrestera States and nortlhward. Plant 1 to 3f high. Aug.-Oct. 6 A. Abr6tanum L. SOUTHERNwOOD. St. erect; lower Ivs. bipinnateo o2pper ones capillary, pinnate; invol. downy, hemispherical. —4 A well known shrubby plant in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, Inucl divided into very narrow, linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of S. Europe.: 7 A. borealis Pallas. C6espitous, silky-villous or smoothish; st. simple; lower ivs. petiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards the base, ternately, pinnately, or bipinnately parted above, with linear lobes, upper linear, 3 to 5-cleft or entire; hds. hemispherical, spicate or racemous-paniculate. —I Keweena Pt., Lake Superior (Houghton, in N. Am. F1.) St. 6 to 10' high. 8 A. Canad6nsis Mx. SEA WORMWOOD. St. erect or decumbent; lus. piennatifid with linear segmnents; fis. subglobous, sessile, in a 21)anicle of racemes.- 4 Rivers and lake shores, N. Eng. and Can. Shores of the great lakes. St. 2 to 4f high, much branched, sulcate, brownish, mostly erect. I-ds. 2" diam., numerous, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a mnembranous margin. Aug. 9 A. cordAta Msx. Glabroues, simnple, densely paniculale; lvs. bipinnate-pubescent, upper pinnate, segm. filiforn or setaceous, alternate; hds. ovoid-globous, pedicellato, erect. —(7 On the sea-coast, N. H. to Ga. St. 3 to 5f high, strict. Lvs. in many thread-like and somewhat fleshy' serm.; lhds. }I'" diam., in a strict, dense panicle. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, elliptical. Aug., Sept. 77. SOLI'VA Ruiz. & Payv. (To Salvator Solivu, a Spanish botanist and physician.) Involucre of 5 to 10 to 15 scales in one row; receptacle flat, naked; fertile Ilowers in several rows, apetalous; $ fls. few, interior, with a 3 to 5-toothed corolla; achenia obcompressed, tipped with the persistent style and no pappus. —Little depressed herbs with pinnately divided lvs. and sessile hds. S. nasturtiif6lia DC. Plant very small, minutely pubescent; lvs. pinnately 5 to 9-parted, lobes oblong, obtuse; scales 10 to 15; ach. obconic, rugous, crowned wvith a dense tuft of wool instead of pappus.-S. Car., Ga., near the coast, banks of the Ogeechee, growing with Sencbiera. Plant flat on the ground, forming a dense mat. Lvs. 6 to 10" long, lobes 1'. lids. disproportionately large (2 to 3" broad), axillary, depressed. Ach. wrinkled transversely. M-ar., Apr. 78. GNAPHA'LIUU, L. CUDWEED. EVERLASTING. (Gr. yvdqSaAov, cotton or wool; from the soft, cottony surface of the herbage.) Hleads discoid, heterogamous; involucre imbricate with scarious, colored scales; marginal flowers subulate, pistillate, mostly in several rows; central flowers 5; receptacle flat, naked; pappus a single row of scabrous, hair-like bristles.-Herbs generally clothed with whitish wool. Lvs. alternate, entire. * Heads in terminal corymbous clusters........................................Nos. 1-,-. * Head* in axillary, somewhat spicate clusters...................................Nos. 4, 5 1 G. decuirrens Ives. Lvs. decurrent, linear-lanceolate, very acute, naked above, white and woolly beneath, fis. in dense, roundish, terminal clusters.-4- A stout species, covered with a dense, hoary pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, &c., N. HI. Vt. to N. J. Stem 2f high, with scattered leaves and spreading branches. ORDER 70.-COMPOSITe. 461 Leaves on the upper side green, scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yellow corollas. Aug. 2 G. polycephalum Mx. Erect; lvs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous above, whitish tomentous beneath, as well as the paniculate stem; hds. capitate, corymbous; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute.-I- Common in fields, &c., Can. and U. S. It is distinguishable by its strong, agreeable odor, and its brownish color. Stem 1-2f high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Ilds. much larger than in the next. Involucre with whitish scales and yellow flowers. Aug. 3 G. uligin6sum L. CUDWEED. St. clffusely branched, woolly; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate; hcls. small (1" wide) in terminal, crowded, leafy clusters; scales obtuse, yellozoish or brownish; ach. smooth. —(! A small, spreading plant, clothedl with whitish down, common in sandy places where water occasionally stands, N., Mid. and W. States. Stem 4-6' hillh. Leaves numerous, acute, narrowed at the base. Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug. 4 G. purp~ireum L. Si. erect, simple or branched from the base, tomentous; Ivs. linear-spatulate or obovale-spatulate, downy-canescent beneath, green above; hds. sessile, crowded, terminal and axillary; scales acuminate.-) G-rows i1n sandy fields and pastures, N. H. to Ind. and La. Stem 8-12' high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads with tawny, purplish scales and yellow corollas. June. 5 G. supinum Villars. Ccespitous, woolly; Ivs. linear; hds. few, oblong, in a spicate raceme or solitary-; scales acute, brown: pistillatefls. in but oze,row.White fMts. N. 1l. (NuttalL) Sts. 2 to 4' high. 79. ANTENNA'RIA, Br. EVERLASTING. (Name in allusion to tle bristles of the pappus, which resemble antennm.) Ieads dimecious; involucre of imbricate, colored scales; pistillate corollas filiform; recelptacle subconvex, alveolate; pappus a single row of bristles. — 2 Tome!tons. Lvs. alternate, entire. lids. corymbous, with white or brownislh, never yellow scales. (Gnaphalidm L.) 1 A. margaritacea Br. St. erect, simple, corymbously branched above; Ivs. linearlanceolate, acute, 3-veined, sessile, woolly beneath, stem woolly; corymbs fastigiate; scales elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white. — Fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. St. 1 to 2f highll, and with its numerous, scattered lvs. clothed with white and cotton-like down. lids. numerous, hemispherical, fadeless. Fls. yellow. J1.-Named for its dry, imperishable, pearl-white scales. A. plaltaginif6lia Br. MOUSE-EAR. EVERLASTING. Stolons procumbent; st. simeple; radical Ivs. oval, obovate or spatulate, mucronate, 3-veined, silky-canescent, st. lvs. small, lanceolate; scales ovate, obtuse.-2- Borders of woods, &c., U. S. and Brit. Am., flowering in early spring. Whole plant whitish with down. St. 5 to 8' high, often with stolons at base. Rt. lvs. much larger than those of the stem. St. lvs. few, bract-like. Hids. in a terminal, dense cluster, purplish white. Feb.-May. (A. dioica Br.) 80. FILA'GO, Tourn. COTTON ROSE. CUDWE:D. (Apparently firom the Latin filctrn, a thread; on account of the cottony hairs.) Heads heteroganlous; involucre of a few villous scales; marginal flowers?; receptacle columnar, naked at the apex, chaffy at base; aechenia terete, central ones with a hairy pappus.-Downy-canescent herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire. F. Germanica L. St. dichotomous or proliferously branched above; lvs. linearlanceolate, acute, crowded, erect; hds. few-flowered, in dense, capitate clusters, terminal and lateral; scales cuspidate, passing insensibly into the pales, of the receptacle, each with a pistillate flower in the axil. —(C Fields and roadsides, Mass., N. Y. to Va. St. 6 to 10' high. Scales straw-color, with a green' line outside. JL-Oct. ~ Eur. 402 OGmER 70.-COMPOSIT2E. 81. XERAN'THEMUM, (Gr. -jlp6g, dry, dv9og; on account of its dry, imperishable flowers.) Heads discoid; involucre hemispherical, with radiant, colored, opaque, scarious scales; receptacle paleaceous; pappus paleo-setaceous. —-O Native of S. Europe. X. annuum Willd. ETERNAL FLOWER. St. erect, branched; Ivs. oblonglanceolate, obtusish, alternate, entire; hds. large, terminal, solitary; scales ofl' the involucre obtuse, scarious, inner ones of the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. -A singular plant, half hardy, of easy culture. Stem 2-3f high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there are varieties with red, white, blue and yellow scales. The flowers retain their beauty for years. 82. HELICHRY'SUM. (Gr. goldenr sun) is another genus of fadeles flowers, of which several species are occasionally cultivated. The spreading scales are of various colors. H. bracteosum is the finest species, having yellow scales, heads on long stalks and lanceolate leaves. 83. ERECH'TITES, Raf. FIRE-WEED. (Gr. XE9,o9, to ttrouble; the species are troublesome weeds.) Flowers all tubular, those of the margin pistillate, of the disk perfect; involucre cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate; receptacle naked; pappus of numerous, fine, capillary bristles. — Lvs. simple, alternate. Fls. corymbous, w-hitish. E. hieraciflius Raf. St. paniculate, virgate; lvs. oblong, amplexicaul, acute, unequally and deeply toothed with acute indentures; invol. smooth.; ach. hairy. — A rank weed, growing in fields (Can. and U. S.), particularly in such as have been newly cleared and burnt over. St. thick and fleshy, branching, 3f high, roughish. Lvs. of a light green, large, irregularly cut into many deep and acute teeth. Fls. terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Invol. large and tumid at base. Aug., Sept. (Senicio hieracifolius L.) 84. CACA'LIA, L. AVILD CARAxwAY. TASSEL I LOWER. (An ancient Gr. name of an uncertain plant.) Flowers all tubular, J; involucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate withl small scales at the base; receptacle not chatif; pappus capillary, scabrous.-Mostly 4. Smooth. Lvs. alternate. Ilds. of fls. corymbed, mostly cyanic. ~ Scales of the involucre united, about 12. Flowers 60 to SO0, scarlet.......N...o........No. 8 ~ Scales of the involucre distinct,-abont 12. Flowers 20 to 30, lwhite........ No. 1 — 5 only. Flowers 5.-Leaves cordate or lobed...Nos. 2-4 -Leaves never cordate......Nos. 5 — 1 C. suaveolens L. Glabrous; st. striate-angular; lvs. petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, smooth, green on both sides; fls. corymbed, erect; invol. manyfiowered.-2f Western N. Y. to Conn. (Robbins), to Ga. and Ill. Stems 4-5f high, striate, leafy. Radical leaves on long stalks, pointed; cauline ones on winged stalks. Flowers whitish, in a terminal, compound corymb. Scales and peduncles smooth, with setaceous bracts beneath the involucre, and beneath the divisions of the peduncles. Aug. 2 C. renif6rmnis Muhl. St. sulcate-angled; Ivs. palmately veined, nearly smooth, green both sides, petiolate, lower ones reniaforn, uipper fiabellfornz; corymb compound, fastigiate; hds. 5-flowered.-WVoods, Ind., Ill., Penn., S. to Car. St. 3 to 6f high, nearly simple, glabrous. Lvs. 3 to 12' by 5 to 18', repand-dentate, lower petioles very long. Scales of involucre 5, obtuse, whitish. J1. 3 C. atriplicif6lia L. St. terete; lvs. petiolate; smooth, glaucous beneath, palmate-veined, angularly lobed and dentate, the lower subcordate; fls. corymbed, erect; invol. 5-flowered.-N. Y. to Ga. and Ill. St. 3 to 5f high, leafy. Lvs. alternate, the lower ones as large as the hand, with large, unequal teeth or lobes. -Ids. small, ovoid-cylindric, whitish, loosely corymbous at the top of the branches. J1.-Sept. ORDER' O. —COMPOSITLE. 463 4 C. diversif6lia Torr. & Gr. Plant not glaucous; st. striate-angled; lower lvs. ovate, obtuse, repand-toothed, upper 3 to 5-lobed, somewhat hastate; hds., corymbs and fls. as in the preceding (of which it seems to be a variety).-Swamps along the Chattahoochie, Fla. Plant 2 to 3f high. May. 5 C. tuber6sa Nutt. St. angular-sulcate; lvs. oval or ovate, strongly 5 to 7veined, obtuse or subacute, entire or repand-denticulate, not glacous, lower ones tapering into long petioles, upper ones on short petioles;.hds. in compound corymbs. —Marshes, W. States. St. 2 to 5f high, branched above. Lvs. rather thick, 3 to'' long, 2 as wvide, veins converging to the apex. I-Ids. oblong, 5-leaved and 5-flowered, white. May.-J1. 6 C. ovita El. St. teEete; lvs. glaucous beneath, 3 to 5-veined, ovate and oval, entire or undulate-mnargjned, contracted at base into petioles; corymb fastigiate.Macon, Ga. ('Mettauer), Ala., Fla., in moist woods. St. smooth, glaucous, 3 to 41 hiogh. Lower lvs. on long petioles, rather obtuse- upper ones nearly sessile, rather acute. Scales broad-linear, acute. J1.-Aug. 7 C. lanceolata Nutt. St. terete; lvs. glaucous beneath, 3-veined, Ianceolate anid laTnce-linear, entire or with few sharp teeth, lower tapering to petioles, upper sessile; corymb simple. —Wet grounds, Ga. Fla. St. 4 to 6t' high. Lvs. below 4 to 6' long, diminishing upwards. Scales linear, acute. Aug., Sept. 8 C. coccinea Curt. TASSEL FLOWER. Radical lM-s. ovate-spatulate, cauline amplexicaul crenate; invol. ovate-cylindric, scales linear, at length reflexed; ach. ciliate; pappus in several rows. —. pretty garden flower, native of the E. Ind., &e. St. If or more high. FIs. bright scarlet. Jn. —Sept. A bed or patch so-wnv thickly makes a fine appearance. (Emilia sagittata, DC.) 85. CINERARIA, Less. (Lat. cinereus, ash-colored; for its soft, white down.) — Ids. radiate; rays pistillate; invol. scales in one row, scarions on the mIargin; recept. naked, flat; ach. beakless, obconipressed; papp. capillary.-Greenhouse shrubs with mostly alternate leaves. L C. amelloides Willd. Leaves opposite, ovate, smooth; peduncles each bearing a single head with blue rays.-Shrubby, 2 to 3f high. f S. Africa. 2 C. speciosa Schrad. Lvs. alternate, reniform, denticulate, on inflated petioles; hds. in a simple raceme terminating the simple stem, with yellow rays. — Shrub 4 to 6f hight t Siberia. 3 discolor Willd. Lvs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, smooth, white beneath; hds. corymbous, with yellow rays. —Shrub 3 to 4f high. - Jamaica. 4 C. lanata Willd. Lvs. roundish. 7-angled, cordate, woolly beneath; hds. solitary on each peduncle; rays white within, of a vivid purple outside. —t Canaries. Very beautiful. 5 C. populifolia H. E. Lvs. somewhat angular, cordate, downy beneath, the petioles appendaged; hds. coryrbeous; rays red.-The florists have produced many hybrids of superior beauty; as the Rosy Mlorn, Jenny Lined, V;icar of liT7efield, &c. 86. SENE'CIO, L. GROUNDSEL. (Lat. senex, an old muan;' the word is synonymous with Erigeron.) Involucre of many equal scales or invested with a few shorter ones at base; flowers all tubular, 5, or usually radiate and rays?; receptacle not chaffy; pappus simple, capillary and copious.-A vast genus embracing 600 species of herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, exceeding the invol. ~ Heads discoid. R0oot annual........................................................ No. 1 ~ Heads radiate.-Radieal leaves undlivided. Achenia glarols.....................Nos. 2, — Radical leaves undivided. Achenia pubescent....................Nos. 4, 5 -Radical leaves divided, as well as the cauline..................... Nos. 6 —' 1 S. vulgaris L. St. paniculate, erect, angular; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, amplexicaul. —j A weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, &c. N. States. St. 18' high, leafy, branching, generally smooth. Lvs. alternate, thin, 464 ORDER I0. —COMPOSITA. bright green, the radical ones stalked. Fls. without rays, terminal, scattered, yellow, appearing all summer. ~ Eur. 2 S. afireus L. Radical ks. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate; pod. subumbellate, thick; rays 8 to 12; ach. glabrous.- -l Plant with varying forms, in meadows, woods, (U. S. and Brit. Am.), with golden yellow fis. St. smoothish, striate, erect, 1 to 2f high, simple, or branched above, terminating in a kind of umbellate, simple or compound corymb. Lower stem lvs. lyrate, upper ones few and slender. Poed. more or less thickened upwards. Scales linear, acute, purplish at apex. Rays spreading about 1'. Mlay-Aug. p BALSXMITME. St. villous at base; lvs. few, small and distant, pubescent, radical ones oblong-lanceolate; ped. villous at base. —Rocky hills and pastures. (S. Balsamitae, Muhl.) y GRkaCILIS. Radical 1vs. orbicular, on long petioles, cauline few, linear-oblong, incisely dentate; ped. short, pilous, with small, few-rayed heads.-A slender state of the species, on rocky slhores. (S. gracilis, Ph.) d oBOVAzTUs. Radical lvs. obovate to oblong-spatulate; ped. elongated.Meadows, &c. (S. obovatus, Willd.). LANCEOLATUS. Radical lvs. lanceolate, acute, cauline lanceolate, pinnIatifid at base.-Shady swamps, &c. 3 S. obovdtus Ell. Tomentous when young, at length glabrous; root lvs. obovate or roundish, crenate, with an attenuated sessile base, cauline few, small, cutpinnate; corymb small; rays 10 to 12; ach. glabrous. —Va. to Fla. St. a fbot hig'h, nearly leafless. Lvs. mostly radical, near 3' broad and long, often slightly petioled; the upper lvs. rapidly diminished. Rays spreading about 1'. May. 4 S. tomentbsus M x. Clothed witL soft, cotton-like, nearly persistent tomentuim; root Ivs. oblong or oblanceolate or ovate, obtuse, tapering to a long, slender petiole, cronate, the upper sessile; hds. fastigiate, rays 12 to 15; ach. pubescent. —2 Va. to Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high, often nearly leafless above. Corymb simple, subumbellate. Root lvs. with their petioles 6 to 9' long, 1 to 3' wide. Rays spreading 16". Apr.-Jn. —The leaves are exceedingly variable. A variety (orn Stone Mt., Ga.) is low, densely tomentous, with the lvs. all radical. 5 S. an6nymus. Plant clothed with a white, partly deciduous tomentumn; root lvs. small, oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, some of them slightly lobed, tapering to a petiole, confine Ivs. long and narrlow, remotely sizuaote-pinnatifid, the segm. cut-dentate; hds. subumbellate, small, ach. pubescent.-24? Montgomery, Ala. St. 16 to 24' high. Root lvs. -' wide and with their petioles 2 to 3' long. St. lvs. 6' long, the upper 1', almost bipinnatifid. Rays 8 to 10, spreading about'7". May., Jn. 6 S. Canadnisis L. Lvs. g7abrous, bipinnnle with linear. lobed, obtuse segm., the upper few pinnately divided; coryrmbs compound, fastigiate; rays 9 to 12.24 Canada (Kalm, in Willd. Spec., &c.) Upper districts of the S. States. IIds. rather small. Jn. —Possibly our S. anonymus is a variety of this. (S. millefolium T. & G. 7 S. lob'tus Pers. BUTTER-WEED. Glabrous or slightly floccous at base; v.s. all lgyrate-pinnat/fid (or the upper pinnatifid), the lobes crenate, distant, odd one roundish; corymbs somewhat compoundly umrbeled; invol. slightly calyculate; rays 10 to 12; ach. minutely hispid. —~ Low, wet grounds, N. Car. to Fla. and La., common. St. striate, 2 to 3fhigh. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, terminal lobe 1' diam. Rays spreading about 11". MBar.-J1. 8 S. pseudo-elegans DC. PURPLE JACOBEA. Lvs. equal, pinnatifid pilous-viscid, spreading; ped. somewhat scaly; invol. calyculato with leafy scales; scales mostly withered at the tips.-,C Native of the Cape of Good Hope. A beautiful plant in cultivation. Fls. of the disk yellow, of the rays brilliant purple. A variety has double fis. with colors equally fine. Another variety has white fis. Jn.-Aug. f (S. elegans L.) 87. AR'NICA, L. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, 1 or 2-rowed; ray flowers?, disk ~; receptacle fiat, with scattered hairs; pappus singlc, rigid and serrulate.- 4 St. simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow..1 A. mollis -look. Pubescent; st. leafy; lvs becoming nearly glabrous, thin, ORDER 70. —COMPOSIT-A. 465 veiny, dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong, radical ones stalked, cauline sessile; hds. few; invol. hairy, with acuminate scales; ach. hairy.-Ravines, White Mts., N. I., Essex Mts., N. Y. Also Rocky Mts. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 5' in length, the upper one broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole, often acute, but not acuminate. J1. 2 A. nudicaiflis Ell. Hirsute; ivs. all sessile, subentire, oval or ovate, 3 to 5veined, the veins converging to the apex, cauline small, 1 or 2 pairs; hds. tfbw, large, terminal; rays about 12, 3-toothed at end; ach. glabrous.-Wet, sandy soils Va. to Fla. St. If high, scape-like. Lvs. mostly radical, resembling those of the plantains (Plantago), but smaller (2 to 3' long.) Rays spreading fully 2'. Apl., May. TRIBE 5. CYNARELE. 88. CYN'ARA, L. (Gr. Ic6iov, a dog; the stiff, hard spines of the invol. resemble a dog's teeth.) Heads discoid, homiogamous; involucre dilaited, imbricate, scales fleshy, enmarginate, pointed; receptacle setaceous; pappus plumous; achenia not beaked.-Natives of the Old World. 3 C. Sc6lymus L. GARDEN ARTICHOKE. Lvs. subspinose, pinnate and undivided; invol. scales ovate.- -2 Gardens and cultivated grounds. A well known garden esculent. The parts used are the receptacle, the lower part of the involucre and the upper portion of the stalk. It is cultivated from suckers placed in rows, 3 feet apart. Aug., Sept. { ~ Eur. 2 C. cardunculus L. CARDOON. Lvs. spiny, all pinnatifid; invol. scales ovate. -24 Flowers purple. This plant is blanched or etiolated, by heaping earth around it, whence its petioles become crisp, tender, and are used like celery. + Eur. 89. TAGE'TES, L. MARIGOLD. (For Tages, a Tuscan divinity, son of Cenius and griandson of Jupiter.) Heads heterogamous; involucere simple, tubular, of 5 to 10 united scales; ray flowers 5, persistent; receptac!le naked; pappus of 5 erect awns.-l ) Herbs of tropical Anmerica. Lvs. pinnately divided. 1 T. pftula L. FRENCHI MARIGOLD. St. erect, with widely spr'eadirng branches; segm. of the leaves linear-lanceolate; ped. elongated, subcylindrio, one-flowered; invol. smooth.-Plant about 2f high. Rays orange yellow; variegated with dark purple. t 2 T. erecta L. AFRICAN MARIGOLD. St. Stout, erect; segm. of the ls. lanceolate, ciliate-serrate; ped. 1-flowered, ventricous and thickened at the summit; invol. angular.-The hds. are twice larger than in T. patula, and on shorter peduncles.-These are well known and popular garden flowers with several varieties. t 90. CALEN'DULA, L. POT MARIGOLD. (Lat. calenda, the first day of the month; some species blossom monthly.) Heads radiate; involucre of many equal leaves, in about 2 series; rays, fertile, disk t, sterile; receptacle naked; achenia of the disk membranaceous; pappus 0.-An oriental genus of annual herbs. Lvs. alternate. C. officinalis L. Viscid-pubescent; st. branched; lvs. oblong, acute, mucronate, sessile, subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin; lids. terminal, solitary; ach. carinate, muricate, incurved.-A- common and handsome garden plant, from S. Eurone. It has double, lemon-colored, and other varieties. Flowers large and brilliant, generally orange-colored. Jn.-Sept. t 91. CENTAU'REA, L. KNAP-WEED. BACHELOR'S-BUTTON. (The centaur, Chireon, it is said, cured with these, his foot wounded by Her30 466 ORDER 70.-COMPOSITME. cules.) Heads discoid; ilnvolucre imbricate; ray flowers longer than the rest, sterile, often wanting; receptacle bristly; pappus of filiforl, scabrous bristles in several series.-A geinus of oriental herbs nwitih alternate lvs. * Scales of the involucre with a fringed or pectinate appendage..................... Nos. 1, 2 * Scales of the in volucre merely ciliate, or tipped with a s pine..................... os. 8, 4 1 C. nigra L. St. erect, branched, pubescent above; lo wer lvs. angular-lyrate, upper lanceolate, dentate, scales ovate, with an erect, capiiiary, fiinged appendage; ray and disk-fls. alike. —4 A troublesome weed, in mncadows and pastures, Mass. St. about 2f high, simple, or oftener divided into elongatted branches. I-ds. fea-, large, terminal, solitary. Fringed appendage of the scales dark brown. Fls. purple. Jl., Aug. ~ Eur. 2 C. Americana Nutt. St. erect, sulcate, sparing'ly branched; lower lvs. obloenovate, repand-dentate, upper ones lauceolate, acute, all sessile and hlalbraus; 3 hds. few or solitary, very large; ped. thickened at summit; ray J.s. ftuwice loxgyer thae the disisc; scales with a pectinate-pinnate, reflexed appendacge.1 —' Ark. and La., naturalized in ill. (AIead.) Cultivated in gardens. St. 2 to af loigh, Iwith larg, showy, pale-purple hds. Appendages straw-color. f 3 C. Ckanus L. BXcUtEroR's-DUTrrOs. St. erect, branching, doawny; lvs. linea, entire, downy, the lowest subdentate; scales ciliate-serate; ray.ower's.ech ernlarged. -- Cultivated and sparingly naturalized in old fields. It is a lhardy annual, justly popular for its handsome flowers which are very variable in color. lids. ovoid, solitary on the ends of the branches. J1.-Sept. ~ Eur. 4 C. Calcitrapa L. STARt TIISTLE. St. diffusely branched, hairy-; lvs. sessile, pinnately lobed, lobes linear, toothed, upper mostly entire; hls. sessile; giciddle scales tipped wit7c a strong, spreading spine with 1 or 2 minute spines each side; pappus 0.-i ()j Va. Fls. purple. ~ Eur. 92. A 1BER'BOA, DC. SWEET SULTAN. I-eads discoid; involucre imbricated; ray-flowers wanting or larger than the rest, sterile; pappusof oblong or obovate pales, attenuated to the base, all similar, rarely small or 0.-Eastern herbs with alternate ]vs. 13 A. mzoschata Willd. Lvs. lyrate-dentate; invol. subglobous, smooth; scales ovate; ray-flowers scarcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk; pappus 0.A handsome border annual from Persia. Flowers purple. A variety has white flowers. July-Oct. (Centaurea L.) f 2 A. odorata, a. amboracea. DC. YELLOW SWEET SULTAN. Lower lvs. broadly sulbspatulate, dentate, upper lyrato at base; lids. globous; ray-fis. enlarged upwards, longer than the disk; pappus chliaffy, a little shorter than thefruit.-From Levant. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid. FI'lowers yellow. - (Centaurea suaveolens Willd.),3. GLAUCX. Lvs. often deeply pinnatifid' flowrers purple. f (Centaurea glauce Willd.) 93. CAR'THANUS, L. SAFFROXN. (Arabic, qortieom, to paint; fioat its coloring property.) H-Ieads discoild; involucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous; flowers all tubular and, filaments smooth; pappus 0; receptacle with setaceous pales; achenia 4-angled.-Oriental Iherbs. C. tinctorius L. St. smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinous-denticulate. —1 Native of Egypt, but long cultivated in other lands on account of its orange-colored flowers. Stem branching, striate, 1-2f high. Leaves subanlmplexicaul, smooth and shining. Heads large, terminal, with numerous long and slender flowers. The latter are useful in coloring, and as a nursery medicine. July. ~ 94. CNI'CUS, Vaill. BLESSED TriISTLE. (Gr. In'iem, to prick; well applied to these herbs.) Heads discoid; involucre ventricous, inlbricate with doubly spinous scales; ray-flowers sterile; receptacle verS ORDER I0.-COMPOSITMA. 467 hairy; pappus in 3 series, the outer 10-toothed, the 2 inner each 10-bristled.-Oriental herbs. C. benedictus L. Lvs. somewhat decurrent; dentate and spiny; invol. doubly spinous, woolly, bracteate.-?! Native of Persia, Tauria and Greece. About 2f high, with yellow flowers. Sparingly naturalized. June.-It was formerly in great estimation in medicine, but is now considered worthless. T ~ 95. ONOPOR'DON, Vaill. COTTON THISTLE. Hleads discoid, homlogamous; involucre ventricous, imbricate with spreading, spinous scales receptacle deeply alveolate; pappus copious, capillary, scabrous; aclhenia 4-angled. —Large, branching herbs, with decurrent leaves. 0. acanthiurn L. Invol. scales spreading, subulate; lvs. ovate-oblong, decurrent, sinuate, spinous, woolly on both sides. —'-2) This fine looking thistle occurs naturalized in waste grounds, and is about 3f in height. The whole plant has a white, cottony appearance. Stem winged by the decurrent leaves, which are unusually large. Involucre round, cottony, spinous. Flowers purple. July, Aug. ~ Eur. 96. CIR'SIUMI, Tourn. (Cnicus L. Muhl.) THISTLE. (Gr. Ot'pGog, a swelling of a vein, which this plant was supposed to heal.) Heads discoid, homogamous; involucre subglobous, of many rows of spinous-pointed, irnbricated scales; receptacle bristly; style scarcely dirided; pappus copious, plumous; achenia compressed, smooth.Herbs with alternate lvs., generally arnmed with spinous prickles. Fls. cyanic. * Leaves decurrent on the stein more or less. Scales tipped with spines................ Nos. 1, 2 * Leaves not decurrent.-l-Ieads involucrate with a whorl of 12 to 20 spiny bracts........No. 3 -I-leads naked.-Flowers ochroleucons. Sclles priclly.......... No. 4 -Fls. purple.-Lvs. -white-toinentous beneath.. Nos. 5 — -Lvs. grecn.-Ster l low, sirnple.. Nos. 8, 9 — Stem tall, branched..No. 10 1 C. lanceolatunm Soeep. CornrIeON THISTLE. Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the segments divaricate and spinous; hds. several, ovoid, villoe"s; scales lanceolate, tijped with a spine, spreading.- Common in borders of fields, roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States, always distinguished by the decurrent leaves. St. 3 to 4f ifigll, winged by the decurrent leaves which are white and woolly beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Fls. numerous, large, purple. Invol. scales, webbed, each ending in a spine. J1.-Sept. 2 C. Lec6ntii Torr. & G-r. Slender, simnple, wit7h one head; Ivs. linear-lanceoiate, more or less lecurrent, with a few spinous teeth, glabrous above, white-floccous beneath, invol. ovoid, arachnoid when young; scales,not spsinzozus, merely mucronate or acuminate-pointed.-Ga. to La. St. about 2f high. -Id. large, (1' or more diam.) terminal. 3 C. horridulum Mx. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, acutely cut, spinous' hds. invested with ans external invol. of about 12 to 20 very s5inou.s br acts; scales sharp-pointed, but unarmed. —) Found in meadows and hills, N. lEng. to Fla. St. 1 to 3f high, invested with wool. Lvs. somelwhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed with stiff spines. Hds. large (1' diam.), with yellowish white corollas, the scales webbed. Aug. [3. ELLIOTTIT. Corollas purple, 2' long. Bracts about 12.-South (Elliott). Fla.. near Quincy. 4 C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. White-tomentous; lvs. rigid, pinnately parted, margins revolute, segm. long, linear, toothed or entire, spinous; lids. axillary; scales arachnoid, acuminate, tipped with a weak, spreading prickle.-Sandy lake shores, Mich. and Can. West. Cor. ochroleucous. Jn., J1. 5 C. discolor Spreng. Lvs. sessile, piamti~fid, rough-haired, downy beneath, seom. 2-lobed, divaricate, spinous; invol. globous, the scales ovate, appressed, with spreading spines at the tip.- ) A slender thistle 3 to 5f high, much branched and leafy at the summit, found in thickets, N. Eng. to Ill. lids. terminating the branches, 1' diam., with reddish purple corollas. JI. Aug. 468 ORDER 70. —COMPOSITSi. 6 C. altissiinuum Spreng. Tall, branched, villous-pubescent, leafly to the top;'vs. whitish beneath, spinous-ciliate, sessile, lanceolate oblong, often sinuate-dentate, lower undivided or pinnatifid petiolate, lobes or teeth spinescent. Hds. large, scales ovate-lanceolate, outer one with a spreading spine at apex.-Fields and barrens, Penn. and W. States, common. St. 3 to Sf high. Lvs. 6 to 8', by 1 to 6'. Hds. about 1' diam., with linear-lanceolato bracts at base. Fl. purple or purplish white. Aug. 7 C. Virginiamnum Michx. Slender, mostly simple, and naked above; h's. sessile, lanceolate, mnargin revolute, entire or repand-dentate, teeth spinescelt, or sometimes remotely sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, upper surface glabrous, under surface tomentous-canescenr t hds. small; invol. subglobous; scales tipped with a short, spreading prickle. — Woods, Ohio, and S. States. Plant about the size of the Canada thistle, clothed with an araechnoid pubescence, with few or many heads (sometimes but one) -which are about ~' diam. Flowers purple. Apri-Sept. (Carduus, L. Cnicus, Ph.) 8 C. repnduatm M.ix. Arachnoid when young; Ivs. crowdoed to 7the top, at length green both sides, clasping oblong-lineaem, unddulate, spinous-ciliatle; itd. 1 or 2; scales, outer ovate-lanceolate, inner subulate-acuminate.-Barrens, N.. Car. to Ga. 9 C. pltmilllz Spreng. -airy; Irs. few above, green on both sides, clasping, oblong-lavceolcate, pinnatifid, the segm. irregularly lobed, ciliate, spinous; hds. few, very large, subtended by 1 to 5 bracts; invol. round-ovate, spinous.- C2) A common, low, turgid thistle, in roadsides, pastures, N. Eng. and Mid. States. St. 1 to 2f high, stout, striate, with 1 to 3 very large heads of fragrant, purple fls. Aug. (Cnicus odoratus Muhl.) 10 C. muiticum Mix. Lvs. pinnatifid with divaricate segments; hcls. on.naked pedluncles without bracts; invol. ovoid with unarmed, villous-arachnoid, glutinous scales.- 2 A fine looking thistle found in damp soils. Can. and U. S. St. branching, 3 to'if high. Lvs. armed with spines at each angle. lids. 1' diam., with deep purple corollas, the scales webbed and glutinous on the back. Aug., Sept. 11 C. glaber Nutt. Tall, slender, nzearly glabrous; Ivs. lance-linear, rigid, with spinescent, divaricate segrnents, the lower slightly deczurreznt; hds. naked, on leafless stalks; scales setaceously zucronale, strongly keeled, almost glabrous. the inner attenuate-acuminate.-N. Jer. to G-a. St. very smooth, angled, 3 to 5f high. Ihvs. minutely arachnoid beneath. Hdls. 6" diiam., truncate at base. Fls. purple. 3J1. Sept. 12 C. arvense Scop. CiANADA THISTLE, CURSED TuISTLU. Lvs. sessile, sinuatepinnatifid, wavy, spinous; st. panicled; 7hds. qzumerous, small, invol. round or ovate, with mzinute spines, scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate.- 2 Common in fields, roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to WV. States, very troublesome to the farmer. Root creeping, long and tenacious of life. St. 3f high, with a branching panicle at top. Hds. small (4 to 5" diam.) purple, the involucre nearly thornless, and is the only part of the plant that can be salbly handled. J1. ~ Eur. 97. LAP'PA, Tourn. BURDOCK. (Lat. lappa, a burr, from Gr. XapeZv, to lay hold of; a characteristic teIm.) Heads discoid, homogamous; involucre globous, the scales imbricated and hooked at the extremity; ieceptacle bristly; pappus bristly, scabrous, caducous. —@ Coarse, European herbs. Lvs. alternate, large. L. major Gaert. Lvs. cdrdate, unarmed, petioled.-Common in waste and cultivated grounds, fields. N. Eng., Mid. and W. States. Each plant is a large, cdnical, ill-scented and coarse-looking mass of vegetation, surmounted by a branching, irregular panicle of ovoid heads with tubular corollas of an exceedingly delicate pink color. The leaves are very large, with wavy edges. It has a wonderful design for the dispersion of its seeds. The scales of the involucre all end in a minute, firm hook, which seizes hold of everything that passes by. J1., Aug. ~ Eur. (Arctium Lappa L.) fl. Leaves pinnatifid.-Penn. (Darlington). ORDEn 70.-COMPOSITAE. 469 SUBORDER II. LIGULIFLORE. 98. LAIIPSA'NA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT. (Gr. X7aT-, to purge; "Lapsana greatly relaxes the body," says Pliny.) Heads radiant, 8 to 12-flowered; involucre cylindrical, angular, scales 8, erect, in one row, with 2 or 3 minute bractlets at base; receptacle nlaked; achenia glabrous; pappus O. —Slender, oriental herbs, with small, yellow hds. in paniculate corymbs. L. communis L. St. branched, panicled, leafy; lvs. ovate, petiolate, dentate; ped. cylindrical; invol. angular in fruit. —() Waysides, Can. East (Hook). Near Boston (Oakes). ~ 99. APO'GON, Ell. (Gr. a, privatire,,rJyrov, beard; as destitute of pappus.) Heads radiant; involucre scales ovate, acuminiate, about 8, in 2 rows; receptacle naked; achenia glabrous, oval, longitudillally i12striate; pappus 0. —{D IHerbs glabrous and glaucous, branched from the base. Lvs. alternate, lanceolate. I-Ids. slnall, yellow. A. hinmilis Ell. S. Car. to Fla. and La. A small, slender, smooth plant, common in sandy soils. Sts 3 to 12' high, trichotomously branched above. Lvs. varying firom lance-linear to linear, and from entire to lyrate-lobed, the radical tapering to a petiole. Hds. few, small, the fls. spreading about 3". MTar.-Jn. (A. lyratum Nutt. A. gracilis DC.) 100. CICHO'RIUM, Tourn. SuccoRy. (The Egyptian lname ceikouryek, whence Gr. fctwps', and Eng. succory.) Involucre doulble, the outer of 5 leafy scales, the inner of about 8 linear ones; receptacle cl;affy; pappus scaly; achenia not rostrate, obscurely 5-sided.-Oriental herbs with bright blue fis., about 20 in a head. 1 C. intybus L. Fls. in pairs, axillary, sessile; lower lvs. runcinate.-i2 Plant 2-3f high, -wNith large, showy, sky-blue flowers, in grass fields, by roadsides, common in many localities. Stem round, with few long branches, rough. The upper leaves become cordate acuminate, sessile, inconspicuous, only the radical ones runcinate. The flowers are 1-2' diam., and placed rather remote on the long, nakedish branches. Corollas flat, 5-toothed. The root is used in France as a substitute for coffee. July —Sept. ~ Eur. 2 C. Endivia L. ENmIVE. Ped. axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated and 1-headed, the other very short, about 4-headed; hds. capitate. —.k har'dy annual, esteemed and cultivated for salad. Also a remedy for jaundice. t E. Indies. 101. KRIG'IA, Sbhreb. DWARF DAN'DELION. (To )Dr. Daniel Krierg, a German botanist who traveled in this country.) Involucre manyleaved, nearly simple, equal; receptacle naked; achenia turbinate, striate, 5-aungled; pappus double, consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales: alternating with as 11many slender, scabrous bristles. —O Acaulescent herbs. IHds. solitary, with 20 to 30 yellow fls. 1 K. Virginica Willd. Lvs. sinuate-pinuatifid, with unequal, spreading, linearspatutlate lobes, the primary lvs. mostly entire, spatulate or roundish; scapes at first low, simple, I-flowered, finally branched and several-fioweere. —Dry, sandy or rocky grounds and way-sides, Can., N. Eng. to W. Ga. and Ala. Scapes 3 to 20' high, very smooth. Lvs. 6 to 3' long, usually pointed. Fls. spreading 15". May — Aug. 2 K. Caroliniana Nutt. Lvs. lyrate-pinnatifid, with irregular, oval or angular segments, the terminal one r-oundish and largest, primary lvs. linear-lanceolate, fewtoothed or entire, scapes always simple, solitary at first, finally several 1-flowered. -Dry, sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Scapes 1 to 4' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, rosulate. Fls. spreading 4 to 6". Feb.-May. 4 70 ORDER 70.-COMPOSIT.E. 102. CYN'THIA, Don. (One of the names of Diana; fancifully applied to this genus.) Involucre nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales; receptacle flat, alveolate; pappus double, the outer minute, scaly, inner copious, capillary; achenia short.- 2 Lvs. alternate or all radical. lids. with 15 to 20 yellow flowers. 1 C. Virginica Don. St. few-leaved, braeched above; lvs. oval and lance-oval, entire or remotely toothed, rarely sinuate-pinnatifid, the radical on winged petioles, cauline amplexicaul, entire. —In barrens and dry soils, Western N. Y. to IIl. smooth and glaucous. St. 1 to 2f high, often dichotomously divided, with 1 to 2 clasping leaves at the forks. Radical lvs. 3 to 5' long. Hds. terminal on the bracteate and subumbellate peduncles, with deep yellow flowers. Scales united at oase in a somewhat double series. May-J1. (Krigia, Nutt.) 2 C. Dandlilion DC. Acaule.scezt; scapes leafless, sinmple, 1-flowered. lvs. elongated, lance-linear, entire or remotely toothed, rarely pinnatifid, the primary lvs. oblong-spatulate. —Low grounds, RAd. to Ga. and Tex. Scapes 6 to 18' high, several from the same root. Lvs. some of them nearly as long as the scapes, more generally entire; whcn pinnatifid, the lobes are 2 or 3 on each side, triangular. A variety in the mountainous districts produces at length a short, decumbent stem. (Efyosiris montana Mx. C. lyrata Nutt.) 103. LE0N'TODON, L. AUTUMNAL HIAWKBIT. (G1.?C2.&v, a lioil, 6o0S', a tooth; in reference to the toothed leaves.) Involucre imbricate, the outer scales very short; receptacle naked; pappus plumous, persistent on the somewhat restrate achenia.-Acaulescent herbs witli yellow fls., many in a head. (A-pargia, Willd.) L]. autumnlis L. Scape branclling; ped. scaly, lvs. lanceolate, dentate-pinnatifid, smoothish.-Comlnon in thle eastern parts of N. Eng., grass lands and roadsides. Fls. similating the dandelion. Rt. large, abrupt, scape round, strinte, hollow, decumbent at base, 6 to 18' high, with a few branches and scattered scales. Lvs. spreading, 6' lon x, witl deep, round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs. Ilds. 1' diam. J. —Nov. IEur. 104. TRAGOPO'GON, L. VEGETA13LE OYSTER. (Gr. -pdyoS, a goat, 6yt)v, a beard d; in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus.) Involucre simple, of many leaves; receptacle nalked; pappus plmunous, acheni: longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, filif'orm bcak.-Q2 European herbs, with long, linear, grass-like lvs. T. porrif6lius L. Involucre much longer than the corolla; lvs. lon-, linear, undiviced, straight; ped. thickened upwards. St. 3 to 4f high. Fls. terminal, solitary, large, bluish purple. Cultivated in gardens for the root, which is lon-, tapering and nutritious. When properly prepared it has a mild, sweetish taste, which has been compared to that of the oyster.: 105. HIERA'CIUMBI, Tourn. ItA WAKwEED. (Gr. "ep,c a hawk; supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey.) Involucre more or less imbricated, ovoid, many-flowered; scales very unequal; achenia not rostrate; pappus a single row of copious, tawny, fragile bristles.2 Lxvs. alternate, entire or toothed. * Heads 40 to.50-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricate(l.....................Nos. 1, 1 ~ Heads 12 to 30-flowered. Involheire simple.-Achenia contracted at the top......Nos. 8, 4 -Achenia not contracted upwards...Nos. 5, G 1 H. Canadense Mx. St. erect, subvillous, leafy. many-flowered; Ivs. sessile, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, divaricately and acutely dentate, the upper ones somewhat amplexicaul, with an obtuse base; panicles axillary and terminal, corymbous, downy; invol. strongly imbricated.-In open dry or rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wis. and Can. Stem stout, 1-2f highl-, more or less pubescent, the peduncles downy but not glandular. Leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy. Heads large and showy, yellow Involucre sometimes with a few glandular hairs. Aug. (H. Kalmii Spreng.) ORDER 70.-COMPOSITAE. 471 2 H. scabrunm Mx. St. leafy, scabrous and hispid; lvs. elliptic-obovate, scabrous and hirsute, entire or the lower slightly dentate; peld. thick, and with the invol. densely glandular-hispid; hds. 40-50-flowered.-Dry hills, borders of woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 1-3f high, round, striate, rather stout. Low-er leaves petiolate, upper sessile, subacute, often purplish as well as the stem. Heads large, with yellow flowers. Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red. Aug. 3 H. longipilum Torr. Plant densely pilous with long, straight, ascending, bri.stil hairs; st. strict, simple, smoothish and nearly leafless above; lvs. crowded o:. the lower part of the stem, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, entire; hds. glandular-tomentou3 or hispid, 20 —'30-flowered, in a small, terminal panicle.Barrens and prairies, WV. States. Plant 1-2f high, remarkable for the long (6") brownish hairs with which the lower part is thickly clothed. July-Sept. 4. H. Gronovii L. St. leafy, hirsute, paniculate; invol. and pedicels glandularpilous;'radical Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, enltire, or denticulate, strigou'.; the q7idveien beneath very villous; upper ones oblong, closely sessile, acil. 20 to 30, contracted above.-Dry hills, Can. and U. S. Stem 1 to 3f, furniishled with a few leaves below, naked above and bearing a narrow, elongated panicle. Lower leaves tapering into a long stalk. Flowers yellow, on glandular, slender pedicels. Achcnia tapering upwards fromn the miclddle, but not rostrate. Aug., Sept. 5 H. ven6sum L. Scaple or st. izaled or with a single leaf smnooth, paniculate; Ivs. obovate, somewhat acute, entire, a little hairy above, nearly glabrous beneath, ciliate on the margin, veins colored; invol. glabrous, about 20-flo-wered; ach. linear.-In woods, &c., N. Eng. to AV. States. Stemn 1-2f high, dark brown, slender. Panicle dififse, several times dichotomous, coryimbous. Heads rather small, on slender pedicels, with bright yellow flowers. Jl., Aug. 6 H. panicultumn L. St. slender, leafy, diffusely paniculate: whitish pubescent below; lvs. lanceolate, glabrous, membranaceous, acute, with remote spreadingr teeth, or entire panicle diffuse; ped. very slender; d.s. 10-20-flowered. —A smooth, slender plant, in damp woods, Can. to Ga. Stem 1-3f high, several times dichotomous. Leaves thin, 2-4' long. Heads small, numerous, with yellow flowers. Pedicels long land filiform, forming a very difflhse panicle. Aug. — lit is not easy to determine the exact limits of the last three species. A thorough revision of the genus will probably reduce them to one, viz., H1. Gronovii. 106. CATANAIN'CHE, L. (Gr. vca7ei, avad)':7?, fiom necessity; it must necessarily be admired?) Involucre inibricated, scarious; receptacle paleaceous; pappus paleaceous, 5-leaved; palels awned. — i Oriental lherbs, with alternate, lanceolatc lvs. C. ccerilea L. Lvs. linear lanceolate, villous, somewhat bipinrratifid. at base; lower scales of the involucre ovate, mucronate.-From S. Europe. A handsome. annual, 2 to 3f high. I:ds. solitary, on long pelduncles, with blue spreading, ligulate corollas toothed at apex. Jl.-Sept. t i07. RAB'ALUS, Cass. DROP FLOWER. (A barbarous name.) Involucere cylindric, of many linear scales in one low, calyculate with a few short, appressed scales at base; receptacle naked; pappus copious, capillary, brownish, 2-rowed, persistent; aehenia not beaked, smootlh, striate.-Erect herbs with a thick, tuberous, bitter root. I-Ids. 5 to 1, flowered, not yellow, although often straw-colored. (Prenanthes L.) ~ Teads pendulous, giabrous. Leaves variously lobed or shaped. (a) a 1)warf species (6 to 10/ high) native of high mountains......................Nos. 1, 2 a Tall (2 to 5f high). —lds. 5 to 6-flowered................................... No. 8 -Ilds. S to 12-flowered.-Pappus tawny.....................No. 4 -Pappus straw colored........... Nos. 5, 6 ~ tIeads noddihng or erect, hairy. Leaves mostly undiviled. (b) b Ileads al-out 12-flowered. Pappus straw-color............................Nos. T7, b Ileads about 25-flowered. Pappus tawny or dusky............................ No. 9 1 N. Boottii DC. St. simple, dwarf; lower Ivs. subco-rdate or hastate-cordate, obtuse, the mniddle oblong, the Upper lanceolate, 7nostly entire; hds. nodding, racemed; invol. 10 to 18-flowered, of 10 to 15 obtuse, proper scales calyculate at the base with lax linear scales half their length; pappus straw-color.-White Mts., N. H., and 4'72 ORDER 70. —COMPOSITAE. Essex'MAt., N. Y. St. 5 to 8' high, bearing the hds. in a subsimple raceme. Fls. whitish and odorous. Jl., Aug. 2 N. nllnus DC. St. simple, low, smooth; lvs. on slender petioles, the lowest variously lobed or parted, the others successively deitoid-hastate, ovate and lanceolate; hds. in small, axillary and terminal clusters, forming a short, racemous panicle; invol. greenish-purple, of about 8 scales and 10 —12 flowers; pappus dingy white.-White Mits., N. 1I., with No. 1, where we find it with the same sportive character of foliage as appears in other species. Stem 5-10' high. lieads with whitish flowers. Aug. (P. alba.,3. nana Bw.) 3 NT. altissimus Hook. St. smooth, slender, straight, paniculate above; 1vs. more or less deeply 3-5-cleft, all petiolate, angular, denticulate and rough-edged, the lobes acuminate; hds. pendulous; invol. of 5 scales and about 5-flowered.Tall, with cylindric, yellowish, nodding flowers, in woods, Newfbundland to N. Eng. and Ky. Stem 3 —5f high, bearing a narrow and elongated panicle. Ieads in short, axillary and terminal racemes. Aug.,B. OVATUS. Cauline lvs. nearly all ovate, on slender petioles. y. CORDATUS. Lvs. cordate, on slender petioles. (Prenanthes cordata Willd.) 5. DELTOIDEA. Lvs. deltoid, acuminate, acutely denticulate. (P. deltoidea Ell.) E. DISSECTUS. Lvs. mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 narrow lobes. 4 N. 1lbus I-Iook. LION'S-FOOT. WHnITE LETTUCE. St. smooth and somewhat glaucous, corymbous-paniculato above; radical lvs. angular-hastate, often more or less deeply lobed; stem lvs. roundish-ovate, dentate, petioled, the lobes or leaves obtuse; lids. pendulous; invol. of 8 scales, 9-12-flowered; papptas brow?,. — Moist woods and shades, N. Engr. to Iowa, and Can. to Car. Stem stout, 2-4f high, purplish, often deeply so in spots. Leaves very variable, all irregularly toothed. Scales purplish. Fls. a dingy white. Aug.,3. SERPENTARIA. Radical lvs. pallnate-sinuate, those of the stem on long petioles, with the middle segment 3-parted; upper lvs. lanceolate. —Has the reputation of curing the rattlesnake's bite. (Prenanthes serpentaria Ph.) 5 N. PFraseri DC. St. smooth, corymbously paniculate above; *l s. subscabrou-, hastate or deltoid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lanceolate, subsessile; invol. of about 8 scales, 8 —12-flowered; pappus straw-colored.2? In dry, hard soils, Conn. and Miid. States (rare) to Fla., common. Stem 2-4f high. Leaves as variable as in other species, sometimes all being lanceolate, with only irregular indentures instead of lobes. Heads drooping, with purplish scales and cream-colored corollas. It is readily disting uished from N. albus by the more lively color of the pappus. Aug. (P. rubicaulis Ph.) 6:N. virgatus DC. Glabrous and glaucous. slender and simple; lower lvs. sinuateinnaltifid, petiolate, middle ones toothed, sessile, upper entire partly clasping, gradually reduced to the minute, subulate bracts; hds'. clustered, in a long conzpound, virgate, soo.eschat secund racerme; invol. with about 8 scales and 10 flowers; pappus-straw-colored. -A remarkably slender, wand-like species, in sandy soils, N. J. to Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, racemous half its leng(th. Lvs. gradually simplified fiiom the base upward, as in most of the species. Sept., Oct. 7 N. racenm6sus Hook. Glabrous, simple, slender; lvs. all undivided, lower oval-lanceolate, sharply denticulate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subclasping, entire; hds. in nzodding fascicles, arranged in a long, interruptedly spicate panicle; invol. of 8 to 9 scales, with 9 to 1 2 fls.; pappus straw-color. —N. J., N. W. States and Can. St.:2 to 4f high. Fls. pale red-purple. /. Lvs. deeply and irregularly pinnatifid.. 8 N. asper Torr. & Gr. St. strict, simple, scabrous;'vs. simple, scabrous-pubescent, dentate, lower ones oblong-oval, on margined petioles, upper lance-oblong and lance-linear, subentire, sessile; hds. erect, in smlall fascicles, in a slender, elongated, compound raceme; invol. strongly hirsute, of i to 10 scales and with 11 to 14 fls.; pappus straw-color.-Dry prairies and barrens,'W. States (Dr. Skinner), common. St. 2 to 4f high, nearly smooth. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, pubescent or glabrous. Rac. 1 to 2f long. Fls. ochroleucous. Sept. (N. Illinoensis DC.) 9 N. crepidineiio DC. Nearly glabrous; st. tall, stout, corymbously paniculate; ORDER 70. —COMPOSITE. 473 lvs. large, irregularly toothed, petioles winged, lower ones oblong-ovate, somewhat hastate or deltoid, upper oblong-lanceolate; hds. nodding, in small, pedunculato and panicled clusters; invol. hairy, of 11 to 14 scales, with 25 to 35 fis.; pappus tawny. —Fields and thickets, W. States. One of the largest species. St. 5 to 8f high. Lvs. 4 to 12' by 2i to 7', obtuse or acute. HIds. large but not numerous, with brown scales and yellowish fls. Aug.-Oct. 108. TROX'IMON, Nutt. (Gr.'p9tS4ioc, eatable; applied to this genus with little propriety.) Heads many-flowered; involucre campanulate, scales loosely imbricate, lance-ovate, membranous, in 2 to 3 rows; achenia oblong-linear, compressed, glabrous, not rostrate; pappus setaceous, copious, white.- 24 Lvs. all radical. Scape bearing a single, large, showy hd. with yellow fls: T. cuspidAtum Ph. Rt. fusiform; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins tomentous, often undulate; scales acuminate-cuspidate, erect, smooth, in 2 series, the outer nearly equal to the inner. Prairies, Wise. (Lapham), Ill. (Mead.), W. to the Rocky MIts. (Nuttall). Apr.-JJn. (T. marginatum Nutt.) 109. TARAX'ACU1YI, Desf. DANDELION. (Gr. -'apadcruco~, cathartic; from its medicinal properties.) Involucre double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the inner, appressed row; receptacle naked; achenia produced into a long beak crowned with the copious, vwhite, capillary pappus.-Acaulescent herbs, with run cinate Ivs. T. Dens-le6nis Less. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed; lvs. runcinate, smooth, dentate. — t In all open situation, blossoming at all seasons except winter. Lvs. all radical, the teeth or lobes bent backwards. After the flower is closed and decayed, the hollow scape rises higher and bears a head of fruit full fledged, the airy, globular form of which is very conspicuous in the tall grass. Tho leaves in Spring furnish an excellent pot herb. Apr.-N-ov. ~ Eur. (Leontodon Taraxacum L.) (Fig. 324.) 110. PYRROPAP'PUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION. (Gr. rrvppdo, flamecolored;,7rdr7rog, pappus.) Involucre double, the outer row numerous, loose and spreading; receptacle naked; aclhenia 5-grooved, at length long-beaked, bearing a copious, soft capillary, reddish pappus. —- and 4 Hlds. solitary on long pedluncles, large, withl numerous deep yellow fls. (Borkhausia, Nutt.) P. CaroliniAnus DC. St. simple or branched, scape-like; ivs. mostly radical, lanceolate, acute, sinuate-toothed, lobed, or pinratifid, some or all of them often entire.-Fields and pastures, very common. Sts. with 1 to 3 small lrs., 6 to 20' high. Outer scales subulate-filiform, inner linear. Ach. oblong, beak filiform, longer (7"') than the showy pappus. lids. in flower 18" to 2' broad, turning to the morning sun. Mar.-Jl. 111. LYGODES'MIA, Don. (Gr.,V'zyoq', a wand, clea(p6f, a bond; alluding to its slender habit.) Involucre, flowers, &c., as in Nabalus, except that the pappus is very copious, soft, slnooth, whitish, and thle corollas rose-colored.-In habit remarkably different from Nabalus, with linear-subulate lvs. and erect hds. on long, naked peduncles. (Prenanthes, Nutt.) L. aph'lla DC. St. scape-like, erect, slender, striate, once or twice forked above; ivs. nearly all radical, short, linear-filiform.-Pine woods, Ga., Fla. (Mettauer.) St. 2f high. Hds. few, cylindrical, the invol. 10" long; cor. showy, exserted about the same length. Root lvs. 6 to 10' long. Mlay. 112. LACTU'CA, Tourn. LETTUCE. (Lat. lac, milk; from the milky, abundant juice.) Involucre few-flowered, scales imbricated in 2 or more unequal rows; achenia obcompressed (flattened same way as the 4 74 ORDER 7'iO.-COIPOSIT.E. scales), glabrous, abruptly narrowed to a long, filiform beak; pappus copious, soft, capillary, white, fugacious.-Herbs with leafy stelms as, paniculate hds. of various colors. (Fig. 333.) 1 L. graminif6lia NMx. St. terete, simple, strict; lvs. long, linear, entire, or the lower sparingly sinuate-lobed, the lobes turned backwards; panicle loose, naked; scales 6 to 9; lPs. 20 or more; ach. oval, as long as their beaks (2").-Dry soils, S. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2 to 4f high, not very slender, hollow. Lvs. partly clasping, 3 to 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4'" wide. Cor. purple, varying to white, rarelyyellow. Apr. —Sept. 2 L. elongata L. TRUIPET r'MILKWEED. Lvs. smooth and pale beneath, amplexicaul, runcinate-p2innatifid, upper lanceolate, entire, sessile; hds. racemouspaniculate; scales few; fis. 12 o7 more.-A common rank plant, growing in hedges, thickets, where the soil is rich and damp. St. hollow, stout, 3 to 6f high, often purple, bearing a leafless, spreading panicle of numerous hcls. of ils. Lvs. very variable, the lower 6 to 12' long, commonly deeply runcinate. Corollas yellow, varying to purplish. Achenia oblong, compressed, about the length of the beak. J 1., Aug.,. INTEGRIFOLIA. LVS. nearly all undivided, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest often sagittate at base. (L. integrifolia Bw. L. sagittifolia Ell.)'. SANGUINAREA. Lvs. runcinate, amplexicaul, mostly pubescent, glaucous beneath; fls. purple. St. 2 to 3f high, often purple. (L. sanguinarea Bw.) 3 L. sativa L. GARDEN LETTUCE. St. corymbous; lws. suborbicvular, the3 cauline ones cordate. —) Cultivated for salad. Plant with very smooth, yellowish green foliage, which in one variety (capitata) is so abundant as to form heads like the cabbage. Fls. numerous, small, with yellowish corollas. The milky juice contains opium, hence the unpleasant narcotic effects when eatel too freely. T 113. MllULGE'DIUM, Cass. AWILD LETTUCE. (Lat. nuly/ceo, to milk; iin allusion to the milky juice.) Involucre many-flowered, somnewhat double, the outer series of scales short and imbricated; receptacle naked, faveolate; pappus copious, soft, capillary, crowning the short. beaked achenia, which are compressed contrary to the scales.-Lvs. mostly spinulous. IIds. with many yellow or cynnic fls. (Sonchus, \Villd. Agathyrsus, Don.) (Fig. 332.) q Corollas blue. Pappus bright -vwhite.......................................... o s.. ~ Corollas creani-colored, turning purplish. Pappus tawny............................No. 1 M. acurnin.tum DC. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, undivided, or the radical slightly runcinate; hds. loosely paniculate, on somewhat bracteolate peduncles; ach. slightly beaked.-In hedges and thickets, N. Y. to Ind. and S. States. A smooth plant, 3 to 6f high, with the stem often purplish. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, the lower ones often deltoid-hastate or truncate at base, sinuate-denticulate, narrowed at base into a winged petiole. HIds. small. Scales dark purple, with blue corollas. Pappus white on the short-beaked, ovate-acumrinate achenia. Aug., Sept. 2 M. FloridAnumn DC. Lvs. 7runcinately pinnate-oparted; segm. few, serratedentate, upper ones triangular, acute or acuminate; panicle loose, erect, compound; ach. short-beaked.-W. and S. States, hledges and waste grounds. Plant with a terminal panicle of blue flowers. St. 3 to 6f high. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, variable in form. IIds. small. Rays expanding 9". J1.-Sept. 3 M. leucopheumn DC. Lvs. numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate; hds. particulate, on squamous-bracteate peduncles; pappus tawany; cor. yellowish.Moist thickets, N. and W. States. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. St. 4 to 10f high. Lvs. 5 to 12' long, irregularly divided, the segm. repand-toothed, the radicallon long stalks, the upper ones sessile, often undivided. Hids. small, in a long, slender panicle. Aug., Sept. 114. SON'CHUS, L. Sow-TIIISTLE. (The ancient name.) Involucre many-flowered imbricate, of numerous unequal scales, at length ORDER 71.-LOBELIACE E. 475 tumid at base; receptacle naked; pappus of simple, copious, whitesilky hairs, in many series: achenia compressed, not rostrate. —Lvs. mostly spinulous. Hds. with many yellow fls. ~ Flowers bright yellow, in showy heads. Achenia angular. Perennial...............No. 1 ~ Flowers pale yellow, in large heads. Achenia flat. Aknnual...................... Nos. 2, 3 1 S. arv6nsis L. Root creeping; stem glabrous, erect; lvs. runcinate-pinnatifid, spinulous-dentate, cordate, clasping at base, with short and obtuse auricles; panicles umbellate-corymbous; ped. anld invol. hispid; ach. somewhat 4-angled, ribs transversely rugulous. —rVaste grounds, naturalized, E. IMass. and S. N. York, rare. St. angular, about 2f high. Ilds. large, withl deep yellow fls. ~ Eur. 2 S. asper Vill. Lvs. cordate-aml)lexicaul, oblonzg-lanceolate, lzndulate, spinzlousdentate; ped. subumbellate;.ach. oval-obovate, 3-ribbed on each side. —Found in similar situations with the former. but less common, U. S. St. 1 to 2f high, smooth except at the summit of the branches where it is often hispid-glandular. Lvs. with numerous, short, spiny teeth, wavy or slightly runcinate, the upper ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Scales with few scattered hairs. Aug., Sept. (S. spinulosus Bw. S. Carolinianus Walt.) 3 S. olerAceus L. Lvs. sagittate-ampleexicaul, runcinate-Jpinnatfild, subspinulous, dentate; ped. downy; invol. at length smooth; ach. zsanyJ-striate. —A sordid looking plant, in waste ground, among rubbish, &c. Plant of a glaucous hue. St. angular, hollow, fragile, 2 to 3f in height. Lvs. apparently clasping, with lar;ge, retreating lobes at base, wavy and serrated in a runcinate manner, the teeth ending in weak spines. Invol. dilated at base, with yellow corollas. Sept. ~ Eur. SlrUBOIIDES III. L A1BIATIFLOR ZE. 115. CHAPTA'LIA, Y-ent. (Dedicated by Ventenat to the celebrated French chemist M. Claptal.) Heads radiate; involucre campanulate; scales in few series, linear, acute; receptacle naked; ray flowers y, ligaulate, disk-flowers 0, but sterile, bilabiate, lips ecqual, outer 3-, inner 2-parted; achenia glabrous; pappus capillary. — 2 Acauleseent herbs..Lvs. all radical. I-Id. solitary, cyanic. C. tomlent6sa Vent. Lvs. oblong-ovate or lance-oval, on a short petiole, rotrorsely denticulate, clothed wvith a dense, white tomentum beneath; scapo loosely tomentous; hd. nodding until in flower, thence erect on the slender, silmple scape. —Moist pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. An interesting plant, alone representing the suborder Labiatmflorm. Lvs 2 to 4' long, 6 to 15" wide, often subsessile, the upper surface at fi~st arachnoid, at length smooth. Scape 6 to 12' high. Rays about 20, rose-red or white. Disk iforets pale y-ellow.:Iar., Apr. ORDER LXXI. LOBELIACE1/E. LoBELIADS. HIerbs or shrubs with a milky juice, alternate, exstipulate lvs. and scattered fls. Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Cor. monopetalous, irregular, split down to the base on one side. Stamens 5, free from the cor., united into a tube at least by their anthers. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. Style 1. Stigma surrounded by a fringe. Ftruit a capsule 2-3-(rarely 1-) celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. Genera 29, species 875, most abundant in countries ienar the tropics, as W. Indies, Brazil, Sandwich Islands, but common also throughout the temperate zones. Pro.perwties. The species of Lobelia are more or less poisonous. The milky juice is acrid and narcotic, producing effects similar to those of Tobacco. L. inflata has long been considered a ernemedy for spasmodic asthma, but more recently is adopted in the regular practice of the "Botanic Scliool" of Medicine as an emetie, expectorant and sudorific, applicable in numnerous discases. Like Aconite and other mnedicinal poisons, it is, of course, to be used with caution. 476 ORDER 71.-LOBELIACE2E. 1. LOBE'LIA, L. (In honor of lk,~atthias de Lobel, physician and botanist to James I.) Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on the upper side, upper lip of 2 separate lobes, lower 3-lobed; stanens with the authers united above into a curved tube; stigma 2-lobed; capsule opening at the summit; seeds minute.-Herbaceous plants, with tie fls. axillary and solitary, or in terminal, bracted racemnes. ~[ Corolla bright red or scarlet, large............................................. Nos. 1, 12 I' Corolla bllie, often pale, or variegated with whllite. (*) * Calvx lobes auriculate at base an(l often denticulate. (a) a Leaves acute or somewhat accuainate........... Nos. 8-5 a Leaves obtuse or scarcely acute.................. Nos. 6, 7 * Calyx lobes not auricled, entire. (b) b Leaves cauline,-denticulate. Stem siinple...... Nos. 8, 9 -denticulate. Stenm branchin. Nos. 10. 11 -entire. Stem very slender.... Nos. 12, 13 b Leaves radical or nearly so. Stem naked........ Nos. 14, 15 1 LE. cardinalis L. CARDINAL FLOWER. St. simple, glabrous; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed, acute at each end, sessile; fls. in a terminal, bracted, secund raceme; stam. longer than the corolla.-A tall species frequent in neadlows and alongo streams, Can. to Car. W. to Ill. St. 2 to 4f high, often quite glabrous as well as the whole plant. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 8 to 15", usually denticulate. Fls. on short pedicels, few or numerous, in a superb, nodding raceme. Bracts linear-subulate, much shorter than the flowers. Cor. deep scarlet, near 2' in length. Jl., Aug. t —A variety from Potsdam, N. Y., has the leaves all entire. Another var. from Mass. Ihas white corollas with more narrow segments. 2 L. ffilgens AVilid. MExICAN CARDINAL FLOW-ER. St. erect, simple, pubescent; lvs. pubescent, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, subentire and revolute at edge;- raceme many-flow-ered; stam. tile length of the corolla. —Cultivated. Even superior in size and splendor to No. 1. Stems 3 to 5f high, racemes 2 to 3f long. t Mexico. (Banks of tlle Mississippi, Purshl. Probably an error.) 3 L. syphilitica L. BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER. St. erect, simple; lvs. oblonglanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, somewhat hirsute; rae. leafy; cal. hispidly ciliate, with the sinuses reflexed.-24 A shlowy plant, in wet meadows and along streams, U. S. and Can.. more common in the XV. States. Stem erect, 2-4f high, simple, angular, writh short hairs. Lvs. lanceolate, broader at base, acute at each end, somnewhat erosely dentate, pilous. Fls. large, (1' long) on short pedluncles, each solitary iu the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract. Cor. bright blue or purplish. Caps. half superior. July. 4 L. glandul6sa Walt. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, simple; lvs. Zinear-lanceolate, rather acute, sessile, glandular-denticulate; fis. few, rather largo; cal. tube short, hisisid or pubescent, lobes lanceolate, cordate or sonewArhat auriculate at base, mostly denticulate, half as lonq as the stamens, which are but half the lengyth of the corolla.-24 In damp barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. Sts. 18' to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Fls. 9" long, blue. Pedicels 2 to 3". Taries much in pubescence. Sept., Oct. 5 L. Ludovicicana. Hlispidly pubescent, strict, erect, simple; Ivs. small, crowded, oblong-lnear, sessile, strongly denticulate; fis. subsessile; cal. truncate at base, densely hispid, segm. ovate-acuminate, half the length of the corolla, densely tinmbriate-toolhed. —La. (Hale). A plant widely different from the foregoing. HIeight 1 to 2f. Lvs. less than 1' long, I to 2" wide, all similar (radical not seen). Cor. blue, 8 to 9" long, hispid. G L. lept6stachys A. DC. Glabrous; st. erect, virgate, simple; lvs. oblonglanceolate, minutely-denticulate, sessile; fls. subsessile, small, not secund in a loing, slender spike, cal. segm. lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube of the corolla; bracts lance-linear, denticulate, longeor than the pedicels. —Prairies, WV. States to La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 4 to 8". Rac. 6 to 12" in length, the bracts and sepals rather conspicuous. Fls. light-blue, about 4" long, Mluch resembles L. spicata. J1. 7 L. pubdrula Mx. Soft plubcrluent; st. erect, simple; lvs. ovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse, sessile, repand-denticulate; rac. splicate, secund; fls. large; cal. ciliate, the segments shorter than the tulbe of the corolla.- 24 Wet grounds, Ohio, ORDaEt 71. —LOBELACEzEE. 477 Penn. to Ga. and La. St. 12-30' high, scarcely furrowed. Lvs. covered with a short, downy or silky pubescence, 1 to 2' in length and half' as wide. FIs. twice larger than in No. 7, on very short pedicels, each solitary in the axil of an ovate-lanceolate bract, forming a one-sided raceme, leafy below. Cal. hairy at base. Cor. of a bright purplish blue. J1. 8 L. amcena AMx. Erect, simple, glabrous (rarely a little pubescent); Ivs. lanceolate, attenzuated at each end, the lower petiolate, repand-denticulate; fls. large, secund; calyx-tube abrupt at base, very short, lobes subulate nearly as long as the corolla.-Ditches and damp soils, Va. to Ga. Sts. 1 to 3f high, with numerous fis. of a bright blue. Lvs. 2 to 3' (4 to 6', Nutt.) long. Corolla about 10" long. Differs from No. 7 in its pointed, smooth lvs., sepals without auricles, &c. Pedicels very short. Sept., Oct. 9 L. spicata Lam. Puberulent; st. erect, simple; lvs. oblong, sessile, mnostly obtuse, obscurely denticulate, radical ones spatulate; fls. (small) usually crowded, in a long, slender raceme; pedicels as long as the flowers, or entire, subulate bracts; sep. subulate, as long as the tube of the corolla. — 2 Fields and prairies, Can. and UJ. S. St. 11 to 2f high, somewhat grooved, few-leaved, ending in a spike-like raceme 6 to 10' long. Cor. pale blue, 3 to 4" long, the palate bidentate. J1.Sept.-Differs from No. 6 in its slender pedicels, absence of auricles, &c. (L. Claytonia Mx.) With a loose fewer-flowered raceme, it is the same as L. pallida Muhl. 10 L. inflata L. INDIr.N TOBAco. St. hairy, branched, erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, serrate, pilous; ca2ps. inflated. —- In fields and woods, Can. and U. S. Root fibrous. Stem erect, very rough, angular, simple, becoming branched in proportion to the luxuriance of the growth, 10-15' high. Leaves elliptical, sessile, hairy and veiny. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary, peeduncled. Corolla small, pale blue, leaving an oval, turgid capsule in the calyx. Jl.-Sept.-This plant is much renowned in Pharmacy. See remarks under the order. 11 IL. Boykinii Torr. & Gr. St. glabrous, branched, branches erect, virgate; lvs. linear, erect, glandular-denticulate; fls. on slender, flattened pedicels in long, loose racemes; cal. turbinate, with lance-linear, acuminate segm. —Wet soils, Ga. and Flo. We merely saw this species in the herbarium of Dr. Curtis. 12 L. Nuttallii DC. Glabrous; st. erect, very slender, almost filiform, subsimple; lvs. few and remote, subentire, radical linear-spatulate, cauline, rather acute; fis. few, remote; pcdicels as long as the corolla; calyx-tube alnost none.-An exceedingly slender plant, around sandy swamps, L. Isl. to Car., 1 to 2f high, often branched. Lvs. 6 to 12" by 1 to 1". Pedicels 3 to 10" long, blue as well as the flowers. Jl., Aug. 13 L. Kalmia L. Glabrous; st. slender, erect; radical lvs. spatulate, stem lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse. rac. lax, few-flowered, leafy; pedicel.s longer than the flower, rniezutely bracteolate; cal. tube obovate.-Ai small and delicate species, inhabiting the rocky banks of' streams, Me. (Miss Towle), to Niagara and Wis. St. 6 to 12' high, commonly simple. Lvs. sessile, 1' long and 1 to 2" wide, upper ones entire, lower with remote, minute teeth. Fls. remote, axillary to bracts. Cor. pale blue, the 3 lower segments obovate. Aug. 14- IL. palud6sa Nutt. Lvs. linear-slpatulate, thickish, obtuse, petiolate; scape with a few small, linear bracts, simple; fis. loosely racemed, pedicels about as long as the calyx segments.-In bogs Del. to Fla. and La. Scapes 2 to 3f. Lvs. few, near the base, 5 to 10' long, 5 or 6" wide, slightly glandular-crenate. Fls. pale blue, rather larger than No. 13 (6" long). Apr.-Jn. 15 L. Dortmdnna L. Lvs. submerged, tufted, linear, entire, hollow with 2 longitudinal cells, short, obtuse; scape simple, nearly naked; fls. in a terminal raceme,, remote, pedicellate, nodding.-24 A curious aquatic, growing in ponds, N. States to Ga., the flowers only rising above the water. St. erect, holloiw, long, bearing above the surface a raceme of 3 or 4 remote, pedicillate flowers. Lvs. radical, erect, recurved at the top, 2' long. Fls. pale blue. Caps. half free, lipped with the style. J1. 2. CLINTO'NIA, Douglas. Calyx 5-sepaled, subequal; corolla bilabiate, lower lip crenate, 3-lobed, upper erect, 2-parted; stamens incurved, 478 ORDER 72.-CAMPANULACE2E. united into a tube; capsule silique-form, dry, chartaceous, 1-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent by 3 strap-shaped valves. — Procumbent herbs with small leaves and axillary,'solitary fls. C. 6legans Doug. Glabrous, sparingly branched; st. slender, angular; Iva. sessile, ovate, 3-veined; ova. sessile, long-acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the leaves; cor. blue, with a white spot in tlhe middle of the lower lip.-Native of the Rocky Mts., &c. A beautiful annual, with bright-bluo flowers. f ORDER LXXII. CAMPANITLACEAE. BELLWORTS. Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves, and without stipules.:Flowers mostly blue. showy. C6alyz superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regular, camnpanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, valvate in Testivation. Stamens 5, free from the corolla; anthers distinct, 2-celled; pollen spherical. Ovary adherent to the calyx, 2 or more celled. StyZle covered with collecting hairs. Capsule crowned with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. IllMst. in fig. 31S, 319. G-ene:!a 29, plecies 500, chlliefly abounding in the northern temperate zone and in South Africa. Of its 500 species, accorling to Alph(onse Do Candolle, only 19 inhabit the torrid zone. The Cmarpanullaccn are interesting chliefly for their beauty, being destitute of any important knoewn properties. 1. CAMPAN'ULA, Tourn. (Lat. ccampanula, a little bell; firoml the formn of the flowers.) Calyx mostly b-cleft; corolla campanulate, or subrotate, 5-lobed, closed at base by the broad, valve-like bases of the 5 stamenss; stigma 3 to 5-cleft; capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral pores. —Mostly 2. Fls. generally in racermes, sometimes spicate, or few and axillary. ~ Corolla rotate, flat, deeply 5-lobed, arranged in leafy spikes..................N..os. e,' ~ Corolla carnpanulate, broadly or narrowly (a). a, Flolers on slender pe(licels, solitary or panicled (b). b Root leaves unlike the stein leaves. Corolla large (6 to 12/C broad).......Nos. 3, 4 b Root leaves and stein leaves sinmilar. Corolla small (2 to 5/ Ibroad)........Nos. 5, (i a Flowers sessile orl nearly so. Stem erect. Gardens........................ os. T — 1 C. Americ&.saa L. St. erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acutminate, uncinately serrate, contracted to a winged petiole, veins ofIen ciliate; fis. axillary, sessile; style exserted, decurved.-A tall, erect, ornamental species in copses, woods, &c. Western N. Y. and Penn. to Ill., common. Also cultivated in gardens. St. 2 to 3f higoh, nearly snmooth. Lvs. ending in a long point, smooth, witll fine teeth. Fls. blue, flat, ont short stalks, or sessile, numerous, solitary, or several in each upper axil, forming a terminal, leafy racemrne. Corolla spreading. Au,,. t (CG. acuminata tMx.) C. Illinoensis Frosete (in DC.) is a branching state of thle same plant. 2 C. planifiSra DC. Very glabrous; st. simple; Ivs. sessile, coriaceous, shining, radical, crowsded, ovate or obovate, obtuse, crenulate, cauline linear-lanceolate, acute, subentire; fis. in a spicate raceme: cal. lobes ovate, acute, 1 as long as the carnmpanulate-rotate corolla.-Native about Hudson's Bay (Pursh.) A species with numerous blue fls. Stemi about a span high. t (C. nitida Ait.) 3 C. rotundifblia L. IHAlE BELL. St. weak, slender; ramdical lvs. ovate or reniforsvm-cordate; cauline, linear, entire; fls. few, nodding. —Fine and delicate, with blue, bell-shaped fls. On damp rocks, rocky streams, N. States and Brit. Am. St. a foot or more high, smooth. The root lvs. generally decay on the opening of the flowers, so that a specimen with these (7 to 10" by 4 to 7") is rather rare. Caulino lvs. smooth, linear, 2' long and scarcely a line in width. Fls. terminal, in a loose panicle, drooping. Root creeping, perennial. Jn., J1. 4 C. persicifblia L. St. angular, erect; Ivs. rigid, obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblogzy-obovate, cauline lance-linear; fls. large, broadly campanulate. -A beautiful species, native of Europe, with very large, blue (varying to white) flowers. Corolla about 1' broad. t ORDER 73.-ERICACEAF. 479 5 C. aparinoides Ph. St. flaccid, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles inversely aculeate; lvs. lance-linear, subentire; fis. terminal.-A slender annual, found in wet meadows, Can. and Wis. to Ga. St. 12 to 18' high, its 3 angles rough backwards, by means of which it supports itself upright among tho grass. Lvs. smooth on the upper surface, 1 to 2' in length. I'ls. broad, bellshaped, 4" wide, white, on thread-like, fiexuous peduncles at the top of the stem. Jn.-Aug. j3. ERINOIDES. Lvs. elliptical, less than 1' in length; fls. smaller. (C. erinoides fMx.) 6 C. divaricata 1Mx. Glabrous, erect, with slender, divaricate, paniculate branches; lvs. narrow-lanceolate, pointed at each end, sharply dentaie; fls. campanulate, pendulous on the slender branchlets.-Rocky woods, along the Mts., Ky., Va. to Ga. Plant about 2f in height. Lvs. 2 to 3' by: 2 to 5". Corolla exactly bell-shaped, 4 to 5" broad, its segments revolute. J1., Aug. 7 C. glomerata L. St. angular, simple, smooth; Ivs. scabrous, oblong-lanceolate, cordate-sessile, lower petiolate; fls. crowded in adense head; cal. lobes acuminate, half as long as the funnel-shapecd corolla.-A European species, cultivated in gardens, naturalized at Danvers, Vt. (Oakes.) It is a handsome plant, about 2f high, with numerous bell-shaped flowers of an intense violet-blue, varying to pale purple. In cultivation it has many varieties. 8 C. Medium L. CANTERBURY BELLS. St. simple, erect, hispid; -lIs. lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-veined at base; ifs. erect, bell-shaped, with an obtuse base. —- An ornamental border flower, firom Germany, and of the easiest culture. Root biennial. Stem several feet in height, undivided, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very large, the base broad, limb reflexed, of a deep blue. Several varieties occur with double or single flowers, of blue, red, purple and white corollas. June-Sept. - 9 C. lanugin6sa, with ovate, crenate, rugous and somewhat woolly lvs. and rather large flowers, acute at base, is sometimes cult., and also a few other species. 2. SPECULA'RIA, Heist. (Lat. speculunm, a mirror; alluding to the flower of S. speculum.) Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated; corolla rotate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, distinct, half as lon(r as the corolla, filaments hairy, shorter than the anthers; style included, hhairy; stigmas 3; capsule prismatic, 3-celled, dehiscing in the upper part.-OD Fls. axillarv and terminal, sessile, erect. 1 S. perfolidta Lam. St. simple, sarely branched, erect' tls. cordate, crenate, amplexicaul; %ls. sessile, aggregate, axillaiy.-Plant somewhat hairy, a foot high, found in fields and roadsides. The strict, upright stem, is furnished with distant, short, alternate, heart-reniform, veiny, stem-clasping leaves, containing 1-4crowded flowers in the concavity of their upper surface. Flowers axillary and terminal, the upper clusters larger. Corolla blue or purple, with spreading segments, calyx seg. acute, lanceolate. Jn., J1. (Campanula amplexicaulis Mix.) 2 S. Ludovicidna Torr. St. at length producing numzerous slender branches; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, subentire, sessile or slightly anccplexicaul; Jfs. axillary and terminal on the slender branches.-La. (Hale) and S. Car. (Curtis.) Plant similar in size and appearance to No. 1, but its flowers are rather smaller, with quite slender ovaries. 3 S. speculum L. E` ENUS' LOOKINXG-GLASS. St. diffuse, very branching; lvs. oblong-crenate; fis. solitary; scales at the base of the corolla sometimes wanting.-A- pretty border flower, named from the form of the blue corolla, which resembles a little, round, concave mirror (speculum). Aug. t ORDER LXXIII ERICACE,. HEATI-IWORTS. Plants shrubby or suffruticous, sometimes herbaceous with Lvs. simple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, without stipules. Corolla regular or somewhat ir 480 ORDER 73.-ERICACEIE. regular, 4 to 5-cleft, the petals rarely distinct. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, free, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, generally open by pores, often appendaged. Pollen (except in Monotrope') compounded of 4 united grains. E mbr-yo straight, lying in the axis of, or in the end of fleshy albumen. Illust. in figs. 38, 45, 110, 203, 320, 345, 350, 355. Genera 66, species 10SG, dispersed throughout all countries, but comparatively rare in the torrid zone. The true Ericaccs (Heaths), are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Ilope, there b)eing none in Asia, New Holland, and but one or two in America. The Tribe Vaceine"e lare chiefly natives of N. America. Properties.-The IIeathwlorts are, in general, astringent and diuretic. Some of thern yield a stinmulating and aromatic resinous matter. The Bearberry, ( Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi) is a well known remedy in niephritic complaints. An infusion of the leaves is astringent, lemnulcent and diuretic. Similar properties are also possessed by the Pipsissiwa (Chimuaphli a umbellata). Tile species of Rhododendron and Kalmia are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering them (particularly their leaves) often actively poisonous. The honey collected friom their flowers by the bees appears so have been so to soine of the soldiers in the retreat of the immortal ten thousand (Xenophon's Anabasis). The berries of the Vaccineme (Whortleberries, Blueberries and Cranberries,) and of Gaultheria procun-bens (spicy Wintergreen) are esculent and wholesome. The true position of our suborders Cyrillcaw and Galacinwm is not known. We follow De Candolle in appending them to Ericaceco rather from convenience, as their habit certainly points to this order. SUBORDERS ANhD GENERA. I. VACCINI-~I. Srbr'2bs. Calyx adherent. Fruit a berry crowned by the calyx teeth. (*) * Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and 10-seeded fruit................... GAYLUSSACIA. 1 * Erect shrubs w ithl 5-parted flowers and c -seeded fruit. No resinous dots..~VAccINiua. 2 * Trailing shrubs. Corolla deeply 4-cleft,-reflexed. Fruit red.............. OxYcocccs. 3 -spreading. Fruit white..........CuisOGNr.S. 4 i:. litCINE-E. Shrubs or sees. Calyx fre. Corolla andstamens hypogynous. Sds. o. (a)!a F1 o w s 4-p)arted, stamens S. Capsule 4-celled,-loculicidal..................... EIc 5 -septicidal. (b). (No. 13.) a Flowers 5-parted, petals distinct or very nearly polypetalous. (f) a Flowers 5-parted, petals united, —monopetalous. (b) b Corolla saucer-f'orim, holding the anthers in 10 pits....................... ALMI. 6 b Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing shrublet........................ Ein. 7 b Corolla funnel- or bell-forni, with spreading lobes. (e) b Corolla urceolate (ovoid, cylindric or globrular), lobes small. (c) C Fruit fleshy, the matured ovary 5-seeded..................A...nCTosTAPIYLo s. 8 O Fruit fleshy, tile matulied calyx o -seeded......................GAULTnIE:IA. 9 C Fruit dry, capsular, opening into the cells (loculicidal). (d) d Shrublet moss-like, with linear leaves. Valves 2-cleft......... CASIOPE. 10 cd Shrubs with ample leaves. Valves entire.................. ANoDrnOIED.. 11 d Tree with ample leaves and slender racemes..............OXYoENDRuaa. 12 C Fruit dry, capsular, opening between the cells....................M FNZIESIL. 13 O Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small..................LOISELEURIA. 14 e Stamens 5 (rarely mnore), lon-cexserted. Corolla funnel-form............ AZALEA. 15 e Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), exserted. Corolla bell-form........... IiOii DODrEN D ImO. 16 f Corolla very irregular, open before the leaves appear........................RHioo onR. 17 f Corolla regular,-T-petaled. Stanmens 14.....................................BERAniA. 1 — 5-petaled.-Capsule 5-celled................................. LEDU. 19 -Capsule 3-celled. —Fls. umbeled.......... LEIOPHE LLUaI. 20 -Fls. racemed............... CLETIIRA. 21 ill. CYRITLLE/I. 3,Lrb.s. Cal. free. Pet. and stam. hypogynous. Cells of caps l-seeded. (g) g Flowers 4-parte(l, with S stamens and a 2-celled capsule....................ELLIOTTII. 22 g Flowers 5-parted, —with 5 stamncns and a 2-celled capsule.................... CRILLA. 2 — with 10 stamiens. Capsule 3-celled, 2-winged...... M..Y'LOCARIUmI. 24 IY. PYROLEzE. hIerbs evergrieen?, coody. Cal. free. Pet. 5, distinct. Testa ofsd. loose. (h) h Flowers raceined, many. Ilerbs nearly acaulescent.........................PYROLA. 25 h Flowers solitary (one only) IIerb losw, acaulescent........................MoNEsEs. 26 h Flowers umbeled, few. Stems ascending. Style very short......... CIAP ILA. 21 V? GALACINEAE. Hlerb ervergrees, aucaulescent. Filaments 10, monadelphous, alternately sterile; anthers 5, one-celled. Capsule 3-celled, CO -seeded......GALAX. 28 Vi. MONOTROPE:E. l1eribs leofcess, everdusreless, with scale-like bracts. (k) k Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish or tawny...................MoNroTnoPA. 29 k Corolla luonopetalous,-camlpanulate, in a short spike.........w.........SCMmW'INTZTA. 30 -ovoi(l, illn: loose racenme.................. PTEROSPORA. 31 ORDER 73.-ERICACEAi. 481 SUBORDEIR I. VACCINEYE. THE BILUEBERRY TRIBE. 1. GAYLUSSA'CIA,. B... ICKLEBERRY. (In honor of the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.) Calyx adherent, 5-toothed; corollaL urceolate or campanulate, 5-cleft or toothed; stamens 10, anthers awnless, the cells produced upwards into tubular beaks opening at the apex; )berry drupe-like, globular, 10-celled, 10-seeded.-Shrubs resembling the Vaccinia. Lvs. often resinous-dotted beneath. Fls. in lateral, bracted racemes, white or reddish, small. F'r. black or dark blue, sweet. (Vaccinium L.) * Racemes axillary. Leaves evergreen, dotless, very smooth..........................No. 1 * IRacemes lateral. Leaves dotted beneat,-uernate, thick.......................o. 2 -not rnucronate, thin.................... os. 3, 4 1 G. buxif6lia. Box HUCKLEBERRY. Very smooth; Ivs. oval and ovate, finely crenate-dentate, thick and firm; rac. dense, axillary and terminal subsessile, the pedicels very short; cor. short-ovoid; filaments glandular; berries light blue!Rocky hills, New Bloomfield, Perry Co., Penn. (Rev. D. II. Focht), W. Va. (Curtis) and E. Tenn. A handsome little evergreen, If high, with leaves (7 —9" by 4 —5") like those of the Box, and white ls. delicately tinged with red. MIay. (V. buxifblium Salisb. V. brachycerum Mx.) 2 G. dumnsa Torr. & Gr. Branchlets, lv.. and pedicels sprinkled with minute bristles and resinous dots; Ivs. obovate-oblong, subsessile subcoriaceous, obtuse, mucronate, entire or ciliate-serrulale; rac. with persistent bracts; pedicels bracteolate in the middle; cor. cylindric-campanulate, including the stamens and style.Swamps and thickets, Uxbridge, Mass. (Robbins), S. to Fla. A small shrub, If high, with leafy racemes. Lvs. about 16" by I". Fls. white or purplish, each from the axil of an oval bract. Berries black, insipid, large. Jn. (V. dumosunl Andr.) 0. HIRTELLA. Plant more or less hairy. 3 G. resin6sa Torr. & Gr. BLACK HUCKLErBERRY. Branches acnerous-broswn, villous when young; lvs. oblonl-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire, petiolate; rac. lateral, secund; pedicels short, subbracteolate; cor. ovoid-conic, at lentrth, subeampanulate, 5-angled; berries black.-This common shrub of woods and pastures (Can. to Va. and Tenn.) is about 2f high, very branching. Lvs. 1. to 2' long, rarely acute, shining beneath, with resinous patches and spots. Petiole 1" in length. Fls. small, drooping. Corollas contracted at the mouth, greenish or yellowish purple, longer tian. the stamuens but shorter than the style. Berries globous, sweet and eatable, ripe in August. May. (V. resinosum Ait.) 13. BREVIFOLA. Corolla very short, when open as broad as long.-Quincy, Fla. 4 G. frond6sa Torr. & Gr. BLUE DANGLES. IIGIr BLUEBERRY. Lvs. oblongobovate, obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath; rac. loose, bracteate; pedicels filiform7v, bracteate near the slsiddle; cor. ovoid-campanulate, including the stamens; berries bl7e. —Grows in open woods, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. A shrub 3 to 5f high, with round, smooth and slender branches. Lvs. twice as long as wide, the margin slightly revolute. Rac. lateral (not axillary), the bracts deciduous. Pedicels 5 to 10" in length. Fls. reddish-white, succeeded by large, globous, blue and sweet berries covered with a glaucocus bloom when mature. May, Jn. (V. frondosurn Willd.) 2. VACCIN'IUM, L. tBLUEBERRY. Calyx adherent, 5-toothed; corolla urceolate, camnpanulate or cylindric, limb 4 to 5-cleft, reflexed; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, generally included; anthers with 2 awns on the back, or awnless, the 2 cells prolonged into a tube opening at apex; berry invested with the calyx 4 or 5 (falsely 8 to 10)-celled, cells many-seeded.-Shrubs or undershrubs with scattered lvs. Fls. solitary or racemous, white or reddish, small, Fr. generally eatable. A false partition often divides the cells, each partly into. 2. (Fig. 350.) 31 482 ORDER 73. —ERICACE1E. ~Anthers 2-awned back of the 2 horns. Leaves deciduous. (a) a Filaments smooth. Fr. 4 to b-celled. Lowv alpine undershrubs.............. Nos. 1, 2 a Filaments hairy. Fruit partly 10-celled. Taller (2 to 20f high.)............ Nos 3. 4 ~ Anthers 2-horned, without the awns. Filaments 10, hairy. (b) b Leaves evergreen. Flowers 4-parted. Fruit 4-celled.......................... b Leaves evergreen. Flowers 5-parted. Fruit partly 10-cellc(l.................Nos. s, 7 b Leaves deciduous. Fruit partly 10-celled. Fls. in short, close racenmes. (c) C Corolla bell-shaped. Leaves hairy both sides, entire......................No. c Corolla cylindrical. Leaves smooth or nearly so...................... Nos. 9 — C Corolla ovoid, evidently contracted at the mouth....................os. 11 —13 1 V. liigin6sum L. BILBERY r:. Procumbent; Ivs. obovate, very obtuse, entire, smooth, not shining, glaucous and veiny beneath; ils. mostly solitary, axillary; cot. ovoid-globous, 4-cleft; anth. 8, with 2 slender awTns. — low, alpine shrub,'White-Mlts. Sts. with numerous rigid branches. Lvs. 4" bV 3", scarcely petiolate, crowded near the ends of the branches, and of a bluish-green. F1ls. half as long as the leaves, subsessile, sometimes 2 together. Bterries oblong, deep blue, crowned with the style. Jn., J1. 2 V. cespit6sulm Mx. BILBrn RY. Dwarf, cespitous; Ivs. obovate, attenuate at the base, thin, serrate, reticulate with veins, shining; ped. subsolitary, 1-flowered; cal. very short; co?. oblong, suburceolate, 5-toothed; stanm. 10.-WhTlite Mts. (Oakes), N. to IHudson's Bay. St. a few inches high. PFs. numerous. nodding, on short pedicels. Anth. with 2 long awns at the back. lerries large, globous, blue, eatable. 3 V. stamineumn L. DEERPtERRY. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute, dozll, glaucozus beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. campanulate-spreadinog, segl. acute, oblong; antih. 10, xwith the long tubes exserted and 2 awns at their base.Dry woods, Can. to Fla. and La. Shrub 2 to 3f high, very branching. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, mostly rounded at base, and on very short petioles, those on the slender flowering branches very much smaller. Cor. whlite. Stam. conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the st)yle. Berries large, preenish white, bitter. May, Jn. (V. elevatum B1anks.) — aries xwitll the leaves beneath nearly white to green, smooth to pubescent, and xwith smaller flowers. 4 V. arboreum M[x. LTvs. obovate, acute and shlort-petioled at base, mucronato and glandular-serrulate or entire, veiny, shinaing above, pale green and subpubescent beneath; pedicels axillary to bracts, secund, in leafy racemes; cor. cylindclric-bell-shaped; anth. 10, included, 2-awned.-WVoods, N. Car. to F1a. Shrub or small tree, 8 to 20f highl. Lvs. usually small, rather thick, 1' to 18'" long. Fls. numerous, elegant, rose-white, half as long as their pedicels. 3Berries black, dryish, ripening but few seecds. - Aay, Jn.-(V. myrtilloides? EIll. with tlhe bracts enlarged to ivs. in fruit.) 5 V. Vitis-:Idea L. Decumbent, much branched, smooth, evergreen; Ivs. oval, thick, mnaargin revolute, obtuse, small, d rk green above, pale beneath; fis. solitary or in short clusters, 4-parted; cor. campanulate.-Summits of the Whito Its. N: TI., also rocky hills, E. Alass. and Me. Sts. 3 to 6' long. Lvs. crowded, 4 to'7" long, channeled along the midvein above. Ff. small, nea1ly, sour. Jn., J1. 6 V. Mlyrsinites Mix. E'rect,?zuch branched; -lvs. small, elliptical, acuto at eath1 end, glabrous, serrulate; jZs. i/ sir all, lateral clusters of 2 to 5; cor. ovoid, urceolate; sty. slightly exsertcdl. — beautiful little shrub 1 to 2f high, common in woods, N. Car. to Fla. BJranches greenish. Lvs. 3 to 5" long, varying froul elliptic to obovate or roundish, perennial, often purplish. Cal. purple, cor. rosecolored. Fr. rather large, bluish black, sweet, pulpy, many-seeded. Mlar., Apr. 7 V. myrtif6lium Mx. St. sibple, decouizbeznt at base, from long, creeping roots; bark green, puberulent above; Ivs. cuneate-obovate, or oval, pale and with scattered glandular hairs beneath; fls. in dense, sessile, lateral clsesters of 6 to 12; cor. oblong-cylindric; anth. unawned. —S. Car. to Fla. Sts. If lligh. Lvs. scattered, 1 to 2' long, obtuse or acute, tapering to a short petiole. B1erries small, pedicellate, globous, black. Mfar., Apr. 8 V. C4nadnse Ricllh. Branclhes reddishl-green, pubescent, lcafy; Ivs. subsessile, elliptic-l.lnceolato or oblong, acute at each end, vitllous beneath, tosentous on the veins above, entire; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal; cor. camrpanulate; cal. lobes acute.-A shrub 8 to 12' hih-, not uncoirmmon in rocky fields and thickets, Can., MIe., N. II. to Wis. and the Et. IIlts. Lvs. 8 to 12" by 3 to 5". Fls. about ORIDER 73.-ERICACER. 483 3" long. Sty. and stam. included. DBerrios blue and sweet, similar to those of No. 9. Mlay. 9 V. Peinnsylvdinicum Lam. COMMoN Low BI3UEBERRY.n -Branches green, -withi 2 pubescent lines; lvs. subsessile, crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, minutely serrulate, thin, glabrous, and shining, with the veins beneath puberulent; fls. in short, bracteate, dense, subterminal racemes; cor. ovoid-cylindrical. -'h-lickets and pastures in hard soils, Can. to Penn., common in N. L nig. A low under-slhrub, 6 —12' liigh, g'roinlg ii dense patches. Leaves S-12" by 4-6". iewes reiddish —white, W3" longe. Bracts mostly colored. Berries large, blue, sweet and nutritious. MAlay. (V. tenellum i'i.) 3, xrauar. Lvs. dairk green; hbrries black and shining, cdestitute of bloom.Wi ith variety a. (V. ligustrinum l'h.?) A. ALPINUm. Dwarf, dcumbent; lvs. very small (3 to 4" long), narrow-oblanceeolate. —Srumnmits of the White ALts. with No. 5 (V. angustiobliurn Ait.) 10 V. vacillanas Poland. Low, bushy; Ivs. oval, el/iptical o? ovate, acute or inucronate, pale green, dull, gylaucious beatc-/h, at length glabrous, minutely serru. late; rac. ilense-flowered, preceding the full-grown 1vs.; l ls. a little longer than the pedicels; cor. ovoid-cyliindric, slightly contracted at the mouth. —Hilly wood_lands, N. I,ng, N. ~. Pelnn. to Clinchll t., Tenn. Shrub 1 to 291-f high, withll greenish hranches. l vs. 1' to 18" long, corolla 4", reddish white. Berries bluish black, sweet. Mat, Jn. 11 V. corynob&saur L. CoerAoIN ITIGI t}LUrEERrnrY. Tall; flowering branches nearly leafles;,/s. ob/ong-oval or elZpticcl-lavceolate, acute o' ac.umizinate at eachl end, enzire, pubesceoet when;ounga, oftenl glaucous beneath; rac. short, sessile; col. ovoil-cyliindricli.-k- till shrub, 5 to 10'l high, growing in shady swxanmps, copses, hedogeas &c. Can. to Fla. Branclhes green or purplish. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, usuaLlly with a slight pubescenc on the veins beneath. Fls. numerous, nodding. agenerally appearing inl advance of the leaves. Corolla large for the genus (5" long) purpiish white. Stam. included, sty. often exserted. Berries large, black, olten with a tinge of purple, subacid. Mar.-Jn. —Varies exceedingly. Some of its more striking varieiies are dl. vIaG'Trim. Branches short, entirely naked wNhen in flower; rac. numerous, cor. oblono-ovoid, angular. bri ht rose-color.-Common southward. Sts. 4 to 6f high (V. virgatum Ph.?) Y'. AMxINUmI. Lvs. oblong; coi. cxlindrical, large, reddisl vwhite; style included. —Shrub 6 to 10f higlh. Berries black. 1t. FUSC'TU3. Lrs. serru!ate, glabrous; pedicels elongated; style exserted.A smaller shrub with corollas red anud white, striped. Calyx brown. e. GLABRUnai. Plant glabrous thlrouo-hout. -Not common. 12 V. galezaans MIx. iozoeieing branches leafy; lvs. sessile, cuneate-lanceolate, subserrate, veiny, g'labrou3 when old; fis. in small, sessile fascicles; cor. ov'oid, inuch contracted at the namo;tlh; style exserted.-Swanmpy woods, Va. (Pursh) to Ga. and La. Sts. If to 18' highl', green w itll a reddish or yellowisll tinge. Young lvs. also reddish. Cor. small, yellowish white. Berries small, black. A few lvs. alre sometimes persistent. Apr., M{ay. 13 V. hirsfitum Buckley. Wlhole plant, wilh fls. and fruil, densely hiMrsute; rac. small, axillary and terminal; Ivs. deciduous, ovate, entire, mucronate, subsessilo, cor. oblong', nearly closed at throat, Iwith 5 short teeth; anth. awnless, included; fil. and style hairy; berry globous, Cc-seeded. —Mts. N. Car. (Buckley). Bush mutch branlleclhed, if hihil. 3. OXYCOC'CUS, Pers. CRSANBERIY. (Gr. oi'fC, acid, ic6ttKog, bIerry.) Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft; corolla 4-parted, with niarrowv, reflexed segments; starn. 8, convergent; anthers tubular, 2partcd, opening by oblique pores; berry globous, 4-celled, many-seededc. -Shrubs, with alternate lvs. and red andcl purple berries. * Stem erect, with membranous, decidonus leaves. Berries sweetish....................N...1 * Sten prostrate, slender-; leaves evergreen, small. Berries acid.................... N 2os 2,, 1 0. erythroc/arpus Ell. Lvs. oval, acuminate, thin, ciliate-serrulate; fls. axillary, solitary, the long segments at length reflexed. —Mts. of Va. and Car. St. 484 ORDER 73.-ERICACEA. with divaricate branches, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. much larger than in the other species, veins beneath pubescent. Berries globular, scarlet, translucent. Jn. 2 0. palfistris Pers. St. filiform, prostrate; lvs. ovate, entire, revolute on the margin; pedicels terminal, 1-flowered; segments of the corolla ovate.-A prostrate under-shrub, found in Alpine bogs, Brit. Am. and N. States. Stems creeping extensively, smooth, purple, with erect branches. Lvs. very small (2 to 3" long), exactly ovate. Fls. several together on the summits of the branches. Pedicels an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle. Cor. light pink. Stamens purple. Fruit smaller than in the next species, crimson, ripe in Oct. Fls. in June. 3 0. macrocsirpus Pers. St. creeping, filiform; Ivs. oblong, obtuse at each end, edges revolute, glaucous beneath; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; segments of the corolla linear-lanceolate.-Sphagnous swamps Va. to the Arc. Ocean. Stems 8-15' in length, brown, with ascending branches. Lvs. numerous, 4 —6" by 2-3", rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sides. Fls. flesh-colored, pedicels 5-15' long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Berry large, bright scarlet, ripe in Oct. Fls. in June. 4. CHIOG'ENES, Salisb. (Gr. Xtov, snow, ysSvog, offspring; in allusion to its evergreen habit.) Calyx 4-cleft, persistent; cor. broadly campanulate, limb deeply 4-cleft; stain. 8, included, filaments very broad and short, anther cells distinct, awnless on the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally; ovary adherent, except at the summit, 4-celled; fruit white, 4-celled, many-seeded. —A prostrate, evergreen undershrub, with alternate leaves. Fls. solitary, axillary. (Fig. 38.) C. hispidula Torr. & Gr. A delicate woody creeper, in old shady woods, mountains, N. Eng. to Newfoundland, W. to the R. Mts. Stems ligneous, slender, creeping extensively, with numerous branches, and clothed with short, appressed, reddish hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, and roundish-oval, 4 —6" by 3-4", abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Cor. white, its parts in 4s. The leaves and white berries have an agreeable spicy flavor like those of Gaultheria procumbens. (Vacciniumrn L.) May, Jn. SUBORDER II. ERICINEC IE. THE IHEATH TRIBE. 5. ERI'CA, L. HEATH. HEATHER. (Gr. eE0fbo, to break; in allusion to the brittleness of the branches and stems.) Calyx 4-cleft; cor. tubular, globous, ovoid, urceolate, campanulate or hypocrateriform, limb short, 4-lobed; stain. 8; style filiform; caps. 4, rarely 8-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal; seeds 2 —c in each cell, affixed to the axillary placentae, usually conformed to the smoothish or shining testa.-European, or chiefly South African shrubs, branching, mostly brittle. Lvs. linear, acerous, margin revolute, verticillate, rarely alternate. Fls. axillary, solitary, verticillate, or terminal, corymbous or capitate, mostly nodding. Cor. of the ceanic series, from purple through red to white, very rarely orange or yellow. Obs. Of this vast and beautiftul genus, 429 species are described by Mr. Bentham in the Proidromins of DC., Part vii., pp. 618-693. All these species have been cultivated in Europe, and many in this country, but their successful culture is attended with miore care than that of most other plants, and they have never as yet received general attention. To describe so few species as the limits of this work would permit, vwhere so many are rarely and none generally mIet with, would be of little satisfaction to the student. 6. KAL'IWIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. (Named by Linneus in honor of Peter Kaln, Prof. at Abo, Finland.) Calyx 5-parted, corolla with 10 prominences beneath and 10 corresponding cavities within, including the 10 anthers; border 5-lobed; filam. elastic; capsule 5-celled, ORDER 73.-ERICACEiA. 485 many-seeded. —-eaultifil shrubs, natives of N. America. Lvs. entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Fls. in racemous corymbs, white and red. * Flowers in terminal corymbs. Lvs thick, mostly acute........................... Nos. 1, 2 * Flowers in lateral coryrlbs. Leaves obtuse...................................... Nos. 3, 4 F* lowers solitary, axillary. Calyx elongated, deciduous.............................. No. 5 1 K. latif6lia L. CALICO BusH. SPOON-WOOD. Lvs. alternzate and ternate, ovallanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides; corymbs terminal, ziscidly pubesceizt.-A- profusely flowering shrub, sometimes attaining the height of' a small tree. It is fiund in all the Atlantic States from Maine to Fla., and W. to Ohio and IKy. in woods. Wood crooked, fine-grained and compact. Leaves 2-3' long, smooth and shining, acute at each end and entire. Flowers in splerdid corymbs, white or variously tinged with red, abuntdanlt. Corolla with a spreading limb 9-10" dianl. and a 5-lobed margin. The leaves are narcotic and poisonous to some animals. M:Aay, Jn. 2 K. glauca Ait. SWAMx.P LAuREL. Branches ancipitous; Ivs. opposite, subsessile, Lmnceolate, polished, glaucozes beneath, revolute at the margin; corymbs terminal, the peduncles and bracts sqmooth. —Ac delicate shrub, 2f high, found in swamps, etc., Penn., Ky., N. Eng., N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, the branches distinctly 2-edged by an elevated ridge extending from the base of each opposite leaf to the next node below. Lvs. smooth and shining, white underneath, and 1' in length. Fls. 8-10 in each coryrmb. Corolla about ~' diam., pale purple. June. /. ROSMARINIFOLIA. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 3 K. angustif6lia L. SIIEEP-POISON. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptical-lanceolate, peltiolate, obtuse at each end, smooth; corymbs lateral; bracts linear-lanceolate. —Shrub 2-4f in height, in marshes and by ponds, Can. to Car. W. to Ky. Leaves withll rounded ends entire, smooth, 1 —2' long, and ~ as wide, on short petioles. Flowers deep purple, int small, asillary fascicles apparently whorled, about half as large in No. 1. Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedicel. Jn.-Said to be poisonous to cattle. 4 K. cuneata Mx. Lvs. scattered, sessile, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glanzdular-.pubescent beneath; ifs., in sessile, lateral clusters of 4 to G. —Mts. of N. Car. (Michaux), in swamps, S. Car., near Georgetown (Elliot), near Camden (Nuttall). Shrubs about as large as No. 3. Lvs. about 1' long. Pedicels 1' long, filiform, with minute bractlets. Cor. white, red in the center. Jn., Jl. 5 K. hirauta Walt. Very slender, branched, hairy; lvs. scattered, sometimes opposite, ovate, lanceolate, or linear-oblong, acute, sessile; pedicels as long as the leaves; cal. segm. lance-linear, nearly equaling the corolla limb. —Barrens, S. Car. to Fla., abundant in wet places. Sts. terete, about If high. Lvs. small (4 to 6" long), edges mostly revolute. Fls. rose-colored, about 7" broad. May-Jn. 7. EPIG/E'A, L. TRIAILING ARBUTUS. MAY FLOWER. (Gr. eri, ulpon, y1;, the earth; fiom its prostrate lhabit.) Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base; corolla hypocrateriform, tube villous within, limb 5-parted, spreading; stamens 10; anthers dehiscent by 2 longitudinal openings; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.-Suffrutioous trailing. Lvs. evergreen, cordate, ovate, entire, alternate. E. rep6ns L. Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire; cor. tube cylindrical.-2- Woods, Newfoundland to Ky. and Penn. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the ground, 10-15' in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts. Lvs. 2-2~' by li', roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very short point. Fls. very fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red, in small axillary clusters. Calyx green. The tube of the corolla hairy within, longer than the calyx, the border in 5, rounded, spreading segments. Apr., May. 8. ARCTOSTAPH'ILOS, Adans. BEAR-BERRY. (Gr. dpi'o~, a bear, 7rapvZ~/, a cluster of grapes; that is Bear-berry.) Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 5 small, recurved segments; anthers 10, with 2 long, reflexed awns, opening by 486 OnRDER 73.-ERICACE2E. pores; drupe with a 5-celloed putamen, the cells i-seeded. —Trailing shrubs, with alternate lvs. (Arbutus L.) 1 A. Uva-ursi Spreng. Procumbent; Ivs. entihe, obovate, smooth, on short petioles, evergreen, coriaceous, shining above, paler beneath; fls. in short, terminal, drooping clusters; drupe globular, about as large as a currant, deep red, nearly insipid, the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together.-Rocky hills, N. States and British America. Stem prostrate except the younger branches, which arise 3-8'. Lvs. about 1' in length, 2-3" wide, often spatulate in form: medicinally they are astringent, and much valued in nephritic complaints. May. 2 A. alp'ina Spreng. Procumbent; lvs. thin, deciduous, obovate, acute, serv'ate, ciliate when young; fls. in short, terminal racemnes; bracteoles ovate, broad, ciliate, about equaling the pedicel.-High Mts., in _Me. and Canl. alpine regions of the White Mts. (Robbins). Flowers white. Berries blck. 9. GAULTHE'RIA, Kahnl. IBOXBERnY. CHECIcERaERRY. WINTERGREEN. (To one Gaulthier (or Gaucltier), a French physician at Quebec.) Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bracts at the base; corolla ovoid-tubular, limb with 5 small, revolute lobes; filaments 10, hirsute; capsule 5-celled, invested by the calyx which becomes a berry.-Suffiuticous, imostly American plants. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Pedicels bibracteolate. G. procoimbens L. St. with the procumbent branches erect or ascending; lvs. obovate, Inucronate, denticulate, crowded at the top of stem; fis. few, drooping, terminal. —A little shrubby plant well-known for its spicy leaves, and its well-flavored, scarlet berries; common in woods ancd pastures, Can: to Penn. and Ky. The branches ascend 3' from the prostrate stem or rhizome which is usually concealed. Lvs. thick, shinin, acute at each end. Cor. white, contracted at the mouth. Fr. consisting of the capsule surrounded byr the enlarged calyx whicll becomes of a bright scarlet color. Jn.-Sept. 10. CASSIO'PE, Don. MOSS-PLANT. (In Grecian mythology Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.) Sepals bractless, imbricated, ovate; corolla globular-campanulate, 4 or 5-lobed; anthers 8 or 10 pendulous cells opening by a terminal pore, with a long reflexed awn behindc; capsule 4 or 5-celled, valves 4 or 5, 2-parted; placenta pendulous, rany-seeded. —Small, alpine, moss-like or heath-like shrubs. Fls. solitary, pedicellate. C. hypnoides Don. St. filiform, spreading; lvs. evergreen, subulate, smooth, crowded; ped. solitary, terminal; fls. 5-parted. One of the smallest and most delicate of shrubs, summits of the White Mts., N. H. and hits. of N. Y. alnd Me. Sts. woody, much branched at base, 2 to 3' high. Lvs. minute, evergreen, imbricated, concealing the stems. Fls. large in proportion (l'-" long) nodding: ped. 1' long in fruit. Cal. purple. Cor. light-red, twice as long as the calyx. lobes erect. Stam. included. Jn. (Andromeda, L.) i1. ANDROrE'DA, L. (Andromeda of ancient fable, was clhained to a -rock near the sea; the original species, No. 1, grows near wiater.) Calyx 5-parted, persistent, not becoming fleshy in fruit; corolla urecolate, the mouth more or less contracted, 5-toothed; anthers 10, cells 2. opening by a terminal pore; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, often reinforced with 5 external valvelets; seeds numerous, from lateral or suspended placentoe. —Shrubs or small trees, with deciduous or evergreen, entire, or serrulate, alternate lvs., Flowers in a terminal, noddingumbel. Anthers 2-awned at apex..................No. 1 g Flowers in racemes or axillary. (*): Calyx calyoulate, with 2 bractlets at its base. (a) a Anthers awnless. Racemes leafy. Pericarp double. (CASSAINDRA)..... S. 2, 8 a Anthers awnned. Racemes leafless. (Lvs. evergreen, No. t) Lvs. deciduous. Nos. 4, 5 * Calyx naked at base; bracts at the base of the pedicels. (b) ORDER 73.-ERICACE2E. 487 b Anther cells each 2-awnedl at tpex. Cor. bell-shiped. Panicle terminal.....No. 6 b Anthers with 2 reflexed lont awns on the back. Evergreen............Nos. 7, 8 b Anthers with 2 aleflex-spreadling bristles at tile back. apsule withll 5 narrow valvelets appllied to the sutures. (PIe:IS)..s............. NOS. 9, 10 b Anthers awnless, cells often mlinutely 2-toothed at apex. (c) c Corolla cylindric. Rlacemes sessile. Valvelets 0. (LFcco'TnrIo.)..Nos. 11-13 c Corolla globular. Valvelets of ctpsule 5, conspicuous (LYo.NIA).Nos. 14-16 1 A. Polyf6lia. W-IILD ROSEMAPAY. Erect; lvs. entire, linear-lanceolate, coriaccous, revolute on the margins, glaucous beneath; fls. subglobous, in a dense, terminal corymb.-A low, smooth, evergreen shrub, 1 to 2f high, growing by the side of ponds and in swamps, N.. Eng. to nis., N. to Arc. Am. Lvs. very smooth, 2 to 3' long, on very short petioles, dark green and smooth above, bluish white beneath. Clusters of flowers drooping. Cal. white, tipped with red. Cor. rosecolored. Jn. 2 A. calyculhta L. LEA'rsT a-LEA F. Ercct; Ivss.oval-oblong, obtuse, obsoletely sersr-slate, flat, ferruginous beneath; rac. terminal, leafy, subsecund; fls. short-pedicelled, solitary, axillary, forming leafy racemes; cor. oblonzg-cylindrical.-An evergreen shrub, 2 to 4f high, flowering early in wet situations Can. and most of the U. S. The lvs. are coriaceous, shining, dotted, about aa inch long and half as wide, those of the raceme not half as large. Fls. 20 to 30 in each raceme, whitc. Cal. double, the outer of 2 bracts, the inner of 5 acute sepals. Apr., Mfay. 3 A. angustif6lia Ph. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, szargins revolute, somewhat ferruginous beneath; rac. terminal, leafy, secund; pedicels short, solitary, axillary; cal. acuminiato; bractlets minute, acute; cor. oblong-oval.-Open swamps, Car., Ga. Evergreen. iNearly allied to the preceding. Apr., a1y%. (Cassandra, G. Don.) 4 A. racemnbsa L. (Fig. 203.) Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, glabrous, serrulate ~-ac. terminal; secund, elongatedl, one-sided, stiict, ascending; cal. ovate-acuminate, cor. cylindric; anth. cells eac/h 2-awz ned at apex; seeds wingless.-Shrub 4 to 6f high, wet woods, Can. to Fla. W. to Ky. It is remarkable fbr its naked racemes 2 to 4' in length, each withl its 12 to 30 white fls. all turned downwards. Lvs. 1 to 2' in length, deciduous. Pedicels short, with 2 ovateacuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Jn., J1. (Zenobia, G. Don.) 5 A. rectirva 13uckley. Branches and rac. recurred-spreading'; lvs. ovate 0or lanzceolate, acuminate; cal. segm. ovate; anth. cells each 1-caned; caps. conspicuously lobed; seeds flat, wvinged.-M-ts. and hills, Va., N. Car. A straggling, deciduous-leaved shrub, much resembling the last. Apr., M}ay. 6 A. speci6sa Mxl Lvs. oval, obtuse, mucronate, serrate, reticulate-veiny; fowering branches racemre-like, aggregated, leafless; cor. campanulate; anth. cells each 2-awned.-Swamps Va. to Fla. An ornamental shrub 3 to 4f high. Lvs. glabrous, deciduous. Fls. several from each bud, large (4" long), shorter than their pedicels, white. Jn. /3. PULVERULENTA. Lvs. roundish-ovate, crenate. and with the branches whitish pulverulent. —Grows with the other form. 7 A. floribfinda Lyon, (Ph.) Lvs. glabrous, thick, evergreen, oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, petiolate, serrulate, often ciliate; rac. dense-flowered, paniculate; pedicels bracted, secund; cal. bractlets minute.-V- a. to Ga. along the Mts. Shrub 2 to 10f high, very handsome, withl a terminal panicle of numerous white fls. Anth. each with 2 long, reflexed, white awns. Apr. 8 A. Croomia Torr. Lvs. oval and oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, veiny, serrate towards the apex, petiolate; rac. sihort, in the axils of the upper lvs.; pedicels bractless; cal. naked, sep. trianogular-lanceolate, 2 as long as the ovoid corolla; anth. each with 2 long, black,'eflexed awns at the back.-Daimp woods, Quincy, Fla. A slender shrub, 1 to 3f high. 9 A. nitida Bartram. FETTER-BUSI{. Lvs. thick, evergreen, elliptical, slightly acuminate at each end, perfectly smooth, wit/h a vein running close to each revolute ~nargin; fls. in pendulous clusters of 6 to 10, in the axils of divaricate lvs.; cor. ovoid-oblong; valvelets linear.-By streams and in sandy swamps, N. Car. to Fla. A singularly elegant shrub, 3 to 6f high. Branches sharp-angled. Fls. numerous. Cal. green, tipped with purple, much smaller than the rose-colored corolla. Mar., Apr. 488 ORDER 3.-ERICAClEA. 3. RIIO3IBIFOLiA. Lvs. roundish-oval, obtuse or abruptly pointed; cal. half as long as the turgid-ovate corolla. (A. rhombifolia Pers.?) 10 A. Mariana L. STAGGERBUSH. Glabrous; lvs. deciduous, oval, subacute at each end, flat, entire, subcoriaceous, paler beneath; flowering branches leafless; pedicels fasciculate; cal. lobes linear, foliaceous: cor. ovate-cylindric: stanm. 10, fil. villous.-Woods and dry, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. to Fla., common. An ornamental shrub, 2 to 3f high, with very smooth, deciduous foliage, and large (5" long), white or pale red fis. Caps. urn-shaped, the valvelets narrow-linearSeeds angular. Jn., J1.-After flowering the calyx and corolla sometimes become very large and erect, as if diseased. (Leucothoe, G. Don.) 11 A. axillaris Lam. Lvs. oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, or slightly pointed, petiolate, spinulous-serrulate, glabrous, or minutely strigous beneath; fis. in axillary, dense racemes, not drooping, much shorter than the Ivs.; sep. broad-ovate, obtusish; cor. ovoid-cylindrical.-Banks of streams, Va. to Fla. in the low country, common. Shrub 2 to 3f high. Lyevs. large (3 to 5' long). Rac. spike-like, interrupted. Feb., Mfar.; again in Sept. 12 A. Catesbei Walt. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, rounded at base, petiolate, serrulate, with appressed, spinulous teeth, thick, strigous benleath; fis. in spicate, drooping racemes as long as the blade of the leaves; sep. ovate-oblong, acute. —Banks of streams, Penn. (Miss Carpenter, Blue Ridge), to Ga. in the mountainous district. Rae. 2 to 3' in length, on the long, recurved branches. May. (Leucothoe, Gray.) 13 A. acumrinata L. PIPE-woOD. Lvs. very smnooth, rigid, ovate and lanceoelate, gradually acusminate, entire, on short petioles; sac. few-flowered; cor. cylindrical; sep. broad-ovate, acute; caps. globular, strongly lobed.-Shady swamps, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. 3 to 10f high, straight and hollow. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, 1' w-ide. Fls. white, abundant and handsome. Apr.-The stems are used by smokers in pipe-making. 14 A. ligustrina Muhl. Pubescent; Ivs. deciduous, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate, finely serrulate; fls. somewhat paniculate, in terminal, leafless racemes; caps. 5-angled by the linear valvelets.-Shrub, 4 to 8f high, in swamps, &c.,` Mid. and S. States. Lvs. abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3' long and nearly half as wide, on short petioles. Fls. small (1" long), nearly globous, white, in dense panicles. fl. FRONDOSA. Panicle with small lvs. scattered among the fls. (A. frondosa Muhl.) 15 A. fermrginea Walt. Shrubby; lvs. evergreen,, distant (not crowded), oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, tapering to very short petioles, thick, revolute-edged, rust-scaly beneath; fis. in axillary umbels; valvelets of the capsules nearly as large as the valves.-Pine woods, Ga. and Fla. Shrub 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fruit appearing when open as if I 0-valved. Jn. 16 A. rigida Ph. Alrborescent; branches rigid, erect; Ivs. sigid, coriaceous, crowded, obovate, acute, strongly revolute edged, rust-scaly beneath; fis. numerous, in axillary umbels, blossoming in April; fruit as in the last.-Sandy pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. A small tree, 10 to 20f hioh, remarkably rigid and leafy. Lvs. 1' long, pale or yellowish-green. 17 A. montana Buckley. Livs. evergreen, ovate-lanceolate, minutely serrate or entire, ciliate; fis. in large, terminal and axillary panicles; pedicels 3-bracted, bracts subulate, the 2 upper opposite; ped. pubescent.-High Mts. of N. Car. Shrub 5 to 6f high. Lvs. 2' by 1', the petiole 6" long. Stem above sprinkled with mucronate glands. 12. 0XYDEN'DRUMI, DC. SORREL-TREE. (Gr. d6fv, sour, (Evdpov, a tree; the herbage is sour to the taste.) Sepals bractless, valvate in the early bud; corolla urceolate, ovoid, 5-toothed; stamens 10, anthers linear, erect, awnless, cells opening lengthwise; capsule oblong, truncate, 5-celled, 5-valved, placentsc below, seeds many, ascending.-A tree, with deciduous, petiolate, oblong-lanlceolate, acuminate, serrulate lMs. and terminal panicles of slender, spicate racemes. OGrDER 73.-ERICAC:EE. 489 0. arboreum DC. Ohio, Penn., along the Alleghany MAts. to Flor. A fine tree, 40-50f high, trunk 10-15' diam. Bark thick and deeply ifrrowed. Leaves 4 -5' by 1~ —2', villous when young, at length smooth, with a distinctly acid taste. Fiowers white, 3" long. Capsule pyramidal, 5-sided. June, July. t 13. 1VENZIE'SIA, Smith. (To M/enzies, the discoverer of the original species (M. ferruginea) in Oregon.) Calyx deeply 4 or 5-cleft; corolla urceolate or campanulate, 4 or 5-lobed; stamens 8 to 10, anthers opening by terminal pores; capsule 4 to 5-celled, the dissepiments made by the introflexed margins of the valves; seeds inany.-Low, shrubby plants, of various habits. Fls. in terminal clusters. ~ PIonr.T oocE, Salisb. Leaves evergreen, heath-like. Flowers 5-parted...............No. I ~ MENZIESA proper. Leaves deciduous. Flowers 4-parted............................eNo. 2 1 M. taxif6lia Robbins. MIOUNTAIN IEATI-. St. prostrate at base; lvs. linear, obtuse, with minute, cartilaginous teeth; ped. terminal, aggregate, 1-flowered; fls. campanulate, decandrous; cal. acute.-Shores of the "lake" on the White MIts. N. II., on Mt. Katahdin, Me. It resembles a heath in its flowers; and some of the fir tribes in its leaves and stems. St. decumbent at base, 6 to 10' long, with crowded lvs. above which are 5 to 7' in length. Fls. drooping, purple, at the top of the highest branch, the colored ped. 18" in length. Fr. erect. Jn. 2 M. ferruginea Smith.,3. GLOBULARIS Sims. Branches and pedicels with scattered hairs; lvs. oval-lanceolate, ciliate above and on the veins beneath; apex tippedwith a gland; fls. in terminal panicles, nodding on the slender pedicels. -Mts. Penn. to Car. abundant near Winchester, Va. (Pursh). Shrub 4f high. Fls. greenish purple, small, one on each pedicel which is glandular pubescent, 18" long. Cor. short-urceolate. Jn. i4. LOISELEU'RIA, I)esv. ALPINE AZALEA. (To Loiseleur Delongrhaamps, a French, botanist.) Calyx 5-parted, lobes equal; corolla subcampanulate, 5-parted, regular; stamens 5, equal, erect, shorter than the corolla, anthers dehiscinlg laterally firom the apex; ovary roundish; style straight, includedl capsule 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3-valved, manyseeded. —A little, branching, procumbent shrub, with opposite, petiolate, evergreen, entire lvs. I'edicels terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Cor. rose color, (Azalea, L.) L. procidmbens Desv. Summit of the White lits., N. IL Sts. 3 to 6' long,. very branching and leafy. Lvs. elliptical, thick, shining, not more than 3" by 1", margins strongly revolute. Fls. glabrous, on very short, purple pedicels, in the midst of the lvs. Jn., J1. 15. AZA'LEA, L. SWAMP PIN1K. (Gr. di'aEo~, arid; perhaps the original species grows in dry places.) Calyx smlall, 5-parted, corolla tllnel-formn, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes; stamens 5, filaments and style long, exserted, declined, anthers opening by pores; capsule 5-ceelled, 5-valved, oo-seeded.-Erect shrubs. Lvs. alternate, deciduous, oblong or obovate, entire. Fls. in umbeled clusters, terminal, large and showy, (Rhododendron, Don.) ~ Calyx lobes all (or rarely one excepted) very short or minute.....................ieos. 1, 2 ~ Calyx lobes all oblong and of conspicuous length...................................Nos. 3, 4 1 A. visc6sa L. Branchlets hispid; lvs. obovate, oblong or lanceolate, the edges, midvein and petiole bristly; fls. alppearing with the adult Ivs. very viscid, the tube -much longer than the segments; stam. exserted; style much longer.-Moist woods. Can. to Ga. and Ky. Shrub 4 to'f high, with spreading branches. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, often glaucous. Fls. fragrant, white or rose color, with fill grown Ivs. Cal. very small. Tube about 1' long, downy and clammy, slender. Mfay-Jl. (A. glauca Ph.) [. NiTIDA. Lvs. shining above, smooth both sides, green, oblanceolate.-A low shrub in mountain swamps. Cal. segin. obsolete. 490 ORDER 7I3.-ERICACEA. y. tIiSPIDA. Branchlets and lvs. above very hispid; lvs. lanceolate, glaucous, glabrous beneath; tube shorter. —Mts., N. Y., Penn. (Pursh.) 2 A. nubifl6ra L. PINXTER-BLOOM. Young, branchlets hairy; lvs. oblanceolate and obovate, downy beneath; clusters naked, appearing with or before the youg2 leaves; cal. very small; cor. slightly viscid, tube downy, scarcely longer than the segments; stain. (5 to I) much exserted.-Frequent in forests throughout the country, especially southward. St. crooked,'nluch branched, the branchlets often in irregular whorls. Pedicels short. Tube nearly 1' long, segm. spreading 1,-. Stam. twice as long as the tube, style thrice. Its varieties in color are numerous and splendid, e. g., pink-colored, slightly fragrant; deep pusple; white varieygalel with purple and yellow; white with a buff-colored center, fragrant; buff-coloe)ed all over, very fragrant. Ap. —Jn.,. CALYCOSA. Cal. with one of its segm. subulate, 3 or 4 times longer than the others (not constantly so even in the same umbel.) —Ga. (Miss Wyman). (A. bicolor Ph.?) Y. POLYANDRA. Stamin. 10 to 20; cor. rose-colored (Pursh). 3 A. calendulacea IMx. FL.AMING PINXTER. Younlg brvancie.et' pubescetzg; lvs. oblong, attenuated to the base, mucronate, smoothish or pubescent; corymIbs izearb'! or quite leafless; cal. lobes oblong; tube of the cor. hirsute, nzot viscid, shorter than the ample lobes.-A splendid flowering shrub, in mountains and woods, Penn. to Ohio and Ga. Fls. very numerous, limb expanding 18 to 20", usually yellow and bright crimson, showing at distance like flame.-Its varieties are numerous, e. g., flame-colored; brick-red (very rich); saffron-ye?Jci'. Cultivation has produced many more. May, Jn. 4 A. arbor6scens Ph. TREE AZALEA. B.rantches smooth; [rs. obovate, bothl sides glabrous, glaucous beneath, margins ciliate, veins nearly glabrous; COI'ryo.l'S leafy /zith full grown leaves; cal. lobes oblong, acute; cor. tube not viscid, loenyer thany the lobes; stain. and sty. exsert. —Riivulets near the 131ue Mits., Penn. to (AMacon) Ga. Shrubs 10 to 20f high. Fls. rose color, scales of the flower buds large, yellowish-brown, with a fringed white border. Sepals fully 2" long. A very distinct species. May-J1. 5 A. P6ntica L. Lvs. ovate and oblong, pilous-ciliated on the margin, acute or acuminate; fls. with full grown Ivs. viscid; tube funnel forsn, about as long as the segments; stamn. very long-exserted.- Cultivated. This splendid shrub comees from Asia Minor, but is in no wise superior in breaaty to our own A. calendulaceze (which it much resenLbles). Varieties of relver hue. (Ru. flavum Don.) 16. RHODODEN'DRONI, L. Ros- B At. (Gr. pGodov, a rose, devdpov, a tree.) Calyx (small) deeply 5-parted, persistent; corolla campaunlate, slightly unequal or regular, 5-lobed; stam. 10 (rarely fewer), mostly declinate, anth. opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, nany-seeded.-Shrubs with alternate, entire, everogreen lvs. Fls. in dense, terminal umbels from large, scaly buds. (Fig. 355.) q~ Calyx lobeslarge, lealf-like. Leaves hairy. Stamnens 5 to 10......................... o. ~ Calyx lohes sm-all, scale-like.-Leaves obtuse at each end........................Nos. i.;2 -Leaves acute, rusty or silvery beneath..............Nos. 3, Ci _Leaves acute, glabrous beneattlh..................... LNos.'. 0 1 R. Lapponicum WaMl. LAPLAND ROSE B-Y. Dwzoaf; lvs. elliptical, obtuse, very small, roughened with concave rusty scales both sides; fls. in termiinal, leafyclusters, campanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed; stainm. 5 to 7 to 10, exsserted.An erect shrub, 8 to 10' high, native of highll mts., N. Eng. and N. Y. Br-anclies numerous, with a rough bark. Lvs. about 5" by 2~", revolute, ferruginous beneath, crowded. Cor. g to 8" diam., deep purple, regular. Jn., J1. 2 R. Catawbiensis Mx. CATAWRE ROSE BAY. Lvs. oval, rounded-obtuse at each end, paler beneath, smooth; cal. lobes oblong, elongated; coi. broad-canmpanulate; stam. 10.-On the highest summits of the Alleghanies, Va. and Car. Shrub 3 to 5f high. Fls. bluish purple, without spots, much larger than in No. 1. Jn. 3 R. punctftum L.' Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, ferruginous and, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath; cal. teeth very short; co?'. iearrow, cam pan ORDER 73.-ERICACEAE 491 late or funnel-for.n, segm. wavy.-A handsome shrub 4 to 6f high, on the highlands of Car. and Ga. Fls. smaller than ill No. 4, pink-red. Jn., J1. 4 R. mfiximnum L. Lvs. oboyate-oblong, acute, smosth, coriaceous, discolored beneath, subrevolute on the margin, cal. lobes oval-obtuse; cor. somewhat campanulate, unequal, pet. roundish.-A splendid flowering shrub, streams and lakes, N. Eng. to the mts. of Car. Stems crooked, 6 to 20f in height. Lvs. very smooth and 4 to 7' long, entire, thick and leathery. Coryrmbs 15 to 20-fiowered, in the midst of the evergreen lvs. Scales of the flower-bud near an inch long, abruptly acuminate. Cor. pink or rose-coloredi varying to white with purple dots, sometimes dotted with yellow, 11- to 2' diam. J1., Aug. 5 R. Pinticuam. L, Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, atteeuated to each7 ezd, smooth and scarcely palei- beneai-h; corymbs short, terminal; co0. campanulate-rotate; cal. lobes subacute, very short. —From Asia M{inor. Fls. large, often 2' diam., purple, but in cultivation very variable. J1 6 R. arbhreurn Smith, St. arborescent; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, with silvery spots beneath7; fls. densely coryrnbed; colr. lobes with crenulate, curled margins; pecl. and cal. pubescent.-A most beautiful tree or shrub from lIimmaleh'Mts. Flso purple, red, white, cinnamon color, &c. ]7 R. Indicurm Sweet. Branchlets, petioles, veins and sepals strigous but not glandular; lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, ciliate, acuminate at each end; fls. terminal, 1 to 3 together, on short pedicels.-From Java. Sep. lance-ovate, 5 to 8S' long. Fls. scarlet, purple, crimson, flame-color, &c. In cultivation very brilliant. t (Azalea Indica L.) 17. RHPJOD'RA, Dunham. (Gr. O66dov, a rose; from the color of the fis.) Calyx 5-toothed, persistent; coC. adnate to the calyx, deeply divided into 3 segments, upper one mucli the broadest, 2-3 lobed at the apex, in mstivation enfoldting the 2 lower entire segments; sta. 10. (leelinate; fil. unequal; anth. opening' by 2 pores; caps. 5-celled, 5. valved; cells inany-seeded. —Shrub with deciduous, alternate leaves. anod pale purple flowers. R. Canadensis L. A handsome, flowering shrub, in bogs, mountain or plain, Can. to Penn., frequent. Sterns 2 —3f high, clothed with a smooth, brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect, flowering branches. Each branch, while yet naked of foliage, bears a terminal cluster of 3-5 sessile flowers. Corolla 1' long, about equaling the deflected stamens and style. Leaves obovate-oblong, downy-canescent beneath. Apr., Ma:y. 18. BEFA'RIA, Mut. (So namled by Mutis, in lonor of Bejar, a Spanish botanist.) Flowers leptamllcrous; calyx 7-toothed, campanulate; corolla of 7 distinct petals; stamens 14; capsule 7-celled, 7 — valved, many-seeded. —Small shrubs, often viscid-hairy, with alternate, entire lvs. and flowers in dense, racemous panicles. (Bejaria, A. Juss.) B. racemrnsa Vent. Branches hispid and glutinous; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous; fls. in a terminal, paniculate raceme.-Sandy margins of swamps and ponds, E. Ga. and Fla., and the adjacent Islands. A handsome evergreen shrub, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. very entire, erect, 1 to 2' long. Fls. on slender pedicels, whllite, tinged with red, petals oblong-obovate, spreading near 2'. Jn., JI. 19. LE'DUM, L. LABRADOR TEA. (The Gr. name of the Cistus.) Calyx minute, 4-toothed; corolla 5-petaled, spreadilng; stamnens 5-10, exsertecl; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores; capsule 5-celled, 5valved; opening at the base.-Shrubs. Lvs. alternlate, evergreen, entire, ferruginous-tomentous beneath, coriaccous. lils. in tertinal corymn-lbs, white. L. pal'istre (and L. latifoliumn Ait.)' Lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong-lincar; sta. 5-10, more or less exserted.-Moult: tain bogs, Penn. to Lab. and Greenland, 492 ORDER 73. —ERICACEME. White Mts. I Not uncommon. A shrub 2 —3f high, readily known by its leaves, which are smooth above, clothed beneath with a dense, ferruginous down, and strongly revolute or replicate at the margin. Petioles and younger twigs also downy. Leaves 1-2' long, nearly J as wide. Corymbs terminal, of about a dozen white fRs. July.'3. ANGUSTIF0LIUM. LVS. narrower, almost linear; sta. mostly 10. 20. LEIOPHYL'LUM, Pers. SAND MYRTLE. (Gr Xe,7og, smIoothl, /pjv%)ov, leaf.) Calyx 5-parted, equaling tile length of the capsule; pet. 5, ovate oblong, spreadincl g; sts. 10, exsertecl; fil. subulate; cells of anthers dehiscing by a lateral cleft; ovary globous; sty. filiform; caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.-Small, smooth shrubs, with erect'branches. Lvs. alternate, entire, oval, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal. Fls. white. L. buxif6lium Ell. —Pine barrens, N. J. to Car. Shrub 8-12' high, much branched. Leaves 4-5" by 2-3", very smooth and shining, margin strongly revolute. Flowers numerous and small. AMay, June. 21. CLE'THRA, Gaert. SWEET PEPPER-nUShi. (Gr. name of the Alder, which these plants somewhat resemble.) Calyx 5-parted, persistent; petals 5, distinct, obovate; staminens 10, cxserted, anthers suspended in the bud, at length erect; style persistent, stigma 3-cleft; capsule 3celled, 3-valved, oo-seeded, enclosed by the calyx.-Shrubs and trees. Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, in downy —aneseent racemes. Bracts deciduous. 1 C. alnif6lia L. Lvs. cuneiform-obovale, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath; fls. in terminal, elongated, simple or branched racemes; bracts subulate. —A deciduous shrub 3 to 8f high, in swamps. E. Can. to Ga. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, - as broad above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole. Rac. 3 to 5' long. Ped. and cal. hoary-pubescent, the former 2"' in length, and in the axil of a bract about as long. Cor. white, spreading, sweet-scented. Jl., Aug. /. TOMIENTOSSA. LVS. downy or tomentous beneath; rac. slender, often somewhat paniculate; fls. smaller.-Conmmon in the South. Apr.-Jn. (C. tomentosa Lam.) y. SCABRA. Lvs. coarsely serrate, scabrous both sides.-Near Bainbridge, Ga. Rac. and fls. as in 3. Petals about 2" long. (C. scabra Pers.) 6? PANICULXTA. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate; rac. collected into a panicle.-S. Car. (Bartram). We have not seen this plant. (C. paniculata Willd.) 2 C. acumin.ta Mx. Arborescent; Ivs. glabrous, glaucous, beneath, ovate, acuminate, abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles; rac. terminal, solitary; bracts longer than the fls., caducous.-Mts. along streams, Ky., Va., to S. Car. Shrub or tree, 10 to 18f high. Lvs. large (4 to 6" long), half as wide, thin, Fls. often secund (turned upwards). Anth. dark purple, much exserted. J1.. Aug. SUBORDE ilI. CY RILLEJJE. TimI CYRILLADS. 22. ELLIOT'TIA, Muhl. (To Stephen -Elliott, Esq., of Charleston, S. C., the well known botanical author.) Calyx small, 4-toothed; corolla of 4 petals slightly cohering at base; stamens 8, anthers sagittate; style slender, with a capitate, undivided stigma; capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. —A shrub with virgate branched alternate, deciduous, lanceolate, entire lvs. and terminal racemes of white fls. E. racemosa Miuhl. —Dry, rich soils, S. Ga. Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. pubescent and slightly glaucous on the under surface, on short petioles. Flowers in Jn.-LTnfortunately, this plant has not fallen under our observation. ORDER t3. —ERICACE2E. 493 23. CYRIL'LA, L. (In honor of Dominico Cyrilli, physician and botanical author, Naples.) Calyx 5-parted, minute, petals 5, distinct, pointed, spreading; stamens 5, hypogynous anthers opening lengthwise; style short, with 2 stigmas; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, indehiscent; seeds suspended.-A large shrub with the branches irregularly whorled, with entire, elliptic-oblong, perennial lvs. and the white fis. in slender clustered racemes. C. racemiflira Walt. —Margins of swamps and streams, in pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. Shrub 12 to 18f high, with spreading branches and a light gray bark. Lvs. varying from oval to narrow-oblong, mostly acute, very smooth, tapering to a short petiole. Fls. very small, in racemes 4 to 6' long. The racemes and new branches simultaneously spring from the apex of the preceding years' growth. Jot. 24. NIYLOCA'RIUM, Willd. BUCKWHEAT TREE. (Gr. 1tOij, a mill, Kcdpvov, a kernel, a fanciful name.) Calyx 5-toothed, minute; petals 5, obovate, obtuse; stamens 10, very short; pistil with winged angles; capsule corky, 2 or 3-winged, 3-celled, with 3 subulate seeds. —An evergreen shrub, with branches irregularly whorled, elliptical lys., and terminal rac. of white, fragrant fis. M. ligustrinum Willd.-Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. A perfectly smooth, elegant shrub, 4 to 8f high. Lvs. thick, rather acute, entire, flat, veinless, ses-!ile, 1' to 18" long. Fruit drupe-like, pendulous, 2, rarely 3 of the angles produced into corky wings, suggesting the idea of buckwheat. Apr., May. SUBORDER I'V. PYROLEJA3. TIIE AWINTERGREEN TRIBE. 25. PYR'OLA, Salisb. WYINTERGREEN. (Lat. diminutive of Pyrus, as the leaves (of P. elliptica) resemble those of the pear tree.) Calyx — parted; petals 5, equal; stamens 10, anthers large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top; style thick as if sheathed; stigmas 5, appearing as rays or tubercles; capsule 5celled, 5-valved, opening at the angles, many-seeded.-Low, scarcely suffruticous, evergreen herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scapes mostly racemous, from a decumbent stem or rhizome. (Fig. 345.) ~ Stamens and style straight. Stigmas peltate, 5-rayed.............................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Stamens ascending. Style declined and curved. Stigma 5-tubercled. (a) a Leaves dull (not shining). Petals greenish-white...........................Nos. 3, 4 a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored................... Nos. 5, 6 1 P. secinda L. Lvs. broadily ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole; rac. secund; cor. oblong.-In dry woods, Can. and Nor. States. Plant 5 to 8' high, bearing one or two fascicles of leaves near the base. Lvs. acute at each end, with appressed-pointed serratures, appearing crenate. Ped. scape-like, bearing a 1-sided cluster of 10 to 15 greenish-white fis. Petals oblong, shorter thanL the style. Jn., Jl. 2 P. minor L Lvs. roundish-ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate; petioles dilated at base, shorter thant the laminae; rac. subspicate; bract equaling or exceeding the very short pedicels; cal. lobes short, subacute; sty. included in the globular corolla.-In woods, White Mts., N. H., and Brit. Am. Scape angular, 6 to 9' high. Lvs. mucronulate at apex. Cor. white, slightly tinged with purple. J1. 3 P. chlordntha Swartz. Lvs. orbicular, crenulate, half as long as the narrowe petiole; rac. few-flowered; segm. of the cal. very short, obtuse; pet. oblong; pores of the anth. conspicuously tubular; stig. projecting beyond the sheath. —I woods, Can. and N. States, common. Lvs. smaller than in either of the following, often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, ~- to 1' diam.,. smooth, shining, coriaceous, petioles 1 to 2' long. Scapes erect, angular, 8 to 19' high, bearing a long open raceme. Fls. nodding, large, petals greenish white JnM, JL 494 ORDER 73. —ERICACE.. 4 P. elliptica Nutt. Lvs. eltiptical, enembrauous, obscurely dentate, longer thaln the petioles; scape mostly naked; cal. small, with ovate, obtuse segments, pore3 of the anth. scarcely tubular. —In woods, Can. and N. States to Wis. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, more than half as wide, mostly acute, subentire, thin, smooth and light green. Scape 5 to 9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes..Fls. nodding, very fragrant; pedicels longer than the bracts, but only half as long as the declinate, recurved style. Pet. white. J1. 5 P. rotundiflia L. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; scape 3-angled; segmz. of cal. ovate, pores of anth. distintctly tubalar; sty. clavate, the 5 stigmas projecting and often distinct.-Common in woods, Can. to Car., AV. to Wis. Lvs. all radical, round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2' diam., smooth and shining, with conspicuous, reticulate veins, petioles margined, as long as, and sometimes longer than the blade. Scape 6 to 12' high, bracteate at base and in the middle. Fls. drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong, terminal raceme. Jn.. J1. /3. ULIGINOSA. Lvs. rather dull, petioles much longer than the blade; fis. smaller.-Swamps, Galen, N. Y. (Sartwell), &c. (P. uliginosa Torr. & Gr.) 6 P. asarif6lia Mx. Lvs. renliform-orbicular, eoriaceous, entire or crenulate, shorter than the dilated petiole; scape angular, furrowed; rac. lax, many-flowered; segm. of cal. triangular-lanceolato; anth. not produced into tubes; sty. produced beyond the sheath.-In old woods, Can. and N. States. Lvs. all radical, 1- to 1-' diam., smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than, but not twice as long as the margined petioles. Scape 5 to }0' hiMgh purplish, bracteate at base and near the middle, racemous one half its length. Fls. nodd(ing, remote, large, deeply tinged with purple in all their parts. Sty. about tohe same length and curvature as the pedicels. Jn. 26. PIONE'SES, Salisb. (Gr. y6ovog, one, iatg, delight, i. e., one pretty flower.) Calyx 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, rotate; sta. 10, regular, 2-spurred at base, opening by 2 tubular pores at apex; sty. rigicd; stig. peltate, radiately 5-cleft or lobed; caps. 5-valved, 5-celled, many-seeded. — 2, Low, simple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenulate, petiolate, veiny. Pcduncle terminal, one-flowered, longer than the stamens. Fls. white. M. granldiflbra Salisb. W'oods, among mosses, Bradford, Vt., Keeno, N. I-I. (Bigelowv), Dexter, Jeff. Co.,' N. Y. (Vasey), Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem ascending, very short. Leaves 7-9" diamr.. Scape or pedunclo about 3' high, slender, with a bract near the middle. Flower 9" diam. June. (Pyrola uniflora L.) 27. C~HtI APH'ILA, P1l. PIPSISSIIA. (Gr. Xe^lta, winter, 00XtP;w, to love; equivalent to the English niiae Win.tergreen.) Catly 5-parted; petals 5, spreading; stamens 10; filaments dilated in the middle; anth. cells produced into tubes, opening by a 2-lipped pore at apex; style very short, thick; capsule 5-celled, opening from the summit; seeds Co. i-Small, suffruticous, evergreen plants, with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs. cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or irregularly verticillate. Fis. termninal. (Fig. 45.) 1 C. umbellata Nutt. PRINCE'S PINE. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in 4s6s; umbel 4 to 7-flowered; bracts linear-subbulate; sty. immersed in the ovary.21 In dry woods, flowering in July. A common, little evergreen, Can. and N. States. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2 —3' long, >; as wide, remotely and distinctly serrate, on short petioles, coriaceous, shining, of a uniform dark green color. Peduncle terminal, erect, 3-4' long, bearing 4 — light purple flowers on nodding pedicels 8" long. J1. —Both this and the fbllowing' species. are tonic and diuretic (Bw.)'2 C. maculata Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotefy serrate, discolored, opposite or in 3s; ped. 2-3-flowered; fil. woolly.-Can. to Car. ORDER 73.-ERICACE.E. 495 and Tenn., in sandy woods. Habit much like the last, but it is readily distinguished by its variegated leaves. Stem 3-4' high. Leaves 1-2' long, 1 as wide, marked with a whitish streak along the midvein and. veinlets. Flowers purplish-white, on nodding pedicels. Jn., J1. SUBORDER V. GALAC I N EE. 28. GA'LAX, L. BEETLE-WEED. (Gr. ydaUa, milk; reerIling probably to its millk-white flowers.) Calyx of 5 distinct, persistent sepals; corolla of 5, oblong-obovate, distinct petals; stamens hypogynous, filaments 10, unitedl into a tube with as many teeth, those opposite the petals sterile, anthers 5, 1-celled opening across the top; capsule 3-celled; seeds co, inclosed in a loose, cellular testa. —2 Roots tufted, creeping, deep red, sending up roundish-cordate, long-stalked, glabrous Ivs. and a scape bearing. a dense raceme of white fls. C. aphylla L. Damp, mountain woods, MId. (Mr. Shriver) to Tenn. (at Cumberland Gap), and S. Car. Lvs. large (2 to 3' diam.), crenate-dentate, often reniform. Scape 1 to 2f high, naked except a mass of red scales at the base. Spike several inches long, milk-white. Jl., Aug. SUBORDER VI. MI O N O T R O P E AL 29. HI0NOTTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. P'INE SAP. (Gr. pt6voq, one,'7p-Trw, to turn; i. ce., turhed one way.) Calyx of 1 to 5 bract-like sepals; petals 4 to 5, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla, gibbous at base; stamens S to 10; anthers opening transversely at apex; stigma discoild, 5-rayed; capsule 4 to 5-celled, 4 to 5-valvedl seeds numerous, minute. -Low, parasitic herbs, of a white or tawny color, furnished with scalelike bracts instead of leaves. ~ Sepals (or bracts) 1 to 3. Flower solitary, scentless. Style very short..............N...o. I ~ Sepals 4 or 5. Flowers li a secund raceme, fragrant. Style long..................... No. 2 1 M. uniflora L. INDIAN PIPE. BIRD'S NEST. St. short; scales approximate; fl. nodding; fr. erect.-Common in woods, Can. and U. S. A small, succulent plant, about 6' high, of a dirty white in all its parts St. furnished with sessile, lanceolate, semi-transparent ivs. or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal flower, sessile and nodding on the reflexed top. Common in woods, near the base of trees on whose roots it is doubtless parasitic. Jn.-Sept.-In the southern plant the flower is more or less pedunculate2 M. Hyp6pytis L. PINE SAP. BIRD'S NEST. More or less dow-ny; pedicels as long as the flower; caps snbglobous. —Woods, N. Y., Can. to Car. W. to Wisc. The whole plant is of a tawny white or reddish color. Rloot a tangled ball of fibers. Scape 6-10' higlh, with many concave scales, covered witll down. Els. 7-12, in a terminal raceme, drooping at first becoming erect. Pedicels 1 —2" long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only the terminal flower is generally.decandrous; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 petals. Aug. 30. SCHWEITH'IT'ZIA, Ell. CAROLINA BEECH-DROPS. (To Rev. Lewis, de Schweinitz, of N. C., a pioneer botanist.) Calyx persistent, of 5 erect,, ovate-acuminate sepals, corolla persistent, campanulate, limb 5-lobed; stamens 10, anthers awnless, opening by pores at apex; style thick,. stigma large, 5-angled, capsule 6-celled, 5-valved; seeds numerous, minute.-Plant leafless, brownish. Fls. subsessile, capitate, reddishwhite, with the odor of the violet. S. odor.ta Ell. Rich, shady soils, Md. to N. Car. (Curtis). Plant 3 to 4' high,, with the habit iof Monotropa. Feb., Mar. 496 ORDER 74.-AQUIFOLIACE1E. 3t1. PTEROS'PORA, Nutt. ALBANY BEECII-DROPS.-(Gr. 7rrep6'O,,a wing, oTropad a seed; alluding to the winged seeds.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla urceolate, roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and reflexed; stamens 10, anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned, opening lengthwise; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved; seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex. — 2 Plant leafless, brownish-red. Fls. racemed, white, resembling those of Andromeda. P. andromedea Nutt. In various parts of N. Y. and Vt., rare. First discovered by Dr. D. S. C. H. Smith, near Niagara Falls, 1816. Scape 12 to 30' high, dark purple, clothed with short, viscid wool. Rac. G to 12' long, with 50 or more nodding fis. Pedicels irregularly scattered, 6 to 8" long, axillary to long, linear bracts. Cor. shorter than the pedicels, somewhat campanulate, open at the throat. J1. (Monotropa procera Ea.) ORDErt LXXIV. AQLUIFOLIACEE. IIOLLYWORTS. Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. Flowers small, axillary, sometimes dioecious. Sepals 4 to 6, imbricate in bud, very minute. Cor. regular, 4-6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in;estivation. Sta. inserted into the very short tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments. Anth. adnate. Ova. fiee from the calyx, 2-6-celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell. Fr. drupaceous, with 2-G stones or nucules. Altbumen large, fleshy. Genera 11,.species 110, natives of America and S. Afiica, only one, Ilex the Holly. Ilex aquifoliumt, which gives name to the Order, being found in Europe. P/ropertiese.-The bark and leaves of Prinos verticillatus (black alder) are eminently astringent and tonic, as well as those of the Holly. The berries are eimetic and purgattive. The leaves of Prinos glaber, and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea, the latter well known as the Mat6 or Paraguay Tea. The idea of uniting the two genera Ilexs nd Prinos was advanced by Dr. Wm. Baldwin, in 1916 (" Reliqui~e," p. 341) in consequence of discovering some of the deciduous species of lex wliich lie at first mistook for Prinos. The suiggestion has since been repeated by several authors, and at length Prof. Gray (Manual, p. 263) includes both under one name (Ilex). The two groups, lomwever, seem to us quite as distinct as G(tylessacei and TVdccinciuim; and moreover, Nemlo-,anthes is i'ltersmetldite. GENERA. ~ IHabitually tetraincrous. Drupe with 4, bony, sulcate nutlets.......................ILrX. I ~ HIabitually tetramerous. I)rupe with 4, 1horny, snlootlh nutlets............oNEMtOPANTnIS. 2 ~ Habitually hexamerous. Berry with 6 (7, 8) smlooth, cartilaginous seeds..........Pos. I. ILEX, L. HOLLTY. (The ancient name of the Holm Oak, the derivatioir uncertain.) Fls. 4 (rarely 5)-parted, mostly perfect but many tabortive; calyx 4-toothed, persistent; corolla of 4 obtuse petals distinct or scarcely united at base; stamens 4; stigmas 4, or united into one; drupe red, with 4 bony nutlets, ribbed and furrowed on the convex bnck.-Lvs. alternate. Fls. small, white, lateral, single or clustered. ~ Trees evergreen-the leaves arnied with spinous teeth................................ No. 1 ~ Shrubs evergreen-the leaves unaruled, serrate or entire.......................Nos. 2-4 ~ Shrubs decidtuous, the leaves tlin, serrate or entire...................N............os. 5-7:1 I. opaca L. AMrERICAN HOLLY. Arborescent; lvs. oval, acute, with strong, spinous teeth, coriaceous smooth, and shining, fascicles lax, peduncles compound; cal. teeth acute; drupe ovate, nutlets 5-ribbed on the back.-A tree of middle size, quite generally diffused throughout the U. S., from Mass. to Ga. and La. It is chiefly interesting for its foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, shining, perennial green. Fls. in scattered clusters at the base of the new branchlets, and the fertile ones are succeeded by red berries, which remain until late in Autumn. Jn. 3. Lvs. mostly entire, a few of them witll a single spinous tooth towards the apex.-.Macon, Ga., &c. Lvs. exactly oval, very different from I. Dahoon. ORDER 74.-AQUIFOLIACE~E. 497 2 I. Dahoon Walt. DAIIOON HOLLY. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth shining, ovate or somewhat pointed at each end, beneath pubescent, at least bn the midvein, as well as the petioles and pedicels, margin entire or sometimes scrrate, clusters of fis. pedunculate; fis. 4-parted.-A fine shrub, 5 to 12f high, in swamps, Va. to Fla. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, a third as wide, pale beneath. Drupes red, the 4 bony nutlets rugous-ribbed, on the convex back. M3ay.,B. Lvs. larger, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, on very short petioles.-Ga. (Dr. Feav). y. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, cuneate at base, mostly entire, acute.-Ga. (I. ligustrina Ell.) 3 I. Cassena Wralt. CASSE-NA TEA. Lvs. oval, obtuse, crenate, glabrous, shining when old; clusters about 3-flowered, scarcely peduncled; fis. 4-parted; nutlets about 3-ribbed on the convex back.-A shining, evergreen, bushy shrub, common in S. States, near the coast, 6 to 15f high. Lvs. little more than 1' long. Fertile fls. nearly sessile, sterile pedicels 2 to 3" long-. Drupe scarlet. with 4 bony nutlets. Mar., Apr.-Used by the Creek Indians as a tea. 4 I. myrtif6lia Walt. Lvs. linear-oblong, small, glabrous, acute or subbmucronate, nearly entire, shining above, branchlets glandular-puberulent; ped. slender, bracteolate, corymbously 3 to 9-flowered, or the fertile 1-flowered; drupes red.-A large shrub 12 to 20f high, in the borders of ponds in pine barrens, Md. (Shriver) to Fla. Branches crooked, divaricate, withl light gray bark. Lvs. less than 1' in length, shining, rigid, often with a few acute serratures. lMay.-Varies with the branchlets smooth; lvs. obtuse, more or less serrate, &c. 5. I. decfdua Walt. Lvs. lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate at both ends, glabrous, slightly appressed-serrate; ped. 1-flowered, short (3" long), the sterile glomorate, the fertile solitary; fls. 4 to 5-parted; cal. ciliate; nutlets large, obtusely ridged. —Shrub 6 to 9f high, with slender branches, in sandy woods, Car. to Fla., common. Lvs. thin, at flowering time 1P to 2' long, tapering to slender petioles. Ped. 2 to 3" long. Apr. (I. prinoides L.) 3. URBANA. Lvs. (2 to 3' long) cuneate-oval, obtuse, crenately appressed-serrate, dark green, attenuate at baso.-Ill. opposite St. Louis, &c. 6 I. monticola Gray. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, or subcordate at base, acuminate, glabrous, serrate, thin; 1Is. on short pedicels, 4-parted; cal. ciliate; nutlets strongly ridged.-M-ountain woods, Catskill, N. Y. to Car. Shrub about 6f high. Lvs. large, deciduous, 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', at base acute, obtuse or subcordate. Pedieels 3 or more in a cluster, 1 to 2" long. (I. ambigua Torr. N. Y. Fla.) 2. NEMOPAN'THES, Raf. (Gr. vl71ga, a thread, rrovs, a foot; a'vOo, a flower; alluding to the slender pedicels.) Calyx 4 to 5-lobed; petals 4 to 5, distinct, linear or oblong; stamens 4 to 5; ovary hemis: pherical; stigmas 4 to 5, sessile; firuit a subglobous drupe, with 4 to 5 smooth, horny nutlets.-Shrubs with alternate, entire, deciduous lvs. Fls. on slender pedicels, usually diccio-polygamous by abortion. Bel-: ries red. -A genus intermediate between Ilex and Prinos. 1 N. Canad6nsis Raf. CANADIAN HOLLY. Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-pointed; ped. neearly solitary, long; fJ'. somewhat angular. — A shrub, 4 —6f high, with smooth branclles, growing in damp or rocky woods, Can., N. Eug. to Mich. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' long, on petioles as long. Flowers small, greenish-white; ped. 7 to 12" long. Segmentsof the corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary of the barren flowers pointed, of the fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry, red. May, Jn. (Ilex, AMx.) 2 N. ambigua. Lvs. oval, entire, mucronate, petiolate, glabrous both sides, ciliate on the margin when young; sterile fls. 4-parted, on slelder, aggregated ple, duncles.; fertile solitary, on very long peduncles. —Slopes near Flint IR., Ga. Shrub 4 to Sf high. Lvs. small, 1 to 2' by 6" to 1'. Sterile pedicels less than 1' in length, fertile more than 1' when in fruit. Berry 4 to 5-seeded, red. Mar., Apr. (Prinos ambiguus Mx.) 3. PRI NOS, L. WINTER-BERRY. (Gr. irpcro, to saw; alluding to the serrated leaves.) Flowers small, habitually 6-parted and perfect, 32 498 ORDER 75.-STYRACACE_.E. but often abortive; calyx 6-cleft; corolla monapetalous, subrotate, 6parted; stamens 6 (in the sterile flowers rarely fewer, in the fertile rarely more); berry 6-seeded, seeds with a smooth, cartilaginous testa. -Shrubs with alternate lvs., small white fls., and red or black'berries. ~ Leaves deciduous, tllin. Berries red...........................................N..os. 1. 2 ~ Leaves evergreen, thick, shining. Berries black..................................Nos. 8, 4 1 P. verticillAtus L. BLAcK ALDER. Lvs. lance-oCal, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; fls. axillary, the fertile ones aggregate, the barren subuinbellate.-This shrub is found in moist woods or swamps, Can. and most of the States, usually growing about 8f high. Leaves narrowed at base into a short petiole, uncinately serrate, with prominent, pubescent veins beneath. Flowers white, dicecicus, small, the pedicels scarce nmore tlhal 1' in leng'th. Berries scarlet, in little bunches (apparently verticillate), roundish, 6-celled and 6-seeded, permanent. Jl. (P. Gronovii Mx.) 2 P. lIvigAtus Ph. Lvs. lanceoZlate, al2pessed-se-errulate, glabrous on both sides, shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath; fls. hexamerous, the fertile axillary, subsessile, 3 glomerate, on slender peduncles.-Swamps and marshes, N. and Mid. States. Shrub 6 to 9f high, with grayish and warty branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 8 to 12", pointed at each end; petioles 6 to 10" long. Fls. mostly solitary, the sterile on pediclls 6" long, the ifertile pedicels scarcely 2'. Berries large, red. Jn. (3. LANCEOLATUS. " Sterile is. triandrous." Pursh.-Dr. Hale sent specimens from La. labelled P. lanceolatus. The lvs. andu berries accord well with our specimens of No. 3, and also witl Pursh's I. lanceolatus. The fruit is (;seeded. 3 P. glaber L. IsK BEEnYv. Lzes. coriaceous, czzeate-lanceolale, glabrous, shinino, serrate at the end.-A- beautiful shrub, 3 to 4f high, found in swamps, Mass.. R. I. to N. Y. and Car. Lvs. very smooth, leathery, shining, 1 to 1' by 5 to 7", broadest above the middle. Pedicels subsolitary, 1 to 3-flowered. Ils. white, mostly 6-parted. Berries roundish, black and shining. Jn., J1. 4 P. coriaceus Ph. Lvs. obovate, acute at base, short-acuminate, sharply serrate near the apex, very thick, shining above, minutely black-dotted beneath; fls. 6 to 8-parted, sterile aggregated, fertile solitary; berry black, with 6 to 8 smooth seeds. —z. shrub 4 to 6f high, in wet woods, Savannah (Pond) to Bainbridge, Ga. and Fla. Lvs. remarkably thick and leathery, about 2' long and 1' wide, with 2 to 4 mucronate, appressed teeth. Berries large, astringent; seeds lens-shaped. May. (P. atonmarius Nutt.) ORDER LXXV. STYRACACEiE. Trees or shrubs Nvith alternate, simple leaves, destitute of stipules. Fls. or racermes solitary, axillary, bracteate. Cal. 5-rarely 4i-lobed, imbricated in mestivation. Cor. 5-rarely 4 or 6-lobed, imbricated in mestivation. Str. definite or mo, unequal in len gth, usually cohering. Anzth. innate, 2-celled. Ova. adherent, 2-5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the center. P'. drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. Slds. 5-1. Genera G, species 115, sparingly distributed through the tropical anl subtropical regions of both continents, only a few in colder latitudes. Stoerea andi Benzoins, two fragrant gum resins, recarded as stiinulant and expectorant, are the products of two species of Styrax, viz. of S. officihale, a Syrian tree, and S. benzoin, native of Malay and the adljacent islands. TRIBES AN'D GENERA. 1. SY~IPLOCINE E. Anthers numerous, innate, globular. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers yellow.................. SYMPLOCO 1 Ii. STYPACEAE. Anthers S to 12, linear-oblonc, adnate. Calyx mostly truncate. Flowers white (a). a Flowers pentamerous. Fruit wingless, 1-seeded............STYRAX. 2 a, Flowers tetromnerous. Fruit winged, 2 to 3-seeded..........IIaALESIA. 3 ORDER 5.-STYRACACEA. 49'3 1. SYM'PLOCOS, Jacq. (Gr. oSlVz7rotKog, connected; referring to the stamens.) Calyx 5-cleft;; corolla 5-parted, spreading, imbricated in bud; stamens co, in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each petal, filaments slender, authers globular; ovary 3-celled, the lower half adherent; drupe dry, with a 3-celled, mostly 1-seeded nut.-Shrubs or trees, with axillary clusters or racemes of smlall yellow lPs. S. tinctdria L'Her. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acuminate, acute at base, thick, obscurely denticulate, puberulent beneath; fis. sessile, in axillary, dense clusters of 6 to 12; cal. lobes ovate, obtuse.-Va. to Fila. and La. A small tree 10 to 201' high. Lvs. mIostly evergreenl, crowded near the ends of the branches, 3 to 5' long, sweet to the taste, turnin-g yellowish in drying, and affording a useful yellow dye. Fr. oblong-ovoid (5 to 6" long), crowned with the calyx teeth. M1ar., Apr. 2. STY' RAX, Tourn. Calyx campanulate, truncate or 5-toothed; corolla deeply 5-parted, luch longer than the calyx; stamens 10, joined to the base of the corrolla, filaments united into a short tube at base; anthers linear, erect; ovary adherent at base; firuit coriaceous, i-celled, mostly 1-seeded. Shrubs with alternate lvs. and axillary racemes of white, drooping, showy fls. 1 S. pulverulenta,lx. Branchlets, pedicels, and calyx paulzveruleetd-eowny; lvs. broadly oval, obtelse, glandular-serrulate, rust- downy beneath; fis. axillary and 2 or 3 together at the end of the branchlets.-Va. to Fla. Shrub 2 to 3f high, growing in clumps, wet places. Branches virgate. Lvs. small, about 1' by 8 to 9", nearly sessile. Bed. 2 to 3" long. Cal. hoary, with minute, sharp teeth. Pet. 6" long. Mar., Apr. 2 S. Americana Lam. Plaot glaburous; lvs. oblong or elliiptical acute at eac7 esad, wavy or remotely denticulate at edge; rac. leafy, few-flowered; pedicels shorter than or about as long' as the flower; cal. turbinate, short.-Shrub with slender, straggling branches, 4 to 8f higlh, in swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Rac. 3 to 5-flowered.'ls. 6 to 7" long, axillary, and partly naked. Cal. 1" long. Apr. (S. glabrum Mlx.) 13. LEVE. Lvs. thicker; pedicels shorter than the flowecr; corolla downy.Car. to La. The lvs. are often ovate. (S. leve Walt.) 3 S. graidif6lia A'it. Lvs. arnle, broadly obeovate, acute at base, short-acuminate or acute, entire or dentate, hoary-tomentous beneath; rac. tomentous, naked, lonyer thca t/te lvs., co-flowered.-V-a. to Fla., common. Shrub 6 to 12f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 5', the petioles only 3 to 4". Rac. often branched, 5 to 8'; cor. imbricated in bud, wide bell-shaped, longer than the pedicels. Apr., Mlay. p3. GRANDIDEXNTTA (Feay). Lvs. strongly dentate, smaller (2 to 3' by 1 to 2'), pet. nearly as broad as long.-Ga. 3. HALE'SIA, Ellis. SNOWDR-1OP TREE. (To the learned and venerable Stephenz Ihales, ]9.D., F.R.S., 1730.) Calyx obconic, briefly 4-lobedl; corolla inserted into the calyx, camppanulate, with a narrow base, 4-cleft or 4-parted; stamens 8 to 12, connate into a tube below; style filiform, pubescent; fruit dry, 4-winged, wings equal or alternately smaller; seeds 1 to 3.-N-. Am. shrubs or trees. Lvs. alternate, abruptly acuminate, finlely denticulate or entire. Fls. in advance of the lvs. pendulous, in lateral clusters of 3 to 5, white, shoswy. 1 IE. tetrdptera L. Lvs. oblong-ovate; cor. (6" long) petals united more than half way; sty. much exserted, twice longer than t;he 12 stamens; fil. slightly united; fr. equally 4-winged.-Va. to Ky. to Fla. Shrub or small tree 10 to 20f lhigh. Lvs. downy beneath, at length ample (2 to 5' by 1 to 3'). Fls. in clusters of about 3, shorter than the pedicels. Apr., May. 2 H. diptera L. Lvs. oblong-obovate; cor. (1' long), petals sliglltly united at base, oblong-obovate, style not exsert. as long as the 8 stamens; fil. united half wvay up; fr. 2-winged. —Woods, Car. to Fla., W. to Ark. Small or large tree, usually 500 ORDER 77.-SAPOTACEiE. 15 to 20f high. Prof. Pond describes one on the Ogeechee R., 45f high, trunk 18' diam. Mr. B3uckley one in N. Car., whose trunk measured 17f in circumference. Lvs. quite large (4 to 6 or 7' by 2 to 3'). Fls. in clusters of 3 to 5, oi ped. 1 to 2' long. The 2-winged pods are near 2' long. It begins to bloom several weeks later than No. 1. Apr. (It. parviflora Mix.?) ORDER LXXVI. E13ENACEA'4. ErONADs. Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Flower's by abortion dicecious seldom perfect. Cal. free, 3 to 6-cleft, divisions nearly equal, persistent. Coioela regular 3 to G-cleft, often pubescent, imbricate in testivation. Stamens twice or 4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla. l_?. a fleshy. oval or globous berry. Seeds large, suspended, albuminous. Generet 10, species 160, mostly native of the Indies and the troplics, one only beilng fun1d as far North as N. Y. ibooper'ties.-Dios prus s is reminarkable for the hardness and dark calor of the -wood. Ebo)ny is the wood of D. Ebenets, Ebenaster, and other species, natives of Africa. The fruit of the species belohw is eatablle when fully ripe, although extremely bitter and astringent before maturit-. The bark is eminently febrifugal and astringent. DIOSPY'ROS, Dalesch. PERSIIMON. Fls. C a. Cal. 4-6-lobedl; cor. tubular or campanulate, 4-6-cleft, convolute in estivation. $ Sta. 8-50, 1mostly 16; fil. shorter than the anthers; ova. abortive; st-. 0. 9 Sta. mostly 8, without anthers; sty. 2-4-cleft; berry ovoid or globous, 4-12- mostly 8-celled, cells 1-seded. —A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical. D. Virginiana L. Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire, smooth, petioles, veins and margins puberulent; rac. axillary, 3 to 1-flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers; cal. 4-parted; stam. 8. —In woods, lat. 420, to Fla. and La., frequent. A. shrub or small tree at the North, a tree of large dimensions South and West. Leaves 3-5' long, entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, pale greenishyellow, the fertile ones succeeded by a round, orange-red fruit as large as the garden plum, and containing 6-8 stony seeds. They are rendered sweet and palatable by the frost. DBark tonic and astringent. Ju. ORDErP LXXVII. SAPOTACEA. SOAPWORTS. i'"'ees or shrubs, mostly iwith a milky juice, and simple, entire leaves. Flowers small, regular, perfect, mostly in axillary clusters. Calyx free, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, short, stamens usually as many as its lobes and opposite to them, inserted into its tube along with one or more rows of appendages. _Anthers extrorse. Ovary 4 to 12-celled, with, a single anatropous ovule in each cell. Seeds large, usually albuminous. Genera 21, species 212, chiefly tropical. Valuable for their succulent fruit, as the mnarmnalade, star-apple, etc., for their febrifilgal bark, some species of Achras being.fused as a substitute for Cinchona, and their gurni resins, as the Gutta-Percha obtained firom the tree Isonandra Gutta. BUM1VE'LIA, Swarts. (The Greek name of the Ash.) Calyx 5-parted corolla 5-cleft, with a row of 10 narrow appendages on the edges of the lobes; stamens 5, opposite the lobes, alternate with 5 petaloid, sterile stamens; ovary 5-celled; style filiform; drupe ellipsoid, 1-seeded. -Shrubs and trees, with a very hard, firm wood. Branchlets often changed to spines. Lvs. entire, of a firm texture. Fls. aggregated with the lvs. from buds of the preceding year, white or greenish. Our species ale all imore or less spiny. * Leaves hairy beneath........... Nos. 1, 2. ** Leaves glabrous both sides.....os. os. 3, 4 ORDER 78. —PRIMULACE2E. 501 1 B. tenax Willd. Clusters and lvs. beneath silky-ferruginous; lvs. wedge-oblong or obovate, obtuse, attenuated to the slender petiole; clusters 20 to 35-flowered, pedicels 3 to 5 times longer than the flowers, longer than the petioles; cor. and appendages exceeding the calyx; drupe oval. —Dry sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Tree 20 to 30f high, with tough twigs (as all the rest have). Spines stout, 6 to 12' long. Lvs. 2 to 3' long 5 to 8"' wide, shining, rusty or tawny but glistening beneath. Drupe beautifully corrugated when dry. Jn., J1. 2 B. lanuginosa Pers. Lvs. oval-lanceolato varying to obovate, membranous woolly ferruginous beneath, obtuse or rather acute; fascicles few (6 to 12)-fcowered, pedicels short, but as long as, or longer than the petioles, both wocolly; drupe globular.-Wet soils, S. Ill. to Car. and La. Shrub 8 to 12f high, with spreading, spiny branches. Lvs. 18" to 3' long, woolly, not silky beneath. Pedicels 2 to 4' long. Jn., JI.-Variable. (B. tomentosa DC., B. oblongifolia Nutt.) 3 B. lycioides Gaert. Glabrous, or nearly so; lvs. wedge-elliptical, rather acule, attenuated to the slender petiole; clusters densely (20 to 30)-flowered; pcdicels twice longer than the fis. but rather shorter than the petioles; cor. near twice longer than the cal.-Danmp soils, Ky., N. Car. to La. A small tree with the branches nearly straight. Spines on the older branches short, stout. Lvs. including the petiole 2 to 3' long, pedicels 3", fl. 1", greenish-white. MBay, Jn. 4 B. reclinata Vent. Glabrous; branches divaricate; Ivs. obovate, obtuse, small, narrowed to a short petiole; clusters 15 to 20-flowered; pedicels slender, half as lonig as the leaf; cor. twice as lono as the calyx.-Rivers banks, Car. to Fla. A straggling shrub. Lvs. scarcely 1' long. Jn., J1. ORDER LXXVSIII. PIMULACEE. PRIMWORTS. Herbs low, with the leaves mostly radical or mostly opposite, with the flowers 5(rarely 4 to 6)-parted, regular and monopetaTous, the stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube and opposite to its lobes, the ovary one-celled, with a free central placenta, style 1, stigma 1, the capsule 1-celled, co-seeded; seeds with fleshy albumen. Genzera 80, species 216, common in the northern temperate regions, growing in swamps, groves by rivulets, and often among the snow of "cloud-capped mountains." Many are beautiful an(l highly prized in culture. Properties unimportant. TRIBES AND GENERA. I. IIOTTONIExE. Ovary superior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves pectinate. IIOTTONIA.. 1 II. PrIIILEa. Ovary superior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (*) * Acaulescent.-Corolla lobes spreading, tube cylindrical.................... PiriLULA. 2 -Corolla lobes spreading, tube ovoid.....................A..R.AnosAACE. 3 -Corolla lobes reflexed. —Stamens exerted.............. DODECATHIEOx'. 4 -Stamens included............... CYCLAMEN. 5 * Caulescent.-Corolla wanting. Leaves opposite........:.................. GLAUx. 6 -Corolla 7-parted. Leaves in one whorl................... TIENTvALS. 7 -Corolla 6-parted. Leaves opposite......................-NALMBREGIA. S -Corolla 5-parted. Leaves opposite or whorled............LYSIMtACIHIA. 9 II. ANAGA.LL1UDE. Ovary superior. Pyxis opening by a lid.-Flowers 5-parted.... ANAGALLIS. 10 -Flowers 4-partedC. CENTENCULUS. 11 IV. SAMIOLEE. Ovary half inferior. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted..........SAMlOLUS. 12 1. HOTTO'NIA, L. AVATER-FEATHER. (To Peter Hotton, professor in the University of Leyden. Died 1709.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla salver-form, with a short tube, and a fat, 5-lobed limb.; stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, included; stigma globous; capsule globous-acuminate.- 2g Fleshy, aquatic herbs, with pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed, radical lvs. H. inflAta Ell. WATER-FEATHER. Scape articulate, the internodes and lower parts inflated; fis. verticillate, pedunculate.-A curious aquatic plant in swamps and stagnant waters, Mass., R. I. and Ct., N. Y. to Fla. and La. Stem immersed, round, thick, spongy, with a whorl of finely pectinate leaves (1 to 2' long) at or near the surface of the water, Peduncles or scapes several together arising in a 502 ORDER 78. —PRIMULACEYA. sort of umbel from the top of the stem, 8-10' long, inflated between the joints, Flowers small, white, in numerous verticils, generally 4 in each, subtended by a lance-linear bract. Apr., (Fla.), Jn. (Mass.) (Hi. palustris tlh., nec L.) 2. PFRII'ULA, L. PRIMROSE. AURICULA. (Lat. frivzzs, first; because its blossoms appear earliest in spring.) Calyx angular, 5-cleft; corolla salver-shaped or often rather funnel-shapel, with 5 entire or notched or bifid lobes; stamens included, filaments velry short; capsule ovoid, 5-valved, valves often bifid, opening at the top, co-seeded. — IIerbs (mostly European) with the Ivs. all radical and fis. in an i:lvolucrato umbel, often showy. * Plants native, wild. Corolla salver-form, abruptly spreading....... Nos. 1, 2 * Plants cxotic, cultivated. (a) a Corolla salver-fbrm.-Thc lobes abruptly spreading...................N..Nos. 8, 4 a Corolla funnel —form.-Leaves rugous, hairy, toothe(l...................... Nos. 5, 6 -Leaves plain, smooth, often entire..................Nos. 7, 8 i P. Mistassinica Mx. Lvs. spatulate, dentate or crenate, obtuse or acute, attenuate at base, green both sides; invol. 1-8-flowered; bracts 3 times shorter than the padicels, linear-subulate; cal. mucl shorter than the tube of the corolla; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate.-Shores of Seaneca Lake, N. Y. (Dr..Sartwell), Lake Willoughby, Vt. and throughout Brit. Am. A very delicate plant, 3 to 7' high. Leaves about 5, 5-8" by 3-4", almost petiolate. Flowers 5" diam., white. Pedicels 7" in length. 2 P. farin6sa L. /. AMrErICANA, Torr. BIRD'S-EYE P1R3ImROSE. LVS. narrow, veiny, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulato at apex, attenuate at base, unfder surface covered with a yellowish-white, farinaceous dust; invol. farinaceous, 3-20flowered, shorter than the pedicels; bracts long-acuminate; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. salver-form, lobes obcordate, bifid, obtuso.-Shores of Lakes Huron and Superior (Nutt., lIolsghton), N. to lat. 6GO. Scape 6-12' high. Flowers pale purple, yellow in the center. 3 P. grandifi6ra Lam. CosIMON PI3nRosE. — Lvs. obovale, oblong, rugozut, villous beneath, toothed; urnbel radical; fl. stalks as long as the leaves; cor. flat, -- _ Native of Europe. An interesting garden plant, esteemed for its early flowering, and for its being prolific in variation. In its wild state its flowers are yellow and single, but by cultivation they become double, and in the numerous varieties, red, pink, white, orange, purple, &c., and the umnbels, in numerous instances, are on a scape. Apr. t (P. vulgaris Ituds.) 4 P. purpfirea Royl. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, very smooth, covered beneath with yellowish fatina, margin undulate, revolute; scape thick, glabrous, longer than the leaves; invol. co-flowered, as long as the pedicels, farinaceous beneathl cor. segments obovate, obtuse, not emarginate.-Native of the mountains of Napaul, Asia. Flowers dark purple. 1. 5 P. officinAlis Jaeq. COWSLIP PRTAIsLSEa. ILvs. toothed, rugous, lhairy beneath; umbels many-flowered, flowers all nodding; cal. angular; cor. concave. -24 Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. Plant smells strongly of anise. Leaves are used as a potherb, and are recommended for feeding silk-wuorms. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seed. Jn. f (P. veris Cam.) 6 P. elatior Jacq. Ox-LIP PRIMROSE.-Lvs. toothed, rugous, hairy on eacll side; umbel many-flowered, with the outer flowers nodding; cor. flat. — 2 Native of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape a foot high. Apr., IMay. t 7 P. auricula L. AURICULA. Lvs. onovate, entire or serrate, fleshy; scape many-flowered, central,.as long as the leaves; invol. of short leaves; cal. poVwdery.-24 Native of 1the Alps. A well known favorite of the florist. The cultivated varieties are i.mllallnuerable, and many of them of exquisite beauty and fragrance. ~May. f 8 P. calycina Duby. Lvs. lanceolate, thin, smooth, entire, acute, surrounded with a white margin; invol. 3 —5-flowered, as long as the pedicels; cal. tube venztricous; cor. lobes obcordate, emarginate.-Nativo of Mts. in Austria. Flowers purple, very beautiful. t ORDER 78.-PRIMIULACEE. 503 3. ANDROS'ACE, Tourn. (Gr. civdp6g, a man's, cardco, buckler or shield; from the form of the leaf.) Calyx 5-cleft or toothed; corolla funnel-form or salyer-form, the 5 lobes entire, tube constricted at the throat, ovate, shorter than the calyx; filaments and style very short; capsule globous.-Minute emspitous herbs with radical, rosulate lvs. A. occidentAlis Ph. Lvs. oblong-spatulate and ovate, entire, glabrous; scape solitary, or few, puberulent; bracts oval, pedicels slender; cal. angular, segm. acute; cor. lobes long, obtuse. —m) Gravelly shores of the -Miss., Ill. (Gray), and Mo. (Nutt.) Scapes I to 3' high. 4. DODECATH'EOBI, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. PRIDE OF OIIIO. (Gr. dSdeita, twelve, 08oi, gods; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12.) Calyx 5-parted, reflexed; cor. tube, very short, limb rotate, 5-partd, segm. reflexed; sta. 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla; fil. very short; anth. large, acute, connivent at apex; style exserted; caps. oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. — 2 lRoot fibrous, with radical, oblong Ivs., an erect, simple scape, andl a terminal umnbel of nodding white flowers and erect fruit. 1 D. MeAdia L. Lvs. oval or oblong, obtuse, attenuate at base into a marginal petiole, glabrous, entire or repandly dentate; scape 9-20 flowered; bracts of the invol. ovate, inner ones lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acute, entire; fil. united into a tube much shorter than the subulate anthers. —A singularly elegant herb, on prairies, dry or rocky soils, Penn. to Ind., Ill., Wisc. and throughout the Western States. Whole plant very smooth. Leaves all radical, 7 —10' long, often quite entire. Scapes 1 to 2f high. The nodding flowers with their winglike, reflexed petals and beak-like anthers, exhibit a very unique appearance. Mlay, Jn. (Fi(g. 297, 394.) 5. CYC'LADIEN; L. (Gr. v;lzog, a circle; on account of the coiled fruit stalks.) Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted; corolla tube ovate, short, limb 5-parted, reflexed; anthers 5, included, sessile; capsule globous, 5-valved. —Oriental herbs. RIt. a large tuber. Lvs. all radical, ovate or roundish, cordate. Scapes naked, erect, with one nodding flower, but in fruit coiling up, and hiding the capsule in the ground. 1 C. Europeum L. Lvs. roundish-reniform, crenate; pbt. lance-ovate, obtuse. -Lvs. purple beneath. Fls. roseate, fragrant. t Eur. 2 C. Coum YMill. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, entire; pet. ovate-orbicular, obtuse.Lvs. purple beneath. Fls. inodorous, purple. t Asia Minor. 6. GLAUX, L. BLACK SALTWYORT. (Gr. TyavKo6g, bluish or glaucous; from the hue of the plant.) Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored; corolla none; stamens 5; capsule roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5-valved, 5-seeded. —2 Maritime, branching, glabrous, with opposite lvs. and small axillary, solitary fis. G. maritima L. A small, fleshy plant, found occasionally on the salt marshes on the sea coast, Can. to N. J. Stem more or less procumbent at base, 4 to 6' higYh, smooth, branching and very leafyt. Lvs. f' in length, roundish-ovate, obtuse, entire, nearly or quite sessile, smooth, fleshy and darkly glaucous. Cal. white, tinged with red. J1. 7. TRIENTA'LIS, L. CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN. (Lat. triens, the third part of a foot (4'); alluding to the height of the plant.) Calys and corolla 7 (6 to 8)-parted, spreading; stamens 7 (6 to 8); fruit capsular, somewhat fleshy, oo-seeded.-St. low, simple. Lvs. subverticillate. Pedicel 1-flowered. 504 ORDER 78.-PRIMULACEzE. T. Americana Ph. St. erect, simple, leafless at base; lvs. glomerate, few, narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate; sep. linear, acuminate.-This little plant is common in the rocky woods of Can., N. States, southward to Atalanta, Ga. St. 3 to 6' high, with an irregular whorl of 4 to 8, lanceolate, smooth and shining lvs. at the top. In the midst of these are 1 to 4 white, star-like fis., borne on simple, filiform pedicels. The lvs. are mostly 3' long and 1' wide. Segm. of cor. longer than the acute cal. Iv. May, Jn. 8. NAUMBiBER'GIA, Melnch. (Dedicated to one Vaunmberg, an early German botanist.) Calyx and corolla deeply 5 to 6-parted; petals linear-lanceolate, spreading, separated by minute intervening teeth; stamens 5 to 6, inserted into the base of the corolla, exserted, anthers cordate; capsule globous, 5-valved; seeds few, on a globous placenta,'-2 with opposite lvs. Fls. small, in dense, thyrsoid racemes. (Lysimachia L.) N. thyrsiflira Mcench. —An erect, smooth herb, about 2f high, Mass., Vt., N. Y., W. to Ohio, N. to Are. Am. Lvs. many pairs, sessile, lanceolate acute, entire, punctate, somewhat canescent beneath, 2 to 3' by ~ to 1'. Rae. somewhat capitate, on filiform, axillary ped. Fls. yellow. Stam. much exserted, united into a tube at base. Jn. 9. LYSI1ACH'IA, L. LOOSE-STRIFE. (To Lysimachus, King of Sicily, who first used it. Pliny.) Calyx 5-parted, rotate or campanulate, tube very short; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla at base; filaments often somewhat connate or with intervening, sterile ones;'capsule globous, 5 to 10-valved, opening at the apex; seeds few or many. — Herbs 24, with opposite or verticillate entire lvs. (Fls. yellow.) ~ Sterile filaments 0. Perfect stamens 5, unequal. Leaves and often the flowers dotted. (a) a Flowers verticillate, in a terminal, braected raceme.........Nos. 1, 2 a Flowers opposite or verticillate, axillary or panicled...... Nos. 3, 4 ~ Sterile filaments 5 short teeth interposed between the perfect stamens Dotless. (b) b Stemn erect. Leaves oplposite, acute and tapering at base.......Nos. 5, 6 b Stern erect. Leaves olpposite, obtuse or subecordate at base........No. b Stem decumrnbent and trailing. Leaves opposite................:Nos. s, 9 1 L. Ptricta Ait. Simple or branched, erect; lvs. opposite (rarely) ternate, lanceolate or lance-linear, glabrous, punctate, acute, sessile; fls. verticillate, in a long, lax, terminal raceme; pet. lanceolate spreading.-24 In low, wet grounds, Can., N. Eng. to Va. and Ohio. Plant smooth, 1-2f high, raceme 6-8' long. Ped. 1' long, spreading, each with a subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3 short, united at base. Fls. yellow, streaked with purple. After flowering it throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which will produce new plants the following spring. J1. 2 L.. Herbem6nti Ell. Glabrous, simple; Ivs. whorled in 4s or 5s, sessile, lanceovate or ovate, obscurely 3-veined, acuminate, glaucous beneath; margin revolute, entire; fils. verticillate, in a terminal, bracted raceme.-A handsome species, near Columbus, S. Car. (Herbemont). Plant 2f high. Lvs. becoming more narrow above, passing into the linear bracts, and with the bright yellow fls., sprinkled with dots. Stem unequal. Jn., J1. 3 L. quadrif6lia L. Simple, erect; Ivs. verticillate, in 4s, rarely in 5s or 3s, sessile, latnceolate, acuminate, punctate; ped. axillary, 1-flowered, in 4s (3s or 5s); pet. oval, obtuse. —2 In low grounds, river banks, Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 18' high, somewhat hairy, simple, with many whorls of 4-5 leaves, each bearing a flower-stalk in its axil. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Stamens unequal, united at base into a short tube. Anth. purple. Jn. 4 L. FPrseri Duby. Glandular-pubescent and branched above; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, ovate, often cordate, acuminate, glabrous; fls. in a compound, terminal, bracted panicle.-In. S. Car. (Frazer in DC.) Fls. numerous. Cal. segm. acuminate, the margins thickened, brownish, ciliated. Stam. unequal, 2 of them shorter thatn the other 3, sterile fil. none. ORDER 78.-PRIMULACEAE. 505 5 L. longif6lia Ph. PRAIRIE MONEYWORT. St. slender, 4-angled, flexuous, branched above; Ivs. linear-shining, rigid, sessile, mnargin revolute; fls. opposite or mostly quaternate and terminal on the stem and branches; sep. lance-linear, acuminate; pet. longer than the calyx, roundish-ovate, erose-dentate, abruptly acuminate.-Common in low prairies, fW. States. The large yellow flowers are very conspicuous among the grasses. Stems 12-20' high, purple. Leaves 23' by 2-3", coriaceous, deep green. Flowers numerous, 9" diam., of a brilliant yellow. Anth. large. Jl. (L. revoluta Nutt.) 6 L. hybrida Mx. Smooth and erect; Ivs. flat, veiny, oblong-lanceolate or lancelinear, acute at each end (the lower often shortened and obtuse), petioles ciliate, short; fis. nodding; ped. axillary; stam. united in a very short tube at base, with intermediate processes. — Moist meadows and prairies, Can. and U. S. The fis. resemble those of thl L. ciliata. St. If to 18' high, simple or branched. Lvs. 1 to 3' by 3 to 8", the two upper pairs usually approximate, forming a whorl of 4, with 4 axillary fls. JI. (L. angustifolia Lam. L. heterophylla MIx.) 7 L. ciliAta L Subsimple, erect; lvs. opposite, rarely quaternate, ovate, subcordate or ovate-lanceolate, petioles ciliate upper side; fis. nodding mostly opposite; sta. distinct, with 5 abortive filaments. —24 In gravely soils and near streams, 1U. S. and Can. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4-sided, 2-3f high, simple or with a few opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base, on petioles fringed with cileme, the upper ones apparently quaternate. Flowers large, yellow, axillary. Stalnens inserted into a ring. J1. /3. ToNSA. Petioles entirely destitute of cilem; lvs. smaller.-Mts. E. Tenn., near the Cumberland Gap. Plants 6 to 18' high. S L. rAdicans I-ook. St. erect at base, glabrous, then decumbent, long, trailing, branching and rooting at the joints; Ivs. lance-ovate, gradually acute, the long petioles more or less ciliate; fls. small, loosely paniculate on the slender branches. -Wet places, Va. (Aikin) to La. (Hale). Sts. 2 to 4f long. Petioles half as long (1') as the leaves. Fls. half as large as in No. 4. 9 L. nummulAria L. MONEYWORT. St. weak, trailing; Ivs. roundish, subcordate, obtuse, on very short petioles; fls. opposite, axillary, large, sep. ovate, subcordate, acuminate. —Found at Middlebury, Vt. (Prof. Lathrop), and shores of L. IMicb. (Nutt.). Eur. 10. ANAGAL'LIS, L. SCARLET PIMPERNEL. POOR MAN'S WEATHERGLASS. (Gr. avayedao`, to laugh; it is said to be medicinally efficacious in hypochondria.) Calyx 5-parted; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted, longer than the calyx, tube 0; sta. 5, hirsute; anth. introrse; caps. globous, membranaceous, circumscissile. HIerbs withl square stems and (mostly) opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary. (Fig. 39.) A. arv6nsis L. Procumbent, branched; lvs. broad-ovate, opposite or ternate, sessile; ped. longer than the leaves; sep. linear-lanceolate, about equaling the petals; pet. crenate-glandular. —( A trailing plant, in fields, road-sides, &c., U. S. (except the colder parts of N. Eng.), and in almost all other countries. Stem 6-20' long, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves 6-8" by 4-6". Fls. small but pretty, with scarlet petals, opening at 8 o'clock, A. -f., and closing at 2 i. MI., in damp weather not open at all. Jn.-Aug.-Dr. 3Buel. of Killington, Ct., sent us specimens with blue flowers! 11. CENTUN'CULUS, L. FALSE PIMPERNEL. Calyx 4-parted; cor. urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx; sta. 4, beardless, united at base; caps. globous, circumscissile; seeds very minute. —D Very diminutive, with alternate vA. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile. C. minimus L. Erect or ascending, branched; lvs. subsessile, ovate or lanceovate, obtusish, entire, alternate, lower opposite; sep. linear-subulate, equaling the capsule.-Wet places, Ill. (Mead), and Southern States. Plant 1 to 2' high in Ill., but 3 to 6' long in La. Leaves about 2 " by 1"' Flowers reddish? J1. 506 ORDER 79.-PLANTAGINACEAE. 12. SAM'OLUS, L. WNVATER PIMIPERNEL. (Celtic san., salutary, Mos, a pig; a specific for the diseases of swine, says Pliny.) Calyx partly adherent, 5-cleft; cor. hypocrateriformn, 5-cleft; sta. 5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile filaments); caps. dehiscent at top by 5 valves, mnany-seeded. — Herbs with alternate lvs. Fls. coryiabous or racemous. (Fig. 272,) f3. valerandi L. /3. AMERICANUS (Gray). St. simple or branched; lvs. obtuse, ovate or obovate, the radical petiolate; fis. in a raceme or panicle of racemes, pcdicels with a minute bract near the middle; pet. longer than the sep.-In wet, gravelly places, frequent throughout thle country. Sts. 6' to If high, simple when first flowering, becoming often much branched. Lvs. thin, about 1 long. Ped. less than 1', with small (near 2" diam.) milk white fs. A white spot in the axils of the branches. J1.-Sept. (North), Apr. —J1. (South). (S. floribunda of authors.) ORDER LXXIX. PLANTAGINACELE. 1)IhnwSoRTS. llerbs rarely shrubby, with radical leaves and the flowers in a spike on a scape. Flowcrs regular, tetramerous. Stamens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube. Anlehers versatile, filaments usually slender and ~xserted. Fr-euit a membranous pyxis, with 1, 2, or many albuminous seeds. Gelera 3,.species 200, most abundant in temperate climates, scattered throuhiout all countries of the globe. Properties unimportant. PLANTA'GO, L. PLANTAIN. RIIBWORT. Sepals 4, mlembranous, persistent; corolla nmonopetalous; border 4-toothed, spreading, persistent anrd withering on the fruit; stamens 4 (rarely 2), the long, slender filaments exserted, or in some of the fls. included; ovary 2 (-4)celled; pyxis inembranous, openinlg below the middle by a lid, when the loose dissepiment falls out with the seeds.-(IIHerbs acaulescent.) Fls. small, whllitisllh, in a slender spike raised on a scape. ~ Stamens uniformly exserted. Corolla lobes spreadling. Flowers renifrmn. (a) a Seeds 7 to 16. Leaves broadly ovate, 7-veined.'Spike dense...................No. 1 Seeds 4 onily. Leaves oblong or cordate, 3 to T-veined......................Nos. 2, 3 a Seeds 2 only. Leaves lanceolate. Scape tall...............................Nos. 4, 5 a Seeds 2 or 4. Leatves linear, fleshy......................................Nos. os. 7 ~ Stamens mostly icludeld, witll short anthers. Flowers dimnorphous? (b) b Seeds 2 only. Corolla lobes roundish, reflexdd. Leaves linear..................No. 8 b Seeds 2, rarely 8 or 4. Corolla lobes erect. Leaves lanceolate.................No. 9 b Seeds 4 to 20. Leaves linear. P'lants very small....Nos. 10, 11 1 P. major L. CorsMrox PLAhNTAIN or IIBmwVOrT. Lvs. ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed, palznately 7-veined, witlh long, channeled footstalks; scape round; fls. densely spiked; seeds 7 to 16.-4 Common always at the door and by the wayside. The leaves are reputed a good external application for wounds, &c. The seeds are eaten by sparrows and other small birds. Lvs. broad, flat, with about 7 veins, each containing a strong fibre which may be pulled out. Scape 1 to 3f high, with a very long (5 to 20'), cylindric spike. I'ls. white, inconspicuous, appearing in succession all summer. ~ Eur., &c. 2 P. Rugeli Done. Lvs. oblong or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, 3 to 5-veined, attenuated to a petiole; ped. slender, terete; spike cylindrical, more or less loose-flowered; bracts acutish, shorter than thie smooth sepals.-Ala. (Decaisne in Prod. DC. XIII, p. 700). Allied to P. major, perhaps too nearly. 3 P. cordAta Lam. Lvs. cordate-ovate, broad, smooth, subpinnately 5 to 7-veined, obscurely toothed; fls. loosely spicate, lower ones scattered, with ovate, obtuse, bracts; ly)xis 4-seeded.-4 Can. to Tenn. and Ga., along streams. Our largest native species, nearly as large as P. major. Spikes 6 to 8' long, on scapes twice as high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, more or less cordate at base. Cor. white, with obovate segments. Pyxis a third longer than the calyx, with 2 margined seeds in each cell. Jn., J1. 4 P. lanceolata L. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering at each end, petiole channeled; spike ovate or cylindric, dense; scape angular; bracts and cor. lobes acuz7inale. ORDER 80.-PLUMBAGINACEE. 507' I4 Can. to Ga. Common in pastures and grass lands. Easily known Dy its longer lvs. tapering at the base into a broad stalk, and with from 3 to 5 strong ribs; by its shorter spike (1 to 2' long), with dark colored corollas, and whitish, projecting stamens, and its slender, upright stalk (8 to 15' long) with prominent angles. Flowering from May to Oct. It is freely eaten by cattle. 5 P. sparsifiSra Mx. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong, tapering at each end, petiole flat; ped. slender, terete, much longer than the lvs.; spike long, 9remotely- floweecd, or interr'upted; binacts, selpals and browin petals obtuse.-Moist pine barrens, S. Car. and Ga. (Curtis). Plant usually smooth often pubescent below. Flowers all sunmmner. (P. interrupta Lam.) 6 P. maritima L. Lvs. linear, channeled, ncarly entire, woolly at base; ps2ikes cylindrical, dense; scapo round; posterior sep. concave and crested on the back.Grows in salt marshes, along the coast, Me. to N. J. It has a large perennial root sending up a scape varying in height from 3' to if, and numerous, very fleshy, dark green, linear leaves, deeply grooved on the inside and 6 to 10' long. Spike slender, of numerous, subimbricate, whitish fls. Aug. P. juncoldes. Lvs. erect, entire, linear, fleshy, attenuated to the subacute apex, bearded at base; scapes terete, scarcely longer than the lvs.; spikes oblong, nostly loose-flowoered; bracts orbicular-ciliate; sep. not crested.-Salt marshes, N. J. Plant more slender than the preceding. J1. (P. maritima,3. Poir.) 8 P. aristAta Mx. Lvs. linear, erect, villous; ped. terete, longer than the leaves; spikes cylindrical, dense-flowered, villous when young: bracts attenuated to long, setaceous, rigid awns; cor. lobes round-cordate, uniformly colored, conspicuous; seeds large, finely lunct;ate in lines.-Prairies in Ill., abundant at Odin's Station. Lvs. 3 to 4' long. Ped. with spike about 9' high, the latter beset with awns 3 to 6 to 8" long. Jn., JI. (P. Patagonica Gray.) 9 P. Virginica L. LESSER PLANTAIN. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, hoary pubescent, subdenticulate; scape angular; spikes cylindric, pubescent, dense-flowered above, often loose-flowered below; seeds rarely more than 2; bracts shorter than the ciliate sep.-A biennial species on sandy or stony hills in the southern part of N. Eng. and N. Y. to Ga. and La. Mluch smaller than P. major. The whole plant is covered withl soft, (gray pubescence. Scape 4 to 8' high, hairy. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, narrowed at base into petioles, obtuse at the end. Cor. yellowish, with very acute segments, erect when including the stamens.. J1. (P. purpuruscens Nutt?) 10 P. heterophlla Nutt. Lvs. linear, entire, and with a fezo slender teeth or lobes, attenuate at each end; ped. many, slender, as long as the lvs; spikes looseflowered; cor. closed upon the conical fSuit, the short lobes crowning it as a crest; pyxis 10 to 20-seeded.- (I Q2) Wet grounds. Mid. to La. Small and slender. Scape almost threadlike, 4 to 7' high, lvs. about 3'. (P. pusilla Dcea. P. Ludoviciana Riddell.) 11 P. pusilla Nutt. Lvs. lineea-, entire, thin, pubescent; scapes longer than the lvs., very slender, with scattered or approximate fis.; fr. scarcely longer than the calyx, crowned with the cor. lobes, 4-seeded.- () The smallest species of the genus, 1 to 6' high, in dry soils, N. Y. to Ga. and Wr. States. (P. perpusilla Dcne.) ORDER LXXX. PLUMBAGINACEAE. LEAD WORTS. JTes-bs or undershrubs with the leaves alternate or all clustered at the root. Flowers regular. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla hypocrateriform, of 5 petals united at base, or sometimes almost distinct. Sta. 5, hypogynous and opposite the petals or inserted on their claws. Ova. 1-celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). Fr%. a utricle, or dehiscent by valves, containing 1 anatropous seed. Genera 10, species 230, mostly seaside or salt marsh plants, found in all latitudes. Propereties. —The root of Statice Limoniuni is one of the best and most powerful of all astlingents. The species of Pliumbago are acrid and eschlarotic, so iiuch so, that the roots of P. Europfeus are said by Lindley to be employed in Europe by beggars, to raise blisters on the face, i-n order to excite compassion. 508 ORDER 80.-PLUMBAGINACE.E. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1. STATICE2E. Styles distinct, at least above. Utricle not valvate. (a) a Stigmas capitate. Style connated at base. Lvs. acerous. Scape terete...ACANTIOLOm.O0. 5 a Stigmas capitate. Styles distinct at base. Leaves fiat. Scape 3-angled....GosNoLoiMON. 4 a Stigmas filiform. —Styles glabrous. Scape branching...........................STATICE. 1 -Styles plumous. Scape capitate............................ ARMERIA. 2 II. PLUMBAGE-E. Styles united to the apex. Pericarp subvalvate. (b) b Corolla hypocrateriform. Calyx not enlarged in fruit......................PLUMBAGO. 3 1. STATICE, L. MARSH ROSEMARY. (Gr. ~a-FC-i(T, to stop; because used medicinally it stops diarrhaea, says Pliny.) Calyx funnelform, limb scarious, 5-nerved, 5-parted; petals scarcely united at base; filaments 5, adnate to the very base of the corolla; ovary crowned witlh the 5 glabrous, filiform styles, utricle regularly or irregularly circulnscissile.- 24 Herbs with the scape branching the flowers 3-bracted, sessile on the 3-bracted branchlet. S. Limonum L. Very\smooth; lvs. oblong-elliptical or oblanceolate, acute, tipped with a bristle, tapering to a long petiole; scapes terete, fistulous, bracted, paniculato; spikelets 1-flowered (rarely 2), involucrate with 3 bractlets, remotely secund on the branchlets; cal. lobes very acute.-Salt marshes along the coast, from Newfoundland to S. Car. Scape 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, the petioles rather longer. The root is large, ligneous, strongly astringent, much valued in medicine. JI.-Oct. (S. Carolinianum Walt.)-Differs from the European varieties which have mostlyv 2 to 3-flowered spikelets, more close on the braneblets, cal. lobes scarcely acute, &c. 2. ARMYE'RIA, Willd. THRIFT. Flowers collected in a dense head; involucre 3 to many-leaved; calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shallow lobes, scarious and plaited; petals, stamens, &c., as in Statice.24 Lvs. radical, mostly lineare. Scape simple, appendaged above. A. vulga'ris Willd. Scape terete, smooth; lvs. linear, flat, obtuse; outer bracts of the invol. ovate-acute, shorter than the sheathing appendage at their base.-A neat and elegant plant, native near the sea-coast, Brit. Am. (Hook.) Often cultivated. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 2 to 3", numerous, crowded. Scape about If high, bearing a singular sheath at top, formed according to Lindley by the adherent bases of involucral lvs. Fls. rose-colored. Jn.-Aug. 2 A. latif6iia Willd. Scape solitary, tall; lvy. very broad, oblong, 5 to 7veined; fls. (rose-red) in a large head from a long sheath; bracts scarious, the outer oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate. —t Portugal. 3. PLUMIBA'GO, Tourn. LEADWORT. (Lat. plumnbu~m (lead), a disease of the eyes, which it was reputed to cure. Pliny.) Calyx herbaceous, glandular, 5-lobed, not enlarged after flowering; corolla salverform, tube longer than calyx, limb twisted in mstivation; anthers 5, linear; style 1, stigmas 5, filiform; utricle membranous, mucronate with the persistent style. —Ierbs or shrubs. Fls. cyanic, numerous through the season. 1 P. Capensis Thunb. St. shrubby, scarcely climbing; lvs. oblong entire, glaucous-tubercular beneath, petiolate; fls. in short, dense, terminal spikes, pale blue.-t Cape of Good Hope. Very pretty. Southward it is hardy. 2 P. ccerilia Kunth. St. herbaceous, erect: lvs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, petiole winged and auriculate at base; fis. in terminal, loose spikes, blue.- 24 f Peru and Chili. 4 GONIOLOMON speciosum Boiss. (Statice speciosa L.), with white fls., 3 or 4 in each spikelet. G. Tartdricum Boiss (S. Tartarica L.), with pink fis., 1 or 2 in a spikelet, both from Russia, are occasionally cultivated. Also ORDER 81.-LENTIBULACE.. 509 5 ACANTHOLOMON caryophyllAceum Boiss. (S. Echinus L.), turfy, with stiff, linear, 3-cornered, needle-shaped, recurved lvs. and scape, twice as high, bearing a single spike.-j- From Asia. ORDER LXXXI. LENTIBULACEE. BUTTE RWORTS. Herbs small, growing in water or wet places, with showy, bilabiate fls. on scapes. Cclyx inferior, of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, personate, spurred. Stamens 2, included within the corolla and inserted on its upper lip. Anth. 1celled. Ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta. Style 1. Stigma cleft. Frueit. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute. Embryo straight, with no albumen. Geneera 4, species 175, natives of swamps, pools, and rivulets, diffused throughout nearly all countries. Properties unimportant. 1. PINGUIC'ULA, L. BUTTERVWORT. (Lat. pinyuis, fat, from the greasy appearance of the leaves.) Calyx 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate; cor. bilabiate or rarely subregular, upper lip bifid or 2-parted, lower trifid or 3-parted, spurred at base beneath; sta. 2, very short; stig. sessile, 2-lobed; caps. erect; seeds,c.- - In wet places. Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire. Scapes I-flowered, nodding. * Flowers blue.....Nos. 1, 2, 3. ** Flowers yellow......No. 4 3 P vuig~aris L. Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtuse, unctious-puberulent above, scape and calyx subpubescent; cor. lips ver-y unequal, lobes obtuse, entire; spur cylindrical, shorter than the corolla.-Wet rocks and thin, damp soils, N. Y. (near Rochester, Dewey, Beck.) N. to Arctic Am. (Hooker.) Scape 6-8' high, with solitary, nodding fls. Leaves all springing from the root, fleshy, spatulate or ovate, with a tapering base, fleshy and unctious to the touch. Corolla with a purple tube, lined with soft hairs. Flowering early in Apr. and May. 2 P. elatior Mx. Lvs. ovate-spatulate, scape villous at base; cal. glandularpuberulent; cor. tube ventricous, hairy within, lobes subequal, emargisate,; spur compressed, obtuse, about half' as long as the tube.-W-et grounds, S. Car. to Fla., more common in the middle districts. The lvs. are very small proportionately (scarcely 1' long in our specimens), while the slender and bractless scape is 8 to 14' high. Sep. oblong, obtuse, the 2 lower approximating. Cor. 1' to 15" long, greenish blue? with purple lines. MAar., Apr. 3 P. p-imila Mx. DWARF BUTTERWORT. Lvs. roundish-ovate, glabrous; cor. tube oblong, lobes emarginate, spur nearly as long as the tube, nzearly acute; caps. globous.-Ga. and Fla. to La., common in springy places. Lvs. 3 to 4" diam., thin. Scapes filiform, 2 to 4' high. Fls. vary in size with the plant, from 3" to i" long, pale blue. Apr. 4 P. lctea Walt. Lvs. obovate, elliptic; cor. bell-shaped, palate hairy, lobes subequal, sinuate-dentate; spur slender, a third as long as the cor.-Car. to F]a., common in the low country in wet grounds. Lvs. 1' loLng, nearly as wide, soft, yellowish green, curled, the scape about 6' high. Fls. muci smaller than in No. 2, bright yellow. Spur 2 to 3" long. Mar., Apr. 2. UTRICULATRIA, L. BLADDERWORT. (Lat. utricula, a little bottle; alluding to the air vessels appended to the roots.) Calyx 2parted, lips subequal; corolla irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred; stamens 2; stigma bilabiate; capsule globular, 1-celled. —Herbs aquatic, loosely floating. or fixed in the mud.-Lvs. radical, multifid or linear and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated vescicles as buoys. Scape erect. ~ Floating. Scape involncrate, with a whorl of large, inflated petioles.................. No. 1 ~ Floating. Scape naked. Branches producing bulblets and bladders (a). a Flowers purple. Branches whorled, submersed.................................No. 2 510 ORDER 81.-LENTIBULACE.E. a Flowers yellow. Leaves (2-ranked) and bladders on separate branches........... No. 3 a Flowers yellow. Leaves (capillaceols) bearing the bladders (b). b Spur acute or notched, about as long as the lips.......................... os. 4 to 6 b Spur obtuse, short. Flowers of 2 kinds, the lipless down on the sterns.......No. 7 b Spur obtuse, short. Pedicels all on the scape,-erect in firuit............. Nos. S, 9 -recurved in fruit....... Nos. 10, 11 U. ifl ta Wallt. Upper lvs. in a Twhorl of 5 or 6 at the surface of the water; petiole and midvein inflated, lower lvs. capillaceous, dissected, suilnerged; scape 4 to 5-flowered.-2- In ponds, MIe. to Fla. W. to Ohio. The proper stem (rhizome) is very long, branching, suspended in the water by innumerable minute air bladders, and the 5 or 6 involucrate, hollow lvs., which are many- cleft at the end. Fls. 4 or 5 together upon a scape 8' in length, pedunculated, withl sheathing bracts. Spur nearly as long as theo corolla, appressed to the lower lip, striate, emarginate. Cor. yellow, the upper lip broad-ovate, entire, lower 3-lobed. Aug. 2 U. ptrpuirea n -lt. St. loIn, floating, branched; lvs. submersed, fibrillous, verticillate, pinnately dissected, segments capillary, utriculate; sca cpe assurgent, 2-3-flowered pope' lip lroundish-truncate, lozuer lip larger, its lateral lobes cucul]ate, smaller than the central; splr conical, flattened, appressed to and shorter than the upper iip.-lPools, ale. to Fla. W. to Wis. Readily known by the large, brigllt, purple fis. Stem 1-3f long. Leaves about 11-' long. Utricles small. Scapoe 3 —5' hig1. Corolla 8" broad, the spur 3", greenish. Aug. 3 U. insterrzdia ILanno. Lvs. all submersed, in 2 rows, alternate, dichotomously many-parted, s'lm. r1igid, linear-subulate, ciliate-clenticulate; leafless branches bearingo all thlo blabel-lirs and terrinal bulblets; scapes 2 to 3-flowered, upper lip entire, twice as long as the palate; spur conical, acute; pdcl. of the fruit erect. -Slwamps, Can. and N. States to Wis. Scape 4 to 8' high. Leafy stems 3 to 6' long, and the leaves about 3" (in our specimens). Jn., Jl. u? POBim3SHi. Leaf -see ments linear-setaceous, flaccid, entire, 8 to 12" long; scape tall (7 to 12'), 3 to 7-flowered; spur filsiform, acute, nearly as long as the lower lip. —Swamps, Uxbridge, Northbridge, Mass. (Robbins).-Quite unlike the preceding in its*leaves.and spur. 4 U. striata Le Conte. Lys. numerously subdivided, submersed, capillary, bearin- the bladders, or vesicles; sc pe 2-6-flowered, with a few scales; flowers large, upper lip broad, divided into 3 lobes, the sssiddle lobe strinae s wit red, lower lip crenate, sides reflexed, having dark spots upon the palateo; spur slender, obtuse, witoh a Zotc/h at the end, pressed against the lower lip of the corolla and nearly as long. —T Swamps, L. Is1. to'1la. Root submerged, slightly attached to the inud. Leaves (radcicles?) felw, capillary, appendaged -with few air vessels. Scape a foot high, generally with 2 flowers. June. 5 U. longir6stris Ell. Lvs. submersed, dichotomously divided, segm. setaceous, bearinc the vesciceles; scapes 1 to 2-flowered; upper lip slightly a-lobed, lower entire;,slpor linear-s'ubzlate, ascendizg, emaerginate at apex, loenger than the lower /lip. —Stagnant pools, S. Car. to Fla. Scape 3 to 5' high. FIs. yellow, middle size. Jn. 6 UJ. bifi6ra Lam. Irregularly whorled, capillaceously divided,root-like, bladderbearing; scapo slender, 2 to 3-flowered, pedicels many times longer than the bract or calyx; spur straight, ob7ong, acutle, appressed to the corolla, and of equal length; fi. erect.-Ditches, S. Car. and Ga. Scape 3 to 4' high, pedclicels 3 to 4". May, Jn. 7 U. cland6stina Nutt. Lvs. all submersed, capillaceous, multifid, bladder'bearing; ils. 2 or 3 on the slender scape, also solitary on slender, axillary pedieels among tlhe lvs. on the stem, the latter apetalous, fertile; spur very obtuse, shorter than the 3-lobed lower lip.-Ponds, Mass. (Robbins) to N. J. Sts. almost capillary, 6' to 2f long, with many bladders. Scape 3 to 4' high (seldom seen), with corollas expanding about 3". Cauline pedicels 6 to 7" long, the cor. tubular, never opening. J1. 8 U. gibba L. (and Le Conte). Mirnute, floating, with hair-like lvs. and few utricles; scape 1 to 2-flowered, naked; segm. of the yellow cor. roundish. Upper lip emargincete, lower subtri!lobale, middle lobe crenate, subrevolute; spur gibbous (that is), very short and obtuse.-24 In pools, R1. I. (Olney), Mass., N. Y. to ORDER 82.-OROBANCHACEAE. 511 Car. Submersed stems dichotomous, short and filiform. Scapes 2 to 3' high, often with but 1 small, yellow flower The lvs. appear rather like fine radicles. J1. 9 U. bipdrtita Ell. Lvs. fibrillous-multifid, bearing the bladders; scape 1 to 3flowered; lower lip of the calyx bfid or 2-partecl; cor. lips entire, the lower twice as long as the obtuse spur.-1'D)itches, Ga., Fla., in soft, muddy places (Elliott), floating (Lo Conte). Scape 2 to 3' high. Oct. 10 U. minor L. Lvs. submersed, several times forked, seym. linear-setaceous, short, utriculate; scape 3 to 6-flowered; cor. r'ingpet, upper lip ovate, emarginate, as long as the palate, lower obovate, flat, much lonuger than the obtuse, deflexed spur.-Pools, Can. and N. States to Wis. Plant about half the size of No. 11. Cor. gaping, pale, yellowish. Fruit nodding. J1. 11 U. vulgaris L. Lvs. capillaceous, zultifid, fibrillous; vesicles numerous, small; st. or rhizoma very long, floating; scape simple, 5-11-flowered! spur conical, obtuse, shorter than the closed cor. lips.- - In stagnant pools, U. S. and Can. Floating stems several feet long, very bralnching. Leaves very numerous, 1' in length. Utricles furnished with a fringed, valvate aperture, usually inflated. Scape 5-10' high, stout, arising out of the -water. Flowers alternate, showy, yellow, 5-G6" long, lower lip larger, wxith a projecting palate, striped with brown. Jn., J1. (U. macrorhiza Le Conte.) 12 U. resupindAta Green. Sts. creeping, fibrillous, rooting; hls. linear-capillary, erect, undivided and entire; scapes numerous, simple, 1-flowered, with a minute clasping bract near the top; spur obtuse, cylindric, ascending, shorter than the elongated tube of the purple cor. —Muddy shores of ponds, Tewksbury (Green), Plymouth and Uxbridge, Mass. (Robbins). Leaves generally numerous, 6-15" high, the bract 1' below the flower. Corolla light purple, 4" long, lips roundish, entire, remote from tlie spur. J1. 13 U. subulata L. 2Minule; st. fibrillous, rooting, creeping, urticulate; lvs. few and minute, among the fibrillous roots, entire, linear, petiolate, glandular-obtuse, sometimes 0? scapes few, filiform, 1 to 5-flowered; bracts ovate, clasping; pedieels 4 to 5 times longer than the ovate, obtuse, veined sepals; cor. upper lip ovate, entire, lower 3-lobed; spur acute aolressed to and nearly equaling the lower lip. -A i minute species in springy places, Can. to Fla. and La. Scape 2 to 4' high. Lvs. 2 to 3" by 1". Fls. yellow, 3 to 4" broad. Jn. 14 U. cornfita Mx. m Scape rooting, tall, erect; scaly, with 2 to 5 subsessile fis.; lvs. fugacious or 0; lower lip very broad, 3-lobed, its center (palate) very prominent, sides reflexed, upper lobe much smaller, eimarginate; spur subulate, acute, decurved away from the corc., and of equal length. —Can. to Fla. and La., in shallow waters or mud. St. or scape 9 to 12' hig'h. Pedicels scarcely 2" long in flower, 3 to 6" in fruit. Spur 4 to 4" long. Fls. large, yellow. Jn.-Aug. (U. personata Lo Conte.) ORDER LXXXII. OROBANCHIACEiE. Brsoo-MAPEs. Herbs fleshy, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants. Calyx 4 to 5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, imbricate in mstivation. Slamelns 4, didynamous. Anthers 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel, often bearded, at base. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx, with 2 or 4 parietal placentin. (Capsule enclosed within the withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds very numerous and minute, with albumen. Generat 12,.1pecie., 110, Inostly natives of the nortlihein tempIerate zonie.'roperties astringent and bitter. GENERA. * Flo-wers polygainous, on spicate brancels; sterile above, fertile below........hEprimrnGrs. 1 * Flowers lerlfct, —in a dense, thick spike. Calyx 2-bracted.................CO5NOPHOLPS. 2 -on naked, terminal peduncles. Calyx bractless............ AuIaYLLOx. 3 1. EPIPHE'GUS, Nutt. BEECHDROPS. (Gr. e r/, upon, f17Y60, the beech; being parasitic on the roots of that tree.) MonIteciously polyg 512 ORDER 83.-BIGNONIACEE. a1mous, the upper flowers complete but sterile, the lower imperfect, fertile; Calyx 5-toothed; 8 corolla tubular, compressed, curved, upper lip emarginate; stamens barely included;? corolla 4-toothed, short, deciduous, without expanding; stamens imperfect; capsule, 2-valved, opening on the upper side.-Parasite on the roots of the beech. Branches simple, spicate, fioriferous their whole length. E. VirginiAna Part.-In Beech woods, Can. to Ga. and:Ky. Root a ball of rigid, short, brittle radicles. Plant If high, leafless, of a dull, red color, glabrous, branching and flower-bearing its whole length. Fls. alternate, subsessile, brownish white, the sterile, 4 to 5" long. Aug., Sept. 2. CON OPH'OLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW ROOT. (Gr. c~ivog, a cone, bo2iJc, a scale; from its resemblance.) Flowers perfect, crowded, spicate; calyx with 2 bractlets at the base, unequally 5-cleft; corolla ringent, 2-lipped, tube curved, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-parted; anthers sagittate 2-celled, cells acute at base; capsule with 2 placenta on each valve.-Stem short, thick, simple, covered with ovate-lanceolate, acute, imbricated scales, the upper with the fls. subsessile in their axils. 1 C. Americana WVallr. Tlery smooth; stem very thick; scales oval-lanceolatoe calyx more deeply cleft on the lower side; cor. ventricous; stam. exserted.-Old woods, Can. to Ga. and La. Stem 4 —I' high, and near 1' thick, of a brownish yellow, covered with pale, polished scales regularly imbricated as in a Pine cone. July. (Orobanche, L.) 2 C. Ludoviciana. Glandular pubescent; stem rather thick, very short; scales ovate; cal. subequally and deeply cleft; cor. tubular, much longer than the bracts; stam. included.-Alluvial soil, 111. (Hall, fide Gray), to Nebraska. St. 3 to 4' high. Fls. very numerous and crowded. Cal. segm. linear, acute. Cor. purple. Oct. (Orobanche, Nutt. Philipnma, Don.) 3. APHYL'LON, Mitchell. (Orobanche, L.) NAKED BRooTMRAPE. (Gr. a, privative, ~NAXov, a leaf; alluding to its leafless character.) Flowers perfect, solitary, on long bractless peduncles or scapes; calyx regularly 5-cleft, camnpanulate; corolla tube elongated, curved, border spreading, subequally 5-lobed; anthers included, cells distinct, mucronate; capsule with 4, equidistant placentae. Plants glandular, pubescent. St. very short, producing at the summit, 1, 2, or many flower stalks, and few if any scales. 1 A. unifl6ra Torr. & Gr. Ped. inr pairs or simple, naked, each 1-flowered.-A small, leafless plant, with the general aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and thickets. Can. and U. S. St. not exceeding a' in length. This divides at its top generally.into 2, scape like, erect, round, simple, naked peduncles 4 to 5' high, downy, purplish white, with a nodding flower at the top, of the same hue. Jn., J1. 2 A. fasciculatta Torr. & Gr. Ped. many, nearly te'rminal, about the length of the stem; scales few, ovate; cor. lobes short, rounded.-Islands in Lake Huron (Engelnan, fide Gray), W. to Nebraska. Stem arising 2 to 3' out of the ground. Ped. 6 or more, same length. Fls. pale purple. May. ORDER LXXXIII. BIGNONIACEE. TRUMPET FLOWERS. Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often climbing or twining, with opposite, exstipulate leaves. Flowers monopetalous, irregular, 5-merous, showy. Stamens 5, 1 or 3 sterile, didynamous, or diandrous. LAnthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, seated in a fleshy disk. Style 1. Stigma of 2 plates. Capsule coriaceous, 1 to 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds generally winged, destitute of albumen. ORDER 83.-BIGNONIACEAE. 513 Genera 44, species 450, mostly South American. Others are diffused in all countries, particularly within the tropics. Several of the Brazilian species of Bignonia afford a valuable timber. But this order is best known for the beauty of its flowers. (Figs. 210, 2'84, 285, 279.) * Leaves compound. Valves of the pod parallel with the partition............ BIGNONI'A. 1 * Leaves compound. Valves of the pod contrary to the partition.............TECOMA. 2 * Leaves simple. Pod straight, cylindric. Partition subcylindric............. CATALPA. 3 1. BIGNQ'NIA, Tourn. (Named for the Abbeb Bignon, Librarian to Louis XIV.) Calyx margin 5-toothed or entire; corolla somewhat bilabiate, 5-cleft, funnel-shaped; stamens didynamous, 4 fertile, 1 a sterile filament; capsule long and narrow; valves flat or scarcely convex, parallel with the partition.-Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, often with tendrils. B. capreoltta L. CRoss-vINE. Climbing, glabrous; lvs. binate, cirrhlous, leaflets 2, lance-ovate, cordate, acuminate, entire, a branched tendril between; ped. 1-flowered, 2 to 3 together, axillary; calyx nearly entire. —Woods, Va. and Tenn. (Miss Dana), to Fla. and La. A vine with smooth, reddish brown bark, 30 to 50f long, very slender, over shrubs, up tall trees. Fls. large, red, orange within. Pods I or 8' long, -' wide, curved, flat, with many broad-winged seeds both sides of the broad partition. Mar.-May. 2. TECO'NIA, Juss. (Bignonia L.) TRUMPET FLOWEWR. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed, subbilabiate or equal; stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiments of a fifth, anther-cells 2, diverging; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves contrary to the partition; seeds wingedl.-Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Lvs. opposite, digitate, or unequally pinnate. 1 T. rddicans Juss. Climbing by radicating tendrils; lys. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 4 or 5 pairs, ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, puberulent beneath along the veins; coryoubs terminals; cor. tube theqice longer thoan the cal.; stam. included.A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers, Penn. to Fla., W. to Ill. St. 20 to 80f in lenoth, ascending trees. Lvs. 10 to 15' long, lfts. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2'. Fls. 2"-' lolg, of a bright scarlet. Pods 6' long, curved. A transverse section showin, a cross. Seeds vely numerous. Jn.-Aug. f 2 T. Cap6nsis Lindl. Glabrous; lvs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 3 to 4 pairs, roundish-ovate, acuminate, serrate, bearded in the axils of the veins beneath; racemes pedunculate, dense-flowered; cor. long, tubular, incurved; stam. and sty. enserted.-Cultivated. Cor. 2' lono, yellow scarlet. The style far projecting. f Cape of Good I-lope. 3 T. grandifl6ra Delaun. CLIINESE TPnUMIPET FLOWER. Climbing, glabrous; lvs. unequally pinnate, lfts. 3 to 5 pairs, ovate-acuminate, dentate-serrate; panicle terminal; pedicelfs nzodding, biglandula r; cor. tzube scarcely longer than the 5-cleft calyx.-Fls. of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicans. - China and Japan. 3. CJTAL'PA, Scop. CArALPA. (The Indian name.) Calyx 2-parte(l; corolla campllulatea 4 or 5-cleft, the tube inflated; stamens 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile; stigoma 2-lipped; capsule 2-celled, long, cylindric.-Trees. Lvs. opposit( or ternate-verticillate, simple, petiolate. Fls. in large, showy, terminal pnmicles. C. bignonioldes Walt. Lvs. amembranous, ovate-cordate, pubescent beneath, acuminate, subentire; branches of the panicle di-trichotomous; cal. lips mucronate.-A fine, wide spreading tree, nativo in the Southern States, but cultivated at the North for ornament and slhade. In favorable circumstances it attains the height of 50f, with a diam. of nearly 2f. Lvs. beautifully heart-shaped, with a silky luster, often a foot in length. It blossoms in great profusion. Cor. canmpanulate, white, with yellow and violet spots. Caps. cylindric near a foot in length; seed winged. May-J1. (See Figs. 210; 284, 5; 463.) 33 514 ORDER 85.-LOGANIACEE.. ORDER LXXXIV. PEDALIACEAI. PEDALIADS. Herbs mostly strong-scented and glandular-hirsute. Stipules 0. Flowers axillary, solitary, large, monopetalous, didynamous, 5-merous, irregular. Ovary 1 to 2-celled, of 2 carpels. Style 1. Stigma divided. Fruit becoming 4 or 6-celled by the diverging lobes of the 2 placentas. Seeds few or many, large, wingless. Genera 14, species 25, natives of tropical America, etc. Some of them have been introduced into the United States. TRIBES AND GENERA. * I. PEDALINIEA. Fruit drupe-like, fleshy without, produced into a beal..... IARTNIA. 1 Il. SESAMEIE. Fruit capsular, dry, dehiscent, never bealked(.................Ss s.sMs. 2 1. IARTYN'IA, L. UNICORN PLANT. (In hlonot of John. acrtyre, botanical author and professor, Cambridge, Eng., 1'76(0.) Calyx 5-cleft, 2 to 3-bracteolate at base; cor. campanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal; sta. 5, one rudimientaryv and sterile, 4 didynal ous; caps. coriaceous, ligneous, 4-celled, 2-valved, each valve terminating in a long, hooked beak. —O Chiefly southern, branching, viscid-pilous. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, subcordate, roundish. 1 M. proboscidea Glox. Branches mostly decumbent; lvs. cordate, entire, suborbicular, villous, upper ones alternate; fls. on long, axillary peduncles; beaks much longer than the capsule..-A coarse, strong-scecnted plant, alosng rivers, fields, etc., S. and W'. States. Stem 1-2f long. Leaves paler beneath. Corolla pale, dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, spotted with brownish-purple. Sta. bright yellow, exserted. The curious pods are furnished with an incurved horn (2 when the valves separate) abruptly bent at the end into a very sharp grappling hook. 2 M. luitea Lindl. With yellow fls. and horns longer than the pod, is sometimes cultivated, also M. diandra, with pink fls. spotted with purple, and horns shorter than the pod. 2. SES'AMUIM, L. OIL-SEED. Calyx 5-parted; corolla campalitlate, 3-cleft, the lower lobes the longest; stamens 4, didynanmous; stigma lanceolatc; capsule 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexedl edges of the valves. —-OO Of India. Lvs. petiolate, the lower opposite, upper alternate. S. Indicum DC. Lvs. lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, upper ones undivided serrate.-Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18' high. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale purple. The seeds yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury. It is used in cookery for all the purposes of sweet oil. Five pounds of the seeds yield about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient. ORDER LXXXV. LOGANIACEiE. Herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves, with stipules between the, petioles, somletimes reduced to an elevated line or ridge. Flowers 4 or 5-parted, monopetalous, regular, aestivation various. Ovary superior, style simple, stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit capsular or baccate, 2-celled, many-seeded, or a 1 to 2seeded drupe. Seeds albuminous, mostly winged or peltate. (Fig. 221, 302.) Genei-a 25, species 200, chiefly tropical. Properties.-Generally poisonous, often possessed of the highest degree of venom. The pervading poisonous principle is s8trychplia, especially abundant and fatal in the seeds of Stryehnos Nux-vollica, an East Indian tree, with small, greenish flowers. S. toxifera, of Guiana furnishes the terrible Woorali, poison for arrows, likewise S. cogens of Central America, S. Ticute of Java, yields the celebrated Upas. The species of Spigelia, under the nanle of Pink-root, are used as a vermifuge, but are dangerous. Obs.-This order his been appended to Rubiacee, but its free ovary is a decisive mark of distinction, although otherwise nearly related. ORDER 85.-LOGANIACEE. 515 GENERA. ~ Corolla tubular, lobes 5, valvate in bud. Seeds wingless. (a) a Styles wholly united into one. Corolla tube long........... SPIGELIA. 1 a Styles distinct, with the stigmas united. Cor. tube short.... M'ITREOLA. 2 5 Corolla campanulate, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. (b) b Flowers 4-parted. Diffuse herbs................... POLYPna MUM. b Flowers5-parted. Twining shrubs.................... GELSEmIUm. 4 t. SPIGE'LIA. L. PINK-ROOT. (To Adrian Spigelius, Professor of Anat. and Surg. at Padua, 1578-1625.) Calyx 5-parted, segments linear-subulate; corolla narrowly funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, equal; staimens 5; anthers convergent; capsule didymous, 2-celled, few-seeded. — Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Lvs. opposite. Stip. small, interpetiolar. Fls. sessile, in terminal spikes. S. Marildndica L. Erect, simple, nearly glabrous; st. square; lvs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, margin and veins scabrous-pilous; spikes 3 to 8-flowered; cor. tube 4 times longer than the cal.; anth. exserted; lobes of the cor. lanceolate; caps. glabrous, shorter than the cal. —4 In woods, Penn. to Ill.. S. to Fla. An elegant dark green herb, a foot high. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 1-~ to 2~', entire, often ovate-acuminate, the stipules scarcely perceptible. Fls. 1~ to 2' long, somewhat club-shaped, scarlet without, yellow within. Sty. exserted. Jn.A celebrated anthelmintic. 2. MITRE'OLA, L. (Lat. mitrola, a little mitre; from the form of the capsule.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat, lobes valvate in bud; stamens 5, on the corolla tube, ineluded; ovary 2-celled, styles 2, united at the top with one stigma, separate below, as well as the 2 llorns of the oo-seecled capsule. —(t) Glabrous herbs. Stipules minute. Fls. small, white, in scorpoid racemes, forminig a terminal, stalked cyme. 1 M. petiolAta Torr. & Gr. Erect, branched; lvs. lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, tape-ing at the baFse into apetiole; fls. somewhat distant in the racemes.-A plant of singular aspect, in damp shades, Va. to Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high, Lvs. thina, about 2' long, including the short petiole. Cymes about twice trichotomous, the small fls. all on the upper side of the racemes. Capsules mitre-form. Jn.-Sept. (Ophiorhiza Mlitreola, L.) 2 M. sessliif6lia Torr. & Gr. Erect, nearly simple; Ivs. broad-oval, or ovate, seasile, aculte,! much shorter than. the internodes; fls. contiguous in the racemes.Damp soil, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Miore slender than the other, 10 to 18' high. lx s. thio.ishl, not vo-iry, 6 to 8" by 4 to 6". Cymes small, compact. Fls. about half as largce as in No. 1. Jn. —Aug. (Anonyrnus, Walt.) 3. angustifoli:m, Torr. & G-r. has lance-elliptical leaves; at Quincy, Fla. 3. POtIPRE'NMUDI, L. (Cr'. roIig, many, Xrpevelv,, stem; a charac:teristic of tlhe plant.) Calyx 4-parted, segm. subulate, membranousmarlgined at base; cor. bror.ly cllpanulate, 4-palted, lobes slighly unlequal, obtuseo; thiroat beardedl; stain. 4, adherent to the corolla tube, included, anth. globular; stig. entire, subsessile; caps. ovoid, 2-celledtl, 2-ovuled, loculicidal, co-sceedcl. —1 Herb glabrous, diffusely milclh branched from the base, with opposite, linear-subulate lvs. connected at base by a slight stipular membrane. Fls. sessile, cymous, small, white. P. proosimbens L. Dry fields, Va. to Fla. and La. Plant forming roundisis patches, with somewhat the aspect of Scleranthus, its numerous stems procurnbent orascending, 6 to 12' long. Lvs. hardly 1' long, rigid. Cal. persistent, its pointed sepals exceeding the capsule. lMay-Sept.-Bentham refers this genus to Serophulariacem. Torr. & Gr., hither. 4. GELSE'IIIUIM, Juss. YE.LIow JESSAMINE. (Ital. gelsemio, the 516 ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACEJE. common name of the Jessamine.) Calyx 5-parted, lobes oblong; corolla funnel-form, with 5, short, rounded lobes, quincunuctial in bud; filaments 5, on the corolla; ovary smooth, short-stiped; style filiform; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, and with the anthers dimorphous, i. e., in some plants the stamens exceed the stiglllas, ill others the stigmas exceed the stamens, as in 1Houstonia; capsule twin, compressed, with a very narrow dissepiment (or 0?), valves each 2-cleft at top, cells few (4 to 6)seeded, seeds winged. —Shrub slender, smooth, climbing, with evergreen lvs. and large, showy yellow fis. Stip. reduced to a raised rim. G. sempervirens Ait. Woods and banks of streams, Va. to Ala. and Fla., very abundant. A slender vine, twining and overrunning' bushes and low trees, and profusely flowering. Lvs. coriaceous, shining, revolute at edge, lanceolate, acute at each end, short-petioled. Cor. tube 1' long, of a rich golden yellow. In one variety the stamens equal the corolla and the style but half as long; in the other vice versa (a fact first pointed out to the author by Professor Pond, March, 1857). Fls. in Mar.-May. ORDER LXXXVI. SCROPHIULARIACEA. FIGWORTS. Herbs chiefly, without fragrance, the leaves and inflorescence various. Flowers irregular, 5-merous, didynamous or diandrous (rarely pentandrous). Calyx free from the ovary, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, imbricated in bud. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, 1 or 3 of them usually rudimentary. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 1 style, a 2-lobed stigma, and becoming in fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule, with axile placenta. Seeds albuminous. (Fig. 204, 326, 362, 399, 427, 463.) Generae 180, species 1800, abundant in every part of the world, firom the equator to the regions of perpetual frost. They constitute'tbout 1-36 of the Phlenovamnia of N. America. Popesoties. —Generally acrid, bitter and deleterious plants. The most remarkable officinal species of the tribe is the Foxglove (Digitalis), w1hich exercises a wonderful control over the action of the heart, in regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in cases of dropsy, hemorrhage, &c. Taken in excess it speedily causes death. The Veronica Virginica (Culver's Physic) and Linaria vullaris (Tload-flax) are purgative and emetic. Numerous species are cultivated for ornament. Many are parasitic and turn black in drying. SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA. IT Leaves alternate (in one garden plant mostly opposite, No. 6.) (*) * Inforesconce compound, centrifugal, (Showy garden exotics.) (Tribe 1.) * Inflor. simple, centripetal.-Stamens 5. Corolla rotate. (Tribe 3.) -Stam. 4. Corolla spurred or saccate at base. (Tribe 4, a) -Stam. 4. Climbing vines, in gardens. (Tribe 4, b) -Stain. 4 or 2. Herbs small, creeping, leaves linear. (Tribe 7) -Stam. 4 or 2. Herbs erect. Cor. not galeate, (Tribe 8) -Staue. 4. Cor. upper lip galeate, vaulted. (Tribe 12, n) Leaves opposite (or i one southern one southern species, scattered No. 29). (2) 2 Stamens 2, included. Corolla 2-lobed, the lower inflated. (Tribe 2) 2 Stamens 2, included. Corolla tubular, labiate. (Tribe 6, f) 2 Stamens 2, exserted. Corolla rotate or salver-form. (Tribe 9) 2 Stamens 4, perfect, the fifth rudiment about as large, conspicuous. (Tribe 5, C) 2 Stamens 4, perfect, the fifth sediment minute or none. (3) 3 Infiorescence compound, in panicles or verticillasters. (Tribe 5, d) 3 Inflorescence simple.-Corolla labiate, not galeate. (Tribe 6, e) -Corolla labiate, and galeate. (Tribe 12, o) -Corolla salver-form. Anthers 1-celled. (Tribe 10) -Corolla bell or funnel-form, &c. Anthers 2-celled. (Tribe 11) I. SALPIGLOSSIDE/E. (Corolla in bud plicate at the clefts. Infiorescence centrifugal.) TRIBE 1. SALPIG LOSSEA.-Stamens 2. Corolla deeply cleft................ ScOzANTHrs. 1 -Stamens 4. Corolla salver-form, tube long........ BROWALLIA. 2 II. ANTIRRHEINIDEZE. (Corolla in bud imbricate, upper lip covering the lower). TRIBE 2. CALCEOLARIEA,. Inflorescence compound. Calyx 4-cleft.......CALcEOLARIA. 3 TBnIBE. VEaRsABOEs. Inflorescence simple, centripetal. Cor. rotate......V Y uAscumr 4 ORDEIR 86.-SCROPHULARIACEAE. 17 TwIBE 4. A.iTiraRIINix. —a Corolla spurred at the base........................ LINAnIA. 5 — a Corolla saccate at the base, large............ANTuRRnINUM. 6 -b Corolla gibbous at base, large............. MAURANDIA. 7 -b Corolla equal at base, large............ LosPosPERMu M. 8 TYXIBE 5. CHELONE.-c Sterile filament a scale. FIs. small, lurid......SCROPIIULAr.IA. 9 -- Sterile fil. shorter than the rest. Seed(s winged.....ClIELONE. 10 -C Sterile fil. equaling the rest. Sds. wingless.......'ENTSTEMON. 11 -d Corolla bilabiate. IHerbs..................... COLLINSIA. 12 -d Corolla tabular, bell-form. Tree............A.PAWLONIA. 13 T'rIB 6. GF.ATIOLE.E.-e Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla long..........AIIMULUS. 14 — e Calyx 5-parted, equal. (Lvs. msny-cleft)..........CONOBEA. 15 -e Calyx 5-parted, unequal. (Leaves entire)........ HERPESTIS. 16 -f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile fil. short or 0........ GRATIOLA. 1 -f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile fil. exserted........ ILY.sANTuU.. IS -f Calyx 4-lobed. Sterile fil. 0. Fis. minute.....MIPCrANTIT. 13 iII. RHINANTI-IIDEE. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the lower or lateral lobes exterior.) TrIBu: 7. SITIronRPEE,.-Stamens 2. Corolla 4-cleft.....................AmPrh[ANTnus. 20 -Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft....................... LIMOSELLA. 21 TRIBIlE S. DI)I(ITAEL. —Stamens 2. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers small.....SY....NTIIIInIS. 22 -Stamens 4. Calyx 5-parted. Flowers large.........DIGITALIB. 23 TRIBE 9. HYERO'mIcEE.-Stamens divergent. Upper lvs. often alternate....... oNIcA. 24 TRIBE 10. BUCINE RTEF.-Stam. approximate by pairs. Upper Ivs. alternate..lUCIiNERA. 25 TRIuE 11. GE nAP.DIXsE.-Stameis long-exserted. Corolla tutbular...... IACRANTtETRA. 26 -Stam. short. —Cor. yellow, tube short as linb...... SYMEP.EIA. 27 ~-Cor. yellow, tube elongate................DASYSTOA. 28 -Cor. purple. Lvs. very slendler..... GERARDIA. 29 TExBE 12. EurPnr.AsisE.- -n Anther-cells unequal, separated............ CASTILLEJA. 30 -n Anther-cells equal. —Calyx 10-ribbed.........SOIHWALBF.A. 31 -Calyx not ribbe(l..PE.....DICULIs. 32, -O Cal. inflated. Sds. many, wingedll........RmINEANxrus. 83 -o Cal. not infl.-Sds. many, wingless......... ELUPRASIA. 84 -Sds. 1 to 4, oblong......... ELAMPYRU.M. 35 1. SCHIZNA'THUS, Ruiz & Pavon. (Gr. yXi'o, to cut, avOo~; the cor. is much divided.) Corolla irregular, tlhe upper lip 5-cleft, external in mstivation, lower much smaller, 3-parted; filaments 4, 2 of thein sterile; capsule 2-celled.-3 from Chili. Lvs. pinnatifid, alternate. Cymes supra axillary. S. pinndtus Ruiz & Pavon. Lvs. 1-2-pinnately cleft; cor. tube shorter than the calyx, middle segment of the posterior lip, 2-lobed, cucullate, lateral segment falcate-spatulate, middle segment of the anterior lip emarginate, lateral 4-lobed; sta. exserted.-Plant 1-2f high, with delicate and beautiful flowers in clusters opposite the leaves. Cal. and ped. viscid-pubescent. Cor. purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst. f 2. BROWAL'LIA, L. (Named for Bishop Browacllius, a friend of Linnaeus, and defender of his system.) Corolla salver-form, with along tube, and oblique, 5-lobed limb; anthlers of the two posterior stamens halved, sub-1-celled; lobes of the stigma broad, divariclate; capsule membranous, valves bifid.-South American herbs, \with alternate, entire lvs. and cvanic fls. 1 B. dimissa L. Lvs. petiolate, ovate; lower fls. axillary, upper in a raceme; calyx hairy.-St. 1 to 2f high, with spreading branches. Cor. tube slender, 6" long, limb blue or violet. + Brazil, &c. (B. elata L. is the same.) 2 B. grandiflora Grah. Upper lvs. sessile, subcordate; fls. loosely racemed; cal. teeth nearly as long as the tube.-Cor. limb broader than in the other, pale blue. J Peru. 3. CALCEOLA'RIA, L. (Lat. calceolus, a slipper; alluding to the shape of the corolla.) Calyx 4-parted, valvate in the bud; corolla slightly adhering to the calyx, the tube very short, limb 2-lobed, lobes 518 ORDER 86.-SCROPLIULARIACEAE. entire, concave or spur-like, the lower inflated, and in the bud slightly covered by the smaller upper lobe; stam. 2, lateral, with no rudiments, capsules ovoid-conical, valves bifid, seeds striate. —Herbs rarely shrubby, from S. America and N. Zealand. Lvs. opposite or verticillate. Fls. of all colors, endlessly variegated in cultivation, very curious. 1 C. Corymb6sa Ruiz & Pav. Somewhat shrubby, erect; root lvs. ovate, crenate-dentate, cauline few, opposite, ovate or oblong, sessile; corymrb loose; cor upper lip shorter than calyx, lower broadly ovate, obtuse, contracted at base, open beyond the middle.-Yellow. t Chili. 2 C. angustif6lia Ruiz & Payv. tialf-shrubby, very branching; Ivs. often whorled inz 3s, lance-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, pubescent; panicle oblong; cor. upper lip very short, lower ovate, acutish, incurved-spreading, with a long, contracted, narrow base, open beyond the middle.-Yellow. f S. Am.-Mr. Bentham enumerates 114 species of Calceolaria, many of which have found their way into our greenhouses. We must omit further notice of them. 4. VERBASCUM, L. MIULLEIN. (Lat. barba, beard; a name significant of the beard with which the plant is covered.) Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal; stamens 5, declinate, all perfect; capsule ovoid-globous, 2-valved. —@ rarely 2f or suffruticous. Lvs. alternate. Fls. in spikes or panIiculate racemes. 1 V. thapsus L. COMMON MULLEIN. Lvs. decurrent, densely tomentous on both sides; rac. spiked, dense; three of the stamens downy, two of them smooth.The tall, dense, club-shaped spikes of the common mullein are very conspicuous in every slovenly field and by all roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, 3-5f high, woolly, its angles winged by the decurrent base of the leaves, generally simple, occasionally with one or two branches above. Flowers rotate, of a golden yellow, nearly sessile. Jn.-Aug. ~ Eur. 2 V. BlattAria L. MOT BIt'ULIuEnI. Lvs. clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate; ped. 1-flowered, solitary, raeemous.-'- Grows in waste grounds, roadsides, N.'ng. to Ind. and S. States. Stem 3f high, branching above, bearing a terminal, leafy raceme 2-4' long. Lower leaves oblong, obovate; upper ones cordate-ovate, all coarsely and doubly serrate. Flowers on pedicels near an inch in length. Corolla yellow or white, marked with brown at the back. Stamens unequal, purplish, the filaments all hairy. Jn., J1. ~ Eur. 3 V. Lychnitis L. WoIrITE MULLEIN. Whitish subtomentous; st. and paniculate branches angular; Ivs. green above, crenate, lower petioled, narrowed to the base, upper ones sessile; panicle pyramidal, fascicles loosely many-floweredc; cal. small, with lance-subulate segments; fil. with white wool.-Sandy fields near Oneida Lake, S. to Ga., rare. Leaves very canescent beneath. Flowers pale yellow. ~ Eur. 5. LINA'RIA, Juss. TOAD-FLAX. (Lat. linum, flax; from the reresemblance of the leaves of some of the species.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla personate, upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower 3-cleft; throat closed by the prominent palate; tube inflated, with a spur behind; capsule 2celled, bursting at the summit.-Herbs. Lower lvso. generally opposite, upper alternate. Pls. solitary, axillary, often forming terminal, leafy racemes. Prostrate, with hastate leaves, and capsule opening by 2 lids.......................No. 1 Erect, with narrov leaves. Capsule with valves.-Wild plants.................. Nos. 2, 3 -Cultivated...................Nos. 4, 5 1 L. Eldtine L. Procumbent, hairy; lvs. alternate, hastate, entire: ped. solitary, very long. —Q) Fields, Can. to Car. A small, creeping species. St. 1 to 2f in length. Lvs. 6 to 8" by 3 to 4", with a conspicuous auricle each side at base. Cor. yellow, the upper lip bright purple beneath, on long stalks. Cal. hairy, as well as the whole plant. Jn. —Sept. ORDEa 86.-SCROPHULARIACEAE. 519 2 L. Canadensis Dumont. Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse; fls. racemed; st. simple; scions procumbent; fis. blue. —D A small species in road-sides, fields, Can. and U. S. St. very slender, nearly simple, 6 to 12' high, smooth, furnished with small, remote lvs. A few leafy, prostrate or ascending shoots are given off from the base of the stem, having roundish, opposite or whorled lvs. Fls. small, in a loose raceme. Throat closed by the light blue palate. Spur filiform, as long the corolla, but in the very slender Southern variety much shorter or 0. JnmSept. 3 L. v.lgairis Mill. Coasxos TOAD-FLAX. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, crowded; spikes terminal, ls. dense, imbricate; cal. smooth, shorter than the spur. —2 A very showy plant, common by roadsides, N. Eng. to Ky. and Ga. St. erect, smoothish, 1 to 2f high, very leafy, and with numerous short, leafy branches. Fls. in a long, terminal spike. Cor. furnished with a long tail or spur, the mouth closed by a prominent palate. By lateral pressure it opens, closing with a spring when the pressure is removed. Color yellow except the palate, which is orange. Jl., Aug. % Eur. (Fi. 326.) 4 L. triornith6pir orum Villd. TIIEE-BIDaS. Erect, spreading, smooth and glaucous; Ivs. all verticillate in 3s or 4s, broad-lanceolate, acute; fls. interruptcdly racemous, generally verticillate, on long pedicels.- - A showy plant, 2 to 4f hioh, remarkable for the form and hue of the corolla, which resembles three little birds seated in the spur. t Eur. 5 L. bipartita'Willd. Glabrous, erect; Ivs. linear, alternate: pedicels much longer than the cal.; sep. lance-linear, acute, membranous at the margin; cor. upper lip deeply 2-parted; spur slender, arcuate.-A beautiful annual. Cor. 8 to 10" long, violet-blue, palate orange. t Barbary. 6. ANTIRRHI'NUM,, L. SNAP-DRAGON. (Gr. avTi, like, pitv, a nose; from a fancied resemblance.) Calyx 5-sepaled; corolla gibbous (not spurred) at base, the upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower trifid, closed by the prominent palate; caps. valveless, dehiscent by 3 pores.-European herbs with the lower lvs. opposite, the upper alternate. Inflorescence as in Linaria. 1 A. Majus L. Lvs. lanceolate, opposite; fls. racemed; sep. glandular-hiairy, lanceeolate, obtuse, short. —2T An elegant and popular garden flower, 1 or 2f high. Flowers large, pink-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with a gibbous prominence at base beneath. There are varieties with: scarlet, scarlet and white, and double flowers. f 2 A. Or6ntium, fl. GRANDIFLORUSM Chav.-Glabrous or hairy above, spreading; ivs. oblong-lanceolate; fis. remote, subsessile, upper ones subracemous; cal. segments equaling the coro[a,; and ovoid and very oblique capsule. —) A showy garden plant, 1-2f high. Cor. 6" long, rose-color or white, with purple spots and veins. t' 7. MAURAN'DIA, Oct. (Named for the lady of )Dr. i~aurandy of Carthagena.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular, gibbous at base; palate prominent or with 2 folds; capsule ovoid-globous, base oblique, cells opening by Imany valve-like teeth. — 2 Mexican herbs, with long, flexnous branches, climbing or twining. 1 M. sempervirens Ort. Glabrous; lvs. cordate-hastate, angular; ped. axillary, 1-flowered; cal. segm. lanceolate, glabrous.-An evergreen climber with large, pale, violet-purple fls. Cor. 1~' long, the throat open. t 2 M. Barklayana Lindl. Glabrous except the cal.; lvs. broadly triangular-cordate. or hastato; cal. segm. linear-lanceolate, clothed with long, glandular hairs.-A beautiful climber. Corolla purple, oblique, rather larger than in No. 1. 8. LOPHOSPER'IMUMI, Don. (Gr. t6~9o~, a crest, errrptta, seed; from the character.) Calyx 5-parted, leafy; corolla tube dilated upwards, throat open, between 2 hairy lines; capsule globular, subequal, 520 ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACEA. opening irregularly by a rift below the apex.- 21 Mexican, climbing by their petioles, Lvs. mostly alternate. Ped. long, flexuous, axillary..1 L. erub6scens Zucc. Lvs. triangular-cordate, coarsely dentate or angularlobed, pubescent; cal. segm. ovate, hirsute; cor. pubescent, limb at length widespread. — hairy climbelr, with soft, rugous lvs. 2 to 4' broad. Cor. of a rich red, 2- to 3' long, with an ample border. 2 L. scandens Don. Lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely dentate, minutely puberulent; cal. segm. ovate-lanceolate; cor. glabrous, limb erect-spreading.-Less hairy and with smaller flowers. Fls. scarlet. 9. SCROPHULA'RIA, L. FIGWORT. (So named from the resemblance of the roots to scrofulous tumors.) Calyx in 5 acute segments; corolla subhglobous, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal, intermediate scale (sterile filament); capsule 2-celled; valves with 2 inflated m-argins. —Herbs or suffruticous, often foetid. Lvs. opposite. Cymes in simple or compound'terminal, thyrsoid panicles. S. nod6sa L. Glabrous; st. angled; lvs. ovate, ovate-oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acute, serrate or subincised, base broadly cordate or rounded or acutish; thyrse oblong, leafless or scarcely leafy at base; cymes pedunculate, loosely manyflowered; cal. segments broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly margined; sterile anth. a roundish, green scale on the corolla.-U- In woods and hedges, Can., and U. S. Rare in N. Eng. Stem 4-6f hiigh, with paniculate, opposite branches above. Leaves 3-7' long, smooth, thin, often long-acuminate. Fls. ovoid, 3-4" long. Limb very small, of a dull olive color. July-Oct. (S. RMarilandica L, and lanceolata Ph.) 10. CHELO'NE, L. TURTLE-HIEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. (Gr. XECWV1j, a tortoise; fiom the appearance of the flower.) Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base; corolla inflated, bilabiate, the fifth filament abortive, smooth above, shorter than the rest; anthers woolly; caps. valves entire; seeds broadly memlbranaceous, winged. —4 with opposite lvs., distinguished from Pentstemon chiefly by the seeds. 1 C. glabra L. Smooth; lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolale, acuminate, serrate; fis. densely spiked.-A plant of brooks and wet places (Can. and U. S.), with flowers shaped much like the head of a snake, the mouth open and tongue extended. Stem mostly simple, 2f high, erect. Lvs. of a dark and shining green above, with irregular serratures, sessile or nearly so. Fls. large, in a short, terminal, dense spike. Cor. white, often tinged witlh red, inflated, contracted at the mouth, with short, gaping lips. Aug., Sept. l. PURPUaE.x. Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate; cor. rose-purple.-This variety prevails in the Western States. It is larger in its leaves and flowers. Petioles — 1' long. Flowers very fine. (C. purpurea Mill.?) 2 C. Ly6ni Ph. Smooth; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, serrate, the lower cordate; fis. in a dense spike.-N. Car. to Ga., along the Mts. Stem 1-2f high. Leaves 3-6' long, 2-4' wide, veins very prominent beneath. Fls. purple, 1' in length, similar to No. 1. The spike as in that species, often branches, becoming somewhat capitate. J1.-Sept. ii. PENTSTE' IOH, L. BEARD-TONGUE. (Gr. 7rrv're, five, Go'A/eov, a stamen; on account of the fiftll large abortive stalen.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla elongated, often ventricous, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading; the fifth filament sterile, bearded, longer than tle irest or about as long; anthers smooth; seeds oc, angular, not margined.- 2 rarely Ti, of N. America, branching, paniculate. Lvs. opposite. Fls. showy, red, violet, blue or white. * Leaves dissected. Sterile filament, bearded at the apex............................ No. 1 * Leaves unnlivided.-Sterile filamnent glabrous or nearly so...................Nos. 2, 8, 9 — Sterile filament bearded.-Lower lip bearded inside........ Nos. 3, T -Lower lip not bearded.......... Nos. 4, 5, 6 OROER 86.-SCROPHULARIACEiE. 521 1 P. dissectus Ell. Minutely puberulent Ilvs. pinnately parted, segm. linear, entire or few-lobed; panicle loose, with long, few-flowered peduncles; cor. somewhat bell-shaped, sterile filament bearded at the apex.-In Middle Ga. St. near 2f high. Leaf-segm. distant, rather obtuse, margins revolute. Cor 9 to 10" long, purple, resembling that of Gerardia, but curved. Jn., J1. —Blackens in drying. 2 P. grandifl6rus Fraser. Erect, glabrous and glaucous; radical lvs. petiolate, obovate-oblong, cauline broadly ovate or orbicular, sessile or clasping, all entire; panicle long, slender and racemous, interrupted; cor. broadly campanulate; sterile fil. dilated and puberulent at apex.-Ill., near Prairie du Chien (Riddell) and westward. St. 3f high. Fls. 1 to 3 together in the upper axils. Cor. 15" long, variously shaded with blue and purple. 3 P. pub6scens Soland. Miore or less pubescent; radical lvs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, cauline lanceolate-oblong or lance-ovate, serrulate, sessile; panicle loose; co,. tube gradually dilated, lower lip plaited and bearded inside, upper lip shorter: sterile stam. longitudinally bearded.-River banks, bluffs, hills and barrens, Can. to Fla. (rare in N. Eng.). A handsome plant, 1 to 2f high. St. round, smooth below, supporting a loose, oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple fis. Cor. 1' in length; the barren ill. broadest at end. Jn. /3. LVIGATUS. Nearly or quite glabrous; lvs. clasping; sterile fil. shorter. 4 P. gricilis Nutt. Glabrous; radical lvs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lanceoblong, cauline linear lanceolate, amplexical, entire or remotely serrulate; panicle pubescent, slender; ped. erect; cal. segm. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cor. tube long and narrow, scarcely dilated upwards, smooth inside; sterile stam. longitudinally bearded.-River bottoms, near Chicago, Ill. (Mead), also Mlo. and Can. W. Plant simple, glaucous, 2f high. Ped. 3 to 7-flowered. Fls. nodding, 9 to 10" long, pale blue. Jn. 5 P. digitAilis Nutt. Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, oval-elliptic or oblong, cauline lauceolate, amplexicaul, serrate, or rarely entire; panicle loose; ped. erect, spreading; cor. tube abruptly campaeulate-dilated, beardless, upper lip shorter than the lower; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded. Rich soils, Ohio, Ind. to Ga. and La. St. about 3f high. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, often dilated at base. Fls. numerous. Cor. 12 to 15" long, bluish-purple, varying to white. Jn., J1. 6 P. campanultatus Willd. Glabrous; Ivs. acutely. serrate, lance-linear or lance-ovate, long-acuminate, often dilated at base; panicle long, loose and secund; cor. tube ventricous above, lobes subequal; sterile fil. bearded. —A very variable species, 2 to 3f high, with large flowers, varying from light purple to dark red or purple. f Mexico. 7 P. barbAtus Nutt. SCARLET PENT. Glabrous and glaucous; lvs. entire, lower oblong, upper lance-linear; panicle long and loose; cor. tube long, scarcely dilated upwards; lower lip and sterile fil. densely bearded.-Height 2 to 4f. Cor. scarlet, 13" long. t MIexico. 8 P. speci6sus Doug. Erect, glabrous, glaucous; radical lvs. petiolate, oblong-spatulate, cauline sessile, lanceolate; panicle elongated, slender, virgate, secund; cal. segm. ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin membranous; cor. tube enlarged upwards; sterile fil. filiform, glabrous. — eight 3 to 4f. Fls. 1i' long, blue. t Oregon. 9 P. gentianoides, with thep2anicle long, leafy at base; fls. 15 to 18" long, violet, scarlet, &c., and a few other species are rarely found i.-r gardens. 12. COLLIN'SIA, Nutt. INNOCENCE. (In honor of Z. Coll'ins, Esq., of Philadelphia.) Calyx 5-cleft; corolla bilabiate, orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, with the middle segment carinately saccate and closed over the declinate style and stamens; capsule ovoid or globous, with 2 mnembranous, bifid valves; seeds large, concavo-convex. —i WAVith verticillate or opposite lvs., axillary and terminal inflorescence. 1 C. vdrna Nutt. (Fig. 362.) Minutely puberulent; lowest lvs. ovate or oblong, petiolate, middle and upper sessile, ovate-lanceolate, cordate-amplexicaul, dentate, floral ones lance-linear, entire; verticillasters 2 to 6-flowered; cor. 2 or 3 times shorter than the pedicels, twice longer than the calyx. —Banks of streams, shaded or 522 OaRDEa 86.-SCROPHULARIACE2E, open, N. Y. near Utica (Gray) to Ill. A tender herb 8 to 18' high, branched from the base. Lvs. 1 to 2' by ~ to 1', dilated at base. Pedicels 1 to 1i' long. Cor. 5" long, variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. May, Jn. 2C. parvifl6ra Dougl. Lower lvs. ovate, petiolate, upper oblong or lanceolate, few-toothed, the floral lanceolate, entire; verticillasters 2 to 6-flowered 1 cor. little shorter than the pedicels, scarcely longer than the calyx.-Shores of Lake Superior to Or. (Pitcher). A smaller plant, with smaller, blue fls. 3 C. bicolor Benth. Lower lvs. ovate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, sessile, crenate, the floral entire, lanceolate; verticillasters 6 to 10-flowered; pedicels shorter than the hairy calyx.-Taller than C. verna, 2f high, with larger, showy fis. Cor. 8 to 10' long, rose-violet, upper lip white. + California. 13. PAULOW'DIIA, Siebold. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy; corolla tube long, dclelinate, enlarged above, limb oblique, with roundedlsegments; stamens 4, arched downwardss, with no rudiment of a fifth; capsule ligneous, acuminate, valves septiferous in the middle; seeds co, winged. — Tree, native of Japan. P. imperillis Sieb. —A splendid tree, in parks, with the habit of Catalpa. Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Lvs. 7 to 12' by 4 to 9', opposite, petiolate, broad-cordate above, entire or somewhat trilobate, villous-canescent both sides, smoothish above when full grown. Panicles very large, terminal, many-flowered. Cor. 1- to 2' long, between violet and rose-color, striped and spotted within. t 14. IIIYI'ULUS, L. MONKEY FLOWER. (Gr. [1te6', an ape; front the resemblance of tho ringent or grinning corolla.) Calyx tubular, 5angled, 5-toothed; co'rolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides, palate of the lower lip prominent; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded; stigma thick, bifid.-I-Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems aind opposite lvs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. ~ Leaves pinnate-veined. Flowers blue (wild) or yellow (cultivated).............Nos. 1, 2, 6 ~ Leaves paluate-veined. Flowers yellow or scarlet............................. Nos. 3, 4, 5 1 M. ringens L. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers.-24 A common inhabitant of ditches and mnud soils, Can. and U. S., with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about 2f high. Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as long as the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubular, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. J1., Aug. 2 M. alAttus. Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate; ped. axillary, shorter than the flowers; st. winged at the 4 corners.-2- In N. Y. to Ind. (Plummer), and S. States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places, and grows to nearly the same height. The square stem, erect, smooth, and winged at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovate. Flowers ringent, on short stallts, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucrDnate. Aug. 3 M. Jamesii Torr. St. decumbent, rooting at the lower joints; lvs. subentire, roundish-reniform, the lower on long petioles, 5 to 7-veined; ped. about as long as the leaf; cal. ovate, upper tooth largest; cor. tube scarcely exserted.-Shores of L. Superior, MIin., Nebr. Fls. small, yellow. 4 M. lRiteus L. Ascending or erect; lvs. orbicular-ovate or oblong, lower long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many-veined; ped. longer than the lvs.; cal. tube ovoid, upper tooth largest; cor. tube broal, twice longer than the calyx.-%4 Fls. yellow, often spotted with rose or purple, large and very showy. t California.-Varies greatly. 5 M. CardinAlis Doug]. Erect, branched, villous; Ivs. ovate, erose-dentate, narrowed and amplexicaul at base, many-veined; ped. longer than the lvs.; cal. tube large, inflated; cor. lobes reflexed. —L St. loosely branched, 2 to 3f high. Cor. scarlet, the tube hardly longer than the calyx, limb large and brilliant. t California. ORDER 86. —SCROPHULARIACEEE. 523 6 M. moschatus Doug. MUSK PLANT. Decumbent, hairy and viscid, lvs. ovate, acute, dentate, feather-veined; ped. about as long as the leaf; cal. teeth lanceolate, acuminate, unequal. —- Herb rooting at the joints, a foot long. Cor. tube exceeding the calyx, yellow. The plant exhales the odor of musk. t Oregon. 15. CONO'BEA, Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal; upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted; fertile sta. 4; anth. approximating by pairs, cells parallel; caps. globous, ovoid, valves breaking away firom the placentiferous dissepiment; seeds or, ovoid. —American branching herbs, with opposite lvs. Ped. axillary, solitary or in pairs, 1-flowered, 2 bracteoles near apex. C. multifida Benth. Low, diffusely branched, puberulont; lv!s. petiolate, pinlnately dissected; segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse; cor. lobes entire; caps. ovoid, valves at length 2-parted. —l) Sandy banks of rivers, common, Ohio to La. A plant 4-6' high, with finely divided leaves, and of a grayish aspect. Leaves 1' long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as the flowers. Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule 1-'" long. J1. (Capraria, Mx.) 16. HERPES'TIS, Gaert. (Gr. e'p9rrTcr', acreeper.) Calyx 5-parted, unequal; col. subbilabiate, upper lip emnarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3lobedl; sta. 4, didynamous, parallel; caps. 2-furirowed, 2-celled, valves parallel with the dissepiment, thie margins inflexed; seeds co, small.Obscure weeds with opposite lvs. Peod. 1-flowered, axillary, or subracenous, oftenl with 2 bracteoles near the calyx. ~ Flowers yellow, corolla 4-cleft, upper segment (lip) entire. Plant erect............. No. 1 Flowers ble. —Corolla 4-cleft, upper seglent (lip) emarginate................. Nos. 2, 3 -Corolla 5-cleft, lobes nearly equal. Leaves crenate.................. No. 4 1 H. nigrescens Benth. Tall; lvs. oblong, crenate-serrate, cuneate at base, obtuse or acute; ped. bractless, equaling or exceeding the leaves- the posterior lobe of the calyx oblong-obtusish.-'4 Car. to Fla. and La. Wet. Plant 1 to 2f Ligh, often branched. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, thick, obscurely feather-veined, the upper shorter than the (1') pedicels. Cor. yellow, rather longer (5") than the calyx (4"). Aug., Sept. (Gratiola acuminata Walt.)-Blackens in drying. 2 H. rotuncdifblia Ph. St. mostly glabrous, creeping; lvs. osrbicular-obovate, entire, glabrous, many-veined;.pedicels ebracteate, 1-3-together, 2 or 3 times loznger than the calyx; lower cal. seg. ovate; cot. 1 longer than the calyx.-i- A prostrate mud plant, in ponds, I1. (Mead) to La. (Hale.) Stem If in length. Leaves 612" diam., about 9-veined, sessile. Peduncles thick, half as long as the leaves. Calyx 2-3" in length. Flowers blue. Aug. 3 H. amplexicaillis Ph. St. floating, woolly; Ivs. as-Ilexicaul, oeaite, obtuse, entire, many-veined, glabrous above; 1ped. solitary, s7hoitle' than the calyx; cal. lower segmn. cordate; cor. J longer than the calyx; hypogynous disk long, 10toothed at apex. —Swamps and ditches, N. J. to La. (Hale.) A few inches in length, with leaves 6 to 8" long. Fls. nearly 5" long. Sty. dilated at the end. Aug. 4 EI. Monniira HIumboldt. G-ebrous, fleshy, prostrate; lvs. cuneate-obovate, obscurely crenate or entire, 1 to 3-veined; ped. as long as the ivs.; cal. subtended by 2 linear bractlets, its 3 outer segm. ovate.-'L An obscure weed, on inundated banks, Penn. to Ga. and La. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, obscurely veined, sessile, or the lower contracted to a short petiole. Fls. fewv,, or. spreading 3 to 4"', pale blue, on ped. 6 to 12" long. Aug. (E1I. cuneifblia Ph.) 17. GRATI'LA, IIEDGE HYssoP. (Lat. gratica, favor; alluding to its medicinal virtues.) Calyx 5-parted, subequal; cor. upper lip entire or slightly bifid, lower trifid, the palate not prominent; sta. 2, fertile, mostly with 3 sterile filaments; caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, valves inflexed 524 ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACEzE. at margin. —lerbs with opposite lvs. Ped. axillary, 1-flowered, usuially bibracteolate near the calyx. ~ Flowers sessile. Cells of anthers vertical. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy.............Nos. 7, 8 ~ Flowers pedunculate. Anther cells transverse. Plants smooth or viscid (a). a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed..........................Nose. 1-ti a Sterile filamnents thread-like, tipped with a small head....................... Nos. 4-6 1 G. Virginiana L. St. ascending, branched; lvs. lanceolate, sparingly tootlsed; ped. as long or longer than the leaves; cor. twice longer than the calyx; sterile fil. none. — 2 U. S. and Can. Stein 4-8' high, more or less pubescent, round, declining, and branching at base. Leaves 1-2' long, and L as wide, smooth, lanceolate, sessile, dentate or nearly entire near the aends, subconnate or amplexicaul. Cor. white or pale-yellow, twice longer than the calyx or the 2 bracts. J1. 2 G.:Ploridsina Nutt. St. erect, branched; Ivs. lanceolate, few-toothed; ped. longer than the leaves; cor. 4 times longer than the calyx; sterile fil. none — Drry soils, fields, &c., Ala. and Fla. Plant 6 to 9' high, with the appearance of G. Virginiana, but smaller lvs. and larger fls. Lvs. hardly 1' loncr. Ped 1' to 18" long. Bractlets scarcely as long as sepals. Cor.'" long, tube yellow within, limb rose color. 3 G. sphwerocdrpa Ell. Glabrous, ascending, branched; Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, attenuate to the base, sparingly toothed; 2ped. scarcely longer thaez the calyx.-Low grounds, WVestern States to Ga. Plant a few inches high, diTfering from the last chiefly in the short peduncles, round capsules, broader leaves, &c. Flowers whitish, 5-6" long. Jn. (G. Caroliniensis Le Conte.) 49 G. atirea Muhll. Smooth; Ivs. obloezg-lanceolate, sz!bentire, clasping; ped. as long as, or longer than the leaves; cor. yelloeo; sterile fil. 2, short.-A small, perennial herb, 6 to 8' high, in muddy places, Mass. to Fla. St. declining and rooting at the base, quadrangular, simple or branching. Lvs. sessile, a little clasping, smooth, punctate, acute or nearly so, often with a few teeth near the end. Fls. golden yellow, axillary, alternate, on slender stalks. Fil. 4, adhering to the corolla, 2 of them minute, sterile. Aug. 5 G. visc6sa Schwein. Viscid-pubescent, ascendin g; lvs. lance-ovwte or oblong, clasping, acute, 3-veined, acultely seyrrate; ped. longer than the leaves; bractlets (2) and sepals (5) twice shorter than the (white) corolla tube, twice longer than capsule. —2 Wet places, N. Car., Ky., to Flan. and La. St. simple, obtusely angled, 9 to 12' long. Lvs. 6 to 9" long, teeth slender-. Ped. 1'. Cor. white, tube yellow within. (G. Drurnmondii Benth.) fl. DRuIMAiONDIs. Sepals and bractlets subulate, thrice longer than the capsule. -La. (Hale.) 6 G. ram6sa Wralt. Glabrous or viscid-puberulent; st. ascending from a prostrate base, terete; kls. linear-acute, with few teeth near the summit; bractlets viinute or cone; sepals linear; sterile fil. filiform. — 4 Iuddy shores, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. simple or branched from the creeping base. Lvs. 6 to 9" long, 1 to 2" wide, with 2 or 4 teeth. Ped. nearly equaling the leaves. Cor. white, yellow within.'May-J1. (G. quadridentata Mx.) 7 G. pil6sa M~x. Erect, hispid'; Ivs. ovate, few-toothed, clasping, rugous; cortube scarcely longer than the calyx. —V4 Can. to Fla. and La., in wet places. Plant If high, rough with stiff, white hairs. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, 3 to 5"' broad, irregularly 3-veined. Fls. sessile, shorter than the leaves, white. J1.-Sept. 8 G. subulita Baldw. Erect, hispid; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, margins revolute, entire; cor. tube slender, thrice longer then the calyx. —21- Damp sandy places, Ga. (Feay, Pond), Fla. (Mettanuer, Chapman, &c.) Plant generally much branched, 5 to 8' high. Lvs. 5 to 8" long, rigid, distant, or often densely imbricated. Cor. tube 4"' long, persistent and recurved after flowering. Sept., Oct. 18. ILYSAN'THES, Raff. (Gr. iXv', mud, dvOos, flower.) Calyx 5parted; cor. upper lip short, erect, bifid, lower liplarger, spreadineg, trifid; sta. 2 fertile; 2 sterile fil. forked, one of the divisions glandular', obtuse, the other acute, or rarely with half an anther; caps. ovate or oblong, about equaling the calyx. — itlh opposite lvs., and axillary, 1-flowered ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. (Lindernia, L.) ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACE.E. 525 1 I. gratioloides Benth. Glabrous, ascending, much branched; lvs. ovate or oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to a petiole; cor. erect, twice longer than the calyx, on bractless pedluncles; sterile fil. bearing the glabrous, acute lobe below the middle.-'- Can. and U. S. in wet places. A low, inconspicuous plant, 3-6 or 8' high. Leaves 5-8" long, sometimes mostly sessile, commonly the lower distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish-white, much exserted, 5" long. Jl., Aug.-(L. dilatata and attenuata Muhl.) 2 1. refrdcta ]Benth. Slender, smooth, erect; mostly subradical, oval-oblong and spatulate, cauline few, small and remote, lance-linear; ped. filiformn, subterminal, few, defiected stfter flowering; col. tube 4 times longer than the linear sepals.- 2 Damp pine-woods, N. Cal. to G-a. (J[ettauer, near Macon). St. 6 to 10' high; sparingly branched. Lower lvs. 7 to 9" long, cauline 1 to 5". Fls. 5" long, light blue. Jn. 3 I. grandi fira ]3enth. Smooth, creeping, dcffuse; Ivs. thick, or'bicular, entire, subclaspin', veinless; ped. very hairy sterile fil. 2; partly exserted, lobe-bearing in the middle, thickened at the endc.- Ga. (between Savannah and Augusta, Nutt.) in sandy swalmps. L,'s. 3 to 4" diam. Ped. 1' long, cor. 6", violet blue. 19. TICRAN'TIlEU UM, Lich. (C1r. ( ttcjpdo, small, dvOof, flower; such is its characterr. ) Calyx 4-toothed or cleft; corolla upper lip shorter, entire, lower trifid; stamens 2 fertile, a glandular scale at the base of each, sterile filament none; style short, apex clavate or spatulate, entire; capsule 2 -valvced.-C- Slendeir, glabrous, creeping, with opposite Ivs. and inimiute floxwers. ~ Calyx deeply cleft, segments longer thaln thoe nequal corolla lips..................... No. 1 ~ Calyx merely toothed, seginents shorter than the very unequal corolla lips............No. 2 1 M: orbiculatum Mx. Lvs. Orbicular or roundish-obovate, obscurely 3-veined, entire, contracted to a verJ shor't petiole; fls. solitary, axillary, much shorter than the leaves and on pedicels shorter than the calyx. —N. Car. to Fla. and La., common, in mud or shallow water. Sts. diffuse, fiiform. Lvs. often crowded, 2 to 4" lonlg, 2 to 3'" wide. Fls. globular, less than 1 long, white. All summer. (NL cm-rginatum Ell.) 2 M. mnicrantha. Lvs. roundish, ovate, crow-ded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined; jfi. sessile, axillary, very minunte.-Inundated banks of rivers, Delaware to the Ogeechee, probably not common. Plant a few inches long, branched. Fls. white, the middle setr'l. of' the lower lip largest and spreading. Sept., Oct. (Herpestis micrantha Ell. iernianthus micranthemoides:Nutt.) 20. AIMPHIAMNTHUS, Tort. (Gr. e'ieLo, both or twain,'vOo~; allu. ding to its tP.o-fcold inflorescenee.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla small, funnel forim, lilnb 4-lobed, lower lobe larger, stamens 2, included; anthers 2-celled; style liglltly bifid, lobes acute; capsule obcordate, compressed, valves septilirous in the middle; seeds niumerous. —( Acaulescent, minute, mWith fis both sessile and on scapes. A. pusil.ns Torri On wet rocks, Newton Co., Ga. (Leavenworth). A minute hlerb. with thle hIs. nearlv radical, linear, obtuse, entire, I to 2" long. Fls. white, hardly 1" long, some sessile among the leaves, others on simple, filiform peduncles 1' long. Mar., Apr. 21. LIMOSEL'LA, L. A[IMIUDORT. (Lat. limus, mud; its locality.) Calyx 5-cleft; corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal; stamens approxinmating in pairs;; capsule partly 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.Minute aquatic Ii erbs. Scape 1-flowered. L. teniuifilia Nutt. Acaulescent; ivs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole; scape as long as the leaves; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the calyx.11 R. I., Mass., N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing on the muddy banks of rivers. Leaves and flower-stalks radical. Flowers very small, blue and white. Aug. 526 OaDER 86. —SCROPHU ILARIACE2E. 22. SYNTHY'RIS, Benth. (Gr. ovv, together, Ov'pig, a door; sc. valves closed.) Calyx 4-parted; corolla subcampanulate, segments 4, erect-speading or 0; stamens 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla, exserted; anther cells parallel, distinct; capsule compressed, obtuse or emarginate, loculicidal, seeds plano-convex. — 2 N. American, with a thick root. Radical lvs. petiolate, cauline bract-like, oin the scape-like stem, alternate. Fls. racerned or spicate. S. Houghtoniana Benth. Hirsute, radical Ivs. ovate, subcordate at base, crenulate, obtuse; scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above; cor. as long as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones. Dry hills, Wis. (Lapham). Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1- to o', on petioles about an inch long, some of the leaves often suborbicular. Bracts much smaller, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Scape 9 to 12' high. Spike elongated in fruit. 23. DIGITA'LIS, L. FOX-GLOVE. (Lat. digitabulbum, a thilmble.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla camnpanulate, ventricous, upper lip reflexed, spreading, middle segment of the lower lip broadest; capsule ovate, 2celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepinment.-Hcrbs or shrubs of Europe and Asia. Lower lovs. crowded, petiolate, ulpper alternate. Fls. in showy racemes. Poisonous and medicinal. ~ Corolla tube subglobous, scarcely longer than the lower lip............. Nos. 1, ~, 2 ~ Corolla tube campanulate, twice longer 1han the lower lip.............N.os.:0, 4, 6 ~ Corolla tube subeylindric, twice longer than the lower lip.....................No. 5 1 D. orientAlis Lam. St. and lance-linear Ivs. glabrous; spike interrutpted, glandular-villous; pedicels very short; cal. segmenls ovate-lanceolale, aecue; coI. pubescent, lower segments oblong, cbtuse.-2T B1ythinia. EIeight rf. Corolla purplish, spotted. 2 D. ferruginea. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, very smoothl; irac. many-flowered; cal. segments oval-elliplical, obtuse; cor. limb subglobous, woolly, lower segment ovate. — 2 in Greece, Armenia and Circassia. Corolla rust-colored, 16" long, lower lip longest, densely bearded. f 3 D. purpurea L. Lvs. oblong, r-ugous, petiolate, crenatue; cal. se;m. owvte oblong; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire; pod. as long as the caly -x.- Plant 2 to 3f high, with large, rough, downy lvs. F'ls. nlumerous, in a lono, sil,4ipleo spiki'e, large, crimson, often white, with eye-like spots within. J1. ~ Eur. 4 D. grandifl6ra Allioni. Lvs. ovate or oblong-lanuceolate, veiny, serruZtel, amplexicaul; rac. tomentousI lax; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. ventricouscampanulate, segments broader than long, lowest twice broader than the lateral. in Europe. Plant 2-3f high. Flowers 1.l' long, yellow, varying to brownish or orange. 1 5 D. lutea L. Very smooth; les. oblong or lanceolate, denticulate; rac. secund, many-flowered; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. glabrous, tube subventricous, lower segment l-lalf as long again as the.csl. —24 Europe. Stem 3f high. Flowers 8-10" lotng, yellow, varying to white. t 6 D. Thdpsi, with mullein-like lvs. all radical and fiat on the ground. 7 D. leucoph&ea, with very large, dense, leafy racemes of dusky whlite fls., and a few other species may be found in gardens. There are also many hybrids, difficult of course, to determine. 24. VERON'ICA, L. SPEEDWELL. (Perhaps names for St. Tc:ron'ca.) Calyx 4-parted; corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, lower segmenelts Iostly narrow; stamnens 2, inserted into the tube, exserteld; sterile ill. 0; capsule comn'ressedl, 2-sulcate, often obcprdclate, 2-clled, few-seecded. — Herbs or shrubs (the following species herbs). Los. opposite. FIls. solitary, axillary or in racemes, blue, flesh-colored or white. Tall, erect (1S' to 4f). Fls. in dense, terminal spikes. Corolla tub elonrated.....Nos. 1:13 Low, weak (3 to 12'). Leaves opposite (at base). Corolla tube very short. (a) ORDEIR 86.-SCROPItULARIACE2E. 527 a Racemes opposite, axillary. Capsule roundish, emarginate....................Nos. 2, 3 a Racemes alternate, axillary. Capsule not rounded, very flat..................Nos. 4, 5 a Inacemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not raceme1d. (b) b Floral leaves like the rest, not longer than the recerived peduncles....... Nos. 6-8 b Floral leaves bractlike, longer than the erect peduncles. (c) c Peieniial. Peduncles equaling or exceeding the calyx............ Nos. 9, 10, 14 C Annual. Peduncles shorter than the calyx or none.................Nos. 11, 12 1. V. Virginica L. CULvER'S PJIYSIC. Erect, tall, glabrous; ls. verticillate in 4s, 5s, or Gs, lance-ovate to lance-linear; spikes mostly several, paniculate.-n Woods, thickets and barrens, Can. to Ga., W. to Iowa. A conspicuous plant arising 2-51. Stem simple, straight, smooth, with whorls of acuminate, finely serrat0 leaxves which are subpetiolnte and glaucous beneath. Flowers numerous, nearly sessile, in spikes 3 to 10' long. Corolla white, tubular, pubescent inside. Starlens and style twice as long as the corolla. J1. (Leptandra Virginica Nutt.) 2 V. Anagailis L. Glabrous erect; Ics. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, acutish, entire or serrulate; rac. in opposite axils; caps. orbicular, slightly notched. -74 A smooth, fleshy plant, frnquenting the borders of brooks and pools, Can. and U. S. Stem about If higil. Leaves 2-3' by 5 —7". Racemes (sometimes but 1 at a node) longer than the leaves, loose, pedicels (2-3") scarcely longer than the bracts. Flowers bluish-purple, small. Jn., J1. 3 V. Americarna Schwenitz. BaOOIKLIME. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect, above; lUs. ovate or ovate-oblongy, acute or obtusish; serrate, petiolate, abrupt at ba,.se; raec. opposite, loose; caps. roundish, turgid, emarginate.- 2 In brooks and clear waters, Can. and U. S. Plant rather fleshy, very smooth, 12 —18' long, mnore or less decumbent and rooting at base. Leaves 1-2' long, petioles margined. tRacemes lonlger than the leaves. Pedicels (3-5") twice longer thanthe bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn., J1. —(V. Beccabunga Am. authors.) 4 V. scutellaria L. SKULL-CAP. SPEEDWELL. Glabrous, ascending, weak; Ivs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, remotely denticulate; rac. in alternate axils very loose: pedicels divaricato; capsule flat, broader than long, cordate at both, ends.-2T Slender and weak, in swamps and marshes, N. Eng. and W. States, and Brit. Am., common. St. 10 to 16' high. Lvs. (2 to 3' by 2 to 3") much longer than the internodes. Ped. and pedicels filiform, the latter (6 to 9") six times loncer than the bracts. 11ls. rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines. Jn.Aug. 5 V. officinalis L., OFFICINAL SPEEDWaEI. Roughish-pubescent; St. prostrate, branched; Ivs. briefly petiolate, and subsessile, obovate-elEiptic or oblong, obtuse, serrate, mostly narrowed to the base; rac. dense, msany-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx; caps. puberulenlt, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate.-lU In dry woods and open fields, Can. to Ga., rare. Plant trailing, 6 to 12' long, withl ascendlinrl branlches. Lvs. 1' to 18" by 6 to 9". Fls. pale blue, forming rather long, axillary, erect. pedunculate spikes. Maly-J1. ~ Eur. 6 V. Buxbasimii Tenore. Prostrate, hairy; lvs. rountdish-ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate, the floral similar, all on short petioles; pecl. longer than the lvs.; caps. triangular-obcordate, broader than long.-Rare in waste grounds, E. States. Plant 7 to 12' le y1Yvs. nearly 1' long(. Cal. spreading 4 to 6". Cor. larger than the calyx, blue. Caps. co-seeded. 7 V. agr6stis L. NEC1CWEED. St. procurmbent, diffusely branching; lvs. cordateovate, deeply crenaite-serrate, floral similar, all petiolate; ped. as long as the leaves; caops. rozLudish, acutely notched, co-seeded. —) In cultivated fields, Can. and Atlantic States, not common. A small, pilous plant, 2 to 8' long, branching mostly at base. The lvs. are roundish-ovate, the lower shorter than their petioles, the upper alternate. Fls. small, light blue, veined, their stalks recurvoed in fruit. Segm. of the cal. fringed, ovate, equal. May-Sept. ~ Eur. 8 V. hedersef16ia L. Prostrate, pilous; lvs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, coarsely 3 to 5-toothed ore lobet; ped. scarcely longer than the lvs.; sep. triangular, s-ubcordcate, acute, closed in.fruit; caps. turgid, 4-seeded.-Dry or rocky soils, L. Isl. to Del., rare. St. diffusely branched. Lvs. rather fleshy, 6 to 12" diam., tlhe upper larger and alternate. Cal. segm. ciliate. Cor. smaller than the calyx, blue. lMar., May. ~ Eur. 52 8 ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACE. 9 V. serpyllif6lia L. Subglabrous, much branched below; sts. ascending; lvs. oval, suberenate, obtuse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing abruptly into oblong, entire, alternate bracts; ped. longer than the ovate sepals caps. obcordate, broader than long.-2 f Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass, etc., U. S. and Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather fleshy, 3-veined, 4-12" long, petioles 0-2'. l-acemes bracted, erather close in flower, elongating in fruit to 2-5'. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx, blue and white, penciled with purple lines. Mlay —Aug. 10 V. alpina L. Branched at base, ascending' lvs. roundish-oval, subentire, very obtuse, short-petioled, upper elliptical and much smaller; rac. hairy, fewflowered, usually dense; pod about as loer as the calyx; stam. shorter than the corolla; caps. obovate, emarginate.-White Mits., N. It. and Rocky Mts. Plant 1 to 5' long. Lvs. about 4" by 5". Fls. small, blue.-Scarcely distinguishable firom dwrarf specimens of No. 9. 11 V. peregrina L. Ascending, subglabrous; Ivs. petiolate, oblong, fewv-toothed, obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire, floral ohblong-linear, entire, longer than the subsessile flowers; caps. suborbicular, slightly notched, the lobes rounded. — Throughout N. Am., in fields or clayey soils. Plant often branched from the base, 4 to 10' high. Lvs. rathler fleshy, thle upper cauline, 6 to 11" long, floral much smaller. Sopals oblong, longer thain the pale blue or white corolla. Caps. hardly broader than long. MLay, JT. (V. Marilandica AV illd.) 12 V. arvdnsis L. CORN SPEEDWELL. Puberulent-pilous, simple or branched, erect or assurgent; lvs. ovate o' reoundish, sebcordate, i'zccsely crenale, lower ones petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceolate, crenate, sessile; pod. shlorter than the calyx.-Frequent in dry fields, N. IL. to Ga. and La. A small, pubescent, pale-green plant, 2 to 6' high. St. nearly erect, branching from the base, thle leaves assurgent. Cor. shorter than the cal., pale blue, penciled with purple lines. May, Jn. g P. IENIFORMIS. Lvs. sessile, reniform, entire. (V. reniformis Raf.) 13 V. spicAta L. SPIKED SPEEDWELL. Erect, tall; lvs. petiolate, ovateoblong or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, crenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate, entire at apex; rac. mostly solitary; pedicels much shorter than the sepals; cal. mostly hoary-pubescent.- 2 Europe and Asia. A beautiful garden species with numerous varieties. Flowers blue, roseate, etc. t 14 V. gentianoides Vahl. St. caspitous; flowering branches erect, simple; Ivs. thick, entire, or sparingly erenate; lowest crowded, obovate or oblong, the west i-emote, oblong or lanceolate, the floral bract-like; rac. loosely many-flowered, pubescent; ped. many times longer than tlhe calyx.-Fls. rather large, blue.' Asia. 25. BUCHNE'RA, L. BLIUE-HEARTS. (In honor of J. C. itechner, a German botanist, 1'743.) Calyx 5-toothed; corolla salver form, tube slender, limb flat, in 5, obovate-oblong, subequal lobes; stamens 4, ineluded, anthers halved, i. e., with but one cell; capsule 2-valved.-Herbs, with the lower lxvs. opposite, the upper alternate. Fls. in a terminal spike. B. Americana L. Tall, slender, hispid, very rough; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, fewtoothed, obtuse, 3-veined, the lowest oblong-obovate; hlighest linear; spike longpeduncled; fils. dense, becoming remote in fruit; cor. tube slender, pubescent, twice as long as the hispid, tubular calyx, or the deep blue cor. lobes.-I. Y. to Ga. and La. Sts. 2 to 3f high, simple or few-branched, the upper half naked or with bracts only. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. 6 to 12 in the spike, 6 to 7" long. Jn. -Aug. (B. elongata Sw.? (Darby) is the same plant). Blaeokens in drying. 26. I/ACRAN'THERA, Torr. (Gr. [_atpof., great, Lat. anthe/ra, anthers; a mongrel word.) Calyx tube campanulate, lobes 5, long and narrow; corolla tubular, limb oblique, segments short, entire, stamens 4, long, cxserted, subequal; style long, filiform; capsule ovate, acumi ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACELEo. 529 nate.- -4 Herbs tall, with opposite, pinnatifid lvs., long, decurved peduncles, and cylindraceous, yellow fis. 1 M. fuchsioides Torr. Cal. segm. but little shorter than the corolla.-Ala., La. Plant 2 to 3f high. Lvs. lanceolate, 2' long, with lanceolate segments. Race long, loose, secund. Cor 1' long. 2 M. Lec6ntii Torr. Cal. segm. entire, linear-lanceolate, scarcely one-third the length of the corolla.-Dry pine woods, Ga., Fla. Lvs. etc., as in the other. 27. SEY1ME'RIA, Ph. (In memory of Henry Seynmer, Esq., an English naturalist.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft; cor. tube short, dilated, 5-lobed, lobes ovate or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube; sta. 4, subequal; valves of the capsule loculicidal, entire; seeds oo.Herbs erect, branching. Cauline lvs. mostly opposite and incised. Fls. yellow. ~ Tube of the corolla broadly campanulate, incurved, as long as the limb............... No. 1 ~ Tube of the corolla much shorter than the subrotate limb......................... Nos. 2, 3 I S. macrophll11a Nutt. Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent; lvs. large, the lower deeply pinnatifid, segments lance-oblong, incised, terminal one the largest, upper lanceolate, serrate or entire; cor. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb; sty. short, dilated and slightly bifid at apex; caps. ovate-acuminate.-2T In woods, White River Valley, Ind., Ohio (Clark) to Ark. Height 4 —Gf, with the habit of Dasystoma. Lower leaves (5 —7' by 2-3') lance-ovate in outline, floral (2-3') mostly opposite. Corolla ~' long, very woolly within. July. 2 S. pectinAta Ph. Viscid-pubescent, profusely branched; Ivs. oblong, half-pin-:natifid or cleft half way to the midvein, segrn. few, entire, short, linear, obtuse, upper lvs. merely toothed; caps. pubescent, acute with the style, at length obtuse.-N. Car. to Fla. and Tex., in the upper districts. Plant 2 to 4f high, the numerous branches opposite. Lvs. small, an inch (or less) long, the rachis oblanceolate. Sep. oblong-linear, longer than the pedicel. Cor. subrotate, 5 to 6" broad. Aug. —Oct. 3 S. teniuif6lia Ph. Minutely puberulent, much branched; Ivs. setaceously bipinnatifid, rachis and segments all equally attenuated; caps. globular, rostrate.Wet pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 2 to 3f high, quite slender and nearly smooth. Lvs. 6" and less long, only the lower segments dissected, upper entire. Cor. lobes oblong, spreading about 4". Ped. twice longer than the calyx. Aug., Sept. 28. DASYS'TOMA, Raf. (Gerardia, L.) YELLOW FOXGLOVE. (Gr. 6aabg, hairy, ur-0ga, mouth; alluding to the corolla.) Calyx campanulate, half 5-cleft, imbricate in vstivation; corolla tube dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes, woolly within; stamens didynamous, scarcely included, woolly; anthers all equal, awned at base; capsule ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing a septum in the middle; seeds many.r.- Herbs tall, erect. Lower lvs. opposite, upper generally alternate. Cor. large, yellow. All blacken in drying. * Segmnents of the calyx entire. Plants pubescent........ (No. 1) or glabrous.......Nos. 2, 8 * Segments of the calyx toothed or pinnatifid. Plants pubescent...................Nos. 4, 5 1 D. flAva. Plant pubescent, subsimple; lvs. nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire or toothed, the lower pinnatifid or incised; cal. lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than its tube; ped. very short.-A showy plant, 2 to 4f high, in woods throughout the U. S. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, tapering to the subsessile base or petiole, the upper mostly entire. Cor. about 18" long. Aug., Sept. (D. pubescens Benth. G. flava L.) 2 D. integrif6lia. Plant glabrous, subsimple; lvs. lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest somewhat toothed; ped. shorler than the calyx.-Woods, S. E. Ohio to Ill. and Tenn. Sts. often much branched, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, petiolate. Fls. smaller, the cor. about 1' long. Not at all glaucous like the next. Aug. (D. quercifolia fP.? 3enth. G. integrifolia Gray.) 34 530 ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACEdE. 3 D. quercifflia Benth. Plant glabrous and glaucous, paniculate-branched; tvs. paler beneath, petiolate, lower ample, bipinnatifid, upper oblong lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; ped. as long as the calyx; segm. of the cal. lance-acuminate, longer than its tube. —Woods and thickets, N. Eng. to Ga. and Mtich., comlnon. St. tall, purplish, covered with a glaucous bloon, 3 to Sf high. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, sinusto or incised. Fls. large, and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, formiiing a loose spike. Cor. trumpet-shaped, near 2' long. Aug. (G. quercifolia Ph. G. glauca Eddy.) 4 D. pedicultria Benth. Pubescent or nearly glabrouzs, branched; lvs. orate lanceolate, pinnatifid, with toothed or incised segments; pedicels longer than the hairy calyx, segm. tooth or incised, equaling the top-shaped calyx tube. —Dry hilly woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky., common. St. bushy, very leafy, 2 to 3f high, sprinkled with a woolly pubescence. L-s. 2 to 3' long, divided like those of the Louse-wort. Cor. rather bell-shaped, 15" long, the cal. 5". Aug. (G. pedicunlaria L.) 5 D. pectinrta ]3enth. TVery hirsute; Ivs. lanceolate, pcctinate-pinnatifid, segm. subdentate or incised; ped. shorter than the hairy calyx, segm. toothed, longer than the cal. tube.-Pino woods, Car. and Ga. Fls. as large as in the last. JI., Aug. (G. pectinata Torr.) 29. GERAR'DIA, L. (In honor of John Gcerard, an English botanist of tie 16th century.) Calyx campanulate, briefly or narrowly 5-toothed; cor. tubular, ventricous or subcampanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire unequal lobes; sta. clidynamous, in pairs, shorter than the corolla, length unequal; caps. obtuse, or briefly acuninate; seeds o. —Aincrican herbs, rarely suffruticous. Lvs. opposite. Fls. axillary, solitary, purple or rose-color. 1. OTOPYrLTA.. Calyx segments longer than its tube, 2 anthers mnuch smaller..........No. 1 2. GERDIAioImxproper. Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal. (~) ~ Corolla bilabiate, upper lip very short, erect. Peduncles longer than corololla........No. ~ Corollalobes subequal, all spreading, throat usually hairy. (a) a Leaves almost none, opposite scales instead. Flowvers large......................No. 3 a Leaves all alternate, filiform. Flowers large, long-stalked........................ No. 4 a Leaves opposite.-Pceduncles not longer than the calyx.......................Nos. 5, -Peduncles nuch longer.-lFlowers large (:about 9// lonl.)....Nos. 7, 8 — Flowers small (about 6" long)... Nos. 9, 10 1 G. auriculata Mx. Scabrous, hirsute, subsimple; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, mostly entire, upper auriculate at base; fis. nearly sessile.- () Penn. to Iorwa and La., in low grounds. A rough, rigid plant, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long sessile, the floral with an oblong lobe on each side at base. Cor. dilated and spreading at mouth; lobes entire, rounded, purple, rarely white. Short stamens similar, but twice smaller. Aug., Sept. 2 G. Mettanieri. Glabrous, slender, diffusely branched; lvs. linear-filiform, scarcely rough-edged; ped. filiform. many times longer than the calyx which has short, triangular teeth; cor. distinctly bilabiate, upper lip very short, crmarginate, straight, vaulted, fringe-ciliate, lower lip of 3 broad, spreading lobes.- (1[) Wet sandy places, Middle Fla. (Dr. Mettauer). Sts. 1 to 2f hig h. Lvs. 5 to 12" long. Ped. 6 to 12' long. Fls. purple, with 2 yellow stripes in the spotted tube.,? CLAUSXI. Cor. tube dorsally compressed, throat closed by the inflcxedl upper lip. —A1ith the others. Fls. light purple. y? rUnA. Lvs. (except a few at the base) reduced to minute bracts, scarcely 1" long; fls. all terminal, rather smaller (5" long,) light purple. 3 G. aphylla Nutt. Erect, with slender branclles, leafless, with few, remote, scarious scales or short bristle-like lvs; ped. bracteolatc; cal. tru;cate, with minute, gland-like teeth; caps. globular, exceeding the calyx.- (9 N. Car. to Fla. and La. in wet places, coastward. Plant 2 to 3f lligh, often sirrplc, with few flowers, or diffusely few-branched with many flowers. Fls. deep purple, middle size, lobes subequal, pedicels short, i. e.,'the bractlets are near the flowers. Jn., J1. 4 G. filif6lia Nutt. St. terete, diffusely branched; Ivs. filqforn, terete, alternate and much fascicled; ped. alternate, much longer than the lvs.; cal. teeth short, setaceously acute; cor. ample, smooth.- ( St. Mary's, Ga. to Apalachicola, Fla. ORDER 86.-SCROPHULARIACEAE. 531 Plant rigid, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. never an inch long, always scattered. Ped. 1 to 2' long. Fls. numerous, large. Aug. —Oct. 5 G. maritima Raf. St. angular; lvs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtuse; fis. small; ped. scarcely as long as the truncate calyx; lobes of the cor. spreading, 2 upper jringed. — () Salt marshes, along the Atlantic coast. Plant branched, 4 to 10' high. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, subterete and quite fleshy. Fls. about 6' long, inclined to be terminal. Caps. globular. J1. —Sept. 6 G. purpafrea L. St. angular, branched; lvs. linear, acute, scabrous on the margin; ped. shorter than the calyx which has a truncate tube with short selaceously acute teeth. Cor. ample, smooth or pubescent.- (I Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. Plant of varying fbrm according to situation, 1 to 2f high (2 to 4f South). Lvs. 1 to 2' long, often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils. Fls. large, (1' long), purple, the ped. 1", rarely 2" long. ~ Aug. (G. Plukenetii Ell?) /F. FASCIcULATA. Tall, with fascicles of smaller lvs. in the axils; cor. pubescent, lobes ciliate.-S. States, common (G. fasciculata Ell.). 7 G. daspera Doug. Sparingly branched; lvs. scabrous, long and narrowly linear, the floral exceeding the calyx; ped. twice longer than the calyx; cal. teeth lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as its tube; cor. ample, smooth. (1 I11. to Iowa (Cousens), &c. Closely allied to G. purpurea. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, rigid, rough. Cor. deep purple, about 1' long, not always smooth. Ped. 3 to 5". Aug. 8 G. liniflia Nutt. St. terete, virgate, inclined, subsimple, several from the same base; Ivs. opposite, smooth, thick, lonzg, lance-linear, and linear, erect, the upper reduced to bracts; ped. many times longer than the calyx which is truncate, with scarcely any teeth.-N. Car. to Fla., in wet pine barrens. Sts. 2 to 3f high, terete. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3". Cor. large, pubescent, its lower lip spotted. Aug.-Sept. 9 G. tenuif6lia Vahl. Paniculate, much-branched; sts. angular; lvs. linear; ped. axillary, longer than the flowers, about equaling the Ivs.; caps. globular.(> A slender and delicate species, usually very branching, in fields and woods, U. S. and Can. St. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. about an inch -long, very narrow (1" in width) entire, rough-edged, often coiled. Fls. opposite, axillary, on slender stalks, an inch or less in length. Cor. purple, spotted within, border much spreading, smooth and nearly equal. Cal. teeth short and acute. Aug.-Sept. 10 G. setftcea Walt. St. erect, sparingly branched, slender, 4-angles margined; lvs. remzote, linear or setaceous, acute at each end, the floral ones 2 or 3 times shorter than the very long peduncles; cal. teeth very short, acute; cor. lobes short, spreading; caps. roundish ovoid, scarcely exceeding the calyx.- el) S. and W. States, dry grounds. Plant 12 to 18' high, the stem and few branches quite slender and rough on the slightly winged angles. Lvs. 5 to 10" long, few and far between. Pod. 1 to 1-' long. Cor. (5 to 6") glabrous, light purple or rosecolor. Jl., Aug. (G. Skinneriana, 2d edit.)-Scarcely blackens, in drying. 30. CASTILLE'JA, L. (Euchroina, Nutt.) PAINTED CUP. (Named for one Cacstilljo, a Spanish botanist.) Calyx tubular, 2-4-cleft; cor. galea (upper lip) linear, very long, carinate-concave, lower short, 3-lobed; sta. beneath the galea, didynamous; anth. oblong-linear, with unequal lobes, cohering in the form of an oblong disk, the exterior fixed by the middle, interior pendulous. —IIerbaceous or suffruticous. Lvs. alternate, the floral often colored at the apex. Fls. subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts. 1 C. coccinea Spreng. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, with linear and divaricate segments; bracts about 3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla; cal. 2-cleft, nearly equaling the corolla, segments retuse and enmarginate. —24 Wet meadows, Can. and U. S., rare in N. Eng., remarkable for its large+, bright, scarlet (or bright yellow!) bracts. Stem angular, simple, 8-12' high. Leaves with about 2, long, linear segments on each side. Bracts crowded near the summit of the stem, each with a dull yellow flower in its axil, less showy than itself May, Ju. 532 ORDER 86.-SCROPHUL~iRIACEE. 2 C. sessilifilra Ph. Pilose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear, mostly trifid with the lobes divaricate; cal. sessile, elongated; spikes dense; cor. long, exserted, arched, segments of the lower lip acuminate. — 4 Prairies, Wis. (Lapham) and westward. Stem 8-14' high, several from the same root, simple, leafy. Leaves gravish, 2-2~' long. Flowers crowded. Corolla tube slender, 2-3' in length, greenish-white, with a slight tinge of purple. Style and stamens enfolded by the upper lip, and a little exserted. May. (E. grandiflora Nutt.) 3 C. septentrionalis Lindl. Lvs. linear, undivided, the upper lanceolate, the floral subovate, subdentate at the end. all 3-veined; cal. with acute teeth, shorter than the corolla. — 2 A hardy inhabitant of Alpine and high northern regions, White Mts., N. II. to Hudson's Bay. St. a foot high, simple. Lvs. sessile, smoothish, becoming lanceolate towards the upper part of the stem, and near 2' long. Tuft of fls. at top of the stem;. Bracts broader and shorter than the leaves, 5 to 7-veined, of a pale straw color tipped with purple. Fls. straw-colored, nearly concealed by the bracts. Aug. (Bartsia pallida Ph.) 31. SCHWAL'BEA, L. CHAFF-SEED. (In honor of Schwalbe, a German botanist.) Calyx tube 10-ribbed, inflated, obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small, lower large, emarginate or 2-toothed; corolla ringent, upper lip entire, archeld, lower 3-lobed; capsule oblong; seeds many, chaffy.42 With alternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. S. Americana L. In sandy barrens and marshes, N. Y. to Fla. and La. Stem 12f high, pubescent, stout, simple. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3-veined, 1' to 20" long, with a ciliate margin. Bracts ovate, acuminate, diminishing upwards. Flowers on simple, alternate, very short pedicels, in a long spike. Corolla dull purple or brownish-yellow, twice as long (1 —1u') as the permanent, strongly-ribbed calyx. Jn. 32. PEDICULA'RIS, L. LouSEWORT. (Lat. pediculus, a louse; probably from its efficacy in destroying that insect.) Calyx ventricous, 2 to 5-cleft, the segments leafy, or sonletimes obliquely truncate; corolla vaulted, upper lip compressed, emnarginate; lower lip spreading', 3-lobed; capsule 2-celled, oblique, mnuceronate; seeds angular. —Herbs. Lvs. alternate, rarely subopposite, often pinnatifid. Fls. spicate. 1 P. Canad6nsis L. Hirsute; st. sinple; lizs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, lobes oblong-ovate, crenate-dentate; spike short, dense, lealfy; cal. truncate dbwnwards; cor. galea abruptly incurved, with 2 setaceou,.s teeth; caps. ending in a prolonged ensiformn beak.-24 Pastures and low grounds, U. S. and Can. St. erect, if' high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 1 to 2', chiefly radical. Spike short, hairy, with a few small leaves at the base. Cor. yellowish and purple, the upper lip long, erect, forming a galea or heln:et, cut scluare off at the end, arith a bristlelike tooth at each corner. Beak of the capsule often near 1' in length. MayJ1. (P. gladiata Mx.) 2 P. lanceolAta Mx. Neary gplabrous; st. branched; la&s. subop)posile, briefly petiolate or sessile, oblong-lanceolate, doubly incised crenate; spike rather dense cal. 2-lobed; corI. galea as long as the lip, incurved over it and closing the throat; caps. short, ovoid.-2- In alluvial woods, N. Y. to Wis. (Lapham), S. to Va. St. 1 to 2f high, smooth, with pubescent lines, nearly opposite lvs., and a few axillary branches. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 11'. Spike 1 to 3' in length, with ovate-lanceolato bracts. Cal. and cor. smooth, the latter greenish yellow, 1' long. Style a little exserted. Sept. (P. pallida Ph.) 33. RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW RATTLE. (C1. %v, 11ose, dVOogS alluding to the singular appearance of the compressed gtlea.) Calyx 4-toothed, ventricous; corolla tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, limb tingent, galea appendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply livided into 3 obtuse segments; capsule 2-valved, compressed, obtuse. —' Erect, with opposite lvs. ORDER 87. —ACANTHlACE2E. 533 fR. Crista-gailli L. Mostly glabrous; lvs. oblong or lanceolato; cor. scarcely a third longer than the calyx; appendages of the galea transversely ovate, broader than long.-Meadows, Plymouth, Mass. to Arc. Am. St. a foot high, smooth, branching. Lvs. opposite, nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate, acutely serrate, rough. Fls. axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Cal. inflated, contracted at the mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth, and much shorter than the yellow, ringent corolla, but becoming very large and inflated in fruit, rattling with the ripe seeds. J1. ~ Eur. 34. EUPHRASIA, L. EYEBRIGHIT. (Named for Eup2hro si'ze, one or the Graces, meaning cheerfulness.) Calyx 4-cleft; upper lip of thle corolla galeate, concave, apex 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading, lower lip spreading, trifid, palate not folded; stamens didynainous, ascending beneath the galea; capsule oblong, compressed, oo-seedcd. —TIerbs with opposite lvs. and the fls. in spilkes. 3. officinalis L. Lvs. ovate or oblong, the cauline obtuse, crenate, floral (or bracts) acute, cut-serrate with cuspidate teeth; cal. lobes subequal; lower lip of cor. with its lobes deeply omarginate.-q-lq A diminutive tenant of the White Mts. and Can., rare (common in Europe). Plant branched, slender, 2 to 6' high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Fls. bluish white, 3"' long. 35. IIELAMPY'RUYI, L. Cow V:WHEiAT. (Gr. btLtaa, black, 7rvp6o, wheat; the seeds blacklen the flour of wheat if ground with it.) Calyx 4-cleft; upper lip of the corolla compressed; the margin folded back; lower lip grooved, trifid; capsule 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally; seeds 1 to 4, cylindric-oblong, smooth. —Ierbs with opposite lvs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. kM. prat6nse L. Lvs. linear and lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, the upper generally broader and toothed at base; ils. axillary, distinct; cal. teeth slender, half as long as the corolla.-) Inhabits woods, Can. to Ga'. W. to Ky. St. with opposite branches, 8 to 10' high, round, erect. Lvs. opposite, 1 to 1' by 3 to 5", the floral ones broader, with (or without) setaceous teeth at base and tapering to an obtuse point. Fls. in the axils of the upper leaves, yellowish, slender, the corolla twice the length of the calyx. J1. (Mi. Americanumn Mx. difiering from the European variety in its more slender corolla.) ORDER LXXXVII. ACANTHACEAE. ACANTITS. Berbs or shrubs with opposite, simple leaves and regular, bracted flowers. Calyx pentamerous, equal or unequal, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-merous, tubular below, limb more or less bilabiate, convolute in bud.,Stamees didynamous or diandrous, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Fruit a 2-celled, 4 to 12-seeded capsule. Seeds supported by hooks or cup-shaped processes of the placenta, exalbuminous. Generca 155, species 1450, ihiefly tropical, a few only, extending into the United States. They are mostly destitute of active properties, and in aspect mere weedls. Yet artonl them are many remarkable for their beauty. Acanthus mollis is celebrated as laving, by its leaves, su-ggestedl the style of the Corinthian capital in architecture. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. ANECMATACANTIHEE. Seeds destitute of hlooked supports. (a) a Corolla regular. Seeds few, adnate to a cup instead of a hook..................T ERGIA. 1 a Corolla bilabiate. Seeds many, with papilhe instead of hooks.............. ELYTRRIA. 2 II. ECIIMATACANTIIEtS. Seeds subtended by hooked processes. (b) b Corolla funnel-form, subregular stamens didynamous. (RUELLImEA.) (o) C Anthers 2-spurred at base. Capsule 4-seeded in the middle............ COLOPTITANE. 3 C Anthers not spurred. Capsule 2 to 16-seeded from the middle...... DIPTERACANTIIr8. 4 C Anthers not spurred. Capsule 12 to 16-seeded from the base........Cr.mYP1m.ACANTTHUs. 5 b Corolla bilabiate, ringent. Stamens 4. Capsule io-seeded from the base.ItyoGormmILA. 6 b Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2.-Corolla resupinate, upper lip S-toothed.... DICLIPTERA. T -Corolla straight, lower lip 8-toothed. Wild.EIInYTIosLOsA. 8 -Corolla straight, lower lip 3-parted. Cult.CrvThANTnERA. 9 534 ORDER 87.-ACANTHACE2E. 1. THUNBER'GIA, L. (In honor of C. P. Thunberg, Prof. of Bot. at Upsal). Calyx short, truncate or many-toothed, subtended by 2 bractlets; corolla funnel-bell-form, throat inflated, limb 5-cleft, subregular; stamens 4, didynamous; anthers cells parallel, ciliate, one of them awned at base; capsule globular, 3 to 4-seeded.-Shrubs or climbing herbs of the Old World. 1 T. grandiflora Roxb. Climbing; lvs. cordate, anglecd, acumuinate, hispid; cal. limb trunlcate, entire. —In cultivation, a hardy perennial climber, clothed all over with fine reversed hairs, with large blue flowers 1~' deep and 3' broad.. E. Incld. Variable. 2 T. alata IBojer. Twining, silky-villous; lvs. cordate-sagittate, acute, on wringed petioles; cal. 12-cleft, bracteoles repand.-In cultivation, perennial, the whole plant soft-villous. Lvs. repand, and 5-veined. - Fls. large, yellow, with a purple base, 1-1' deep, campanulate with a curved tube. f E. Africa. Variable. 2. ELYTRA'RIA, Vahl. (Gr. v-,vrpov, an envelope or bract; from the bracted inflorescence.) Calyx 5 or 4-parted, segments unequal; corolla bilabiate lower lip or 3 bifid segments; stamens 2 fertile, 2 sterile, included; anther cells parallel; capsule 8-seeded from the base, without hooks. —Ierbs acaulescent, with radical lvs. Scape covered with appressed leaf-like, clasping scales. Fls. small, one beneath each bract of the terminal spike. 1 E. virgata hIx. Scapes several, slender, terete, glabrous, erect, covered with ovate, clasping, cuspidate, alternate scales; lvs. radical, narrow-oblong, tapering long to the petiole, repand or wavy; fis. in a dense, imbricated spike, each flower covered by a broadly ovate, coriaceous, cuspidate, ciliate scale; cal. with 2 linear bractlets which are villous-ciliate as well as the segments; cor. white. with its 5 segn. nearly equal.-Wet plains S. Car. to Fla. (Mettauer). Scapes if high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, 5 to 8" wide. Fls. 4" broad. Summer. (Anonymus Carolinensis Walt.) 3. CALOPH'ANHES, Don. (Gr. caX6og, fair, pa[vw, to appear.) Calyx segments setaccous, much longer than the tube; corolla funnel-form, limb sutbretgular, 5-lobed; stamens 4; anther cells spurred or mucronate at base, parallel; capsule lanceolate, empty below, 4-seeded in the middle; flowers axillary, opposite, mostly solitary, with narrow bracts and bractlcts.-Low, pubescent herbs with blue corollas spotted in the throat. 1 C. oblongif6lius Don. Densely pubescent, ascending from a procumbent or creeping base; lvs. obovate, obtuse, obscurely denticulate, narrowed to the subsessile base; fls. solitary, subsessile, opposite, with oblong bractlets equaling the deeply parted calyx and the corolla tube.- 4 Pine barrens and gravelly plains, Ga. and Fla. common. Herb 6 to 12', branched at base, simple above. Lv. 1' long, rarely rather acute. Cor. showy, a little exceeding the lvs., purplish blue, with deeper purple spots. Apr. (Ruellia oblongifolia sIx. Ph.) 2 C. humistratus Shutt. Smooth, prostrate, diffuse; lvs. oblong, ov-al, rather obtuse, entire, narrowed to a petiole; fls. axillary, subsessile, solitary or 2 or 3 together; bracts oblong-spatulate, shorter than the strict, setaceous calyx segm.24 S. Car. to Fla., in rich soils. Lvs. distinctly petiolate. Cal. segm. very slender, scabrous, membranous edged below, 5" long, equaling the 4-seeded capsule. (Ruellia humistrata, Mx.) 4. DIPTERACAN'THUS, Nees. (Gr. 6ir-repog, two-winged,'Kat'vto,0 Acanthus.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft; corolla funnel-form, limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens 4, included; anther cells parallel, not awned; capsule compressed and empty at base, 2 to 12-seeded above; seeds orbic^ ular, compressed, with hooked, abrupt processes.-Mostly herbs with ORDER 87.-ACANTHACE2E. 535 opposite, solitary or fascicled flowers. Bracts leafy, often stalked. Fis. large, showy, blue or purple. 1 D. strepens Nees. Herb erect; lvs. ovate or obovate-oblong, somewhat repand, cuneate at base and petiolate, smoothish or thinly downy; ped. axillary, very short, about 3 (1 to 4)-flowered; bractlets lance-oval, equaling or exceeding the calyx; sep. lance-linear, ciliate, a little shorter than the tube oJ' the long-funnel-form. corolla. Dry soils, Mid. W. and S. States, common. Plant variable, 9 to 16' high, often branched, nearly smooth. Lvs. large, 2 to 3' long, the fls. half or two-thirds as long. Caps. oblanceolate, 6-seeded or by abortion fewer. Hooks grooved. Jn.Sept. (Ruellia strepens L.) 2 D. cili~osus Nees. Herb erect, hoary-hirsute; Ivs. ovate, the lower obovate, upper oblong, all obtusish at apex and abrupt at base, subsessile; fis. subsessile, with oblong or lanceolate bracts not longer than calyx; sep. setaceous, hairy, not half as long as the long tube of the corolla.-Rich soils W. and S. States. Plant If or more high. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, the fls. nearly as long. A variety has smaller leaves almost dentate. (Ruellia ciliosa Ph.) /. uIYBRIDUS. Low, decumbent, very hirsute. —Near Savannah (Feav). Stems 2 to 4' long, with short internodes. Fls. sometimes shortened. 3 D. noctifl6rus Nees. —Cal. segm. linear-lanceolate, thrice shorier than the very long corolla tube. Otherwise as in D. ciliosus. —Ga. (near Savannah, Le Conte) and Fla. (Ruellia tubiflora Le Conte.) 5. CRYPHIACAN'THUS, Nees. (Gr. @p3Vbltog, clandestine, Cd'avOog.) Calyx deeply 5-parted, spreading in fruit; corolla bell-funnel-form, limb equal; stamens 4, included; anthers sagittate; stigma simple; capsule oblong, terete, 12 to 16-seeded friom the base; seeds roundish, cordate, compressed, silkliy, subtended with hooks.-HIerbs villous, with corm-like base and fasciculate roots. Pod. 3-flowered. C. Barbaddnse Nees. Caulescent; lvs. ovate, cuneate at base and petiolate, entire or undulate-dentate, smoothish or hairy; ped. somewhat cymrnus, longer than the petiole or even than the leaves; cal. sogm. subulate-acuminate, glandular, hirsute; cor. tube shorter than the limb.h-4 A low, leafy plant, Va. to Fla., Tex. Mex. &c. (Nees). (Ruellia tuberosa and clandestina L.) 6. HYGROPH'ILA, R. Br. (Gr. svpsP, waters, (tXeco, to love.) Calyx tubular, about half 5-cleft, with narrow, equal segmfents; corolla bilabiate, ringet, lower lip convex and rugulous in the midst, trifid; statnens 4, didynamous, not exserted; anther cells divergent-sagittatc, violet-colored; stigma simple, subulate; capsule 6-striate, ci -seededc from the base; seeds snall.-Herbs in swamnps, &c., stoloniferous, 4-angled. Fls. clustered in the axils. I. lacidstris Nees. Erect, subsimple, minutely pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, sessile, subentire; verticils many-flowered; cal. smoothish. —Borders of lakes near N. Orleans. (Hale). Stems 1 to 2f high above the water, very straight and simple. Fls. white. (Ruellia justiciaflora Hlook.) 7. DICLIP'TERA, Juss. (Gr. &fi, double, tc>Ae'o, to shllt; referring to the 2-valved capsule.) Calyx 5-parted, equal, sessile, in a bracted head; corolla resupinate, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed; stamens 2; anther cells straight, placed one above the other; capsule 4-seeded; dissepiment and walls separating from the back of the valves and curving upwards; seeds discoid, on hooks. —Herbs with the small flowers in axillary, involucrate, finally terminal heads. D. brachiAta Spr. St. 6-angled, brachiate-branched, glabrous; lvs. ovate-oblong, subentire, obtusely acuminate, contracted at base to a long petiole; hds. fewflowered, sessile or the lower on a leafy peduncle, the upper at length spicate; involucrate lvs. very unequal; capsule oval the valves first curving backwards, 536 ORDER 88.-VERBENACEA. then each splitting from the dorsal rib and curving upwards from the base.Roanokle R., N. Car. (Pursh) to Ga. (Pond) and La. (Hale). Plant 2 to 3f high, lvs. 2 to 3' long, on stalks half as long. Fls. purple, 5 or 6" long. 8. RHYTIGLOS'SA, Nees. (Gr. Pvriq, a wrinkle, yISJaaa, tongue; referring to the wrinkled palate.) Calyx 4 or 5-parted; corolla bilabiate, upper lip narrow, lower 3-lobed, with a rugous, veiny palate; stamens 2; anther cells more or less distinct, subtransverse,. placed one above the other; capsule compressed, 4-seeded firom the middle upwards; seeds tuberculate, with hooks. —Herbs, loose-leaved, with axillary or spicate, bracted flowers. 1 R. peduncul6sa Nees. Erect, angular, very smooth; Ivs. long-lanceolate, scarely oblique or ensiform, obscurely crenate or wavy, subpetiolate; spikes axillary, subeapitate, on very long peduncles opposite or alternate; bracts and sepals lanceolate, subequal, half as long (3") as the ringent corolla; lower half of the capsule empty, valves recurved when ripe.-River banks, Niagara to Tex. and Ga. Plant 2 to 3f, lvs. 2 to 4' by 6 to 12". Corollas 6" long, violet-purple. Caps. same length. Jn. J1. (Dianthera Americana L. Justicia pedunculosa MIx.) 2 R. ensif6rmis. D)ecumbent at base, then erect, very slender, 4-angled, smooth; Ivs. linear, oblique or ensiform, very entire, thick, sessile; peduncles subterminal, very long; spikes at length loose-flowered; bracts half as long as the linear subulate sepals which are a third as long as the showy corollas.-E. Ga. to Apalachicola, Fla. St. 1 to 2f high, in bogs. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 3". Ped. twice as long. Cor. purple, 1' or more long, resembling those of Arethusa. Confounded with the preceding hitherto, but very different. (Justicia ensiformis Walt.?) 3 R. humilis Nees. Glabrous, ascending, 4-angled; Ivs. oblong or lanceolate, or the lower oval, obtusish, suberenate, attenuate at base to a short petiole; spikes simple, axillary, pedunculate; fis. loose, mostly secund; b'ractiets mnuch shorter than the subulate -calyx lobes, which equal the tube of the small corolla; caps. acuminate, the lower half empty and stalk-like.-S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 1 to 2f high, often much lower. Lvs. 2 or 3' long, the spikes at length exceeding them, 5 to 10-flowered. Cor. 5" long, light purple? (Justicia humilis Mx.) 9. CYRTAN'THERA, Nees. (utvpro6f, curved, vOjpa.) Calyx 5-cleft or parted, equal; corolla ringent, upper lip falcate, lower in 3 narrow segments; stamens 2, recurved at apex, anthers short, nodding, capsule 4-seeded? —Ierbs from tropical America, with showy clusters of flowers. C. carnea. Stem stout, tall, half-shrubby; lvs. ample, ovate, subdeltoid or ovaloblong, lorng-cuneate at base, petiolate; bracts and bractlets lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, larger than the calyx; fls. in a dense, thyrse-like, terminal head, light purple or flesh-colored, large, many in bloom at once.-In the greenhouse. 1 (Justicia carnea Hook. C. magnifica Nees.) ORDER LXXXVIII. VERBENACE/ER. VERVAINS. Herbs (or generally shrubs and trees). with opposite, exstipulate leaves. Flowers with a bilabiate or more or less irregular monapetalous corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes only 2. Style 1. Fruit dry or drupaceous, 2 to 4-celled (1-celled in Phryma) forming as many 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect or pendulous, with little or no albumen. Gelnera 56, species 700, the herbs chiefly natives of temperate regions, the shrubs and trees of warm and tropical regions, where in somle instances they are very large. The Teak-tree (Tectoria grandis) of India, justly styled the " Oak of the East" is a timber tree of great size, often 100 feet in height. The wood is greatly durable, and contains silex. Medicinal properties unimportant. The order affords many fine ornaments for the garden. GENERA. ~ Herbs. Fruit dry,-of 4 1-seeded carpels. Corolla 5-parted............ERaniNA. 1 -of 2 one-seeded carpels. Corolla 4-parted.......... LPPIA. 2 -of 1 one-seeded nutlet. Corolla bilabiate........... PIYniyrA 3 ORDER S8. —VERBENACEA. 537 ~ Shrubs. Fruit fleshy.-Flowers 4-parted, axillary. Drupe 4-seeded.....CALLICARPA. 4 -Flowers 4-parted, axillary. Drupe 2-seeded...... LANTANA. 5 -Flowers 4-parted, terminal. Drupe 2-seeded.... ALOYSIA. 6 -Flowers 5-parted.-Seeds 4. Leaves simple..... CLERODOENDRUM. 7 -Seed 1. Leaves compound...VITEX. 8 1. VERBE'NA, L. VERVAIN. (Celtic fer-fcen, to expel stone; hence Eng. vervain, Lat. verbena.) Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often shorter'; corolla funnel-form, limb somewhat unequally 5-lobed; stamens 4, included, the upper pair sometimes abortive; drupe splittinginto 4, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. —Herbs or undershrubs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. sessile, mostly in spikes or hds. * Spicate; the open corollas lateral in slender spikes. (a) a Stem simple (mostly) beating a single spike. Leaves oblong.................Nos. 1, 2 a Stem branched, with many spikes. —Leaves mostly simple................... Nos. 3-5 -Leaves much divided....................Nos. 6-8 * Corymbed; the open corollas forming a terminal (spike) corymb................Nos. 9-11 1- V. anguistif6lia ~Mx. Erect, mostly simple; Ivs. oblong-linear, tapering to the base, remotely serrate, with furrowed veins; spikes filiform, solitary, axillary and terminal; cor. blue; bracts as long as calyx. A small, hairy species found on rocky hills and other dry soils, N. Y. to Va., W. to the MIiss. St. not more than a foot high, with narrow (2 to 3' by 3 to 5"), rough lvs. and slender spikes of deep blue fls. J1. (V. rugosaV Wilcl.) 2 V. Carolinia'na L. Assurgent subsimple, scabrous-puberulent; ITs. oblongobovate, obtuse or bluntly acute, crenate-dentate, sessile; fls. in a 1cose terminal spike: cor. large, rose-colored; bracts minute, half as long as the calyx; carp. 4, not separating. —i Dry soils, S. States, common. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 3', varying to oval, and in some specimens decidedly hastate I often acute. Spike 6 to 12' long. Fls. showy, 6" long, cal. 2". May-Z-J1. 3 V. hast.ta L. Co3MION VERvAIN. _Erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, incisely serrate, petiolate, the lower ones lobed or hastate; spikes erect, dense, slender, panicled; fis. imbricated. — 4 Frequently by roadsides and in low grounds, mostly throughout the U. S. and Can. St. 3 to 6f high, with paniculate. opposite branches above. Lvs. rough and rugous, 2 to 4' long, variously toothed. Fls. small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbricated spikes which are erect and parallel. J1. —Sept. Eur. (V. paniculata Lam.) —Varies with the lvs. incised or pinnatifid, and spikes loose-flowered;-evidently hybrids. (Engelm.) 4 V. urt:iczfbla L. Erect, subpubescent; Ivs. ovate aad ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, petiollat; sp'ikes axillary and terminal, loose filiformn; fis. separate; bracts shorter than the calxyx. —2 About roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninviting appearance, 2 to 3f high, with lvs. resembling those of the nettle. It has long, slender, weak, green divergent spikes remotely filled with smsall, white, distinct flowers. Seeds 4. J1., Aug. ~ Eur. 5 V. stricta Vent. MAULLEIN-LEAVED VERVAIN. IHirsute and hoary; st. thick rigidly erect, branched above; Ivs. oval or obovate, unequally dentate, sessile, acute, rugous; spikes erect, strict, iimebricate and dense-flowered. — 2 An erect, rigid, and rather handsome species, in dry fields, W. States, common. Very hirsute, I to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', numerous, veiny and whitish beneath. Cor. blue, thrice larger (4" broad) than in V. h-as;ata. J1. 6 V. braci.dsa MBIx. Decumbent, branched, divacricate, very hairy; Ivs. laciniate, rugous; spikes terminal, thick, many-flowered; b-racts lance-linear, loinger thano the fls., thrice longer that the calyx. —. Dry fields and roadsides, Mid. W. and S. States. Whole plant hairy and hoary, 8 to 16' long, remarkable for its squarrous, bracted spikes. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. small, blue. Jn.-Sept. (Zapania, Lam.) 7 V. spiiria L. Aessurgent, divaricately branching, hairy; Ivs. ovate-laeceolate, 3-cleft, laciniately lobed ancd toothed; spikes slender, loose; bracts a little longer than the calyx. — i Conn., lMd. to Ga. An unsightly plant, with a square stem, 1 to 2f high, half erect, di- and trichotomous above. Lvs. attenuate and subpetiolate at base. Spikes 3 to 6' long, dense before flowering, loose after. Cal. 1" long, cor. 2", blue. Aug., Sept.-Differs from V. officinalis of Europe in its petiolate lvs. and longer bracts. 538 ORDER 88.-VERBENACEgE. 8 V. strig6sa Hook. Erect, rigid, strigons-pubescent, hoary, branched; lvs. oblong, 3-parted to the base, incisely lobed and toothed, sessilo; fls. in loose, strict spikes; cor. large; bracts as long as the calyx; carp. 4, not separating.-N. Orleans ([Hale). St. hollow, 2 to 3f high, acutely 4-angled. Lf. lobes all acute, very veiny. Cor. purple? 4 to 5" long. 9 V. Aubletia L. Weak, assurgent, rather hairy; Ivs. ovate-oblong, 3-parted, pinnzatifid or incisely lobed and toothed, acute at base and petiolate; spikes solitary, pedunculate; bracts half as long as the cylindrical cayx; corollas showy, corymbed, segm. emarginate. —X Va. to Ill. (Lapham), La. and Fla. in dry soils, also in gardens where its beautiful flowers present every variety of color. Apr., May. 10 V. chamredrif6lia Smith. Ascending, hispid; lvs. oblong, acute, serrate, lower somewhat lobed, upper subentire; spike long-peduncled; bracts a third acs long as the long-cylindric calyx; cor. showy, corymbed; sergm. emarginate.- 2 Many of the pretty garden Verbenas are varieties of this species from Buenos Ayres. 11 V. sororia Don? Prostrate, somewhat hairy; lvs. mnullifid, with narrov', ciliate segments; spikes pedunculate, short; bracts half as long as the slender calyx; cor. small, lobes emarginate.-Garden Verbenas, with much smaller flowers, usually pure white. 1 Asia. 2. LIP'PIA, L. FOG-FRUIT. (To Augustus Lippi, a French physician.) Calyx -2-parted, compressed, erect, membranous, shorter than the tube of the corolla; corolla funnel-shaped, limb sublabiate, upper lip entire or emarg. lower 3-lobed; stam. didynamous, included; drupe dry, thin, enclosed in the calyx, 2-sceded.-Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite lvs. Hids. of fls. on axillary peduncles. (Zapania, Juss.) L. nodifl6ra Mx. Glabrous, procumbent; st. 4-angled, geniculate, simple, lvs. lanceolate, varying to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the peduncles. — 4 On river banks, Penn. to Ind., Ill. and La. Sts. If or more long. Lvs. with conspicuous veins, 1 to 2' long, 1 to ~ as wide, petioles 3 to 6". Ped. 2 to 3'. lIds. ovoid or roundish, at length cylindric-oblong. Fls. small, purplish white. Jl., Aug. (Z. nodiflora and lanceolata Ph. &c.) 3. PHRY~'IA, L. LOP-SEED. Calyx cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 3-cleft, lower lip 2-toothed; corolla bilabiate, upper lip cmarginate, much smaller than the 3-lobed lower one; stamens included; fruit dry, oblong,' striate, 1-celled, I-seeded. — I-Herbs with opposite lvs. Fls. opposite, spicate, deflexed in fruit. P. leptostdchya L. Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2-3f high. Leaves large (3-6' long), thin and coarsely toothed, on short stalks. Fls. small, opposite. light purple, in very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal, the rest opposite and axillary, each often with a pair of bracts below. After flowering the calyx closes upon the fruit and becomes reflexed backwards close to the stem. J1. 4. CALLICAR'PA, L. FRENCH MULBERRY. (Gr. KdARog, beautiful, icap7rro, firuit; for its abundant purple berries.) Calyx 4-toothed, bellshaped; corolla short-bell-shaped, limb of 4 obtuse segments; stamens 4, unequal, exserted; stigma capitate, 2-lobed; drupe juicy, enclosing 4 nutlets.-Shrubs with opposite lvs. and axillary, subumbellate fls. C. Americdna L. Branches and lvs. beneath downy; lvs. ovate, acuminate at each end, crenate-dentate, smooth above; clusters cymous compound, shorter than the petioles; fruit forming dense verticils.-Light soils. S. States common. Shrub much branched, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 3' discolored beneath. Fis. small, purple. Berries abundant, as large as in Elder, sweetish. MNay-J1. 5. LANTA'NA, L. (An ancient name for the Viburnum; from the resemblance.) Calyx membranous, minute, obsoletely 4-toothed; cor. ORDER 89.-LABIATA. 539 funnel-form, the tube long-exserted; limb oblique, sublabiate, upper lip bifid or entire, lower trifid; stain. didynamous, included, inserted in the cor. tube; drupe fleshy, double, the parts separable, 1-seeded. —Tropical shrubs with square stems, opposite leaves, and capitate, showy flowers. 1 L. Camara L. Branches and ped. scabrous-opubescent, often aculeate; lvs. ovate and ovate-oblong, or subcordate, short-petiolate, serrate; reticulate-rugous, scabrous; ped. many, dense-flowered, subumbellate, as long as the leaves; bracts lance-linear, half as long as the corolla.-S. Ga., Fla. to La., and S. to Brazil. Shrub 2 to 6f high. Fls. at first golden yellow, soon becoming orange and finally red. Drupes small, blue. Jin.-Aug. (L. Bartramii Baldw.) t 2 L. mixta L. Plant }ilous-hirsute, with wide-spread branches, mostly armed with 2reversed prickles; Ivs. shaped as in No. 1; ped. longer than the leaves; bracts linear-lanceolate, hairy, the outer as long as the corolla. —Greenhouso shrub 3 to 4f high. Fls. at first whitish, then yellow, next orange, lastly red. t 6. ALOYS'IA, Ortega & Palan. (To Mary Louisa, queen of Spain, mother of Ferdinand.) Calyx deeply 4-cleft; corolla tubular, limb 4lobed, oblique; sta-n. clidynamo-us, included; capsule double, parts 1seeded; stig. emarginate. —Shrubs with the small fils. in a panicle of spikes or racemes. From S. Am. (Lippia, Schauer.) A. citriod6ra Kunth. LE3MON-SCENTED ALOYSIA. Smooth or the branches roughish; lvs. verticil. in 3s and 4s, linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute at each end, mostly entire, glandular-punctate beneath, coriaceous, with divaricate, straight veinlets; panicle terminal, naked or leafy below.-Gardens, cult.'for its delightful fragrance which is exhaled by the numerous small fls. as well as the bruised leaves. f Paraguay. 7. CLERODEN'DRUM, L. (Gr. 0Xclpof, chance, &dvdpov, a tree; referring to its doubtful medicinal effects.) Cal. bell-shaped, 5-toothed; cor. salver-formn, tube often elongated, limb subequally 5-cleft; drupe baccate, 4-carpeled, capsules 1-seeded.-Tropical shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves and fls. in cymes. 1- C. paniculatum L. Lvs. long-petioled, cordate-hastate, 5 to I-lobed, lobes acute; panicle of cymes terminal, large, pyramidal; cor. tube slender, 4 times longer than the calyx. —Shrub with ample leaves and scarlet (6" long) corollas. f Asia. 2 C. squamaitum Vahl. Lvs. roundish, deeply reniform-cordate, lobes acuminate, repand-dentate; pyramidal panicle terminal, loose, wholly colored.-Shrub 8 to 10f high. Fls. scarlet. Stam. long-exserted. Cor. limb revolute. f Japan. -Other species are rarely cult. 8. VITEX, L. CHASTE-TREE. Calyx 5-toothed; cot. cup-shiaped, limb 5-lobed; l5ilabiate; stein. didynamnous, ascendinrg, exserted; drupe entire, 4-celled, 4-seeded. —Shrubs with opposite, mostly digittate leaves, and paniculate cymes. 1 V. Negfdndo. Leaves long-petiolate, digitately ternato or quinate, lls. oblong, acuminate, serrate; panicle cornpound.-Shrub 4f high. Cor. purple, pulverulent. Stam. little exserted. t Mauritius. 2 V Agnes-caistus L. Lvs. long-petioled, 5-7-foliate; lfts. lanceolate, acuminate, entire; panicles terminal and axillary, interrupted; cymes subsessile.-Shrub 6f high. Cor. pale, lilac. Star. long exserted. t S. Eur. ORDER LXXXIX. LABIATE. L.AIAmTE PLANTS. Herbs with square stems and opposite, aromatic, exstipulate leaves. Flowers axillasy, in verticillasters, sometimes as if spiked or in heads. Corolla labiato 540 ORDER 89.-LABIATE. (rarely regular), upper lip 2-cleft or entire, arched or almost wanting, overlapping in bud the lower 3-cleft, usually larger lip. Stamens 4, didynamous, or only 2. Anthers 2-celled, cells often separated. Ovary free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising from the base of the lobes. Fruit composed of 4, or by abortion fewer, separable, 1-seeded nuts or achenia. Illustrations in Figs. 75, 86, 117, 325, 273, 851. Geseesca 125, species 2350, chiefly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between latitudes 40~ and 50~ of the northern hemisphere. Properties.-This well known family is universally pervaded by an aromatic, volatile oil, and a bitter principle; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial, and stornachic; the latter, where it prevails, febrifugal. The Penen'yroyal, Lave.dele Sag e, Hoarlhound, Thyme, Spea,?nsiznt, Peppermint, Ilorsemzint, Rosenmary, &c., &c., plants whose qualities are too well known to require particular mention here, are all members of this useful family. Not one species is poisonous or even suspicious. TRIBES AND GENERA. ~ Stamens 2, perfect,-ascending beneath the galea; anthers 1-celled. (Tribe IV.) -exserted, distant; anthers 2-celled (d). ~ Stamens 4, perfect,-all declined towards the lower lip. (Tribe 1.) -erect, or ascending towards the upper lip (2). 2 Stamens of equal length, corolla almost regular, 4 to 5-lobed (*c). 2 Stamens, the upper pair longer than the lower (outer) and calyx 13 to 15-veined. (Tribe V.) 2 Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair (3). 3 Stamens divergent, apart, mostly straight and exserted (e). 3 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side (b). 3 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip (4). 4 Calyx 13-veined, 5-toothed, and somewhat 2-lipped (f). 4 Calyx 5 to 10-veined, or irregularly netted (5). 5 Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit (h). 5 Calyx not 2-lipped, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit (k). 5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth not spinescent (m). 5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth spinescent (n). 5 Calyx unequally S to 10-toothed (o). I. OCIMOIDEX2. —Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish.................OcmruM. 1 -Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed................ HYPTIS. 2 -Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed.............. L.... LAVANDULA. 8 It. AJUGOIDEI. —b Stamens exserted through a fissure in the tube......... TetcUcicu. 4 b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla....TRIC1O0STE'MA. 5 *c Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short...........ISANTUS. 6 1Ii. SATUREJEZE.-(Starnens diverging or ascending, 2-celled. Cor. lobes flattish, spreading.) *c Corolla limb 4-lobed, upper lobe broadest.................IENTIJA. 7 d Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed. Calyx naked in the throat.............LycorPus. 8 d Corolla bilabiate,-cyanic, throat naked. Stamens straight.............CUNtLA. 9 -cyanic, throat naked. Stamens ascending..........IIEOEMA. 10 -yellow, throat with a hairy ring inside..........COLLIsoIA. 11 e Calyx 15-veined. Stamens exserted, divergent............................H-Iyssoeus. 12 e Calyx 10-veined, the veins obscured by hairs. Cor. yellow, fr'inged.....COLLINSONIA. 11 e Calyx 10 to 13-veined,-throat naked.-Stamens straight, divergent.. PvYCNANTIuEIUM. 13 -Stamens ascending, annth. spurlless.. STUREJA. 14 -Stamens ascending, anth. spurred.DrcRmAsnDRA. 15 -throat hairy-Bracts roundish, large.............. OnRI(ANU.M. 16 -Bracts narrow, minute............... TiY.vs. 17 f Tube of the corolla straight. Leaves small, suberenate or entire........CALAMINTnIA. 18 f Tube of the corolla curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate...........MELISSA. 19 IV. MONARD)EE. —Connectile long, transverse, distancing the anther cel's........SALVIA. 20 -Connectile continuous with fil. toothed at the juncture.... RoSMARINUs. 21 -Connectile inconspicuous.-Calyx subequally toothed.......MoNmeA rA. 22 -Calyx bilabiate, aristate...... BLEPHIYLLIA. 23 Y. NEPETEIE. —Stamens distant, cxserted. Flowers in terminal spikes...... LoPIANTeUS. 24 -Stamens all ascending.-Anther cells divergent, much........... NEPETA. 25 -Anther cells divergent, little...DRACOCFPnIAIr.Tr. 26 -Anther cells parallel. Fls. large...CreDneoXELLA. 27 VI. STACHYDEE.-(Stamens parallel, ascending. Cor. upper lip galeate. Cal. 5 to 10-veined.) h Calyx lips toothed, upper 3 teeth minute, lower 2 large................... IRUNELLA. a2 ORDER 89.-LABIATA. 541 h Calyx lips entire, upper with an appendage on the back................SCUTELLARIA. 29 k Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Flowers purple streaked......MACBRIDEA. 30 k Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, the highest pair connate....................NANDRA. 31 m Corolla tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Lips small............P....YSOSTEGIA. 32 m Corolla tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lower lip long...............L..A.Im. 33 m Corolla inflated in the broad, concave upper lip, purple or yellow......PI1LOMIS. 84 m Corolla not inflated, short.-Calyx salver-form, 10-ribbed..................LLOTA. 85 -Calyx broad-bell-form, netted.............. MOLLUCELLA 3( n Anthers opening transversely, ciliate fringed. Lts. notched.......... GALEOPSs. 87 n Anthers opening lengtlhwise. —Achenia rounded at the top.............. STACHYS. 38 -Achenla truncate, 3-angled at top.......LEournus. 39 o Corolla white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid...........M.[ARRUBIUM. 40 o Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid............. LEUCAS. 41 o Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest.............. LEONOTIs. 42 i. O0CI#UNI, L. SWEET B.ASIL. (Gr. O6r~, to smell; the plants are strongly aromatic.) Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 4-fid; corolla resupinate, one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided; stamens 4, declined, the lower pair longer, the upper often with a process at their base.Verticels 6-flowered, in terminal, interrupted racemes. O. basilicum L. Lvs. smooth, ovate oblong, subdentate, petiolate; cal. ciliate.-(I Plant 6 to 12' hligh, with peculiarly smooth and soft leaves, variously colored, exhaling a delightful odor. St. retrorsely pubescent above, branched. Stam. exserted. Fls. white or bluish. Jl., Aug.: E. India. Cultivated as a culinary herb. 2. HYP'TIS, L. (Gr. V'rrtof, supine; from the apparently resupinate corolla.) Calyx 5-toothed, teeth acute or subulate; corolla tube cylindric, limb 5-lobed, the lower abruptly deflexed, contracted at its base, the 4 others fiat, erect or spreading; stamens 4, declinate; achenia ovoid or oblong.-In our species the flowerss are capitate. 1 H. radiata Willd. HIerbaceous; lvs. glabrous, lance-ovate, unequally crenateserrate, narrowed to a petiole; hds. globular, long-pedunculate; bracts lanceoblong, obtuse, forming an involucre, longer than the calyx, as if radiate; cal. teeth acutely subulate, rigid.-2- In damp fields, Car. to Fla. and La., common. St. 18' to 3f high, square and hollow. Lvs. with their stalks 3 to 5' long. lHds. hemispherical in flower, in fruit globular. Invol. about 12-leaved. J. —Sept. 2 H. spicta Poit. Branches aculeate-scabrous on the angles; lvs. ovate, unequally serrate, acute, petiolate, whitish puberulent beneath; hds. loosely racemed, semi-oval, scarcely as long as their pecluncles; racemes panicled; bracts ovate, much shorter than the calyx.- 4 In Fla. Plant 1 to 2f high. Hds. 4 to 7-flowered. Cal. inflated at base, truncate, with short, setaceous teeth. Cor. violet-blue. 3. LAVAN'DULA, L. LAVENDER. (Lat. lavare, to wash. Used in perfumery.) Calyx ovoid-cylindric, with 5 shorlt teeth, the upper one often largest; corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes all nearly equal; tube exsertedc; stamens included. —. L,. spica L. Lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, revolute at the edge, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, the highest shorter than the calyx; spike interrupted; bracts subulate.-Plant 12-18' high, suffruticous, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches, clothed with a whitish down. Calyx villous. Cor. much exserted, lilac-colored. J1. t-The plant is delightfully fragrant, and by distillation yields the well known oil of lavender. 4. TEU'CRIUM, L. GERMANDER. (Teucer, the founder of Troy, is said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally.) Calyx subcampanulate and subregular, in 5 acute segments; corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish; stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft in the upper side of the tube. 542 ORDER 89.-LABIATYE. T. Canad6nse L. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent; ivs. lanceolate, acute, serrate, petiolate; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the calyx; spike long, of many crowded verticils of flowers; upper teeth of calyx broader.- 24 Can. and U. S., fields and road-sides. St. about 2f high, usually simple, square, with concave sides. Lvs. 3 times as long as wide, somewhat rounded at base, green above, more or less hoary beneath. Fls. disposed in a terminal spike. Cor. purplish, apparently without the upper lip, instead of which is a fissure through which the stamens are exse[ted. J1. /. VIMGINICUi. Lvs. ovate-oblong, crowded, large, subsessile. (T. Virginicum L.)-A well marked variety. 5. TRICHOSTEM'MA, L. BLUE CURLS. (Gr. Opit, hair, aor7rta, stamen; for its long, hair-like filaments.) Calyx very oblique, veiny, unequally 5-toothed, lower lip of 2 short teeth, upper twice as long, of 3 teeth, all acute; corolla tube slender, short, limb obliquely 5-lobed; stamens 4, filaments very long, exserted and curved; anther cells divaricate. — Cymnes loose, the central, that is, terminal fis. incurved, or resupinate by the continued growth of the stem. Cor. blue. 1 T. dich6toma L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire pubescent, as well as the stem and branches. —Dry or rocky soils, Mass. to Ga., La., Ill.: An interesting plant a foot high. St. obtusely 4-angled, hairy, bushy. Branches opposite and dichotomous. Lvs. slightly petiolate, 1' to 18'; long, 4 to 7" wide. Fls. axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by the bending of the pedicel. Cor. purple. Starn. slender, of a delicate, purplish hue, gracefully bending from the lower lip of the corolla to the upper, forming an arch. Aug. 2 T. lineire Nutt. Lvs. linear, nearly smooth; st. and branches puberulent.Dry soils, N. Y. (at Salem) to Ga. and La. Very slender, a foot high, branched above, or often its whole length. Lvs. 1' to 18'' long, 2" rarely 3" wide. Cal. very veiny, the short triangular teeth setaceously acuminate. Fls. as in the other, about 4" long. JI., Aug. 6. ISAN'THUS, AMx. FALSE 1)ENNYROYAL. (Gr. YoSg, equal, avoc, the flowers being regular; a character very rare amonog the Labiatie.) Calyx subcampanulate, equally 5-toothed, throat Ilaked; corolla,5-parted, tube straight and narrow, segments of the border ovate and equal; stamiens subequal, incurredl, ascending, longer than the corolla. — Herb viscid pubescent, with lance-elliptic, entire lvs. acute at each en(l. Fls. axillary. I. ccerfleus Mx.-Branching, leafy, in dry fields, N. and W. States. with the aspect of Pennyroyal. St. rounded, slender, 12-18' high, with branches and lvs. opposite. Lvs. an inch or less in length, and a fourth as wide, distinctly tripliveined. F1s. numerous, 1 or 2 ini each axil, blue. Calyx leaves lanceolate, longer than the tube. J1. 7. IrfENTHA, L. MINT. (MiVnt/ag, the daughter of Cocytus, is fabled to have been changed into one of these plants.) Calyx equally 5-toothed; corolla nearly:regular, tube scarcely exserte(l, border 4-cleft, tlhe broadest segment emnarginate; stamens 4, straight, distant; anther cells parallel; filaments naked. — Strong scented herbs. FIs. in dense verticils. ~ Verticils approximating, forming a termeinal, leafless spike............................os., ~ Verticils remote, axillary. Calyx naked in the throlat............................Nos. 3, 4 1 M. viridis L. SiPEARMINT. Lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate; bracts sctaceous, and, with the teeth of the calyx, somewhllt hairy; spikes slender, interrtpted, attenuate above.-4-L Can. and U. S. Plant highly esteemed for its agreeable, aromatic properties. In wet soils, rapidly spreadine' by its creeping roots, with erect, branching, 4-angled stalks, 1-2f high. Spikes composed of ORDER 89. —LABIATA~. 543 distinct, axillary cymes, apparently whorled, a little remote from each other. Peduncles smooth, round, shining. Corollas pale purple. JI., Aug. ~ Eur. 2 M. piperita Smith. PEPPERMINT. Lvs. smooth, ovate, and lanceolate, serrate, petiolate; bracts lanceolate; cal. quite smooth at base, punictate; spikes oblong or cylindric, obtuse. —Wet places, and cultivated in gardens. It has a more penetrating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pungent to the tongue, followed by a sensation of coldness. The plant has a purplish stem, 2 to 3f high, with scattered, deflexed hairs. Lvs. sharply serrate, dark-green. Spikes seldom more than 1' in length. Cor. purplish. J1. ~ Eur. 3 M. arvdnsis L. CORN MTINT. FIELD MINT. St. ascending, much branched, retrorsely hirsute; lvs. ovate, serrate, petiolate, acute, rounded or abrupt at base; verticils axillary; pedicels smooth; cal. hirsute.-Penn., Ohio, rare. St. stout, often erect, about If in height. Lvs. varying to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly smooth, about twice longer (1 to 2') than wide, several times longer than the petioles. Fls. small, numerous, pale purple. The plant smells like decayed cheese. J1. ~ Eur. 4 M. Canad6nsis L. HORsEsIINT. Ascending, soft-pubescent with spreading hairs; Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, aczete at each end; fls. in axillary cymes; stam. generally exserted.-Can. to Ky. and Penn. An herbaceous, grayish-plant, 1 to 2f high, growing in muddy situations. St. square, usually branched and beset with spreading hairs. Lvs. serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks. Fls. apparently in whorls, pale purple. Calyx hairy. Aromatic like Pennyroyal but less so. Jn., J1. /3. BOREALIS. Plant nearly smooth. (M. borealis MAx.) 8. LYC'OPUS, L. WATER HOARHOUND. (Gr. jlvog, a wolf, Trove, a foot; a fanciful name.) Calyx tubular, 4-5-cleft; cor. subregular, 4cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emarginate; sta. 2 distant, diverging, simple; sty. straight, as long as the stamens; ach. 4, obliquely truncate at apex. —2 Bog herbs, with the very small fis. in axillary, dense clusters. 1 L. Virginicus L. BUGLEn AIED. LVS. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire at both ends; cal. teeth 4, obtuse, spineless, shorter than the achenia.-Can. and U. S., in wet soils. St. smooth, obtusely 4-angled, with the sides concave, 12 to 1 8' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute purplish fls. Lvs. with remote, teeth-like serratures, petiolate or very slender at base. The whole plant often changes to purple. It often sends out long slender runners from the base. Jl., Aug. 2 L. Europaeus L. Ies. oblong-lanceolate or lance ovate, petiolate, acute, sinuate-toothed or lobed, the lower incised; calyx teeth 5, acumainate-spinescent, longer than the smooth achenia.-A plant in wet places, widely diffused and exceedingly variable, scarcely two specimens similar. St. 1 to 2f high, sharply angled rarely stoloniferous. Lvs. 1 to 2 to 4' long, the segments quite unequal. Clusters very small. Aug. (L. sinuatus Ell., Benth., &c.) —It dyes a permanent black. ]3. EXALTXTUS. Lower lvs. pinnatifid, with the segments subserrate; st. usually tall.-With the others, V. to Fla. (L. exaltatus Ph.) Y. ANGOUSTIFOLIUS. Lvs. only serrate, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, tapering to both ends. Sometimes nearly entire! Fls. exactly as in the other varieties. S. W. States. (T. angustifolius Nutt.) 9. CUNI'LA, L. DITTANY. (The ancient Roman name for Pennyroyal.) Calyx 10-ribbed, equally 5-toothed, throat densely villous; upper lip of corolla flat, emnarginate; stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. C. Marimna L. Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile; cymes pedunculate, corymbous, axillary and terminal. —2 Grows on rocks and in dry woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. Stem 4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smoothish, 1-2f high. Leaves small, nearly smooth, roundish or subcordate at base, tapering to a point and punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the base of the 3-forked pedicels. Calyx punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, 544 ORDER 89. —LABIAT2E. pubescent, pale red. Stamens and style much exserted, of the same hue as the corolla. The herb is delightfully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions. J1., Aug. 10. HEDEO'MA, Pers. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL. (Gr. Jdsc~, sweet, oaq,u, smell.) Calyx 13-striate, gibbous at base, bilabiate, throat hairy, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft; corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, emarginate, lower spreading, 3-lobed; stamens 2 fertile, ascending.Low, fragrant herbs. 1 H. pulegioides Pers. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed, petiolate, narrowed to each end; verticils axillary, 6-flowered; cor. equaling the calyx. —-( A small, strong-scented herb, held in high repute in the domestic materia, medica. Stem erect, branching, 6' high. Leaves opposite, ithll 1-2 teeth each side, on very short petioles, smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliate, 2 lower divisions spined. Abundant in dry pastures, Can. and U. S. Flowering all summer. 2 H. hispiLda Ph. Lvs. linear, entire, sessile, obtuse; verticils about 6-flowered; cor. scarcely as long as the calyx.- - Borders of the Mississippi and Missouri, to Ark. Herb a fbw inches high, branchin-g, very leafy and somewhat hairy. Lvs. 6" long. Cal. teeth awned. J1. 3? H. bractiolata Nutt. Pubescent, simple, slender; lvs. linear lanceolate, acute at each end, entire; pedicels setaceously bracteolate, 3 to 5-flowered; cal. oblong, equal; cor. minute? — Car. (Nuttall). (Micromeria? Benth.) 11. COLLINS0'NIA, L. ITORSE BAIM. (To JoAen Collinson, ani English botanist.) Calyx ovoid, 10-striate, upper lip truncate, 3toothed, lower 2-cleft; corolla exserted, campanulate-ringent, upper lip in 4 subequal lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate; stamens 2 (rarely 4), much exserted, divergent.-f- Herbs strong scented, with large, ovate, serrate, petiolate lvs. anid yellowish fls., in a terminal, leafless panicle or racemine. * Stamens 2 perfect-the upper lpair of filanments mintute points......................Nos. 1, 2 -the upper pair of filamients cal)itate. Sotheirn..................No. 3 * Stamens 4 perfect, long exserted. Leaves very large. Southern...................os. 4, } 1 C. Canadensis L. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent; Ivs. acuminate, coarsely serrate, abrupt or subcordate at base; panicle loose, elongated; cal. teeth subulate, not longer than its tube; stami. 2, exserted.-A coarse herb, in woods and fields, Can. to Ky. and Car. St. 4-sided, 3 to 4f hligh (smooth or a little pubescent). Lvs. thin, 6 to 8' long and 3 to 4' wide. Fls. in a large compound raceme, with opposite branches and pedicels. Cor. 5 to 6" long, greenish-yellow, the dlower lip elongated and fringed. Style and stamens very long. Flowering in sumrmer. T. TUnERbeS.. Lvs. somewhat rhombic-oval, acute at both ends; fls. smaller. -Car to La. (Hiale). (C. tuberosa Mx.) 2 C. scabrixiscula Ait. NYearly glabrous; Ivs. smacll (18" to 3' loeg), ac ute, rather abrupt at base, scabroos on the vpi)er susactce; panicle very loose, leafy at base; fls. small; cal. teeth subulate, scarcely longer than its tube; stall. 2, sterile fil. minute.-S. Car to Fla., near Savannah. Plant 2 to Gf hli'h. Petioles half as long as the leaves. Fls. opposite. Cor. thrice as long (4 to 5") as calyx. Sept.-Nov. 3 C. punctnAta Ell. I-Pubescent, Is. flarge (5 to' long), acuminate, rather acute at base, consp)icuously resinous-punctate beneath; rac. paniculate, the lower axillary; fls. small; cal. teeth subulate-auwned, longer than its tlbe; stam. 2, exserted, sterile filt. capitate.-Riclh soils, S. Car. and Ga. (Feay). Plant 2 to 6f high. Petioles a third as long as the leaves. Cor. twice longer (1 to 5") than cdalyx teeth. Sept., Oct. 4 C. verticilllta Baldw. Viseid-pubescent above; les. broad-oval, acute or acuminate, abrupt at base, coarsely dentate, falsely verticillate by the proximity of pairs; rac. simple, elongated, with thefits. verticillate; cal. teeth setaceous-pointed; ORDER 89.-LABIATiE. 545 stam. 4.-On Lookout Mt. Tenn. I to Middle Ga, Plant 1 to 2f high, simple. Lvs. large (6 to 8' long), petioles about 2'. Rac. 5 to 10'. Fls. twice larger (7 to 9" long) than in Nos. 2 and 3. Stam. and sty. very long, spreading. Lower lip strongly fringed. Mlay, Jn. 5 C. anisata Ph. Viscid-pubescent; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, subserrate, at base cordate or truncate, scabrous above, the floral similar, very small, sessile; panicle dense-flowered; fls. opposite; cal. teeth ovate, obtuse, with a short mucro, the 3 upper longer; stam. 4. —Middle Ga. (Feay), Ala., Fla.? Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 5 to 7' by 3 to 5', very rugous, often short acuminate, petioles 1' to 15'. Fls. about as large as in No. 1. J1.-Sept. 12. HYSSO'PUS, L. IIYssoP. (Hebrew ezeb; Arabic uzzof; English hyssop.) Calyx tubular, 15-striate, equally 5-toothed, upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, thile middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx; stamens 5, exserted, diverging. REI. officindlis L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; cal. teeth erect; fls. in racemous, secund verticils; middle division of the corolla 2-lobed, entire. -24 Cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. A handsome plant, growing in tufts 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue flowers. J1.: S. Eur. 13. PYCNAN'THE/IUDI, Mx. BASIL. (Gr. rrvizcv6, dense, a'vOog; alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence.) Calyx tubular, 10 to 13striate, 5-toothed, teeth equal or subbilabiate, throat naked within; upper lip of corolla nearly entire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest, all ovate, obtuse, stamens 4, distant, subequal, anthers with parallel cells. — 2C Erect, rigid herbs, all N. American. Verticils dense, many-flowered. 5 Calyx subbilabiate, in flattisli, often loose cymes. Leaves petiolate. (a) ~ Calyx subequally cleft, in roundish, (lease heads. (b) a Teeth of the calyx ovate, acute, awnless....................................... No. 1 ao Teeth of the calyx produced into beardled awns, shorter than corolla.......Nos. 2-4 b Calyx teeth and bracts with naked awns equaling the corolla. Nos. 5, N b Calyx shorter than the corolla. —Ieads panicled. Leaves subpetiolate...Nos. 7-9 — Heads coryymbed. Leaves sessile...Nos. 10-1-I-ead solitary, large...................... No. 17 I P. albescens Torr. & Gr. Lvs. ovate or lance-ovate, subserrate, acute at each end, subglabrous, whitened beneath, the upper whitened both sides, all petiolate; fis. separate, at length in little secund racemes; cal. teeth much shorter than its tube.-A-la. to La. St. 2 to 3f higch, much brancheld. Lvs. 18" to 3' long, often puberulent beneath. Cymes many, in fruit 1' to 18" broad. Fls. as in all the species, small, reddish. 2 P. Tf.llia Benth. L,rs. ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, subserrate, and with the stem vilal oUs-pub('e'scent, the floral whitened,.fls. separate, at length in little secund simple racl,es'; cal. teethl ending in subulate, bearded awns, about equaling the tube.- Mts. of E. Tenn., N. Car. to Ga. Lvs. as in No. 1, varying frons ovate to lanceolate. Lowoer lip of calyx somewhat shorter. 3 P. inchr-nurm x. rn IxSTLs. Lavs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrato, rounded at the base, petiolate, hoarpy-tomesztouls beneath, the floral whitened both sides; cynzes dilated, szot in aucemezs; cal. teeth subequal, subulate, aristate, bearded at apex.-Rocky woods and barrens, Can., N. Mid., WV. States. St. 2 to 4f high, covered with soft, whitish down like the rest of the plant. Cymes all canescent, 1' or less broad. Cor. pale red, dotted with purple. Aug. (P. Loomisii, Nutt.) 4 P. clinopodioides Torr. & Gr. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, subserrate, smoothed above, pubescent beneath; sts. and branches villouspubescent; cynmes contracted and almost capitate, terminal land sessile at the up per nodes; bmacts ciliate; cal. teeth subsulate, often tufted with hairs at apex.-Dlry soils, N. Y., N. J., to Ind. Plant corymbously branched, 2 to 3f high, scarcely canescent, never whitened. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cymes less than 6" broad. Aug., Sept. 5 P. arista'tum Mix. Lvs. ovate-oblong, acute, subserrate, rounded at base, on short petioles, and with the stern glabrous or minutely canescent-doway; bracts rigid, 35 546 ORDER 89.-LABIAT-. pointed with beardless awns like the calyx the caly teeth, as long as the corolla.-Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18:' to 2' long, the floral sometimes whitened. Heads few, rather larger (6 to 9" diam.) 6 P. hyssopif6lium Benth. Lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, seubentire, subsessile, and with the stem glabrous or minutely canescent-downy; hds. few, large (nearly 1' diam.). Barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, less rigid than in No. 5. 7 P. Torreyi Benth. Lvs. linear-lanceolale, acute, thin, nearly entire, tapering at base to a very short petiole, and with the steen slightly pu)escent; bracts and subulate calyx teeth white-pubescent.-Dry soils, near N. Y. city, and in N. J. Perhaps too near P. lanceolatum, but the tapering, petiolate base of the long, narrow, thin leaves are usually well defined. Cymes scarcely capitate. Aug., Sept. 8 P. pil6sum Nutt. Lvs. lanceolate, subentire, acute at each end, subsessile, and with the stem and branches more or less clothed witfh soft, spreading hairs; cal. teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and with the bracts canescent-villous. —Prairies, &c., W. States to Tenn. and Ga. Plant about 2f high, panioulately branched (but the lower branches longer, ascending), hoary with a pubescence, never whitened. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cymes somewhat dilated, hardly capitate, 6 to 9" broad. Aug. 9 P. nzimticum Pers. Lvs. ovate or. ovate-lanceolate, acute, remoteiy subserrate, rounded or subcordate at the base, subpetiolate, the upper with the corymbously paniculate branches minutely pubescent and whitened; cal. teeth trianogular-ovate, equal, short, the bracts scarcely longer. —Dry woods, Mle. to La. Plant 2 to 3f high. Lvs. of a firm texture, 1 to 24' long, usually half as wide.'Heads small, compact, roundish, 4 to 6" diam. Cor. purplish white, dotted. Aug. 10 P. lanceol.tum Ph. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, rigid, rounded at base, sessile, nearly glabrous, the corymbous branches pubescent on the angles; cal. teeth short, triangular-ovate, hairy.-Common in dry woods, Mass. to Ill., Tenn. and N. Car. Handsome and fragrant, 1 to 3f hioh. Lva 18" to 2' long, 2 to 5" wide. Hlds. dense, all raised to near the same level, 4 to 6" broad. Cor. purplish, spotted. Aug. 11 P. linifdlium Ph. Glabrous, corymbed; lvs. linear, attenuated to each end, sessile, entire, rigid; hds. compact; bracts ciliate and cal. teeth pungently awnpointed.-Dry woods and prairies, Mass. to Iowa, Ky. and Ga. Plant very smooth, little fragrant, 1 to 2f hig'h. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 1 to 3" wide. HIs. small, numerous, dense. Fls. whitish. Aug. 12 P. nitduim Nutt. Glabrous, pale green, subsimple; Ivs. small, few ovate-oblong, obtuse at each end, entire, sessilo; fls. in loose heads, terminal, corymbed, inner bracts subulate, very short. —Mts. N. Car. to Ga. St. strict, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. erect, 1' long or less. Hds. few-flowered. Cor. pubescent. J1., Aug. 13 P. montAnum Mx. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, acute, the lower rounded at base, glabrous as well as the stem; hds. globous, subtended by many bracts, terminal or sessile at the upper nodes; bracts villous-ciliate, very acute, outer ovate, inner linear; cal. teeth short, acute. —fts. Va. and Car. Plant resembling a Monarda, 1 to 2f high, fragrant. J1. (Monardella, Mx.) 14. SATURE'JA, L. SUMMER SAVORY. (Arabic satur, the general name for labiate plants.) Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed, throat not hairy; segments of the bilabiate corolla not equal; stamens diverging, scarcely exserted. —Ierbs with small lvs. and purplish fls. S. hortdnsis L. St. branching; lvs. linear oblong, entire, acute at the end; ped. axillary, cymous.-24 River banks, W. States, rare. St. branching and bushy, 1f high, woody at base, frequently changing to purple. Lvs. numerous, small and narrow, with axillary cymes of pink-colored fis. Cal. about as long as the cor. J1. Aug. f Italy. A culinary, aromatic herb. 15. DICERAN'DRA, Benth. (Gr. d&g, twice, Iepag, a horn, avdpa, anthers.) (Elliott's name had been preoccupied.) Calyx 13-striate, tubular, upper lip subentire, lower bifid, throat hairy; corolla tube ex ORDER 89. —LABIATAE. 547 serted, straight, strongly bilabiate, upper lip erect, emarginate, lower 3lobed, spreading; stamens 4, the lower pair larger exserted, distant, anther cells distinct, divaricate, horned at apex.-O- Southern. (Cerantheria Ell. nee Beauv.) 1 D. linearif6lia Benth. St. and branches virgate; lvs. linear; cymes axillary, pedunculate, 1 to 3 to 5-flowered, with minute bracts; cor. twice longer than calyx. —Dry woods S. Car. to Fla. (Misses Keen). Fragrant, smootlish plants. about If high. Lvs. 1' long, or the lower nearly 2'. Fls. showy pink-colored, forming slender, raceme-like panicles. Sept., Oct. (C. linearifolia Ell.) 2 D. densifiSra Benth. St. diffusely branched; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the upper linear; cymes axillary, subsessile, 5 to 10-flowered.-E. Fla. A variety? 16..ORIG'/ANUD1, L. MARJORAMI. (r. (G po~, a mountain, alnd ydCvog, joy.) Calyx tube 10-striate, 5-toothed, hairy in tle throat; corolla tube scarcely exserted, upper lip erect, flat, emarginate, lower lip with 3 nearly equal segments; stamens 4, ascending, distant. —2f Lvs. subetntire. Fls. in dense oblong spikes, with imbricated, colored bracts. 1 0. vulgire L. Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolate; spikes in a paniculato corymb; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx; cal. teeth equal.-In fields and thickets. St. 12 to 18', purple, leafy, branching above. Lvs. a very little serrate, opposite, hairy, sprinkled Nwith resinous dots, paler beneath. Petioles hairy, *- as long as the leaves. Bracts tinged lwith purple. Fls. purplish white. The plant has a highly aromatic taste. JI., Aug.:t E lur. 2 0. Majorana L. Lvs. oval, or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoarypubescent; spikes roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of thte branches; bracts roundish; ca,. uqpper lb}o'qoa2ldish, tube cleft belozw.-It hsli a pleasant aromatic flavor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft downy, a -foot high. Fls. pink-colored. JI., Aug.: Portugal. 17. THY'r US, L. TnEIs. (Gr. Ovf6c, courage; firom its invigorating smell.) F1'owers capitale or verticillate; cialyx ovoid, 10 to 1nerved, bilabiate, hairy in the throat, upper lip 2-fid, lower 3-fid, stamens 4 exserted, diverinog, anther cells parallel. — 2 With small entire strongly-veiined Ivs., minute bralcts, and purple or wlhite fls. 1 T. Seru L WILD Ti-TYME. M[OTI!ER OF ToHYE. Sg. decumbent; h!s. f1lat elliptical, obtuse, ciliate at base; fJs. capitate.-1 Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An arormatic plant, similar to the folowving, but milder and rather more pleasantly flavored. Ste1ms sufiruticous, wiy, slender, and wavy, with leafy, downy, and ascending branches, eanch term-in'-tino in a small. delse, oblong head of purpl]k flowers, imuch frequented by bees. Leaves entire, pietiolate, punctate, smoothish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. Eur. 2 T. vulgaris IL. St. elect or decumbent at base' Ivs. rovoluto at the sides. oblong-ovate and lanceolate; verticils in terminal, lefyc spikes.-Sts. sufruhticous, nunerous, branched, 6 to 10' Iigsh. It is highl aronmatic, as well as the other species, and is pecuiiarly ittractive to hbees. Jn.; Jl. t:< r:. A culinary vegetable. 83. CALATIH II'THA, 1 M nch. Cxm( iLAA TI IN (T(i. h Cordo, b)( autifiul, zifvOa, nlint.) Calyx tubulat, l 3-nerved, throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft; corolla tube straight, exserted, throat inflated, limb bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire or emarcginate, lower spreading, its middle lobe largest; stameins 4, the lower p,alir lolnger, sutlallxascending.- 2i i T-lerbs hairy. Cymes dense, capitate, bracted. Calyx tube curved, 2-lipped........... No. I ierbs hairy. C roes laose, pedunculate, axiillary. Calyx tube straight, 2-lippe.....No. 2 HIerbs -lTi(oth. Cymes loose, sessile, braetedl. Calyx straight, teeth subregular....... No. ~ Shrubs low, slender, nearly smnooth. Cy'mes few-flowered. Flowers large.......Nos. 4 to 1 548 ORDER 89. —LABIAT/E. 1 C. Clinop6dium Benth. WILD BASIL. Villous; lvs. ovate, subserrate; verticils dense, sessile, many-flowered, hairy; bracts numerous, subuiate. — Low woods, N. and W. States. Plant 1 to 2f high. St. square, simple or sparingly branched, and as well as the whole plant, clothed with whitish hairs. Lvs. petiolate, tapering to an obtuse point, pale. Fls. purplish, in heads mostly terminal, near 1' wide, involucrate with bracts. 2 C. N6peta Link. Villous with soft, whitish hairs, much branched below; lvs. small, broad-ovate, obtuse, subserrate, petiolate; cymes few-flowered in the upper axils, becoming somewhat racemed; cal. teeth subulate, the 2 lower longer; cor. upper lip emarginate, the lower in 3 equal lobes.-Dry hills, roadsides, &c., throughout Tenn. and Va. Plant about 2f high, strongly aromatic. Lvs. s. about half an inch long. Cor. white, thrice longer (3 to 4"), than the calyx. Jl., Aug. ~ Eur. 3 C. glabella Benth. Glabrous, decumbent at base, diffusely branched; lvs. narrowly oblong, subpetiolate, few-toothed or entire, tapering to the base; verticils 6 to 10-flowered; cal. teeth subulate-acuminate; bracts as long as the pedicels -On limestone rocks, Ohio to Ark. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 1' to 18" long. Cor. moderately bilabiate, near twice longer (4 to 5"') than the calyx, pale violet. Jn. F/. DIVERSIFOLIA. Flowering stems nearly erect, the barren prostrate, like runners, bearing small, ovate, entire lvs.; plant generally smaller, with the floral lvs. narrow, and mostly entire.-Limestone rocks, Niagara Falls, to the Falls of St. Anthony, and to Ark. Fragrant lik6 pennyroyal. Upright sts. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1'. Lvs. of the runners 3 to 4" long. (C. Nuttallii Benth.)-These two veriy diverse forms are connected by specimens found in Ohio (Sullivant apud Torrey), having the characteristics of both. 4 C. carniscens Torr. & Gr. Minutely canescent-downy, shrubby; Ivs. linear, obtuse. enetire, revolute-edged, much fascicled; verticils of 2 oplosite fis.; cor. thrice longer than the strongly 2-lipped calyx.-Sandy seaboards, Fla. Shrub scarce a foot high, with numerous lvs., 7 to 8" by 1", and few rose-red pretty fis., as large as in No. 2. May. 5 C. coccinea Benth. Lvs. narrowly obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, short-petioled; verticils of 2 to G6 is.; cal. upper lip very short, tube 3 or 4 times shorter than the ample corolla.-E. Fla. Shrub with virgate branches. Lvs. 6 to 8" long. Cor. a fine scarlet, glandular-pubescent, 15 to 18" long. (Cunila coccinea Nutt.) 6 C. Caroliniina Swartz. Sts. glabrous and simple; Ivs. very smooth, ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate, tapering to a petiole; cymes few-flowered, on short peduncles; cal. strongly 2-lipped, nearly naked in the throat; cor. ample, tube enlarged upwards.-Dry woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La. A pretty flowerer, somewhat shrubby, If high or more. Cymes in the upper axils 3 to 5-flowered. Lvs. 1' or less long. Bracts as long as the calyx, the corolla thrice longer (7 to 8"), rosepurple, spotted. Jn. —Aug. (C. grandifdora Ph.) 19. DIELIS'SA, Tourn. BALM. (Gr. name of the bee, from itel;, honey; which bees seek in these flowers.) Calyx 13-ribbed, the upper lip 3-toothed, flattened and dilated, lower bifid; corolla tube recurvedascending, upper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading, 3-lobe d, the middle lobe mostly broadest; stamens ascending. M. officinalis L. Pubescent; st. erect, branching; fls. in loose, axillary cymes, subsessile; lvs. ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, on slender petioles; bracts few, ovate-lanceolater petiolate. — N. Eng. to Ind. and Tenn., in waste grounds and in the deepest forests. A well known garden plant. St. 1 to 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, petioles 1' or more. Bracts of the same forn, diminished. Cor. twice longer (7") than the calyx, yellowish white. Jl., Aug. 5: ~ Eur. Fragrant of lemons. Balm tea is a popular remedy. 20. SAL'VIA, L. SAGE. (Lat. salveo, to be in health; probably from its salutary qualities.) Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed or entire, lower bifid, throat naked; corolla ringent, tube equal, upper lip straight or falcate, lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed; stamens 2, connectile transversely articulated to the filament, supporting at each ORDER 89.-LABIA:TMR 549 end a cell of the dimidiate (halved) anther; achenia 4.-A large genus of 400 species, usually with showy fls. The transverse connectile constitutes the essential character. (Fig. 75, 351.) ~ Herbs native.-Calyx slightly 2-lippled, sub-3-toothed, equal....................... Nos. 1 -Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed, lower lip longer................. Nos. 4-6 ~ Herbs or shrubby, in gardens. Flowers blue. Calyx teeth bristle-pointed........ Nos. 7, 8 ~ Shrubby, in garden and greenhouse. Flowers large, scarlet...................... Nos. 9, 10 1 S. azurea Lam. Erect, puberulent above, branching; vls. liear-oblong and linear, remotely toothed, or the upper entire, all attenuate at base; rac. slender, many-flowered, verticils about 6-flowered; cal. of 3 broad, acute, subequal teeth, half as long as the pubescent corolla; sty. bearded.-S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant of varying aspect, according to soil, &c., usually slender and subsimple, 1 to 2 or 3f high, with lvs. narrow, subentire, 2 to 3' long, 2 to 4"! wide. Fls. 7" long, of a fine azure blue. Summer. 2 ES. urticif6lia L. Erect; Ivs. cauline, rhombic-ovate, acute, crenate-serrate, truncate-cuneate at base to a short or winged petiole; verticils 4 to 10-flowered, distant, in a terminal, interrupted raceme; cor. ssnooth, tube but a little longer than the calyx, the lower lip thrice longer. — In hilly woods, Va. to Fla. and Ala. St. simple, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. thin, 2 to 4' long, the upper larger. Cor. blue, 5" to 6" long. May.,i. LONGIFOLIA. Tall (3 to 6f), with panicled racemes; lvs. all serrate, the lower lance-oblong; fis. larger (8-9" long).-Ga. to Ark. (S. longif Nutt.) 3 S. coccinea L. Erect, hoar-y-pubescent; lvs. ovate, cordate, acute, finely crenate, petiolate, whitish-tomentous beneath; verticils 6 to 10-flowered, in a simple raceme; cal. teeth acute; cor. red, smooth, twice longer, tube dilated upwards, upper lip erect, much the shorter.-'L Ga., Fla. to La. St. 1 to 2f high, often branched. Lvs. 6" to 1 to 2' long, the middle largest. Cor. bright red or scarlet, 8" long. Upper lip of the calyx often purple. Summer. 4 S. lyraita L. Erect; Ivs. radical, rosulate, lyrate, erose-dentate, the cauline about one pair above, bract-like, linear-spatulate; fls. in whorls of 6, racemed at top of the square scape; cal. upper lip shorter, teeth subspinous; cor. thrice longer than the calyx, its lower lip much the longer.- 2-4 oods,;VW. Can. to Fla., rare in N. Eng. Scape 6 to 15' high. Lvs. oblong-oval in outline, 18" to 3' long, petioles half (or more) as long. Fls. showy, near 1' long, violet-purple. The whole plant is usually purplish. Apr.-Jn. 5 S. obovata Ell. Erect; Ivs. broadly obovate, entire. sinuate, narrowed to a long tapering base, the floral ovate, shorter than the calyx; verticils 6-flowered, remote, in a simple raeme; cal. uipper lip truncate, with 3 minute teeth; cor. thrice longer, with the galeate upper lip thrice shorter than the lower. —1 Middle Ga. to La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. larger above and clustered 4 to 7' by 2 to 5'. Fis. blue. Jn., Jl. 6 S. Clayt6ni Ell. Erect; Ivs. cordate-ovate, or lance-ovate, sinuate-pinnatifid, the segm. toothed, rugous, more or less pubescent beneath; verticils 6-flowered; floral lvs. ovate-acuminate, smaller; cal. teeth of the upper lip cornivent, of the lower longer, acuminate. —2 Sandy pastures, Beaufort, S. Car. (Bachman). Sts. 1' high. Fls. small. Summer. 7 S. Sclarea L. CLARRY. Lvs. ample, agous, broad-ovate, cordate, doubly crenate; bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx; upper lip of the cor. high-arched, much longer than the lower. —) A strong-scented exotic, 1 to 31 hligh, with viscid lvs. as large as the hand. The fls. and bracts are variegated with pale-purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes. Cal. with spinous teetlh. Native in Italy. t 8 S. officinalis L. COMMoN SAGE. Shrubby, lvs. oblong-lanceolate, crenulate, rugous; whorls few-flowered; cal. mucronate; upper lip of the cor. as long as the lower and somewhat vaulted.-A well-known garden plant, with a shrubby stem, rugous leaves of a dull green color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers in whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengthened tube and viscid calyx, somewhat brown. July. i: S. Eur.-Very useful in domestic economy and medicine. 550 ORDER 89.-LABIATAl. 9 S. ffilgens Car. St. branching at base, weak, ascending, pubescent; Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, crenate-dentate, smooth above, pubescent beneath; fls. opposite, in terminal racemes; bracts deciduous; cal. slightly colored, upper lip truncate, subentire; cor. fimbriate-ciliate, 3-4 times longer than the calyx; sty. exserted. —2 A beautiful greenhouse plant. Flowers bright crimson or scarlet, near 2' long. There are several varieties. t Mexico. 10 S. splnldens Sellow. St. erect, glabrous; Ils. broad-ovate and ovate, petiolate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous both si..S.. dslent-serrate, acuminate; fls. opposite, racemous; bracts deciduous; cal. scariet, and, with the corolla, pubescent, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed.- - Gardens. Plant 2 —4f high, branched. Flowers 2' long, scarlet. After flowering the calyces enlarge, and become as brilliant as the corollas. t Mexico. 21. ROSlIARI'NUS, L. IOSEMAZrY. (An ancient Latin name, conmpounded of?'os, dew, and mcarisus, of the sea.) Calyx bilabiate, upper lip entire, lower bifid; corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divisions of which the middle is the largest; fil. 2 fertile, elongated, ascending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side.Shrub, with sessile, linear lvs. R. officinalis L. An erect, evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched. Leaves opposite, obtuse, linear-oblong, entire, smooth, dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes iwhitish beneath. FloNers axillary and terminal, of a bright blue color, having, like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance like camphor. It yields by distillation a large proportion of fragrant oil.: S. Eur. 22. MIONAR'DA, L. MOUNTAIN MINT. (Namne in honor of foJznardus, a Spanishll botanist of the 16th century.) Calyex longated, cylindric, striate, subequally 5-toothed; cos. rinlgert, tubular, upper lip linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, thle middle lobe narowrest; sta. 2, fertile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted; anth. cells divaricate at base, connate at apes.x I Verticils fcw, dense, manyflowered, bracted. * Ctalvx densely hairy in tile throat. Corolla purple or whitish......................Nos. 1, C * Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow.............................Nos.., 41 1 M. fistuldsa L. HORSExIINT. WILD 3ERGANIOT. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate, obtuse at base, acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent; hcs. of fis. termninal, few, but many-flowered, bracts sessile; cal. slightly curved, with the throat hirsute.-Hedges, thickets, rocky banks, WV. Vt. and Can. to Ga. Commnon westward. Exceedingly variable. St. 2 to 4f high, acutely 4-angled, often hollov, frequently purple, simple, or -with a few opposite branches. Lvs. mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 2 to 4' lonrg and on petioles g their length. Outer hbracts leafy, often partially whitened. Cot. nmuch exserted, 1' in length, varying from greenish-whTite and pale purple to blue. Jl., Aug. (M. allophylla, oblongata, clinopodia and twenty other synonyms are enumerated in BIenth.) 2 M. BradburicHina Nutt. St. simple, glabrous; irs, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, suzbsessile, rounded at base, 7erszs't pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex acute; cal. pilous, curved, densely bearded at throat, segm. subulate spinous; hds. large, terminal; outer bracts broad-lanceolate. ciliate, coloredcl.Prairies and bottoms, Ohio to Ill. St. sluender, about 3f high. Lvs. sometimes slightly petiolate, 2 to 3' long, I to 8" wide, with long, bristly lairs beneath. lBracts purple. Cor. purple. J1. 3 M.o punctAta L. IlORSEsIINT. Mlinutely pubescent; st. obtusely angled; /l;s. oblong-larnceolcte, tapering to a petiole, remotely and obscurely serrate, the upper and bracts sessile; bracts colored, lonyge than the verticils; cal. teeth unequal, rigid, throat naked; cor. glabrous, strongly punctate.-Barrens, N. J., common, to Fla. (Miss Keen) and W. States. St. 2 to 3f high, branched. Lvs. 18" to 2'. Cor. pale y:ilows, with brown spots, upper lip villous at the apex. Bracts large, yellow and red. Sept.-Medicinal. ORDER 89.-LABIAT1E. 551 4 M. didyma L. St. branched, acutely 4-angled; lvs. broadly ovate, acuminatc, somewhat rough, on short petioles, veins and veinlets hairy beneath; fis. (crimnson) in terminal, often axillary heads; bracts colored; cal. throat naked.-Swamps, Can. to the Mts. of Ga. Plant 2 to 3f. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, very broad at base, often cordate, serrate. Heads often proliferous, with large, ovate-lanceolate bracts tinged with the same color as the fls. Cor. 15" long. Abortive fil. 2, short, the perfect exserted. J1. Handsome and fragrant. 1 23. BLEPHIL'IA, Raf. (Gr. /32e, ap[i, the eyelash; probably refec-k ring to the ciliate bracts.) Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous; corolla bilabiate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire, lower lip of 3 un,equal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular; stamens 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. — 2 Verticils dense, terminal and subterminal, 1 B. hirsftta Benth. Whole plant hirsute; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serratk-, petiolate; fls. in axillary verticillasters and terminal heads; bracts colored, shorter than the flowers, oblong, acuminate.-In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in W. States. St. 1 to 2f high, diffusely branching, roughly pubescent. Petiole 3 to 6" long, lvs. 3 to 4 times as long, somewhat rounded at base. Fls. smail, forming several dense whorls near the end of each branch. Cor. 5" long, pao purple, with spots of a deeper hlue. Jn., J1. 2 B. ciliata Raf St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-angled; lus. few oblonlg-lanceolatc, acute at the base, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent; fls. in dense, approximate, involucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils, bracts ovate, veiny, glabrous, ciliate, as long as the calyx.-Fields, barrens, Penn. to Miss., very abundant in the TW. States. Plant 2 to 4f high, generally simple, rarely with 1 or 2 branches. LvPs. 18" to 30" long, a fourth as wide. Hds. larger than in No. 1, an inch in diam. Jn. —Aug. (lMonarda ciliata L. nec MIx.) 24. LOPHAN'THUS, Benth. (Ilyssopus L.) HEDGE HYssOP. (Gr r:60oS, a crest, v0og; flowers in dense, terminal spikes.) Calbx 15-ribbed, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments longel; corolla bilabiate, upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and crenate; stamens diverging.- 2- Tall, erect. Verticils spicate. 1 L. nepetoides iBenth. St. smooth, quadrangular, with the angles acute and slightly winged; lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate; petioles smoothish, calyx teeth ovate, green, obtusish. —24 Middle and Western States, COmmonl about fences and dry hedges. Stem 3 —Gf high, the sides somewhat concave and the angles prominent. Lvs. acuminate, about 4' by 2'. Flowers in crowded axillary verticils, forming a terminal, green spike, which is nearly continuous above. Corolla greenish-yellow. July, Aug. 2 L. scrophularif6lius Benth. St. pubescent, quadrangular, with the angieobtuse; lvs. cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate; petioles ciliate-pubescent, cal. leethf lanceolate, colored, acute.-With the general aspect of the former species, andll found in similar situations. The herbage is often changed to dark purple. Stem 0 —4f high, purple. Leaves about 5' by 3', coarsely serrate, acuminate. Flowers in crowded, axillary verticils, forming a long, dense, terminal spike. Corolla pale purple, more conspicuous than in the first. Jl., Aug. 25. NEP'ETA, L. CATNEP. GROUND Ivy. (Said to be from Nepet, a town in Tuscany.) Calyx tubular, 5-toothed; corolla tube slender below, dilated and naked in the throat, upper lip emarginate, lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orifice re-, flected; stamens approximate, ascending; anther cells divergent. (Fig. ~ Tall. Verticils in a terminal-raceme. Calyx nearly regular.........................No. 1 ~ GLECROMA. Low, (liffuse. Flowers axillary. Calyx curved, oblique................No. 2 1 N. cataria L. CATMINT. Erect, hoary-tomentous; lvs. petiolate, cordate, 552 ORDER 89.-LABIAT2E. coarsely crenate-serrate; fis. spiked, the whorls slightly pedunculated. —4 About old buildings and fences. St. square, pubescent, branching 2 to' 3f high. Lvs. very evenly bordered by tooth-like or crenate serratures, and as well as the whole plant covered with a soft, hoary down, paler beneath. Fls. many, white or purplish, the lower lip dotted with crimson. J1. ~ S. E. Europe. -Eaten greedily by cats. 2 N. Glech6ma [Benth. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUiND. LVS. reniform, crenate; cor. about 3 times as long as the calyx.-U-4 A creeping plant, about walls, hedges, etc. Sts. radicating at base, square, varying in length from a few inches to 1 to 2f. Lvs. petiolate,.downly, glaucous, 1' or less broad. Fls. axillary, about 3 together. Cor. bluish purple, with a variegated throat. Usually the anthers are so collated as to form 2 little crosses. Mlay. ~ Eur. and Asia. 26. DRACOCEPH'ALUsI, L. DRAGON-HIEAD. (Gr. CpdpI6Ov, dragon, iceSaZ,'r head). Calyx subequal, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments larger; cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, ecnarginate, throat inflated, lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, rounded or subdivided; sta. distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer than the lower. D. parvifiSrum Nutt. Subpubescent; lvs. lanccolate, deeply serrate, petiolate; bracts leafy, ovate, ciliate, mucronate-serrate; cal. upper segment much the largest; fls. small, verticillate, subcapitate, cor. scarcely exceeding the calyx.6 Borders of the great lakes, Northern N. Y. to L. of the Woods, very rare. Fls. bluish, small, tile verticils almost spicate. Cal. dry and membranous. Upper lip of the corolla arched, emarginate, central lobe of lower lip crenate. J1. 27. CEDRONEL'LA, Mcench. (Gr. tcdpov, oil of cedar; from the fragrance.) Calyx subcampanulate, 5-toothed; corolla tube exserted, throat dilated, upper lip straight, flattisli, emarginate or cleft, lower 3fid, middle lobe largest; stamens 4, ascending, the upper longer, anthercells parallel.-Fls. spicate, bracted. C. cordatum Nutt. Stoloniferous; st. and elongated petioles pubescent; lvs. cordate, obtusely crenate, sparingly hirsute above; spike unilateral; bracts broadovate, entire, nearly as long as the calyx; ped. bibracteolate, mostly I-flowered; cal. segments acute, almost pungent. —2 Rocky streams and Mts. Ohio and Va. Stem about If high, quadrangular. Leaves 3 or 4 pairs, almost as broad as long, petiole about as long as the lamina (1'), upper pairs subsessile. Cor. pale blue, about 1' long, orifice much dilated. Jn. 28. BRUNEL'LA, Tour n. SELF-HEAL,. BLUE-CURLS. (German Brune, a disease of the throat for which it was a reputed remedy.) Calyx about 10-ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower lip with 2 lanceolate teeth; filaments forked, one point of the fork bearing the anther. —?4 (Prunella, L.):B. vulgaris L. St. ascending, simple; lvs. oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate; vertieils close, spicate; upper lip of cor. truncate, with 3 awnrs.-A very common plant, in meadows and low grounds. N. Am., lat. 330 to the Arc. Sea. St. varying from 8' to 2f high, obtusely 4-angled, hairy, simple or slightly branched. Leaves few, opposite, slightly toothed, tile stalks gradually becoming shorter from the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large, oblongovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each verticil. Flowering all summer. 29. SCUTELLA'RIA, L. SKILL-CAP. (Lat. scutella, a small vessel; from the resemblance of the calyx.) Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, lips entire, upper onle appendaged on the back and closed after flowering; cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending, throat dilated; sta. ascending beneath the upper lip; anth. approximate in pairs; ach. tubercular. ORDER 89. —LABIAT_/E. 553 ~ Flowers large (7 to 18/" long), racemed at top of the stem, with bracts. (a) a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of the corolla short.......................... Nos. 1, 2 a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate. (b) b Galea of the corolla longer than the lower p...........Nos. i, 4 b Galea of the corolla not longer than the lip................................Nos. 5, 6 a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile...................No. 7 ~ Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary, in the axils of the leaves................. Nos. 8-10 ~ Flowers small (3// long), in slender, axillary, one-sided racemes........................No. 11 1 S. versicolor Nutt. Erect, branching, glandular-hirsute; lvs. petiolate, broadly ovate, crenate, cordate, pubescent, veiny, the floral sessile, broad-ovate, not cordate, entire, as long as the calyx; rac. simple or branched, long, many-flowered; fls. opposite; cal. hirsute; cor. lower lip scarcely longer than the upper.-Prairies and open woods, Ohio to ~Mo. and La. St. 18' to 3 to 4f high. Lvs. very veiny, thin, 2 to 4' by 18" to 3', petioles nearly as long. Rac. 3 to 6' long. Fed. shorter than calyx. Cor. 6 to 1" long, blue above, lateral lobes little shorter than the lips. J1. (S. cordifolia Muhl.) 2 S. saxAtilis Riddell. VWeak, branched, ascending, pubescent; lvs. petiolate, cordate-ovate, coarsely crenate, uepper oval, obtuse, floral ovate, short-petiolate, entire; rac. loos3, elongated; cor. lower lip twice longer than the Upper.-Rocky banks, S. Ohio to Va. and Tenn., along the Mts. Plant 1 to 2f long, rac. 5 to 8'. Lvs. usually thin and rugous, I' to 18't long, scarcely longer than the petioles. Cor. 8" lono, blue, tube pale. J1. Aug. (S. rugrosa, 2d Ed.) tf. CRASSIFULIA. Lvs. mostly ovate, of firmer texture.-New Orleans (Ilale). Cal. more enlarged in fruit. 3 S. can6scens Nutt. St. erect, tall, pubescent; Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, rounded or attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneath, margin crenlate, apex acute, the lower cordate; rac. terminal and axillary, pedunculate, paniculate, bracts lance-linear; JP.s. canescent; upper lip the longer, tube grad ually enlarged.-Dry grounds, Mid. and W. States, abundant. St. usually purple, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, often with a purple margin and purplish spots. Cor. 10" long, tube white, lips blue, lateral lobes very short. Jn., J1. 4 S. vill6sa Ell.? St. villous-pubescent, slender, branching; Ivs. lanceolate or lance-ovate, acute at each end, sparingly hispid above, the petioles and veins beneath villous, deeply serrate; rac. paniculate, loose; cal. hispid; cor. tube slende-, expanding only at the throat, galea large, inflated, strongly incurved, Tmany times loneger than the lip. —Ga. (Feay). Apparently 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. We have but a single specimen. 5 S. serrata Andr. Erect, subsimple, nearly glabrouts; lvs. petiolate, ovate, acuminzate, crenate-serrate, cuneate at base, the floral lance-oblong; rac. subsimple, fis. large, pubescent (not hoary) lips of equal length.-Woods, Ill. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. green both sides, or often purplish. Rae. few-flowered. Cor. more than 1' in length, the lip as long or a little longer than the galea. J1. 6 S. pil6sa Mfx. St. erect, mostly simple, hirsute-pubescent; lvs. pubescent, rhomboid-ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in remote pairs; rac. terminal, rather short, bracts elliptic-ovate; lips of the' cor. large, the lower a little longer.-O-pen woodlands, Penn. to Ga. St. 1 to 2f high, purplish. Lvs. few, 1 to 2~' by 8 to 18", more or less acute at base and obtuse at apex; narrowed to the petiole. Rac. generally simple and few-flowered, with opposite, elliptical bracts. Pedicels and cal. hairy. Cor. tube nearly white below, blue at the summit, 9" long, the later fls. shorter. Jn. —Aug. (S. ovalifolia [Bart.) 7 S. integrif6lia L. Erect, nearly simple, densely pubescent; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, and linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subacute, entire, subsessile, the lower ovate; rae. loose, leafy; bracts lanceolate, fis. large. — A Mid. and S. States, dry soils. St. 9' to 2f high, with large blue fis. in terminal racemes. The lvs. (1 to 2' long), vary in breadthl and margin, the lowest being sometimes ovate and crenate. Cor. blue and white, slender at base, enlarged above, 8 to 9" long. Jn., J1. (S. hyssopifolia Pers. S. Caroliniana Ph.) —The plant is intensely bitter. 8 S. nerv6sa Ph. Slender, erect, subsimple, stoloniferous; Ivs. broad-ovate, subcordate, crenate-serrate, sessile, glabrous, 3 —5-veined, lower roundish-ovate, upper ovate and lance-ovate, slightly petioled; fis. axillary, solitary.-Rocky shades, along streams, Penn. to Ill. and La. Roots creeping, often sending out long, filiform stolons Stemn 8-15' high, weak. Leaves 2-15" by 5-12", the 554 ORDEPR 89.-LABIAT2E. middle pairs largest, acute or obtusish. Floral leaves entire, small. Flowers few, pale blue, 4'" long. May-J1. 9 S. pdrvula Mx. St. simple or branching at base, square, puberulent; lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, entiare, sessile; fis. small (3") axillary, opposite. —Pastures, Mid. and W. States. Plant 3 to 6' high. Root generally with tuberous internodes, and fibrous at each joint. Lvs. 3 to 6" long, - as wide, lower 3" diam. Fls. rather numerous, longer (4") than the leaves, blue. Jn. 10 S. galericulata L. COMMON SCULL-CAP. St. erect, simple, or branched; lvs. lanceolate-cocrdate,'emnotely crenate-serrate; fis. axillary, solitary, la'ge (1' long).24 Meadows and ditches, Can. to Penn. Abundant. The whole plant glabrous. Stem square, 12 —18' high. Leaves truncate-cordate at base and acutish at apex, scarcely petiolate, 1-' by I'. Flowers much larger than the preceding, rarely more than 1 from the same axil, with a vizor-like calyx like that of the other species. Cor. an inch in length, blue. Aug. 11 S. laterifl6ra L. MADn-nDOG SULL-CAP. St. branching, nearly glabrous; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate; rac. lateral, axillary, leafy.Meadows and ditches, lat 38~ to Arc. Am. St. square, 1 to 2f high, very branching. Lvs. opposite, rounded at base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on petioles an inch in length. Rac. opposite, axillary, somewhat 1-sided; on long stalks, with small blue fis. and small lvs. J]., Aug. —The English name is due to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes upon the seeds like a cap or vizor. 30. lYIACBRI'DEA, Ell. (Dedicated by Elliott to Dr. Win. Kiacbride, of Charleston.) Calyx campanulate, 3-lobed, upper lobe oblong, narrow, lower, rounded; corolla tube long-exsertecd, throat inflatedl, upper lip erect, entire, lower short, spreading, the midclle lobe rounded, broadest; stamens ascending under the upper lip, anthers approximate by pairs.- -2 Glabrous. Verticils 6-flowered, subterminal, bractless. MI. pfilchra Ell. —Swamps, middle districts, N. Car. to Ga. St. obtusely 4-angled, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. oblong-elliptical, petiolate, obscurely serrate or sinuate, the3 floral short, sessile, ovate-entire. Verticils 1 or 2. Cal. green, thin, veiny, 6" long, cor. 18", streaked with bright purple and white. Aug., Sept. 31. SYNAN'DRA, Nutt. (Fig. 86, 325.) (Gr. cvv, together, avdpef; in allusion to the coherence of the anthers.) Calyx 4-cleft, segments unequal, subulate, converging g to one side; upper lip of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely and unequally 3-lobed; throat inflatedl; stamens ascending beneath the galea, upper pair of anthers cohering, having the contiguous cells empty.-2) Fls. solitary, axillary, somewhat spicate above. S. grandifiora Nutt. St. subsimple, nearly smooth, subterete; lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate, often dilated at base, petiolate, the floral sessile; fls. solitary, sessile; cal. segm. ovate, setaceously acuminate, two upper larger than the two lower; cor. tube somewhat funnel-form, mouth much inflated.-Woods, Cleveland, Ohio, to Tenn. St. 6 to 18' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, nearly as wide, petioles 1 to 3'. Cor. 1' long, upper lip very large, rounded, vwhite, lower lip striated with purple lines. Jn. 32. PHYSOSTE'GIA, Benth. LION'S-1IEART. (Gr. v~'aa, a bladder, and aro',l, a covering; from the inflated corollas.) Calyx campanulate, subequally 5-toothed; corolla tube mnuch exserted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, middle division of lower lip larg'est, roundish, emarginate; stamens 4, unconnected, ascending beneath the under lip, the two lower rather longer. —24 Fls. opposite, in a terminal, bracteate, 4-sided spike. P. Virginiana Benth. Cal. in fruit ovate, inflated; cor. gaping, upper lip concave.-A beautiful plant, native in Penn., S. and W. States, often in gardens. It varies much in stature, is very smooth, dark-green. St. square, thick, rigid, 1 ORDER 89.-LABIAT2E. 555 to 4f high. Lvs. opposite, closely sessile, 3 to 6' by 3" to 3' (the lower often very large), with remote and shallow teeth. Fls. numerous, dense, or often subremote. Bracts subulate. Cor. pale purple, about an inch long, spotted inside. Aug., Sept. (D. Virginiana, denticulatum, variegatum and obovatum of authors.) 33. LA'lIIUMI, L. HIENBIT. (Lat. lazmia, the name of a sea monster, to which the grotesque flowers may be likened.) Calyx 5-veined, with 5 subequal, subulate teeth; corolla dilated at throat, upper lip vaulted, goleate, learly entire, lower lip broad, emarginate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side near the margin of the dilated thront; stamiens 4, ascending. 1 L. amplexicaihlis L. Lvs. roundish, incisely crenate, floral broadly cordate, obtuse, sessile, aiplexicaul, lower one petiolate; anth. hairy. —1O Waste grounds, Mid., S. and WV. States. Sts. ascending, several from the same root, 6 to 10' high, with opposite, broad, short, hairy lvs., lower ones on stalks 1 to 2' in length. F1s. in dense verticils, in the axils of the upper leaves. Cor. purple, downy, the tube much exserted, the lo-er lip spotted with white. May-Nov. 5 Eur. 2 L. purpiureum L. Lower lvs. roundish, the floral ovate, all crenate, petiolate, the petioles longer than the calyxes; cor. tube straight; anth. hairy. —) Waste grounds, Penn., rare. Fls. 4 to 8" long, red or white. ~ Eur. 34. PHLO'MIS, L. JERUSALEMI SAGE. (Gr. ~05f, a flame; the dried, woolly leaves of P. lychnitis were used in ancient lamps.) Calyx 5 to 10-veined, limb equal, truncate or 5-toothed; corolla upper lip galeate, carinoate, broad, entire or emarginatc, incurved, the lower spreading, trifid; stamens ascending beneath the galea; upper filaments adnate, often with a subulate appendage at base; anther cells divaricate, confluent; achenia 3-angled.-Fls. often showy, in axillary, bracted verticils. Lvs. rugous. 1 P. tuber6sa L. Tall, snoothish; Ivs. ample, ovate, obtuse, crenate, deeply cordate, floral lance-oblong; bracts subulate and with the calyx somewhat ciliate; cal. limb truncated, with 5 rigid points; cor. galea very hairy inside.-%4 Shores of L. Ontario, near Rochester (Dewey) and Can. Plant 3 to 5f high, with lvs. near a foot long. Verticils remote, with 30 to 40 purple fis. ~ E. Eur. 2 P. fnitic6sa L. Branches and oblong-ovate Ivs. beneathL cottony-tomentous; verticils dense-flowered, very woolly. Shrubby, 3f high. Curious in cultivation with its grotesque yellow fls. S. Eur. 35. BALLO'TA, L. ]BLACK IOARIIOUuND. (Gr. pa0dow, to reject; on account of its offensive odor.) Calyx funnel-form, 10-veined, 5toothed; corolla bilabiate, tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper lip concave, crenate, lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate; stamens 4, ascending, exserted; ach. ovoid-triangular. —. B. nigra L. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate; bracts linear-subulate; cal. somewhat truncate, throat dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate.-Is frequent about hedges, &c., Mass. and Conn. Stem 2-3f high, pubescent, as well as the opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in axillary verticils. J1. Has the general appearance of Hoarhound (Marrubium), but not its fragrance. ~ Eur. 36. IOQLUCCEL'LA, L. MoLUccA BALM. SHELL FLOWER. (Brought from the Mtolucrca Islands, &c.) Calyx campanulate, very large, the niargin expanding, often repand-spinous; cor. tube included, limb bilabiate; stamens 4, ascending. — J. M. levis L. St. ascending, subsimple, glabrous; lvs. petiolate, roundishovate, incisely crenate; fls. in a terminal, leafy raceme; cal. campanulate, equally 5-toothed, nearly twice longer than the corolla, teeth awnless. A curious plant in gardens, smooth in all its parts and of a glaucous green, 1-2f high. It is 556 ORDER 89.-LABIAT1A. chiefly remarkable for its ample, bell-shaped calyx, in the bottom of which is seated the yellowish-green flower. f Syria. 37. GALEOP'SIS, L. HEMP NETTLE. (Gr. ya2O, a weasel, oogt, appearance; its grotesque flowers are likened to that animal.) Calyx 5-cleft, spinescent; upper lip of the corolla vaulted, suberenate, lowel lip with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth on its upper side, middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate; stamens exserted beyond the tube; anther cells opposite, trausverse.-Verticils distant, many-flowered. 1 G. tetrahit L. St.'his2pid, the internodes thickened upwards; Ivs. ovate, hispid, serrate; cor. twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip nearly straight, concave.A common weed, in waste and cultivated grounds, N. States. St. 1 to 2 to 3f high, obtusely 4-angled, remarkably tumid below the joint, and covered with prickly, deflexed bristles. Leaves hairy on both sides, ovate, acute, serrate. DIs. in dense verticils. Calyx with 5 acute, bristly teeth. Corolla variegated with -white and purple, upper lip concave, purple, longer than the lower. June, Jul-. ~ Eur. 2 G. lidanum L. St. glabrous or pubescent, internodes equal; Ivs. lanceolate, subserrate, pubescent; upper lip of the cor. slightly crenate.-A smaller species, growing among rubbish in gravelly soils, &c., N. Eno., rare. Stem about a foot high, not swollen below the joints, with opposite branches. Flowers in dense. remote whorls. Corollas usually rose-colored, often white or variegated, spotted with crimson. Aug., Sept. ~ Eur. 38. STA'CHYS, L. iTEDGE NETTLE. (Gr. gordXvC, a spike; firon the inflorescence.) ('alyx tube angular, camipanula te, 5 or 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, upper teetl oftenl larger; corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect, spreading or somewhat vaulted, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe largest; stamens ascending, lower ones longer; anthors approximnate in pairs.-Verticils 2 to 10-flowered, approximate in terminal racemles. * Plants glabrous, or nearly so. Calyx teeth divaricately spreadin................. Nos, 1, 2 * Plants hispid. Calyx teeth suberect.-Leaves subsessile, petioles 0 to 3'/1 long.... Nos. 3, 4 -Leaves all petiolate, petioles (5 to 12" long. Nos. 5, 6 1 S. hyssopif6lia 5Mx. St. ascending or erect, glabrous or sparsely hairy; Ivs. sessile, lance-linear, finely serrulate, acute, smnall, margin and base hispicl; verticils 4-flowered, distant; cal. and very short bracts ciliate, teeth, subulate, spreading, twice shorter thas7 the corolla.- 4 Wet soils, in barrens, Mlass. to Mio. and S. States. Plant slender, 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1' in length, rarely longer, 2 to 4"' wide. Fls. sessile, 7" long. Teeth of calyx shorter than its tube. J1. 2 S. glabra Riddell. St. glabrous or slightly hispid downward, erect, often branched; Zvs. glabrous, oblong-ovate, rounded or truncate at base, all petiolate, acute or subacuminate, serrate; cal. glabrous, teeth lance-subulate, spinulous, divaricate, as long as the tube of the corolla. —24 Woods, streams, N. Y. to Mich. and S. States. Plant slender or rather stout, 15! to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, the petioles 6 to 12". Spikes at length 3 to 7' long. Fls. slender, pale red and purple. JI., Aug. P. DEniLIS. WAeak, much branched, from a decumbent base.-Ga., La. 3 S. paluistris L. St. stout, erect, hispid, with retrorse bristles; lvs. many, hispid, hoary beneath, on short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, subacuminate, narrowed towards the obtuse base, crenate-serrate; cal. hispid, teeth aecuminate-spinulous, erect-spreading; cor. twice longer than the calyx.- - By streams and in moist shades, Can. and Wis. to Car. Herb rough and coarse, 1 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, petioles a few lines. Bracts longer than the calyx. Fls. widely gaping, 7 to 8" long, pale red spotted with purple. Jn.-Aug. (S. hispida Ph.) 4 S. aspera Mx. St. slender, erect or flexuous, retrorsely hispid; Ivs. sparsely hispid, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, obtuse at base; cal. glabrous, btlt ciliate on the angles, and the lanceolate, spinulous, suberect teeth. —24 Can. and U. S., in damp places, common. Plant much more ORDER 89.-LABIAT.lE. 55'7 sleider and smooth in aspect than the preceding, yet technically scarcely different. It is green rather than hoary, about 2f high, simple. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 6 to 9". Cal. smoothish, the teeth usually purple, equaling the tube of the purple spotted corolla. Jl., Aug. 5 S. Nuttalliana Shuttlew. St. stout, erect, often branched, hispid with bristly, spreading hairs; Ivs. elliiptical-ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, sparsely hispid, tarrowed to a cordate base, petiolate; cal. pubescent, teeth triangular, very acute, shorter than the tube of the corolla or calyx. —L Ohio to Tenn., along shaded banks. Plant lighlt green, 3 to 5f high, with large leaves. St. with grooved sides and hispid angles. Lvs. 4 to 9' by 18" to 40". Verticils remote. Cor. light red, with purple stripes and dots, the tube much exserted. JI., Aug. (S. sylvatica Nutt.) 6 S. arvwnsis L. Annual; st. decumbent, hairy; lvs. ovate, cordate, petiolate. obtuse, crenate, the highest shorter than the lanceolate, acute teeth of the hispid calyx; cor. tube included, lips short.-In waste grounds near Boston, &c. Plant slender, 3' to If long, with long, spreading hairs. Lvs. 1' or less. Cor. pubescent. ~ Eur. 39. LEONIU'RUS, L. AIOTHER-WORT. (Gr. Xtewv, a lion, ovjpd, tail; from the appearance of the spikes of flowers.) Calyx 5 to 10-striate, 5toothed, teeth subspinescent; upper lip of the corolla entire, hairy, concave, erect, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate; stamens 4, acending beneath the upper lip. Mostly 24. 1 L. Cardiaca L. Lvs. _palmate-lobed, uppermost lanceolate, often trifid, all of them toothed, cuneiform at base; cor. longer than the calyx, the tube with a hairy ring within.-Tartary, whence it was first introduced into Europe and thence to America, ever following the footsteps of civilized man. Common in waste places. Stem 3-5f high, downy, square, large, purplish, bearing its opposite, stalked, rough leaves arranged in 4 vertical rows. ~ Fls. in many whorls. Calyx rigid and bristly. Cor. purplish, hairy without, variegated within. July.-It has reputation as an ingredient in herb drinks for colds, coughs, &c. ~ 2 L. marrubidstrum L. Lvs. oblong-ovate, incisely and coarsely serrate, the floral lanceolate, tapering at each end, incisely dentate; cor. shorter than the calyx teeth, tube naked within, upper lip somewhat vaulted, pubescent.-Penn., Ind., rare. A plant of vigorous growth, 2-4f high, with opposite, ascending branches. Leaves 2-3' in length, the lowest on long petioles. Verticils many-flowered, remote but numerous, forming an interrupted, leafy spike. Corolla reddish white. July, Aug. ~ Eur. 40. t PARRU'BIUlMl, L. IIOARHOUND. Calyx tubular, 5-10 striate, with 5 or 10 subequal teeth; cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or bifid, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, mniddle lobe broadest, emnarginate, tube included; sta. included in the tube. —2i. M. vulgare L. St. ascending, hoary pubescent; lvs. roundish, ovate, crenatedentate, downy canescent beneath; cal. of 10 setaceous, uncinate teeth.-Fields and roadsides. St. 1 to 2f high, branching at base, or several from the same root. Lvs. petiolate, 1 to 2' diam., whitish and rough veined above, very woolly beneath, rounded and toothed. Fls. white, in sessile, axillary, dense, hairy verticils. Cal. woolly, the teeth spreading and alternately shorter. Jl., Aug. ~ Eur. Well known as an ingredient in cough candy. 41. LEU'WCAS, L. (Gr. evut;s:6, white; the usual color of the densely woolly flowers.) Calyx tubular, 8 to 10-toothed, subequal; corolla tube included, upper lip concave, erect, entire, very hairy without, the lower longer, spreading, trifid, middlo lobe the largest; stamens beneath the galea; filaments not appendaged, achenia 3-angled.-Fls. in axillary verticils. 558 ORDEFJR 90.-BORRAGINACE:E. L. Martimc6nsis Br. Erect, pubescent; lvs. petiolate, ovate, crenate, rugous, the floral lanceolate; verticils distant, large, globular, many-flowered; cal. incurved, oblique, upper tooth longest. —l Herbs 1 to 2f high, with small white flowers. Escaped from gardens, Ga. ~ W. Ind. 42. LEON0'TIS, Br. LION'S-EARS. (Gr. &cov, a lion, J' -, cars; a fanciful name alluding ta the corollas.) Calyx 10-veined, apex incurved, throat oblique, sub-10-toothed, upper tooth largest; corolla tube exserted, limb bilabiate, upper lip concave, erect, entire, lower short, spreading, trifid; stamens 4, ascending under the galea; anthers in pairs.-Verticils dense, with numerous, linear-subulate bracts. Fls. scarlet-yellow. L. nepetwef6lia Br. Herb stout, erect; lvs. thin, ovate, crenate; cal. teeth 8, the upper much the largest, all spinescent; cor. scarlet, about twice longer than the calyx. —-~ Waste and cultivated grounds, S. Car. and (Ga., corumon. Plant large and very showy, 4 to 7f high. St. deeply 2-grooved on the 4 sides, angles rounded. Lvs. comparatively small, 18" to 30" by 12 to 20", on long petioles. Clusters terminal and subterminal, near 2' diam., beset with the calyx spines and the brilliant, downy corollas 10" in length. ~ Africa. ORDER XC. ]BORRAGINACEAE. BORRAGEWORTS. Herbs (shrubs or trees), with round stems and branches, not aromatic. Leaves alternate, generally rough, with stiff hairs. Stipules none. Flowers seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (scorpoid) inflorescence. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united below, regular, very rarely irregular. Stamens 5, inserter in the tube. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded achenia in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Style 1, gynobasic, seed separable from the pericarp, cxalbuminous. Illust. in figs. 220, 372. Genelx'a 54, species 05s3, mostly natives of temperate climates in the Northern hIenisphere. Prope~ties.-Mcillginolls alnd emollient plants, noever poisonous. The important red dye, alvanet, is the product of Anchusa tinctoria, &c. Many are esteemed for their beauty in cultivation. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1. ECHIETIE'. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Sty. terminal. Fr. baccate. Shrubs.TouvrxEFORTIA. 1 II. HIELIOTROPEA. Ovary entire. Style terminal. Fruit dry separating into parts. (a) a Corolla tube cylindrical, throat open. Fruit separating into 4 parts.....IE LIoTl PIOmr. 2 a Corolla tube conical, throat constricted. Fruit separating into 2 parts....ELmOPIImTUm.. 3 I[I. BORIRAGEiE. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Style basilar. Fruit 4, aclenia. (b) b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed, throat open, naked. Bluo.........De..............Ec.. 4 b Corolla reguiarly 5-lobed. (c) C Achenia unarmed, fixed by their excavated base, throat closed. (d) d Corolla wheel-form. Anthers exserted. Blue..................... BORmAGO. 5 d Corolla tubular-bell-form. Style exserted. White...............SYAIPIIrnTUmI. 6 d Corolla salver-form, with the slender tube bent. Blue............... Lcorss. I c Achenia unarmed, fixed by their small, filat base. Throat open or closedl. (e) e Corolla tubular, with the lobes erect and acute. White.......... Ososamoumc. S e Corolla lobes rounded, imbricated in bud. White or yellow.... mITlOSIE:alnUma. 9 o Corolla lobes rounded, imbricate in bad. Purple, blue, large......M ERTENSIA. 10 e Corolla lobes rounded, convolute in bud. Blue or white, small.....MYOSOTrs. 11 c Achenia armed -with barbed pricklcs.-Corolla salver-forn........ EcnII-osEIMc.aL.. 12 -Corolla funnel-form.......... C YOI.OSSUcM. 18 1. TOURNEFOR'TIA, L. SUMMER HELIOTROPE. (Dedicated to Joseph Pittonr de Tournefort, the founder of Systematic Botany.) Calyx 5-parted, corolla salver-form, throat naked; stamens 5, included; style slhort; fiuit 2-carpeled, 4-celled and 4-seeded.-Shrubs. with entire lvs. and secund spikes. ORDER 90.-BORRAGIN.ACOEA. 559 T heliotropoides Hook. Shrubby at base, with herbaceous, hairy branches, erect; lvs. oval, pubescent, obtuse, undulate on the margin; ped. terminal, 2 or 3 times dichotomous; cor. tube included, lobes obtuse, fruit globular. —The fls. are numerous, small, pale lilac, and inodorous. t Buenos Ayres. 2. HELIOTRO0PIUMII, Tournef. HELIOTROPE. (Gr. 1'2tog, the sun, rpErrr, to turn; the flowers were said to turn with the sun.) Calyx 5parted, corolla salver-form, lobes shorter than the tube, the sinuses plicate and prominent in the bud; anthers sessile; style short, stigma conical, the achenia cohering at base, at length separable. —Herbs or shrubs. Fls. white or purple, in unilateral, scorpoid spikes. 1 H. Muropaeum L. Herb erect, pubescent; Ivs. oval, obtuse at each end, petiolate, wavy; spikes lateral and terminal, single or forked; cal. lobes hirsute, obtuse, equaling the cor. tube, and also as long' as the fruit. —- Rocky banks, at Harper's Ferry, &e. A delicate annual 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, two-thirds as wCide. Fls. small, white, in spikes several inches in length. Aug. f ~ Eur. 2 3E. curassdYvicum L. Herb glabrous, procumbent at base; lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, glaucous; spikes usually forked; sep. obtuse, much shorter than the fruit.-c Sandy shores, St. Louis to N. Orleans. A foot high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 2 to 3". Fls. very small, bluish. ~ W. Ind. 3 H. Peruvianum L. Shrubby, erect, pubescent, somewhat hoary; lvs. short-petiolate, lance-ovate, rugous; spikes numerous, aggregated, corymbous; cor'. tubetiwice longer than the calyx.-A pretty green-house shrub, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. serrulate, twrice as l as as wide. Fls. very fragrant, white or tinged with purple. { Peru. 3. HELIOPH'YTUM, DC. (Gr. Uitk og, the sun, c5Vr6Gv, a plant; from its relation to Hieliotropium.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla salver-form, throat constricted, 5-rayed; anthers included; style very short; nuts 2, each 2-cIlled (sometimes with 2 additional empty cells). —Ilerbs with habit of Heliotrope. E. Indicumn DC. Herbs erect, branching, hairy; lvs. ovate, erose-serrulato, acute, base abruptly contracted into a petiole, often subcordate, rugous, vely veiny; spike terminal, solitary, simple (rarely forked!); cor. much exserted, pubescent; fr. miter-form, the two nuts divaricate, showing the 4 empty cells between.Waste grounds, pastures, Ill., Ind. to Ga. St. furrowed, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, or more. Spikes 2 to 6' long. Cor. blue or purple. Carpels bifid at apex. ~ S. Am. E. Ind. 4. ECH'IUM, Tourn. VIPE's BuGLOSS. (Gr. Xegf, a viper; from the spotted stem of some species.) Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect; corolla campanulate, obliquely and unequally lobed, with a short tube and naked orifice; stigma cleft; achenia tuberculate, base flat, impelrforate.-Herbs or shrubs. Fls. irregular, in spicate, panicled racemes. E. vulgare I,. St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles; cauline lvs. lanceolate, and rough with bristles; spikes lateral, hairy, deflected. —() A rough plant, with large, handsome, violet-colored flowers, found in fields and waste grounds, N. States. Stem 18-20' high, round, with entire, dull green leaves, which are 2-6' long, and' as wide, lower ones petiolate, upper ones amplexicaul. Flowers in numerous, crowded, axillary, recurved spikes, appearing in June and July, ~ Eur. 5. BORRA'GO, Tourn. BORRAGE. Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, with acute segments; orifice crowned; filaments converging; achenia ovoid, muricate, excavated at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated receptacle.-Europeai. herbs. 560 Ouria 90.-BORRAGINACEA. 1 B. officinAlis L. Lvs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones petiolate; cal. spreading; ped. terminal, many-flowered; filavments included.- () A common inhabitant of the garden. The whole plant is rough with short, bristly hairs, erect, 2f high, with terminal clusters of handsome, sky-blue flowers during summer. It was formerly in high repute as a cordial. The young leaves form a good salad and pot-herb. t Eur. 2 B. orientalis. Lvs. cordate, petiolate; ped. many-flowered; fil. exserted, villois.- ( An ornamental garden plant, E. Eur. Stem and leaves hairy. Flowers blue, appearing in the spring months. $ (Psilostemon DC.) 6. SYIf4'PHYTUTI, Tourn. COMFREY. (Gr. avjZO5CtLS, a joining or healing; from its reputation for healing wounds.) Calyx 5-parted; (corolla tubular-carnpanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone; achenia sinooth, ovoid fixed by an excavated base. — 4 Oriental herbs. S. officinale L. Hairy, branching above; lvs. extensively decurrent, the lower and radical petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acuminate; cor. limb with 5-recurved teeth. —A large, coarse-looking mucilaginous plant, in gardens and low grounds, Mid. States. Whole plant rough with dense hairs. Stem 3 —4f higoh, winged by the decurrent leaves, bearing terminal, revolute racemes. Corollas white, pink and red, appearing all summer. 4 ~ 7. LYCOP'SIS, L. WILD 1BUGLOSS. (Gr. Xv51og, a wolf, and 6'b, the eye; name suggested by the small blue flowers.) Calyx 5-cleft; corolla funnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales; achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. —D Distinguished mainly by the curved corolla tube. L. arvdnsis L. Plant hispid; lvs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate; nra. leafy; fis. sessile; cal. shorter than the curved tube of the corolla.-A very hispid, almost bristly plant, in fields and roadsides, N. States, probably introduced. Stem erect, branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide, the margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Fls. small. Calyx erect. Corolla skyblue with white scales within. June, July. ~ S. Eur. 8. ONOSPr/O'DIUMI, Mx. (From Onosmna, another genus of this order, uand evdoS, appearance.) Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments; corolla cylindrical, having a ventricous, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments converging and the orifice open; anthers sessile, sagittate, included; style much exserted; achenia imaperforate, whitish, shining.24 North American. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. Fls. white. 1 0. Virginicum Alph. DC. Clothed with appressed, stiff bristles from a tubercular base; Ivs. oblong, sessile, entire, acute or rathei obtuse, 5-vei7ed, cal. very bristly, lobes lance-linear; cor. hispid or nearly smooth, a third longer than the calyx, the segm. lance-subulate; anth. strongly sagiltate.-Dry soils, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. Plant mostly erect, 15 to 30' high, branching, very rough. Lvs. variable, 15 to 30" by 5 to 9". Floral lvs. bractlike. Cor. 4 to 5' long. Jn.-Aug. (0. hispidunim.x.) 2 0. Carolinia.num DC. Tall, clothed with long spreadinig, rusty-white, bristly hairs tubereled at base; lvs. lance-oblong, sessile, entire, 7-veinzed, acute, gradually diminished upwards; fis. shaggy, bristly; cal. lobes lance-oblong; cor. near twice longer, limb dilated, segmz. ovate, obtusieh; anth. linear-oblong, cells scarcely diverging at base. —By streams, W. N. Y. to Wis., La. and Ga. St. hollow, 2 to 4f high, branched. Lvs.'2 to 3' or more long, near 1' wide. Cor. 5 to 6". Ach. large, white. May-J1. Varies in leaves and hairiness. f3. MOLLE. Bristles short, appressed, and on the lower surface of the oblong-ovate lvs. soft downy, except the 7 prominent, bristly veins. —Plant smaller. Lvs. approaching to ovate, acuto or obtuse. (0. molle Mx.)-Chiefiy S. Western, ORDER 90.-BORRAGINACEIE. 561 9. LITHOSPER'MUM, L. GRAMMELL OR GROMWELL. (Gr. A09oq, a stone, and a7re'ppa, seed; the seeds being hard and shilling like little pebbles.) Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla funnel-form or salverform; limb 5-lobed, orifice open, or with 5 gibbous appendages, alternating with the stamens; anthers included; stigma obtuse, bifid; achenia bony, rugous or smooth, imperforate at base. —Herbaceous or suffruticous, generally with a thick, reddish root. Fls. spiked or racemed, bracted, white or yellow. ~ Achenia rugous-tubercled. Corolla throat open, not appendaged.................... No. 1 ~ Achenia smooth and white. Corolla throat appendaged.-Flowers -white......... Nos. 2-4 -Flowers yellow........Nos. 5-7 1 L. arvense L. WHEAT-THIEF. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy; cal. nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments; ach. rugous.- (C A rough, troublesome weed, in fields and waste grounds. Stem branching, erect, 12-15' high, from a fusiform root with reddish bark. Lvs. bright green, rough, sessile, 1-2' in lenuth, with only the central vein; the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to the base; upper ones subacute. Fls. small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves. May, Jn. ~ Eur. 2 L. officinAle L. Erect, very branching above; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, veiny; cal. nearly equal to the tube of the corolla; ach. smooth.- -4 A rough, grayish plant, in dry, gravelly soils, N. and Mid. States. Sts. much branched, clustered, arising 1 to 2f from a white, fusiform root. Lvs. grayish green, rough on the upper side, hairy beneath, rather acute, entire, 2 to 3' by 6 to 9". Fls. small, white, axillary, solitary, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy spikes. Achenia ovate, polished, stony, usually but 1 or 2 perfected. J1., Eur. 3 L. latif6lium Mx. Erect, subsimple, scabrous; Ivs. ovate, sharply acuminate, tapering to the sessile base, veined, scabrous; rac. leafy, few-flowered; sep. lancelinear, longer than the corolla, and spreading in fruit; ach. punctate with minute impressions, shining white, ovoid-turgid.-Woods and thickets, N. Y. to 111. and Va. Sts. many from the same root, strict, 2f high. LV's. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', strongly veined. Nuts generally but 2, half as long as the calyx. Fls. small, white. 4 L. angustif6lium Mx. Procumbent at base, much branched, roughish and somewhat hoary with an appressed pubescence; Ivs. linear, rigid, edges slightly revolute; fls. scattered, lateral; ach. roundish-ovoid, shining, but punctate with minute impressions.-Sand prairies, along rivers, Wis. (Lapham) to Ark. and westward. Plant 6 to 15' high. Lvs. 1' long. Fls. small, cor. white, scarcely longer than the calyx. 5 L. can6scens Lehmann. Puccoox. Erect, subsimple, softly villous; lvs. oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, silky-canescent above, villous beneath; fis. axillary; tube of the cor. thrice as long as the very short calyx.- -4 Prairies, fields, and dry hills, Can. N. Y. to Ill. and S. States. St. 8 to 12' high, erect, simple, rarely a little branched above. Lvs. sessile, 2 to 3" wide and 4 times as long, 1-veined. Fls. crowded near the summit of the stem. Cal. segm. lanceolate, acute, 2" long. Cor. bright orange-yellow, 6" long. Ju., J1. The root dyes red. (Batschia, Mx.) 6 L. hirturnm Lehm. Erect, simple, rough-hairy; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate-hirsute both sides, floral ovate-lanceolate; cal. lobes linear, hirsute, half as long as the corolla; cor. segm. spreading, obovate, entire, tube hispid inside at base ach. ovoid, shining. —Q W. and S. States, in dry soils. Sts. 8 to 15' higoh, clustered. Fls. crowded. Cor. orange-yellow, 7 to 8" long. Cal. segfm. enlarged in fruit. Apr.-Jn. (Batschia Carilonensis Gmel.) 7 L. longifiSrus Spreng. Erect, strigous with a cinerous pubescence; lower lvs. lance-linear, attenuated to the base, upper ones linear, acutish; rac. leafy, terminal; cal. segm. linear, much longer than the pedicel; cor. tube 4 times longer than the calyx, lobes crenulate, wavy.-Q- Wis. to Natchitoches, La. (Hale.) St. 10 to 15' high, slender, branched near the top. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 2 to 4" wide, the floral scarcely as long as the flowers. Cor. yellow, the tube 9 to 12" long. Fr. much shorter than the calyx, smooth, white. JI. (Pentalophus, DC.) 36 562 ORDER 90.-BORRAGINACE/E. 10. MERTENSIA, Roth. (Pulmonaria, Tourn.) SMOOTH LUNGWORT. (Named for Prof. F. C. Mertens, of Bremen, Germany.) Calyx short, 5-cleft; coy. tube cylindric, twice longer than the calyx, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat naked, or oftener with 5 folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens; sta. inserted at top of the tube; anth. subsagittato; ach. smooth or reticulated. —2 St. and leaves usually glabrous and pellucid-punctate, the radical many-veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 1 M. Virglinica DC. Erect or ascending, very smooth; radical lvs. large, petiolate, oval, ovate or obovate, cauline sessile, lance-ovate or oblong, all entire, obtuse; cor. tube 3 times longer than the calyx, twice longer than the limb.-Dry, rich soils, N. Y. to S. Car. and Iowa. A plant of rare beauty, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 2 to 6' long, the cauline feather-veined. Fls. numerous, nodding, somewhat trumpet-shaped, 10" long, varying through every shade of blue and lilac even on the same plant. May. (Lithospermum pulchrum Lehm.) 2 M. maritima Don. Glabrous, procurnbent or ascending; lvs. ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous, the radical petiolate, cauline sessile; rac. leafy; cal. deeply cleft, scarcely half as long as the glabrous, 5-cleft corolla. —Sea shore, N. Eng., rare, Can. and northwuard. St. diffusely branched. Fis. purplish blue, limb longer than the tube, which exhibits 5 folds at its summit. J1. 3 M. panicullta Don. Scabrous with minute hairs, erect; radical lvs. petiolate, ovate, cordate, cauline ovate-oblong, sessile, all acuminate and veined; cal. hispid, thrice shorter than the subcampanulato corolla.-Shores of the great Lakes, from Superior to Bear L., also in gardens. An elegant plant, with fis. varying from bright blue to white, paniculate, nodding. 11. DIYOSO'TIS, Dill. FoRGET-aIE-Nor. (Gr. b,~, a nMouse, and (o09) &Tzog, an ear; from the form of the leaves.) Calyx 5-cleft; corolla salver-form or funnel-form, tube about equaling the calyx, the 5 lobes convolute in bud, orifice closed with short, concave scales; achenia ovate, smooth, with a small cavity at base. —Herbs, slightly villous. Rac. at length elongated, bractless, or with a few, small lvs. at the base. Fls. never axillary. ~ Racemes one-sided. Calyx clothed with minute, appressed hairs, if any............. No. 1 I Raceimes two-sided. Calyx beset with spreading, uiinutely-hooked bristles........ Nos. 2, 3 1 M. palfdstris Roth. P3. LAXA (Fig. 220). Minutely strigous or smoothish, somewhat branched, erect; lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with short, scattered hairs; rac. without bracts; pedicels divaricate in firuit, twice as long as the short, spreading, smoothish, equal calyx. —%' Ditches and marshes, Can. and U. S., very slender, about a foot high. Lvs. scattered, sessile, about 1' by 2 or 3". Rac. terminal, or often one of them supra-axillary, one-sided.'lP. 2 to 3"' broad, blue, with a yellow center. Ped. 3 to 6" long. MIay Aug. (M. sespitosa Schultz.) 2 M. arvensis L. Hirsute with tubercular hairs, branching; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute; pedicels spreading in fiuit, twice as long as tlie open, equal calyx, in loose racesmes, which are not at all leafy among the flowers at their base. —) Fields, &c. Sts. 6 to 15' high. Lvs. 1' and less in length. Fls. 2 to 3" broad, white? JI., Aug. We describe from English specimens, having seen none native. (iM. intermedia, Link.) 3 M. stricta Lilk. Roughly hirsute with spreading, mostly tubercled hairs; lvs. oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong, obtuse or acute, pedicels ascending, as long as the closed, uncinate-bristly, unequal calyx, in,'acemzes which are leafy at base.-g) Dry fields and hills, Conn., N. Y., to Wis., La. and Ala. Plant varying greatly in aspect at different st'ages of growth, yet always recognized by its calyx, which is decidedly bilabiate, the lower lip of 2 longer teeth. Plant 6 to 16' high, grayish. Lvs. 1' long, or in larger specimens 2'. Fls. very small (1" broad), white. May-J1. (KI. verna Nutt. M. arvensis Torr.) ORDER 90.-BORRAGINACE2E. 563 12. ECHINOSPER'MUMI, Swartz. BURR-SEED. (Gr. EXZvoq, the seaurchin, orrelpfa, seed; from the character.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla hypocrateriform, orifice closed with concave scales; achenia 4, erect, bearing 1 to 3 rows of echinate prickles, smooth between, compressed or angular, fixed to a central column. —Herbs with bracted rac. and small, blue fis. E. Ldppula Lehm. St. branched above; Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, hairy; cor. longer than the calyx, the border erect-spreading; ach. each with 2 rows of hooked prickles on the margin. —- An erect herb, in dry soils, roadsides, N. States to Arc. Am. Stem having a dry, grayish aspect, from its dense hairs, about a foot high, undivided except at the top, where it branches into a kind of panicle. Leaves 1' by 1-2", sessile. Flowers very small, blue. J1. (Rochelia Rcem. Cynoglossum Scop.) 13. CYNOGLOS'SUI, Tourn. HOUND's TONGUE. (Gr. iet)ov, a dog, yX5caaa, tongue; from the form of the long, soft leaves.) Calyx 5parted; corolla short, infundibuliform, vaulted; orifice closed by 5 converging, convex scales; achenia covered with echinate prickles, depressed, forming a broad, pyramidal fruit, and each fixed laterally to the style.-Cor. blue, pulple or white. ~ Racemes without bracts or nearly so.............................................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Racenmes bracted at base, but the pedicels always extra-axillary......................-No. 8 1 C. officinAlis L. COMMON HOUND'S TONGUE. Silky-pubescent, leafy to the top; root-lvs. lance-oblong, attenuate at base to a petiole, upper sessile or amplexicaul; rac. bractless, paniculate, not stalked; nuts margined in front.- 24 Waste grounds, pastures, common. Plant of a dull green color, emitting a disagreeable smell. St. erect, hairy, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. with soft down on both sides, entire, 6 to 10' by 1 to 2', tapering into a long, attenuated base, the upper much smaller. Clusters terminal, panicled, recurved at the end. Fls. with a downy calyx and a dull red corolla. Cal. leaf-like in fruit. Sds. rough with hooked prickles. J1. ~ Eur. 2 C. Virginicum L. Hirsute-pilous; lvs. oblong-oval, acute, upper ones clasping, cordate, all on the lower half of the stemn; corymb terminal, leafless, on a long, ~naked peduncle.- 24 Inhabiting woods and thickets, Vt. to Va. and Ill., rare in N. Eng. A hairy plant, 2f high, simple, bearing at the top of its leafless summit a small, panicled corymb of pale purple flowers. Radical lvs. 5 to 6' long and half as wide. Cal. and pedicels very hairy. Jn. (C. amplexicaule Mx.) 3 C. Morrissni DC. BEGGAR-TICRS. St. widely branched; lvs. oblong-lanceo-late, acuminate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; rac. divaricate, dichotomous; fr. densely covered with prickles, doubly barbed at the point.-4l In rocky grounds and rubbish, Can. to Fla. St. furrowed, 2 tX 3f high, with many slender, remote, wide-spread branches, each terminating in a centrifugal, racemous inflorescence. Lvs. entire, remote, large (4 to 8' long), tapering to each end, the lower ones petioled. Fls. very small, white, the pedicels nodding in fruit. J1. (Echinospermum Virginicum Lehm.) ORDER XCI. HYDROPHYLLACEE. HYDROPTIYLLS. Herbs mostly, with alternate lobed leaves and regular bluish flowers. Calyx 5cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent, free. Corolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honej scales or furrows near the base. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, with a deeply bifid style. Ovary entire, ovoid, free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal, several-seedled placentm. Fruit 2-valved, filled by the placenta. Seeds reticulated, albuminous. Genera 13, species 77, chiefly American'. Properties unimportant. 564 ORDER 91.-HYDROPHYLLACEA.E. FIG. 6iS. Itydrophyllunl Virginicum, flower: a, corolla cut open, showing the,. t honey-grooves; b, ovary and style; c, section of seed. GENERA ~ Placentae central, large, many-seeded. Cymes not scorpoitl........Y...........,HYDROLEA. 6 ~ Placentre parietal (at least in the middle), bearing few (1 to 4, rarely many) seeds. (b) b Lobes of the corolla convolute in estivation. (C) b Lobes of the corolla imbricate (quincuntial) in the bud. (d) c Stamens exserted. Flowers in forked, scorpoidl racernes.......... HYDEOPYLLUM. 1 C Stamens included. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves............NEMOPIIILA. 2 d Flowers solitary. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.....................ELLISIA. 3 d Flowers racemed.-Lobes of the corolla entire (seeds 4.)............ P1ACELIA. 4 -Lobes of the corolla entire (seeds m)..............ETOCA. 5 -Lobes of the corolla fringed..................CosMANTIuss. 6 1. HYDROPHYL'LUIT1, Tourn. WATER-LEAF BURR-FLOWER. (Gr. 6wop, water, rAX2uov, leaf; the leaves in spring are said to hold water.) Sepals slightly united at base, the sinuses sometimes appendaged; corolla campanulate, convolute in bud, with 5 longitudinal, margined nectariferous grooves inside; stamens exserted; capsule globous, 1-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive; placentre 2, fleshy, free except at the base and apex.- 2 Radical lvs. on long petioles, pinnately or palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. ~ Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the corolla........No. 1 ~ Calyx not appendaged. Filaments much exserted............................... Nos. 2-4 1 H. appendiculatum IMx. Lvs. subpalmately 5-lobed, the lower almost pinnatifid, the lobes dentate, diverging, and with the long petioles, ped. and cal. hirsute; sep. lance-subulate, the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times shorter; cor. glabrous except the minute appendages inside; stam. included.N. Y,, near Rochester, to XWis. and Va., in woods. Sts. 12 to 18' high, branched. Petioles 1 to 4' long. Lvs. roundish in outline, the broad. acute lobes pointed and diverging in a stellate manner. Cal. 4 to 5" long, appendages deflexed, 1" long. Cor. blue. May. 2 II. Virginicum L. Plant nearly smooth; lvs. pinnatsfid and pinnate, the segments oval-lanceolate, incisely serrate; fascicles conglomerate; ped. longer than the petioles.-An inhabitant of moist woods, Can to Car. and Western States Stem a foot high, bearing large, roundish tufts of flowers, stamens and style very conspicuous, twice the length of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves few, on long, clasping petioles, with about 5 distinct leaflets, the upper 3 more or less confluent at base, all irregularly toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. Jn. 3 H. Canad6nse L. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, -oundish, with5 —7 shallow lobes, unequally dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate; fls. in crowded fascicles; ped. slhorter than the forked petioles.-Quite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine woods; Can. to Car. W. to Ind. Stem 12-18' high, with large, roughish leaves, divided into 5-7 lobes. Fascicles of fls. dense, terminal, but shorter than the petiole which seems to continue the stem. Cor. white or variously tinged with purple, much longer than the pedicels. Jn., J1. 4 H. macroph-llum Nutt. Whole plant reversely hispid with white hairs; lvs. oblong-oval, in outline, pinnatifid, lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised into rounded, mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or few, much smaller; cymes terminal, long-pedunculate, dense-flowered; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside. ORDER 91. —HYDROPHYLLACE2E. 565 -Ohio, to the Alleghany Mts. of Va. Stem a foot high, almost leafless, with a terminal globous cyme of white flowers. Radical leaves 6 to 10' long, the segments ovate-oblong. Corolla 6" long, stam. 10". Jn. 2. INElIOPH'ILA, Nutt. (Gr. v4teo~, a grove, JaZ8'w, to love; such is their usual locality.) Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses with reflexed appendages; corolla rotate-campanulate, the 5-lobes convolute in bud, obtuse, the tube inside bearing 10 minute folds or scales; stamens included; ovary globous, 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentse, free except at the ends, each 2 to 12-ovuled. —(] Herbs fragile, diffuse, with opposite or alternate, pinnately parted lvs., one-flowered, ped. and cyanic fis. 1 N. microc$lyx Fisch. & Meyer. Glabrous, decumbent, branched; lvs. triangular in outline, 3-cleft, or the lower 5-parted, segm. with rounded mucronate lobes; ped. slender, opposite to and nearly equaling the petioles; cor. small, about twice longer than the calyx; seeds 1 to 2.-Damp woods, MIacon, Ga., Ala., to Ark. and La. Sts. many, 6 to 12' long, or often but 3 to 6', very tender. Lvs. all alternate, less than 1' long, the petioles often longer. Fls. white, 1 to 2" broad. Lvs. ovoid, pitted. Apr. (N. cvanescens Darby. Ellisia, Nutt.) 2 N. insignia Benth. Lvs. oblong, pinnately 7 to 9-lobed, lobes ovate, acute, ped. longer than the leaves; cor. twice as long as the calyx, rotate-campanulate; seeds 10 to 12. Plant procumbent, in gardens, somewhat hairy, lvs. 1 to 2' long. Mls. 1' or more broad, white with a blue border. f California. 3 N. maculata Benth. Procurnbent, with lvs. similarly lobed with the last, and with the fls. white, with 5 large violet-colored spots on the border. f California. 3. ELLIS'IA, L. (In honor of Joseph Ellis, F.R.S., an English naturalist, correspondent of Linnmus.) Calyx 5-parted, equaling the tubular-campanulate, caducous corolla, sinus naked; cor. tube with 5-pairs of minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed; sta. included; nectary annular, 5-toothed; sty. bifid, with linear lobes; caps. ovoid-globous, 2valved; seeds 4 or fewer ripening.l — t Herbs, with pinnatifid Ivs. Cor. white. E. TNycteleba L. Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs; lvs. petiolate, upper ones alternate, segments 9 to 11, linear-oblong, nearly distinct, sparingly dentate; ped. i-flowered, opposite the leaves, about as long as the sepals; cal. seg. trianogular-acuminate, broad at base, longer than the tube of the corolla. —) Woods and river banks, Md. to Iowa and Ala. Stem 4-10' long. Leaves 1 —2' long. Calyx at length remarkably large for the size of the plant, nearly an inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, emarginate, with purple spots at base inside. May-J1. 4. PHACE'LIA, L. (Gr. dciicero, a bundle or fascicle; alluding to the fasciculate racemes.) Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged; corolla tubular campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, lobes entire, imbricate in bud, tube within furnished with 5 margined grooves; stamens 5, mostly exsertedl; ovary 1-celled, hispid; style bifid; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, valves bearing the placenta in the middle; seeds 4 to 10.-Herbs hispid, with alternate Ivs. and loose or dense, one-sided racemes. * IRacemes forked or corymbed.... Nos. 1, 4. ** tRacemes simple.... Nos. 2, 8. 1 P. bipinnatifida Mx. Hairy, suberect; Ivs. incisely pinnatifid, long-petiolate, lateral segnm. 2 to 4, incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid; rac. elongated, forked subpaniculate; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than the calyx, shorter than (sometimes as long as) the stamens. 2U or (Z Woods and hill sides, Penn. to Ind. (Plummer), Mo. and N. Car. Plant sometimes nearly smooth, 1 to 2f high, bearing several leafless racemrnes at top. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, including the petiolo. Cor. 6" broad, blue, the grooves bordered with narrow, pubescent margins. May, Jn. 566 ODER 91.-HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 2 P. hirsuta Nutt? Erect, branching, sparingly hirsute; Ivs. pinnatifid, 5 to 7lobed, the lower petiolate, almost pinnate, upper sessile, lobes oblong, acutish, those of the radical lvs. rounded; rac. simple, terminal, 9 to 15-flowered, pedicels twice longer than the linear-oblong bristly-ciliate sepals.-A more delicate species, on Stone Mt. Ga. and Ark. Sts. smoothish, 6 to 12' high, sparingly leafy. Cor. 7' broad, violet blue, 10-spotted around the yellowish throat. Grooves obscurely bordered. Stam. not longer than cor. May, Jn. 3 P. parvifl6ra Ph. Sts. weak, smoothish,procumbent, subsimple; Ivs. all petiolate, the lowest elongated, with roundish, remote, stalked leaflets, the upper with. distant oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute segm.; rac. simple, loose, terminal, 6 to 12flowered; pedicels at length twice longer than the oblong-spatulate, smoothish sepals; fis. small. —- Shaded banks, Penn. to Ga. Plant diffuse, ascending, 6 to 10' long. Lvs. with their petioles 1 to 3' long, lobes distant, small. Fls. pale blue, 4' wide. Apr., May. 4 P. congdsta Hook. Downy-canescent; lvs. pinnate, lfts. alternate, very unequal, some sessile, others petioled, all incisely lobed, the terminal confluent; rac. corymbous; sep. lance-linear; cor. campanulate, twice longer than the calyx; stam. exserted. —) Herb a foot high, in gardens, with numerous bright blue fls. + Texas. 5. EUTO'CA, R. Br. Calyx 5-parted; cor. deciduous, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud; nectary-grooves 0; filam. exserted, with minute scales at base; style half 2-cleft; ovary hairy above, half-2-celled, 4-co-oseeded. -O Lvs. hairy, pinnately lobed or entire. 1 E. viscida Benth. Glandular-pilous, viscid, branched, suberect; Ivs. petiolate, ovate, coar-sely, and unequally dentate or lobed; racemes scorpoid, at length elongated; sep. linear, a third as long as the tubular-campanulate, deep blue corolla; seeds co.-Gardens. If high. Fls. near 1' long. f California. 2 E. Franklinii Br. Pubescent, simple, erect; root-lvs. crowded, cauline alternate, all pinnatfid, lobes 5-7; rac. short, spike-like, co'. blue, spreacding-campanulate, a third longer than the calyx; seeds Co. —Gardens. Fls. numerous. California. 6. COSMAN'THUS, Nolte. MIAMI MIST. (Gr. 1fqa6qaoC, elegance, avOog, a flower.) Calyx 5-parted; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft, tube without appendages; sta. 5, about equaling the (firinged) corolla; nectary minute; ova. hairy except at base, 1-celled; sty. bifid; caps. 2-valved, valves septiferous in the middle; seeds 4, rugulous. —( Delicate herbs, with alternate lvs. Rac. long, bractless. Fls. small, white or pale blue. 1 C. Piirshii. Nearly glabrous; lower lvs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few, entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper lvs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with 5 to 7 oblong, acute, lobes; rac. terminal, simple, 9 to 15-flowered; pedicels longer than the lance-linear sepals.-Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., W. to Ia. and Ky. Plant 8-12' high, with slender branches. Radical leaves with obtuse lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Cor. delicately fringed, light blue, 5 to 6" broad, spreading. May, Jn. (C..fimbriatus Nolte. Phacelia fimbriata Ph. not Mx. P. Purshii Buckley.) 2. C. firnbriAtus Mx. Much branched from the base, pubescent; sts. slender, assurgent; lower lvs. petiolate, pinnate, with roundish segments, upper sessile, cleft into 5 to 7 oblong, obtuse lobes; rac. terminal, simple, 5 to 12-flowered; pedicels about as long as the oblong-spatulate, obtuse sepals.-Mts. Va., Tenn. (Miss Dana), to Ga. Sts. 4 to 8' long. his. white, delicately fringed, 4 to 5' diam. May. 6. HYDRO'LEA, L. (Gr. vJ&op, water, ealia, oil; " a viscid (oily) water plant.") Calyx 5-sepaled, persistent; corolla rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube; styles 2, stigmas capitate-depressed; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the large, fungous pla ORDER 92.-POLEMONIACEA. 567 centse axial, borne on each surface of the free, false dissepiment, seeds many. —Herbs with alternate, undivided lvs., and axillary or terminal cymes of blue fls. 1 H. corymb6sa AMacbride. Unzarmed, sparingly hirsute above; lvs. sessile, lance-ovate; branchlels corymbed, each bearing a terminalflower; sep. lanceoilate. acute, hispid; cor. thrice longer than the calyx; caps. roundish-ovoid, glabrous. -24 Ponds in pine barrens, Ga. and S. Car. (Bachman). Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, with downy veins and margins. Fls. showy, nearly bell-shaped, 1' broad, "azure with yellowish veins and 5 white spots near the base," (Elliott.) Jn.-Aug. 2 HE. quadrivdlva Walt. Spiny, more or less hispid; lvs. lanceolate, petiolate, very acute at both ends, entire; cymees 4 to 6-flowered, axillary, upper sessile, lower pedunculate; sepals ovate, acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla.-tl In staggnant waters, S. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2f high. Spines straight, slender, axillary, 3 to 5" long. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cor. azure blue, 5 to 6" broad. Caps. as large as a pea, with numerous minute seeds. Jl.-Sept. 3 H. ovata Nutt. With ovate-acuminate lvs. and terminal clusters is found in W. La. and Ark., probably not native within our limits. Rarely seen in gardens. ORDER XCII. POLEMONIACE2E. PHLOXWORTS. f1erbs with alternate or opposite leaves and 5-parted, regular, showy flowers. Corolla monopetalous, the lobes convolute, rarely imbricate in mstivation. Stam, ens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 3-celled, stigma 3-cleft; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, lculicidal. Seeds few or many, albuminous, attached to a permanent columella. (Illustr. in Fig. 301.) Gener)t 17r, sl)ecies 104, chiefly N. American. They are valued and cultivated only as ornanmental plants. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1. POLEMIONIEAE. Sepals united at base. Lobes of the corolla convolute in bud. (a) a Corolla salver-form. Filanments unequal. Leaves entire................PHLOX. 1 a Corolla bell-formr. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate....................POLEAIONIIUM. 2 a Corolla funnel-forin. Filaments equal. (Leaves pinnately dissected).....GILIA. I lI. DIAPEINSSIEE. Sepals distinct, oval. Lobes of corolla imbricated........DIAPENSIA. 4 i. PHLOX, L. PELOX. LYCIINIDIA. (Gr. b6o,0 a flower; from the color and profusion of the flowers.) Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft; corolla salver-form, the tube more or less curved; stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle; capsule 3-celled, cells each 1-seeded. —A highly ornamental, North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Fls. in terminal, cymes, corymbed or panicled. (Fig. 301.) * Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end. (1) 1 Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered......................Nos. 1, 2 1 Panicle of cyrmescoryrnbed, level-topped, flowers fewer. (2) 2 Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tubes.................... Nos. 3, 4 2 Plants hairy. Calyx teeth attenuated, longer than the tube. (3) 3 Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so.................................Nos. 5, 6 3 Leaves broad, ovate or lanceolate, etc........................ Nos. 1, 8, 3., 9 * Lobes of corolla notched or bifid at the end.-Leaves distant................... Nos. 8, 10 -Leaves imbricated.................. No. 11 1 P. paniculata L. Glabrous, erect; lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, accuminate at each end, or the upper abrupt at base, rough-edged, flat; corymbs paniculate, subpyramidal, many-flowered; cal. teeth setaceous-aczminate, nearlzy as long as the tube; pet. roundish-obovate, entire.-24 This favorite is found native in woods and river banks, W. States to Penn. and Car. St. 2 to 3f high, ending in a large, oblong-pyramidal panicle of innumerable pink-colored, scentless flowers. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 9 to 16", lower ones distinctly petioled. Cor. tube a little curved, 12 to 15" long. Jl.-Sept. t 568 ORDER 92.-POLEMONIACE. A3. ACXMTNXTA. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, pubescent beneath as well as the stem; panicle with fewer flowers. —In rich alluvion. (P. acuminata Ph.) 2 P. macula.ta L. St. erect, scabrous or nearly smooth, purple-spotted; lower Ivs. lanceolate, the highest ovate, cordate at base, all subcoriaceous, roughish or smooth; panicle oblong or subpyramidal; cal. teeth lanceolate, acute, about half as long as its tube; pet. orbicular.-2 Moist fields, Penn. to Car. and Western States. Stem 2-3f high, mostly punctate, with purple spots. Lower branches of the panicle shorter than the leaves, or often elongated. Corolla tube more or less curved, smooth. Petals obtuse or retuse, purple, varying in gardens from white to crimson. Jn. j- (P. pyramidalis Sm.) B. GRAciLIoR. Tall, slender, scabrous; lvs. linear and lance-linear. Ga. (Feay). y. SUAV~OLENS. Smooth; fis. white, sweet-scented.-Gardens. (P. suaveolens Ait.) 3 P. Carolina L. Glabrous; st. declinate at base, ascending, often branched; Ivs. lanceolate from an ovate (rarely cordate) base, acuminate or gradually acute; panicl corymbous, of dense, few-flowered cymes; cal. teeth lanceolate, acuminate.Woods, prairies, Mich. to Ga. St. often procumbent at base, thickish, smooth, 9' to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, variable in form. Corymb simple or often compound and rather diffuse. Sep. united two-thirds their length, the points soft, spreading. Cor. tube 1', lobes rose purple, roundish, spreading 1'. Mlay —J. l,3. OVATA. St. roughish or puberulent; lvs. broad (1'); corymb loose. —South. (P. ovata Ph.) y.'iTIDA. Lvs. lance-oblong, dark green, shining.-S. W. (P. nitida Ph.?) 4 P. glaberrima L. Glabrous; sts. slender, clustered, subsimple, erect; Ivs. lancelinear or oblocg-linear, gradually acute or acuminate, rounded or acute at base, thickish, often with revolute margins; corymb subsimple, few-flowered; cal. teeth lanceolate, sharply acuminate. —Prairies and barrens, Wis. to Ga. and Tenn. Sts. 1 to 3f high, with light green foliage. Lvs. 2 to 3 to 4' long, 3 to 5" wide, very smooth except the rough edges. Sep. united two-thirds their length. Cor. tube 9 to 12" long, slightly curved, lobes pale pink. Jn., J1. 5 P. pil6sa L. Smooth or puberulent below, glandular pilous above; st. declinate at base, slender, assurgent, subsimple; Ivs. Iinear and lance-linear, margin subrevolute, base half-clasping, attenueate to an acute apex; panicle corymbous, fewflowered, loose; cal. segmre. subulate-aristate, much7 longer than the tube.-Prairies and copses, Wis. to N. J., Ga., Fla. and La. A common, slender Phlox, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, rigid. Cor. small, pale red or bluish, tube 7 to 8" long, lobes spreading 7 to 8". AMay, Jn. (P. aristata iMx.) Varies to glabrous (La. Hale) when it still differs from No. 4 by its long setaceous calyx teeth. [3. FLORIDXNA. Smoothish below; lvs. oblong-lanceolate; sep. lanceolatesetaceous.-Fla. (at Quincy!) and elsewhere. Approaches the next. (P. Floridana Benth.) 6 P. involucrAta. Hoary-pubescent; sts decumbent and branching at base, thin, simple and erect; lvs. linear-oblong, rather obtuse at each end, half-clasping, suberect, flat, the floral similar and closely subtending the dense corymbs as if involucrate; cal. teeth longer than its tube, linear or subulate-spatulate; cor. lobes roundish-obovate, angled at apex.-Very elegant, common in dry soils, throughout the S. States. Sts. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. about 1' long. Cor. deep purple varying to carmine-red. May, Jn. (P. pilosa Walt., Mx., Benth., etc., not L. 3.? Walteri, Gray.) 7 P. r6ptans Mx. Stolons creeping; sts. assurgent; lvs. ovate, obovate or oblong, obtuse; corymbs few-flowered; cal. puberulent, segments linear-subulate; pet. obovate, entire. —2 Hillsides and mountains, Ind. (Plummer) to S. Car. Flowering-stems 6' high (Southern specimens 6 to 12'), with small (4-9" by 2-4") and remote leaves. Stolons with leaves 2-3 times larger, somewhat crowded at the end. Flowers 3-8. Corolla bluish-purple, tube scarcely twice longer than the calyx. June. 8 P. divaricata L. Low, diffuse, pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, ovate or oblong, acatish; panicle corymbous, loose; cal. roughish-puberulent, segm. linear-subulate; cor. lobes emarginate at the end. —4 Can., Wis., N. Y. to Ga. and Ala. (banks of the Chattahoochie I). Sts. loosely branched, a foot or more long, flaccid. Lvs. ORDER 92.-POLEMONIACEiE. 569 1 to 2' long, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper broad and clasping at base, the floral linear setaceous. Pedicels diverging, as long as the calyx which is half as long as the corolla tube. Cor. of a peculiar light but brilliant grayish blue. Apr., May. B. LAPHAMII. Lvs. ovate, pet. obtuse, entire.-Wis. (Lapham) Western Reserve (Cowles) and southward, not uncommon. 9 P. Drumm6ndii Hook. DRUTMaOND's LYCHNIDEA. Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilous; Ivs. mostly alternate, oblong or lanceolate, scabrous; corymb dense-flowered; cal. hairy, segm. lanceolate, setaceous, elongated, revolute; cor. tube pilous, segm. obovate, entire.-J- Banks of Flint R., S. E. Ga.! and Tex. One of the handsomest species of the genus, common in cultivation. Whole plant glabular-scabrous, 8 to 12' high. Fls. very showy, all shades from white to dark purple, and exquisitely penciled with a star. May, Jn. 10 P. bifida Beck. Low, assurgent, diffusely branched, puberulent; Ivs. amplexicaul, subrevolute on the margin, acutish, lower lance-ovate, upper lancelinear; corymbs very loose, 2-5-flowered; cal. segments linear, acute; cor. tube curved, segments deeply bifid.-A very distinct species, and very rare, in Mo. (Beck), Cass Co.. Ill. (Mead). Stem brownish-purple, slender, 6' high. Leaves 12 15" by 1-2", lower much shorter. Pedicels 1' long. Cor. purple, tube much curved. Apr. 11 P. subulata (and P. setacea L.) Moss PINr. Procurmbent, cespitous, much branched, pubescent; lvs. rigid, subulate or linear-subulate, ciliate, fascicled in the axils; cal. teeth linear-subulate, very acute; cor. lobes cuneate, emarginate. Rocky hills, Penn. to Ga. and Ky., abundant in its localities, in dense, turfy masses, spangled over in May with rose-colored flowers. Corymb, 3-6-flowered. Cor. white or pink, deeper purple in the center. May. f 2. POLEYIO'NIUIYM, L. GREEK VALERIAN. (Gr. T6)XteCof, war; Pliny relates that two kings fought for the merit of its discovery.) Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; corolla rotate-campanulate, limb 5-lobed, erect, tube short; stamens declined, equally inserted at the throat, filaments with hairy appendages at base; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells many-seeded.-Hcrbs with alternate, pinnately divided lvs. Fls. terminal. 1 P. reptans L. St. smooth, branching, diffuse; lvs. pinnately 1-11-foliate, leaflets oval-lanceolate, acute; fls. terminal, nodding; cells of caps. 2-3-seeded.If Woods and damp grounds, Wis. to N. Y. and mts. of S. Car. Stem 12-18' high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite, smooth, entire, sessile, an inch long and half as wide. Segments of the calyx lanceolate-acute, persistent, much shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short, rounded at the ends. Anthers introrse. Root creeping. Mfay. t 2 P. ccerileurn L. St. smooth, simple, erect; lvs. pIinnately 11 to 17-foliate, segm. acuminate; fls. erect; cal. equaling the tube of the corolla; cells of caps. 6 to 10-seeded. —-~ A handsome plant, in gardens. Sts. clustered, about 2f high, hollow, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbous panicle. Lvs. mostly radical, on long, grooved petioles; lfts. all sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite, oblique, odd one lanceolate. Fls. terminal, suberect. Cor. blue, 6" cliam. t Eur. 3. GIL'IA, Ruiz & Pavon. (Named for P. S. Gilio, a Spanish botanist.) Calyx 5-cleft, segments acute; corolla tube long or short, limb regularly 5-lobed; stamens 5, equally inserted at top of the tube; disk cup-form; capsule oblong or ovoid, few or many-secded. —Terbs with alternate, pinnatifidc lvs. Fls. paniculate, capitate or scattered, elegant and showy, lilac purple to white. 1. IPOAIoPSIS. Corolla funnel-form, the tnbe much exserted...................... No. 1 2. GILIA proper. Cor. lobes subrevolute, tube included in calyx..................... No. 2 L G. coronopifblia Pers. STANmDING CYPRESS. St. strictly erect, tall, hairy; ivs. crowded, pinna.tifid with subulate divisions; thyrse elongated, with very short 570 ORDER 93.-CONVOLVULACEJE. branches; cor. tube thrice longer than calyx, segm. oval-oblong, erect-spreading; starn. barely exserted. — ( Along rivers, S. Car., Ga., Ala. A splendid herb, 2 to 4f high, its plume-like form closely beset with delicate fringe-like leaves and bearing at top a long (if) thyrse of scarlet red flowers. Cor. 15" long. J1. (I pomopsis, Mx. Cantua, Juss.).-A more slender form found in Fla. is G. Floridana Don. 2 G. tricolor Benth. TRICOLORED GILIA. St. erect, nearly smooth; lvs. twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow, linear segments; cymes paniculate, 3 to 6-flowered; cor. tricolored, 2 or 3 times ionger than the calyx, tube very short.- C( An elegant little garden plant, from California, If high. Fls. numerous, limb pale lilac-blue, throat purple and tube yellow.: 4. DIAPEN'SIA, L.. Calyx of 5 oval imbricated sepals, closely subtended by imbricated bracts; corolla campanulate, imbricated in the bud; filaments 5, fiat, arising from the sinuses of the corolla; anthercells diverging at base and the dehiscence transverse; capsule papery, enveloped in the persistent calyx, 3-celled, many-seeded. —Prostrate undershrubs with densely imbricated, linear \ls. and solitary terminal fis. ~ 1. DIAPENSIA proper. Anthers without awns. Flowers pedicellate..................No. 1 ~ 2. PYXIDANrIIERA. Anthers with the lower valve awned. Flowers sessile...........No. 2 1 D. Lapp6nica L. C spitous; Ivs. dense, spatulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse and entire; fis. pedunculated. —4 A little, leafy plant, 2-3' high, growing on the summits of the White MIts. in N. Hampshire, forming dense tufts among the rocks. Leaves crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5 —8" by 1" with a revolute margin, clasping base, and broadly obtuse point. Fls. on slender (1' long) terminal, solitary peduncles. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than tkhe leafy bracts at its base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. July. 2 D. barbulita Ell. Branches short, ascending; lvs. lance-cuneiform, acute, pubescent at base; fis. terminal, sessile; lower valve of the anther beaked or awned at base.-A prostrate, creeping plant, abundant in pine barrens, N. J. to Car., forming dense beds. Stems 3-6' long, subhispid. Leaves 1-2" by -— l". Flowers white, 3" diam. Sepals denticulate, as long as the corolla tube. May, Jn.-The beak of the anther is variable, sometimes reduced to an acute point. (Pyxidanthera barbulata Mx. D. cuneifolia Ph.) ORDER XCIII. CONVOLViTLACEHE. BINDWEEDS. Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, sometimes parisitic, sometimes shrubby. Leaves (or scales when leafless) alternate. lowers regular, pentamerous and 5-androus. Sepals imbricated. Corolla monopetalous, 5-plaited or lobed, convolute in bud. Ovary free, 2 (rarely 3)-celled or falsely 4-celled, or of 2 distinct, 1-ovuled pistils. Capsule 2 to 6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled in mucilaginous albumen. (Illustr. in fig. 49, 56, 303, 321, 338, 455, 456.) Genzelra 50, species 700, abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold. Properties. —The roots of many species abound in an acrid, milky juice which is strongly purgative. JaZap of the shops is the product of the root of Exogonium purga, of Mexico, and of other species; scacmony, of Convolvilus scaimmonia, native of Levant. The drastic qualities of both depend upon the presence of a peculiar resin. Other species have large farinaceous tubers. The Sweet Potato, a valuable article of food, is the product of C. Batatas, native at the South. TRIBES AND GENERA. IIL. CUSCUTINEdA. Leafless, parasitic, twining. Embryo without cotyledons...CuscuTA. 10 II. DICHONDREME. Leafy. Ova. 2, distinct, with 2 distinct styles. South...DicuoDnRA. 9 I. CONVOLVULEE. Leafy. Ovary 1. Capsule dehiscent. Cotyledons leafy. (a) a Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Peduncle longer than the leaves................ STYLIsMA. 5 a Ovary 2-celled. Styles united into one. (b) b Calyx enveloped in 2 large bracts................C...................... CALYTEG. 7 b Calyx naked.-Stamens exserted. Tube of the corolla slender...... CALYNYCTION. 6 -Stamens included.-Stigmas 2, linear................ CoNvoLVULUs. 5 -Stigma capitate............... IPO. A. 4 ORDER 93.-CONVOLVULACEAE. 5 71 a Ovary 3-celled. Stigma capitate, granulate, not lobed.......................PARBTIrr. 3 a Ovary 4-celled.-Stamens included. Corollas, large.................BATATAS. 2 -Stamens exserted. Corollas rather small................. QUAMOOLIT. 1 1. QUA''MOCLIT, Tourn. CYPRESS-VINE. Sepals 5, mostly mucronate; corolla tubular-cylindric, with a salver-form border; stamens exserted; style 1, stigma capitate, 2-lobed; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. -Twining herbs, mostly American. (Fig. 303.) 1 Q. vulgAris Choisy. CYPRESS-VINE. Lvs. pinnatific to the midvein, segments linear, parallel, acute; ped. 1-flowered; sep. ovate-lanceolate. — 1 An exceedingly delicate vine, Penn. (Eaton) and S. States generally cultivated. Stems glabrous, very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5-10f. Fls. much smaller than,those of the common morning glory, scarlet, varying to crimson and rose-color. Trained upon twine it forms an exquisite awning. July, Aug. f { E. Ind. 2 Q. coccinea Moeonch. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base; ped. elongated, about 5-flowered; cal. awned.- ) S. States, rare in the Western, along rivers, fiequent in gardens. Fls. very delicate, 1' long, limb spreading 9", light scarlet, nearly entire. Jn.-Aug. (Ipomsea L.) 2. BATATAS, Rlumph. SWEET POTATO. (The original Indian name of the common potato, transferred.) Calyx of 5 sepals; corolla campanulate, with a spreading limb; stamens 5, included; style simple; stigma capitate, 2-lobed; capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with 4 erect seeds. -Herbs, or shrubby, chiefly American. Juice milky. i B. littoralis Chois. Creeping, sending out runners; lvs. smooth, petiolate, thick, sinnate, with 3 to 5 rounded lobes, or somewhat panduriform, emarginate, cordate; ped. 1-floweozvred, as long cs the leaf; sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate; seeds tomentous. —4' Sand hills near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. Fls. large. Stam. much shorter than the tnbe of the yellowish white corolla. Sty. with 2 capitate stigmas. Aug.-Oct. (Convolvulus L. C. obtusilobus Mx.) 2 B. macrorhiza. Creeping or twining; lvs. cordate, entire, sinuate or lobed, tomentous-piebesceat beneath; ped. 1 to 5-flowered, longer than the petioles but shorter than the leaves; sep. ovate, obtuse; seeds villous with long hairs.- - Sandy soil, islands of S. Car. and G-a. (Elliott). It. fusiform, attaining a large size. Sts. several feet in length. pubescent. Ped. 2 to 3' long. Cor. large, purplish, white. Stam. barely included. Stig. 2, capitate. Jn.-Oct. (13. Jalapa (?) Chois. Convolvulus Ell.) 3 B. 6dulis Chois. SWEmET POTATO. Creeping, or twining; lvs. variously 3 to 5-pcalzeate or pedate-lobed or angled, lobes acute, ba.se cordate with a broadcl sinus, 5-veined, s moothish; ped. 3 to 5-flowered, as long or longer than the petioles.-2T Root bearinug oblonrg, terete tubers which taper to both ends. Sts. 4 to 8flong. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, on petioles 2 to 6'. Fls. showy, rose-purple. t E. India. (Convolvulus Batataas L.) —Extensively cultivated West and South for its rich, nutritious tubers. (Fig. 56.) 3. PHAR'BITIS, Chois. MORNING GLORY. (Gernma-n far,7r, color; in reference to the brilliant flowers.) Calyx 5-sepaled; corolla campanulate or inclining to funnel-form; style single; stigma clpitate, granulate; ovary 3 (rarely 4)-celled, cells 2-seeded. —Beautific. climbing and twining herbs, everywhere cultivated for ornament. 1 P. purphirea. St. climbing and twining, retrorsely pilous; lvs. cordatge, entire; fl. nodding; ped. 2-5-flowered; pedicels thick; cal. hispid. —-t In fields, Mid. and W. States. Stems climbing many feet. Leaves roundish, heart-shaped. Flowers large, beautiful, generally of a dark purple, sometimes blue, flesh-colored, striped, &c. A well known and favorite climber and free flower, of the easiest culture. Jn. ~ ~ (Fig. 49, 338.) (P. hispida Chois. Convolvulus L.) 572 ORDER 93.-CONVOLVULACE2E. 2 P.'Nil Chois. M0ORNING GLORY. Lvs. cordate, 3-lobed; fls. half 5-cleft; pod. shorter than the petioles, 1-3-flowered; sep. ovate, long-pointed, densely hairy below.-A very beautiful twining plant, found wild, Penn. to Flor., in fields, but best known as a garden annual. Stem and leaves somewhat hairy. Flowers large, the tube white and the border of a clear blue color (whence its specific name, Anil or Nil, indigo), drying light scarlet. It is of the easiest culture, and raised fiom the seed. July-Sept. f 4. IPOICE'A, L. FALSE BIND-WEED. (Gr.:b,,rog', bind-weed (or perhaps b~bog, ivy), and 0j5toeof, similar.) Calyx 5-sepaled; corolla campanulate; stain. included; style 1; stigma capitate, usually 2-lobed; ovary and capsule 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. —A large genus of herbs, shrubs or trees, chiefly tropical. One species are herbs, creeping or climbing. * Flowers capitate, involucrate, small, blue. Sepals hairy.............................No. 1 * Flowers separate.-Sepals bristly ciliate, capsules somewhat hairy................. Nos. 2, 3 -Sepals glabrous.-Flowers purple. Maritime.................. Nos. 4, 5 -Flowers white, rarely yellow................ Nos. 6-8 1 I. tamnif6lia L. St. terete, hirsute; Ivs. hirsute ovate, cordate, acuminate; ped. as long as the leaves; fls. (small, blue) in involucrate heads, bracts unequal, lanceolate or linear, acute; sep. very hairy, linear-subulate.-UI) Middle Ga. to La. Vine trailing and climbing, clothed all over with tawny hairs. Lvs. large, on long petioles. Ped. 2 to 3' long. Fls. crowded, 9" long, blue. 2 I. commutAta R. & S. St. slightly pubescent; Ivs. cordate, entire or 3-lobed, smoothish, hairy at the insertion of the long petiole, auricles obtuse below, middle lobe dilated at base or ovate; ped. about equaling the petioles, 2 to 5-flowered; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate-hirsute, 4 times shorter than the corolla; caps. hairy. —( In dry fields, S. Car. to La. Sts. twining and climbing. Petioles 1 to 2' long. Fls. usually 3 on each peduncle, puerle, varying to pink, bell-shaped, 18" long. J1.-Oct. (I. trichocarpa Ell.) 3 I. lacun6sa L. Minutely pubescent; st. twining; lvs. cordate, acuminate, angular-lobed or entire, on long petioles; ped. 1 to 3-flowered, half as long as the petioles; sep. bristly ciliate, oblong-lauceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla; caps. pilous. — Penn., Md. to Fla., La. and Ill. A small, prostrate species, 2 to 6f long, in dry fields and hills. Lvs. 2' by lP2',, deeply cordate, often deeply 3lobed, petioles 1 to 3' long. Fls. about 1' long, white with a purplish rim. Aug., Sept. (C. micranthus Riddell.) 4 I. Pes-capree Sw. St. prostrate, slightly scabrous; ivs. roundish, emarginate or 2-lobed, rather thick, petiolate, strongly veined; ped. 1 to 5 (generally 3)-flowered, as long as the petioles; sep. ovate-lanceolate; cor. ample, with a short tube.Coast and Isl. of Ga. Lvs. 2 to 3' long and wide, as long as the petioles and peduncles. Pedicels bracted, 1 to 2' long. Cor. near 3' long, purple. Jn.Sept. 5 I. sagittata Desf. Glabrous; Ivs. cordate-sagittate, veiny, gradually acute and mucronate, auricles acute or rounded, petioles elongated; ped. as long as the petiole, but much shorter than the solitary, ample flower; sep. ovate, obtuse, short.- - Borders of salt marshes, S. Car., Ga. to La. St. long and twining. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, the sides nearly straight. Ped. very thick. Cor. 3' long, the border spreading 2' or more, purple. Jn.-Aug. 6 I. sinuAta Ort. St. hirsute; Ivs. glabrous, or the veins beneath hirsute, pal mnately 7-cleft, the segm. pinnatifid, with obtuse teeth; ped. 1 to 2-flowered, as long as the petioles; sepals lance-ovate, nearly as long as the tube of the campanulate corolla.-2- Ga., Fla., in calcareous soils (Michaux). Lvs. varying to sinuate-lobed. A twining vine. Fls. white, 1' long. (I. dissecta Ph.) 7 I. ciliolAta Pers. St. smooth; lvs. cordate, acuminate, smooth, the margin sparingly ciliate, petioles elongated; ped. I-flowered, 2-bracted above, as long as the petioles; sep. broadly ovate, obtuse or mucronulate; cor. tubular, companulate. -24 N. Car. and Tenn. Vine twining and climbing, with lvs. elegantly heartshaped, and large yellow corollas. Sep. large 7 to 9" long. (I. ciliosa Ph.) ORDER 93.-CONVOLVULACE2E 573'8 I. pandurttus Meyer. WILD POTATO. (Fig. 321.) MAN-OF-THE-EARTH. St. -twining; lvs. broad-cordate or panduriform; ped. 1 to 5-flowered, longer than the peti6les; cal. smooth, ovate, 3 to 4 times shorter than the ample corolla. —. In sandy fields, N. Y. to Ill. and Ga. Sts. several from the same root, 4 to 8f long, slender, smooth. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, and about the same width, acute or obtuse, with rounded lobes at the base, sometimes lobed and hollowed on the sides and becoming fiddle-shaped. Ped. bearing several large flowers. Cor. near 3' long, white, with a purple center. J1., Aug. 5. CONVOL'VULUS, L. BIND-WEED. (Lat. convolvere, to entwine; from the habit of most of the species.) Sepals 5, corolla campanulate; style 1; stigmas 2, linear-cylindrical, often revolute; ovary 2-celled, 4ovuled; capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded, or by abortion fewer.- Herbs or shrubby plants, twining or erect. None native. 1 C. arvensis L. Striate, angular, generally prostrate; Ivs. sagittate, somewhat auriculate; ped. mostly 1-flowered, bibracteate near the apex; sep. roundishovate; caps. smooth. —4 Fields and pastures, Maine to Car., not common. Stems several feet long, climbing or prostrate, a little hairy. Leaves 1-2' long, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers small, white, often with a tinge of red. The small, acute bracts are near the middle of the peduncle. Jn. 2 C. tricolor L. St. ascenlding, villose; Ivs. lance-obovate, subspatulate, sessile, ciliate at base; ped. 1-flowered, bracteate, longer than the leaves; sep. ovatelanceolate, acute; cotr. tricolored; caps. villous. —di St. weak, 1 to 3f long. Cor. yellowish in the center, white in the middle zone, and of a fine sky blue on the outer part of the border. Jl. f Eur. 6. CALYNYC'TION speciosa, native of W. Ind., rarely seen in cultivation, may possibly be found wild ill Fla. 7. CALYSTE'GIA, Br. (Gr. ia;vS, calyx, oT'7yli, a covering; alluding to the conspicuous calycine bracts.) Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 large, foliaceous bracts; cor. campanulate, 5-plicate; sta. subequal, shorter than the limb; ova. half bilocular, 4-ovuled; sty. simple; stig. 2, obtuse; caps. 1-celled, 4-seeded. —Ierbs twining or prostrate. Ped. 1-flowered, solitary. 1 C. spithamabus Br. St. erect or assurgent; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, hoary-pubescent; ped. 1-flowered, about as long as the leaves.- 2~ An erect, downy species, 8-10' (a span) high, found in fields and hilly pastures, Can. to Penn. W. to Ill. Stem branching, leafy, bearing one, often two or more large, white flowers, on peduncles 2 —4' long, issuing from near the root. Leaves 2-3' long, i as wide, oval, with an abrupt, cordate base, and on petioles i as long. Bracts concealing the calyx. June. 2 C. Slpium Br. RUTLAND BEAUTY. Glabrous; stem twining; lvs. cordatesagittate, the lobes truncate and apex generally acute; ped. quadrangular, 1flowered; bracts cordate, much longer than the calyx.- -4 A vigorous climber, in hedges and low grounds, Can. to Car. W. to Iowa. Sts. 5 to 8f in length. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, half as wide. Fls. numerous, large, white with a reddish tinge. Bracts close to the corolla, concealing the calyx. Jn., J1. f (Convolvulus L.)The wild plant (Convolvulus repens L.) is often more or less pubescent. 3 C. CatesbeiAnus Ph. Tomentous; st. twining; lvs. oblong-ovate, cordate or sagittate, acute or rather obtuse, petiolate, auricles obtuse; ped. 1-flowered longer than the petiole but shorter than the leaves; bracts lance-oblong, acute! (obtuse, Pursh, subacuminate, Choisy), cordate, twice longer than the calyx, half as long as the purple corolla. —Sandy soils, Car. and Ga.. Sts. a few feet long. Lvs. small, 1 to 2' long. Cor. showy, 18" long. Apr., May. 4 C. parad6xus Ph. Differs from the foregoing in its bracts, which are " linear and remote from the flower.-Va. to Car." (Pursh). Probably a mere variety; we venture to suggest that both may be only states of C. Sepium. 574 ORDER 93.-CONVOLVULACEA. 8. STYLIS'MA, Raf. (The name has reference to the plurality of the, styles.) Sepals 5, equal; cor. campanulate; ovary 2-celled; styles 2, rarely 3, stigmas capitate; stamens included. — Slender, creeping, soft-pubescent. 1 S. evolvuloides Chois. Lvs. oval or oblong or linear, entire, obtuse or rarely retuse at both ends, on short petioles; ped. longer than the leaves, 1 to 3-flowered; bracts subulate, shorter than the pedicels; sep. ovate, acuminate, thrice shorter than the corolla; sty. distinct to near the base. —4 Dry, sandy or rocky soils, S. E. Ohio to Va., Ga. and La. St. trailing several feet, subsimple. Lvs. 1' to 1.8" long, 1 to 9" wide. Ped. 2 to 3'. Cor. 8 to 10" long, white. Jn.-Sept. (Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. C. trichosanthus Mx., C. tenellus Lam.) 2 S. Pickeringii Gray. Lvs. narrowly linear; bracts resembling the leaves, equating the flower; sty. united to near the top; stem pubescence and peduncles as in No. 1.-2- Pine barrens, N. J. and N. Car. (Convolvulus Pickeringii Torr.) 9. DICHON'DRA, Forst. (Gr. d(t, double, o6vdpo~, grain; for its 2 seed-vessels.) Calyx 5.-partedc; corolla campanulate, 5-cleft; ovaries 2, styles 2, stigmas thick; capsules utricular, 1-seeded. — Prostrate, with roundish-cordate or reniform lvs. and inconspicuous fis. D. repens Forst. Lvs. much shorter than their petioles, pubescent or silky beneath, entire; ped. much shorter than the petioles, sep. oblong-spatulate, obtuse, villous, a little larger than the oval cor. segm.-Wet grounds, S. States. A little turfy creeper, rooting at every joint, 3 to 12' long. Lvs. varying from 3" diam. to 9", petioles 1 to 3'. Cor. greenish white, 1 to 2" broad. Mar.-May. 10. CUSCUTA, Tourn.* DODDER. (Fig. 456.) Calyx 5 (rarely 4)cleft or sepaledl; corolla globular-campanulate, 5 (rarely 4)-cleft; stamens 5 (rarely 4), appendacged with scales or fringes at base; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles 2; capsules mostly 4-seeded; embryo spirally coiled, without cotyledons. —<) H-Ierbs without verdure, germinating in the soil, at length withering at the root, and deriving their nourishment from other plants about which they twine from right to left. Stem yellowish or reddish. Lvs. none, or minute scales instead. Fls. variously aggregated. ~ Stigmas filiform, as well as the styles. Capsules regularly circumscissile...............No. 1 ~ Stigulas capitate. Capsule indehiscent, or never bursting at base. (*) * Sepals united. Ovary and capsule globular-depressed. (1) 1 Flowers in subglobous cymes. Corolla withering at base of capsulc......Nos. 2 — 1 Flowers in paniculate cymes. Corolla withering at top of capsule............ No. * Sepals united. Ovary and capsule inore or less conical (2) 2 Corolla lobes acute, infiexed at the apex.................................. Nos. 6, 7 2 Corolla lobes obtuse, not inflexed.....................................Nos. 8, 9 * Sepals distinct, surrounded by similar imbicated bracts.....................Nos. 10, 11 1 C. epilinum Wreih. FL.x DODDEr. Fls. sessile, in small, dense, remote heads; cal. 5-parted, segm. broad; cor. globous-cylindric, scarcely longer than the calyx, with acutish lobes, withering around the depressed-globous capsule; scales small, crenate-dentate; sty. short.-_Middle States, growing on flax. Sts. reddish orange. Fls. yellowish white. Cal. thickish. Stam. incluled. Stig. acute. Caps. opening around the base. Jn. ~ Eur. (C. Europsa, Darl. and others, not of L.) 2 C. obtusifiSra (IT. B. K.) L3. GLANDULOSA Engelm. Sts. low, bright orange colored; fls. pedicellate, in loosely globular clusters, and dotted with rsed, shining glands; sep. rounded-obtuse, as well as the soon-reflexed cor. lobes; sty. thick, subulate, stig. capitate; ova-large, depressed, soon outgrowing the withlered corolla, leavingf it at its base; scales large, often exceeding the tube, deeply fringed. -Ga. (Pond), Fla. to La. Parasitic, mostly on Polygasnum. Fls. 1 to 11" long. Caps, 1- to 14" diam. * Abridged from Dr. Engelmann's Monograph. See Preface. ORDEi 93.-CONVOLVULACEE. 575 3 C. chlorocorpa Engelm. Low, branching orange-colored; fis. usually 4-parted, short-pediceled, in scattered, globular clusters; cor. tube campanulate, nearly the length of the acute lobes and acute cal. segm.; scales small, 2-lobed, or oftener of small, lateral teeth; sty. thick, as long as the large ovary; caps. depressed, thin.Wis. to Ark., also in Del. on Polyganum, &c. Fls. about 1" long. Fr. greenish yellow. 4 C. arv6nsis (Beyrich) fl. PENTAGONA Eng. Low; fis. small, 5-parted, pediceled, in compound or branching clusters; cal. angular, lobes suborbicular, obtuse, thin and shining, as long as, or longer than the shallow tube of the cor.; lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate, loinger than the tube, refiexed, with the point inflexed; anth. round, oval; scales large, deeply fringed; sty. slender; caps. globular.Ill., Va., to Fla., on many plants. Sits. scarce If high. Fls. less than 1" long. Caps. yellowish. 5 C. tenuifl6ra Engelm. Pale, much branched; fls. mostly 4-parted, short-pediceled, slender, cymous-panicliate, at length conglomerate; cal. turbinate; cor. tube slender, longer than the calyx, or its own short, ovate obtuse lobes; sty. capillary, as long as the depressed ovary; caps. globous, bearing the dead corolla at top, often but 1 to 2-seeded.-Ill. and Westward, in wet places, on Cephalanthus; Aster, &c. Cor. 1" or less in length. Caps. 1 to 1-" diam. 6 C. d6cora (Chois. Engelm.) /3. PULCHERRI3MA Engel. Fls. pedicellate, 5-parted, large, broad-campanulate, loosely paniculate; cal. lobes acute, length of the corolla, crenulate on the margin; lobes of the fleshy cor. acute, erect or spreading, point inflexed; sty. as long as, or longer than the ovary; caps. enveloped by the dead corolla; sds. beaked, rough.-S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex., growing on Leguminosae, Compositae, &c. Fls. larger than in any of the preceding species, I- to 1:" long, fleshy, white. Anth. and stig. yellow or purple. (C. indecora Chois. in DC.) 7 C. inflexa Engelm. Fls. pediceled, mostly 4-parted, in loose, paniculate cymes, at length glomerate; cor. fleshy, subcylindric, lobes erect, with the acute points inflexed and zmargins crenulate; scales minute, reduced to lateral teeth; sty. divaricate on the thickish brown capsule which bears the dead corolla at its top.Ill. to Va. and Ga., on Hazel, Rhus, Salix, Helianthus, and other herbs and shrubs, in open woods and prairies. Fis. 1" long. 8 C. Gron6vii Willd. St. filiform, thick, often high-climbing; fis. mostly 5-parted, at first loosely paniculate, finally dense; cor. tube deeply campanulate, longer than the cal. lobes, obtuse, flat, spreading, not reflexed; scales large, oval, deeply hfinged; ova. oval, slightly conic, invested at base with the dead corolla.-Can. and U. S., on coarse herbs and shrubs. The most common of all our species, in low, damp or shady places, the only one in N. Eing. Sts. light orange. Fls. 14 to 14" long. /. LATIFLORA (Engelm.) Cal. thin; cor. tube shallow, as long as the lobes; scales narrow. —Mass. to Car. and Ill. (C. Saururi Eng.) 9 C. rostrdta Shutt. Fls. large (2 to 3" long), pedicellate, in loose, paniculate cymes; cor. deeply campanulate, lobes obtuse; scales small, deeply incisely fringed; ova. elongated, bottle-shaped; caps, wiih an elongat l, 2-pointed beak 2 to 3" long; sds. 1 to 4, bluntly rostrate.-Alleghanies, Md. to S. Car., in shady woods, on tall, coarse herbs. Nearly allied to the last. 10 C. glomerata Choisy. St. filiform; fis. in compact masses, surrounding the stem, sessile; sep. 5 (1" long), surrounded by many squarrous bracts; cor. tubularcampanulate, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx, withering on top of capsule, lobes lanceolate, acute, spreading or reflexed; scales fimbriate. —Abundant in Mlo., Ill. and Iowa, chiefly on the Compositee. Fls. about 2" long, forming compact, cylindrical masses, while the stems decay, appearing as if springing from the stems of other plants. Cor. white and scarious. Anth. partly exserted. J1. 11 C. compaicta Juss. St. thick; fis. sessile, lateral, in dense masses; sep. and bracts minute (1'"), orbicular; cor. tube slender, with 5 oblong lobes, withering on the summit of the acutish capsule, like a calyptra; sds. mostly but 1 or 2. —Banks of the St. Lawrence R., N. Y. to Ill. and the Mts. of Ga., on shrubs, as Hazel, Alder, Andromeda. The twined clusters in fruit are often 9 to 18" diam. 576 ORDER 94. —SOLANACEA. S. ADPRISSA Engelm. Cor. broader; caps. less pointed; sds. 2 to 4. —Ill. to Va. and La., on Rhus, Smilar, &c. ORDER XCIV. SOLANACEYE. NIGIITSEIADES. Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, with a colorless juice and alternate leaves. Flowers mostly regular, often extra-axillary, 5-parted, on bractless pedicels. Corolla valvate or plicate in the bud and often convolute. Calyx persistent. Stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled. Fruit a 2-celled capsule or berry. Seeds oo, with a curved embryo in fleshy albumen. Illust. in Figs. 54, 322. Genera 64, aspecies 1000 or more (1675, Dunal.), generally diffused, but most abundant in the tropics. Properties highly important. A large portion of the genera are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering the herbage and fruit dangerously poisonous, yet furnishing some of the most active medicines, as the Yen-bane (Hyoscyamnus), Bellatdonla (Atropa), Stlsamonzimn (Datura), Tobacco (Nicotiana), &c. At the same time several species of Solanum afford wholesome and nutritious food, not because they are free fiom the narcotic principle, but because it is expelled in the process of cooking or ripening in the sun. Such are the tubers of the invaluable Potato, the fruit of the Tomato and E'gq plant. The genus Capsicum is entirely free from narcotine, and produces the well-known stimulant fruit CcayenvLe Peppe2e. GENERA. ~ Corolla wheel-shaped, the tube very short. Anthers convergent (a). ~ Corolla bell-shaped, the broad tube including the erect anthers (b). ~ Corolla fiunel-form, tube long, and-the limb somewhat irregular (c). -the limb quite regular (d). a Stamens connate, opening by slits inside. Berry torous.............. LcosarFrMsEcuM. 1 a Stamens connivent, opening by terminal pores. Berry round..............SOLANUM. 2 a Stamens connivent, opening by slits. Berry dryish, angular............... CAPsiccu. 3 b Corolla bluish. Berry dry, inclosed in the enlarged calyx............N riANDRA. 4 b Corolla yellowish. Berry juicy, inclosed in the enlarged calyx......... PIiYSALI. 5 b Corolla purplish. Berry black, sitting on the open calyx................ ATROPA. 6 c Stamens exserted, declining. Capsule opening by a lid.......... IYoscYtAus. c Stamens included, unequl. (Capsule opening by valves............ PEvlruNIa. 8 d Stamens exsserted, growing to the summit of the tube................. NEIREMnERGIA. 9 d Stamens exserted, growing to the bottom of the tube....................... Lcsuy. 10 d Stamens included.-Calyx 5-anledl. Capsule spiny or smooth.............. DATUP,. 11 -Calyx terete. Stingma capitate................c.......NICOTIANA. 12 -Calys teretish. Stigma 2-lobed. Flowers small........FAsANSA. 18 1. LYCOSPER'SICUM, Tourn. TOMATO. (Gr. t&Jcofg, a wolf, reprUtcwv, a peach; a fanciful name.) Calyx 5 to 6 to c_-parted; corolla rotate, with a short tube and a plicate-valvate limb; stamens 5 to 6 to co, exserted; anthers connate at apex, longitudinally dehiscent on the inner face; berry fleshy, 2 to 3 to cc-celled. —Lvs. pinnately compound. Ped. extra-axillary, co-flowered. L. esculetullm Mill. Hairy; st. herbaceous, weak; lvs. unequally pinnatifid, segments cut, glaucous beneath; cor. many-lobedc; fr. torulous, furrowed, smooth.-' This plant resembles the potato in its general aspect. It grows 3 -4f ligh, with jagged leaves, greenish-yellow flowers, and an unpleasant odor. The fruit is large and abundant, with acute furrows, at first green, becoming when ripe of a beautiful red. This plant has come into high repute, and its cultivation is almost universal, for its agreeable and wholesome fruit, which presents numerous varieties of form, size and color. 2. SOLA'NUl, L. POTATO. (Derivation unknown.) Calyx 5parted, persistent; corolla rotate, subcampanulate, tube very short, limb plicate, 5-cleft, lobed or angular; anthers erect, connivent, distinct, opening at the top by 2 pores; berry 2-celled, subglobous or depressed; seeds o. —An immense genus of herbs or shrubs, unarmed or ORDEn 94.-SOLANACEE. 5 77 prickly. Lvs. sometimes twin, pinnatifid or undivided. Ped. solitary or several, 1 to co-flowrcd, terminal, but becoming lateral by the extension of the axis. ~ Unarmed, Anthers ovate-elliptic, pores terminal-introrse (a). a Hlerbaceous, with pinnatifid leaves. Racemne exceeding the leaves............ No. 1 a Herbaceous, with undivided leaves. Raceme shorter than the leaves......Nos. 2 —4 a Shrubby, climbing or erect. Berries red.................................Nos. 5-7 ~ Anmed with sharp spines. Anthers linear-oblong, pores terminal-extrorse (b).. b Peduncles exceeding the leaves, many-flowered........................: Nos. 8, 9 b Peduncles shorter than the leaves, few-flowered.....................Nos. 10, 11 1 S. tuberosum L. CoMMON POTATO. St. herbaceous; subterranean branches bearing tubers; lvs. pinnatifid, segm. unequal, the alternate ones minute; cor. 5-angled; pedicels jointed. — This valuable plant is a native of the Cordilleras of S. America, where it still grows wild. Although it now constitutes so large a portion of' the food of civilized man, it was scarcely known until the 17th century, and was not extensively cultivated before thle middle of the 18th. The varieties of the potato are very numerous, differing in their time of' ripening, quality, color, form, size, almost endlessly. 2 S. nigrum L. BLACR NIGHTSHADE. St. herbaceous, angular, smoothish. Ivs. ovate, toothed and waved; urmbels lateral, drooping. —) A weed-like plant, without beauty and of suspicious aspect, about rubbish, in old fields, N. and W. States. Stem erect, branching, angular, a foot high. Leaves almost always with the lamina perforated and the margin erose as if gnawed by insects. Poed. generally midway between the leaves. Fls..white, anthers yellow. 13erries globous. black. Reputed poisonous, but is us'ed iedicinially..Flowers in summer. ~ Eur. 3 S. nodiflrum Jacq. St. herbaceous or half-shrubby, branched; brancldo-s terete, herbaceous, glabrous; Ivs. ovate, entire, or subrepand, acute, glabious; fi<. subumbellate, minute; stalks and cal. puberulent.- 24 S. Car. to Fla. and Lii. Stem 2 to 3f high, with a ridge descending from each petiole. Lvs. 2 to 4' lonTr half as wide, petioles near 1'. Poed. filiform, 6 to 12" long, growing from thickened nodes a little below the next leaf, bearing several (3 to 8) white fis. Cor. cup-form, 2" broad. Fr. not seen. 4 S. pycninthum Dunal. St. herbaceous, slender, angular-furrowed, hispid; Ivs. ovate-oblozg, acuminate, attenuate to a petiole, subrepand. puberulent, palo beneath; ped. short, filiform, hirsute, I to 3-flowered, subopposite to the leaves.Ga. about Savannahl (Dunal, apud DC. Sed dubito.) Plant green. Lvs. I to 2' by 3 to 8", petioles 2 to 5". Fls. nodding, 2 to 3" broad, white? Anthers yellow. Berry globular. 5 S. Dulcamara L. BITTERSWEET. VOODY NIGHTSHADE. St. shrubby, flexoouns; Ivs. ovate-cordate, up2er ones hastate or laciniate: clu>sters cymous, subopposite and termninal.-A well-known shrubby climber, with blue flowers and red berries, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem branching, several feet in length, climbing about hedges and thickets in low grounds. Lower leaves entire; the upper ones becominog auriculate or hastate. Flowers drooping, on branching peduncles froTm the side of the stem. Corolla of 5 reflexed segments, purple, with 2 green spots at the base of each segment. Berries bright red, said to be poisonous..J1. ~ Fur. 6 S. Pseudo-Cdpsicum LT. JERIUSALE3I CHERRY.,St. shrubby; Ivs. oblonglanceolate, subrepand; ped. 1-flowered, opposite the leaves.-? A small, ornamental shrub, cultivated. Stem 2-4f high, branching into a symmetrical summit. Leaves dark evergreen, smooth and shining, about 2' long. Flowers white, with orange anthers, drooping, succeeded by a few scarlet, globous bepries of thle size of small cherries. t Mauritius, &c. 7 S. sempervirens Dun. Shrubby, twining rand climbing; branches herbaceous; Ivs. entire, lance-ovate or elliptic, obliquely cordate, obtuse, with a blunt cub'p, very smooth and shining; panicles terminal, divaricate, roughish and hairy.Shrubberies, arbors, &c., hardy South. An elegant climber. Branches cinnanroncolored, glandular. Lvs. thick, of a brihllt, shining green. Cor. plicate, 5 or 6 times larger than the calyx. t Guiana. 37 578 ORDER 94.-SOLANACEE. 8 S. Carolin6nse L. HORSE NETTLE. St. and petioles aculeate; Ivs. oblongovate, petiolate, strigous, angular-lobate, acute, midvein beneath with a few spines; rac. naked, loose, supra-axillary; berries globous.-n- Roadsides, &c., N. Y. to Ill. and Ga. A rough weed, 1-2f high, armed with straw-colored, scattered prickles. Leaves 4-6' by 2-3', usually in unequal pairs, with a few large, repand lobes or teeth. Flowers white, lateral and terminal. Corolla white, 1215" diam. Berries yellow. Jn. 9 S. VirginiAnum L. St. erect, prickly; Ivs. loang-petioled, dee~ply pinnatifid, lobler angular-sinuate, acute or obtuse, pubescent; petiole and midvein prickly, margins ciliate; rac. leaffy, prickly.-Va. to Car. (Pursh.), Ga. (Feay, Pond.) Plant much branched, 18' to 3f high, bright green, roughish with minute tomentum. Sts. slightly angular. Lvs. 7 to 9-lobed. Cor. 15"' broad, pale violet. Anth. 4", linear. Prickles straighlt, 5" and less, whitish. J1. 10 S. mammnosum L. APPLE OF SODOrM. St. herbaceous, i:illous, with scattered spines; lvs. rouladish-ovate. subcordate, lobed, both sides aculeate and very villous; berries inversely pear-shaped (mammosa.) —, Waste places, roadsides, Car. (Pursh), Ga., Ala. (Montgomery), to La. A woolly, spiny weed, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. about as broad as long, 3 to 7-lobed, paler beneath, armed on the veins with straight spines 3 to 8" long. Cor. violet colored, 5-parted, 12 to 15" diam., soft villous outside. Fr. yellow, at first globular. May, Jn. (S. pumilum Dun., same as S. hirsutum Nutt., is probably a starved form of this species.) 11 S. esculdntum Dunal. EGG PLANT. St. prickly; Ivs. ovate, subsinuate, downy, prickly; fis. 6 to 9-parted. —1 An herbaceous, branching plant, about 2f high. The fruit, with which it is heavily laden, consists of egg-shaped berries, from the size of an egg to that of an ordinary water melon, smooth, and of a glossy purple. It is considered wholesome and delicious. Like the tomato, it is cultivated from the seed sown early in warm, dry, and mellow soil. + fl. Fr. smaller, white.-Cultivated for the curiosity of the fruit, which when ripe can scarcely be distinguished by its appearance from a hen's -egg 3. CAP'SICUM, Tourn. PEPPER. (Gr. Kdi-7-, to bite.) Calvyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent; cor. rotate, tube very short, limb plaited, 5lobed; anthers connivent; fruit capsular, dry, inflated, 2 to 3-celled seeds flat, very acrid.-A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants, pervaded by a bleating, acrid principle. Lvs. often in pairs. ]Ped. axillary, solitary. C. a.nnuum L. RED PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. St. herbaceous, angular, branching above lvs. ovate, acuminate, entire, petiolate, glabrous; ped. smooth; cal. angular, with short, acute lobes; cor. lobes spreading, longer than the stamens; berry oblong or subglobous, red. —-I India. Cultivated for its fruit, whose stimulant properties are well known.-There are in gardens several varieties in respect to the fruit. 4. NICAN'DRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU. (Ill ]lonIor of Nicander, a Greek physician, B. c. 50.) Calyx 5-cleft, 5-angled, the angles compressed, sepals sagittate; corolla campanulate; stamens 5, incurved; berry 3 to 5-celled, enveloped in the persistent calyx. —D) Peruvian herbs. N. physaloides Adans. St. herbaceous; lvs. glabrous, ample, ovate-oblong, sinuate, angular; fis. solitary, axillary, on short peduncles; cal. closed, with the angles very acute.-Cultivated in gardens, whence it has strayed into the neighboring fields. It is a large, coarse herb, 2 to 5f high, very branching. Lvs. 4 to 7' long, 2 to 4' wide, decurrent. Cor. slightly lobed, white, with blue spots in the center. J1.-Sept. ~ Peru. 5. PHYS'ALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY. (Gr. ~vaartg, a bladder; the inflated calyx inclosing the fruit.) Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at length ventricous; corolla campanulate-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely ORDER 94.-SOLANACE2E. 579 5-lobed; stamens 5, connivent; berry globous, inclosea within the inflated, 5-angled, colored calyx.-Herbs (rarely shrubs). Lvs. alternate or unequally twin. Fls. solitary, nodding, extra-axillary. Pubescence of flattened hairs. ~ Anthers yellow. Root (always?) perennial........................................Nos. 1 —3 ~ Anthers blue or violet-colored. Iloot annual. (a) a Peduncles elongated. Fruit not filling the closed calyx................Nos. 4 —6 a i'eduncles very short. ]Fruit filling the open calyx....................... N 1 P. visc6sa L. Pubescent, erect or decumbent; branches somewhat dichotomous and angular; Ivs. solitary or in pairs, ovate, more or less cordate, repandtoothed or entire; fls. spotted or dark purple in the throat; anth. yellow. 1 or 2 often longer.-Dry fields and road-sides, Can. and U. S. Plant If highl, often viscid. Lvs. variable, twice as long (1 —4) as the petioles; when in pairs, one of them is much smaller. Cor. twice as long as the calyx, greenish- elloow, the 5 spots often confluent. Fruit yellow or orange-colored, pleasant to the taste. Ju., J1. (P. Pennsylvanica L. P. tomentosa Walt. P. heterophylla N ees.) N. NYCTAGINEA. Calyx hirsute; corolla not spotted. (P. nyetaginea Dull.) 2 P. lanceolfta Mx. (nec Dunal.) Decumbent, branching, hirsute or pubescent (at first erect); Ivs. in pais, unequal, elliptic-lanceolate, tcperingy ald acute at each end, petiolate, entire or repand-denticulate; ped. filiform, scarcely as long as the slender petiole; cor. spotted; stam. yellow, equal; cal. in fr. rounded and umbilicate at base.-'L- Dry soils, Car., Tenn., Ga. to La. Sts. 6 to 15' long, often diffuse. Lvs. green, and with their petioles about 3' lono, all twins except the lowest. Fls. 6" long, yellow. Jn.-Aug. 3 P. Alkekengi L. STRAWBERRY TOMiATO. St. subsihnple, pubescent; lvs. deltoid-ovate, acuminate, repand; cor. not spotted; cal. in fr. ovoid-globous. colored: stam. yellow. —% Gardens. Plant less branched than other species, 1 to 2f highl. Lye. 3 to 4' long, including the petiole, attenuated at base. Cor. yellow. Ber1'ry greenish yellow or orange, inclosed in the reddened calyx. Fr. eaten raw ori cooked. 4 P. pubeacens L. Much branched, pubescent or tomentols, -viscid, at length dlecumbent; lls. ovate or cordate, unequal at base, acute or subacuminate, dentate or nearly entire; ped. shorter than the petioles; cor. spotted with dark brown in the throat; anth. blue.-In damp places and shades, S. and NV. States. Plant 9 to 18' high. Sts. angled and furrowed. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, petioles 1', single on the stem, twin on the flowering branches. Cor. 6 to 8" long. (P. hirsuta Dun.)Among our specimens are some nearly smooth. 5 P. angullata L. Erect, often diffusely branched, glabrous; I~vs. ovate or oblony, unequally dentate-serrate; cor. spotless; stam. blue; cal. segm. triangular, subulate, as long as the tube, in fruit truncate at base and sharply 5-angled.-j-) Sandy soils, Va. to Fla. (Savannah, Pond), and westward. Lvs. on long, slender petioles. Cor. less than 6" long. Cal. in fruit longer than broad. or ovoid-conical. 6 P. Linkiana Nees. Diffusely branched, glabrous; ivs. ovate-oblonog, acuminate. often long-2pointed, sinuate-dentate, with subulate-pointed teeth, base attenuate to the petiole; cor. slightly spotted; anth. violet; cal. in fruits loundish-ovate, pointed. - S. Car. and Ga. (Feay). A striking species, 2f or more in height. Sts. strongly angled. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, including the (1 to 2') petiole. Fr. cal. 1' diam. 7 P. Philad6lphica Lain. Nearly glabrous, erect. branching', branches forkeid, strict; Ivs. obliquely ovate, acuminate, angular-repand; ped. mauch shorter, thasn tl.e petioles; cor. with spots and stripes in throat; cal. filled with the fruTit and open when mature; anth. violet.-C) Dry banks of streams, Middle and Wr. States. Lyxs. acute at base, twice longer than the petioles. Ped. 2 to 3" long', pubescen. 6. AT'ROPA, L. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. (NaXme of one of the Three Pates in Grecian mythology, whose offlice it was to cut the thread of human life.) Calyx 5-parte(l; corolla campanulate, limnb 5-cleft, valvatc-plicate in bud; stamens 5, distant, included; style subexserted 580 ORDER 94.-SOLANACEA2. berry globous, 2-celled, sitting on the enlarged calyx. —herb.s of lurid colors. Lvs. often twin. A. Bellad6nna L. St. trichotomous; lvs. ovate, entire; berries black.This poisonous herb is far less repulsive in its appearance than most others of its order. The lurid, pale purple of the flower, indeed, looks suspicious, but not its smell-nor tile berries, which are larger than cherries, round, green, at length of a fine, glossy black, full of a purple juice. Stem 5f high, branching below, and with the large leaves, inclines more or less to a purplish hue. $ X Eur. 7. HYOSCY'AMUS, Tourn. HENBANE. (Gr. kb, i6f, a pig, and Kviajog, bean; the fiuit is said to be not poisonous to swine.) Calyx tubular, 5-cleft; ci;rla ifdndibuliform, irregular; one of the 5 obtuse lobes larger; stamens 5, declinate; stigma capitate; capsule ovoid, 2celled, opening with a lid near the surnmit.-Coarse, weed-like herbs, native in Eastern countries. H. niger L. Branching, erect, very leafy; lvs. sinuate, clasping; fls. sessile.-N-'Z; A tall, well known, fottid weed, growing about the rubbish of' old houses, roadsides, &c. The whole plant is hairy, viscid, and of a sea-green hue, emitting a fcetid odor. Stem 2f high, round. Leaves large, oblong, cut into acute, sinuate lobes. Flowers in terminal, one-sided spikes; the corolla straw-color, finely reticulated with dark purple veins. The whole. plant is reputed poisonous, but has long been regarded as an excellent medicine in nervous diseases, coughs, convulsions, &c. J1. ~ Eur. 8. PETU'NIA, Juss. (The Brazilian name is petun, latinized Petunia.) Calyx tubular, 10-veined, 5-parted, segments oblong-spatulate; corolla funnel or salver-form, teeth cylindric, limb spreading, usually 5lobed; stamens 5, inserted in the middle of the tube, unequal, included, anthers cordate; stigma capitate; capsule 2-celled; seeds minute.South American herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire, the floral twin. Ped. 1flowered. 1 P. Nyctaginifoira Juss. Diffuse, glandular-villous; st. erect, branched; Ivs. solitary, ovate-oblong, ob-usish, subsessile, floral sessile, cordate-ovate, subopposite; ped. axillary, solitary, exceeding the leaves; cor. tube slightly enlarged above, thrice longer than the calyx, with a wide-spreading limb. — 2 Gardens. Fls. large, white, numerous. 2 P. violdcea Lindl. Glandular hairy; st. prostrate at base, then erect, sparingly branched; lvs. ovate, short-petiolate, acute, the upper ovate-lanceolate; ped. solitary, equaling the leaves; cor. tube inflated, limb cleft into rounded, acute lobes.-2- Sts. numerous, 6 to 16' long. Cor. large, violet-purple. Both species are great favorites in gardens, and by mixture sport into endless varieties, among which is,3. ATKINSIXNA. Lvs. ovate, whitish; cal. segm. ligulate; cor. tube twice or more ltwger than the calyx. 9. NIEREr1IBER'GIA, Ruiz et Pay. (Named for Nieremrberg, a Spanish Jesuit.) Calyx persistent, tubular or subeampanulate, 10-veined, curved, 5-cleft; corolla funnel-form, tube long and slender, limb ample, spreading, plicate, slightly unequal; stamens 5, inserted in the throat, unequal, connivent; anthers hid beneath the stigma; capsule 2-celled, seeds many, minute, 3-angled. —South American, chiefly herbs, creeping, with elegant, solitary, extra-axillary fls. 1 N. aristAta Sweet..Puberulent, pale-green; sts. filiform, very branching; Ivs. narrowly linear, acute; fis. pedunculate, opposite the leaves, solitary; cal. campanulate, seg. linear-s-wbulate, acute, twice shorter than the slender, glandular cor. tube.-St. 3 to 9' long. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, 1" wide. Cor. large, white, tinged with purple, 3 strioe on each lobe. ORDER 94.-SOLANACEfE. 581 2 N. filicauilis Lindl. Glabrous, ascending, diffuse; sts. filiform, Ivs. very narrow, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, opposite the peduncles; cal. obconic bell-shaped, segm. linear-lanceolate, acute; cor. tube glandular, little longer than the calyx, limb undulate, obtusely 5-lobed. —Sts. a foot high. Lvs. 6 to 10" long. Cor. lilac or white, with a 5-rayed star of violet lines. f Both species from Buenos Ayres. 10. LYCIUM, L. MATRIMONY VINE. (Namnled from Lycia, the native country of the original species.) Calyx 2-5-cleft, short; corolla tubular, limb mostly 5-lobed, spreading, orifice closed by the beard of the filaments; stamens 4 —5, exserted; berry 2-celled; seeds several, reniform. —Shrubs, the branches ending in a spinous point, and often having axillary spines. Fls. axillary, solitary, or in pairs. L. bdrbarum L. St. angular; branches long, pendulous, somewhat spiny; lvs. often fasciculate, lanceolate; cal. mostly 3-cleft.-Native of Barbary, cult'vated and nearly naturalized. It is a shrub, with long, slender, trailing or hanging branches which overspread walls, &c., with a thick, tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 3 times as long as wide, often broadest above, acute or obtuse, tapering into a petiole. Flowers greenish-purple. Berries orange-red. 1 Barbary. 11. DATU'RA, L. TInORN APPLE. JIMSON (i. e., Jamlestown-weed). (An alteration of the Arabic name Totorah.) Calyx large, tubular, ventricous, 5-angled, deciduous, with a persistent, orbicular, peltate base; corolla infundibulifolium, tube cylindric, long, limb 5-angled and plaited; stamens 5; stigma obtuse, bilamellate; capsule 2-celled, 4valved; cells 2-3-parted. —- IHerbs, with bluish-white or purple, solitary, axillary flowers. I D. stramonium L. St. dichotomous; lvs. ovate, smooth, angular-dentate; caps. spiny, erect.-A well-known poisonous plant, growing among rubbish in waste places. Stem about 3f high, smooth, hollow. Leaves large, situated at the base of the dichotomous branches, their sides unequal, with large, irregular teeth and sinuses. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a plaited, 5-toothed border, the color cream-white. Fruit egg-shaped, the size of a small apple, covered with spines. Aug. ~ Central America? Poisonous and narcotic, but used for asthma. &c. [3. TATULA. St. purple; fts. bluish-white.-(D. tatula L.) More common Westward. 2 D. (BRUGMANSIA) sanguinea Ruiz & Pav. (R. bicolor Pers.) is a coarse looking, large-leaved shrub with huge, trumpet-bell-shaped fls. distinguished by the cuspidate angles of the red or white corolla, is now often seen in greelhouses. The yellow capsules are unarmed. 12. N1ICOTIA'NA, Tourn. ToBAcco. (In honor of John Nicot, of Languedoc, who seems to have introduced it into Europe.) Calyx urccolate, 5-cleft; corolla infundibuliform, regular, limb 5-lobed; stamens 5; stigmas emarginate; capsule 2-celled, 2 to 4-valved. —)1 Coarse, narcotic herbs, with simple lvs. and terminal fis. Cor. white, tinged with green or purple. 1 N. ristica L. COMMON TOBAcCO. Viscid-pubescent; ]vs. petioled, ovate, entire; tube of the cor. cylindric, longer than the calyx, segments round, obtuse.For the purposes of tobacco this plant is considered inferior to the Virginian. Stem 12-18' high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. In Western N. Y., &c., said to have been introduced by the Indians. Aug. ~ 2 N. Tabacum L. VIRGINIA TOBACCO. Viscid-pubescent: lvs. lanceolate, sessile, decurrent; cor. tube inflated at the throat, lobes acute. —Native of Central America, particularly the island of Tobago, and the Province of Tabasco in Mexico, whence it was first exported to Europe, 1586. It is extensively cultivated in the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stem 4-6f 582 ORDER 95.-GENTIANACEB.E. high, paniculate above. Leaves 1-2f by — lf entire. Flowers rose-color, not inelegant. J1. —The use of this nauseous and poisonous weed has become almost universal, and illustrates the despotic power of habit. Sir Walter Raleigh has the honor of first introducing the practice of smoking into England, more than 200 years ago, and in his house at Islington, is still to be seen a shield bearing his arms, with a tobacco-plant at the top. (Loudon.) 3 N. longifl6ra Cav. With long, spreading branches; lvs. acuminate, radical ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, cordate-lanceolate, sessile; fls. lateral, solitary, pedicellate, arranged in a simple terminal raceme; cor. tube filiform, very pubescent, 5 times longer than the calyx, segments lance-ovate, acute.-Gardens South. Cor. white, variegated with purple and yellow. 13. FABIANA imbricAta Ruiz. & Pav. is a fine little shrub resembling a Tamarix, with small (6" long) ovate lvs. covering the numerous branches and small violet-white ifs. ~ Chili. ORDER XCVA. GENTIANACEAi. GENTIANWORTS. Herbs smooth, with a colorless, bitter juice, with entire, exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular, mostly centrifugal in inflorescence and convolute in the bud. Calyx persistent; corolla withering, its lobes alternate with the stamens. Ovary free, 1-celled with 2, more or less projecting parietal placentta. Frulit a 2-valved,' 4septicidal, co-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. Seeds with a minute, straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 2ff>t,> 4 zGenera 60, species 450, found in every part of the world. Properties.-An intensely bitter principle called yentialnine pervades the Iwhole order without exception, residing in every part, renderilng thetn tonic and febrifugal. The gentian of the shops is most commonly the prloluct of GenNI\i \51 iS!z tiana lutea, but most other species, and species of other genera, as Liinnanthe~ ]mum, Sabbatia, Frasera, &c., are valued (\Ahvlli!; 1 1 in medicine for the saine properties, and,il ~i\/ 111J')K. may be used in its stead. Many are cultivated for ornament. Fig. 664. 1, Gentians Andrewsii. 2, The calyx and capsule. 8, The cor_< t olla laid open, showin the folds (2lobed) between the proper petals, and the stamens attached at base. 4, Capstle cut across. 5, Seed rmagnified, with its large, loose testa. TRIBES AND GENERA. II. IENYANNTITiE.-CoL. v-al:vate-induplicate in the bud. Leaves alternate or radical. (a) a Petals beardless or nearly so. Leaves simple, floating.................LInINANTIEuIMUA. 9 a Petals bearded inside. Leaves trifoliate, elrect...................i........ IEN-ANTHES. S I. GENTIANEB.-Corolla convolute (in No. 7, imbricate) in the bud. Leaves opposite. (b) b Sepals only 2. Corolla 4-parted, tubular (ampanulate.......................OBoaRIA. 0 b Sepals as aiirny as the petals, nore or less uiiited. (c) c Corolla lobes furnished each with a spur in the midst.................... I-IALENIA. 6 C Corolla lobes furnished each with a large central gland................... FRAsEEA. C Corolla lobes plain, without spurs or glands. (d) d Leaves reduced to scales. Corolla deeply 4-parted.....BARTONIA. 4 d Leafy-.-Corolla tubular, blue or white................. GENTIANA. 3 -Corolla tubular, rose or pink.................. ERYTHIREA. 2 -Corolla rotate, rose or pinl....................SiABATrIA. 1 ORDER 95.-GENTIANACEAE. 58~3 1. SABBA'TIA, Adarns. AMERICAN CENTAURY. (Ill honor of SablJati, a distinguished Italian botanical author.) Calyx 5 to 12-parted; (corolla rotate, linlb 5 to 12-parted; stamens 5 to 12; anthelrs erect, at length recurred, 2-celled, opening by chinks; style 2-parted, slender, deciduous; capsule 1-celled, the valves a little introflexed. —o Slender lherbs, very beautiful, witlh pedicellate, mostly roseate fls. All N. AmerCorolla mostly 9 (rarely. to 12)-parted, rose-red. L.PITIHEA, Griseb.............Nos. 1, 2 C orolla 5 (rarely 6)-parted. True SABsBATIA. (a) a Branches alternate or forked.-Flowers vwhite or nearly so.................. os. 8. 4 -Flowers rose red, starred....................Nos. b, ({ a Branches opposite.-Flowers white, corynrbed..............................Nos. 7, t -Flowers rose-red, panicnlate.......................... Nos. 9, 10 1 S. gentianoides Ell. St. strict, terete, subsimple; lks. longyer tha, the intrfnodes, linear, Irigid, erect, floral reflexed.; fls. 8 to 10-parted, in szeall, tee'nzi al anta c-axillary capitate cymses; cal. segim. subulate, shorter than the obovate-spatulate obtuse petals.-Ponds in pine barrens, Ga. to La. and Tex. Plant 1 to 2f highl Lvs. 2 to 3' long. FIs. very lhandsoe, dcleep rose-color, 16" diam. Aug. (Lapithea, Griseb.) 2 S. chloroldes Ph. St. slender, -weak, subterete; lvs. lanceolate, erect: branches few, alternate, 1-flowered; fls.' to 12-parted; sep. linear, shorter than the coroll., -Wet grounds, Mass., R. I. to Ga. and Fla. St. 2 to 3f high, somewlat ang oular. Lvs. 1 to 1U' long, closely sessile, acute, veinless. Fls. solitary, terminal. Coy. nearly 2' diam., mucllh larger than the calyx, bright purple nwitl a yellow base. J11. 3 S. calycoSsa P1. S't. erect, terete, fork-branchecd, eather rigid' Ios. oblonc, 3vreined, obtuse; fils. solitary, 5 to 6-parted; cal. leafy lance-oblozg/, equaling ori eceeding the cozolla; pet. oblanceolate.-Fields and meadows, Va. to Ga. and La. St. a foot high, subanigular, with spreading branches. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, sessile: imostly obtuse, oval, thin. Fls. on long, rigid pedluncles, about 1' diam., pink elclored. Sep. acute. Fruit as large as a pea. Jn.-Sept. 4 S. paniculata Ell. St. terete, or slightly angled at base; internodes mnuci cceeding the leaves; branches alternate; lrs. linear, the lower oval and rarely roundish; pancicle diffuse but its branches strict; cal. sen. liznear-setaceous, 2 or, 3 times lonuer than its tube, twlice shorter then the corolla; cor. segm. 5, obtuse.Damp pine barrens, oth, common. Much branched. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 4 to l0" long. Fls. white, 1' diam. J1. —Oct. 5 S. grcilis Slisb. St. slightly angular, internodes twice longer tian the leaves. b7ranches flaccid, 1-flowered, alternate, spreading; Ivs. linean assd lance-lUzeaw, tkn e lowest lance-ovate; patnicle diffhse, few-flowered; cal segnzeezts linear-setaceota. about equaiiig the corolla; cor. 5-parted, lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse.-NMarshes, a.nd meadows, Penn. to Fla. and La. Very slender, 1 to 2f high, with long, al-most filiforml branches. Fls. terminal, subsolitary, 14" broad, on long pedluncles. J1., Aug. 6 S. stellaris PhI. St. somewhat angular, sparingly fork-branched, with lon'1-flowered branches; Ivs. lanceolate and obovate-lanceo/ate, acute; cal. segm. linear, varying in length but szuch shorter than the 5-parted corolla, the tube top-shapec, very short. —Marshes, Can. to Car. St. 3 to 15' high, often diffusely branched. Lvs. about 1' long, the upper almost linear. Fls. of a bright rose-color, with a yellow star bordered with deep red. J1.-Sept. S. gracilis (Ell.), which it closely resembles. 7 S. corymbosa Baldwin. St. slightly 4-angled, internodes twice longer than the leaves; branches opposite; Its. ovate-u7anceolate, 3-veined, acutish, upper ones lanceolate; cyme fastigiate, terminal; cal. segna. linear', 3 times longer than its tube, twice shorter than the corolla; cor. 5 to 6-parted, white, lobes obovate-olong, obtuse.-Pine barrens, Nf. J. to Ga. St. a foot high, branching near the summit. Lvs. an inch in length, closely sessile. Fls. few, generally 6-merous, white. Jn., J1. (Chironia lanceolata Walt.) 8 S. macrophilla Hook. St. terete, glaucous; internodes twice longer than 584 ORDER 95.-GENTIANACE.2E the leaves; branches opposite; lvs. ovate, acuminate-cuspidate; 5-veined, clasping and subconnate at base, the upper lanceolate; panicle fastigiate; cal. segm. setaceous, shorter than ifts short tube; cor. segm. 5, elliptic.-In La. (Hale, near Covington). St. 2f high. Lvs. 2' long. Fls. smaller than any here noticed, about 7" broad, white. 9 S. angularis Ph. St. quadrangular, with winged angles; lvs. ovate, amplexicaul, 5-veined; panicle corymbous; ped. elongated; sep. lance-linear, half as long as the corolla, distinct almost to the base; cor. segments obovate, obtuse.-Wet meadows-and prairies, Can. to Car. and Ark. Stem.10-18' high, much branched, branches opposite. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1-2' by - -1', as long as the internodes or often shorter. Flowers numerous, 11 —l1' diam., deep rosecolor, the star in the center greenish. Ji., Aug. (Chirohia, L.) 10 S. brachi-fta E11. St. slender, subquzadcrangular, internodes 2-4 times longer than the leaves; branches opposite, suberect; lvs. linear and lance-linear, lower ones ovate, all acutish, sessile; panicle oblong; cal. segments linear, twice longer than the tube, twice shorter than the corolla; cor. 5-parted, segments oblongobovate, obtuse, light purple.-Dry, grassy, prairies, Ia. abundant, also Tenn. and Car. Stem a foot high, few or many-flowered. Leaves 9-12" by 1-3". Flowers 15" diam., of a delicate blush-purple, the star in the center yellow, bordered with green. Jl., Aug. (S. concinna, 2d Edit.) 2. ERYTHRE'A, Renealm. (Gr. E'pvOp6, red.) Calyx 5, rarely 4parted, angular; corolla funnel-form, twisted and withering above the capsule, tube cylindric, limb 5-4-parted; sta. 5-4, inserted near the top of the tube; anth. cxserted, spirally twisted; sty. 1; stig. bilamellate or capitate; caps. 2-valved, 1 or partly 2-celled.- St. subangular. Lvs. connate at base. Fls. cymous, roseate, white or yellow. 1 E. Muhlenbergii Griseb. St. simple below, dichotomously branched above; lvs. ovate-long, obtusish; cymes loose, dichotolnowes; fls. pedicellate; cor. tube a little longer than the calyx, segments oblong-lanceolate, acutish.-N. Y., Penn. Very rare. St. 3 to 8' hioh, 1 to 3 times forked. Lvs. 4 to 7" by 1 to 3", closely sessile. Fls. lateral and terminal-central, the pedicels in the forks near 2' long, the others shorter. Cor. bright purple, tube yellowish green, slender. JI.-Sept. (E. pulchella Hook. Exaum pulchella Ph.?) 2 E. spiceta Pers. St. dichotomouslybranched, erect; lvs. clasping and slightly decurrent, lower ones oval, obtuse, upper lanceolate, acute; fis. sessile, mostly lateral on the long branches; sep. linear, acute, erect; cor. tube slender, contracted at the neck, lobes spreading, obtuse; anth. linear-oblong, finally twisting outwards. —<) Coast of Maryland (Pickering). Sandy margins of the seashore, Nantucket (Oakes). Whole plant very smooth and intensely bitter, 6 to 12' high. LIvs. 1' long, fleshy, pale green. Cor. 8" long, rose or nearly white. (E. Pickeringii Oakes.) ~ Eur. 3 B. Centaurium Pers. Erect, branched above; lvs. oblong, acutish at each end; fis. subsessile in the loosely corymbed cymes; co-. tvbe twice longer than the calyx, lobes short, oval, obtuse, erect-spreading.-Fields, Oswego, N. Y. and Can. St. 5 to 10' high. Lvs. 1' and less in length, half as wide, 3-veined. Fls. 6" long, rose-color, its yellow anthers exserted, and soon twisted. Aug. Eur. 3. GENITIA'NA Tonrn. (To Gentius, king of Illy ria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus.) Calyx 5 to 4-parted or cleft; corolla marescent, tubular at base, limb 4 to 5-parted, seglments either spreading, erect or convergent, often furnished with intermediate, plicate appendages; stamens 5 to 4, inserted in the corolla tube; stigmas 2, revolute or erect; styles short or 0; capsule 2-valved, 1-celled, manyseeded. —Herbs of various habit. Lvs. opposite. Fls. terminal or cymous. ~ Corolla destitute of folded appendages-and the segments entire................Nos. 10, 1 -and the segments firinged.................Nos. 2, 3 ~ Corolla with folded, often toothed appendages between the lobes. (a) ORDER 95.-GENTIANACEXE. 585 a Flowers solitary, terminal, blue or white.........................................No. 4 a Flowers clustered,-yellowish or cream-white................................ Nos. 5, 6 -blue,-never opening; the folds as long as segments............No. 7 -opening; the folds shorter than segments............Nos. 8, 9 1 G. quinquefl6ra L. St. 4-angled, branching; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; fls. terminal and axillary, about in 5s, pedicellate; cor. tubular-campanulate, with 5 lanceolate, setaceowsly acuminate segments; cal. very short, segm. subulate-linear. T Woods and pastures Can. and U. S. Stem a foot high, smooth, generally branched. Leaves 3-5-veined, half-clasping, acute, smooth. Fls. small, on pedicels half an inch in length. Corolla pale blue, 4 times as long as the sepals. Sept., Oct. /3. PARVIFLORA. Cal. enlarged, lobes foliaceous, lance-linear, half as long as the smallish corolla.-This variety prevails in the W. States. 2 G. crinita Frcelich. BLUE FRINGED GENTIAN. St. terete, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, acute; fls. tetramerous; cor. segm. conspicuously fringe-ciliate.-Not uncommon in cool, low grounds, Can. to Car. Stem If high, round and smooth. Branches long, with a slight curve at base, becoming erect and straight, each bearing a single, large, erect flower at the leafless top. Leaves broadest at base, tapering to the apex, 1-2' long and 1 as wvide. Calyx square, segm. acuminate, equaling the tube of the corolla. Cor. of a bright bluish-purple, the segments obovate, finely fringed at the margin. Aug.-A beautiful and interesting plant. 3 G. detbnsa L. St. nearly strict, simple or branched; Ivs. linear and lance-linear, the lowest rosulate, spatulate; ped. -flowered, very long, subsolitary; cal. 4 (-5)cleft, lobes ovate and lanceolate, nearly equaling the corolla; cor. lobes roundishobtuse, ciliate at the sides, crenate at top, erect-spreading; stig. distinct.-N. Y., Wis. (Laphaml) N. to Hudson's Bay. A fine species, with large blue flowers. Stem a foot high. Leaves 1 —2' by 1-3", tapering to an acute point. Peduncles 4 —1' long, each with a single lurge, erect, showy flower. Cor. 15-20" long, obconic or bell-shaped, blue. 4 G. angustifdlia Mx. St. erect, slender, 1-flowered; fis. pedunculate; lvs. linear obtuse, smooth, the lower ones subcuneate; cor. funnel-form, narrow, open, 5-cleft, twice as long as the calyx, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the lacerate folds. —_f N. J. to Fla. in sandy fields. Stem a foot high. Lvs. 1' long. Flower large, sky-blue, 20" long. Calyx deeply cleft, with linear segm. Sept., Oct. —A variety at the South (Quincy, Fla., Dr. Danalson) has white fis. 18" long. 5 G. ochrolefica Froel. Sts. nearly or quite smooth, simple, terete; fls. sessile, clustered at summit, rarely in one or two of the upper axils; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, the highest lanceolate, lowest obovate-lanceolate, all narrozwed to the sessile base, obscurely 3-nerved, rather acute; catl. segm. lance-linear, a third longer thane the tube, nearly as long as the greenish-white, open corolla. —Va. to Fla. frequent. Sts. about If higll. Lvs. much longer than the internodes. Cor. 2' long, with green veins and purple stripes, lobes ovate, folds very short. Sept., Oct. 6 G. dlba Mluhl. (Gray). Very smooth; st. stout, erect; fis. densely clustered at the summit, solitary in one or two axils; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, half clasping at the broad base, gradually acuminate, 3-veined; cal. segmn. ovate, much shorter than its bell-shaped tube, 4 times shorter than the cream-white corolla. Woods and prairies, iMiddle, W. and S. States. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 1' to 18". Cor. 30 " long, the ovate lobes much longer than the jagged appendages or folds, open but connivent. J1. —Sept. (G. ochrolenca, Griseb. &c.) 7 G. Anadrewsii Griseb.. CLOSED BLUE GENTIAN. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, 3-veined, acute; fis. in whorled lieads, sessile cor. ventricous, clavate-campanulate, closed at top, 10-cleft, the inner segments plicate and fringed, equaling the exterior; cal. segm. ovate-oblong, many times shorter than the deep blue corolla.- 4 Brit. Am. to Car. A handsome plant, conspicuous in meadows and by brook-sides. Stem 12-to 18' high, simple, erect, smooth, with opposite, smooth leaves, scabrous on the margin, resembling those of the common Soapwort. Flowers erect, 18" long, subsessile, inflated, so nearly closed at the top as to be easily mistaken for buds; and the young botanist waits in vain to see them expand. Sept., Oct. (G. Saponaria, 2d. edit., &c.) 586 OoDERn 95.-GENTIANACEAE. 3 G. SaponAria L. St. ascending or erect, smooth; fls. clustered at the summit and often in the axils- lvs. ovate-lanceolate to lauce-obovate, acutish, roughmargined, cnarriowed to the sb&cla/sping base; cal. segim. lance-linear or spatulate, about equaling the tube, half as long as the corolla' cor. bright blue, lobes cosn — vent, ovate, open, twice (more or less) longer than the cleft folds. —Va. to Ga. and La. St. 8 to 18' high, slender or rather stout. Lvs. 1 to 2 to 3' long. Cor. 18" to 2' long. Cal. segm. varying fiorn lance-linear to lance-obovate! Aug., Sept. i3. LINE'eIs. St. slender, ascending; lvs. linear and lance-linear, rigid; cal. segm. mostly linear; col. folds very short.-Can. to Car. and Ky. A common formr so peculiar that we might as well perhaps regard it as a species. (c. Pneurnonanthe [x.) 9 G. pub6rula Mx. St. erect or ascending, slender, rough, scarcely puebev/lenzt; fls. clustered, ralrely solitary; lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, half clasping, ver.. rough-edged, acute, short but blotger than the isternodes; cal. segm. lanceolate, about as long as its tube, half as long as the subcampanulate, bright blue corolla; cor. subfunnel-form, lobes acute, thrice longer than the cleft folds. — and S. States. Plant 10 to 18' high, very leafy and scabrous. Lvs. 9" to 20" lono-. Fls. 15" long. It varies with leaves linear-lanceolate and less rough. (G. Cate:hai Ell.) 4. BARTO'NIA, Muhll. (Centaurella Mx.) ScnEwsTEs:. (Decdi-ated in 1801, byv Dr. Muhlenburg, to _Benj. F. Btartonl, Plof. of Botany, Philadelphia.) Flowers 4-merous; sepals appressedl; corolla sulbcampanulate; petals slightly united, nlearly erct; stit'mna thick, glaindulous, somewhat bifid; capsule 1-celled, 2-N'alved, investedl by the perrnanent calyx and corolla; seeds very numnerous and mlinute. — 4 -N. lAmnerican, slenderl, erect herbs, with scale-liie 1vs. and small hllite fls. I B. v6rna Atuhl. St. short, simple; eled. -/focweled, the loce r, muc7h longer, often alternate; cor. segycL. spatulate, obtuse, thrice lb.ger thlaz the calyx; onva. conical, tti)ped with the distinct style. Bogs, Va. to Ga. Sts. 3 to 5' high, clustered. Scales 1" long, as in the other, the fls. awhite, l" long. March. 2 B. ten611a Mulhl. St. branching above, branches subdivided; lvs. subulate, minute; pan. erect, many-flowered; pedicels subeqzale; sep. distinct, a third shorter than the corolla; ova. ovate, sty. a/lmost 0.-A slender and nearly naked plant, 5 to 8' high, of a yellowish-green color, in xwet grounds, Mass. to Ga. St. square, often twisted, wvith very minute, bract-like leaves, which are mostly opposite. Ped. simple or branched. Pedicels bracteate at base, 2 to 3" to 5" in length. Cal. segm. linear-lanceolate, acute. Cor. white, small, 1.i" long. Aug. 13. BRAcI-IATA. Branches and pedicels elongated, decurved, i. e., outwards and upwards, and often alternate; cor. more open, lobes very acute. tw-ice longer than the calyx.-Southwvard (B. M,~oseri Steud.). 5. FRA'SERA, rWalt. COLUMBO. (II1 11ho11or of Johnl F.aser, ant American cultivator of exotics.) Flowers mostly tetramerous; petals unitedc at base, oval, spreading, deciduous, each wvith 1 or 2 bearded, orlbicular glands in the middle; style 1; stigmas 2, distinct; capsulecompressed, 1-celled; seeds fer, imbricate, large, elliptic, marmginet.l. -24 Showy and tall, with opposite or verticillato loaves. F. Carolin6nsis NWalt. St. tall, erect, glabrous, branched above; lvs. oblong, lanceolate, acutish, sessile, feather-veined, entire or wavy; panicle compound, pyramidal, leafy, verticillate; cal. segments acute, shorter than the oblong, obtusish petals; gland solitary, ovral-orbicular. —Moist woods, W estern, N. Y., Wis. eandl S. Car. Stem dark purple, 4-7-9ft high, perfectly straight, 1-2' thick at base. Leaves smooth, subcarnous, 3-12' by 1 —3', in whorls of 4-6, rarely opposite. Petals greenish, with blue dots andt a large purple gland near the base. June, July. —Highly valued as a tonic. 6. HALE'NIA, Borkh. FELvORmT. (Derivation unknown.) Flowers tetramerous; corolla short-campan ulate, petals spurred at base, wvith ORDER 95.-GENTIANACE/E. 587 glands at the base of the spur within; stigmas 2, terminating the acuminate ovary; capsule 1-celled; seeds indefinite, obtuse, fixed to the sutures of the valves.-Erect, branching. H. defl6xa Griseb. St. erect, leafy; lvs. 3 to 5-veined, radical ones oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, cauline ones oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile; spurs cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as long as the corolla. —4? Swamps, Can., Bangor, -Maine (Mliss Towle), N. Y., and Wis., rare. Stem about 18' high, obtusely 4-angled, smooth, with few branches above. Leaves 1-,-2' long, -1 as wide. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal fascicles. Corolla persistent, with 4 spreading horns or spurs descending between the sepals. Aug. (Swertia {Mx.) 7. OBOLA'RIA, L. PENNYWORT. (Gr. 6o,30o6, a small coin; from the form of the leaves.) Calyx of 2 cuncate-oblong sepals or bracts; corolla tubular-campanulate, mlarescent, 4-cleft, lobes entire or crenulate; stamens inserted on the corolla at the clefts; stigma subcapitate, l)ifidl; capsule 1-celled, 2-valved d; seeds so, very minute. -2 Lvs. opposite. Fis. axillary and terminal, sessile, with leaf-like sepals. O. Virginica L. Penn. to Car., W. to Ky., in woods. Stem 4 —8' high, often in clusters, subsimple or with a few opposite branches above. Leaves cuneate-obovate or roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base, fleshy, obtuse or truncate at apex, lower ones small and remote, upper crowded, glaucous-purple, sepals or bracts similar. Corolla pale purple or whitish, longer than the stamens. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the withered corolla. Apr., May. 8. MlENYAN'THES, Tourn. BUCK BEAN-,. (Gr. Shiv, a month, dvOof; reputed an emnenagogue.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate or funnel-. form, limb spreading, 5-lobed, villous within, without glands at the base; stamens 5; style 1; stigma bifid; capsule 1-celled.-Bitter herbs, actively medicinal. Lvs. trifoliate. M. trifoliAta L. Grows in swamps, margins of ponds, etc., N. Am. N. of latitude 38~. This fine plant arises from large, black roots descending deep into the boggy earth. Stem 8-12' high, round. Leaves on long, round footstalks stipuled at base. Leaflets obovate. Peduncle long, naked, terminal, bearing a pyramidal raceme of flesh-colored flowers. Pedicels thick, bracteate at base. Sepals obtuse, about a third as long as the corolla. Petals acute, about as long as the stamens, remarkably and beautifully distinguished by the soft, fringe-like hairs at the base and in the throat of the tube. May. 9. LIINAN'THEMUM, Gmel. FLOATING HEART. (Gr. X)tv/, a; lake or pool, aVOeloov, a flower; from its aquatic abode.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-parted, rotate, segm. furnished with a glandular scale at base, often bristly; stamens 5; style short or none; stigma 2-lobed; capsule many-seeded, 1-celled, opening by decay. — 2 Curious aquatics, generally in stagnant water. Petioles long, bearing the flowers in an lunbellate cymne below the roundish leaf, and oblong or cylindric tubers capable of producing new plants. (V illarsia Venit.) 1 L. lacun6sunm Griseb. Lvs. sqnell (L to 2' diam.), orbicular, cordate, entire smooth above, pitted and rugous beneath; cor. segmr,. twice as long as calyx, broadobovate, smooth, gland at base, subsessile, hairy; caps. ovoid, little longer than the calyx; seeds anot meuricate, shining.-In shallow waters, Me., Mass., N. Y. to Car. Petioles 1 to 3f long. Leaf I to 2' diam., lobes diverging and somewhat angled, upp,-r surface green, lower purplish. Umbel half an inch below the blade, subrnersed pendulous, the fils. one by one rising above the water as they expand. Cor. 7 to 8" broad, white, tube and glands yellow. J1. (V. cordata Ell. V. lacunosa Vent.) 2 L. trachyspermum Gray. Lvs. reniform, oval or orbicular, soezew7hat peltate, coriaceous, obscurely crenate, smooth above, spongy atnid pitted beneath; corn 588 ORDER 96. —APOCYNACEAE. segm. oblong, thrice as lpng as calyx, gland at base hairy, stipitate; caps. ovoid, twice longer than the calyx; sty. very short; seeds lens-shaped, shining, border muricate with sharp tubercles.-Ponds, S. States, Savannah (Feay), N. Orleans (Hale). Petioles 2 to 8f long, according to the depth of the water. Lvs. 2{- to 4' by 3 to 5', purplish, variegated beneath. Fls. white, with yellow center, 10" broad. Seeds straw-color. Jn. (Menyanthes trachyspermum Mx.) ORDER XCVI. APOCYNACES/E. DOG-BANES. Plant with an acrid, milky juice, entire, oxstipulate, mostly opposite leaves. Flowers 5-parted, regular, the calyx persistent, the corolla twisted in mstivation. Stamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers filled with granular pollen. Ovaries 2, distinct, but their stigmas blended into a head-shaped mass. Fruit 1 to 2 follicles, or capsular or baccate, with albuminous seeds. Gentera 90, species TO0, chiefly tropical. Pi'ooer-ties. —Thcse plants possess active and often suspicious qualities residing in the white juice with which the order is pervaded, and in the seeds which are often deadly poisons. The alkaloid strychniie or strychneia, one of the most violent poisons is the active principle of the seeds of the Strychnos Nux-vormica of India. It is sometimes administered as a medicine, but with doubtful success. S. Tieute of Java is one kind of Upas. CerberaTanglhiln, a tree of Madag(ascar, is powerfully poisonous, a single seed being sufficient to destroy twenty persons. The Apocynesa are emetic, and becoming highly valued in hydroceplhalus, etc. The juice contains caoittc/s'moc in small quantities, but in Sumatra this is obtained largely from the juice of Urceola elastica. GENERA. a Herbs erect, with bell-shaped, whitish corollas and silky seeds............ APocva-cma. 1 a Herbs erect, with funn l-form, blue corolla and naked seeds............... AMso.NL. I a I-erbs twining, with funnel-fornl, yellow corolla and silky seeds...........- FosTER-ONI&. X b Slhrubs (cultivated) with the corolla throat 5-angled, crownless........VINCA. 4 b Shrubs (cultivated) with the corolla throat crowned with 5 ligules... Nu,.sem. 5 1. APOC'YNUN, Tourn. IDOc'S-BANE. (Gr. dro6, away, cvov, dog; Pliny says this plant is fatal to dogs.) Calyx very small; corolla campanulate, lobes short; stamens included; filaments short, arising from the base of the corolla, and alternate with 5 glandular teeth; anthers sagittate, connivent, cohering to the stigma by the middle; ova. 2; stigmas cornnate; follicles long, sublinear, distinct.-Herbs, suffrutescent, erect, with opposite, entire, naucronate lvs. Cymes terminal and axillary. Pedicels not longer than the pale flowers. 1 A. androsemif6lium L. DOG'S-BANE. Smooth; lvs. ovate; cymes lateral and terminal; limb of cor. spreading, the tube longer than the calyx.-A smooth, elegant plant, 3f high, in hedges and borders of fields. Stem reddened by the sun, erect, branching above. Leaves dark green above, paler beneath, opposite, rounded at base and acute at apex, 2-3' long and 2 as wide, on petioles ~' long. Cymes paniculate, at the top of the branches and in the axils of the upper leaves. Pedicels 3' long. Cal. much shorter than the corolla. Cor. as long as the pedieels, bell-shaped, white, striped with red, with 5, acute, spreading segments. Follicles 3 to 4' long. Jn., JI.-M-edicinal. A. INCANumn. Lvs. hoary-pubescent beneath. A. cannabinumn L. Smooth; Ivs. oblong, varying from oval to lance-oblong, mucronate, short petiolate; cal. lobes lanceolate, about equaling the corolla tube; cor. lobes erect.-In shady soils, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Plant widely branched, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. smaller and thicker than in No. 1, 2 to 4' long, 6 to 16"' wide, usually rounded at base and acute at apex, often obtuse or acute at both ends, the petioles 1 to 3" long. FIs. in dense, upright cymes, and not as large as in No. 1. Cor. white, with erect segments, hardly 2" long. Follicles 3' long. Jn. —Aug. fB. PUBESCENS. Lvs. beneath and cymes pubescent. (A. pubescens R. Br.) y. HYPERICIFOLIUM. Lvs. narrowly oblong, subsessile, smooth; ova. inclining to ovate-oblong; cymes generally longer than the leaves. (A. hypericifolia Ait.) ORDER 96.-APOCYNACEfA. 589 2. AMVSOilIA, Walt. (To Charles Amson, of S. Carolina?) Calyx 5-cleft, segments acuminate; cor. 5-cleft, tube narrowly funnel-form, bearded inside, hispid at throat, segments linear convolute in bud; stamens 5; style 1; ovaries 2, connate at base; follicles 2, erect, slender, fusiform; seeds in one row, cylindric, truncate at each end, naked. — Lvs. alternate, entire, subsessile. Cymes terminal, corymbous. Fls.,llle. 1 A. Tabernaemontana Walt. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, briefly petiolate, puberulent beneath; margin slightly revolute; sep. gabrous, lanceolate, acuminate; cor. zwoolly outside near the top of the tube.-A plant of singular appearance, in prairies and damp grounds, W. and S. States. Stem terete, smoothish, 2f high, branched above. Leaves numerous, 3-4' by 1 —1', conspicuously veined beneath. Flowers pale or livid blue, in several terminal, cymous clusters. Corolla 8'' diam., very hairy at top of tube. Follicles in pairs, 2-3' long, about 6-seeded. May, June. (A. latifolia MAix.) 2 A. salicif6lia Ph. Very glabrous and lance-elliptic, acuminate at each end, conspicuously petiolate; cal. segm. triangular acute; cor. tube glabrous outside or more or less woolly.-In damp soils, Tenn., Car. to S. Ga. and borders of Fla. Plant 12 to 18' high. Lvs. but half as large as in No. 1, 2 to 3' by 6 to 9". Cymes terminal, short-stalked. Cor. blue, formnned as in the other species. May, Jn.-Varies with the leaves more or less pubescent when young, and the cor. tube woolly. Always more delicate than No. 1. 3 A. ciliata Walt. Lvs. approximnate or crowded, lance-linear and linear, often vey narrow, margins ciliate; st. pubescent, leafless above; clusters corymbous, at length paniculately branched; cor. glabr'ous outside.-Sandy soils, dry and moist, Car. and Ga., common. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, 1 to 3" wide, sometimes much narrower than 1", almost filiform. Fls. light blue, as in the other species, 6" long. P?. FILIFOLIA, growing on sandy hills, has the long pedunculate inflorescence paniculate. Apr., May. (A. angustifolia Aix.) 3. FORSTERO'NIA, Meyer. (Dedicated to T. F. Forster, an English botanist.) Calyx segments 5, ovate; corolla funnel-form, not appendaged, deeply 5-cleft, lobes convolute (to the left) in bud; anthers sagittate, adherent to the stigma, the membranous tip inflexed; stigma 2-lobed at apex, 5-angled in the middle; follicles 2, distinct, spreading, glabrous; seeds many, comous.-Twining shrubs, with opposite, petiolate lvs. and cymes of small fis. P. diff6rmis DC. Branches smooth; lvs. oval and lance-oval, abruptly acuminate, acute at base, thin, glabrous above, puberulent beneath when young; cymes pedunculate, axillary and terminal, as long as the leaves; cal. segm. long acuminate frcom an ovate base.-Damp or swampy grounds, Va. to Fla., climbing over shrubs. Lvs. varying from elliptical to nearly orbicular, 1 to 2' broad. Cor. 3 to 4" long, pale yellow. Star. included. May-Aug. 4. VIN'CA, L. PERIWINKLE. (Lat. vinculoum, a band; from the long, twining branches.) Calyx 5-parted, segments acuminate; corolla funnel or salver-form, convolute, border 5-cleft, with the lobes oblique, orifice 5-angled; 2 glands at the base of the ovary; follicles 2, erect, fusiform; seeds oblong.-Trailing shrubs. Lvs. opposite, evergreen. Juice slightly milky. 1 V. minor L. Sts. procumbent; lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, smooth at the margins; fls. pedunculate; seps. lanceolate.-A handsome evergreen, flowering inr May. Sts. several feet in length, round, smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about an inch long. Flowers solitary, axillary, alternate, violet, varying to purple or even white, inodorous. f Eur. 2 V. major L. Sts. nearly erect; Ivs. ovate, ciliate; fls. pedunculate; sep. 590 ORDER 97.-ASCLEPIADACE., setaceous, elongated.-Shrub with numerous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light masses of evergreen foliage, flourishing best beneath the shade of other plants. Leaves 2 to 3' in length, shining, rounded or somewhat cordate at base. Flowers blue, appearing in AMay and June. J. Eur. 5. NE'RIUMI, L. OLEANDER. (Gr. vrIpSg, damp; referring to the locality of the plants.) Calyx with 5 teeth at the base outside of the,orolla; corolla hypocrateriformr, segments contorted, orifice with a corona consisting of 5, laciniate leaflets; filaments inserted into the m7iddle of the tube; anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by the middle.-Oriental shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, opposite or ternate. N. Oleander L. Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end; corona segmr. of 3 to 4 lance-acuminate teeth. —In the greenhouse and shrubberies. St. regularly branched. Lvs. commonly 3 together, on short stalks, smooth, very entire, coriaceous, with prominent, transverse veins beneath. Fls. terminal, corymbous, large and beautiful rose-colored. One variety has white flowers, another variegated, and a third double. This splendid shrub is common in Palestine (Rev. S. H-ebard), growing by rivulets, &c. It is supposed to be the plant to which the Psalmist alludes, Ps. i. 3, and xxxvii. 35. ORnDER XCVII. ASCLEPIADACEY.(E AscLEPIADS. Plants (chiefly herbs in the United States) with a milky juice, often twining. Leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scatterect), M /l2 without stipules, entire. Flowers generally s s umbellate, 5-parted, regular, the sepals and also the petals united at base, both valvate in -estivation. Stamenzs united, adherent to and covering the fleshy mass of the two united stigmas. Pollen cohering in masses. Ovaries 2, forming follicles in fruit. Gener a 141, species 910, chiefly natives of tropScal regions, and especially abundalnt in S. Afiica, S. India and N ew iolland, but are not uncommon in temperate regions. /2 jU' 4 < Prolem'ties.-Similar to those of the Apocynace but far less active. The juice is acrid and generally to be, at least, suspected. A few of the sl)ecies are medicinal, but none of much consequence. FIG. 670. —1. Asclepius cornuti. 2. A flower, the petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 3. One of the segments of the corona with the horn bent inwardly. 4. A pair of pollen masses suspended from the glands: 5. A mature follicle. 6. Vertic:al section of P. phytolacoides showing the 2 ovaries. 7. Lobe and horn of the corona. 4 ~,~ G~ TRIBES AND GENERA. I. PFRIPLOCEI E. Filamrnents distinct. Pollinia single (not in pairs), granular. (5) * Anthers bearded on the back. Pollinia 5. Stemn tNining.................. PCrmiP-LocA. 1 11. ASCLEPIADEzE. Filaments connate. Pollinia 10, in pairs, pendulous, vertical. (a) a HIoods each sheathing a little horn. Petals reflexed........................ASCLEPIAS. 2 a IIoods of the crown destitute of a horn. (b) b Petals reflexed. I-Ioods erect, adnate to the anthers................... c, RUATEs. 3 b Petals expanding. Hoods ascending, fiee fromn anthers..............hiANTIIEmx. 4 b Petals erect.-Plant erect. Anther head pedicellate................. ODOSTIGMA. 5 -Plants twining. Crown fleshy retuse.....................E SNTERA. 6 -Plant twining. Crown thin, 2-awned..................EaSLENIA. 7 ORDER 9. —ASCLEPIADACE;E. 591 III. GONOLOBEzE. Filaments connate. Pollinia 10, in pairs, horizontal. (c) c Corolla wheel-shaped. Plants twining, with cordate leaves.............GoNoIonus. 8 IV. STAPELIEiE. Filaments connate. Pollinia 10, ascending or erect. (d) d Crown simple, of 5 fleshy segments. Twining. Cultivated..o............oYA. 9 d Crown double, an outer and an inner. Not twining. Cultivated....... STAPELIA. 1') 1. PERIP'LOCA, L. (Gr. 7rept, around, rX6Ktco9, a binding or twiring; from the habit of the plant.) Calyx ninute; corolla rotate, flat, 5-parted, orifice surrounded by a 5-cleft, urceolate corona, terminating inl 5 filiform awns; filaments distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the back; pollinia solitary, 4-lobed; follicles 2, smooth, divaricatc; seeds comous.-Twining' shrubs. Fls. in umbels or cymes. P. Greca L. Lvs. ovate, acuminate; corymbs axillary; cor. villous within.-A climbing shrub, 10 —15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., also cultivated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3-4' long, I as wide, and on petioles 3' lon-. Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lanceolate, acute. Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Follicles about.2' long. Aug. ~ S. Eur. 2. ASCLE'PIAS, L. MILKr WEED. (From EsculapitS, the fabulous god of medicine and physicians.) Calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla deeply 5-parted, valvate in festivation, finally reflexed; staminal corona 5leaved, leaflets Gucullate, with an averted horn-like process fiom the base curved towards the stigma; anthiridium (connate mass of anthers) 5-angled, truncate, opening by 5 longitudinal fissures; pollinia (masses of pollen) 5 distinct pairs fixed by the attenuated apex to a cleft gland, pendulous; follicles 2, ventricous; seeds comnous.- 2; Mostly N. American, with opposite, verticillate, rarely alternate lvs. UlInbels between the petioles. ~ Leaves linear, long and narrow (lance-linear in the cqll7tiated No. 19). (*) * Leaves all opposite, or rarely the bighest alternate.....o....................Nos. 1 —-19 * Leaves imostly scattered or verticillate........................... o...s.... 15, iS g Leaves broader, ovate, lanceolate, &c. Plants all native. (2) 2 Stems dividing above into branches, coryrmbed or panicled....................Nos. 13, 14 2 Stems simple. —Leaves sessile, cordate-clasping at base................. Nos. 11, lt 2 Stems simple.-Leaves petiolate, the petioles often quite short. (3) 3 Flowers (small) with a white crown and purplish-white corolla........... Nos. S —!0 3 Flowers with a white crown and greenish-white corolla.................os. 0 —7 3 Flowers (large) with both crown andl corolla purple-tinged. (4) 4 Follicles smoothish (as are all the foregoin).... Nos. -, 4 4 Follicles sprinkled with soft warty spines......Nos. 1, 2 1 A. cornuti Decaisne. Simple, stout; lvs. oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, shortpetiolate, downy beneath; pedicels shorter than the leaves, densely many-flowered; cor. lobes ovate reflexed, 4 times shorter than the pedicils; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, not longer than the uncinate horn. — common, very millky herb, 3 to 4f high, in hedges and road-sides. Lvs. 5 to 8' by 2 to 3'; veinlets, as in most species, nearly at right angles to the midvein. Ped. stout, between the petioles, bearing a globular umbel of a hundred greenish purple flowers, few of which prove fruitful. Pods full of seeds with their long silk. J1. 2 A. Sullivantii Engel. Tall, ver~y smooth; lvs. ovate-oblong, erect, cordate,,o very short petioles; hoods of the cr'own obovate, obtuse and entire at apex, obtusely auriculate without on each side at base; horns slender but obtuse; follicles withl scattered, varty spines.-Near Columbus, Ohio (" Sullivant." Mr. A. H. Watson). Said to resemble A. cornuti in foliage and fruit, but remarkably different in its crown. Petals 4 to 5" long, greenish purple. Hoods twice as long as the authers. JI. 3 A. purpurascens L. St. simple, erect, puberulent; l-es. elliptical, ovate-elliptical or ovate, mucronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above, tomentous-pubescent and paler beneath; ped. terminal, shorter than the leaves; hoods oblong or lance-ovate, obtuse, horns falcate, acute, abru ptly bent to hoe'zontal.-In hedges and thickets, N. H., Mass. to Wis. and Ky. St. 3f or more 592 ORDER 97.-ASCLEPIADACEiE. high, simple or slightly branched at top. Lvs. with the midvein purple. Cal. small, green. Cor. dark purple, with reflexed segments. Crown purple, twice as long as the antheridium, the points of its horns lying close upon it. J1. 4 A. rubra L. St. simple, erect; lvs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, subcordate or rounded at base, on very short petioles, glabrous; umbels on long, mostly terminal peduncles; few-flowered; hoods of the crown acute, rather longer than the suberect horn.-A small and elegant species in Penn., N. J., and Car., not common. St. 1 to 2f high, with a pubescent line on one side. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 2', in remote pairs, the upper sometimes alternate. Ped. 1 to 5, 2 to 3' long, pedicels about 1'. Fls. purple, the crown red. Follicles ventricous-acuminate, smoothish. JI., Aug. (A. lancifolia bMx. A. acuminata Ph.) 5 A. phytolaccoides Ph. POIKE-LEAVED SILKRVEED. St. simple, erect, puberulent; lvs. broadly ovate, attenuated at base and apex, acute, smoothish both sides, glaucous; ped. whitish puberulent, many-flowered; pedicels slender, loose, about as long as the peduncle; antheridium stipitate; hoods truncate, ~with 4 unequal teeth; horns subulate, exserted, suberect.-Tall and handsome, in low, slhady grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark. St. 4 to 5f high. Lvs. 6 to 9' by 2 to 4'. Umbels near the top on lateral peduncles 4 to 6' long, with about 20 large flowers on nodding pedicels near 2' long. Petals greenish, crown white, tinged with pink. June. 6. A. variegata L. St. simple, erect, smoothish; lvs. ovate or oval, abrupt at each end, mucronate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; ped. lateral or terminal, onethird as long as the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered; cor. segm. ovate; hoods orbicular; horns broad-falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect; follicles oblong, with a long, slender point, minutely puberulent.-WAVoods, N. J. to Fla. (at Tallahassee) and IWis. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. with a slight acumination, at length slightly undulate. Umbels about 2, 20 to 30-flowered. Cor. white. 7 A. nivea L. St. terete, pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, attenuated at base into a long petiole, minutely puberulent, scarcely paler beneath; ped. shorter than the leaves, mostly terminal, often compound; umbels small, few (10 to 17)-flowered; petals ovate, reflexed, half as long as the pedicels; hoods ovate, longer than the falcate horns.-S. AV. Ga. (Mliss Keen) to La. A pretty, white-flowered species 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, petioles near 1'. Flower buds 2" long. Jn.-Aug. 8 A. VAseyi Torr. & Gr. St. low, pubescent; Ivs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, abruptly contracted to short petioles, pTlbescent beneath; umbels -nearly sessile, few (10 to 15-flowered; petals oval; hoods oblong-obtutse, yellowish white, longer than the horns.-Prairies and barrens,'Wis. (Lapham), Ill., MIin. Sts. If (more or less) high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cor. buds tinged with purple, about 2". Jn. 9 A. parviflora Ph. Half-shrubby and branched at base; sts. ascending, smooth; Ivs. lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, on long petioles, smooth, thin; ped. much shorter than the leaves, few (12 to 18)-flowered; umbels small, pubescent, with small flowers; petals ovate, thin, thrice shorter than the pedicels; hoods ovate, shorter than the filiform horns. —Woods along rivers, Ind. (Green Co.) to Ga. and La. Sts. clustered, 18' to 3f high, very leafy. Lvs. 4 to 6' (including the 1' petiole) by 1' to 18". Umbels several, 1' dianm. Cor. purplish white, bud 1" long. Jl., Aug. 10 A. quadrif6lia Ph. St. erect, simple, smooth; Ivs. smooth, thin, short-petiolate, ovate, acuminate, some of them in whorls of 4; umnbels few, lax, on long ter-minal or axillary peduncles; hoods elliptic-ovate, with shordt, included horns.-An elegant species in dry woods. C/n. and U. S. St. about 2f high, slender, often with 1 or 2 hairy lines. Lvs. opposite, the upper or middle pairs near together so as to appear in 4s, 2 to 3' long, -1 as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2 to 4' long. Fls. small, the petals pale pink, 2 to 3" long, crown near 2", white on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. J1. 3. LANCEOLXTA. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, the upper whorled; ils. smaller (petals less than 2" long). —Mass. (Ricard). Ind. (Plummer). 11 A. obtusif6lia Mx. St. simple, erect; lvs. oblong or oblong-ovatle, obtuse, snucronate, sessile, cordate and subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides; umbels tcrminal, many-flowered, glabrous, long-pedunculate; hoods abrupt, ORDER 97.-ASCLEPIADACE2E. 593 almost truncate at apex, horns arcuate, falcate, inflexed.-In shady grounds, prairies, Mid., W. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f high, bearing a single (rarely 2) terminal umbel of 30 to 40 large, reddish green or greenish flowers. Lvs. 4 to 5' long, a third as wide, with a broad, rounded, mucronate apex. Petals 4" long. Corona nearly white, its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. J1. (A Meadii Torr. ex. descr.) 12 A. anmplexicaflis Mx. St. simple, flexuous, often tortuous above, smooth; lvs. ovate, obtuse, not mnucronate, cordate, closely sessile, glabrous and glaucous; ped. lateral and terminal, many-flowered; petals ovate, reflexed, twice shorter than the slender pedicels; hoods ovate, including the acute, recurved horns.Fiells, copses, S. Car. to Fla. and Ala. St. clothed with large Ivs., 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2- to 5' long, two-thirds as wide, beautifully netted with pellucid veins, base lobes large, rounded. Petals 3" long, of a light dull purple. Apr.-Jn. 13 A. incarnlta L. St. tall, branching above; Ivs. opposite, lanceolate on short petioles, slightly tomentous; umbels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in opposite pairs; hoods ovate-oblong, with subfalcate, ascending horns.-A handsome species found in wet places, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 4f high, with 2 hairy lines. Lvs. 4 to 7' by 6 to 18", rather abrupt at base, tapering to a very acute point, on petioles 6" long. Umbels close, 2 to 6 together at the top of the stem or branches, each an inch or more in diam., 10 to 20-flowered. Cor. deep purple, corona paler. J1. + /3. PULCHIRA. St. and lvs. densely tomentous, the latter elliptic-lanceolate.St. 4 to 5f high.'14 A. tuberosa L. BUTTERFLY WEED. St. ascending, hairy, with spreading branches at top; lvs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sessile; umbels numerous, forming a large, terminal corymb; hoods bright orange, oblong, narrow, with slender, subfalcate, suberect horns.-Dry fields, Can. and U. S. Root large, fleshy, sending up numerous stems 2f high, leafy. Lvs. scattered, only the upper ones quite sessile, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 to 4' by 6" to 1'. Corymb of numerous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals and crown of equal length (3 to 4"). Pods or follicles lanceolate-pointed, and like the other species containing long, silky down. Aug.-Medicinal. 15 A. Michiluxii Decaisne. Ascending, slender, puberulent; Ivs. scattered (the lowest opposite), long-linear, sessile, mucronato; umbels terminal, solitary or somewhat panicled; petals ovate, greenish white; hoods short, ovate, yellowish, including the shor't horns.-Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Apalachicola, Fla., and to La. St. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, I to 3" wide, rather numerous. Flower buds greenish, scarce 2" long, sweet-scented. May, Jn. (A. longioblia Ml:x. in part. A. angustifolia Ell.) 16 A. verticillta Ell. St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines; lvs, generally verticillate, very narrowly linear, revolute; hoods short, 2-toothed, horn falcate, exserted.-A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist meadows, Can. and U. S. Lvs. in whorls of 4 to 6, 3 to 5' long, a line in Nwidth. Fls. small, greenish white, in small, lateral umbels. Ped. half as long as the leaves. Jl. 17 A. paupErcula Mx. St. virgate, erect, glabrous; lvs. linear and linear-oblong, margins narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole; ped. 1 or 2 at top of the stem, umbel puberulent, few (6 to 10)-flowered; fls. large; petals oblong, half as long as the pedicels; hoods ovate, dilated above, horns short, included. —N. J. to Ga. and La., in wet woods. St. 3 to 4f high, very smooth. Lvs. grecn on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly very narrow. Petals purple, 4" long. Crown stipitate, yellow. Jl., Aug. (A. lanceolata Walt.) 18 A. cinera Walt. Erect, virgate, smooth; Ivs. opposite, narrowly linear or filiform, acute, edges revolute; ped. alternate at summit of the naked stem, very few (3 to 6)-flowered, bracteolate; petals ovate-oblong, thrice shorter than the pedicels; hoods shorter than the stamens, including the horns. —Damp barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. very slender, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long. Petals 2 to 3"' long, of an ashy and glaucous purple. Jn., J1. 19 A. cu-assAvica L. Ilalf-shrubby and branched at base, puberulent; st. terete; Ivs. linear-lanceolate and lanceolate, acuminate, petiolato; umbels solitary, 38 594 ORDER 97. —ASCLEPIADACEE. lateral, shorter than the lvs. with few large flowers; petals ovate, acute, reflexed, half as long as pedicels; hoods ovate, longer than the recurved horns.-Gardens. Tall and elegant. Fls. scarlet, varying to white. f W. Ind. 3. ACERA'TES, Ell. (G(r. d, privative, rMEpa, horn'; the crown being destitute of this process.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-parted, reflexed; crown segments 5, erect, adnate to the anthers and destitute of either horns or scales; pollinia 5 pairs, suspended by a thread-like beak; otherwise as in Asclepias. —4 Lvs. opposite or alternate. Umbels lateral. 1 A. viridififora Ell. Branched at base, stout, ascending, pubescent-hoary; lvs. opposite, oval, obtuse, mucronate, petiolate, thick, varying to oblong-ovate or even lanceolate, with close veinlets combined at edoge into a marginal vein; umbeis nearly sessile, small, dense-flowered; petals ovate, reflexed, nearly as long as the pedicels; crowni segm. oblong, erect, adnate to the anthers. —In gravelly soils. Can. to Ga. and Ark. Sts. about 2f ligh. Lvs. exceedingly variable, 2 to 4 to 6' long, wide in all proportions. Fls. small, green, inelegant, in 2 to 5 umbels. Ped. 1 to 3" long. J1. (Aselepias lanceolata Ixves.)-Prof. Pond sends specimens from W. Ga. with the leaves all nearly orebiclar! (A. obovata Ell?) 2 A. monoc6phala Lapham. Low, stout, hairy; lvs. lanceolate, subsessile ~,mbel solitary, terminal on the naked summit of the stem, with numerous greenish flowers; crozw sessile, the obtuse concave hoods rect-spreading, iSa loeg as the acnheridicul.-Prairies, Wis.c. (Mr. A. 11. Vatson). Plant near If hiogh. (Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt.?) 3 A. longifolia Ell. Scabrous-puberulent; st. ascending, simple; lvs. alternate, numerous, lZneae adcl lance-lineae, subsessile, acute; Imbels half as lone as the leaves, zuozme-roits, many-flowered, pubescent, axillarry, pedunculate; crownn.-hoods stipitate, shorter than, the antheridiuzm.-Mich. to Ia., and Miss., in meaclows and prairies. Stem stout, 2-3f high. Leav es 3-5' (including the 1-3'" petiole) by 3 —5". Flow-ers very numerous in each umbel, green, peduncle and pedicels about 1' lonu. Julyb, Aug. 4. ANAN'THERIX, Nutt. (Gr. a privative, avOpt~,, a beard; of similar import with Acerates.) Calyx short, 5-partedl; corolla 5-parted, petals broadly ovate, imbricated, reflexed-spreading; crown of 5 hollow, closed, horn-like, segments incurved, free fron the anthers, doublemlargined and fan u frnished with a crest-like scale aloneg the interior surface: poilinia 5 pairs, suspended by a thread-like beak. Otherwise as in Asclepias.- 24 Herbs erect, with oblong, narrow, opposite lvs. and terminal paniculate umbels. Petals leaf-like, green. I A. connivens Feay. St. half-shrubby, firm, tere e, strict, puberulent; lvs. oval or rather oblong, erect, subsessile, acute or obtuse; ped. 1 to 4, somewhat panicled along the clakedish, surnmmit, 7 to 12-flowered; pelals otval, with a shori cusp9; cr?'ow segam. thrice longer than the anthers, incurved fiolm a spreading base or arcuate, connivent over the anthers.-E. Ga. in pine barrens, (Feay, Pond). Sts. about 2f high. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, 4 to 9"' wide. Petals 5" long. J1. (A. viridis Nutt. Asclepias connivens ]Baldw.) 2 A. paniculitus Nutt. St. stout, angular, contorttd, assurgent, hirsute; lvs. narrowly oblong, obtuse, mucronate, on short petioles, pubescent; ped. 3 to 5, paniculate at the leafy summit, 5 to 9-flowered; petals ovate, erect-spreading; crown segm. spreading, not longer thcm the anthers, 3 times shorter than the leafL like petals.-Ga. (Feay, Pond) to Ark. Sts. 12 to 18' high, very leafy. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Petals 6 to 8" long. (Acerates paniculata Decaisue. Asclepias viridis W17alt.) 5. PODOSTIG'IA, Ell. (Gr. 7rbvc, 7rod05, foot, o-rtiyla, stigma; froin the character.) Corolla seginents 5, erect, oblong, much exceeding thle calyx; crown pedicellate, segments 5, without horns, short, ORDER 97. —ASCLEPIADACEE. 595 concave, split on the inner side, apex reflexed; pollinia suspended by the attenuated apex, compressed; stigma depressed, 5-angled; follicles 2, long, slender, smooth. — St. low, simple. Lvs. opposite. Umbels extra-axillary, few-flowered. P. pub6soens Ell. In wet or moist grounds, S. Car., Ga., Fla. (Macon, Prof. Loomis), Tallahassee (Mettauer) and Apalachicola! Plant of singular appearance, 8 to 14' high, slender, pubescent. Lvs. linear-oblong, rarely linear-ovate, obtusish, sessile, erect, 1 to 18" long. Umbels 3 to 5, alternate, 3 to 5-flowered, rather shorter than the leaves. Fls. cylindric bell-shaped, yellowish green, 4"' long, erect, the crown conspicuously pediceled. fMay, Jn. 6. SENTE'RA, Reich. Calyx of 5 lanceolate, acute sepals; corolla subrotate, 5-parted, acute, glabrous; crown segm. 5, erect, flattish, retuse, adnate to the base of the sessile anthers; pollinia ovoid, fixed by the apex, pendulous; stigma bifid; follicles 2, smooth; seeds comous. -2- Slender, twining, with linear, fleshy Ivs., few-flowered umbels. (Lyonia, Ell. nec Nutt.) S. maritima Deen. In salt marshes, S. Car. to Fla., twining around the rushes, &c. Whole plant very smooth. Lvs. opposite, sessile, channeled, 1' long. Umbels between the leaves, 7 to 10-flowered. Sep. ciliolate, erect. Petals acute, greenish, twice longer than the white crown. Follicles very slender. Jn.-Oct. (S. maritima Ell.) 7. ENSLE'NIA, Nutt. (In memory of Jlr. Aloysihes Enslen, who collected many plants in the Southern States.) Calyx small, 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, segments erect; corona 5-leaved, leaflets membranaceous, free, truncate, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes; pollinia oblong, obtuse at base and apex, pendulous; stig. 5-angled, conical; follicles cylindraceous, smooth.- 4 A twining herb, with opposite, cordate-ovate, acuminate lvs. Ped. racemous-umbellate, many-flowered. Fls. white. E. albida Nutt.-W. and S. States, common. Sts. slender, with an alternate, pubescent line. Lvs. thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2 to 3' long and wide, ending in a slender point, margins entire. Ped. axillary, as long as the petioles. Fls. ochrolencous, sweet-scented, 2" long. Jl., Aug. 8. GONOL'OBUS, Mx. (Gr. ySvo~, angle, Xof60, pod; the fruit of some species is angular.) Calyx 5-parted, spreading; corolla subrotate, 5-parted, convolute in bud; crown a small, fleshy, undulate-lobed ring, attached to the throat of the corolla; anthers opening transversely beneath the stigma; pollinia 5 pairs, horizontal; follicles turgid, seeds comous.- 42 More or less shrubby, twining or prostrate. Lvs. cordate, hairy, opposite. Umbels extra-axillary. 1 G. macrophllllus Mx. St. tomentous-pubescent and with soft, scattered hairs; lvs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above; ped. shorter than the petioles, 2 to 5-flowered, with linear bracts at summit; petals linear or linear-oblong obtuse, (6" long), smooth above, minutely puberulent beneath; follicles costate-angled.-Thickets along streams, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. Vine trailing or climbing 3 to 5f. Lvs. thin, 3 to 6' by 2 to 4', the lobes at base rounded and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumination at apex. Fls. dark purple. Petals 5 to 7" by 1". Jn., J1. (G. discolor, B. M.) i,. LEVIS. Plant nearly smooth, cor. segm. smooth both sides.-South. (G. levis Mx.) 2 G. hirsittus ~Mx. St. hirsute-pubescent; lvs. broad-ovate, acuminate, cordate, minutely pubescent both sides; ped. shorter than the petioles, few-flowered, witlh 596 ORDER 98.-JASMINACE.iE. setaceous bractlets at top; petals (3" long) oblong, obtuse or acute, minutely puberulent outside; follicles muricate.-Woods, Can. to Fla. and Ala. Lvs. as in the last, from which this species technically differs only in its broader (dark purple) petals and prickly fruit. Lvs. seldom exceeding 4' by 3'. Petals about 3" by 1~". May-Aug. 3 G. prostratus Ell. Branched at base, hirsute-pubescent; branches herbaceous, prostrate; Ivs. small, broadly ovate-reniform, acute, sinus broad, auricles rounded, inflexed; umbels sessile, 3 to 5-flowered; sep. lanceolate, hairy; cor. segm. ovate, obtuse, (1" long), very hirsute inside; crown 5-lobed, very short. —E. Ga. in sands (Feay). Sts. 6 to 12' long. Lvs. 1' or less long, nearly as wide, the upper somewhat acuminate. FIs. dark purple, 3" broad. (Chthlamia pubiflora Decm.) 9. HOYA, R. Br. WAX PLANT. (Named for Thomas Hoy, an English florist.) Calyx small, 5-sepaled; corolla rotate, flat, valvate in bud; staminate crown of 5 depressed, spreading segments; anthers membranous at tip; pollinia fixed by the base, oblong, connivent; follicles smooth, seeds comous. —Shrubs twining, with fleshy lvs. and fis. in extra-axillary umbels. H. carn6sa R. Br. Branchlets puberulent; Ivs. thick, glabrous, ovaloblong, short-pointed; ped. shorter than pubescent pedicels; cor. fleshy, papillous inside, segm. triangular, reflexed at the apex; corona segm. oval, acute, edges revolute.-Garden and greenhouse. Fls. pink-colored, in dense umbels, very fine. t E. Ind. 10. STAPE'LIA, L. (Named for Bodteus ci Stac el, a physician of Amsterdam.) Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, 5-cleft, fleshy; crown double, the exterior of leaves entire or parted, the interior of horn-like segments; pollinia erect, 5 pairs, turgid; follicles smooth, erect; seeds comous.-Plants of S. Africa, fleshy, branching, leafless; branches angular, angles toothed, bearing large, fleshy, dark red, rugous flowers, of a most disgusting odor. Some are cultivated in our greenhouses, as A. hirsuta, A. bufonia, &c. ORDER XCVIII.-JASMINACEH.E. JASMINWORTS. Shrubs often twining, with opposite or alternate, mostly compound leaves. Calyx and corolla 5 to 8-parted, the latter imbricated in mstivation. Stamens 2, in the tube of the corolla. Ovary free, 2-celled, 2 to 8-ovuled. JFruit a berry or capsule. Seeds erect, with little or no albumen. Fig. 78. Genera 6, species 100. Ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. The essential oil which pervades the order, residing chiefly in the flowers, is exquisitely fragrant. On this account, as well as ior their beauty, these plants are cultivated. JASIVII'NUPI, L. JASMINE. (Gr. tadro7, perfume.) Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-cleft; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long, limb flat, 5 to 10cleft; berry double; seeds 2, solitary, ariled.-Shrubs bushy or climbing. Lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, compound. Petioles articulated. Fls. paniculate. 1 J. frfiticans L. YELLOW JASMINE. Smooth, erect; branches angular; Ivs. alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple, lIts. curved; fls. few, subterminal; cal. segm. subulate; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx, limb of 5 obtuse lobes.St. 3f high. Fls. yellow, inodorous, tube about 6" long. Propagated by layers. f S. Eur. 2 J. officinile L. WHITE JASMINE. Smooth, scarcely climbing; branchevs subangulate; lvs. opposite, compound, lfts. 3 to 7, lanceolate, acuminate; panicles terminal, few-flowered, corymbous; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx. Stem several feet in length. Flowers white. Both species are beautiful and ORDER 99.-OLEACEAB. 597 much cultivated. The deliciously fragrant oil of Jasmine of the shops is extracted from this plant. t Asia. ORDER XCIX. OLEACEAE. OLIVES. Trees and shrubs with opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate-leaves, with flowers 4parted, regular, rarely apetalous, the corolla valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 to 4, mostly 2, and fewer than the corolla lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended ovules in each cell, and frui/ fleshy or capsular, seeds 4 (or fewer by abortion), with abundant albumen. Fig. 265. Genera 24, species 130,natives of temperate elimates. The ash is very abundant in N. America. The Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental. Ps'operties.-Oliee oil is expressed from the pericarp of the OliJe (Olea Europea). The bark of this tree, and also of the ash, is bitter, astringent, and febrifugal..lMansaa, a sweet, gentlo pnrgative, is the concrete discharge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the European. F. Ornus. The species of the ash are well known for their useful timber. TRIBES AND GENERA. I. FIAXINEE. —Fruit a dry, winged samara. Leaves pinnate.............. I...NLrAXus. I XI. SYIIINGEe/E.-Fruit a dry, 2-celled capsule. Leaves mostly simple (a). a Calyx plersistent; corolla salver-form................................YRNGA. 2 a Calyx deciduous; corolla campanulate............................. FORSYTHIA. 3 IIt. OLEINEME.-Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry. Corolla present. Leaves simple (b). b Corolla lobes long, linear, pendulous, stamens included............... CIONANTHUS. 4 b Corolla lobes short. Staimens included. Fruit a berry................LIUSTRUMe.,5 b Corolla lobes short. Stamens exserted (c). c Style 2-parted. Leaves serrate.....O...........A............ OSANIIUS. 6 C Style simple.-Drupe shell bony. (Panicles axillary).............OLEA. 7 -Drupe shell papery. Panicles terminal.........VISIANT.. VS IV. FORESTIErEzE.-Fruit a fleshy drupe. Corolla none. Leaves simple.. FORESTIERA. 9 I. FRAX'INUS, Tourn. (Gr. bdpst~, a separation; from the facility with which the wood splits.) Polygalnous or dicecious; calyx 4-toothed, rarely obsolete; petals 2 or 4, coherent at base, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting; stamens 2; stigma bificld; samara 2-celled, flattened, winged at apex, cells 2-ovuled, but 1-seeded; seeds pendulous, compressed.-Trees or shrubs, with opposite, odd-pinnate lvs. and fls. racemed or panicled. American species are all dicecious and apetalous trees. Flowers with a corolla of 4 or 2 white, linear-oblong petals. Cultivated................No. 8 i Flowers apetalous, polygamous. Leaflets 11 to 13. Cultivatedl........................No. 8 ]Flowers apetalous, dicecious. Fruit always winged at apex (*). * Calyx persistent at the terete base of the samara.............................No. 1 * Calyx persistent at the narurosl, flcttesedl base of the sanara............ Nos. 9-4 * Calyx none, the samara naked at the brooad base..........................Nos. 5, 6 3. P. Americana L. VHITE ASIm. Lfts. 7 to 9, petiolulate, ovate or lance-oblong, acuminate, entire or obscurely subserrate, shining above, glaucous beneath; petioles and branchlets terete, smooth; buds yellowish-velvety; panicles compound, axillary, loose; samara linear-oblong, obtuse, narrower and terete at the calyculate base, seed portion half as long as wing. —Woods, Can. to Ga. and La. A forest tree, 40 to 80f high; trunk 2 to 3f diam. Lvs. If long, usually of 7 smooth lfts., which are 3 to 4' by 18" to 2'. Fruit 13 to 15" by 2 to 2i". Apr., Maay. (F. acuminata Lam. F. epiptera Mx.)-Timber light, tough and strong, much used by carriage-makers, &c. 2 F. pubescens TValt. RED AsiI. Lfts. 7 to 9, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrate, veins beneath, petioles and young branches velvety-pubescent; samara narrow-lanceolate, obtuse, the calyculate base acute, flattish, slightly margined by the decurrent wing.-Swampy or low grounds, Can. and U. S., more common in Penn. and Va. A smaller tree than No. 1, 30 to 60f high, but nearly allied to it. Bark deep brown. Lfts. often reddish 598 ORDER 99.-OLEACE4E. beneath, 2 to 3' by 18" to 2'. Timber less valuable. Apr., May. (F. tomentosa Mx.) 3 P. viridis Mx. f. GREEN AR. Lfts. 7 to 9, petiolulate, ovate or ovate-lancelate, acuminate, serrate, green and glabrous both sides, beneath slightly glaucous and pubescent in the axils of the veins; petioles and branchlets glabrous; samara, calyculate, spatulate, obtuse, the seed portion as long as the wing.-A small tree 15 to 25f high in wet woods U. S., especially the Western, Wis. to Tenn. and Car. Lfts 2~ to 4' long, with a long, slender point. Fruit 12 to 15" long. May. (F. concolor Muhl. F. juglandifolia DC.) 4 F. platycerpa Mx. Lfts. 5 to 7, short-petioled, subserrate, elliptic, acute at both ends, or slightly acuminate, petioles and veins beneath pubescent; samarca elliptic-oblanceolate, attenuate at base, broad above, obtuse, calyculate, and often with a third wing!-Wet woods, Va. to Fla. and La. Lfbs. distant, 3 to 5' long, a third as wide. Samara 18 to 20" long, 6" or more wide above the middle, tapering to the narrow, margined base. /. TRIPTER-A. Lfts. oblanceolate and oblong, samara more frequently 3-winged. -S. Car. to La. (F. triptera Nutt.) 5 F. quadranguldta Mx. BLUE ASH. Lfts. 7 to 9, short-petiolecd, ovate-laneeolate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, obtutish at base, glabrous, veins beneath at base downy; branchlets glabrous, square, with 4 linear or slightly membanous angles, at length terete; buds velvety; samara oblong, obtuse at each end, naked (no calyx!) at base.-A tall tree in rich woods, Ohio to Tenn. and Iowa. Trunk 60 to 80f high. Lfts. 3 to 4' long, distinctly petiolulate; petiolules 2 to 5', long. Anth. of the fertile fls. oval, narrowed towards the base. Timber strong and elastic, like that of No. 1. May. 6 P. sambucifblia Lam. BLACK AsH. WATER ASH. Lfts. 7 to 11, lance-ovate, sessile serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, tawny villous at their insertion and in the axils of the veins beneath; fr. oblong, with similar ends, obtuse or emarginate, naked (no calyx) at base.-Common in swamps or moist woods, Northern U. S. and Can. Height 40 to 70f, with a trunk 2f diam. Bark brown. Buds blue. Lfts. 3 to 4' long. Samara 16 to 20" by 3 to 4", entirely naked at base May. —Wood purplish, tough, elastic, excellent for the cooper and basketmaker. 7. F. excl1sior L. EUROPEAN ASH. Lfts. 11 to 13, subsessile, lance-oblong, glabrous, with slender serratures; racemes short, dense, samara linear-oblong, obtuse, obliquely emarginate.-Parks. A tall tree, in many varieties, among which /3. pendula, Weeping Ash, is the most interesting. f Eur. 8 F. Ornus L. FLOWERING ASH. Lfts. 7 to 9, subpetiolulate, lanceolate, serrate above, entire at base, bearded on the veins beneath; buds downy; panicles dense; petals 2 or 4 (white), linear-oblong, much longer than the calyx; samara lance-linear, obtuse, attenuate at each end.-Parks. t From Eur. 2. SYRIN'GA, L. LILAC. (Gr. gOpqyl, a shepherd's pipe; from the use once made of its branches.) Calyx small, 4-toothed, persistent; corolla salver-form, tube several times longer than the calyx, limb cleft into deep, obtuse, spreading valvate segments; stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved.-Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves. 1l S. vulgaris L. COMmON LILAc.-Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous, green both sides; inflorescence thyrsoid; limb of cor. subconcave.-There are many varieties in this beautiful shrub. a. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse. /3. CCERULEA. Fls. purplish-blue.,. ALBA. Cor. white, thryse subcompound. Apr., Jn.-One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and fls. f Hungary. 2 S. P6rsica L. PERSIAN LILAC. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides green, sometimes pinnatifid; limb of the cor. flattish.-A smaller shrub than the first, with smaller thyrses of white or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves vary from entire to pinnatifid, small at flowering time. Apr., lMay. t Persia. 3 S. villosa Vahl.,3. Chinensis. Lvs. elliptic, acute at each end, hairy beneath. — N. China. ORDER 99.-OLEACEAE. 599 3. FORSY'THIA, Vahl. Calyx very short, companulate, 4-parted, deciduous; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, lobes twisted in the bud; stamens 2, inserted in the bottom of the tube, exserted; ovary 2-celled, cells oo-ovuled; capsule ovoid, 2-celled; seeds many, pendulous, narrowly winged.-Shrub with opposite branches and scaly buds. F. susp6nsa Vahl. —Shrubberies, South. Lvs. often in whorls of 3s or 4., petiolate, simple or pinnately divided, serrate. Fls. preceding the leaves, one from a bud, pedicelled, yellow, striate with red. f China. (Syringa, Thunb.) 4. CHIONAN'THUS, L. VIRGINIA FRINGE TREE. (Gr. XtwLv, snow, avowoc; fls. snow-white.) Calyx 4-parted, short; cor. tube very short, limb 4-parted, lobes linear, elongated; sta. 2, inserted into the cor. tube, included; sty. very short; drupe fleshy; putamen bony, 1-celled, 1-seeded. —Trees with opposite leaves. Branchlets compressed. Ptacemes terminal and axillary. C. Virginica L. Lvs. oval and oblong-lanceolate; pedicels long, 1-flowered; cal. glabrous; cor. segm. linear, acute, flaccid.-A shrub or small tree, highly ornamental, in woods, S. Penn. to Fla., Kyv., Tenn. Lvs. coriaceous, smooth, of various forms, oval, or ovate, rhombic, lanceolate, etc., on the same tree, 3 to 6j' long. Fls. in rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8 to 10" ii length. Drupes oval, purple. Apr.-Jn. —Far South it is called Old-nmaz's-beard. 5. LIGUS'TRU1YI, L. PRIVET. PRIM. (Lat. ligo, to bind, from the use made of its shoots.): Calyx minutely toothed; cor. tube short, limb with spreading, ovate lobes; sta. 2; sty. very short; berry 2celled, 2-4-seededl; seeds convex on One side, angular on the other.Shrubs with simple lvs. Fls. in terminal panicles, tetramerous. L. vulgAre L. Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles; panicle dense, terminal.-A smooth shrub, 5-Gf high, in woods and thickets, N. 5Y. to Va., V. to the Miss. Branches wand-like with opposite, entire, smooth, dark green leaves which are 1-2' long, -T as wide, varying from obovate to elliptical, with a rounded, obtuse or acute point. Flowers small, numerous, white. Anthers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to have been introduced from England where it is used for hedges. lMay, June. 6. OSMAN'THUS, Lour. (Gr. oarlj, fragrance, WvOof.) Calyx short, bell-shaped, 4-toothed; corolla subrotate, 4-parted; anthers adnate to the inner side of the filaments; style 2-parted, lobes thick, acute.Habit of Olea. (Olea Thunb.) 0. frAgrans Lour. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; corymbs or panicles short, axillary, pedicels rather long; style 2-parted. —Shrub with small, white, very odorous flowers which are said to be used by the Chinese to adulterate and flavor tea. The fis. vary to red. f China and Japan. 7. O'LEA, Tourn. OLIVE. (Gr. eraia, Lat. olea, the Olive tree, oliva, the fruit, oleumz, the juice.) Calyx short, bell-shaped, 4-toothed; corolla tube short, limb 4-parted, flat, spreading; stamens 2, inserted in the bottom of the tube, opposite, exsertedl; ovary 2-celled, 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; drupe fleshy, oily, shell bony, 2 or 1-seeded by abortion.-Trees or shrubs, with opposite, entire, coriaccous lvs. andi white, often fiagrant fls. O. Americana L. Lvs. lanceolate-elliptic, entire, smooth and shining, acute, attenuated to a petiole; rac. compound, as long as or longer than the petiole; bracts connate, persistent; fls. dicecious; fruit globular.-In the low country, Va. to Fla. The American Olive is a tree 15 to 20f high. Wood fine-grained, hard, and when dry difficult to split. Lvs. 4 or 5' long, petioles 1'. Fls. small, fra 600 ORDER 99.-OLEACE.E. grant, the fertile and barren on separate trees. Drupes larger than peas, violetpurple, dryish. Apr., May. 8. VISIA'NIA, DC. (Dedicated to Visiani, Professor of botany at Patavia.) Calyx, corolla and stamens as in Olea; fruit obovate or oblong, with a very thin pulp, and thin, papery shell.-Trees with opposite, entire lvs. and loose, terminal, many-flowered panicles. (Olea, Wall.) V. paniculata DC. Lvs. ovate, acute, entire, glabrous; panicle glabrous; bracts deciduous; style club-shaped; fruit obliquely ovate.-Fls. small, white, numerous, in large naked panicles. Lvs. coriaceous, 3' long, petioles 9". t China. 9. FORESTIE'RA, Poir. (Dedicated to M. Forestier, a French physician.) Dicecious, apetalous; flower buds in the axils of the last year's leaves, scaly with roundish, thin scales, and many-flowered; 8 flowers sessile, crowded, each of the 2 stamens surrounded by a caducous calyx of 4 oblong, minute sepals;? flowers pedicellate, umbellate; calyx obsolete; ovary tipped with a slender style and a capitate stigma, 2celled, cells 2-ovuled; drupe with 1 suspended seed.-Shrubs or small trees, with opposite, simple lvs. and minute fls. (Adelia Mx. Borya Ph.) 1 F. acuminata Poir. Lvs. glabrous, green both sides, lance-elliptic, acumfirnate at each end, serrulate above, on slender petioles; fruit an oblong-cylindric, pointed, fleshy, glaucous-purple drupe. —In sluggish streams, Ill. (opposite St. Louis l) to Ga. (Macon, Mlettauer!). Shrub 10 to 18f high. Lvs. thin, 2 to 3' long, petiole 1'. Mar., Apr. (A. acuminata Mlx. F. ligustrina Gr.) 2 F. ligustrina Poir. Lvs. ovate and oblong, attenuate to the petiole, obtuse, corziaceous, serrulate, margins slightly revolute, glabrous above, midvein sparsely pubescent beneath; staminate flowers in small, lateral, globular clusters (fertile plant not seen).-Near Savannah (Feay). Shrub 10-1 5f? high, with slender branches and branchlets. Lvs. with the petioles 1 to 2' by 6 to 10", reticulate, not dotted, beneath. 3 F. porul6sa Poir. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, coriaceous, margins revolute, lower surface dotted (porulous) and ferruginous.-On the sea-coast, Georgia and Florida (Pursh.) Leaves all opposite. (A. porulosa Mx.) ORDmER 100.-ARISTOLOCHIIACEE. 601 COHORT 3. APETALIE, OR MONOCHLAAMYDEOUS EXOGENS. Dicotyledons with no corolla, the calyx or perianth green or colored, consisting of a single series of similar organs, or often wholly wanting. ORDER C. ARISTOLOCHIACEAI. BIRTHWORTS. Low herbs or climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, brown or dull, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6 to 12, epigynous and adherent to the base of the styles. Ovary 6-celled, becoming a 6celled, many-seeded capsule or berry. Seed albuminous, embryo minute. Fig. 133. Genera 9, species 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, thinly diffused throughout the northern hemisphere. Properties tonic and stimulant. Both the following genera are successfully employed in medicine. 1. ASA'RUM, Tourn. WILD GINGER. (Gr. a, not, aoepd, a band, because rejected in wreathing garlands.) Calyx campanulate, regular, 3-cleft; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary, anthers adnate to the middle or summit of the filaments; style very short; stigma 6-rayed; fruit fleshy, 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. —2 Herbs with creeping rhizomes and I or 2 lvs. on each branch. Fls. solitary. ~ Leaves in pairs. Calyx lobes pointed, reflexed. Ovary wholly adherent.............No. 1 ~ Leaves solitary. Calyx lobes obtuse, suberect. Ovary partly free................ Nos. 2, 3 1 A. Canad6nse L. Lvs. 2, broad-reniform, on long, opposite petioles with the flower between; calyx woolly, deeply 3-cleft, the segm. reflected.-In rich, shady soil, Can. to Ga. and WV. States. Lvs. radical, large, 2 to 4' by 3 to 5', with a deep sinus at base, and a soft, velvet-like surface. Fl. solitary, on a nodding peduncle, and close to the ground, sometimes even buried just beneath the surface. Cal. purplish, of 3 broad, long-pointed divisions abruptly spreading. Fil. longer than the anthers, their tips (connectile) produced beyond them. May-J1. — The rhizorne is a popular medicine, used in measles and whooping cough. 2 A. Virginicum L. Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovale, glabrous, coriaceous, deeply cordage, entire, obtuse; fl. subsessile; cal. short, subcampanzlate, glabrous externally.-Grows in light soils among rocks, and Mts., Va., Ky. to Ga. A low, stemless plant, very similar in habit to the preceding. Each branch of the rhizome bears a terminal leaf and a flower. Leaf 2 to 3' diam., very smooth, clouded with spots, the petiole twice longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed. Flower many times shorter than the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky purple, greenish outside. Apr. 3 A. arif6lium rMx. Lvs. solitary, broadly hastate, puberulent on the veins, thin, with a deep sinus at base, the lobes obtusely angled and turned slightly outward; cal. infialed-urceoiate, contracted above, with 3 very short, obtuse lobes at summit.Rich soils, Va. to Fla. and La. Rhizomes slender, white. Petioles 2 to 3' long. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', margins wavy. Fls. 9" long, roughish, purplish-brown as long as their stalks. Mar. —May. 2. ARISTOLO'CHIA, Tourn. BIRTIIWORT. (Gr. eptfrrof, excellent, 2lXosta, child-birth; alluding to the medicinal properties.) Calyx tubular, tube variously bent and inflated above the ovary, border un 602 ORDER 101.-NYCTAGINACEtE. equal; anthers 6, subsessile upon tile style; stigma 6-lobed; capsule 6-:l!ed, septicidal, many-seeded. -St. erect or twining. i Stem erect. Calyx tube sigmoid (i. e., twice bent like the letter S)................ Nos., 2 S tem clirmbing. Calyx tube recurved, once bent upnwards.........................., S 4 I A. serpentaria L. VIRGINIa SNAI{E-ReOOT. St. erect, flexuous; Ivs. petiolate, oblong or ovate, thin, cordlate, acucmiiate; ped. radical, many bracted; cal. tube smoothiszh, contracted in the midst, limb obscurely 2-lipped.-A curious vegetable in hedg-es and thickets. Penn. to Ill. and La. St. 8 to 13' high, subsimple, jointed, herbaceous. Lvs. variable in width, 2 to 4' by 9" to 2' rarely larger. Fls. foe-. Cal. dull purple, of a leathery texture, tubular,'i to 9" lono, twice bent almost.double, enlarged at each end, the limb with 3 short, obtuse lobes. Caps. obovalt.,, C-angled, 6 to 9" long. Jn., J1. 3.? IIASTrTa. Lvs. lance-oblong, or oblong linear, auriculate at base, on p1tioles as short as the auricles.-S. Car. to La. St. very slender and usually simple. Fls. not seen. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 3 to 5'. (X. hastaita Nutt.) 2 A. reticulata Nutt. St. erect, very flexuous, hirsute, simple'; lvs. oval, sessile, cordate-claesping with decussatiag lobes, aclex obtuse or bluntly acute; veinlets and veinalets finely'eticnlated, all prominent and hairy beneath' ped. below the lvs., simple or branched, hirsute, bracted; cal..smla7/, denlsely wooly. —La. (H[ale.) About if high..Fls. 5" long, about half the size of No. 1. Lvs. rather thick, 3 to 4 hby 2 to 3'. 3 A. Sipho L'Her. DUTCaI-IMx's PIPE. St. twining, shrubby; Ivs. g1aebreoiS, a71ple, roundish, cordate, entire, petiolate; ped. 1-flowered, fairiished zsi/h a single, ocate clatspi/y bract; cal. tube bent, ascending, limb 3-cleft, equal. A vigorous climber in mountainous woods, Western Penn. to Ky. and S. States. St. woody, twining, and ascending trees 30 to 40f. Leaves 6-12' diam., alternate, sprinkled wvith soft lhairs. Flowers solitary, the tube long (16') bent at nearly a right ang;le, in the form of a (siphon or) tobacco pipe, and of a dull brown color. ayH Jn. j Highly ornamental for arbors. 4 A. toment6sa Sims. Twining, shrubby; lvs. dowany or hairy beneath, roundish, cordate, entire, petiolate, very veiny; peel. solitary, 1-.flo:eered, breactless; cal. downy, bent upwards, greenish-yellow, limb dark-purple, nearly equal, rugous, reflexed, 3-cleft, throat oblongo and oblique, nearly closed.-Woods along rivers, S. Ill. to La. and Ga. St. climbing tall trees 30 to 40f. Lvs. 4. to 6' long, 3 to 4' wide. Ped. as long as the petioles. Cal tube (20" long) contracted above the ovary and strongly recurved. Stig. 3-lobed. -May. Jn. ORDER CI. NTYCTAGINACEA. MARVELWORTS. Herbs (shrubs or trees) with tumid joints, entire acld opposite leaves. /Elos:ers surrounded with an involucre (calyx-like when the flower is solitary). Calyx a delicate, coloredc, funnel-form or tubular perianth, deciduous above the 1-celled, 1-seeded ovary, leaving its persistent base to harden and envelop the fruit (achenium) as a, kind of pericap. Stamens 1 to several, definite, slender, hypogynous, exserted, unequal. Embryo coiled around the copious white albumen. Fig. 373, 460. Generca 16,,species 110, chiefly tropical, south of the equator. Propertiets.-The roots are purgative, especially those of the beautiful cuiltivated geinusFour-o'clock. GENERA. * Involucre calyx-like, involving but a single, large flower.....................IRABILI.S..1. * Involucre involving several (3 to 5) small flowvers..........................OxYAiPnus. 2' Involucre none, the minute flowers with deciduous bracts................. BamruAAviA. 3 t. M1IRAB'ILIS, L. IMARVEL OF PERU. FOUR-O'CLOCK. (Lat mirabilis, wonderful, admirable; a name well applied.) Involucre calyx-like, 5-lobed, 1-flowered, lobes acuminate; perianth (calyx) tubular-funnel ORDER 102.-POLYGONACEAE. 603 form, limb spreading; stamens 5, scarcely with the style exserted; achenium enveloped in the persistent base of the calyx. —2 Herbs mostly Mexican and Peruvian, everywhere cultivated. 1 M. Jalapa L. Erect; lvs. ovate, acuminate, base obtuse or subcordate, petiolate, glabrous; lts. 3 to 6 in each terminal fascicle, short-stalked; perianth open in the evening and night. —This is the true Four-o'clock, opening its multitudinous brilliant flowers at about that hour P. M., for a long succession of summer days. Their variety in color is infinite. t Peru. 2 M. dich6toma L. Erect, glabrous; lvs. ovate, subacuminate, base obtu.se or narrowed to the petiole; ils. sessile or nearly so; lobes of invol. ovate-acute; perianth strict, with a small scarcely dilated limb. —Gardens, less frequent. Fls. smaller, yellow, red and white. - Mexico. 3 M. longiflora L. Weak, diffuse, viscid-pubescent; Ivs. cordate-acuminate, upper sessile, lower long-petioled; fls. sessile, clustered at apex; invol. lobes linear; tube of the perianth very long, pubescent.-Gardens. Fls. white. j Mexico. 3. OXYB'APHUS, Vahl. (Gr. 4o'v3aqdov, a shallow cup or saucer; alluding to the form of the involucre.) Involucre 5-cleft, containing 3 to 5 flowers (in one species), persistent and spreading in fruit; perianth with a very short tube, and a plicate, bell-shaped, deciduous limb; stamens 3; style simple, stigma capitate; firuit ovoid, ribbed, l-seeded. -X2 Herbs with tuberous roots, opposite lvs. and small fls. (Calymenia, Allioni.) 1 0. nyctagineus Sweet. Nearly smooth, erect, with alternate or forked branches; Ivs. broadly ovate or oblong, subcordate, acute; pedluncles solitary, axillary and terminal; invol. pubescent, 3 to 5-flowered. —X Alluvial soils, Wis. to Tenn., rare; common in Nebraska. (Nuttall.) 2 0. angustif6lius Sweet. St. terete, puberulent above, with alternate branches; Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, thick but veiny, entire or serrulate, acute, narrowed to the subsessile base; ped. several times shorter than the leaves, axillary and terminal; invol. 3-flowered, half-5-cleft, lobes broad, obtuse; ovary hispid. —Dry soils S. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 5 to 9", or in some specimens (A. linearis Ph.) much narrower. Ped. 2 to 5"! long. Cal. purplish. Jn. 3 0. dlbidus Sweet. St. angular, and pubescent in lines, simple; Ivs. narsrow, lance-oblong, acute at each end, petiolate; ped. solitary, axillar'y, half as long as the lvs.; -invol. 2 to 3-flowered, deeply 5-cleft, segm. ovate, acute, ribs of fruit hispid. — () Dry soils, S. Car., Ga. (Mlettauer.) Sts. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 2' to 30" long, 4 to 6" wide. Ped. 1' lono, alternate, each with a whitish involucre 10" broad and 2 to 3 small fls. May. (A. alb. Ph.) 3. BOERHAA'VIA, L. (Dedicated to Baorhaave, of Holland, a friend and patron of Linnmus.) Involucre 0; bractlets deciduous; perianth funnel or bell-form, colored, 5-lobed, upper half deciduous, lower persistent; stamens 1 to 4; fruit 5-ribbed, truncate at apex, 1-seeded. —Lvs. opposite, mostly petioled. B. er6cta L. Glabrous; lvs. ovate, wavy, pale beneath; fls. in a strict, much branched panicle.-A- Sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 3 to 4f high, numerously dividing above into filiform, erect branchlets. Lvs. all below, 2' long, roundish at base, on petioles nearly as long. Fls. minute. Jn. —Sept. ORDER CII. POLYGONACEh~E. SORRELWORTS. Herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly sheathing stipules (ochrece) surrounding the stem above each tuminid joint. Flowers mostly perfect. Perianth or calyx 3 to 6-cleft, mostly colored, imbricated in bud and persistent. Stamens 4 to 15, perigynous or free. Ovary l-celled, free, with a single, erect ovule. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Ftruit a 3-angled acheniumrn enclosed in the calyx. Seed erects 604 ORDER 102.-POLYGONACEHE. albuminous, with a straight or curved inverted embryo. Illust. in Figs. 80, 375, 407, 408, 409, 413, 607, 103, 112. (Gesersa 33, species 690 (Meisner) widely diffused in all lands, but most abundant in the temnperate zones. Propesrties.-The roots of these plants are nauseous and purgative. Rhubarb of the shops is the root of Rheum palulatunm and other species, native of Tartary. But the leazes and stalks of Sorrel, the petioles of Garden Rhubarb, etc., are agreeably tart, and contain oxalic acid; the petioles of the latter, together with the farinaceous seeds of the Buck-wheat, are well-known articles of food. TRIBES AND GENERA. 1. ERIOGONE. Flowers in dense, involucratc umnbels, Ochreas 0..........Ebo. EIoNuM. 1 II. POLYGONE E. Flowers not involucrate. Ochree present. (a) a Calyx 4-parted, regular. Stamens 6. Styles 2. Achenia winged.............OxYsIA. 2 a Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Sepals all similar, short......................... IEuI.. a Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 6. Sepals 3, inner increasing, tuberculate...........lunx. U. 4 a Calyx 5-parted (irregularly 4-parted in one species). (b) b Sepals, the 3 inner fimbriate-pectinate. Pedicels solitary.............. - TIISANEI. LA. 5 b Sepals entire,-3, closed on the achenia, or all open. Pedicels solitary. POLYGON'LLIA. 6 -all closed on the acheniurn. Pedicels usually fascicled.. POLYGONU.M. 7 -all open. Nectaries 8. Pedicels fascicled in the bract.... FAGOPrsM;, 8 1. ERIOG'ONUMlI, Mx. (Gr. CEptov, wool, y6vv, knee; being woolly at the joints, etc.) Flowers many in each common 5-toothed involucre; calyx deeply 5-cleft; stamens 9; styles 3; achenia 3-angled or 3-lobed; embryo in or near the axis of scanty albumen.-Herbs clothed with dense cottony wool. Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, mostly at the base of the stem, the upper bract-like, often whorled at the forks of the umbellate inflorescence. Invol. solitary or capitate. Pedicels within the invol. 1-flowered. 1 E. toment6sum Mx. Lower lvs. crowded, spatulate, obovate or oblong, petiolate, beneath rusty white, tomentous, veins tawny red; flowering branches several times forked; invol. solitary, campanulate, sessile, 5-toothed, loose-flowered; cal. colored, funnel-form. —4 Sandy hills, S. Car. to Fla., frequent. St. 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, those of the stem much smaller. Fls. 3 to 4" long, cream-white, with wool of the same color outside. Jn. Aug. 2 E. longifblium Nutt. Lower irs. crowded, oblong-linear, with a long, attenuated base, beneath white-tomentous, upper lvs. scattered; panicle ample, several times forked; bracts minute; invol. solitary, campanulate, pedunculate manyflowered; cal. green, woolly.-Fla. to Ark. St. 2 to 4f high. 2. OXYR'IA, R. Br. MOUNTAIN SORREL. (Gr. o`b~, acid; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves.) Calyx herbaceous, 4-sepaled, the 2 inner sepals erect, larger, the 2 outer reflexed; aeheniumn lens-shaped, thin, girt with a broad, membranous wing; stamens 6, equal; stigmas 2, sessile, penicillate.- 24 Low, nearly acaulescent, alpine plants. 0. renif6rmis Hook. Radical lvs. reniform, on long petioles, outer sepals oblong, half as long as the inner, valvular sepals; fruit orbicular.-Found on the summits of the White Mts., in moist ravines; and N. to the Arc. Sea. The plant is acid to the taste, like Rumex acetosus. Stem 3-4' in height, nearly leafless racemed or subpaniculate. Jn. (Rumex digynus L.) 3. RHE'Ul, L. RHUBARB. (Rha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native.) Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent; stamens 9; styles 3, very short, spreading; stigmas multifid, reflexed; achenia 3-angled, the angles margined.- 2 Fls. fasciculate in racemous panicles. R. Rhap6nticum L. GARDEN RHUBARB OR PIE-PLANT. Lvs. ample, smooth, cordate-ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges.Gardens. Stem stout and fleshy, 3-4f high, hollow, with large, sheathing stipules at the joints. Leaves very large, 1-2f long, i as wide, on petioles of ORDER 102.-POLYGONACE. - 605 nearly the same length. Panicle terminal, at first enclosed in a white, membranous bract which at length bursts, disclosing innumerable greenish-white flowers. May. t Siberia. —The large juicy petioles are well-known to the pastry cook. Their agreeable acidity is due to the presence of oxalate of lime. 4. RU'rIVEX, L. DocK. SORREL. Calyx of 6 sepals nearly distinct, the 3 inner (valves) larger, petaloid, coinnivent over the achenium, 1 or more of thenm usually bearing a tubercle or grain on the back, the 3 outer herbaceous, reflexed in fruit; stamens 6; styles 3, short; stigmas penicillate-friinged; achenium and seed 3-angled, embryo lateral.Weed-like herbs with small, greenish fts. in racemes or panicles. ~LAPATITUM. Flowers all or mostly perfect. Valves bearing grains on the back. (*) * Valves entire or merely angular. (a) a Pedicels in fruit 2 to 5 times longer than the szub-cordate valves.............Nos. 1, 2 a Pedicels in fruit twvice longer than s~ownlded or trun7,cate valves.............Nos. 3, 4 a Pedicels in fruit shorter or not lonllge than the valves. (b) b Leaves flat, all tapering to both ends.................................Nos. 5, 6 b Leaves wavy, the lower cordate or subcordate..........................Nos. 7, S * Valves conspicuously toothed on each side near the base....................Nos. 9-11 ~ACETOSA. Flowers di oceous. Valves grainless. Leaves acid (hastate).......Nos.12,13 1 R. crispus L. YELLOW DOCe. Lvs. lanceolate, waved, acute, the lower oblong, subcordate; pedicels twice longer than calyx; valves broad-ovate, cordate, each bearing a grain. —2 Can. and U. S. A weed too common in cultivated grounds, about rubbish, etc., much to the annoyance of the farmer. Stem 2-3f high, smooth, channeled, from a yellow, fusiform root. Flowers numerous, in a large panicle, consisting of many racemes of half-whorls, interspersed with leaves. Pedicels 3 to 4" long. Calyx-valves each with a grain on the back. Jn. ~ Eur. -The root is used in medicine for cutaneous diseases. 2 R. verticillAtus L. WATER DOCK. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end; valves entire, broad-ovate, each bearing a grain; rac. leafless, with flowers in close whorls; pedicels elongated, thickened, upwards. —2 An aquatic species of muddy situations. Can. and U. S. St. 2f high, with long, tubular sheaths and few branches. Lvs. long, narrow, acute, flat. Whorls 10 to 30-flowered. Pedicels 7 to 10' long, deflexed. Jn. (R. Brittanicus L.? fide Gray.) 3 R. Hydrolapatllthum H-udson. 3. AMERICANA Gray. GREAT WATER DOCK. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, lower lance-oblong, very long, upper minutely undubiite-crenulate, all acute or attenuate at base, petiolate; panicle compound, at length naked; verticils at first distinct; valves roundish-ovate, obtuse, all grain-bearing.4 Northern U. S. Ponds and ditches. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. somewhat glaucous, lower very large, 1 to 2f long, 2 to 5' wide, with a stout midvein. Pedicels in fruit 5 to 6" long, twicoe longer than the calyx. (R. aquaticus Smith.) 4 R. Flol-idAnus Meisn. Lvs. long-lanceolate, acute and unequally narrowed at both ends, flat; panicle, leafless above, racemes at length dense; pedicels twice longer than the fruiting balyx; valves broadly ovate-deltoid, bluntly acuminate, all grain-bearing.-Fla. (Rugel apud Meisner.) Pedicels 3 to 5" long. 5 R. altissimus. PEACH-LEAVED DOCK. Glabrous, tall, erect; lvs. flat, thick, linear-elliptic, entire, petiolate, tapering to each end; rac. slender, paniculate, somewhat secund, leafless or the lowest verticil axillary; fls. all ~; valves larger, broad-cordate, one graniferous, one abortively so, and the third naked.- 24 Marshy prairies and borders of streams, NMid. and W. States. A very showy Rumex, 3-6f high, slightly branched above. Leaves 3-5' by -1', somewhat acuminate, broadest in the middle. Verticils approximate, pedicels reflexed, not longer than the valves. Jn. 6 R. salicifblius Weinm. 3. BIGEL6VII. PALE DOCK. Lvs. thin, wavy at edge, attenuate-acute at each end, linear-lanceolate, petiolate; panicle simple, leafy at base, racemes spicate, loose and interrupted below; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves all grain-bearing, ovate-oblong, scarcely longer than the grains-Sea coast, Mass. and Can. Sts. terete, slightly furrowed, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 4 to 7' long. Grains unequal, large, white. Jn. (R. pallidus Bw.) 7 R. conglomerAtus ]Murr. Lvs. ovate or oblong, base rounded or cordate, the upper lanceolate, attenuate-acute at each end, margins crispato; panicle somewhat 606 ORDER 102. —POLYGONACEiE. spreading, leafly, with reanote axillary verticils, the highest leafless; pedicels shorter than the small fruit calyx; valves ovate-oblong, blunt, all grain-bearing. — Ditches and wet places, N. States, Can. St. 2 to 3f high. Lower lvs. on long petioles. Grains large, red. May. ~ Eur. (R. acutus Sm.) 8 R. sanguineus L. RED-VEINED DOCE. Lvs. lance-oblong wavy, acuminate, obtuse at base, or the lower cordate, mostly with red veins; pJan. leafless except at base, whorls distant; pedicels shorter than fruit calyx; valves small, obovateoblong, obtuse, I or 2 of them grain-bearing. —Waste places, N. States and Call. St. reddish, 2 to 3f high. J1. ~ Eur.-In 3. vIRIDIS the veins are green. 9 R. obtusif6lius L. Lower Ivs. ovzate obtuse, cordate, wavy on the margin, upper lance-oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, all petiolate; panicle leafy, svhorls distant; pedicels as long as the fruit calyx; valves hastate-ovate, with 3 or 4 spreading, subulate teeth on each side, one valve chiefly grain-bearing. —N. Eng., Mid. and W. States. A weed as unwelcome as the first, in fields, door-yards, &c. St. 2 to 3f hig'h. Lvs. large (6 to 12' by 3 to 8'), sometimes red-veined. Ji. Eur. 10 R. maritimus L. GOLDEN- DocK. Levs. iong-lanceolate, the lower abrupt at base, the ut12per attenuate-acute at each end; uwho7rs dense-flowered, the lower subdistinct, with linear bracts, upper confluent; pedicels filiform, longer than fruit calyx; valves rho mbic-ovate, bearing, 2 long, bristly teeth each side, with an acuminate point, all grain-bearing.-r- ) Borders of brackish waters, Mass. to S. Car. Low (If) and much branched. Calyx in firuit yellowish green, densely clustered. J1. (R. persicarioides Hook.) 11 R. pfilcher L. Louaer Is. oblong, cordate, qfRen fiddle-shapved, upper lanceolate, acute, obteuse at base; panicle leafy, whorls distant; pedicels shorter than fruit calyx, thickened; valves ovate-oblong, unequally grain-bearing, each with several straight, strong' lateral teeth.- - About Charleston, S. C. (Elliott). Jn. J1. ( Eur. 12 R. Acetos6lla L. FIELD SORREL. SIlEsP SORREL. LVS. oblanceolate-hastate, about as long' as the petioles, the a'rricles divacricate, oblong, a third as long as the blade, in the upper lvs. smaller or awanting; its. dicecious, valves siot increasing in fruit, nor grain bearing. — A commonl w eed in pastures and waste grounds throunghout the U. S., preferring dry, hard soils. St. 6' to If high, leafy. Lvs. verv acid, but pleasant to the taste. Fls. small, red or reddish, collected in panicled racemes, the valves destitute of oranules. Stamens and styles on separate plants. Jn. —Aug. 13 R. Engelm.anni Ledreb. Lvs. lanceolate or linear, hastate, the lower 2 or 3 times shorter than the lonr petioles, the au? icles very small, ncutish, many times slhorter than the blade; panicles entirely leafless; ils. dicecious; valves'increasirg in fruit, orbicular-cordate, grainless. — 1 Ga., Fla. to Tex., also Mo. Sts. 1 to 2f high, much furrowed. Lvs. pale beneath.'ls. purple. (R. hastatulus Baldwi nec Carnpd.) 5. THYSANEL'LA, (Gray. Calyx colore.d, 5-parted, lobes all erect, the two outer cordate-salittate at base, the 3 inner smaller, pectinatefimbriate; stamens 8; styles 3; achenia 3-angled, acuininate. -A smooth, erect herb, with the habit of Polygonella. (Polygonum, Ell.) T. fimbrita Gray. —Pine barrens, Ga. anl Fla. St. 2 to 3f high, terete, branched. Sheaths truncate, cylindric, entire, striate fringed with long, soft, white bristles. bearing the leaf at top. Lvs. linear, parallel-veined, acute, 1 to 2' long. Fls. iin crowded, panicled spikes. 13racts (sheaths) obliquely truncate, tipped with a long awn, l-flosereid. Cal. acite, tinged with rose color. J1.-Oct. 6. POLYGONEL'LA, Mx. (Lat. diminutive, imnlyling a little or dwarf Poly-onum.) Calysx -sepaled, colored, persistent and witherinlg, erect-spreading, or at length the 3 isnner sepals increasing,and connivent; stamens S, included; styles 3 or almost vantinig; aclhenia 3-cornered, naked or iIolosed in the 3 inner sepals become scarious valves: embryo straight, axile or literal iii a groove at the angle of the albu ORDER 102.-POLYGONACE.S. 607 mren —Herbs or shrubs with very narrow, deciduous lvs., and the small fls. solitary in each ochrea. (Polygonum, Nutt., &c.) ~ Flowers subsessile. Filaments all filiform. Leaves broader above, spatulate........Nos. 1, 2 ~ Flowers on capillary pedicels 2// long. 3 inner filaments dilated at base. Lvs. linear.Nos. 3, 4 1 P. parvif6lia Mx. Somewhat shrubby; branches strict, leafless above; Iys. linear-cuneate, obtuse; parnicle compound, spreading; rac. numerous, sessile, filiform, short, with imnbricated bracts; fis. subsessile; inner Sep. oval, soon equalirng the acute achenim, 2 outer reflexed.-Pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla., Ala. and Ark. A delicate, much branched shrub, 1 to 2f high. Sts. brittle, brownish. Lvs. 1' long, 1 to 3" wide above, tortuously spreading. FIs. minute, white. 2 P. gracile Nutt. Annual, glaucous; branches filiform, paniculate; Ivs. spalulate, obtuse, 3 to 5-veined; rac. almost capillary, bracts approximated; pedicels very short, reflexed; sep. reflexed-spreading, at length the 3 inner exceeding the acuminatefruit.-Dry, sandy places, Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. strict, furrowed, 2 to 3f high. Branching issuing from between the joints. Lvs. few, 1' to 18" long. Fls. nodding, 1" long, longer than the peduncle, white or flesh-colored. 3 P. MeisneriAna Shutt. Shrubby, very leafy; eks. linear-filzform, obtuse, nearly perennial, glaucouas; achrem subimbricated, green with a conspicuous white, mnembranous border; rae. many-flowered; achreme 1-flowered, with setaceously atcuminate bracts; 2 oueter sepals reflezed.-Near Macon, Ga. (Mettauer) and Ala., rare. A delicate, bushy shrub, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 6 to 10"' long, somewhat terete and fleshy. Fls. roseate or white, on jointed, solitary pedicels 2"' long. 4 P. articulatum Ifeisn. St. erect, with erect branches, soon nearly naked; hls. linear, cacducous fronm the top of the tubular, truncate sheaths; spikes panicled, filiform; fls. solitary, pedunculated, with imbricated, truncated bracts; sep. erectspreading. —(1 N. Y. to Mlich., in dry grounds. St. slender, strict, 1. to 2f high. Lvs. 6"' to 1' by 1", obtuse. Fls. flesh-colored, showy, 1" long, on nodding, hairlike peduncles. Aech. not incloseil, triangular, acuminate. Aug.-A true Polygonella in habit and character, as the genus is defined by 5Meisner. 7. POLYG'ONUM, L. KNOT-GRASS. (CGr. iro/xj, many, )'6vv, knee; i. e., plant with many joints.) Calyx of 5 sepals, rarely fewer, colored or greenish, similar, imbricated in bud, at length all connivent, persistent; stamens 8, rarely fewer; styles 2 or 3, mostly 3, short filiformn; achenia 3-cornered or lens-shaped, inclosed in the dry, withered calyx; embryo curved, lateral, lying in a groove at one angle of the albumen.-A vast genus of herbs with ocbreate-jointed stems and small, ilwhite, red, or greenish fls. ~ Stems armed wi th retrorse prickles, Leaves cordate sagittate. TINIAIrA.........Nos. 19, 20 ~ Stems unarnied, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate. EcceINocAULON...............Nos. 17, 1S ~ Stems erect or decumbent, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate. (*) * Calyx unequally 4-cleft. Styles 2, long deflexed. Tov.IAA...................... NO, 16 * Calyx equally 3-parted. Styles erect. (a) a Sheaths salver-form. Stamens 7. Style 2-parted. Tall. AMBLYOGOnMIM.No. 15 a Sheaths subeylindrical. Stamnens 5, 6, 8. Styles 2 or 8. (b) b Flowers in leafless, ternisnal, spike-like racemes. PE:SICsuIA. (c) C Raceme one, deinse. Stem at base or rhizome decumbent Nos. I7, 14 C Racemes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed............ Nos. 11, 12 c Ilacemes several. Sheaths bristly fringe-ciliate. (d) d Style 2 (or 8)-cleft. Achenia flat or lens-shaped.....Nos. S —10 d Style 3-cleft. Achenia sharply 3-cornered..........Nos. 5-7 d Flowers axillary or seldom forming a leafy raceine. (e) e Achenliunn protruding beyond the calyx, 3-angledl........... Nos. 23. 4 e Achenium included in the calyx, 3-angled................. Nos. 1, 2 1 P. aviculare L. BIRD'S KNOT-GRASS. St. procagsebent; Ivs. elliptical-lanceolate, rough-edged, acutish at each end; fis. subsessile; ach. striate, dull, inclosed; stanm. 5 to 8.-(-I A common weed in fields, highways and door-yards, U. S. and Brit. Am. Sts. slender, J to l1f long, striate, smooth, branching, with short, white, torn, remotely veined stipules at the joints. Lvs. smooth, except the edges, 1' by 3", more or less. Fls. reddish, small, 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves, -appearing all summer. (P. littorale Meisn.) 608 ORDER 102.-POLYGONACE~E. y. ERECTUM. Stems ascending or erect; lvs. larger, elliptic or oval, petiolate; fls. pedicellate; stam. mostly 5. —In richer or shady soils, more common westward. (P. erectumn L.) 2 P. t6nue AMx. St. slender, rigid, erect, with long, simple branches, acute-angled; Ivs. linear-lanceolate and linear, erect, acute; sheaths (stipules) bristly-fringed at top; fis. alternate, subsolitary; ach. included.-A small, slender plant, on rocky soils, N. Eng. to the AMts. of Ga. and Wis. St. 6' to If high. Lvs. 1 to 1I' long, 1 to 2" wide, 3-veined, sessile. Fls. white. Jl., Aug. 3 P. mar/timum L. Prostrate, diffusely branched, glaucous; st. striate, with very short internodes; sheaths gibbous at base, hyaline, torn; Ivs. fleshy, oval or linear-oblong, nearly veinless; fis. sessilo; ach. sharply angled, a little exserted, smooth and shining. —4 Sandy shores, R. I. to S. Car. Sts. 6 to 12' long. Lvs. few and small, 2 to 4" long. Fls. often crowded in leafy racemes, rose-purple, green at base, 1" long. (P. aviculare, 3. glaucum, 2d edit.) 4 P. ramossissimum Mx. St. tall, erect or ascending, much branched, striate; sheaths 6-veined, at length torn; Ivs. lance-oblong or linear, petiolate; fls. subsolitary, pedicellate, greenish; ach. included, smooth but dull. — Sandy shores of streams and lakes, Mich. to-Ill. Much like P. aviculare, but rigidly erect, 2 to 3f, with larger, petiolate lvs. 2' long, and larger sepals, 1-" long in fruit, green, with narrow white borders. 5 P. hirsAtum Walt. HAIRY KNOT-GRASS. Ilirsute, with long, Treading, tawny hairs; sheaths ciliate; Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse at base, gradually narrowed to the point; spikes 2 or 3, very slender; bract equaling its 2 or 3 pedicels; stamens 7 to 8; style 3-cleft; ach. shining. —2j Swamps, N. Car. to Fla. St. slender, rooting at base, ascending 2 to 4f. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 4 to 10", mostly smooth above, sometimes dense-hairy like the stem. Fls. white. May-Aug. 6 P. hydropiperoides Mx. MILD'VATER-PEPPER. St. smooth; sheaths hairy, bristly-ciliate, long and narrow; lvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, slightly appressed-hairy (not acrid); spikes 2 or more, slender, loose-flowered at base; cal. glandless; stam. 8; style half 3-cleft; ach. shining. — Ditches and wet ground, common. St. branched, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. narrowed into a short petiole, not acrid. Fls. rather large, white-roseate, rather close, 4 or 5 from each bract.. Aug., Sept. (P. mite Pers.) /3. SETACEUM. Lvs. lanceolate; stip. conspicuously fringed with long bristles. -In clayey soils, southward. (P. setaceum Baldw.) 7 P. acre H. B. K. St. ascending, slender, glabrouts; sheath smoothish, fringed with bristles, bearing the leaf near the base; lvs. acrid, lanceolate, acuminate, filiform, interrupted at base; bracts truncate, 1 to 3-flowered; ped. scarcely exserted; stain. 8; style 3-parted; ach. 3-cornered.-Wet places, ditches, common S. and W. Cal. greenish at base, flesh-colored, brown-dotted like the Ivs. Ach. shini,2g. JI.-Sept. (P. punctatum Ell. P. hydropiperoides Ph.) 8 P. Hydropiper L. WATER-PEPPER. Glabrous; sheaths bristly-ciliate; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to both ends, minutely, pellucid-punctate (veiy acrid); spike. loose-flowered, slender, short (2 to 5') nodding; ped. exserted; cal. glandularpunctate; stam. mostly 6; sty. 2 or 3-cleft; ach. flattish (rarely obtusely triangular), dlll, minutely roughened. —C Damp waste grounds, ditches, &c., 1 to 2f high. Lvs. not more than 6" wide. Fls. green and rose-colored. Acl. black. JI.Sept. i Eur. 9 P. Careyi Olney. St. erect, hisrsute, nmuch branched; lvs. lanceelate, with scattered and appressed hairs; stip. scarious, tubular, truncate, hairy-ciliate; spikes axillary and terminal, on very long, nodding peduncles thickly beset wqvei glandular hairs; stam. 6 to 8 included: sty. 2; ach. orbicular-ovate, mucronate, tumid, shining.-b- ) Swamps, N. Eng. and N. ~Y.? Plant 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 6" to 1', midvein and margins hairy. Cal. greenish-purple, tinged with white, minutely dotted. 10 P. PersicAria L. St. erect; lvs. lanceolate, the upper surface usually marked with a brownish spot; stip. fringed; spikes dense, oblong, erect; ped. smooth; stam. 6; sty. 2, half united; ach. shininqg, flattened. —' A common species about buildings, fences, wet grounds, &c. St. smooth, branched, leafy, 1 to 2f high, ORDER 102.-POLYGONACEME. 609 often colored. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, a fourth as wide, entire, short-stalked, acuminate. Fls. rose-colored, in many spikes, 1 to 2' long, 5 or 6" thick. Jn.Aug. ~ Eur. ll P. Pennsylvainicum L. (Fig. 103, 607.) St. smooth, tumid at the joints; lvs. lanceolate, petiolate; stip. glabrous, not ciliate; spikes oblong, crowded; ped. and oJten the branches above glandular-hispid; stam. 8; sty. 2-cleft; ach. lenticular, wvith flat sides. —f) Margins of' ponds and ditches, common. St. geniculate, branched above, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, ~ as wide, slightly scabrous with appressed hairs. Spikes short and dense, large, and somewhat nodding. Fls. large, rose-colored, pedicellate. J1. 12 P. incarntAtun Ell. St. geniculate smooth below; sheaths smoothish; lvs. lanceolate, smooth except the roughish midvein and margins, or minutely pubescent above; branches and peduncles glandular-clotted; spikes linear, nodding, at length elongated; cal. minutely glandular; stam. 6; sty. 2-cleft; ach. lenticular with concave sides. —4, In ditches and pools, XW. and S. States. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 5 to 9' by 1 to 3'. Fls. flesh-color or white, in spikes 1 to 3' long. J1.-,Sept. (P. lapathifolium, 2d Edit.) 13 P. amphibium L. St. assnurgent, prostiate or lecumbent at base, rooting at the lower joints; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate and oblong, acute, or rounded or cordate at base, petiolate, smooth. acute or acuminate at apex; spike terminal, ovoid or oblong, dense; sta. 5, sty. 2-cleft.-Marshes, ponds, Can. and U. S., more common North. A very variable species, with large leaves and a terminal, dense spike of bright red flowers. Stip. large. Lvs. 5 to 7' by I to 2', often shinling. Spikes I to 2' long, the shorter mostly thicker. (:Aug. P. coccinum Muhl.) A,. AQUATICUSL Floating, smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, shining, thick; spiles more usually short and thick. (P. fluitans Eaton.) i.'EntRnSTrE. Ascending or erect, more or less hirsute; lvs. lance-oblong, acute or acuminate; sheathl hirsute; spikes more commonly elongated.Varies into the other. (Mr. (i. -.H Wright.) 14 P. viviparun L. ALPINE BiSTON. St. low, erect from a creeping rhizome, sim7l)e; lvs. linear-lanceola/e, revolute at the margin; spike linear, solitary. —4 White Mts., N. HI. to Arc. Am. A dwarf alpine species 6' high, bearing a single spike of whilte flowers which are often transformed into bulblets while on the steml. Lvs. 1 to 1-' by 2 to 3", with entire, obtuse, smooth stipules. J1. 15 P. orienta!e L. PraINCE's EATHER. St. erect, paniculately branched; lvs. large, with hairy, salver-form stipules; sta. 7; sty. 2. —1 Native of the East, naturalized in fields and roadsides, throughout the U. S. A tall, showy plant, often cultivated for ornament. Stem 5-8f long, -2 as wide, ovate, acuminate. Spikes numerous, large, red, plume-like, terminal. Aug. f ~ Eur. 16 P. Virgiiianurlm L. St. simple, minutely appressed-hairy above; lvs. ovate and lanceolate? acuminate, short-petiolate; sheath bristly; rac. wand-like, terminal; flis. remote, solitary in. each sheath; cal. 4-parted; stam. 5, included; sty. 2, bent downwards, hooked at apex, as long as the shining, tumid-lenticular achenium. —2M Shades, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 4f high, the raceme half its length. Lvs. large, 3 to 6' long, lalf as wide. Fls. greenish-white. Jl., Aug. 17 P. conv6lvulus L. KNOT-BINDWEED. St. prostrate or climbing, twining, roughish; sheaths naked; lvs. hastate, acuminate; -is. in axiilary fasicles or- interrupted racemes; cal. obtusely keeled; ach. purplish-black, dull, exserted. —-j Fields and waste grounds, Can. to Car. Sts. angular, 2 to 3f long. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 7 to 15"', petioles half as long. Cal. whitish, twice longer than the pedicels. Jl., Aug. ~ Eur. 18 P. cilinbde 1Mx. MlcinutZely pubescent, twining; sheaths girt at base with a ciliate hairy ring; lvs. deeply cordate, ovate, acuminate, lobes scarcely hastate;'ac. paniculate, loose-flowered, axillary and terminal; ach. shining. —Fields and hedges, Can. to Wis. and Ga. St. slender, often reddish-purple, 3 to 6 to 8f long. Lvs. 1' to 18" by 9 to 156', petioles about half as long. Panicles simple, 5' long or less. Cal. wingless, scarcely keeled, not quite covering the brown achenium. J1.-Sept. 19 P. dumit6rum L. HIEDGE BINDWEED. St. smooth, twining and climbing;_ 39 610 ORDER 103.-PHYTOLACCACE-E. joints naked; lvs. cordate-hastate, acuminate, auricles acute; fis. in loose, pedunculate-racemes which are naked or leafy; cal. with the 3 outer sep. acutely keeled and winged on the back, closely covering the smooth, black achenium. —) Thickets, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 8 to 12f long, climbing over bushes, &c. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', petioles nearly as long. Wings of the calyx narrower than the fruit, produced often at the apex. J1.-Sept. 20 P. sagitthtum L. SCRATCH GRASS. St. prostrate, rough-angled; Ivs. lanceolate-sagitate; fis. capitate; sta. 8; sty. 3. —). Wet grounds, Can. and U. S. A rough, climbing species, 2 to 5f in length. St. square, the angles very rough with prickles pointing downwards. Lvs. acute, 2 to 3' long, a third as wide, with straight auricles and smooth stipules. Fls. in small, terminal heads, whitish. Jn. 21 P. arifblium L. St. aculeate with reversed prickles; lvs. hastate, acuminate, with diziaricate, acuminate auricles; spikes few-flowered; fis. distinct; stam. 6; sty. 2. —i) Wet grounds, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Distinguished from the last by its larger, halbert-shaped leaves which are 2 to 4' long and I as wide. Petioles 2 to 1' long. Clusters racemous, slender, loose, few-flowered. at the ends of the branches. Jn., J1. 8. FAGOPY'RUM, Tourn. BUCKWEAT. (Gr. dayo~, German 13udt, Eng. the beech, rvp6f, wheat; —beech-nut-wheat.) Calyx colored, equally 5-parted, spreading, withering, not enlarged in fruit; stamens S, with 8 nectariferous glands between; styles 3; stigmas obtuse; achemnia 3-angled, much exceeding the calyx.-r- Herbs with cordate-hastate lvs., oblique sheaths and panicled rac. of white-roseate fls. P. esculdntum MIcench. Erect, smoothish; Ivs. cordate with obtuse lobes; ache angles wingless, entire, the sides ovate-triangular.-Old fields, sparingly naturalized, cultivated. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, half as wide. Fls. numerous, very grateful to bees. Fruit black, a valuable grain. t ~ Asia. ORDER CIII. PHYTOLACCACElE. POKE WORTS. Herbs with alternate, entire leaves and perfect, 5-parted, hypogynous flowers. Calyx free. Stamens 5 to 30, alternate with the sepals when of the same number. Ovary usually compound, of several carpels, each 1-ovuled cohering in a circle. Styles and stigmas as many as carpels. Fruit baccate or samara-like. Seeds erect, with the embryo coiled around the farinaceous albumen. Gentera 20, species S0, scattered in all parts of the world. Their properties are purgative or emetic, yet hitherto little used or understood. 1. PHYTOLAC'CA, Tourn. POIKE. GARGOT-WEED. (Gr. V70V,:: a. plant, Lat. lacca, lac or lake; from the juice of the berries.) Calyx 5parted, resembling a corolla; stamens 5 to 25; styles and carpels 5 to 12; berry superior, depressed, globular, with as many seeds as styles. -— Herbaceous. Rac. terminal, soon becoming opposite the leaves..P. decandria L. Lvs. ovate, acute at both ends; fls. with 10 stamens and 10 styles. —2 Roadsides, U. S. and Can., common. Root very large and branching. St. with a diam. of 1 to 2', 5 to 8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature of a fine, deep purple. Lvs. 5' by 2 to 3', smooth, of a rich green color, entire and petioled. Rac. cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally opposite the leaves. Fls. greenish-white. Fruit a dark purple berry, with juice staining a beautiful purple color. J. —Sept. 2. RIVI'NA, Plum. (Tn memory of A. Q. _Rivinus, Prof. of Botany at Leipzic.) Calyx 4-parted, 3-bracteolate; sepals equal, suberect in fruit; stamens 4 or 8; ovary 1-ceiled, 1-styled, 1-ovuled, berry at ORDER 105.-CHENOPODIACEE. 611 length, dry, globular, with 1 vertical seed; embryo annular. —2C Half shrubby, with alternate, petiolate, pinnate-veined lvs. and fls. in simple terminal, soon lateral racemes. R. levis L. Erect, branched, glabrous and bright green; lvs. ovate, acuminate, subeordate or obtuse at base, subcrenulate; rac. longer than the leaves; fls. rosewhite, green in fruit; stain. 4; sep. oval, obtuse.-Fla. to Tex. Plant 6 to 8f high, much resembling in aspect Phytolacca. St. furrowed. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', petioles 1' to 18". Sep. enlarged in fruit, then 2" long. ORDER CIV. BASELLACEKE. Herbs glabrous, often twining and climbing, with alternate leaves. Flowers perfect, regular, with a double, imbricated calyx often colored. Stamens perigynous. Otherwise as in Chenopodiacem. Fig. 368. A small order, containing 6 genera and 21 species, chiefly tropical. BROUSSINGAUL'TIA, Kunth. MEXICAN VINE. (Dedicated to the celebrated chemlist Broussingault.) Fls. membranous, calyx open, the exterior shorter; tube very short; stigmas 3, subclavate; pericarp membranous; embryo annular with the albumen central.-Vines twining to the right. Lvs. thick, petiolate. Fls. in spicate rac. B. baselloides Kunth. Lvs. rather fleshy, broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate or the larger ones obtuse, short-petioled; racemes loose, simple or branched; fil. dilated below; stig. sessile. —Cultivated for shades and arbors. A vine of rapid. growth, arising many feet. Lvs. 1-3' long. Racemes numerous, greenish. t S. Am. ORDER CV. CI-IENOPODIACEE. CI-IENOPODS OR GOOSE-FOOTS. Herbs chiefly weed-like and homely, more or less fleshy, with alternate, exstipulate leaves. Bracts not scarious. Flowers minute, greenish, regular. Callyx imbricated in bud. Stamens perigynous, as many as, and opposite to the calyx lobes, or fewer. Ovary 2-styled, 1-celled, becoming a 1-seeded, thin utricle or caryopsis. Iibmbryo coiled into a ring around the albumen or spiral without albumen. Fig. 435. Gener'a 72, slecies 510, often mnaritirne plants, more generally weeds, abounding in the temperate zones, in neglected and waste fields. i'ropeeties.-Generally bland and innocent. Some are useful for food, as the Beet, Mangelwurtzel. Orache, Spinach, &c. Others contain an essential oil, which renders them tonic, antispasmodic andl nthelrnintic; as Chenopodiuin hotrys, C. ambrosioides, C. anthelminticum: the latter yields the officinal wlorm-seed oil. Salsoli, Salicornia and other sea-side species yield soda f'om their ashlles in great abundance. 2 ~ ~ ~! 8 FIG. 675.-1. Flower of Chenopodium album. 2. Calyx, &c., removed, showing the ovary and two (hypogynous) stamnens. 3. Cross section of the seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Branch of Saiicornia herbacea. 5. Two joints iagnified. 6. Ovary of a flower. T. Flower of Blitum capitatumn, with the fleshy calyx. S. Vertical section of the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaris. SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA. ~ SPIROLOBEE. Embryo a spiral coil. Leaves linear, fleshy. Stems continuous. (*) * TRIBE SALSOLEu.. Emb. a conic spir.-Cal. winged on the back. (Lvs. spiny)...SALsOLa. 1t * T'rIBE SUADI)E.g. FLnb. a flat spiral.-Cal. not append. Lvs.accutish...... CHENOPODINA. 10, ~ CYCLOLOBE2E. Embryo annular,-a ring. Leaves membranous, fisat, or none. (*) 612 ORDER 105. —CHENOPODIACE._E. * TR. SALICORN. Inflor. anomalous. Fls. imbedded. St. jointed, (leafless).... SALTCOnRXI. 9 * TRIBE SPINACIEZE. Inflor. normal. Fls. of two sorts. St. continuous. Lvs. broad. (a) a Fruit enclosed in a hardened calyx without bracts. Cultivated..........SrIsACA.. S a Fruit naked (no calyx) between two united bracts. Leaves oval......O..nsIr..o.. I a Fruit naked (no calyx) between two subdistinct bracts. Lvs. triangular.ATrIPLEX. 6 * TrIBE CIENOPODIE.L Inflor. normal. Fls. perfect and alike. St. contin. Lvs. broad. (c) c Seed vertical. Pericarp thin, smooth, mostly in a fleshy calyx..........BLITUM. 5 c Seed vertical. Pericarp thin, glandular, in a wrinkled calyx.........ROUnIEvA. 4 C Seed horizontal. Pericarp thin, in a plain, unbordered calyx...... CI-ENoPISr.. 3 c Seed horizontal. Pericarp thin, in a calyx bordered all around......CCLOLOrAB. 2 c Seed horizontal. Pericarp thick and hard, calyx ribbed................BETA. 1 i. BE'TA, Tourn. BEET. (Celtic bett, red, the usual color of the Beet-root.) Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, persistent, finally indurated at base; stamens 5, with no staminodia; ovary depressed, half inferior; stigmas 2; utricle with a thickish, hardened, depressed pericarp enclosed in the calyx; seed horizontal.-IHerbs with fleshy roots, fulrowed stems, alternate lvs. and greenish, spicate fis. B. vulgaris L. Lvs. acute, glabrous, undulate or entire, green or purplish, the lower ovate-oblong, attenuate at base into a long petiole, upper subsessile, oblong; fis. greenish-white, in sessile glomerules of 2 to 4 forming slender spikes which are arranged in large, somewhat leafy panicles. —- Fields and gardens, everywhere cultivated. Rt. mostly deep red. S. Eur.-This useful culinary, by long culture has run into many varieties, distinguished chiefly by the color and quality of the nutritious root. I. CICLA. SCARCITY. Root cylindraceous, rather slender, whitish; lvs. somewhat rough or hispid, with very thick veins; fls. 3 together. y. RAPA. TURNIP BEET. Root short and thick, sweet and juicy, white or red. 6. IIANGEL-WURTZEL. Root very large, mostly white. Cultivated for stock. 2. CYCLOLO'MA, Moquin. (G-r. Kt6S0oc, a circle, ac&fza, border; referring to the appendage of the calyx.) Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, lobes stlongly keeled, persistent, finally appendaged outside withl a circular, membranous, horizontal border or crown; stamens 5; styles 3; utricle depressed, enclosed in the transversely winged calyx. - 0 Herbs with furrowed stems, alternate, petiolate, lobed lvs., and a spreading panicle of small sessile fis. C. platyphllum ]Moq. Sandy banks of the Miss.. Ill. (opposite St. Louis) and westward. St. wide-branched, ascending- 1 to 2f from a prostrate base, whitedowny above. Lvs. 2' long more or less, oblong-lanceolate, petiolate, sinuatetoothed or lobed, lobes sharply mucronate. Fls. less than 1" long, 1 to 3-glomerate. Panicle leafless. Crown scarious. Seed black. Jl., Aug. 3. CHENOPO'DIUM, Tourn. (Gr. Xiv, a goose, rovS, foot; from the resemblance of the leaves.) Calyx bractless, 5-cleft, lobes often. keeled, never appendaged, more or less eiclosing the fruit; stamens 5; styles 2; utricle depressed, membranous, seed mostly horizontal, lenticular. —Herbs often glaucous or glandular, with alternate, often rhombic leaves, and the minute fls. glomerate in panicled spikes. r Plants smooth. never glandular, ill-scented. Embryo a complete ring (*). * Herbage green, rarely purplish, not glaucous or mealy (s). a Leaves entire, ovate-oblong, on slendler petioles.................................. 1 a Leaves toothed or lobed, petiolate..........................................Nos. 2-4 * IHerbage glaulcous or whitish, covered with mealiness............................Nos. 5 —7 ~ Plants aiandular-pubernlent, ~'een, aronlatic. Enmbryo a halfring (b). b Flowers glomerate, axillary, in spike-like racenes.Nos. 5, 9 b Flonwsers cynsous, innumerable, inl long, raceme-like panicles..No. 10 1 C. polysp6rmum L. Procumbent or subereet, branched from the base; lvs. petiolate, divaricate, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, thin, entire, glabrous, OmDER 105. -CTENOPODIACEJiE. 613 bright-green; rac. strict, spike-like, leafless; seed shining, margin acute; fruit partly inclosed. —J Gardens, waste grounds, rare. (C. acutifolium Sm.) Plant smooth, pale green or purplish, If or more high. Calyx minute, lobes obtuse, at length spreading and the fruit naked. ~ Eur. 2 C. hybridum L. Erect, much branched; lvs. petiolate (ample), broad, subcordate, acuminate, deeply sinuate-angled, thin, glabrous, bright green, the terminal lobe longest, all acuminate, upper deltoid; rac. diffusely panicled, loose, leafless; seed'ruous, dull; fri. partly inclosed. —T; A strong-scented, rigid herb, 2 to 4f lig'h, ill waste grounds, N. Eng. to Ky., common. St. fuirrowed. Lvs. partly pablumate-veined, 3 to 5' by 2 to 4', petiole 1 to 2'. Fls. sessile, greenish. JI.. Eur. 3 C. nturEile L. Ascending, sulcate-angled, branched; Ivs. petiolate, ascending, oira'e-rhombic, acute at base, unequally and acutely toothed, thin, shinining, briglt green; rac. divaricate, slubcorymbous, rather loose and leafless; seed dull, rugous, acute-eldged, very fltt; fri. almost inclosed. - Fields, gardens, north and south, ralre. St. 12 to 1S' high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1' to 18", subtripliveined, petiole 1'. Fls. mealy. Stan. exserted. Augr. ~ Eur. 4 C. urbicuum L. 3. IImoBBIFoLruM. Erect, angled, branched; Ivs. petiolate, ascending or erect, rhombic-triangular, acute, sinzuate-toothed, with loi2g, acute teeth, thin, green, the highest lance-linear, subentire; rac. long, erect-panicled, rather d.ense-flowered, nearly leafless; seed shieing, obtuse-edged; fr. partly inclosed.- $1 St. 2 to 3f high, marked with green lines; br:nches suberect. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. ii.lc. very strict. Cal. lobes obtuse, green. Stamn. exserted. (C. rhombifolium 3fuhl.) 5 C. Boscihnum ALoq. Erect, btanched; Ivs. small, petiolate, divaricate, lanlce1Unear, very acute, thin, entire, glaucous-green above, canescent beneath; spikes loose, leafy; seed sh'ining, acute-margined; fr. wholly inclosed. —- Car. to Tex. St. 18' to 2f h'igh, slender, green-striate, branches ascending. Lvs.'5" to 1' long, 1 to 2" wide. ils. minute, mealy, sessile. 6 C. eilbum L. PIGaWEED. Erect, sulcate-striate, thinly branlched; lvs. petiolate, ascending, r-hombic-ovate, cuneate at base, sinuate-toothedl or subentire, thin, pulverulent, pale green or whitish, upper oblong or lance-linear, entire; rac. dense or loose, subpaniculate, nearly leafless; seed smooth and shining, acute-edged, wiholly iezclosed.-(D The most common of weeds in fields and gardens. St. 2 to 4 to 7f hIigh, beautifully striate with green and purple. Branches subsimple, ascending. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, petiole a third as long. Fls. mealy. J].-Sept. (C. viride L., a grecier, narrow-leaved var.) 7 C. gladcurn. L. Prostrate or ascending, sulcate-striate, branched; Ivs. petiolate, oblong or ovate-oblong, obieuse, sinuate-ancgled or remotely dentate, thin, pale green above, mealy and white-glaucous beneath; rae. simple, leafless, rather dense-flow-ered; seed shining, acute-edged, partlyJ icaco edl.-(' Mass., Penn., rare. Plant somewhat fleshy, If long, smooth. Lye. 1 to 2' long. Calyx sometimes abortively 2 or 3-lobed, and then the seed is erect. (Koch.) 8 C. ambrosioides L. BiEXICAN TEA. Erect, sulcate, branched; 1Zs. shortpetioled, ascending, oblong, the upper attenuate at each end, acutish, remotely sitzuale-dentate or subenti'ee, thin, puberulent, glandular beneath, light green, the upper lance-linear, very entire; rac. spike-like, dense-flowered, leafy; seed smooth and sllining, obtuse-edged; fruit wholly inclosed. —-l) Waysides, waste places. Plant yellowishl green, pleasantly aromatic, 1 to 2f high. Jl., Aug. ~ Mex. &c. 9 C. anthelmlinticum L. WontM-SEED. Erect, angular, subsimple; lvs. ovateoblong, petielate, acute, attenuate at base, deeply sinuate-serrate, the lower almost pinenatfiid, thin, smoothish, glandular beneath, bright green; rac. spike-like, axillary, subsimple, dense-flowered, leafless, paniculate above; sty. mostly 3; seed smooth, shining, obtuse-margined; fruit wholly inclosed.-24 In light soils, pastures, and waste grounds, common south and west. Plant strongly aromatic, 1 to 3f high, with small branches (or none), forming a leafy panicle of leafless spikes. Jn.-Aug. 10 C. Botrys L. OAK OF JERUSALE. Erect, sulcate-angled, much branched; Ivs. long-petioled, ascending, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-subpinnatifid with obtuse 614 OuDEPa 105. —C 11 tENOLOD1ACEIA. lobes, glandular-pubescent, glaucous green, the floral bract-like; fls. cyrnous-paniculate, in long ascending, raceme-like panicles; seed smooth, nearly globular. — i1) Plant 1 to 2f high, branched from the base. Lvs. few, 1 to 2' long, petioles half as long. FIs. innumerable, minute, clammy, covering nearly the whole plant. Jn.-Aug. Strongly fragrant of turpentine. 4. ROUBIE'VA, MIoq. (Named for C. J. Roubicu, a French botal-m ist.) Calyx oblong-urceolate, 5-toothed, in fiuit rugous and inclosing the utricle like a capsule; stamens 5; styles and stigmas 3; seed lenticular, vertical, embryo a complete ring.- 2- A diffisely branched, pubescent herb, with alternate, multifid lvs. and small green fls. (Chenopodium, L.) R, multifida Moq. — Waste grounds, waysides about the city of N. Y. (IHolton),. A strongly-scented, prostrate herb, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. small, 1' less or more long, pinnatifidr with oblong lobes. Fls. numerous, glomerate, axillary, sessile, in bracted, panicled racemes. Fruit nearly 1" long. ~ S. America. 5. BLI'TUI, Tourn. BLITE. Calyx 3 to 5-parted, finally un-. chlanged or becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit; stamens 1 to 5, with filiform filaments; styles 2, utricle compressed, inclosed in the calyx; seed vertical, embryo a complete ring. — Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. glomerate. f Headns (glomnerules) axillary, subspicate above. Cal. thickened in fruit. Stig. united.Nos. 1, a ~ lIeads forming a dense, terminal spike. C(alyx dry. Stigmias distinct....................o. 1 B. capitatum L. STRAXWBERaY BLITE. Lvs. triangellae-hastate, toothed; hds. in tesminal, interrupted, leafless sepikes; stam. 1 to 5; fr. consisting of the recl(dened fowers, appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste insipid; seed dull.-Va. to Arc. Circle. A weed-like plant growing in fields, and sometimes cultivated in gardens as a flower, or a culinary. Sts. purplish-striped, branching, I to 2f high. Heads of fls. sessile, near together, on the branches and summit of the stem. Jn. t 2 B. maritimuma Nutt. Much branched, angular; evs. larnceolate, attenuaie act each extremity, incisely dentate; lids. axillas y, sessile, spicate; cal. somewhat fleshy; stam. 1; seed shining.-A- coarse, unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N. Y~ to N. J. St. 1 to 2f high, very branching. Lvs. fleshy, with 2 or more large teeth each side. Fl. very numerous and minute, minute, becoming thickish in fruit. Seed much flattened. Aug. 3 B. Bonus-Hdlnricus Reichenb. GooDn INx ITENashr. Plant mealy, ascending, subsimple; lvs. triangular-hastate, entire or sinuate, green; glomerules forming, a terminal, leafless spike, not fleshy in firuit; stam. 5.-Xraysides, Can. N. Ena., rare. ~ Fur. 6. AT'RIPLEX, Gaert. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. 8 Bractless; calyx 3 to 5-sepaled; stamens 3 to 5, hypogynous; pistil rudimentary; 9 ovary 2-styled, with no stamens, inclosed between 2 leaf-like bracts, or in some species partly furnished with a 5-sepaled calyx without bracts; fruit compressed, inclosed; seed vertical (horizontal when the calyx is present), embryo annular. —Ierbs or shrubs, usually clothed Nwith scurf or mealiness, with alternate, petiolate Ivs. and densely glomerate-spiked green fls. I1 A. hastata L. Ascending, diffusely branched; lvs. alternate or subopposite, triangular hastate, sinuately toothed or nearly entire, the upper lanceolate, entire; fruit bracts triangular-deltoid, slightly muricate, margin denticulate or entire.('I Salt marshes, N. Y. to Ga. Sts. 1 to 2f long, striate with green. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, including the petiole, glaucous-mealy or green. Fls. in glomerate, axillary and terminal racemes 3 and ~ mixed.' Aug., Sept. (A. patula L. A. laciniata Ph.) 3. rPUnsHI.NA. Plant more or less dotted with scarf-scales. (A.. laciniata Ph.) ORDER 105 —CllENOPODIACKE.E. 615 2 A. hortensis L. GARDEN ORACIiE. Erect, branched; lvs. alternate, triangular-hastate or oblong, subcordate acute. entire or with a few coarse teeth at base, bright green both sides; upper lanceolate or lance-linear, fruit-bracts ovate, entire. —' Scarce in cultivation or spontaneous. A potherb used as spinage. J1. ~ Asia. 7. OBI'ONE, Gaert. Fls. moncecious or dioecious. 3 Bractless; calyx 4 to 5-sepaled; stamens 4 to 5, hypogynous;? bibracteate, bracts more or less united, at length inflated, hardened and connivent; calyx inone; styles 2; fruit compressed, included in the capsular bracts; seeds vertical, boealked; embryo annular. — tIcrbs pale or whitish, scurfy or mlealy; lvs. alternate or opposite. Fls. densely glomerate, greenisll. (Atriplex, Tournef.) 0. areniAria Moq. SAND ORACIsE. Mealy-canescent, ascending, branched, unarmed; lvs. short-petioled, alternate, oval or oblong, obtuse, entire, the upper acuminate-mucronate; fi. bracts subsessile, broad-cuneate, united, truncate, denticulate at apex. —1) Sandy seabeach, MIass. to Fla. (A.palachicola). St. 6 to 12' long or high, reddish. Lvs. 1' more or less long, attenuate at base. Staminate fis. mostly in the terminal clusters, fertile in the axillary. J1.-Sept. 8. SPINA'CIA, Tourn. SPINAGEX. (Lat. siinta, a spine or prickle; on account of the prickly fruit.) Flowers dicecious, bractless, 8 calyx 3 to 5-sepaled; stamens 4 or 5, cxserted; 9 calyx tubulal, inflated, 2 to 4-toothed, hardening at length into a false capsule; styles 4, slender; a.chenium compressed, inclosed in the capsular, spiny, or unarmed calyx; seed vertical.-L- < Herbs with alternate, petiolate lvs. and axillary green fls. S. oleracea Mill. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate or sagitato; fruit-calyx solitary, 3-angled, armed with 2 to 4 slender prickles, or unarmed. —.i Gardens. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, nearly half as wide, often toothed at base, thick, soft, glabrous, bright green. Fr. near 2" long, sessile, our variety usually unarmed. Jn., J1.: 9. SALICOR'HIA, Tourn. SALTWORT. SAMPHIRE. (Lat. sal, salt, cornu, horn; in allusion both to its locality and appearance.) Flowers imnmersed in the excavations of the jointed stem 2 or 3 together; calyx bladder-like, denticulate at apex, at length spongy, mnembranous-margrined, inclosingr the compressed utricle; stamens 1, 2; styles 2; seed vertical; embryo annular, conduplicate.-Seaside herbs, jointed, succulent, glabrous and ahlnost leafless, with opposite branches. Fls. min ute, sessile, spicate. 1 S. herbacea L. Ain nal, erect 0or asslrgent, t7le jo.izts somewllat thickened at tle summit, ending inz 2 obtuse teeth; spikes elongated, tapering and rather obtuse at the surnmit.-Salt marshes, N. Eng. to Ga., also at Salina, N. Y. St. dividing into simple branches, 8 to 12' high, obscurely 4-sided, with very short internodes. Lvs. 0. Fls. minute, placed in little hollows at the base of the upper joints, the lateral sometimes sterile. Auncg. 2 S. mucronAta Lag.'? DwARF SALTWORT. Annual, erect; the joints somewhat 4-angled below, with 2 ovate, acute, nmacrozate teeth at the summit; spikes very tiick, obtuse.-Salt marshes, N. Eng. to L. Isl. St. 4 to 8' high, thick, littlebranched. Spikes oblong-cylindric, 1' or more long, near a fourth of an inch thick, at length reddened. Sept. 3 S. ambigua Mx. Perennial, procumbent, branching, branches ascending, fiexuous; joints truncate, flattened, enlarged above, with 2 depressed, obtuse teeth. —Sandy sea-beaches, R. I. to Fla. Sts. woody at base, prostrate from long, creeping rootstocks. Aug., Sept. 6;16 ORDER 106.-AMARANTACEE. 10. CHENOPODI'NA, Moq. GLASSWORT. Flowers y, bracteolate; calyx urceolate, 5-parted, fleshy, in fruit subbaccate; stamens 5; stigmas 2 or 3, sessile; utricle depressed, inclosed in the calyx; seed lenticular, horizontal; albumen 0, or scanty and divided into two portions above and below the flat spiral embryo.-Smooth, maritime plants, with alternate, sessile, fleshy lvs. and axillary fis. (Chenopodium, L.) C. maritima!foq. Branches diffuse, prostrate or erect; lys. long, linear, semiterete, upper shorter; fls. in sessile axillary glomerules, 2 or 3 together; firuit cal. inflated; seed shining. -- Salt marshes, Can. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f long or highl, becoming woody at base, southward. Lvs. 6 to 15' long, 1" thickd, acute. Fls. very small, green, with roundish calyx lobes. Utricle thin, semitransparent, containing a black, shining seed. Aug. (C. maritima L. also Salsola linearis Ell.) 11. SAL'SOLA, Gaert. SALTWORT. (Lat. sal, salt; the plants contain miuch alkaline salt.) Flowers ~, with 2 bractlets; sepals 5, at length winged horizontally on the back, forming a broad, scarious border; stamens 5; styles 2, united at base; utricle depressed, inclosed ill the base of the stellately 5-winged calyx; seed horizontal, globous; emblryo spiral (cochleate) with no albumen. —Maritime, fleshy plants with terete lvs. and axillary, sessile fls. S. Khli L. IHerbaceous, decumbent; lvs. alternate, subulate, channeled, spinous, smooth; fls. solitary; fruit-calyx wings larger than the sepals, orbicular, spreading. —A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea-shore, Can. to Ga. St. 1 to 2f high, diffuse. Lvs. about an inch long, sessile, ending with a spine. Mls. green, succulent, sessile, bracteate, the wings in fruit pale roseate, 1-'" long. Seed with a thin testa and a green embryo coiled like a little snail shell. /3. CAROLINIXzNA. Suberect, glabrous, often purplish; lvs. dilated at base; fruit-calyx wings rose-purple.-Southward. (S. Caroliniana Walt.) ORDEr CVI. AMAIRANTACEiE. IAMARANTHS. Iferubs weed-like w-ith opposite or alternate leaves, and a bracteate, spiked or capitate inflorescence. Flowers generally with an imbricated involucre of 3 dry, scarious bracts. Sepals 3 to 5 (rarely but 1), persistent and often colored, unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 to 5 fertile, hypogynous. Ovary compressed, 1-celled, 1 to:oovuled. Style 1. Fz'uit a utricle, caryopsis or berry. Seed vertrical, albuminous. Embryo annular. Illustrated in ifis. ISS, 406. (;ee erac 46, species 4So, most abundant within the tropics. Their properties are not important. A. few are cultivated for their richly-colored imnperishable flowers; others are mere weels. TRIBES AND GENERA.. CELOSIE E.- Anthers 2-celled. Ovary many-ovulcd. (Cultivated)............ CEos. IOS.. I1. ACHYRANTtIEl E. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary one-ovuledl. Leaves alternate. (*) * Flowers moncecious or polygamous.-Utricle circulmscissile............... AIA.ANT-US. 2 -Utricle indehiscent.................... EUXOLUS. 3 * Flowers dicecious.-Utricle indehiscent and valveless........................... ACIDA. 4 -Utricle dehiscent, circumscissile........................ MONTELIA. 5 iTt. GOMPI-IENE'2. Anthers one-celled. Ovary one-ovuledl. Leaves opposite. (a) a Sterile stamens none. —(Flowers white, paniculate)............................IRESIE. e; a Sterile stainens none.-(Flowers crimson, &c. Capitate. Cultivated)..... GomPurmEA. I a Sterile stamens 5, the 5 fertile in a tube. —tIeads axillary................. TELANTIIERA. S -Spikes termninal and axillary..... Fsu(ELaCIA. 9 I. CELO'SIA, L. Coxo MB. (Gr. CrjIXeoc, shining; characteristic of the brilliant colors of some species.) Flowers perfect, 3-bracted; calyx 1o 5, erect-spreading sepals; stamens 5; anthers 2-celled; stigmas 2. ORDEP 106. —AMARANTACE.E. 617 3, recurved; utriele circumscissile, Iany-seeded, more or less inclosed in the calyx.-Herbs or shrubs smooth, erect, with alternate I-s. and brilliant, scarious fis, C. cristita L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate; spikes subsessile, ovatepyramidal, or (in cultivation) compressed, dilated and truncate at the apex, or excessively branched; fls. subsessile, 2-styled; sep. mucronate, longer than the bracts. —-(1 Gardens. This curious and popular annual is said to be native of E. Ind. Its broad spikes are of fantastic shapes and of the richest crimson, varying to white. 2. AMIIARANtTUS, Tourn. (Gr. a, not, Alapai'vw, to fade, v&Oor, flower; se. unfading flowers.) AMARANTHI. Flowers polygamous, 3bracted; calyx 5 to 3-sepaled, equal, erect; stamens 5 to 3, with no rudiments; style 0; stigmas 2 to 3; utricle ovate, 2 to 3-beaked, partly inclosed, circumscissile; seed 1. — I-cerbs with alternate leaves tapering to a petiole, and minute green or purplish fis. in axillary or terminal clusters. ~ Flowers in long axillary and terminal, paniculate spikes, and 5-parted. (*) * lierbace and flowers more or less tingerd with crinmson.....................'..Nos. 1, 2 * Herbage and flowers green, never tinged with crimson.......................Nos. 3-5?flowers in remrotisl, axillary, dense glomerules, and 3-parted.......................Nos. 6, 7 1 A. hypocrondriacus L. PRINCE'S FEATIIER. Erect, furrowed, smoothish, and somewhat reddened; lvs. long-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, pointed at each end, roughish beneath; panicle branched; spikes erect, very obtuse, the terminal one much the longest and largest, lateral short and crowded; fis. deep purple; cal. shorter than the long-awned bracts.-Fields and gardens, spontaneous and often cultivated. Very tall (3 to 4 to 6f) and showy. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, petioles nearly same length. A Iex. 2 A. paniculatus MIoq. PnTCEn's FETITHER. Erect, slubterete, pubescent, pale green; lvs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, taper.pointed at each end, purplish on the margin; panicle very branching, spikes erect or spreading, cylindric, acutish, crowded, all nearly eqeuai; fis. reddish green or (in variety SAN-GUINEUS) blood-red; bracts short-aewned, a little longer than the calyx.-Fields and gardens. St. 3 to 5f' high, with purple lines. Lvs. 4 to 8' by 2 to 3', petiole 2 to 3'. Spikes slender. f ~ Mex. 3 A. retrofl6xus L Erect, subterete, pubescent, glaucous green; lvs. longpetioled, ovate or subrhombic, acuminate, obtuse at apex, undulate; panicle pyramidal, spikes oblony-ovate, thick, crowded, in a dense panicle, the terminal hardly lonzger; ifs. dense, pale green; bracts awned, twice longer than the calyx; utricle included,-A common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 18 to 30"t with prominent veins, petiole 2 to 3'. Spikes G to 9"' thick and rather short. J1.-Sept. 4 A. chlor6stachys Willd. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, isntense green, as well as the flowers; panicle raceme-like, with acute spikes, terminal spike longest and fexuous; bracts a third longer than the calyx; utricle exserted; otherwise as in No. 3.-Cultivated and waste grounds. St. 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', petiole 2 to 3'. Fls. smaller than in that species. J1. —Sept. ~ Asia. 5 A. h-bridus L. Erect, angular, glabrous, green; lyes. ovate-oblong or ovateacute, bright green; panicle loosely branched; spikes erect cylindric obtuse, terminal one long, rigid, lateral short, close; fls. loose, green, cal. shorter than the awned bracts, as long as the utricle.-Cultivated and waste grounds, common. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 9 to 18", petioles longer. Panicle long, sometimes tinged with red. J1.-Sept. ~ Mex. 6 A. ilbus L. WHITE PIGWEED. Erect, subterete, whitish, with spreading branchies; lvs. long-petioled, ovate, rhomb-ovate or obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, light green; glomerules remnote, in pairs, much shorter than the petioles;'fls. dense, green; cal. much shorter than the rigid, subulate, pungent bracts, twice shorter than the utricle. —A common weed, roadsides, waste grounds. Sts. 1 to 618 ORDER 106.-AMARANTACEtE. 2f high, at length diffuse. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 3 to 7", petiole 1 to 2'; branch-lvs. much smaller. Clusters 4 to 5-flowered. 7 A. melanch6licus L. LOVE-LIES-BLEEDINTG. Erect, glabrous, usually daorspusple; lvs. long-petioled, lance-ovate or lance-oblong, obtuse, emarginate; glomerules geminate, subpedunculate, shorter than the petioles; fls. dense, dark purple; bracts, calyx and utricle subequal. Gardens. St. 1 to 2f high, simple. Lvs. 2 to 5' lon, petiole 2 to 3. Clusters amplexicaul. t Asia.-Varies much in color.,B. TRICOLOR. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the young red with a yellow apex, tle adult bright red at base, violet in tile middle, green at apex, the old grecn with a violet base. t. 3. EUX'OLUS, Raf. (A name intended to signify well-closed; referring to the valveless utriicle.) Flowers moncecious, 3-bracted; calyx 3 (2 to 5)-sepaled, sepals equal, erect, glabrous; stamens 3 (2 to 5)' stigmas 3; utricle ovatle, 1-seeded, valveless and indehiscent, or tearing open; seed vertical, embryo annular. —1) Herbs with the habit of Amar-'antus (Amarantus, L.) ~ Spines 2 in each axil. Bracts not longer than the 5 sepals.......................... o. I ~ Spinres none. —Bracts longer than the 3 to 5-sepaled calyx....................... Nos. 2, -Bracts shorter than the 5-sepaled calyx...................N........Nos. 4, 5 I B. spin6snis Feay. Smooth, striate, purplish, much branched; lvs. longpetioled, rllomb-ovate, or lance-ovate, obtuse, dull green, with 2 axillary spines; panicle sparingly branched, spikes erect, acute, the terminal longest; fis. crowded, 5-parted; bracts, sepals and rugous utricle about equal in lenggth.-Cultivated and waste grounds, Penn. to Ill. and S. States. St. and branches flexuous, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, petioles nearly as long, spines sharp, 3 to 8" long, Utricle certainly valveless (as first noticed by Dr. Feay), and falling without opening. Seed dark brown, polished. Jn. —Oct. 2 D. lividus Moq. Er'ect, branched, smnooth, livid-puzrplish; Ivs. long-petioled, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, emarginate, upper acutish; axillary spikes shorter than the petiole, the tereminal logzy, slender, rigid, aceute, somewhat interrupted; fls. crowded; sep. 3, thrice longer the bracts; f'. r'ogous, acute.-Cultivated and waste lands, Va. to Fla. and La. St. stout, hollow, striate, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 3', petiole 2' to 30,", purple. Terminal spike 2 to 4' long. Fls. 3-parted. Utricle slightly exserted. Jn.-Sept. 3 E. deflxus Raf. Ascending, diffusely branched, ashy green, pubes'ulent, branclles detlexed: lvs. petiolate, rhomb-lanceolate, obtuse; spikes thickish, obtuse, somewhat nodding, axillary and terminal; fis. crowded, short-pedicelled; sep. 3 to 5. longer than the bracts; f*t. smooth.-Waste and cultivated grounds, Mlid. States. Sts. branched from base, slender, If long. Lvs. wavy, prominently veined beneath, 6 to 15" long. Stigmas 2 or 3, very short, white. Utricle exserted. Aug., Sept. ~ Eur. 4 A. viridis lMoq. Erect, smooth, livid, purple; 1vs. long-petioled, ovate, obtuse; spikes axillary and terminal, paniculate, rather long, loose, acutish; sepals 3, twice longer than the bracts; utricle roundish-ovate, rigulous.-Cultivated and lwasteo grounds, Ala. and La. St. sulcate, 1 to 2f high. Terminal spikes 2 to 3' long. Readily recognized by the baldness of the minute fis. 5 E. pdimilus Raf. Low, very smooth, dffusely branched, lvs. subsessile, ovate, obtuse, smooth, fleshy, clustered at the ends of the branches; fis. in small, axillary glomnerules, sessile; cal. 5-parted, purplish; fr. smooth, ovate, twice longer than than the calyx. —Sandy sea coast, N. Y. to Ga. Aug.-Oct. (A. pumilus Ell.) 4. ACNI'DA, L. WATER HIEMP. (Gr. a, not, Ktv[ld, the nettle; a nettle-like plant which does not sting.) Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted. 3 Calyx of 5 equal, erect sepals; stamens 5, anthers oblong, 2-celled; 9 calvx 0; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with 3 to 5 stigmas; friuit a fleshy, valveless utricle; seed vertical. —( A marsh herb, with alternate, petio ORDER 106. —AMARANTACEI'E. 619 late, entire, smooth lvs. and small, green, subpediciillate fis. in slender; axillary and terminal spikes. A. cannabina L. —Salt marshes, brackish swamps, Can. to Ga. and La. St. tall, 3 to 6 to 8f, thick, subterete. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 5 to 8' long, acuminate, wavy, cuneate at base, petiole 1 to 2' long. Fruit panicle loose. Bracts 6 lanceovate, shorter than the calyx,? linear-subulate, very unequal. Fr. near 2" lolln. J1.-Oct. 5. MONTE'LIA, AMoq. Flowers, bracts, stamens, inflorescence, nearly as in Acnida. Stigmas 3, very long, bristle-shaped, feathery; fruit a thin utricle, with a tortuous circumscissile dehiscence.- - Herb glabsous, with long-petioied lvs. and small, greenish, spicate fls. 1M. tamariscina Gray.-Damp sandy soils or shores, W. States, rare in N. Eng. St. flowering at all heights fiom I to 5r, angular, branched, lvs. lance oval, 1 to 5' by 6 to 15", petiole as long. Spikes interrupted and leafy at base, continuous above. Bracts 6 acute, shorter than the calyx, ~ rigid, subulate, longer than the ovary which in fruit opens by a tortutous line. Seed dark brown, polished. J1. -Sept. (A. ruscocarpa and altissima Mx. A. -Miamensis Ridd.)-Varies with the clusters all axillary, hardly forming spikes. 5. IRESI'NE, Brown. (Gr. Etpsoatuv1, an olive-branch bound with iitufts of wool borne by supplicants.) F]lowers diceious or 5, 3-bracted (pedicels smeoth.-A shrub 6 to 12f high, in moist weoods U. S. and Can. Lvs. cuneiform and acute at base, 2 to 4' long, half as wide, paler beneath. Fls. pedieellate, in small, sessile umbels, 4 or 5 from each bud. Drupes red. -May. (Laurus Benzoin, L) 2 B. mnellisssef61ium Nees. Lvs. oblong-lanceolace, abrupt or cordate at base, veiny, pubescent beneath; fls. in clustered umbels; buds and pedicels villous.Borders of shallow ponds or exsiccated swamps, S. States. Shrub 2 to 3f high, with running roots and virgate shoots. Lvs. with prominent veins. F1s. about 3 from each bud. Drupes red. Feb., March. (Laurus mellissaefolia AValt.) 4. TETRAN'THERA, Jacq. POND SPICE. (Gr. Tre-'pa, four-fold, dvOep5~, flowery; four flowers in the umbel.) Flowers dioecious, in little stalked nllbels with a 4 or 5-leaved deciduous involucre; calyx 4 or 6-parted, deciduous; $ stamens 9, in 3 rows; anthers unequally 4-celled (2 cells above and 2 below);? stamens 12 to 15 rudiments; stigma dilated, 2-lobed, smooth; drupe nakecl-d Lvs. deciduous. Fls. 3yellow, appearing before the lvs. T. geniculAta Nees. Branches divaricate and geniculate; lvs. small, oblong and oval, nearly smooth, cuneate at base, mostly obtuse at apex; umbellets terminal, glabrous, on distinct pedicels.-In sandy swamps, borders of lagoons, Va. to Fla. Shrub 8 to 15f highM, vith branches and branchlets remarkably crooked and straggling forming an angle of 900 at every fork. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 5 to 8" wide. Drupes red. Feb, Mnar (Laurus geniculata Walt.) OpnDElt CVIIL. LOPANTIIACEZ. LORANTHS. Shrubby pl7an2t parasitic on trees, with thick, opposite, exstipulate leaves. Flotweers mostly declinous, an adherent callyx of -1 to S lobes, with stamens of the sam( number,.opposite the calyx lobes. Ovairy 1-celled, becoming a fleshy fruit with onle albuminous seed. Fig. 31, D. Geeeras 25, -plecies 400, mostly tropical in 2Ame:ica and Asia, a few flourishing northward as filr as our latitude. They possess theremnarkable property of planting themselves on trees and subsisting on their juices. They are slightly astringenl. Bird-lime is forned in part from the viscid pulp of the fruit of the Mistletoe. PHORODEN'DRON, Nutt. M!ISTLETOE. (Gr. ~fp, a thief, dsvdpov,. a tree; they live on stolen food.) Dimcious; calyx 2 to 4 (mostly 3)lobed, lobes.erect; 8 anther sessile on the base of each lobe, 2-celled, the cells divergent; V calyx adherent to the ovary; stigmas sessile; stamens 0; firuit a pulpy berry.-Herbage fleshy, yellowish green. Sts. jointed, brittle, woody, firmly engrafted on the limbs of trees, especially Oaks, Elms, Apples, &c. Fls. imnbedded il the jointed rachis. 622 ORDER 109.-SANTALACEJE. P. flavescens NTutt. Branches opposite, sometimes verticillate, terete; Ivs. cuneate-obovate, 3-veined, obtuse; spikes axillary, solitary, about as long as the leaves; berries white, semi-transparent.-N. J. to Ill. (Lapham), and the S. States. Stems 1-1~ high, rather thick, much branched. Leaves 9-16" by 49", smooth and entire, on short petioles. Fls. small, sterile ones mostly 3-parted. Berry with a viscous pulp adhering to the limb it touches until it strikes root. April. ORDER CIX. SANTALACEAE. SANDALWORTS. Trees shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves, with the calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4 to 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation, the stamens as many as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them, an ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta bearing at top 2 to 4 suspended ovules, but in fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. Genera 20, species 200, natives of Europe, America, Australasia, &c. The fragrant sandalwood is the product of Santalum album, &c., of India. TRIBES AND GENERA. I:. BUCKLEYEE. FIs. dicecious, the pistillate dichlamydeons, with no stamens. s Calyx lobes 4; petals 4, caducous. 3 stamens 4. Shrubs......v............ UCLEYA. I II. SANTALEAE. Flowers perfect or polygamnous, always ononochlarnydeous. (a) a, Fowers in spikes or racemes. Drupe pyriform. Shrubs...........R......PYrULALA. 2 a Flowers in cymous umbels. Nut ovoid. HIalf shrubby......o........ A.C0oANDr.A. 3 1. BUCKLE'YA, Torr. (To S. P. BBuckley, an active and successful b)otanist.) Flowers 8?, the? dichlarmydrous; outer (calyx) lobes 4, lanceolate; inner (corolla) lobes 4, ovate, acute, 1-veined, caducous; stamens 0; style included, 4-lobed.;, monochlamydeous; lobes 4, ovate, acute, valvato in bud, opposite the 4 stamens inserted at their base; disk concave, lobes 4, alternate with the sepals; fruit oblong, drupe-like, 10-furrowed, 1-seeded.-A shrub or small tree, with subsessile, entire Ivs., the sterile fls. clustered, pedicellate, the fertile solitary, all terminal, small. B. distychophPlla Torr. —Mts. of E. Tenn. Shrub with the slender twigs velvetv-puberulent, as well as the veins and flower-stalks. Ilvs. ovate, acuminate, 9 to 18" long, thin, ciliate on the margin, obtuse at base, on very short petioles. S fis. 1" broad, in the midst of caducous bractlets. Y Fl. subtended by 4 bractlets. Fr. 8 to 9" long, narrowed at base into the short stipe. (Borya distychophylla Nutt.) 2. PYRULA'RIA, Mx. OIL-NUT, (Diminutive of Pyrues; its fruit resembling a little pear.) Flowers dicecious; calyx 5-cleft, subcallmpanulate; disk 5-toothed, glandular, half-adherent to the ovary; style I; stigmas 2 or 3, sublenticular; drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, inclosed in the adhering base of the calyx.-Shrubs with. the habit of Celastrus. Lvs. alternate, entire. PRac. terminal. P. puibera Afi. Shrub unarmed; lvs. oval-oblong, acute, puberulent, pellucidpunctate; rac. spike-like, terminal.-Margins of mountain streams, Penn. to Ga. Shrub 4-6f higb. Root fetid. Leaves 2-3' by 1 —1-i', entire, acuminate, petiolate, veins prominent beneath. Flowers small, greenish yellow. Calyx tube short, nearly filled with the glandular disk in the & flowers, the segments reflexed in the. Stamens alternate with the glands of the disk, opposite to those of the calyx. Drupe 7 to 9" long, 5 to 1" thick. May. (Hamiltonia oleifera Muhl.) 3. CO1VIAN'DRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD FLAX. (Gr. t,@w% hair,,dhvdpec, stanmens; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs.) ORDER 111.-ELEAGNACEME. 623 Calyx somewhat urceolate, tube adherent, limb 4 to 5-parted; stamens 4 to 5, opposite the sepals, and connected to them by a tuft of hairs; filaments inserted into the top of the perigynous, 5-lobed disk, between its lobes; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the limb of the calyx. —ery smooth, suffruticous plants. Ped. axillary and terminal. Fls. small, umbellate. ~ 1. EUCOMANDRA. Flowers perfect. Leaves all alternate............................No. 1 ~ 2. DAP.By.A. Flowers dioecious. Leaves mostly opposite...........................No. 2 1 C. umbellAta Nutt. Erect; Ivs. oval-lanceolate; fis. subcorymbed, terminal; connecting hairs yellow. —4 Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem slender, striate, generally branching at top. Leaves entire, alternate, acutish, 1- -1' long, and 1 as wide, tapering to a very short petiole. Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. Each umbel is furnished with a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of corymb. June. 2 C. Ddrbya A. DC. Lvs. elliptical; cymes lateral, about 5-flowered; calyx lobes spreading-reflexed, connecting hairs white.-Ga. near Macon (Darby), N. Car. near Lincolnton (Curtis). A small shrub with terete, blackish branches, the branchlets herbaceous, short, leafy. Lvs. thin and pale, 12 to 18" by 5 to 8", short-petioled, apex obtuse or submucronate. Cymes shorter than the leaves, on slender peduncles. Pedicels 1 or 2" long. Bracts deciduous. Calyx lobes ovate, acute. Fruit unknown. (Darbya umbellulata Gray.) ORDER CX. THYMELACEAE. DAPHNADS. Shrubs with a very tough, acrid bark, entire leaves and perfect flowers, with the calx tubular, colored, the limb 4 (4 or 5)-parted, regular, the tube bearing the slamens as many or usually twice as many as its lobes, and free from the ovary, which is 1-celled, 1-ovuled, the suspended seed with little or no albumen. Genera 40, species 375, very abundant in Australia and S. Africa, sparingly disseminated in Europe and Asia. The only N. American genus is the following. Properties.-The bark is acrid and caustic, raising blisters upon the skin. It is composed of Interlaced fibers, which are extremely tough, but easily separable. The lace-bark tree (Lagetta) ~of Jamaica is particularly remarkable for this property. DIR'CA, L. LEATHER-WOOD. (Gr. dipipa, a fountain;- the shrub grows near mountain streams or rivulets.) Calyx colored, tubular, with a truncate or obscurely 4-toothed limb; stamens 8, unequal, longer than and inserted into the tube; style 1; berry 1-seeded.-Lvs. alternate, simple. Fls. expanding before the oblong-obovate lvs., 3 from cach bud. D. palfstris L-A shrub 5f in height when full grown, U. S. and Can. The fls. appear in April and May, much earlier than the leaves. They are small, yellow, funnel-shaped, about 3 together, with a bld-like involucre. Lvs. from the same buds, entire, on short.petioles, pale underneath. Stam. much longer than the calyx, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish "rods for the fool's back," the bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c. DAPHNE is a genus differing from Dirca by its spreading calyx limb and included stamens. D. Mez6reum, with deciduous lvs. and D. lanceola with evergreen lvs. are occasionally cultivated. ORDER CXI. ELEAGNACE./E. OLEASTERS. Shrubs or trees usually with the leaves covered with a silvery scurf, entire: flowsers mostly dicecious, the calyx free, entire, persistent, becoming in fruit pulpy 624 ORDER 112.-EUPHORBIACEE. and berry-like, inclosing the 1-celled, 1-seeded achenium. Seed ascending, embryo straight, albumen scanty. Genera 4, species 30, thinly dispersed throughout the Northern hemisphere. 1. SHEPHER'DIA, Nutt. (In honor of John.Sheplherd, curator of the botanic garden of Liverpool.) Flowers 9 $.- 8 Calyx 4-cleft; sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands. y Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, but not adhering to it, limb 4-lobed; sty. 1; stig. oblique; berry globous, composed of the fleshy calyx.-Shrubs with spinescent branches, and opposite, deciduous leaves. Fls. aggregated. 1 S. Canad6nsis Nutt. Lvs. elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed beneath with stellate hairs and ferruginous, deciduous scales.-A shrub 6-8f high, found in Vt., N. Y. and XW. to Wis. (Lapham), and Can., by streams and on river banks. Leaves obtuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate hairs, lower surface white, with rust-colored spots, densely tomentous, margin entire; petioles 2-4" long, lamina 1-2' by -— 1'. Fls. minute, in small, lateral, nearly sessile clusters. Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx inclosing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. JI.-A curious and ornamental shrub. 2 S. arg6ntea Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, both surfaces smooth and equally covered with silvery scales.-A small tree, 12-18f high, with thorny branches. Leaves 1-2' by 4-9". Petioles V}' long, margin entire, the surface of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored spots. Fruit the size of a currant, scailet, well-flavored. t Mo. 2. ELEAG'NUS, L. OLEASTER. (Gr. eat[a, the olive; the trees ]laving a resemblance to the olive.) Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-cleft, campanulate, colored on the inner side; sta. 4, alternate with the calyx lobes; anth. subsessile; sty. short; fruit baccate, consisting of the achenium ilnclosed in the dry, farinacceous calyx tube, marzked with 8 furrows.-Trees or shrubs, cultivated for the silvery foliage. Leaves altern ate. 1 E. arg6ntea Ph. Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, wavy, acutish at each end, bothl surfaces, particularly the lower, silvery and shining, with ferruginous scales.-A. beautiful shrub, with reddish branches and small, roundish-ovate, cartilaginous drupes. t Mo. 2 E. angustif6lia L. Lvs. narrowu-ldanceolate, acute at each end,. entire, alternate, smooth, canescent; fls. axillary, aggregate. —A tree of middle size, cultivated for its beautiful foliage and pleasant date-like fruit. f Eur. 3 E. latif6lia L. Lvs. ovate, evergreen. t E. Ind. 3 HIPPOPH.iU rhamnoides, with linear-lanceolate Ivs., silvery white beneath, tetrandrous, diecious fiowers, and a crowd of yellow, acid drupes, is a European shrub, occasionally seen in shrubberies. ORDER CXII. EUiPHORBIACE., SPUnIRGEWORTS. TIerbs, shrubs or trees, usually with a rmilkyacrid juice. Flowers dielious, sometimes enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre. Calyx inferior, sometimes wanting. Corolla scale-like or colored, often wanting. Ovary free, sessile or stipitate, 2, 3 (or more)-carpeled; styles distinct or united, Frvit of 27 3 (or more),. 1 to 2-seeded carpels (rarely of 1 carpel) united to a common axis: at length separating. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Fig. 371. Genes-a 200, species 2500 (Lindley), chiefly natives of S. Amerlica, not mlore than 60 species being found in N. America, north of Mexico. PrJoperities. — An acrid, stimulant andl poisonous principle, residin"g chiefly in the milky j:uice, pervades the whole order. This principle varies in activity frloni iild stimulants. to the most active poisons; but it is volatile and easily expelled by hieat. Taio,: is a starch-like accuninulation formed in the roots of the Jatropha Manihot. When fresl:: -isi- rsoot is a violent poison, ORDER 112.-EUPHORBIACEA4. 625 but loses its deleterious properties by washing and exposure to heait. Castor-oil is expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis. Croton-oil fromn tie seeds of Croton Tiglium. Caoutchouc is yieldled ill abundance by several S. American species. FIG. 687.-1. HIead or capitulum of Eu) horbiacorollata; with the corolla-like involilere, andl pedicellate pistillate flower. f 2. The involucre tube cut open, showing j the monandrous, staminate flowers surrounding the pistillate. 8. One of the O Ou 2 _ K Cross section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded cells or carpels. MOs. Our specimens of the Euphorbiacere were submitted to the inspection of Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, and are here described nearly in accordance with his nomenclature. GENERA. ~ Cells of the ovary one-ovuled; fruit 3 (rarely 2 or 1)-seeded. (*) * Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre, the 3 many, each increly a stamen, with one flower, an ovary exsserted on a pedicel.........................-..-Eueuo.. 1 * Flowers not in an involucre 8, all apetalous, having a calyx only. (a) a Flowers diandrous, ii a terminal spike. Plants glabrous.... S..........TILILNCIA. 2 a Flower 2 to 3-androus, in racenmes. Plants hairy or downy...............T:ATGIA. 3 a Flowers S to 12-androus, in small spikes with large bracts..............-.AcALYPrs. 4 a Flowers 10 to 15-androus, in cyines, with white sepals. Stinging....C. -IDOSCOLS. 5 a Flowers polyandrous, in panicles; fruit echinate. Plant glabrous........-rTuieeus. 6 * Flowers not in an involucre 8, the sterile and often the fertile, also with petals. (b) b Ova. 3 (rarely 2)-celled and seeded. Fls. clustered. Woolly, downy or scurfy.CRoToaN. 7 b Ova. 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Fls. axillary, small. Silvery scurfy.Cr.oT0oroPSTs. S ~ Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled; fruit 6 (or abortively fewer)-sceded. (c) c Calyx 6-parted; stamens 3, united. Flowers axillary, smrall.............. PILLANT I IUS. 9 C Calyx 4-parted; stamens 4, distinct, large. Flowers in bractedl spikes.....PACII-SAND.A. 10 c Calyx 4-parted; starmens 4, distinct. Flowecrs axillary. Shrub. Leaves opposite..Buxus. ll 1. EUPHOR'BIA, L. (Named for Euphorbis, physician to Juba, ]King of Mauritania.) SPURGE. liowers d, several in an involucrate cluster; involucre calyx-like, cup-shaped, with 4 or 5 petaloid segments alternate w-ith as many large glands; flowers achlamydeous, tile, 12 or more each consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel which is axillary to a little bract; y flower solitary, central, a 3-carpeled, 3-styled and 3-seeded ovary raised on a slender pedicel; capsule 3-lobed, separating into 3 bivalved nutlets.- Ierbs or shrubs with a imilky juice. Lvs. generally opposite or verticillate, often alternate, sometimes none. Involucres flower-like, axillary or umbellate. ~ Steums spiny, thick, erect.-Stipules none. Floral leaves scarlet......................... No. 1 ~ Stems unarmned, erect. Leaves destitute of stipules, alternate or opposite. (*) * Involucre with 4 or 5 glands which ar e 2-horned or crescent-shaped. (a) a Umibel of many rays. Stemi-leaves narrow, alternate. Seeds sinooth. 4.... Nos. 2, 3 a Uinbel of 3 rays, and forked. —Stein leaves alternate, thin.................. Nos. 4, 5 a Umbel of 3 or 4 rays, and forked.-Stem leaves opposite, thick................. No. 6 * Involucre with 5 white, petal-like glands or appendalges. (b) b Ilea(ls nearly sessile. Leaves with broad, white imargins.....................o. 7 b lieads pedunculate, solitary or subpaniculate. Leaves broad oval..........Nos. 8, 9 b IIeads pedunculate, unmbellate. Leaves oblong, mostly narrow...........Nos. 10, 11 * Involucre with 1 to 5 glands neither petal-like nor horned. (c) c Inflorescence in compound cymes, with long pedluncles....................... No. 12 c Inflorescenece in compound nIurbels, with short peduncles. (d) d Seeds reticulated or Nlwrinkled. Leaves serrulate................... Nos. 1 4, 1 d Seeds smnooth and even, in a rough, warty fruit..................... LNos. 15, G C Inflorescence solitary, axillary. Leaves all opposite.......................... o. 17 c Inflorescence a simple, terminal cluster. Leaves alternate or opposite....Nos. 1S, 19, Sterns unarmed, chiefly prostrate, dilfuse. Leaves all opposite, small, -with small,'entire or cleft stipules. Involucres axillary or clustered. May to Nov.', (e) e Leaves serrulate or serrate. Seeds rouglhened with wrinkles or pits. (f) f Stem ascending or erect, smooth or smoothish. Seeds blackl or anber color.Nos. 20, 21 f Stemn prostrate, hairy or puberulent as well as the leaves and fruit...... Nos. 22, 23, 24 e Leaves entire. Seeds smooth and even. Plants glabrous...................Nos. 25, 26, 27 1 E. spl6ndens Bojaris. St. suffruticous, fleshy, armed with rigid, sharp thorns; lvs. ovate, tapering to the base, glabrous, entire, acute, mucronate; ped. axillary, 2 or 3 times dichotomous; floral lvs. in pairs, broader than long, cuspidate, scarlet.-A singular and showy garden plant. i Madagascar. 40 626 ORDER 112.-EUPIHORBIACEAE. 2 E. Cyparissias L. CYPRESS SPURGE. Lvs. linear-setaceous, crowded on the stem, with a spiral arrangement; floral lvs. broadly cordate, all sessile; umbel of many simple rays, with several scaltered branches below it; glands crescent-shaped; fr. granulated. —Gardens and fields, rare. Sts. much branched, ascending lf high, with numerous leaves 6 to 10" long, less than 1" wide, the floral yellowish, very different. ~ Eur. 3 E. Esula L. Lvs. lanceolate-linear, the floral broadly cordate, mucronate, umbel of many rays, the rays forked, with scattered branches below it; glands 2-horned; fruit nearly smooth. —Fields, Mass. (Oakes), not common. Sts. much branched, If high. Lvs. 1' or more long, the floral yellowish. Glands brown. ~ Eur. 4 E. P6plus L. Lvs. membranous, roundish, tapering into the petiole, very obtuse, entire, smooth, the upper floral ovate; umbel of 3, rarely 5 rays, then forked; glands lunate, with 2 long horns; ovaries with a double-wi2zged keel at the back, rugous and scabrous; seed dull grayish vwhite, with 2 longitudinal furrows and 4 rows of dots.-Waste places, N. Eng., rare. St. 7 to 12' high. ~ Eur. 5 E. comlnutAta Engel m. Decumbent and branched at base, smooth; sts. erect; lower lvs. oval, petiolato; floral lvs. numerous, thin, broader than long, all sessile. very obtuse; ovaries obtusely angled, nzot winged, seeds dotted all over.- -2 Along streams, WV. Va. to Ohio, Ill. frequent, and S. to Fla. Sts. a foot highl, once or twice trichotomous, the floral lvs. so applied at base as to appear orbicular and perfoliate, 6 to 9'' diam. Horned glands usually but -1-. —IIs been confounded with E. Peplus. Jn. 6 B. Lathyris L. MOLE-TREE. CAPER SPURGE. St. erect, stout, smooth; lvs. lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous, sessile; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous; glands of the invol. lunate, 2-horned, the horns dilated and obtuse. -- Cultivated grounds and gardens. Stem 2-3f high. Leaves 2-4' by 3-9", numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Umbel of 4 verticillate branches w-ithl a central subsessile head. J1. —Sept. ~ Eur.-Supposed efficacious in ex pelling moles from the ground. 7 E. marginata Pursh. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute, mucronate, entire on the margin, glabrous; umnbel 3-rayed, once or twice dichotomous; involucrate lvs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the margin; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish; caps. hoary-pubescent.-J(f) A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves of the involucre. t Shores of the Ky. River at Paris, abundant. Doubtless escaped from the gardens. ~ Native in Nebraska. 8 E. mercuriallna Mx. Sts. slender, weak, simply tricholoonzus; lvs. opposite or ternately whorled, nearly sessile, oval, entire; ped. termlinal, solitary, bearizng a single inv;olucre. — 4 Near Knoxville, Tenn. Ji., Aug., (Michaux).-A- very obscure and long-lost species. We gathered a single specimen 1 0 miles S. of Tallahassee, Fla., in 1857, difbering from the description of Miclhaux only in its lower lvs. beiovg scattered. It is about 9' high, smooth. Lvs. 1' long, entire, obtuse, villous-ciliate on their lower margins and very short petioles. Invol. lobes minutely edged with white. 9 B. paniculkta Ell. Erect from a decumbent base, slender, striate-angled, thinly pubescent; Ivs. oval or elliptical, subrepand, 1revolute on the margins, glaucous beneath, short-petioled, the cauline alternate, ample, the floral small and bract-like, opposite; i2ftlorescence irregularly forked, or paniculate; invol. small (1" diam.), glands slightly expanded, greenish white.-Ga. and Fla. Sts. 8 to 18' high. Lvs. about 18" by 10". Invol. thrice smaller than in No. 10, of which it is considered a variety by Dr. Engelmann. 10 E. corollata L. FLOWERING SPURGE. Erect; cauline and floral lvs. oblong, narrow, obtuse; glands of the invol. obovate, petaloid; umbel 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times di- or trichotomous. —i In dry fields, etc., Can. and U. S. Stem slender, erect, 1-2f high, generally simple and smooth. Leaves 1-2' long, often quite linear, very entire, scattered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. The umbel is generally quite regularly subdivided. Corolla-like involucre large, white, showy. July, Aug-The central head is 2 or 3 weeks earliest. A. ANGusTrIFOLtA. Lvs. oblong-linear; umbel often becoming irregular or more or less paniculate.-Chiefly Southward. ORDER 112.-EUPHORBIACEAE. 627 11 E. Curtisii Engelm. Smooth, very slender, branched from the base; division then cymously branched; lvs. all similar, opposite, narrowly linear, lather acute; invol. broadly obconic, the glands (inner segments) narrowly bordered with a white membrane.-A very slender species, allied to E. corollate, about 10' high. Lvs. 5 to 10" long, less than 1" wide. The narrow white border of invol. conspicuous. Ga. (Feay, Pond,) to N. Car. (Curtis.) 12 E. gracilis Ell. Very smooth and slender, st. 2 or 3-forked below, the branches then repeatedly forked; lvs. all similar, oblong and oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, subpetiolate, mostly opposite; invol. on long peduncles, dark purple with oval glands; fr. strongly 3-lobed, smooth, seeds smoothish, dull.-Sandy pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Plant 5 to 10' high' wholly purple when young. Lvs. 8 to 12" long, very variable in width. Mar., Apr. Al. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Lvs. roundish or quite orbicular, entire, edged with purple. -With the other, 6' high. A singular variety. 13 E. helioscopia L. SuN SPURGE. Erect; floral lvs. obovate, cauline wedgeform, sharply serrate, smooth; umbel 5-rayed, then 3-rayed and forked; fruit smooth and even; sds. reticulated. —) A milky weed in cultivated grounds, N. H. to Niagara, S. to Car., remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation. Stem smooth, erect, 8-16' high. Leaves scattered, — 1' long, 2 as troad at the rounded or retuse apex, tapering to the base. Umbels subtended by a large involucre of 5 ohovate leaves. Each of the 5 rays is pilous with scattered hairs and subdivided into an unlbellet of 3 rays with a 3-leaved involucel, and these finally into 2 or more pedicellate fascicles. June, July. ~ Eur. 14 E. Arkansana Engelm. & Gr. Slender; floral lvs. roundish-ovate, subcordate, obtuse, cauline oblong-spatulate or obovate, all serrulate and glabrous; umbel once or twice trichotomous, then simply forked; glands entire, subsessile; fruit warty, seeds reticulated.-Lexinogton, Ky. (Short, in Gray's Manual) to Ark. and La. (E. tetrapora Engelm., found in W. La. (Hale), differs from this in having 2-horned glands of the involucre and seeds nearly smooth and even. The foliage is almost indentical (fide spec. labeled by Dr. Engelmann). ) 15 E. obtusata Ph. -WARTED SPURGE. LVS. all sessile, obtuse, finely ser rulate, tapering to the base, sparsely hairy beneath, the cauline oblanceolate, floral roundish cordate, clasping, mucronate; umbel 3 to 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times forked; fr. muricate, with wart-like points; styles 2-cleft; sds. compressed, smooth and even.-Waste grounds, Can. to Va. and W. States. A smooth, erect plant, If higih. Lvs. 1' or more long, the floral much shorter. Invol. subsessile, with small, hairy lobes, and large, oval glands. Sds. brown when ripe. —Closely resembles E. platyphylla L. 16 E. Darlingt6nii Gray. Lvs. entire, oblong-lanceolate and oblanceolate, acute, narrowed to the base, subsessile, piloeus beneath, the floral ovate; umbel 5 to 8-rayed, rays once or twice divided; segm. of the invol. colored, entire, subreniform; fr. slightly warty; sds. smooth. —4 Moist woods, Penn. to N. Car. (Curtis). St. 2 to 3f high, smooth, rarely branched below the umbel. Lvs. 3 to 1' by 1', entire or slightly serrulate above, those of the stem alternate, of the branches opposite, and nearly as broad as long. Floral involh purplish brown within. Caps. at length nearly smooth. May, Jn. (E. memoralis Darl., nec Kit.) 17 E. Ipecacudnhee L. IPECAC SPURGE. Procumbent or suberect, smooth, with numerous, diffuse, forking stems; lvs. opposite, obovate and oblanceolate, entire, obtuse, subsessile; ped. elongated, axillary, 1-flowered; seeds white, dotted, flattened.-i- Sandy soil, near the coasts Conn. (Robbins) to Ga. Rt. perennial, very long. St. rather thick and succulent, 3 to 8' long. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 3 to 6", varying from obovate to linear. Ids. solitary. Pedl. as long as the leaves. Jn. 18 E. heteroph'lla IMx. (Engelm.) St. thick, green, glabrous, much branched, tall; Ivs. ovate, or sinuate-toothed, or pandurzjform, the highest often lance-linear, all on slender petioles and scattered; invol. all clustered and terminal, each with 5 ovate lobes; fr. large, smooth, seeds ovoid, tubercled. —W. Ill. to Iowa (Cousens), S. to Ga. (Pond). Plant of singular aspect, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, on stalks half as long, usually narrowed in the middle to a fiddle-shape, the 628 ORDER 112.-EUPHORBIACE.E. upper stained deep red on the edges, &c., more or less. Invol. reddish, with a sessile gland. Jn., J1. (E. cyathifiora Jacq.) 19 E. dentAta Mx. St. low, slender, hairy, brachiately branched; Ivs. opposite, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, coarsely dentate, paler and hairy beneath; invol. subsessile, in a terminal cluster, each with 5 ovate, laciniate lobes; fr. minutely velvety; seeds globular, tubercled. —In shady places, Penn. to Iowa and La. Plant 6 to 12' high; lvs. 1 to 2', mostly lanceolate, but varying to linear. Invol. with one or more stalked glands. Seeds grayish. Jn. -Aug. 20 B. hypericif6lia L. St. smooth, branching, nearly erect, branches divaricate spreading; lvs. oval-oblong, very oblique, serirate all arouid; corymbs terminal; seeds rugous, black. —) A slender and branching plant, found in dry and rich soils, U. S. and Can. Stern 10-20' higoh, uually purple, very smooth, the branches often pubescent. Leaves tripli-veined, marked with oblong cdots and blotches, ciliate, 6-12" long, and 4- as wide, oblique, on very short petioles. Corymbs of small, w-hite heads, terminal and axillary. July, Aug. 21 E. glyptosp6rma Engelm. Decumbent at base, much branched, slender, glabroes; lvs. oblong, oblique, obtuse, serrulate towards the end; stipules cleft and fringed; invol. subsessile, appendages crenulate, white; sdls. angular, sculptured, amber color. —Madison, Wis. (Laphalm), and southwestward. A delicate species. Lvs. 6" by 2", and smaller, strongly arcuate. Stipules whitish, cleft into hair-lilke processes. 22 E. maculata L. Procumbent; branches spreading; lvs. serrate, oblong, hairy; fis. in crowded, axillary clusters; seeds brownish, 4-aqngld, wrinlzed.-a (ii Plant spreadingo flat upon the ground, in sandy fields, Can. and L. S. Stent 6-12' in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3-61' long and - as wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, often spotted with dark purple, the margin ciliate, pale and hairy beneath, on short stalks. Heads of flowers small, crowded near the summit, involucre minute, white. Ji.-Sept. This and Nos. 23 and 24 are too closely allied. 23 E. humistrAta Engelm. Procumbent, roughly and minutely villous, diffuse; ivs. obliquely elliptical, obtuse at both ends, denticulate near the apex, sparselh Lairy beneath; ped. crowded in lateral clusters, shorter than the very short petioles' invol. slit on the back, appendages subentire; sds. ovate, 4-angled, sniniutely rougi:ened (not wrinkled), ash-colored.-JBanks of the Mlississippi, St. Louis (Engelmanl) and southwestwvard. Lvs. 4 to 7" by 2 to 4", sometimes nearly smooth, solletimes spotted above. Fr. puberulent, acutely angled. Seed " long. 24 E. prostrata Ait. Prostrate, very diffuse, villous-pulverulent; lvs. roundisl — oval, very obtuse at both ends, minutely serrulato towards the apex, villous beneath; ped. clzstered, longer than the very short petioles; invol. appendages obtuse, entire; fr. woolly; sds. 4-angled, transversely srugous.-RIiver banks, S. V. States (H-ale). Spreading in large patches, wnith rather dense foliage, clothed all over with a fine dusty wool. Lvs. of two sizes, the cauline 3 to 5"! by 2 to 3", the ramial scarce half as large. Seeds light brown. 25 E. polygonif6lia L. KIOT-GR.nSS SPlRGE. ProCUmbent; lvs. entire, lanzceo7ate and oblong, obtuse at base; invol. subsessile, in the axils of the branch s, solitary; seeds large (l" long) smooth, ovoid. —~i Sea shores, R. 1. to Fla. A very smooth, succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems 6-10' long, dichotomous procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base, 3 —5" by 1", petioles about 1". Stipules subulate and simple. HIeads small, in the forks of the purple stem. June, July. 26 E. cordifblia Ell. Prostrate, spreading, glabrous; Ise. obliquely coridale at tlh base, oval, obtuse, entire, distinctly petiolate; stipules laciniate; ped. nea~rly as long. as the leaves, loosely clustered, subterminal; invol. appendages oval, white, conspicuous; fr. angular; seed obtuse-angled, smooth.-C- f In cultivated lands, Car. to Fla. and La. Spreading in large patches, with alternate branches and open foliage. Lvs. 3 to 5", rarely 6", slightly variegated. Sds. brownish white. 27 E. s6rpens H. B. K. (Engelman). Prostrate, spreading, glabrous; 1&3. very small, roundish-oval, obtuse at both ends, entire; ped. much longer than the petioles, solitary or several in the axil; invol. appendages scarcely any; sds. smooth, obtusely angledcl. — anks of the 3Miss., St. Louis (Engelm.) to N. Orleans (Hale). ORDER 112.-EUPHIORBIACE2E. 629 Our most delicate species. Lvs. 1 to 2i" long and less, elegantly variegated. Seeds minute, light brown. (E. herniarioides Nutt.) 2. STILLIN'GIA, Gard. (Named for Dr. Bengjamin Stillinzyfeet.) Flowers 8, in a terminal, dense spike, apetalous;, calyx cup-form, lobed and crenulate; stamens 2, filamlents exserted, with short, 2-lobed anthers;? calyx 3-lobed; style trifid, with 3 diverging, simnple stigmas; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. —Plants smooth, erect, with alternate lvs. Fertile fls. at the base of the sterile spike. 1 S. sylvatica L. St. herbaceous or shrubby at base; ivs. oval-lanceolate, cuneate at the subsessile base, obtuse at apex, serrulate; spike solitary, simple, with large, cup-shaped glands among thle yellowish flowers.-2; Sandy soils, Va. to Fla. and La. St. mostly simple, 18' to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3 to 4' long, thick, smooth. Spike 2 to 3' long. May, Jn. 2 S. ligustrina Mx. Shrubby, branching; lvs. lanceolate, tapering to both ends, very entire, petiolate; staminate fls. short-pedicelled, 1 to each bract, with'2 glands.-In Ga. and Car., margins of streams. Plant 6 to 12f high.-Description compiled from Michaux, Pursh and Nuttall. We have not seen the plant. 3 S. sebifera L. TALLOW TREE. Arborescent, withll very smooth branches, Ivs. long-petioled, rhomboidal, acuminate, entire; sterile fls. very small, many from each involucre; fruit stalked, large (6" diam.) for the genus.-Seacoast, S. Car., Ga. to. La. Tree 20 to 40f high. Lvs. as broad as long (2 to 4'), conspicuously pointed. Petioles of equal length. ~ China. 3. TRA'GIA, Plum. (From Tragus, an early German botanist.) Flowers 8; corolla none; S calyx 3-parted; stameps 2 or 3, distinct; Y calyx 5 to 6 to 8-parted, persistent; style 3-cleft, stigmas 3; fruit 3lobed, 3-celled, separating into 3 bivalve, 1-seeded nutlets.-2 IHerbs (or tropical shrubs), often climbing. Lvs. mostly alternate, pubescent, stipulate. Fls. small, racemed. * Stern twining. Leaves cordlate, sharply serrate.....................................No. 1 * Stem erect.-Leaves subcordate at base, acutely serrate............................Neo. o2 -Leaves cuneate or obtuse at base, obtusely serrate or entire.........Nos. 3, 4 1 T. macrocdirpa Willd. Reclining, much branched, its slender summits twining, sparsely hirsute; lvs. long-petiolate, cordate-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate; rac. much elongated; fi. large.-Hedges, copses, Ky. (Michaux) to La. (Hale). Sts. 2 to 4f long. Lvs. large (1 to 3' long), exactly heart-shaped. Fr. nearly half an inch diam. (T. cordata AMlx.) 2 T. urticsef6lia Mx. Erect, hirsute, sparingly branched; lvrs. ovate-lanceolate, unequally and sharply serrate, subcordate or truncate at base, on short petioles; rac. axillary, elongated; fr. very hairy; sds. globular, very smooth, hollow. —S. States, common. Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, half to a fourth as wide. Fruit 3" diam. ~May-Aug. (T. angustifolia Nutt.) 3 T. firens L. Erect, branched, villous-pubescent; Ivs. ob.vate-oblong, varyJing to lance-linear, cuneate at base, subsessile, coarsely few-tootherabove, or entire; ratc. axillary, bracted, few or many-flowered; fr. downy.-Dry grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. A homely weed, 10 to 15' high, half shrubby, soft downy, and not (as Linnmeus supposed) stinging. Branches mostly simple. Lvs. 1' or more long. Fr. downy, about 4" diam. /3. LINE'TRIS. Lvs. elongated, linear nearly or quite entire.-Ga. to Fla. Seeds usually hollow as in all the varieties. (T. linearifolia Ell.) 4 T. betonicwef6lia Nutt. Much branched from a decumbent base, hairy; lus. oval, obtuse at both ends, coarsely crenate-dentate, short-petioled; stip. oval, conspicuous; fis. mostly solitary, opposite to the leaves, pedunculate.-Near N. Orleans (Hale). Plant f lligh. Lvs. 1' or more long. 4. ACAL'YPHA, L. THIREE-SEEDED MIERCURY. (Gr. dica2?y1, thle nettle.) Flowers 8; corolla 0; d very small, in shlort spikes; calyx 4 630 ORDER 112.-EUPHORBIACEAE. parted; stamens 8 to 12, filaments very short. united at base, with halved anthers; 9 calyx 3-parted; styles 3, elongtated, 2 or 3-cleft or fringed; fruit separating into 3 bivalve, 1-seeded nutlets, rarely simple. -- lIHerbs (or tropical shrubs) resembling nettles. Lvs. tllternate, petiolate. Fls. axillarv, the fertile in short clusters at the base of the little staminate spikes, surrounded by a large cut-toothed bract. 1 A. Virginica L. Hairy or downy, branched; Ivs. oblon7g-lanceolate, obscurely ser-,rate; involucrate bracts broadly ovate, deeply cut-toothed, veiny; sterile spikes slender, peduncled, usually exceeding the involucre; seeds oval, ash-colored sneoothish.-Dry fields, Can. and U. S. A rough weed, 10 to 20' high, often decumbate at base. Lvs. 12 to 30" long, varying from ovate to lanceolate or lancelinear, obtusely pointed, the petioles about as long. The little green spikes 4 to 10"; fertile clusters in the same axils, sometimes aione. Jn. —Aug. (Also A. gracilens Gr.) /3. MONOCococ (Engelm.) Very slender, with lance-linear, subentire lvs. and a simple, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit. —W. Ill. 2 A. Carolinihana Walt. Minutely downy, branched; Ivs. ovate, cordate, closely and strongly serrate, acute; sterile spikes short, fertile fis., also splicate, terminal; invol. bracts deeply palmate with linear segments; sds. roundish ovoid, light ashcolored, roughened with hard, black points.-Ind. to N. J., Ga. and La. Plant slender, 1 to 2f high, nearly smooth. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 9 to 16", on slender petioles. Seeds larger (l") than in No. 1. 5. CNIDOS'COLUS, Pohl. SPURGE NETTLE. (Gr. ic6vt;7, a nettle, oawrl og, a prickle.) Flowers 3, showy; calyx colored, convolute, coralline; corolla 0; hypogynous glands 5, $ stamens 10, united at base, alternately short;? calyx 5-parted; styles 3, cach 2 or morecleft; capsule 3-carpeled, 3-sceeded. —Ierbs often beset with stings. C. stimul6sa Gray. Hispid, with bristly stings; Ivs. pahnately 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, ciliate, lobes acute or acuminate, with fbw mucronate teeth?, lateral lobes 2-parted; ils. terminal at length opposite the leaves, cymous; sep. wvhite, oval, spreading; styles many-cleft at top; caps. lispid.- - A low herb, in sandy soils, throughout the South, painfully common. It varies much in the width of its leaf segments. Stings white, often half an irich long. MTar.-J1. (Jatrophla stimulosa AiMx.) 6. RIC'INUS, Tourn. CASTOR OIL PLANT. (Lat. ricinus, a bug; from the resemiblance of the seeds.) Flowers 0, apetalous; calyx 3 to 5-parted, valvate in the bud; 8 stamens oo, with irregularly united filaments;? style short, stigmas 3, 2-parted, plumous, colored; capsule echinate, 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded.-H- elrbs or sl-lrubs. R. commfinis L. St. frosted or glaucous, white, herbaceous; lvs. peltate, palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate; caps. prickly.-Native of the E. Indies, where it becomes a tree, althouglh an herbaceous annual in the N. St'ates. In Ga. La. and Fla. it is a stout shrub! St. tall, smooth, of a light bluish green color. Lvs. 4 to 12" diam., on long petioles. From its seeds is expressed the well known castor oil of the shops. For this purpose it is extensively cultivated in the S. and W. States.-The purgative property resides in the embryo, inot in the albumen. 7. CRO'TON, L. (Name in Greek of the same import as Ricinus.) Flowers 6;, calyx 4 or 5-parted, cylindric-valvate in bud; corolla of 4 or 5 petals, often small; stamens 5 to 20;? calyx 5, rarely 8-cleft; corolla often minute or none; styles 3, once or repeatedly forked; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-carpeled, carpels 1-seeded. —Plants clothed with scurf, down or wool, usually glandular and aromatic. Hairs stellate. Lvs. alternate. ORDER 112. —EUPHORBIACEAi. 631 ~ Plants downy. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 2 styles, pendulous.......................No. 1 ~ Plants hairy or scaly. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 3 styles, each 2 or 3-cleft........ Nos. 2-4 ~ Plants densely woolly. Fertile calyx 8-parted. Styles 3, each twice 2-cleft.......... Nos. 5, 6 1 C. monanth6gynum M Ix. Stellately pubescent, tri- and dichotomously branched, slender; lvs. on slender petioles, ovate and ovate-oblong, broad and sometimes subcordate at base, mucronulate, entire, silvery beneath; fls. in the forks, the sterile 2 or 3 in a little erect, stalked head; the fertile mostly solitary in the same axil, recurved; fr. 2-seeded. —-l) Prairies, Pike Co., Ill. (Holton) an(d south-westward. Herb near If high, lvs. 1' long. Fls. very small. Jn.Sept. 2 C. glandulsum L. Hispid, glandular, tri- (or 4)-chotomously branched; lus. clustered at the forks, petiolate, lance-oblong or linear-oblong, serrate, bearingy 2 cup-shapecl glands at base; fls. in small clusters, sessile in the forks and terminal, the fertile at the base, 5-parted, the sterile 4-parted, octandrous.- r. In fields and waste grounds, Ill. to Va., Ga. and La. A straggling herb 1 to 3f high. Les. 1 to 2' long. Sd. light ash-colored. Jn. —Sept. 3 C. argyradnthemum Mx. Clothed wLth glSandular scales, branched at bas; vs. oval or oblong, tapering to a petiole, obtuse, entire, silvery beneatll; Jfs. in a capitate, teraminaal spike, silvery s:hitish all over, fertile at base, 5-parted, with 33 styles, each 3-cleft at top; sterile 5-parted, octandrous.-)- Sandy soils, Ga. (Wayne Co., Dr. Towrn) and Fla. (Tallahassee!). Sts. 9 to 18 hliIgh, simple, often clustered. Lyevs. 1' to 18" long, half to a third as wide. Scales stellate, vitll a central gland. Fls. short-pediceled. Apr.-Jn. 4 C. maritimum Walt.;alf shrizbbly, diffusely and trichotomously branched. branches clothed with a steilular tomentum; ivs. broadly oval, obltuse, entire, subcordate, pale above, silvery beneath, petiolate; fls. in dense spikes, terminal and in the forks, the sterile many, the fertile commonly 2 at the base; caps. tomentous.-4 Drifting sands along the seacoast, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. (Engelman). Sts. straggling and spreading 2 to 3f. Lvs. shining with a silvery scurif not hairy beneath, nearly as broad as long. 5 C. capithctum Mix. Annual, woolly or tomentous, hoary, branched; Ivs. lonag)etioled, oval-oblong, obtuse, entire, rounded at base; fls. in terminal, capitate clusters, the fertile at the balse, with a large (8" diam.) 8-cleft calyx; stamens 10 to 12.-Dry barrens of ll1. to La. Also in N. J. (Kniskern in Gray's Manual). lHerb 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' long, often rather lanceolate and acutisll, scarcely longer thanl heir petioles. Seeds polished, cinerous-brown, mottled. Jn. -Sept. 6 C. Lindheimeri Eng. & Gray. Shrubby, erect, triclhotomously branched, clothed with a dense, hoary tomnentum, lus. oblong-lanceolate, seounded or sultcordate at base, acute, entire, lower petioles elongated; spikes terminal and in the forks, mixed or separate, sterile fls. many, sessile, fertile larger, 2 or 3 at the base or alone; cal. very woolly,? 7 or 8-parted; styles 3, twice or thrice forked, red; ova. very villous.-Sands, near the coast, La., Tex. Shrub 2 to 4f high, lvs. 2 to 3' long. Flls. a mass of rusty wool, 5" broad. 8. CROTONOP'SIS, Mx. (Named for its resemblance (m/r1g) to the genus Croton.) Flowers 8, miniute, in terminal and axillary spilkes; d calyx 5-parted; corolla of 5 petals; stamens 5, distimct;? calyx 5parted d; corolla none; stamens 5 rudimentary scales; stignias 3, each bifid; ovary simple; capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent.-r- Herb slender, branching, silvery-scurfy, with small, alternate l-s. Upper fls. sterile. C. lineAris MIx.-Sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla., La. and Ill. (Lapham). Sts. as slender as the flax, at length repeatedly forked, 1 to 2f tigh, clothed with rusty glands in shining scales, as well as the small (6 to 10" long), linear-oblong, acute lvs. Fr. oval, acute, muricate glandular. Jn.-Sept. 9. PHYLLAN'THUS, L. (Gr. OJ'%Jtov, cvs&o~; tlhe leaves of the original species are apparently fioriferous.) Flowers:.-? Calyx per 632 ORDER 113.-ULMACEKE. sistent, with 6 spreading, colored segments; stamens 3, very short, filaments united at base, anthers didymous. 9 Calyx as in the 5; styles 3, bifid; capsule 3-celled; cells 2-valved, 1 —2-seeded.-H- erbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers. P. Carolin6nsis W alt. (P. obovatus Willd.) St. erect, herbaceols, with alternate branches; lvs. simple, entire, glabrous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly petioled; fis. fBw, subsolitary, axillary. —) A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn. to Ill. and South. Stem 6-10' high, slender, the branches filiform. Leaves of the stem 6 —8" by 4-5", of the branches twice, and of tile branchlets four times smaller. Flowers 1-3 in each axil, the 8 with the 2 nearly 1" diam., whitish. July, Aug. 10. PACHYSAN'DRA, Mx. (Gr. TaXv'sf, thick, dvclpa, stamen.) Flowers 8, apetalous, in bracteate spikces; calyx 4-par'ted; 5 stamens 4, filaments distinct, large, subclavate; ovary a rudiment; T styles 3, rccurved; capsule 3-horned, 3-cclled, cells 2-valved, 2-scedcl. — H41erbs procumbent, from long, creeping, rhizomes. Lvs. nearly glabrous, alternatc, exstipulate. Spikes situated below the Ivs. P. procumbens Mx. Sts. simple; lvs. few, oval, coarsely crenate-toothed. narrowed into a slender petiole; spikes firom near the base of the stem, co-flowered, the fertile below the sterile each subtended by 2 or 3 narrow bracts. —Ats. of Va. and E. Tenn. to Ga. Sts. 6 to 9' long. Lvs. 1 to 2', all of them above the few spikes which are about the same length. Mar.-May. 11. BUX'US, L. Box-wvooD. (The Greek name of this plant nwas,7;sos.) Flowerls 3, axillary.- $ Calyx 3-leaved, petals 2; sta. 4, with thle rudiment of an ovary. 9 Cal. 4-sepaled; pet. 3; sty. 3; caps. with 3 beaks and 3 cells; seeds 6.-Shrubs and trees. Lvs. evergreen, opposite. B. semp6rvirens L. Lvs. ovate: petioles hairy at edoe; anTth. ovate, sagittate.-Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA has narrowr, lanceolate leaves. Var. SUFFRUTICOSA, the dwarf box has obovate leaves and a stem scarcely woody, highly esteemed for edgings in gardens. —The box with its varieties is native of Europe, and furnishes the well-known box-woodl so extensively used by engravers, mathematical instrument makers, &e. ORDER CXIII. UTLMACE4/E. ELMWORTS. Trees with a colorless juice, alternate, deciduous leaves and stipules, with the lowers perfect, or abortively polygamous, in loose clusters, never in arnents. Call?.e subcampanulate, bearing the stamens opposite to its lobes, filaments straight, ovael-y free, 1 or 2-celled, with two stigmas, forming in fruit a samara or a drupe. Secd suspended, with no albumen and leafy cotyledons. Fig. 46. E. 115, 437. Genera 9, species 60, native of the northern temperate zone. Proper ties. —Astrienent, mnucilainous, innoxuous. Tbe mucilaginous bark of the Slippery Ei!n (UlInus fulva) is the only important medicinal product. Most of tile Elims afford excellent timber. I. UL'MIUS, L. ELM. (The Latin name, from elin, Teutonic.) Flowers 5. Calyx campanulate, 4 to 8-cleft; stamens 4 to 8; styles 2; ovary compressed forming a flattened samara -with a broad niemlbranous border.-Trees, rarely shrubs. Lvs. scabrous, often abrupt at base. Fls. fasciculate or racemed, appearing before the Ivs. ~ Samara ciliate-fringed with hairs, and on slender pedicels. (a) a Flowers and fruit corymnbous-urmbellate. Branciles not corky..................No. 1 a Flowers and fruit manifestly racme. Branches corky..........................Nos., 3 Samara cdestitute of a frilnge, subsessile or short pediceled.................. N.....os, 4-6 ORDER 113.-ULMACE2E. 633 1 U. Americana L. IIITE ELM. (Fig. 437.) Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate., often doubly so, unequal at base; fis. pediceled in loose clusters; fi. oval, smooth except the densely ciliate margin, its 2 beaks with points incurved aed meeting. —U. S. and Can. A majestic tree, usually distinguished by its long pendulous branches. The trunk attains a diameter of 3 to 5f, loosing itself suddenly at top in 2 or more primary branches. These ascend, gradually spreading, and repeatedly dividing in broad, graceful curves, and affording a goodl example of the solvent axis (~ 174). It is a great favorite as a shade tree, and is frequently seen rearing its stately form and casting its deep shade over the " sw-eet homes" of N. Enfg. April. 2 U. racemrnsa Thomas. CorR ELLI. Branchlets downy, often with tzick, cor,'y ridges; Ivs. oate, acuminate, auricula,7te on re side; fls. in racemes; pedicels in distinct fascicices, united at their base, fruit ovate, elliptic, ciliate. —A tree.found in low grounds, Meriden, N. HI. to N. Y., aicd westwarcd. The twigs and branches are remarkably distinguished by their numerous, corky, wing-like excrescences. Leaves 3 —4' long, - as wide, produced into a rounded auricle on one side, doubly serrate, smooth above, veins andcl under surface minutely pubescent. Flowers pedicellate, 2-4 in each of the fasecicles -which are arranged in racemes. Calyx 7 —8-cleft. Stamens 7 —10. StimLas recurved. Samara pubescent, the margin doubly fringed. Apr. —iMuch like No. 1, except its inflorescence and bark. 3 U. alaita Mx. TWINGED ELAr. Vrii IIOO. Branches smooth, here and there winged with 2 corky ridges; Ivs. oblong-lanceolaie, small, acrte, doubly serrate, all sldtly unequcd, at base; fis. in racemes; cal. lobes obovate, obtuse; fruit downy all over, ciliate-fringed on the margin, beaks slender. -Common in the S. States. Tree with its branches more regularly cork-wingedl than in No. 2, its leaves much smaller (18 to 30' long) and subequal at base, the petioles only 1" long. (Fruit misrepresented in Miiciaux.) 4 U. fiilva L. SLIPPERY ELMr..RED ELM. Branches roughl; Ivs. oblonag-ovate, acurminate, nearly equcll at base, unequally serrate, pubescent both sides, very rough; buds covered with fzuirols down; fls. sessile; fr. nearly orbicular, scarcely ciliate. —Woods and low grounds, N. Eng. to Car. The Slippery Elm is much oughllt on account of the mucilage in the inner bark. Its diameter is 1 to 2f and height 20 to 40f. The lvs. are larger, thicker and rougher than those of the White Ellm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Fls. collected at the ends of the young shoots. Cal. downy, sessile. Stam. short, reddish, 7 in number. Apr. 5 U. canmp6stris L. ENGLISi ELMI. Les. (sma7l) cvate, doubly serrate, unequal at base; fs. subsessile, denrsely clustered; t:a. 5-8; cal. segmenits rounded, ebtuse; samara suborbicular, the border destitute of a fringe of hairs. —From Europe. Introduced and naturalized in the Eastern States to a small.extent. It is a majestic tree, 50-70f high. The main trunk is usually excurrent ( 173). Branches rigid and thrown off at a large anle, foliageo dense. In form it favors the Oak more than our native Elms. Many trees of this kind, in the vicinity of Boston, are particularly remarked in Emerson's Report, pp. 301, 302. 6 U. nmonthna L. SCOTCII ELax. YVCIl ELM. Lvs. (large), obovate, czs2pidate, doubly and coarsely serrate, cuneate and unequal at base, very scabrous above, evenly downy beneath; fr. subumbellate, rhombic-oblong; scarcely cloven not ciliate.-Another European Elm often planted in our parks. It is a large tree. rather resembling our Slippery Elm than the WVhite Elm. 7 U. crassif6lia Nutt.'With very small (1' long), thick, oval, obtuse lvs. growvs in AV. La., probably not E. of the Miiss. It flowers in Sept. only. (tiIalu.) 2. PLAN'ERA, Gmuel. (In honor of Joh/n J. Planer, a German bo'tanist.) Flowers monmecious-polyganlous; calyx campanulate, 4 to 5cleft; stamens 4 to 5; stigmas 2, oblong, divexging; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, wingless, dry, nut-like, indehiscent.-Trees with the habit of Ulmaus. P. aqua.tica Gmel. Lvs. small, smooth, ovate, acute, serrate, equal at base; fis axillary, in clusters of 2 to 5; sig. plumous; nut roughened with scale-like points. — River swamps, N. Car. to Ga. A tree 30 to 401 high. Feb., Mar. 634 ORDER 114.-ARTOCAlRPACE E. 3. CEL'TIS, Tourn. NETTLE TREE. SUGAR-BERRY. (Celtis was tile ancient name for the Lotus.) Flowers monecio-polygamnouso, Calyx 6-parted; starnens 6; 5 calyx 5-parted; stalnens 5; style 2; stigmnas subulate, elongatecl, spreading; drupe globular, 1-seeded, seed wkith little albumen.-Trees or large shrubs. Lvs. mostly oblique at base. Fls. subsolitary, axillary. 1 C. occidentalis L. Trees; lvs. ovate, subeordato or truncate, acuminate, cntire and unequal at base, serrate, rough above, and rough-hairy beneath; peduncle longer than the petiole; sep. triangular-ovale, erect; fr. solitary. —Tree sonme 30f high in N. Eng. where it is rarely found, much larger (3 to 5f diam., 50 to 7Of high) and more abundant South and West. The trunk has a rough but unbroken bark, with numerous slender, horizontal branches, formingm a wide-spread and dense top. Lvs. with a long acumination, and remarkably uiinquial at the broad base. lls. axillary, solita.ry, small anid white, succeeded by a sin'all, round drupe. f. CRASSIFO6LA. Lvs. thick, rough, serrate, cordate, dark greenl a1nd mottled above. Also a large tree, tall in woods, wice-spread in open lands. Botl are often mistaken for Elms.'. INTEGRIFOLIA. Lvs. entire, thin, smooth; bark emooth and unbroken.Banks of the leiss., St. Louis, to N. Orleans. Aeo have specimens with most of the lvs. perfectly entire, some on tle same branch -with 1 or 2 notches, others notched a fourth of the circuit, &c. (C. Niississippiensis Pose.) 2 C. pulnila Ph. Shrub; lvs. broadily ovate, acute or slightly acumliniate, partly serrate, smooth on both sides, pubescent only whenr young; 11s. solitary; set),mzostly 6, oblong-linear, as long as the styles, Iorizonectlly spireading. — \ straggling shrub, 3 to 1Of high, in hilly districts, Va. to Fla. (Chattahoochee). Flowering at the height of (2f Nutt) Cf. The peculiarity of tlhe flower may perhaps entitle this shrub to the rank of a species. Sep. near'2" long. ])rupes glaucous black. sweet. Mar.-M- ay. ORmDER CXIV. AITOC (R RPACEi'. AJRTOCATRPS. Trees or shrubs with a milky acrid or noxious juice, with large deciduous stipules. F lowers 8? or;. collected into dense heads or aments, naked or with a lobed calyx. Ovary free, 1 (rarely 2)-celled, 1-ovuled, forming fleshy, aggregated fruit (sorosis or syconus, ~580). Acheuiuwa with an erect or pendulous, albuminous seed. Figs. ti6, 149, 450, 451. Genera 81, s.pecies 040? generally natives of the tropics or at least of warm ciim-ates. They are closely allied to the Nettleworts, differing chieflly in fiiuit, juice and habit. Properties. —The juice is almost always ldeleterious, someitimes iln a high degree. It contains caoutchouc. The celebrated Bolhon UpaCs, the most deadly of all peisons, is tlhe concrete juice of Antiaris toxicaria of the Indian Archipelago. Its poisonous property is sail to be ldue to the presence of strycheL,iCt. AMeanwvhile the famous coze tree of S. America yields milk -vwhich is rich and wholesor-e. Gum lacIC is obtained abundantly firom Ficas In(lica. The reInowneid Bas(Itu/ tree is Ficus religiosa. In this order are also found many excellent fruits. 1,i m are the fruit of Ficus Carica, &c. B?,seetd frit is the compound fruit of Artocarpus;; m;.elobemie. (,of Morlis nigra. Futstic, a yellow dye, is the wood of 5M. tinctoiia of S. America. ~ Flowers inside the excavated receptacle, both kinds torether...................... Ficus. 4 ~ Flowers external, the 2 kinds separate, in tw o kinds of arents. () * Calyx none. Fertile flowers in a globular arent. Thorny............... MACLUta. 3 * Calyx 4-parted. Fertile amnent globular. Style 1...................... 1 )c-SSoNETIc,. 2 * Calyx 4-parted, lobes spreading. Fertileanments oblong. Styles 2............. MIous. I 1. fMO'RUS, Tourn. MULBERRY. (Celtic mor, black; the color of thle fruit.) Flowers moncecious or dimecious, the 8 in loose catkins; tlhe 9 in dense spike-like catkins; calyx 4-parted; stamens 4; styles 2; achenium compressed, enclosed within the baccate calyx, the whole spike thus constituting a compound berry (sorosis.) -Tree s with alternate, generally lobed lvs. Fls. inconspicuous. ORDER 114.-ARTOCARPACEAE. 635 1 M. rfibra L. RED MULBERRY. Lvs. scabrous, pubescent beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, equally serrate, acininate, ovate or (in the young trees) palmately and oddly lobed; fertile spikes cylindric; fr. dark red.-In N. Eng. a rare shrub 15 to 20f high. In the Mid. S. and W. States it attains the elevation of 40-60f, withe a diameter of 1 to 2f. Roots yellow. Trunk covered with a grayish bark, much broken and furrowed. Wood fine-grained, stong and durable. Leaves 4-6' long, -' as wide, entire or divided into lobes, thick, dark green. Flowers small. Fruit of a deep red color, with the aspect of a blackberry, composed of the entire catkin, made pulpy and sweet. Apr., May. 2 DJ. dlba L. WRIIITE MULBERRY. LVS. glabrous, cordate and oblique at base, uzequatlly serrate, either undivided or lobed; ft. whitish.-Cultivated for the sake of its leaves as the food of silk worms. A tree of humble growth. Leaves 2-4' longr, 2 as wide, acute, petiolate. Flowers green, in small, roundish spikes or heads. Fruit of a yellowish-white, insipid. f China. /3. 3rULTICAULIS. (CHINESE MULBERRY.) Lvs. large (4 —7' long, i as broad.) -Shrub. 3 M. nigra L. BLACK IMULBERRY. LVS. scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse, unequally serrate; fertile spikes oval. —Cultivated for ornament and shade, in this as well as in many other countries. Fruit dark red or blackish, of an aromatic, acid flavor. t. Persia. 2. BROUSSONE'TIA, L'tIer. PAPEI MULBEtRRY. (In honor of P. VN. gV. L]roussonet, a distinguished French naturalist.) Flowers diceceous; $ amient cylindric~; calyx 4-parted;? ament globous; receptacle cylindric-clavate, compound; calyx 3 to 4-toothed, tubular; ovaries becoming fleshy, clavate, prominent; style lateral; seed 1, covered by the calyx. —Trees from Japan. B. papyrifera Vent. Lvs. of the younger tree roundish-ovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, of the adult tree 3-lobed; fr. hispid.-A fine hardy tree, occasionally cultivated. It is a low, bushy-headed tree, of rapid growth, with large, light green, downy leaves, and dark red fruit a littlo larger than peas, with long, purple hairs. The divided lvs. resemble those of the -vwhite mulberry. 3. NACLU'RA, Nutt. OSAGE ORANGE. (To Willfiam Maclure, Esj., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist.) Flowers 8 y, in aments. Calyx 0; ova. numerous, coalescing into a comnpound, globons firuit, of 1seeded, compressed, aingular, cuneiform carpels; sty. 1, filiformn, villous. -A lactescent tree, with deciduous, alternate, entire, exstipulate leaves and stout, axillary spines. M. aurantiaca Nutt.-A beautiful tree, native on the banks of the Arkansas, &c. Leaves 4-5' by 1 —2W', glabrous and shining above, strongly veined and paler beneath, on short petioles, ovate or ovate-oblong, margin obscurely denticulate, apex subacuininate, rather coriaceous. The fruit is about the size of an orange, golden yellow when ripe, suspended by an axillary peduncle amid the deep green, polished foliage. Extensively cultivated for hedges. 4. FI'CUS, Tourn. FIG. BANYAN. (Gr. av/;ij. Lat. ficrs. Celtic.fiuerem. Teutonic fiege. Anglo-Saxon Fic. English Fig.) Flowers mnoncecious, ninute, fixed upon the inside of a fleshy, turbinate, closed receptacle;, calyx 3-parted; stamens 3; 9 calyx 5-parted; ovary 1; seed 1; fruit (syconus) composed of the enlarged, fleshy receptacles inclosing the numerous, dry, imnbedded achenia. P. Cdrica Willd. CoIxmON FIG. Lvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, repand-dentato; lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath.-Supposed to be a native of Caria, Asia, although cultivated for its fruit in all tropical climes. With us it is reared only in sheltered locations as a curiosity. The delicious fruit is well known. Leaves very variable in form. 636 - ORDER 115.-URTICACEzE. ORDER CXV. URTICACEAE. NETTLEWORTS. lTerbs (and some tropical shrubs) with a watery juice, a tough, fibrous bark. Leaves stipulate, often opposite, flowers small, moncecious or dicecious, in panicles, racemes, or dense clusters, furnished with a regular calyx. Stamens opposite to the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, ovule erect, orthotropous..Frsit a simple achenium. Figs. 50, 459. Genesea ~25..pecie.s 700? generally diffused in all climes. WVe retain und(er this order the Cannabineav, dismissing the Artocarpem, thus constituting a group -which is at least prcteticZlsy natural. Properties.-The Nettleworts are remarkable for the caustic secretion of their glandular, stinging hairs, which, bad enough in our common nettle, attains a terrible virulence in celrtail F. Indian species. The juice of the lIernpworts is bitter and narcotic. Savage nations procllre an intoxicating liquor fromn the lIernp, and the inore civilized a strong stimiulauLt fromr the lIop. The fibrous bark of lecmp and other species is highly valuable in the arts. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I.. UlrTICEhE.-Filaments crenulate, expanlding, elastically. Fertile c;llyx 3 to 5-sepaleid or tootlihed. Seed albuminous, with a straight embryo (*). * Iterbs with stinging hairs.-Stamlens 4. Leaves opposite.................. URTICA. I -Stamens 5. Leaves alternate............... LAPOP1,EA. 2 * Ierbs stingless.-Stamens 3. Fertile calyx 3-sepaled. Leaves opposite....PILEA. 3 — Stamens 4. —ils. in slender spi kes. Lys. opp. or alt.... Bum.lEmRIsA. 4 -Fls. in involucrate cymes. Lvs. alternm.. PAmsETArIA. 5 IT. CANNA1B.IN 1EE. —Filraments straight, or snot elastic. Fertile calyx of I sepal, lateral, embracing the ovary. Seed exalbuminious, wvith a curvesd or spiral emnbryo (*). * Fruit a valveless achenium, in a strobile-like ament. Twining...........Iti.. rmr.TUs. 6I * Fruit a 2-valved caryopsis, in axillary pairs. Ls. diy itate...............CAxNnArs. 7 1. UR'TICA, Tourn. NETTLE. (Lat. ut o, to burn; in reference to the stinging species.) Flowers 8, sometimes 9Y; - calyx 4-sepaled, with a cup-shaped, central rudiment of an ovary; stamnens 4; Y calyx persistent, 4-sepaled, the outer pair iminute, the ininer at lenigth surroundinug the shining, compresse d acheniumn; sti r-gma 1, sessile. —Eerbs with stinging hails. Lvs. opposite. ]ils. green, in axillarv or subterminial clusters or racemnes. ~ Clusters comlmpoundl, longer than the Ipetioles...................................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Clusters simple, shorter, or not longer than the petioles........................Nos. 8 —5 1 U. pr6cera Willd. St. tall, sinple, 4-sided, s4-i htdlJ h ispid withfew stings; Ivs. lanceolate, acute or obtuse at base, rough, lispid, promninently 5-veined, agutelv serrate; panicles axillary, very branching, numerous, interruptedly spicate, lower ones sterile, upper fertile.-Borders of fields, waste places, N. Eng. and Can. St. 3 to 5f high, with a tough bark. Lvs. with the serratures incurved, acute or somewhat acuminate at apex, 3 times longer than the petioles. Fls. in glomerate panicles on the upper part of the stem. J1. (U. gracilis Ait.) 2 U. dioica L. STINGING NETTLE. Very hispid and stinging; Ivs. cordate, lanceovate, conspicuously acuminate, coarsely and acutely serrate, the point entire, petioles thrice shorter; ls. 8 or $ 9, in branching, clustered, axillary, interrupted spikes longer than the petioles.-2-4 Waste places, common. Stem 2 —4f lligh branching, obtusely 4-angled, with opposite, short-stalked leaves which are 3-4' long, and about h as wide. Flowers small, green, in axillary clusters, of mean aspect, corresponding with the insidious character of the plant. Ji., Aug. ~ Eur.-Its power of stinging resides in minute, tubular hlairs or prickles, which transmit a venomous fluid when pressed. 3 U. firens L. DWARF NETTLE. Lvs. broadly elliptic, or ovate, petiolate, 3veined, deeply and acutely serrate; clusters in spike-like. loose, sbimp)le pais-s.-(-( Weed, in cultivated grounds. Stem 12-20' high, hispidc with venomous stings, branching. Leaves 1' or more long, half as broad, on short petioles and with large serratures. Stipules smnall, lanceolate, reflexed. Flowers in drooping, pe. dunculate clusters about as long as the petioles, both the sterile and fertile in the ORDER 115.-URTICACEA ]. 637 same axil. lare northward, frequent South. Feb., Mar. (South). Apr.-Jn. (North). ~ Eur. 4 U. purpurascens Nutt. Assurgent, beset with spreading stings; 1vs. broadly ovate, cordate, 3-veined, coarsely crenate-serrate; glomerules capitate, much shorter than the petioles, dense, axillary, spicate at top.-Ky. to La. Sts. purplish, 12 to 18' high, clustered. Lvs. variegated, 1' long and wide, petiole 6 to 9". Mfar. — May. 5 U. chammadroides Ph. St. bristly with stings; Ivs. subsessile, ovate, serrate, strigous beneath; glomerules axillary, sessile, subglobous, reflexed.-On the islands of Ga. (Pursh.) Lvs. small. Stings white and very conspicuous. IMay. —Is this a variety of U. urens? 2. LAPOR'TEA, Gaudich. WAOOD NETTLE. Flowers 3 or, O;; calyx 5-parted; stamens 5; ovary rudimentary, hemispherical; $ calyx 4-sepaled, the 2 outer minute, the 2 inner foliaceous in firuit; stigma subulate, elongated; achcniaa compressed-lenticular, very oblique, finally reflexed on the winged pedicel. —2 Iairs stinging. Lvs. ample, alteruate, ovate. Fls. in axillary panicles, the lower sterile, upper fertile. L. Canad6nsis Gaud. Ilispid and stinging; lvs. on long petioles, broad-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, serrate, acuminate; panicles axillary, solitary or in pairs, divaricate, mostly shorter than the petioles, the fertile nearly terminal, elongated in fruit.-Damp woods, U. S. and Can. St. 2 to 6f high, mostly simple, flexuous at top. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 3', more or less hispid both sides, sometimes nearly smooth. Lower petioles 3' long. Fls. minute, in panicles 1 to 4' in length, the fertile panicle about 2', erect, enlarged in fruit. Aug. (Urtica Canadensis and divaricata L.) 3. PI'LEA, Lindley. FRICH-WEED. (Lat. p)ilexes, a cap; firom the resemblance of one of the sepals of P. muscosa.) Flowers 8 or?. 8 Calyx of 3 or 4 equal sepals; stamens 3 or 4. $ Calyx of 3 oblong, unequal sepals; stamens rudiments 3, cucullate opposite the sepals; achenium roughened, opaque, ovate, erect, nearly naked. —- Smooth, stingless, writh opposite lvs., united stipules and dense, axillary clusters, both kinds mixed. P. puimila Gr. Ascending, weak, succulent; lvs. on long petioles, rhombicovate, crenate-serrate, membranous and glabrous, 3-veined; fls. in short clusters; + sepals slightly unequal. —- In waste places, about buildings and in woods, U. S. and Can. St. fleshy, semi-transparent when grow-ing in shades, smooth and shining, 3 to 18' long, simple or branched. Lvs. pale green, 1 to 2' by 8 to 16", petioles of about the same length. Sep. much shorter than the greenish, mottled acheniurn, one of them a little longer than the other two. Jl.-Sept. (Urtica, L. Adice, Raft) 4. BJ{EHTE'RIA, Jacq. FxLsSE NETTLE. (Named for G. F. Bawhrmer, a Germlan botanist.) Flowers 8 or,S?., Calyx 4-parted, with lancolate, acute segmrnents; stamens 4; $ calyx tubular, truncate or 4toothed, persistent and closely investing the ovate, pointed achenium. — Herbs or shrubs, stingless. Lvs. opposite or alternate. Fls. clustered. 1 B. cylfndrica Willd. ITorbaceous, dicecious, smoothish; Ivs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, dentate, on long petioles; sterile spikes interrupted, fertile cylindric.A coarse, nettle-like plant, in swamps and bottoms, MBid. and AV. States. St. slender, obtusely 4-angled, channeled on each side, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 3-veined, 3 to 5' long, half as w-ide, petioles 2 to 3', the upper sometimes not quite opposite. ls. nminute, the fertile spikes 1 to 2' in length, the barren spikes longer and more slender. JI., Aug. (Urtica capitata L?) 2 B. laterifl6ra lMuhl. Whole plant rough-pubescent, monoecious; Ivs. all alterzate, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate. dentate, rounded and subpeltato at base, on 638 ORDER 116. —EMPETRACEAE. short petioles; upper spikes long and sterile, lower short, dense, fertile.-Borders of ponds, S. W. States. St. strict, 2 to 3f high, very rough. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, a fourth as wide, thick, on petioles 4 to 7" long. Fertile spikes as long as the petioles, sterile nearly as long as the leaves. 5. PARIETA'RIA, Tourn. PELLITORY. (Lat. paries, a wall; some of the species prefer to grow on old walls.) Flowers moncecio-polygca1nous, ill clusters, surrounded by a many-bracted involucre. 8 Calyx 4-sepaled; stamens 4, at first incurved, elastically expanding.? Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-lobed, inclosing the ovary; stigma tufted; achenium polished, inclosed within the persistent calyx.-Herbs weed-like, with usually alternate lvs. Clusters of green fis., axillary. 1 P. Pennsylvanica Muhli. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, taperizg to an obtuse point, entire, punctate with opaque dots; invol. longer thanL the fiowers. —) A rough, pubescent herb, found in dclamp, rocky places, Vt. to Wis. and Ga. Stern erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6-12' high. Leaves alternate, entire, hairy and rough, about,' wide and 3 or 4 times as long, petiolate, and ending with an obtuse acumination. Segments of the involucre about 3, lance-linear. Flowers dense, greenish and reddish white. Mlay, June. 2 P. Floridnaa Nutt. Lvs. rounclish-ovate, obtuse, as long as the petiole, opaquely punctate; fls. as long as the involucre.-O- Damp, sandy soils, Ga. and Fla. St. decurnbent at base, branches erect, 10 to 12' high. Lvs. small, 1' long, including the filiform petiole, 3 to 5"' wide. Bracts linear. lMay-Oct. 6. HU'MULUS, L. Hop. (Lat. humeeus, moist earth; the hop grows only in rich soils.) Flowers c 0.-Q- Calyx 5-sepalecl; stameins 5; anthers with 2 pores at the sumrlmit. Bracts imbricate, large, entire, concave, persistent, 1-flowered, forming an oblong ament; calyx of I sepal; membranous, entire, persistent; styles 2; achenium invested by thle tlhin calyx; embryo coiled.- -4 Twining with the sun. Lvs. opposite. FIs. in axillary panicles and strobile-like aments. H. ltipulus L. The hop-vine is found wild in hedges, &c., throughout this country, and is, as every one knows, extensively cultivated for the sake of its ament-liko fiuit. It has a long, annual stem of rapid growth, always twining with the sun, rougllh backwards with reflexed prickles. Leaves very rough, generally 3-lobed, deeply cordate at base, on long stalks. Flowers of the barren plants innumerable, panicled, greenish; those of the fertile, in aments with large scales. Cal. and scales in fruit covered with reddish, resinous atoms (lupulin) ini which the -virtue resides. J1. 7. CAN'NABIS, Tourn. HEmIIP. Flowers 3?. — Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5. y Calyx entire, oblong-acuminate, opening longitudinally' at the side; styles 2; caryopsis 2-valved, inclosed within the persistent calyx; embryo curved.'p Lvs. opposite, digitate. Fls. axillary, 3 iIL cymotus panricles, 9 in sessile spikes. C. sativa L. Lvs. palmately 5 to 7-foliate.-The hemp springs up spontaneously in our hedges and waste grounds. It is a tall, erect plant, with handsome petiolate leaves. Lfts. lanceolate, serrate 3 to 5' long, ~ as wide, the middle one largest. Fls. small, green, solitary and axillary in the barren plants, spiked in thile fertile ones. It is cultivated ir IKy., Tenn., &c., as one of tile staples. Jn. ~ India. OCRDER CXVSI. EMIPETRACEl'E. CROWBERRIES. Shrubs low, evergreen, lreathlike, with crowded, narrow leaves and small, diclinous flowers. Calyx of 4 to 6, hypogynous, persistent, imbricated scales, the inner often colored. Stamens 2 or 3, pollen grains quaternate. Ovary free, 2 to 9-celled, ORDER 117.-PLATANACEAE. 639 2 to 9-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, with as many 1-seeded nuts. Seed ascending, albuminous, radicle inferior. Genera 3, species 4, natives of N. Europe, N. America and the Straits of Magellan. Properties, acilulous. The berries are nutritious. GENERA. * Stamcns 3. StigmaLs 6 to 9-rayed. Berry 6 to 9-seeded.....................PETRUM. 1 S* tamens 3. Stigmas 3 or 4, style slender. Drupe 3 or 4-seeded................COREMA. 2 * Stamens 2. Stigmnas 4. Berry 2-seeded. Shrub erect.................C....CRATIOLA. 3 1. EMII'PETRU1I, Tourn. CRowDERRY. (Gr.'v, upon,'r7Tpof, a stone; from the places of its natural growth.) Flowers 9. Perianth consistingeof 2 series of scales, the 3 inner petaloidl; Stamens 3, anthers pendulous on long filaments. y Stigma subsessile, 6 to 9-rayed; drupe globular, wvith 6 to 9 secedlike nutlets.-Alpine undclershrubs. E. nigrum L. Procumbent branches smooth; lvs. imbricated, linear-oblong, obtuse a+t each end, nearly smooth, with a revolute margin.-A small, prostrate shrub, found on the granite rocks of the White Mts. of N. H., and the calcareous mountains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4f long, much branched and closely covered all around with evergreen leaves, which are 2 or 3" long, half a line wide. Flowers very small, reddish, crowded in the axils of the upper lvs. Berries black, not ill-flavored. May, Jn. 2. CORE'MA, Don. (Oakesia, Tuckernran.) (Gr. KA6p bra, a bloom; fi'oml the resemblance.) Flowers 8 y or,? i. Perianth of 5 or 6 bractlets, the 3 inner sepaloild. S Stamens 3, sometimes 4, with exserted filaments.? Ovary 3 or 4-celled; style filiform, 3 or 4-cleft, with narrow stigmnas; drupe globular, minute, with 3 or 4 nutlets.diffuse undershbrubs. Lvs. linear. C. Conrddii Torr. Diffuse, very slender, glabrous; Ivs. linear, revolute on the margin, coriaceous; fruit dry.-Sandy and rocky plains, here and there, from Can.? Me. to N. J. Sts. If high, with a reddish-ash-colored bark, with short, verticillate branches. Lvs. evergreen, numerous, spiral or imperfectly verticillate, 3" long, linear, revolute. Fls. in terminal clusters of 10 to 15, with brownish scales and purple stamens and styles. —Plants with ~ are less common than those with S or. 5Mar., Apr. 3. CERATI'OLA, Mx. SAND-HILL ROSEMARY. (A Latin diminutive, from 6e'pa~, a born; referring to the stigmas.) Flowers o. Perianth of 6 to 8 imbricated, concave, fimbriate scales, the two or 4 inner membranous. 3 Stamens 2, exsertecl, anthers 2-cclled, roundish.? Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigmas 4 or 6, spreading, toothed; fruit a drupe with 2-seed-like nuts.-A shrub with verticillate branches, crowded, acerous lvs. and axillary, sessile fls. C. ericoides Mx. —Hills or plains sandy or gravelly, Augusta, Ga. to Apalachicola, Fla. Shrub evergreen, 3 to 6f high. Young branchlets downy. Lvs. in close whorls of 3s and 4s, about 6" long', ri(rid, acute. Fls. lateral, stigmas purple. Fr. yellowish, small, astringent. Aug., Sept. ORDER CXVII. PLATANACEAI. SYCAMREs.. Trees with a watery juice, alternate palmate leaves and sheathing, scarious stipules. lflowers moncecious, in globular aments, destitute of both calyx and corolla. Sterile.-Stamens single, with only small scales intermixed. Anthers 2-celled, linear. _Fertile.-Ovary terminated by a thick style with one side stigmatic. Xt clavate, tipped with the persistent, recurved st-le.,Seed solitary, albuminous. Fig. 82. 640 ORDER 118.-JUGLANDACEKE. Genus 1, species 5? Treed of the largest dimensions, natives of Barbary Levant and N. America. PLAT'ANUS, L. PLANE TREE. BIUTTON WAOOD. SYCAMORE. (Gr. TiraTtVg, broad; in reference to the amlple foliage.) Character of the genus the same as that of the order. P. occidentalis L. Lvs. anoularly lobed and toothed; stipules obliquely ovate; branches whitish; fertile bhea.ds solitary.-The largest (though not the loftiest) tree of the American forest. Along the Western rivers trees are found whose trunks measure from 40-50f in circumference, or more than 13f in diameter! It flourishes in any soil, but is most frequently met with on the stony borders and beds of streams. Leaves very large, tomentous beneath when young. The petiole covers the axillary bud in its concave base. Fls. in globular aments or balls, which hang upon the tree on long pedicels most of the winter. The bark is yearly detached from the trunk in large scales leaving a white surface beneath. Miay. ORDER CXVIII. JUGLAND)ACEIE. WVALNUT. Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves and moncecious flowers. Sterile flowers in aments, with an irregular perianth. Fertile, solitary or clustered. $ Calyx regrular, 3 to 5-lobed, tube adherent to the partly 2 to 4-celled ovary. Fruit a tryma (~ 564), with a fibrous epicarp (shwck) and a bony endocap (shell). Seed large, orthotropous, exalbuminous, with lobed, often sinuous, oily cotyledons. Gelenea( 4, species 27, mostly North American. Pr'opertie.s.-Trhe well-known fruit of the }Butternut, walnut, pecan nut is sweet and wholesonmre, abounding in a rich drying oil. The epicarp is very astringent. The timber is highly valuable. 1. JUG'LANS, L. AWALNUT. (Lat. Jovis glans; i. e., the nut of Jove; a name given it by way of eminence.) 8 Flowers in an imbribricated, simple alrent; calyx scale 5 —6-parted, somewhat bracteate at base; stamens about 20. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 4-partedl; stigmas 2; firuit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, indehiscent, endocarp rugouns and irregularly furrowed. —Trees of large size. Leaflets numerous. Sterile aments axillarr. Fertile flowers terminal. Pith separating into thin, transverse disks. 1. J. cinikrea L. WrHITE WrALNUT. BUTTERNUT. Lfts. numerous (15-17), lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, soft-pubescent beneath; petioles villous; fr. oblong-ovate, with a termninal oblese point, viscid, hairy; shell oblong, acuminate, deeply and irregularly furrowedcl.-A common tree, Can. to Ga. and W. States. It is 40-50f higih, with a large, but short trunk. Branches horizontal, and unusually wide-spyeading, forinog a very large head. Leaves 12-20' long, consisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. Barren flowers in long aments; fertile in short spikes. The kernel is rich in oil, and pleasant-flavored. The wood is of a reddish hue, light, used in panneling and ornamental work. Bark cathartic. April, May. 2 J. nigra L. BI3LAC WALNUT. LftS. numerous (15 to 21). ovate-lanceolate, serrate, subcordate, tapering above; petioles and under side of the leaves subpubescent; fr. globular, glabrous,; uzeven, with scabrous punctures.-A common and stately forest tree in the IMid. S. and W. States, sparingly found in the Northern. It arises 60-90f! high with a diameter of 3 —6 In open lands it spreads widely into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and and heavy, of a deep violet color, with a white alburnum. It is used extensively west of the Alleghanies, for building and fencing, every where for cabinet work. Apr., May. 2. CA'RYA, Nutt. HIciconRY. SHAGBARKS. (Gr. haQ-pa, the walnut, from tcapa, the h]eadt; in allusion to the shape of the nut?)? Aments inmbricatcel, slender a-nd mostly 3-parted or trichotomous; shales ORDER 118.-JUGLANDACE.2E. 641 3-parted; stamens 4-6; anthers hairy.? Calyx 4-cleft, superior; corolla 0; style 0; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the lobes bifid; epicarp 4-valved; nucleus subquadrangular, even. —Large trees, with hard and strong timber. Lft. few. Both kinds of fls., and the lvs. from the same bud, the X terminal. Pith continuous. ~ Leaflets 13, to 15, scythe-shaped. Not oblong, thin-shelled, very sweet.............No. 1 ~ Lecflets 7 to 11. Nut with a tender shell and very bitter kernel.................N s. 2, 3 ~ Leaflets 5 to 9.-Nut roundish, hard-shelled, sweet and eatable. (*) * Valves of the epicarp distinct to the base. Bark with loose plates.......... Nos. 4, 5 * Valves of the epicarp united below. Bark continuous, firm................ Nos. 6-S I C. olivaef6rmis Nutt. PECAN-NUT (PE-CAWN). Lf. with a slender petiolo and 13 or 15 lanceolate-falcate lfts., all acuminate, sharply serrate and short petiolulate, fr. oblong, 4-angled, valves distinct; nut (olive-shaped) oblong, with a thin shell an4d.delicious kernel.-Low, inundated river banks, Ind. (Wabash), Ill. to La. At Terre Haute are specimens 80 to 90f high, with a rough, shaggy bark, the smaller with bark slightly broken. Lfts. seldom less than 13, often 15, 5 or 6' long, by 1 to 2', decidedly falcate, nearly smooth. The kernel fills the shell, and not being divided by bony partitions, is easily extracted. Its rich flavor is well known. Mar.-May. 2 C. amara Nutt. ]BITTERNUT. Lfts. about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sLhaeply serrate, smooth both sides except the pubescent veins and midvein, odd one subsessile, the rest sessilo; fr. subygobous, with the sutures prominent above, valves half united; nut white, very thin-shelled, smooth, subglobous; kernel bitter.Grows in most of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in Penn. and along the Ohio valley. Winter bud orange yellow. Thoe nut may be broken by the fingers and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely touch it. May. 3 C. aquhtica Nutt. WATER BITTERNUT. Lfts. about 11, lanceolate, oblique, acuminate, subentire, sessile, the odd one petiolulate, fruit pedunculate, ovate, sutures prominent; nut small, angular, compressed, with a very tender, reddish shell and bitter kernel.-Southern States, in swamps and rice-field ditches. Tree 30 to 40f high. Lfts. slightly inequilateral, of a shining rich green both sides, resembling the peach leaf. Fruit wholly unpalatable, and timber of little value. Apr. 4 C. dlba Nutt. SHAGSARK. Lf. long-petioled, of 5 Ifts., the 3 upper oblanceolate, the 2 lower much smaller, oblong-lanceolate, the termninal petiolulate, lateral sessile, all subacuminate, sharply serrulate, downy beneath; fr. depressed-globular; valves distinct; nut roundish, compressed, subquadrangular, with a thin shell and large, sweet kernel.-Native from Me. to Wis., S. to Ga. In forests it is veryv tall, straight and slender, with a rough, shaggy bark consisting externally of long broad plates loosely hanging. Lfts. uniformly 5, the 2 lower deflexed, odd one tapering to a stalk 5 to 8"t long. Aments 3 on each stalk, long, slender, pendulous. Fertile fis. 2 or 3 together, sessile, terminal. Wood straight-grained, very fertile, heavy, elastic, excellent as timber or fuel, while tile fruit is of the richest flavor. Apr., May. 5 C. sulcita Nutt. TJIICK-SHIELLBARK. Lfts. 7 or 9, oblanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, the odd one subsessile, attenuate to the, base; fr. large, oval, subquadrangular, 4-furrowed, valves opening to the base; nut longer than broad, pointed at each end, with a very thick shell and rich-flavored kernel.-Penn. to Ga., rare, but common, W. of the Alleghanies. Tree 40 to 80f high, with a shaggy bark in loose narrow plates. Lfts. often 9, the lower pair smaller, odd one generally sessile,-a good mark of distinction. Nut usually twice larger than in C. alba. and scaicely less delicious. Mar. —May. 6 C. tomentosa Nutt. MOCKERNUT. Leaf of 7 or 9 fts., odd Ift. petiolulate, the lateral sessile, all oblong-lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire, rough-downy beneath as well ac the thick petiole; aments very slender, hairy; fr. globular or suboval, valves united at base; nut subhexagonal, with a very thick shell and well-flavored kernel.-Native throughout the country but more abundant West and South. A large tree 40 to GOf high in woods. Bark thick and rugged, but not scaly. Winter bud large, hard, grayish white. Lvs. strongly resinous-scented. Fruit varying in size from 1' to 2' diam., with a very thick husk, rounded shell, 41 642 ORDER 119.-CUPULIFER1E. and a comparatively small kernel difficult of extraction. Taste inferior to the shellbark. Wood with a small duramen, excellent for fuel. Apr., May. 7 C. glAbra Torr. PIGNUT. Lfts. 5 or 7, ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, serrate, nearly glabrous both sides; fruit soundish-obovate or pyriform, half 4-valved; nut smooth and even or slightly angular, hard, thin-shelled, with a bitterish but eatable kernel.-Forests U. S. and Can., growihg to the height of 60-100f. Trunk 1 to i2f diam., covered with a moderately even bark. Lfts. mostly 7, often 5, sometimes 9, the odd one tapering to a short stalk. The fruit is considerably variable in fbrrm and quality, often pear-shaped, then obovate or roundish, always somewhat bitter. W"ood exceedingly tough and hard, and excellent for fuel. Mar, May. (Juglaus, Muhl. C. porcina Nutt.) 8 C. microcirpa Nutt. Lfts. 5 or 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, conspicuously acuminate; aments glabrous; fr.?roundish-ovoid, valves thin, united below; nut thin-shelled, small, slightly quadrangular.-A large tree 60 to 80f high, in moist woodlands, Penn. to IKy. and Tenn.? Trunk 1+ to 2f diam. with an even bark. Lfts. mostly 5, often 7, 4 to 8' by 2 to 3', the under surface tufted in the 1xils of the veinlets, and sprinkled with dark glandular dots. Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate, eatable. Mlay. ORDER CXIX. CUTPULIFERE. AMASTWORTS. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined, with deciduous stipules. Flowers mnonoecious, the sterile in aments which are racemed or capitate. 3 Calyx scale-like or regular, with 5 to 20 stamens inserted at its base.? Calyx tube -adherent to the ova.ry, the toothed limb crowning its summit. Ovary 2 to 3 to 6eelled, with sessile stigmas and 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together invested by an involucre which forms a scaly or echinate cupule. Seed destitute of albumen, filled by the embryo with its large cotyledons. Illust. in figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 71, 138, 139, 140, 202, 418, 438, 471, 472, 473, 474. 46. B. Genera, S, species 265, constituting a large portion of thle forests of the northern temperate regions, and of rmiountainous tracts within the tropics..Popesties.-The bark of the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. Thle edible firnit of the hazel-nut, chestnut, beech, &c., are too well known to require description. Cork is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nutt galls are produce(d from the petioles of Q. infectoria of Asia Ainor, being caused by wounds made by insects. But the timber is of the highest quality and value. GENERA. Sterile flowers in aments, fertile, solitary, or few together. (*) * Involucre of many scales, valveless, cup-like, partly enclosing the 1 nut.... QuERcus. 1 * Involuere of prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 or 3 nuts.................CASTAN-EA. 2 * Involucre of soft, prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 nuts.................... FAGeUs. 3 * Involucre of 2 or 3 large, lacerated, united scales, valveless, with 1-2 nuts..CORTL's. 4 ~ Sterile flowers and fertile, both kinds in pendulous aments. (*) * Involucre scales in pairs, with their edges united, inflated.....................TRA. 5 * Involucre scales in pairs, distinct, 3-lobed, becomning leaf-like.............. CARINsts. C6 1. QUER'CUS, L. OAK. (Celtic quer, fine, cuez, tree. The Celtic name is drys, hence druid.), Fls. in loose aments; calyx mostly 5cleft; stamens 5-10.? Cupule cup-shaped, scaly; ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled (Fig. 418), 2 of the cells and 5 of the ovules abortive; stigmas 3; nut (acorn) coriaccous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly cupul. —A noble genus of trees, rarely shrubs. Aments axillary, pendulous, filiform, with the flowers separate, in one section, not maturing fruit until the second year (fruit,biennial). Tinmber invaluable. Fig. 420. j ZD~~~~ ORDER 119.-CUPULIFERI. 643 ~ Leaves mostly entire, the ends subequal, the petioles very short. Fruit ). (*) * Pediincle longer than the oblonh acorn. Leaves evergreen.................No. 1 * Pedluncle shorter than the acorn.-Leaves downy beneath....................Nos. 2, 3 -LeaLves smooth both sides.................Nos. 4, 5 ~ Leaves 3-lobed and dilated above, shlort-petioled, aivbles.s when mature. Fr. 0 )..Nos. 6, 7 ~ Leaves 3 to 9-lobed or pinnatifid, broad, lobes s.etleeoz.sly/ (aonesd. Fruit 2. (*) * Leaves at base cuneate, short-petiolcd, 8 or 5-lobe(l. Shrubs or small trees....Nos. S —10 * Leaves at base abrupt or truncate, mostly long-petioled, 7 to 9-lobed. (a) a Nut one-third immersed in the saucer-shapedl, fine-scaled cup...............Nos. 11, 12 a Nut near hsalf immersed, in the hlenisl)helical, coalse-scaled cup. (b) b Leaves cincrous-downy benea.th, acorn also downy..No. 1, b Leaves (except when young) glabrous both sides................. No... s. 14-1 ~ Leaves 5 to 9-lobed, divisions obtuse, never bristle-awned. Fruit'(, sessile....Nos. 17-19 ~ Leaves 13 to 25-toothed, downy beneath, teeth awnless. Acorn sweet, eatable. (c) C Acorns large (1/ long) pedlincutlate........................Nos. 20, 21 c Acorns small (8/ long) nearly sessile.................M......Nos. 22, 2'3 I Q. virens Ait. LIVE OA0K. Lvs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, downy and paler beneath; cup turbinate; nut oblong-obovoicl, on a slender peduncle.In the maritime or low districts of the S. States. Tree 40 to 50, rarely 70f high, of slow growth. [Branches widely spreading. Bark blackish and thick. Wood very heavy, close-grained, yellowish. Lvs. 18" to 3' long, short petioled, the old ones cinerous-green, revolute-edged. Peduncle about 1' long, acorn 9" by 6", maturing the second year. MLay. —The timber is in great demand for ship buildingI and is fast disappearing. 2 Q. cinera Ph. ITPLAXD ~WILLOW~ OAI;. Lvs. coriaceous, tardily deciduous, lanceolate-oblong, entire, apex acutish, mlucronato,'znargin sevolute, white-downy beneath, attenuate at base; cup subsessile, saucer-shapmed, aut subylobous.-Sandy or pine barrens, Va. to Fla. A shrub or small tree, 4 to 20f high, trunk not exceeding 4 to 6' diam. Lvs. partly persistent, 1' to 30" long, resembling those of the live oak, but mucronate, and on the shrubby stocks often toothed. M'aS. jp. SERICEA. Dwarf; lrs. silky; tomentous beneath, 1 to 3' long, deciduous.South, in pine barrens. (Q. sericea Ait. Q. pumila iMx.) 3 Q. imbricaria 1Mx. LnsURa OAK. SIIINGLE OtAs. (Fig. 138.) Lvs. decird1outs, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very entire, shilning-glabrous above, subpubescent beneath (but not hoary), mucronate at apex; acorn subglobous, in a shallow cup; scales of the cup broad-ovate.-A beautiful tree, very abundant in the AV. States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. Trunk 4050f high, 1-2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large head of coarse. irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and firm in texture, 3 —5' by 1-1', forming a dense, heavy foliage. June.-The timber snakes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack-Oak. 4 Q. Phellos L. WILLOW OAK. Lvs. deciduous, lilear —lanceolate, tapering to, each end, very entire, glabrous, mucronate at apex; acorn subglobous, in a shallow cup.-A tree 30 to 60f high, borders of swvamps, N. J. to Fla. and V. States. Trunk straight, 10 to 20' diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves which bear considerable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light greele color, dentate when y-oung, 3 to 5' in length. Acorns 6" diam. May. —The timber is of little value. i3. AIARTIrMA. Low, shrubby; lvs. evergreen. —Sea coast, Va. to Fla. A few feet high. 5 Q. laurif6lia Mx. SWAMIP LAUREL OAK. Lvs. oblanceolate or lance-obovate, acute, mucronate, entire, or some of them swithl 2 lateral teeth above, glabrous both sides, base abruptly ending in a very short petiole; cup saucer-shaped, nut depressed-ovoid.-Damp woods, and often planted for shade, S. Car. to Fla. A tree with handsome, dense foliage, partly evergreen, 30 to 50f high. Bark blackish, rough. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, coriaceous, green both sides, shining above, often appearing tricuspidate. Ped. 1I" long. Acorn as broad as long, cup 6" across. May. /3. OI3TUSA. Lvs. obtuse, not mucronate, sessile.-Ga. (Pond). Fruit the same. 6 Q. aquatica Mx. WATER OAK. Lvs. wedge-obovate, entire, or mostly dilated and obscurely 3-lobed above, not mucronate, glabrous both sides, gradually attenuated to a very short petiole; cup subsessile, vesry shallow, nut globular. —Swamps,. Md. to Fla., also planted for shade. It is a handsome, round-headed tree, with 644 ORDER 119.-CUPULIFERIE. very dense foliage of a bright, shining green. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide above, coriaceous, but mostly deciduous, very variable, but always cuneate. Cup 6" across, 1" deep. Apr., May. 7 Q. nigra L. BARREN OAK. BLACK JACK. IRON OAK. LvS. coriaceous, cuneiform, obtuse or subcordate at base, mostly 3-lobed at apex, lobes subequal, entire or toothed, setaceous-mucronate when young, smooth and shining above, r'stdowny beneath; villous in the axils of the veins; cup turbinate, half covering the globular nut; scales of the cup obtuse, scaious.-A small, gnarled tree, with dark, massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to Ill. and S. States. Trunk 20 to 30f high, with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3 to 7 to 8' by 2 to 5', broadest above, the middle lobe narrowest. Petioles 3 to 6" long. May. —The wood is very valuable for fuel. (Q. ferruginea Mx.) 8 Q. triloba Mx. DOWNY [BLACK OAK. Lvs. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, on very short petioles, 3-lobed at the end, rusty-tomentous beneath, lobes mucronate with setaceous awns, middle one longer; fruit with a flat cup and a depressed-globous acorn.-A tree of rapid growth, 25 to 40f high, in the pine barrens of N. J. to Fla. Lvs. very large, those of the young shoots 8 to 12' long and often 5-lobed, approaching, perhaps, too closely the next. May.-It has been recommended for hedges. 9. Q. Catesbbei Mx. BARIREN SCRUB OAK. Lvs. short-petiolate, cuneate at base, deeply sinuate-lobed, glabrous oa both sides, lobes 3 to 5, divaricate, acute and setaceous-pointed, simple or toothed with setaceous-pointed teeth; cup large, turbinate, half covering the ovoid nut, scales obtuse, the upper inflexed. —Pine barrens, Car. to Ga. A tree 20 to 25f high, with large and very irregular leaves, 6 to 10' long and nearly as wide, smooth, at length coriaceous, deciduous. Cup about 8" broad, nut covered with an ashy meal. May. 10 Q. ilicif6lia Willd. SHRUB or SCRUB OIAK. BEAR OAK. LVs. petiolate, obovate-cuneate, with 3 or 5 angular lobes, entire on the margin, whitish downy beneath; cup subturbinate; acorn ovoid.-A shrub, common throughout the U. S., growing only on gravelly hills and barrens, which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. St. 3 to 4f high, divided into numerous straggling branches. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, petioles 6 to 12". Acorns 6" lotne, abundant, and said to be greedily eaten by bears, deer, and swine. May. (Q. Bannisteri Mx.) f3.? GEORGIANA. Lvs. glabrous, except a tuft in the axils of the veins; cup flat, covering only one-fourth of the ovoid nut.-On stone Mt., Ga. i. (Q. Georgiana Ravanel.) 11 Q. rUibra L. RED OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, shallow, incisely dentate; acorn large; cup shallow and flat, smoothish; nut turgid-ovoid.-The red oak is the most common species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide-spreading tree, 70f in height, with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6-10' long, smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mucronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by large acorns (9" long) contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as timber, but excellent fuel.:12 Q. palistris Mx. PIN OAK. WrATER OAK. (Figs. 6-9.) Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply lobed with broad, sounded sinuses, smooth, axils of the veins tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup flat, smooth; acorn small, nearly spherical.-The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States, and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in N. Eng., growing in swamps and cold, clay soils. Height 60 to 80f, with a diameter of 2 to 4, and light, open foliage. Bark blackish. - Leaf lobes narrower than the spaces between. Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns 7" long, round, in shallow cups. May. 13 Q. falcata L. SPANTIsI OAK. Lvs. long-petiolate, elongated, obtuse or rounded at base, ashy-tomentous beneath, deeply sinuate lobed, lobes 5 to 7, rarely 3, narrow, bristle-pointed, simple or toothed, more or less falcate; acorn small, roughened, globular, cup shallow, subsessile, its margin.incurved.-Va. to Fla., in the lower districts. A tree of large dimensions, 60 to 70f high, most flourishing in Mid. Fla Lvs. 5 to 6' longo on vigorous shoots much larlger; peti ORDER 119. —CU1PU LIFERt,. 645 oles about 2' long. Cup 6" across, 1~" deep. Nut fuscous, with a brown, astringent seed. Timber reddish, coarse-grained. Apr., May. B3. TRINACwIS. Lvs. 3 and 5-lobed. the terminal lobe long and narrow-lanceolate, narrowed to its base; petioles 3' long.-Large trees at Tallahassee. 14 Q. tinct6ria Bartram. BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BARK OAK. Lvs. obovateobloeg, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, pubescent beneath, finally glablrous, lobes oblong, obtuse, mucronate; cup thick, shallow; acorn depressed globous.-Found throughout the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, 80 to 90f in height, and 4 to 5f diarn. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown, yellow within. Lvs. 6 to 8' long, broadest toward the end, quite variable, yellowish after frost. Acorns brown, 7" diam., about half covered with the subsessile, scaly cup, which is 9' diam. Bark used in tanning, also yields quercitron, a useful dye. 15 Q. coccinea Wang. SCARLET OAKt. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong in outline, deeply sinzate-pinnat'fid, smooth and shining both sides, nearly truncate at base, lobes divaricate, dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate. —Most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the more southern parts of N. Eng. to Ill. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with 3 or 4 deep sinuses each side, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the irosts of autumn they are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak, which become dull red or brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. Bark very thick, used in tanning. 16 Q. heterophjlla Mx. BARTRAM'S OtK. Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceous, oblong or oblong-ovate, round or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-like lobes, or often only wavy, lobes setaceous-acuminate; acorn subglobous, in a hemispherical cup; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse.-Ohio to Ill., rare. Lvs. exceedingly variable, 4 to 6' by 1~ to 2', smooth and shining above, tomentous along the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit 9" diam. (Q. Leana Nutt.? Clark.) Our specimens well agree to ~Michaux's figure and character. 17 Q. dlba L. WHITE OAK. (Fig. 139.) Lvs. short-petioled, cuneate at base, oblong in outline, at length coriaceous and smooth, sinuate-pinnatlfid, lobes subequal, obtuse; acorn sessile; nut ovoid or oblong, only a third immersed in the subhemispherical, tubercular cup.-U. S. and Can. A tree preeminent among the sons of the forest for grandeur, strength, and usefulness. With a diameter of 4 to 6f, it attains the height of 70 to 80f, but its magnitude varies greatly with the soil. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, downy beneath when young. Acorn 8 to 9" long. Bark whitish. Timber useful for innumerable purposes, and the bark for tanning and in medicine. May, Jn. 18 Q. macrocorpa IMx. (Fig. 140, 194.) Lvs. deeply and iyretely sinuate-lobed (most deeply ia the middle), lobes obtuse and repand, upper dilated; acorn very large, cup very deep, composed of distinctly imbricated and hard-pointed scales, the upper filifbrm-pointed, forming a fringe; nut globular ovoid, more than half inclosed.-N. Eng. (rare) to Ill. and S. States. Tree 60 to 70Of high, with rich, green foliage. Lvs. downy beneath, at length nearly smooth, 6 to 10 to 15' long, stalks not 1'. Acorns 12 to 15" long, sometimes.nearly fiingeless or nearly covered. May. (Q. lyrata Mx.) A beautiful tree, with valuable timber. (Also Q. olivseformis IMx.) 19. Q. obtusiloba AMx. IRON OAK. Lvs. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base, pubescent beneath, lobes very obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, each 2-lobed; cup hemispherical; acorn ovaL —The iron oak, called also post oak, box white oak, turkey oak, is common in the Mid., W. and S. States, rare in N. Eng. It is a tree of moderate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is grayish-white. Lvs. thick, strongly tomentous beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes, which are sometimes arranged so as to appear cuneiform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. Timber is fine grained, strong, and durable. May. (Q. stellata Willd.) 20. Q. Prinnus Willd. SWVAIP CHESTNUT OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, with large, somewhat equal, obtuse or rounded teeth; acorn short-peduncled, large; cup tubercular, about half inclosing the ovoid nut — This oak is seldom met with in N. Eng., but abounds in the rest of the country. ;40i 3ORDER 119.-CUPULIFERYE. It is a lofty tree, arising to the height of 50f, with its undivided, straight and uniform trunk, and thence with its expansive top to the height of 80 to 90f. Acorns large and sweet. Ped. 3 to 6" long, acorn 12 to 15". The timber valuable. (Q. prinus palustris Mx.) 3. M1ONTICOLA. RocK CIIESTsUT OAK. Lvs. glaucous beneath; nut oblongovate, about a third covered by the cup.-In mountain woods. 21 Q. bicolor Willd. SWAsIP WHITE OAsK. Lvs. oblong-ovate, dowlny, white: underneath, with large, irregular teeth above. somewhat sinlcuate-lobed in the middle. subentire below, on very short petioles; acorns on long peduzncles, in lairs, cup hemispherical, with pointed scales, nut oblong-ovoid.-In low, swampy wnoods, U. S. It is a beautiful tree, attaining, in favorable situations, thle height of 70fl Foliage rich and luxuriant; lvs. smooth and green above, white-downy beneath. 5 to 7' by 2} to 4'. Peol. 1 to 2' long. The trunk bark grayislh-white, dividingr into large, flat scales. It affords excellent fuel and timber. (Q. prinus discolor Mx.) 22 Q. castdiea Miuhl. CHESTNUT OAK. Lvs. long-petioled, lanlce-oval or lazceobovate, acubminate downy and glaucous-hoary beneath, xwith coarse, subequal, acute azd subrnucronate teeth; acorn nearly sessile, cup' liemispherical, covering about a third of the roundish-ovoicl, light brown nut. —Mid., S. and AV. States, in rocky or sandy soils. A- large tree, 40 to GOf high, with a whitish, furrowed bark. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, more nearly resembling the chestnut leaf than any other oak. Acorns about 9" long, sweet-flavored. Timber little used. May. 23 Q. prinoides Willd. DIwARF CHESTNUT OAK. Shrub with lzs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, witht large, subequal, silntate teeth, callous at the tip; cup hemispherical, acorn ovate. —This is one of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3 to 4f in height. It is a native of the N. and lIid. States, in barren woods, but not common. The flowers appear in M3cay, followed by acorns of middle size, very sweet and very abundant. 2. CASTA'NEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT. (Caslanea was a city in Thles-,aly, famed for the growth of chestnuts.), Flowers clustered in long, nlender, cylindric arllents; calyx 5 to 6-parted; stamens 5 to 15.? Flow-ers in 3s, inclosed in a 4-lobed involucre, which in fruit becomes coriaceous and beset with prickles; calyx 5 to 6-lobed, tube adherent to the 3 to 6-celledl, 3 to 6-ovuled ovary; stamens 5 to 12, abortive; stigmas as many as the cells; fruit a 4-valved involucre enclosing 1 to 3 one-seeded nuts.-Tr'l ees and shrubs. Lvs. Imostly deciduous, alternate, acuminate, expanding before the flowers. I C. vesca L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth both sides; nuets nostly 2 oe 3 together.-Abulndant in particular districts throughout the U. S. It is a lofty tree in woods, with a large, straighllt trunk. Lvs. 6 to 9' long, ~ as wide; teeth mucronate, with the prolonged, straigllt veins. Aments as long as the leaves, and so numerous as to impart their yellowish hue to the Whole tree when in blossom. Nuts of a peculiar broxin, villous above, enclosed inl the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset on all sides with strong, compound, acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, strong, elastic, light tand very durable. July, fruit inl Oct. —The nuts are smaller but sveeter' thrl those of the Europeain variety (the Spanish Chestnut). 2 C. pumila Michx. CmINQUAPINT. Lvs. oblong, ovate or' obovete, mucronate-serrate, hoary-tomentous beneath; nut solitary.-Sterile places, N. J., Pern. to Ga. and Tenn. Shrub 6-12f high, much branched. Leaves 3-5' by 1 —2', smootll above, generally obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate, with the projecting, straight veinlets; petioles 6' long; under surface nearly -white. Aments axillarv, the lower staminate, 6-10" long, upper fertile, with remote, pistillate flowers. Involucre of' fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) solitary, small, ovoid, sweet:. F1. Jn. Fr. Oct. 3. FA'GUS, Tournl. EECi. (Gr. 17jy65, thle beech; it also signifies something eatable.) $ Flowers in a capitato ament suspended by a ORDER 119.-CUPULIFER_/E. 647 slender peduncle; calyx 6-cleft, campanulate; stamens 5 to 12.? Flowers 2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre composed of united linear scales; calyx with 5 to 6 minute lobes; ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled; styles 3; nut I-seeded, acutely 3-angled, enclosed within the enlarged, spiny involucre or capsule.-Lofty trees, with smooth ash colored bark. Lvs. alternate, plicate in vernation. Buds slender, pointed. P. sylvitica L. (Figs. 438, 4:71-4. 46, B.) Lvs. broadly ovate-lariceolate, briefly petiolate, obtuse at base, ciliate, with soft white hairs when young, at length nearly glabrous, wvith small, remote teeth, apex acuminate; buds lanceolate-cylindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both leaves and flowers; nuts ovoid triangular, obtuse-mucronate.-A common forest tree, abundant in the U. S. and Can. The trunk is tall and straight in forests, 50 —80f high, but lower and -with an expansive head in open situations, always known by the light gray, unbroken bark. Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 4-6' long, I as wide, often persistent through the winter. 8 Aments pubescent, peduncles 2' long. Nut small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. Timber compact, fine-grained. M3ay. (F. ferruginea Ait.) TimE RED BEECH is now regarded only as a variety, with the wood softer, and of more easy cleavage, and perhaps a slight difference in foliage. There are several beautiful varieties in cultivation, with purple foliage, silver foliage, &c. See garden catalogues. 4. COR'YLUS, Tourn. IHAZEL-NUT. (Gr. HOpvc, a bonnet; to which the cupule enwrapping the nut may well be compared.) 8 Flowers in a cylindric ament; calyx of 2 scales united at base to the bract; stamens 8; anther 1-celled.? Involucre of 2 to 3 scales, 1 to 2-flowerecd; (calyx adherent to the 2-celled, 2-ovuled ovary; stigmas 2; nut ovoid,:surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated inolucre. —Shrubs. Arlents andi eapitate fertile clusters subtermininal, expanding before the lvs. 1 C. Amkrerica'na Walt. Lvs. roundlish, cordate, acuminate; invol. roundish, campanulate. much larger than the roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely sa6 — s-tae.-Shrub 5 to Cf high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U. S. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, f as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkably distinguished by the large, bell-shaped invol. in which each one is enveloped. They are a wellflavored fruit, thoughll somewhat inferior to the European hazel or filbert. 2 C. rostrAta Ait. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate; stip. linear-lanceolate; invol. camnpaanulate-tlbzlar, longer than the nut, 2-parted, witth dentate segments.-This species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, and chiefly differs from it in the involucre which is covered with short, stiff hairs, and contracted at the top into a long (l to 1U'), narrow neck, like a; bottle. Nuts as iL C. Americana. iMay. 3 C. Avellanla L. FILBERT. Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate; stip. ovate-oblong, obtuse; invol. scarcely exceedinzg tie firit. —Shrub 3 to 10f high, in gardens, &c. Lvs. nearly sessile, doubly serrate, 3 to 5' long. Sterile aments 3' long, the fertile clusters at their base. Nut larger than the? native species. t.Asia. 5. OS'TRYA, Michel. HOP HORNBEAIM. IRON-WOOD. LEvER.NVooD. (Gr. O'G-Tpeov, a scale; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of the fertile aments.) S Flowers in a cylindric ament; calyx scale roundish-ovate, ciliate, 1-flowered; anthers 8 or mllore, conspicuously bearded at the summit.? Flowers gecinate, in a loose, imnbricated ament; flowers enclosed each in an inflated, inembranous sac which at length enlarged, contains the matured nut. - Small trees, flowering before leafing. O. Virginica Willd. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate; fertile arnment oblong, pen 648 ORDER 120.-BETULACEAE. dulous; buds rather acute.-A small tree disseminated throughout the U. S., 25-30f in height. Its bark is remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions. Leaves about twice as long as wide. The fruit is similar in appearance to hops, suspended from the ends of the branches, consisting of membranous, imbricated sacs (cups?) containing each a flower. The wood is very white, hard and strong, much used for levers, &c. Apr., May. 6. CARPI'NUS, L. HORNBEAM. (Celtic car, wood, and pine, the head; alluding to its use in making yokes for cattle.) d Flowers in a long, cylindric ament; cal. scale roundish, clliate; sta. 8-14, slightly bearded at summit.? Flowers in a loose ament; scale large, oblong, 3lobed, 1 —3-flowered; cal. 6-toothed; stig. 2; nut long, ovoid, furrowed, 1-seeded.-Small trees. Scales of the 9 aments persistent and becoming foliaceous. C. America~na L. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scales of the fertile ament 3-parted, the middle segment much the largest, oblique, with a lateral tooth.-A small tree (12-20f high), common in woods throughout the U. S. The wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray or ash-colored bark. Leaves 2-4' long, i as wide, petiolate. From the ends of the branches hang the long, loose, pale green, leafy aments, consisting of alternate pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. Apr., May. ORDER CXX. BETULACEiE. BIRCHWORTS. Trees or shrubs with deciduous stipules. Bark separating into thin layers. Leaves alternate, simple, with the veinlets running straight to the margin. Flowers moncoious, amentaceous, mostly naked, 3 in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. 6 Stamens definite, distinct. Anthers 2-celled. 2 Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, becoming in fruit i-celled and 1-seeded (by abortion) membranous and indehiscent. Seed pendulous, without albumen. Figs. 7'7, 90, 106, 111, 419, 420. Genera 2, species 65, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties cenerally astringent. The birches are often fine timber trees. 1. BE'TULA, Tourn. BIncH. (Betr is the Celtic name for the birch.) 8 Flowers in a cylindric ament; bracts deeply 3-parted, peltate; calyx a scale; stamens 4. 9 Ament oblong-ovoid, scales trilobate; calyx 0; ovaries 3 under each scale; stigmas 2, filiform; nut compressed, with a membranous margin.-Trees and shrubs, with the outer bark laminated and horizontally fibrous, the inner aromatic. Branchlets dotted. Lvs. ovate, serrate. Figs. 419, 420. * Trees with a yellowish bark, smoothish leaves, and short, erect, 9 aments............No. 1 * Trees with a reddish-brown bark and ovate-oblong, suberect, 9 arnents......... Nos. 2, 3 * Trees with a white bark, long-stalked leaves and drooping 9 aments............... Nos. 4, 5 * Shrubs with brownish bark, roundish leaves and short, erect, V aments............Nos. 6, 7 1 B. exc6lsa Ait. YELLOW B3IRCH. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, subacuminate; subcordate, coarsely, sharply, and doubly serrate, smooth when old, on short, downy petioles; fertile aments erect, ovoid-oblong; lobes of the bracts subequal, acute, divergigo. —A common forest tree, N. Eng. to Mich. and Can., arising in woods to the height of 60 to 80f, with a trunk 2 to 3f in diam., invested with a thin. yellowish, silvery outer bark stripping off in transverse shreds. Barren aments 2 to 4' long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches; fertile 1' long, 6" diam. Apr., May. 2 B. 16nta L. BLACK BIRCIH. SWEET BIRCHI. MAHOGANY BIRCH. (Fig. 202.) Lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely, finely, and doubly serrate, veins beneath and petioles hairy; fertile aments erect, oval-oblong, thick, obtuse, pedunculate; scales hairy, the lobes obtuse, subequal, diverging. —This noble species is common in the Eastern and Middle States, often exceeding 60f in height, with a ORDER 120.-BETULACE iE. 649 diameter of 2 to 3f. The trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aromatic fragrance and flavor. Leaves 3-4' long, about -- as wide. Sterile aments 2-3' long, fertile much shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium affords the boys a. delicious morsel Wood reddish, strong, compact. Apr., May. 3 B. nigra Ait. RED BIRCH.'Lvs. rhombic-ovate, acute at each end,, doubly serrate, or obscurely 9 to 13-lobed, glaucous beneath; fertile ament sessile, erect, ovoid, scales villous, the segments linear, equal.-A tree 30 to 50f high, growing on banks of streams and in river swamps, Mass., Ill. and Fla. (!) Trunk covered with a reddish or chocolate-colored bark which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds, and finally rough like that of the black cherry. Branches arched and slender; branchlets almost filiform, often clothing the trunk to the base.. Lvs. dark green above, about 3' by 2' often smaller, petioles 6 to 8" long; pubescent. Mlay. (B. rubra Mx.) 4 B. populif6lia Ait. POPLAR-LEAVED BIRCH. WrHITE BiRca. (Fig. 106.) LV.5. deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate or obscur'ely many-lobed, very smooth, on smooth petioles; fertile aments pedunculate; scales with roundish, lateral lobes. -Like the next, distinguished for the white cuticle with which the trunk is invested. It is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N. Eng., where it seldom exceeds 30 to 40f in height. The branches are covered with a reddishbrown bark, very slender, and throw out in Mlay, long, pendulous aments. 5 B. papyrAcea Ait. PAPER BIRCH. CANOE BIRCH. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath; fertile aments nodding, pedunculate; lateral lobes of the calyx short, roundish.-This birch is abundant in the hillside woods of N. Eng. to Wis. and Can. It sometimes attains the height of 60 —70f, but is generally smaller. Trunk 1-2f diam., covered with a tough cuticle consisting of numerous lamin-, the outer of which is snow white. Of this the Indians construct their light canoes. Branches dark brown. Leaves 2-3' long,' as wide. Sterile aments 1-2' long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture, easily wrought. May, Jn. /3. MiNOR. Lvs. smaller, ovate, glabrous, acute, some of them roundish-obtuse. -White Mts. Shrubs 6-9f.high. 6 B. pfimila L. DWARF BIRII. Shrub erect, its ascending branches glandulkEpunctate, glabrous; Ivs. obovate, entire at base, obtusely serrate, glabrous; fertile ament cylindrical, about as long as the leaves; scales half 3-cleft, lobes ovateoblong, middle one rather longest; nut orbicular, conspicuously margined.-A beautiful shrub inhabiting the mountainous districts of N. and N. W. States, N. to Hudson's Bay. Height 2 to 6f. Lvs. about 91" by 6 or 7", very regularly toothed. Aments of both kinds V to 9". (B. glandulosa MLx.) 7. B nana L. TINY BIRCH. Shrub, low, trailing, smooth; lvs. orbicularm, crenate, reticulated beneath; scales of the? ament deeply 3-parted; seeds orbicular, nearly wvingless.-This miniature tree is found on the summits of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Franklin, &c., of the White lits. It is scarcely more than a foot in height, often but a few inches, the branches few and straggling, the lvs. j to -2' diam., smooth both sides pale and distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1 to 2" long. (B. Litteliana Tuckerman.) 3. AL'NUS, Tourn. ALDER. (The ancient Latin name from Celtic al, near, lan, the river bank.) S Aments cylindric, drooping, the bracts with 5 bractioles beneath; calyx 4-parted; stamens 4, anthers 2-celled. V Aments ovoid, bracts cuneate, truncate, fleshy, 2-flowered; calyx of 4 scales adnate below to the bracts, all persistent and woody in fruit; fruit compressed, wingless or winged. Shrubs arising from large and strong roots. Buds pedunculate. Lvs. plicate in vernation, V Aments panicled. (Fig. 111.) ~ Fruit wingless, Nos. 1, 2. ~~ Fruit broadly winged. (ALN.,ASTr., Spaeh.) No. 3. 1 A. incana Willd. SPECKLED ALDER. BLACK ALDER. Lvs. submembranous. oblong, acutish, obtuse at base cr cordate, margin som'ewhat lobed, sharply serrate, glaucous-pubescent beneath; veins hirsute, their axils naked; stlp. oblong 650 ORDER 121. —MYRICACEYE. lanceolate; fertile aments oval.-Not uncommon along streams, N. Eng. to Wis. and Can. A tall shrub or small tree, readily distinguishable by the form and pubescence of the leaves. (A. glauca Mx.) 2 A. serrulhta Willd. SMOOTH ALDER. Lvs obovate, acuminate, doubly serrulate, smooth beneath, except the veins and their axils; st'ip. elltptical, obtuse. —A well known shrub growing in clumps, and forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Stems numerous, rather straight, 10-15f in height. Leaves 2-4' long and 1 as wide, strongly veined; petioles j —' longo. Aments 2-3' long, slender, pendulous, fascicled at the ends of the branches: fertile ones short, thick, dark brown, persistent, several together a little below the sterile one. Mar., Apr. (A. rubra Tuckerrnman.) 3 A. viridis DC. MOUNTAINt A LDEH. Lvs. oval, acute, obtusish at base, doubly serrate, clothed witl a soft viscid pubescence, or subglabrous, villous on the veins and axils beneath; stip. broadly ovate; fertile arments on long peduncles, oval.Hiogh mountain streams, N. Eng. N. Y. and Can. An elegant shrub, 3-4f high. Leaves varying to broald-ovate, rarely cordate, nearly smooth in the alpine state, otherwise softly pubescent and sprinkled with resinous particles. Apr. (A. crispa Mix.) ORDER CXXI. MYrltICACE.A. GALEW1ORTS. Shrubs witll alternate, resinous-dotted, often fragrant leaves, with tho flowers.i moncecious or dicecious, achllamydeous, both kinds in scaly aments.' Stam ens 2 to S. g Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule; stigmas 2, filiform. Fr2uit dry or drupaceous, indehiscent. Seed with no albumen. Gev era 3, species'20, found in the temperate parts of N. America, in India an(l S. Africa, andt one species in Europe. S'rweetteier is highly aroimatic rand astringent. The fruit of the B(Ba/berry busth yiel(ls wax abundantly. 1. lfIYRI'CA, L. CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. (Gr. jtvp[io, to perfume, Thc name anciently designated the Tamarind tree.) Flowers S?.Ainents 3 cylindrical, y small, ovoid-capitate., Stamens 4 to 6, short, erect, anthers large, 4-valved. Y Ovary 1 to each bract, with 3 scales at its base, superior; styles 2, spreading; stigTmas 2, acute; drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded, covered with wax or resinous dots. Stip. very filgacious or 0. 1 M. Gale L. SWEET GALE. DUTCHI'iYRTLE. Lvs. clustered, cuneate-lanceol ate, obtuse and serrate above, margin very entire and slightly revolute below, tapering to a very short petiole; sterile aments clustered, of ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliate scales; fr. dotted in an oblong, dense, amentaceous head.-A branching shrub, 3 —4f high, on the inundated borders of ponds and mountain lakes, Can. to Car. Leaves dark green, paler beneath with a strong midvein, 9-18" by 4-6", entire a the length. 3 and Y aments on separate plants, the former terminal, about 1t in length, the latter axillary and much shorter. Fruit and leaves when crushed. with a pungent, spicy odor. May. 2 M. cerifera L. B3AYnBEnRR. WAX MYRTLE. Lvs. glabrous, cuneate-obloa7g,, rather acute or obtuse, distinctly petiolate, margin entire or remotely undulatedentate above; aments cotemporary with the leaves, scattered, naked, the 3 larger, with lax, roundish scales; fi. spherical, distinct, clustered, covered with wax. —This interesting and useful shrub is found in dry woods or in open fields. Nova Scotia to Flor., W. to Lake Erie. Height 2-8f, covered with a grayish bark. Very branching with numerous dry looking leaves, 18 to 30" by 6 to 9". Aments 6 to 9" long. Drupe ] " long, covered with white axs,-the bayberry tallow of commerce. May. 3 M. Carolin6nsis L. Lvs. larger, evergreen, coriaceous, cuneate-elliptical, acute. with about 4 acute teeth near the apex, petiolato; 8 aments solitary or several i:1 the axils of the old leaves; lnaked, with r'ounded, a cuminate scales.-Swamps, S. Car. to Fina. Shrub 4 to Sf' high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 2', petiole 1' or less, ORDER 122. —SALIC ACEE. 651. Aments as long as the petioles, $ much shorter. Fruit large, globular. (Pursh. Our specimens in flower.) Mar., Apr. 2. COM1PTO'NIA, Soland. SWEET FERN. (11n honor of Henry Compton, Lord Bishop of London.) Flowers 8, 8 Aient cylindric; bract reniform-cordate, acuminate; calyx-scale 2-parted; stamens 3, forked, each bearing 2 half anthers.? Ament ovate; calyx-scales 6, longer than the bract; styles 2; nut ovoid, 1-celled.-Low shrubs. Lvs. long and narrow, pinnatifid-lobed, with small stipules, strongly aromatic. C. asplenif5lia Ait. Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid. -A shrub 2f high, common in dry woods and hills, Can. to Md. (Shriver) and Wis. (Lapham). The main stem is covered with a rusty brown bark whichl becomes reddish in the branches, and white downy in the young shoots. Lvs. numerous, on short peduncles, 3 to 4' by 6", divided nearly to the midvein into numerous rounded lobes so as to resemble those of the Spleenwort. Stip. in pairs, acuminate..Barren flowers in erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fertile fis. in a dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren one. Fr. a small], ovate, brown, 1-celled nut. May. ORDER CXXII. -SALICACF-E. WVILLOWORTS. Irees or,hrubs with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persistent stipules. RFowers 8 9, both kinds in aments, one under each bract of the ament. Calyx none or cup-form and entire. Ovary 1 to 2 celled, with 2 short styles. Frbuit a e apsule, 2-valved, co-seeded. Seeds'with a coma, and no albumen. Illust. in ligs. 41, a; 81, 98, 266, 267, 268, 269, 465. Genera 2, species 220, chiefly natives of the northern temperate and frigid zones, one species, Salix arctica, extending larther north than any other known woody plant. Propertie.s.-The bark is astringent and tonic, possessing the febrifugal properties of the sulllihate of quinia. The wood is employed for various economical purposes. Several of the WNillows and Poplars are mauch admired as shade trees. I. SA'LIX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER. (Celtic sal, near, and lis, water; alluding to their usual locality.) Aments cylindric, bracts imbricated, ontire, 1-flowered, each with a nectariferous gland at base. 3 Calyx 0; sta. 2-7. Y Calyx 0; ova. ovoid-lanceolate, acumininate; stig. 2, mostly bifid; caps. 1-celled, 2 valved, valves acuminate, finally revolute at summit; seeds numerous, minute, comous.-T- rees, shrubs and undershrubs. Lvs. usually narrow and elongated, usually with conspicuous stipules. Ainents terminal and lateral. ~ Aments sessile, expanding before the leaves in early spring. Stamens 2. Ovaries clothed with wool, silk or down. Shrubs or small trees. (*) * Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves subentire, grayish-downy, rugous, margins susbrevolute. Upland grayish shrubs. Aments small.................... Nos. 1-3 * Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves serrulate, smooth and shining above, glaucous beneath. Aments large, v-ery hairy. Shrusbs 8 to 15f................Nos. 4-6 * Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves serrate, grayish-silky beneath, drying black. Amnents \N;itlh 2 or 3 bracts at base............................ N.......Nos. 7. 8 * Ovaries sessile. Leaves subentire, not drying black..........................Nos. 9, 10 ~ Aments more or less pedunculate, expanding with the leaves in late spring. Ovaries mostly glabrous. (). * Ovaries clothed with silk or (lown and pedicellate. Stamens 2. (a) a Leaves downy both sides. Ovary long-beaked. Shrub erect................No. 11 a Leaves glabrous wvhen mnature. Shrubs low, Inostlyalpline, spreadinlg.. Nos. 12-14 * Ovaries glabrous. Shrubs alpine, low, creeping or ascending...............Nos. 15-17 * Ovaries glabrous. Sh'ubs erect, or trees, 3 to 60f high. (a) a Ovaries pedicellate. Scales greenish-yellow, deciduous. (b) b Stamens Inostly 2, sorletimes 3. Leaves glaucous beneath.........Nos. 18, 19 b Stamens muostly 5 (4 to 6). Leaves green on both sides.............N os. 20, 21 a Ovaries pedicellhate.;criles dark or black, persistent. (b) b Leaves cordate or at least truncate at the base, 4 to 15f high........Nos. 22, 2:3 b Leaves acute or taerling at base. Shrubs 6 to 10f highll.............Nos. 24, 25 a Ovaries sessile. Staruens 2. Trees of the largest size................... os. 6;, 27 652 ORDER 122.-SALICACELE. 1 S. tristis Ait. SAGE WILLOW. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate at base, entire or remotely undulate-toothed, margin subrevolute, apex acute or obtusish; stip. minute, narrow-lanceolate, caducous; aments very small; scales orbicular-oblong, hairy at the margin; ova. with grayish, silky pubescence; sty. short.-Sandy or dry fields, borders of woods, pastures, N. Eng. to Wis. and Calr. A small, downy shrub, with a profusion of naked aments. Leaves at length numerous, often crowded and rosulate at the ends of the branches, 1-2' long, tapering from above the middle to a very short petiole, the margin often revolute, under surface glaucous, often pubescent. Varies with the twigs and the diminished lvs. grayish white. 2 S. Muhlenberghiana Barratt. Lvs. oblanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous above, pubescent and not rugous beneath; young branches smooth; stip. lunate, subdentate; aments precocious, diandrous; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villous; ova. pedicellate, lanceolate, silky; sty. long, bifid; stig. 2-lobed.-A shrub in dry soils, N., Mid. and W. States, 4-8f high, with brown twigs. On the ends of these, cone-like excrescences are often produced by the punctures of insects. Aments, covered with very hairy scales, appearing before the leaves in April. (S. humilis Marshall? S. conifera Muhl.) 3 S. candida Willcl. WHITE WILLOW. Lvs. lanceolate or lineal-lanceolate, very long, obscurely serrulate at the summit, pubescent above, hoary-tomentous beneath, revolute on the margin; stip. lanceolate, as long as the petioles; aments cylindric; scales obovate, obtuse, very long, hairy; stig. 2-lobed.-A beautiful species in shady woods, Mid. and W. States. Stems 4 —6f high. Leaves 8-12' by 1-2'. Catkins dense, white with dense wool. Styles aLnd stigmas dark red, -.' in length. Apr., May. 4 S. discolor Muhl. Branches pubescent when young, brownish or greenish; lvs. oblong or obovate-oblong, acute or rather acuminate, remotely serrulatetoothed, pubescent when young, glaucous beneath; sti2. lunate, entire, or with obtuse teeth; aments oblong-cylindric, silky, erect; scales very hairy, oblanceolate, acute; ovaries on short pedicels, densely silky.-Shlrub or small tree, I to 15f high, in wet places, N. Eng. to Ill. and Car. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, finally glabrous, the stipules usually conspicuously toothed at base. Amnents 1' to 18" in flower, the fertile at length 2' or more. Sterile dense, silky white. 5 cerioc6phala IMx.'WOOLLY-IIEADED SwAlIP WILLOW. Branchlets very pubescent, brown or purplish; lvs. lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, cuneate at base, entire or remotely serrulate above, under surface glaucous or ferruginous, bothl surfaces pubescent when young, at length the upper surface green and nearly smooth; stip. semicorcdate, with sharp serratures, aments oval-oblong, densely vilous; scales obovate, obtuse. —A small tree, putting forth its large and exceedingly woolly catkins in Apr. Grows in swamps, N. Eng. 6 S. sensitiva Barratt. F'ROST OR TENTDER WILLOW. LLvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate at the apex, and more distantly and strongly serrate towards the base, glabrous and rather thin; stil>. subfalcate, serrate; 6 aments rather lax; scales rather lax, lightly clothed with grayis7h black hairs.-A small tree about 15f high, found in various parts of N. Eng., &c. The aments and twigs are frequently destroyed by frost at flowering time, being thinly protected with hairs. Lvs. smooth, 3 to 5' by 1- to 2'. Aments 1 —' long. 7 S. sericea Marsh. GRAY WILLOW. Lvs. lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, silky beneath; stip. ovate-oblong, denticulate, deflected, deciduous; scales oblong, hairy, black at the tip, rather longer than the pedicel of the oblong, silky ovary; stig. sessile, obtuse.-A shrub 6 to 8f high, in inundated meadows, NT. Eng. to Wis. and Va. Branches purplish, long and slender, very tough, except at the base, where they are very brittle. Lvs. 2 to 4' by j- to 1'. 9 Aments very abundant, V' long. (S. grisea Willd.) 8 S. petiolaris Smith. LONG-STALKED GREEN OSIERz. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky at base, mostly inequilateral: stip. lunate, dentate; arrents appearing before the leaves; scales lax, obovate, obtuse, hairy, black, shorter than the pedicel of the ovoid-acuminate, silky ovary; stigma 2-lobed, short-styled.-Low grounds, banrks of streams, Conn. to Ill. and S. Car. ORDER 122.-SALICACEZE. 653 Shrub or small tree, 4 to 15f high, with long, slender, smooth, purple or yellowish green twigs, tough and elastic, used in basket making. (S. rosmarinifolia Ph.) 13. FUSCATA. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, acute; aments of a leaden hue from the thinner hairs. 9 S. vimin/lis L. BASKET OSIER. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate. subentire, silkly-canescent beneath; stip. minute; branches virgate; aments precocious; scales roundish, very hairy; filaments distinct; ova. sessile, ovoid; sty. filiform; stig. undivided, acute.-Wet meadows and margins of rivers. Sts. 10 to 12f high, wvith long, straight, slender, and flexible branches. Lvs. often a foot inL length, narrow, covered with a snow-white pubescence beneath. Aments very hairy. May. ~ Eur. 1.0 S. purpirea L. PURPLE WILLOW. Lvs. partly opposite, obovate-lanceolate, serrulate above, very smooth, narrowed at the base, aments cylindrical, with leafir bracts at base; scales orbicular, black; filaments united into 1, with 2 anthers; ovary sessile, ovate-elliptic; sty. very short; stig. emarginate.-Low grounds, river banks, and cultivated like the last for basket-making. Shrub 6 to 10r' high. Twigs very long, slender and tough, covered with a smooth, olive-colored bark. 11 S. rostrata Richardson. Branches erect, straight, pubescent, at lengthl smooth; lvs. broadly or obovate-lanceolate, acute, subentire, at length coriaceous, smooth above, glaucous-pubescent beneath; stip. semicordate, dentate; ameWtes short, cylindric, dense, the fertile ones becoming very long and loose; scales oblong, membranous, hairy at the apex; ova. narrow-lanceolate, silky, long-acuminvate, onvery long pedicels; sty. very short; stig. lobed, the lobes bifid or entire. -Shrub or small tree 8 —10f high. Bark of the trunk dark-colored, of the branches yellow. 12 S. longif6lia Muhl. LONxG-LEkVED INVILLOW. Lvs. linear, acnzninate at each end, elongated, rnemotely toothed, smooth, nearly of the same color on both sides; st/p. lanceolate, dentate; aments toinentous, pedunculate; sta. 2; scales flat, retuse; ovary short-stalked; fil. bearded at base, twice longer than the scales.River banks from the Conn. and Ohio to Oregon and Brit. Am. It possesses a remarkable power of rooting, extending itself and binding the loose sands together. Stems about 2f high, with brown branches and white branchlets. 13 S. phylicif6lia L. MOUN-TAIN WILLOW. Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, remotely repand-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; stip. semicordate, oblique at apex; aments bracteate, 8 sessile; caps. pedicellate, conical-elongated, somewhat silkyv-; sty. long. —White Mts. A handsome, low shrub, spreading, with broad-elliptical, very smooth leaves, the margins repand-serrate. 14 S. rbpens L. CREEPING WILLOW. Low, creeping; Ivs. obovate or lance-obovale, acutish or bluntly acuminate, obscurely crenate-toothed, glabrous and shining above, silky —pubescent, at length glabrous and glaucous beneath, reticulate both sides; stip. oblong, very caducous; aments short, few-flowered,. very silky; starm. 2; ovary silky, pedicellate. —Alpine summits White Mts. and northward. Sts. a fcw inches above ground. Lvs. 8 to 12" by 4 to 6", petioles 3 to 4", clothed wvith silky pubescence when young, very smooth when old. 15 S6. pedicillaris Ph. Lvs. elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, rather obtuse at base, entire, both sides glabrous, beneath slightly glaucous and reticulateveined; aments pedunculate; caps. ovate-conic, glabrous, long-pedicellatc; scales short, obtuse, a little hairy;. sty. very short; lobes of the stigma cleft. —Mountain swamps, N. Eng. and N. Y. A low and elegant shrub, with rather a virgate habit, remarkable for its entire smoothness. On mountains it is more straggling. Lvs. light, yellowish green, 1 to 2' long, very entire. (S. myrtilloides Tucker.) 16. S. Uva-firsi Ph. Lvs. elliptical or obovate, obtuse at each end, glandulardenticulate, smooth above, glaucous-smoothish beneath, silky-villous when young; aments pedunculate, cylindric, dense; caps. ovate-conic, briefly pedicellate, glabrous; scales obovate, black, silky; stam. one; stig. bifid, lobes at length cleft.-White Mts. N. H. A low or prostrate shrub. Lvs. 3 to 5" by 2 to 3". Aments 6". 17. S. herbatcea L. HEr3B WILLOW. ARCTIC WILLOO. Dwarf; Ivs. orbicular, cordate, serrate, glabrous, veiny; aments few-flowered, sessile; scales small. glab 6354 ORDER 122.-SALICACEAE. rous; ovaries sessile, lanceolate, glabrous; style short; stig. lobes bifid.-On the alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. to Lab. and the Arc. Islands. An interesting little shrub, the smallest of its tribe. Stem ascending, 1-2' high. Leaves about 3' diameter, smooth and shining on both sides. Stipules wanting.r Roots long, creeping, branching. Jn., J1. 18 S. fragilis L. CRACK WILLOW. BEDFORD WILLOW. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate. glabrous, whole margin serrate, acuminate, petioles glandular; slip. semicordate pointed, dentate; ova. on short pedicels, oblono-ovoid, glabrous; stig. bqfid, longer than the styles; scales oblong, about equaling the ovaries, pubescent, ciliate; with an abortive ovary.-A tall tree, 60 or 80f high, native in Great Britain. It has a bushy head, with numerous oblique, irregular branches. The twigs break off at base by a slight touch, The wood is of a salmon-color. (S. Russelliana Sm.) ~ Eur. 19 S. decipiens Eloffm. Branches smooth, highly rolished; lts. lanceolate, glabrous, serrate, acuminate, floral ones often obovate and received, petioles somewhat glandular; stp. small, semi-ovate, acute, dentate, often 0; ova. pedicellate, glabrous, acuminate; sty. longer than the 2-cleft stigma.-A small, elegant tree, remarkable for the polished, light, reddish-brown twigs, appearing as if Tvarnished. The young twigs stained with crimson. It is often set in rows for ornament and shade. ~ Eur. 20 S. nigra Marshall. BLACKK WILLOW. Lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear, attenuate at each end, serrulate, smooth and green on both sides, petiole and midvein above tomentous; stip. dentate, caducous; aments erect, cylindric, villous; scales oblong, very villous; fil. 3 to 6 (generally 5), bearded at base; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, smooth; sty. very short; stig. bifid.-A large shrub or small tree, 10 to 15 to 20f high, on the banks of streams, Can. to Fla. and Ark. Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. The trunk has a blackish bark. Lvs. narrow, 4 to 8' long. Sterile aments 3' long. l3. FALCOTA. Lvs. long and more or less falcate. (S. Purshiana Spr. S. faloata Ph.) 21 S. lihCida Mul. SlININGa WILLOW. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate long-pointed, rounded at base, smooth and shining; stip. oblong, serrate; stam. 3 to 5, mostly 5; scales lanceolate, obtuse, serrate and smooth at the tip, hairy at the base; ovaries lanceolate-subulate, smooth; style bifid; stigmas obtuse.-A small and beautiful tree, common in N. Eng., Middle States, MIich. and British Am. Trunk 12-15f high, 3-1' diam. Branches smooth, dark, shining green. Leaves broad and glossy, dark green above, tapering to a long point. May. 22 S. cordhta Muhl. Lvs. oblon-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, smooth; stip. large, roundish-ovate, finely serrate; stam. sometimes 3; scales lanceolate, woolly, black, twice shorter than the pedicel of the lanceolate, smooth ovary; sty. very short; stig. bifid.-An elegant shrub, 6 to 8f high, in swamps throughout the Mid. States. Branches green and smooth, with light-green lvs. an inch wide and 3' long. Aments an inch long, accompanying the leaves in Apr. and May. (S. Torreyana Barratt.) 23 S. rigida MAfuhl. STIFF-LEAVED WILLOW. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subcordate, rigid, smooth, coarsely serrate, the lowest serratures elongated, petioles villous; stip. very large, reniform-ovate, obtuse, glandular-serrate; aments triandrous; scales lanceolate, woolly, black, a third shorter than the pedicel of the lan'ceolate, smooth ovary; sty. very short; stig. 2-parted.-A small tree, 10 to 15f high, growing in swamps. Branches green, red towards the end, the younger ones pubescent. Much used in basket-making. Apr., May. 24 S. myricoides Muhl. GALE-LEAAED WrILLOW. Lvs. oblong-Ianceolate, acute, with 2 glands at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath, stip. ovate, acute, glandular-serrate; aments villous, black; ova. on long pedicels, glabrous; sty. bifid; stig. bifid.-Swamps, N. Eng. to Va. A small shrub, with green branches, the branchlets purple, smooth. Lvs. at length thick aod coriaceous, the serratures each tipped with a gland. Apr. 25 S. angnsthta Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually attenuated at base, very glabrous, serrTulate, nearly the same color beth sides; step. semi-cordate; aments erect, somewhat glabrous; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, g abrous sty. bifid; stig. ORDER 122. —SALICACEAE. 655 2-lobed.-Banks of streams from the Conn. to the Miss. An excellent osier, with very long and slender twigs, long and narrow leaves. 26 S. vitellina L. YELLOW WILLOW. GOLDEN OSIER. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, with thickened serratures, smooth above, paler and somewhat silky beneath; stip. 0; aments cylindric; scales ovate-lanceolate, pubescent outside; ova. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth; stig. subsessile, 2-lobed. —This willow was probably introduced, but is now very common by roadsides, &c. It is a tree of moderate height, with shining yellow branches. May. 3. CERULEA. Lvs. with a bluish hue, nearly or quite smooth beneath.-Ot'iver banks. 27 S. Babyldnica L. WEEPING WILLOW. (Fig. 47, a). Branches pendulou.s; Ivs. linerea-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stip. roundish, oblique, acuminate; ova. sessile, ovate, smooth.-A large tree of rapid growth and of a most graceful anrd elegant form, cultivated until nearly naturalized. Only the i plant has yet been recognized in the U. S. ~ Eur.-,-3. ANNULARIS, the curled willow, with the leaves regularly recurved into rings or coils, is a cultivated variety.-The long, slender branchlets very naturally indicate the English nanie of the tree and give it a place in the church-yard to "weep" over the remains of the departed. The Latin name was happily suggested to Linnaeus by the 137th Psalm: "By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down; Yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the ovillows in the mnidst thereof." 2. POP'ULUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN. (Lat. populus, the people; being often planted along the public ways.) Aments cylindric; bracts lacerately fringed; calyx an oblique, disk-like cup, its margin entire; $ Stamens 8 to 30. ~ Ova. superior; style very short, bifid; stigma large, 2-lobed; capsule 2-valved, 2-celled. —Trees of large dimensions. Wood soft and light. Buds varnished with a fragrant resin. Lvs. broad, petioles long, often compressed vertically, and glandular. Aments lateral, expanding before the lvs. * Brranchlets winged or angular. Leaves ovate-corldate, acuminate................. Nos. 1, 2 * Branchlets terete.-Leaves ovate-orbicular, short acuminate.......................... No.. -Leaves ovate-orbicular, obtuse or acute.......................Nos. 4,.5 -Leaves ovate, acuminate. Stamens 20 to 50?.................Nos. 6, T -Leaves deltoid, acuminate, slSooth............................Nos. 8, 9 -Leaves lobed, white-toinentous beneath......................... No. 10 1 P. angulita Ait. WATER POPLAR, WESTERN COTTON TREE. Branches acutely angular or winged; lvs. ovate-deltoid, subcordate, uncinate-serrate, ecuminate, glabrous, younger ones broadly cordate.-A tree of noble dimensions, growing along the rivers of the S. and W. States. Trunk 40 to 80f high, 1 to 3f diam.. bearing a broad summit, with coarse branches and branchlets. Lvs. on adult trees 2 to 3' long, about the same width, truncate at base, on younger shoots: they are 2 or 3 times larger, with a cordate base. Petioles longer than the Ivs. Branchlets remarkably thick, greenish, spotted with white, striate. Buds shortovoid, green, not coated with resin. Timber not valuable. Mar., Apr. 2 P. monilifera Ait. NECrK-LACE POPLAI. COTTON —WOOD. Branchlets angular, becoming terete; lvs. broadly deltoid-ovate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, smooth, teeth incurved, ciliate, base nearly entire and subcordate; scales of the ament lacerate-fringed, not hairy; stigmas 3 or 4, very large.-A large tree, 60 to 80f high, in woods along rivers and lakes, Western Vt. to Ill. and La. Trunk cylindric, straight, 1 to 3f diam. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, conspicuously acuminate, nearly as wide as long, on petioles of nearly equal length. Fertile aments recurved or pendulous, at length 4 to 8' long and the capsules remote. Buds varnished as in the other species. Apr. (P. lmevigata Willd.) 3 P. tremuloides Mx. AMERICAN ASPEN. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubescent at the margin; bracts of the ament 3 or 4cleft, margin silky-frfiged.-Abundant in N. Eng. and in the Mid. States, growing in woods and open lands. St. 25 to 40f in height, with a diam. of 8 to 12'. Bark greenish, smooth, except on the trunks of the oldest trees. Lvs. small (2 to 2~' 6 5 6 ORDER 123.-SAURURACE;E. long and of equal or greater width), dark green, petioles 2 to 3' long and laterally compressed, so that they can scarcely remain at rest in any position, and are thrown into excessive agitation by the slightest breeze. The trembling of the'aspen leaf" is proverbial. Aments plumed with silken hairs, about 2' lon, pendulous. Apr. 4 P. grandidentata MIx. LARGE POPLAR. Lvs. roundish-ovate, acute, with large, unequal, sinuate teeth, smooth, villous when young; bracts fan-shaped, 5-cleft and silky-fringed.-Woods and groves, Can. and Nor. U. S. not uncommon. St. 40f high, with a diam. of If, straight, covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Branches distant, coarse and crooked, clothed with leaves only at their extremities, with terete twigs. Lvs. 3 to 5' long and nearly as wide, clothed with thick white down in spring, but becoming perfectly smooth. Aments 3 to 4' long, all the parts hairy, the sterile longer than the fertile. Stam. about 12, as in the preceding species. May. 5 P. heterophilla L. COTTON TREE. Branches terete; Ivs. roundish-ovate, obtuse, uncinately serrate, cordate at base, the small auriculate lobes over-closed, white-tomentous when young, at length nearly smooth; ovaries with a long pedicel and conspicuous style.-Swamps, N. Eng. (rare) to Ill. and La. A tree 40 to 60f high, trunk 1 to 2f diam. Lvs. 3 to 6' lonr, with small teeth, blunt or never acuminate at apex, and the base lobes often so overlapping as to conceal the insertion of the petiole. Apr., May. 5 P. balsamifera L. BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMEHAC. Branches terete; Ivs ov:a.ate, acuminate, with close-pressed serratures, white and reticulate-veiny beneath, glabrous both sides; bracts of the ament dilated, laciriate-fringed, slightly hairy; stam. 40 to 50.-Swamps and river banks, Me. to Penn., N. Y., Can. and the N. W. coast. A large tree, 40 to 80f high, trunk 1 to 2f diam. Lvs. 2 to 4' long. Sterile aments 2 to 3' long, fertile at length 4 to 6'. Stain. purple. Buds in spring covered with an aromatic resin which may be separated in boiling water. 7 P. cAndicans Ait. BALM OF GILEAD. (Fig. 268, 269). Branches terete, lvs. ovate, cordagte, acuminate, closely and unequally serrate, whitish and reticulateveined beneath, petiole hirsute; bracts of the ament oval, laciniate-fringed; slam. acbout 20. —A fine tree of strong and peculiar fragrance, often cultivated, rarely growing wild, Can. and the Northern U. S. Height 30 to 50f, with a pyramidal head of dense ample foliage. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, at length smooth and dark green above. Sterile aments 2 to 3' long, fertile 4 to 6. Buds filled throughout with fragrant resin. 8 P. nigra L. /3. BETULIFTLIA Torr. BLACK POPLAR. Young branches pubescent; lvs. deltoid-rhombic, conspicuously acuminate, finely crenate-serrate, smooth both sides; aments without hairs.-Trees 30 to 40f high, planted at Ioboken, N. J. and perhaps in Penn. f Eur. (P. betulifolia Ph. P. Hudsonica Mx.) 9 P. dilit.ta Ait. LOMBARDY POPLAR. Lvs. smooth, acuminate, deltoid, serrate, the breadth equaling or exceeding the length; trunk lobed and sulcate.Early brought to this country, and has been planted about many a dwelling and in village streets. Its rapid growth is the only commendable quality it possesses, %while the huge worms by which it is often infested render it a nuisance. T Italy. 10 P. Alba L. ABELE. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. Lvs. cordate, broad-ovate, lobed and toothed, acuminate, dark green and smooth above, very white-downy beneath; fertile aments ovate; stig. 4.-A highly ornamental, cultivated tree. Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the upper and lower surface of the leaves. f Eblr. ORDER CXXIII. SAURURACE_. SAURURADS. Berbs with jointed stems, alternate, entire leaves furnished with stipules. Flow-.e~'s in spikes, perfect, naked, having neither corolla nor calyx. Stamens definite. Ovaries 3 to 5, more or less united. Seeds ascending. Embryo enclosed in a sac (amnios), outside of hard, mealy albumen. Fig. 264, ORDER 125.-PODOSTEMIACEtE. 657 Genera 4, species 7, natives of China and North America, growing in marshes.and pools. Properties Unimportant. SAURU'RUS, L. LIZARD-TAIL. (Gr. saavpa, a lizard, ov'pd, a tail; alluding to the form of the inflorescence.) Inflorescence an ament or spike of 1-flowered scales; stamens 6, 7, 8 or more; anthers aduate to the filaments; ovaries 4; berries 4, 1-seeded. —4 St. angular. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, petiolate. S. cernuus Willd.-Common in marshes, U. S. and Can. St. L- to 2f high, weak, furrowed. Lvs. 4 to 6' long and half as wide, smooth and glaucous, with prominent veins beneath and on petioles 1 to 2' long. Spikes slender, drooping at summit, longer than the leaf. Scales tubular, cleft above, white. Fls. very small and numerous, sessile, consisting only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with their recurved stigmas. Jl., Aug. ORDER CXXIV. CALLITRICHACEzE. STARWORT. Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, very minute, polygamous, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts. Stamen 1, rarely 2; filament slender; anthers 1-celled, 2-valved, reniform. Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed; ovules solitary. Styles 2; stigmas simple points. Fruit 1-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. Genus 1, species 6, growing in stagnant,waters, both of Europe and America. CALLIT'RICHE, L. (Gr. tcat6f, beautiful, Opit, -rpltx%, hair; alluding to the slender stems.) Character the same as that of the order. —h 1 C. v6rna L. Floating; Ivs. obovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, the lower more narrow or linear; fls. subsessile; bracts 2, longer than the ovary; fr. obtusely margined, obcordate. —A little aquatic, common in pools and ditches. Sts. numerous, slender, consisting of 2 tubes, 8 to 12 to 20' long, according to the depth of the water. Lvs. 4 to 6" long, with the tapering base, ~A to 2" wide, the floating broadest. The fils. solitary, rarely 2 in the axil, the outer a stamen only. Bracts white. Stamen posterior, yellow, styles 2, filiform, anterior. Caps. i" long, suboval. Apr. -J1. (C. intermedia Willd. C. heterophylla Ph. C. aquatica Bw.) 2 C. autumndlis L. Floating; Ivs. all linear, 1-nerved, or the highest linearspatulate; fls. subsessile; bracts shorter than the ovary or none; fr. oval, acutely margined.-In similar situations with the first, S. States, less common. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 5 to 7" long, often bifid, a few of the highest 3-veined. MaySept. (C. linearis Ph.) 3 C. terrestris Raf. Sts.. short, diffuse, prostrate; lvs. very small, oblong, all similar, fls. sessile, 2-bracted; fruit broader than long, deeply obcordate, 2-winged on the margins. —A much smaller species, on the muddy borders of ponds, covering the surface. Sts. 1 to 2' long. Lvs. 1 to 2" long. Fr. i" long. Jn.-Aug. (C. brevifolia Ph. C. platycarpa Kutz.) ORDER CXXV. PODOSTEMIACE.C. TIREADFOOTS. Herbs aquatic with the habit of seaweeds, with alternate, dissected leaves, with flowers minute, perfect, naked or with 3 sepals, stamens 1 or many, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 2 to 3-celled, with as many stigmas, and numerous ovules. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, ribbed and somewhat pedicelled. Albumen none. Genera 20, species 100, frequent in S. America and E. India, 1 only in N. America. They all grow in running water, attached to stones like the following species. PODOSTE' lIUM, L. C. Pich. THREADFOOT. RIVER WEED. (Gr. 7rov~, irod'~, a foot, a-,i7cwv; the stamens being apparently on a comnmon foot-stalk,) Stamens 2, with the filaments united below; ovary 42 658 ORDER 126.-CERATOPHYLLACE.3E. oblong-ovoid; stigmas 2, sessile recurved; capsule 2-celled; seeds ininute. — Small, submersed herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles. P. ceratophyllum AMx. Lvs. dichotomously dissected; fls. solitary, axillary. — Mid. W. and S. States, in shallow streams. St. a few inches lonog, usually destitute of roots and attached to stones by lateral, fleshy processes. Lvs. numerous, olive-green, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous segments. Fls. on short, thick pecluncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length bursting through the lacerated calyx J1. (Lacis ceratophylla Bougard.) ORDER CXXVI. CERATOPHYLLACE2E. tIORNWORTS. Herbs aquatic, with verticillate, diclhotomously dissected leaves. Flowvers moncecious, sessile, axillary, minute, with neither corolla nor calyx. Involucre 8 to 12cleft. g Anthers (12 to 24) sessile.? A simple, 1-celled ovary. Seed suspended, orthotropous, embryo with 2 pairs of cotyledons. Gen1us 1 only, with 6 9 species, in the streams and pools of the northern hemiislphere. Properties —Unimiportant. CERATOPHYL'LUMI, L. IHORNWORT. (Gr. rpaf, a Lorn, 0vJZXov, a leaf; alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves.) Character the same as that of the Order. C. dem6rsum L. Lvs. 6 to 8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spinescent on the back; fls. axillary; fr. 3-spined. — 24 An aquatic weed in ditches, etc., N. Y. to Va., W. to Ill. St. floating or prostrate, 8 to 16' long, filiform, with numerous whorls of leaves. These are dichotomously divided into 2 or more narrow, stiff segments. Fls. minute, axillary, sessile, with sessile anthers. Fr. an oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. J1.-Sept. FIG. 692. TAxus Canadansis-naked. seeds. ORiDERt 127.-CONIFERE. 659 CLASS II. GYMNOSPERRM1E. EXOGENOUS plants with chiefly parallel-veined leaves, always diclinous, with the flowers very incomplete. Pistils none, or represented by open scales. Ovules axillary or naked, fertilized by the direct application of the pollen, becoming at maturity naked seeds, destitute of a true pericarp. Cotyledons often more than 2. This Class constitutes the COHORT 4. CONOIDEAE. ORDER CXXVII. CON IFER2E. CoxIFERS. Trees or shrubs mostly evergreen, abounding with a resinous juice. Leaves scattered or fascicled, acerous, linear or lanceolate, parallel-veined. Flowelrs moncecious or clecious, achlamydeou s, in aments or cones. S Stamens 1, or several united. Y Ovary, style and stigma wanting. Ovul7es 1 or several at the base of tile carpellary scale. Fruit a strobile (cone), woody with the scales distinct, or baccate with the scales fleshy and coherent. Illust. in Figs. 46, S. 87, 152, 153, 367, 449, 468, 579. Genlerat 20, species 110, natives of all climlates, but most abundant in the temperate zries, those of the southern, however, very different from the pines; spruces, larches and cedars of the northern. Properties.-Few orders can be named, which are of more iniportance to mankind, whether in reference to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin, tare the product of the pines. Burgundy pitch is yielded by Pinus sylvestris of Elurope; Venetian turpentine, by the Larix; oil of Savin by Juniperus Sabina of E'urope, etc. IIn stature the Coniferte are the loftiest of all trees. Pinus strobus, arises often 200f. Araucaria imlbricata iof Chili 250f, and Sequoya gigantea of California 400f. SUBORDERS AND GENERA. i. ABIETINE.E. 5 Scales many, each subtended by a bract, wCith 2 inverted ovules (their micropyle turned downwards) at the base inside. Seeds -inged. (*) * Leaves evergreen, fasciculate in clusters of 2 to 5...............................PsiNus. I * Leaves evergreen, separate, scattered...........................................A:IIE. 2 * Leaves deciduous, many in the fascicles on short lateral branchllets..............LAXnIx. 3 II. CUPRESSINEiE.? Scales few, bractless, each with 2 to S erect ovules. (*) * Flowers Inonocious. Fruit a woody coine opening at maturity. (a) a Leaves evergreen, scale-like. Cone-scales oblong, loose, flattish, 2-ovulod.....TIuJsA. 4 a Leaves evergreen, scale-like or subulatc. Cone-scales peltate, angular..... Cumsscs. 5 a Leaves deciduous, linear, 2-rowed. Cone-scales peltate, angular..........TAXOuIOM.. 6 * Flowers diecious. Fruit a fleshy cone, the scales consolidated, berry-likc..JuI-Encus. 7 1. PI'NUS, L. PIN-E. (Celtic pin or pen, a Iock or crag; fiom tLhe locality of many species.) Flowers monoecious. 3 Aments clustered, terminal; stamens co, with 2 cells arnd a scale-like connective; pollen grains triple.? Aients conical or cylindric, the carpellary scales bracted, each bearing on its base within 2 inverted ovules; strobile composed of the imbricated hardened scales which are often tlhiclened or awned at the tip; seeds nut-like, -winged; cotyledons 3 to 12, linear.Trees with evergreen, acerous h-s. in fascicles of 2 to 5, each fascicle subtended and invested by a membranous scale or leaf. (Fin'. 152.) 660 ORDER 127. —CONIFERzE. ~ Leaves fascicled in 5s. Cone scales not thickened at the end, unarmed................No. ~ Leaves ill 8s. Cone scales at the end thickened and prickly or spiny..............Nos. 2-4 ~ Leaves ill 2s (rarely Os).-Scales at the end thickened and spiny....................Nos. 5-7 -Scales at the end thickened, but unarmed...........N....os. 8, 9 1 P. strdbus L. WHVITE PINE. WEYMOUTIH PINE. Lvs. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths; cones solitary, cylindric, loose, pendant longer than the Ivs.A most majestic and useful forest tree. Can., N. Eng. to Penn. and Wis. The trunk is perfectly straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances, 5-7f in diameter, and 80 to 100f in height without a limb; then, sending out a few branches, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. Branches whorled only in the young trees. Leaves about 4' long, numerous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an extremely soft and delicate foliage. Wrood soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, very durable, used in immense quantities in architecture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May. 2 P. palfistris Lamb. LONG-LEAVED OP ]BIo00oI PINE. Lvzs. in 3s, l'ery long, crowded at the ends of the bracches, with elonsgatecl, ragged, half-_persisteet sh7eaths; conre subcvlindrical, nearly as long as the leaves; scales tipped with small, recurved Spines.-N. Car. to Fla., very abundant and valuable. The trunk is 15 to 20' diam., arising with a slight diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, thence 20 to 40f to the summit. Bark slightlyfurrowed. Lvs. dark green, 10 to 15' in length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet colored, 2' long. Cone 8 to 10' long. Sds. with a thin white testa. Timber strong, compact, resinous and durable, used at the south in vast quantities. The young trees look like brooms. The old are festooned with the long moss. They yield nearly all the turpentine and resin of commerce. As fuel it burns with fragrance, splendor and heat. 3 P. Tagda L. LOBLOL~Y PINE. OLD-FIELD PINE. Lvs. in 3s, long, light green, with long, subentire sheaths; cones oblong-ovoid, deflexed, half as lQng as the leaves, the scales tipped with a short inflexed sopine.-Abundant in pine woods and sandy fields as a second growth, Va. to Fla. A tall tree, 50 to 80 or even 100f high, %with a wide-spreading summit. Bark thick and very rugged. Lvs. 6 to 10' long, rigid, sheaths blackish, 6" long. Sterile aments 1' long, densely clustered, lightreddish. Cones 3 to 5' long. —Less valuable for turpentine or timber than P. palustris, but equally excellent as fuel and light. 3. SEROTINA. POND PINE. Cone ovoid, thick (as large as a goose egg), polished and shining, nearly unarmed. Tree smaller. 4 P. rigida MLiller. PITCIH PINE. Lvs. in 3s, rigid, with short sheaths; cones pyramidal-ovoid, clustered; scales with short, thick, refiexed spines.-Common in barren, sandy plains, which it often exclusively occupies. It is of moderate height at the north (25 to 30f), but attains a great height (40 to 10f) in the S. States. The trunk, which is seldom straiglt, is covered with a very thick and rough bark cleft with deep furrows. Lvs. 4 to 6' long. Cones usually several together, 2 to 3' long. The wood is heavy with resin, is used in architecture for flooring, and in ship-building, and is excellent as fuel for steam engines. 5 P. mitis Mx. YELLOW PINE. SPRUCE PINE. Lvs. ill pairs (sometimes in 3s), slender, channeled, with elongated sheaths, scattered all over the branchlets; cones not generally clustered, oblong-ovoid, half the length of the shortish lvs.; scales with a short, weak, slightly inhcurved prickle.-Widely diffused throughout the country. A tree of slow growth, 30 to 50 to 80f high. Bark rough, broken into broad plates. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, bluish green, in 3s on young trees or the more vigorous shoots. Cones 18 to 30" long, rugged with the projecting point of the scales. Timber close-grained, moderately resinous, used in immense quantities for all kinds of architecture. /.? PAUPERA. Bark smoother than the pines in general, the branches resembling those of the beech; lvs. short, (3 to 4') and thinly scattered; cones smaller than a hen's egg, with minute, straightish spines; barren aments 6" long.-Ga. Tree 40 to 50f high. (P. glaber Walt.?) 6 P. pingens iMx. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN PINE. Lvs. in pairs, short, rigid, acute, somewhat channeled, rough-edged; sheaths very short; cones ovoid, longer than the leaves; scales tipped with a long, recurved and hoolked spine.-Lookout Mt. I Tenn.. and Table Mit., Grandfather lMt. &c., N. Car. and Va. Tree with rough ORDER 127.-CONIFERAE. 661 and scaly bark, gnarled spreading branches, 20 to 30f high. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, cones finally 2 to 3' long, the spines fully 3" long, the points hooked. In the young cones the spines are projecting, with the points hooked. Branchlets bluish red. Resembles the next. 7 P. inops Ait. JERSEY or SCRUB PINE. Lvs. in pairs, rather short, obtuse, rigid, channeled above, terete beneath, margins obscurely serrulate; cones recurved, ovoid-oblong, as long as the leaves; scales compact, obtuse at base, with a straight, subulate prickle. —A tree 15-25f high, on barrens in the Middle States. Branches straggling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Branchlets glaucous. Leaves 1-2' long. The wood abounds in resin. May. 8 P. resinbsa AIT. NORWAY PINE. Rrn PINE. Lvs. in pairs, channeled elongated, with elongated sheaths; cones ovoid-conic, rounded at the base, subsolitary, about half as long as the lvs.; scales without spines, dilated in the middle. —It abounds in the northern parts of the U. S. and in Canada, attaining the height of 80f, with a trunk of 2f in diameter, very straight and uniform. Bark smoother, and of a clearer red than other pines. Leaves chiefly collected towards the ends of the branches, always in pairs, 5-8' in length, the sheaths 6 to 12". Timber fine-grained, resinous, strong and durable. May. (P. rubra, Mx.) 9 P. BanksiAna Lambert. SCRUB PINE. Lvs. in pairs, rigid, curved, short, acute, terete upon the back and channeled above, margins somewhat scabrous; cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous, longer than the lvs., scales without spines, obtuse, smooth.-A small tree, with long, spreading, flexible branches, abounding in barrens, in Me. to Wis. and British America. Leaves about an inch in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. Apr., May. (P. ruprestris Mx.) 2. A'BIES, Tourn. SPRUCE FIRE. Aments axillary, clustered towards the ends of the branches; 9 scales of the cone thin, flat, not thickened nor spine-pointed at the end; seeds with a persistent wing; cotyledonis 3 to 9.-Trees with evergreen, solitary, scattered lvs. never sheathed at base. (Fig. 46, S.) ~ Cones erect, bracts conspicuous with the scales. Leaves flat, whitenel beneath.... Nos. 1, 2 ~ Cones pendant, bracts inconspicuous.-Scales rounded and entire at tip............Nos. 3, 4 -Scales eroded or dentate at tip............. Nos. 5, 6 1 A. balsArnea Marshall. FIR BALSAM. Lvs. linear, flat, obtuse, glaucous-silvery beneath; cones cylindric, large (3 to 4' long); scales broad, compact; bacts obovate, ntucr'onate, slightly projecting.-A beautiful evergreen, common in humid forests or' the northern U. S. and Can. Branches nearly horizontal, gradually becoming shorter upwards, forming a regularly pyramidal head. The lvs. are little longer than those of the hemlock (8 to 10" long) spirally arranged, bright green above, silvery white beneath. Cones 1' thick, bluish purple when growing. Bark smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or balsam which is consideredt a valuable medicine. May. (Pinus, L. Picea Mx.) 2_ A. Fraseri Ph. DOUBLE FIR BALSAI. Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear, often emarginate, subsecund, erect above; cone ovoid-oblong, erect, very small; bracts elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely toothed.-Smaller tree than the last, much resembling it in habit, in Mts. N. Eng. to Car. Lvs. 3" long, and much crowded. Cones 1 to 2' long when mature, singularly distinguished by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reflexed bracts. Sterile aments terminal. NMay.-A highly ornamented shade tree. 3 A. Cdnaddnsis Mx. IIE.MLOcK. Lvs. linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, glaucoau beneath, in 2 rows; cones ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves; scales rounded, entire.-A well known evergreen inhabitant of rocky, mountainous woods Brit. Am. to Car. and Wis., commonly attaining the height of 0 —80f. The trunk is large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brittle and nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6-8" in length, less than 1" wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. Wood soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber. The bark is extensively used in tanning. May. (Pinus, L.) 4 A. ilba Mx1. WirWIrTE OR SlINGLE SPRUCE. Ivs. 4-6ided, incurved; cones lax, 662 ORDER 127. —CONIFEE1E. pendulous, subcylindric, with entire, broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales.Very abundant in humid and rocky woods. Can. to Car. and Wis. Height 50f. Trunk 1 to 2f diam. at the base, regularly diminishing upwards. Lower branches longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Lvs. } to X' long, placed on all sides of the branches. Cones small. The timber is useful in the frames of buildings, &c. May. (Pinus, Ait.) 5 A. nigra 1Mx. BLAcCK OR DOUBLE SPRUCE. Lvs. 4-cornered, scattered, straight erect; cones ovoid, pendulous; scales elliptical-obovate, eirosely dentate at the edge, erect. -Abounds in the the northern U. S. and Can., where dark, mountain forests, are often wholly composed of it. It is a large tree, 70-80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, dark green, little more than ~' in length. Cones 1 —2' long. Timber light, strong, elastic, much used in architecture. That salutary beverage, spruce beer, is made from the young branches. May. (Pinus L.) 6 A. exclsa DC. NORWAY SPRUCE. Branches pendulons; Ivs. elongated, somewhat 2-ranked; cones long, cylindrical, pendulous; scales broad, with a slightly projecting and 2-toothed apex.-Parks and shrubberies. A tall stately evergreen with dense and dark green foliage. Lvs. about 1' long, crowded. Cones very showy, and elegant, 5 to 8' long, more than 1' diam.-It grows luxuriantly, and is a finer tree than any of our native species. f N. Eur. 3. LA'RIX, Tourn. LARCI-I. TAMARACK. Arents scattered all over the branches, bul-like; 8 anthllers 2-celled, cells opening lengthwise, with simple pollen grains; V cones erect, oval or roundish, scales colored, persistent; seeds with a proper wing.-Lvs. deciduous, acerous, soft, scattered, and in axillary, nmany-leaved fascicles. 1 L. AmericAna Mx. Ls. filifocr., very slender; cones ovoid, inclining upwards even when the branches are pendulous; scales few, thin and inflexed on the margin; bracts elliptical, often hollowed at the sides, abruptly acuminate with a slender point.-A beautiful tree, often seen in shrubberies, and thinly interspersed in forests, Can. to Penn. and WV is. It is remarkably distinguished fromn the pines by its deciduous leaves, the branches being bare nearly half the year. The tree arises 80 —100f, with a straight and slender trunk and horizontal branches. Leaves 1 —2' long, collected in bunches of 12-20 on the sides of the branches. Cones deep purple, 6 to 10" long. Wood most valuable being very heavy, strong and durable. Apr., May. fl. PENDULA. Branches slender and drooping.-A beautiful variety. (P. pendula Ait.) 2 L. Europ.ea DC. WHITE LARCH. Ls. fiattish, filiform-linear; cones oblong, scales slightly reflexed on the margiu.-Rarely cultivated. Tree much resembling No. 1, of more rapid growth, 60 to SOf high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, cones about 1'. t Eur. 4. THU'JA, Tourn. ARBOR VITsI]. (Gr. OVi), to sacrifice; the -wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifice.) Flowers &. 6 In an imbricated ament; anther cells 4 on each scale-like connectile; 9 flowers in a cone, scales few, each bearing 2 erect ovules at the base! inside; seed winged; integument membranous; cotyledons 2.-Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, scale-like, imbricate and appressed to tne ancipital branchlets. 1 T. occidentalis L. Branchblets spreading; lis. imbricate in 4 rows, rhomboid-ovate, tuberculate on the back; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gibbous below the lip.-This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance might easily be mistaken for the Cupressus thyoides. It abounds in the northern U. S. and Can. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, throwing out branches fiom base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists of branchlets much more fiat and broad than those of the Wl-hite Cedar. Cones terminal, consisting of a few long, loose scales. Wood very light, soft and durable. May. ORDER 127.-CONIFER2.E. 663 2 T. orienthlis L. Branches erect; Ivs. slightly furrowed in the middle, cones erect, roundish or obovoid; scales acute, recurvedl or spreading at the points.Cultivated shrubs or small trees much branched. The flattened, fan-shaped ramifications vertical, not horizontal as in the other. t China. 5. CUPRES'SUS, Tourn. CYPRESS. (From the Isle of Cyprus, where the Cypress is very abundant.) Flowers 8.-, in an ovoid rmentt; anthers 4, sessile at the base of the peltate scales; y in a strobile (cone); scales peltate, bearing 4 to 8, erect (orthotropous) ovulus at base inside; seed angular, compressed; integuments mnembranous; cotyledons 2 or 3.-Trees with evergreen, flat, squamous, imabricated lvs. Fertile aments becoming indurated cones. C thyoldes 5Mx. WHITE CEDAR. Branchlets compressed; lvs. imbricate in 4 rows, ovate, tuberculate at base; cones spherical.-N. Eng. (from Winclhendon Mass.) to Ga. WV. to O. It usually occurs in swamps, which it densely and exclusively occupies. IHeight 40-60f. The leaves consist of short, minute, evergreen scales, covering the finely divided branchlets, in 4 imbricated rows, and each one furnished with a minute gland or tubercle on the back. The wood is white, fine-grained, and wonderfully light, soft. and durable. Used in the manuficture of shingles, pails, fences, &c. Posts made of this cedar it is said will last 50 years. May. 6. TAXO'DlIUMl, Pichard. BALD CYPRESS. (Gr. radof, the yew, tcdoS, form; from the resemblance of the foliage.) Flowers 8.- Aments in terminal, panicled spikes; stamens few, scale-like, peltate, bearing 2 to 5 anther cells. 9 Cones sessile in pairs, roundish, placed below the sterile; scales numerous, bearing 2 ovules at the base, becoming thick, angular, peltate 2-seeded in fruit; cotylendos 6 to 9.-Trees with deciduous, linear lvs. arranged in 2 rows. T. distychum Rich. Lvs. distychous; flat, deciduous with the slender branchlets. -One of the largest trees of the forest, native of N. J. to Mex. It grows in wet soils, forming what is called the cypress or cedar swamps of the S. States. The trunk arises to the height of 125f, with a circumference of 25 to 40f, above the conical base, usually of smaller dimensions. The enormous roots produce large, conical -excrescences covered with bark but leafless, 1 to 3f high. Tihe head is wide-spread and often depressed. Foliage light green and open. Cones 1' diam., composed of the indurated, combined scales. Timber light, fine-grained and durable. t 7. JUNIP'ERUS, L. JUNIPER. (Celtic, juneprus, rough or rude.) Flowers C X, rarely S.- 3 Ament ovate; scales verticillate, peltate, each with 4 to 7 anther cells at base. 9 Ament globous; scales few, united at base, concave; ovules 1, rarely more, at the base of each scale; berry formed of the enlarged, fleshy scales containing 2-3 bony seeds; cotyledons 2.-Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, mostly acerou,, opposite or in whorls of 3. 1 J. commUnis L. Co-mioxN JUNIPER. (Fig. 153.) Lvs. ternate, spreading, subulate, mucronate, longer than the berry.-Can. to N. J. and Wis. A shrub, with numerous, prostrate branches, growing in dry woods and hills, often arising in a slender pyramid, 6-8f high (rarely arboreous Robbins). Leaves arranged in whorls of 3, 5-8" long, acerous-lanceolate, ending in a sharp, bristly point, channeled and glaucous on the midvein above, keeled and green below. Barren flowers in small, axillary aments or cones; fertile ones on a distinct shrub, small, axillary, sessile. Berries roundish, oblong, dark blue, ripening the second year from the flower. They are then sweetish, with a tase of turpentine. In medicine they are diuretic and cordial. May. 2 J. Virginiana. RED CEDAR. Upper lvs. imbricate in 4-rows, ovate-lanceolate, pungently acute, oppressed, older ones acerous, cuspidate, spreading; trunk arbore 664 ORDER 128.-TAXACEAE. ous. —Found throughout the U. S., but chiefly in the maritime parts, growving in dry, rocky places. It is a tree of middle size, sending out numerous, horizontal branches. Leaves dark green, the younger ones small, ovate acute, scale-like, overlying each other in 4 rows, upon the subdivided branchlets; the older ones 6' long. Flowers inconspicuous, the staminate in oblong, terminal aments, 3" long; the fertile on separate trees, producing small, bluish berries covered with a white powder. Wood reddish, very light, durable, used in making drawing pencils, etc. Apr., May. /3. PROSTRATA. Lvs. ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed; berries tubercular; st. prostrate, creeping. —A shrub, on gravelly shores, -with creeping branches 4 —8f long. ORDER CXXVIII. TAXACEIE. YEWS. Trees or shrubs, with narrow, parallel-veined or broad fork-veined leaves, and tile flowers diclinous, aehlamydeous, surrounded with imbricated bracts. 3 Flowers several together, each consisting of one or several coherent anthers. i Flowers solitary or clustered, each consisting of a single naked ovule, terminal or axillary. Friuit a solitary seed usually surrounded at base by a fleshy cupule.. Fig. 421. Genera 9, species 50, generally natives of the temperate regions. 1. TAXtUS, Tourn. YEW. (Gr. ad-orv, an arrow; asrl'ows welre formerly poisoned with the juice of the Yew tree.) Flowers 8 y or P, axillary, surr6unded with numerous scales. 8 Aments globular, composed of 8 to 10 stamens; anthers peltate, 6 to 8-celled, cells dehiscent beneath. V Flowers solitary, consisting of a single ovule, becoming in firuit a seed nearly enclosed in a pulpy cupule.-Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, linear, alternate ]vs. 1. T. Canad6nsis L. DWARF YEw. GROUND HEMLOCK. (Fig. 421.) Shrub low or prostrate; lvs. linear, mucrona.e, 2-ranked, revolute on the margin; sterile ament globous; drup2es depressed-globous, open at top.-A small evergreen shrub with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce (Pinus Canadensis). It grows on thin rocky soils in shady places, 2 to 3f high, Can. to Penn. and Ky. Lvs. nearly an inch long, arranged in 2 opposite rows on the sides of the branchlets. Staminate flowers in small, roundish, axillary hleads. Drupes coralline-red, concave or open at the summit, displaying the top of the black seed. May. 2 T. baccata L. ENGLISH YEw. Tree of low stature, attaining a great size; lvs. linear and spatulate-linear, imbricated all a arounsd the young branchlets, finally spreading and distichous; fr. oblong-oval or somewhat bell-shaped, open at the top.-Trees attaining great age in England, Fwith short, huge trunks and widespread branches. f 2. TORRE'YA, Arnott. (Dedicated to Prof. John Torrey, of New York.)-Flowers 8.-, Aments oblong, many-flowered, bracts at base imbricated in 4 rows; stamen a pedicellate scale, bearing several anther cells at base. 9 Ament ovoid, 1-flowered, consisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with bracts; fiuit oblong-ovate, a nut-like seed enclosed in a thick, fibro-fleshy testa.-Small evergreen trees, with spreading branches and 2-ranked, linear lvs. T. taxif6lia Arn. —Along the Chattahoochee, Mid. Fla., and cultivated at Quincy (by Judge Dupont). Tree 15 to 30f high. Branches ramnifying distichousiy and horizontally. Lvs. dark green, shining, very acute, mucronate-pungent, margins revolute, 18" long. Drupe near 1' long, with a brittle epicarp. 3. SALISBURIA'NA adiantifblia Smith, is occasionally seen in gardens and shrubberies, called Jinsko, in Japan. It is remarkably distinguished by its broad, fan-shaped, fork-veined petiolate lvs. It becomes a tree 40 to 80f in height. t Japan. ORDER 129. —CYCADACE. 665 ORDER CXXIX. CYCADACEJE. CYcADES. Trees of low stature, simple trunks with the internodes undeveloped and the surface scarred with the fallen leaves which were pinnate, parallel-veined, circinate. I'lowers dicecious, in cones, S anther covering the under surface of the connective.? Scales peltate, scale-like or leaf-like, bearing naked ovules dorsal or mnarginal. Gene'ra 7, species 46, chiefly tropical. The Cycades form the connecting link between the IExogens and the Cryptoganmia. CY'CAS revoluta, a palm-like plant, representing this order endures the winters of the far South, and is frequent in the greenhouses of the North. Its long, pinnate leaves are all clustered at the summit of the short, abrupt trunk which is tesselated all over with leaf-scars. I FIG. 693.-I. Branch of Thuja occidentalis, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with a zone of staminate flowers. 3. A carpellary scale with the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical tranverse section of one of the seeds, showing the embryo, &c. 5. The immature, erect ovules. 6. One of the ovules enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americana. 8. Scale, with the bract. 9. Scale with immature ovules. 10. Scale with ripe seeds. 11. A pair of leaves of Pinus resinosa. 12. Anther of Pinus sylvestris. 13. Scale of the cone, with the ovules turned downward. 14. Staminate scale of Cupressus, with pollen. 15. Fertile scale, with tmany erect ovules. 666 ORDER 13O.-PALMACE_/E. PROVINCE, EN D O G E N S, OR MIONOCOTYLEDONS. Phtanogainous Plants having a stem without the distinction of bark, wood and pith, composed of thread-like bundles of trachenchynma imbedded irregularly in the general cellular mass, the newest interior, not forming layers in growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Flowers very generally 3-merous. Embryo with one cotyledon, rarely with 2 alternate and unequal. CLASS III. PETALIFERE.J Plants of the endogenous strncture, the flowers normal and complete with a whorled perianth, or the perianth wanting-in either case destitute of glumes. COHORT 5, SPADICIFLORL. Endogens with flowers having no perianth or a scaly one, andl borne on a thickened rachis (spadix) which is usually envelopel in a spathe. ORDER CXXX. PALMACEIE. PALMS. Trees or shrubs chiefly with unbranchedl trunks growing by the terminal bud. Leaves large, plaited, on sheathing petioles, collected in one terminal cluster. Flozwers perfect or polygamous, on a branching spadix bursting from a spathe. Periaznta double, 3-merous, hexandrous, ovaries (and styles) 3, distinct or commonly united into 1, each 1-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, 1 —3-seeded, embryo minute, superficially imbedded in albumen. Fig. 47, d, e. Gen-era 73,.species 500? of noble aspect and most interesting attributes. They are chiefly tropical, a few advancing into the warmer parts of the Temperate Zone. The properties and uses of the Palns are of the highest inmportance and variety. From the drupes of several African Palns, and from the Cocoa Nut, oil is obtained. Other species secrete wax from their leaves. Sta-rch is obtained abundantly from the Sago Palm (Sagus Rumphii) and many other species. Even sugar, and alcoholic liquors, are made from the juice of the unopened spathe of Saguerus sacclharifer, Mauritia vinifer, &c. The bud of the Cabbage Palm (Areca oleracea) is boiled and eaten as a vecgetable. Among theftcztis, are enumerated the (ate, from Phaonix dactylifera, and the cocoa-n1ut, from Attalea funifera. &c. GENERA. * Flowers all perfect. Ovaries and styles united into 1. Berry single............... SAAIAL. 1 * Flowers perfect and stamniinate. Ovaries and styles distinct. Drupes 3...... CII.AM.EOPS.'2 1. SA'BAL, Adanson. PALMETTO. Fls. perfect, sessile, outer pcrianth (calyx) cup-like, 3-cleft or 3-toothed, inner of 3 subdistinct, oblong sepals; stam. 6; fil. subulate, their broad bases contiguous or connate, anth. ovate-cordate; ovaries 3, soon united into 1; style 3angled; fruit a single globular or 3-lobed, 3 (rarely 1 or 2)-seeded dryish berry.-Caudex procumbent or erect, covered by the persistent bases of the leaves. Leaves palmately many-cleft, segmr. implicate, 2 cleft at apex, spadix branching, sheathed with many spathe-like bracts. Fls. small, white or greenish. 1 S. Palmetto Loddig. PXALMETTO. Caudex erect, arborescent; lvs. coriaceous, glaucous-green, lamina fan-shaped, segments numerous, implicate, united to near the ensiform summits; petioles broad, compressed, nearly the length of the lamina; spadix flexuous, glabrous, much shorter than the leaves; spathe double; style ORDER 131. —ARACE2E. 667 thick, obtuse; berry globular.-Woods along the coast, Ga. and Fla. (scarce N. to the Cape Fear R.). One specimen in the street, front of the P. O., Charleston. Caudex 20 to 50f high, usually enlarged upwards, and rugged above with the split bases of the old leaf-stalks. The majestic leaves dre all terminal, from 1 bud, and 6 to 10f long. Spadix fromn the same bud, which in early spring is tender and nutritious like the cabbage. The use of the leaves in hat-work, &c., is well known. Jn., J1. (Chammrops, Mx.) 2 S. Addnsoni Guernsent. DWARP PALMIETTO. Caudex probstrate; lvs. rigid, glaucous; petioles shorter, naked; spadix strict, glabrous, branchlets remote-flowered; style thick, obtuse, scarcely shorter than the petals; berry depressed-globous. -In low, sandy swamps, along the coast, Neuse river to the Apalachicola, ac., often in wide patches. Spadix slender, about as high (3 to 4f)'as the leaves. A compound branch issues from each alternate sheath. Fls. numerous, 11" long, calyx half as long. Berry bluish black, 3" diam. Jn.-Aug. (S. pumila Walt.) 3 S. serrulata R. & S. Ca(udex creeping; petioles aculeate-serrate; lamina flabeliform, 10-12-cleft; spadix thick, flexuous, branchlets densely greyish pubescent; style very slender, subulate; berry oblong-ovoid. —Flat pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla., common. The prostrate rhizomes attain a diam. of 4 to 6', creeping many feet. Leaves 2 or 3f, in dense masses, affording nice shelter for rattlesnakes! Sheaths of the spadix long (2-3'), loose. Fls. rather close on the branchlets, 2~" long, calyx ~ as long, style single, tapering to a setaceous point. Berry dark blue, 5'" diam. Jl., Aug. f!. MI-INM A. Every way smaller; lvs. about 7-cleft.-E. Fla. (S. min. Nutt.) 2. CHAlMAlE'ROPS, L. BLUE PALMETTO. (Gr. yalai',on the ground, fx,i, a bush.) Fls. polygaino-dicecious, sessile or short pedicellate; calyx 3-parted, cor. (inner perianth) 3-petaled, valvate in bud; staem. 6 or 9; fil. connate at base, anth. oblong or linear-oblong, cordate; ovaries 3, distinct, stigmas 3, sessile, subulate, berries 3, or by abortion fewer, 1-seeded. — Palms acaulescent. Lvs. palmately many-cleft, segm. split at apex withl no intervening threads. Petioles aculeate at base and edge. Spadix dense-fliowered, fls. yellowish. C. HI-strix Fraser. Caudex low, making offsets at base; petioles spiny in the axils; spadix very short; drupes ovoid, apex oblique, rather large, hirsute.In clayey soils around Savannah, to Fla. Cauidex creeping, becoming several inches in diam. In the axils of the sheathing leaf-stalk is a thick, matted, brown, canvas-like stipule, and rigid, sharp, needle-shaped spines 3 to 6' long. Spadix enclosed in the radical sheaths, bearing a dense mass of hairy, brown drupes 6' in length. Ju.-Aug. ORDER CXXXI. ARP.CEE. AROIDS. Herbs with a creeping rhizome or corm, and an acrid or pungent juice, with the leaves simple or compound, often veiny, and the flowers mostly diclinous and naked..Iafiorescence a spadix, dense-flowered, naked or mostly surrounded with a large spathe. Perian th,.: none, or of 4 to 6 scales. Stamens hypogynous,:;X, with ovate-extrorse anthers. Ovary free, stigza, sessile. Firuit baccate or dry, seeds albuminous,, \ k embryo axial. Fig. 91, 201'. Genzera 46, species 240, abundant in tropical regions, Inore \ rare in temperate, one only, Calla palustris, extenlinll to the \\g\x' northern firigid zone..... Propjerties. An acrid, volatile principle pcrnvales the order, which is, in some instances, so concentrated as to become poisonous. The corms and rhizomas abound also in starch, which in some cases when the volatile acridity is expelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutricious, as ii Colocasia. &c. Fir. 709. Calla palustris, its spathe, spadix and flowers. b,. One of the flowers, consisting of an ovary surrounded by six stamens. c, Cross section of the ovary. 668 ORDER 131.-ARACE2E. GENERA. ~ Spadix enveloped in a spathe. (*) * Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth 0..................... rm.uVA. 1 * Flowers covering the whole spadix, and (a) a Moncecious. Perianth 0. Berry 1-seeded. Spathe convolute.........PELTANDIrA. 2 a Moncecious. Per. 0. Berry 3 to 6-seeded. Spathe large, revolute, white. RIctARDIA. 3 a Perfect.-Perianth 0. Spathe open, white................................CALLA. 4 -Perianth regular. Spathe shell-form, purplish...........PIMPLOCAIPUS. 5 ~ Spadix naked, having no spathe,-terminhl, yellow...................O.........ORONTIUM. -lateral; scape leaf-like.................aS..........cous. T 1. ARISE IA, Martins. DRAGON-ROOT. INDIAN TURNIP. (apov, aruma, iorm a, a sign.) Spathe convolute at base, limb arched or somnewhat plain; spadix covered with flowers below, naked and elongated above; flowers diclinous, achlamydeous;, above the fertile, each flower consisting of 4 or more stamens with anthers opening at top; Y ovary 1-celled; stigmas depressed; ovules 2 to 6, orthotropous, erect from the base of the cell; berry red, 1 or few-seeded. —2 Scape arisingY fiom a a corm or tuberous rhizome, sheathed with petioles of the radical, veiny lvs. (Arum, L.) 1 A. triphl11um L. JACr-IN-TIHE-PULPIT. Acaulescent; Ivs. trifoliate, mostly in pairs, leaflets oval, acuminate; spadix clavate, obtuse; spathe ovate, acuminate, flat and inflected above. —A curious and well known inhabitant of wet woodlands, Can. to Ga. W. to the Miss. The stem is a rugous, fleshy, subterraneous corm giving off radicles in a circle from the edge. Scape 8-12' high, erect; round, embraced at the base by the long sheaths of the petioles. Leaflets, 2-7' long, 2- as wide. Spathe green without, usually variegated within with stripes of dark purple alternating with pale green. Spadix much shorter than the spathe, varying from green to dark purple. Fruit a bunch of bright scarlet berries. The corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by drying, and is then valued as a carminative, &c. Apr., Jn. (Arum, atrorubens Ait.) 2 A. quinatum. Acaulescent; lvs. with very long sheaths, in pairs one'or both quinate; lfts. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or sessile; spadix long and slender, nearly inclosed in the ovate-lanceolate spathe, which is briefly inflected at the pointed apex; berry 1 to 2-seeded. —Ga. and S. Car. (Curtis.) Scape 1 to 2f high. Lvs. with long petioles and still longer sheaths. Lfts. 5 to 10' long, spathe 3 to 5' (Arum quinatumn Nutt.)-Perhaps identical with A. pentaphyllum (Schott.) of India.,B. OBTUSo-QUINATUM. Lfts. rounded-obtuse, mucronate, abruptly narrowed to a long petiolule.-Georgia (Feay, Pond). 3 A. Drac6ntium Schott. GREEN DRAGON. Acaulescent; If. mostly solitary, pedate; lfts. 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate; spadix subulate, longer than the convolute, oblong spathe. —Less common in N. Eng. than the former species, found inl wet places, banks of streams, U. S. Stem a fleshy, subterraneous corm. Scape slender, 10' to 2f high. Leaf on an erect, sheathing petiole, which is dichotomous above, each half bearing 2-4 leaflets with an odd one at the fork. Leaflets 5 to 8' long, one-third as wide. Spathe green, 1-2' long, rolled into a tube at base. Spadix slender, with its long, tapering point much exserted. Fruit a bunch of red berries. Jn., J1. (Arum Dracontium L.) 2. PELT'ANDRA, Raf. (Gr. rre2, a shield or target, dvdpeg.) Spathe convolute; spadix covered with flowers, staminate above, pistillate below; perianth 0; anthers 8 to 12, attached to the margin of a peltate, oblong, connectile, and opening by a terminal pore; berry 1celled, 1 to 3-seeded.- 4 Rt. fibrous. Lvs. sagittate. 1 P. Virginica Raf. Acaulescent; lvs. oblong, hastate-sagittate, acute at apex, the lobes obtuse; spathe elongated, incurved, green, wavy on the margin; spadix covered with staminate flowers the greater part of its length. —A smooth, dark green plant, in wet grounds, N. Y. and Ms. to Car. Leaves radical, numerous, ORDER 131.-ARACEA.E. 669 8-12' long, ~ as wide, on petioles as long as the scapes. Scapes many fiom the same root, 8-15' long. Spathe closely involving the spadix, green, 3 to 5' long, lanceolate, wavy on the margin. Spadix slender, acuminate, shorter than the spathe, its compact stamens 6-sided. Fr. a cluster of green berries inclosed in the base of the spathe after the upper part of both spathe and spadix has decayed. Jn. (Arum, L. Calla, Bw. Lecontia, Cooper, Rensseheria, Beck, Caladium, Lindl.) 2 P. glafica Feay (,M S.). Acaulescent; lvs. ovate-hastate, acute or short-acuminate, lobes broad and obtuse at end; scape as long as the leaves; spathe involute, entire, gradually evolved and widened above, acuminate, white, spadix much shorter; berries red, I-seeded.-Maritime parts of S. Car. and Ga. (Feay, Pond.) A smooth, glaucous plant with 1 to 3 radical lvs., and one or more slender scapes 12 to 20' high. Lvs. 5 to 7' long, with large base lobes, and a vein running close to the margin. Spathe about 3' long, spadix about 2'. Fruit smaller than in No. 1. Seeds without albumen, as in that species. Mayv, Jn. (Caladium glaucum Ell.) 3. RICHAR'DIA, Kth. EGYPTIAN CALLA. Spathe involute at base, spreading, marescent; spadix covered with flowers, fertile below, staminate above; anthers co, free, sessile, 2-celled, on a broad connectile; ovaries incompletely 3-celled, intermixed with sterile filaments; berry ecw-seeded, seeds suspended. — 2. IIerb with a thick rhizome, tall, erect, radical leaf-stalks, and scapes with a large, white spathe. R..2thi6pica. A fine, showy plant of the green-house and parlors. Lvs. 2 to 4f high, hastate-cordate, thick, smooth, on sheathing petioles. Scape rather taller, bearing a cylindric spadix within the large; involved, milk-white spathe. t Cape Good Hope. 4. CAL'LA, L. (Probably altered from ^:aX6g, beautiful.) Spathe ovate, spreading, persistent, colored; spadix covered with flowers with no perianth; filaments slender, with 2-celled anthers, encircling each ovary; ovary 1-celled, 5 or 6-ovuled, the upper often abortive; berry red, depressed, few-seeded.- 21 An aquatic herb with a prostrate, creeping rhizome, cordate lvs. and a broad white, open spathe. C. palistris L. —An interesting plant in shallow waters, Penn. to N. Eng., Wis. and Brit. Am. Lvs. 2 t6 3' long, nearly as wide, cuspidate, long-petioled, smooth and entire. Scape thick, 4 to 6' high. Spathe clasping at the base, recurved, with a twisted cusp, much longer than the oblong, cylindric spadix. J1.-The rhizome is acrid, but Linumus tells us that the Laplanders extract a wholesome breadstuff from it. 5. SIM1PLOCAR'PUS, Salisb. (Gr. ravjLrr=oti, connection, Kap-,r6S, fruit.) Spathe shell-form, ventricous; spadix oval, covered with perfect flowers; perianthl deeply 4-parted, segments cucullate, cuneate, truncate, persistent, becoming thick and spongy; berries globous, 1-seeded, imbedded in the spadix, and with the fleshy perianth forming a kind of sorosis; seed without albumen.-2- Aquatic, acaulescent herbs. S. foetidus Nutt. SruNKI CABBAGE. Lvs. cordate-oval, acute; spadix subglobous, preceding the leaves.-A common plant, Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, growing in swamps, meadows and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is scarcely less offensive than that of the animal whose name it bears. Early inll spring, the swelling spathe is seen emerging first from the ground or water, more or less covered with purplish spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point incurved. It incloses the spadix, which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull purple. The leaves, which arise after the flowers, are of a bright green, numerous, becoming very large (often 20' by 12'). (Pothos fetida Mx. Ictodes, Bw.) 670 ORDER 132.-LEMNACEME. 6. ORON'TIUBI, L. GOLDEN CLUB. (Name of doubtful origin.) Spathe none; spadix cylindric, covered with perfect flowers; perianth 4 to 6-sepaled; stamens 4 to 6; ovary few; stigma sessile; fruit a dry )berry or utricle, seed without albumen.- 2 Acaulescent, aquatic. Fls. yellow at the summit of the scape, which thickens upwards into the spadix. 0. aquaticum. —This interesting plant is a native of inundated banks and pools, U. S. Lvs. lanceolate, 6 to 9' by 2 to 3', smooth, of a deep green, velvet-like surface above, paler beneath, on long, radical petioles. Scape thick and terete, about a foot in length, closely invested by a short sheath at base, and ending i:l a spadix of a rich yellow color, covered with small, perfect, yellow fls. of an off'ensive odor —the upper ones often tetramerous. May. 7. ACO'RUS, L. SWEET FLAG. (Gr. a, privative, and xc6p't, the pupil of the eye; supposed to cure maladies of the eye.) Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers, and issuing front the side of a leaf-like scape; perianth C-sepaled; stamens 6, linear; ovary free; stigma sessile, minute; fruit dry, 3-celled, umany-seeded. —-- IIerbs with a fleshy, aromatic rhizome. Lvs. radical, ensifborml, as well as the scape. A. calamus L. Summit of the scape above the spadix very long and leaf-like.Grows in wet soils throughout the IT. States. The thick, prostrate, creeping rhizome is highly valued for its aromatic flavor, its warm and pungent taste. The long, sword-shaped leaves are readily distinguished by the ridge running their whole length. The cylindrical spadix is about 3' long and 3" diam., covered with small, green flowers. Jn., J1. ORDER CXXXII. LEMNACEA]. DUCXRMEATS. 1rrbs minute, stemless, floating free upon the water, and consisting of a leaf-like frond, or a tuft of leaves, with one or more fibrous roots. Flowers bursting from thll substance of the frond, or axillary, inclosed in a spathe, the sterile consisting of' 1 or 2 stamens, the fertile of a 1-celled ovary. JIruit a utricle, with 1 or more seeds. ~,Etmbryo straight, in fleshy albumen. FPie. 602.;e7lnera 4. species 20, little.aquatics, widely difftsed. Th'ey are regarded as redlced aroi(ls, and among the simplest of Plhelloganilos plants. 1. LErI'N A, L. DUCK-MaEAT. (Perhaps altered from )tsetlza, a scale.) Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former 2 collateral stamens, the latter a simple, carinate ovary, with a style and stiglma.-T tIeTbs, consistilng of a frond (stem and leaf confounded), sending' doslwn fiom the under surface roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing from the marmgins the spathaccous flowers. (The tbllowing sections are regarlded as genera by Schleiden.) ~ LT MiNA, Sehleiden. Fils. filiforim. Ovule solitary. Frond with a single root....Nos. 1 —3 ~ TE IMATFOPIItCE,, Schll. IFils. dilated in the middle. Ovs. 2 to 7. Fronds l-rooted..No. 4 ~ SPIRODELA, Schl. Fils. narrowed below. Ovules 2. Frond many-rooted........... No. 5 1 L. trisulca L. IVY-LEAVED DUCK-MEAT. Fronds elliptic-lanceolate, thin, serrate at one extremity and caudate at the other;,roots solitary.-Floating in ponds and pools of clear water. Fronds nearly -' in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like appendagse at base, obtuse at apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner from lateral fissures in the margin of the old. Root a solitary fiber, ending in a sheath. Flowers very minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the frond. June —Sept. 2 L. minor L. Fronds thicis7h, roundish or obovate, several conjoined; root solitary.-This little floating plant occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant waters. The leaves, properly fronds,,adhere 2-3 together, 2" in length, rather ORDER 133.-TYPHAOCEE. 671 thick, and convex below. Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers minute from a cleft in the margin of the fronds, near the base. Jn.-Sept. 3 L. perpusilla Torr. SMALLEST DUCK-MEAT. Fronds obovate, thin; rt. solitary; seed erect.-Ponds on Staten Island. Fronds 1" or more long, grouped or single, bright green. Stamens with filiform filaments, maturing in succession. Ovary obliquely acuminate, with a short style. Sd. striate, erect in the ovary. Aug. (Torrey). 4 L. gibba L. Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above; root solitary.-Floating on the surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a line in length, pellucid and reticulated beneath. Filaments recurved as in the other species. Fruit roundish, indehiscent, 1 to 7-seeded. Jn., Jl. 5 L. polyrhiza L. Fronds broad-ovate, a little convex beneath, rts. numerous. -Floating in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling flax-seed, but larger (2 to 4" long), scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, becoming purplish. Rts. in thick bundles of S to 10 black fibers from the under surface of the fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks and other aquatic birds. Jn.-Sept. 2. PIS'TIA, L. (Gr. rrta-r5, drinking.) Spathe tubular at base, connate with the spadix, limb open, ligulate, cucullate above; 8 anthers 3 to 8, adnate to the thick summit of the spadix, subglobous, opening transversely;: ovary 1, at the base of the spadix, 1-celled, 0oovuled, becoming a berry in fruit.-Floating herbs, consisting of rosulate tufts of little, veined,.entire lvs., sending out filiform stolons. Spadix axillary, on a short scape. P. Stratiotes L. Lvs. roundish-obcordate, margin undulate, veins lamelliform, confluent into a truncate area at base. In the var. SPATHULATA (P. spathulata Mx.) the leaves are rather obovate than obcordate, and abruptly contracted into a short petiole —) S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Curtis), in stagnant waters. Spathe white. May. ORDER CXXXIIL TYPHACERE. TYPHADS. Herbs growing in marshes and ditches, with rigid, ensiform, sessile leaves. Flowers monoecious, arranged on a spadix or in heads, with no spathe. Perianth of a few scales, or a tuft of hairs, or 0. Stamens 1 to 4, with long, slender filaments. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Seed albuminous, with an axial embryo. Fig. 457. Genera 2, species 13, widely distributed throughout the world. I. TY'PHA. L. (Gr. TvvoO, a marsh; where all the species grow.) Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense; $ stamens about 3 together, united into a common filament;? flowers below the sterile; ovary pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus.-Root 24. Spadix terminal, the upper staminate, the lower pistillate. Fls. very numerous. T. latifblia (and angustifdlia Linn.) CAT-TAIL. REED MACE. Lvs. ensiform, concave within near the base; sterile and fertile spikes close together, or a little remote.-A common, smooth, tall inhabitants of the water, in muddy pools and ditches, U. S., Can. Stem 3 to 5f, round and smooth, leafy below. Spikes terminal, 6 to 10', brown, composed of slender, downy flowers, packed solid. The upper portion is slender, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves somewhat swordshaped, erect, 2-4f and nearly 1' wide. They are called flags, and usefill for weaving the seats of chairs, &ec. July. B. ArNGUSTIFOLIA. Sterile and fertile spikes a little remote (1 —2').-Found in the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differing only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts. 6 72 ORDER 134.-NAIADACEE. 2. SPAR'GANUM, L. BURR REED. (Gr. arrdpyavov, a band or fillet; in reference to the long, ribbon-like leaves.) Spadices many, globous, the lower fertile, the upper consisting of numerous stamens with scales intermixed; filaments slender; anthers oblong-linear, 2-celled; V pistils numerous, sessile, each surrounded by 3 or 6 scales, which represent a perianth; stigma ligulate, unilateral, fruit nut-like, sessile, 1-seeded.- - 4 Aquatic herbs. St. leafy, simple or branched. Lvs. long, linear, sheathing at base. q Stigmas mostly 2. Stems of the inflorescence branching. Erect....................... No. 1 ~ Stigmas always single. Stem simple. —Erect. Heads large (half inch diau.)........... No. 2 -Floating or erect. HIeads small..............Nos. 3, 4 1 S. ram6sum HIuds. Lvs. triangular at base, their sides concave; common flower-stalks branched; stig. 2, linear. —Grows in pools and ditches, where it is conspicuous among other reedy plants fbr its globular burrs of flowers. Stem 1-2f high, flexuous, round, with a few branches above. Leaves — 2f long, 4-8" wide, linear, arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and sword-form upwards, tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green; fertile ones 2 —5, 6" diarn., the lowest generally raised on a short, axillary stalk; sterile ones above, more numerous, smaller, sessile. Aug. 2 S. simplex Smith. Lower lvs. equal with, or exceeding the stem, which is nearly simple, floral ones concave at base and erect; stig. always simple, ovatcoblong, oblique, scarcely more than half the length of the style.-Ponds and lakes. Stem 1-2f high, simple or divided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 —21f by 3", carinate at base. Fertile heads sessile, generally 3, 6 to 8" diam., below the several barren ones, with the simple styles conspicuous. Aug. (S. Americanum Nutt.) 3 S. natans L. Lvs. floating, flat; comrzmonflower-stalk simple; stig. ovate, very short; head of sterile fs. subsolitary; fruit beaked and stiEpitate.-Lakes and pools, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem long and slender, and, with the leaves, floating upon the surface of the water. Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers axillary, generally 2, small, mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug. 4 S. angustif6lium IMx. Slender, weak, simple, erect or floating; lvs. narrowly linear, shorter than the stem when erect, elongated when floating; heads very small, axillary, the lower pedunculate; stigma single, short; fr. scarcely beaked, Rsssile.-N. Eng., N. Y., Can., pools and streams. Sts. 1 to 2f long, lvs. 1 to-3 to 9' or more, obtuse. Hds. scarce a fourth of an inch diam. ORDER CXXXIV. NAIADACE-A. NAIADS. Water plants with jointed stems, and sheathing stipules, or sheathing petioles. Flowers perfect or diclinous, naked or with a 2 to 4-parted perianth. Slamens definite. Ovaries free, sessile, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. Fruit indehiscent. Seed without albumen, with a straight or curved embryo. Gewnera 9, species 60, in waters and marshes, salt or fresh in all countries. GENERA. * Flowers axillary, sessile, the staminate reduced to a single stamen (a). a Fertile flowers reduced to a single pistil, with 2 or 3 stigmas..Lvs. opposite..NAJAS. 1 a Fertile flowers with about 4 pistilsin a cup, with as many stigmas...... ZANICIIELLA. 2 * Flowers spadaceous, or 2 to 20, sessile on a spadix or spike (b). b Flowers monoecious, seated in 2 rows on the side of a linear, flat spadix....Z. OSTERA. 3 b Flowers perfect, naked, 2 to 5, 4-merons; fruit raised on slender stipes....... RuPPIA. 4 b Flowers perfect; perianth 4-sepaled; stam. 4. Pistils and achenia 4..POTAMOGETON. S 1. WA/JAS. L. WATER NYMPH. (Gr. vdo, to flow; hence Nai', or Naides, Nymph of the waters; from the habitat.) Flowers axillary, scssile, solitary, the $ reduced to a single stamen; filament slender, ORDER 1.34. -NAIADACEE. 673 often elongated, anther 4-valved, valves spreading;? perianth 0; style shlort, stigmas 2 or 3, subulate; fruit a little I-seeded, drupe-like nut. — Herbs entirely submersed, with opposite lvs. Fls. minute. NV. fi6xilis Rostk. St. filiform, censpitous, dichotomously branching; lvs. opposite or fasciculate in 3s, 43 or 6s, at the nodes, linear, obscurely denticulate, spreading. 1-veinled.-A- slender plant, Can. to 1N. J. and W. States, consisting of tufts of thread-like knotted stems 6 to 12' long'. Lvs. - to 1' longl, -" iwide. sessile and sheathilng at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones consisting of an oblong ovary tipped with a filifbrm style, with 2 to 3 stigmas at summit. Aug. (N. Canadensis Mx. Fluviatilis, Pers.) R. FRGsILIS. St. and lvs. rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurveld. (Caulinia fragilis Willd.) 2. ZANNICHEL'LIA, Micheli. IHoRN PONDWEED. (In honor of Zan-?tichelli an eminent botanist of Venice.) Flowers axillary, usually both kinds together; $ stamen 1; filament elongated; 9 calyx monophylleouns; dorolla 0; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma, and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. — Submersed, slender, branched, with entire, linear, scattered leaves. Z. palistris L. St. filiform, floating; lvs. opposite, linear; anth. 4-celled; stig. entire; ach. toothed on the back.-In pools and ditches, N. States. St. round, smooth, 1 to 2f long, branching, leafy. Lvs. grass-like, 2 to 3' long, sessile. Flowers issuing firom axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and a fertile, the former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of 4 to 6 ovaries which are free from the inflated, I-sided, 2 to 3-toothed calyx. JI., Aug. 3. ZOS'TERA, L. SEA ARACIc (Gr. (G or. -'1p, a girdle; alluding to its ribbon-like leaves.) Spadix linear, bearing the diclinous flowers in 2 rows ort one side; perianth 0; 3 anther ovoid, sessile, opening lengtthwisc with conferroid pollen; pistils alternating with the stamens: style bifid; utricle 1-seeded.- 4 Maritime herbs. Stip. united into a sheath. Z. marina L. St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at the joints; branches floating, simple; Ivs. alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base,' 1several feet in length; receptacle or sj)adix linear, flat, pale green, 2' long, issuing from a cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of naked tlowers- 2 Aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows (Maine to Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves. Like other sea-weeds, it is gathered for manure. Aug. 4. RUP'PIA, L. DITCH-GRASS. (In honor of Ratp2i, a German botanist.) Flowers (, 2 together on a spadix or spike arising from the shesithing base of the leaves; perianth 0; stamens 4, each a 1-celled, sessile anther; ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or achenia.- 24 Herb slender, branching, submersed except the flowers. R. Maritinma L. A grass-like plant, salt water bays and ditches along the coast. Stems several feet long, filiform, branched, floating. Leaves 1-2f long, linear and setaceous, with inflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is contorted and spiral, and by winding and unwinding bears the spadix of naked, green flowers on the surface of the water as it rises or falls. July. 5. POTAMOGE'TON, Tourn. (Gr. ro-raFa6g, a river, yTeltow, near.) Flowers 5, on a spadix or spike arising from a spathe; calyx 4-sepaled; anthers 4, alternate with the sepals; ovaries 4; achenia 4, sessile flatted on one or two sides; seeds curved or coiled.-Mostly 2, aquatic 43 674 ORDER 134.-NAIADACElE. and submersed, only the flowers arising above the surface of the water. Spadix (or spike) pedunculate, 3-10-flowered. Lvs. stipulate, parallel-veined, lower alternate, the upper mostly opposite. Fls. small, greenish. ~ Leaves of tnwo kinds; the floating, oval-elliptical, coriaceous petiolate, stipules free friom the petiole, connate; submersed leaves thin, (*) * Floating leaves broader than the submersed ones. (a) a Leaves all conspicuously stipulate.....................................Nos. 1, 2 a Leaves (the submersed ones) almost destitute of stipules................ Nos. 3, 4 Floating leaves smaller than the ample submersed ones........................ No. 5 ~ Leaves of one kindl only, all growing beneath the water's surface. (*) * Stipules entirely free firom the petiole or leaf. (a) a Leaves lanceolate, petiolate or merely sessile........................... Nos. 6, 7 a Leaves oval or oblong, broad and clasping at base.......................Nos. 8, 9 a Leaves linear,-Stems evidently compressed more or less.............Nos. 10, 11 -Sterns terete, very slender,......................... Nos. 12, 13 * Stilpules united with the sheathing base of the leaf............................Nos. 14, 15 1 P. natanis L. BIRO~AD-LEAVED POND-WEED. Floating lvs. coriaceous, oblong, or elliptic-ova'te, acute or obtuse or cordate at base, on long petioles, submersed ones linear-lanceolate, membranous, elongated, attenuated to petioles at base, lowest reduced to mere petioles; stipules connate, distinct from the petiole, elongated; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles; fruit somewhat semi-globous, roughish, smore or less carinate at the back.-A: very common species, in slow waters or ponds, N. Eng to Wis. St. sle nder, 1 to 3f long, according to the depth of the water, branched. Upper lvs. 2 to 4' long, about half as wide; petioles 2 to 8', submersed. Spike 1 to 2' long. J1., Aug. 2 P. heterophll11us Sclreb. Floating lvs. lanceolate or oblong, 5 to I-veined, tapering to the petioles, scarcely coriaceous, submersed lvs. long, narrowly linear, membranous, acute, 1-veined, sliglltly tapering to the sessile base; stip. nearly distinct, resembling the lvs.; spikes dense, on thickened peduncles; fr. compressed, suborbicular.-Ponds and slow waters, frequent. St. round, slender or filiform, often branched. Lower lvs. 3 to 6' by 1-". remote, upper about 2 to 3' by -'. Spikes 1' ong, peduncles 2 to 4'. (P. Claytonia Tuckerman.) 3 P. diversif6lius Bart. St. filiform, branching; upper lvs. oval or lance-oval, 5-veined, on short petioles, lower ones submerged, sessile, filiform, alternate, often densely fascicled, not at all reticulated, obtuse.-Comrnmon in pools and ditches. A very slender and delicate species, only the upper lvs. arising to the surface. These are 6 to 10" by 2 to 4'", acute at each end, on hair-like petioles 3 to 6" long. Spadices dense, short, 5 to 6-flowered. J1. (P. setaceum Ph.) —Varies with the leaves nearly all of either kind. 4 P. haibridus ~Mx. Floating lvs. elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, scarcely veined, longer than their petioles; submersed lvs. long-linear, tlsin, sessile; stipules above equaling the petioles, those of the submersed lvs. very short or wanting; spikes cylindric, dense, on short, thickened ped.; fruit keeled on the back, seed coiled into a ring.-Pools and slow waters, S.? and AW. States. Sts. mostly simple, very slender, 1 to 3f long. Lower lvs. 3 to 5' long, alternate, upper opposite, 1' to 18". Spike about 1'. A laandsome species..5 P. fiitans Roth. Floating lvs. opposite, oval-lalnceolate, coriaceous, acute at each end, shorter thanr the petioles; submersed lvs. larger than the floating, lanceolate, sessile, short-acuminate, strongly veined, wavy, thin, not shining, faintly reticulated; stip. large, connate; ped. thickened, cylindric.-In clear, deep waters, N. New Eng. and Can. Sts. simple or branched, several feet long. Submnersed lvs. 5 to 7' long, a third as wide, the floating 2 to 3' long. Stip. 2 to 3' long. Spikes 2' long, rather dense-flowered. Aug. 6 P.!Licens L. Lvs. shining, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick midvein; spikes long, cylindric, many-flowered; ped. thickened upward; fr. slightly keeled.-U Can., N. Eng., &c. Rivers and lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when dry, shlining above, conspicuously cross-veined, 3 to 5' long, an inch or more wide, each with a lanceolate, double stipule above its base. Spadix 2' long, of numerous green flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times as long, thick and enlarged upwards. Jn. ORDER 134. —NAIADACEA. 6 75 7 P. obratus. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, sessile, rather acute, only the midvein conspicuous, alternate, approximate, the lower stip. wanting; spikes long, pedunculate; ped. not enlarged upwards; ach. inflated, margined on the back, beak incurved, both sides conspicuously umbilicate. — remarkable species, first found at Lyndo:n, Vtj since seen southward to Ga.; in slow waters. St. round, slender, simple. Lvs. uniform, 3 to 4' by 4 to 6", tapering to the slightly clasping base, the tmwo upper opposite. Spike dense, 1-' long, ped 3'. Seed coiled into a ring as shown by the pits of the fruit. 8 P. prelongtus V olfg. Lvs. oblong or ovate, obtuse, many-veined, with three stronger veins, all reticulately connected, base amplexicalul; ped. very long; spike cylindrical, Inany-flowered; fr. ventricous, lunate, acutely carinate on the back. — Ponds and rivers, Northern States and Can. The' plant is wholly submersed, sending up its spike to the surface on a very long stalk. Wre have gathered it in Niagara river, growing in depths of 6 or St July, Aug. 9 P. perfoliAtus L. Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed; spikes terminal; fls. alternate; fruit not keeled.- A_ common species growving ih ponds and slow waters, wholly below the surface except the purplish flowers. Stem dilchotomnous, very leafy, 6-10' long. Leaves alternate, apparently perfoliate near the base, 1' long, ~ as wide, obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short peduncle (1-2'), few-flowvered. JL 10 P. paucifibrus Pursh. St. dichotomous, slightly compressed, filiform; Ivs. linear, alternate, sessile; fis. few in the spike, pod. short; fruit distinctly crested on the back. —A delicate species, in rivTers?, c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, tapering to the stipulate base, 2-3' long, a line wide, 3-veined, of a bright green color. Pceduncle an inch long, termrinal bearinal, bering 3-5 greenish fls. above the wvater, but ripenuig the seeds below. (P. granineum Mx.) 11 P. compressus L. St. compressed, ancipital, flexuous; lvs. broad-linear, obtuse; spike short, podunclo clongated.-A very distinct species in ponds and rivers. Stem 1 —-)f long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing stipules above the nodes. Leaves 3 —1' in length, 2!" wide, closely sessile, reiote, the margins periectly parallel, endingl in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal, — 1' long, on a peduncle 1-2' long, and bearing 5-25 flowers. J1. (P. zosterilfolium Schumn.) 12 P. pusillus L. St. filiform, flexuous, branched; lvs. linear-subulate, membranaceous, very acute, sessile, not narro-wer than the stipules; spikes capitate, few-flowered; fr. ovoid-compressed, umbilicate each side.-Shallow waters, N. Eng. to Ohio and Can. A very delicate species, wholly submersed. Leaves 1 -2' by I", a little longer than the internoldes. Spikes 3-5-flowered, the peduncles -t long. Fruit wxith sharp pits, as in P. obrutus, and rather inflated. 13 P. TuckermAni Robbins? St filiform, with capillary branches; 1vs. fev, all capillary and confervoid, with minute, membranous stipules; spikes few (6 to 9)flowered, oblong, on a long, filiform peduncle, xvhich is slightly thicker than the stern; (fruit imnmature).-In clear water, Uxbridge, Mass. (Ricard) (White Mts., Alleghany MIts. Tuckerman? in Gray's Manual.) An exceedingly d(elicate species. The leaves taper to the fineness of' cobwebs. Spike 4" long, the ped. about 5' long. 14 P. pectinatus (and P. marinus L.) St. slender, branched, striate, flexuous; lvs. numerous and fascicled in the axils, long, narrowly linear, acuminate, on sheathing stipules; spikes cylindrical, the lowver fls. remote; ped. filiform, long. -Plant submersed inl deep water, bushy and very leafy, N. Eng.? hMiddle States i W. to Wis. (Lapham?) Leaves 4 —i' by (less than) 1", thin, the midvein scarcely perceptible. Fruit large, purplish, rough, a little compressed, neither carinate, nor umbilicate. Jn. 15 P. Robbinsii Oakes. Lvs. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem with the adnate stipules, lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-serrulate; spikes oblong, small and few-flowered; pod. shorter than the leaves. — First discovered by Dr. Robbins in Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, N. It. Since found in many other ponds in N. II., Mass. WV. to Ohio. St. long, branched,. almost wholly enclosed in the sheaths. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 2 to 3", very acute, somewhat crowded. 676 OWDER 135.-ALISMACEAE. CoHORT 6, FLORIDEA3. Endogenous plants with the Flowers usually perfect and complete, the perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often, and sometimes both, green. ORDER CXXXV. ALISMACEzE. WATER PLANTAINS. Marsh herbs, with parallel-veined, petiolate leaves and branching peduncles. _lowers perfect or moncecious, with a regular double perianth. Sepals 3, green; petals 3, colored or green; stamens hypogynous. Ovaries 3 or more, separating into as many 1-seeded achenia. Genea 9, species 70, distributed in all parts of the world, more cominmon in temperate climates. One species of Sagittaria is cultivated for foo( in China (S. Sinensis). (Our specimens iwere revised by Dr. Engelman.) SUBORDERS AND GENERA. I. ALISMEIiE. Petals white, with a green calyx. a(C &Z, j ) Embryo curved. Leaves rush1-like, with no lamina. (a) Stam 6. AnlIsA. 1. ~-..x~: ".~-~~ \Z-2\R'\\E Sa Fls. all perfect. Stail. 9.-24. EcnIX. C. a Fls. diclinous. Stain. o... SAGITrAnIA. 3 \ II. JUNCAGINEX.. Petals greenish, like te sepals. jEmbryo straight. Leaves mostly expanded to a lamina. (b) b Anthers oval. Ly., radical... TRIGLOCIINu. 4 N t - e...........b Anth. linear. Lvs. callline.SC1Clru:cIIZEuu.e. 3 njd / -At FIG. 712. Inflorescence of a Sagittaria, leaf fTZ/ 1 7,K! - and flowers. a, One of the pistils enlarged. b, The pis-:/ / til of Alismna cut open, showing the seed and curved elb 1. ALIS'rISA, L. WAVTER PLANTAIN. (Celtic alis, water?) Flowers j; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, Tstivation involute; stamens 6; ovaries and styles numerous, arranged in a circle, forming as many flattened achenia.- 2g Acaulescent, marsh herbs, with mostly expanded leaves, and with panicled flowers. A. plantago L. Lvs. all radical, ovate or oval, subcordate, abruptly acuminate; scape many-flowered; fls. verticillate in the panicle; carpols 15 to 20, ribbed on the back, fbrming an obtusely triangular whorl. —A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of pools and ditches. Lvs. resembling those of the common plantain, with about 5 veins running from end to end, connected by cross veinlets. Petioles 8-12' long. Panicle a scape, 1-2f high, with numerous, small, rose-white flowers. J1., Aug. (A. trivialis and parviflora Ph.) 2. ECHINODO'RUS, Richard, Engelm. (Cr. EX7vog, the sea-urchin, 6opo6, a sack; alluding to the head of carpels bristly with the persistent styles.)-Flowers.; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, festivation imbricate; stam. 6 —oo; ovaries and styles co, imbricated in a head, forming.as many flattened, beaked achenia.-Scape creeping or erect, flowers verticillate..1 i. raclicans Engelm. Leaves armple, ovate, obtuse, cordate, about 7-veined, on long petioles; scape prostrate, running and rootut'g at the proliferous joints; fls. ORDER 13..-ALISM[ACEE 6 W 7 clustered at the nodes, on long pedicels; stam. 18-24; heads of carpels ovoid, achenia short-beaked, very numerous (100 —200). —2 Swamps, W. Ill. (Engelmann in Gray's Manual) S. to Ga. (M~ettauer) and La. (Hale). Lvs. 5-12' by 3-7!, strongly heart-shaped. Scapes several, 2-4f long, producing roots and small leaves as well as flowers at the upper joints. Flowers white, much resembling those of Sagittaria. Jn., Jl. (.Alisma, Nutt.) 2 E. rostratus Engelm. Leaves ovate, rather acute, cordate, about 5-veined, the later ones oblong, all long-petioled; scapes erect, much exceeding the leaves, sharply angled; stam. 12; heads of carpels globular; ach. numerous (100), strongly ribbed and beakcd. —-ic River swamps, Ill. near St. Louis (Engelm.) S. to Ark. M.uch smaller than the preceding. Lvs. 1-3' long, petioles 2-4'. Scapes 1 —3f Flowers about half as large as in Sagittaria. (Alisma, Nutt.) 3 E. parvula Engelmrn Dwarf; leaves elibptic-lanceolate, very acute, tapering to a petiole of equal length; scapes erect, 3-6-flowered; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stam. 9; heads of carpels depressed-globular; ach. about 20, beakless.- Muddy shores, Ill., Mo. to Mich. (Enoelln.). Plant a few inches (1-3 or 4') high, often stoloniferous. Leaves, excluding petiole, less than 1' long. Fls. about 3"' diameter. 3. SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD. (Lat. sagitta, an arrow; from the peculiar forlm of the leaf.)-Flowers 9, rarely Y9; sepals 3; petals larger, colored, sestivation imbricate; stam. c; ovaries very numerous, crowded into a head, forming in fruit as many flat, margined, beaked achenia.-Acaulescent nmarsh herbs, with a milky juice. Lvs. commonly arrow-shaped, often lanceolate, linear, or even reduced to inere petioles. Scapes with fls. in whorls of 8s, the lower perfect. Petals white. ~ Lower (fertile) pedieels much shorter than the upper (sterile) ones............. Nos. 1, 2 ~ ferltile pedlicels as long as the sterile. (a) a Filaments longer than tihe anthers. Lvs. not sagittate................ No. 3 a Filaments very short.-Leaves lanceolate and linear, nmostly..............os. 4 —6 -Leaves oval-obtuse, sagittate at base................... No. 7 1 S. varidbilis Engelm. Lvs. generally sagittate; scape 12-angled, upper fis. sterile, on pedicels but twice longer than those of the lower fertile fis.; fil. glabrous, longer than tlhe anthers; achl. obovate, with a conspicuous, averted beak.-A curious aquatic, conspic, conspicuous among the Rushes and Sedges of sluggish waters, Can. and U. S. Lvs. 3 to 10', the lobes about as long as the lamina, petioles much longer. Scape 10' to 2f, simple or branched, 3 of the angles prominent. Fls. mostly in 3s, with ovate, slender-pointed bracts, often dioecious. Petals roundish, showy, wholly white. J1., Aug. The leaves are exceedingly variable. (S. sagittifolia, Ed. 1, &c., nec. L., from wlich it differs, according to Dr. Engelmo ann, in the characters emphasized above.) j3. OBTusx. Lvs. lar;eb, broadly ovate, sagittate, apex obtuse; fis. diceeious.A large form, Mid., AV. and S. States. (S. obtusa Willd.) y. LATIFOLIA. Lvs. large, broad-ovate, acute, nTith ovate, acuminate lobes. 6. GRACILIS. Lys. linear, with linear, long, acute, spreading lobes. E. PUBESCENS. Plant pubescent in dlt its parts; lvs. and their lobes ovate. 2 S. heteroph'lla Ph. Lvs. smooth, linear-lanceolate, rarely some of them elliptical and sagittate; scape simple, weak; b racts roundish, obtuse; upper fls. sterile, on long pedicels, the lowest whorl fertile, alnmost sessile; fil. very short; ach. narrowly obovate. long-beaked. —Muddy shores, common S. and W. Leaves almost as variable as in No. 1, but the other marks are very distinctive. Stalks If to several, according to the depth of water. Blades 5 to 10' in length. Fls. large, 12 to 16" (iam., white. July. l3. RIGIDA. Plant rather rigid in habit, erect; lvs. narrowly lanceolate; acute at apex, acute or obtusish at base.-Lake shores. (S. rigida Ph.) 7. ANGaUSTIFOLIA. LvS. nearly linear. delicate, often floating as well as the weak, elongated scape. 3 S. lancifblia L., iMx. Lvs. lance-oblong, acutish, feather-veined, long-tapering at base to a very long petiole; scape tall, branched; fls. in 3s, all long-pedi 678 ORDER 135.-ALISMACEE.. cellate; bracts broad-ovate, short-pointed; fil. hairy, longer than the anthers; achl obovate-falcatet. —-River swamps, Conn.? Va. to Fla. and La. (Hale). Stalks stout, 3f or more, according to the depth of water. Leaves thick and leathery, 8 to 14', the veins diverging from the midvein, crossed by the veinlets. Fls. white, showy. (S. falcata Ph.) 3.? Very slender, erect, with nearly linear leaves; bracts and sep. scabrous. —' La. to Tex. 4 S. graminea Mx. Lvs. ovate-lazceeolate, varying to linear, rarely sagittate, scape erect, slender, longer than the leaves; lower whorls fertile; all the pedicels slender, equal; filaments short as the anthers; ach. beakless.-In shallow water or mud, common. Lvs. commonly very narrow, attenuate-pointed, 4 to 12' or more. Scape 5 to 20' in height, the pedicels 1' or less. Flowers small, 8 or 9!' diam., white; stain. few. The forms with lance-ovate. leaves constitute a well marked variety. (S. simplex, Ed. 2.) 5 S. pusilla Nutt. Petioles (leaves?) short, linear, obtuse, summits only foliaceous; scape simple, shorter than the leaves; fis. few, fertile one solitary, deflexed; stain,. mostly. —A diminutive species on muddy banks, N. Y. to Ga. Leaves rarely subulate, an inch or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2-4' high. Flowers 4-7, the lowest one only fertile. Aug. 6 S. nattans Mx. Lvs. floating, oval-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-veined, tapering to the base, lower ones subcordate; scape simple, few-flowered; lower ped. elongated. Iu water, Penn. (Muhlenberg) to Car. Scape mostly erect, 3-6' long. Leaves 1-2' long. Flowers few, small, the upper sterile (Elliot). 7 S. uligin6sa Engelm. Lvs. oval-sagittate, rounded-obtuse, lobes triangular' scapes several, as tall (6-10') as the lvs; fis. in pairs, the lower pair (fertile) oIl thick pedicels, longer than the upper; bracts obtuse; ach. broad-obovate, longpointed.-St. Louis, perhaps not within our limits. 4. TRIGLO'CHIN, L. ARRow GRASS. (Gr. r7pi, three, y wX [g, a; corner; on account of the 3-angled fruit.) Sepals and petals concave, deciduous, the former inserted a little below the latter; stamens 6, very hllort; anthers large, extrorse; ovaries 1-ovuled; stigmas adnate; fruit clavate, composed of 3-6 united, indchiscent, 1-seeded carpels. — Lvs. grass-like, all radical. 1 T. maritimum L. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carspels; scape longer than the leaves.-A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast, and at Salina, N. Y., also lake shores, Wis.! Leaves linear7 semi-cylindric, smooth, thick, 6-12' long, less than a line wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9-18' long, bearin- a long raceme of 30 —40 green flowers on pedicels 1-2" long. Fruit separating into 6 linear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The plant has a sweetislh taste, and cattle are tonld of it. July. 2 T. paliistre L. Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels; scape scarcely longer than the leaves.-In marshes, Salina, N. Y. N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very numerous, fleshy, smooth, very narrow. Scape 6-12' high, ending in a raceme with rather remote, very small, green flowers on pedicels 2 —3" long. The slender fruit is attenuated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting of 3 very slender carpels. July. 5. SCHEUCHZE'RIA, L. (To the Scheuchlzers, two brothers, distinguished botanists.) Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent; sta. 6, with linear anthers; stigmas sessile, lateral; ovaries 1-2-ovulecd; capsules inflated, compsressed, 2-valved, 1-2-seedcd.- - Lvs. cauline, linear, sheathing at base. S. palu'stris L. A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt. to Penn., rare. Root-stock horizontal, fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves semi-cylindric, 4-6' long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme terminal, 5 —S-flowered. Flowers yellowish-green, on short pedicels, each axillary to a bract. Stamens large, exserted, erect. July. ORDER 136.-HYDROCHARIDACEIE. 679 ORDER CXXXVI. IIYDROCTIARIDACE]E. FROGBITS. Aquatic herbs with parallel-veined leaves and diclinous i1s. on a slender-stalked spadix. Perianth regular, 3 to 6-parted, the inner segments petaloid. Stamens 3 to 12. Ovary adherent to the perianth, 1 to 9-celled, with 3. 6 or 9 large stigmas. Fruit dry or succulent, many-seeded, indehisent. Seeds without albumen. Genera 12, species 20, native of fresh water in Europe, N. Amnerica, E. Indies and N. IIolland. They appear to possess no active properties. 1. LIWINO'BIUM, Richard. FROGS-BIT. (Gr1. [ V/F/7, a lalke, fi'or, life.) Flowers moncecious, arising from subsessile spathcs; 8 spathe. 1-leaved, about 3-flowered, calyx 3-sepaled, corolla 3-petaled, petals oblong-linear; stamens 6 to 12, monadelphous; Y spathe 2-leaved, 1flowered; calyx and corolla as in the S; stamens 6, subulate rudiments; ovary 6 or 9-celled, becoming a o-seeded berry.-2 2C Herb acaulescent, in sta(nant waters, multiplying by stolons, and with floating lvs. Fls. showy, white, the 5 on long stalls. L. Spongia Ricllh.-In Braddock's Bay, L. Ontario (Sartwell); scarce at the north, common in the south, E. Ky.! to Ga. (Feay) and La. (Hale). Lvs on long petioles, roundish, obtuse or broadly acute, often cordate, 1' to 18" diam. Ped. of the sterile fls. slender, about 3' long, of the fertile, thick, about 1' long, both kinds either to(ether on the same stalk or on difebrent stalks which are connected by the stolons (Dr. Feay). The leaves beneath are purplish and spongy with large cells. Ji., lAug. (HIydroeharis, Bose. H. cordifoiia Nutt.) 2. ANACH'ARIS, Richard. DITCH MOSS. (Gr. a&v, an indefinite particle, dcaptpf, uncomely.) Flowers polygamous, solitary, fiom a tubular, bifid, axillary spathe; perianth 6-parted, colored; O minute, with 9 oval, nearly sessile anthers;? perianth excessively produced into a filiform tube above the ovary, limb 6-parted, stamens 3 to 6, often abor-. tivre; style capillary; adhdrent to the tube of the perianth; stigmas 3, large; fruitfew-seeded. 2$ Small aquatic heibs, xwith submersed pellucid opposite or verticillate lvs. A. Canadlensis Planchon. Lvs. verticillate in 3s and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or linear surrulate; stig. 2-lobed.-Resembling, a coarse moss, in still waters and bogs. St. filiform, diffusely dichotomous, very leaf). Lvs. 3 to 6" by (less than) 1.", thin and diaphanous, sessile, obtuse. Pls. minute, of a dingy white, the slender, hair-like tube 2 to 10' long, according to the depth of the waters. Stigmas recurved Letween the segments, crested with glandular hairs. Aug. (Udora, Nutt.) 3. VALLISNIE'RIA, Aichlele. EEL-GRASS. (In honor of Antlhonyl Vdallisner, a French botanist.) Flowers 3; spathe ovate, 2 to 4parted. c Spadix covered with minute flowers, enclosed in a 3-parted spatlie; corolla 0.? Spathe bifid, 1-flowered; perianth elongatedl; sepals linear; stigmas 3, ovate, bifid; fiuit elongated, cylindrical, manyseeded. 4 Submersed. L-s. all radical, grass-lile. Scape spiral, very long. V. spiralis L. Lvs. linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the base, floating.-A curious plant, in slow moving or stagnant waters, U. S. Leaves linear, 1-2f long, about 5' wide, the edges thinner than the middle. Scapes several, of the sterile plants short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2-4f long when extended, thread-like, thickened at the top, bearing each a single, white flower at or near the surface. Sepals and petals crowning the (1') long, narrow, incurved ovary, which, is half concealed in the spathe. JI., Aug. (V. Americana iMx.) 680 ORDER 138.-ORCHIDACEA-E. ORDER CXXXVII. BURMANNIACEM. Small annual herbs with slender, scaly or naked stems and scale-like, tufted leaves. Rlowers perfect, with a tubular, 6-toothed perianth adherent to the ovary. Stamens 3, opposite the smaller teeth (petals), introrse, or 6 and extrorse. Capsule 1 or 3celled, seeds numerous, minute, loose in a membranous testa. Genera 7, sepecies 30, in wet, grassy pasces in the warim parts of Asia, Africa and America. They are said to be bitter and astringent. 1. APTE'RIA, Nutt. (Gr. a, privative, 7r7epOV, a wing.) Perianthi bell-tubular, tube longer than the slender teeth, Inarescent; teeth alternately narrower; capsule globular, wingless, 1-celled, valves opening first at base; placentae parietal; seeds innumerable, oblong, very minute. —p Herbs apparently leafless. A. setAcea Nutt. Erect, very slender, with remote, subulate scales, and dividing above into 2 racemes; fis. distant, pedicellate.-Aioist, shady woods, Fla. and La. (Hale). St. 4 to 6f high. Raceme often simple. Coralla 3 to 4" long, purplish. 2. BURMAN'NIA, L. (Dedicated to one Biurmnann, a German botanist.) Perianth tube scarcely produced above the ovary, often 3-winged below, limb with 3 inner teeth much shorter; capsule prismatic, often 3-winged, cells 3, with a thick placentae in the axis; seeds numerous.J)D Leafless. 1 B. biflbra L. St. capillary, simple, with scarcely perceptible bracts, and 1 or 2, rarely more, small light blue flowers at top, the angles of the tube conspicuously winged. —Grassy swamps in the lower districts, Va. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 3' high. Fls. 2 to 3" long. Oct., Nov. 2 B. capitAta L. St. setaceous, furnished with a few subulate bracts, simple, erect, bearing at top a dense cluster of white fls.; ovary and fruit scarcely winged.Upper districts of S. Car. and Ga. (Bachman), less common and with smaller fis. than in the last. St. 6 to 8' high, Sept. ORDER CXXXVIII. ORCHIDACEE. ORCHIDS. Herbs perennial, with fleshy roots, simple, entire, parallel veined leaves. Flowers very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of 6 parts. Sepals 3, usually colored, odd one uppermost by the twisting of the ovary. Petals 3, usually colored, odd one lowest by the twisting of the ovary. Lip (labellum, the odd petal) diverse in form, often lobed, frequently spurred at base. Stamens 3, gynandrous (consolidated with the style), 2 of them or more, rarely 1 of them, abortive or obsolete, the pollen powdery, or coherent in waxy masses. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae and innumerable ovules. Fruit capsular, 3-valved. Seeds numerous and. very minute. Illust. in Figs. 29, 37, b, 57, 85, 200, 327, 366. eneera 894,.,pecies 000? They are among the most interesting and curious plants, almost altways remarkable for the grotesque form of their tortuous roots and stems, and the firagrance, brilliancy and( odd structure of the flowers. The Orchids ale natives of nearly every part of the world. In the tropics multitudes of thiemi are epiphytes, growing o(n living trees or decaying timber. This order is remarkable for those qualities only vwhich please the eye. They not only excel in beauty and delicacy, but often closely imitate objects of the animal kingdom, as bees, flies, spiders, (loves, swans, pelicans, &c., especially those of the tropical regions. Many of its species are cultivated ibr ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful properties. The solep of commer ce is a nutritive, mucilaginous substance afforded by the roots of somne Asiatic o(),clhis. T'he aromatic zstiloa, used to flower chocolate, &c., is the fruit of the West Indian V anilla ciaviculata. ORDER 138.-ORCHIDACE.E. 681 TRIBES AND GENERA. ~ CYPPIPEDIEM. Anthers 2, fertile, thle 3rd a pet:al-like appendage over thi stigma. Lip a large, inflated spurless sack.........ni;,. ( I ltlP.;nl t ~ OPHRYDE., &c. Anther only 1, terminal or dolsatl on the stigma. (*) * Lip produced behind into a spur which is firee fromn the ovary. (a) a Anther erect, terminal; pollini:t 2, granular, pedicellate and attached to as many glands on the stigmrna, which glands are (b) b concealed in a pouch (Flowers large, rose-colored, lip entire) in.......... ORccIs. 2 b naked and close together (Flowers small, lip entire or toothed) in...GvYaINADEoNIA. 3 b iiaked and wilely separated (Lip entire or lobed, or cleft or fringed.) PLATANTHIERA. 4 a Anther bent over the end of the stigtma like a lid. Pollinia 4..............TIPULARIA. 5 * Lip not produced into a spur behind, or the spur is adnate to the ovary. (C) C Lip a large, inflated sack with 2 spur-like points below the apex........ CALYPSO. 6 C Lip not saccate. Plants brown, leafless, or with radical leaf. (d) d Lip hooded, i. e.. its Iargins involute. Pollinia S. Fls. expanding.....BLETIA; 7 d Lip concave, sessile, often with an adnate spur. Pollinia 4...CORALLORIIIZRA. 8 d Lip concave, raised on a claw. Pollinia 4. Plant with 1 late leaf...APLECTRUM. 9 C Lip not saccate. Plants green and with leaves. (e) e Lip flat. Flowers obscure, in racemes nearly bractless. (f) f Lip entire, dilated; Column minute. (Leaf 1.).............MYCROSTYLIS. 10 f Lip sagittate or cordate. Column lengthiened. Leaves 2.......LIPPARIS. 11 f Lip 2-lobed or cleft at apek. Lvs. 2, cauline opposite............LISTERA. 12 e Lip channeled, recurved. FIs. whitish, in bracted spikes. (g) g Sepals reflexed. Lip arched and recurved, 8-lobed............ CRANICIIS. 13 g Sepals erect.-Lip ascending, einbracing the column..........SPIRANTITES. 14 -Lip gibbous beneath, pointed at apex.......... GOODYERA. 15 e Lip bearded or 3-lobed. Stamien lid-like. Flowers showy. (h) h Flowers several, purple, withl a bearded lip posterior......... CALOPOGON. 1l h Flowers with the lip anterior (as in the order generally). (k) k Column free from the lip, clauate. Fls. purplish............ POGONIA. 17 k Column adherent to the tip below. Fls. purlple.......... ARETIUSA. 1S k Column adherent to the lip. Fls. yellow. On trees....E.. EPIDENDRUM. 19 1. CYPRIPE'DIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. (Gr. KvTjptg, Venus, r6dov, a slipper; firom the slipper-like form of the lip.) The 2 lower sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely distinct; petals spreading; lip inflatedl saccate, obtuse; column terminated by a petaloid lobe (barren stamen) and bearing a 2-celled anther under each wing. —Fls. large, very showy, distinguished for the large, inflated lower petal or lip; Ilvs. large, plaited, veined. ~ Sepals 2, the lower compound of 2 united either whvlolly or near the tip. (*) * Steni leafy.-Flowers i to 3, mostly but 1, yellow-..............................Nos. 1, 2 -Flowers solitary or several, vwhite or rose-colored................Nos. 8, 4 * Stem a leafless scape, 2-leaved at base. Flower rose-colored....................... No. 5 ~ Sepals 3, the 2 lower entirely distinct.....i............................ No. 6 1 C. pubescens Swartz. LARGE YELLOW LADIES SLIPPER.. St. leafy, lvs. broad-lanceolate, acuminate; sepals lanceolate; lip shorter than the linear, twisted petals, compressed laterally, convex both above and below; sterile stamen triangular, acute; plant pubescent.-Woods and meadows, Can. to Wis., S. to Ga. Sts. usually several from the same root, If or more, high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 3, manyveined, clasping at base. Flower mostly solitary. Segm. 4, greenish with purple stripes and spots, the lower bifid, composed of 2 united sepals, the lateral 2 to 3' by 3", wavy and twisted. Lip maoccasin-shaped, bright-yellow, spotted inside, with a roundish aperture. M3ay, Jn. 2 C. parvifibrum Salish. SrMALLER YELLOW LADIES' SLIPPER. St. leafy; lvs. lanceolate-acuminate; sep. ovate or lance-ovate; lp.shorter than the petals, compressed from above and benreath; sterile stamen triangular, acute; plant pubescent.-In low woods and prairies, Can. to Wis. and Ga. (Miss Wynman). More common westward. Plant 8 to 12' high, rarely taller, very leafy. Flower a third smaller than in No. 1. Petals 1 to 18". twisted or not. Upper sep. brcadest. Lip evidently flattened oni theo uilpcer s'ide convex laterally, dull yellow. May, Ju. 382 ORDEn 138.-ORCHIDACE2E. 3 C. cAndidumn Willd. St. leafy; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute; fl. terminal, solitary; sep. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bifid at apex; petal lance-linear, longer than the laterally compressed white lip; sterile stamens lanceolate, obtuse. —Border of woods, prairies, Penn. to Ind. (Plummer), Wis. and Can. St. about If high, simple. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 1', sheathing the stem. Ovary pedicellate. Lip 1' in length. Petals and sepals nearly 2'. May.-Well distinguished by its sterile stamens as by its color. 4 C. spectibile Sw. St. leafy; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; lobe of the column elliptic-cordate, obtuse; sep. broad-ovate, obtuse; lip longer than the petals, cleft before.-A tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and Car. Stem thick, 2 feet or more high, hairy. Leaves 6-10' by 2-4', veined, p]laited, hairy. Flowers 2-3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with purple, 2' long, 1 i, broad; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of 2 sepals completely united. J1. 5 C. acaulle Ait. Scape leafless, 1-flowered; lvs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblonr, rather acute; lobe of' the column roundish-rhomnboidal, acuminate, deflexed; pet. lanceolate; lip longer than the petals, cleft before.-A beautiful plant, in dark woods, Car. to Arc. AmlT. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10-14' high, with a. single lanceolate bract at the base of the large, solitary flower. Sepals' lono the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beneath the lip. Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2' by 1', purple, forming the most showy part of thei flower. May, Jn. (C. humile Sw.?) 6 C. arietinum Ait. RAMl's HEAD. St. leafy; lvs. elliptical, striate-veined: sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not united), linear-lanceolate, thle upper oblong-ovate, acuminate; 2 lateral pet. linear; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obconic.-Iln damp woods, Can., lMe., Vt. (Dr. Phelps) to N. Y. and WIis.? Stems usually clustered, flexuous, 8-12' high, lower part sheathed. Leaves 3-5, 2-3' by ~-1', sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, with a leafy bract at base. Segments ablout equal in length, the upper one as broad as the other 4 together. The singular form of the lip readily suggests the name of this curious plant. May. 2. ORTCHIS, L. (Gr. OpXLf, the ancient name.) Flower ringent, sepals and petals similar, some of them ascending and arching over the column; lip turned downwards, produced at base beneath into a spur which is distinct from the twisted ovary; stamen 1, anther 2-celledl pollinia 2, one in each cell, comnposed of numerous Awaxy grains implicated in a cobweb tissue; pedicellate and attached to 2 glands of the.,tigma which are contained in one common little pouch. Fls. several, large, bright-colored, in a spike or racemle. 0. spectabilis L. Lvs. about 2, nearly as long as the scape; lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse; segments of the perianth straight, the lateral ones longer: spur clavate, shorter than the ovary, bracts longer than the flower.-This pretty little plant is found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, etc., U. S. and Can. Root fasciculate. Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3-6' long, 4- to 2} as wide. Scape 4-6' high, acutely angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3-5 large, showy flowers. Segments of the perianth purple, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and spur white or whitish, each about 8" long. May, Jn. 3. GYMNADE'NIA, R. Brown. OncIIIs. (G1. Tyvfv6g, naked, d'di''v, gland.) Anther-cells parallel or converging below; glands of thle stigma to which the pollinia are attached naked. Otherwise as in Orchis. 1 G. nivea. St. very slender, leozest leaf long, linear, acute, the others (6 to 12) very much smaller, subulate, bract-like; fls. 20 to 30, small, in an oblong-cylindric spike; lip (white) oblong, crenulate or wavy, longer than the petals, produced behind into a filiform spur which is nearly twice longer than the ovary; column very short; pollinia at length naked.-Ga. (Pond) to Fla. and La. (Hale). Root fibrous, producing tuberous corms.. St. 1 to 2f highll, leaf 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4" wide. Fls. white, very delicate, rather smaller than inI Nos. 2 and 3. (Orchis nivea Baldw.) ORDER 138. —ORCHIDACEzE. 683 2 G. tricaentata Lindl. St. slender; lowest leaf liTnear-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, the others 3 or 4, very small and bract-like; fls. 7 to 12, sessile, in a short, open spike; sep. obtuse, erect-spreading; lip a little longer, truncate and 3-toothed at the apex, produced behind into a slender, often clavellate spur which is longer than the ovary.-In damp woods, Can. and U. S. Root a few thick fibers. St. 12 to 18' high, leaf about G', bracts 1' and less. Spike often as wide as long, with small, greenish-white fis. Spur 4 or 5" long, usually curved. Jn., J1. (0. tridentata Willd.) 3. CLAVELLXTA has the fls. more diverging and the spur conspicuously clubshaped.-South. 3 G. flava Lindl. St. flexuous, leafy; lower Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, acute, upper gradually smaller; spike densely many-flowered; lil) (yellow) ovate, crenulate or somewhat wavy, longer than the broad-ovate, obtuse sepals, shorter than the subulate spur. Swamps, in pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. and La. Itt. of thickened fibres. St. 12 to 15' high, with lvs. nearly as long as the internodes. Spike globular or oblong, with 30 to 50 small, orange-colored fls. Sep. about 1" long, spur nearly 3", lip 2". Jn., J1. (0. flava and nigra Nutt.) 4. PLATAN'THERA, Richard. ORCeIIS. (Gr. w/~ar TJ, broad, dvOA pd', anther.) Anther cells diverging below, and the two glands to which the pedicellate pollinia are attached widely separated. Otherwise as in Orchis. (Platanthera and Gymnadenia are separated from Orchis by characters purely artificial, and should be reunited with it.) * Leaf only one. Flowers greenish-white. Lip entire or C-lobed.................. Nos. 1,'2! Leaves only two, roundish, large. Fllowers greenish. Lip entire.................Nos. 3, 4 * Leaves several, clothing the stem more or less. (a) a Lip undivided and entire, neither fringe(l, lobed, nor toothed, whitish......... Nos. 5, 6 a Lip undivided, —but 3-toothed, not fringed. Flowers yellowish...............Nos. 7, 8 -bnt fi'inaed. Flowrers brigllt yellow or white.............Nos. 9-1 a Lip -parlted,-seginents fringed. Flowers white or greenish................ Nos. 12, 13 -sepgments firinged. Flowers purple..........................Nos. 14, 15 -segments merely tootthed, terminal one 2-lobed. Fls. purple......No. l(; -segiments entire, long, linear-setaceous. Whitish............Nos. 17, 18 3 P. obtusata Lindl. Lf. solitary, oblong-obovate, obtuse; st. bearing the leaf near its base; spike loose; upper sep. broadest; pet. subtriangular; lip linear, entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the arcuate, acute spur.-Found in muddy ponds and ditches, N. IT. (Storrs), N. to Lab. Stem slender, angular, t6-8' high, terminating in a thin spike of about a dozen small, greenish-white flowers. Leaf tapering at base, usually obtuse at the summit, 2-3' in length, and 1 in breadth, issuing with the stem from 2-3 radical, sheathing bracts. July. 2 P. rotundif6lia Lindl. Lf. solitary, roundish-ovate; scape naked; spike fewflowered; bracts obtuse, shorter than the ovary; sep. and pet. obtuse; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes subfalcate, middle one obcordate; spur as long as the lip.-Ct., Penn. (Eaton), Can. Scape near a foot high, slender, without a bract. Leaf 2-4' long,! as wide, spotted, sheathing at base. Flowers about a dozen, of a greenishllwhite, remarkable for their broad, 3 (almost 4)-lobed, pendent lip. (0. rotund. Ph.) 3 P. orbiculata Lindl. Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular, rather fleshy; scape bracteate: upper sep. orbicular; late-al ones ovate; lip linear-subspatulate, nearly twice as long as the sepals; spur arcuate, compressed, clavate, twice as loneg as the ovary. -A remarkable plant, not uncommon in old woods and in thickets, Penn. to Can. and W. States. Leaves lying flat upon the ground, 3-(6' diam., rather inclining to oval or ovate wit the apex ape acute. Scape 1-2f high, shleathed with. a few bracts, bearing a raceme of numerous, greenish-white flowers. Lip 9 to 12" by 1" or narrower. Spur 1 -2' long. J1. (0. orbiculata Ph.) 4 P. H6okeri Lindl. Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular or suboval, fleshy; scape naked; bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the flowers; upper sepal ovate, erect, lateral ones defiexed and meeting behind; pet. acute, lip lanceolate, projecting, acuminate, a little longer than the sepals; spur subulate, arcuate, about twice longer than the ovary.-Woods, Can., N. Eng. to Wis. (Lapham), rare. Resembles 0. orbiculata, but is very distinct. SEape 8-12: high, without a bract below the flowers. Leaves 4-5' long, nearly or quite as wide. Flowers 12 —18, 684 ORDER 138.-ORCHIDACEM. in a straight raceme, yellowish-green, the spur 9-12" in length. Jn., J1. (0. Hookeriana, 2d Edit.) 5 P. hyperbbrea Lindl. St. leafy; Ivs. very erect, acute, lanceolate; spike elongated, many-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than the flower; sep. defilexed; petals and lip linear, obtuse, sabequal, the latter somewhat lanceolate, and about as long as the pendulous, obtuse spur.-A tall, leafy, variable species, in mountainous woods and open meadows, N. Y. to Mich. and Can. Stems thick, 1 to 3 or even 4f high. Lvs. lanceolate, 4 to 7' by 1 to 11'. Flowers greenish in shades, nearly white in open situations, forming a long, more or less dense spike. J1.-A coarser plant than the next, which it often approaches in the more slender variety HIURONENsSIS. 6 P. dilitAta Lindl. St. slender; lvs. lance-linear and linear, acute; spike manyflowered, virgate; bracts lance-linear, about as long as the flowers; upper sepal ovate, obtuse, the lateral narrower and spreading; lip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated and rhomboid at base, about equaling the petals, and a little shorter than the obtuse, incurved spur, which is longer than the ovary.-Swamps, N. States (rare) and Can. More slender and delicate than the last, 10' to 2f high. Lvs. often narrow and grass-like 6 to 10' lons. Flas. 10 to 50, pure white, varying to greenish. Spur about 4" long. J1. (0. dilatata Ph.) 7 P. bracteAta Tori. St. leafy; Ivs. oblozng, obtuse, upper ones acute; spike lax; bracts 2 to 3 times as long as the flowers; sop. connivent, ovato; )ctals linear, erect; lip linear-c uneate, truncate, 3-toolhed at the end, the middle toolllh small or obsolete; spur short, inflated, obtuse.-A small, green-flowered orchllis, in shades. St. G to 9' high. Lvs. about 3, 18 to 30" by 6 to 12", upper bracts as short as the flower. Spikes 2 to 3' lon' l Fls. yellowish-green. Lip as long as the ovary, 3 times as long as the sack-like spur. Can. to Va., W. to Ill. Jl., Aug. (Peristylus Lindcll.) 8 P. flAva Gray. St. leafy, lower Uvs. oblong, acute, upl2er latceolalte, acuminate, spike rather dense, cylindric; bracts longer than tile fls.; lp oblong, obtuse, with a tooth each side at base; palate with one tuberculate tooth; spur filiform, rather shorter than the sessilo ovary.-In alluvial soils, North and South. St. fiexuous, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. about 3, with long sheaths, 3 to 6 or 7' by 4- to 2', tapering to an acute summit. Fls. in a long, thin spike. Sep. short, ovate, green. Petals yellowish, drying brownish. Upper bracts about as long as the flowers, lower one 2 or 3 times as long. The tubercle of the lip is a remarkable character. Jn. (0. ilava L. 0. herbiole and fuscescens Ph. 0. bidentata Ell.) 9 P. cristata Lindl. CRESTED ORCHIS. Slender, lower lvs. lance-linear, very acute, the sepal gradually reduced, linear, acuminate; spike oblong, densely CO-flovwered; sep. and pet. roundish (1 to 2" long), the latter crenate; lip oblong, pinnately fimbriate, nearly as long as the spur which is half as long as the slenderbeaked ovary.-Swamps, N. J. to Ga. and La. A delicate, yellow Orchis, 18' to 2f high. Lvs. 6 to 10' long. Fls. quite small, the sop. and pet. scarcely more than 1" long, spur 2 to 3". Jn., J1. 10 P. ciliaris Lindl. YELLOW FRINGED ORCIIIS. Lower lvs. lanceolate; spike oblong, dense, with numerous large fis.; bracts shorter than the ovary; lip. ol)long-lanceolate, deeply fringe-ciliate, twice longer than the linear, notched pelals; spur longer than the slender-beaked ovary.-Delicately beautiful, with bright orangecolored fls., in swamps, Can. and U. S., not common. St. about 2f high. Lvs. sheathing at base; lower ones 3 to 5' long, rapidly diminishing upwards. Sep. roundish, obtuse, concave. Petals linear, very small, incised at the summit; the lip narrow, lanceolate, conspicuously fringed, 4" long. Spur 1' in length. JI., Aug. 11 P. Blepharigl6ttis Lindl. IHIITE FRINGED ORCMIS. Lower lvs. lanceolate. channeled; spike oblong, dense; bracts linear, acuminate, shorter than the white flowers; petals spatulate, dentate at apex; lip lanceolate, ciliate, as long as the upper sepal; spur much longer than the long-beaked ovary —In swamps, N. Y. to Car., resembing' the last species, but distinguished, at least, by the color of its fls. which are of a pure vwhite. St. 1 to 2f high. Flowers fewer than in the last. Sepals roundish-oblong, lateral reflexed. Lip fringed ia the middle, 2" long. Jn., J1. ORDER 138.-ORCHIDACE.:2. 685 12 P. lacera Gray. RAGGED ORCHIS. Lower lvs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones narroow, acuminate; bracts longer than the flowers; sep. retuse; pet. emarginate; lip 3-parted, segments cuneate, capillaceous-multifid; spur filifbr7n, clavate, as long as the ovary.-Swamps and meadows, Can. to Car. Stem 1-2f high, smooth, slender. Leaves few, 3-6' by ~ to 1', mostly acute. Flower numerous, in a long, loose spike, of a greenish-white, not showy. Sepals ovate. Petals oblonglinear, entire, lip reflexed, very deeply laciniate. Readily distingiushed from the followinc by its more slender habit, greenish flowers, and the entire (not fringed) petals July. 13 P. leucophza N. WHITE-FLOWERED PRAIRIE Oncnis. St. leafy; Ivs. lancecolate, tapering to a narrow, obtuse point, channeled; bracts shorter than tilhe ovaries; rac. oblong. sep. roundish-oblong, acutish; lateral petals obovote, denticulate; lip 3-parted, flabelliform, segments deeply fimbriate; spur s ubulate-clavate, curved, twice as long as the ovary.-Wet prairies, W. States. Stem 1 —-3f highl. Leaves 2-6' long. Raceme about 12-flowered.' Sepals and spur yellowish, petals white. Ovary curved, 1' long. 14 P. Psyc6des Gray. PURPLE ]RINGED OncinIS. Lower lvs. lanceolate, diminishing upwards; lip 3-parted, scatrcely longer than the petals, the segments cuneiform, ciliate-fimbriate; lateral pet. ovate, erose-crezulate or slightly fringed, spur filifbrm, elavate, longer than the ovary, common in meadows, Can. to Ga., AVW. to Wis. Stem 1 —2~.f high, smooth, slender. Leaves 3-6' long. Flo — ers showy, numerous, in a terminal, cylindric spike, light purple. Lip somewhat longer than the petals, its 3 spreading segments very veiny and sparingly bristle-cleft. Spur an inch in length. JI. (0. fimbriata Ph. Lw. 0. incisa & lissa MAuhl.) 15 P. Bigelvii. LARGE FRIINGED ORcmIs. Lower lvs. oblong, oval, obtuse, upper ones very narrow; bracts shorter than the ovary; rac. oblong; lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, 3-parted, the segments fan-shaped and fimbriate, the middle one largest, with connivent fimbrime; lateral pet. fimbriate; spur ascending, clavate, longer than the ovary.-A superb plant, considered the most beautifhll of the genus, in wet meadows, Can. to Penln. Stem 2 —3f high, thick, hollow, with several sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones, 4-7' by 1-2', upper ones linear, an inch or two long. Flowers purple, in a terminal raceme, 3 -6' long. Middle segm. of the lip nearly semicircular, twice as long as the lateral ones. June. (P. fimbriata Lindl.) 16 P. peramcena Gray. St. tall, leafy; lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear; bracts nearly equaling the ovary; sep. roundish-ovate; lateral petals denticulate; lip 3parted, divisions cuneiform, dentate, middle one 2-lobed; spur fliform, clavate at end, curved, longer than the ovary.-A large and showy species in marshy grounds, Penn. to Ind. and southward. Stem slightly winged. Leaves 4-6' long. FIs. violet-purple, large, 20-50, in a terminal spike. Ovary 1', and spur 1-' long. June, July. (P. fissa Lindl.) 17 P. MichAuxii. St. very leafy; lower Ivs. elliptic-oval, acute, upyper mnuch reduced, lanceolate:,;pike few-flowuered, loose; lip 3-parted into long linear setaceous segments; petals 2-parted, lower division linear-setaceous; spur near t-ice longer than the ovary.-Pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. (Chapman) and La. (1Hale). Plant 12 to 1 G' high. Lvs. about 3' by 1'. Spur filiform, clavellato at end, near 2' long. Fls. rather distant, white. Aug.-Oct. 18 P. rbpens. St. very leafy, from a creeping rhizome; Ivs. all linear-lanceolate,. elongated, lower bracts longer than the flowers; spike closely many-flowered; lip 3parted into setaceous segments; petals 2-parted, lower segment setaceous; spur recurved, scarcely longer than the ovary. —Borders of ponds in pine barrens, S. Car., Ga. to La. (Hale.) Strikingly similar to the last, yet strikingly distinct,. 12' to 18' high. Flowers greenish yellow, about half as large, spur about half an inch long, filiform. Lvs. 5 to 8' long, tapering to a very acute point. Aug., Sept. 19? P. quercicola. Root epiphytic, creeping; lvs. all cauline, lance-ovate, acute, rounded at base;' petioles sheathing the stem; spike dense, few or many-flowered; fls. small, ringent, sep. and pet. ovate, obtuse; lip spatulate, free from the column, slightly recurved; spur saccate, scarcely as long as the lip, half as long as the ovary.-Clhiefly growing in the rough bark of oaks, Fla. (Chapman) to La. (Hale).. 3806 ORDER 138. —ORCHIDACEX. Plant 3 to 10' hig,, with 2 to 20 flowers. Lvs. 6 to 18" long, thin, the sheath half scarious. Sep. about 1 2" long. —Habit quite unlike any of the foregoing species. 5. TIPULA'RIA, Nutt. (Tipula, the crane-fly; friom the fancied resemblance of the flowers.) Sepals spatulate, spreading; petals lancelinear, lip sessile, 3-lobed, middle lobe linear, much the longest; spur filiform, very long; column wingless, free; anther operculate, persistent; pollinia 4, parallel. —Corms several, connected by a thick fiber. Lf. solitary. Fls. without bracts. 1 T. discolor Nutt. A slender, green-flowered plant, resembling a Corallorhizn, growing in pine woods, Vt., Mid. States to Ga. Rare northward. Lf. petiolate, ovate, plaited, smooth, and longitudinally veined 2 to 3' long. Scape 10 to 15' high, bearing a raceme of many small, greenish, nodding fis. Spur nearly twice as long as the ovary. Manner of growth similar to that of Aplectrum. J1. 6. CALYP'SO, Salisb. (Narned for the goddess Calypso, froin 1/aAvz7-rd, to conceal.) Sepals and petals subequal, ascending, secund; lip inflated, large, 2-pointed or spurred beneath near the end; column petaloid; pollinia 4.-Scape l-flowered, l-leafed, arising from a corm. C. borealis Salisb. A beautifill and interesting plant, in cold mossy bogs, Vt., N. N. Y., Can., but very rare. Scape 6 to 8' high, bearing a single large flower at top and sheathed with several bracts. Lf. broad-ovate, smooth veined, 1 to 2' long. Fl. near the size of Cypripedium, variegated Kwith purple and yellow, the lip its most conspicuous part, bearing 2 projecting points beneath the apex. May. 7. BLE'TIA, Ruiz et Pay. (Named for Lzwis Blet, a Spanish botllist.) Petals and sepals distinct, nearly equal; lip sessile, cucullate by its induplicate side-lobes, spurless (in our species); column free; pollinia 8, in pairs, waxy, each pair pedicellate.-Sts. or scapes simple, arising fiom globular corms and bearing a raceme or head of showy fis. 1 B. aphy'lla Nutt. Leafless; scape tall, terete, bearing 3 to 5 short, sheathing remote bracts; racerne long, loose, with ovate, acute, spreading bractlets; fis. many, much longer than their pedicels; lip divaricately veined; spur none.-Car. to Ky., Fla. and La. A singular plant, in the borders of swamps, 15 to 30' high, the thick stem tapering above. Sheaths about half an inch long. Sep. (brownish purple) and pet. (yellowish brown) 8" long. Lip 3-lobed, with 5 broad plaits or folds. Aug., Sept. 2 B. verecinda H. K. Lvs. all radical, broadly lanceolate, plaited and prominently veined; scape; scape tall, bearing a many-flowered raceme; petals eonnivent; lip -with divaricate veins and folds, the side-lobes narrowed towards the apex; the middle crispate, emarginate, broader than long; spur none.-Ga. and Fla. (Pursh.). Common in the W. Indies. Scape 2 to 3f high. Fls. purple, large and showy. Jn., J1. 8. CORALLORHI'ZA, Brown. CoaAL-ROOT. (Gr. hopdX,;tov, coral, fji[a, root; its branched.roots much resemble coral.) Sepals and petals nearly equal, converging; lip produced behind; spur short and adnate to the ovary, or none; column free; pollinia 4, oblique (not parallel), firee.-Plants leafless, simple, of a brown color, arising from coralline ioots, sheathed with bracts and bearing a racerne. * Spur conspicuously prominent, but a(lnate. Lip 3-lobed........................No. 1: Spur wholly obliterated.-Lip crenulate, wavy, not at all lobed.......................No. 2 -Lip entire, slightly toothed near the base...............Nos. 8, 4' C. multifl6ra Nutt. Scape many-flowered; lip cuneate-oval, spotted; 3-parted, the middle lobe recurred, lateral ones short and ear-like; spur conspicuous, adnate; caps. elliptic-obovoid, pendulous. —In woods, growing on the roots of trees, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Root coralline. Scape 10 to 15' high, leafless, brownish ORDER 138.-ORCHIDACE2E. 687 purple, sheathed wvith a few bracts. Fls. larger than in the other species, 15 to 20, erect, spreading, in a long raceme. Lip showy, 3 to 4" long, white, sprinkled with purple spots. Spur yellowish, conspicuous, but short and adnate to the ovary. J1. 2 C. odontorhiza Nutt. Lip undivided, oval, obtuse, crenulate, spotted; spur none; capsule oblong or subglobous.-A singular plant, with no leaves or green herbage, inhabiting old woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. The root is a collection of small, fleshy tubers, articulated and branched much like coral. Scape 9-14' high, rather fleshy, striate, smooth, invested with a few long, purplish-brown sheaths. Flowers 10-20, in a long spike, of a brownish-grcen. Lip white, generally with purple spots. Capsules large, reflexed, strongly ribbed. J1.,.Aug. 3 C. inndta R. Brown. Scape few-flowered; lip oblong, angular7ly 2-tootied tow'ctsd., the base, syotless, deflexed above; spur none or obsolete; caps. elliptic-obovoid, reflexed.-R-ich damp woods, N. States and Can., rare. Scape not bulbous at base, 5 to 8' high. F1s 5 to 10, dull purple, with a white lip. Mauy, Jn. 4 C. MWacrai G-ray. Scape mnan'y-flowered; fls. large, on very short pedicels; lis; oval, ob/Tse, 3-nerved, entire above, obscurely auc icled at base; spur none.-" Canada, along tihe great Lakes." Also? Northern N. E. Plant 10 to 16' high. Sep. and and pet. 6" long. Caps. reflexed, oval, 6" long. —Our specimens fron Nor. N. IHI. are 13' high, 20-flowered, agreeing with Dr. Gray's description as far as we ca:t judge by the fruit. 9. APLEC'TRUIJ, Nutt. ADAM AND EVE. PUTTY-ROOT. (Gr. a,'7)f~c,-pov, a spar; the lip being without a spur.) Sepals and petals distinct, nearly equal, converging; lip unguiculate, 3-lobed, obtuse, middle lobe crenulate, palate ridged; sptsr none; column free, anther at little below the apex; pollinia 4, oblique, lenticular 1-Scape and rlIcelne as in Corallorhiza, but arising efrom a globous corni after the single, large, coriaceous, biennial leaf. A. hyemale Nutt. A fine plant in woods, Can. to Fla., rare. Rather frequent westward. The corms are near 1' thick, composed of strongly glutinous matter, and connected by a thick fiber. A new corm is produced annually, in advance of the old, which dries up the second or third year. Leaf elliptic or ovate, 3 to 5' long, many-veined, twice longer than the petiole, arising late in the season from the new corm, remaining through the winter, until the scape (12 to 18' high) arises by its side. Sheaths brownish, 2 or 3. Perianth brownish, 6" long. Caps. pendulous, 1' long. May.!0. FlICROS'TYLI S, Nutt. (Gr. ytlzpog, little, -orv26g, style; alluding to the slender column.) Sepals spreadincg, distinct; petals filifolrm or linear, spreading; lip sessile, concave, spreading, hastate or bidentate at base, not tubercled; column minute, with 2 teeth or lobes at the summit; pollinia 4, loose, cohering by pairs in each cell. —Erect firom tuberous bulbs, with I or 2 lvs. and small, racemed fls. 1 M. ophioglossoides Nutt. Lf. solitary, ovate, amplexicaul; st. 5-angled:' rac. short, obtuse; pedioels much loayWer than the fiowVers.-A_ small plant, in woods, &c. Can. and N. States. Stem 5-9' high, with a single leaf a little below tihe middle. The leaf is rather acute, smooth, ovate or oval, about 2' in length, 1 in width. At the base of the stem is an abrupt sheath. Fls whitish, minute, numerous, in a terminal raceme an inch or more in length, dense at top, often abortive. Pedicels about 4" long. Jn. (Malaxis, iMx.):2M. monophrllus Lindl. Lf. solitary, ovate, sheathing at base: rac. elomgated:'. many-flowered, pedicels about as long as the flowers; bracts minute; sep. acute, spreading; lateral petals reflexed, linear; lip triangular-hastate, cucullate, acum — inate with a recurved point.-In shady swamps, N. Y., rare (Hadley, Gray.), Stem 2 to 6' high, 3-angled, with a subspicate raceale of 20 to 40 small, greenish. ils. JL (Malaxis, Willd. Ophrys, L.) 8S O0RDEi 138. —ORCIIDACE~E. 11. LIP'ARIS, Rich. TWAY-BLADE. (Gr. t-grapo', elegant, shining; a term characteristic of the leaves.) Sepals and petals distinct, sublinear, spreading or deflexed; lip spreading, flat, ascending, often exteterior; column winged; pollinia 4, parallel with each other, without pedicels or glands.-Erect from tuberous bulbs, with about 2 lys. and a raceme. 1 L. lilif6lia Rich. Lvs. 2, ovate-lanceolate; scape triangular; petals filiform, reflexed; lip large, wedge-obovate. abruiptly cuspidate at the broad end.-Damp woods, Can. to Car. W. to Wis. Lye. radical, 3 to 4' long, rather acute, tapering into a sheathing base. Scape about 6' high. Fls. 10 to 20, in a terminal, rather showy raceme. Pedicels near an inch in length. The 3 sepals greenish-white, linear, 2 upper petals capillary, yellowish-white. Lip 6" long, 4" wide, purpletranslucent. Jn. (Malaxis lilifolia. Sw.) 2,. Lces5lii Rich. Lvs. 2, ovate-oblongr, obtuse, keeled, shorter than the fewflowered racemes; scape angular; lip oblong, mnucronate incurved, wavy; sep. and pet. linear, subequal.-About half as large as the preceding, in moist meadows and fields, Can. N. Eng. to Penn. and Wis. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, about 1' wide, obtuse or acute, sheathing at base. Scape 3 to 5' high. Fls. about 6, appressed to the rachis, in a thin raceme. Pedicels about 2" in length. Lip 2" long. Sepals and pet. greenish-white. Ovaries elavate, as long as the pedicels. Jn. (Malaxis Correana Bart.) 12. LIS'TERA, R. Brown. TWAY-BLADE. (Namedl for Dr.!Martin liister, an English naturalist.) Sepals and petals somewhat equal,,preading or rcflexecd; lip usually pendulous, 2-lobed, or 2-cleft; column winglenss, the beak rounded; anther dorsal, ovate; pollen powdery.St. 2-leaved above the middle, with a raceme. Lvs. opposite. 1 L. cord'ta R. Brown. Lvs. roundish, subcordate, acute; rac. few-flowered; pedicels the length of the ovary; lip linear, 2-toothed at base, deeply bifid, with divaricate, linear segments; column very short.-Root fibrous. St. 4 to 8' high, fIrrowed. Lvs. 8 to 10"' diam., sessile, about half way up the stem. Fls. minute, greenish-purple, 10 to 15, in a short raceine. A delicate little plant, in woods and sphagnous swamps, among mountains, &c., N. States, and Brit. Am. JI.. Aug. 2 L. convallarioides HIook. Lvs. roundish-ovate; rac. few-flowered, loose, pubescent; sep. ovate-lanceolate; lip. cuneate-spatulate, twice as long as the sepals, 2-toothed at base, with 2 roundish lobes and an intermediate minute one at the apex; colunln elongated.-Car. to Arc. Am. Root fibrous. St. very slender, 5 to 10' high, sheathed with a few bracts, bearing the 2 lvs. above the middle. Lvs. 1' or more long, nearly as wide. Fis. smnall, the broad, obcordate lip about 4" long, purplish. May. 3 L. pubescens Nutt. St. pubescent, leafless; lvs. all radical, ovate, acute; fis. in a racemle; lip 2-lobed, the other segments connivent, about as long as the lip; caps. clavate.-Pine barrens, Car. and Ga. Ils. greenish-white. Jn., JL — Ve have seen no specimen. Is it a Cranichis?'4 L. austrAlis Lindl. Lvs. ovate; fls. minute, puberulent, on pedclicels tvico longer than the ovary, in a loose, slender raceme; lip linear, cleft into 2 linearsetaceous segments, 3 or - times longer than the sepals.-S-wamps, N. Jer. to Ga. Maiy, Jn. 13. CRAP'ICHIS, Swartz. (Gr. tp9avof, a helmet?)-Sepals spreadiiig or reflexed; lip narrow, entire, archedl; column straight, bearing the anther on the baclk, parallel with the Style; pollen farinaceous.Lvs. nearly radical. St. bracted, bearing a slender spike. Fls. obliquely cernuous.'C. multifi6ra Ell. St. slender, with a few sheathing bracts, pubescent above; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, on short, sheathing petioles near the base; spike nianyllowered, rather loose; sep. pubescent, lanceolate, mostly reflexed; petals linear, ORDER 138.-ORCHIDACEKE. 689 connivent and curved upwards, lip recurved almost to a half circle, channeled, its base embracing the column.-Sandy soils, S. Ga. Fla. to La. (Described from an imperfect specimen resembling a Spiranthes.) St. 10 to 20' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Perianth scarce 5" long, greenish-white. Sept., Oct. 14. SPIRAN'THES, Rich. LADIES' TRESSES. (Gr. oweZpov,;a wreath; sc. the twisted spike.) Perianth ringent; lower sepals oblique and including the base of the lip; upper sepal connivcnt with thle petals; lip oblong, channeled, parallel with the column, and with callous processes at base; column curved, stigma ovate, rostrate, becoming bidentate at apex; anther dorsal; pollinia 2, each 2-lobed, powdery.St. scape-like, bearing many white fis. in an oblique, spiral row. * Spike -with the rachis twisted, and the flowers in one moderately twisted row.....Nos. 1,' * Spike with the rachis straight but the flowers in a dense spiral all around..........Nos. 3, 4 1 L. gricilis Bigclow. SLENDER LADIES' TREssEs. Lvs. all radical, ovate or oblanceolate, fugacious; scape with remote sheaths; fls. in a single row, which is moderately spiral; lip oblong-spatulate, crenulate-wavy at the recurved tip, the callosities distinct; plant nearly glabrous.-A very delicate plant, not uncommon in old woods, Can. and U. S. Scape very slender, 8 to 12' high. Lvs. close on the ground, 1 to 2' long, contracted to a petiole, usually withering before the flowers appear. Fis. white, fragrant. Rachis twisted more than the row of flowers, but in the opposite direction. J1., kAug. 2 L. t6rtilis Ph. Tall, slender; Ivs. mostly at base; lozng and liszear; the cauline distant and sheathing; bract-like; fsl. in a single row, moderately twisted, on a twisted rachis; perianth elongated (5"); lip oblong, acute, pinnately lobed, lobes crenulate; pl7at more or less pubescent above.-Grassy plains, Car. to Ala. and Fla. St. 2 to 3f high, stouter than in S. gracilis. Lvs. 6 to 10' long, 2 to 5" wide. Spike 3 to 5' long. Jn. J1. 3 S. c6rnua Rich. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lower elon2gated, the cauline gradually smaller; spike dense-flowered, thick, oblong, the flowers oblique and cernuous; lip oblong, obtuse, wavy and crenulate, recurved, longer than the petals; plant p)ubescent above.-Can. and U. S., common in meadows, &c. St. 9 to 18' or more, somewhat leafy. Lvs. 3 to 6 to 10' long, 3 to 6" wide. Spike 1 to 3' long. Els. large for the genus, fragrant. Perianth 4 to 5" long, cream-white. Aug.-Oct. 4 S. latif6lia Torr. Lvs. neasly radical, oblong or liieaor-lanceolate, 3 to 5-veined; st. with 2 or 3 sheathlag bracts; fis. (small 3 to 4") in an oblong, dense spike which is somewhat twisted; lip oblong, obtuse, crenulate-crisped on the margin, about 5-veined, callosities adnate; plant quite glabrous.-IIn moist grounds, Can. to Penn. A low plant, often concealed in the grass, 4 to 8' high. Lvs. 3 or more, 2 to 4' long, often obtusish. Fls. rather larger than in No. 1, white, the lip yellowish, with green lines. Jn., J1. 15. GOODYE'RA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKICE PLANTAIN-. (Named for Jolhn Goodyer, an obscure English botanist.) Perianth ringent; calyx inflated, upper sepals with the petals vaulted, the two lower sepals placed beneath and including the saccate, entire lip, which is without callosities and abruptly acuminate and reflexed at apex; anther on the back of thle free column; pollinia 2, composed of angular grains.Bracted scapes arising fiom creeping rhizomes, with radical, ovate lvs. and a downy spike of small white fIs. 1 G. repens R. Br. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, obscurely reticulated withl white, lip ovate, with an oblong, obtuse acumination; coleumn~ acutely 2-horsned at the sunemit; spike secund or slightly twisted, minutely pubescent. Rtocky mountain woods, Can. to Car. St. slender, 5 to 8' high, bearing a spike 2 to 3' long. Lvs. 9 to 12" in length, curiously netted with white lines, but less so than the next (which is scarcely distinct from this). JI., Aug. 2 G. pubescens R. Br. Lvs. ovate, and conspicuously reticulate with white; 44 690 ORDER 138.-ORCHIDACEjE. lip roundish-ovate, with a narrow, abrupt, recurved point; column rounded and obscurely 2-toothed at apex; spike dense, with the fis. spirally arranged, pubescent.-Woods, Can. and U. S., with its several lvs. radical and singularly mottled with white and dark green. St. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, contracted into a short, winged petiole. Spike 2 to 4' long. Perianth greenish, about 2" long, nearly as wide.-Jn., J1. 16. CALOPO'GON, Brown. GrASS PINK. (Gr. icas.S6, beautiful, reyeov, beard; in allusion to the bearded lip.) Sepals and petals similar, distinct; lip on the upper side of the flowers (the ovary not twisted as in other Orchids), unguiculate bearded; column free, winged at the summit; pollen angular. —Coran bearing a grass-like 1f., a naked scape with several showy fls. C. pulch6llus Br. Lf. radical, linear-ensiform, veined; scape fetw-fiowered; lip erect, narrowed at base, with an expanded border and a concave, crested disk.A beautiful plant, in swamps and damp meadows, U. S. and Can. Scape slender, 10 to 20' high, with a long leaf (8 to 12' by ~') sheathing its base. IMls. 3 to 8, large, purple, remarkal)le fbr their apparently inverted position; lip expanded at apex, spatulate, crested with white, orange and purple clavate hairs, and on the upper side of the filowe, while the column is below! Jn., J1. (Cymbidium Willd.) 17. POGO'NIA, Juss. (Gr. TrsyoV, beard; in allusion to the bearded lip.) Perianth irregular, sepals and petals distinct; lip sessile or unguiculate, cucullate, bearded inside; column wingless, elongatte d, free; pollinia 2, farinaceous.-lHabit various. Lrs. 1 or imore. Fls. purple. ~ Sepals about equal, and similar to the petals, light purple. Lip scarcely lobe(l.......Nos. 1, 9 ~ Sepals much longer than, and unlike the poetals, dlark brown. Lip C-lobed........... N os., 4 1 P. ophioglossoides B]r. Rt. fibrous; St. furnished with an ovao7-lanceolate leeaf and a foliaceous bract near the single flower; sop. and pet. about equal; lip. fin?briate.-An interesting plant, much taller than the bulbous Arethusa, found in swamps and muddy shores, Can., N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. The stem is very slender 9-16' high, with 2 remote leaves, the one placed about midway, 2 3' long, lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base; the other (a bract) much smaller, situated near the flower. Flower large, nodding, pale purple. Lip long as petals and sepals (i') June. (Arethusa L.) 2 P. verticilldta Nutt. Lvs. 5, lance-oval verticillate; fl. solitary, the 3 outer petals very long, linear, inner ones nearly thrice shorter, lanceolate, obtuse; lip 3lobed, the middle lobes undulate. —Swamps, Can. to Ga. (Mlr. AVWin. Jones), common. Stem 8 —12' high, with a whorl of leaves near the top and a flower 1-2' above it. Leaves 1' losng, 4- as wide. abruptly acuminate. The flower is remarkable for its sepals being above 2' long, very narrow, and of a greenish-brown color. Lip crested in thec middle. July. (Arethusa Willd.) 3 P. pendula Lindl. THIREE-BIRDS. Rt. tuberous; st. leafy, about 4-flowered at the top; lvs. clasping, ovate, alternate; fis. axillary nodding; lip. entire, scabrous, not bearded; fr. pendulous.-A small, delicate plant, in swamps, Mlid. and W. and S. States. St. scarcely 6' high, slightly angled, with about 3 fis. which with the ovary are 1' long. The fruit often resembles 3 little birds. Lvs. 3 to 6, 4 to 8" long, purplish. Fls. light purple, the segments of the perianth equal, converging, and rather longer than the lip. Aug. (Triphora Nutt.) 4 P. divaricata LR. Br. Lvs. 2, one of them in the middle of the stem, lanceolatelinear, subfalcate, the other terminal, bract-like, at the base of the single, large, flower; sep. narrow, wide-spread, recurved at apex, ole tlsi'd loniger than thse la?2ceolate, acezminate petals; lip spatulate, 3-lobed, middle lobe rounded, cuspidate; lateral lobes somewhat involute.-A fine, showy plant, near 2f high, ill grassy swamps, Va. to Fla. and La. Lf. 2 to 4' by 3 to 5", rather oblong than lanceshaped, the bract scarce half as large. Petals 1' long, pink, sep. 18", brownishpurple. Lip green, with purple veins. Apr., May. 18. ARETHU'SA, Gronov. (Arethzusa, a i-nimph of Diana, trans, ORDER 139.-MARANTACE.,. 691 formed to a fountain.) Perianth somewhat ringent; sepals and petals cohering at the base; lip spurless, adnate to the column at base, deflected at the end, and bearded inside; pollinia 4, angular.-St. low, sheathed, 1-flowered, arising from a corm or bulb imbedded in moss. A. bulbosa L. This beautiful and interestingf plant is found in w et meadows and swamps, Can. to Va. W. to Wis. Stem 6-12' high, invested with about 3 long, loose sheaths, with lanceolate points, the upper ones rarely at length produced into a short linear-spatulate leaf. At the top is a single, large, fragrant flower of a rich purple color. At the base of the flower is a small spathe of 2 unequal bracts. June. 19. EPIDEN'DRU1, Swartz. TRUE ORCHID. (Gr. etrt, upon, &V5peov, a tree.) Sepals and petals spreading; lip united with the column and foernming a tube which is sometimes decurrent on the ovary; anther terminal, opercular; pollinia 4, separated by complete, persistent partitions, and each narrowed at base into a reflexed, elastic pedicel. -Epiphytic plants, vegetating in air and the scanty soil lodged in tilhe bark of trees. Sts. few-leaved at base, naked and imany-flowered above. B. con6pseum H. K. Sts. tufted, 2-leaved simple; lvs. coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, sessile; fts. 3 to 7, spicate, erect, yellow; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe obcordate, spreading as wvell as the narrow-linear, obtuse petals.Chiefly on the Magnolia grandiflora, in damp woods, low country, S. Car. to Fla. and farther West. Root an entanfled mass of thick fibers. Sts. in clusters, 5 to 8' high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long. Fls. expanding 5 or 6", tinged with purple. Aug., Sept. ORDER CXXXIX. MARANTACEXE. APROWORTS. Ilerivs with a creeping rhizome, sheathing petioles, and ample leaves, with parallel veins diverging from the midvein. ls. with spathaceous bracts. Perianth adherent, irregular, of 3 circles, each of 3 parts, the inner often abortive. Stamen.s 3, petaloid, 2 sterile, the 3d fertile, lateral, with only half an anther. Ovary inferior, 1 to 3-celled. Seeds albuminous, embryo not in a sac (vitellus). Gente'a 6(, species 106, chiefly found in the tropics. They are remnarkable, as an order, for the abundance of pure starch contained in the rhizornes of many species, constituting the genuine arrow root of conlTnerce. This is chiefly obtained frmolml etsrsntar mrlnsdiaCocea and e tobilis. E. Indies, and Jf. ran08osisseiM(s,, W. Indies. Some are cultivated for ornament. 1. THA'LIA, L. (Named for Johro Thalius, a German physician and author.) Flowers contained in a 2-leaved, glume-like spathe; calyx 3sepaled, small, concave, lance-ovate; corolla 6-parted, the 3 outer segments equal, 3 inner very unequal; stamen 2-parted, the outer segment petaloid, inner slender, bearing the 1-celled, ovate (half) anther; style short, twisted, with a large, lip-shaped stigma; fruit capsular, tthin, with 1 or 2 large seeds; emnbryo recurved.-2M Lvs. with lonog sheaths. Scape paniculate. T. deilba'ta Roscoe. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute and revoluto at apex, rounded at base, petiole distinct, much shorter than its sheath; scape and panicle powdered; spathe of 2 very unequal lvs., 2-flowered, but usually 1-fruited, pilous; pericarp membranous, inclosing 1 large, farinaceous seed, in which the slender embryo lies distinct, bent double.-A tall, elegant plant, in marshes, S. Car. (Curtis) to Fla. Abundant in the Chattahoochee R. near Apalachicola. Scape slender, 3 to 5 to'f! high, bearing a large, forking panicle, with several lance-linear, deciduous bracts. Lvs. 9 to 14' by 4 to 8', often subcordate. Fls. purple, half concealed in the bracts. 2. CANNA, L. INDIAN SHrOT. (Derivation doubtful.) Calyx of 3 sepals, persistent onl the fruit; corolla 6-parted, with unequal segments, 692 ORDER 140.-AMARYLLIDACEE. the outer often reflexedl; stamen petaloid, 2-lobed, the upper lobe bearing the 1-celled (half) anther on its margin; style petaloid, fleshy, stigma obtuse; capsule muricate, 3-celled; seeds globular.- 2( Handsome, evergreen herbs, with large lvs. and showy panicles, or spikes. ~ CORYTHIUAIM.* (Gr. (ic6pvf) icopvO69, with a helmet.) Tzube of the corolla prolonged above the ovary, with the outer segment spirally attached, and reJlexed, inner segment and the stamenz dilated and coroniform; anther wholly adnate. 1 C. flaocida Rosco. Glabrous; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to a long, sheathing base; fils. spicate, 2-bracted; sep. erect, lance-linear; cor. tube mlore than twice as long as the sepals; limb of the inner petals spreadinlg, flaccid, wavy, yellow, the outer lance-linear, reflexed; stigma obliquely dilated above, terminating the corolla tube. —A fine plant, around ponds, S. Car., Ga. and Fla. Stem 3f high. Lvs. near 2f long (including the narrow base), 2 to 4' wide. Fls. about 4' long. Caps. oval, 12 to 16" long.-This plant: with its cogreners, might perhaps constitute a new genus. ~ CA.NVNlA proper. Corolla tube short or none, sengments erect or sreading above, the inner not coronifjorm; anther free above. 2 C. Indica Rose. Glabrous; lvs. ovate, acuminate, abrupt at base; cor. tube scarcely longer than the sepals; segm. strap-shaped or spatulate, subequal, inner erect.-Often cultivated. Lvs. large, smooth and glossy, the lamina more than if long. Fls. near 2' long, red and yellow. t- W. Indies. ORDEIt CXL. AMARYLLIDACEE. AMARYLLIDS. Ilerbs perennial, chiefly bulbous, with linear leaves not scurfy nor woolly. Flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, with an adherent, 6-parted perianth. S&,mens 6, anthers introrse. Ovnary 3-celled, with styles united into 1. Fr1uit a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds 1 to co, with fleshy albumen. Figs. 315, 342, 395, 396. Generz GS,.species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Yery few are found in our climate. Piroperties. A few of the Ainaryllids possess poisonous properties, which is very rare among the Endogens. The EIottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping thel- in the -viscid juice of the bulbs of I-I,semanthus toxicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and of other species, are emetic. The ferimented juice of the Agave forms the intoxicatingpuclque of the Mexicans. Many are highly ornamental in cultivation. GCENERA. Perlianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube. (*) * Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens.................... PNcrATI-M. 1 * Crown a firmn cup containing the stamens............s............ NARCISSUS. 2 ~ Perinnth destitute of a crown. (**) ** Segments united into a tube above the ovary. Stamens perigynous. (a) a Flowers solitary, tiube of the perianth straight. erect...........ZsEPnRazrNTUS. 3 a Flowers many, tube of the perianth straight.................. AGAxv. 4 a Flowers many, tube of the perianth curved................... PoLANh-Trns:s. 5 ** Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding. (b) b Perianth irregular. Stamens declined and curved............SeirrELIA. 6 b Perianth regular.-Sepals (all white) larger than petals....... GALANTII-US. 7 -Sepals (green-tipped) as large as petals.....LEtrcoJuci. 8 -Sepals and petals equal, yellow............ IIxroxis. 9 1. PANCRA'TIUM, L. (Gr. rrcav, all, tipairuS, powerful; the name was first applied to the medicinal squill.) Tube of the perianth produced above the ovary, long and slender, dilated in the throat, limb regular, G6-parted; stainens 6, insclted on the throat, their bases connected by an ample membrane forming a broad, funnel-shaped corona;.anthers linear, versatile; capsule 3-valved, oo-seeded.-Bulbs tunincated, bearing long Ivs. and a scape with a bracted umlbel of showy fis. ORDER 140.-AMARYLLIDACEZE. 693 1 P. rotatum L. Scapes 2-6-flowered; Ivs. long, strap-shaped, obtuse; ovary ovate-triangular; sep. and pet. linear, as long as the tube; crown broad-funnelshaped or top-shoped, the mzargin 12-toothed, alternate teeth stameniferous stamens and declined style nearly as long as the sepals; anthers yellow.-Marshes and low grounds, along streams, throughout -the S. States. Bulb white, an inch or more in diam. Scape 18' to 2f high. Fls. usually but 2, white. Perianth and tube about 3' long, the crown about 18" broad, very thin and often torn. Apr. May. (P. Mexicanum L. Hymenocallis Herbt.) 2 P. coronarium LI Conte. Scape many-flowered; lvs. lfinear-lanceolate, obtuse; petals linear, thrice longer than the crown, which is large, fitnnel-shaped, 18-angled, or having 2 angular teetll between the stamens, and often a jagged sinus between the teeth; stam. much shorter than the petals, with long (6 to 8"), linear, yellow anthers.-River swamps, along the coast, Car., Ga. (Pursh) to La. (Mr. R. Green). Scapes and lvs. 2 or 3f long. Fls. white. Style much longer than the stamens. 3 P. maritimum L. Scape many-flowered; lvs. linear, strap-shaped, glaucous, longer than the scape; perianth funnel-shaped, segm. lance-lineaq, spreading above, longer than the crown; crown funnel-shaped, its base adherent to the segments, its mnargin with 6 pairs (12) of prominent teeth, alternating with the stamens, which are borne in t7e sinuses. River swamps, S. Car., Ga. (Walter, Catesby) and westward (Le Conte). Not lately seen? Scape 18' to 2f high. Fls. very fragrant, evanescent. (P. occidentalis Le Conte?) Eur. 2. NARCIS'SUS, L. (Gr. vdptcsq, stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some of the species.) Perianth regular, 6-parted, bearing on its throat a cup or bell-form crown (consisting of a whorl of united sterile stamens); fertile stamens 6, inserted within the tube and concealed within the crown.-A genus of well known, much cultivated flowers, many of them very fragrant and beautiful. They have bulbous roots, ensiform leaves, antd usually yellow fls., with a long, compressed spathe, opening onone side and deciduous. ~ Crown loncer than the tube of the perianth.......................................No. 1 ~ Crown Mshorter shan the tube of the perianth,-its border crenate................. N os. 2, 3 -its border entire..................... No. 4 1 N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. DAFFODIL. Scape 2-edged, straight, striated; segments sulphur color; corona with a serrate-crenate orifice, and as long as the petals.-Gardens. Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Scape a foot high, bearing- at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup or corona. April, Ilay. t Eur. (Ajax, l-Iaworth.) 2 N. Jonquilla L. JONQUILS. Scape 1-3-flowered; segments reflexed, spatulate; cup (corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, spreading, crenate.-Gardens. Scape a foot high, round, slende;, bearing at the summit a tfw flowers cf a rich yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn. f Spain. (Queltia Herbert.) 3 N. podticus L. POIT'S NAnCISSUS. Scape 1-flowered; segments imbricate at base, reflexed; corona expanded, fiat, rotate, crenulate; 3 anth. shorter than the tube.-Gardens. Scape about a foot high, leaves of the same lenoth. It bears a single flower, which is mostly white, but having the crown singularly adorned with circles of crimson, whita and yellow. Jn. t S. Europe. 4 N. Tazdtta L. Spathe many-flowered; corona cainpanulate, truncate, shorter than the petals; lvs. flat.-Gardens. Root a large bulb. Leaves smooth, swordshaped. Scape naked, striate, a foot high, with 10-12 flowers. Corolla white, cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, IMay. + Spain. (Hermione Herbert.) 3. ZEPHYRAN'THUS, Herbert. AMARYLLIS. ATAMASCO LILY. (ZEfrvpos, the west wind, cv0ofo.) Perianth superior, tubular at base, funnel-form, with a 6-parted, regular limb, which spreads above; stamens 6, inserted in the throat, or one of them lower down, filaments slender; anther versatile; style filiform, somewhat leclined; stigma 6 94 ORDER 140.-AMARYLLIDACE1E. 3-fid; seeds c0, 2 rows in each sell, black.-Bulb tunicated, sending up a scape with linear lvs. Spathe I-leaved. Fls. erect, showy and beautiful. Fig. 315. Z. Atamasco Hcrbt. Spathe 2-cleft, acute; flowers solitary, pediceled; cor. campanulate, suberect, with the segm. equally spreading above; filaments much exceeding the tube, but shorter than the segments.-An attractive flower, in wet clay soils, Va. to Fla. Lvs. linear, a foot long. Scape round, 6 to 12' high. Spathe a little colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, white and pink. Sepals lanceolate, 3 to 31-' long (including the 1' tube). MIarch (S.), May (N.) (Amaryllis L.). 4. A GA'VE, L. (Gr. ayavS~, admirable.) Perianth tubular-funnelform, adlherent to the ovary, 6-parted; stamens 6, exsertecl; anthers linear, soon versatile; capsule coriaceous, obtusely triangular, 3-celled, many-seeded. —A splendid American genus. Root sometimes ligneous. Stein herbaccous. Lvs. mostly radical, thick and rigid, channeled, often spiny. Scape many-flowered. 1 A. Virginica L. FAIsE ALOE. Acaulescent, herbaceous; lts. linear-lanccolate, fleshy, glabrous, with cartilaginous serratures on the margin; sccpe simple, glabrous, with leaf-like scales and sessile, tubular flowers. —Rocky bankls, Penn. to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous. Scape 4 to 6f high, terete, glabrous, loosely spicate above. Radical leaves long, acute. Flowers 1' long, greenish-yellow, very fragrant, tube longer than the subulate segments. Anth. long oxsertcd. Capsule roundish, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed. Sept. t 2 A. Americana L. AirEarcAN ALOE. CENTURY PLANT. Acaulescent; lus. spinoeus-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy; sccl)e branched, lofty and arborescent; coer. tuzbe contracted in the middle; pedicel as long as the corolla.The largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated. It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known to flower much oftener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical, thick, 3-G6 or f long, 4 12' wide. The scape arises from the center of the leaves to the height o'l 15 to 25f, bearing a pyramidal panicle of innumerable ycllow flowers. There is a variety with striped leaves. + 5. POLYAN'THES, L. TuBERosE. (Gr. oZrov,, mIany, AvOs.) Perianth superior, funnel-iorm, with a long, curved tube; filaments ilnserted into the throat, included; ovary at the bottom of the tube, the summit frec. —Rt. an upright rhizome, thick, producing tubers above. St. terete, solid, simple, m-flowered. P. tuber6sa L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate; petals oblong.-A-L green-llouse plant. Sts. bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape scaly, 2 to f'hlligh, witth alternate, large, white, regular fis. of a delicious fiagrance, which is most powerful at evening. Aug., Sept. f Ceylon. 6. SPREKE'LIA, Endl. JACOBEA LILY. P]erianth adherent 6-leaved, subbilabiate and spreading above; inner segm. narrower; stam. 6, inserted on the ovary, unequal, and with the style declined, but bending up at apex.-Bulbous. Scape fistulous, 1-flowered. Lvs. linear. S. formosi'ssima IIerbt. Lvs. ratical; ils. nodding, very ringent, tube fringed; sta. included in the involute lower segmnents.-A splendid flower, grown in light, loamy soil. Leaves thick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe red, disclosing a single large flower of a fine dark red color. Jn.-A-ug. 7. GALAN'THUS, L. SNOW-DROP. (Gr. yciAa, milk, (v0oo; fi'om the color.) Perianth superior, segments distinct, tlhe 3 inner shorter, notched or lobed; stamens 6, inserted on tlhe top of the ovary, erect, included; style straight, longer thani the stamens; stirgma entire; cap ORDER 141.-BROMELIACEJE. 695 sule 3-celled, loculicidal, c-seeded.-Bulb tunicated, acrid. Scape 2edged, solid. Spathe 1-leaved. Fls. white, pendulous. Caps. maturing under ground. G. nivAlis. SNOw-DROP. Lvs. linear, radical, keeled, acute; scape 1-flowered. -Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in spring. It is a small plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large, nodding flower, white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, narrow leaves towards the top. 8. LEUCO'JU1II, L. SN'OW-FLAKE. (Gr. 2vevItb', white, lov, violet.) Perianth superior, segments distinct, subequal, often thickened at the apex; stamens 6, inserted on the tip of the ovary, included; style erect, thickened upwards; stigmna entire, obtuse; capsule fleshy, 3valved, loculicidal, co-sceded.-Bulb tunicated. Scape 2-edged, fistulous. Lvs. few. Spathe I-leaved. Fls. pendulous. 1 L. westivum L. Lvs. linear, a little shorter than the scape; spathe many (4 to 8)-flowered; caps. pyriform, with numerous black seeds in each cell.-Gardens, very pretty. Lvs. 6 or more, of a rich green, long, channeled, sheathing. Scape 6 to 10' high, sharply 2-angled, bearing at top an umbel of pedicellate nodding fis. issuing from a spathe. Sep. pure white, 6 to 8" long, tipped with a green thickened point. May, Jn. t Eur. 2 L. v6rnum L. Lvs. linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at base; scape I or 2-flowered; perianth segm. with divergent veins, white, marked with a green or yellow tip; seeds 7 in each cell, straw-colored.-Gardens, less frequent than the other. Mar., Apr. t Eur. (E. rinosma, HIerbert.) 9. HYPOX'IS, L. STAR-GRASS. (Gr. vrO, unlder, o$'3g, sharp; oil account of the pointed base of the f'ruit.) Spathe 2-leaved; perianth 6-parted, regular, persistent; stamens 6; capsule elongated, narrowed -at the base, indehiscent; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crustaccons integument. —Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, with yellow fis. Lvs. radical, linear. l H. er6cta L. Pilous; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear-lanceolatc is. —In woods and meadows, Can. and U. S. Lvs. all radical, 6 to 12/ by 3 to 5", very acute. The slender, hairy scapes, several from the sam-e root, arise 6 to 8', divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3 to 5 peduncles, having each a minute, subulate spathe at the base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yellow within; segm. oval, rather obtuse. Jn. 2 H. filifolia Ell. Sparingly pilous; scape 2-flowered, shorter than the filfjorm Ivs.-In dry, sandy soils, Ga. and Fla. Same height as the other species. Lvs. 8 to 12' long, thread-shaped, but channeled, not half a line wide. ils. ratlier large (9 to 11" diam.). ORDER CXLI. BROMELIACELE. BROMELIADS. JHerbs, chiefly epiphytic, with persistent, often scurfy leaves, channeled and sheathing. Calyx 3-parted or 3-toothed, often green. Corolla 3-petaled, distinct, imbricated, colored. Stamens 6, perigynous. Style single; ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds numerous, embryo at the base of mealy albumen, radicle next the hilurn. Fig. 37, c. Genera.2, species 170, nearly all natives of tropical America. Among them is Ansaelsassa satita, the pine apple, very abundant in the Bahamas, which delicious fruit consists of the entire spike of flowers, with bracts and stem blended into one fleshy mass-a- sorosis. Another useful plant is our own Tilla.dclsi(u ssneoides-the Spanish moss of commerce. TILLAND'SIA, L. LONG MosS. (Named for Prof. E. Tillands, of Abo, author of Flora Aboensis.) Perianth double, 3 sepals merm 696 ORDER 142. —HEEMODORACEAE. branous, convolute into a tube, 3 petals colorecl, spreading above; stamens scarcely cohering with the base of the sepals; ovary free; capsule elongated, the 3 valves splitting each into 2 layers, of which the outer is membranous, the inner cartilaginous; seeds club-shaped, raised on comous stipes.-Plants grayish with scurf; growing on trees. 1 T. usneoidea L. BLi Cr Moss. SPAN-ISHI MOSS. St. Jiliform?, branzchi2g, long,feuous, xo, pendulous; Ivs. recurved, filiforn (1 to 2' long); peduncle 1-flowered, short.-Very common in the low country, fiom the Dismal Swamp, Va. to Fla. and La., lanlging in long dark gray tufts and festoons fiorom every tree. It is collected, dried and beaten until the bark falls off, when the black, elastic, tough, thread-like stem is used as hair in upholstery, &c. Flowers iay —Aug. —Very different in habit from the next. 2 T. Bartramii El. Stems clustered, erect, simple, enveloped in bract-like sheaths; Ivs. mostly radical, channeled, linear-subulate, from a dilated, half clasping base, which is brown and polished, gmtch7 longer thza ths stem; fls. 2 to 4, in a bracted, terminal spike.-Swamps, Liberty County, G-a. (Pond). Root a dense mass of crowns with fibers, " on. the bark of old trees" (Elliott). Sts. about 6' high, and with the lvs. (6 to 12') forming dense tufts. Fls........ Capsule 9" long, sessile, enveloped in imbricated bracts. Inner valves dark brown. Seed stipe clothed with a long, silky coma. Jn. 3 T. recurva L. Lvs. subulate, recurved; scape setaceous, erect, lonyger than the Ivs., bearing about 2 flowers at the summit.-On old trees, Ga. and Fla., forming tufts covered with grayish scales. (Pursh.) We saw specimens of this species in the herbarium of Rev. Dr. Bachman, but took no description. ORDER CXLII. -IAEMODORACKEE. 13LOODWORTS. HIerbs perennial, with fibrous roots, equitan t or rosulate leaves, and perfect flowers. Pei'anclth regular, 6-parted, scurfy or -woolly outside, more or less adherent. Stame.r.s 6, or 3 and opposite the petals, an.thers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, 1-styled. Capsule covered with the withered perianth. kSeeds with cartilaginous albumen. GCenera 13, species 50, sparingly occurring in N. America, S. Africa, New Holland, &c. The root of LZacz,7tihes tintctoria aIbounls in a re(l colorinlg -matter. One oftlie Inost intense bitters knonwn is Alet,i.s fti.-itino.sat. GEXERA. ~ Ovary w-holly adherent. Stamnens 3, csserted. Perianth woolly outside.....LACNANTIIES. 1 ~ Ovary half free. Stanriens 6, included.-Corymbced periantlis woolly all over....Lomnio.0a. 2 — Racerned perianths rugous-scurfy........ ALETRIS. 3 1. LACNAN'THES, Elliott. RED-ROOT. (Gr. dAXvo~, soft hair, a1vOog.) Perianth woolly outside, tube adherent; calyx lobes exterior, of 3 linear sepals, as long as the 3 lance-oblong petals; stamens 3, equaling the petals and opposite to them; filaments and filiform, dec-lined style exserted; capsule 3-celled, truncated, many-seeded.An herb with red roots, equitant, ensiform lvs., and a dense, woolly coryinb. L. tinctoria Ell. Swamps and borders of ponds, R. I. (Olney) to Fla. An interesting plant, with rush-like lvs. St. erect, strict, 18 to 24' high, clothed with white wool above. Lvs. mostly radical, fleshy, 3 to 4" wide and nearly as high as the stem. Cauline lvs. remote and bract-like. Corymb terminal, compactly many-flowered. Fls. densely clothed with white wool outside, glabrous and yellow within. Anthers bright yellow, at length revolute. Ji., Aug. (Dilatris, Pursh.)-The root is said to be employed( in dyeing. 2. LOPHI'OLA, Ker. CREST-FLOWER. (Gr. XA;og, a crest; alluding to. the crested petals.) P'erianth half superior, 6-cleft, persistent, ORDER 143.-IRIDACEAE. 697 woolly outside and ilside; petals narrower than the sepals, somewhat interior; stamens 6, filaments naked, anthers erect; style conical, 3partible; stigma simple; capsule opening at the summit, 3-celled, 3-valvedl, Inany-seeded. —An herb with a creeping root, flexuous stem, woolly above, and a loose cormyb, densely clothed with soft, white wool. L. Americtana. Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. St. 1 to 2f high, erect, hoary-tomentous when young. Lvs. glaucous, narrowly linear, equitant, glabrous, the lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally much. expanded, many flowered. Corolla woolly and yellow within, segments reflexed, about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising from the center of each valve. Seeds white. J1., Aug. (L. aurea Ker. Conostylis, Ph.) 3. ALE'TRIS, L. STAR-GRASS. COLIC-ROOT. (Gr. as-erpig, a miller's wife; because of the mealy-looking flowers.) Perianth 6-cleft, tubular, rugous as if scurfy or mealy, persistent; stamens issuing at the top of the tube, style 3-sitled, 3-partible; ovary adherent at base only; capsule opening at top, many-seeded. —Smooth herbs, very bitter, lvs. radical, rosulate, and scape many-flowered. 1 A. farin6sa L. Lvs. broad-lanceolate; fls. white, oblong-tubular, pediceled; perianth in fruit rugous or mealy in appearance.-Grows in low grounds, in most of the States. Root premorse. Scape 20-30' high, with remote scales or bracts, and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. These are 3-4' long, 4 as wide, and lie flat upon the ground. Flowers in a long, thin raceme. Perianth white,.' long, on very short pedicels, rugous without, when old. Miedicinal. July. 2 A. atirea AWalt. Lvs. lanceolate; fis. yellow, subsessile; perianth short, tubularcampanulate, finally rugous and very scabrous.-In the pine barrens of N. J. to'la., abundant. Scarcely different from the preceding except in color. Scape 2-3f high, with rather distant yellow flowers in the spicate raceme. Lvs. all radical, 2 to 3' by 3 —4". JI., Aug. ORDER CXLIII. IRIDACEAI. IRIDS. Herbs wnith corms, bubs or rhizomes, equitant, 2-ranked leaves and spathaceous bracts. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, segments in 2 sets, often unequal and convolute in bud. Stamens 3, alternate with tje petals, anthers extrorse. Style 1, stigmas 3, often petaloid. Ccatsule 3-valved, 3acelled, loculicidal. Seeds many, with hard, fleshy albumen. Figs. 76, 151, 425. Genaerla 52, sjpecies 550, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good IXope, or of the middle of Europe or N. Amnerica. Propertie..-Alore remarkable fol beauty than utility. Some of them are cathartic, as Iris tuberosa. The aromatic ore)ris rocot is the dried rhizorne of Irs forentina of S. Europe. S(tf'oa consists of the driecl orange-colored stingmas of Crocus sativus. GENERA. ~ Flowers irregular, somewhat bilabiate, nodding............................. GLAnIoLaS. 7 ~ Flowers regular and equilateral, mostly erect. (*) * Sepals similar to the petals in form, size and position. (a) a Stamaens distinct. Tube very long, partly under ground................ Cuocus. 6 a Stamens distinct. Tube short or none above the ovary.................... IIA. 5 a Stamnens monadelphloLs. Flowers small, blue. Plant gratss-like...SsemeIxcIIIvua. 4 * Sepals larger than the petals and otherwise dissimilar. (b) b Stamens monadelphols. Petals spreading, panduriform............... TIIDIA. I b Stamens distinct,-stigmas slencder, on a slender style...............NEMASTY'LIs. 2 -stigmas petaloid, on a very short style................... IRIS. 1 1. IRIS, L. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. (Name from the Greek, signifyino rainbow; on account of the varied color of the flowers.) Sepals 3, 698 ORDER 143.-IRIDACEAE. reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals; stamens distinct; style short or 0; stigmas petaloid, covering the stamens.-H-erbs from tuberous, horizontal rhizomes, with ensiform lvs., and large showy fis. ~ Stems leafy, tall (I to 3f), mostly bearing several flowers. (*) * Sepals and petals beardless. Wild plants seldom cultivated. (a) a Leaves linear, grass-like. Ovary and pod 2-grooved on the sides.............No. I a Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers blue. Sepals much larger than petals...Nos. 2-4 a Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers tawny or copper-colored, Petals reflexed... No. S * Sepals or perianthl bearded. Cultivated exotics. (b) b Stem many-flowered. Flowers blue or whitish. Sepals and petals notched..No. 6 b Stem mnany-flowered. Flowers deep blue. Spathes also colored..I. GERa.ANICA. t b Stem 1-flowered, flower striped. Petals reflexed.....................I. SUtSrIA. 1 ~ Stem or scape low (2 to 69) and( nearly leafless, mostly I-flowered. (**) ** Sepals beardless, but with 3 longitudinal folds (crested)...................Nos. 7, 8 ** Sepals beardless, an(d also crestless. Flower blue.............................. No 9 ** Sepals bearded in a longitudinal line. Flowers bright blue.................. o. 10 1 I. Virgfinica L. BOSTON IRIS. St. round, slender, fewn-flowered: lvs. linear, long; fls. beardless; ova. triangular, the side doubly grooved.-In similar situations with the next, readily distinguished by its very slender habit. Miass. to N. J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stem smooth, 1-2" in diam., 1 —2f high, branching at top and bearing 2-6 flowers. Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves few, alternate, grass-like, 6-10' long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Petals linear-lanceolate. Jn. (I. prismatica Ph.) 2 I. versicolor L. COMoIosN BLUE FLAG. SL terete, flexuous; lvs. ensiform; fls. beardless; petals as long as the stigmas; ova. triangular, swith concave sides and roundish angles. —Aret grounds, U. S. and Can. Rhizoma large, horizontal, acrid. Stem 2-3f higli, acute on one side, often branched, bearing several large, showy flowers. Leaves a foot long, — l' wide, erect, sheathing at base. Sepals spatulate, purple. the claw variegated with green, yellow and white, with purple lines. Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style short, bearing 3-petaloid stigmas which are bifid at the end, purple or violet, concealing the stamens beneath. Anther oblong; seeds flat. Jn. 3 I. hexagona Walt. SIX-ANGLED IrIS. Lvs. sword-shaped, longer than the terete, flexuous stem,; spathe 1-flowered; sep. spatulate, rounded at end, crenulate, reflexed, mucll larger than the oblong-spatulato petals, with a longitudinal, glandular-yellow line; filarm. dilated, linear; stig, deeply 2-cleft; ova. swith 3 deeply furroiwed angles, ca3ps. 6-angled.-Swamps and pools, N. Car. to Fla. and Ala., frequent. St. 2f high. Fls. bright blue, the sepals variegated with purple, yellow and white. Apr. —Jn. 4 I. tripetala Walt. TIIREE-PETALED IRtIS. Lvs. linear-ensiform, shorter thana the tesete, slender stem; spathe lanceolate, 1-flowered; sep. longer than tube, beardless and nearly crestless, mnany tmnes longer than the rudivmentary, 3-toothed petals; stig. 2-toothed near the base; caps. obscurely 3-angled, acuminate.-Ponds S. Car. and Ga. (Bachman). Rare. St. about 2f high, friom a creeping rhizome. Fls. purple. The petals mere rudiments, much shorter than the stigmas. Apr. May. 5 I. cuLprea Ph. St. tall, flexuous, angled on one side; lvs. broad-ensiform, as long as the stem; spathe often 2-flowered; sep. obovate, emarginate, larger than the petals, all reflexed; stig. linear, dilated at base, half as long as the petals; caps. sharply 6-angled, ventricous. —In river swamps, Ga. to La. (Hale). Sts. 3f high, 4 to 10-flowered. Perianth tawny (Elliott), of a beautiful copper color veined with purple (Pursh), limb spreading 3'. Apr., May. (Ell.), J1. (Ph.) 6 I. samrbucina L. FLOWER-DE-LucE. Fr. FLEUR-DE-LIS. St. many-flowered, longer than the leaves; segm. of the perianth emarginate, outer ones flat; lvs. bent inwards at the point; spathe membranaceous at the apex; fis. beardless, lower ones pedunculate; stig. with acute, serrate divisions.-Native of the south of Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light blue, often fading to white. May. t 7 I. cristata Ait. CRESTED IRIS. Lvs. lanceolate-ensiform, as long as the low, compressed scape; tube of the perianth very slender (2' long), exceeding the spathe or the segments; sep. oblong, obtuse, entire, each with a triple, wavy, longitudineal crest or fold instead of a beard, and equaling the narrower petals; ova. acutely 3 ORDER 143.-IRIDACE2E. 699 angled.-Pine barrens, Mid. Ga. and S. Car. (Bachman). St. and lvs. 3 to 5', high. Fls. blue, the sepals in the middle yellow. Feb., Mar. 8 I. lacustris Nutt. NORTHERN LAKE IRIS. Lvs. ensiform, longer than the low, compressed, 1-flowered scape; seg. of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse, cmarginate, the sespals scarcely crested, as long as the slender tube; caps. turbinate, 3-sided, margined.-Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw. Nuttall. Roots extensively creeping. Leaves 2-5' by 3- ", those of the scape bract-llke. Scape 1 to 2' high. Fls. pale blue, the sepals rather broader. Jn. 9 1. vernlta L. VERNAL IRIS. Lvs. linear-ensiform, rigid, rather longer than the low, 1-flowered scape; tube of the perianth filiform (2' long), about equaling the lenrgth of the segm.; sep. and petals nearly equal, oblong-obovate, obtuse, neither crested nor bearded, stig. deeply bifid.-THilly woods of the interior S. States. St. or scape 3 to 5' high, sheathed with colored bracts. Fls. pale blue, the sepals with an oblong, or orange yellow, spotted stripe. Mar., Apr. 10 I. pihmnila L. DWARF IRIS. Scape very short (3 to 6'), 1-flowered; spathe shorter than the tube; sep. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals.-A small species from HIungary, cultivated in the edgings of walks. Lvs. numerous, broad ensiform, suberect. Fls. large, deep purple, appearing' in early spring. 2. NE IAS'TYLIS, Nutt. (Gr. v7'pla, thread, Uoog, style.) Spathe 2-leaved; perianth segments distinct down to the top of the ovary, the sepals spreading, larger than the ascending, concave petals; stamens 3, filaments shlloter than the anthers; style slender, enlar(ged and 3-cleft above; capsule oblong-cylindric.-Stelm very slender, with linear-ensiform lvs. from a bulb.- Spathe 2-flowered. 1N. gemmifl6ra Nutt. Swamps along rivers, La. (tIale.) A pretty flower 15 to 20' high, lvs. same length, 3 to 5" wide, tapering at each end. Fls. on pedicels shorter than the spathe, the sepals 1' long, obovate-spatulate, bluish-purple, the azure petals about half as large. 3. TIGRID'IA, L. TIGER-FLOWER. (Lat. tieridis, of the tiger; sc. in colors.) Spathe 2-leaved; perianth regular, the 3 sepals larger than thle 3 petals; stain. inonadeiphous, fil. united into a long tubc. —Bulbous. T. pav6nia L. St. simple, flexuous; lvs. ensiform, veined; segm. flat; petals pandurilorm.-A superb plant of the gardens. St. 2f hligl, erect, terete, leafy, branching. Lvs. erect, a foot lofg. Flohwers inodorous, 5 to 6' broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very evanescent, lasts but a few hours, but a new one appears daily tor several weeks. + Mlexico. 4. SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Gr. CSf, a 1hog, and pvyog, a snout; alluding to the singular spatlie.) Spathe 2-leaved; segments of the perianth flat, equal; stanmens monadelphous; stingma 3-cleft. —2 Grass-like plants, with compressed, winged or ancipital scapes, from fibrous roots, 1 S. Bernmudianum L. Scape simple, winged; valves of the spathe unequal. the longer scarcely equaling the flowers; petals mucronate. —A delicate little plant, with blue floweis, common in low grass lands, Can. and U. S. St. or scape 10 to 12' high, so winged as to resemble the leaves, smooth and mostly simple. Lvs. linear, about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2 to 5-flowered, the longer valve acuminate. Fls. purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little broader than the petals, spreading. Cap. globous. Jn., J1. (S. anceps. Cay.) f3. ALBA. Flowers white.-Wet prairies, &c. 2 S. mucronatum Mx. Scape simple, filiform-n, barely 2.edged; spathe colored, outer valve longer than tihe fs., ending in a long, znucronate point. —Mid. States, IV. to Iowa, common in wet prairies, where the grass is not luxuriant. Lvs. radical, a line wide. Scape 6 to 10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender. Spathe 3 to 4-flowered, tingped with purple. Fls. smaller than in the preceding, of a fine bllue color. Jn.-Appaars very distinct from the other. 700 ORDER 144.-DIOSCOREACE.E. 5. IXIA, L. (Gr. tof', sticky; from the glutinous juice.) Spathe of 2 or 3 ovate, short bracts; petals and sepals distinct or slightly united, similar, regular, spreading, tube straight, adherent; stamens 3; filaments'and style filiform, straitght, often conlate; ovary 3-celled.-A large genus, chiefly from S. Africa. Lvs. ensiform. 1 I. celestina Bartram. Lvs. linear-subulate, many tinmes shorter than the 1flo-wered scape (Linn. Ell.). —Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. (Bartram); rare.We have a single flower without stem, lvs. or fruit, gathered in E. Fla. by Prof: Loomis, and sent us by Dr. Feay. It is of a bright purplish blue, spreading 2-'. Segm. about equal, oval, obtuse, united into a tube 4!" in length. Stamens and style apparently distinct, 6" long. 2 I. (PARDANTRUS) Chinensis L. Lvs. ensiform, vertical, sheathing shorter than the tall, terete, flexuous stem; panicle somewhat dichotomous and corymboens; perianth broad-campanulate, segm. distinct down to the top of the ovary, oblong, twisting after flowering; capsule ovoid, the valves deciduous, seeds black, roundish, shining, attached to the central column, and resembling a large blackberry.-Plentifully naturalized on the bluffs at Merom, Ind. St. 3f high. FIs. orange, spotted. Jn. t ~ 6. CRO'CUS, L. (Named from the youth Crocus, who according to Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower.) Perianth fulnnelform, the segments united at base into a long and slender tube; stigma 3-cleft, convolute, crested.-Spathe radical, 1-2-leaved, thin, transparent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite sessile upon the bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground by the growth of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun. I C. sativus L. SAFFRON. FALL CROCUS. Lvs. linear, revolute at the margins; stig. 3-parled, as lonzg as the corolla, reflexed. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal, white furrow above. Flower with a long, white tube, and purple, elliptical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, exsert, of a deep orange-color. Its virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept.A variety, perhaps the most common, has yellow perianths.: Asia. 2 C. vernus L. SPRING CRocus. Stig. included withi the flower, with 3 short, wedge-shaped segmients.-Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers vary in color, generally purple, often yellow or white; tube very long, slender, gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs, limb campanulate, much shorter than the tube. Anth. yellow, sagittate. Mar., Apr. 1 Eur. 7. GLADI'OLUS, L. CORN-FLAG. (Lat. glacdies, a swordl; in reference to the form of the leaves.) Spathe 2-leaved; perianth irregular, 6..parted, somewhat 2-lipped; stamens 3, distinct, ascending; stigmas 3, broader above; seeds winged.-A large genus of bulbous plants, none native. Fls. showy. G. communis L. Spike unilateral; upper petal the (upper lip) covered by the lateral sepals, the lower sepals largest; tube longer than the ovary. —A fine showy flowerer in gardens. St. 2 to 3f high, with the large, rosy purple fis. arranged in a long, somewhat spiral row upon it. The 3 lower segments are marked by a white stripe. Color variable. 1f S. Europe. ORDER CXLIV. DIOSCOREACEzE. YAM RooTs. Plants shrubby, twining, arising from the tuberous rhizomes, wvith broad net-veined leaves. Flowers dicecious, regular, hexancdrous, tube adherent, limb 6-parted. Ovary 3-celled, 3 to 6-ovuled, 3-stvled. 8 Stamens 6, perigynous. Fruit a capsule 3 or (by abortion) 1-celled, or a berry. Seeds compressed, albuminous. ORDER 145.-SMILACE2E. o01 Genera 7, species 150.-The only remarkable or useful product of this order is Yartms, an important article of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucilaginous, sweetish tubers of Dioscorea sativa, &c. 8. DIOSCO'REA, L. YAM ROOT. (In honor of Pedacius Dioscorides, a Greek physician and florist of about the reign of Nero.) Flowers 8?; styles of the fertile flowers 3; cells of the capsule 2-seeded; seeds iembranaceously margined.-Slender, shrubby climbers, twining with the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or palmately divided. FPs. green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or panicles. 1 D. vill6sa L. WILD Y.Ait. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9-ll-veined, the margin entire or wavy, lower surface downy or glabrous, never villous; upper surface glabrous; petioles elongated, the lowest somewhat verticillate in 4s, the next subopposite, the middle and upper alternate; 6 plant With the spikes parniculate, 2 with the spikes simple. —A delicate twining vine, in thickets and hedges, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem -woolly, reddish-brown, 1-2" diam., 5-10-15f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2-4' longf, - as wide, distinctly cordate and acumiinate. Petioles 2-4' long. Peduncles axillary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost as broad as long. June, July. (D. quarternata Ph.) 2 D. sativa L. YAM. Lvs. alternate, roundish-ovate, long-cuspidate, sinuate-cordate, glabrous, 9 to 13-nerved, outer nerves bifid, transverse veins simple; st. terete, smooth; 8 spikes densely paniculate; p spikes aggregate. Var. ACULEATA, stems aculeate.-Native of E. India. This species, with its varieties, is understood to be that which is known as the Sweet Yacm, cultivated in Ga. and Fla., and all tropical countries, on account of its sweet and nutritious tubers.. ORDER CXLV. SAMILACEE. SARSAPARILLAs. lerbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves reticulate-veined. Flowers diecious or moncecious. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 6, inserted into the base of the segments. Anth. 1-celled (2-lameilate). Ovary 3-celled; cells 1 or many-seeded. Style 1 or none. Stigmas 3. Berry roundish, few or many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous albuminous. Fig. 586. Ge~nera 2, species 12(), thinly disseminated through most countries. The diuretic and emulcent sarsaparillas are the roots of several, chiefly S. American species of Smilax. S$II'LAX, L. GREEN BRIER. SARSAPARILLA. (G1. al-tt[I, a grater; from its prickly stems.) Flowers &8 9, perianuth deciduous, of 6 similar, spreading, sepaloid segments; 8 stamens 6, on the base of the segments and shorter than they; anthers adnate; ~ stamen 0, or sterile filaments; stigmas 3, sessile; berry globular, 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 6seeded.- - 4 Herbs or shrubs, mnostly climbing by stipular tendrils, often prickly. Lvs. entire, petiolate, pahnately veined. Fls. green or yellowish, in axillary, stalked urnbels. (In the elaboration of thlis genus we l1ave been greatly aided by the accurate observations of Dr. Feay, of Savannal.) ~ COPROSIMANTIIUS. Iterbaceous (unarmed). Leaves long-petioled. Flowers feetid. (*) * Leaves glabrous on both sides. Stems climbing..............................Nos. 14, 15 * Leaves downy or hispid on the veins beneath. Erect or clinibin............... Nos. 12, 1:3 ~ SMILAx prOI)er. Shrubby, am ined or not. Leaves short-petioled, Seeds 1 to a. (*) * Pubescent, prostrate, unarined. Leaves cordate, evergreen. South................ No. 11 * Glabrous, climbing. Leaves acute at base. Peduncle sliorter than petiole.....Nos. 9, 10 * Glabrous, climbing. Leaves abrupt or cordate at base. (a) a Leaves panduriform or somewhat contracted in the middle................. Nos. 7, 8 a Leaves ovate or oblong, deciduous. (b) b Plants unarmed............ Nos. 5, 6 b Plants unarmned...............................................Nos. 5,. b Plants prickly.-Leaves glaucous. especially beneath......................No. 4 -Leaves green on both sides.........................os. 1-3 1 S. rotundif6lia L. CoMptON GREEN BRIER. St. terete or sub-4-sided, flexuous, aculeate, ligneous, climbing; Ivs. short-petiolate, roundi.sh-ovale, 5 to g-veined, 702 ORDER 145.-SMILACE2E. glabrous, round or subcordate at base; acuminate-cuspidato at apox; ped. manyfowered, little longer than the petioles;.berries black, glaucous.-A strong, thorny vine, extending 10 to 40f in hedges and thickets, U. S. and Can. St. woody, smooth, except the scattered thorns which proceed from the wood. Branches 4-angled. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 14- to 3', cordate or tapering at base. Tendrils strong, from the wings of the petioles. Fls. small, greenish, in small, axillary urnbels. DBerries round, mostly 1-seeded. Mar. —Jn. /3. CADUCA. Smaller, with ovate, thin lvs. (S. caduca L.).- QUADRAXNGULARIS. Branches 4-angled. (S. quadrangularis Mfulhl.) 2 S. hispida Mulll. St. terete, climbing, hispid below with weak, slender prickles, nearly unarmed above; branchlets quadrangular; Ivs. glabrous, greern both sides, ovate, subcordate, cuspidate, rough-edged, 5-veined, thin, deciduous; Ted. twice as long as the petioles; berries black, 1 to 3-seeded.-Thickets, N. Y. to Mich. and Can. Climbing 8 to 12f. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, rather broadly ovate. Ped. 1' or more in lengtll. Umbels 4 to 6-flowered. Jn. 3 S. Wdlteri Ph. SI. armed or unarmed, with angular branches; Ivs. cordateovate, 3-veined (or 5-veined, the 2 outer inconspicuous), glabrous; ped. about as long as the pelioles; berries of two forms, globular, and oblong-acuminate, red, 1 to 3-seeded. —Woods, in the low districts, Va. to Fla. Straggling stems climblng in thickets. Lvs. deciduous, large (3 to 5' long), more or less cordato. Fls. fragrant. Apr.-Jn. (S. China Walt.) S4 S. glafica Walt. FALSEy SARSAtPARILLA. St. slightly 4-angled and aculeato above; lvs. ovate, cuspidate, 5-veined, edges smooth and entire, glaucous, especially beneath; pod. twice or more longer than the petiole; berries black, with a bloom, 1-3-seeded.-Tlickets, L. Isl. to Ga., AW. to Ky. Root long, slender. St. stout, somewhat flexuous, armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Lvs. finally nearly orbicular, 2 to 3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3 strong veins and 2 lateral snaller ones. Petioles short, margined with 2 tendrils. Fls. in small, thin umbels, yellowish-white. Mar.-Jn. (S. Sarsaparilla Ph., etc., nec L. S. spinulosa Torr.) 5 S. Pseudo-China L. St. terete, unarmed; cauline lvs. ovate, cordate, ramial ovate-obiong, all 5-veined, on short petioles; Ted. fiat, nearly as long as the leaves; berries blacek.?-Sandy woods, N. J. to Car., WV. to Ohio. Root large, tuberous. St. purplish-brown, very smooth, branching- and climbing by tendrils which arise froim the base of the petioles. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', slightly hispid on the veins beneath. Ped. 2 to 3' long. -May, Jn. 6 S. sarsaparilla L.? St. and quadrangular branchlets unarmed; ls. oblongovate, thin, both sides green, 5-veined, cuspidate, rounded or subcordate at base; ped. fiat, a lilte longer thacs the petioles; berries large, globular, mostly 1-seeded, bright pinak;-?re when fully ripe.-River banks, N. J.? to Ky. and La. (Mr. R. Green). Rt. withl long, creeping rhizomes. Vines with tendrils. Lvs. large, 3 to 6' long, half as wide, deciduous. Ripe fruit persistent until Spring. Ped. 1 to 2' long. pr. J T —.-his is regarded in La. as the true medicinal Sarsaparilla. 7 S. tamnoides L. St. terete, branches and branchlets4-angular, flexuous, aculeate; lvs. glabrous, ovate with the sides more or less concave, varying to hastate or pandurifornz, acuminate, spinulous-scabrous or the margin, truncate or subcordate at base, 5 to 9-veined; pd. 2 to to 3 times longer than petiole; berries spherical, black, i-seeded.- Sandy woods, N. J. to Ill. and the S. States, common, climbing 8 to 20f. Lvs. of various forms on different stems of the same root, shliinin g-reen both sides, tardily deciduous, or sometimes, in sheltered situations, persistent all winter. Mar., Apr.-Jn. (S. panduratus, hastata, Bonanox. Ph. et auct.) 8 S. maritima Feay. St. armed; branches angular, flexuous, sinarmed; ivs. Ianceolate, aunriculate-hastate, coriaceous, 5-nerved at base, 3-nerved above, cuspidate, glabrous, eciges smooth and even; ped. twice longer than the petiole, or shorter; berries large, 2 or 3-seeded, red before maturity, finally black. —Sandy bluffs of the salt-water rivers near the coast, Savannah and southward. Lvs. rarely somewhat ovate. Fls. very fragrant. Jn. (S. Beyrichii Kunth? S. ovata Ph. The latter name, although the earliest, is utterly inappropriate.) 9 S. laurifblia L. St. aculeate, terete, branches flexuous, unarmed; Ivs. coria ORDER 146.-ROXBURGHIACEJE. 703 ceous, oval-lanceolate or oblong, varying to linear, 3 to 5-veined (the lateral veins marginal), cuspidate, acute at base, evergreen; petioles and ped. short, the latter sometimes panicled; berries black, I-seeded.-N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, evergreen climber, ascending trees to a groat height. St. with a few scattered prickles. Lvs. numerous, very thick and smooth, 2 to 4' long, often more abrupt at apex than base. Jn. —Aug. 10 S. lanceolf.ta L. St. aculeate below, terete, branches and unarmed branchlets subangular, lvs. mlembranous, lanceolate and lance-ovate, varying to ovate (in the 8 plants), 5-veined, acuminate-cuspidate, narrowed at base to a short petiole which is twice longer than the very short peduncle; berries 1 to 3-seeded, red until ripe when they are also perfectly black.-Damp woods coastward, Va. to Fla. A stout vine, often 1' diam. and 40f high on trees. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, a third to two-thirds as wide, ped. 1 to 5" long, 10 to 20-flowered. Jn., J1. (S. alba Ph). Closely related to No. 9. 11 S. pulmila A~alt. Unarmed, low; branchlets terete, pubescent; lvs. ovate, cordate, acutish, 3 to 5-veined, shining above, soft pubescent beneath; ped. as long as the petiole; berries red, 1 to 3-seeded.-Shady rich soils, S. Car. to Fla and La. Quite different in habit from our other species. St. 1 to 3f long, running along on the ground. Lvs. perennial, becoming firm, 2 or 3' long, varying from oblong-ovate to roundish-ovate, always cordate. Ped. 6 to 8" long, with small, white flowers and berries red when ripe. Oct. (S. pubera Mx.) 12 S. herbAcea L. CARRION FLOWEn. St. herbaceous, terete, erect, simple, glabrous; lvs. pubescent beneath, crozoded toward the summit, ovate, 5 to 7-veined. cuspidate, rounded or subcordate at base, on petioles a third as long; ped. not twice longer than the petioles; berries red, becoming bluish-black wh-len fully ripe, 2 to 3-seeded.-Thickets and low grounds, Can. and U. S. St. 2 to 3f high, without teniidrils. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, two-thirds as wide, more or less downy beneath. Ped. 2 to 3' long, with an umbel of 8 to 16 yellowish-green flowers of a sickening odor. Apr.-Jn. 13 S. lasioneuron Hook. St.terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed; lvs. oblong, broadly-ovate, cordate, rounded and mnucronate at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and hisipid-psubescent on the veinlets beneath, glabrous and green above; ped. a little longer than the petiole, many-flowered; tendrils from the base of the petioles.Thickets, Ind., ll., WTis. and Can. Sts. slender, several feet long. Ped. much shorter than the leaves, which are often 5' by 3', beautifully fringed on the veins beneath. 14 S. pedunculAris AMuhl. TALL CARRION FLOWER. St. herbaceous, angular, tall, striate, inclining or leaning, branched; leaves 7 to 9-veined, ovate, acuminatc, glabrous, glaucous, especially beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, the lower subtriangular, petioles a third as long, bearing 2 filiformn tendrils at base; ped. muech longer than the leaves, GC-flowered; berries red, at last blue 6-seeded.Damp thickets and meadows, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 6 to Sf long, its slender summit nodding or climbing. Lvs. 2 to 4' long. Ped. 5 to 6' long, 30 to 50flowered, greenish, with a disgusting odor. May, Jn. 15 S. tamnif6lia Mx. St. herbaceous, terete, climbing; 1vs. long-petioled, 5veined, glabrous, szbtriangular-hastate, cordate, tapering to the obtuse apex, base lobes rounded, upper lvs. lanceolate; pel. longer than the petioles; (berries bluishblack, Dr. Gray).-N. J. to Car. (AMichaux.) (S. tamnoides Pi.) ORDER CXLVI. ROXBULTRGIIACE. Shrubby plants with twining or creeping stems and mnany-veined, netted leaves. EFlowers perfect with a 4-parted, petaloid, persistent perianth. Stamens 4, on the lowest base of the segments. Ovary free, oblique, 1-celled. Pericarp follicular? at length 2-valved. Seeds several, costate, fimbriate-arillate. A small Order, of 2 genera (now that Croomia is added) and 5 species, Roxburghia grows in the hotter parts of E. India. CROOIMI'IA, Torr. (In honor of the ]ate,,. B. Croom of Florida.) 704 ORDER 147.-TRILLIACE1E. Perianth of 4 oval segments, imbricated in 2 rows (2 interior); stain. 4, opposite the segments, slightly perigynous, anth. introrse, innate, cells distinct; ovary 1-celled, with 4-6 suspended ovules; stigma sessile; fiuit ovate, "seeds 1-3, copiously fringed along the raphe and funiculus as if arillate, and ribbed lengthwise; embryo monocotyledonous."- 4 Rthizome slender, creeping, sending up annual stems witl about 6 petiolate, lance-ovate, cordate leaves, and a few small whitish, axillary flowers. C. pauciflora Torr.-S. Ga. (Feay, Pond) and Fla. (near Quincey!) Stems glabrous, If high, bearing at top 6 leaves pedately arranuged. Lvs. 3-4m' long, short acuminate, thin, 7-9-veined, pet. 1' long. Peduncles capillary, 1' long. Fls. few, near 2"' wide when open. Apr.-The true character of this plant as monocotyledonous was first demonstrated by Dr. Gray. ORDER CXLATII. TRILLIACEE. TRILLIADS. Hlerbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves. Flowerss terminal, 1 or few, perfect, mostly 3-parted. Calyx herbaceous, corolla more or less colored.,Slalens 6 to 10. Ovary free, 3 to 5-celled, bearing in fruit a juicy, Co-seeded pod. Figs. 356, 53, 88. Genbera 4, species 30, in woodlandls, temperate parts of Enrope, Asia and N. America. The roots of soine species are emetic. GENERA. ~ Leaves in one whorl. Sepals green, petals colored............................ TnIILLIU. 1 ~ Leaves in two whorls. Sepals and petals alike greenish....................... MEDEOLA. 2 1. TRIL'LUM, Miller. WVANE —ROBIN. (Lat. trili.r, triple; every part being in 3s.) Perianth deeply 6-parted, in 2 distinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored petals; stamens 6, nearly equal, anthers longer than the filaments; stigrias sessile, distinct or approximate; berry 3eelled, cells many-seeded.- 2 St. simple. Lvs. 3, whorled at the top of the stem, reticulate-palmate veined. Fls. solitary, terminal. Fr. purple ~ Flowers sessile, petals dark purple, erect...........................................Nos. 1, 2 I lVlowels on a p)eluncle lraised above the leaves. (*) * Leaves petiolate, ovate, rounded at the base. Petals thin, delicate.............. Nos. 8, 4 * Leaves sessile, rhoimboidal. nearly as hroal as long. Petals thickish............. Nos. 5, 6 F Flowers on a peduncle deflexedl beneitil the leaves.-Style scarcely any..............Nos. 7, S -Style 1, as long as stigmas......... No. 9 1 T. s6ssile L Lvs. rllhombie-ovate, or suborbicular, acute, sessile, spotted; fl. closely sessile, erect; sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute; pet. linearlanceolate, purple, a thild longer than the sepals; anth. long, erect. —. small species, in i'rtile soils, Middle, Western and Southern States. Rihizoma hlorizontal, thick. Stem 6 —12' high, slender. Leaves rather thick, 11 —3' by 1-2', smooth andcl cntire, blotched wvitsl dlark purple. Sep. 8 to 12" long, the petals narrower and mucil long.er, dark purple. Apr. Miay. (T. discolor Wray.) 2 T. recurvatum Beck. Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petiole, acute; 11. closely sessile; pet. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long as the r'ecurved sepals.-A small Trillium quite distinct, although allied to the last, in shady woods, Wis. to La. Stem 8-1.0' high, rather thick. Leaves 2 —2-' by 11-2', with distinct, short petioles, not usually spotted. Petals purple, and with the green, reflexed sepals about 1' long. May. 3 T. niv~ale Riddell. SSowY TRILLIUM. St. low; Ivs. ovate or oval, rather obtuse, distinctly and abruptly petiolate; fl. short, pedunculate, erect; pet. spatulateobovate, obtuse, white, one third longer than the calyx. —Tho smallest species here cescribed, in stony or dry fields, Ohio to Wis. Stem 2-4' high, from a thick. OIuDER 147.-TRILLIACEA. 70i5 tuberous root. Leaves 8-18" by 5-12", petioles 2-4", about equaling the peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowy petals which are about 8" by 4". Mar., Apr. 4 T. erythrocarpum Mx. SMILING WAKE-ROBIN. Lvs. ovate, acumin ae. rounded at base, abruptly petioled; ped. erect; pet. lanceolate-ovate, recurved, twice as long as the sepals.-Can. to Ga. A beautiful flower, adorning our woods iu May and June. Stem 8 —12' high, with a whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves at top. These are 3-veined, rounded at base, long acuminate. 3-4' long, -: as wide, petiole 2-3" long. Flower nearly erect. Petals wavy at the edges, white, finely radiated with purple lines at base. The root is considered medicinal. (T, pictum Ph.) /. CLEVELANDICUM. Sepals leaf-like, larger than the petals which are partly or chiefly green.-Brunswick, Me. (Ricard). A metamorphosis. 5 T. grandif6lium Salisb. Lvs. broadly l rhonmboid-ovate, subsessilee abruptly acuminate; ped. inclined; fl. suberect; petals mvch longer than the calya;, spatulate-obovate, connivent at base.-Damp, rocky woods, Mid., S. and W. States, abundant. St. 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam. Fls. larger than in any of the preceding species. Petals 1~ to 2' in length, broadest near tlhe apex, w ith a short, abrupt acumination, white, varying to rose-colored. Miay. 6 T. erectum L. BATH FLOWER. St. thick; lvs. rhomboidal, acumninate, sessile; ped. inclining; fl. nodding; petals ovate, acute, scarcely longegr, but much broader than the sepals.-A conspicuous plant in woods, of fine appearance, but offensive odor. At the top of the stem, which is a foot high, is a whorl of 3 leaves which are 3-veined, 3-5' long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flower, on a nearly erect peduncle. Petals broad-ovate, an inch long, twice as Nwide as the sepals and of a dusky purple, greenish outside. May. (T. atropurpureum Curt.) p3. ALBA. Petals white or cream-color. —bore common ATWest and South. 7 T. pdndulum Muhl. St. slender; l~vs. subsessile, roe'nddish-rhomboidal acullminate; ped. long, horizontal or deflexed, flower pendulous; petals lance-oval.., shortacuminate, flat, not recurved, nearly as small as the calyx; stig. as long as the anlthers, revolute at end.-Woods, Mid., WV. and S. States. A large species, with a smallish flower. St. 10 to 15' high. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam., similarly pointed at each end. Ped. nearly twice the length of the flower, half the length of the leaves. Petals white. Apr. —Jn. (T. cernuum Torr. N. Y. Flo.)-i-)lrhaps irlns into T. erectum, but is very distinct from the next. 8 T. c6rntuum L. DROOPING TRILLIUM. St. tall, slender; lvs. thin, ovate er elliptic-ovate, acuminate, petiolate; ped. clecurved beneath the leaves, as long as the flower; petals lanceolate, channzeled, undllate, recurved, longer and imuch wider' than the recurved sepals; stair. recurved, much longer than the stigmas.-Damp woods, N. Eng.? N. Y. to Ky. and the up country of Ga. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 4', distinctly petioled. Ped. a third as long as thI leaves. Petals near 2' long, delicate, white or roseate. Apr.-Jn. 9 T. stylosu-m. St. slender; lvs. elliptic-ovate, pointed at botlh ends, short-petiolate; ped. shorter than the flonwer, nodding and deflexed; petals lance-obovate. obtuse or short pointed, undulate, flat, spreading, much exceeding the oblonr, acute sepals; ova. produced into a style wvhich is as long as the stigmas; stanm. elongated.V-Woods, in the up country of N. Car. (Mhiss Carpenter) to Ga. (Mir. Jones). A small plant with a large flower. St. 8 to 10' high. LVs. 2 to 3' by 20 to 30". Petals roseate, 15 to 18" long. Apr.-Jn. (T. Catcsbei Ell.) 2. NEDE'OLA, Gronov. INDIA:N CUcu1xMBER-ROOT. (Named after the fabulous sorceress, Mefidea, for its supposed medicinal virtues.) Perianth deeply parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments; stamens 6, with slender filaments; stigmas 3, divaricate, unrited at base; berry 3celled; cells 3 to 6-seeded. Stern simple, arising frion a w hite, tuberouls rhizome (which is thought to resemble the cucumber in flavor) bearing 2 whorls of lvs. and 1 to 3 terminal fls. M. Virginica L. None can but admire the symmetry of its form. St. erect, 1 to 2f high, invested with loose, cottony wool, Lower whbrl near the middle of the 45 7(06 OORDEa 148.-LILIACE.E. stem, consisting of 6 to 8 wedge-lanceolate lvs. (3 to 4' by 9 to 12''); the other at the top, of about 3 ovate, shorter leaves. Fls. in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pendulous, with greenish, revolute segments. The stigmas are very long, reflexed, dark red. J1. ORDER CXLVIII. LILIACEA3E. LILnwoRTS. ]Herbs with bulbous or tuberous stems, parallelveined, sessile leaves, flowers perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored, perianth 6 (rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from tho ovary, stamens 6 (rarely 4), perigynous; anthers introrse (extrorse in Uvularia), styles wholly or partly united, ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled. Fruit a capsule, loculicidal, or a pulpy berry. Seeds free or many: with fleshy albumen. Illustr. in figs. 58, 60, 63, 108, 171, 254, 259, 400, 454. Generra 147, species 1200, chicfly natives of temperate regions. Thie, flowers of mnost:are beautiful, of many brilliant, and of soime truly splendid., Properties.-The order abounds in a bitter, stimulant / principle an(l also in mucilage. Solno of the bulbous species yield a nutrlitious diet, as the Asparagus, Otion, G(trlic. The well known active medicine, squills, is the 1t~, / bulb of Scilla iaritimna, of S. Europe. The various kinds of officinal (tloes, are the lroduct of several species of Aloe. The powerf'ul astrillnglt, Dr'aigol'8 blood. is the concentrated juice of Draceena )Dirco of the Canary Isles. (The Tribe Uvulari-e is interinediato between Lilinaceas and Melahthaceme, approaching the latter by its mostly \s \ V~- extrose antliers, but best accorilng with the former in its united styles, fruit, and in habit.) FIG. 715. Smilacina borehlis. 6. A berry cut open,! 6 showingr the 2 cells, &c. TRIBES AND GENERA. ~ Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody caudex. (*) * Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower. (d) * Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube. (t) 1 Steml (or caudex) leafy, at least below, few or many-flowered. (b) f Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower. (a) t Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered. (c) ~ Plant with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots. (**) ** Stamens declinate and curved-ascending. Flowers showy. (e) ** Stamens straight and equal in position. (tt) ft Perinnth segments united to near the summit. (f) it Perianth segments separate, not foriming a tube. (;) $ Flowers in terminal, leafless clusters, small, whitish. (g) $ Flowers axillary, or terminal and subsolitary.-Leaves liliform, &c. (h) -Leaves ovate, &c. (k) (TRIBE TULIPEE. Perianth 6-leaved. Fruit a capsule. Seed-coat soft and pale.) a Flowers nodding....................................................1ERYTIHRONIIJ.t. I a Flowers erect........................................................TULIPA. 2 b Nectary a linear groove at the base of each segment...................... LILIUM 3 b Nectary a roundish cavity at the base of each segment.............. FRITILLARIA. 4 b Nectary none. Flowers panicled,-large. Seeds many.................. YuccA. 5 -small. Seeds 1 to 3.................NOLINA. 6 (TRIBE ASPI-IODELEzE. Fruit a capsule. Seed-coat crustaceous, black.) c Flowers in racemes, blue or purple...................................C.....I.. LLA. 7 c Flowers in raceines or corymbs, yellow or white... O..........OENITHO GALU.z. 8 c Flowers in umbels, —white or roseate. Stamens straight....................ALLIUM. 9 -blue. Stamens declinate, curved..................GAPANTItS. 10 ORDER 148.-LILIAOCEE. 707 d Perianth limb revolute, as long as the tube.........................UrIACINTHUS. 11 d Perianth limb spreading, much shorter than tube.....................i.. SCARI. 12 e Perianth segments distinct. Base of the stamens valve-like.... AsPrODELUS. 1-, e Perianth segments half-united.-Stamens I)erigynoUs......... HIEMEROCALLIS. 14 -Stamens hypogynous............... FusNIA. 15 aTRIBE CONVALLARINEE. Rhizome. Fruit a berry. Seed-coat thin, pale.) f Perianth tubular-oblong, greenish. Pedunceles axillary............... POLYGONATUIJ. 16 f Perianth broad-campanulate, white. Raceme leafless.................. CONVALLARA. 17 g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2-celled..................... CLINTONIA. 18 g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster.-Flowers 6-parted...................... SMzILACIlNA. 19 -Flowers 4-parted..................MAJA-NTIIE.qMU. 20 h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red........... SPARAGUS. 21 (TRIBE UVULARI IEE. Root fibrous. Anthers mostly innate and opening outwards.) k Filaments flat, as long as the sagittate anthers. Berry many-seeded... FSTEPrroPrllnu. 22 k Filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers. Berry 3 to;-seeded... PrPO)SARTES. 28: k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. Capsule 6 to -seed(edl.. UVULARA. 24 1. ERYTHRO'NIUM, L. (Gr. epvSp6Sg, red; the color of some species.) Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inlner ones (petals) usually with a callous tooth attached to each side at blse, and a groove in the middle; style long; capsule solewhlat stipulate, seeds ovate.-2f Leaves 2, subradical. Scape 1-flowered. Fls. nodding, liliaceous. 1 E. Americanum Smith. YELLOW ERYTHRONIUM.. Scape naked; lvs. spotted, lanceolate and involute at the point; segments yellow, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. inner ones bidentate near the base; sty. clavate; stig. undivided.- - beautiful little plant, among the earliest of our vernal flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or inl thin woods, U. S. and Can. The bulb is deep in the ground. Scape slecnder, 34' high. The 2 leaves are of equal length (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide as the other, both clouded with brown spots. Flower drooping: yellow-, revoluto in the sunshine. May. (E. Dens-canis Mx.) 2 E. Albidum Nutt. WTtIITE ERYTIIRONIU3M. Scape naked; ivs. elliptic-lanceolate; segments of white, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, inner ouzes witho?/t dentures at base, subunguiculate; stig. 3-cleft, lobes reflexed.-About the size of the last. in wet meadows, near Albany, N. Y. (Storrs) to Wis. (Lapham). Leaves without an acumination, tapering to the base, of equal length including the petiole (4-5'), one of them twice as wide as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves, bearing a single, white, nodding flower. Segments I1' long. April, May. 3 E. bracteAtum Bvw. Scape bracted; Ivs. lanceolate, very unequal' segm. greenish-yellow. —An alpine species, found in Vt., Boott. It is a smaller plant. distinguishable by the inequality of the leaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves, with a narrow, lanceolate bract, 1' long, a little below the flower. Flower greenish-yellow. Segments about 9" long, gibbous at base. Jn. 2. TU'LIPA, Tourn. TULIP. (Persian tlhoulibel, a tutrbau; alluding to the form of these magnificent flowers.) Periantll ca(impaUlau te stamens short, subulate; anth ers broad-linear, deeply; emarginate at base; style very short; stigma thick; capsule oblonig, triangu!lar.1 72 Herbs acaulescent, with coated bulbs, sessile l]vs., ud a sinple. scape bearing a solitary, erect flower. T. Gesneriana L. Scape 1-flowered, smooth; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; fic. erect, segments obtuse, smooth. —Named for Gesner, a Zurich botanist. Its varieties are endless, and may be produced by first planting the seed in a rich soil, then transplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. Thus at length the floowers become broken or variegated with colors in that exquisite manner so much admired. More than 700 varieties are described in florists' catalogues. Apr., MIay, Jn. t From Persia. 3. LILILIUM, L, LILY. (Gr. iX/ptov, Celtic li, white' on)e speCies 708 O1DEaR 148. —LILIACEME. is the emblem of purity.) Perianth cainpanulate, segments spreading above or recurved, each with a longitudinal honey groove within, from the middle to the base; stamens shorter than the style, anthers versatile; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with latticed hairs; seeds 2-rowed in each cell.- -4 Iel'bs with b-llbous and leafy stems. Lvs. sessile, alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal, large and showy. ~ Flowers white, no(ldint. Plants cultivated......................................... Nos. 8, 9 ~ Flowers orange-colored or redl, spotted. (*) * Leaf-axles bearing bulblets. Leaves scattered.................................Nos. 6. 7 * Leaf-axles not bulbirous.-Flwers erect, segments ungite........Nos. 4, 5 -Flowers nodding. —'Lvs. I-veined, oblainceolhtte........No. 3 -Lvs. 3 to 5-veined, lanceolate... Nos. 1, 2 1 L. Canadainse L. YELLOW LILY. Lvs. 3-veined, mostly verticillate, lanceolate, the veins hairy beneath; ped. terminal, elongated, usually by 3s; /f. nodding, the seguents spreading, never revolute.-Can. and U. S. A plant of mluch beauty, frequently adorning our meadows in summer. Bulb scaly. Steot round, 2-4f high, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4-6 leaves, and often a few scattered ones at base. These are 2-3' by -— 1'. Flowers 1-3, sometimes 7-20, pendulous, yellow, or orange-colored, spotted with dark purple inside. July. 2 L. superbum L. SUPERB LILY. TunIr's CAP. Lvs. liezear-laznceolate, acsuminate, 3-veined, glabrous, lower ones verticillate, upper ones scattered; fls. often in a pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments'revolule. —Can., -Mid. and W. States. Few cultivated plants are more ornamental than this inhabitant of prairies and meadows. Root bearing a white, squamous bulb. (Fig. 60.) St. erect, round, straight, 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 4 to 9". Fls. 3 to 20 or more, of a bright orange color with pulple spots. Sep. and pet. linear-lanceolate, beautifiully and fully revolute. Very distinct, at least in appearance from tlhe foregoing. JI. 3 It. Philad1phicum L. PIIILATDELPHIJx LILY. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, I-veined, upper verticillate, lower generally scattered; fls. subsolitary, campanulate, terminal, erect; pet. and sep. lance-ovate, obtuse or barely acute, erectspreading, unguiculato.-Dry pastures, fields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An elegant and showy plant, 15 to 20' high. St. terete, smooth, simple. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 3 to 5", sessile, smooth, collected into 1, 2 or 3, or more whorls of 3s to 5s, with the lower scattered. Fls. usually solitary, rarely 2 to 4, and umbellate. Sep. and pet. deep orange color, spotted at base, 2-' long, standing apart on claws about 6" long. Jn. 4 L. Catesbisi Walt. CATESay~'S LILY. Lvs. linear-lanceolate and linear-acuminate, all scattered, sep. and pet. undulate, loeg-unguiculate, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a long, thickened acumination, which, is reflexed above.-Damp pine barrens, Md. to Ky. and all the S. States. St. 18 to 30' high, smooth and polished, often purple. LVs. 1 to 2' (the lower 3'), by 1 to 4", suberect, spreading. Sep. and pet. 3 to 4' long, the claws 1' or more, yellow, the lamina scarlet, spotted with red and purple. Jl., Aug. 5 L. Carolinianum Mx. Lvs. 1-veined, oblanceolate, or spatslate, acuminate, tapering to a slender, sessile base. in whorls of abouL 5, the lower scattered; flower mostly solitary, nodding; seg?,. lance-linear, recurved, taperiyng to a slendevr acumination, nidveinr winged; style curved upwards.-A more delicate species than the last, 18' to 3f high, rarely 3-flowered. Lvs. 18" to 3' by 9 to 16", membranous. Fls. deep yellow, spotted withl purple, the segm. strongly recurved, but not revolute. Jl., Aug. 6 L. bulbiferum L. ORANGE LILY. Lvs. scattered, 3-veined; fls. campanulate, erect, rough within, segm. sessile.-Gardens. St. thick, round, 4f high, bearing small, roundish, dark-colored bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Fls. large, orange-colored, resembling in form those of L. candidum, but are scabrous within. J1. t Italy. 7 L. tigrinum Gawl. TIGER-SPOTTED LILY. Lvs. scattered, sessile, 5veined, the upper cordate-ovate; perianth revolute, papillous inside.-Gardens, common in cultivation. St. 6f high, with a pyramid of dark, orange-colored, spotted fls. Axils of lvs. bulbiferous. Aug. t China. ORDER 148.-LILIACEAE. 709 8 L. c4ndidum L. WHITE LILY. Lvs. scattered, graded, lanceolate, narrowed at the base; fls. several, campanulate, smooth inside.-Gardens. It has a thick stem, 4f high, supporting a raceme of very large, snowy-white fls., which have long been regarded as the very perfection of whiteness and purity. JL t Levant. Fig. 3. 9 L. Jap6nicum Thunb. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate; flower solitary, campanulate, nodding.-Greenhouse. A noble species, requiring careful management. Its flower is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high. t China. 4. FRITILLA'RIA, Tourn. CHEQUERED LILY. (Lat. fritillus, a chess-board; alluding to the chequered petals.) Perianth campannlate, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each segment; stamens as long as the petals; stigma trifid; capsule coriaceous, 3-celled, septifragal.-IIerbs with coated bulbs, simple, leafy stems, bearing 1 or more nodding fls. 1 P. imperidilis L. CRowN: IMPERIAL. R12ac. comous, naked below; lvs. entire.-Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower, of easy culture. Stem thick, striate, 3f hilgh, the lower part invested with the long, narrow, entire leaves; the upper part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow, nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves, at the base of each pedicel. May. f (Petilium, Kuunth.) 2. P. maledgris L. Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled; st. 1-flowered. — Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and beautifully chequered with purple and pale red or yellow. May. f 5. YUC'CA, L. B3EAR'S-GRASS. SPANISH DAGGERS. (The Indian name.) Perianth of 6 petaloid segments, withering-persistent, the inner broader; stamens 6, shorter than the petals, inserted into their base; ovary free; stigmas 3, sessile; capsule oblong, obtusely hexagolal, 3-valved at apex, 3-celled, cells more or less divided by a false dissepiment; seeds numerous and 2-rowed in each cell.-Sts. subterranean, or arising ill a leafy or naked caudex, with rigid, linear, or swordshaped, perenlnial lvs., and a terminal panicle of showy, white, pedicellate fls. ~ Caudex scarcely arising above the ground. Leaf Inargin bearing threads.............. No. ~ Caudex conspicuous, trunk-like. Leaves entire or serrulate........................ Nos. 2, 3 1 Y. filarment6sa L. BEARn's-TIREAD. Acaulescent or nearly so; lvs. linearlanceolate, rigidly acute, coriaceous, the margin filamentous, that is, bearing long, thread-like fibers; segm. lance-ovate, acuminate, erect-spreading. —In light soils, S. States, and often cultivated. The lvs. are nearly erect, 1 to 2f long, 1' to 18" wide, all densely clustered at the top of the short caudex, which is at the surface of the ground, or a few inches above it. Scape 5 to 8f high, bearing a large pyramidal panicle of simple racemes. Fls. cup-shaped, segm. 15" long. Aug. B. RECURVIFOLIA. Somewhat caulescent; lvs. lance-linear or linear, recurved, rarely somewhat filamentous. (Y. recurvifdlia Salisb.?) 2 Y. glori6sa L. Caulescent, caudex some 3f high; lvs. erect, lanceolate, rigid, thick, subplicate, very acute, the margins very entire; perianth ovoid-campanulate, segm. lanceolate.-Sandy sea-coasts, Car. to Fla. Caudex half-shrubby, thick, simple, fleshy, strongly scarred below with the old leaf-stalks. Lvs. 12 to 18' long, 2 to 3' wide, clustered above. Panicle of racemes 2 to 3f long, erect from the summit of the caudex, with numerous cup-shaped, white, nodding flowers. JL, J1. t 3 Y. aloef6lia Walt. SPANISH DAGGERS. Caulescent; caudex some 10f high, often branched, naked and marked with leaf-scars below; lvs. densely clustered above, very rigid, thick, strict, deflexed when old, lanceolate, apex spinescent 710 ORDER 148.-LILIACE2E. margin rough-serrulate; segm. oblong, acutish.-Thickets, near the sea-coast, S. Car. to Fla. A shrubby, palm-like, plant, of singular and forbidding aspect when not in flower. Leaves a foot or more long, sharp and rigid like daggers. F1s. white, with a violet base and violet spots. Jn. —Aug. (Yr. Draconis L.) 6. NOLI'NA, L. C. Rich. (For P. C. NAolin, an American botanist.) Dicecio-polygamous; perianth (small) of 6, ovate, spreading, subequal segments; stamens 6, shorter than the perianth; ovary free, 3cornered, 3-celledl; stigmas 3, recurved, with a very short style; capsule 3-winged, 3 (or by abortion 2 or 1)-seeded.-Root bearing a coated bulb. St. scape-like, branched into several long, simple, nearly bractless racemes of very small, white fls. N. Georgidna Mx. Dry sand hills, S. Car. and Ga. (Mfettauer). Bulb very large (Elliott). Scape 2 to 3f high, with a few short lvs. at its base, which diminish to scales upwards. Root lvs. linear, 1 to 2f long, numerous, recurved, their bases much dilated and imbricated. Panicle large. Rae. loose, if or more long. Pedicels 5 to 6" long. Perianth spreading 3". 7. SCIL'LA, L. SQUILL. Perianlth 6-parted, petals and sepals similar, spreading (blue or purple); filaments 6, subulate or filiform, smooth, hypogynous; style filiforln-clavellato; capsule fiece, 3-celled, 3-valved, obtusely 3-angled; cells with 1 or several roundish, black seeds.-Bulb coated, bearing several linear lvs. and a scape with a raceme. 1 B. escul6nta Ker. QuAMAsI. Lvs. linear, carinate, flaccid and recurrved, tapering to both ends, shorter than the scape; bracts solitary, subulate, scarious, longer than the pedicels, which are about the length of the flowers; fil. filiform; stig. 3-toothed.-Grassy, iwet prairies, along the rivers, Wis. to Ohio, the uplands of Ga., and westward. Bulb nutritious, about 1' diam., resembling a small onion. Scape 1 to 2f high. Lvs. nearly as long, grass-like. Rac. 2 to 3' long. Pet. and sep. linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6" long. Anth. oblong, yellow. Mizay. (Phalangiumn, Nutt. Camassia, Lindl. C. Fraseri Torr.)-Improves by cultivation as to the size both of the bulbs and flowers. 2 S prebracteata Itaw. SQUILL. Lvs. broad-linear, longer than the scape; bracts as long as the pedicels; flowers in a large conical panicle; perianth spreading, persistent.-Bulb large, white. Fls. blue. -i S. Eur. 8. ORNITHQG'ALUTII, L. STAR-OF-BETItLEIHEM. (Gr. 6}pvtOog, of a bird, ydca, milk; why so-called is not obvious.) Perianth deeply 6parted, regular, persistent, segments many (3 to 7) veined, spreading, (white, green or yellow); filaments 6, dilated at base, scarcely perigynons, ovary free; style erect, tapering or subtrilobate; capsule 3-lobed, 8-celled, 3-valved above; seeds few or many in each cell, shining, black.-Bulbous plants, scarcely differing from Scilla except in the color of the fis. 1 0. cr6ceum Ell. YELLOW STAt-OF-BETIILEHIEM. Lvs. narrowly linear, radiical, longer than the slender scape which bears an oblong raceme of saffron-yellow flowers at top; bracts scarious at apex, obtuse, sheathing, mnnny times shorter than the slender pedicel; segm. lance-ovate, obtuse, 3-veined, erect after flowering, with a greenish-orange stripe on the back; sty. and stam. subulate, shorter than the segments. —Mid. Ga., rare. (On Stone Mt., 16m. from Atlanta! Also at Macon, Dr. Mettauer.) Scape 10 to 20' hig'h, almost filiform. Rae. 10 to 15flowered. Ped. 8 to 12" lon,, fls. half as long. Apr., IMay. (Phalangium Mx., Nutt.) 2 0. umbelleltuin L. WHIITE STAP-OF-BETIILEIIEIM. Lv. linear, channeled, as long as the scape, emarginate; scape bearing a few white, green-striped Jls. in a loose corymb; pedicels longer than the bracts; filaments lanceolate-subulate.Gardens, and naturalized in many localities. Scape near If high. Segm. of the star-like perianth beautifully marked with a longitudinal stripe on the outside. May. ORDER 148.-LLILACEAE. 711 9. AL'LIUM, L. GARLIC. ONION. (Celtic all, hot or burning.) Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathe; perianth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller; ovary angular; stigma acute; capsule 3-lobed.Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel on a scape. ~ Leaves flat, lanceolate, perishing before flowering. Capsule 8-seeded. Native....... No. I ~ Leaves flat, linear. Filaments simple. Ovary crested with a crown of 6 lvs. Native. (*) * Stamens conspicuously lonlelr than the sepals. Umbel nodding...................No. 2 * Stamens equaling the sepals in length. Umbels with bulblets or flowers......Nos. 3, 4 * Stamens evidently shorter than the sepals.'Umbels with flowers only........Nos. 5, 6 ~ Leaves flat, lanceolate or lance-linear. Filaments tricuspidate. Cultivated.........Nos. 7, 8 ~ Leaves terete and hollow.-Stcmn leafy half way up. Filaments tricuspidate.........No. 9 -Scape naked. Filaments not tricuspidate...........Nos. 10-12 1 A. tric6ccum Ait. LANCE-LEAVED GARLIC. Scape terete; lvs. lanceolateoblong, flat, smooth; umbel globous; ovule and seed solitary in each cell of the 3-celled capsule.-in A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods, N. H. to Va. and Wis. Bulb oblong, acuminate. Lvs. 5 to 8' long, an inch or more wide, acute, tapering into a petiole, all withering and disappearing before the opening of the flowers. Scape a foot or more high, bearing a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous spathe at top, with an umbel of 10 to 12 white fls. Ju., J1. 2 A. cernuum Roth. NODDING GARLIC. Scape angular; lvs. linear, flat, very long; umbel cernuous; stam. simple, much longer than the perianthb.-Mid. S. and WV. States. This is our handsomest species. Bulb 6 to 8" diam. Scape mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15 to 24' high, mostly recurved at top. Umbel 12 to 20-flowered. Pedicels 7 to 8" long. Fls. rose-colored. Ova. 6-toothed, becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule. J1. 3 A. stellatum Nutt. Lvs. radical, linear, about equaling the nearly terete scape; umbel many-flowered, erect (when in flower, nodding before); petals oblong-ovate, acute, equaling the stamens; filam. subulate, simple; ova. 3-lobed, each lobe bearing 2-teeth, or 2-crested above; caps. 3-angled, 3-celled, 6-seeded. -Mo., Ill. to Can. W. A low species, in gravelly soils. Scape and Ivs. 10 to 15' high. Fls. roseate. Bulb oblong-ovate, eatable. 4 A. Canad6nse Kalm. Scape terete; lvs. linear; umbel capitate, bulbiferous; 1ilam. simple, dilated at base.-v- In woods. Lvs. radical, X as long as the scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 12 to 18' high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at top, with a head of bulbs and flowers. The bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath, and among them are a few whitish flowers on slender pedicels. Jn. 5 A. mut.bile iMx. Lvs. linear-setaceous, thin, sheathing at base, shorter than the terete scape; embel many-flowered, erect; spathe 3-leaved, purplish; segm. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the stamens; iilarn. simple; ova. crested; caps. 3-lobed, 3-seeded.-Damp woods, Ga., Fla. and Ala. Common at Montgomery. Bulb small, an inch or two in the ground, clothed with a thick net-work of fibers. Scape 12 to 20' high, strict. Fls. 20 to 40, white or roseate. Perianth 2" long. Filam. purple, anth. white. Tastes strong of garlic. Mar.-May. 6 A. striatum Jacq. Scape slender, 3-angled, longer than the linear, striate leaves which are sheathing at base; spathe of 2 ovate bracts; umbel few (3 to 7)-flowered; segm. ovate-lanceolate, with midvein greenish purple, near twice longer than the stamens; filam. dilated at base; caps. downy, perfecting, 2 or 3 seeds in each cl. —Woods and prairies, Ill. (Hall, Lapham), and S. States. Scape 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 1 to 3" wide. Pedicels 1 to 2-3' long, seldom more than 5 in number. Fls. larger than in our other wild species, spreading about 10", white. Mar. —May. 7 A. sativum L. CoMMON GARLIC. Bulb compound; st. leafy to the middle; lvs. linear-lanceolate; spathe i-leaved, long-acuminate; umbel bulbiferous; stam. tricuspidate.-Gardens. The bulb is composed of several smaller ones surrounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. St. 2f high. Fls. small, white. Used in seasoning and sometimes in medicine. J1. t Sicily. 8 A. p6rrum L. LEEK. St. compressed, leafy; lvs. sheathing at base, '7 1 2 ORDER 148.-LILIACEME. channeled and keeled; umbel of fls. globous; stam. tricuspidate, a little longer than he rough-keeled sepals. —Gardens. Rt. bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. Stem 2f high, bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing lvs., and at the top a large umbel, of small white fis. J1. f Switzerland. 9 A. vinekle L. CROW GARLIC. St. slender, with a few leaves; cauline, lvs. terete, fistulous; umbel bulbiferous; sta. exsert; fil. alternately tricuspidate, the middle point bearing the anther. —2 Meadows, -Mid. and WV. States. Leaves 6 —12' long. Scape 1-2f high, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and an umbel of flobers with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth purple. June, July. 10 A. schenoprasum L. CIVES. Scape somewhat leafy at base, equalinzg the terete, filiforrm, fistulous Ils.; spathe of 2 bracts, nearly as long as the capitato umbel; segm. lanceolate, acuminato, lonzger than the filarn. which are toothless and dilated at base. —Lake shores, Can. Common in gardens, growing in tufts. Bulbs small. Scape less than if high. Umbel 1' diam. Fls. purple. J1. 11 A. fistulosum L. WTVMSI ONION. Scape leafy at base, inflated in the midst; Ivs. fistulous throughout, terete, about the length of the scape; umbel dense, globular, fruitful; sep. acuminate, with a green keel; stam. exserted, with simple filaments; ova. 3-lobed, green.-Gardens. Scape and lvs. forming dense tufts, 18' high. f Asia. 12 A. Cepa L. CoMMON ONION. Scape fistulous, swelling towards the base much longer than the terete, fistulous lvs. —(2 Gardens.:Bulb compressed, or round, or oblong in figure. The scape, which appears the second year, is 3 to 4f high, straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenishwhite fls. Universally cultivated for the kitchen. P. PROLIFERUI. TOP ONION. Umbels bulbiferous and proliferous, i.e., producing secondary bulbs and plants at top, with few flowers or none. 10. AGAPAN'THUS, L'lIerit. (Gr. dyams], love, dvOog; a flower to be loved.) Perianth funnel-form, regular, 6-parted; stamens 6, adnate to the base of the tube, curved upwards; ovary fiee; style filiform, curved at the end; stigma entire; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, manyseeded.-Rt. tuberous. Lvs. radical, thick, linear. Scape thick, bearing an umbel with a 2-leaved involucre. A. umbellAtus L'Her. Lvs. linear; umbel many-flowered; pedicels as long as the perianth.-A fine, showy plant for the parlor or greenhouse, easily reared in pots. Scape 2f or more high, with an umbel of numerous fls. of a rich blue. f S. Africa. 11. HYACINTHUS, L. ItYACINTHI-. (HEyacinthuZs of Grecian fable, was killed by Zephyrus, and transformed into this flower.) Perianth tubular campanulate, regular, 6-cleft, segments spreading-recurved; stamens 6, adherent to the tube, free at,apex; ovary fi'ee; cells of the capsule about 2-seeded.-H- erbs acaulescent, from a coated bulb. Fls. racemed. H. orientailis L. Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventricous at the base.2~ A well-known flower, long prized and cultivated. Lvs. thick, linear-lanceolate, 3 to 5' long. Scape twice as long as the leaves, thick, bearing a raceme of numerous blue flowers which are often double. The tube is enlarged at base by the roundish ovary within it. Stain. adherent a third the length of the tube, deeply included. Segments oblong, obtuse, recurved, rather shorter than the tube. Mar., Apr. 1. Levant. —Varies with fils. white, pink, red, etc. 12. IUSCA'RI, Tourn. GRAPE HYACINTH. Perianuth tube ventricous, ovoid or campanulate, throat constricted, limb of 6 very short, obtuse, spreading' segments, sometimes with a crown. Otherwise as in Hyacinthus. I M~I. racemosum L. Fls. fragrant, roundish-ovoid, nodding; lvs. linear, channeled, arcuate-recurved, flaccid.-Gardens. Scape terete, 4 to 6' high, shorter ORDER 148. —LILIACEAiE. 713 than the leaves. Fls. about 2" long, fragrant. Tube deep blue, limb white, much smaller. t Eur. —Varies to white. (Botryanthus K.) f3. PLUMNATILIS. Rac. changed (by cult.) to a diffuse, feathery, sterile panicle. 2 M. botryoides L. Fls. inodorous, subglobous, nodding; lvs. linear-lanceolate, narrowed below, channeled, erect.-Flowers nearly a month later than the other. t Eur.-Varies with fls. azure, pale, white, roseate. (Botryanthus K.) 3 M. moschAtum Willd. Fls. fragrant (musk-like), ovoid, subinflated, throat constricted just below the short, spreading, 6-lobed limb, and bearing a small 6lobed crown; tube persistent, bluish green or greenish violet, the limb yellowish; lvs. fleshy, linear; rac. dense.-Gardens. t Asia. 13. ASPHOD'ELUS, L. ASPHODEL. (Gr. a, privative, abatto, to surpass; a flower not surpassed in beauty.) Perianth 6-parted, spreading; stamens 6, declinate and upcurvecd, their bases dilated into as many valves covering the free ovary; capsule globular, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. —24 Rt. fasciculate. Lvs. radical, subulatc. St. scape-like, erect. 1 A. liuteus L. YELLOW ASPHODEL. St. simple, kafy; lvs. 3-cornered. —A plant of easy culture and rapid increase. St. 3f high, thickly invested with 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Fls. yellow, in a long spike, reaching from the top almost to the base of the stem. Jn. t Sicily. 2 A. ramosus L. WHITE ASPIODEL. St. naked, branched; ped. alternate, longer than bract; lvs. ensiform, carinate, smooth.-Gardens. Not so tall as the preceding, but with larger, white fls. Jn. t S. Eur. 14. HEMEROCAL'LIS, L. DAY LILY. (Gr. f1zLepa, a day, KaX~oq, beauty.) Perianthl funnel-shaped, regular, deciduous; limb 6-parted, veined, spreading; stamens 6, inserted in the throat, curved upwards; ovary free; style slender, curved like the stamens and longer, stigma entire; capsule with 3 few-seeded cells. —2 Root fasciculate. St. leafy, erect. Lvs. linear, striate, keeled. Fls. large, xanthic, solitary or racemed. 1 H. fulva L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate; pet. obtuse, wavy; veins of sep. branched.-Naturalized in some parts of this country. A well-known, showy, border flower. Leaves very numerous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers very large, liliaceous, of a tawny red. Style striate. July. f Levant. 2 H. flava L. Lvs. broad-linear, carinate; segments flat, acute; veins of the sepals undivided.-A foot high. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those of H. fulva. Scape branching. J1. t Siberia. 15. FUN'KIA, Spreng. WHITE DAY LILY. (For Henry Funk, a German cryptogamist.) Perianth funnel-shaped, deciduous; stamens 6, hypogynous, and with the style declinate-curved; capsule 3-celled, elongated, 3-angled; seeds many, 2-rowed, winged at end.-24 Root fasciculate. Lvs. all radical, ovate or oblong, petiolate. Scape racemed above. Fls. large, cyanic. 1 F. ovata Spr. Lvs. broad-ovate, subcordate, acuminate; rac. many-flowered; Jfs. fannel-form, soon nodding; bracts ovate, acuminate, twice longer than the pedicel.-Gardens. Lvs. large, very smooth, veined, on long petioles. Scape If high. Fls. white. Jn. t Japan. (Hemerocallis Japonica Thuub.)-Varies with violet-colored flowers. 2 F. subcordAta Spr. Lvs. ovate-cordate, acuminate; rac. few-flowered; lo~. nodding, with a very long tube; bracts much longer than the pedicel. —Gardens. Fls. white, very fragrant. 1 Japan. 3 F. albo-marginata Hook. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, elegantly margined with white; rae. short, with remote, declinate Eis.; bracts ovate, all equal, twice longer '714 ORDER 148. — LILIACEE. than the pedicels.-Gardens, rare. Fls. lilac, variegated with white and purple lines. f Japan. 16. POLYGONA'TUY1, Tourn. TRutE SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Gr. TrooXvf, many, y6vv, knee; fiolm the many-jointed rhizome.) Perianth tubular limb short, 6-lobed, erect; stamens 6, inserted near and above the middle of the tube, included; ovary free, 3-celled, cells 2 to 6-ovuled; style slender, included; berry globular, 3 to 6-seeded. —2 X Rhizome horizontal, thick. St. erect or curving, leafy above. Fls. axillary, pendent, greenish white. P. multiflbrum Desf. St. recurved, smooth; lvs. distichous, lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1 to 4-flowered. —'24 In woods, free States and Can. Stem 1 to 3f high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants, 2} to 6' by 1 to 2~', veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and generally pubescent beneath. Peduncles filiform, bra.nclhing, scarcely a fifth as long as the leaves. Flowers 5-8" long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. Berries dark blue or blackish when ripe. Apr.-Jln. a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined; peduncles elongated, the lower 4-flowered; fil. puberulent.-In rich damp soils. This var. is common to Europe! and America! (P. angustifolium Ph. P. biflorum Ell.) f. PUBaSCENS. Lvs. pubescent beneath, glaucous, slightly clasping; st. 1 to 2f high; fls. as short as the peduncles.-Common in N. England. Y. GIGANTEUM. Tall, green and glabrous throughout; Ivs. partly clasping; ped. 2 to 6-flowered-.-In rich alluvion. St. 3 to if high. (P. caniculatum Ph.) d. LATIFULIUM. Pubescent above; lvs. ovate-oblong, upper surface glabrous, base sessile or somewhat petioled.-Middle States. St. 2 to 4f high. (P. latifolium Muhl. P. hirtum. Ph.) 17. CONVALLA'RIA, L. LILY OF TTI VALLEY. (Lat. convallis, a valley; the locality of some species.) Perianth campanulate, of 6 united segments, lobes of the limlb recurved; stamens 6, included, perigynous; ovary 3-celled, 1-styled, cells 4 to 6-ovuled; berry few-seeded. —2 Rhizome creeping, slender. Lvs. radical, and scape very smooth, low, bearing a secund raceme of white, drooping fils. C. maijlis L. An elegant, sweet-scented plant, native of mountain woods, Va. to Ga., also of Europe, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inhabitant of our gardens. Lvs. 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical. Scape 6' high, with the small, elegant flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May. 18. CLINTO'NIA, Raf. (In honor of Gov. De Witt Clinton, of N. Y.) Perianth campanulate, of 6 equal, distinct segments; stamens 6, hypogynous, anthers linear-oblong; ovary oblong, 2 (rarely 3)-celled; style elongated; berry (blue) 2-celled, cells 2 to 10-seeded. —2f Rhizome creeping. Lvs. all radical, few (2 to 5), broad. Scape naked, bearing an umbel. 1 C. borealis RIaf. NOXTHERN CLINTONIA. Lvs. broad-oval-laneeolate; fis. 2 to 5 in the bractless umbel, cernuous; berry-cells many-seeded. —Mountainous or hilly wood, Can., N. Eng. to Car., W. to the Miss. Rhizome creeping to some extent. Lvs. 4 to?' long, - as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy, fringed with scattered'hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 to 13' high, bearing at top a beautiful umbel of 3 to 6, yellowish-green, nodding fls. Perianth liliaceous, of 6 oblanceolate, erect-spreading segm. Berries of a rich amethystine blue. (Convallaria Poir.) 2 C. multiflbra Beck. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath; umbel many (12 to 30)-flowered, bracted; fis. erect or spreading; berry cells 2-seeded.-Woods, ORDER 148.-LILIACE-eE. 715 Chatauque Co., N. Y. (Torrey) to Car. along the Alleghanies. Lvs. 6 to 9' by 1 to 2', scarcely acuminate, striate. Scape 8 to 10' high, pubescent. Umbel corymbous, with the lfs. small (4 to 5" long), white, spotted with purple inside, odorous. Jn. (Convallaria umbellata Poir.) 19. SMILACI'NA, Desf. SOLOMION'S SEAL. (Lat. diminutive of smilax., but with no good reason.) Perianth of 6 equal, spreading segments united at the base; stamens 6, slender, perigynous, anthers short; ovary globous, 3-celled (rarely 2-celled), with 2 ovules in each cell; style short, thick; berry globous, pulpy, 1 to 3-seeded.- 24 Rhi. zome creeping, thick or slender. St. leafy, bearing a terminal cluster of white fis. ~ Racene compound. Stamens longer than the perianth. Ovules collateral..............No. 1 ~ lacenle simple. Stamens shorter than the periantlh, Ovules one above the other...Nos. 2, 8 31 S. racem6sa Desf. CLUSTERED SOLOsION'S SEAL. St. recurved; ]vs. oval, acuminate, subsessile; rac. compound.-Copses, common, Car. and U. S. Rhizome thick, sweetish to the taste. Stem 18' —2f high, downy, always gracefully recurved at top. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, a third as wide, veined, sharply acuminate, minutely downy. Petioles 0 to 2" long. Fls. very many, small, white in all their parts, in an oval panicle of racemes. Berries red, dotted, subpellucid, as large as peas. Apr.- Jn. (Convallaria, L.) 2 S. stellAta Desf. St. erect; its. manJ, lanceolate, acute, amplexicaul; fls. few, in a simple raceme. —Along rivers, Can. and Northern States, W. to the Miss. St. 10 to 20' high, round and smooth. Lvs. 8 to 10, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 4 to 6' by 9 to 12", tapering gradually to the apex. Fis. white, about 8, 4" diam. Segm. lance-oblong, obtuse, twice longer than the stamens. Berries nearly black. May, Jn. (Asteranthemum Kunth.) 3 S. trifoliata Desf. Erect; Ivs. 3 or 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, am-, plexicaul; rac. terminal, simple.-A delicate little species in mountain-swamps Can., N. Eng. (rare), W. to Wis. St. 3 to 5' high, pubescent, angular. Lvs. 2 to 3~' long, a fifth to a third as wide, somewhat acuminate. Fls. 4 to 10, on pedicels 2 to'" long, white. Segm. obtuse, finally reflexed, a third longer than the stamens. Ovary often but 2-celled, with 2 stigmas. Berry 2 or 3-seeded, dark red. May. (Convallaria, L. Asteranthemum Kunth.) 20. MWAJAN'THEMIUMl, Mcench. TWO-LEAVED SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Gr. Masia, a mountain nymph, dcvOse/ov, a flower.) Perianth of 4 ovate, obtuse, spreading segments united at base; stamens 4; ovary 2-celled; otherwise as in Smilacina.-Rhizome creeping. St. bearing 2 or 3 lvs. Fls. in a simple terminal raceme. M. bif6lium DC. A small plant frequent upon the edges of woodlands, Can., N. Eng., W. to Wis. St. angular, about 6' high. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, about 2' long-, i as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a petiole. Rac. erect, an inch long, consisting of 12 to 20 white fls. Berry small, round, and when mature pale red, speckled -with deep purple. May. 21. ASPAR'AGUS, L. (The ancient Greek name.) Perianth 6parted, segments erect, slight spreading above; stamens 6, perigynous; style very short; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded.-24 Rts. fibrous, matted. Sts. with very narrow lvs. and small fls. A. officinalis L. St. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect; lvs. setaceous flexible, fasciculate.-Escaped from gardens and naturalized on rocky shores. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. filiform, ~ to 1~' long, pale pea-green. Fls. axillary, solitary or in pairs. Berries globous, red. It is one of the oldest and most delicate culinary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. J1. ~ Eur. 22. STREPTO'PUS, Mx. TWIST-FOOT. (Gr. r-p6o, to turn, rroc,7 foot; a twisted footstalk or peduncle.) Perianth 6-parted, campanu 716 ORDER 148.-LILIACE23. late; segments with a nectariferous pore at the base of each; anthers longer than the filaments; stigma very short; berry roundish, 3-celled; seeds few, hilum with a very slender raphe. — 4 St. branched. Fls. axillary, solitary, generally with the peduncle distorted, or abruptly bent near the middle. 1 S. r6seus Mx. Smooth; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciliato; under surface green like the'upper; pedicels short, generally distorted in the middle; segments spreading at apex; anth. short, 2-horned; stig. trifid.-Can. to Car. and Tenn. A common species, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high, round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2 —4 long, a as wide, ending in a slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs. Flowers reddish, spotted, suspended beneath the branches, one under each leaf. Jn. 2 S. amplexifblius DC. Smooth; lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and entire on the margin, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, genicv.late and distorted in the raiddle; sep. long-acuminate, reflexed; anth. sagittate, acute-pointed. entire; stig. truncate.-Can. and:Mid. States. Native of woods. Stem round, dichotomous, 2f high. Leaves 2 to 3' long, ~ as wide, very smooth. Peduncles opposite the leaf, twisted and bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower gibbous at base, of a pale straw-color. Fruit oblong, red, manzseedeid Jn. (S. distortus Mx. Uvularia L.) 23. PROSAR'TES, Don. (Gr. rrpoaap-Tdco, to suspend; alluding to the pendulous flowers.) Perianth as in Uvularia; stamens 6, perigynous, included, with long, filiform filaments; ovary 3-celled, with 2 suspended ovules in each cell; style elongated, trifid; berry rouncdish oblong, 3 to 6-seeded.-24 St. erect, with divergent branches, scattered, aessile, ovate, thin, pubescent lvs. and drooping, terminal, greenishpurple fis. P. lanuginosa Don. Lvs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, cordate or rounded at the clasping base, pubescent beneath; pedicels in pairs; perianth segm. linearlanceolate; style smooth. —Mts. N. Y. to Car., WV. to Or. St. 12 to 18' high, 2 or 3 times forked above. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, veined. Pedicels 6 to 8" long, downy. Fls. spreading-bell-shaped, segm. near 6" long. Berry red. May. 24. UVULA'RIA, L. BELL-WORT. (Lat. uvula, the palate; the flower depends like that organ.) Perianth connivent-campanulate, deciduous, deeply 6-parted; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each; filaments very short, scarcely perigynous; anthers linear, half as long as the petals; style trifid; capsule 3-celled.; seeds few, with a very tumid raphe.-Lvs. alternate, Fls. solitary, terminal, becoming axillary, nodding. ~ Leaves perfoliate near the base. Capsule obovoid-triangular, truncate.. o...... Nos. 1, 2 ~ Leaves sessile or half-clasping. Capsule ovoid( or oval-triangular................. Nos. 8, 4 3 U. perfoliAta L. MEALY BErLWORT. LVS. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute; perianth subcampanulate, tuberculate-scabtous within, segnz. acute; anths. cusjpidate; caps. truncate. —2 Can. and U. S. A handsome, smooth plant, in woods. Stem 10-14' high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividing into 2 branches at top. Leaves 2-3' by — 1', rounded at the base, acute at apex. Flower pale yellow, pendulous. Segments linear-lanceolate, i+' long, twisted, covered within with shining grains. Anthers -a' long. May. (U. flava Smith.) 2 UT. grandiflora Smith. Lvs. perfoliato, elliptic-oblong, acute; fl. terminal, solitary, pendulous; segments acuminate, smooth within and without; anth. obtuse.21 Can. and U. S. Larger than either of the foregoing. In woods. Stern 1215 inches high, passing through the perfoliato leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at top, one of which bears tho large, yellow, pendulous flower. OrDER 149. —MELANTHACEEA. 717 Leaves almost acuminate, rounded at base. Anthers 4' long. May.-Readily distinguished by the'smooth petals. 3 U. sessilifblia L. WILD OATS. Lvs. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath; caps. stiped, oval-triangular. —24 Can. and U. S. A common species, found in woods and in grass lands. Stem smooth, slender, 6-10' high, dividing~ at the top into 2 branches, one bearing leaves only, the other, leaves and a flower. Leaves smooth and delicate, dark green above, paler beneath, 1-1-' long. The flower is cylindric, near an inch long, yellowish-white, of 6, long, linear petals. May. 4 U. puberula Aix. Lvs. amplexicaul and rounded at base, oval, of the same shining green both sides, puberulent along the margins, as well as the stem.; perianth segm. acute, smooth both sides; cap2sule sessile (no stipe), ovoid.-Mts. Va. to Car. St. 8 to 12' high. Fls. yellowish-white, larger than in U. sessilifolia. ORDER CXLIX. MELANTHACEz. MELANTHACE. ME HS. Herbs perennial, sometimes bulbous, often poisonous, with parallel-veined leaves, perianth double, regular, persistent, of 6 consimilar, green or colored segments, stamens 6, with extrorse anthers, 3 distinct styles and a free, 3-celled ovary, capside, 3-celled, 3-partible or septicidal, and seeds few or many with a thin seed coat Figs. 61, 62, 464. Genera 80, sp.ecies 130, rather generally diffused in northern countries. Prolerties.'.-The order is generally pervaded by drastic, narcotic and poisonous qualities, most powerful in Veratrum and Colchicum. The corlIs and see(ls of the latter are the most important medicinal products of the order. Their virtue is duc to an alkaline principle called veratria, which is found in this genus, as well as in most of the others. GENERA. Anthers 1-celled, extrorse, cordate, becomin"g peltate by opening. (') * Inflorescence paniculate, or a raceme somewhat branched at base. (a) a Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens perigynous.........M'Is.ATmIIU.,. J. a Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens lhypogynous.........ZIGADERU. a Sepals not glnd hbearing. Stamens perigynoIs...................p.....VERATRUM. a * Inflorescence racemous, with white flowers. Stamens perigynous......A. AuANTerlim. 4 * Inflorescence spicate, with green flowers. Stamens hypogynous......S..oCnNoc.uLO.. a ~ Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Capsule loculicidal. Flowersracemous. (b) b Flowers perfect. Filaments dilated at base. Ovary cells 2-ovuled.....X EROPuYLLUM. 6 b Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary cells cO-ovuled..............HE.LOSIAs.. 7 b Flowers dioecious, white. Stem leafy................................. CIIANaLIRIUM. S ~ Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Capsule septicidal. Flow-ers racemous. (c) c Stamens 6. Flowers greenish or yellowish, 9 to 40.)......................TOrIELDIA. 9 C Stamens 9 to 12. Flowers deep yellow, 6 to 9, mostly 6.......................PLF.EA. 10 I. rIELAN'THIUIVI, Gronov. (Gr. pLk)a9, black, dvOog, flower; a false name if applied to the yellowish flowers.) Flowers monceciously polygamous; perianth rotate, 6-parted, segments oblong, acutish, cor(date or auricled, and with 1 or 2 glandular, brownish spots at base; the claws bearing the stamens; ovary often abortive, capsule exserted, subovoil, trifid at the summit and tipped with 3 persistent styles; seeds broadly winged. —St. erect, thickened at base, bearing an open pyramidal panicle of simple iacelmes. Lvs. lanceolate, varying to linear. M. Virginicum L. Wet meadows and margins of swamps, Wis. to N. Y. and Fla. St. 3 to 4f high, leafy. Lvs. about a foot long, 6" to 2' wide, sessile, on a contracted and subelasping base. Fls. about 8" broad, on short pedicols, arranged in simple, alternate racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10 to 15' in length. Lower fis. generally sterile. Jl., Aug. B. iTYBIIDITMi. Lower lvs. lanceolate and lance-oval. —A larger growth. - (M. hybridum R. & S.) 2. ZIGADE'NUS, Mx. ZIGADENE. (Gr.'vy675, a pair, ddS6v, a gland.) Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, c,-ch segment with 2 glands 71 O0EDER 149. —MELANTHACEtE. above its contracted base; stamens inserted in contact with the ovary; capsule membranous, 3-celled, many-seeded, septicidal; seeds scarcely winged. — 4 St. simple, paniculate above, smooth and glaucous, as well as the linear lvs. Fls. greenish. 1 Z. glaberrimus Mx. Rhizome creepii.g; lvs. linear, channeled, recurved; panicle pyramidal; bracts ovate, acuminate; segm. of the perianth acuminate, glands 2 on the claz of each.-S. States. St. 2 to 3f higll. Lower lvs. about 10' long, upper ones gradually diminishing, all concave and tapering to a point. Panicle terminal, loose, consisting of many greenish-white fis. Sep. ovate-lanceolate, free froni the stamens, the 2 glands orbiculamr, distinct and conspicuous. Jn. 2 Z. gla-ficus Nutt. St. bulbous, nearly naked; lvs. shorter than the stem, linear, rather obtuse; paeicle sirnple; bracts lanccolate, shorter than the pedicels; segfnents ovaal or obovate, obtuse, each with anC obcordcate gland.-Sandy shores, Can. to N. Y. and Wis. Stem 10-15' high. Leaves glaucous, upper gradually reduced to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little compound at base. Flowers few (10 —20), greenish-white, on peclicels 1' long, the segments with the 2 gland, united. Capsule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at apex, G-8-seeded. J1., Aug. 3 Z. leimanthoides Gray. Rt. fibrous; lvs. linear, fiat; pan. simple, the terminal raceme elongated; segments obovate, with a glandular spot at base,.and longer than the linear styles; sds. winged at the apex, lanceolate, compressed.-N. J. to La. Stem roundish, 2 —4f high, the lower leaves about half as long, pale green, acute. Flowers white, on filiform pedicels, finally recurved. Segments of the perianth obtuse, a little shorter than the capillary filaments. July. 3. VERAITRUMT, Tourn. FALSE HELLEBOIRE. (Lat. vere, ctrum, truly black; alluding to the dark color of the flowers or root.) Flowers by abortion 8 ~?; segmnents of the perianth united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and without glands; stamens 6, shorter than the peri1nth1, and inserted on its base; ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive; styles short; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partiblc, oc-secded.-Rt. lvs. alternate. Fis. paniculate. ~ Stelm stout and very leafy throughout. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate...............No. 1! Steim slender, nearly naked.-Sepals obtusish. Leaves oval and lanceolate...... Nos. 2, g -Sepals acuminate. Leaves linear................... No. 4 1 V. viride Ait. Lvs. lance-oval, acuminate; st. stout and very lecfy; panicle. compound, racemous; bracts oblong-lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy pedicels.-Can. to Ga. A large-leaved, coarse-looking plant, of our meadows and swamps. Root large, fleshy, with numerous long fibers. Stem 2-4f high, striate and pubescent. Leaves strongly veined and plaited, the lower near a foot long and half as wide, sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many axillary (or bracted) racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, terminal panicle. July. Root emetic and stimulanrt, but poisonous. (V. album Mx.) 2 V. Woodii Robbins. InDIANA VERAITRUM. Lvs. mostly radical, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and plicate, acute tapering to a long, winged, sheathing petiole; st. or scape terete, tall, erect, with remote, lancelinear bracts; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal, many-flowered; fls. 3 y, subsessile; segments oblanceolate, sessile (the stamens nearly free and of equal length) dark bzow'znish-pusple within.-Woods, Green Co., Ia., 111. (Mead) and iowa (Cousens). Root fasciculate. Leaves 10-16' long (including the 4-8' petiole), 2 —4' wide. Bracts 1-3' long. Scape 3 —f high, paniculate.- its length. Flowers 9" diam., almost black, with red stamens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong, crowned with 3 spreading styles half its length. Seeds compressed, winged with the broad, loose, membranous testa. July.-Very different from the next. 3 V. parvifiSrum Mx. Lvs. mostly radical, oval and lance-oval, glabrous, scarcely plieate, contracted at base into winged petioles; stem scape-like, terete, bracted' panicle elongated, very loose, with filifornl branches; ils. dingy green, on fiifornz pedicels, segnz. lance-spatulate, uzguiculate, the claws bearing the stacmens, which are scarcely half as long.-Blue Ridge, Va. (Miss Carpenter) to the Aits. of ORDER 149.-MELANTHACEL<. 719 Ga. Lvs. shorter and broader than in No. 2. St. 2 to 5f high. Fls. very open, 5" diam., sometimes all sterile. J1. (Melanthium monoicum Walt.) 4 V. angustifblium Ph. GRASS-LEAVED YERATRUM. Lvs. narrowly linear, fiat, very long, lowest obtuse, upper ones diminishing to subulate bracts; fls. in a slender panicle of racemes, those of the terminal raceme (except a few of the highest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral racemes mostly sterile; segments narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate. —A very slender, grass-like species, in woods, W. States to the Mits. of Car. Stem. 3f high, with greenish-white flowers. Leaves 1-2f by 2 —3, half-clasping. Panicle li-f long, pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a very minute bract. June, July. (Stenanthium, Gray.) 4. ANIAN'THIUUI, Gray. FLY-POISON. (Gr. dfzeavrof, pure, immaculate; drivoo; alluding to the white flowers.) Flowers; perianth segments scarcely united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and withlout glands; stainm. 6, hypogynous, as long as the segments; anthers reniform; ovaries 3, more or less united; caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible; carpels follicular, 1-4-seeded; testa of the seeds loose, at length fleshy.Herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like leaves, and a raceme of numerous, white, long-pediceled fls., turning green with age. 1 A. muscietoxicum Gray. St. bulbous; Ivs. flat, lower broad-linear, obtuse, upper reduced to bracts; rac. simple; segments oblong, obtuse, shorter than the sta-'miens; pedicels filiform; carpels distinct above; sty. divergent; seeds ovoid, red. -Shady swamps, N. J., Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1-2f high. Leaves mostly radical, about If long. Raceme 2 to 4', rarely longer, dense-flowered, pedicels 6-9" long.e Perianth and stamens white, the latter rather the longest. Carpels united only at base, the summits horn-like and diverging. Seeds rather large, scarlet-red when ripe. Apr.-Jn. (Helonias erythrosperma Mx.) 2 A. angustif6liumn Gray. St. slender, scarcely bulbous; Ivs. narrowly linear, tapering to a long, acute point; rac. simple; sep. oval, acutish, scarcely longer than the stamens; sty. filiform, contiguous; seeds linear.-Damp pine woods, Car. to (Bainbridge, Ga., and) Fla. St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 9 to 18' long, 2 to 3" wide, somewhat keeled. Rac. 3 to 5' long, 1' diam. Ped. ascending. Anth. yellow, twice smaller than in No. 1. Plant of a deep green. Apr.-Jn. 5. SCHENiOCAU'LON, Gray. (G-r. qXo7vo~, a rush, icavX69, caulis.) Pcrianth herbaceous, of 6 linear-oblong, suberect, persistent sepals; stamens 6, hypogynous, much exserted, witdh large, reniform, 1 —celled anthers; ovaries 3, slightly conjoined; stigmas 3.-Herb bulbous, acaulescent, glabrous, with the lv's. all radical, very long and narrow, sedge-like, and a very slender scape. Fls. in a slender spike. S. grdcile Gray. Sandy soils, Ga. and Flna. Scapes 2 to 3f high, lvs. half as long. Spike 2 to 4', with pale green fis. Fr. yet unknown. Apr., May. 6. XEROPHYL'LUU, Mx. (Gr.?yIpoq, dry, Q0;aov, leaf.) Flowers; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petaloid, sessile, and without glands; stamens 6, filaments dilated and contiguous at base; ovary subglobous; styles 3, linear, revolute; capsule subglobous, 3-lobed, 3celled, cells 2-seeded.-Iterbs -with numerous dry, setaceous leaves, the lower longer, rosulately reclined, the upper gradually reduced. Rac. simple, with N7white, showy fls. X. asphodeloides Nutt. Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. St. 3 to 5f high, very leafy. Radical lvs. If long, very narrow, crowded and caespitous. Fls. in a long, dense, showy raceme. Segm. spreading 5", obtuse. Pedicels 1t" or more long, bractless at base, but with 2 bractlets above the base. Jn. 7. HELO'NIAS, L. (Gr. 1E'o~, a marsh; where some species grow.) Flowers; perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid, the segments sessile, 720 OaRaEa 149.-MELANTHAC]EE. persistent, without glands; stamens 6, hypogynous, at length longer than the perianth, anthers short, oval; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3celled, 3-horned; cells loculicidal, many-seeded. —Lvs. mostly radical, narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple raceme. H. bullata L. N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 10 to 18' high, rather thick and fleshy, hollow, nearly naked. Lvs. lance-spatulate, about as long as the scape, 1 to 1b' wide. Rac. short. Pedicels as long as the flowers, colored. Fls. purple, segm. obtuse, with blue anthers. May. (H. latifolia Ph.) 8. CHAlEALIR'IUMl, Willd. (Gr. xaFyal, on the ground, EIptpov, a lily.) Flowers diecious; perianth 6-sepaled, spreading, persistent; sepals narrow; filaments 6, perigynous, filiform, longer than the sepals (short in the ); ovary free, with -3 distinct styles; capsule oblong, loculicidal; seeds many, linear-oblong, winged at each end.-Rt. tuberous, premorse. St. leafy, strict, slender. Lvs. lanceolate, the radical oblanceolate and obovate-obtuse. Rac. spike-like, nodding, denseflowered, yellowish-white. C. lateum Gray. BLAZING STAR. Low grounds, Can. and U. S. St. 12 to 30' high, furrowed. Radical lvs. 3 to 5' by 6 to 12", in a sort of whorl. FMs. small, very numerous, in long, terminal, spicate racemes, which are more slender on the barren plants. Ovaries as long as the linear petals, subtriangular. Caps 3-furrowed, oblong, tapering to the base, opening at the top. The fertile plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. Apr. —Jn. (lHlonias dioica Ph.) 9. TOFIELD'IA, Hudson. (To MHr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, residing near Doncaster.) Flowers X, calyculate, with 3 remotish, united bracts; lfts. of the perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile, and without bracts; sta. 6; antll. roundish-cordate, introrse; ovaries 3, united; styles distinct, short; ova. 3-lobed, 3-partible; capsule oo-seeded.Lvs. equitant, subradical. Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or racemolus. ~ Pedicels clustered in Ss. Sterns scabrous-glandular................................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Pedicels separate. Stem glabrous.............................................N.....o. 8 1. T. glutinbsa Nutt. St. leafy below, glandular-scabrous, simple; Ivs. a fourth the length of the stem, linear-ensiform, glabrous, obtuse; s-ac. oblong, Jev-fiowered, close, composed of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles; caps. longer than the perianth. -Woods, Ohio to Wise., N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, scape-like, 1-l1f, dotted with dark-colored glands. Leaves 3-6' by 3-6", carinate. Spicate raceme 1 —1' long, 9-18-flowered. Involucre truncate, 3-toothed, a little below the perianth. Petals and sepals oblanceolate, less than 2" long, carpels 4". 2. T. pufbens Dryand. St. leafy at base, rough-puberulent; lvs. nearly half the length of the stem, linear-ensiform, strongly striate, acute, glabrous; rac. linearelongated, composed of many remotish, alternate fascicles; pedicels 2 to 3 together, as long as the flowers; fis. 3-bracted at base; capsule scarcely exceeding the perianth.-Pine barrens, Del. to Fla. St. 2 to 3f high, slender. Lvs. more than twice longer than in No. 1. Rac. 6 to 8' long, 30 to 40-flowered. Fls. small, greenish-white. J1.-Sept. 3 T. glabra Nutt. St. leafy below, glabrous; lvs. nearly as in No. 2; rae. elongated. dense, with the pedicels separate (not clustered), scarcely longer than their bracts; carpels distinct to near the base; stig. sessile.-Car. to Ark., in wet grounds. St. I to 3f high. Rac. 2 to 5' long, 20 to 30-flowered. Seeds linearoblong, not caudate. 10. PLEE'A, L. C. Rich. (Gr. rAtet&, the Pleiades; its flowers.) Perianth colored, persistent, 6-sepaled, stellately spreading; stamens 9 ORDER 150.-PONTEDERIACEE. 721 to 12, hypogynous, longer than the sepals; anthers introrse; styles 3; capsule 3-partible, oo-seeded. — Herb glabrous, with a slender, rushlike stern, dry, rush-like lvs., and a raceme of 6 to 9 yellow fls. P. tenuif6lia Rich. Bogs, N. Car. (Curtis), S. Car. (Michx.) St. 1 to 2f high, from red, fibrous roots. Lvs. perennial-green, very narrow, sheathing at base, nearly lf long. Caps. brown. ORDER CL. PONTEDERIACEAI. PONTEDERIADS. Plants aquatic, with the leaves parallel-veined, mostly dilated at base. ins. spathaceous. Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular and circinate after flowering. Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. Ovary free, 3-celled. Style 1. Stigma simple. Capsule 3 (sometimes 1)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen farinaceous. Genei'a 6, species 80, found exclusively in America, E. Indies, and tropical Africa. They are of no known use. GENERA. Flowers irregular, blue. Stamens 6. Utricle 1-seeded........................PONTrEDERIA. 1 Flowers regular. —Anthers 3, of 2 formns. Leaves reniform................. IIETErANTnE.RA. 2 -Anthers 3, of one form. Leaves linear....................... SCIOLLEPA. 3 1. PONTEDE'RIA, L. PICKEREL WVEED. (In honor of Juzlius Pontedera, a botanic author and professor, of Padua, about 1720.) Perianth bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube split with 3 longitudinal clefts (the 2 lower sepals fiee), circinate after flowering and persistent; stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit of the tube; utricle I-seeded (2 cells abortive).-Lvs. radical, longpetioled. St. 1-leaved, bearing a spike of blue fls. 1 P. cord-ata L. Lvs. cordate-oblong, obtuse; petiole shorter than the peduncle; spike cylindrical, pubescent.-4 Can. and U. S. A fine, conspicuous plant, native of tIre borders of muddy lakes, &c., growing in patches extending from the shores to deep water. Stern thick, round, erect, arising 1-2f above the water, bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4-7' by 1~ —3', very smooth and glossy, almost sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in a spike, arising above the spathe, very irregular. Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3cleft, always blue, appearing in July. 3. ANGUSTIFOLIA Torr. Lvs. narrow, truncate and subcordato at base. 2 P. lancif6lia Muhl. Lvs. lance-oblong or lance-linear, rather acute at each end; petiole shorter than the peduncle; spike cylindrical, pubescent.-Pools and ditches, Ga. (Feay) and S. Car. More slender every way than tile other, 15 to 30' high. We can detect no difference in its flowers, but the permanent difference of the leaves is -worthy of consideration. Apr., iMay. 2. HETERAN'THERA, Ruiz & Pav. (Gr. rT-Epa, otherwise, avOypd'; the antliers being dissimilar in the same flower.) Spatlhe severalflowered; tube of the perianth long and slender, limb 6-parted, cqual; starmens 3; anthers of 2 forms, tile lower oblong-sagittate, on a longer filamernt; capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Lvs. mostly reniform,, longpetioled. H; renif6rmis R. & P. St. prostrate or floating; Ivs. suborbicular, reniform or auriculate( at base; spathe acuminate, few-flowered.-On muddy or inundated banks, Miid and W. States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in length. Leaves -' by o', on petioles 1-2' long, with a broad sinus at base, and a short, abrupt acumination. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evanescent, white flowers. Tube of the perianth 2' long, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filamonts inserted at 46 722 ORDER 151.-JUNCACEE. the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. Jl., Aug. (Leptanthus, Mx.) 3. SCHOL'LERA, Schreber. (Dedicated to one Scholler, a German botanist.) Spathe several-flowered; tube of the perianth very long and slender, limb 6-parted, equal; stamens 3, with similar anthers; capsule 1-celled, m-any-sceded.-Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base, grass-like, submersed. St. floating, rooting at the lower joints. S. gramfilea Willd. A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, N. States. St. slender, dichotomous, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, 1 to 2" wide, obtuse at apex, slightly sheathing at base. Flower solitary, issuing from a short (1' spathe), tube 11-' long, limb in 6 linear-laneeolate segments, yellow. Stam. 3 (4, anthers); filaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 -with linear anthers longer than the thick style. Jl., Aug. (Leptanthus, Ihlx.) ORDER CLI. JUNCACEAJ. RUSHES. Plants herbaceous, generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers. Perianth more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and petals.) Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. _Antlers 2-celled, introrse. Style 1. Ovary 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiment not reaching the center 1)-celled. Capsule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. Seeds few or many, with a fleshy albumen. Fig. 37 7. Genera 15, species 200, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the earth. IProperties unimportant. GENERA. Perianth yellow (reenish outside). Stim'ia 1. Capsule oo-seeded........... N TIic....ImCM. 1 Periantli green or brownish. Stigmz.s.-,Capsule 3-seeded........................LUZULA. 2 -Capsule co-seeded....................... 1. NARTHE'CIUM, cmhr. (Gr. vdp09rj1, a rod or wand; in allusion to the slender infilorescence.) Perianth 6-parted, colored, spreading, persistent; stam. 6; filaments hairy; caps. prismatic, 3-celled; seeds oo, ovate-oblong, appendaged at each extremity.- 4 Root fibrous. Lvs. ensiform. Scape nearly naked. Fls. yellowisll. N. Amerieodnum Ker. Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-ensiform; rac. lax, interrupted; pedicels with a bract at base, and a setaceous bracteole near the flower. -An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps of N. J. Also in Can. Scapes 8 to 12' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves numerous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3-7" long. Perianth greenish externally, yellow within, about half as long as the yellowish, mature capsule. Aug. 2. LU'ZULA, DC. WOOD RusIs. (Italian lucciolav, a glow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers.) P'erianth persistent, bibracteate at base; stamens 6; capsule 1-celled, 8-seeded; seeds fised to the bottom. —Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs. grass-like, on entire sheaths. Fls. terminal, green or brownish. ~ Flowers separate, pedleicellate, in umbels or paniculate cymes......................Nos. 1, 2 ~ Flowers aggregate,-in pedunculate heads formling an utrbel or eyvre..............- Nos. 3, 4 -in sessile heads forlning a nodding bllek spike.................. No. 5 1 L. pil6sa WVilld. Lvs. pilous; umbel cymous, spreading, consistiag of subequal l-flowered, simple pedicels; caps. obtuse, shorter than the sepals.-Conimon in woods and groves, N. S. and Can. St. 4 to 16' high. Radical lvs. numerous, 2 to 4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long white hairs. IJUmbels 8 to 12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedicels 5 to 10" long, finally deflexed. Perianth brown, with 2 green bractlets. May. ORDER 151.-JUNCACEA.. 723 2 L. parvifl6ra Desv. St. elongated; lvs. lance-linear, glabrous; corymb deconpound; ped. elongated, the branches with 3 to 5 pedicellate fils.; sep. ovate, acuninate, longer than the oval-triangular, obtuse-mucronate capsule.-White Hills, N. H. (Prof. Bosworth), Graylock Mt., Mass. (Chadbourne), etc. Stem 12 to 18' high. Radical lvs. 8 to 10' by 3 to 5", those of the stem much shorter, all very smooth. Panicle large, nodding, many-flowered. Capsule black. Jn. (L. melanocarpa Desv.) 3 L. campdstris Willd. FIELD Rusii. Lvs. hairy; spikes globular or ovate, some on long peduncles, some nearly sessile; sep. lanceolate, acuminate-awned, longer than the obtuse capsule; seeds witlha conical appendage at base.-In meadows, U. S. and Can. St. simple, straight, 3 to 12' high. Lvs. grass-like, 2 to 6' long, with tufts of cotton-like hairs. Heads in a sort of umbel, with an involucre of 2 or 3 short, unequal lvs. Perianth rust-colored, capsule at length brown. May. 13. BULO3'sA. Bulbous; lvs. nArrowly linear; sep. shorter than the globular, dark brown capsules.-Lookout Mt., Tenn. St. 6' high. With the other, but flowers earlier. 4 L. arcuata E. Meyer. Lvs. linear, channeled, glabrous; heads few, 3 to 5-flowered, on unequal, filifors, often recurved pedicels; bracis ciliate; sepals acute, reddish-brown, about equaling the roundish-elliptical capsule; seeds not appendaged.-White Mts., N. I-I. (not common) and Are. Am. 5 T. spic.ta DC. Lvs. linear, hairy at the base; spike cernuous, composed of several sessile globular heads; sep. acuminate-awned, about equal in length to the subglobous short-pointed, black capsule. White Hills, N. II. (Prof. Bosworth). St. 8 to 10' high, slender, simple. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, a line wide, smooth except at the base. Spike an inch long, appearing greyish black when mature. Seeds oval, with a small, oblique appendage. J1. 3. JUN'CUS, L. Rusi. (Lat. jcungo, to join; because ropes were anciently made of these plants.) Perianth 6-sepaled, glume-like, persistent; stamens 6, rarely 3; capsule mostly 3-celled;. seeds numerous, attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments.-St. simple, leafy or leafless, with terete, flat or channeled lvs., entire sheaths and small, bibracteate, greenish fls. ~ Cyine or panicle lateral, bursting from the side of the scape above the middle. (a) a Leaves none. Flowers separate, mostly hcxandrous, greenish................Nos.l —3 a Leaves few, radical, jointless. Flowers capitate, 6-androus, brownish.........Nos. 4, 5 ~ COine or Ipanicle termiinal on the stein or scape. Leaves present. (b) b Flowers capitate, few or miany in each head, (c) C Leaves jointed (ndous) with internal, transverse partitions. (d) d Stainens 3.-e-Itads green or pale straw-colored....................Nos. 6-S -Ieads brown or chestnut colored.....................Nos. 9, 10 d Stamens 6. lieads tawny or brown, —10 to 60-flowered.........Nos. 11, 12 -2 to 9-flowered............Nos. 18, 14 e Leaves not jointed.-Ieads many, brown. Sepals obtuse. Stamnens 3....No. 15 — lieads few or many, green. Sepals awned...........No. 16 — lieads minostly but one. Sepals acute. Stamens 6.Nos. 17,18 b Flowers separate, not in heads, mostly secund. Stamens 6. (e) e Stems leafy, paniele diffimse, many-flowered..........................Nos. 19, 20 e Stems naked, except at base, scape-like.............................Nos. 21-23 1J. Blhiticus Willd. BALTIC RUSan. Rhizome creeping, prostrate, rooting; scpes numnerous, sheathed at base, opaque terete, rigid, slender, pungently acute; pantcle near the summnit, sm7nall; fils. separate, brown; sep. subequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, equaling the elliptical, mnucronate capsule.-Sandy shores, Me. to Wis. and Can. Scape leafless, 1 to 3f hibh, hard, tough, closely arranged along the scaly rootstock, the sheaths 3" to 3' long. Panicle 2 to 5' below the apex of the scape, 1' long. Fls. 20 to 40, reddish brown. 2 J. effhsus L. SOFT RusH. BUTLL-RUS1. Scape straight, not rigid; panicle lateral, loose, decompound, sometimes dense; fis. separate; sep. green, taperpointed, as long as the obovate, obtuse capsules. —Very common in ditches and moist londs, forming tufts, Can. and U. S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft, striat, 2 to 3f high, bearing a loose, spreading panicle which protrudes from a 724 ORDER 151. — JUNICACOE.. fissure opening in the side of the stem about half way up. Fls. small, green, numerous, witlh 3 white anthers and yellowish seeds. Jn., J1. 3 J. filif6rmis L. (not Mx.) Rhizome creeping, leafless, scape slender, filiform minutely striate, flaccid; panicle subsimple, lateral, near the n middle of the scape; fls. separate; sep. pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale, shining, obovate, mucronate capsule. Borders of lakes, N. States anrd Can. Scape 1 to 2f hligrh, with a few brown sheaths at base. Fls., some pedicellate, some sessile. J1. 4 J. setAceus Rostkow. Scape filifo'rm, striate; umbel lateral, subsimple, fewflowered; pod. compressed, several flowered; perianthl segments very acute.Swamps, Penn. to Fla., growing in tufts, about 2f high. Scapes weak- and slender (not setaceous), sheathed at base with the shorter leaves. Panicle small, 20 to 30-flowered, bursting from the side of the scape some distance below the summit. Fls. in small heads, scarcely brownish. Jn., J1. 5 J. maritinmus Lam. Br.A('K RU STI. Scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheathed at base; panicle decom2pound, far below the summit; fis. aggregated in7 roundish heads; sop. lanceolate, acuminate, longer thian the roundish-obovate, mucronatk capsulo.-In brackish marshes, Va. to Fla. Scapes 2 to 5f high, fbrming dense tufts. Paniclo 2 to 3' long, with numerous heads, and subtended by a shorter bract. Fls. dark brown. J1. (J. acutus Ell.. etc.) 6 J. scirpoicdes Lam. St. leafy, terets, stout; lvs. terete, sle-nder, Nwith frequent joints; panicle cymous, branches few, suberect, heads 5 to 20, green, about 20flowered; sop. rigid, lance-acuminate, sharp; starn. 3, nearly as long; style much exserted; cups. taper-pointed, as long as the sepals; seeds oblong, mnerely acute at each elld.-lC;aa. andl U. S., especially coastward, in wet places. S. 1 to 2f high, about 3-leaved below. Lvs. shorter than the stern. Heads 3 to 4" dian., finally straw-colored. May-J1. (J. echinatus Ell.) 7 J. polyc6pha lus bMx. St. few-leavcd, terete, strict; lvs. terete-compressed, slender, strict, many-jointed; panicle decorpouncd, loose; heads 5 to 15, globous, many-flowered; sep. subutate, acurminate, bristle-pointed, the 3 outer longer and wider, greenish, stam. 3, nearly as long; caps. oblong-triangular, abrultly accuminate, longer than the sepals, at lengtlh brownish; seeds oblong, with a white tail at each end. —Wet places, Can. andc U. S. Sts. 12 to 30' hig'l, rigid, but slender, the lvs. shorter. HIeads 8 to 20-flowered,, 4" diam. lay —J1. (J. paradoxus Gray.) 8 3. dabills Gray. Sts. weak acnd slender', flattened; lvs. flattened, obscurely jointed; panicle de- or suprade-comrpound, loosely spreading; hds. fe-fowerered, straw-coler; sep. lanceolate, acute, shorter than tile oblong capsule; seeds oblong, acute at each end. —Common in wet places, Can. and U. S. Sts. 9 to 24' long, from fibrous roots. Heads about 5-flowered (in spec. from Wis., 1 to 3flowered), fils. 2" long. Lvs. nearly filiform in tile smaller plants. (J. subverticillatus Mulll. nec Wulf.) 9 J. acumninatus 3x. St. slender, etrict, terete; lvs. terete, rmany-jointed; paniele decompound, branclles suberect; heads numerous, 3 to 5-flowered, chestnut browvn, fls. erect; sep. strongly veined, lanceolate, acute and mucronate, much shorter thau tihe oblong-triangular, abruptly pointed capsule; seed.s ltailed at both ends.-Very common in bogs, etc., Can. and U. S. Sts. 9 to 30' high, slender or rather stout, tie slender \ls. much shorter, many-jointed. Capsules becoming deep brown or (in the Southern spec.) almost black. 10 J. P6ndii. St. rather stout, terete: lvs. terete-compressed, jointed; paniclo spreading, difTuse, decompound; heads numerous, globular, 5 to 12-floreered; chestnut colored; sep. equal, lance-acuminate, bristle-pointed, as long as tire tliangularovate, abruozptlJ pointed capsule; stam. 3; seeds oval, merely acute at eacll end.Wet places, Car. to Ga. (Feay, Pond,) and Ky. Sts. 1 to 2f high, with 1 or 2 short leaves. Heads 20 to 40, 3 to 4" diam., in a wide panicle. Miar.-Jn. (J. acumninatus Ell. nec Mx.) 11 J. raegacdphalus. St. stout, ascending at base; lvs. distinctly nodclous, elongated, the upper usually exceeding the inflorescence; heads few, glomerate, or some pedunculate, rarely paniculate, large, 30 to 60-flowered, tawny; se. subulate, bristle-pointed, scarcely shorter than the acuminate capsule; stam. 6; seeds ORDER 151.-JUNCACEA. 25. acute.- Borders of streams and lakes, N. Y. to Wis., S. to Fla. St. 16' to 3f high. Heads 5 to 6" diam., globular, 1 to 5 to 12, clustered or panicled. Sepals with tawny awns, greenish at base. (J. nodosus, P. megacephalus Torr.) 12 J. nododsus L. St. erect, slender; lvs. slender or often filiform, distinctly nodous, the upper often exceeding the inflorescence; hds. few (1 to 5 to 9), in a simple cluster, tawny or brown, 5 to 20-flowered; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acuminateawned, 3-veined, shorter than the rostrate capsule; starr. 6; seeds oval, acute.Sandy swamps and shores, Can. to Car. Sts. 12 to 18' high. H-leads 3 to 5" diam.-Appears very different from the last. (J. Rostkovii E. Meyer.) 13 J. articulatus L. r3. FELOCatRPUS Gray. Stem erect, compressed, 1 to 3leaved; lvs. terete-compressed, setaceous, obscurely nodous; panicle spreading; heads 2 to 6-flowered; se. oblong-lanceolate, the outer acute, the inner obtuse, scarcely as long as the triangular-oblong, bluntly mucronate capsule; stam. 6; seeds slightly apiculate.-N. Eng. to Mich. and Can., in wet places, not common. Sts. 9 to 18' high. Ids. chestnut colored. Anuth. yellow. (J. pelacarpus E. Meyer.) 14 J. mailithris Bigl. BAYONET RusRT. St. stout, terete, sheathed at base, bearing belozo the middle a single terete, nodous, erect leaf which much exceeds the inflorescence; panicle erect, compound; llds. many, brown, 4 to 9-flowered; sep. lanceolate, acute, as long as the acuminate capsule.-Bogs coastward, Mass. to Ga. St. 2 to 3f high. Leaf 15 to 30', overtopping the stem by six inches or more. I-eads small. Stamens mostly 6. 15 3. marginAtus Rostkow. St. compressed; lvs. flat, smooth, gramineous; panicle, corymbous, simple, proliferous; lids. 2 to 9-flowered, tawny or chestnutcolored; bracteoles awned; sep. obtuse, soft, about as long as the obtuse capsule; stam. 3.-In low grounds, N. E. to Ga., W. to Ill. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Radical lvs. numerous, sheathing, cauline 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several globous, 3 to 6-flowered heads, both pedunculato and sessile, longer than the erect bracts at base. Sep. edged with Cark purple, with a green keel. Jn.Au. p a. BIFLOwreS. Stouter (2f high); hds. very numerous, mostly 2 or 3-flowered, nearly black.-South, common. 16 J. repens Msx. Low, tufted with creeping stolons; lvs. subulate-linear, fascicled at the lower joints; cyme simple; hlds. few, 3 to 8-flowered; sep. subulate, awn-pointed, the 3 inner much longer; caps. slender, trisulcate, much shorter than the perianthl.-Wet places, G-a. and Fla. Sts- many, 2 to 6' high. Flis. 3 to 4" lora. 17 J. Stigus L. St. iliform, erect, rigid, leafy; Ivs. setaceous, slightly channeled, obscurely nodous; hhds. few (1 or 3), terminal, about 3-flowered; sepoblong, acute; stam. 6; caps. triangular-elliptic, acute, longer than the perianth; seeds oblong, the loose testa produced into an appendage at both ends.-Perch Lake, Jefferson Co., N. Y. (Gray) and Newfoulndland. Fls. unusually large, straw-color. 18 J. trifidus L. St. sheathed at base; leaf solitary, linear setaceous, near the top; sheath ciliate; bracts foliaceous, long, grooved; lid. solitary, sessile between 2 long bracts, about 3-flowered, terminal; capsule blackish, globular, beaked.White Hills, N. H., and Mt. Marcy, N. Y. Sts. crowlded, threadlike, 6' high. Radical lvs. 1 to 2, very short, cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracts, apparently forming with them a foliaceous, 3-bracted invol. J1. 19 J. C6nradi Tuckm. St. low, erect, slender, leafy, lvs. few, subfiliform, ohscurely nocous; fis. separate, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender branches of the cli-trichotomous panicle; sep. lanceolate, margins scarious, rather shorter than the acuminate caps.-Wet places, Can. and U. S., chiefly coastward. Sts. 6 to 9' high, wiry, turfy. Stae. 6. Fls. often changed to little tufts of leaves. 20 J. buf6nius L. TOAD RUSI. Low, slender, tufted; sts. forking; branches loriferous their whole length; fis. separate, greenish, remote; sep. lance-subulate, awn-pointed, the 3 outer longer; caps. triangular oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, much shorter than the eria.nth; seeds oval obtuse. —) Damp, waste places, in all '726 ORDER 152.-COMMELYNACEIE. countries. Sts. many, 3 to 8' long. Lvs. few, 1 to 2' long. Fls. many, secund. Jn.-Aug. 21 J. Greenii Oakes & Tuckm. Scape tall, subterete, striate; lvs. filiform-setaceoU:s, subterete, scarcely channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing base; panicle dense, branches suberect; bracts setaceous, one of them muchb longer than thepanicle; fis. single, approximate; sep. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the triangular-acute, shining caps.- Aet grounds, R. I., Miass. (Ricard). A handsome rush, 1 to 2f high, rigid, strict. Lvs. all radical. Panicle 2 to 3' long, one of the bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter. Caps. 2" long, reddish brown. 22 J. t6nuis Willd. St. scape-like, slender, erect; lvs. subradical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem; bracts 2-3, much longer than the panicle; fis. single, approximate, green; sep. aczuminate, longer than the subglobous-triangular capsule.-A very common rush, about foot-paths and roadsides, and in fields and meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6-24' high. Leaves very narrow, 3-8' long. PanIicle subfasciculate, 5-10-flowered, varying to subumbellato and 2030-flowered, the rays very unequal. Jn., J1.,f. DICn1rTOiUS. Panicle regularly forked once or twice, branches erect, incurved, with the contiguous fls. regularly distychous; sep. scarcely longer than the capsule.-Waysides, Somerville, Mlass., also South. (J. dichotomus Ell.) 23 J. bulb6sus L. P. GERARDI. St. very slender, compressed; lvs. mostly radical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem; panicle small, few-flowered, subtrichotomous, longer than the bracts; fls. separate, approximate by pairs or 3s, dark-coloredl: sep. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter than the subglobous, obtuse, caps. —A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to the Arc. Sea, usually with dark green foliage and brown capsules. Sts. not bulbous, tufted, erect, or decumbent and stoloniferous, 1 to 2f high, tough and wiry. Lvs. 3 to 8' long, bracts 6 to 12". Fls. 12 or more, at length brown or blackish. J1., Aug. —It makes good hay. ORDER CLII. COMMELYNACEE. SPIDERWORTS..HEerbs with fiiat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. Perianth of 2 series, the outer of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner of 3 colored petals. Stamens 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive, hypogynous. Ovary 2 to 3-celled, cells few-ovuled. Style and stigma united into one. Caysule 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3valved; cells often but 2-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds few, with dense, fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum. Figs. 584, 592. Genera 16, species 260, chiefly natives of the Indies, Australia and Africa, a few N. America. They are of little importance to man. The anomalous genus, Mayaca, constitutes an order by itself in Kunth. GENERA. ~ Flowers irregular, clustered in a spathe-like, cor(late, floral le.f..............GCOMAIEsLYNA. 1 ~ Flowers regular, clustered; floral leaves like the rest. Stamens 6........TsrADESCANTIA. 2 ~ Flowers regular, solitary, axillary stamens 3. Moss-like herbs..................M MYACA. 3 1. COVIIELY'NA, Dill. (In honor of the brothers Commzelyn, German botanists.) Fls. irregular; sepals herbaceous, petals colored; stamens 6, 3 of them sterile and furnished with cruciform glands for anthers; capsule 3-cellecld, 3-valved, one of the valves abortive.-Lvs. lance-linear with sheaths at base. Fls. enfolded in a conduplicate, persistent, spathaceous, cordate bract, erect in flower, reourved before and after. Petals blue, open but a few hours.. Prostrate spathe opposite the leaves, complicate, base-lobes free...............Nos. 1, 2 * Erect or ascending. Spathe subterminal, —complicate, subpeltate................No. 8 -cucullate-peltate................... Nos. 4, 5 1 C. commfinis L. Procumbent, much branched; branchlets snarked with a hairy line; lvs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, margin finely serru ORDER 152.-COMMELYNACEE. 727 late; sheath open, ciliate; spathe opposite the leaves, roundish-cordate, complicate; ped. in pairs, 1 to 3-flowered; petals unequal (blue), the odd one reniformn; sep. (pale) the 2 lateral larger, connate below.-In wet grounds, Car. and Ga. Prostrate and spreading 1 to 3f. Lvs. 3 to 5' long. Jn.-Nov. (Elliott.) 2 C. agrAria Kunth. St. procumbent, glabrous, branched; Ivs. oblong or oblongovate, obtuse, the uopper short-petioled; sheaths ciliate; spathe opposite the leaves, cordate-ovate, acuminate, complicate, 3 to 4-flowered; odd petal (blue) roundishovate.-River banks, S. Ill. to La. Sts. If or more in length. Lvs. small (15 to 30" long). Fls. often polygamous. Sep. pale. Two of the (blue) petals clawed. (C. Cajennensis Rich.) 3 C. Virginica L. St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate; lvs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths split to the base; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and open at base (except a short cohesion), enfolding 2 peduncles and several flowers; pedicels contorted; pet. unequal, the lower one much smaller, unguiculate.-Dry soils Middle! Southern and Western States! Plant nearly smooth, 12-18' high, glabrous. Leaves 3-5' by 8-14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate. Spathe veiny, 3-5-flowered. Jl., Aug. (C. angustifolia IMx.) 4 C. hirt611a Vahl. Strictly erect, tall, and conspicuously pubescent; lvs. longlanceolate, sheaths densely rusty-bearded at the throat; spathe subsessile, small, clustered at the summit of the stern; petals subequal.-In shady woods, Va. to S. Car. St. 2 to 3f hig'h, rather thick and firm. Lvs. 5 to 8' long, both sides hairy. Spathe subreniform when open, 5" long, glabrous, colored, base lobes cucullate, slightly united. —ardly distinct from No. 1. 5 C. erecta L. St. erect, branched at base, ciliate-pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, subpetiolate, sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilous; spathe deltoid-falcate, united and entire at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered; pet. nearly equal.-Rocky woods, thickets, Penn. (AIuhl.) Harper's Ferry to Ga. St. simple or branched at base, upright, I-2f high. Leaves 3-5' by 6-12", usually lanceolate, pilousscabrous, the sheaths 9 to 11" long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. J1., Aug. (C. Virginica Ph.) B. ANGUSTIFOsLI. Of very slender habit, with lance-linear lvs. and the spathe conspicuously arcuate (hawk-bill-sliape). —Southern. 2. TRADESCAN'TIA, L. SPIDERWORT. (Named in honor of Jomkn Tradescant, gardener to Charles I.) Flowers regular; sepals persistent; petals large, suborbicular, spreading; filaments clothed with jointed hails; anthers reniform. —2$ Fls. in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts. * Umbels sessile, terminal and axillary, with leaf-like bracts.....................Nos. 1, 2 * Umbei long-pedunculate, terminal and axillary, biactless.........................No. 8 1 T. Virglnica L. St. erect, simple or branched; Ivs. lance-linear, or linear channeled above, sessile, ciliate or glabrous; fls. in a terminal, subumbellate cluster, pedicels finally elongated and reflexed; cal. pubescent.-Moist meadows prairies, &c., Mid., rW. and S. States common. Stem thick, round, jointed, 2-3f high. Leaves numerous, 12-18' by 6-12", the bracts similar. Petals large, suborbicular, of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May —Aug —Tho juice of tho plant is viscid and spins into thread; hence the common name. 2 T. pil6sa Lehm. St. erect, smoothish, bractlets hairy; Ivs. la2iceolate with, a narrow base, long-acuminate, complicate, on a loose sheath, and pilous both sides, the floral like the rest; umbels both terminal and axillary, many-flowered, dense; pedicels and sepgls glandular-hairy.-Shady river banks, Ill. to Ohio and La. St. 2f high. Lvs. 4 to 7' by 6 to 12", sheaths entire, 8 to 10" long. }ls. in the upper axils, small, bluish purple. 3 T. rosea Mx. St. erect, simple; lvs. linear, glabrous, channeled, amplexicaul; ped. elongated; cal. glabrous.-Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8-12' high. Leaves 6-8' by 2-3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in the preceding species Petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. 728 ORDER 153. —XYRIDA.CEXE. 3. 1WAYA'CA Aublet. Flowers regular; sepals 3, green, lanceolate; petals 3, obovate, colored; stamens 3, opposite the sepals, persistent; ovary 1-celled, style filiform, stigma simple; capsule 3.valved, seeds several, attached to the middle of the valves.-Moss-like aquatics, glabrous, creeping, branched, densely clothed with narrowly linear lvs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. M. Michaixii Schott. & Endl. Ped. longer than the lvs., reflexed in fruit; caps 9 to 12-seeded; petals white.-In shallow waters, Va. to Ga. (Feay, Pond) and Fla. (Mettaller). Sts. several inches long, somewhat resembling Sphagnum. Lvs. numerous and minute, bifid, 2 to 3" long, ped. thrice longer. Sep. near 3" long. Seeds globular, white. J1. (Syena fluviatilis Ph.) ORDER CLIII. XYRIDACEE. XYRIDS. Hrerbs sedge-like, with equitant leaves and a scape bearing a head of flowers. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, petals 3, unguiculate. Stamens 3, with extrorse anthers, and inserted on the claw of the petals. Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, with parietal placenta, or 3-celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous, orthotropous, embryo at the apex. Genera 5, species 70, natives of tropical Asia, Africa and America, a few species of Xyris extending into the United States. Of no important use. XY'RI S, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. (Gr. 5vp6k, acute-pointed; in allusion to the form of the leaves.) Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric; sepals unequal, the 2 lateral glume-like, keeled, persistent, the odd one membranous, involving the corolla in bud and deciduous; petals equal ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals; capsule 1celled, with parietal placentam.-Lvs. linear, rigid, radical, sheathing the base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal, dense head, with cartilaginous bracts (scales); petals yellow. * Leaves very short (8 to 80"1). Sepals fringeless, tuftless. Small and delicate. South.... No. I * Leaves elondated one-third to three-fourths the length of the scape. (a) a Sepals with a wingless, fringeless keel, rarely crested. Plant bulbous at base.......No. 2 a Sepals with a winged, fringed keel and crested apex,-short as the scale.........Nos. 3, 4 -twice longer than the scale...No. 5 1 X. brevif6lia MIx. (nec Ell.) Lvs. linear, subulate, falcate, acute, distychously imbricated, 3 to 5 times shorter than the filiform, angular scape; head oval, few-flowered, bracts rounded at apex; sep. acute, lanceolate, the keel not winged, merely scabrous.-Springy places, Car. to Fla.. Our smallest species. Scape 4 to 8' high. Lvs. 8 to 30" long, about 1" wide. Head not larger than a peppercorn. Apr., May. 2 X. bulbosa KIunth. Bulbous; lvs. narrow-linear, obtusish, half as long as the angular, sulcate stem, both twisted; head globular ovoid, bracts roundishovate, very obtuse; sep. oblong-lanceolate, minutely bearded on the sharp keel and tufted at apex, a little shorter than the bract. —Bogs, N. Eng. to Ga., W. to Ind. Scape slender, 9 to 30' high, lvs. 5 to 15'. -lead about 5" long, bracts closely imbricate, concave. Jn.-Sept. (X. Jupicai Mx. X. Indica Ph. X. torta Sm.) 83. iiNomR. Dwarfish (3 to 8' high), slender; lvs. thrice shorter, scarcely twisted; sep. with an evident tuft at apex. —S. E. Ga. (Miss Keen.) 3 X. Carolinihna Walt. Lvs. rigid, narrowly linear, a third or more shorter than the flexuous, rigid, slightly 2-edged scape; head elliptical, yellowish brown; sep. narrow, scarcely longer than the oval scales, conspicuously fringed on the keel above the middle and crested at the obtuse apex.-Sandy swamps, N. Y. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, more or less twisted. Lvs. 6 to 18' long, 1 to 2" or the outer 3" wide. Head 6 to'" long. Petals rather large. Jl., Aug. (X. flexuosa Ell. nee Muhl.) 4 X. ambigua KuIth? Lvs. gladiate-linear, plain, 2 to 3 times shorter than scapes; scapes (often clustered) distinctly 2-edged, tall; head elliptic-ovoid, large, ORDER 154.-ERIOOCAULONACE.tE. 729 scales rounded-obovate; sep. shorter than the scales, fringed along the winged keel. -Wet pine barrens, Ga. (Feay). Scapes strict, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. strict, 6 to 9, by 2 to 4", gradually acute. Heads 7 to 9" long. Aug,., Sept. (X. brevifolia Ell.)-The leaves in our specimens are not all rough-edged as in Kunth's. 5 X. fimbrifta Ell. FEATHERED XYRIs. Lvs. linear-gladiate, erect, nearly as long as the scape which is strict, striate, and enlarged at the summit; head oval or oblong, scales rounded, loosely imbricated; sep. twice(!) longer than the bracts, conspicuously fringed on the keel above. —Sandy swamps, R. I. (Olney), N. J., (Rev. I. T. Holton) to Fla. Scape 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 20 to 30' long, about 3" wide, sheathing below. Head 6 to 8" long. Bracts tawny-edged. Seeds innumerable, elliptical, minute. JI., Aug. ORDER CLIV. ERIOCAULONACE2E. PIPEWORTS. Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, sponoy, cellular leaves, sheathing at base. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, in a dense head. Perianth 2 to 6-parted or wanting. Stamens 6, some of them generally abortive. lAnthers mostly 1-celled, introrse. Ovary 2 or 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Genera 9, species 200, chiefly tropical. They are of no known use. GENERA. * Stamens (4 or 6) twice as many as the petals. (Scape T to 12-ribbed).......... ErnOCAULON. 1 + Stamens 3, as many as the petals. (Scape 5-ribbed, puberulent.)............ PSPALANTnIUS. 2 S* tamens 3, and no petals. Scape 5-ribbed, short, hairy....................LACINOCAULON. 3 1. ERIOCAU'LON, L,. PIPEWORT. (Gr.:ptov, wool, Itavu6p, stem.) Flowers 98, collected into an imbricated head; involucre of many bracts; 8 in the disk (rarely mixed); perianth double; sepals 3, subregular; petals united to near the summit; stamens twice as many as the petals; Y in the margin; perianth double; sepals 3, petals 2 or 3, distinct; stamens 0; ovary sessile or stipitate; style 1, stigmnas 2 or 3; capsule 2 or 3-seeded.- 2~ Acaulescent. Lvs. grass-like, flat, tufted at the base of the slender, simple, one-headed, fluted scape. (Fls. 4-parted in one species.) 1 B. decangulSre L. Scope tall, slender, marked with 10 ribs and furrows; ivs. linear-ensiform, suberect, half as long as the scape; bracts of the depressed involucre acute; chaff Cscuminate and tipped with a white fringe as well as the perianth. -Ponds, in pine barrens, S. States, common. Scape 1 to 3f high, very strict, clustered. Lvs. 6 to 16' high, 3 to 4" wide. Head 5" broad, very white with the fringes, the corollas tipped with black. J-1., Aung. 2 BE. gnaphaloides Mx. Scape tall, slender, mnarsked with 10 ribs and furrows; Ivs. ensiform, subulate, many times shorter than the scaope, spreading; invol. depressed; bracts obtusish; chaff acute, iwhite fiingned as well as thle perianth.Swampy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla., common. Scape mostly single, lf to 30' high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, 3 to 5" vwide, gradually tapering to an acute or setaccous point. Head similar to No. 1. Jn.-Aug. 3 D. septaanguNl.e Withering. Scape slender, 7-furrowed, short or tall, and weak according to the depth of the water; Ivs. lisear-setaceous, pellucid, 5-veined, very short; head smail, globular; bracts of the invol. obtuse.-In shallow water, Can. to N. J. and-Micli. Sts. clustered, 3' to 3f, filiform, reaching the surface of the water. Lvs. in a smrall tuft, submersed. H-lead 2 to 3" diam., white with the fringes of the compact flowers. JI., Aug. 2. PEPALAIN'THUS, Mart. (Gr.,rat7ri,d7 dust or powder, dvOog.) Flowers 3-partedl; stamens in the sterile flowers 3; stigmas in the fertile flowers 3; capsulle 3-seeded.-Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon, from which the genus was separated. 730 ORDER 154.-ERICAULONACEAE. P. flavidulus Kunth. Acaulescent, turfy; scapes numerous, filiform, 5-ribbed and furrowed, finely puberulent; lvs. linear-setaceous, many times shorter than the scapes; head globular; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, straw-colored, dry; fis. not fringed.-Wet, sandy barrens, Va. to Fla. Sts. 6 to 9' high, lvs. 1 to 2'. Heads 3" diam. with a straw-colored invol. and silvery white perianths. Apr.-Jn. (Eriocaulon Mx.) 3. LACHNOCAU'LON, Kunth. (Gr. idXvo?, wool, Kavi6fo, stem.) Flowers and infiorescence as in Eriocaulon; 8 calyx 3-sepaled; corolla 0; stamens 3; anthers 1-celled, filament united below;? calyx 3sepaled; corolla reduced to a tuft of hairs surrounding the 3-seeded ovary. -abit of Eriocaulon. L. Michauixii KIunth. Wet, sandy plains, Va. to Fla. Scapes 1 to 5' high, numerous, 5-ribbed, filiform, clothed with thin, spreading, woolly hairs. Lvs. linear-subulate, about 1' long, tufted. Head very small (1" diam.), globular, greenish-white. Apr., May. (Eriocaulon villosum Mz.) OaDiB 155.-CYPERACOEzE. 731 CLASS IV. GLUMIFERiE. Plants of the endogenous structure, having the flowers invested with an imbricated perianth of alternate glumes instead of sepals and petals, and collected into spikelets, spikes or heads. The Class is equivalent to the COHORT 7. GRAMINOIDE2E. ORDETR CLV. CYPERACEAE. THE SEDGES. Herbs grass-like or rush-like, with fibrous roots and solid culms. Leaves mostly linear, channeled, arising from entire or tubular sheaths. Flowers spiked, perfect or diclinous, one in the axil of each glume. Perianth none, or represented by a few hypogynous bristles (setce), or a cup-shaped or a sac-shaped perigyniu7r. Slamens definite (1 to 12), mostly 3. Anth. fixed by their base, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous, erect ovule. forming in fruit a utricle. Emnbryo enclosed in the base of the albumen. GeLera 120, species 2000. The Sedges abound in almost all climes of the globe, and in all localities, but are more common in the mea(dows, marshes and swamps of the temperate zones. About 40 genera and 400 species are known in North America. P'iopeities.-They are ill generlal little used for food or in the arts. Their coarse herbage is often eaten by cattle, but they irne nearly destitute of the sweet and nutritious properlties of the grasses. The leaves of somne of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks, and in wveaving the bottomls of chairs. Yet, althoighl of so little apparent value, their vast numbers authorize the belief that they subservse many highly important ends in the economy of nature. TRIBES AND GENERA. ~ ToIsB, 1. CYPERE,,_T. Glumes distychous (2-rowed). Flowers perfect. (t) * Inflrscence axillary. Perigynitum or perianth of 6 to 10 setT............ DUrLIcnIUM. 1 * Inflorescence terional. Perigyninim mione. —Spikes 2 to Co-flowered.........CwvrIsPus. 2 -Spikes 1-flonwered, capitate.... KYLLINGIA. 3 ~ TnIE 2. SCIRPErE. Glumes imbricated in several rows, each (except sometimes the low-est) flower bearing. InAfloescence wholly terminal or wholly lateral (never both). Flowers perfect. (*) * Perianth of 3 ovate petals and (often) of 3 setia...............................FUIRENA. 4 * Perianth of 3 to co hypogynous setue. (a) a Acheniumn crowned with. a tubercle. Spike solitary, terminal...........]ELEOCIImRIS. 5 a Achenium not tuber.-Setee 3 to 6, short, or else tawny. Spikes 1 to Co...SciPPus. 6 -Setrr Co (rarely 6), long, white, cottony....... Eniopniom.uM. r! * Perianth 0.-Style 2-cleft, smooth.-Spikes 2 to 3, lateral................t. aTlcicemx c r1m'. t. 8 -Spikes Ca, in a terminal head........LlrocAR'IIA. 9 -Style 2-cleft, ciliolate. Spikes 5 to 10, terminal.............FrImBRIsTlIsm. 9 -Style 0-cleft, simsooth. Aclenium 3-angled.,c............TrcIILosTYmI.m. 10 ~ TRIn 3. 3I. TIHYNCIIOSPOIREE. Glumes imbricated in several rows, many of the lowest empty. Infliloescence both terminal aindaxillary (except in No. 12). Flowers perfect or diclinous. (c) C Achenila cronwned with the persistent style or its bulbous base. (d) d Perianth none (ino set.). —Spikes diffusely c.ymous. _...............PsYLOCARYA. 11 -Spikes capitate. Bracts colored...........DIcIoENA. 12 d Perianthl of set.. —Achen. tuberculate w-ith the base of the style....hI'rYNciOSPOroA. 13 -Achelnic mnl horned with the entire long style... CEmRATOSCI1(ENUs. 14 c Achenia not tuberculate, —brown like the scales. Setse none...............nCLoAnum. 15 — vhite or whitis!, clustaceous. Seta none.......SOcLemA. 1f6 '732 ORaER 155.-CYPERACE. E. ~ TRins 4. CARICEiE. Glumes imbricated or alternate. Setm 0. Perianth (perigyninm) of united scales, sac-like, enclosing the acheninm. Style 2 or 3cleft. Flowers diclinous........................................................CAREx. 17 1. DULICH'IUM, Rich. (Gr. 6v&o two, XetXov, scale; the glumes are in two rows.) Spikes linear-lanceolate, subcompressed; glumes sheathinlg, closely imbricated in 2 rows; style long, bifid, the persistent base crowning the compressed achenium; ovary invested with 6 to 9 barbed set *.. — 2 St. leafy. Spikes sessile, alternately arranged in 2rowed, axillary racemes. D. spathaceum Pers. Marshes, borders of streams, U. S. and Can. St. round, leafy, and somewhat 3-sided above, thick, sheathed below. Lvs. alternate, pointing 3 ways, 2 to 4' by 3". Sheaths tubular, shorter than the internodes. Clusters axillary from withiin the sheaths, and terminal, each consisting of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate, alternate spikes in 2 rows. Spikes 5 to 7-flowered, nearly an inch in length. Glumes linear-lanceolate. Aug. 2. CYPE'RUS, L. GALINGALE. SEDGE. (Gr. tcVretpoq, the ancient name.) Spikes compressed, distinct, many-flowered; glumes imbricated in 2 opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed; flowers without setam; stamens 3, rarely fewer; style 3-fid (rarely 2-fid), deciduous.-Mostly 24. St. simple, leafy at base, mostly triangular, bearing an involucrate, simple or compound head or umbel at top. ~ Pycarus. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lens-shaped. Spikes flat, 10 to 30-flowered.-Stamens 2 (partly 3 in No. 1)................................................Nos. 1-S -Stamens always........................................................... N os. 4. 5 ~ CYPERJus. Style 3-cleft. A chleninin 3-angled. Spikes flattened or teretish, 5 to 40flowered, the one lowest glumne empty. (*) * Culmn with many joints, teretish, and with leafless sheaths at base................... No. 6 * Culm jointless, triquetrous, and with leaves below. (a) a Pair of scales within each gluine fiee, persistent. HIeads dense........... N...... No. 7 a Pair of scales adnate to the rachis, or wanting. (b) b Spikes racemously arranged along the racllis. Stamens 3. (c) c Spikes 10 to 20-flowel ed, the clusters 2-irowed....................... Nos. 8, 9 C Spikes 5 to 7-floered, the clusters 2-rowed.......................... No, 10 C Spikes 5 to 10-flowered, clusters many-rowed. (d) d Spikes terete or tetrligonal..........................Nos. 11, 12 d Spikes flattened, linear or lanceolate........................ iNos. 13-15 b Spikes capitate on the summiiit of the rachis. (e) e Glumes with recurvetl points. Stamen 1 only..N.................Nos. 16, 17 e Glumes with erect points. Stamen 1 only........................... No. 18 e Glumes with erect points. Stamens 3. (f) f Umbel simple. —Spikes terete, few-flowered....................... No. 19 -Spikes flattish, 6 to 10-flowered.............. No. 20, 21 -Spikes fiat, 12 to 40-flowered..................... No. 22 f Umbel compound. Spikes 6 to 30-flowered.................. Nos. 23-25 ~ MAtscilCs. Style 3-cleft. Achenium 8-angled. Spikes teretish, 1 to 4-flowered, in dense lieads, the 2 lowest glumes empty.................................... Nos. 26, 27 1 C. didindrus Torr. Culms slender, reclining, 4 to 10' high; umbel contracted, of 2 to 5 short, unequal rays; spikes flat, ovate or oblong, 12 to 24-flowered, obtusish, fascicled at the top of the rachis; glumes obtusish, 1-veined, membranous, green on the keel, the sides rust-colored in various shades; stam. mostly 2; sty. 2-cleft, exserted; ach. obovate, dull.-Marshy grounds, N. E. to W. States, common. A handsome Sedge. Scales 5 to 8" long, near 2' wide. Aug. C. CASTANEUS. Scales of a dark chestnut color, shining, coriaceous, closely imbricated; styles scarcely exserted. y. PAucIFLo-RUs. Spikes very short, 5 to 9-flowered; glumes chestnut brown, with yellowish margins; lvs. linear-setaceous.-N. Ohio. 2 C. Nuttdllii Torr. Culms triquetrous, tufted, 4 to 12' high; rays few and short, loose; spikes (2 to 6" long) linear-lanceolate, flattened, very acute, 10 to 20flowered; scales acute, loosely imbricated, yellowish-brown; starn. 2; ach. oblongobovate, obtuse, with a half 2-cleft style. —Brackish meadows, Mass. to La. Lvs mostly shorter than the culms. Invol. of 4 leaves, 2 of them very long. Spilkes 6 to 12" long, in loose, irregular urnbels. Aug. OaiER 155.-CYPERACEAE. 733 fp. hrrus. Invo]. of 1 or 2 lvs. Spikes 1 or 2, 10 to 12-flowered; glumes loosely imbricated, acute; stam. 1.-Culm and lvs. setaceous.i: N. J. (Torr.) 3 C. Gatesii Torr. Culm 8 to 12' hich, slender, obtusely 3-angled; umbel of 6 to 8 distinct, very unequal rays; spikes alternate, rather remote, linear-lanceolate, 10 to 12-flowered, the lowest compound; scales acute, loose, pale straw-yellow; stam. 2; sty. deeply 2-cleft; ach. obovate, obtuse, dull, dark gray.-Near Mobile, Ala. (Gates, in Torr. Cyp.). Plant pale green. Invol. about 3-leaved. 4 C. flavdscens L. Culm 4 to 10' high, leafy below; umbel of 2 to 4 short rays; spikes linear, obtusish, 15 to 20 or 30-flowered; glumes obtuse, straw-color, broadovate, 1-veined; stam. 3; sty. deeply 2-cleft; ach. suborbicular, dark brown, shining. —MarsLhy grounds, U. S., common in Penn. (Jackson). Lvs. about as high as the culns. Spikes 5 to 9"! long, 1-'" wide, in crowded fascicles of 3 to 6 on each short rachis. Aug. 5 C. flavichmus Mx. Culm 1 to 3f high, 3-angled; invol. 3 to 5-leaved, very long; umlbel sornewhat compound, of many (4 to I) spreading rays; spikes numerous, lance-linear, divaricate, loosely 12 to 30-flowered; glumes very obtuse, brownish yellow, green and 3-veined on the keel, wit7h a broad, white-scarions margin; stam. 3; sty. short, 2-cleft; ach. obovate, blackish.-Bogs, also in dry soils, Va. to Fla. Spikelets 7 to 10" long. Glumes somewhat truncate and emarginate. May-Sept. 6 C. articuiAtus L. JOINTED SEDGE. Culm 2 to 6f high, with internal joints, and several leafless sheaths towards the base; l-vs. none or sheath-like; umbel compound, loose, with about 5 rays; invol. 2 or 3-leaved, short, spikes linearsubulate, alternate, 14 to 20-flowered; glumes lanceolate, obtusish, with a green keel, membranous sides, white, with red dots; st-am. 3; sty. 3-cleft; ach. acutely 3-angled. —River swamps, S. States. Rt. jointed, creeping. Jn.- -Aug. 7 C. eruthrorhizos Muhl. Culm 2-3f high, obtusely triquetrous, longer than the leaves; urmbel compound; rays 5-9, 3-4' long, each with 3-4 sessile clusters; sheaths entire; spikelets very numerous, 6" long, crowded and spreading in the oblong subsessile (heads) clusters, a little flattened, about 13-flowered; outer glumes mucronate, closely imbricated, chestnut-brown, veinless and shining, the inner ones entirely free from the rachis; sta. 3; ach. smooth and shining, much shorter than the glume. —Wet grounds Penn. and Southern States. 8 C. H-dra MI. NUTT GRASS. Culm 6 to 12' to 2f high, 3-angled; lvs. shorter than the culm; umbel simple, 3 or 4-rayed, rays nearly as long as the involucre; spikes linear, alternate and 2-rowed on the rachis, 14 to 24-flowered; glumes ovate, vei~ness, acute, separate at the tips, of a fine purple brown; stam. 3; sty. 3-cleft, much exserted; ach. 3-angled.-Sandy fields, Va. to Fla, and La. Very troublesome in cotton fields. lRhizomes creeping and branching extensively, bearing tubers. Spikes 6 to -12" long. Apr.-J1. 9 C. phymat6des lMuhl. Culm 1-2f high, 3-angled, striate; lvs. subradical, as long as the stem; umbel 4-6-rayed; rays often branched, bearing 12-20 linear, obtuse spikelets somewhat in 2 rows; sheaths obliquely truncate, involueels 0; spikelets 12-20-flowered, G6-8" long, the lowest generally fasciculate; glumes veiny, yellowishz.- - Moist fields, N. Y. to Wis. and S. States. Rhizomes creeping, bearing small, round tubers at the ends. May-Aug. 10 C. dissitifibrus Torr. Culms slender, tumid at the base, 1 to 2f high; lvs. narrow, nearly radical; umbel 3 to 5-rayed, suberect, half as long as the involucre; spikes qremotely alternate, subdistychous on the slender rays, teretish, slender, 5 to 7-flowered, 6" to 1' long; glumes lance-oblong, acute; ach. brown, 3-angled. -E. Tenn.? to La. Plant slender, erect. Rays of the umbel 1 to 3' long. Spikes divaricate and reflexed. Aug. 11 C. MichauxiAnus Schultes. Culm acutely triangular; umbel compound, with short rays; spikelets 6-9-flowered, the lower ones compound; rachis very broad, easily separating at the joints; ova. ovoid-triangular, enfolded by the interior, adnate scales. — 1 Brackish swamps, generally near the sea, Middle and Southern States. Stem 12-15' high, reddened at the base, longer than the leaves. Spikelets 9" long, 7-9-flowered. 12 C. tetragonuts Ell. Culm 2 to 3f high; ]vs. shorter, channeled, serrulate on the margins and keel; umbel many-rayed, involuceLs none; clusters oblong-cylin 7 34 ORDER 155.-CYPERACEA.E. dric; spikes 3 to 5-flowered, with a broad rachis and distinctly 4-angled; glumes slightly mucronate; ach. oblong, 3-angled. —Marshes, S. Car. to Fla. (Elliott. Baldwin.) 13 C. strig6sus L. Culm triquetrous, leafy only at base; lvs. broad-linear, rouglhmargiued, about as long as the stem; umbel sorne complEouzd, with elongated rays and oblong, loose clusters, their sheaths 3-bristled; involucels 0 or setaceous; spikelets numerous, linear-subulate, spreading horizontally, 8 —10-flowered, 7-9" long; invol. of about 6 leaves, the 2 outer ones very long.-W — et grounds, U. S., frequent. Stem 1 —2f high, bulbous at base. Umbel yellowish. Sept. S3. sPECISUS. Umbel compound, the partial urabels with leaf-like involucels. (C. speciosus Vahl.) 14 C. sten6lepis Torr. Culm 2 to 3f lihll, slender, 3-angled; umbel simple, of' or 4 elongated rays; invol. 3 or 4-leaved; ochrece (sheatlls) truncate, pointless; spikes crowded, spreading or reflexed, linear, flattened, 5 to 8-flowered, in ovoid clusters; glumes distant, lance-linear, veined; ach. linear-oblong. —N. Car. to Ga. and Tenn. Spikes 6 to 8" long, of a dusky yellow. 15 C. Schweinfltzii Torr. Culm 8&-1' high, triquetrous, rough on the angles; Ivs. shorter than thel:l stein, about a line wide; umbel simlile, erect, 4 —6-rayed, rays elongated, unequal; sheaths truncate, cnitie; invol. 3 —-lecaved, longer than the leaves, scabrous on the margin; spikelets 6 —7, alternate, approximate, in cy/indric clusters, 6 —8-flowered, weith a smalln,.'et:c,ols biact at the base of eacl; scales membrlanaceous on the margin; sta:. 3; st}. 3-cleft, scarcely longer than the smooth achenia.-Shore of L. OntarIio (Sartwrell) of Lake Elie (Sullivant) to Arik. 16 C. infl.6cus Muh]. Culm setaceous, leafy at base, 2 —3 high; lvs. equaling the stern; uminbel 2-3-rayed; or conglomnerito and simple; invol. of 3 long leaves; spikelels oblong, 8-1-2-flowered, 10-20 togetherll, densely crowded into the ovoid heads; glumes yellowish, veined, squarrous-uncinate at tip; sta. 1.-Banks of streams. Free States and British Provinces. Aug., Sept. 17 C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Culm 3 to 12' high, slender, obtusely triquetrous; lvs. erect, radical, as long as the stem; unmbel 1-6-rayed; invol. 3 —4leaved, very long- rays unequal, each with a golobous head of 15 —-40 spikelets; spikcltds 3-11", oblong-linear, obtuse, 5-25- lowered; ils. very regularly imbricated in 2 rows;'lumes acute, with thc point recurved; sta. 1; ach. dull-grayish. -Ill. (AMad.) and Westward. 18 C. vi-reis AMx. Clm to 4f 1i t h, stout, 3-antflu tid; i:s. reeacely as long, strongly keeled, rough-edged; ubilcl compound. wit!l a to 7 very unequal rays; invol. of 4 or more leabves, very Iong, involuce]s l'afvy; spikes ovate, inll dnse, globular heads, flattened, 10 to 20'-flowered; glumes acute, greenish' stl.im. 1; ach. 3-anmled, acute at each end.-Swamps, S. S tates. S pikes o to 5" lonlg. Nut dull yellow. (0. vegetus E-ll. Torn.) 19 C. echin'it-as. Culm 10' to 2flligh, 3-angoled, bulbous at hbas; I.vs. numerous, rather shorter; ixivol. 6 to 10-leaved, lon"; umbel simple, 6 to 10 r.,yed; spikes short, teretish, acute, 3 to 6-flowered, ill dense, globulr heads; pi.liues striate, tawny, appressed; stam. 3; ach. obovat.- Dry fields, S. States. loot with numerous fibrcs. Ptlant very leaify. Spik es 2 to 5't loung, with a broad rachis. (C. Bslldawinii Torr. }tMariscus, Ell.) 20 C. Gr;yii Torr. Culrn 8-1 2' hlig', filiform, obtusely triangular, eiectc, tuberous at base; Ivs. racical, channeled, about'" x wide; umbel 4-6-crayed ccpliiary, erect, spreading; sheaths truncate; hds. loose, of 6-8 spikelets; spikeleia lineaer cornpressed, 8 —-flowered; scales ovate, veinud, obtuse, imlricatic, ilteLior ones lanceolate; sta. 3; sty. 3-cleft; acll. obovate-triquetrous, -o tl length oh the scale, gray, dotted. —Sandy fields, Mass. to. J. Sept. 21 C. filicdtlmis VahI. Culbn slender, almost filiform, tuberou:; at base, 8-12' long, leafy only at base; lvs. mostly radical, cilearilate; mu-bel splel and sessi/e, or scl'th 1 or 2 rays; spikes linear-lanceolate, 3-8-flowerecd, flattened when old, collected.into g'lobous heads; glurnes remote, loose, ovate, ycllovish.-Dry, rockl-y hills, N. Eng. to Fla., AW. to Ill. Aug. (C. Inriscoicldes Ell.) 22 C. cornprdssus L. Culm naLked, 3-anged, 3 to 8' hilh, tumid at base; urabel se sile or simple annd fsew-rayed, rays spreading; spikes lanceolate, 2-odgld, ORDER 155.-CYPERACERE. 7 35 12 to 40-flowered, loosely aggregated in heads; rachis winged; glumes ovate, slightly veined, acuminate, yellowish, very acutely keeled; stam. 3; ach. obovate, 3-angled, shining.-Dry fields, S. States. Spikes 6 to 12" long, sharply serrated by the projecting points of the glumes. Root fibrous. 23 C. dentAtus Torr. Culm about If high, leafy at base, triquetrous; lvs. a little shorter than the stem, strongly keeled; umbel compound, 6-10-rayed; invol of 3 unequal leaves, one of them longer than the umbel; spikes 3 on each peduncle, 3-,'lance-ovate, fiat, 8 (rarely 5 to 30)) flowered; glumes acute, spreading at the points, giving the spikes a serrated alppearance; sty. 3-cleft; ach. triangular.- - Swamps, Mass., to N. Y. and Fla. Rhizome creeping, bearing tubers. Spikes lften morbidly enlarged. 24 C. Lec6ntii Torr. Culm 3-anoled 1 to 2f high, leafy at base; lvs. linear, about the same height; invol. 3 to 6-lvd., longer than the umbel; umbel compound, many-rayed; spikes oblong, obtuse, fiat, in small digirato clusters, 20 to 40fiowered; glumes closely irnbricated, acute, yellowish, thle points obtusish, callous, scarcely separated; stam. 3.-Fla.! to La. An elegant species. Spikes 4 to 1" by 2". Rhizome creeping. 25. C. leptos Schultes. Culm weak, 1 to 2f high, 3-angled; lvs. radical, shorter; umbel compound or decompound, of nuawerous (12 to 15) filiform rays, with a short, 2-leaved involucre; spikes 3 to 5 in each loose head, lance-linear, 12 to 20-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled, the keel green, sides yellow with 2 red lines.-Damp soils, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Spikes 3 to 4" long. Sept., Oct. (C. gracilis Muhl.) 26 C. ovularis Vahl. Culm acutely 3-angled, nearly naked, 6 to 16' high; lvs. shorter, nearly smooth; umbel simple; rays 3" to 2' long; hds. 1 to 5, globular, one sessile, the rest on the spreading rays; spikes linear-subulate, 3" long, 50 to 100 in each head; fls. 2 to 4, 1 or 2 fertile; invol. 3 or 4-leaved, outer lvs. very long; glumes ovate, obtuse, greenish, the two lowest empty.-Bogs and low grounds, M, PV. and S. States, common. Aug., Sept. (Mariscus Vahl. Kyllingia Mx.) 27 C. retrofra.ctus Vahl. Culm obtusely triangular, nearly leafless, pubescent, 2 to 3f high; lvs. pubescent, 3 to 4" wide, about half as long as the stem; umbels simple; rays unequal, long, 6 to 8; invol. 3 to 5-leaved; bracts unequal, not longer than the rays; spikes 70 to 100, subulate, 1-flowered, finally retrorsely imbricate into obovate heads; 2 lower glumes empty. —Mid., IW. and S. States, rare northward. Aug., Sept. 3. KYLLIN'GIA, L. (In honor of Peter Irylling, a Danish botanist.) Spikes compressed; scales about 4, the 2 lowest short and empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower; stamens 1 to 3; style long, 2cleft; achenia lenticular.-Sts. triangular. I-Ids. sessile, solitary or aggregated, involucrate. 1 K. pulmila lMx. Caespitous; culm 2 to 12' high, slender; lvs. mostly radical, shorter than the stem, smooth; hds. generally solitary, sometimes triple, closely sessile, oval or oblong; invol. 3-leaved, 1 to 2' long; spikes 1-flowered, very numerous, about 2" long; the lowest glume or glumes very small; sta. always 2; ach. lens-shaped, fulvous.-Wet banks, Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant) to Ill. (Lapham) and S. States. Variable. Aug. K. sesquiflora Torr. is a taller form, with triple heads. (Florida, Chapman.) 4. FUIRE'NA, Rotboll. CLOT-GRASS. (In honor of George Fairen, a Dutch botanist.) Glumnes imbricated on all sides into a spike, awned below the apex; petaloid scales 3, cordate, awned, unguiculate, investing the achenium, which is abruptly contracted to a stipe at base.- 2 St. angular, leafy. Spikes umbeled or capitate, axillary and terminal. 1 P. squarr6sa Ms. Culm 1 to 2f high, obtusely triangular, sulcate; lvs. flat, ciliate, shorter than the stem; sheaths hispid-pilous; spikes clustered, ovoid, mostly terminal, i to 12; awns nearly as long as the glumes; petals ovate, cuspl 7 36 ORDER 155.-CYPERACEE. date with a short bristle; ach. twice the length of the stipe.-Bogs and swamps, Mass. to Mich., S. to Fla. and La.,3. PUMILA. Culm a few (3 to 6) inches high, spikes 1, 2 or 3; glumes ovatelanceolate, with short awns; petaloid scales ovate-lanceolate. 2 F. hispida Ell. Culmr triangular, sulcate, hispid above, 2 to 3f high; lvs. linear, 5 to 8' long, flat, hispid-pubescent, with very hifspid sheaths; spikes 3 to 12, in clusters of 3 to 6, ovoid-oblong, mostly terminal; awns longer than the glumes, spreading-recurved; petals ovate, mucronate; stanm. 3, scarcely longer than the corolla; sty. twice as long as the stamens.-Car. to Fla. and La. Differs from No. 1 chiefly in its hairiness. 3 F. scirpoidea Mx. Culm slender, i to 2f high, 3-angled, striate, leafless, but with several sheaths;.spikes 1 to 6, ovoid, terminal, dingy brown, not squarrous; glumes shor-t aowned or cuspidate; petals ovate, shorter than the claws; stam. 3; ach. triangular, pointed at both ends.-S. Ga. and Fla. Rhizome creeping. He-ads as large as the white bean. 5. ELEGOCI'ARIS, R. Br. SPIKED RUST. (Gr;~io~, a marsh, XapO, to rejoice; plants delighting in marshy grounds.) Spikes terete glumes imbricated all around; bristles of the perigynium mostly 6 (3 to 12) rigidc, persistent; style 2 to 3-cleft, articulated to the ovary; achenium. crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent, bulbous base of the style.-Mostly 2f. St. simple, leafless. Spike solitary, terminal. ~ LIMINOCILOA. Spike cylindrical, elongated (1/), glumes rounded, pale, spirally arranged. Culrlms stout, 2 to 4f high...................................................os. 1, 2 ~ ELEOCIIARIS. Spikes ovoid or 1anceolate. teretely imnbricate (*). * Spike lance-oblong, length thrice greater than th e diameter (a). a Culms tereto (1 to 2f). Spike rusty brovn, 5 to 10// long....................No. 8 a Cualns flattened, hair-like or three-I-like, narrower than spike............N. os. 4, 5 a Culnls 3-angled, stout, as broad as the spike. Lvs.? floating...............No. 6 * Spike ovoid-oblong, length less than tlhrice the diamneter (b). b Spikes greenish white, lobous-ovoid, 2 to long. South...............Nos. 7, 8 b Spikes brown, or the glumes brown in the center (c). Culmns 4 or 5-angled, 2 to 12' high................N............ Nos. 9, 10 C CullIs terete, 8 to 14' high........................................ Nos. 11, 12 o Culms fiat. —Bristles 4 to 6, longer than the acheninm...............os. 13, 14 -— Bristles few, shorter than the ach. or none.............. Nos. 15, 16 ~ CH1ETOCYPERUS. Spike flat, glumes imnbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Culcns capillary,-l to S' high, nevcr I)roli:tiroui: at tfle tol).............................. Nos. 17, 18 -5 to 12' long, often prolileroas at tle top..os. 19, 20 1 E. equisetoides Tori. Cualr about 2f high, papdllos, terete, 2-3" dian., with about 20joiants, produced by inerenal, transverse p2artitions sheath radical, obtuse, membranous;.spike oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slighlltly contracted at base; glumes roundish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse; bristles 6, as long as the achenium; sty. 3-cleft; ach. brown, sllining.-Bogs, Cumlberland, I. 1. (Oluey), Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetum hyemale. 2 E. quadrangulbta R.. Br. Cvlm 2-4f high, acutely and unequally quadraigulale, the broadest side convex, the others concave; sheaths radical, ]urplish; spike 1' or more in length; gluames roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous; bristles 6; ach. obovate, of a dull h-llite. —Penn., Md. (RPobbins),to Ga. and La. In swamps and inundated banks. 3 E. palistris R. Br. Rhizonles creeping; culms subterete (slihhtly 4-sided below), spongy, 9' to 2f himli, varying firom filiform to I-'" diam. spikes oblonglanceolate, rather obtuse, 3 to 6 to 10" long, many-flowered; glumes oblongovate, obtuse, rusty or tanvuy brown, vith a broad, locse, scarious nmargin, the low est enlarged; ach. oboeyate, smooth, shining, aellowvish.. cAL.. ristles none; culms filiform. —W. N. Y. (E. calva Torr.). 4 E. intermndia Shultes. Tufted culms setaceous, diffulse, compressed, furrowed, hard, wiry, 6 to 8' long; si-ke lanlce-ozcte, acute, 2 to 3" long, I to 9-7lowered; glumes, lance-ovate, acute, reddish-brown, ith a green nidvein; bristles 6. white, longer than the achenium; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate. attenuated to the base, striate, of a liglht brown color. —In running nwater, forming a dense turf, N. HI. to Ga., W. to Ohio. J1. ORDER 155.-CYPERACEA. 73 7 5 E. tricostAta Torr. Culmfiliform, flattened, striate, 1 to 2f high; spike cylindric-oblong, dense-flowered, 6 to 9" long; glumes ovate, obtuse, rusty brown, with a broad, scarious margin and a green midvein; bristles 0; ach. obovate, with 3 prominent, thick angles, roughish, brown, crowned with a whitish, minute tubercle; style 3-cleft.-Wet places, N. J. to Fla. 6 E. Robbfnsii Oakes. Culms clustered, 9-25' high, rigid, sharply triangular, pale green, several of them fruitless; sheath truncate; spike 3-12" long, scarcely thicker than the stem, placed 2 —5" below its apex; glumes 3-9, linear-lanceolate, acute, finally brownish; bristles 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. 1" long, pale brown; tubercle closely sessile.-Ponds and ditches, N. II. and Mass. (Ricard). Very distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as fine as hairs. J1. 7 E. capithta Brown. Culm filiform, furrowed, angular, 4; to 6', in tufts; spike globular-ovoid, 2" long, greenish white; glumes 12 to 15, oblong, obtuse; bristles 6, some of them a little exceeding the ach., which is broadly obovate, lens-shaped, black, shining, crowned with a minute, depressed tubercle; style 2cleft. —Wet places, Ga., Fla. to La. 8 E. ilbida Torr. Culm filiform, terete, striate, sulcate on one side, 8 to 12'; spike ovoid, acute, 2 to 3" long; glumes 20 to 30, whitish, ovate, rather acute: bristles 6, brown, longer than the chestnut-colored, smooth, broad-ovate ach.; tubercle small, acute; style 3-cleft.-Wet, sandy places, Ga., Fla. to La. Known at sight by its whitish heads. Sheaths very short. 9 E. olivAcea Torr. Culns ccespitous, 2-4' high, slender, subcompressed, sulcate, soft: spike ovate, acutish, 2-3" long, 20-30-flowered; glumes ovate, obtuse, reddish-brown, with scarious edges and a green midvein, the lowest largest; bristles 6; sty. 2-cleft; ach. broadly obovate, smooth, of a dull, blackish-olive color when ripe.-Sands, generally partly submersed, Providence, R. I. (Olney) Mass. to Ga. 10 E. t6nuis Schultes. Culm almost filiform, quadrangular, the sides sulcate, 8-15', with a long, purple sheath at base; spike 2 to 3" long, elliptic-oval, acute at each end; glumes dark purple, ovate, obuse, the lower ones larger and empty; ova. roundish, tapering below, invested with 2 or 3 or 0 sette.-Common in wet places, Can. and U. S. Jn., JI. 1L1 U. obtuisa Schultes. Culm sulcate, subterete, 6-15' high; spike ovoid, very obtuse, often nearly globous; glumes 60 to 100, round, dark brown, with whitish margins; ach. obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 setse as long as the glumes, and crowned with a broad, flat tubercle.-Shallow waters. Can. and U. S., common. J1. 12.' tuberculbsa R. Br. Culm columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed at base; spike ovate-lanceolate, acutish, glurzes very obtuse, loose; ach. somewhat triquetrous, not larger than the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned; bristles 6, as long as the tubercle.-Sandy swamps, N. Eng. to Flor. and La. Remarkable for its large tubercle. J1. 13 E. simplex Torr. Culm acutely 3-angled (terete Torr.), filiform, striate, 12 to 18'; spike ovoid, acutish; scales ovate, obtuse, whitish with, a brown center; bristles 6, rigid, longer than the ach., which is broad-obovate, furrowed lengthwise, olive-green, crowned with a large, distinct, conic-beaked tubercle; style 3cleft.-Wet places, N. Car. to Fla. and La. 14 B. rostelld'ta Torr. Culm 15-20', clustered, angular and sulcate, slender, almost filiform, rigid; sheaths obliquely truncate, the lowest blackish at summit; spike lance-ovate, acute, 3-4" long; glumes 12-20, lance-ovate, smooth, light brown, edge scarious; bristles 4 to 6, longer than the smooth ach., which is biconvex, olive-brown, with a confluent, acuminate tubercle, shorter than the 6 bristles.-R. I. (Olney), N. Y. (Sartwell), to AMich. 15 E. melanocdrpa Torr. C'ulm compressed, furrowed, slender, almost fillforzm, wiry, i2-18' high; sheaths truncate; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4 —6" in length, 20-40-flowered; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins and a prominent, yellowish midvein; bristles 3, purple; ach. obovate-turbinate, blackish; tubercle broad, flat, pointed in the center.-Providence, R. I. (Olney). 16 E. compressa Sullivant. Culm 12-18' high, ceespitous, much compressed, 47 ORDER 155.-CYPERACEA{. narromvsy linear, striate; sheath close, truncate; spike oblong-ovate, 3 —5" in length, 20-30-flowered; glumes ovate-]anceolate, acute, mostly 2-cleft at apex, dark purple on the back, with a broad, scarious margin, briustles 0; ach. obovatepyriformn shining, minutely punctate, of a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercle fhscous.-Wet places N. Y. to Ill. 17 El. acicularis R. Br. CiulmZ leafless. setaceous, quadrangular, very slender, 3 —6' high; spike compressed, oblono-ovate, acute, 4 —8-flowered; glunmes obtusish, the loswest one larger and empty; ach. obovoid, triangfular, striated lengthNwise.-Edges ol ponds, often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. rely delic.ate. June, July. 18 E. pigmnea Torr. Clnm 1-2' high, setaceous, comlpressed, suicate; spikes ovate, cormpressed, 3 -6-fid.; gl. mostly empty; bristles 6, longer than the.achenllium, slende,; scabrous backawards; ach. ovate, acr,-Ie, tciangular, smootleh, not striate, wllitish and shining; tubercle minutc.-Sea coast,,:[tass., to Fila. and La. 19 E. mnicrocarpa Torr. Culm capillary, 4-an!led, 5 to 8; long; spike oblong, comnpressed, 10 to 20-flowered, about 2" long', oftenl prolifbrous; glumes ovate, alcutish, keeledl, chestnut brown, the lowest much the largest, bristles 3 to 5, shorter than thle achiniulm which is minute: smooth, vhitish, with a very minute tubercle.-Wet places, N. J., also La. 20 E. prolifera Torr. Culms capillary, 4-angled and furrowved, 4 to 12' long, in dense tufts; spike qzinute, 1 to 29' lony, compressed, 4 to G-flowered; glumres ovate, chestnut brown, with scarious margins, often proliferous. that is, producing new culmns instead of flowers; bristles 3 or 4, rrmuch shorter than the acheriunm wahich is 3-angled and awith a broad, depressed tubercle.-Fla.' to Ia. (Halle). (Cllatocyperus Baldwinii Torr.) 6. SCIR'PUS, L. CLU1- RUSHI. BULLRUSH. (Celtic cits, the general name for rushes.) (Glumes inibricated on all sides; pelioyniiuin of 3-6 bristles, persistent; sty. 2-3-cleft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous; achenium biconvex or trianogular o 2 Stems mostly tliquctrous, simple, rarely leafless. Spikes solitary, conglenlated or coryimbous. Scius. Bristles retrorsely denticulate. about equaling the achenlieum. (") * Spike single, terminal, with short, erect blract at its base......................Nos. 1 —3 * Sl)ikes several or niany clustered( onl each ceulir. (a) a Clusters of spikes lateral-on tle terete, leafless culin....................Nos. 4, 5 — on the triangular culm........................Nos. 6 — a Clusters of spikes termiinal, inostly umbellate. (b) b Glumnes laceratelv.-toothed. Spikes large (9 to 1"/t loii).........Nos. 9, 10 b Glumes entire. —Spikes stnoal (1//), collected in globular heads....Nos. 11. 12 -Spikes stoall (2, to 3" loln), separate...............No. 13 TiicoPnoItum. Bristles 6;, tortuous, tawnyv, lmiuc lonicr than the acheniumn, ani( exserted. Stenm (culim) leaf. Umbel decompound............................ Nos. 14, 15 1 S. planiff1ius ~Muhl. Ceultm cespitous, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3angled, 5-10' high; lvs. broad-linear, flat, rough. on the margin, equaling the stem; spike oblong-lanceolate, compressed, termiinal,, 41-8-flowered; glumes ovatemucronate, yellowish; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer than the spike; acll. reddish-brown, invested withl 6 bristles longer than itself.[n cold, hard soils, Mass. (Robbins), N. Y. to Del. June. 2 S. subtermindlis Torr. Culnm- focating, fttrowed,, inflated, leafy below, 1 to 3f long; lvs. very narrow, almost capillary, 2 to 4f long; spike somewhat tse7r?ieczt (the stem being continued above it in the formn of a bract), lanceolate; style 2-cleft; bristles 6. —Streams, &c., Mass. to N. Y., Michl. Aug. 3 S. cEespitbsus L. Culm ccespilous, ~round, sheathed at base with numerous ru' dimev7ls of leaves; spikes compressed, terminal; 2 lower glumes involucre-like, as long as thle spike; ach. wvithl 6 bristles. —Grovws in dense tufts, 4-12' high. Spike 4-5-flowered, reddish-brown. On the alpine summits of Mts., N. States. J1. 4 S. d6bilis Purshll. Culm caespitous, roundish, deeply striate, 9 to 16' high, with a few subulate leaves at base; spikelets about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded, lateral, the culdm continuing a fourth of its length above them, glumes ovate, obtuse, carinate, pale green; ach. obovate, mucronate; bristles 4 or 5. —3Borders of ponds and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug. ORDER 155.-CYPERACEE. 739 5 S. lacuistris L. LAKE BULLRUSIH. Culm smooth, leafless, filled with a porous pith, 5 to 8f high, cylindric, tapering above the panicle, and abruptly ending in a short cusp; parnicle cymous near the tpp; ped. rough, twice compound; spikelets ovoid, closely imbricate; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent; bracts.shorter than the panicle.-The largest species of bullrush, frequenting the muddy margins of rivers and ponds, U. S. to Arc. Am. July. (S. acutus Muhl.) 6 S. pringens Vahl. Culm nearly naked, 3-angled, corners acute and two of the sides concave, about 3f high and ending in a sharp point; lvs. few and short, from the top of the sheath; spikes lateral, 1-5, ovate, crowded and sessile, at various distances below the point; glumes round-ovate, mucronate; bristles 6; style 2-cleft.-Ponds and marshes, fresh and salt, throughout N. America. (S. triqueter Mx.)7 S. Olneyi Gray. Culm triquetrous-winged, leafless, 2- 7fhigh; sheath radical, tipped with a short (1-2') leaf; spikes 6-12, sessile, aggregated, 2-3" long, placed 9-12" below the triangular apex of the stem; glumes roundish-ovate, mucronate; bristles 6-12; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbops at apex.-Salt marshes, Sekonk river, R. I. (Olney), Tom river, N. Y., KCneiskerrn. Remarkably distinguished by its 3-winged stem. July. 8 S. T6rreyi Olney. Culm 2f high, 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender, leafy at the base; Ivs. 2 or 3, If or more long, slender; spikes 2-4 (rarely le'sessile, distinct, acute, ovate-oblong; scales ovate, mucronate, smooth; sty. 3-cleft; ach. obovate, acuminate, unequally 3-sided, shorter than the bristles.-Borders of ponds, N. Eng. to Mich. The stem here as in the last, is prolonged above the spikes, in the form of an involucral leaf. Jl., Aug. (S. mucronatus Ph.? Torr.) 9 S. maritimus L. SEA BULLRUSH. Culm acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2-3f high; lvs. broad-linear, rough-edged, carinate, taller than the stem; spikes conglomerate, 6-10, nearly an inch long, corymbous; invol. of about 3 very long leaves; glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflexed; style 3-cleft; bristles 3-4, much shorter than.the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished achenium.-Salt marshes N. Eng. to Flor. Aug. 10 S. fluviatilis Gray. Culm triangular-winged, leafy, stout, 3 or 4f high; Ivs. broadly linear, very long; invol. lvs. 5 to 7, far exceeding the umbel; umbel somewhat compound, spikes separate or conglomerate, large (9 to 12" long), fulvous; glumes 3-cleft, bristles 6, whitish, longer than the sharply 3-angled, oblong, black achenium, which is tipped with a whitish beak.-Borders of lakes and rivers, W. N. Y. and W. States. JI., Aug. (S. maritimus, fl. fluv. Torr.) 11 S. atrovirens Muhl. Culm. obtusely triangular,, leafy, 2f high; cyme compound, proliferous; invol. of 3 leaf-like bracts longer than the cyme; spikes ovate, acute, crowded, 10 to 20 in a globous head; hds. numerous, 4" diam.; dark olive green; glumes ovate, mucronate; bristles 4, straight, hispid downward, as long as the smooth, white achenium.-Common in meadows, Mid. and W. States. Jn., Jl. Very different from S. sylvaticus L. of Europe. 12 S. polyphyllus Vahl. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy, 2-3f high; cyme decompound, its principal branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at base; sopikelets clustered in heads of 3-6; glumes obtuse, reddish-brown; ach. smooth, yellowish-white, twice shorter than the 4 or 5 smooth tortuous bristles.Much resembles the last species. Margins of waters, N. Eng., Ill. and S. States. (S. brunneus Muhl.) 13. S. divaricatus Ell. Culm obtusely triangular, very leafy, 3 to 4f high; lvs. fiat, broadly linear or lance-linear, 3 to 6" wide, shorter than the culm; umbel loose, large, decompound, rays filiform, divaricate, recurved; spikes all separate, pendulous, oblong-ovoid, 2 to 3" long, rust colored, pendulous; glumes many, acute; bristles tortuous, rather longer than the achenium which is tawny, elliptic3-angled, acute at each end. —W et barrens, S. Car. to La. (Hale). 14 S. Eri6phorum NMx. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy, 3 to 5f high, lvs. 2f long, rough-edged; irivol. 4 or 5-leaved, longer than the usnbel; umbel terminal, decompound, large and loose; spikes mostly pedicillate, 2 to 3" long, ovoid, inr smaller clusters; bristles 6, capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times as long as the white achenium. —A common, stiff rank, meadow sedge, which '740 ORDER 155.-CYPERACEA]. cattle do not eat, U. S. and Can. iAug. (Tricophorum cyperinum Pers.) Variable. 15 S. lineatus Mx. Culm triangular, very leafy, 2 to 3f highl; umbels terminal and axillary, decompound, at length nodding; invoI. 1 0, 2 bracts, slhorter thani the umbels; spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary; glumes lancetdiate, ferruginous'bristles 6, as long as the gluarzes, lhardly exserled. —Swamps in rnost of the States. Aug. (Tricophorum, Pers.) 7. ERIOPH'ORUl, L. COTTON GnRss. (Gr. Fptov, wool, (dp(o,) to bear; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynium.) Gluimes inobricated all around into a spike; achenium invested with many, rarelb only 6, very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs.-Stem generally leafr-. Spikelets mlostly in umbels, finally clothed nwith the Iong, silk hairs. ~ Bristles of the perigyniumn 6. Spike sinlle........................................... No. i Bristles of the perigynium nuienrous.-Spike single................................ No. 2 -Spikes several. ( ) * Splikes collected into a subsessile, capitate cluster................................ No. 3 * Spikes separate, pedlunculate, in uunibellate clusters...........................Nos. 4, b 1 E. alpinum L. Culm very slender, acutely 3-angledl, naked, somewhat sca.brous, 8-16' high, with 3-4 radical sheaths; radical lvs. very short, subulate; spike oblong, terminal, about 2" in length,; hairs 6 to each flower, woolly, white, crisped, 4 times as long as the spike.-Bog meadows, often alpine, N. HT. to N. Y. aLnd Penn. J1. 2 E. vaginatumrn L. SHEATHED COTTON GRASS. Sts. densely caespitous, obtusely triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 1-2f highl; uppermost sheaths inflated; spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 —8" long, of a blackish color, with scarious glumes; hairs 30-40 to each flower, straight, white and glossy, twice as long as the spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other species, even at a distanco among the meadow grass.-N. Eng. to Mich., N. to Arc. Am. Jn., JI. 3 E. Virginicum L. Culm strict, firmn, slender, tereteish, 2 to 3f high; lvs. smootlh, narrowly linear, shorter; invol. 2 to 4-leaved, longer than the inflorescence; spikes many, ovoid, acute, 3" long, glomerate, with very short peduncles, forming a capitate cluster; stam. 1, tawny, exserted with 3 tawny styles; achenium flattened, obovate, keeled on the back, pointed, invested with 70 to 200 pale cinnamon colored sete which are 4 to 7'" long.-Bogs, Can. and U. S. Ji.. Aug. In flower the heads are tawny red. 3. CONiFERTISSIiUM. Heads very large (20" diam.) and dense with white setbe. -In Northern N. ii. (E. confertissimum Ed. 2d.) 4 E. polystachyon L. Culm somewhat triangular, smooth, 1 —2f high; caculine Ivs. 2-3, broacl-linear, jfattened below, triquetrous at the end; invol. 2-leaved' spikes about 10, on rough peduncles which are long and drooping and sometimes branchedl; setm 30-40 to each flower, white, 6-8" long, ach. obovate, obtuse. -Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am. 5 E. gricile Koch. Culm obtusely 3-angled, 18' to 2f high, roughish rabove; lv.. -triquetrous, channeled on the upper side, scarce 1' wide; innrol. one-leaved, very short; ped. roughish or subpubescent, nodding; spikes 3 to 8, ovoid, some subsessile, others on peduncles 1 to 4" long; glumes striate, brownish; bristles 50 or more in each flower, 8 to 10" long, white; ach. lance-obovate, obtuse.Bogs, N. States and Can. Common in N. J. (Jackson) (E. angustifolium Torr.). 8. HEMICAR'PHA, Nees. (Gr.'ritavg, half,; Kdpba, straw or chaff, there being but one scale to the flower.) Spike many-flowered; glumnes imbricated all aroundc; interior scale 1, embracing the flower and fruit; bristles 0; stamens 1; style 2-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous; acheniurm compressed, oblong, subterete. — 2 Low, tufted, with setaceous culms and leaves. H. subsquarrosa Nees. Culm setaceous, compressed, sulcate, recurved, 2-3' high; lvs. setaceous, shorter than the scape; spikes 2-3, terminal (appa' rently lateral), subsessile, ovoid, nearly 2" long; invol. of 2 bracts, one appear-. OR)DER 155.-CYPERACE-E. 741 ing like a continuation of the scape, thrice longer than the other; glumes W, with a short, recurved or squarrous point, finally brown; ach. minute, of a dull, brownish-white.-Sandy banks, N. Eng. to Penn., Ky. and S. States. (Isolepis, Schrad.) 9. LIPOCAR'PHA, Brown. Spikes many-flowered; glumes spatulate, imbricated all around; interior scales 2, thin, subequal, involving the flower and the fruit; perianth none; stamens 1; style 2 or 3-fid; achenium coated iwith the scales. —Culms leafy at base. Spikes numerous, collected into an involucrate, termin-al head. L. maculhta Torr. Culms triangular, 3 to 8' high, longer than the narrowly linear, often involute, smooth leaves; invo]. of 2 long lvs. and 1 short one, spikes 3 or 4, ovoid, acute, closely aggregated; glumes very numerous, acute, narrowed to the base, white hvaline, marked with red dots, green along the midvein, longer than the 2 interior scales (spikelet); stamen 1; style bifid, longer than the tawny, oblong achenium.-Wet grounds, Ga. to Fla. (Kyllingia Mx.) 10. FIJfBRIS'TYLIS, Vahl. (Lat. fi1nbris, a filinge, stylus, style; from the ciliate style.) Glumes imbricated on all sides; bristles 0; style compressed, 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the margin.- 2; WAith the habit of Scirpus. LLvs. mostly radical. ~ Spikes in a subsiimple numbel, rusty brown, few, asthick as a pepper-corn.......... Nos. 1, 2 ~ Spikes in a dense head. Invol. very long. (No. 3.) Spikes 2 only, lateral. (No. 4).Nos. 3, 4 1 F. spadicea Vahl. Culm 1 to 3f lligl, hard and rigid, flattened, chapneled; Ivs. semi-terete, filiforrm, channeled; umbel of few rays, longer than the 2 or 3 subulate lys. of the invoi.; spikes few, ovoid-oblong becoming oblong-cylindric, when old, 3 to 6" long, 2" thick; glumes broad-ovate, mucronate, rust-colored, finally dark chestnut brown; stam. 2 or 3; style friilge-pubescent; ach. whitish, rminuetely dotted.-l-Marshes, N. Y. to Fla. W. to Ill. (Lapham). J1.-Sept. (F. castaneus Mix.) /. FEIRUGINEA. Umbel of many rays, somewhat compound. (F. ferrugineus Vahl.) 2 P. laxa Vahl. Culm 2 to 12' high, flattened, striate; Ivs. fiat, linear, glaucous, rough-edged, shorter than the culm; umbel few-rayed, shorter than one of the leaves of the involucre; spikes ovoid, acute, 3" long; glunmes ovate, brown; stamen 1; sty. dark purple, fringed; ach. whitish, owith 6 to 8 p2rominent ridges lengthwise. —Clay soils, Penn. to Il1. and S. States. JI.-Sept. (F. Baldwinii Torr.) 3 F. argdnitea Vaihl. Glaucous; culms tufted. 2 to 4' high, setaceous, coinpressed; lys. radical, filiforem, as long as the culins; spikes 5 to 8 cylindric-oblong, acute, sessile, straw-colored, in a dense head; invol. 3 or 4-leaved, mnanZy times longer than the head, usually longer than the c7tdba; glumes 20 or more, lance-ovate, mucronate; starn. 1; sty. 2-cleft, ciliolate; ach. white minute.-G-aI to La. (F. congesta Torr.) 4 F. disticthya Chapman? Culms setaceous, leafless, tufted, 3 to 4' high; spikes 2, globular-ovoid, lateral, sessile near the top of the culm, 1"' loug,,dark brown; glumes very numerous; sty. 2-cleft; ach. -minute, but as long as the glumrne.-id. Fla. (Chapman). it. TRICHELOS'TYLIS, Listiboudois. (Gr. rptpyo~, threefold, arvXog; from the character.) Glumes in 4 to 8 ranks, carinate; bristles none; style 3-cleft, deciduous below the bulb (if any) at the base; acheniumn triangular. — 4 Sts. leafy at the base. Spikes in a terminal head or umbel. ~ Spikes in a compound urmbel, oblong, ferruginous...................N.............os. 1, 2 ~ Spikes in a subsimple umbel, 2 to 4 to 6, chestnut colored............................No. 3 ~ Spikes in a dense head, greenish. Involucre leaves dilated at base.................Nos. 4, 5 ~ Spike solitary, greenish, lateral near the summit of the culm........................ No. 6 1 T. autumnalis. Culm compressed, 2-edged, crespitous, leafy at base, 3-10' '742 OaRDE 155.-CYPERACEzE. high; lvs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem; umbel compound, diffuse; invol. 2-leaved; spikelets lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided, 2-3 together; glumes brown, mucronate; ach. white. -Wet places, along rivers, etc., N. Eng.! to Ga., W. to Mo. July. (Fimbristilis, R. I&; S.) 2 T. coarctAta. Culm filiform, teretisll, 8 to 12' high; Ivs. setaceous, with bearded shealhs; 1,rcbel ceompounzd, contr'acted; invol. ivs. many, short setaceous, one a little longer than the umbel; spikes 15 to 20, linear-oblong, 3" long; glumes about 12, acute, rust-colored; stam. 2; sty. deeply 3-cleft; ach. obovate, 3-angled. -Dry, sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. (Isolepis Torr. Scirpus Ell.) 3 T. capillaris. Culni ecespitous, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4-8' high; lvs. subradical, setaceous, shorter than the stern; spikes ovoid, 2 -4, in a siample embel, inner one sessile; glumes oblong, ferruinous, margin pubescent; ach. white.-In sandy lields, Mlass. to Fla., W. to Ky. andl Ohlio. Aug. (Isolepis, R. & S. I. ciliatiflius, Ell., a taller form (7 to 10!) with 4 to 6 spikes.) 4T. stenophylla. Culms twisted, 2 to 4' high, setaceous, as long' as the setaceous lvs.; spikes 4 to 6, ovoid, acute, few-flowered, sessile, in a dense head; invol. lvs. 3 or 4, dilated at base, ciliate, 2 or 3 times longer (3 to 12") than the head; glumes ovate-acuminate, keeled, greenish; sty. 3-cleft, ach. short-triangular, black-pruinous when mature.-Dry soils, Car. to Fla. J1. —Sept. (Isolepis, Kunth. Scirpus, Ell.) 5T. WArei. Culm fiiiform, terete, furrowed, near If high; lvs. 2 to 3' long, channeled; spikes 6 to 12, ovoid, in ai dense head; invol. lvs. 3 or 4, longer than the head, base dilated and cut fringed; gtlernes ovate, obtuse, ciliate; ach. white, rugulous, ohovate-trianliular. AA.. iFla. (Wlare, Torr. Cyp.). Very near the preceding. (Isolepis, Torr.) 6 T. carinita. Culm flattened, setaceous, 3 to 6' high, with a short, solitary setaceous leaf near the base; spike single, ovoid, lateral near the top of the culm; glumes green,,5 to 8, broad-ovate, veined acuminate; sty. 3-cleft; ach. shorttriangular, grayish, half as long as the glume.-Near N. Orleans (tIale) (Isolepis, Hook. & Amn.). 12. PSYLOCAR'YA, Torr. (Gr. btn c(, naked, Kapaa, nut; no bristles.) Flowers 0 (aunass., imbricated all round, all fertile; perigyniurm 0; stam. 2; filaments long, persistent; style 2-cleft, dilated or tuberculate at base; acheniuLn biconvex, crownned with the persistent style.-Steins leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal, cymous. 1 P. scirploides Torr. Culm slender, leafs, smooth, 3-sided, 5-9' high; lvs. linear, smooth, 3 —5' by 1", cauline about 2; cymes te7minacl, cnd one freom tihe sheath of eacli canlinre leafj; spikes about 3" long, oblong-ovate, in small, loose clusters, 20 —30-flowered; ygluznes chestnut-colored, thin ovate, acute; ach. tumid, dark brown, crowned Nwith the long style, which is much dilated at base.-Borders of ponds, Smithfield, Ri. I. (Oluey), Mass. (Greene), and Ar1I. (1Iale). 2 P. rhyncosporoides Torr. Culm 8 to 14' high, leafy, smooth; Ivs. linear, 2" broad, overtopping the culm; vzunbel few-rayed; spices ovoid, 2 to 3" long, all Pedunculate, 8 to 10-flowereed; glumes roundish ovate, obtuse, pale brown; ach. roundish, lenticular, strongly rugous; tubercle short, obtuse,.-Quincy, Fla. (Chapman). 13. DICHROIl'EiNA, Richard. (Cr. dfe, two, Xpryea, color.) Spikes flattened, collected into a terminal headl; glumes imbricate on all sides, many abortive; peri(gynimu naone; stamnens 3; styles 2-cleft; achenium lens-slhaped, crownoedI with the broad, tu:iberulate base of the style.Rhizome creeopinlg. (Cullms leafy. Lvs. of the invol. usually swhitened at the base. 1 D. leucoc6phala Mix. Culm triangular, 2 to 3f high; Ivs. concave, nlarrow, sho'rter thaoz the culm; invol. 6 to S-leaved, the lrs. lanceolate, long-pointed, whitened beloln, spreading, 1 to 4' long; ach. truncate at the summit, transversely rugulous.-Bogs, Md. to Fla, and La. Known at a distance by its white involucre. ORDER 155.-CYPERACEZE. 743 2 D. latifolia Baldw.. Culm tereteish, stout, 9' to 2f high; lvs. broadly linear, very lony, overtopping the culm; invol. 8 to 10-leaved, whitish, becoming dull red at the base; ach. roundish in outline (except the tubercle), roughened, dull, the tubercle broad, conical at top, base 2-horned. decurrent on the edges of the ach. with its horns.-Ponds in pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. 14. RHYNCHOS'PORA, Vahl. (Gr. tPVJX'o, a beak, eropd, seed; from the character.) Flowers ~ or 8 0 9, few in each spikelet; glumes loosely inmbricated, the lowest simhall and empty; perigynium of 6 to 12 bristles; stamens 3 to 12; style bifid; achenium lens-shaped or subglobous, crowned with a tubercle, tile distinct, bulbous base of the style. 2f St. leafy, 3-sided. Inlflor. terminal and axillary. Sctam hispid (under a strong magnifier). ~ Setie densely plumons. Achenium subglobous-ovoid (terele).....................Nos. 1, a.4 Sete naked, denticulate or hispid. Aecheniuo minore or less flattened. (*) Acihenini transversely rugous. Setat upwardly bleardled. (a) a Setae shorter than the acheniu i.....................................os. 8-a5 a Setce equaling or exceeding the achenium. (b) b Spikes in drooping panicles. Achenian oblong...................No. b Spikes in erect or spreading panicles. Achenitmn roundlish.... Nos. 7 —9 b Spikes corymbouls or fasciculate.-Achenium orbicular.......Nos. 10, 11 -Achenium oval............ Nos. 12, 13 * Acheninum smooth and even. (c) c Culm and leaves very slender, filiform or setaceous. (d) d Set,, 6 to 10, retrorsely hispid (under a strong magnifier).... Nos. 14-16 d Sete 6, upwiardly hispid...................s.................Nos. 17-19 C Culn wiry, firm. Leaves linear. (e) e Stamens 3 or 12. Setre 10 or 12..............................Nos. 20, 21 e Stamens 3. Sette 6,-retrorsely lispid, longer than the ach.. Nos. 22, 23 -upwardly hispid,-sh ortcr than the ach..Nos. 24, 25 -long as the achenium.....No. 20. 1R. plumosa Ell. Culm rigid, wiry, 8' to 2f high; lvs. rigid, involute, setaceous above, half as long as the culm; spikes lance-ovate, chestnut red, in a terIinal fascicle, rarely a smaller axillary fascicle below on an exserted peduncle; Olumes broad-ovate, acute; bristle (setce) 6, densely 1plurous, as long as the glob-xlar-ovoid, rugous achenium; tubercle short.-Dry pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. 3. SEMIPLUMO5SA. Setae feathery half way up, naked and denticulate above.Near N. Orleans (Ingalls. R. semiplumosa Gray., AMonog., Rhyn., p. 213). 2 R. oligaintha Gray. Culm filiforrn; 8 to 12' high, with one or two filiformsetaceous Ivs. about the same height; sprilkes 2 to 6, pedicellate, sarely solitary, lance-ovate, fuscous-red, lateral near the esummnit of the culm; glumes ovate, mucronate; sete G6, as long as the ach. and s}hort tubercle, phleaous below, hisgir above.-N. Car. to FIla., in sandy bogs. 3 R. cynmbsa Nutt. Catlin, 1 to 2f high, tricaring lar, cnles accite; radical lvs. linear, shorter than the stem, cauline rising' above the stem cor'y-tbs.3 to 4, the terminal largest; spikelets ovoid, in close iascicles of about 5; glumes broad-ovate, dark brown; bristles 6, -2 as long as the broad ovate, transversely ruguous achenium; tubercle depressed, much shorter than the achenium.-N. 3'. to La. JI., Aug. 4 R. TorreyAna Gray. Cu(ini 2f high, teretish, slender, csspitous, striate; lvs. setaceous, the radical 6 to 10" long, cauline much shorter; corymbs few-flowered, the lateral, if any, on capillary peduncles; spikes ovoid, pedicellate or sessile; glumes ovate, mucronate, brown; bristles 6, scarcely half as long as the oblongobovate acheniunl; tubercle short, nearly as broad at base as the achenium.-N. J. J1., Aug. (Holton.) 5 R. rariflora Ell. Culms tufted, 6 to 16' high, filiform, with much shorter, setaceous leaves; spikes lanceolate, fuscous, near 2' long, pedicellate, few in 2 or 3 loose, simple, corymbous panicles terminal and lateral; bracts capillary; glumes ovate, acute; setm about 6, nearly as long as the strongly rugous, roundish obovate achenium; tubercle very short. —S. Car. to Fla. and La., in bogs. Has the aspect of a Trichelostylis. 6 R. inexpansa Vahl. Culm slender, teretish, rather rigid, 18' to 3f high; lvs. narrowly linear, flat, smooth, half as long as the culm; spikes lanceolate, fuscous, about 3' long, 3 to 5-flowered, forming several axillary and terminal, rather long, 744 ORDER 155.-CYPERACE~E. drooping panicles; setce nearly twice longer than thle rugous, oblong, flattish ache. nium and short tubercle. —Wet soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Schcenus Mx.) 7 R. miliAcea Gray. Culm slender, triangular, very leafy below, 2f high, fistulous; los. rather rigid, flat, lance-linear, smooth, glaucous, 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4" wide; spikes obovate, all pedicellate, 3 to 5-flowered, fbrming diftzse, compound, axillary and terminal cymnous panicles; setce 6, a little longer than the roundish obovate achenium and very short tubercle.-Wet pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. (R. sparsa Vahl. Schcenus Lam.) 8 R. cadisca Ell. Culm acutely triangular, 1 to 3f high; lvs. broadly linear, smooth, 2 to 3"'wide; spikes ovate, large (4 to 5" long), peclicellate or sessile, in several rather close, erect, axillary and terminal panicles; glumes caducoas, ovate, the outer broad; setce twice longer thanz ti orbicular-ovate, rugous achenium; tubercle littened, conical, a third as long as the achenium. —Wet soils, N. Car. to Fla. 9 R. schcenoides. Culm triangular, 2 to 3f high, leafy at base; lvs. linear, 2" Nide, glabrous, not half the length of the cuim; spikes very numerous, lance-ovate, small (2"' lonzg), sessile or nzearly so, clustered, forming several axillary and terminal, pedunculate panicles; glumes filscous, broad-ovate; setw twice as long as the obovate, flit, rug'ous achenium and small tubercle. I3ogs, Ga., Fla. to La. (Scirpus, Ell.) 10 R. patuia Gray. Culm 3-angled, thick a,.d stout at the base, 2f high; lvs. linear, short; spikes ovate, small (2" long), foreming several sporeading, loose-flowered corymnbs, of which the terminal one is much the longest; sete scarcely exceeding the roundish, flattened, strongly r'ugous achenium and tubercle, the latter nearly half as long as the former.-G-a. and Fla., rare. i11 R. Elli6ttii Gray. Culerz 3-angled, slender, 1 to 2f high; Ivs. linear, flat, glabrous, serrulate on the margins, the cauline short; spikes ovate, sessile infasciclesfornzing 3 or 4 feez-fiozwered, subsimple corymlbs, borne on exserted peduncles; setim a little longer than the roundish-ovate, zninuitely ruLgoius acheniu7e; tubercle very short, flattened, conic. —Wet soils, Ga. and Fla. Jn. —Sept. 12 R. microcorpa Baldw. Culm, slender, teretish, tufted, nearly nakled; lvs. nalrowly linear, setaceous at end, mostly radical; spikes turgid-ovate, dark brown, 1 to 2" long, loosely fascicled in several approximate, pedunculate corymbs; sets very fragile, scarcely equaling the minute, ovate, flat, rugous achenium. —Wet grounds, N. Car. to Fla. 13 R. punctata Ell. C'ilnd slender, 3-angled, 1 to 2f high; Ivs. lance-lisnear, acute, rough-edged; spikes ovate, chestnut brown, ftscicled, in several pedunculate corymrbs; setm a little longer than the achenium, which is ovate, conzpressed, and rugous-netted, with i7p2)ressed dots in the furrows. —Marsles, Ga. and Fla,. 14 R. alba Vahl. Culm triangular above, very slender, leafy, smooth, 10-16' high; lIs. linear-setaceous, channeled; corymbous fascicles pedluncullate, both terminal and from the axils of the sheaths, with setaceous bracts; spikelets lanceolate, acute at each end, with crowded, lanceolate, whitish olumes; setce 9 or 10, as long as the ach. and tubercle.-In wet, shady grounds; common. JulS —Sept. 15 R. Knieskernii Carey. Culms in tufts, 6 to 1G' high, slender; Mls. mostly cauline, setaceous, linear, shorter; spijikes small (11' long) il 4 or 5 deszseji'scicles, distant along the whole length of the culms; setm 6, downwardly hispidulous, as long as the minute, oboater achenium. -In bog iron soil, N. J. (IIolton), rare. (R. distans? Nutt.) 16 R. capillocea Tori. Culm 6 to 12' high, filiform, glabrous, triangular; Ivs. setaceous, much shol-ter than the steml; sp:ikes 1 to 3 to 6 (nostly ign 1 ternminal fascicle), oblong, eact with a setaceous bract; glumes chestnut-colored, with scarious edges; bristles 6, much longer than the oblonog, substipitate acheniurn; tubercle about half this length of the achenium.-Swamlps, N. y. (Sartwell), Penn. to Mich. 17 R. fusca Roiom. & Schult. Culrn 3-angled, about 2f high; vs. setaceous-carinate; smooth; fascicles alternate, pedunculate; bracts setaceous, longer than the ovoid spikes; glumes brown, ovate; ach. obovate, its pointed tubercle as long, both equating he hispid set. —Wet places, Mlass. to N. J., rare. ORDER 155. —CYPERACE.E. 745 18 R. gracilenta Gray. Culms 1 to 2f high, very slender or filiform, smooth; Ivs. linear-setaceous, much shorter than the stem; corymbs small, fasciculate, the lateral on slender peduncles exserted from the sheaths; spikes ovoid; glumes ovate, acute, dark brown; bristles 6, a third longer than the rouandish-ovoid acheniunz; tubercle flat, subulate, as long as the achenium.-Dry grounds, N. Y. to Fla. 19 R. filif6lia Torr. (nec Kunth). Culm filiform, 6 to 12 to 18' high, lvs. filiform, or almost capillary, many, much shorter; spikes very small (1" long), in 2 or 3 small fascicles, the lateral pedunculate; setce 6, upwardly scabrous-hispid, as long as the reoundish-ovate, lens-shaped, smooth achenium and the hispid-scabrous tzubercle.-N. Car. to Fla. Its hispid tubercles distinguishes it from Nos. 17 and 18. 20 R. Baldwlfnlii Gray. Culms slender, acutely 3-angled, 2 to 3f high; Ivs. linear, acute, keeled, 2" wide, glaucous, not ciliate, spikes ovate, in a crowded, fasciculate, lerminal coryrmb; stcce 12, upwardly hispidulous, as lon, as the smooth, roundishovate achenium; stain. 3.-Pine barrens, Ga. 21 R. dodeckndra Baldw. Culm rigid, 3-angled, 1 to 3f high; lvs. rigid, coriaceous, keeled, rough-edged, broadly linear (2 to 4," wide), all nearly equaling the culm at first, at length the culm longer; spikes ovate (lance-ovate when young), 4'" long, lighlt chestnut color, pedicellate, in 4 to 6 peduciculate corymbs; setae 6 to 12, as long as the large (1i-" diam.), roundish, smooth achenium; stam. 10 to 12, much longer; tubercle broad, depressed. —Bogas, S. Ga., Fla. (R. megalocarpa and pyncocarpa Gray.) 22 R. glomerAta Vahl. Culm slender, smooth, leafy, a foot or more high; lvs. flat, carinate, rough-edged; corymbed fascicles very rentote, in pairs, axillary and termninal; spikelets lanceolate; glumes keeled, mucronate, brown; ach. obovoid or cuneiform, very smooth as long as the tubercle; setm 6, rough, backwards.In bogs, Can. to Fla. July, Aug. 23 R. cephalalntha Gray. St. 2-3f high, triangular, stout; lvs. linear, very narrow, the lower and radical nearly as long as the stem; hds. roundish, axillary and ter minal, dense, 5 to'7" diam., the 2 upper often near; spikelets lance-oblong; glumes ovate-oblong, dark brown; sets 6, twice longer than the achenium; ach. roundish-ovoid, a little compressed, very obtuse.-N. J. pine barrens. 24 R. fasciculdris Nutt. Culm teretish, 1 to 2f hicgh, veiny; Ivs. narrowly linear, much shorter; spikes small (1- " long), fuscous brown, densely fascicled, in several terminal fascicles, and usually several axillary ones; sete half as long as the roundish-obovate achenium.-S. Car. to Fla. Inflorescence quite variable, some-. times copiously terminal, again scattered down the culm. 25 R. ciliata Vahl. Plant light glaucous; culm 8' to 2f high, ancipital, striate; ivs. lance-linear, short, obtusish; spikes elliptical, chestnut-colored, all collected into a dense terminal fascicle with several short bracts; setae very short, at the base of the roundish, lenticular achenium.-N. Car. to Fla. 26 R. distans Nutt. Culm slender, wiry, teretish, 1 to 2f high; lvs. linear setaceous, shorter, mostly at base; spikes small (1" long), ovate, in a terminal fascicle, usually with 1 or 2 lateral, somewhat distinct fascicles; seta3 upwardly hispidulous, about as long as the broad, ovate, smooth achenium which is not half as large as inI R. glomerata.-N. Car. to Fla. Name not very appropriate. 15. CERATOSCH(E'NUS, Necs. (Gr. depaf,-ai-ag, a horn, cxolvos, rush; alluding to the long, persistent style of the acllenium.) Spikelets 2-5-flowered, one flower O, the rest,; gluines loosely imbricated, somewhat in 2 rows, lower ones empty; perig. of 5 or 6 rigid, hispid or scabrous bristles; stain. 3; style simple, very long, persistent and crowning the smooth, compressed achenium. —2 Stems leafy. Corymbs compound. 1 C. longir6stris Torr. Glabrous and glaucous; culm 3 —4f high, triangular; lvs. 12-16' by 4-6'", fat, rough-edged; fis. in very large, terminal and axillary corymbs, terminal one the largest; spikes lanceolate, acuminate, 8" long, loosely fascicled inz 4s or 5s on the long peduncles; glumes brown, ovate; bristles shorter 746 ORDER 155.-CYPERACEME. than the acheniunm, which is 2" long, and crowned with thle (7";) long, subulate, horny style.-Ohio to Fla. Common in wet places. Aug. Rhyncospora corniculata Gray.) 2 C. imacrostAchya Torr. Glabrous; culm 2 —3f' high, triangulaar; vs. 1 —2f by 2 —4", rough-edged; axillary corymbs subsiop)le, ternmiozal ones compound; upper spikelets densely fiaseicled; ach. ovate, smooth; bristles erectly hispid, twice as long as the achlenism; style persistent, nearly 4 times as long as the achenium.-'Mass. (Robbins). (Rhyncospora ejusd.) 16. CLA'DIUM, Browne. Flowers $. 9; glumes imbricated somewhat in 3 rows, lower ones empty; bristles 0; stain. 2; style 2-3cleft, deciduous; aclheniun subolobous, the pericarp lard, thickened andc corky above.- 24 Stein leafy. Corymbs or paniclci s tlrnin'al an(] axillary. I C. mariscoides Tort. BOG RUsI. St. terete, leafy, 20-30' higt, hard and rigid; Ivs. narrowly linear, channeled above, rounded beneath,.rwsch shorter than the stems; bracts short; umbels 2-3, erect, the lateral on long, exserted peduncles; rays 3-7, some of them very short; spikes aggregated in heads of 4-8, lance-ovate, 3" long; glumes tawny-brown. about 6, the upper usutaliy, the, next 8, and the rest empty; ach. ovoid, short-beaked with the remains of the 3cleft style.-Bogs, Can. to Penn. July. (Schcenus, AMuhl.) 2 C. efftsum Torr. SxAW-GcrASS. Cuhlm obtusely 3-angled, 6 to 10f high- lvs. 3 to 10f long, 4 to 10" wide, tapering to a very long, 3-angled point, margins sharply serrate-barbed; corymbs numerous, decompound, diffuse, approximated and for mizng a large, tJIongated panicYe; spikes 2" long, 3 or 4 together, brown; ach. ovoid, 1' long.-Ponds and swamps, N. Car. to La. (aIle). A coarse and rank sedge. 7. SCLE'RIA, L. NUT SED(:E. (Gr. aoTcwypf, heardC alluding to the indurated shell of the fruit.) Fowors 8, staminatt spikes intermixed, fertile spikelets 1-flowered, gluines faseiculatte; perigynium cupshaped or 0; achenium globous, ovoid or triangular, uitli a thick, bony pericarp; style 3-cleft, deciduous.- 4 Stems lealf. Spiaies in fascicles or panicles. ~ SCLEEIA. Achenium ovoid or globous, base invested with a short perigynium. (*) * Achenium smooth, ovoid. Perigynium anlnular, subentire..................Nos. -,' * Achenium rugous-warty, globular. Perigyniulml 6 or 3-lobed................ Nos. 3, 4 * Acheniumn reticulated or hispid-rugous, globular. Periviyniuml -lobed......Nos. 5, 6 i~ HPOPORou. Acheniium ovoid-triangular, base flutedl. Perigvmnium none. (a) a Fascicles 4 to 7, interrut)tedly spiked. Aeh. smrootlh or ruous.......... Nos. 7. 8 a Fascicles sinigle, terminal. Achenium ribbed or smooth............... os. 9, 10 1 S. triglomerata Mx. WHIP-GRASS. COim erect, acutely triangular, rough, leafy, 3-4f high; lvs. linear-lanceolate, rough-edged; spikes lateral and terminal, alternate, in about 3 subsessile, triglomerate fascicles, and much shorter than thho leafy bracts; glumes ovate, cuspidate, dark purple; aclh. globous, smooth and polished, white, nearly 2" diam., invested at base with are entire, crustaceous rim. -Swamps, in nearly all the States. Jn., J1. 2 S. leptocilmis. Clrlm very slender, acutely 3-angled, 2f high; lvs. smooth, flat; sterile spikes elongated (4" long), in 2 fascicles, the lateral one remote from the terminal, on a long, filiform penduncle; glumes dark purple; stam. 3; ach. ovoid, obtuse, white, polished minutely corzrgeated; periy. annular, with about 8 minute tubercles. —Fla. Pairs of spikelets 3 or 4. (S. oligantha Torr. nec Mx.) 3 S. ciliata Mx. Culm 1 to 2f hioh, acutely 3-angled, the angles scabrous above; lvs. channeled, pubescent as well as the sheaths; bracts fringed with long, whitish hairs; fascicle subsolitary, terminal ach. subglobous, white, roughened with scattered warts; peroig. a narrow border, beariqng 3 obtuse tubercles.-Damp soils, S. Car. to Fla. 4 S. paucif6ra Muhl. St. 10 to 10' high, triangular, slender, smoothish; lvs. narrow, nearly smooth; sheaths pubescent; fascicles 1 to 3, few-flowered, the., ORDER 155.-CYPERACEMAI 747 lateral, if any, pedunculate; bracts foliaceous, ciliate; spikes in pairs; glumes membranous, mucronate, somewhat ciliate; sty. 3-cleft; ach. globous, rough, white and shining; per'ig. a narrow ring upon which are 6 roundish, minute tubercles. — Wet or dry soils, N. II. to Ohio and Fla. Aug.-There are several well marked varieties. /3. Very slender, smoothish; lateral fascicle 1-flowered. sessile, or none.-Mass to Ohio. About if high. y. Very slender, scabrous-hirsute; lateral fascicle 1 to 2-flowered, sessile; lower bracts much exceeding tile culm.-Ga. and Fla. (S. Carolina Willd.?) 6. Stouter, tall (2 to 3f high), edges denticulate-ciliate; lateral fascicles on short (1 to 2') peduncles.-S. States. 5 S. reticulA.ris Mx. St. 1-2f high, triangular, rather slender; Ivs. 1" wide, channeled, radical 6-12' long, cauline few; fascicles 2-5, lateral and terminal, distant, loose-flowered, subsessile; spikelets somewhat in pairs, the; manyflowered, at the base of the; glume light brown, ovate acuminate; sta. 2; perig. 3-lobed; ach. globous, of' a dead white, -!V diarn., conspicuouzsly reticulated and deeply pitted.-Borders of ponds, R. I. (Oleny), to Fla. The achenium is a curious and beautiful object. 6 S. lAxa Torr. St. 1-2f high, weak, diiffuse, acutely triangular, slender; Ivs. flat, 2" wide, smooth; fascicles about 3, open one terminal, tile others lateral and very remote; ped. 2-6" long, compressed, slender, often recurved; spikelets distant, in pairs, the sterile at the base of the,; sta. 2; perig. deeply 3-lobed; ach. about 1" diarn.,;lobous, whitish, mzarked with be ownish, papdilous trawnsverse ridges and pits. Noelr the sea coast, N. J. to:Fla. Sept. (S. reticularis Muhl.) 7 S. verticillata Muhl. St. 6-8-12' high, triquetrous, slender, glabrous; lvs. linear, narrow and flat, shorter than the steem;.ascicles snmooth, purple, 4-6, sessile, few-flowereed, appearing as if verticillate; bracts minute, setaceous, about as long as the fascicles, scabrous upward; scales of? ovate, smooth, scabrous and keeled; ach. globous, rugous, a little more than -" diam., abruptly mucronate and somewhat 3-sided at base.-Very abundant in Junius, N. Y. (Startwell) to Car., W. to Ohio (Sullivaut). (Hfypoporum verticillatum Nees.) 8 S. interrdipta Mx. Pale green, sparingly hirsute; culm 3-angled, 12 to 30' high; lvs. linear, flat, striate, 3-veined, much shorter than the culm; fascicles few-flowered, 5 to 7, alternate, approximate at the summit forming an interrupted spike 2 to 3' long; glnzes conspicuously cuspidate and bristll-ciliate, rusty? brown; ac/c. -"!' long, smn.ooth, purplish white, 3-sided and flute i at base. —N. Car., Fla. and La. 9 S. grdcile. Filiformz, smooth, 1 to 2f high; culm 3-angled; lvs. few, shorter; spikes 3" loog, f'w (1 to 5 pairs), in a terminal fascicle; glurnes ovate, mucronate, purplish brownl bract erect as if a continuation of the culm; stain. 3; ache 1" long, white, ovoidl, obscurely 3-angled, longitudinally ribbedl.-S. Ga., Fla. to Texas. (HIypoporum Torr.) 10 S. Baldw'inii. Culom sharply 3-angled, edges scabrous, jointless, 2 to 3f high; lvs. radical, lonl', linear, keeled; spikes 3 to 5 pairs, 5" lonlg, in a terminal fascicle; bracts 3, the longest erect, all purple at base; glumes brownish purple, lamiceolate, acuminate; stam. 3; ach. large (near 2" long), ovoid, dull, even, whitish.(-Ga. and Fla. (Chapman.) 18. CAREX, 1. SEDGE. (The classical name, perhaps from Lat. carceo, to lack; referring to the sterile spikelets.) Fls. diclinous; spikes I or mnore, either androgyrnous (with both staminate and pistillate fls.), or with the two kinds in separate spikes on the same plant (moncecious) or rarely on separate plants (dimcious); glumes single, 1-flowered, lower ones often enmpty; O stamens 3; V stigmas 2 or 3; perigynium (of 2 united scales) of various forms, persistent, enclosing the lenticular or triangular achenium.n.- 2ri Culms triangular, growing in tufts. 748 ORDER' 155.-CYPERACEE. The following account of our species of Carex is from the pen of Prof C..Dewey (D.D.), revised by hins expressly for the present Edition. The annexe.d A.l ly tical Table has been prepared by ourselves (with the aid of copious and well authenticateid "lcciltnens, ainong whiclh is a lull set communicated by Dr. Sartwvell), on the baiss of the larticill. subdivision of the genus atdoptedl by Prof. l)ewey in the fotImler edition. It is useless to iadtionishl the sttudent that this table is not perfect, andl imay soruetilnes lead him astlray. Yet, in the main, its sul(livisions are correct, and cannot tlil to lead to correct results, and thus greatly facilitate the sttldy of this the most extensive and difticult genus in outr Flora. N. B. —In the slpecific descriptions the ieader is often refelrroe as followss: (Boott, illust.) or (B. to). These reoor i)v nuinber to the Illustratiso ns of thle Genus Carex, in the recent splendtlid work of Francis iBoott, M.D.,'resi(lent of the Linn ean Soc. of England. ~ I, STIGMYS TS 2. AcIEMN-IUA DOttE-CONVEX. (*) * A. Sp)ike osiyw/le,-i ionIC eCioUS, staminati at the top..................................No. 1 -dicecious, o'? spike s ithl staniel at base........................ No. 2, * _3. Spiies serevcfl, cldrogytnozts (with botl kinds offlowers). (~') ~ 1. Stalcens variously situated, above, below, or ill the middle, sometimes the whole spike 3.-Spikes 4 to 8.......................................TXos. 4-6 — Spikes 10 to 20.......................................Nos. 7, 8 ~ 2. Stamens at the sulllmit of the spikelets. (a) a Spikelets evidently panictlato and perigynium not rostr'ste.................Nos. 9, 10 a Spikelets 3 to 6, approxinsl te into one spike. (b) b Spike ovate.-Glute equnaling t the lerigyniu nm.....................Nos 11-1i3 -t lslllte slhorter than the perigyiuilill..................... No. 14 b Spike oblong, a little loose. Glunme shorter thian the perigyniu.....Nos. 15-17 a Spikelets 3 to 8, reiote. Peorigyniun radiating,-longer than glun......Nos. 18-20 -shorter than glume..........No. 21. a Spikelets S to co, approxitiate in a decompound spike. (c) c Pcrigyniul rostrte, noint longer than the glitie......................Nos. 22, 23 C Perigtrliuti rostrate, longer than the glnmc. (d) d Spike cylindrical, ois to 15 silkelets.........................Nos. 24, 25 d Spike large, brancihet, of co spikelets........................Nos. 26, 27 d Spikes elliptical, of S to 10 spikelets............................No. 28 ~ 3. Starn s at the base of the spikelets. (e) e PCerignia radiati t, in reinote spikclets.-Glutnes green i....i......... os. 29 —31 -G(luiies 11yaline, wlitc.......... NOs. 32, O 3 e Perinivyniti stbheret, spikelets ovalte-lanceoltate, flw-frulited............... os. 84 — e Pelrilita siberect, spikelets oval. (f) f I'ecriynia not svinged, about equaling the hyaline or briown gltum... Nos. 37, 3S f Perigynia distinctly Nwinged, broadly or ntarruow ly. (g) Fg Perigynia silort-rostrate,-sholter tllan the glunlc.. To...... Nos. 89, 40 — equaling tle gluine.................... No. 41 -longer than the glumise. (h) h Perigynia spreading (not radiate).c...a......Nos. 42, 41' h Perigyniia subeect or applessed...................... Nos. 44-4(; g Perigyniu nl long-rostrate,-eqiualing the slunie...................No. 47 — lonsel thaln the lutllts.......... Nos. 4S —5ot * 0. Strmi ste p e i ftoeoceis sic SeollreXoes ( ate S62i',;. (p s ) IT 4. Stnlminate spike single.- o Spikes sessile, 1 or 2 only..........................No. 51 -- Spikes sessile, 8 to 5..................... Nos. 52-b54 -: Spikes pedunculate T............... Nos. 55, 66 I 5I. Statnitnate slpikes 1 or more and the Y spikes often stainit ate at surtiriit. (k) k Glulnes awnless, mostly obtuse and (darlk colored. (1) i Sterile spikes 1 or 2.-Gluimes all obtuse and black................. Nos. 57, 58 -Glulnes, at least the lower, acute, brown......Nos. 59 —61 1 Sterile spikes 2 to 4. Glitices acutish or acute......................Nos. 62, 68 k Gluines of the fertile spikes awned. (m11) m Sterile spikes 1 or 2. Plants not maritinc..........T.....Nos. 64, 65 m Sterile splikes 2 or 3. Plants imaritimie.T..............Nos. 66, 67 ~ I!. STIGMAS 5. AcirENiir TRIQUETRO US. (4): D. Spikes 9nfcl/'ogynoas (writh both kinds of flowers). (~) r 5. Stamens at the sumtilit of the spike,. (n) n Spikes single. —Leaves 2, broad, flat, with no mitldvein.........................o. 68 -Leaves several, linear or setaceous....................... Nos. 69-71 n Spikes several, some of thenm on long, radical l)eduncles. (o) o Glumes of the fruit not lon er than the perigynia.................. Nos. 72, 73 o Glumies of the firuit long and leaf-like........................... Nos. 74-76 1~ 6. Stamens at the base of the 1 or more spikes...........T........................o. 77 * E. Spike.s dicioecios, i. c., tile fertile and sterile on different culms..............Nos. 78, 79 * F. Temrszis/l -spite alzidrogynous, pistillate it top; the others pistillatle. (p) p Perigynium liairy (at least, awhen young) as well as the Ivs., and brighlt-green.Tos. 80-82 p Perigyniumn smooth. — Spikes erect or nearly so. Gluimes green....................o. 8 — Spikes erect or nearly so. Glunes lark............... Nos. 84-86 -Spikes drooping.-Glume s acute, dark...................... No. 87 — Glumes awnedl or cuspidate......... Nos. 88-90 * G. Staminate spike sinsgle, enltiely staseislate. (~) ~ 7. Pistillate spikes sessile or solitary, few, mostly ovoid. (q) q Pistillate spikes oblong, dark brown. 3 Spikes stalked...................... No. 91 q Pistillate spikes ovoid,-all or nmostly solitary....B....u.................Nos. 92, 93 — all sessile, approximnate........................Nos. 94, 95 -all sessile, remuote............................. Nos. 96, 9T ORDER 155.-CYPERACEIE. 749 ~ 8. Pistillate spikes with enclosed or nearly enclosed peduncles. Perigynia mostly inflated, beaked, angular-striate. Spikes often quite large. (r) r Perigyniuin pubescent, brownish, abruptly beaked.......................Nos. 98, 99 r Perigynium smooth, yellowish, with a short, recurved beak.............Nos. 100, 101 r Perigynium smooth, inflated, with a long, straight beak. (s) s Spikes very short. —Whole plalit yellowish green................Nos. 102-104 -— Wilole plant dlark green or bright green.......Nos. 105, 106 S Spikes oblong-cySlindric,-very large, conic-lostrate.............. Nos. 107-109 -luiddle size, very abruptly rostrate.......... No. 110 IT 9. Pistillate spikes with exserted peduncles. Perigynia 3-angled, scarce inflated, not much beaked, and (as well as the glumes) Iore or less colored. (t) t Leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, 4 to- 10' wide. (u) u Perigynium acuminate with a recurved point................. Nos. 111 —1i3 U Perigyn. acute or obtuse. —Lvs. lanceolate, shorter than culms.... Nos. 114, 110 -Lvs. lance-linear, long as culms........Nos. 116, 11l Leaves linear or setaceous (1 to 2/" wide or less). (v) v Perigynia smooth and not rostrate. (w) W Bracts all exceedling the-oblong, dense spikes............ Nos. 118, 119 — slender, loose spikes.............Nos. 120, 121 w Bracts shorter than the spikes or culm. (x) x Leaves setaceous and all radical. Glumes white......... No. 122 x Leaves linear.-Spikes blackish. White Mts............No. 123 -Spikes tawny...................... Nos. 124, 125 -Spikes green.-G1. (mostly) obtuse... Nos. 126, 12 -Glumes mucronate... Nos. 128, 129 v Perigynia smooth (scabrous in No. 1~5), rostrate. (y) y Bracts leafy, exceedinig the stem and fruit......... Nos. 100-132 y Bracts not exceeding the stein or fruit. (z) z Spikes linear, slender, quite loose-flowered..........Nos. 103, 134 z Spikes cylindrical, rather close, 3 in number......... Nos. 185, 186 z Spikes oblong, 6 to -lid. -Culls 4 to 6' higsh, very delicate.. No. 187 — Culm 1 to 2f high........Nos. 1S —140 v Perigynia hairy,-sterile spike linear, slender.................. Nos, 141, 142 -sterile spike oval-oblon................... os. 143,144 ~ 10. Pistillate spikes with pedluncles (iong or short), scarcely sheathed at all. (aa) aa Spikes all erect.-Perigynia not rostrate or but slightly so............ Nos. 145-147 -Perigynia rostrate, the orifice entire, ~r nearly so.... Nos. 14S, 149 -Perig. rostrate (few), spindle-shaped, 2-toothed.........No. 15i) aa Spikes (the pistillate) soon mostly nodding. (bb) bb Perigynia not rostrate.-Spikes ovoid, thick........ Nos. 151-15., -Spikes linear or cylindric..............Nos. 154, 155 bb Perigynia rostrate,-the beak short, scarcely 2-toothed.........No. (161) 156. -the beak long and 2-parted............... Nos. 157 —159 * H. Sttanoinate spikes tsseall/ 2 or meore. PesriyslnitC -eostrate. (cc) CC Perigynia clothed with wool, hairs or mealiness. (dd) dd Perigynia long-beaked, hispid-pubescent, 2-cleft, green...............No. 160 dd Perigynica short-beaked,-nmealy glaucous, chocolate-colored.........No. 161 -densely woolly, greenish.............Nos. 162, 168 -hispid pubescent, brown............ Nos. 164, 165 cc Perigynia glabrous (or, merely scabrous in No. 172). (ee) ee Spikes (8) on exserted peduulels. (ff) ff Glumes dark brownisil purple. Bracts shorter than ctilm........ 166 ff Glumes greenish or tawniy, or yecllowish. (gg) gg Perigyniurn tapering into very short beaks.........Nos. 167, 168 gg Perigyniuml long-beaked, horizontal or reflexed...... Nos. 169, 170 gg Perigy-niuln long-beaked, ascending. —Beak conical..Nos. 171, 172 -Betak cylindric.Nos. 170, 174 ee Spikes (8) on sheathed, or very short peduncles, or sessile. (hh) hh Spikes cylindrical, length more than thrice diam. (kk) kk Perigynium short-beaked or beakless. Rank aquatics.Nos. 175, T76 kk Perigyniurm decidedly beaked.-Glumes awned.....Nos. 177, 178 -Glumes lanceolate.Nos. 179, 180 hh Spikes oblong or oval, turgid, lentth not thrice the dianm. (nn) nn? Spikes 2 or 3 in number.-Beak cylindric........Nos. 181, 182 -Beakl conical.......N.......No. 158 in. 9 Spikes 1 or 2, —pedunculate. Beaks cylindric....Nos. 184, 185 -sessile, small. Beaks conical...........No. 1,86 I. Stigmas 2.-Achenium double -convex. I C. capitata L. Spike capitate or nearly globous, 8 at the summit; fr. (perigynium) roundish-ovate, close compressed, convex-concave, glabrous, acutish, longer than the ovate and rather obtuse glume; lvs. slender. —Heights of the White Mts. (Robbins). 2 C. gyndcrates Wormesk.? Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered; perigyniwrn ?0o ORDER 155.-'UYPERACEHE. suboval or oblong, tapering at base, veined, convex-terete, attenuate above into a terete, shortish, straight or subrecurved, bidentate beak, nearly horizontal in maturity, longer than the ovate and acute glume; czanz slender, 4 to 6' high, with long slender leaves sheathing at base. Wayne Co., N. Y. (Sartwell), N. to Greenland. (C. Davalliana, 2d edit.) 3 C. 6xilis Dew. (Boott, Illust., No. 45.) ~ Spike termil:al, ovate or oblong, close-flowered, staminate below, sometimes a single o spike or a single Y 5spike; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex above and slightly below, serrulate on the margin, minutely veined above, 2-toothed, diverging, some longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; culn 12 to 20' high, sttiy erect, and lvs. setaceous.-Swamps, E. Mass. (Oakes), Sandford Lake, N. Y. (Sartwell).,l. ADRO6GYNA. One or more short Y spikes below the terminal.-M-anchester, N. Y. (Kneiskern). 4 C. st6rilis Willd. (Boott, Illus., No. 135.),Spike covqoUznd, below, often diocious; spikelets 4-6, ovate, subapproximate; perig. ovate, acumrninate or subrestrate, bifid, compressed, triquetrous, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate, acutish glume; st. 2f high, erect and stiff. Aet places. common. (C. stellulata,3. STErILIS Torr., Carey.) 5 C. bromnoides Sclhk. Spikelets numerous, alternate, 6 below, sometimes al'; perig. lanceolate, erect, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume.-Common in small bogs, in wet places. 6 C siccAta Dew. (Boott, Illust., No. 50.) Slpioelets'zunerous, 6 above, often wholly 3, ovate, close or approximate; pev ig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminlate, compressed, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate, la7iceolate glumre. -Sandy plains, Westfield, Mass. (Davis); Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes); widely spread over the country, but not abundant, WV. to Ill. 7 C. Sartwellii Dew. Spiekelets 12 20, ovate, sessisle, compact, bracteate, lower ones especially fructiferous; upper often e at apex, sometimnes wholly ~; pearig. ovate, lanceolate, convexo-conlceae, subuclate, slightly 2-toothed, margined and scabrous on the edge, a little longoer than the ovate and acute glunle; lvs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem.-Junius, Seneca Co., N. Y. (Sartwel)j. 8. C. distycha I-Iuds. Spikelets many, 2-rowed or compressed intdo a flattened, compound, loose spike; spikelets oblong-ovate, close, alternate, often branched below and the lowest sometimes remote, upper and lower often 0, and the intermediate wholly 3, or from the middle wholly 8 upwards; perig. ovate, narrowrost'rate, mzargin. serrulate, narrow, equaling the ovate, acute glume; culm erect, leafy below.-v-Wis. (Lapham), Ill. (Vasey), Mich. (Cooley), N. to Arc. Am. (C. intermedia Good.) 9. C. decompoCsita Muhl. (Boott, Illust., 53.) Spike decompound or paniculate; spikelets very many, ovate, alternate; perig. ovate, convex on both sides, triangular, acutish or short rostrate, short, browrnish, glabrous, largyer tha the ovate, aca-,rinmate, whitish, glume; st. 18 —30' high. —Found in swamps, Michigau, and in Yates Co., N. York (Sartwell). 10 C. prairea Dew. Spike below branched; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5 to 7 on a branch; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bitid, smaller than the ovate-lanceolale glume; st. 2-3f high, leafy towards the base.-Abundant in the prairies of Michigan, and sparingly found in N. England and N. Y. Resembles C. paniculata L., which has a much broader ovate glume shorter than the perigynium and is far more paniculate, and for which this has been taken. From No. 24 it is far separated by its panicle, and the color and shape of its fruit. 11 C. cephal6phora Willd. Spikelets ovate, densely aggregated into an ovate head (1 -' long), bracteate, about 5; perig. ovate, acurlinate, compressed, bifid, scabrous on the margin, with a short, ovate, and scabro-cuspidate glume, which equals it; st. 8-16' high. —Borders of fields and woods, common, but not abundant. 12 C. Muhlenb6rgii Schk. Spikelets alternate, obtuse, approximate into an oaate-oblong head, -}' long, with a long bract at the lower one; perig. ovate, convex above, very smooth, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, some diverging, a little shorter than the ovate and raucronate gluime; st. 12-18' high.-In OPrxER 155.-CYPERACEYE. 75 l fields, not very common, readily distinguished from the three preceding and fbllowing. 13 C. stenoph9lla Wahl.,Spikes 3 to 5, aggregated into a roundish head; perig. ovate. roundish-ventricous, subplano-convex, vained, scabrous or serrulate on the margin, bidentate, about equaling the ovate, acute gluame; culm 3 to 6' high, smooth, with long, narrow leaves.-Ill. to Nebraska and Brit. Am. 14 C. chordorrhiza L. Spjikelets 3-5, aggregated into a head, ovate, sessile: perig. ovate, acuminate, subrostrate, convex above, equaling the broad, ovate an(l acute glume; st. branching towards the base and sending out roots at the joints; spikes rarely bearing only stamens. —Marshes, N. Y., common (Sartwell), Mich. (Cooley.) 15 C. Leavenlw6rthii Dew. Spikelets 4 to 6, small, ovate, sessile, bractcate, aggregated into an oblong head, the lower sometimes separated a little; perig. ovate, broad, short, convex above, abruplly shor't-beaked, slightly bifid, glabrous, scabrous on tiie edge, scarcely twice longer than the short, ovate, acute gzlume; culm rarely If high, slender, leafy towards the base; lvs. narrow, flat; whole plant pale green. —Ky. (Short) to Ala. (AVood), Fla. (Chapman) and La. (Leavenworth.) 16 C. cephaloldea Dew. Spikelets 4-6, ovate, aggregated closely, sossile and bracteate; peqrig. ovate, obtusish; bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex, very diverging in maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume. -Dry fields, not abundant, but common over New England and Now York. In hedges it is often four feet long, and subrostrate, leafy towards the base. (C. sparganoides, /3. Carey.) 17 C. muric.ta L. Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approsirate, bracteate, lower ones sometimes remotish; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume.Fields near Boston (Green, Curtis), and common in Arc. Am. 18 C. sparganoldes Miuhl. Spikelets — 10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate, sessile; periy. ovate, acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mLucronate glume; si. about 2f high, with long, striate leaves. /3. RAMIEA Dew, has one branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in the place of the lower spikelet, and is the C. divulsa of Pursh.-About cultivated And moist fields, common. 19 C. rbsea Schk.,Spikelets 3-5, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even before maturity, lowest long-bracteate; )erig. oblong-lanceolate, 5-12, convex above, scabrous on the margin, 2-toothed, v-er diverging, or even reflexed, soice as long as theovate-obtuse glume; st. 8 —16' hig'h. p. rtADIATA Dew. Spikelets distant, about 3-flowered, with setaceous bracts; perig. oblong, acute; st. 4-8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very narrow leatves.-Common in pastures and moist woods; the variety is about woods, or open places in woods. 20 C. retrofl6xa Muhl. /ipoikelets about 4, ovate, alternate, subapproximate, sessiie.- bracteate and stellate in maturity; 1pe'igy. ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, subscabrous or smooth on the margin, reflexed and spreading, about equal to the ovate and acute glume; ct. about a foot high.-Readily distinguished from the preceding. WNoods and pastures, not abundant. (C. rosea, f. Tourn.) 21 C. dispdrrma Dew. Spikelets 3 or 4, erect, subapproximate, lowest bractoate; perig. 1 or 2, rarely 3, ovate, obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked, glabrous, twice longer than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume; st. slender, 5 to 12' hitgh, flexile, in tufts of several, with narrow and linear leaves.-Wet woods, N. Eng. to Wis. (C. tenella, Carey, I3oott., snot of Ehrh.). —Theo species is common in N. Eur., but had never been recognized in this country, when described, 1824. 22 C. vulpinoidea Mlx. Spikelets ovate-oblong, obtuse; spike decompound. bracteate, conglomerate; oerig. ovate, acumninate, densely imbricate, bifid, triplinerved, diverging, a little shorter than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. obtusely triangular, round and leafy towards the base. —Common in fields (C. multiflora Muhl.) 752 ORDER 155.-CYPERACEY3E. l. MICROSPERMA Dew. Spikelets closely aggregated, whole spike less compact; perig, more convex, shorter, less acuminated into a beak, very abundant.-Grows with the other, in dry and moist situations. (C. microsperma Wahl.) 23 C. setAcea Dew. Spikelets ovate, alternate, obtuse, conglomerate, bracteate; perig. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, some diverging, about equal to the ovate-lanceolate, awned gluzme; st. 2f high, acutely triangular, scabrous above and striate.-Wet places, not abundant. 24 C. teretihiscula Good. Spikelets ovate, acute, sessile, decompound, brownish, lower one bracteate; perig. ovate, acute, convex and gibbous, scabrous on the edge, spreading, longer than the ovate, acute glume; fr. brown; st. 18 to 36' high, leafy towards the root.-Wet places, \commnon, in tufts. 25 C. stipAta Muhl. Spike often decompound; spikelets oblong, aggregated, numerous, bracteate; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex, nerved, bifid, subscabrous on the margin, diverging, twice longer than the ovatelanceolate glume; st. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides.-Wet places and marshes, abundant. 26 C. Crus-Corvi Shuttl. (Boott. Illus. No. 64.) Spike decompound, subpaniculate, commonly large, and branching below; spikelets ovate, numerous, aggregated, sessile; perig. short-ovate, very long-rostrate, veined, convex-concave, often horizontal, thrice longer than the ovate, acute glume; culm leafy; lvs. rough-edged; plant light green. —River swamps, Wis. to Ohio and Fla. (C. Halei Dew. C. siceeformis Boott.) 27 C. vulpina L. Spike long, large, decompound, forming densely aggregated heads, often with single but close and oval spikelets, and often less compacted; perig. ovate, broad, tapering into a 2-toothed beak, often diverging in ripening, 1 little longer and narrower than the ovate, acute glume; culm large, strong and rough.-Ohio (Sullivant) to Nebraska (Hayden). 28 C. alopecoidea Tuckerman. (B. t. p. 67.) Spike compound, rather loose, spikelets 8 to 10, aggregated into an oblong head, bracteate, sessile; petig. ovate, plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acuminate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subrostrate, a, little longer than the ovate and acuminate glume; st. triquetrous, scabrous on the edges. —Moist woods, Penn. and N. Y. (Sartwell). 29 C. stellulata Good. Spikelets 4 —6, ovate, remotish, sessile;'perig. broadovate, contracted into a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glumne; st. erect, stiff, leafy below, 8-24' high.-Common in wet places over the Northern States. 30 C. scirpoides Schk. Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse, lowest bracteate; perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acute glume; st. 6-16' high, leafy towards the base.-Wet places in the country. The more lanceolate fruit and glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from the preceding. C. scirpoides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. (C. stellulata P3. Torr. &c.) 31 C. Bickleyi Dew. Spike compounded of about 5 ovate, alternate, approximate spikelets; perig. ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed at the orifice, concave or fiattish below, smooth, about twice longer than the ovate-acute glunme; culm about If high, slender, with lance-linear lvs. towards the base; stain. chiefly at the base of the upper spikelets. —its. of Car. and Ga. (Buckley.) (C. Gibhardi, Buckl. nec. Sclik.) 32 C. curta Good. Spikelets 4-7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproximate, lower often remote; perig. round-ovate, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toothed. slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume; st. 1-2fhig-h, usually light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. —Moist places over the country. (C. Richardi Mx.) 33 C. tenella Ehrh. nee Schk. Spikelets 3 or 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile, few (2 to 6)-fruited; perig. lance-ovate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovate, hyaline, white glume; culm 1 to 2f high, slender, flaccid, and with the lvs. green. ORDER 155. —CYPERACE. 753 — N. Eng. and N. Y. Common in wet places. (C. sphe.rostachya Dew., Ed. 2. C. canescens,s. vitilis, Carey. C. vitilis Fries., &c.) 34 C. Deweykna Schk. (B. t. 69.) Spikelets about 3, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, alternate, subremote, highest bracteate; perig. oblong-lanceolale, rostrate, acuminate, bifurcate, plano-convex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate, awned, hyaline glhme; st. 1-4f long, subprocumbent, with radical leaves; whole plant yellowish-green. Common in open woods or on the borders of woods. 35 C. trisperma Dew. (B. t. 78.) Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate, highest ebracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at the orifice entire, nerved, subscabrous on the edges, somewhat diverging, longer than the oblong, acute, and hyalino glume; st. 10-24' high, prostrate or recurved, filiform, slhander, longer than the leaves.-In tufts, in marshes or wet woods; common in N. Eng. and N. Y. 36 C. argyrdntha Tuckm. Al S. Spike compounded of spikelets 5 to 8, roundish, obovate, alternate, subaggregated above, rounded below, with squarrous bracts, except the lowest, which has a long: leafy point; perig. ovate, compressed, at length spreading, green, many-veined both sides, and woinged by a wide margin, lacerated above, glabrous, acuminate in a short, bifid beak, equaling the mrnembran. ous, white, lanceolate, acute glume.-Amhlerst and Sunderland, Mass. (Tuckerman.) Culm 1 to 3f high, weak, obtuse-angled, twice longer than the lance-linear leaves. 37 C. tenuifl6ra Wahl. Spikelets 2-3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate, lower one bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acuatish, plano-convex, equaling the oblong-ovate, hyaline or white glumo; st. a foot or more high, slender, subprostrate, longer than the flat and narrow leaves. Light green. Spikelets whitish.Burlingoton and Salem, Vt., in swamps (Robbins), Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N. Y. (Kneiskern), Southampton, Mlass. (Chapman). 38 C. Lidd6ni Boott. (Illus. 51.) Spikelets 5-1, oblong-ovate, closely aggregated; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, margin serrulate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume,; which is acute and hyaline on the edges; perig. and glames rather chestnut brown; plant yellowishgreen. —Brit. Am. (Boott.) Mich. (Cooley). 39 C. ala ta Torr. Spike composed of 4 to 8 spikelets, ovate, large, approximate and sessile; perig. roundish, sometimes obovate, nearly flat and close, abruzptly short-beaked, 3-veined on the back, 2-toothed, broadly winged, finally scabrous on the beak, shlorter than the lance-ovate glume; culm simooth, 3 to 4f high; lvs. rough-edged and pale green.-N. Car. to Fla. 40 C. straniniea AW"ahl. Spike compound, erect; spikeZets about 6, ovate, shortoblong, alternate, sessile, subapproximate; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, compressed, ciliate-serrate on the margin, aczeminate-beaked, I-veined oe the back, 2-toothed, widely awinged, commonly shorter than the ovate-lanceolate glume, st. 12-20' hig'h, longer than the leaves; spikelets whitish or. tawny.-Common in woods and fields. (C. festucace Ell.? nec Schk.) a. nlEvrIOu Dew. Spikelets — 5, often closely approximate, and moro nearly round; perig. shorter-ovate and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. —This is the plant originally described by Willdenow.,3. IImonIt Deow. Spikelets small, 5-6, globous or obovate, less approximate; perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the ovate, acute glume. 41 C. fokna.Muhl. Spike compound, 5 to 10 ovate spikelets, aggregated above; perigr ovate-acumirnate, winged, scabrous-margined, large and close, 2-toothed, about equal to thle oblono-lanceolate glumo; culm large and smooth, leafy below; plant glaucous.-Pznn. (Muhlenberg) and salt marshes, R. I. (Olney). 42 C. mnirdbilis Dew. Spikelets 7 —11, ovate-globous, alternate, sessilo, often closely aggregated into a lance-ovoid head, bracteate below; perig. ovate. sublanceolate, scalbrous on the margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverging, scarcely twice longer than the ovate, lanceolate glumo; st. 18-36', erect, 48 754 ORDER 155.-CYPERACEJE. stiff, rough above, rather slender; plant light green. —Common about fences and hedges, and has a specially rigid appearance. (C. festucacea f3. Torr. Carey.) 43 C. crisst3ta Schwv. 6pikelsts G-14, globous, sessile, closely aggregated into an oblong, thick head of a crested form, bracteate; perig. ovate, oblong, compressed, wingecl, rostrate-acumionate, bifid, concavo-convex, scabrous on thle margin, longer thayn the oblong, lanceolate glume; st. 1-3f; acutely triangular.-Plant yellowish-green. Common in fields and meadows on colder soils. (C. lagopodioides fl. Carey.) 44 C. lagopodioldes Schk. Spikelets 8-20, beakless, green, ovate, rather neai, alternato and s-ssile; perig. round-lanceolacte, tpverinzg at both ernds, concavoconvex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. nearly 2f; leafy; the vwhole light green.-Common. (C. soeparia, /. Torr.) 45 C. tersera Dew. Spike cormpound, recurved; &pike!ets about 5, obovate, remotish, alternate, sessile, attenuated below, t-he lowest bracteate; ft. tawny, ovate, compressed, somewhat winged,'rostrate. nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the oblong-lanceolate scale; At. 15-30', small and slender, erect, with a nodding spike, longer than the leaves.-Light green. Common. (C. straminiea,3. Torr. C. festucacea fl. Carey. The inconsistency of these synonyms favors our own view of this species.) 46 C. festucacea Schkldl.. pike erect; spielets 5-8, obovate and cIubform, sessile and alternate, approximate, lower one bracteate; periy. tawey, roundish-ovate, rost rate, winged, striate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate. lanceolate glume; st. 15-30', erect and stiff, leafiy below.-Plant pale green. Spikelets greenish to bro-n. Common ih fields, but not abundant. The clubform spikelets from the decurrent scales of the 3 flowers, especially mark this species. 47 C. adtista Boott. Spikelets several, 4 to 8 or more, often not approximate, tapering below in maturity; perig. ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, long-rostrate, narrow-winged and serrulate, veined, scarcely bifidl, as long and broad as the glume; culm 15 to 24', leafy towards the base.-R. I. (Olney) to L. Sup. and Brit. Am. 48 C. scopL.oria Sclhk. Spiikelets 5-10, usually 5 —7, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest with a long, deciduous bract; perig. ovate-lanceolate, nerved, erect. slig'htly maargined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume; st. 18-24', leafy towards the root.-Moist places, very common. (C. ovalis Ell.) /3. AOGGInEGTA Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral. 49 C. sychnocephala Carey. Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head (as the namea purports), sessile, slender, qzith long, leafy bracts; perig. ovsate, very long, lanceolate, or tcalering inato a long beak, with scabrous edges, a little longer thanr the lance-ovate gnusme; plant short and very pale green.-N. Y., Jefferson Co. (Boott. 1!1, 111), at I ittle Falls (Vasey, Ilneiskern). Remarkable for its slender, beaked fruit. 50 C. lridna Schw. and Torr. Spikelcts oval-oblong, 5-10, somewhat tapering at both ernds, larlge and approximate, close-flowered, dry and ch/aff-like; perig. lancelinear, compressed, thin, distinctly winged, bidentate, nerved, acunleinate, twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate guneane; plant light green in all its parts.-Com. mon in Ohio and ic., -3', and further A. and S. (C. Muskingurnmensis Schw., scoparia, P. Torr.) 51 C. miliaris Mfx. (B. t. 187.) Culm erect, slender, rough above; ivs. fiat, very nalrrow; Q spike sessile, sometimes 2 anld distant, ovoid, tawny; bract setaceous, shlort; 6 spike pale, rather long-peduncled; perig. spheroidal, smooth.Marshes, Can., especially at L. Mistassins. 52 C. Floridahia Schw. 8 Spike short and sessile; 3 spikes 2 to 4, approximate, ovate, sessile, bracteate, the lowest sometimes a little recurved; operig. oblong, tapering below, rather oboeyste, plano-convex, abruptly rostrate, short-bifid. scabrous above and on the back, about as long as the ovate-oblong, red-edged, scabrous, czspidate glieme; culm 2 to 6', slender, 3-sided; lvs. radical, flat. twice to thrice longer than the culm; plant pale green; ach. oval, lens-shaped.- Fla. to La. ORDER 155.-CYPERAsCEE. 755 53 C. dubitata Dew. 6 Spike erect, oblong, short, with oblong, obtuse, black, white-edged glumes; I spikes 2 to 4, ovate, sessile, approximate, the lowest oblong and short-pedunculate, subremote, leafy-bracted, all black; perig. oval, short-apiculate, concavo-convex, orifice entire, equaling or slightly exceeding the oblong-obovate, black, white-edged glume; culm, 8 to 12', triquetrous, smooth, stiff, with flat, smooth lvs. (C. saxatilis Ed. lst.) —Probably this is the plant called C. saxatilis L. in the Flor. Dan., in Eng. Bet. and of Schk. But as Dr. Boott proves C. saxatilis (L) and C. pulla (Good.) to be the same, this plant can belongl, to neither. It is called C. rigida (Good.) by Carey in the Manuel of Gray, but differs from it in many characters given by Goodenough in his full description. 54 C. lenticularis Mx. (B. t. 76). Spikes cylindric, obtuse, rather slender, near, sessile except the lowest; 6 spike 1, rarely 2, 1' long, or the lower shorter; I spikes 2 to.5, mostly 4, leafy-bracted, not dense-flowered, the lowest more remote and attenuated below; perig. ovate-elliptic, slightly convex both sides, pale, then yellowish, short-beaked, longer than the narrow-oblong, obtuse glume; culm 8 to 12' high, smooth, triquetrous, with flat leaves; bracts not sheathing, the lowest overtopping the stem.-At L. Avalanche, N. Y. (Torr. &i Gray), to Bear L. (Richardson). LB. ALaI-MrONTXNA. Perig. ovate-oblong, acuminate or tapering above to a point longer and more convex, and sometimes begiinning to curve backwards, with a less obtuse, or short acute glumo variable in length. —Ponds, White Mts. (Oakes, Tuckerman.) y. BLAREI. Intermediate between the two forms preceding; fiuit less acute, nearly elliptical, its glume obtuse and always shorter.-Ifarrison, AMe. (Rev. J. Blake). 55 C. aiirea Nutt. 6 Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate;? spikes 3, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproximate, bracteate; perig. globous, obovcte or pear-form, obtlse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than the ovate, acute or short-mucronate glumo; st. 3-10', slender, often subprocumbent.-Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds, N. Eng. and westward and northward. (C. pyriformis Schw.) 56 C. MitchelliSna Curtis. 6 Spike sometimes with? fis. in the middle; I spikes 2 or 3, cylindric, slender, loose-flowered, remotish, pedunculate, and the lowest short-sheathed; perig. ovate, acute, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about equaling the ovate, cuspidate glumo; culm 15 to 20' high, acutely triquetrous, subscabrous above, leafy towards the base.-W-Vet places, N. Car. (Curtis). 57 C. tbrta Boott (11. 156). Spikes cylindric, slender;? spikes 3 or more, very longy, rather loose-flowered, attenuated below, staminate at vertex, upper nearly sessile, lower pedunculate and diverging recurved; perig. ovate, convex, terete upwards, often acuminate, recurved, about equaling the narrow-lanceolate, rather obtuse, black glume; culm nearly 2f hig-h, erect, rather slender, triquetrous, but scarcely rough-edged, leafy towards the base; color light green.-Wet places in most of the States. (C. acuta, /. sparsiflora, Ed. lst.) 58 C. cmspit6sa. 6 Spilke single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, with oblong, black scales; 9 spike 2-3, short-cylindric (1' long), erect, obtuse, rather thick, remotish, bracteate, lowest one short-pedunculate; perig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous, entire at the orifice, scarcely rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black glume; st. 6-14', scabrous on the edge, leafy towards the base; lvs. flat.-Wet places, Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes) N. Y. and Michigan. (Caespitosa Good. nec. L.) 59 C. aperta Boott. 6 Spikes 1 or 2, cylindric, erect; Y s~pikes 2 to 4, oblongcylindric, approximate above, sessile, stam. at apex, lowest somewhat remote and pedunculate; perig. ovate, roundish, short-rostrate, 2-toothed, short-pedicellate, shorter than the lanceolate acute glume; culm I to 18', rough-edged above.-Wet meadows, N. Eng. and far westward and northward. (C. acuta /3. erecta Dew. Ed. 1st.) 60 C. strictior Dew. 6 Spikes 1-2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes;? spi/es 2-3, cytindric, $ above, and hence acutish, lowest short-pedunculate; periq. ovate, compressed. acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off, glabrous, a little longer than thle oblong and acute rlusty glume; st. a foot and more, triquotrous and rough on the angles, with reticulated filaments connecting the 756 OR.DER 155.-CYPERACELI. leaves towards the base; lvs. erect, close; whole plant glaucous except the spikes. -Wet places, common. Nearer C. coespitosa than C. stricta. 61 C. stricta Gooden. 8 Spikes 1-2, cylindric, lower one sessile, and the scale rusty brown and obtuse; 2 spikes 2-3, long-cylindric, upper half 8, lower longer, short-pedunculate, loosely-flowered below; perig. ovate-acuminato or eliiptic, compressed at the orifice entire or slightly emarginrate, and its gyelume strongly ferrupginous, the lower ones acwt e-lanceolate, the upper linear andc obtuse, commonly longer and narrower than the perigynia; st:. 2f with reticulated filaments connecting the leaves (Boott). —Wet places, as bogs, common. 62 C. asiguust'ta Boott. 3 Spikes 2 or 3, cylindric, slender; ~ spikes 1 to 4, cylindric, sessile, often noddinr, the lowest short-pedunculate, the upper stam. at apex and herice tapering above or acute; perig. oval or ovate,.acutish, entire at orifice, or short-beaked, scarcely veined, equaling or shorter than the narrow or oblong, s6ubacute, variable brown gpiLme; culm 2f, acutely triquetrous, scabrous, not robust, lonoer than the stiff, narrow, glaucous leaves. —Very common in large bogs over the country. (C. acuta, ed. Ist. and Aim. auth. not of L.) 63 C. aquaLilis W*ahl. 8 Spikes 1-4, erect, cylindric, lowest bracteate, the glume oblong, obtusish; 9 spikes often 3, cylindric, thick above, 1-2' long, suberect, sllort-pedunculate, densely-flowered; )erip. ellzptic, lentieujlar, rather small, entire, glabrous; protruded at the orifice, scarcely eqzualing the greez, ovate, acutish glume; st. 20.30' higbh, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous.-In marshes and wet places, common. 64 C. gynandcl a Schw. (B. t. 48.) 3 Spikes one or more, la-x, oblonrg, sometimes wVith a few 2 flowers; 2 spikes about 3, oblognp, cylizndric, pedicellate, nodding, atterated below, and zmoie looselyF Jloweed, often 8 at summit; perig. ovate, sub-inflated, short-rostrate, entire at the orilice, glabrous, about -} as lono- as theo oblong, obtusisll, scabrous-awned glume; st. 12 —24' high, rough, triquetrous.Common in wet places. 65 C. orinita Lan. (B. t. 47.) 2 4 Spikes mostly 1, long, slender; spikes about 4, lony-cyoinctdrc, dce;lsely?/-flowered, recurved, with a long, reclined pedluncle; perim. ovate, suborbicular, obtusish, emarginato at the orifice, convex both sides; glumes terminated by a lorng, serrate point more than thrice the length of tho perigynia; st. 20-42' high, recurved, rough-edoed, pale green. Common in dry grounds. (C. paleacea Wahl. Edcl. st.) 66 C. maritima Vahl. (Schk. fig. 74.) Spikes long, cylindric, subbpendelous or recurv'ed; 2 spikes 1 to 3, pedunculate, bracted; perig. suborbicular, short-rostrate or apiculate, emarg'inate, veined, rather close, much shorter than the longawuned, ovate-obiony, or emarginate-awnecd glume; culm 10 to 18', erect, with smooth leaves.-Sea coast, endclon, Mass. and northward (Carey).-This is the real C. paleaceas Wahl. described by him in almost the same language as his next species, C. maritirna. 67 C. salina TWahl. (Schk. fig. 185.) Sj'ikes cylindric, erect; 2 spikes 2 or 3, remotish, short-pedunculato, dense-flowered, leafy-bracted; perig. elliptic, shortapiculate, double-convex, entire at the orifice, shorter than the oblong, acute, shortawsned gluie; culm 8 to 16', leafy below, with long leafy bracts auriculate at their base.-Salt marshes, MBass. to Arc. Am. II. Stigmas 3.-Achenium triquetrous. 68 C. Frk.seri Sims. Spike oblong, 6 glume oblong, acutish;? fis. at the base in an ovoid or globous mass; perig. ovate or oblong, short-beaked, apex entire. longer than the oblong, obtuse glume; culm 8 to 10', flat., leafless; lvs. 2 radical, flat, wide, veined, with no midvein, pale or glaucous and longer than the culm. -Tygoer valley, Penn. (Muhl:), Mts. of N. Car. (Curtis). (C. lagopus Muhl.)-A peculiar and striking plant. 69 C. polytricholdes Muhl. Slpike oblong, terminal; _perig. 3 —8, oblonzg, alte7rnLate, erect, subtriquetrous, glabrous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovate and ORDER 155.-CYPERACEME. 757 obtuse, and rarely mucronate glume; st. 4-12', very slender, with setaceous and subradical leaves.-Common in wet, cold grounds. (C. microstachya Mx.)'70 C. lene6glochin Ehrh. Spike about 4-flowered, with- 1 or 2 3 flowers at the apex; perig. ianceolate, subtriquetrous ant taperi:ng, v uch reftexed, twice longer than the oblong-lanceolate glume; culm 3 —8', with subradical and linear leaves.-In Ashfield and Hawley, Mass, in a marsh (Porter.) C. pauciflora Lightfoot.) 71 C. obtusata Lilj. (Schk. fig. 159.) 8 Glumes oblong, obtuse, white; periqy. about 4, ovale-globous, 07o ellipsoid, tapering-rostrate, smooth, scarious at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate, acute, membranous glume; culm 2 to 6', erect, leaf)below, longer than the ivs., with the fruit nearly black in maturity, color pale green.-N. States and Brit. Amn. 72 C. pedunculAta Muhli. Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, on slender, recurved peduncles; perig. obovate, triquetrous, recurved at the apex, commoely glabrous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, 7lucronate, finally brown glume; culm 4 -12', triangular, rather procumbent; sta. sometimes removed a little from th:e 7 spike.-Common in woods. Flowers early in the spring: 73 C. Baltz6llii Chapme. (B. t. 41.) Spikes cylindric, long, dark-colored, with oblong-obovate, obtuse or emarginato, submucronate glumes; 3 spike tapering below; s spikes 1 to 4, the cauline one peduncled, remote from the staminate, with some 8 fls. at its apex, the others on long, slender and nearly radical peduncles, all lax-flowered; perig. oblong-obovaCe, oblCuse, short-rostrate, pediceled, veined, u7zbescent, equaling or surpassing' the g'lume; culn 6 to 10' slender, triquetrous, much slhorter thlza te fiat, ratiher wide radical leaves.-Fla. 74 C. WVildenbwii Schk. (B. t. 95.) Sts. or radical ped. 1-3; spike commonly single, stameniferous above, or the stamens removed a little; perig. 5 to 9, scabrozts, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a little, tapering at the base and conic-rostrate above; e glumes ovate and acute, the lower ones long and leaflike, much surpassing the stem.-On dry grounds, common throughout the U. S. -One variety has the 3 spike distinct; another is destitute of the long and leafy scales, and is frequent at the North as well as in Fla. 75 C. Steud&1ii bth. (B. t. 96.) Sts. or radical ped. 1 —S' long; spike commonly single, weith about 12 sterile its. above; pesig. 2 or 3, scabrous above; subglobous or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitate, terete; conic-rostrate, with an oblique orifice; 9 glumes usually long and leafy; ivs. smooth, soft, narrow, longer far than the culrns.-Jefferson Co., N. Y., and in Ohio and the Western States. 76 C, B.ckli Boott. (t. 97.) Ped. radical, 1-4f high, stiff, thick, or large; spike single, witih about 3 sterile fls. above; perig. ovate, globous, smooth throughout, 2 to 4, conic-rostrate, entire at the orifice, when mature pear-shaped, the beak arlicizatedl to the ftrulit; 9 glumes usually long and leaf-like, inclosing the fruit; lvs. radical, flat, thick, rough or scabrous and short.-Jefferson Co., N. Y. and Are. Am.-Thie two preceding species are closely related, and yet look very different. The first (No. 74) is the slenderest. 77 C. squarrbsa L. Spikes 1-4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated below at first byv the decurrent 8 flowers, all very densely flowered; perig. ovate, subg'lobous, long-rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrous, longer than the lanceolate glume; cm. 1-2f, slender for the large spike or spikes; lower spikes pedunculate.-Large and fine. It is C. typhina Mbx. when only one spike is present.-N. Eng. to Ill. and southward. /3. (C. TYPHINOIDES SChw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and both longer and smaller. 78 C. scirpoidea Ilx. Spike oblong, cylindric, adutish; 3 glume oblong, obtusishl; perig. ovate (oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, acutisi, scarious dark pu:ple glume; st. 4-10', erect; lvs. flat and long. —White Mts., N. E. (Oakes), Willoughby MIt., Vt. (Wood), Drummond's Isle, Mich. and northward (Carey). 79 C. Boottiina oenth. (B. t. 42.) Spikes oblong-cylindric, attenuate at base, with a scale-like bract; a 3 spike on one culm and a y spike (or 2) on another, sparse-flowered below; perig. oblong-obovate, hairy, apiculate, entire at orifice, 7.758 ORDER 150. —CYPT-JRACEE. pedicellate, veined, smaller than the oblong-obovate, short mucronate, dark purple, white-edged glume; culm 6 to 12' high, longer than the cauline, but shorter than the radical bright-green leavep.-La. (Drummond), Ala. (T. M{. Peters). Curious and distinct, allied to C. Baltzellii. 80 C. virescens Muhl. (B. t. 12.) Spikes 2-4, obloeg, erect, alternate, the lower subsessile, bracteate; uplper spike very rarely wholly 6; perig. ovate, obtuse, costate, pubescent, longer than the ovate, pubescent and mucronlate glume, or about equal to it; st. 1-2f, rather slender; lvs. towards the base. —Whole plant pubescent and light green.,3. COSTATA Sch1. Perig. strongly costate, outer sheaths purplish-brown; lvs. rnumerous and larger. Both are common in open woods and hedges. 81 C. triceps Mix. (B. t. 117 in part). Spikes 3, short-ovate, erect, quite near, the upper short-peduncled, lowest leafy-bracted; perig. obovate, obtuse, roundishtriquetrous, pubescent when in flower, roughish, usually mvuch, longer than the ovate acute glume; culm 1 to 2f, triquetrous, scabrous above, with shorter, subradical, scabrous lvs. —N. Car. (Curtis) to Fia. and Ala. Differs considerably from the following, althbugh the two are united by Boott. 82 C. hirsftta Willd. (Schk., fig. 172.),Spikes 3, short-oblong, thick, alternate, erect, rather near, upper subsessile, lowest pedunculate, all dense-flowered; perig. ovate-triquetrous, obtusish, entire at the orifice, veined, very pubescent when young, rough and glabrous in maturity, longer than the ovate, acuminate, glabrous glumes; culm 12 to 18', stout, erect, scabrous above; lvs. and sheaths strongly scabro-pubescent, grayish green.-Moist upland meadows, Can. to Penn., and far VWest.,B. PEDUNCULATA (Torr.) Spikes oblong-cylindric, pedunculate; lvs. slightly pubescent; young glurmes much longer than the perigynium. y. CUSPInATA. (Dew.) Glumes ovate. cuspidate, longer than the perig.; lvs., sheaths, and culm very hirsute.-Ill. (Vasey). 83 C. sestivalis Culrtis. (B. t. 133.) Spikes 3 to 5, cylindric, slender, suberect, loose-flowered, bracteate; 3 glumes oblong, rather obtuse at the base of the upper spike, lowest spike peduncullte; perig. elliptic, 3-sided, tapering at both ends, glabrous, entire at orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse, often mucronate glume; culms in tufts, 16 to 24', slender, with flat, pubescent lvs., and leafy bracts. —Mts. of N. Car. (Curtis), also on Saddle Mlt., AMass. (Dewey). Jl., Aug. 84 C. ShortiAlna Dew. Spikes 4 or 5, long-cylindric, erect, dense-flowered, the highest half-staminate below, the others nearly all fertile, exsert-pedunculate; perig. obovate, obtuse, convex-compressed, tapering at base and subpedicellate, minutely apiculate, scarcely longer than the ovate, acute glzrne; culn 12 to 30', with long lvs.; plant strong and fine, bright green.-Marshes, Penn. to Ill. and farther South. A distinct and beautiuhl species. 85 C. ox:lepis Torr. (B. t. 131.) Spikes 3 to 6, long-cylizcdric, erect, exesert-peduncled, bracteate, the lower remotish and loose-flowered at the base; perig. oblong, subtriquetrous, glabrous, tapering at either end, 2-lobed or notched at orifice, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, cutspidate, white edged glnsme; culm 15', erect, rather slender, leafy, pale green; spikes rather dark.-Fla. (Chapman) to Tex. (Torr.) 86 C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Spikes about 4, short, cylindric, thick, upper one sometimes wholly 8, and sometimes Y above and below; pistiliferous oblong, subremote, subsessile, bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse, subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, nerved and g]abrous, scarcely equal to the oblong and mucronale glume; st. 10-1S' high, leafy towards the base.-Common in wet grounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed by Schk., Wahl, &c., in the division having 3. 87 C. atrAta L. Spikes 3 to 5, oblong-ovate, somewhat nodding, the upper rather near and sessile, lower pedunculate, scarcely sheathed; perig. roundish-oval, compressed, glabrous, short-beaked, slightly bidentate or notched, a little shorter than the dark, oblong glume; culm about 1f, with light green foliage and black spikes. White NMts. and Brit. Amn. 88 C. gracillima Schw. (B. t. 134.) Spikes 3-4, long, graceful, sub-looseflowered, distant, long-pedicellate, recurved in maturity, bracteate, upper one ORDER 155.-CYPER ACEAI. 7 rarely all S; perig. oblong, triquetrous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2lobed, longer than the oblong, obtuse, and short-awned glhlme; st. often 2f, reddish towards the base, leafy and subprocumbent, pale green. —Common in damp meadows. 89 C. formbsa Dew. (B. t. 130.) Spiikes 3 —4, oblong, short and thick, distant, 1-sided, on a long and slender peduncle, recurved; pelig. oblong, triquetrous, subinflated, acutish at either end, nearly entire or 2-lobed at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and acute glunme; st. 1-2f, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base, yellowish bright green. —Common in wet meadow s. 90 C. Davisii Torr. (B. t. 132.) Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flowered, remote, pedicellate, pendulous in maturity; pelsig. oblong-conic, subinflated, subtriquetrous, nerved, acutish, short-rostrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous towards maturity, about equalieng the oblong, scabrous-awned glunie; st. 1-2f, triquetrous, scabrous above, with leaves equaling it; lvs.'and sheaths pubescent. sometimes but very little, light green. —First found on the alluvial meadows of the Iousatonic in MBass. (Dewey). Sometimes nearly pubescent. 91 C. precox Jacq. J Spike erect, subclavate; 9 spikes 1-3, ovate, bractcate, approximate, lowrer one short-pedunculate; perig. 6-12, ovate and subglobous, triquetrous, pulbescent, short-rostrate, equal to the ovate, acute, or mucronate glume; cm. 2-6', leafy at the base. —0n rocky hills,. Salem, Mass. (Pickering), Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes). 92 C. nigro-mnarginata Scl-iw. o Spike ereet, slhort-cylindric, with oblong, obtuse, dark glumes, while on, the edge and geeen on the keel;? spikes 1, 2, rarely 3, ovate, 4 to 6-flo wered, the lowest sqularrous-brncted, near the /, on one long, scabrous stemn. or pedl. (6 to 8' long), 2 or 3 short (2 to 41), and radical ped. all on the same root; perig. ovate or oblong, tapering below or pediceled, slender-beaked, roughish, about equaling the ovate or lanlce-oblong, dark glume, which is white on the edge and keel; lys, radical, scabrous, recurred, bright green, longer than the culm. -Dry hills, Penln. to Fla. and La. 93 C. umbellata Schk. Dwarf; S spike short, erect; 2 spikes several, each on its 02ow, radicalpedeunicle, ovate, subumbellate, green; perig. ovate or globous, 5 —8, acutish at either end rostrate, shlort-bidentate, pubescent, equaling the ovatelanceolate glume; st. 1 —4', with very long leaves. /. VICINA De-w. 1 or 2 2 spikes close to the S, sessile; the other 2 spikes on their own; stems or radical peduncles. —In small tufts on. dry hills. Both varieties grow on the same root, but Scehk. saw and figured only the first. 94 C. Emrm6nsii Dew. Spiie sessile, short (3"'); spikes 2-3, approximate, sessile, few-flowered, very s]hort, often one long', radical peduncle; perig. globoustriquetrous, attenuated at the base, rostrate, p)lbescent, at the orifice oblique, about equal to the ovate glume; culm filiform, decumbent, 6-10', leafy at the base, pale ash-green.-On dry fields and hills: common. (C. NovemT-Angileme, /3. Carey.) 95 C. Pelnnsylvanica Lamn.' ~Spike erect, pyediniculate, long (6 to 8"), subtriquetrous, with an obtuse glune; 9 spikes 1-3, ovate, subsessile, subapproximate, few-flowered; perig. ovate-globous; tomentouzs, short rostrate, slightly 2-toothed, about equal to the ovate-acumlinate, or oblong-acuminate, deep reddish glume; st. 4-12', erect, stiff, with short culm-lvs., and often with long, stiff, root-lvus. (when it is C. emarginata, as in Sclk., fig. 143). —Open woods and hedges, commonmuch resembles tlle precedinr but readily distinguished by its different aspect and its deep reddish-brown scales. 96 C. Novae-Angliae Schw. 3 Spike short, slender, oblong; 2 spikes 2-3, ovate, alternate, sessile, remotish, few-flowered, bracteate; perig. 3-6, oval-triquetrous, restrate, costate, slightly pubescent, a litile longer than the ovate, mqzucronate glume; st. 4-8', slender, subdecumbent, longer than the leaves.-Pale green. Open woods in high grounds. (C. varia /3. minor Boott.) /3. COLLECTA Dew. St. 10-16', very slender, erect; 2 spikes 2-4, lower short-pedunculate; perig. more tapering into a beak, slightly bidentate,High lands of MIass.; not abundant. 97 C. varia Muhl. 3 Spike erect, short or subelongated; 9 spikes 3. ovate, sessile, rather near, bracteate, few-flowered; perig. ovate or sub-globous, subtriquetrous, acuminate-rostrate, bifid, scabro-pubescent, about equal to the ovate, acuminate 760 ORDEm 155. —CYPERACE2E. glume; st. 6-15', erect, slender, purple towards the base. Pale green.-Dry woods and hedges; common.,. PEDICELLATA Dew., has pistillate spikes ovate-oblong, short-pedicellato erect, loose-flowered; perig. more numerous.-Grows in the same situations. 98 C. vestita Willd. (B. t. 120.) 3 Spike single, rarely 2, cylindric-oblong;? spikes 2, ovate-oblong, sessile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens above; perig. ovate, suborbicular, subtriquetrous, nerved, short-rostrate, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish, submucronate glume; st. 18 —30', acutely triangular and leafy below. —Common in wet places over the country. 99 C. pub6scens Mfuhl. (B. t. 60.) 8 Spikes 2-3, oblong, rather loose-flowered, erect, bracteate, the lowest pedunculate; perig. lance-ovate, triquetrous, rostrate, nearly entire at mouth, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate, mucronate glume; st. 10-20' high, and with the leaves, pubescent.-Moist woods and meadows; common. 100 C. flava L. Y Spikes 2-4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes androgynous; perig. ovate, closely imbricate, costate, bidentate, refiexed with a long, curved beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 10-20' rather obtusely angled or triquetrous; glabrous; yellowish-green.-VWet and cold soils; common in this country as well as in Eur. f. LEPIDOC.{RPA. Taller and more slender, with short, round-ovate spikes aggregated, or except the lower, writh perig. rostrate and recurved in maturity, about twice as long as the ovate, obtuse glumes. —With the other. (C. lepidocarpa, Ed. 2.) 101 C. M'deri Ehrh. Spikes sometimes androgynous:; about 4, clustered, nearly sessile, short-oblong, sometimes' above or below, bracteate; perig. rather obovate, subinflated, nerved, bidentate, diverging with a subulate beak, a little longer than the ovate glume; st. 2-10', leafy. —Pale yellow. Mass and N. Y., abundant in Pittsfield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls. 102 C. follicula.ta L. nec. Schk.? Spikes 2-4, ovate or capitate, densely flowered, distant, the peduncles sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often 0 at the apex, long bracteate; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or horizontal, long-rostrate, twice longer thalln the oblong-ovate, acute, long-awned glume; st 2 —5f, leafy; lvs. linear-lanceolate, long and flat.-Pale yellow. In wet or marshy places; common. (C. Xanthophysa Wahl.) 103 C. rostrata Mx. 3 Spike short and small; 9 spikes 2-3, sub-globous, or capitate, bracteate; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging, oblong-conic, very long-rostrate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish glume; st. 8-16', few-leaved, erect, stiff.-Pale yellow. At the base of the White Mts., N. II., Oakes; also in Canada, where Mx. found it. Not recognized as the plant of Michaux till 1840, Sil. Jour. XXXIX, p. 52. 104 C. turg6scens Torr. Spike oblong, cylindric, erect; i spikes 2 or 3, ovate-globous, few (10 to 12)-flowered, highest sessile and near the o, lowest often quite remote, exsertly pedunculate, per-ig. ovate, inflated, diverging, Qonicrostrate, bidentate, striate, twice longer than the ovate, acute glumnee; culm 2 to 3f, slender, longer than the leaves, yellowish or pale green.-ll'a. to La. (Chapm. Ingalls.) 105 C. 1Elli6ttii Sclhw. O Spike cylindric, 1' logc, with oblong, obtuse glumes;? spikes 2 or 3, ovate, roundish, sessile, upper stal-inate at apex, lowest sometimes pedunculate; perig. ovale-triquetrous, glabrous, veined, rostrate, 2-toothed, about twice as long (3") as the ovate, obtuse glume; culm 1 to 2f, triquetrous, recurved.-N. Car. to Fla. (C. castanea Ell. nec Wahl. C. Baldwinia Dew. in Sil. Jour.) 106 C. iintum,6scens Rudge. (B. t. 148.) 8 Spike oblong, pedunculate; 8 spikes 1-3, few-flowered, approximate, bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower one solmetimes remote and eoxsertly pedunculate; perig. ovate-conic, large and mnuch inflated, acumninate-rostrate bidentate, nerved, diverging, very glabrous, thrice longer (5 to 6") than the ovate-cnupidate glume; st. a foot or more high, erect, stiff, leafy, dark green and very glabrous.-Wet grounds, in open woods or marshesi common. (C. folliculata Schk.) ORDER 155.-CYPERACE2AE. 761 107 C. lupullna iuhll. (B. t. 149.),8 Spike erect, slender, subsessile;? spikes 2-4, ovate-oblong, large, (20" by 9") and thick, or oblong-cylindric, short-pedunculate, erect, densely flowered, approximate, the lowest sometimes long-pedunculate and distant; perig. ovate-conic, ventricous, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acumzinate glume; st. 1 —3f, triquetrous, leafy; lvs. and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on the edge.-Bright green. Well named from its hop-like spikes. Marshes and about ponds, common. (C. lurida Wahl.) 108 C. lupulif6rmis Sartwell. (B. t. 150.) 8 Terminal spike long cylindric, pedunculate, sometimes 1 or 2 short sessile ones below it;? spikes 3 to 5, large (2 to 3'), cylindric, (9'' thick) near, subsessile, the lowest more or less remote on a long, exsert peduncle, all leafy bracted and subloose-flowered; perig. globousovate, inflated, long and large, terete, scabrous-rostrate, 2-horned, more than twice longer than the ovate, cuspidate gluume; culm 2 to 3f, erect, large, stiff, surpassed by the leafy bracts as well as by the lanceolate, rough, bright, green leaves.Borders of marshes, common. (C. lupulina,,. polystachya Torr.) 109 C. tentaculalta Muhl. 9 Spikes 2-4, oblong, cylindric, (24" by 6 or 7") bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest nearlysessile, densely flowered; perig. ovate, inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice 0loyer than the ovate and small scabro-rmucronate glum.e; st. 1 -2f, often large, triquetrous; lvs. linear-lallceolate, longer than the stemrn.-n clusters in wet or marshy places; common. 110 C. sten6lepis Torr. & Spike short and small, rarely wanting; 9 spikes 3 to 5, cylindric, obtuse, oblong or rarely short, highest sometimes androgynous, upper aggregated on the zigzag stem, lowest long-pedunculate, all very denseflowered, erect and stiff, with long and leafy bracts; perig. oblong-obovate, inflated, tapering below, abruptly obtuse, long-beaked, bifurcate, a little longer than the ovate-linear, awned glume; culm 1 to 2f, erect, strong, smooth, striate, with flat, rather wide, rough-edged, bright green leaves.-Va. to Ill., in marshes, rare, late-flowering. Ill C. plantagincea Lam. nec lMuhl. (B. t. 88.) & Spike erect, large, subclavate, with oblong and acute glumes; p spikes 3 to 5, oblong, erect, remote, sparse-flowered, 2 upper nearly inclosed-pedunculate, the lower ones exsertlypedunculate, with subulate bracts; periy. oblong, triquetrous-elliptic or cuneiform, tapering at either end, recurved at the opex, and entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. 8-18' high, erect, triquetrous, withl dark brown sheaths; lvs. radical, broad, (9 to 10"), ensifbrml, stronogly 3-nerved.-Bright green. HIedges andi open woods, common, and one of the first appearing species in the spring. (C. latifolia Wahl.) 112 C. Carey ana Torr. (B. t. 89.) 3 Spike erect, oblong with oblong and obtuse glhumes; o sp/ikes 2 or 3, ovate, loose and few-flowered, distant: upper subsessile, all le,'fy bracteate; perig. ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate, tapering at the base, smooth and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate, mucronato glume; st. 1-2f, erect, smooth, leafy' towards the base; lvs. linear-lanceolate, 6" wide.-Pale green. Woods, Auburn, N. Y., (Carey) and Ohio (Sullivant). Closely related to C. plantaginea. 113 C. laxifiora L.am. nec. Schk. (B. t. 87.) Y Spikes 2-4, subfiliformn, erect, attenuate, sparse-flowered, remote with/ a 2-edged pedcuzncle, leafy bractleate, upper one subsessile; pevig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, attenuate, glabrous, striate, excurved at the a2pex, a little longer than the oblong-mucronate or ovate-acute glumone; st. 6-12', acutely triquetrous; lvs. radical, of medium (3 to 4") width. —Glaucous or light green. Woods and hedges, comilon. Variable.,3. PATULIFOLIA Dew. (C. anceps. Scllk., lig. 195.) Lvs. radical, broad, manyveined, narrower at the base; sheaths with long' and leafy bracts; perig. longer-rostrate. y. ANGUSTIFOLIA Dew. (Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high; lvs. narrow, striate, long; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved. 114 C. platyph'lla Carey. (Boot. t. 90.) 3 Spike with oblong, acute glumes; 9 spikes 2 or 3, oblong, slender, few (3 to 6)-flowered, erect, not compact; perig. ovate, triquetrous, acute, short-beakel, slbrecurved, entire at the orifice, longer 762 ORDEn 155. —lYPERACEE. than the ovate, acute or cuspidate gluimle; culm 3 to 8', erect, triquetrous, slender, at length nearly prostrate, withl sheathing, leafy bracts; Ivs. radical, broad (7 to 10"), 3-veined, pale green. —Shades, N. States. Confounded with No., 111 or 113, l3, until described by Carey in Sill. Jour, and Gray's Manual. 115 C. zantlo.spdrma Dew. (B. t. 86.) i Spike cylindric, short, sessile, with oblong, obtuse glhmes;? spikes 3 to 6, oblong, cylindric. rather loose-fowered, leafy-bracted, suberect, subrelmote, the lowest sometimes recurved; perig. ovate, oblong, obtzsish, minutely veined, slightly apiculate, yellow ochre color in maturity, twice or thrice longer than (or the lower equaling)'the broadly ovate, acute or mucronate glume; culm 10 to 16', erect, smooth, and with the lanceolate, sheath.ing ivs. at length yellowish.-N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 116 C. blanda Dew. i Spikes 2 —4, oblong, cylindric, subsparse-flowered, alternate, apZproximate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged peduncle; perig. obovate and scarcely attenuate below; subtriq. nerved, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronato glumo; st. 8-1.2', triquetrous, leafy towards the base; lvs. long as the stem.Pale green or glaucous. Meadows and dry, open woods, common. (C. conoidea Muhl. nec Schk., C. laxiflora,. Carey, Boott.) 117 C. retroodirva Dew. P Spikes 2 -4, on long, filiform, recurved peduncles, bracteate, subdense-flowered, short and thick, oblong; per-ig. ovate, triqu. nerved, obtusish, equaling tho ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 6-12' high, prostrate; lvs. radical and wide.-Glaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C. digitalis, Willd., but is difierent. 118 C. conoi.dea Schk. nec lMuhl. (B. t. S1.); Spikes 2-3, oblong, or ovateoblong, remote, erect, rather dense-flowered, bracteate; perig. oblong-conic, obtusish, glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovatesubulate glume; st. 8 —12' high; lvs. towards the base, shorter than the stem.Bright green. Moist, upland meadows, common.!19 C. grisea Wahl. (B. t. 85.) i Spike oblong, slender;? spikes 2 to 4 oblong, lax-flowered, few-flowered, erect, remote; perig. ovate, or oblong-ovate, obtusish, glabrous, ventricous, nerved, subtriquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate glzeme; st. 10-18" high, triquetrous, leafy.Bright, to pale green. Woods, hedges and meadows, common, N. and Mid. States. (C. laxiflora Schk. et Muhl. nec Lam.) 120 C. juncea Willd. 3 Spike short-cylindric, with oblong, obtuse glumes; $ spikes 2, rarely 3, filifbrm, loose and alternate-flowered, pedunculate, long-setaceous-bracted; perig. lanceolate, slender, subtriquetrous. longer than the ovate, obtuse, white-edged glumo; culm 1f or more, slender, longer than the radical, bristle-.form,- leaves; aspect light green, rushl-like.-Roan Mts., N. Car. (C. miser Buckley). 121 C. digitalis Willd. (B. t. 92.) p Spikes about 3, loosely 4-10-flowered, oblong, distant, lax and recurved, leafy-bracted; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alternate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse, entire at the orifice, longer than the lance-ovate glume; st. 4-12', shorter than the long, linear, decumbent leaves.Pale green. (C. Caroliniana Buckley.) 3. VAN WICKII Dew. Smaller; perig. more remote and smaller.-Open, moist woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oliocarpa, Schk. & Muhl. 122 C. eburnea Boott. (t. 184). Y Spikes 2-3, erect, 3-6-flowered, ovate, with white, leafless sheaths, and the upper higher than the 8 spike; perig. ovateglobous, rostrate, or slightly obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice longer than the white, ovate, hyaline glumo; cm. 4-10', erect, with subradical and bristle-form-leaves. —Pale green, common, limestone grounds. S. W. Vt. to Kan. and southward. 123 C. Washingtoniana Dew. i Spike erect, slender, with oblong, obtuse, dark brown glumes;? spikes 2 to 4, rarely 6, upper short, sessile, near, lower much longer, loose-cylindric, subremote, stalked, loose-flowered, all brown; perig. ovoid, tapering above, compressed-triquetrous, orifice entire, about equaling or often shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, dark-brown, white-edged glume; culm If or more, triquetrous, smooth, longer than the fat, smooth lvs.; light green.-White Mts. N. H., the most common Carex there, forming a turf with the mosses and ORDER 155.-CYPERACEA. 763 lichens on the borders of ponds. (C. rigida, /3. Carey; but differs in its fruit, glume, loose spikes, lvs. &c.) 124 C. granulris MbuhL (B. t. 81.) q Spikes 2-4, cylindric, oblong, demseflowered, suberect; perig. roundish-ovate, nerved, very short-beaked and recurved, entire at the orifice, nearly twice as long as the ovate-acuminate glume; st. 8-16', erect or subdecumbent, smooth, leafy. —Glaucous green except the mature, yellow spikes. Moist soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant. f. RECTA. Perig. ovate, slightly inflated, short-acute, straight-beaked or acuminate; in some the lower spikes are also long-peduncled. —S. Ill. (Vasey) and La. (Hale). 125 C. panicea L.? Spikes 2-3, loose-flowered, remotish, lo-west long-pedunculate; perig. subglobous, obituse, entire at the mouth, a little greater than the ovate, subacute glume; st. a foot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base; lvs. shorter than the stem.-Light green. Near Boston (Pickering). 126 C. livida Vahl. 3 Spike oblong; q spikes 2-3, oblong'-cylindric, sublooseflowered; pereig. ovate-oblong, subtriquetrous, subinflated, obtuse or acuti.sh, entire at the orifice; longer than the obtuse, oblong glume; st. 6 —16' high, erect, triquetrous, striate, with leaves about its own length. —Glaucous green. Sphagnous swamp, near Utica, N. Y. (Gray) cedar swamp, N. J., and more northern regions. (C. Grayana, Ed. 1.) 127 C. tetanica Schk., fig. 207. Y Spikes 2-3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote; perig. obovate, recurved at the apex, entire at the orifice, with an ovate glume, obtusish at the upper and mucronate at the lower part of the spike; st. 6 —10' high, triquetrous, longer than the flat and linear-lanceolate leaves. —Light green. Upland meadows, rare. Its recurved short beak or cramped neck (whence its name) distinguishes it from C. Woodii. 128 C. Woodii Dew. 7 Spikes 1 to 3, erect, cylindric, loose-flowered, the lowest pedlunculate, finally recurved; pe'ig. obovate, tapering below, subpediceled, triquetrous, obtuse, orifice mature closed, sometimes short-apiculate, veined, glabrous, longer than the broad, hyaline, green-keeled, rarely rnucronate glurme; culm 10 to 20', slender, stiff; lvs. very short; plant with a close, slIght pubescence, pale green.-Shores of Perch Lake, c. Jeff. Co., N. Y. (Drs. Crawse and AWood). A clear species (Dr. Vasey). 129 C. MeAdii Dew. (B. t. 82.) d Spike ovate-oblong, often long, with glumes oblong, obtuse, tawny-edged; 7 spikes 2 to 4, oblong or cylindric, rather laxflowered, upper often staminate at apex, lowest long-stalked, remote, all leafybracted; perig. oval or oblong, tapering some at both ends, veined, wvith entire orifice, scarce. equaling the broad-ovate, acute or obtuse-mucronate, tawnry-edged glume; cu-lm 8 to 10', erect, leafy below=., roughl above, longer than tie leaves; pale green. —Augusta, Ill. (iMead), Alich. and Ohio. (C. panicea Carey; but clearly distinct.) 130 C. oligocarpa SCehk. (B. t. 93.) O,Spikes 2 or 3 erect, 3 or 4-fjowered, bracteate; perig. obovate, rouodish-v'iqzet ens, sllort-rostrate, entire at the mouth, lounger than the oblong-mucronate glu/me; culan 6 to 12! high; lvs. flat and shorter towards the base; plant light green.-Open wvoods or hedges, rare. Differs frem the following species in its fruit, pubescence, and stouter, coarser aspect. 131 C. Hitchcockiana Dew. (Boott. t. 94.) ~ Spike erect, pedunculate; Y Spikes 2-3, erect, 5 to 10-floweered, lowest distant; ptrig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at the apex, striate, with a short, truncated and open beak, about equali2zg or shorter than the oblong or'ovate, mu. cronate glume; st. 10-24' high, erect, stiff, scabrous above,,with long and leafy bracts; st. lvs. and bracts scabrous and subpubescent.-Bbrders of woods, N. Eng. to I11. and Ky. 132 C. stylofldxa Buckley. 8 Spikes cylindric, short, slender, erect, with oblong, obtuse glumaes; 9 spikes 1 to 4, oblong, dense, some of them near the staminate and subsessile, the others distant or very remote, on long (2 to 6'), filiform, exsert, cd-oopiszg peduncles, leaty-bracted; perig. ellipsoid, tapering below, rostrate, often recurved, once to twice longer than the ovate or lance-linear, membranous glume; culm 2f, slender, flaccid, triquetrous, longer than the smooth, light green 764 ORDER 155. —CYPERACEAE. leaves. —Mts. N. Car. (Buckley) and Va. to Fla. (C. laxiflora, /. styloflexa, Boott. t. 87). 133 C. d6bilis Michx. $ Spike erect, filifbrm;? spikes 3-4, not very rarely pistillate above, filiform, loose-flowered, flexuous, nodding, remotish, 1 —2' long; per'ig. oblo:,g-ianceolate, subtriquetrous, alternate, rostrate, bifid, glabrous, nerved, nearly twvice lonyger than the ovate-lanceolate glume; st. 1-2f, triquetrous and scabrous above, leafy towards the base.-Bright green. Moist woods and mIeadows, common. (C. flexuosa Schk.) 134 C. arctAta Boott. 9 Spikes 3-4, long and slender, loose-flowered, nodding and remote; perig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subventricous, bifid, glabrous, little surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glime; st. 10-20', scabrous above and leafy below. —Pale green. In the same situations as the preceding, common. (C. Sylvatica Dew. Sill. Jour.) 135 C. Sullivantii Boott. (t. 122). 9 Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cyincdric, rather loose-flowered, bracted, the lowest long-pedunculate and sparse-flowered below; perig. ovate or oval, apiculate, scarcely veined, scabroy.s-hairy, short-pediceled;? glume on the lowest spike obovate, obtuse or emarginate, long-cuspidate, the cusp extending above the fruit; on the upper spike the cusp is shortened and the oblong glume scarce equals the fruit; culnm i to 2f, longer than the leaves; plant slightly hairy, light green.-Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant). 136 C. Kneiskernii Dew.? Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublaxflowered, with recurved peduncles; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, glabrou-s, terete-conic, rostrate, short-2-toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong glume which is obtusish and short-mucronate.-Woods, Oriskany and Rome, N. Y. Closely related to C. Sullivantii, but differs materially when mature, in the fruit, glumeo and long triquetrous achenium. Also, by the same marks, from C. arctata Boott. to which Carey improperly (as mentioned by Boott. t., 122) refers it. 137 C. capilliris L. d Spike small; p spikes 2-3, ovate, oblong, about 6flowered, loose-flowered, long and recurved pedunculate; perig. oval, short-rostrate, oblong, oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume; st. 2-7' high, leafy at the base; lvs. narrow, long.-Grows in tufts, very delicate, 4 to 6', pale green. Alpine regions of the White Mts. (Robbins). 138 C. ffilva Good. p Spikes 3, oblong, subdense-flowered, erect; perig. ovate, round, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer than the ovate, dark brown, subacute glume; st. a foot high or moere, triquetrous, leafy towards the base. —Pale green. Near'Boston (Greene). (C. binervis Ed. 1.) 139 C. leevig.ta Smith., Spike one and erect, sometimes 2; 9 spikes 2-3, oblong, bracteate, peduenculate, nodding; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, cuspidate glaume; st. 1-2f, scabrous above, leafy towards the base.-Light green. Near Boston (Green). Rare. This and the last probably introduced from Eur. (C. Greeniana Ed. 1.) 140 C. flexilis Rudge. (B. t., 719). P Spikes 2-4, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nodding; perig. ovate, subconic, rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate, obtusish, oblong glume; st..12-18', erect, striate; lvs. short, and shorter below; lvs. and bracts ciliate. —Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y. (Gray), and far westward. (C. castanea Wahl.) 141 C. venfista Dew. (B. t., 123.) 3 Spike long, slender, with oblong, obtuse, tawny glumes; Y spikes 2 or 3, long-cylindric, rather loose-flowered, lowest distant, on a long, kxsert stalk, often sparse-flowered, recurved, dark; perig. conic above, tapering below into a pedicel, short-beaked, 2-toothed, veined, rough-pubescent, twice longer than the ovate, obtuse (sometimes mucronate) glume; culm 1 to 2f, longer than the linear-lanceolate, light green leaves.-S. Car. to Fla. 142 C. tenax Chapm. (Boott. t., 59.) 8 Spike short, cylindric,, with oblong, acute glumes; Y spikes 2 or 3, ovate or oblong, dense, subsessile, the lower sometimes remote; perig. oval, triquetrous, some tapering below, conic-beaked or shorter and 2-toothed, finely striate, pubescent, twice longer than the narrow-ovate, acute ORDER 155.-CYPERACEJE. 765 glume; culm lf, erect; lvs. short, fiat, both glabrous. —Ga., Fla. (C. Chapmanii Sartw.) 143 C. Richardsonii R. Brown. 3 Spike oblong, erect, stalked, with ovate, obtuse, brown, white-bordered glumes;? spikes 1 to 3, smaller, oblong, lax, the upper near, the lowest more remote, all longer than the broad, membranous, white, obtuse bract; perig. ovate-triquetrous, very obtuse, scarcely beaked, orifice entire, below tapering, pubescent, scarcely equal to the brown, ovate, acute, whiteedged glume; culm, 4 to 10', scabrous, longer than the scabrous leaves.-Woods, Greece, N. Y. (Bradley), Ill. (5{ead.), and Arc. Am. A fine species with a wide rancge. 144 C. dasycirpa Muhl. (B. t., 57.) 3 Spike oblong, erect, subsessile, small; Y spikes 2 or 3, short-oblong, alternate. hoary, the lowest remote, bracts longer than the cel.a'; perig. oblong-ovate, triquetrous, short-beaked, veined, dense-villous, emarginate at orifice, lonlger than the ovate-acuminate glume; culm 8 to 14', triquetrous, glabrous, longer than the hailr, narrow-lanceolate lvs.; grayish green. -Dry fields, N. Car. to Fla. 145 C. Michigdnsis Dew-. Terminal spike staminate, oblong-clavate, erect, short stalked; Y spikces 1 to 3, rarely 4, oblong-fihl.form, lax, some or all three staim. at apex, squarrous-bracted, the upper sessile, lower short-stalked; perig. (too young) oblong-obovate, lance. acute, bifidl, some villous, shorter than the oblong, acute, rusty b rowun gl.; culms clustered, 6 to 14', slender, triq., shorter than the linear, stiff, rough-edged lvs. —Mich. (Wrm. Boott, Esq.). 146 C. T6rreyi Tuckm. 3 Spike oblong, short ped.; Y spikes 2-3, short, oblong, subsessile, erect; perig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriq. entire at the orifice, subrostrate, twice longer than the acute gl.; st. 12-18' erect,, triq., with subradical and pubescent lvs. —Pale green. N. Y. (Tuckerman.) 147 C. Crabwei Dew. P Sphikes 3-6, cyl. short and thick, denselyJfowered, sometimes aggregated, sometimes remote, the lowest often subradical and long-ped.; perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice longer than the ovate and obtusish gl.; 8 spike with one or two small ones at its base. -Jeff. Co., N. Y. It commemorates the name of Dr. Crawe, its discoverer, who was soon after drowned, on a botanical excursion, in Griffin's Bay. 148 C. ignhta Dew. 3 Sppike cyl., slender, erect, lorg-stalked, scale-bracted, with oblong, obtusish gls.; Y spikes 2 or 3, oblong, lax, erect, leafy-bracted, the lowest long-ped.; perig. elliptic-triq., tapering below, conic-rostrate, slender, entire at the orifice or slighltly 2-toothed, recurved more or less, a little longer than the ovate, acute, laic. or cuspidate gl.; culm 1S to 24', pale green.-La. (Hale). /3. FUSsIFoRdMiS. A smaller form; perig. more spindle-form, and the glume acute, shorter in proportion. Fla. (C. fusiformis Chapman.) 149 C. scabrAta Schw. 3 Spike short-stalked;. spikes 3-6, cyl., subrecurved, remotish, long-pcdl.; perig. ovatc-oblong, subinflated, subbifid, rostrate, quite scabrous, longer than the ovate-lane., acuminate, short-bidenlate, ciliate gl.; culm 1-2f, acutely triq., rough. above, longer than the lvs. towards the base.-Bright green. Along brooks and streams, common. N. States, N. Car. (Curtis). 150 C. subulAta iMk. 6 Spike erect, small, short, writh lane., white gl.; 9 spikes 3 to 5, oblong, 3 to i-fruited, distant, sessile above, the highest close to the staminate, the lower exsert-ped., leafy-bracted, sometimes 3 at apex; perig. subulate or lance-ovate, long, rostrate, slender, veined, glabrous, -with 2 curved teeth divaricate or reflexed, more than thrice longer than thQ white, lanec. gl; culm 6 to 14 to 24' high, very slender, lax, smooth; lvs. smooth, striate, flat, shorter than the culm; very light green.-Can. to N. J., along the coast. 151 C. palldscens L. y Spikes 2-3, oblong, short, cyl., distant, yellowish green, nodding towards maturity; perig. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a little shorter than, the ovate, pale gl.; st. 6-16', hardly erect; bracts sometimes transversely rugous.-Plant often subpubescent, and of a light green. In dry meadows. Common.-C. undulata Kunze, is admitted by Kunze himself to be only var., differing chiefly in its wavy, lowest bract. 152 C. lim6sa L. P Spikes 1-3, ovate or oblong, long-ped., subloose-flowered, smoothish, pendulous; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at '766 ORDER 155.-CYPERACE —F. the orifice, about equal to the oblong and obtuse, or ovate, cuspidate, ust-colored gl. culm 8-16', ascending, obtusely triq., with subradical flat and narrow lvs.Glaucous green. Marshes, common. 153 C. irrigua Smith. 2 Spikes 2 —3, ovate-oblofig, thickish, nodding; periq. roundish-ovate, short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, chestnut-browny gl.; st. near a foot high, longer than the flat, subcurved lyvs. glaucous.- 3 Spilke rarely 9 at the summit, or? spikes with stanmens at the base. Marsh. Bridogewater, N. Y. (Grav) also in marshes in Mass. and Mich. (Cooley), rare. (C. limosa, 3 irrig'ua Wahl.) 154 C. rarifi'-ra Smith. S]pikes cbouat 2 inzeaie, qz.ite leeose-fotwe'ecd, long-ped., nodding;' ezrig. ovate, oblong, triqu., dIepressed, enzing the ovate, subcircinate, brown g. culllm 10'.-Glaucotns. hite Mountains, N. 1I. (Barratt). (C. limosa: 3. rariflora Wahl.) 155 C. B-arrcittii Torr. (B. t. 1G6.) i Spike 1, erect, cyl.. long (rarely 2), with ovate, obtuse, dark gls.; 9 spsikes 2 to 6, often ]org-cyl., stannzinate at aex, the lower on s1 dle-r, recurried pedicels, upper crect, commonly single, sometimes 2 or 4 from the same bract, purple or dark; perig. o-ate ot r lance-ovate, often with a very short beak, obtuse, sl ghtly diverrging, roughish, longer thazn the ovate dark gl.; culm 1 to 2f, loneer than the long, rough leaves; glaucous green.-N. J. to N. Car. (Curtis). (C. flacca Carey. C. reeurva Huds.) 156 C. rmlli-cea Mulul., Spike erect, slender' 9 spikes 2 —3, long-cyl., slender, loose-flowered below, noddig;' perig. ovate, triq., glabrous, subrostrate, entire at the orifice, loncer than the oblolorn eriaraginato or obcordate, avwned gl.st. 12-2 -', slender, scabrous; lvs. linear-lane.-Y ellowish green. Wet meadows, commol. 157 C. hystricina WAilld. (13. t. 152.) ~ Spike rarely pistillate at the sumInit; Y spikes 2 4, oblong, cyl., attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate, nodding, rarely sheathed; per7ig. ovate, diver(ging, inflated, subtriq., nerved, bihid, glabrous, twice longer than the oblong, emarginate, submuceronate gl.; culm 12 — 4', scabrous above, wvith long, linear-lance. lvs. —Yellowish green. Wet places, very commlon. (See Sill. Journ., 1848, C. Georgiana.) t3. cocrvL: YI. O Spikes short small, p spikes often short;-ovate, thc lowest on a very long (5 to 8', recurived, filiforil peduncle; culnl very slender, prostrate, shorter than the long, narrow lvs.-Aich. (Cooley). (C. Cooleyai, d. 1.) 158 C. Pseudo -cyperus L. (Sch'K. fig. 102.), Spike c. laid elongated; spikes 9. —4, cyl., long-ped., rather reomo e rIeclrved-pendulous, witrl loneg:and leafsbracts; pSeer. ovate, lane., bidendate, re/fle:ed, and a little shorter than the ovatelanc. or setaccous gl. —Common abou:t ponds and ditches. It is sncaller ini all its parts thirn C. comosa (Boott), the fi'uit of the latter is deeply and wnidely biiftrcate, and its glumo is hispid or ciliate. The to have been confounded ill our country, though long known. 159 C. comc-sa L. (B. t.'3.) e Spike long andl slender, rarely pistillate above; P spikes 2- 5, long-cyl.; pendulous. thick. dense-flowered, with very long and leafy bracts; poerig. ovate-lanc., acuminate, rostlrate, leeply 29-:rkecd, /tiCeexdc;, triq., glabrous, generally longer than the lane., mucronarte, setaceous gl.; eull l 18-30' large, ro0ulgh, with long i and aide, rough leaves and bracts. lurilit very glabrous and yellowish-green. Wvet places about ponds and ditches, coi n L CLo1. (fircata Ell.) 160 triclocazrpa Muhl. 2 Spikes about',I erect, rarely 1 or 01 above, cyl., lower shorter 9 spikes 2-4, erect, long-ecyl., smoothishl, ritlcr ioosc-ilowerecd perig. ovxatl, (onic irtlate(, neired, rostrate, bifurcate, clensely Iloe'ceent, about twice loe;1gt( than thi ovate-lane. gl.; culm 15 —30', seal:roius hbove, end with pubescent leaves anld sheaths.-Light green. In t-et and maarshy places, cornmon. /S. T-RBInXn ST Den. 9 spikes ovate or shcrt oblong, thick, renote, denseflowered; ptrig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, long er than tho ovate-oblong, inucronate gl.; st. 2-::f. l-]aucous green. In pond in Beckliaiin, N. iYi, tliere abundaLnt. 161 C. verruc6sa M{ul.i. I Spike (rarely 2) cyl., large, obtuse, stalked, with ORDER 155. —CYPERACEA,.'767 oblong, retuse, mucronate gls.; Y 3 to G, soon nodding, cyl., leafy-bracted,. above, lowest exsert-ped.; perig. ovate-compressed, triq., glaucous, short-rostratebifid, scarcely veined, about equal to the ovate-oblong, emarginate, mucronate or awned brown gl.: the awn extending beyond the perig.; culm 2 to 3f, erect, stiff, triq., striate; lvs. and bracts stiff, rough, often over-passing the culn; color glaucous green, with dark spikes. —Wet grounds, Penn. to Ga., La. and Ky. Apr., May. (C. glancescens 1E11.) A3. ANDR6GYNA Curt. Spikes 4 to 7, large, 3 to 4' long, upper one staminate at base, the others pistillate and in pa:rt staminate at apex. —Wilmington, N. Car. (Curtis). "An autumnal var.," flowers in Oct. 162 C. lanuginbsa lMichx. " Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect; p spikes 2-3, cyl., ieect, dense-flowrered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrate; perig. ovate, short-rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriq., thick, pubescent and wvoolly, about equaling the ovate-lanc., awned gl.; culhn 12-24', nearly round below, withflat, linear-lanc. Ivs. aced tracts.-Glabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places and marshes, common. (C. pollita Muhl.) 163 C. filiformis L. (B. t. 121.) g Spikes 2-3, with oblong glumes;? spikes 2 -3, ovate, oblong, short-cyl., close-floweIed, remotish, erect; perig. ovate, villous, short-rostrate, bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acuzte gl.; culm 20-30', erect, slender, stifif with con-volute lvs. and bracts.-Pale green. -Marshes, common. 164 C. striata Mfx. (3. t. 141.) 3 Spikes 1 to 4, commonly 2, oblong, cyl., erect, the lower sessile, shorter; e.,pil es 2, rarely 1, lonig-cylc., erect, dense, with peds. inclosed, upper often ~ at apex; perig. ovate, acuminate, inflated, rough-downy, orifice bifid, scarce rostrate, t-wice longer than the acute, tawny gl.; culhn 14-20', erect, leafy-bracted, longer than the striate, lane. lvs.-Penn., N. J. to Fla. (C. polymorpha, Ed. 1.) 165 C. Houghtonii Torr. (B. t. 49.) e Spikes 1 to 3, oblong, erect, purple to pale, with oblong, obtuse, mucronate, wh-lite-edgoed gls.; e spikes 2 or 3, thickish, oblong-cyl., leafy-bracted; perig. ovate, inflatedl, short-rostrate, dirty brown, bifurcate, veined, hispid-downy, nearly twice longer than the ovate, mucronate, whiteedged ~gl.; culm about If; erect, stiff trio., roughi about equaling the lvs.-Fla. (Chapmanl), also Lake La Biche, N.'.'l'er. (Houghton). 166 C. polymo6rpla Miuhl. Var. 2. (B. t. 56.) 6 Spikes 1 to 3, oftener 2, oblong, erect, sessile, with oblong, obtuse glumes; p 2, sometimes 1, oblongeyl., erect, rather loose, upper staminate at apex, lower remote, exsert-ped.; perig. oval-ovate, slightly inflated, subtriq., short-rostrate, orifice oblique, veined, glaucous, a little longer than the ovate, reddish, white-edged gl.; culm 2 to 20', erect, stiff, triq., longer than the light green lvs., nwhichl are reddish at the root.Sandy plains, Mass. to Penn. and AV. N. Y. (C. Halseyana, Ed. 1.) 167 C. Cheroke6nsis Schw. (B. t. 18.) 1 Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., erect, the highcst larger, pedunculate, rarely pistillate at base; p spikes 3 to 6, cyl., distant, often staminate at apex, highest sessile, the others exsert-ped., nodding, loose, rarely twin; perig. lance-ovate, glabrous, veined, compressed-triq., subinflated, tapering into a whitish beak, much longer thae, the ovate, acumninate gl.; culm 10 to 20' high, leafy below and long as the lvs.; plant flaccid, grayish green.-Ga., Fla., La. and Mo. (C. Christiana Boott.) 168 C. paludosa Good. (Schk., fig. 103.) 8 Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., erect, the lower shorter, smaller, sessile; p.spikes 1 to 4, cyl., erect, rather dense, not distalnt, alternate, lowest often long-stalked, scarcely sheathed, attenuate below, and there loose-flowered, all bracted; perig. ovate, tapering into a short beak, bidentate, distinctly many-veined both sides, neaely equaling the narrow, cuspidate gl.; culm 18' to 2f, erect, scabrous above, longer than the light green lvs. —Near Boston (Wm. Boott). 169 C. gigdntea Rudge. (B. t. 151.) 3 Spikes 1 to 3; erect, cyl., slender, near, the lower shorter, sessile, with ovate, acute, or lane. gls.; 9 spikes 2 to 4, cyl., loose, staminate at apex, remote, the lower on long, exsert stalks, often nodding, with long, leafy bracts; perig. ovate or globous, ventricous, abruptly contracted into a long, slender, cyl. beak, veined, smooth, divaricate, in maturity much longer than the lance-ovate, awned, white-edged gl.; culm 18 to 30 to 36', stout, longer that the broad, strong lvs.-Marshes, Ky. to S. Car. and La. 768 ORnDE 155. —CYPERACEJE. 170 C. retrorsa Schw. ~ Spikes about 3, rately 1, often with a few perig. at the base; o spikes 4 —6, oblong, cyl., approx., dense-flowered, with long and leafy bracts, the lowest often remote and long ped.; perig. ovate-inflated, subglobous, rostrate, bifurcate, nerved,'ev/aexed, tw ice longer than the lanc. gl.; culni 15-30', scabrous above, large, stiff, and leafy. —Bright green. In clusters, about pools of water, common. The lower spikes sometimes have 1 or 2 smaller spikes attached to them. 171 C. Schweinitzii Dew. 4 Spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower with a few perig. at the base; p spilkes 2-4, oblZong, cyl., subapprox., sublecurved, rather close-flowered, lowest often long —epd. d perig. ovate-oblong, talt-ri ngo above, rostrate, iiflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, lonler than the, seublzfaet, szubselaceous gl.; culm 6-12', scabrous above, very leafy. Pale yellowish-g'reen. \Wet sandy grounds, N. N., N. J., and northward. 172 C. mnirata Des. 8 Spikes 2 or more, lon-cyl., near, loose, with long, linear, rough -acnedl gls.; 9 spikes 2, long-cyl., stalked. lay-flowered, suberect, bracted, yellow-ish, staminate at apex' perig. lance-ovate, slender, long-conic, rostrate, scarcly inflated, scabrous, oblique at thle long-cuspidate beak, diverging, long-pedicleo:-J, equaling or longer than the,narrow, rough-a.wned gl.; culm 2f, erect, very toug'h, stiff, shorter thlan the stiff, rough edged lvs.; light-yellowish green. — tece, N.. (Bradley). (C. aristata, Boott, &-., but very different.) 173 C. lon- gir6stris Tort. (B. t. 7 7.) Spilkes 3, short; p spikes 2-3, cyl., quite looselfaowered, pecndulous, sntbdistcn it, wgita l ft'lttirm c ed.; perig. ovate, globous, inflated, ghlbrous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer thatn the lance or ovate, cuspidate Ol.; st. 15-30', rather slender, stiff, leafy below. —Bright green. On light soil of ledscr in N. England anrd N. York, common. 174 C. -a'reyi DePr. Spikes'2 to 4, slender, the hiihest lon-ceylindric, the next shorter; o sp7ikes 2, often 3, loug-cyl., loose, rermote, bracteate. only the lowest loezg-led.; per ig. oacte-otlorg,, inflated, long-terete-rostrate, sonmewwhat triq., serra-to on the bifuarcato beak, r/ablsoun, veined, much longer than the lance-oblong glume culm about 2f, erect sti sti shorter than the rough lvs.; bright green.-Wet places, N. Y. to Ill. (Vasey). ((C. yesicaria ti3. Boott., &c.) 175 C. lacidstris Wtilld. iS,gui7es 3 — 4, erect sessile; p.spikes 2-3, erect, oblong, cylindric, short.-peduneaculate Pcr:. ovate-oblong, taperingl or lanceolate, bifurcate, gillbrous, a l1Cttl longsi' thaa the olong, muecronate gl.,; culn 2 — f: scabrous above, erect and laige, with lone' and large leaves and bracts.-Light green. MBarslhes. Common. (C. rip:.'i s Auhl. nee Gooden.) 176 C. ripAria Gooden. S ~p}ike 3 —5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile; p spikes 2-3, erect, oblong, often ]oneg-cAlindric; pee? ig. ovate-elliptic, con tracted into a short, bi"rceate beak, gloabrous, about equalingr or shorter than the ovate, mucronate or oblong-llanc. l.; culm 2 —3f, scabrous above, leafy below.-B3right green. Mich. (Cooley) and vt-cstwa-idl. Disting'uislhed froom the preceding by its broader, more inflate fruint, and its olbljong-ovat, mi:lcroneate glumne, which often surpasses the perig. 177 C. aristAta R. Br. (B. t. 5S.) P S~p'kes 2-4, cylindric, distant, closeflowered, erect; perig. ovate, oblong nerved, deeply bilid, very glabrous, longrostrale, leuner than the oblong, asniicedl yreecish glume; Ivs. and shecaths villous on the ndcler side; st. a boot or more lh Il.-Bright green. Watertown, N. Y., far awest and north. Is not this very closely related to No. 160? 178 C. utriculieta Boott, (t. 37.) a Spikes 3 or 4, slender, cyl., long, often bracteate;? silikes about 3, long-cyl., large, ofen stam. above, subreniote, the lowest tapering below. loose and stalked, wvith bracts surpassing the culm; perig. oval-oblonr, craown into a terete tapering, bifilrcate beak, smooth, veined, strawcolored, lar.ger than the lanceolate, purpile, rozugh-awned glume; culna 2 to 3f; shorter thanc thu le:road, stilf nodous, netted, glaucous l-vs.Abundant in marshy places sw ide over the country. (C. ampullacea, P. Carey.) S. sARnsIFOrA. Spikes all very long (4 to 6'), slender, the p spikes very loose, and more so below, the lowest long-pedunculate; perig. smanller and glut-ne longer.-WWatertonwn, N. Y. (Crawe). 179 C. arEpu lacea Good. 8 Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., erect; 9 spikes 2 or 3, longcyl., erect, quite dense, short-ped., bracteate-; Ieriy. ovate-globous, a little inflated, ORDER 156.-GRAMINEzE. 769 diverging, veined, glabrous, abruptly contracted to a small, round, bifurcate beak, a little longer than the lanceolate glume; culm 20 to 30', obtuse-angled, with long 1vs. and bracts; light green. —Marshes over the country, not abundant. 180 C. monile Tuckm. (B. t. 71.) 8 Spikes 2 to 4, long-cyl., slender, with long-lanceolate gls.;? spilkes 2 or 1, long-cyl., short-ped., rather loose, tapering belozw sometimes and mnore loose, remote, erect, bracteate; pericg. globoe s or ellipsoid, inflated, short-rostrate, bidentate, yellowish, many-veined, mnore than twice Ionger than the oblong-lanc. gl.; culn 15 to 30', erect; lvs. and bracts long, bright green.-~ arshes, not abundant, N. Eng. to 0. and westward. 181 C. Olneyi Boott (t. 40.) 8 Spikes about 3, cyl., slender, near;? spikes commonly 2, cyl., thick, dense, yellowish, approx. more or less ped., the lowe.st tf.pering below, more lax at the base, often some nodding and bracted; perig. inflated-ovoid, with a sholrt, cy?., scabrous, bifurcatto beak, diverging, longer than the lane. gl.; culm 15 to 22', stout, obtuse-angled, rough -above, shorter than the long, sit;i white-edged lvs. —R. I. (Olney). 182 C. Tuclermani Boott (t. 38). ~ Spi:es 2-3, eylindric, lower ones sessile and short, with an oblong, acutish glunme; spiJes 2-3, oblong, cvl., thick and large, scarcely pedunculate, subloose-flowered; pei-g7. much inflated, ovate, large, conic, costate, bifurcate, all glabrouts, nerved, twice longer than the ovate-lane. gl.; culm about 2f, erect, scarcely scabrous; b'cacts and lvus long, not wide; light green. —Wet places in meadows, common, and has been ranked under C. bu![lta. Distinguished from No. 181, by the short, smooth beak of its membranous, pellucid perig. as well as by its different ~ spikes. 183 C. vesicAiria L. 3 Spikes about 3, erect, oblong; 2 spikes 2-3, cyl., erect, dcense-flowered, alternate, long-bracteate; pierig. ovate, oblong-conic, terete, inflated, rostrato, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, nearly txvice longer than the oblong-lane. gl.; culm about 2f, shorter than the [vs. —Bright green. Marshes. Not comnmonL 184 C. bullata Schk. o Spikes 3, erect, slender, cvyl., ith oblong-lanceolate gliumes; ~ spikes 2-3, rather oblong, cyl., nieary e ect; perig. ovoid-globous, ilnfaited, glabrous, costate, witll a long, scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than the lanri. gl.; culim 20-30' high, rathler slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leaf,,reld shorter than the leaves.-Gla}brous, light green. In wet meadows. Comonon. This is C. bullata as described in Sill. Jour., Vol. ix. p. [1, and named by Schk. fi-om its (ball-shaped) g'lobou3 peligynium, comnporting with his fig. 1GG. Carey and others heave adopted anot'!er form under that name, which hero follows, named from the inflation of the fruit..185 C. physEma Dew. 8 Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., slender, contiguous, the lowest lractceato; 9 s7pike 1, rarely 2, subrotund 0 or oblong-cyl., thick, dense-floxvered, remnote, yellowish, the lowest ped., at tezgth nodding, with a bract leafy and surpassing tlhe culm;n peri. turgid-ovate, with a long, cyl., scabrous beak, divaricate, in-atred, alabrous, broader and longer than thl lanceolate, acute, white-edged gl.; cu!lm 12 to 24', slender, firm, shorter than the narrov, flat, firm, light green lvs. —. En. to Penn., in humid meadows. (C. bullata Boott, t. 39, nec Schk.) 18B C. oligosperma'Michx. 3 Sp:fkes several, sometimes one, erect, slender, long-cyl., with an oblong, obtusishl gl.; 9 spikes 1-3, ovate, globular, sessile, distarnt; perig. few, ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, glabrous, a little longer than the ovate-lane. gl.; culm 1-2f, scabrous above, leafy below; lvs. involute and rush-like, light green.-Marshes and lake borders, Can., N. Eng., N. Y., Mich. and Ga. 49 7 70 ORDER 156.-GRAMINEiE. ORDER CLVI. GRAMIINE.E. GRASSES. Herbs, rarely woody or arborescent, with (mostly) hollow, jointed culms; with leaves alternate, distychous, on tubular sheaths split down to the nodes, and a ligule (stipules) of membranous texture where the leaf joins the sheath. Flowzers in little spikelets of 1 or several, with glumes distychously arranged, and collected into spikes, racemes or panicles. Glumes, the lower pair of scales in the spikelet, alternate, enclosing the fis. Pales (palma) the outer pair of scales of each particular flower, unequal. Scales (perianth) usually 2 or 3, minute, hypogynous, distinct or united. Stameizs 1-6, commonly 3, anthers versatile, of 2 distinct cells. Ovarry simple with 1 ascending ovule, 2 styles and 2 feathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis. E,bryo lateral, at the base of the farinaceous albumen. Genera 300,.Sp1ecies about OSOO, universally diffused throughout the world, having no ctherl limits than those that bound vegetation in general. But the species and their characters arc widely different in different climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion of the earth's surfilce with a compact, soft, green, carpet-like turf; but in tropical regions this beautiful grassy turf disappears and the grasses become larger, mnore isolated like other plants, fewer in the number of individuals, with bloader leaves and more showy flowers. Properties.-This family doubtless contributes more to the sustenance of man and beast than all others combined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the fiarinaceous albumen of the seed and in the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is fiound aone tllem, with the single exception of Loliumn temulentumu. The poisonous and mtledicinal Er'got o' Sp elz,)'(red Rlye is only..a parasitic fungus, and therefore forms no exception to this remark. The sterns of many grasses contain sugar, as the Mlaize and Seugrv Crne. Silex is also a frequent infgredient. To this Order belong the common grains, Maize, Wheat, Rye, Rice, Barley, Oats, etc. The mlost inportant of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, several kinds of Poa, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Festuca, Aira, Panicum, Cinna, Briza, etc. 4 3 2 21 ~~~~~~~~~~~1,~~~~~~~~~\ FIG. 721. Agrostis alba; a 1-flowered spikelet; st, the two glumes. 2. A flower, with the tw,o Ipalee, three stamens and two plumous stigmas. 3. Leersia olryzoides; n flower removed from its glumes, showVirr its 2 hypogynous scales, three stamens aInd ovary with the two stgmas. 4. Phleun platense; a I-floweled spil;elet; a(, glumes; b, trnrlcatte palert; etc. 5. Polypogorn;: 1-flowered spikelet; glulies annd lower pale.e awInedl. 3. IIoleus lanatus; a two-flowvered spikelet; a, glumes; *, the two flowers (upper staminate). 7. Poa pratensis; a 4-flowvered spikclet; (r, tihe ts o glumles; b, a single flower, with two pale, etc. $. Festuca duriuscula; a 5-flowered spikelet; 0, two glumes; b, a single flower. 9. The caryopsis of lordeumn, showing the embryo't the base of the copious albumen. ORDER 156.-GRA MINE.E.'771 TRIBES AND GENERA. ~ Spikelet 1-flowered with no apparent rudimlent of a second fl. (2) ~ Spikelet 2-flowered, one of the fs. sterile or rudimentary. (7) ~ Spikelet 3-flowered, the 2 lower (lateral) fis. sterile or rudimentary. (i)...............Tribe 6 ~ Spikelet 2- co-flowered, 2 or more of the fls. perfect. (9) 2 Inflorescence paniculate. (3) 2 Inflorescence strictly spicate, spikes equilateral. (5) 2 Inflorescenco strictly spicate, spikes unilatcral. (6) 3 Glurnes none (or minute and the stamens 6). (a)............................Tribe 1 3 Glumnes present, at least I conspicuous. (4) 4 Pales of the flower thin and soft, often awned. (6).......................Tribe 2 4 Pales of the flower coriaceous,-tipped with awns. (f)....................Tribe 4 -;awnless. (g)..................... Tribe 5 5 Spikes cylindric, the spikelets condensed all around. (e).........................Tribe 3 5 Spikes prismatic, spikelets sessile in rows. (v)..................................Tribe'! 6 Spikelets rounded on the back, appressed to the rachis. (g)..............T.....Tribe 5 6 Spikelets acutely keeled on the baclk, imbricated on each other. (x) T 7 Upper fis. of the spikelet abortive.-Fls. in unilateral spikes. (x)...... ) it — Fls. paniculate. (k)..........................Tribe 7 7 Lower flower of the spikelet abortive. (8) 8 Pales coriaceous, firmer in texure than the gls. Paniculate. (g)............. Tribe T5 8 Pales membranours, thinner than the tlulnes. Spicate. (bb)...............Tribe 11 9 Flowers in 2 or 4-rowecd, —equilateral spikes. (v)........................ Tribe D -unilateral spik ies. (x)........................ Tribe 10 9 Fls. in panicles more or less diffuse. (10) 10 Pale awned at the tip or awnless. (n)......................ribe S 10 Pale awned on the back or below the til). (k).....................Tribe? Tl:e. I. OIEYZEYE. (Spikelets 1-flowered, panicled. Gls. obsolete. Stain. 1-6-.) a Flowers perfect, flattened laterally, awnless.-G1.. 0. Stain. 2 or 3...........LEERSA. 1 -G1. minute. Staim.............ORYZA. 2 a Flowers inonccious, conivex on the back, awned. Stamnens 6.....Zn..........ZrZ-IA. 3 Tie. 2.. AGROSTIDE3E. (Spikelets I-flrdl., panicled. G1. and pales thin. Grain free.) b Fls. surroundced at base with a tuft of long, silky hairs................CALAiGROS'IIS.. 9 b Fls. naked or thinly bearded at base. (c) c Glunmes both long-awned and longer than thle awned pales.............PoirnLonox. 8 C Glurmes both awn-pointed (or mninute acd the pale awned).. M.....MUllLl;-lsENsI IIA. 7 c Glumes awnless, conspicuous. (d) d Pale stalkeed in the glunces, awned on the back, inonandrous............CI-.NNA. 6 d Pale sess. in the gls. 3-androus,-acute, awniless. shorter.....SPoroLus. s) -obtuse, often awned on the bck....AGROSTSs. 4' 1... I'ILEOIDEAI.-e GIs. united at base, awnrless. Pale 1, awned......ALoEcURvs. 10t -e Gls. distinct, mueronate. Pales 2, awnless........... PnLEru-N. 11 T'ee,. 4. STIPACAEiE. —f Awn of the flower simple, straight, deciduous..........OrY.zopsis. 14 -f Awn of the flower simnple, twisted, very long...............STIPA. 1;, — f Awn of the flower triple or 3-parted.......................A sTID,. 12 Tit. 5. PANICIIEE. (Spkl. 2-fl., lower fl. abortive. Gls. very unequall.. I Pale coriaceous.) g Spkl. apparently 1-flowered, the lower glulne wanting and the single abortive pale supplying its place. —ils. spicate, unilateral................P.....0......PSPALU. I. -FIls. diffusely panicled, all alike..................... MILOT'-r, 1; -Fls. paniculate, 2 sorts, one under ground....AsitIcAre'uim. 17 g Spkl. evidently 2-flowered, both gl. present, abort. fl. neutral or 3. (h) h Fls. paniiculate,-without awns or spines. G1. very unequal............PANICUma. 13 -with the glumes and pale coarsely awned..........OPLIS.MESTS. 13 h Fls. spike-panicled,-each with an invol. of awned pedicels.............SETAIti.. 20 -each with a hardened, burr-like invol............ CENCIEru. 21 T'i.. 6. PLALAtRIDEE. —i Sterile fls. 2 minute rudiments. Panicle spicate.....PIALAS. 22 -i Sterile fls. 2 awned pales. Panicle spicate.... ArXTHOXA-TIu-mm. 2.3 -i Sterile fls. both 2-valved, 3. Panicle open...... IEROCHILOA. 24 Tra.. AVEN EE. (Spkl. 2 — c-flrd., panicled. GIs. large. Pale awned below the tip.) k Spikelet with 1 perf. flower and 1 awned stam. flower-above................HocU.es. 253 -below..... ~ ARIENATuERu' M. 28 k Spikelet with definitely 2 perfect fls. Pale subentire, awn dorsal............... AiA. 26, k Spikelet with 2 or mnore lperfect fls. Pale 2-toothed at apex. (m) 7 72 ORDER 156.-GRAMINE E. m Awn between the 2 teeth, twisted; glumes very large.............. DANTIONIA. 27 m Awn dorsal below the mniddle (except in the cultivated Oat).............AVENA. 28 m Awn dorsal above the middle.-Fls. 2-5. Teeth cuspidate.......T....TRISETUM. 29 -Fls. 5- cW. Teeth acutish............. BROMUS. 30 Ta. S. FESTUCACEIE. (Spkl. 2- oo-fird. panicled, awnless, or the lower pale tipped with a straigrht bristle or awn. Glumes 2.) n Glumes definitely 2, all the lower fis. of the spkl. perfect. (o) n Glumes several, indefinite, the lower fls. abort. and glume-like. (p) o Lower pale 3-cuspidate at apex, fringe-bearded below. (q) o Lower pale mucronate or awn-pointed (except in 1 Festuca). (r) o Lower pale obtuse or acute, not at all awned. (s) q Ulppler pale naked, lower with 3 cusps and 2 teeth............... T cs........ ss..TcUrs. 31 q Blothl pales fringed, lower with 1 awn and 2 cuspidate teeth...............URALEPIS. 32 r Glumes and pales keeled,-herbaceous, 5-veined. Fls. glomerate....... DCTYLIS. 33 -mIeembranous, 3-veined. Pan. spicate........K LLERIA. 34 r Gls. and pales rounded on the back,-both coriaceons. Grain free....DrAuIE-NA. 385 -pale papery, gr. adlherent.........FEsTucA. 36 S Spkl. 2 —-fird. with some abortive terminal Ils. Pale papery, not keeled. (t) t Upper glume broad-obovate, shorter than the flower....................EATONI. 3 t Upper glume oblong, 7-9-veined, longer than the fis............ A..IELIc.A. 38 s Spikelets 2-50-flowered, all perfect. Pales usually thin. (u) u Lower pale keeled, 3-veined, membranous like the glumes...........EnAC,nOSTIs. 39 u Lower pale keeled, 5-velned, usually cobwebbed at base.. -A............PoA. 40 u Lower pale convex-keeled, obscurely 9-veined. Pan. spIiked.......Bl YzoeYVru. 41 u Lower pale conves, 7 (-5)-veined, never webbed at base..............GL-CE1ccA. 42 u Lower pale convex-ventricous, cordate, obscurely veined........ B.....BRIZA. 43 p lIerbaceous.-Fls. glabrons, awnless, flcatte-pointed.U..OLA........UNIOLA. 44 — Fls. silky-villouts at base. Tall, stout..........I'IIrAGMITES. 45 p Woody, tall (the flowering branches low). Fls. short-awned....Aiu -DINA- IA. 4(; Trl.. 9. JIODEAMCEE. (Spkl. 1-10-fld., sessile, alternate in a spike. lIachis jointed.) v Spikes several. Spikl. solitary at each joint, 1-flowered...L..TU......u.... L..Trnus. 4T v Spike single. —Spiklelets 1-flowvered, 3 at each joint.................... Honr.Eu. 4S -Spikelets 2- o -flowered,-several at each joint.............. ELYMUs. 49 -1 at each joint. (w) w Glume 1, in front of the spikelet vwhich is edgewise to rachis.............LOLIUM. 50 w Glumes 2, opposite.-Spikelet 3- O -flowered.........................TnTrcu.s. 51 -Spikelet 2-flowered.................... SECAL.:. 52 Tai. 10. CIILORIDEE. (Spkl. in 1-sided jointless spikes, 1 — -flrd. 1ip. fl.'abortive.) x Spikes very slender, many, in an equilateral raceme. (y) y Spikes raceme-like. Spkl. with several perfect fls.............. LEPTOCI. 53 y Spikes with sessile, 2-flowered spkl., 1 fl. a rudiment......GYUNOroGOo N. 51 x Spikes slender, several, digitately arranged above, or, in No. 55, axillary. (z) Z Spikelets with 1 perfect flower,-awnless, globular, no rudiment... M.. AT.M s us. 55 -awnless, oblong, with a rudiment...... CYN'ODON. 56 -awned, glume 3-lobed..............EUSTACIIH. 57 z Spikelets with several perfect flowers. —Fls. awnless............ ELRFUSINE. 58 — Fls. awned............. DxcvTYLocrTE.suM. 59 X Spikes thick and dense, 1 — o. Spikl. with 1 perfect flower. (aa) aa Spikes several or many. —Flocr awith no rudiment.................. SPATIA. 60 aa Spikes 1, few, or many. Flower with a terminal rudimrent.........UTLOUA.. 61 na Spike solitary, recurved. Awns termlinal and dorsal..........CTENIU-M.,62 Tr. 11. SACCHIARLIEE. (Spkl. in pairs or 3s, 2-flowered, the lower flower abortive. Fertile pales thinner than the glumes, except in No. 66.) bb Fls. (the fertile) imbedded in the cavities of glabrous, jointed spikes. (cc) cc Spikes noncecious, $ abortive, 0 below, both naked....Tas.a..c......TPsAcrrM. 63 cc Spikes moncecious 4 above panicled,? below enveloped in h7esks...........A.Zr. 64 cc Spikes uliform, —terete. The pedunculate spkl. abortive.......... IlTTBOLIMA. 65 -compressed. Both spikelets fertile............ TENOTAPII.TUM. 66 bb Fls. not imbedded, spicate or panicled, mostly long-bearded. (dd) dd Both spikelets of each pair fertile.-Lower ft. awned....... EA....... EnIANTrHUS. 67 — Flowers awnless...I.........SAccHaRI. 68 dd Only one spikl. of each pair fertile.-Fls. and raclis hairy........As.nnoProos. 69 -Fls. and rachis sMroothish.......SonIoruM.. 70 dd The lower spikelet on each spike fertile, in a bony shell...........o... Cois..i ORnDER 156.-GRAMINIE. 7 73 1. LEER'SiA, Soland. CIT GRASS. FALSE RmICE. (In honor of John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.)-Spikelets 1-flowerecd,, flat; glumes none; paleca boat-shaped, compressed, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keel, nearly equal in length but the lower much broader, enclosing the free, flat grain (carxyopsis). — 2 Swamp grasses, with flat, retrorsely rough-edged leaves, and the ils. racemous-paniculate, somnewhat secund, jointed to the pedicels. 1 D. oryzoides Swartz CUT GRASS. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3-5f higll; ivs. l:nceolate, carinate, the margin very r'ough backwards; sheaths also very rough with retrorse prickles panricle much branched, diffuse, sheathed at the base; spikelets spreading; 1palex full 2" long, ciliate on the kceel, white, compressed and closed; sta. 3.-it A very roughl grass, common in swamps, by streams, etc., U. S. and Can. Aug. 2 L. Virginica WVilld. WrITE GRASS. Culm slender, branched, geniculate or decumbent at base, 2 —3f long, nodes retrorsely hairy; Ivs. lance-linear,,'roughish/; sheaths roughish backwards, striate; panicle simple, at length muchl exserted, the lower branches diffuse; fis. pedicellate, in short, appressed, flexuous racemes; lower palea scarcely more then 1" long, green-veincd, mucronate; sta. 1-2. —2 Damp woods, U. S. and Can. Aug. 3 L. lenticuliris Aiichx. CATCII-FLY GRASS. Plant smoothish; culrn erect, 2-4f high; panicle erect; fjs. large, r-oandish-oval, near- 3" diam., imbrzicated; sta. 2; pales with the keel and -eins ciliate.-24 Wet places, Ct. (Eaton) to i11. mand S. States. Not common. Said to catcll flies by the sudden closing of its pales. 2. QRY'ZA, L. RICCE. (tp. 5l,a, from. the,Arablic, LEriZ.) —Spikclets 1I-flowered,; glumnes 2, very small, cuspidate; pa les 2, boats!iaped, flattened, tle loxwer one broader and mostly tipped with a:tlraigiat awn-; stanl. 6; stitnas with branchinge hais s; giain oblona, Ifre, smooth, enveloped in the pales. —Mostly,. Fls. in a branchingo panicle of racemnes. Spikes hispid, jointed to the pedicel. 0. sativa L. Culm 2 4f higll, striate; lvs. long, roughl lance-linear; ligule 1 ng (near 1"), erect, pointed; parnicle with erect branches, 6-9' in length; outer 1-ale strongly 5-veined or keeled, JLispid-ciliate and commonly tipped with a short "-'n. Extensively cultivated in the S. States, both in upland meadows and in 1 )w inundated grounds. The former v'ariety-the upland r'ice, is usually awnless,'lie latter is awned. A most important Cereal. f Asia. 3. ZIZA' IA, Gron. IN-DIN RICE. (Ztcdtlov, the Greek name of some similar plaiit.)- - Glumes 0; spikelets l-flowered; palere 2, herbaceous. $ Palem subequal, awnless; stamens 6. ~ Spikelets subulate; pale niieqlual, linear, lower one with a straight awn;; styles 2; caryopsis enveloped in the plicate palem. —Stout, aquatic grasses, with a large panicle of both kinds of flowers. 2 Z. aqudtica L. Culm i' in ciameter, fistular, smooth, 6f high; lvs. lancelinear, 2-3f long, an inch wxide, smooth, serrulate; particle a foot or more long, pyrarmidal, the lower branches diva~ricate and ster ile; the uppes' spicate and fertile; spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns long (18"), hispid; fi. slender, -' long, blackish, very caducous, f:rinaceous.-'4 Inundated shores of ponds and rivers, U. S. and Can. The fruit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese, ducks, and other water fowls. Aug. 2 Z. miliacea Michx. Culm erect, C-10f Ihigh; lvs. very long, narrow, glaucous; panicle large, diffuse, pyramidal; glumes with short (1-3") awns; $ and i fs. inter mixed; sty. 1; fr. ovate. glabrous. — Growing in water, Ohio to Fla. and La. Lvs. coriaceous, 2-3f long, 6-12' wide. Apr.-Aug. 3 Z.? fl/'itans Michx. Culm long, slender, branching, floating in the water;. '774 ORDER 156.-GRAMINEIE. 1ys. lance-linear, flat, clustered, 1-2' lon,, 2 —3" wide; "spike solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered; palese awnless; stig. 2, very long; fr. reniform."- 24 Water, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Hale, whose specimens are without fis. or fruit.) (Hydrocochloa, Palis. Hydropyrum, Kunth.) 4. AGROS'TIS, L. BENT GRASS. (Gr. ayo6g, a field; growing in fields and pastures.)-Spikes 4-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, awnless, usually longer than the flower; pales 2, thin, pointless, naked, the lower 3-5-veined, sometimes awned on the back, the upper often minute or wanting; grain free. —2 mostly, and cespitous, with slender culmrn and an open panicle. ~ AGROSTrI Iproper. Up)per palca J to - as long as the lower. FIs. rather dense.....Nos, 1, 2 ~ TncnrrOIr.. I71)p)er palca minute or wantilng. Panicle thin. (*) * Lower lpalea with a long exseerted awn on the back..Nos. 2. -4 * Lower palea:, awnless, or bearing a very short awn. Nos. 5, i i A. vulgaris With. RED TOP. DEW GRASS. HERD'S G-RAss of the S. States. Culnoe erect, 1-2f high; panicle Tpurple, oblong, witlh short, spreading or divaricate, rougllish branches; lvs. linear, with very short ligules (sometimes the upper one elongated); lower pale twice as large as the upper, and nearly as long as the lanceolate, acute glumes, mostly awnless.-U. S. and Can. A very valuable grass spread over hills, vales and meadows, forming a soft, dense turf. Variable. (A. polymorpha IIuds. A. pumila L. A. hispida Willd.) 2 A. alba L.'WHITE BENT. ENGLISi] BENT. 3BONNET GRASS. FLORIN GnRss. Culm decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints and sending out stolons; lvs. linear, smooth, those of the stolons.erect and somewhat subulate; ligules long, membranous; panicle dense, narrow and contracted after flowering, greenish wh7ite or slightly purplish; lower pale 5-veined, rarely awned. —A common and valuable grass in old fields and drained swamps. It is quite variable in aspect. ~ Eur. (A. stolonifera L. A decumbens Muhl.) /3. STRiCTA. Lower pale with an awn from its base twice longer than itself. (A. stricta Wilid.) y,. DISPAR. SOUTHERIN BENT. Larger (2-3f higis) in all its parts; outer pale obtusely 3-toothed. Miuch valuecd in some parts of the S. States. (A. dispar Mx.? Kunth.) 3 A. canina L. BROWN BENT. DOG'S BENT. Culm rooting at the lower nodes, slender, somewhat branched, about 2f high; lvs. setaceous involute, the upper linear; panicle dzffuse, ovoid, at length brozownish, branches rough, diverging, dividinog beyond their middle; glumes subequal, shorter than the lower pale which bears a long aswn alittle below the sniddle of the back; upper pale minute. —Wet meadows, E. States, rare. ~ Eur. f. ALPINA. Culms low, in small tufts, with contracted panicles, nearly smooth, purplish; awn twisted. —Mts., N. States. (A. Pickeringii Tuckm.) 4 A. arachnoides Ell. Culm erect, slender, 5 —8' high; paniculate more than half its length; lvs. linear-setaceous, 1 -3' long; panicle narrow, branches capilllar, filoriferous half their length; glumes green, ovate, acute, I" long, equal; pale a little shorter, bearing on its back aborve the middle a contorted awn 5 or 6 times longer tthan itself, and as fine as a gossamer. —Car. to Ga. (Feay). The awns, firom their fineness, can hardly be seen without a lens. Apr. 5 A. scabra Willd. ROUGHI IAIR GRASS. THIN GCRASS. Culms tufted, erect.fom a decuinbent vase, very slender, 1-2f high; lvs. linear, 3-6' long, rough, the radical involute-setaceous; ligule oblong, obtuse; panicle large, with long capillary, erect, or divergent, scabrous-hispid whorled branches, trichotomously divided near the end; spikelets in terminal clusters, at length purplish; glumnes lance-linear, acuminate, scabrous-hispid on the keel. —Fields and pastures, U. S. and Brit. Am. Remarkable for its thin and airy panicles which are at length driven before the wind. Jn., J1. (T. laxiflorum MIx. T. montanum Torr.) /3. OREOPHILA. Culm 6-12' high, simple, panicle less diffise; pale with a short, twisted awn at its back. —Mts. and rocky woods. (A. montana Tuckm.) T. Pf:ERETXANS. Panicle pale green, branches shorter, fioriferous more than half their length.-In damp shades. (T. scabrum Muhl. A. scabra, ed. 2d.) OR1DER 156.-GRAM[INizE. 775 6. A. el.ta Trin. TALLER TIi'i GRASS. Calenz erect, rigid, ti, simple, rather stout, 2-3f high, leafy; Iv-s. broadly (1-2") linear, scabrous, flat, 6-8' long, the sheaths scarcely smooth' panicle purple, contracted, with long, whorled, erectspreading branches deinse-flowered half their length; glaumes lanceolale, 1-", tho the upper a little longer than the 5-veined pale.-S-wamps, N. Jer. to Ga., Ala. and Ky. (Jackson).-J1., Aug. (T. elatum Ph. A. altissimurn Tuckrm.) 5. SPOROB'OLUS Brown. DROP-SEED GRASS. (Gr. aropa, seed, 3 1iu eo, to cast.) —Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, the lower smaller; fl. sessile; paleia 2, beardless, awnless, usually exceeding the gluines, the upper 2-keeled; staim. 2 or 3; stig. plumous with simple hairs; caryopsis free, often with a loose pericarp, deciduous.-Tough, -wiry grasses with mostly rolled and rigid leaves and the panicles more or less contracted. ~ ~ILIA. (raLin (caryopsis) linear-cylindrie. Glumes sbeql..................... N, 2 - S'(-RO(LUiS. iGr.in ovtal or globous. somiie loose in. tle I)eriCeL'l. (*) * GlIutnes very unequal, ono, of them as long as the lpaletn. (a) a Paniele open and stalked, pyramidal............................... os. 4, 4 a Panicle sheathed at the base more moe r less..........................., * Glumes somewhat equal, both sholter tll.an the pales. (b) b Parnicle contracted and spike-like, sheathe(l or not.................Nos. 7, b Panicle open and stalked, long.nd racenlc-like...................Nos. 9, 10 I S. Virginicus BIeauv. C'lams numeerous, assurgent, prociembent and hairy at base, branizched, about a foot long; lvs. somelwhat 2-rowed, involute, rigid, erect, 2-3' long, with slnooth sheaths which are hairy at the throat and swollen with. the enclosed panicles; particles spike-foilm, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones concealed; glumes nearly equal, neasrly as lonz7 as the subequal palece.-2 Sandy soils,'Middle and S. States.-Scpt., Oct. (Agrost. L.) 2 S. vaginseflirus Torr. Ctdlzis siniplle, ascending, slender, forming tufts G-12' hig'h; lvs. involute-subulate, r-ither rigid, short ( —4'); panicles contracted, spike form, lateral and terminall, mostly concealed in the sheaths; gluries about equal, and equacliiig t~he subequal pales; cary-opsis linear, a third shorter than the pales.() Dry, gravelly fields, U. S. more common W. andi S. (,Agli. Muhl. Crypsis, Nutt.) 3 S. heter6lepis. Culm 1 —2f high, smooth; Ivs. setaceous, somewhat convolute, scabrous on the margins; lower sheaths pubescent, upper ones smooth; panicle spreading; pyramidal, few-flowered; glsuizes purplish, very unzlike, outer one subulfoem1n, innzer one orate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, 1-veined; pales oblong, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than the superior glume, the lower 1-veined, apiculate, the upper'l-veined, sllorter; sta. 3;.nth. linear, reddish; fr. roundish, smooth.-Conn. to Wise. not rare. zAug., Sept. (Vilfa, Gray.) 4 S. jinceus Mich. Glaucous; culh erect, 1-f fhigh, terete, slender; lss. erect, 2 —6" by 1', concave, coLvolute when driy, mnargin scabrous; sheaths much -hllorter thana the internodes; stip. short; pan. oblong-pyramidal, branches verticillate, about in 6s; gilmCis purple, Siim'ila, I laCe0olate, a(rte, upper as long as the palece, the lower taw ice shorter; paleas subequal; antih. and sty. whitish. —4 Penn. to Flor. and La., in barrens. Aug.-Oct. 5 S. cryptfiudrus Graly. Culm 2 —3f hligh; ls. broadly (2") linear, flat; sheaths bearded at the throlllat; picle py ramidal, its base enclosed by thl terminal sheath, branches sppreadiny, hairy in lihe axils; fis. bluish; )ales subequal, ais long as the upper gluane, twice longer than the lower. —Drr, sandy soils, AV. and S. States, rare northward. Aug. (Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra Torr.) 6 S. asper Kunth. Rt. white, fibrous; culm stout, glabrous, geniculate at base, 2f high; lvs. rigid, involute, rough-edged, 2-8' by 1-3", tapering to a pungeng point; branches with short leaves, barren, also ending in a long, pungent point; sheaths ciliate at edge and bearing dense tufts of long, white hairs at top; panicles terminal andv lateral, izearly enclosed in the long sheaths; spikelets blackish-green; low-er glume very short, uqpper a little lo;,Iger than the pales; fr. compressed, obovate -'" in length.-U- Ohio, (Sullivatt) to Ill. (Vgrost. Mx. Vilfa, Beauv.) 7 S. longif6lius. Culms slender, tufted, 2 —3f high, from long fibrous roots; lcs. (all in olute, tvery lo01b (1-3f), tapering to a lon- thread-like point; paneicle 7 76 ORDER 156.-GRAMINE.E. slender, 3 —6' long, wholly intclosed in tile terminal swelling sheath; glumes unequal, very white, much shorter than the white, subequal, obtuse pales; grain oval, as long (2") as the pales.-W. N. Y. (Mr. R. S. Brown) and southwestward. After the sheath falls away the mature f3s. turn brownish. (Agrost. longif. Torr.?) 8 S. Indicus Brown. Culm erect, terete, glabrous, 2 —3f high; Ivs. involute, tapering to liliform; sheath beardless at throat; joints blackish; panicle long (If), slender, open, comp2osed of short, erect, alltenate spike-like'acemes; glumes 2, unlequal, much shorter than the subequal pales; grain dark resin-colored, oblong, - as long as pales.-Pastures and waste grounds, S. States. (A.. Indica L.) ~ W. Indies. 9 S. comprdssus Torr. Glabrous; culno erect, Mnuch conlp)ressecd, simple, leafy, branched at base, 1-2f high; lvs. narrowly linear, scarcely shorter than the stern; keel prolonged into the open sheath; stip. very short; paenicle purple, subsinmple, contracted, the branches fewz and erect; glumes equal, acute, shorter than the palem, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate; palece ovate, obtuse, smooth, sometimes deeply cleft; stig. purple.-Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept. 10 S. ser6tinus Torr. Culm 12-18' high, filiform, compressed, growing in patches, smooth, often viviparous at the nodos; lvs. 2 —3' by -", keeled, smooth; sheaths open; stip. ovate, short; panicle 3-10' onlg, capilary, diffuse, branches flexuous, alternate; spikelets elliptical, scarcely'" long; glsme ovate, 1-veined, unequal, half the length of the palese; palem smooth, the lower one shorter; sta. 3. -Long Island (Kneiskern) to Mle. and Mich. July. (Vilfa, Torr. Poa modesta Tuckm.) 6. CILIMA, L. SWEET:REED GRASS. Spiklelets I-flowered, conpressed; glumes 2, subequal, without awns, upper one 3-veined; paleat 2, nlaked at base on short stipes, lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a short awn a little below the tip; stamen 1; grain oblong, free. -2 Erect, simple, tall, with a large panicle. 1 C. pendula Trin. Culm smooth, 3-5fhigh; lvs. linear-lanceolate, 12 —18' Sy 3-5", pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths; stip. long, lacerated; panicle white-green, near a foot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding, withz the brancXes capillary, drooping, and arranged somewhat in 4s; glumes 2' long, linear-lanceolate; lower palece with a short straight aeon a little below theo tip. —2 A beautiful grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, N. States.and Can. 2 C. arundinhcea VWilld. Culm and leaves as in No. 1. Plant bright green; panicle p2p)le and green, erect and with ascending or erect branches which are iloriferous more than half their length; glumes 3" long, lanceolate, lower palece awnless or the awnz scarcely equaling the obtuse point.-TU. S., in shady woods, chliefly -southward. A finer looking grass than the preceding. J1., Aug. 7. lNUHLENBER'GIA, Sbhreber. DIROP-.SEED GRASS. (In honor of.en)'I,'y i3uhlenbe'r/, D.D., an eminent American botanist.)-Spikelets l-flowered, fl. sessile in the glumes and mostly bearded at the base; g'lumes 2, unequal, shorter than the pales, acute or awnedl, sometimes mninute, the lower rarely obsolete; pales 2, the lower awned or mucronate at apex, upper 2-keeled; stain. 3-2; stig. 2, plunmous; caryopsis fiee. —Culmis often branched. Panicles simple, mostly contracted. MuiiLrnlN<-ni.L.. Gluines manifest. Panicles slender, terminal and lateral. (*) * Glumes awned and twice longer than the awnless pialec.......................No. 1 * Gluirnes pointed, not longer than-the imulcronate paler.....................Nos. 2, 3 -the long-awned palere....................Nos. 4, 5 B ACIHYELYTIRUM. GIUmes minute, the lower obsolete. Panicle slender.............Nos. 6,? I T'iclOCiLOA. (lltGlumes small, both present. Panicle diffuse, capillary..............No. 8 1 M. glomerata Trin. Glaucous; culm compressed, erect, smooth, with ap. pressed branches or subsimple, 1. —4f high; lvs. somewhat 2-rowed, erect, flat, roughl, 3 —5' long, with closed sheaths; panicle spicate, dense, conglomerated, in OaDER 156. —GRAMINEI. 7 7 terruptec, 2-3' long, many-flowered; glumes linear,. the length of their awns; lower paleae mucronate.- U Bo, meadows, also on rocky mountains, N. Eng. to Mo. Aug., Sept. (Polypogon racemosus Nutt.) 2 M. MexicAna Trin. Culm erect or ascending, cith. swellizg zodes, much branched and leafy above, often nearly leafless below, 1-A-3f high; lvs. lanceolate,,cabrous, with half-clasping sheaths; panicles numerous, terminal and lateral, spike-clestered, dense-flowered and purple-spotted, lateral ones partly enclosed in the sheath; glumes narrow acurminate, mostly shorter than the subequal, pubescent pales.-2- Wet shades, N. Eng. to Wisc., comnaon. Aug. (Agrostis L.) 3 M. subolifera Gray. Culm erect, slender, producing shoots at base, branched, 18-30' high; branches erect and filiform; nodes not siwelling; lvs. linear-lanceolate, with open sheaths; panicle simple, Jiliforam, with appressed branches, and rather crowded spikelets; paleae equal, longer than the acute glumes. —2 Rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ill. and S. States, frequent. Aug. (Agrostis Mulll.) 4 M. sylvdtica Torr. & Gr. Culm ascending, 2-3f long, much branched, difluse, smooth, with swelling nodes; lvs. lanceolate, scabrous, veined, 4-6' long, witTh smooth, open sheaths; panicles slender, rather dense; glumes nearly equal, acuminate, a little shorter than the palece; awns several times longer than the spikelet.-U2 Rocky shades, N. Y. to Ill., N. J., Penn. Sept. (Agrostis Torr.) 5 M. Willden6wii Trin. Culm erect, subsimple, pubescent at the nodes, with a few appressed branches; lvs. 6-9' by 2-3", lanceolate, veined, scabrous, spreading, with pubescent sheaths;,panicle contracted, very slender and long, with remote, filiforrn branches; glune., subequal, acuminate, half as long as the palee; awn 3 — times the length of the spikelet.-U2 Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. July, August. (Agr. tonuil.ora Willd.) 6 M. difWasa Schreb. Culrm decumbent, dlfuse, branching, slender, compressed; branches assurgent; lva 2-3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth, striate, open sheaths; panicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed, rough branches; spikelets 2" lony, pedicellate, often purple; awrn about as long as the palem; giumes extremely minute.-24 Borders of woods and shady fields, N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. Aug. 7 M. aristata Pers. Culm erect, simple, setirorseyj pumbescent at the nodes, 2-3f high; lvs lanceolate, scabrous, ciliate on the margin, 4-6' long, 3" or morlo wide, with somewhat open sheaths; panicle tersninal, simple, racemous, colntracted'; spikelets 6" (16" including the awn) long, pedicellate; glumes minute, the lower obsolete; lower palem half as Iong as its awn, upper palea with a short awn (abortive pedicel) at base lodged in the dorsal groove.- 2U Rocky hills, Can. and U. S., frequent. July. (Brachyelytrum Beauv. M. erecta Roth.) 8 M. capillaris Kunth. Caspitous; culms erect, very slender and smooth, 1824' high; lvs erect, becoming filiform towards the end. 1-1If long; panicle diffuse, with the branches 1-4' long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs; spikelets purple; lower pales produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length. —2 Sandy soils, N. Eng. to Ga. and Ky. An exceedingly delicate grass, with large, purple, glossy and almost gossamer-like panicles, waving in the breeze. Jn., Jl. (Trichochloa DC.) 8. POLYPO'GON, Desf. POLYPOGGGRASS. (Gr1. -,ro%'g, many, 7rtWo7'w beard.) Spikelets 1-flowered, densely panicledt; gls. 2, subequal, thin, carinate, both similarly awned, nmuch longer than the flower; pales thin, the lower usually awned near the tip, upper bicarinate; grain frec, oval, smooth.-Leaves flat. Panlicle spike-like. P. Monspeli6nsis Desf. Culm simple, decumbent below, f or more high; lvs. lance-linear, much shorter (2 to 5' by 2 to 3"'), acute-pointed, minutely downy; panicle much-branched, spicate-lobed, 2 to 3', the branches very short and denseflowered, pale; g!s. hispidulous, 1" long, the awns a little longer. —Fields, coastward, N. Eng.? common South. ~ Eur. 9. CALAMAGROS'TIS, Adans. (Name compounded of Calamus and Agrostis.) Spikelets 1-flowered; glumnes 2, subequal, acute or aeumi 778 ORDER 156. —GRAMINEAE. natc; palee 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with white, bristly hairs at base, lower one nmucronate, mostly awned below the tip, the upper one often with a stipitate pappus (abortive rudiment of a second flower) at base. —24 Rhizomes creeping. Calms simple, tall, with a contracted or open paniele. ~ Panicle expanding. Glumes some shorter thant the pales'. RulimInent non......... os. 1, 2 Panlicle contracted. C(1. some long er than paleas. Itudiment plumous. (*) * Glunies 2 —3" long. Pala. sholt-awled-aovbo e the icddle.................... No. -below the iliddle.................Nos. 4, 6 * Glumes 5-7-/ lon-g. Palen sc'arcely awned near the tip....................... No. 7 1 C. brevipilis Torr. C'uldn terete, slender, 3 —4f high; lvs. broad-linear, the sheaths glabrous; ligule hairy; panicle pyramidal, loose, with the diffuse, capillary branches solitary or in pairs; glnmes unequal, bearded at base, ovate, acute, 1-veined, shoeter than thlc equcal, obtuse, awnless pales; pepCjpeUS or hail's very short, iot half the length cf the 2alete.- In sandy swamps, N. J. (Torrey). (A. Epigeios IMu11i.) 2 C. longifolia Hook. Cullz 2 —4f high, stout; lvs. rig'id, involute-filiform, tapering to a long point; panicle pyramidal; g2leres unequal, lanceolate, the upper as long as the equal pales; pcplpzs-like hairs copious, aeore thae half the length qo the pales. —Sandy shores of the great Lakes, N. lichll. and Cr. CW 3 C. coarctata Torr. Glaucous; culm erect, 2-4f hligL; lvs. linear-lanceolatec scabrous, with the veins and keel wlite; sheaths striat'; stip. oblong, obtuse panicle condensed and spike-fornml tile branches rigiidly erect, short andc aggregated; gluanes acuncinate, lanceolate, lower 1-veined. lpper 3-veined, lower pale 5-veined, bifid at tile apex, aitlh a short, straigh-t awmz jst c above the middle of the back.- 2 Bogs, iMass. to Minn. and S. States? Jul-, August. ( bgrostis glauca Muhl. Arundo strieta Spr.) 4 C. purpurdscens Brown. Panicle spicate, purplish, 3 —' long, half thea length of the culm; glumes scabrous; palere 2, the lower scabrous, toothed at the apex, awned upon the back below the middle; abortive zrudisment plumous, twice longer than the hairs at its base, and telce shorter theas the pales.- Whitev Mts., N. H1-. (Tuckerinan), Rocky Mts. (Richardson).-Raro and unimportant. (C. PickeriTgii G-r. C. sylvatica Trin.) 5 C. confinis Nutt. Culmn 2 —5f high, erect. simple; 1ls. 2 —3" wide% smoothparicle 4-8' long, slender, contracted, branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 togoether glaumes obiong-lanceolate, 2"' long, rough on the keel and sides, barely acute; palece nearly equal, acute, oblong, as long as the glumes, lower one rough, 3-veined, notched at tip, with a short awn inserted belowv the middle, nearly as long as the flower; hairs'- the length of the pales.-Penn. and Penn Yan, N. Y. (Sartwell). Aug. (C. inexpansa Gr.) 6 C. Canaddnsis Beauv. IREED GRSS. BLUE JOINT. Culm smooth, erect, rigicid 3-5f high; lvs. linea r-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, veined sheaths; paniclo erect, rather loose, oblong, the branches capillary, alggregated in 4s and 5s; glulmes very acute, ssooothish, inuch longer lhaiz the tsalece; lower 7 alece bljcd at the q,)ex,.oith a hair-lzike awns arising from below the middle of the back; haiss as long as the pales. —l Wet grounds, N. Eng. W. to Mich. and Can. Makes good hsay, common. Aug. (C. Mhexicana Nutt. C. agrostoides Ph. Arundo mIx.) 7 C. arenaria Roth. MAT GRASS. SAND REED. Rt. creeping extensively; culm erect, rigid, 2-4f highl; lvs. involute, If' by I-, smooth and glaucous, pungently acute; sheaths smooth; stip. oblong; panicle dense, with erect, appressed branches, 6-10' long, and an inch thick; spikelets compressed, greenish-white; lower palem~ longer than the upper. —2 On sandy lake shores and sea coasts, Can. to N. J. Of great value in confining loose, sandy beaches, Aug. (Ammophila, Host. Psamma, Palis. Arundo, L.) 10. ALOPECU'RUS, L. Fox-TAIL GtAuss. (Gr. "X'7r, fox, OSpQJ, tail.) Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes subequal, connate, distinct, flatcarinate; lower pale flat-carinate, generally equaling the glumes, awned on the back below the milddle; upper pale wanting; styles often conl ORDER 156.-GRAMINETE. 7 779 hate, stigmas plumous, elongated. — Panicle contracted into a cylindric, dense spike. 1 A. pratensis L. Culm erect, smooth, leafy, about 2f high, bearing an erect, dense, many-flowered, cylindric, obtuse, compound spike, about 2' long; lvs. flat, smooth, the upper shorter than its swelling sheathll; stipules ovate; glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the pale; awn twisted, scabrous, nearly thrice the length of the flower. —2 Fields and pastures, Northern States. An excellent grass. Jn., J1. ~. 2 A. geniculatus L. BENT FOX-TAIL. Culm ascending, geniculate below, sparingly branched, 1-2f high; spike cylindrical, about 2' long; lvs. linear, 3-6' long, the upper equaling or exceeding the smooth, flat, acute, slightly inflated sheath; stipules oblong, entire; glumes slightly connate at base, hairy outside; palece truncate, srmooth, half as long as the geniculate oawn. — Wet meadows, iN. Eng., Mid. States and Brit. Amn. Jn. ~ 3 A. aristulatus Msx.'WILD WATER Fox-TAIL. Glaucous; culm decumbent at base, bent at the joints, ascending 1 to 2f; lvs. linear, flat, gradually acute; glumes subequal, pubescent, obtuse, shorter than the obtuse pale, which bears on the middle of its back a short awn scarcely exceeding its apex; anth. oblong, yellow. — 24 Native in Ohio to Minn. (Lapham) and Ill. Jn.-Aug. (A. genicularus, 13. Ed. 2d.) 11. PHLEUN, L. CAT-TAIL GRASS. (Gr. r)2/e6f; used by the ancients probably for a different plant.) Glumes 2, equal, carinate, much longer than the pales, rostrate or Inucronate; pales 2, included in the glurnes, truncate, awnless.-Comr pound spikes cylindric, very dense. 1 P. pratense I. TIAfOTmIY or HIERD'S GRASS. Culm erect, simple, terete, smooth, 2-4f high; lvs. linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous, roughish; sheaths striate, smooth; stip. obtuse, lacerated; g.s. culspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green spike; anth. purple; stig. white.-This is probably the most valuable of all grasses. It is extensively cultivated in N. Eng., Mid. and W. States, but it fails firther South. Jn., J1. ~ Eur. 2 P. alpinum L. MOUNTAIN HERD'S GRASS. Culmn about If high, simple, erect; lvs. shorter than the sheaths, broad and clasping at base, acute at apex, smooth; sheaths inflated; spicate pan., oblong-ovate, very short (4 to 5" long); gls. truncate, mucronate, with a fringed keel; awns as long as the glumes. —2 Alpine regions of the White ilts., N. H. Also native of Arc. Am. 12. ARISTI'DA, L. BEARD GRASS. POVERTY GRASS. (Latin arista, an awn; characteristic of the genus.) Panicle contracted or racemous; spikelets 1-flowered, flower stipitate; glumies 2, unequal; pales pedi(ellate, lower one with 3 awns at the tip, upper one very small, awnless; ovary stipitate; scales 2, entire; stamens 3; stigma plumous. ~ Awns twisted-confluent below, and jointed to the pale, very long................... o. 9 ~ Awns distinct below and not jointed to the pale. (*) * Awns about equal and divaricate,-thrice as long as the flowecr...............Nos. 7, 8 -twice as long as the flower...............Nos. 6, 7 -as long as the flower.....................Nos. 4, 5 * Awns unequal, the 2 lateral twice shorter (60/) and suberect....................No. 3 * Awns very unequal, the 2 lateral 4 times shorter (2//) and erect............ Nos. 1, 2 1 A. dich6toma Mx. Cmuspitous; culm dichotomously branching above; panricle contracted-racemous; gls. 3 to 4" long; lateral awns very short, erect, the intermediate one nearly as long as the pales (3"), spreading, contorted. —(l A slerider grass, in sandy soils, U. S., common. Culms 8-12' high, branching at each joint. Lvs. very narrow, with very short, open sheaths, and a very short stipule, Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug. 2 A. ramosfssima Engelm. Culms diffuse, tufted; rac. loose-flowered, simple, slender; glumes with short awns, 3 or 5-veined; lower pale about as lon( as the gylumes (7 to 9"), lateral awns short (2") erect, middle one spreading, 1' long. —() Dry places, Ill. (Engelm.) 78 O ORDER 156.-GRAMINEE. 3 A. grdcilis Ell. Culm very slender, a foot or more high; lvs. setaceous, scarce 1" wide, erect, with short sheaths, pilous at the throat; panicle very slender; spikelets somewhat remote, appressed; lateral cawns short (6 to 7"), erect, intermnediate one longer (10 to 12"), spreading. —4 Sandy places, Mass. to Ga., W5. to Ill. A grass of little value, as well as tile other species of this genus. 4 A. lanata Poir. Culm erect, 2 to 4f, haliry and branched below; Ivs. linear. flat, If long, 2 to 3" wide, hairy, especially on the upper surface; sheaths longer than the joints, clothed with a woolly tom1entum; branches of the erect, contracted panicle, tomentous at base; glumes unequal, longer thwa, the pales; awns about equal, spreading, as long as the pale (4 to 6"), the middle rather longest. —1 In poor, sandy soils, S. States. Sept., Oct. (A. lanosa Ell.) 5 A. spicif6rmis Ell. Culm 1 to 3f high, simple; Ivs. and sheaths glabrous, the latter shorter than the joints; panicle dense-flowered, spike-like and cylindrical; glumes much shoeter than the flower, both awned; middle awn of the flower long'est, villous at the base, all thrlllee about as long as the pale. —_ ~ Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Sept., Oct. 6 A. purpurdscens Poir. Culm erect, simple, filiform, 2 —3f; lvs. very narrow, lat;, erect, a foot in length, with short, open sheaths; paniclo long, loosely spicate spikelets on short, clavate, appressed pedicels; gls. 4 to 5" long, purplish; atwns 1' long, nearly equal, divaricate, twice the length of the glabrous pale. —-4 Sandy woods, Northern States. Sept. (A. affinis Kunth. A. racemosa kMuhl.) 7 A. stricta IMx. ITRICTIiT AmSTIDA. Culn strictly erect, ct'spitous, branched, 1 —3f; lvs. straight, erect, pubescent, linear, conlvlute above; panicle long. loosely racemous; spikelets appressed; gys. (3 to 5" long) unequadlt, pei2'y aicute, lower pales hairy at base; awns twice as long as the pales-, spreading, the miiddle one the longest. —24 Penn. to Fla. (Chapman), W. to Mich. 8 A. oligintha Mx. Culms erect, sparingly branched. 12 to 20' high; pan. ranceme-like, remotely few-flowered; gls. short awnlzcd equalling the pale (1'), which bears 3 divaricate awns thrice its own lengthll, the midile one some longer; lvs. involute setaceous. —r Prairies, Ill. to Ark. and Va. 9 A. tuberculbsa Nutt. Culm erect (declinate at base), 8-20'. rigid, withi small tubercles in thle axils of the numerous branches; nodes tumid; lrs. long and narrow-linear; pan. large, loose, simple; spikelets pedicellate; gls. nearly 1' long, linear, awned; upper palea involute, the awns 2' long, hispid upwards, twisted together to near the middle, thence finally horizontally divaricate. —2 A very singular species, in dry prairies, Ill., -Wis. to lKy., Tenn., also found in N. J. 13. STIPA, L. WAEATHER GRAss. (Lat. sticta, a foot-stalk; alluding to the stipitate fruit.) Spikelets 1-flowered, the flower deciduous, with its thick, bearded, pointed stipe; glumes nmiembranous; pales coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, the lower with a long, twisted or bent awn, jointed at the apex; caryopsis striate; stamens 3; stigma plumous.- 2 Fls. paniculate. Lvs. very narrow. The long awns are delicately hygrometic, twisting or untwisting according to the state of thle atmosphere. 1 S. avenacea L. BLACIK OAT GnRAss. Culm naked above, 2-3f; ivs. smoothl, striate, setaceous, chiefly radical; panicle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4-6' long, at length difuse, branches capillary, solitary and in pairs; glsmes nearly equal, mucronate, as long as tfhe dark, brown, cylindric fruit; scales 2, lanceolate; awni twisted below, bent above, 2-3' in length.-U. S. and Can. (S. Virgilica Pers.) 2 S. jdncea Pursh. Culm 2-3f; lvs. convolute filifoibrm, smooth inside, long; pan. loose; gls. loose, filformly acumninated to nmose than twice the length of the fruit; fi'. attenuated at base into a stipe, which is a third of its length, stipe acute, pubescent; palem obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is smooth and slender, at length contorted and 4 —6" in length. —24 Prairies, Il1., Mo. When in fruif the pungent stipe adheres to everything that comes in its way. Aug. 14. ORYZOP'SIS, Mx. MIOUNTAIN RICE. (GrI. opvja, rice, O'btg, appearance.) Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes inembranous-bordered, veined, ORDER 156.-GRtAMI INEE. 781 subequal, and about equaling the oblong, terete, deciduous, short-stiped flower; lower pale coriaceous, involute, inclosing the caryopsis and tipped with a simple, jointed awn; scales linear-oblong. —2f Fls. in a slender or spike-like panicle. Sheaths all leaf-bearing. Stipe of the flower nearly glabrous, very short............ No.. ~ Sheaths, at least the upper, leafless. Stipe conspicuously bearded................Nos. 2.,' 1 0. melanocrpa Muhl. Culm erect, simple, leafy, 18-24'; panicle simple, flexuous, few-flowered; spikelets racemous, ovoid-lanceolate; glumes acuminate, mucronate, 5-6" in length, smooth; pales hairy, nearly black when ripe, the lower one tipped with an awn aincr inch i length; fruit black. —Rocky hills, U. S. and Can., frequent. Aug. (Piptatherum nigrum Torr.) 2 0. asperif6lia Mx. Culm nearly nAked, purple at base, 10-20'; lvs. subradical, erect, rigid, pungent at the point, nearly as long as the stem, cauline ones few and very sliort; spikelets in a racernous, simple, fiexuous yanicle, 2 to 4' long, 1-2 upon each branch; glumes abruptly acuminate; pales ezhite, the lower one with a long, bent acn1.- Woods, N. States N. to Subarctic Am. Leaves green through the winter. Carvopsis white, about as large as rice, farinaceous. Ma:Ly. (Urachne Trin.) 3 0. Canad6nsis Torr. Culms slender, 9 to 1.8' high, naked above; low-er sheaths bearing rigid, involute-filiform lvs.; pan. 1 to 2' long, narrow, tile branches mostly in pairs; gis. often purplish, 1 to 2' long; pales white, bearded with whitish hairs, the awn short and deciduous or eVantinzg.-Rocky woods, N. Eno., to the shores of L. Superior. Mlay. (Stipa juncea Aix.. nec L. S. Canaclensis Poil. Urachne Trim MAilium pulgens Torr.) 15. PAS'PALURB 1 L. (Gr.,Taau, aog, millet; fron the resemblance of the sceeds.) Spikelets plano-convex, in unilateral spiles; gluimnes (apparently) 2, membranous, equal, ovate or orbicular, closely pressed to the fertile flow-er; stigmas plumous, colored; caryopsis coated witlh the smooth, coriaccous pales. (But theoretically, thle lower glume is obsolete and its place supplied by the empty pale of an abortive flower. In Nos. 19 and 20 the lower glume appears, under a lens, as a mere rudiment.)-Spikes linear, the fls. in 2 or 4 rows; rmxchis not jointed; pedicels articulated.. ~ PASPALU*M. Spikelets suborbiuelar, obtuse, crowdeld. Spikes alternate. (*) * Spikes many (7 to 30), wvith the spikelets mostly 4-rowed...................Nos. 1, 2 * Spikes few (1 to 3), mostly solitary, slender (1" wide), 2 or 3-rowed.............No. * Spikes few (2 to 6) —with the spikelets in 2 rows, near 2"/ wide.............. os 4, 5r,with the spikelets in 3 rows, near 3C broad. (a) a Leaves very hairy. Culmis decumbent................ No. 6 a, Leaves only ciliate on the lmargins........... Nos. 7, 8 a Leaves very glabrous, margins scabrous.......... Nos. 9, 1) ~ DIGITA1sIA. Spikelets ovate or lanceolate, acute. Spikes imostly digitate. (**) ** 1lachis lea.f-like, broader thaa the 2 rows of spikelets beneath it..........Nos. 11, 12 ** LtRachis narrow, triquetrous or flat, with the spikelets cvlose-aplpressed. (b) b Glumes (gltrle and pale) about equal, as long as the flower. (c) C Spikelets lanceolate. Spikes in pairs or threes......... No........s. 18, 14: e Spikelets ovate. Spikes 2 te 4 oftener in pa:irs..-..............Nos. 15-17 b Glunme scarce half as long as the pale. Spikes 5 to 12, clustered....Nos. 18, 19 *-* Ilchis &liform with the spikelets loose and subremote...............Nos. 20,'21 3 P. virgAtum L. Culms decumbent at base, glabrous, 18 to 30'; lvs. broadlinear, rough-edged, 12 to 18' by 5 to 6"; sheaths glabrous, with a hairy throat; spikes numerous (7 to 12); rachis straight (zot fexuoves), flat narrower than the 4-rowed, dense, orbicular, obtuse spikelets.-24 Moist soils, S. States, common in the low country. Jl.-Oct.-A very smooth variety is the P. confertum Le Conte. /3. PU PUpRA:SCENS. Culm below- lvs. and sheaths dark purple. (P. purpu-. rascens Ell.) 2 P. uindulAtum Poir. " Plant very glabrous; Ivs. long and linear, somewhlia.t carinalet; margin scabrous, base ciliatee, sheaths glabrous; spikes many; rachis flat, glabrous, margins scabrous, narrower than tile 2 to 4-rowed spiikelets; lowuer gluume pubescent, sipper glume (palca) smnooth, tran.sverselyplaitled near the snargins.)' Kunth, Ga. an.d Fl. A v-ariety of No. 6? (P. plicatum MxI.) 782 ORDErm 156. —GRAMINEME. 3 P. setateum Mx. Culm ascending from a decumbent base, very slender, 1 to 2f, with very remote joints; lvs. lance-linear, 3-7' by 2-3", ciliate and soft hairy; sheaths pubescent, upper one very long; spike generally solitary, often 2, on a long, very slender peduncle, sometimes with another scarcely exserted from the sheaths; spikelets plano-convex, with the flat side out, ~-" diam., 1 or 2 on each very short pedicel, appearing 2-3-rowed in the 1-sided spike. —Dry fields, Mass., to Ill. and S. States. Aug. (P. debile and ciliatifolium Mx.) f. LONGIPEDUNCULXATUr. Larger, less hairy, and spikelets evidently 3-rowed. -S. States. (P. longip. LeC.) 4 P. leave Mx. Culm erect, rather firm, 18'-3f glabrous; lvs. generally smooth, piloeus only at the base, broadly linear; lower sheaths sometimes hairy; spikes 2-6, alternate, spreading, with a few long, white hairs at the base; spikelets in 2 lozws; rachis flexuous, fiat on the back; pedicels undivided, with one spikelet; spikelets twice as large (1.-" diam.) as in. the preceding; glume orbicular-ovate, 3-veined.-Grassy banks of rivers, Conn. to Ind. and S. States. Aug. Quite variable, including several reputed species. p. UNDULOSSIf. Lvs. rather long and broad, with wavy-margins. (P. Lecontialum Schult.) y. FLORTDANurM. Spikelets enlarged (near 2'' long), glume 5-veined. (P. macrospermum Flgg.) 6. ALTISSIMUM. Strict and tall; sheaths much compressed. (P. altissimum LeC.) 5 P. angustifblium Le Conte. Culm erect, wiry, glabrous, 2f high; Ivs. glabrous, zarrowly linear, almost setaceous, compressed carinate, 9 to 18' long; sheaths long, smooth; spikes 2 or 3, alternate, divaricate, 1 to 2' long, with a few hairs at base; spikelets orbicular, 1" diam. in 2 rows, with a very narrow rachis.-24 Wet places, Ga., Fla. to La. A distinct species. Seeds blackish. 6 P. dasyphyllum Ell. Culm decumbent at base, 12 to 30' high, glabrous; lvs. broadly linear, clothed with copious soft hairs as well as the long sheaths; spikes 2 to 4, large, spreading, the ped. slightly cxserted from the upper sheath; spikelets oval, obtuse, large, in 3 rows; teeth of the rachis 2-flowered.-Dry fields, S. States, common. X? Jl. —Oct. 7 P. latif6lium Le Conte. Glabrous; culm erect, stout, tall (2 to 3f), from a slightly decumbent base; Ivs. fiat, large, lance-linear, 6 to 12' by 5 to 10", margins ciliate; sheaths hairy at throat, shorter than the long internodes; spikes 2 to 4, 2 to 4' long, naltelnate, suberect, pilous at base; spikelets large (1 —" diam.), in 3 rows on the narrow, fiexuous rachis.- -L Car. to Fla. and La. 8 P. tenue Kunth. Glabrous; culnz erect, very slender; Ivs. narrow, vcery long, ciliate on the margins, sheath ciliate; spikes 4 or 5, very slender, alternate, spreading, hairy at base; spikelets orbicular, in 3 rows; rachis flexuous, narrow, the teeth 2-flowered.-24 N. J. to Ga. (Le Conte). Differs froml No. 5, in its ciliate lvs. and 3-nerved spikelets. 9 P. arundiniaceum Poir. " Glabrous; lvs. somewhat sword-shaped (conmpressed-carinate), the margin scabrous; spikes alternate, elongated; spikelets in 3 rows; gls. (gl. and pale) equal, obtuse.-Carolina." Poiret. 10 P. pr~ecox Walt. Glabrous throughout; culm erect; Ivs. lance-linear, very long; spikes 3 to 5, alternate, dense-flowered, with a tuft of long hair at base; rachis linear, straight (not flexuous), narrower than the 3 rows of very smooth, orbicular, compressed spikelets; gls. 3-veined.- 24 Wet places, Car. to Fla. BMayo — Aug. (P. lentiferum Lam.):11 P. fifliitans Kunth. Culm decumbent and ascending 10 to 20", generally floating; lvs. scabrous, lance-linear, 2 to 5' by 4 to 6"; sheaths inflated, open, ciliate at base; spikes 20 to 50, 1 to 21' long, the lower somewhat verticillate; rachis foliaceous, nearly 1" broad, covering the 2 rows of ovate, acute spikelets and projecting in a point beyond thesn.-j (1)River swamps, S. Ill to Va. and S. States. Oct. (P. mucronatum Muhl. Ceresia, Ell.) 12 P. WalteriAnum Schult. Culm decumbent, branchling, ascending; lvs. glabrous, lance-linear, 2 to 4' by 3 to 5"; sheaths open, all glabrous; spikes 2 or 3 on each branch, 1 to 2' long; rachis very broad (near 2"), covering the 2 rows of oval, acute spikes but not projecting beyond thesn. —P Wet soils, Car. to Fla..and La. J1.-Sept. (P. vaginatum Ell.) ORDER 156.-GRAMINE2E. 183 13 P. Digitaria Poir. Mostly glabrous; culm erect from an inclined base, 1 to 2~f high; lvs. lance-linear, fiat, 6 to 16' by 5 to 8", on long sheaths; spikes a pair, conjugate, slender, 2 to 4' long, at top of the long naked ped. or upper internode of culm; spikelets lanceolate, in 2 opposite rows on the vertically compressed flexuous rachis.- -1? Damp pine woods, Va. to Fla. and La. (Milliurn paspaloides Ell. P. lMichauxiana Kth.) 14 P. tristAchyum Le Conte. Glabrous, decumbent below, 12 to 20' higih; culm filiform above; lvs. linear, flat, 3 to 8' by 2 to 3", margins sparingly ciliate; sheaths compressed; spikes usually 3, approximate (the 2 highest paired), very slender; rachis flexuous, triquetrous; spikelets lanceolate, 2-rowed, whitishl, 1" long, close-pressed, gl. and pale scarcely longer than the flowers. —( Wet places, Ga. Fla. to La. 15 P. conjug',tum Berg. Nearly glabrous and erect, 1 to 2f, slender; lvs. broadly linear, 2 to 4' by 2 to 4", on compressed sheaths; upper sheath very long and nearly leafless; spikes 2, a conjugate pair, on the filiform upper internode, very slender, 2 to 3' lon; rachis nearly as wide as the 2 rows of minuzte (i-" lozg), 7?ound-ovate, acute, white, ciliate.spikelets. — ) VWasto places about N. Orleans (Hale). 16 P. distychum L Nearly glabrous; culms some inclining at base, 12 to 18' high; lvs. lance-linear, bearded at the throat, 2 to 3' by 2 to 3"t; spikes 2, a pair nearly or quite conjugate, dense-flowered, 1 to 2~' long; rachis narrower than the 2 rows of ovate, acuminate (1~" long), o/labrous spikelets.-2 Wet grounds, S. Statcs. /3. TRiSTACHUM. Spikes in 3s, closely approximate. 17 P. ambiguum DC. Glabrous; culdms clustered, decumbent, 8 to 15' high; lvs. lance-linear, shorter than the sheaths (2 to 4' by 2 to 4"); spikes 2 to 4, about 2' long, slender; spikelets crowded, 2-rowed, ovate, J" long, gl. and pale about equal, not longer than the purllish flozwer, both hairy.-Sandy fields, especially South. Often purplish. Aug., Sept. ~ Eur. (Panicum glabrum Gaud.) 18 P. ser6tinum Fluegge. LDecumbent, creeping and rooting, with upriglht branches; Ivs. and sheaths villozus with1 white soft hairs, the former lance-linear, short, about I' by 2"; spikes digitate, about in 5s, slender, 2 to 3' long; rachis flat, about as wide as the 2 rows of elliptical spikelets (i"); spikelets all pedicellate, in 2s; gl. afourth as long as the striate pale, andflower.- (! Sandy fiels, Car. to Fla. and La. Forms a dense carpet. J1.-Oct. (Digitaria villosum Eli) 19 P. sanguinale Lam. PURPLE FINGER GRASS. CRAB GRASS. Oulms decumbent at base, radiating and branching at the lower joints, 1-2f; Zvs. linearlanceolate, on long, loose sheaths, softly pilous, the sheaths strigously hairy; spikes 3-5' long, fascinate at the top of the stem, 5 to 9 together; spikelets in pairs, oblong-lanceolate, closely appressed to the flexuous rachis, in 2 rows, glume -- as long as the flower.- 3 Common in cultivated grounds, N. En,-, W. Ind. Aug.Oct. (Panicum, L. Digitaria, Scop.) 20 P. filliforme Swartz. Culm erect, filtform, simple, 12 —18'; lvs. short, nearly smooth, narrow-lanceolate; lower sheaths very hairy, upper glabrous; spikes 2-4, filiform, erect; rachis flexuous; spikelets in 3s, all pedicellate; glume solitary, as long as the pale (abortive flower).- @ Dry, gravelly soils, N. Y. to Ky. Aug. (Panicum, L. Digitaria, Muhl.) 21 P. interruptum. Culm strictly erect, wiry, tall (2 to 3f); Ivs. long, linear, 8 to 15' by 3 to 4", clothed with copious soft hairs, as well as the sheaths; spikes. 3 or 4, raceme-like, 2 to 6' long, the spikelets ovate, acutish, inz remote 1pairs distinctly pedicellate, rachis filiform. —Dry soils, La. and Tex. (Hale). (P. racemosum Nutt. nee Jacq.) The inflorescence is almost paniculate. 16. MIL'LIIJM, L. MILLET GRASS. (Probably from the Latin nille, a thousand, on account of its fertility.) Spikelets 1-flowered, not articulated with their pedicels; glumes 2, without involucre or awns; pales 2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, oblong, concave, persistent and car — tilaginous, coating the caryopsis. (Comparing Milliurn with Panicunm, it appears that the 2 glumes of the former are, in fact, a glumeC, and a. 784 ORDER 156.-GRAMINEA. pale of a second (abortive) flower, the upper pale and the lower gluone being obsolete.) —Inflor. an open panicle. lMP. effiAsum L. Culm upright, simple, smooth, 3 to 6 or 8f high; lvs. flat, 8 to 12' by 6" to 1', on smooth, striate sheaths; branches of the panicle clustered, spreading, remote; spikelets ovate, few and scattered, acute, about I" long. —-In woods, Penn. to Can. and W is. Plant pale green. Summer. 17. AMNPHICAR'PU'BI, Kuunth. (Or. d/zjt, both or twain, aapiroc, fruit.) Spikelets (apparently) 1-flowered and perfect as in Millium, but of 2 kinds, terminal, deciduous and sterile, the radical fertile; glumes 2, lanceolate, acute, awnless, as long as the 2 coriaceous pales; stamens 3; stigmas 2, plumous, purple. —2f Czspitous, erect, strict, with erect, lance-linear lvs., the terminal fis. in a strict, contracted, slender panicle, the radical fls. are each solitary, on a slender ped., and subterranean. A. Pudrshii PKunth. Pine barrens, N. Jer. (Long-a-coming, Jackson). Culm 2f higlh, glabrous. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3", hairy, as well as the sheaths, the upper sheath long and without a leaf. Pan. on a long, exserted ped. Spikelets lI-' long, the radical ones 2"-', veiny, the glume clasping the longer, neutral, single pale. Aug. (Millium Amphicarpon Ph.) 18. PAN'ICUWI, L. PANIc GRASS. (Lat. pconicula, the mode of flowering, orpenis, bread, which some species afford.) Glumes 2, uniqual, awnless, the lower much smaller; flowers 2, dissimilar, the lower abortive or sterile, with I or 2 pales, the upper pale mnembranous; the upper 0, with the pales cartilaginous polished, equal, concave, awnless, -oatingr the caryopsis; stamiens 3; stigmas plnmnous, purple.-Differs from Paspalum in the presence of the lower (true) glume. Panicles simlple or compound. Spikelets acute or pointed, very inumerous, racemned in large panicles. (*) * Abortive flower neutral, eonsistin of a sinale palea. (a) a Panicle capillary, with the spikelcts solitary................................Nos. 1, 2 a Panicle not capillary, dense-f'welered-....................N...................No. 3 * Abortive flower neutral, consisting of 2 palcer (pales). (b) b Panicle contracted, cylindric. Upper glume gibbous.................... No. 4 b Panicle open.-Glunie 8-veined. l he 2 pales equal..........................No. 5 -Glume 5 to T-veined, —longer than abortive flower,,.......Nos. 6, 7 -shorter than abortive flower........... No. S * Abortive flower staminnate, with 2 pales. Tall, very smooth....................Nos. 9. 11 ~ Spikelets obtuse or barely acute, solitary, pedicellate, not numerous. (**) ** Abortive flower (neutral) consisting!it a single pale........................ Nos. 11-13 ** Abortive flower of 2 pales, the upper small and scarious. (c) c Leaves narrow, obscurely veined, 1 to vt wide. (d) d Spikelets densely fiinged with silky hairs; fertile flower colored... N........o. 14 d Spllkelets glabrous or sp'arsely pileus; fertile flower white. (dd) dd Spikelet less tllan 1" iong, roundish or oval; gilume 5-veined.. Nos. 1l, 16 dd Spikelets 1 to 1'" lon-, oval; glume 9-veined............ N...... Nos. 17, 13 e Leaves broad, conspicuously veined, 5 to 20" wide. (e) e Abortive flower usually stam';nate awith 8 stamens......................os. 18, 19 c Abortive flower ieuitral, never with stamens. (f) f Plant very doswruy, witli soft, dense, velvety hairs......................No. 210 f Plant silmoothish or pilous-ciliate, branched or isiple..........Nos. 21. 22 ~ Spikelets barely acute, in short (1'), dense, secund, alternate spikes, Southern.....Nes. 23, 24. P. capillare. Culm nearly sinmple, assurgent and thick at base, 1-2f; Ivs. hairy, broad-linear, acuminate, 4-6' long; ahlerths covered with bristly hairs; pan. large, pyramidal, capillary, loose, expanding; splkelets small (.2-" long), often purple, oblong-ovate, purple, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, on long. hispid peduncles; abortive fl. of 1 palea. — Fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Aug.-Panicles often If or more long, with a very light, airy appearance, In poor or shady soils it is much reduced.'2 P. autumniale Bose. Culm very slender, assurgent, 10 to 20f high; lvs. glabrous, lance-linear, at length convolute, 2 to 3' long'; sheaths glabrous; pan. diffuse beardced in tie axits, wi th long, striet, roughish. capillary, 1-flowered branche-s; ORDER 156.-GRtAMINEAE. 785 spiWelets oblong-tanceolate, acute, glabrous; glumes' veiny, very unequal, the lower minute.-Sand hills, Maason Co., Ill. (Mead, in Gray's Manual). 3 P. proliferum Lam. Culm assurgent, geniculate at base, very smooth, thick and succulent; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 4 to 36" wide, 10 to 15' long, on tumid sheaths, hairy at throat; pan. large, pyramidal, terminal and axillary, smooth; spikelets oblong, acute, veiny, 1'" long, densely race.med; lower glume -5 as long as the upper; abortive fl., with 1 pale.-I Marshes, especially brackish and sandy, Mass. to La., also along the Western rivers. Aug., Sept. (P. geniculatum Muhl.) 4 P. gibbum Ell. Culm terete, assurgent, 2 to 3tf, with black joints; Ivs. lancelinear, glabrous, 4 to 8' by 4 to 8", on smooth, strongly striate sheaths; pan. densely contracted, often purple, fusiform, about 6' long, strict; spikelets near 2" long, obtusish, lower glume very small, upper very large, 1-veined, remarkably gibbous at base, upper pale nearly as longc as the lower. —d Wet soils, S. States. J1. —Sept. (P. Elliottianum Schl.) 5 P. hians Ell. Culm very slender, almost filiform, decumbent and rooting at the lower joints, about 2f high; lvs. narrowly linealr, 8 to 16' long, glabrous; sheaths hairy only at the throat; panicle pyramidal, spikelets racemed, -' " long; lower glume half as long as the upper, neutral pales equal, conspicuous (gaping), a little longer than the ftrtile.-Damp pine barrels, S. States, common. Aug.Oct. (P. debile Poi. P. divaricatum Mix.) 6 P. agrostoides Mluhl. Culm compressed, glabrous, 1'i — 3fhibl, often geniculate at base; lvs. long and numerous, cauline linear-lanceolate, cainiate, roulighedged, on short, striate sheaths; parnicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, composed of racemed, spreading or deflexed branches; spikhelets 1" long, puiple, lanceovate, acute, crowded; upper glumene 3-veie, l longer than the Zloeer; upper neutral, pale, nzearly as long as the lower. — R.Meadows, frequent. July. (P. fuscorubens Nutt.) 7 P. diceps Mrx. Culm compressed, 2 to 3f; lvs. linear, carinate, very long, rough-edged; sheaths ancipital, pilous on the throat and margin; pan. erect, pyramidal, -with subremote, subsimple, interruptedly racemous branches; spikelets 1}'" long, lanceolate, very acuminate, and wchen 1nature, forked; lower glunce and upper pale half as long as the lower pale, scarcely shorter than the fertile floweer; up?per glvume 7-veined.-Wet soils, N. J. and S. States. Aug. —N ov. 8 P. vilfIf6rmre. Glabrous throughout; culm decuInbent, ascending 2 to 31; branched; lvs. long, linear, scarcely rough-edged; sheaths sithll a tuft of hairs at throat; pan. simple, with racemed, spreading branches; spikelets 2" long, lanceolate, acute; lower glume - to ~ as long as the upper, 7-veined glunme which is shorter than the lower pale (while in Nos. 6 and(l' it is longer than the lower pale!). —Wet meadows. E. Tenn.! Jl., Aug. 9 P. amarumn ElI. Glabrous, leafy; culm 2 to 3f high, stout; l's. glaucomus, coriaceons, rigid, linear, 10 to 18' long, margins involeute, not scabrous; sheath some shorter than the joints; pan. large, contracted, its very semooth brsanches appressed; spikelets thick, 2" long, ovate, acuminate, lower glume nearly as long as the sterile pales, which contain 3 orange-colored stamens.-24 Sandy shores, Conn. to Fla. and La. (Hale). Lvs. excessively bitter (Elliott). Aug.-0ct. 10 P. virgatum L. Glabrous and often purple; culm 3- 5f high; ls. flat, long, linear-lanceolate, haliry at base; sheaths striate; stip. iwith long, white cilia; pan. pyramidal, loose, spreading, diffise, very large; fis. acuminate, the gluines 2l" long, very pointed, divaricate, the lower 2-! as long as the upper; pales of tile abortive flower nearly equal, enfoldilng the pu7ople stamens. —-2 Salt-ick prairies, fields, &c., N. Y. to Ind., S. to the Gulf. Aug. 11 P. verrucSsum Muhl. Culm slender, decumbent and geniculate, branching from the base, 1-2f high; lvs. lance-linear, flat,.4 to 6' by 2 to 4", spreading, smooth; pan. much expanded, few-flowered; spikelets - to -" long, covered with warty points (verrucous) obovate, blheish; abortive flower of one pales, and neuter.(1? Swamps and thickets, Mid. and S. States. Panicles terminal and lateral, loose and capillary. Aug. (P. debiiis Ell. nec I'oir. P. ramulosum M3x.) 12 P. frdgile Kunthm. Culm geniculate at base, assurgent, branched, very brittle, 50 786 ORDER 156.-GRAMINEAE. if; lvs. subulate, scabrous, 2 to 4' long; sheaths glabrous, longer than the joints; pan. very simple, the few, solitary, small spikelets on very long setaceous pedicels; lower glume subulate; sterile pale single, as long as the glume, a little longer than the fertile flower.-Dry, sandy soils, rare, N. Car. to Ga. 13 P. villbsum Ell. Villous throughout with soft white hairs; culm geniculato below, 1 to 2f; lvs. flat, erect, 2 to 3' by 3 to 4"; sheaths much shorter than tho joints; pan. small (2 to 3' long), loose; spiklelets oval, 1" long, green; lower glumeo roundish, 1 as long as the 7-veined, upper one, which equals the single, sterile pale and fertile flower.-Evergreen in damp places, S. States (Feay, &c.). Apr., May. 14 P. ciliatiflorurn. FRINGED GRASS. Culm erect, strict, 1 to 3f, glabrous; lys. erect, long, linear, flat, narrow, scarcely distinct from their sheaths; pan. virgate, subsimple, 3' long; spikelets pedicellate, oval, the glume and lower abortive pale obtuse, subequal, the 5 veins ciliate-fringed with silky, purplish hairs; upper pale much smaller, oblong; fertile pales thinly chartaceous, brown or blackish whllen mature.-Varies with the leaves more or less hairy, and the curious silk fiinge of the spikelets more or less copious. In pine barrens, S. States. Sept. (Phalaris villosa Mx. Aulaxanthus ciliatus and rufa Ell. P. ignoratum Kth., an absurd name which we venture to discard.) 15 P. dich6tomum L. Culm at first subsimple with a single terminal panicle, becoming more or less branched, with lateral, subsimple panicles; lys. lali'ceolale, 1 to 4' by 2 to 4 " or 5", hairy or smooth, as likewise the sheaths; terminal pan. exserted, often long-pedunculate, small (1 to 3' long), oval in outline, loosely fke-u flowered; spikelets small (about -" long), oval or roundish; lower glurme very small, upper equaling the sterile pale and fertile flower, upper sterile J to ~ as long as the lower, scarious, bifid. —2 Common everywhere, in meadows, field and woods. Jn.-Sept.-The following are the more striking forims of this exceedingly variable species (which includes P. nodiflorum, laxiflorum, nitidumr Lam., barbulatum Mx., sphmerocarpa Muhl., lanuginosum, ensiforum Ell., &c.). /3. NITIIDUI. Smooth and shining; spikelets pale purple; upper pale veiry short. y. SPIMIROCAiRPUsr. Hairy; lvs. suberect; spikelets dark purple; upper pale deeply bifid.. BARBULa Tuuar. Taller; nodes with a ring of retrorse hairs; lvs. spreading; spikelets purplish; upper pale entire. r. LANUfG1N6SU.r. WVoolly; lvs. linear-lanceolate; spikelets green; upper pale elongated, very obtuse. Approaches the next species. 16 P. depauperhtum MIuhl. Culm emspitous, erect, 9 to 12' high, simple above the base; Ivs. linear, rigidly erect, lower short, upper about 5' by 2 —"; pan. simple with ascending branches, the pedunclo very short or becoming very long; spikelets green, oval, acute, - to 1" leong; outer glume roundish, ~ as long as thae inner, 7-veined one; upper neutral pale (always?) bifid, half as long as the lower. — Itilly woods, N. States and Can. Jn. (P. rectum It. & S.) /3. 1NVOLUTTU'I. LA-S. involute, ending in a long, rigid point. (P. involutum, Torr.) 17 P. paucifi6rum Ell. Culm mostly erect, at length, somewhat decumbent and branched; lvs. erect, linear-lanceolate, faintly 9-veined, tapering to near the base; 3 to 5' by 5 to i", sparingly hirsute as well as the close sheaths; pan. exserted, simple, raceme-like, few-flowered; spikelets 10 or more, obovate, obtuse, 1" long; lower gl1tme broad-ovate, 4 as long as the upper one; upper neutral pale similar to the lower.-Wet or shady places, Mlid., W. and S. States. Jn., J1. 18 P. pubdscens Lam. Culm slender, finally branched, glabrous, 2 to 3f long; lvs. lance-linear, 9-veined, 3 to 6' by 3 to 5", clothed with reflexed hairs as well as the open sheaths; pan. small, expanded, few-flowered, pubescent; spilkelets large (1-'' long), hairy, oval, obtuse, green; outer glume, lanceolate, - as long a: the inner 9-veined one; inner neutral pale nearly as loneg as the outer.-Dry fields, etc., N. Y. to Ohio and S. States. Jn. (P. dich6tomum /. Gray.) 19 P. latif6lium L. Culm mostly erect, 1 to 2f high; Ivs. lanceolate, base dilated and cordate-clasping, 3 to 5' by 1', 11 to 13-veined, smoothish; sheaths hirsute at tllroat; pan. exserted, compound, loose, about 3' long; spikelets oval, obtuse, ORDER 156.-GRAMINEA. 787 1~" long, green; lower glume ovate, not half as long as the upper; abortive pales subequal, usually with 3 stamens. —In moist, shady places, U. S. and Can. Jn., Jl. (P. scoparium and nervosum Lam. P. ciliatum Ell., etc.) 20 P. xanthophrsum Gray. Culm generally simple, glabrous. 9 to 15' high; lvs. lanceolate, 3 to 6' by 5 to I", not dilated at the ciliate, clasping base, smooth, 9 to 11-veined; pan. long-exserted, simple, raceme-like, few-flowered; spkl. roundish-obovate 1~" long; lower glume ovate, 3-veined, acutish, -2 as long as the upper many-veined one; abortive pales oftener with 3 stamens —Dry soils, N. Eng, to Wis. (Lapham). Rare. Jn. 21 P. viscidurn Ell. IHoary, withl a dense, short, soft, viscid pubescence; culm decumbent, assurgent 2 to 4f, stout; joints a smooth brown ring; lvs. lancelinear, 3 to 6' by 6 to 16"; sheaths much shorter thau the internodes; pan. rather large (4 to 6' long); loose; spkl. light green, 1" long, oval, acutish, lower glume very small, upper pale very small, truncate. —2 Damp places, N. J. to Ga. (Feay). 22 P. clandestinum L. Culm writh short, axillary, appressed branches, 2 to 3f high, rigid, leafy; lvs. 3 to 6' by 1', lanceolate, subcordate at base; sheaths hispid with papilla in the grooves bearing bristly hairs, and enclosing the short lateral panicles; spkl. elliptical, acutish, 1-%" long, striate, often purple; upper pale of the neutral fl. obtuse.-2- l Moist woods, Mass. and iMid. States. J1., Aug. 23 P. microcarpon Muhlt., Darl. Culm 18 to 30' high, erect, simple, glabrous; joints glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, veined, ciliate at base, undulate and scabrous on the margin, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 6 to 10" wide; sheaths deeply striate, smooth; stip. 0; pan. much branched, nearly smooth; spkl. small, (-" long), roundish-obovate, purple, numerous, scarcely pubescent; upper sterile pale minute; fi'. shining, bluish white. —. 24 P. Walteri Ell. Culm slender, glabrous, erect, 2f; lvs. linear 3 to 6' by 2 to 3", glabrous as well as the open sheaths; spikes thick, dense, 1-sided, alternate (the 2 lower sometimes opposite), 6 to 12" long; spkl. imbricated in 3 rows, broad-ovate; glumes minutely hispid, the lower half as large, upper 3-veined; abortive pales unequal, staminate; fertile ft. sroundish.-Damp grounds, Can. to Fla. and La. Jn. —Aug. (Nearly allied to Oplismenus.) 25 P. Aurelianum Hale (MIS.). Culm decumbent, geniculate, slender, branched, glabrous; 1vs. lanceolate, glabrous, 1 to 2' by 3 to 4", sheaths ciliate; spikes slender, 6 to 12" long, alternate, 1-sided; spkl. ovate, acute; lower glume i as long as the upper, smooth and 5-veined one; abortive pales equal, staminate; fertile fl. ovate.-Damp soils, about N. Orleans (lHale). 26 P. miliaceum L. MILLET. Lvs. lance-linear and sheaths hairy; culm 2 to 3f high; pan. large, open, nodding; spkl. solitary, ovate; gls. acuminatemucronate, subequal; pales obtuse. —Cultivated. t Turkey. 27 P. Jumentorum Pers. Another cultivated species, from N. Africa. uchll valued South. It is tall, stout, smooth. The spikelets are singularly arranged in 2s or 3s, one or two sterile to each fertile. Seeds black. 19. OPLIST'ENUS leeany. COCK-SPUR GRASS. (Gr. orXTarlea, armairment, esvon, courage; alluding to the stout awns.) Spikelets, &c. as in Panicum, except that the lower abortive pale (and often the glumes) is prolonged more or less into an awn.-Coarse grasses with the fis. in dense paniculato racemes. 1 0. Crus-gdlli Kunth. BARN-YARD GRASS. Terete, smooth, 3-4f high; lus. linear-lanceolate, flat, serrulate. with smooth, striate sheaths and no stipule; palln. simple or apparently so, branches spike-form, compound, alternate and in pairs; rachis hairy and rough; glumes scarcely aowned, hispid-bristly; lower abortive palea ending in a rough awn, 6" to 18'" long; fertile fl. ovate.-I) A coarse, weedy grass, introduced into cultivated grounds, barn-yards, &c., common. Aug., Sept. ~ Variable. (Panicum, L.) p3. rUTICUS. Awns very short, or the pale merely subulate-pointed. Common. y. HISPIDUS. Sheaths very bristly; awns very long. 2 0. lirthllus PR. & S. Culm glabrous, decumbent, branched; ITs. lanceolate. flat, 1 to 2' by 2 to 4", with scattered, appressed hairs on the upper surface; 7853 ORDER 156. — GRA MINE.. sheaths ciliate; pan. of remote, short (6"), dense, alternate spikes, the rachis flexuous; glumes nearly equal, both avwned; lower pale with a stout awn which is much longer than those of the glumes; upper pale minute; fertile f. lanceolate.Dry shades, Car. to Ga. and La. Aug.-Oct. (Panicum, L.) 20. SETA'RIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FoX-TAIL GRASS. (Lat. seta, a bristle.) Spikelets, &c. as in Panicum, but each subtended by a cluster of awn-like bristles (abortive peclicels), forming a sort of bristly involucre.-Fls. in dense, cylindric spikes or spike-like panicles. ~ Bristles of the involucre ough( backwards, in pairs, short.......................... No. 1 ~ Bristles rough upwards.-Fertile pales strongly rugous crosswise................Nos. 2, 3 -Fertile pales smoothish, striate lengthwise................No. 4 -Fertile pales smoothish, not striate....................Nos. 5, 6 1 S. verticillata Beauv. Culm smooth, about 2f high; lvs. lance-linear, roughedged; sheaths smooth, hairy on tho margin; spicate pan. comsposed of short, divided branches in interrupted verticils, 2-3' long; bristles of the invol. in pairs, rough backwards, as well as the upper part of the culm; paleme of the p rougilishpunctate.-(_) Sandy fields, N. Erng. to Ohio, more frequent South. July. ~ 2 S. glanca Beauv. BOTTLE GRASS. Culm 2-3f; lrs. lance-linear. carinate, rough, hairy at base; sheaths striate, smooth; ligules setous; spike cylindric, yellowishgreen, 2-4' long, nearly simhple; invol. of 6-10 fascicled, scabrous bristles much longer than the spikelets; fertile pale, transversely rugous.-ft mFields and roadsides, N. Eng. to Ohio. JI., Aug. f3. PUnPURAtSCENS. Sheaths and spikelets pilous, awns purple. 3 S. corrugata Schul. Culm terete, 2 to 3f; lrs. linear, 8 to 12' by 3 to 4", very scabrous, as well as the sheaths; ligules setous; pan. terete, dense, spikelike, 3 to 6' long, compounded of nmany appressed spikes, each of many spikelets; bristles as many as spkls. (one at the base of each) and 3 or 4 times as long; caryopsis and its pales strongly corrugated (Ehlliott).-Savannah (Baldwin). 4 S. viridis Beauv. mILD TImIOTHY. Culm smooth, 2-3f; lvs. lanceolate, flat, minutely serrulate; sheaths striate, hairy on the margin, and with a setous stipule; spike 1 to 3' long, cylindric, compound, terminal, green; involucre of 4-10 fasciculate bristles, much longer than the spikelets; palem of the perfect flower longitudinally striate, punctate, and minutely corrugated under a lens. — ) Common in cultivated grounds, Northern States. July, Aug. 5 S. Italica KIunth. Culm somewhat compressed, about 4 to 6f highl; ls. lanceolate, 1-2f long, an inch wide; sheaths roughish, pilous at the throat; spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding, 6-8' long sometimes 12 to 18' long and 1' thick (Feay); spikelets conglomerate; invol. of 2 or more bristles, several tines longer than the flower; fertile fl. polished, shining, ~" long.-( ) Ditches, Mid. and S. States. July. 6 S. Germanica Beauv. MILLET. BENGAL GRASS. Culm 2-4f high, simple, leafy; lvs. lance-linear, flat, acuminate, serrulate on the margin; sheaths striate, close, pubescent; stip. bearded; spike compressed, yellowish, oblong-cylindric; rachis densely hirsute; involucrate bristles 4-8, as long as, or longer than the spikelets, yellowish; glumes unequal, ovate; P palece 1" long, obscurely 3-veined, dull with minute corrugations.-)J In fields, often cultivated. ~ (S. Italica 13. Kunth.) 21. CENCHRUS L. EBuRR GRASS. (Gr. tcevXpog, the ancient name of the millet.) Flowers racemous or spicate; involucre burr-fornm, laciniate, echinate, persistent, and becoming hard in fruit, including 1-3 spikelets; glumes 2, 2-flowered, outer smaller; flowers dissimlar, tle lower sterile, the upper perfect; scales 0; branching; spikelets sessile. 1 C. tribuloides L. St. 1-2f long, erect or procumbent and' geniculate at base; lvs. lance-linear, conduplicate, gradually acuminate, 3-5' by 2-3"; sheaths open, about as long as the colored joints; spike with the burr-like involucres approximate; invol. cartilaginous, beset externally with many sharp, retrorsely ORDEu 156.-GRAMINEtE. 789 hispid spines as long as itself and containing 2-3 spikelets; glumes acuminatemucronate, about 3" long, producing but 1 caryopsis. — Sandy alluvion, N. J. to Can. and Wis. The adhesive burrs are annoying. 22. PHAL'ARIS L. CANARY GRASS. (Gr. 0a0,apiq, white crested, as are the flowers.) Spikelets 1 (theoretically 3)-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, carinate; palere 2, coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes, coating the caryopsis, each wvith an external, accessory palea or abortive rudiment at base. Grasses with flat lvs. contracted, often spikelike panicles. 1 P. arundinacea L. Culm erect, sparingly branched or simple, 2-5f high; lvs. spreading, lance-linear, veined, rough-edged, on smooth, striate sheaths; pan. very dense, elliptic-oblong, somewhat secund, 3 —6' long, glumes 3-veined, whitish, scabrous; rudiments pilous. —2 Common in ditches and swamps, Can. to Car. and Ky. A large, showy grass, but not valuable. July, Aug. (P. Americana Torr. nec Ell.) /3. PICTA is the well-known striped or ribbon grass, with beautifullly variegated leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity. Jf 2 P. Canari6nsis L. CANAnY GRASS. Culm erect, or geniculate at the lower joints, round, striate, leafy; if or more high; lvs. lance-linear; panicles spicate, ovoid, erect; 1 to 2' long; glumes whitish, with green veins; winged on the keel; rudiments smooth.-C- Fields and pastures, not common. The glumes are curiously marked with white and green.'The fruit is the chief food of Canary birds. J1. ~ Isle Fortunatus. 23. ANTHOXAN'THUM, L. SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL GRASS. (Gr. avOof, a flower, favOv6, yellow; from the color of its spikes.) Spikkelets 3-flowered, the central one, the 2 lateral ones neuter, each consisting of one bearded palea; glumes 2, unequal, the upper one larger, inclosing the flowers; palem of the 5 2, short, awnless; stamens 2. A. odoratum L. Slender, erect, 10 —1'; lvs. short, striate, pale green; pan. spicate, oblong-ovoid; spikelets pubescent, on short peduncles; pales of t!he lateral fis. linear-oblong, ciliate on the margin, one of them with a bent awn from near the base, the other with a straight awn from the back near the summit.An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, in most of the States and Can. May, Jn. ~ Eur. 24. HIEROCH'LOA, Gmel. SENECA GRASS. (Gr. t7epof, sacred,.Xk6a, glass; firom its fragrance.) Spikelets 3-flowered; glumes 2, scarious; lateral flowers staminate, triandrous; central flower ~, diandrous (rarely triandrous).-Sweet-scented. Inflor. paniculate. IH. boreAlis R. & Sch. Smooth, glossy; culm simple, erect, 15-20'; radical Ivs. as long as the stem, cauline 2-4' long, lanceolate, mucronate; panicle rather 1-sided and spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered, 2-3' long; branchlets flexuous; spikelets broad, subcordate, colored, unarmzed; glumes acuminate; lower pcale ciiiate.- 34 Wet meadows, Virg. to Arc. Am. Very fragrant. May. 2 H. alpina R. & S. Smooth; culm erect, stout, 6-8'; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute; sheaths tumid, longer than the internodes; panicle ovoid, 1 —— 2' long, with the branches in pairs; spikelets purple, compressed, large, longer than the branches; glumes lanceolate; lower fl. with an awn about as long as the pales.-2f Summits of the White Mlts. (Bigelow). Jn. 25. HOL'CUS, L. SOFT GRASS. (Gr. XKics, something which draws; application obscure.) Spikelets 2-flowered; glumes herbaceous, boatshaped, mucronate; flowers pedicellate, the lower one perfect and awnless, upper one 3 or ncutel, awned on the back. —Fls. in an open panicle. H. lanatus L. Hoary pubescent; culm 1l —2f hlighll; Is. lance-linear, 2-5' long; 790 ORDER 156.-GRkA MINE],. sheaths striate; parn. oblong, dense, whitish, with a purple tinge; fis. shorter than the glumes; sterile one with a recurved, included awn.-2- Common in wet meadows, N. Eng'., to the uplands of Ga. A beautiful grass, very soft with whitish down. J1. 26. AI'RA, L. (Gr. atpa, a deadly weapon; originally applied to a poisonous grass.) Spikelets 2-flowered, without abortive rudiments; glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, subequal; one of the flowers pedicellate; palewr subequal, pilous at base, the lower one lacerate at apex and awned on the back.-Fls. in panicles of a silvery purplish hue. ~ Glumes much longer than the pales. Awns lon............No. 1 ~ Glumes about as long as the pales. Awns long or short............................. Nos. 2, C 1 A. atropurpuirea Wahl. C-aspitous, a foot high; culms very slender; lvs. flat; pan. thin, with spreading branches; glumes much longer than the flowers; pales hairy at apex.- High Mts. of N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug. 2 A. flexu6sa L. Culm smooth, 1-2f high, nearly naked; Ivs. setaceous, smooth, with striate sheaths and truncate stipules; pan.. loose, spreading, trichotomous, with long, flexuous branches; awns genicukte, twice longer than thze pales. -2- Vales and hills, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. An erect, elegant grass, growing in tufts. Jn. 3 A. csespit6sa L. Cmespitous, glabrous; st. 18-30' high; Ivs. narrow-linear. scabrous above, smooth beneath, flat; panzicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally diffuse; asvns str'aight, about (is long as the 1)ales, which are longer than the bluish glumes. — Swamps, N. States and Can. May. (A,. aristulata Torr.) 27. DANTHO'NIA, DC. (In bionor of X. Danzthoine, a French h)otanist.) Spikelets 2-7-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the spikelet of flowers, cuspidate; palem hairy at the base, lower one bidentate at the apex, with a twisted awni between the teeth, the upper one obtuse, entire. D. spichta Beauv. St. slender, nearly erect, 12-18' high, tower Ivs. numerous, 4-61 long, flat, hairy above, caulhie Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect, on velry short sheaths; panicle simple, spicate, short, erect; sikelets 3-8 or 10, about iflowered; glumes a little longer tlhan tlhe flowers; lower palca hairy, about half as long as its spirally twisted awn.-Pastures and open woods, common. June -Aug. (Avena, L.) 28. AVE'NA, L. OAT. Spikelet 2 to 5-flowered; glunmes 2, loose and membranous, awnless, often as long as the pales; pales 2, herbaceous, at length subcoriaceous, the lower one bifid andl usually witlh a twisted or bent awn at the back.-Fls. paniculate. ARlRNIENATIIERUM. Gls. unequal, 2-flowered, with a rudiment; lower f. stalninate.No. 1 ~ AIIROPSIS. Gls. subequal, 2-flowered, with no rudiment, ifs. both perfect. )warf.....No. 2 ~ AVENA proper. Gls. equal, longer than the 2 fis., and strongly striate. Cultivated... No. 3 1 A. elatior L. Culm 2-4f, geniculate, smooth; lvs. lance-linear, rough on the margin and upper surface; oanicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ternate; spikelets 2-flowered; awn twice as long as the palea; upper flower y, mostly awnless. —2 A tall grass, introduced and naturalized in cultivated grounds. May, June. (Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv.) 2 A. prdbcox Beauv. Cespitous; culm erect, a few inches high; Ivs.' —1' long, rough; sheaths deeply striate; pasicle dense, racemous; sgihkelets ovate, 2flowered, glumes as long as the flowers; lower palea with a bent awn from the lower part of the back twice its lengthl.-1- N. Y. to Virg. Jn. (Aira, L.) 3 A. sativa L. Co0aioN OAT. Culm smooth, 2 —4fhigh; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, veined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths; stip. lacerate: panicle loose; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect. the lower one mostly awned; palec somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the caryopsis. —I A ORDER 156.-GRAMINEAE.'91 highly important grain, one of the staple productions of the soil; said to have been first discovered in the Island of Juan Fernandez. 13. NIGRA. BLACK OATS. Palece dark brown, almost black, awnless. y. SECUNDA. HORSE-MANE OATS. Panicle 1-sided; awns short. 29. TRISE'TUM, L. (Lat. tria, three, setumz, a bristle; a characteristic term.) Spikelet 2-5-flowered; glumnes 2, shorter than the flowers; lower palea with 2 bristles at the apex and a soft, flexuous awn from above the middle of the back; scales ovate; fruit coated, furrowed.-Very closely related to Avena. 1 T. palfstre Torr. Culnm erect, contracted at the nodes, slender, smooth, about 2f high; Ivs. lance-linear, about 3' long, roughish, on smooth, striate sheaths panicle oblong, contracted, nodding, yellowish-green; spikelets about 3" long, 2-3flowered, middle flower abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending in 2 setous teeth, and awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. — WVet meadows, Mass., N. Y. to Fla. MIay-July. (Avena, Mx. Aira pallens, M11uhl.) 2 T. m6lle Kunth. finutely and softly puberuzlet throughoul; culm If high; 1rs. narrow, 2 to 4' long; pan. contracted and spike-like, 2' long; awn at length deflexed, longer than the beardless flowers. —Mts. and rocks, N. H. to Mich. and Can. (:Avena, Mx.) Scarcely differs from the following, which is also sometimes downy. 3 T. purpurdscens Torr. Culllm leafy, 2f high; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled, 4-6' long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle very simple, almost a raceme, few-flowered, 4-6-' long; glumes 3 to 5-flowered, very unequal, entire; spikelets 6 to 8" long, lanceolate, terete, often purple, smooth; lower palea 7-veined, cleft into 2 bristly points at the apex; awn geniculato. —l Mountain bogs, N. IEnl. to _Wis. and Can. June. 30. BRO'MPUS, L. DnIRoME GRAss. (Gr. O3pctea, food; the namein vas anciently applied to Oats.) Spikelets 5 to co-flowered; glumes unequal, membranous, veined; lower pale 5 to 9-veined, convex or carihate on the back, awned fiom below the mostly bifid tip; upper pale ciliate on the 2 keels, often bifid; caryopsis linear, adherent to the upper pale.-Coarse grasses with flat lvs. and large, paniculate, nodding spikelets. ~ Glumes narrow, the lower 1-veined, upper C-veined. Pale keeled...............Nos. 6, 5 Gl!umes veinly, the lower 3 to 5, upper 5 to 7-veined (a). a Lower pale compressed-carinate, the awn scarcely any............................ 4 a Lower pale rounded on the back, the awn conspicuous.........................Nos. 3-1 1B. secalinus L. SMOOTII CHEAT OR CHESS. Culm smooth, 2 to 4f high; lvs. lance-linear, 6 to 12' long, rough and some hairy above, on smoothish sheaths; amn. spreadilng in fruit, branches subsimnple, with few nodding spikelets; spk7l. ovate, turgid, smnooth, 7 to 10-flowered; fis. soon diverging and rather distinct, oblong, longer thcae the short, flexuous awn. —-, A handsome but worthless grass, in fields of'wheat and other grains, and in waste grounds. Jn., JI. ~ Eur. 2 B. m611is L. DowxNY CHESS. Culm slender, some downy, 12 to 18' to 2f; lvs. flat, hairy both sides, lance-linear, on sheaths clothed with deflexed hairs; pan. erect, contracted in fruit; spikelets ovate, comporessed, about 6-flowered, dow2ny all over; fls. oblong, closely imbricated, not longer than theis straight awn. —i I,(2 Wrheat fields and waste grounds, rare. Lower pale f longer than the upper. Jn. ~ Eur. Varies in pubescence. (B. racemosus L. fl. arvensis, Ed. 2.) 3 B. Kilmii Gray. Culmn slender, 18' to,f; lvs. and sheaths more or less hairy, sometimes excessively so; pan. simple, small, 3 to 4' long; spkl. drooping, closely 7 to 12-flowered, densely silky all over; lower glume 3-veined, upper 5; loswer pale much longer than the upper, 5 to 7i-veined, the awn ~ of its length. —l Dry hilly woods, U. S. and Can. Jn., J1. (B. purgans Torr. nec L. fide Prof. Gray.) 4 B. unioloides Thunb. & Kth. RESCUFE GRASS. Culna 18' to 3f, glabrous; 792 ORDER 156. —GRAMINEM. Ivs. smoothish, on sheaths more or less hairv or almost smooth; pan. large, 6 to 10' long, branches subsimple, whorled; spikelets smooth, l mnc-ovate, much compressed, 2-edged, 1' long, ~ as wide, 8 to 12-flowered; lower glurne 3, upper 5veined; lower pale 7 to 9-veined, much larger than the strongly 2-keeled upper, with scarcely any avn. —K Cultivated at the South (in l857o) from seeds distributed by the government, but proved no better than our Chess. f Peru. 5 B. ciliatus L. Culm erect, smooth, 2 to 4f high; lvs. flat, some pubescent, 6 to 12' long, on sheaths more or less pilous with deflexed hairs; pan. large, erect, 5 to 8' long, finally nodding, branches in 2s,and 4s, compound; spikcelets at first lance-fusiiborm, 7 to 11-flowered, the fls. soon separating; glurne lower 1, upper 3veined; pales compressed-carinate above, silky-haired near the margins, twice longer thanr the straight awn. —l2 Damp weoods along rivers, UT. S. and Can. Jn., JI. (B. Canadensis Mx. B. pubescens Muhl. B. purgans, Ed. 2.) i3. PTRGAN;S. Pan. more open; spkl. silky-hairy all over. —Mid. and S. States. 6 B. tectbram L. Culm slender, 1 to 3f, pubescent above; lvs. pubescent; sheaths ciliate with few long hairs; pan. compound, at length 1-sided and nod(ling; pedicels capillary; spikelets linear-oblong, minutely downy, about 5-flowered; glumes lower 1-, upper 3-veined; lower pale 3-veined, carinate, scarious-edged, lance-subulate, scarcely as long ats its awn. —( N. York (Sartwell), Penn. (Jackson). (B. sterilis Torr.) ~ 31. TRICUS'PIS, Beaux-. (Lat. tres, three, ces2pis, a point; referring to the structure of the lower pale.) Spikelets terete or tumid, 3 to 9-flowered, upper flower abortive; glumes 2, unequal, awnless; pales 2, the lower laroer, hairy-fringed along the keel and the 2 lateral veins, and endin( in 3 short cusps or mucrones (the projecting veins and mnidvein) and 2 intermediate teeth, upper pale 2-toothed; stamens 1 to 3; stigmas plumolus; caryopsis smooth, free, 2-horned.-Erect, simple. ]Pan. mostly with racemous branches. 1 T. seslerioides Torr. FALSE RED-TOP. Culm hard and firm, glabrous, 4 to 5f high; lvs. glabrous, linear, involute lwhen dry, sheaths hairy at the throat; pan. open, loose, 8 to 12' long, the slender branches at length spreading; spikl. toretish, lanceolate, about 5-flowered, purple, 2 to 3" long; cusps of the lower pale very short.-2T A splendid grass, in dry fields, N. Eng. to Ill. and S. States. Aug., Sept. (Peoa Mx. Windsoria poreformis Nutt. Uralepis cuprea Kunth.)A_ variety has smaller, 3 to 5-flowered, pale purple spikelets and flexuous branches. Another var. has the spikelets white. 2 T. ambigua Kuntlh. Culmr strictly erect, 2 to 4f high, slender and firm, glabrous as well as the linear, convolute-filiform lvs., and the sheaths which are scarce half the length of the internodes; pan. contracted, small, 3 to 5' long; spikelets few, subsessile, ovate turgid, 5 to 7-flowered, the fls. at length divaricate, more or less purple. — Car. to Ga. and La. Spkl. not longer, but much thicker than in No. 1. Sept. (Poa, Ell.) 3 T. stricta. Glabrous; culm slender, firm, erect, 3 to Of high; pan. very strict,,rpike-like, dense; spkl. sessile, flat, nearly as broad as long, 7 to 9-flowered; glumes lance-liznear, much longer thaln the pales, about as long as the spikelets. — Miss. and La, Lvs. very long, flat. Pan. about 6' long, 6" wide. A singular grass. (Windsoria Nutt.) 32. URAL'EPIS, Nutt. SAND GRASS. (Gr. dvpd, tail, Xv7irg, a scale; a characteristic naime.) Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, fls. distant; glumes 2, shorter than the flowers, unequal, awnless; pales 2, very unequal, both conspicuously fringe-bearded along the 2 or 3 veins, the lower 2cleft, with the inidvein produced into a short, straight awn between the 2 segments; upper 2-keeled.-Culms decumbent, branched. Pan. small, the branches racemed. 1 U. purpitrea Nutt. C-espitous; culms procumbent at base, bearded at the ORDER 156.-GRAMINE.E. 793 nodes, 10-18'; Ivs. subulate, the upper ones shorter than the sheaths, hairy beneath; pan. simple, racemous, terlminal and lateral, concealed in the sheaths of the leaves, the upper one partly exsertl; spilkelet 3-flowered; awn of thepale about as blon as the laeteral, obtuse segments.-Sea coast, among the drifting sands, Mlass. to Ga. Taste of the plant bitter. Aug. (U. aristulata Nutt.) 2 U. corii'.ta ll. Culm 2f high, and with the narrow (1") leaves and sheaths hairy; pan. slender, composed of a few small, fewr-flowered branches; glumes 2, subequal, very acute, purple as well as the 2 pales; upper pale longer than the glume, the mndcvein 3roloenged in an elongated, at length'recurved awan beyond tile segments.- S. States. (Triplasis Americana Beauv.) 33. DAC'TYLIS, L. ORCIHARD GRASS. (Gr. ddrarv'uo9, a finger; from the form of the spikes.) Spikelets aggregated, compressed, 3-5flowered; glumes unequal, herbaceous, the larger one carinate, shorter than the flowers; paler subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one emarginate, carinate, mucronate, upper bifid at apex; scales dentate.Lvs. carinate. Pan. composed of dense clusters. D. glomerAta L. Culm roundish, 2-4f; lrs. linear-lanceolate, carinate. a little scabrous, glaucous; sheaths striate; stip. lacerate; pan. remotely branched, rather secund; spikelets about 4-flowered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, terminal c&usters; glumes very unequal; anth. large, yellowv.-2 A fine, well-known grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &e. June. ~ Eur. 34. KELE'RIA, Pers. (In holor of A~. hKler, a German botanist.) Spikelets compressed, 2 to 7-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acuminate, shorter than the flowers; upper flower pedicellate; pales 2, the lower often acuminate-mucronate.- 2-Grasses cetspitous, erect, simple, with dense panicles. K. cristAtta Smith. Culm 20-30' high, smooth, leafy to one-half its height, rigidly erect; lys. filat, erect, pubescent, 2-3" by 1-2", shorter than their pubescent sheaths; stip. short, lacerate; panicle spicate, narrow, 3-5' long, 6-8" diam., branches very short; spikelets 2'" long, silvery and shining, compressed, about 2-flovered, rith an abortive pedicel; glume linrar-oblong, acute, serrulate on the keel, upper one longer. —Mid., Wr. States andl Can.-. variety (K. nitida Nutt.), is smalier and more delicate. 35. DIARRHE'NA, Raf. (Gr. 6ig, two, dppqrv