AIGIN. LIB, Q, i A 790,280 2 96: 'ij..c^ U LtY DEPARTMENT U62. OFFICE OF THE COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 1 —( E~adn. Obroy pg4 w. W. DUFFIELD ( S UPERINTENDENT.f...-* i- - 3,# *. GEODESY.::. / /f /, peterminations of Latitude, Gravity, and the Magnetic Elements AT STATIONS IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS INCLUDING A Result for the Mean Density of the Earth 1891, 1893 fBy E. D. PRESTON, Assistant Submitted for publication June 80,1894 APPENDIX No. 12-REPORT FOR 1893 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1894 I 0 -~:i^:: -: I - - -: — POPERT1y p E 1 8 1 7 ARTES SC ENTIA VERITAS I I TREASUR1- DEPARTMENT OFtICE OF THE COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY W. W. DUFFIELD BUPERINTE'NDENT GEODESY Determinations of Latitude, Gravity, and the Magnetic Elements AT STATIONS IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS INCLU I)ING A Result for the Mean Density of the Earth fly ]3~. TI). ITEI1t~Fl '(N _Assistant Submitted for publication June 30, 1894 APPENDIX, No. 12-REPORT FOR 1893 W A S H I N CTr-TON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIflI 1894 -j - AsJI~rn 'u~iV3 C ---— c --- —-- -------- -- -- -~ --- GEODESY. DETERMINATIONS OF LATITUDE, GRAVITY, AND THE MAG NETIC ELEMENTS AT STATIONS IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, INCLUDING A RESULT FOR THE MEAN DENSITY OF THE EARTH. 1891, 1892. A report by El,. D.:I-FST()ON, Assistant. Subhitted for publication June 30, 1894. APPENDIX No. 12-REPORT FOR 1893. TABLE OF' CONTENTS. Page. Introductory statement... -............................................... 513 Preliminary and concluding observations at Washington.......... —... 514 Scheme for the publication of the gravity work at all of the stations..... 516 Gravity observations at Waikiki....-.................... —..... --- --. 524 Clock rates and instrumental constants at Waikiki -.... —................... 526 Pendulum observations and reductions at Waikiki -........- -........ ----. 534 High and low water at Honolulu from June 17, 1891, to June 30, 1892....... 565 Relative heights of mean sea level at Honolulu from June, 1891, to June, 1892. 574 Magnetic, gravity, and latitude observations in connection with the expedition to the summit of Mauna Kea and at some subsequent stations........ 576 Description of magnetic instruments....................................-... 576 Magnetic observations at Waikiki, with sketch of magnetic station......... 579 Magnetic observations at Kahuku, Oahu, with sketch of station.. --- —-.. —. 580 Observations at Honolulu for gravity, with description of station..-. -.-.-. 583 Magnetic olservations at Honolulu, with sketch of station.......... 586 Kawaihac, with sketch showing location of stations with reference to the shore line.-...-.........................-....-........ ----....... ---. 587 Sketch showing location of stations occupied at Kawaihae with reference to South Base -. --- —.-..-... -.....-.... —.....-..-.. —.. ----. 588 Plan of Heiau of Puu KoholA at Kawaihae ----—............................... 589 Results of latitude observations at Kawaihae........- -...... --- —......... 594 Mauna Kea, as seen from Waimea. — —...................................... 592 Waimea, with sketch of magnetio station.-................. ---... —. 595 Illustration showing localities where lava specimens were obtained......... 596 Mauna Kea, as seen from Kalaieha.. —..-...... —..... ---... ---. ---. 596 Kalaieha, with sketch showing geodetic position of latitude station —........ 595 Waiau Lake, near summit of Mauna Kea —............................-. 601 W aiau.................................................................. 601 Summit plateau of Mauna Kea.-..........................-.........-. 602 View from Ku-ka-hau-ula, the summit of Mauna Kea, looking southwest.... Geodetic and astronomical positions of the three stations on Hawaii -...-... From Waiau to Hilo.................................... --- —--------—.. — 607 Hilo, station on Cocoanut Island, with sketch..........................-. 608 Kealakekua...................................... -------.-. ----.-.Napoopoo, Hawaii...........................-............. --- ——. ---. 609 Kealakeakua Bay, looking northwest......................... --- —-------- Lahaina, with sketch of station............... —....... ----.... --- 610 Waimea "A," with sketch of station....................-.......-... ---..... 612 Waimea "B," with sketch of station....-............................... —.. 613 Nonopapa.................................................................. 614 Mount Hamilton, Lick Observatory, California..........-.....-........ —... 615 Barometric determination of the heights of Waimea, Kalaieha, and Waiau -.. 618 Abstracts of magnetic results.......................................-...... 620 511 512 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Page. Localities, geographical positions, and elevations of the gravity stations... 624 Summary of results for relative and absolute force of gravity.. —.-.... ----. 625 The density of Mauna Kea, and the Mean Density of the Earth...-.6.. 625 List of stations occupied in the Hawaiian Islands, with results obtained.... 636 ILLUSTRATIONS. * Gravity, latitude, and magnetic station at Waiau (frontispiece)..... 513 * Outline map of the Hawaiian Islands................................. 514 Half-second pendulum apparatus. Side view (right) of receiver, flash apparatus, etc —.. —....... —.......................... -—.. -- - 524 Variations of gravity at Waikiki.-...... ---.. —... —................ 561 Variation of mean sea level at Waikiki.-..........-....-....-.... —. 575 Sketch of magnetic station at Waikiki..-...............-........ 581 Sketch of Kahuku magnetic station....- -. - --...... —.................... 582 Stations at Honolulu -----........... --- ---..... ---.. —. -—. —. --- -..... 586 Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii. —..... -...................-......-.. —.... 587 Stations at Kawaihae —...- - —....-......-... --- ——.... 8588 Position of latitude station at Kawailiae -... --------—..-... —.......- 588 Plan of Heiau of Pul Kohol.i at Kawaihae................ 589 * Mauna Kea, as seen from Waimea.... - -.. --- --------—.....592 W aimea magnetic station.....-...-.................. —..... —......... 595 * Island of Hawaii, reduced from Government surveys.. —.-...-....-... 596 * Ma1una Kea, as seen from Kalaicha.....-...... ------- -... --- —-—.... 596 Geodetic position of Kalaieha latitude station... —... ---.. ---. 596 * Waiau Lake, near the summit of Mauna Kea... -............... 601 * Summit plateau of Mauna Kea................. —.. —.......-... 602 * View from Ku-ka-hau-ulla, the summit of Mauna Kea..... --- ——........... 603 Sketch of Mokuola (Cocoanut Islalnd)................608 Kealakekua Bay.....................-.................. — 609 Napoopoo, H aw aii.-........................... — -- --------.-......-..... 609 * Kealakeakua Bay, looking northwest.. ---. ---. --- ——..- —.. ---.. —. 609 Lahaina. Magnetic station of 1892 and latitude and gravity station of 1883 610 W aimea "A," at Kauai.-.........................-.....-.................. 612 Waimea 3 B".........-................................................. 613 Diagram to illustrate discussion of the density of the earth-....... 626 Friom negatives in archives. U. 5. C,5t -and &;,oetic Survey Report for 1893. PACT it N~ 22. 1 ARt T-M F i AN P MAGE T-11, IT.......f.....,....i.....i A-~N~ iS, _tr r ' sm~m,< try *s, asn ~ Ace r~ *,v n4 un u s ~ nn ~r? ~ F. AT APPENDIX No. 12-1893. DETERMINATIONS OF LATITUDE, GRAVITY, AND THE MAGNETIC ELEMENTS AT STATIONS IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, INCLUDING A RESULT FOR THE MEAN DENSITY OF THE EARTH. 1891, 1892. A report by E. D. PRESTON, Assistant. Submitted for publication June 30, 1894. While engaged in astronomical observations in the Hawaiian Islands in 1891-92, in cooperation with the work of the International Geodetic Association, occasion was taken to make a continuous study for one year of the force of gravity at Waikiki. After the work had been completed at this place an expedition was undertaken to the summit of Mauna Kea, an extinct crater, having an elevation of 13 825 feet. The object of this trip was the determination of the force of gravity at the base and summit, from which the density of the mountain and the mean density of the earth might be deduced. Availing ourselves of the occupation of this unique station, magnetic, latitude, and hypsometrical observations were carried on, besides making a trigonometric and topographic survey of the great plateau at an elevation of about 12 500 feet. When this was done, some magnetic observations were made at other points of the group, notably at Napoopoo, Kealakeakua Bay, on the lee side of Hawaii, where Captain Cook made similar observations in 1779, and at Lahaina, Maui, where De Freycinet had an observatory in 1819. For an account of other work done in the Hawaiian Islands in 1891-92 the reader is referred to Appendix No. 12, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1891 (Transit of Mercury); Appendix No. 13, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1891 (Preliminary note on the occupation of stations in the Hawaiian Islands); Appendix No. 2, Report for 1892 (On the variation of latitude at Waikiki, near Honolulu, from observations made in connection with the International Geodetic Association), and Bulletin No. 28, on the Constant of Aberration. S. Ex. 19, pt. 2-33 513 514 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SUlRVEY. The following report has to deal withI. Gravity observations at Waikiki. II. Gravity observations at Honolulu, Kawaihae, Kalaieha, and Waiau (summit of Mauna Kea). III. Latitude observations at Kawaihae, Kalaieha, Waiau, and Lahaina. IV. Magnetic observations at Kahuku, Waikiki, and Honolulu, on Oahu; at Kawaihae, Waimea, Kalaieha, Waiau, Hilo, and Napoopoo, on Hawaii; at Lahaina, on Maui; at Waimea, on Kauai, and at Nonopapa, on Niihau. V. Hypsometrical observations at Honolulu, Hilo, Kawaihae, Waimea, Kalaieha, and Waiau. The location of these stations is shown in Illustration No. 23. The gravity observations at Waikiki were made in connection with the International Geodetic Association work. The subsequent determinations were carried on with the cooperation of the Hawaiian Government Survey. The greater part of the expense was borne by this Bureau, and the personnel of the party was largely composed of members of the staff. Prof. W. D. Alexander, the accomplished surveyorgeneral of the islands, accompanied the expedition to the island of Hawvaii and remained with us at all stations except Hilo. During the occupation of the summit of Mauna Kea he assumed the difficult task of making a trigonometrical survey of the plateau. The peaks have an altitude of nearly 14 000 feet and are composed largely of scoria and red volcanic sand, which makes the ascent one requiring extraordinary endurance. In this work he was assisted by Mr. J. M. Muir, who voluntarily accompanied the expedition without compensation and whose services were of great value. The other members of the party were Mr. W. E. Wall, Mr. E. I). Baldwin, and Mr. W. W. Chamberlain, of the Government Survey staff. Mr. Louis Koch performed the duties of steward, a service of some difficulty and of great importance to a party encamped above the clouds, and Kauwe, an intelligent Kanaka, acted as guide both during the ascent and on the return. In the computations I had the help of Mr. C. C. Yates during the latter part of the work. PRELIMINARY AND CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS AT WASHINGTON. The gravity work of 1891-92 was entirely of a differential character. The continuous determinations at Waikiki simply required that the pendulums should receive no accident during the year of occupation, while the observations for the density of Mauna Kea only made it necessary to guard against accident between the times of swinging at the base and summit of the mountain. It is evident, however, that if the periods of oscillation of the three pendulums are determined in Washington before leaving on the expedition and again on the return an agreement of these two determinations will give increased confidence in all the work executed during the trip. In April 1891, the following values were found for the periods of oscillation of pendulums B1, B2, and B3 at the Smithsonian Institution. They are reduced to "j. E -10:+""L ad I ar or,B I: a, " r a i. ii Ii I A"t: 5: s t: rD oi rr'T I i?r I ~ tL1 hi B ra ~ H: I ia 5, 41s tSI A4,a.s " t: ~C s bClj(f' I W fp I/ 1 I iI - b~ ii II1P i -— i- Frl oo 3 C: -a a " 6 unl P~ gm r C= c LI v V)~~ *a;r D tl bD Ilt C 6 ' Fs) C E ruc8 e? ill 4? 7r "I~" CB * ~ — d" C it rsa * t3 f6 o UI * las L rrOL i. "t 19 m C) o Pb F: D i; Q prr ~ u 9 grD iji lra b) ?P E "e;E O rFi yj O %I J f Io 5 I a REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 515 a temperature of 150 0., a pressure of 500mm at 0~ 0., to an infinitely small are and sidereal time. B = 0-500 782 8$i B2 = 0-500 696 2 Mean = 0-500 703 88 B3 = 0-500 632 5 J Before the return of the expedition, in October, 1892, the base station at Washington had been transferred from the Smithsonian Institution to the Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. The periods were therefore determined at the latter place. The following is the result: B1= 0-500 779 4s B2 = 0-500 695 0 Mean = 0-500 701 98 B3 = 0.500 6313 J A comparison of the above values gives a diminished period for all three pendulums. We have the excess of the time of oscillation in April, 1891, at the Smithsonian Institution, over that in December, 1892, at the Coast and Geodetic Survey Office, as follows: For B1 = + 0-000 003 48] B2= + 0-000 0012 + + 0-000 001 9" Ba= + 0-000 001 2 These two stations were connected by simultaneous determinations of gravity by Mr. Putnam and Mr. Von der Trenck. The result gave an excess of the period at the Coast and Geodetic Survey Office over that at the Smithsonian Institution of 0-000 000 56. So that we have a mean decrease in the period of oscillation of the B pendulums consequent upon the work outside of the United States of 0-000 002 48. This is about 1 part in 400 000. When we consider that these pendulums were in continual service for more than a year at Waikiki, that they were transported on mule back to an elevation of over 13 000 feet, where the observations were made under difficult and adverse circumstances, and that numerous other stations were occupied in the Hawaiian Islands and in this country, this close agreement between the periods of oscillation before and after the expedition must be regarded as highly satisfactory. In regard to the accuracy attainable in the general method of optical coincidences as practiced in this work, it appears to be far beyond what is necessary. If c = the interval in seconds between two coincidences, and if in that time the pendulum has gained or lost one beat on the timepiece, the time (t) of one oscillation is c 2ea 4 1 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. The accuracy with which t is determined depends both on the length of the interval and the rate of the pendulum on the timepiece, but principally on the former. Differentiating the above expression gives approximately dt - A4 de 4c0 Where the pendulum period is nearly an aliquot part of that of the timepiece and the interval between two coincidences is 15 minutes, or say 1 000 seconds, an observation of c to the nearest second will only produce an error in the length of the period of one part in eight million. The following are the observations at Washington before and after the expedition. The computations, as well as the observations, were made by Mr. G. R. Putnam, Assistant Coast and Geodetic Survey. The arc corrections were computed by Borda's formula. The temperature coefficient was determined empirically by observations at high and low temperatures in April, 1891. The increase in period for 10 C. increase in temperature was found to be: For pendulum B, 0.000 004 16s B2 4 22 B3 408 The mean of these, which is 0-000 004 158, was used in the reductions. From the coefficient of expansion of the pendulum alloy, as determined by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, we get 0.000 004 14s. The pressure coefficient was determined in April, 1891. The mean for the three pendulums was found to be 0.000 000 078 98, representing the increase in period for an increase of "111 in pressure at 00 C. The correction to the period is therefore. 'e P is te d n i000367 the where P is the difference between the readings of the barometer and manometer and t is the temperature. This reduces the period to that at a pressure of 5001"" at 0~ C. The chronometer rates were.determined in April, 1891, from United States Naval Observatory signals, and in December, 1892, by time observations, by Mr. Putnam. The gravity work for all the stations is published according to the following scheme: Column I indicates the pendulum. Column II, the position (direct or reverse. Column III, the number of the swing. Column IV, the date. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II 517 Column V, the number of seconds between the first and eleventh coincidence. Columns VI and VII indicate the arc through which the pendulum was swinging at the first and eleventh coincidence. Column VIII indicates the corrected temperature. Column IX, the manometer reading. Column X, indicates the barometer reading. Column XI, the pressure in the receiver at a temperature of 00 C. The uncorrected periods, the different corrections, and finally the corrected period in sidereal time are given in the following table: U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum obseamSoa, Washington, D. C. ($Smithsonian Institution). [Observer: G.R.tnL.] Time of Semi-arc. Pendu- Posi-. t ten coinci- _Temper- Manom- Barom- Pressure lum. tion. Swing. Date. dence inter- ature. eter. eter. at o~ C. vals. Initial. Final.............. [ _............ D D R D R I 2 13 19 3 4 14 22 5 6 15 20 7 8 I6 23 9 I0 17 21 II 12 i8 24 1891. Apr. 15 15 i6 I5 15 i6 16 i6 15 15 16 i6 x6 15 15 i6 17 165 I6 x6 16 i6 I6 IS I7 Seconds. 3267-0 3266-0 3271-0 3260o3252'5 3257'0 3260-o 326I'8 3645-0 3653'o 36oo-o 3662-0 3666-5 3670-0 36810o 3708'0 4042'5 4044'5 4054'5 4047-0 4054'5 4053'5 4050'5 4099'5 mm. 5'35 5'25 5-85 5'30 5 20 5 35 5'7o 5'25 5'30 5'40 5'30 5 '30 5-20 5'30 5'25 5'25 5 20 5'35 5.00 5-00 5'30 5'30 4-85 4-80 mm. 3-85 3-85 4-10 3-80 3'80 3-80 3'90 3'20 3'55 3'85 3'65 3-75 3'70 3'75 3'75 3'50 3'25 3'75 3'20 3'20 3-60 3'70 3'25 3'20 oC. 20'93 20-98 20'93 21 o8 21o08 21-I8 20'93 21'10 21'28 21-36 20-98 21 o8 21'40 21 40 21 o6 20-57 2140 20'74 2I o8 21-08 2I 10 20'81 20-88 21'10 20-59 mm. 224-2 223'0 228'6 228-4 226-5 225-5 229'0 226-2 203'7 227'2 229'4 2310o 226-7 224-8 229'4 215'4 224-6 227'7 228-2 230-0 227*2 230'0 228-i 234-8 mm. 765'I 765'3 768'7 766-9 765'3 765'3 768-3 767-8 765-0 764-6 767'7 765-5 764'4 764'3 767-2 770-2 764'4 769'2 766-9 767-8 769'I 769-0 766-8 770o1 mm. 500-6 50 '9 499'9 498-3 498-4 499'1 499'2 501'0 519-0 496-7 498-2 4963' 4969' 498-6 497-6 514'2 498-8 501'5 498-4 497'5 So1-8 498-9 498-4 495'9 REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 519 Reduction of pendulum observationx, Wa8hington, D. C. (Sm~ithsonian Institution). (Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C; pressure, 500-m at 00 C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Pendu- S Period uncor- Period corrected. lum. Swing. rected. ei crctd Arc. Tempera, Pressure. Rate. Ar. ture. Seconds. Seconds. B, I 0500 7664 -74 -246 0 +486 0-500 7830 2 7666 -73 -248 - I +486 7830 13 7655 -86 -.246 0 +457 7780 19 7680 -73 -252 + 1 +468 7824 Direct 0-500 7816 B, 3 0-500 7698 -71 -252. + 1 +486 o-500 7862 4 7688 -74 -256 + I +486 7845 14 7680 -8i -246 + 1 +468 7822 22 7676 -62 -253 - +468 7828 Reverse 0-500 7839 Mean 0-500 7828 B2 5 050oo 6868 -68 -261 -15 +486 0-500 7010 6 6853 -75 -264 + 3 +457 6974 15 6829 -70 -248 + 3 +468 6980 20 6836 -72 -252 + 3 +468 6983 Direct 0o500 6987 Bg 7 0-500 6828 -70 -266 + 2 +457 0o500 6951 8 6821 -72 -266 + I +457 694! i6 68oi -71 -251 + 2 +468 6949 23 6751 -67 -23! -1I +468 6910 Reverse 0500 6938 Mean o-500 6962 B3 9 0-500 6192 -62 -266 + 1 +457 0-500 6322 10 6189 -73 -238 - I -4+457 6334 17 6174 -59 -252 + 1 +468 6332 21 6185 -59 -253 + 2 +468 6343 Direct 0-500 6333 B3 I I 0-5oo 6174 -69 -241 - +457 0-500 6320 12 6175 -71 -244 + ' +457 6318 18 6i8o -57 -253 + 1 +468 6339 24 61o6 — 56 -232 + 3 +468 6289 Reverse 0-500 6316 Mean 0500o 6324 > U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Washington, D. C. (Coast and Geodetic Survey Office). [Observer: G. R. Putnam.] Pen- Posi du- - Swing. lum. ton' D R D 13 14 15 16 31 32 17 18 19 33 34 7 8 9 26 27 28 Date. I892. Dec. 14 15 15 15 I7 I8 15 15 I5 18 18 14 I4 14 17 17 17 No. of coincidence intervals. Time of ten coincidence intervals. 14 I0 10 I0 i6 10 I0 10 I0 6 12 I0 I0 10 10 I0 I0 Seconds. 3295'4 3297'0 3296'5 3295'5 3292'2 3294'5 3281'5 3287'5 3283'5 3296'7 3297'9 3729'0 3725'0 3723'0 3706'0 3705'0 3704'5 mm. 5'35 5 35 5 30 5'25 5 40 5 30 5'15 5 25 5'30 5 20 5'30 5 40 5'40 5'40 5'35 5'30 5'30 mm. 3'50 4.00 3'95 3'80 3'25 3'95 3'85 3'8o 3'80 4'35 3'70 3'80 400 3'90 3'80 3'80 3'80 o(. 12'00 I I88 I '93 II 97 12'40 I '95 I2'I7 12'35 I2'45 1183 1183 I '20 1130 1I 40 11-93 "1195 12'00 mm. 232'9 239'6 239'3 237'6 237'7 240'0 216'4 246-8 244'2 239'4 237'5 241-5 243-1 240'4 242'8 240'0 239'2 mmt. 764'6 767-4 767'4 766-8 762-4 763'8 765-8 765'5 765'4 76 '5 76 -5 762-6 762-8 762-5 761-9 76I'6 76 -0 76i -o Semiarc. Initial. Final. Tem- Manom- Barom- Pressure r tra- eter. eter. at o~C. ture. 7m. 508 3 504 8 505-0 505'9 5oo'9 5oo'9 500 9 525-0 495'3 497'5 499'4 501 2 499'6 498'2 500'2 496'4 498'8 498'9 REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 521 Reduction of pendulum ob8eration8, Wa8hington, D. C. (Coa8t and Geodetic Survey Office). [Periods reduced to temperature 150 C.; pressure, 500mm at 00 C.; are infinitely small; siderealtime.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Pendu- Sw Period uncor- P him, Swing. rected. ei crctd Arc. Tempera- Pressure. Rate. ture. Seconds. Seconds. B1 13 0-500 7598 -68 +124 - 6 +152 0-500-7800 14 7594 -77 +I29 - 4 +142 784 '5 7595 -75 +127 - 4 +142 785 i6 7598 -72 +126 - 5 +142 789 31 7606 -65 + io8 - +144 792 32 7600 -75 +126 - I +145 795 Direct 0-500 7791 B1 17 0-500 7630 -71.+117 -20 +142 0-500 7798 i 8 7616 -72. +110 + 4 +142 800 19 7625 -73 +106 + 2 +142 802 33 7595 -8o +I32 0 +145 792 34 7592 -71 +132 -1 +145 797 Reverse 0-500 7798 Mean 0'500 7794 B1 7 0-500 6713 -74 +158 o +162 0-500 6959 8 6720 -78 +I54 + 1 +162 959 9 6724 -76 +149 0 +162 959 26 6755 -74 +127 + 3 +143 954 27 6757 -73 +126 + I +143 954 28 6758 -73 +124 + I +143 953 Direct 0-500 6956 28U. S. COAST A.D TSEODETIC SURVEY. Podul i obminraifions, Washington, D. C. (Coast and Geodetio Survey Offoie). [Observer: G. R. Putnam.] No. ofT Semi-arc. coinci- i emdu in Sing,.. Date coinci-ten coin- -- Ter Manom- Barem- Pressure dution. Swing. Date. dence cidence pera- eter. eter. at o~ C. lum. inter- nitial. Final. ture. -IU~ inte~vals.r intervals. Initial. Final. vals. B2 B3 Be R D R 10 II 12 29 30 1 2 3 20 21 22 4 S 6 23 24 25 I892. Dec. 14 14 14 17 17 12 13 13 15 16 16 13 13 I3 I6 I6 6 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 to 14 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 Seconds. 373P'5 3726'0 3723'5 3713-0 3709'5 41221' 4143'5 4145'5 4092'9 4096'5 4096'2 4125o0 4129-0 4125-0 4083'5 4081 o 4080'0 mm. 5 35 5'25 5'20 5'30 5'30 5'90 5'25 5'20 5'10 4'85 4'9o 4'85 4'85 4'85 4'85 4'85 4'85 mm. 3'65 3'75 3'80 3'90 3'80 3'60 3'40 3'45 3'30 3'I5 3'30 3'30 3'30 3'30 3'30 3'30 oC. II'50 I r67 11'77 12'13 I2'27 1I'45 IO9go I0'97 12-55 12'23 12'27 11'13 1'125 II'33 12'40 12-45 12'45 mm. 243'6 241-7 244'o 244'0 241'1 235'2 241'5 252'4 240'0 244'8 241'6 239'6 254'9 246'7 243'5 241-4 239-6 mm. 762'2 762'4 762'7 760'0 760'o 774'9 772'6 771'9 766'6 767'9 767'8 770'7 769'8 769'2 766'8 766'5 766'4 mm. 496'7 498'4 496'3 493'0 495'6 517'o 509'7 498'4 502'4 499'7 502'5 509*2 493'6 500'7 499'6 501*2 502'8 ..REPORT FOR 1893-PART IL. 523 Reduction of pendulum obeervation8, Washington, D. C. (Coast and Geodetic Survey office). [Periods reduced to temperature 150 C.; pressure, 500"0- at 00 C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Pendu- Sw Period uncor- -____ ___ eidcretd lum. Sing. rected. Tmea eidcretd Are. Tuempra Pressure. Rate. I0 I I 12 29 30 2 3 20 21 22 4.5 6 23 24 25 Seconds. 0*500 6710 6719 1.6723.6742 6748 0500o 6072 604z 6038 6i x6 6i io 6111 o-5oo 6068 6062 6o68 6130 6134 6135 -71 — 7' -7' -74 -73 -78 — 65 -56 +145 +138 +1'34 +119 + 113 +1'47 +170 *167 + 102 +115 +113 +16i +156 +152 + io8 +1o6 +xo6 + 3 +1I ~ 3 + 6 + 3 -'3 - 8 + I - 2 0 - 2 +i62 + 162 +i62 +143 +143 Reverse Mean +4 i162 +i62 + 162 +142 +1'43 ~143 Direct +x62 +162 + 162 +1'43 + '43 +1'43 Reverse Mean Seconds. 0-500 6949 949 951 936 934 o-5oo 6944 o-5oo 6950 o-5oo 6290 300 303 300 310 309 0-5006302 0.500 6326 327 323 323 324 324 0-500 6324 0'5oo 6313 + 7 5 0 2 r24 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS AT WAIKIKI. For a description of this station it will be sufficient to refer to Appendix No. 2, Report of Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1892. The pendulum apparatus has been described by Mr. G. R. Putman in a special report by the Superintendent on the "Determination of gravity," Appendix No. 15, Report of Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1891. This paper may be consulted for all details of construction and manipulation. A general view of the apparatus is shown in illustration No. 24. The observations for the force of gravity at Waikiki were begun on June 9, 1891, and continued until June 11, 1892. During this time 199 nights' work were obtained. The determinations were limited to those nights on which satisfactory star observations could be made, and the pendulum was swung during the time that the regular international latitude investigations were carried on. This made the duration of the swings somewhat variable, but the pendulum in nearly every case was allowed to oscillate for several consecutive hours. The plan generally followed was this: In the early evening, after one or two pairs of stars had been obtained for latitude, one circumpolar and several time stars were observed with the instrument in the position "clamp west." The pendulum was then started, after which the meridian telescope was reversed to the position "clamp east" and a few more stars taken. A circumpolar was obtained in the second position when possible, but this was not considered essential. The advantage of the foregoing scheme is that the pendulum apparatus has time to take the evening temperature before beginning the swing, and that the beginning of the swing is referred to tbe epoch Qf the reversal of the instrument. The telescope was allowed to remain with "clamp east" until the close of the night's work, when another half set was observed. Inasmuch as we desire only differential rates for the chronometer, we have here the corrections determined before and after the swing almost entirely independent of the instrumental constants. The effect of azimuth was entirely eliminated by observing stars north and south of the zenith. The level was directly observed, but since the instrument was not reversed during the swing, the change was inappreciable, and whatever the collimation, as there was no reversal, its effect on the difference of the clock corrections is insignificant. The instrumental constants were quite small during the entire year. Moreover, since the same stars were observed from night to night the chronometer rates are independent of any errors inl the right ascensions. It is believed that this work reaches all the accuracy attainable with this set of instruments. The arrangemelt of the time observations, the method employed of interchanging the pendulums, and the precautions taken in the temperature and pressure conditions seem to exhaust the precision of manipulation, so that any discrepancies must be attributed either to the construction of the instruments or to real U SMdid G~dfd SUNO* Rior 3~ Par LN~2 PALF~SECOND PENDULUM APPAR3ATU~U Uidsiew trighti f i66tvo e teemr. jatipelit*s REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 525 differences in the force of gravity. The principal defect in the apparatus was in the means of reading the amplitude of oscillation. At the beginning of the swing the half atmplitude was usually about 1~, or a distance of 51nm o01 the scale at the pendululn point, which is 297'm" below the knife edge. After an hour and a half this half amplitude had decreased to about 09.5 or to 3"11", and the correction to reduce the time of one oscillation to what it would have been in all infinitely small are is 0-000 005 6s. Now. an error of one-tenth of a millimetre in estimating the amplitude would produce an error of rather more than one ten-millionth of a second in the correction for arc, so that we may assume that the uncertainties arising from the scale readings do not materially affect the deduced period as much as the millionth part of a second. The change of gravity for a small change in the latitude of the place may be obtained by differentiating the equation g=+C ) sinZ2 p where C is the force of gravity at the equator, and D is the increase in this force in passing from the equator to the pole, the unit being taken in metres. For a value of P = 210 16' we get dg = 0-0338 d p A change, therefore, of 1" in the latitude would give a change of (0.0338 1 1 20-0 000 or - 100 00) of a metre in the value of D sin2 q or about 00 000 of the total force of gravity. The change of latitude at Waikiki during the entire year being sixtenths of a second, the force of gravity would not be disturbed from this cause more than 1 part in 100 000 000. The following table contains the chronometer corrections and instrumental constants from June 4, 1891, to June 11, 1892. The value of the collimation is given with its approl)riate sign for the position of the telescope witl the clamp on the west side. The azimuths are given for those positions in which a determnination was made. When nlo stars of sufficiently high declination could be obtained to bring out this constant, that of a preceding or following day was used and the corresponding tabular space is left vacant. U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Clock rates and instrumental constants, Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands. [Negus sidereal chronometer No. 1825. Observer: E. D. Preston.] J J t Date. Epoch (sidereal time). 1891. h. M. une 4 13 30 6 6 0oo 9 15 40 10 15 45 1I 15 30 12 15 30 13 14 30 15 14 30 16 13 15 17 14 30 18 14 30 19 14 30 22 14 30 24 15 30 25 16 30 26 15 25 27 14 30 28 15 30 30 14 30 Muly 4 16 io 7 18 oo 8 17 50 17 18 30 18 17 50 22 18 30 23 17 45 24 17 45 25 18 30 26 tS oo 27 17 45 29 17 45 30 19 oo 31 17 45 Aug. 2 18 I5 3 18 15 4 17 45 5 17 30 6 8 00 7 17 45 10 17 30 11 17 45 13 17 30 14 17 30 15 17 30 16 17 30 20 19 30 22 19 30 23 19 30 25 22 oo 26 19 00 29 19 00 22 30 31 19 00 Correction. rM. s. +2 9'92 23-82 44'90 52'24 59'57 6-94 -3 13'54 26-02 32-37 39'I4 45'8i 52'78 +4 12-58 26-21 32'62 38'93 45'53 52'42 +5 4-89 -2 29-29 8-87 2-56 -o 59'20 52'26 23-26 16'86 10'10 2'99 +0 4-62 1. -8o 26'18 33'16 39'6o 52'71 58-96 + 1 5-40 12'26 19'38 26-40 48 07 55'28 +2 9-91 17'02 24'04 3100oo 58-04 +3 10'42 16-55 29-52 35'07 53'20 54'o6 +4 6'26 Daily rate. Collition W. Azimuth. E. W. Seconds. 6-60 7 o6 7'34 7'40 7'37 6-88 6'24 6-67 6'43 6-67 6-97 6'6o 6'68 6-i6 6'58 6-89 6'6i 6-36 6'64 6-36 7'04 7*15 7'20 6-59 6'y6 6'90 7-76 7'25 7-19 6.63 6-79 6-5o 6-25 6'57 6-93 6-97 7'09 7'24 7't4' 7'34 7'I I 7 02 6'96 6.76 6'19 6.13 6-16 6'34 60o4 6-53 Seconds. o-006 - 09 + '07 - 09 — I8 - 25 '55 '00 - 23 +' 09 - i6 + '12 + x18 + '16 + 'I7 + '05 + -10 + '10 + '21 + '22 + '27 + '27 '15 -'II - '03 '08 -- '03 -- Io8 -.10 '00 - '07 - '21 -'II -'14 + '04 + '05 +'04 - 05 '04 + '05 + '05 - '03 + '05 + '07 — 07 — o6 - -o8 - '07 Seconds. +o0-19 ' 62 ' 62 + '15 -:07 - 59 + '71 + '58 + '12 - 05 + -o6 + '37 + '30 + '04 - '14 - '26 + '41 + '03 + '21 - '12 + 'I3 + '22 + '23 + '25 + '21 + '34 *- '57 '49 - '42 - 31 - 23.14 '37 '00 - '15 - '37 - '45 - 45 Seconds. -0'22 - '42 + '05 - 8o + '13 + '42 -- 'I - i6 + '33 + '28 '00 - 22 - -6o - 05 + '04 '00 + '13 + '19 -- '33 + '33 + o6 + '32 - '36 - '40 - 32 '00 - '3I - 38 - '22 - "9 - '38 + -12 - '07 I _ - - __ _ _ _I I_____ On August 8 telescope Inoved eastward. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 527 Clock rates and instrumental constants, Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. [Negus sidereal chronometer No. 1825. Observer: E. D. Preston.] Azimuth. Epoch Correction. Collimation Date. (sidereal time). Corrtionre. W. E. W. 1891. Sept. 2 6 9 12 15 17 x8 19 23 26 27 28 Oct. 4 5 8 10 14 I6 22 28 30 31 h. mt. 19 00 19 00 20 00 19 00 19 00oo 19 00 20 30 19 00 I9 00 21 00 19 00 20 00 19 00 22 30 22 34 2 13 22 30 22 34 2 13 22 30 22 34 2 15 22 30 22 34 0 00 22 30 22 30 22 33 2 15 22 30 22 55 I 00 22 30 22 54 2 04 22 30 22 31 2 15 22 30 22 32 2 15 22 30 22 38 2 15 22 30 22 38 2 15 22 30 22 37 2 15 22 30 23 00 23 02 I 30 m. s. -2 40 30 I4'43 14'03 -i 55'59 37 02 I8'18 4-83 -o 58'63 52'28 26-17 6-84 -o o0o6 +o 6-28 46-65 46-58 47-46 53'08 53.00 53'88 -I I2'75 12'79 13-80 25'57 25'56 26-07 51'97 +2 4'99 4'98 5'99 44'60 44'61 45'20 +3 23-80 23-80 24'53 37'26 37-26 38-24 43'80 43'8I 44'78 -3 9'82 9-82 8'84 -2 50'82 50-82 49-84 381I6 38'16 37o6 31 '67 25'50 25'49 24'90 Seconds. 6-47 6-15 6-19 6-28 6-48 6-6i 6'35 6'40 6-6i 6'43 6-56 6'4I 6-6o 6'5I 66o 6'53 6'73 6'54 6-38 6'33 6'33 6'49 60o5 6*29 Seconds. - 12 '00 - 05 - 07 - o6 - 03 - 02 - '12 - '05 - 09 -.09 - '20 - '20 - '10 - o8 + '13 + '09 -04 4- '12 -.12 - '04 - '04 - 04 - '10 Seconds. - *07 - 42 - 33 -30 - 36 - '47 - 41 - '37 - 32 - '20 - '27 - 43 + '09 + '13 - '20 + '15 + '07 - o6 - '22 - '25 Seconds. - 17 - 22 - 28 - 22 - 33 -- 22 - 22 - 26 - 29 - 42 - 60 - 60 - -60 + '70 - '11 -- 'I3 + '10 - '*3 +- '10 + -o8 -.32 -- '28 Nov. I 4 6 7 8 I I 8 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC bURVEY. Clock rates and instrumental constants, Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. [Negus sidereal chronometer No. 1825. Observer: E. D. Preston.] Date. Epoch (sidereal time). _. 1891. Nov. 12 13 14 17 19 21 22 23 28 30 Dec. I 5 6 7 9 10 Io 12 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 h. m. I 00 22 30 22 37 2 15 22 30 223~ 22 37 2 15 22 30 22 36 2 15 o 30 5 30 5 44 o 30 0 35 5 30 1 30 1 00 1 00 o 30 o 36 5 30 o 30 o 36 5 30 I 00 5 30 5 32 o 30 00 o 30 o 35 5 30 o 30 1S 300 I oo 1 300 o 33 5 30 100 1 34 5 30 o 30 o 30 o 34 5 30 o 30 0 30 0 30 o 30 0 33 5 30 0 o30 o0 30 o0 38 5S30 Correction. m. S. -1 59-86 54'14 54'13 53'21 47'74 47'78 46'74 27'86 27'86 26'75 -- 13'45 12'10 120o8 00 40 0oo45 -o 59'oo 53'51 47'16 14-22 oo096 00-85 +-0 o0011 05 '46 05'45 06 36 31'32 32'55 32'55 37 63 44'36 57'26 57'28 58'52 + 1 03'71 10-17 16-78 16-78 17'99 35'84 35-83 37'o0 48'38 +2 00o68 00'77 02'00 o6-6i 12'96 18'96 25'22 25-21 26'74 31'89 38'47 38'48 39'82 Seconds. 6'38 6'40 6-62 6'90 6'52 6'6i 6-48 6-59 6'70 6'42 6'43 6'43 6-6o 6-5I 6-45 6'34 6'6i 6-35 6-34 6'I5 5'93 6'35 6-oo00 6'26 6-67 6'58 6'43 -+ 20 + 14 + '12 [- '04 '04 - '05 +'11 + '20 + 'o8 Seconds. 0oo - '12 - '10 - '03 Seconds. 00oo + '30 + '22 - '01 4-1'97 +' i8 '00 From Nov. 3 + '67 + '55 From Dec. 5 - '57 Sefonds. + '35 '00 Azimuth. Collimation. Daily rate. Collimation I. E. W. i~i"~i + '12. +1'75 + '42 + '47 + '27 + -21] + '21 'o6 '26 + '44 + '33 + '25 '00 - 'II - '20 + - '36 - '40 -- '31 + '15 - '30 + o6 +~o REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 529 Clock rates and instrumental constants, Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. [Negus sidereal chronometer No. 1825. Observer: E. D. Preston.] Date. 1891. Dec. 26 27 28 29 30 Epoch (sidereal lime). Correction. Daily rate. Collimation I W. Azimuth. E. I w. 1892. Jan. I 2 3 5 6 10 II 12 16 I8 19 20 21 23 24 25 27 Feb. 2 3 h.?1/. I 30 5 30 5 40 0 30 0 30 0 31 5 30 0 30 o 31 5 30 0 30 0 33 5 30 0 30 0 30 0 30 I 00 1 38 5 30 5 oo 5 oo 5 30 5 46 7 30 5 30 5 46 8 oo 5 30 5 o0 8 oo 5 oo 5 oo 8 oo 8 14 5 oo 5 02 8 oo S oo 5 00 5 02 8 oo 5 oo 4 57 8 oo 5 oo.8 o 8 05 5 oo 8 oo 8 40 8 oo 8 oo 5 oo 4 56 it. S, +2 451I7 46'46 46'48 51'52 58o00 58-00 59'24 — 3 04'42 04'42 05 62 10-30 10-29 11 42 21I94 -3 32'31 26-30 14-64 14'64 13'66 o8-12 -2 46'04 40'34 40'36 39'85 34'63 34'62 34-00 I2-66 01O'1 00-58 -i 55'32 49'26 48'70 48-69 43-64 43'60 42'97 33-I2 33'14 32'50 27'72 27-71 27'00 21 90 20-84 20'84 09o04 o8-33 08-30 -0 33'12 33'13 28-26 28 26 Seconds. 6-62 6-48 6-42 5-88 5 82 5'75 6-oi 5'77 5'59 5 52 5'59 5'71 5- 49 5-83 5'79 6-o6 5 62 5'26 5 40 5 82 6-43 5 87 5'50 Seconds. -+-0-17 +- 09 -- '04 - I02 [4- '12] --- ~ 1 ] -- '10 - -10 --- '10 -- *10 o8 4- 02 - -13 Seconds. -0-31 --.32 -- 10 -2t I0 -1- - 20 -- -i 5 --.14 Seconds. *00 -- *10 - -i6 - '22 4- -i6 -4- 'I 3 + '14 +- 17 '00 -4- -40 -. 26 [-.20] -- o8. --- 25.I- '14 - *-4 - '21 -- '21 -*1, Ex. 19, pt. 2 — 34 \: ) U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Ch 1( l L 8 and instruntental constants, Waikiki, Hawaiian Isl ands-Continued. [Negus sidereal chronometer No. 1825. Observer: E. D. Preston.] Date.. Epoch (sidereal time). 1892. A. m. 8 oo Feb. 4 5 oo 8 oo 8 41 6 5 00 8 00oo 8 41 8 5 00 8 oo 8 41 12 5 0o 5 30 8 o 13 5 o 5 22 8 00 14 5 00 4 55 8 oo00 19 7 30 20 5 00 21 5 00 4 55 8 oo 22. 500 23 5 00 4 55 8 oo 26 7 30 27 7 30 7 37 12 00 28 7 30 8 io I 30 29 7 30 7 40 i1 30 Mar. I 7 3 7 41 9 o 2 7 30 7 41 It 30 4 7 30 5 7 30 7 41 1t 30: 8 10 30 9 7 30 7 41 i 30 t1 7 30 II 30 Correction. mr. s. -o 27-63 22-51 21 72 21 72 10-64 09'92 09o83 +0 oi-o8 oi 85 or 86 22-94 22-82 23-62 28-18 28-24 28-84 33'31 33'32 3411I 58-51 + 1 03-01 08-02 C8-02 c8 o2 08-51 13-09 18-07 18-07 18-72 35 o6 40 88 40-88 41 89 46-89 46-89 47'80 52-91 52'90 53-81 — 3 orI18 or19. 00*84 -2 55'44 55-44 54'55 43'45 37-38 37-38 36-41 19'00 13-82 13-81 12-84 07 65 07-64 jp6-68 Daily rate. Seconds. 5-75 5'93 5-86 5'47 5'24 5'13 4-94 502. Azimuth. Collimation W. E. YW..S',-cndrs. Seconds. -0-04 - 04 '00 Seconds. I '00 +- -i6 S.02 5'01 5 07 4'98 5 47 5-82 6-oI -- '02 00 100 - o03 '00 '00 '00 - '05 -.05 - '07 - 05 - -07 - -05 - o7 - -03 -- '03 + 'I3 -- 23 - to + -o6 ' - -05 + '05 A —os5 6-02 5'91 5'74 5 99 6o7 5.88 5'91 6-I7 - -46 '00 + '30 +- '32 + '23 la oo - 63 -- *o~; + '21 4-.:8 I ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ I I, 1 - _ I I l 1 ~~~~~~~~~1. I. -- - -- - - REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 531 Clock atfes and instrumental constants, Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. [Negus sidereal chronometer No. 1825. Observer: E. D. Preston.] Date. 1892. Mar. 13 14 I6 19 20 21 23 24 29 30 31 Apr. 6 9 10 13 14 15 16 I7 i8 I9 20 21 23 24 25 29 May: Epoch Correction. (sidereal time). I Daily rate. Collimation W. h. m. 7 30 7 30 7 30 7 30 7 30 7 30 7 39 12 00 9 00 9 07 12 00 7 30 7 39 II 30 7 30 7 39 1I 30 7 30 7 38 I1 30 7 30 7 38 11 30.I0 15 10 15 14 45 14 58 10 I5 o0 30 Id 30 Io 30 I0 30 14 45 14 57 I0 15 10 13 12 45 II 30 Io 30 14 45 I4 57 10 15 II 45 I 45 10 15 io r5 o0 15 14 45 14 56 o0 15 14 45 14 56 I0 15 14 45 14 56 o0 15 10 45 m. s. 50'33 44'45 32'81 15'67 09'97 04-o6 04-07 02-93 -0 52'05 52-05 51 52 46'66 46'65 45 '7h 17'73 17'72 i6'88 I I 96 I I98 ii o6 06-IO o6-Io 05 28 +1 29'39 46-73 47'74 47'73 52'58 10-25 I6-I2 22-07 28'12 291I4 29'17 33'98 33 98 34'58 40'23 45 80 46-90 47'90 51 66 52 08 57'74 +2 09'71 I I 04 II'09 15'79 16'9o x6-89 21-56 22-73 22-80 44'57 56-42 Seconds. 5 88 5 '82 571 5'70 5 -82 5 '76 5 79 5'77 5 86 5'79 5 78 5'85 5-86 5 87 5'95 6'o05 5 '9I 5'95 5 -8 5'93 6-o8 5'99 6-o8 5'77 5.75 5-86 Seconds. -0'02 -- '05 '00 - *o6 _ 04 -- '04 -- '04 - '12 Azimuth. E. W. Seconds. Seconds. [+ '40] -00 + '25 [+.25] I [+.25] + '50 + '30 - 04 + '26 + 25 '00 io + 12o + I0 - 10o] + -o8 + '54 + '54 -- '40 - 65 +0'70 '- '20 — i8 -- 18 - 10 - -i6 - '68 - '30 - '43 -6o --.i8 -- '33 -- 30 -'6o -.38 - '35 -'10 E+ I2] [+ -x6 4- '20 + '20 [+ *18J +.- I5 -+ -12 + '20 + '20 - '67 - '84 532 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Clock rates and instrumental constants, Waikiki, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. [Negus sidereal chronometer No. 1825. Observer: E. D. Preston.] Date. (i (si 1892. May I 2 4 Si Eploch (. Correction. idereal time). -......?..:..... \. -. 6 I 7 9 I0 11t 13 14 15 A. 1t. '4 45 I4 52 10 15 14 45 14 50 1o 15 14 45 14 56 10 15 11 15 io 15 14 45 14 50 io 15 14 45 io 17 10 15 12 15 14 45 15 oo 10 I5 14 45 15 00 10 15 4 45 15 oo 10 15 4 45 15 00 1 45 14 45 15 00 II 15 1445 15 00 14 45 14 45 14 0oo 17 45 17 57 14 45 14 00 17 45 17 58 14 45 14 00oo 4 00 14 00 14 oo 14 oo 745 1802 14 oo 17 45 18 02 I l. s. -— 2 5717 57'19 -2 58-21 46-80 45'70 45-69 — 2 40-90 39'90 39 88 35'03 28-69 17'37 16-22 16'23 11-39 10-44 11-42 05'75 -1 53'74 53'15 53-12 48-31 47'17 47'Io 42 64 41 45 41'43 25'13 24-10 24-O1 07'37 06-53 06-45 oI051 00-58 00.55 -0 54-87 49-00 43-46 42-50 42-51 31r8o 26-23 25 41 25 38 20-26 +o 07'97 13-64 19'39 25'24 31 00 31 99 31 98 54'57 55-45 55'44. *4 i Seconds. 5 -48 5 -66 5 90 5-87 6o09 5 78 5-98 5 64 5 76 5'92 5-67 5-84 5 '80 5-87 5'8o 5 76 5'74 5-76 5-8o 5-69 5-67 5-75 5-85 5 76 5-89 Daily rate I Collimation W. Azimuth. E. Seconds. +o'I6 [+ -I5] 4- 'I5 + '07 + '07 4- -o8 - - 08 4- '07 - '07 + '15 Seconds. -0-43 + -o6 -.07 *00 - 20 - '40 -..27 - -30 -51 - -09 - g12 + '13 - -I6 - '22 - 33 -1 Seconds. -0-04 - 13 +- '22 4- '34 - '20 4- '30 + '32 + '07 - '25 -- 22 -- 'i6 - *07 - 20 - '50 - *13 4-+ 09 -.13 +.20 - -o6 '00 o07 i.1 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 June 3 4 5 6 7 1I + -II + '23 + -12 -4- I I + -08 - 10o +0o4 [+ 'Io] [4- 10] 4- 10o I I + '-I ' 31 + -'1 I. I:' / 534 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. The following table contains the Pendulum Results for 199 nights at Waikiki betweei June 9, 1891, alnd June 11, 1892: IPendulum observations, JIlaikiki, Honolulu. [)bserver: E. D. Preston.] ~..... Time of Semi-arc.,.Tem- Baror- Pres', 5 bTime in ten coin- pe Manom arom rreat. d o seconds. cidence eter. eter. 46 sect) ature. e r C. ~.~...~..........., intervals. Initial. Final. 189 1.. hS. s. Iil. 171t. C. m 1 m. mm. mm. 13 1) June 9 141I 24 6296-o 26233 5-o 2'5 2633 206o 767 2 510 1 14'0 20 5256'0 2628-0 52 25 2598 2060 767-4 511 10 157 20 5280-0 26400 52 2-5 24'92 200-0767-4 519 It I3'9 20 52820 26410 52 30 2543 225 7680 507 1 157 20 5303'5 26518 52 2'7 24622050 7676 515 12 14'2 32 8440'0 2637'5 5'2 [21] 25-47 210 767'4 508 13 14'6 44 11588'0 26336 5 2 1'2 2542 2080 766-4 510 15143 32 84165 26302 5' 20 25 73 2I707668 501 i6 14'7 20 5244'5 2622'2 52 25 26.33 2I40 767 6 503 17 149 30 7895'5 2631'8 [5 -] 20 2613 2190 767 5 499 18 14-9 30 79010o 26337 5 2 2'2 26-8 28-0 766-4 499 19 156 50 132480o 26496 52 1-2 25-68 2150 765 5 502 22 15'4 40 10564-0 2641'0 5'2 12 2583 2I50 767 I 503 24 I52 40 10543'0 26358 5'2 12 25-68 2130 7671I 505. 25 14.2 20 5257'5 26288 52 25 25732170 766-5 501 25 I63 20 52745 2637-2 52 26 24'82 2I8 7669 502 B. 1 ) 26 148 30 73990 2466-3 5 22.5 26-28 24-0 7654 501 26 170 30 7455'0 2485'0 52 23 25'1 2170 7656 501 B1 1) 27 148 30 6832' 5 22775 5'2 27 26.43 2180 17652 497 ' 27 17' 40 91405 22851 50 20 2532 2140 765 6 503 B D 28 147 30 78830 2627-7 5 25 2648 2I20 766-6 504 28 17-0 30 7923'0 26410 5-1 24 25 42 2190 7666 499 30 148 30 7896-0 2632-0 [5'I] 24 26-03 2140 765'0 502 - -_- t -W- ~ --- - 1 --- — ~;I.I1 I REPORT FOR 1893-PART 11. 535. Reduittion of pendulum obmervation8, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; 1pressu~re, 500-"' at 001 C.; are infinitelAy sumall; sidereal tiwle.I Corrections (in sevent decimal p~lace). Position. Period uncorrected. A re. D Seconds. 0*500 9548 53' i488 484 445 497 1511 523 552 517 5"1 453 484 503 5'28 498 -— 48 -50 -50 -58 -53 — 44 -3' -42 — 50 -42 -46 -3' -3' -3' -50 -52 Temperature. -470 -456 -412 -433 -3199 — 435 -432 -445 -470 -462 -464 -443 -449 -443 -445 -408 I-erio(l corrected. - 8 -- 9 -15 - 6 -12 - 6 — 8. — I - 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 4 - I -F 2 d-2 — 3 -F I - 2 Pressure. Rate. +414 +426 +429 +429 +427 4+427 + 380 +-375 +373 +380 -+395 -k393 -F 385 ~372 +357 +370 June 17 +382 +397 June 26 -+390 +383 June 27 +376 +369 +377 Seconds. 0'500 9436 442 440 416 408 439 420 410 403 394 397 370 - 387 397 389 406 410 0-501 0020 010 015 woio o866 876 871 0'500 9380 374 386 D R D R 0'501 0157 -50 -468 o81 1 -47 1.-420 0-501 1001 1-53 -474 0964 — 41 — 428 0'500 9532 -49 -476 484 — 48 -432 517 -48 -458 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: I. 1. Preston.].c o P9 Date. i Time of Senmi-arc. I ^ v Time in ten coin- ___ 0 o. Seconds. cidence s 2 ~ c intervals. Initial.i Final..h. { s. s. tmm. m.t Temperature. Manom- Barom- Pres. eter. eter. sure at o0 C. B3 { I) B.l l,, 1sa 1891. July 4 7 8 17 18 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 Aug. 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 10 1) 1) 1) 18-2 17-8 I7-6 I 7'7 17-2 17'4-7 17-6 17.4 17-6 17-6 I7'6 17-8 17-6 19-3 18-4 I6-9 19-2 i6-4 19'2 17'4 17 -5 17'5 17'5 I7'7 34 30 34 i8 32 32 30 30 32 34 38 30 30 34 34 30 44 36 30 30 30 30 32 9014 o 79310o 8945 0 4768 0 84420o 8463-0 7925'0 7950'5 8475 ' 9023-0 0105 '5 7932 0 7913-0 8986-5 8383-0 7453'0 9996'o 8i97 o 7887 5 7888-5. 7919'5 7937 0 8469-5 2651'2 2643'7 2630-9 2648-9 2638-1 2644-7 264I -7 2650-2 2648-4 2653'8 2659-3 2644-0 2637 7 2643'I 2465-6 2484-3 2271-8 2277-0 2629 2 2629'5 2639 8 2645 7 2646-7 5-I 5-I 5'5'I 4-5 5'-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 5 0 5'0 4-3 5-2 5'I 5'1 5' 5'0 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 -9 2-2 2'1 3-0 [1-7] 2 0 2-2 2-0 2-0 -8 I-8 2-1 2'1 1-7 2-2 2'2 2'0 2-3 2'0 2'1 2'2 2'2 2-0 oC. 24-72 25 '12 25 43 25-33 25'33 26-03 26-03 25'73 26-44 26-13 25'73 26-28 26-44 26-08 25 98 24-72 26-94 25'93 27 80 27'45 26-59 26-33 26-33 Imm. 217-0 214-0 183-0 219-0 220'0 219-0 222'0 222'0 220'0 222'0 222'0 222'0 216-0 218'0 218-0 221'0 218-0 216-0 226-' 222'0 224-0 221'-0 218-0 mm. 767-0 767-0 768-8 767'2 766-7 766-6 766-6 766-4 766-7 767-0 767-2 766-2 767'9 766'4 764-7 765'1 765-8 766'4 766-6 768 o 767-5 766-8 766-9 mm. 503 505 534 500 499 499 496 496 497 496 497 494 501 500 498 497 497 502 490 495 494 496 499 ~.. -.. [.~~~.~.l..~...:~~~x~~..~,.... ~_._,_. ~_..;.,~.~ i I REPORT FOR 1893-PART 1I. 537 1?eduction of pendulum obkervation8, W'aikiki, Ilonolulu. IWeriods reduiced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500"'1 at 00 C.; are infinitely small; sider eal, time.] I ~~~~~~Corrections (in seventh decimal place). I Pi-Period uncorrected. - ____-___ -- tion. ~~~~~Arc. Tempera- Pressure. Rate. D I) Di R I) R D Secontds. 0-500 9448 474 520 495 47' 482 45' 457 4380 418 473 496 477 -40 -45 -43 -57 — 32 -— 41 -44 -4' -4' -38 -38 -42 -42 — 30 -403 — 420 -433 -429 — 429.-458 -458 — 445 — 475 — 462 — 445 — 468 -— 475. ---460 -456 -403 -496 -454 -53' -— 517 -481 -470 -470 --- 2 --- 4 -— 27 l 0.4- I I -I — I 4 — 3 -4- 2 4 — 3 -+4 5 0 — 4- 2 + 2 - 2 -+ 8 + 4 +'-5 + 3 + I -4-385 4-377 -4389 +412 +416 -4-400 -4-387 +396 -4-425 1-4-435 -1-419 +401 +390 +386 July 17 +377 +362 Aug. 2 -4362 -4381 Aug. 3 +391 +403 -4408 +4'S +418 Period corrected. Secom&s 0'500 9388 382 406 382 45'1 373 370 364 368 376 356 369 368 37 3 380S 0-501 0037 0 9999 I ooi8 0-501 o855 0883 io869 0'500 9353 -373 376 371 372 0o501 oi6o -46 0083 ~-45 0-501 1029 -42 1004 — 46 0-500 9526 525 488 467 464i -4' — 42 -44 -44 — 4' U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: E. I. Preston.] 1) I) R 1) 1) Date. 1891. Aug. II 12 13 14 15 16 20 22 23 25 26 29 31 Sept. 2 2 6 6 9 12 15 18 19 23 j4 0 0r. A. 17-5 17'5 17 3 17-8 17'5 17'5 20-3 19'6 20-3 19'9 20'4 19'6 o52 -3 22.3 19-6 22'2 I9.6 20o4 2049 o C c~ 30 30 6 1 30 30 30 36 30 30 40 20 40 22 30 38 20 32 32 32 32 20 40 40 20 40 42 7936-o 7916-0 7914'0 9523'5 7925'0 7933'5 10562-5 5270'0 Io5485 5786'5 7907'0 10031 'd 52870o 7894'5 7962-0 7273-0 7289'5 5240'5 10536-0 10540o0 5253'0 10562-0 11120-5 S. 2645-3 2638.7 26380 -2645-4 2641-7 2644-5 2640-6 2635-0 2637-1 2630-2 2635-7 2639.7 2643-5 2467 0 2488 - 2272-8 2278-0 2620-2 2634-0 2635-0 2626-5 2640-5 2647.7 Time of Time in ten coinseconds. cidence intervals. Semi Initial. 5.o 5'0 5'0 5'0 5o0 5'0 5'0 5-o 5-o 5-o 5'o [4-8] 5'0 5'2 5'2 5 ' 5'0 5'0 5o0 5o0 5o0 5 o 5.0 i-arc. TemTemperFinal. ature. tmm. 0 C. 2-0 26-59 2'2 27'14 2-1 27'04 [1-9] 26'44 2-1 26-59 21 26-33 1I7 25'53 3-0 25-88 [I'7] 26-03 3'0 *26-44 2'3 26'33 [1-7] 26-03 3'o 25'83 2'2 26-89 2-2 25'47 [2-8] 26-64 2-8 25 68 [3-0] 27'19 [1-7] 26'74 [17] 26-89 3-0 27 -09 [I'7] 26'44 I-5 25'93 Manom. Barometer. eter. mm. 219'0 215-0 217-0 219-0 219-0 217'0 226-0 218-0 222'0 220'0 218-0 224-0 215-0 223-0 219-0 214-0 220'0 215-0 219-0 2I6'0 216-0 2160 mm. 766 6 767 -0 767 8 767'6 766-5 766-4 765 1 767 0 766-o 766-I 766-6 765 9 765'8 765-8 766o0 766-5 766-5 766'7 765.6 766-4 766-5 765 0 765 6 Pressure at o~C. 1mm. 497 500 501 501 497 497 500 493 499 494 496 499 494 500 495 497 503 496 501 498 496 499 5o0 B 2 REPORT, FOR 1893-PART 11. 639 JIteductio'n of pendulum obse)-vation8, Waikiki, Hzonolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; p~ressllre, 500,11 at 00 C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Cretos(ini seventh decimal place). Posi- Period uncorrected. Period corrected. A rc. I epr- Pressure. Ratc. tore. D D Seconds. 0-500 9468 492 495 468 481i 47' 485 498 523 503 489 475 0-501 0154 oo68 -4' -44 -42 I -39 -42 -42 -36 -- 36 - — 56 i-45 -34 1 -46 i-46 -481 -504 -500 -475 -481i -470 -437 -452 -458 -475 -470 -458 -449 — 493 -435 — I -1-I 0 +46 + 5 + 3 +1I + 5 0 +4 +2 — 2 + 3 -I1 +2 + 3 + I - I DI R +420 +426 + i419 +4409 +405 +399 +375 +-358 +356 +357 -1359 +350 +379 Aug. 1 8 +377 +375 Sept. 2 +366 +357 Sept. 6 +358 +362 +370 1 4-375 I +370 +377 S econdIs. 0-500 9368 370 37' 362 365 360 387 362 361 354 350 348 354 364 0-500 9992 966 979 0-50I o855 857 856 0'500 9359 347 349 356 346 349 D R 0-501 1024 — 54 -483 0999 -— 54 -443 0-500 9560 509 506 536 486 460^ -56 -36 -36 -56 -36 -33 z —5o6 — 487 -493 — 502 — 475 -454 i I 540 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulrnm observations, Waiikii, Honolulu. [Observer: E. D. Preston.]:3 vd Time of Semi-arc. Tem- Pre. Tem- -m - -P.. _ I.resI ~ n -I!Timein ten coin- _ Manom. Baromc Date. = O Time in tpe ecoin- Sn-ac per- Aao ete o- sure at I Dat,. o ~. ve seconds. cidenceer eter. eter. oo 8 0 P~ D a c __ __intervals. Initial. Final. I Z-W %, ____ 1891. h. s. s. mm. mm. o C m. m.m. mm. B, I) Sept. 26 204 40 10598-0 2649-5 5 o [1I7] 25 98 222-0 766-0 495 27 21-1 40 Io612'o 2653-0 5-0 [1-7] 25'43 219-0 764-5 497 28 20-4 40 10598-0 2649-5 5 o [I-7] 25 98 222-0 764-9 494 i; t) Oct. 4 23.0 30 7444'o 248I'3 5'2 2'5 24'97 224'0 765'3 495 R1 4 1 5 34 8487 0 2496-2 5 2 2'4 24-14 226-0 764-6 493 B 1) 5 228 30 6871-0 2290-3 5-2 2-8 24'97 221-0 7645 496 1 R 5 11i 36 8265-0 2295-8 5 2 2-3 24'09 223-0 764'- 496 13: D 8 226 20 5301oo 26505 550 [3-0] 24-92 222-0 765-6 496 o0 226 20 5265 0 2632'5 5'0 30 26-84 226-0 7666 491 14 226 20 5303'0 2651'5 5'0 3'0 25'12 229-0 767'2 491 i6 226 20 5320-0 2660-0 5 0 [3'0] 25'I7 227-0 765-9 492 22 23'2 38 10I49-0 2670-8 5'0 [i'8] 24'53 222-0 765-4 497 28 233 40 10671-0 2667 8 5So [I'7] 24-63 224'0 766 S 496 30 23*3 40 10690go 2672-5 5o [I'7] 24-04 225 0 766-5 496 Ba 31 229 32 7925'0 2476-6 52 223 25'63 225'0 767'4 494 R 31 12 28 6979'0 2492-5 5'2 [24] 24'48 224-0 767-3 497 B, 1) Nov. 1 226 34 77855 2289'8 5'2 2'8 25'37 238'0 766'4 482 1 I o-'8 32 7343'5 2294-8 52 2-5 24-24 225-0 766 495 REPORT FOR 1893-PART 11. 541 -Reduction of penidulunt obuervation8, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500mm at 00 C.; are infinitely sniall; sidereal timne.I Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Posi. tion. Period uncorrected. Arc. Tempera- Pressure. ture. Rate. See-owds. 0'500 9454 441 454 -36 -36 -36 -433 -456 D R D R 0-50! 0095 -50 -414 035 -19 -3 7 9 0-501 0940 -55 913 1 -47 — 414 -37 7 0-500 9450 515 446r 416 378 389 372 - 56 -412 -56 — 491 -56 -420 -56 — 422 1-38 — 395 -36 -400 3-6 -375 + 4 +~ 2 + 5 + 4 + 6 ~ 3 + 3 + 3 + 7 + 7 + 6 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 2 +14 t- 4 +-380 +380 +378 Sept. I9 +373 Oct.I +376 +380 Oct. 5 +376 +377 +379 +-380 -1-38I +384 +384 (Oet. 19 +-375 +370 Oct. 31 +1367 +-367 Nov.i Period-corrected. Seconds. 0-500 9346 354 345 350 0-50! 0008g 0 9986 o 9997 0-501 o85o 872 86i ('500 936! 352 356 324 328 340 348 344 0-501 0007 0 9980 0 9994 0-501 0837 856 846 D R D R 0-501 0115 -47 -44' 05 -49 -393 0-50I 09411 -55 1 430 918 -50 - 8 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: E D. Preston.] Ba I 1) Date. 1891. Nov. 4 6 7 8 10 12 '3 14 15 17 19 21 23 30 Dec. I 5 5 6 7 9 10 11 7t h. 22-7 23-6 22-6 o.3 22'7 22-7 227 22-7 22-3 0'1 3'* 2'0 2'0 1'9 2'1 4*9 I'9 3'9 2'0 1'9 1*9 I '9 1I8 ~._ og| 20 38 20 3~ 20 20 20 20 10 40 32 20 20 20 32 30 22 32 20 20 20 20 10 Time i second S. 5309 ioo68 5274 7988 5323' 5308 5292 5269 2648 10724 8605' 5326' 5320 5330' 7956, 7498. 5043' 7343' 5312 5275' 5340' 5337' 2703 - Time of Semi-arc. Temn ten coin-____ - _ is. cidence perintervals. Initial. Final. ature. s m. m in. m. C. 5 2654-8 50 27 24 87 o0 2649'5 [4'8] [I8] 25 73 0 2637o0 5'0 30 26'23 5 2662'8 5-0 2-1 24 33 o 2661'5 5'0 3'0 23 99 5 2654-2 5-o 3-0 24-43 ' 2646-0 5'0 3'0 25-68 o 2634'5 5'0 3'0 26-68 5 2648-5 5'0 3-9 25 17 o 2681-0 5'0 [i'9] 24 43 o 2689'0 3'9 [['] 23o05 '5 2663-2 5'0 3-0 24-43 0 26600o 5'0 30 24'72 '0 2665'0 5-0 30 24'18 ' 2486-2 5'2 24 24]53 o 2499'3 [5-] 2-5 23 44 '5 2292-'5 5'2 [32] 2502 '0 2294'7 5'2 2'7 2448 'o 2656o 5'o 3'0 24'77 5 2637'8 5'0 3'0 24-67 o 2670-0 5'o 3'0 23'49 0 2668-5 5'0 3'0 23'84 0 2703-0 5'0 [3-9] 20-63 mm. 229-0 223:0 224 0 222'0 229-0 226-0 226-0 229-0 227-0 220'0 230-0 231-0 230-0 226-o0 224-0 226-0 225-0 224-0 228-0 120'0 227-0 228-0 236-0 mm. 766-o 766'1 766-o 763-2 76 -2 764'4 765'2 766'4 765'6 765'0 766-2 767'0 767'0 767'6 765-6 765-4 767-4 767-2 768-0 768-8 766-9 764-2 764-4 Manom- Barometer. eter. Pressure at oo C. mm. 490 495 492 496 487 492 491 488 491 499 493 490 491 496 496 495 495 497 494 592 496 491 489 1) R D i 1 REPORT, FOR 1893-PART II. Reduction of pendulumt observation8, Waikiki, Honolulu. 543 IPeriods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500-81 at 00 C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Posi- Period uncorrected. tion.I Arc. Temperature. Pressure. ~ I Rate. Seconds. 0'500 9435 454 498 406 411 437 466 508 457 342 3I4 405 416 398 -5' -36 -56 -42 -56 -56 -56 -56 -70 - 39 -20 -56 -56 -410 -445 -446 -387. -373 -39' -443 -485 -422 -39I -334 -39' -403 -38i + 8 + 4 +6 +3 +10 +6 + 7 + 9 + 7 + I +6 + 8 + 7 + 3 + 3 + 4 +- 4 + 2 + 5 — '73 ~3 + 7 + 9 +367 +371 +363 +358 +358 +368 +370 +377 +384 +-389 +378 +383 +379 +372 Nov. 17 +37' +370 Dec. i +373 +373 Dec. 5,+0378 +380 +376 ~368 +375 Period corrected. Seconds. 0'500 9349 348 365 338 350 364 344 353 356 302 344 349 343 336 346 0-50! 0005 o 9998 I 0002 0-501 0829 847 838 0'500 9352 345 352 338 346 D R D R 0-50I 0075 -49 -395 023 -49 -350 0-501 0929 918 0-500 9430 495 381 386 266 -6i ~-53 -56 -56 -56 -70 -416 -393 -405 -401 -352 -367 — 234 '* 544 UI. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Observcr: E. D. Preston.] t 1c Date. 1 89 1. 11 1) Dec. 12 5 1 317 19 21 22 i 23 24 1 o C0C ya 0a..... I. OE 4 Z Time of Time in ten coinseconds. cidence intervals. Semi-arc. Initial. Final. er- Manom aper. eter. ature. Ih. 1-9 2 7 '9 2'0 2'7 1-4 1 9 1.9 20 40 20 22 42 o1 20 20 25 1 20 26 1 -9 o 27 1-9 20 28 9 2 29 i 20 30 1 9 20 1892. B 1) Jan. i 1I 6 12!k 1) 2 1 '1 22 B1 D1-9 i8 B1} 1)i 51 18 * |S R1 5 5'2 24 B, ) 6 54 22 R - 6 7 -3 34 s. 5428-o 10753-0 5330'5 5858-0 II193'o 2644'0 5316-o 5327'0 5339'0 5347-0 5330'0 5326-o 5315'0 53I6'o 2749-0 5528-0 4822-0 6461 *o 5121 0 7946-0 s. 2714-0 2688-2 2665 2 2662-7 2665 0 2644-0 2658-o0 2663 5 2669-5 2673 5 2665 0 2663 o 2657-5 2658-0 2290-8 2512-7 2678-9 2692-1 2327.7 2337'1 mm. 5-0o 5-o 5-0o 5.0 5'o 5-0 5-' 5.o 5-0 5-' 5-o 5-0 5-o 5-0 5-0 5-2 51' 5'o 5-o 5'2 5'2 [3-'o Ix -8] 3'0 [2-8] I-8 3'9 3-0 3-0 3-0o] 3-0] 3-0 3-0 3'0 [3-0o] 4-0 3'1 3-1 2-4 3 2 2'2 ~C. 20 00 22-55 23-84 24-09 24:53 25 12 24-72 24-33 23-99 23-50 24-24 24 43 23 99 23 94 23-70 21 57 21-77 20-05 19-70 18-42 233'0 228'0 229'0 227 0 222'0 226-5 231-0 231 0 231 0 231 0 231 0 228'0 230'5 2310 232-0 234-5 232-0 172-0 226-0 204-0 Barom- Preseter. sure at 00 C. nmm. mm. 763-6 494 769-0 498 766-8 494 768-5 496 765-8 497 766-8 493 769-8 492 770-8 494 771'I 495 770'4 495 768'8 492 768-7 494 7683 493 7683 492 7673 490 767'8 493 7647 493 7648 550 7624 499 761-8 520 REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 545 Reducetion of pendzeulu obser-vatiom8 Waikiki, Honolidlt. [Pleriods reduced to temperature, l50 CI.; pressure, 500i-a at 00 C.; arc infinitely s9mall;- sidereal tune.] Corrections (in seventh decinial place). Position. Period uncorrected. Seconds. 0-500 9228 317 398 407 398 473 423 404 383 369 398 406 425 423 0*501 0937 0-500 9969 0-500 9350 304 0-501 0763 720 Arc. Tempera- Pressure. 1-56 -38 -52 -:18 -70 — 56 -75 -58 -57 -456 -56 -46 -208 -313 — 377 -395 — 420 -403 -387 -373 -353 -383 -39'I -373 -37' -361 -273 -281i -210 -'95 -142 + 5 + 2 + 5 + 3 -V 6 +V 5 + 4 + 4 + 6 -1- 5 + 6 + 6 + 8 + 6 + 6 -39 + I Rate. +368 +368 +V363 +344 +V348 +363 +387 -+j382 +373 +384 +376 +372 +34' +338 Dec. i 8 +333 +349 +V324 +324 Jan. 5 +320 +320 Jan. 6 Period corrected. Seconds. 0'500 9337 * 336 343 325 315 352 357 348 33' 348 34' 336 343 340 34' 0*501 0842 0'500 9993 0'500 9342 333 338 0*501 0828 836 832 D D D R S. Ex. 19, pt. 2-353 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Taiikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: E. I). Preston.] -— ~-~~.-~ --- ~~~-~~; —~ --- —~ II I — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I --- 11, I H. I) I) R I 1) Date. I892. Jan. 10 II 12 i6 18 18 I 19 20 21 23 24 25 27 Fel). 2 3 3 4 4 0 h. 5'4 6-5 6-3 5-2 6-4 8'3 54 6-2 6-4 6-4 6-2 6-2 6-1 5-3 7-0 5 3 7'1 Time in seconds. Time of Semi-arc. eten coin- _er. cidence ature..intervals. Initial.i Final.ature. I Manometer. 8 36 30 i8 20 26 8 30 36 36 28 30 3~( 40 24 24 22 28 s. 1981-0 9722-0 8145'o 4156 0 5034'o 6574-0 2678-8 8056-0 9612'0 96210o 7531'o 8o85'o 180800 I 10720-0o s. 2476'2 2700-6 2715-0 2308-9 2517-0 2528-5 2678-8 2685 3 2670-0 2672-5 2689-6 2695 '0 2693-3 2680-0 mmn. mm. [5~o] [4-2] o C. mm. mm. mm. 20-54 55'o 763-4 658 5'0 4'5 50 4-8 4'5 4'2 4'2 4'8 [4-8] 4'2 4'2 4'3 4'3 48 4'8 4'4 4'4 1'9 2'0 3'2 2-9 2'2 3'3 2'0 1'8 [I '8] 2'0 [2'0] 2'0 1'2 2-8 2'8 2-8 2'1 20-45 19'90 22-51 21 '23 21 '03 22 85 22-65 23-15 22-95 22'02 21-92 22-46 22-70 23-25 22-85 23-85 23-10. 222'0 246-o 229-0 230 0 228-5 253'0 227-0 227 0 226-0 227-0 227'0 227-0 222'0 230-0 229-0 226-0 222-0 764'4 762-8 762'6 762-6! 762-4 763.0 765 '0 766'4 766'2 768-8 769-8 766'7 766-8 768-o 768-o 767-0 767-2 503 481 491 493 495 470 496 496 497 500 501 498 501 495 496 497 501 I I I Baom- Preseter sure al ~^? o~ (_. iB ) R 1) R 55270 2302-9 55250 2302'3 54800 2490'9 70205 2507'3 REPORT FOR 1893 —PART II. 547 Reduction of pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500-" at 0~ C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Posl eriod uncorrected. t. riod corrected. tion. Tempera- Pressure. Arc.! Pressure. Rate. ture..Seconfds. Seconds. ID 0'501 0117 -75 -— 230 -125 4-322 0o501 0009 D 0-500 9274 -39 -226 1 - 2 -t331 0-500 9338 225 — 35 -03 -- I5 -— 318 320 Jan. 12 329 D 0-501 o851 -59 -312 -- 7 -4-328 0-501 0815 D 0-500 9952 — 52 — 258 -- -336 0'500 9984 R 907 -38 -— 250 - 4 -— 336 959 Jan. i8 972 D 0-500 935~ -.5 — 326 4- 24 -1-351 0'500 9349 327 — 33 -317 t- 3 -326 306 381 — 36 — 338 -- 3 4-305 315 372 — 36 -330 --- 2 -1-33 321 3I2 — 33 -- 291 o -338 326 294 — 33 — 287 - +373 346 299 -— 34 — 310 -- 2 +-340 297 346 — 34 -320 -- I +340 331 Jan. 25 324 D o050o 0879 -50 -342 -- 4 +319 o050o 08o1 R 882 -50 -326 4- 3 -+-319 828 Feb. 3 819 D 0-501 0057 -45 -367 - 2 - 344 0'500 9991 R 9991 -36 -336 - 4-344 962 Feb. 4 976 548 U. 8. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observatiowts, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: E. D. Preston.] dl o' 1:)aio * a.6. I VI)ate. lco I. L10 10 I I B1;1 1) I I B, I J iR B I I B, 1) iR II..3......... 1892. Feb. 6 8 II 123 i3 14 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 Mar. i I h. 66 68 5'5 6'1 6-i 6-5 87 7'0 9'2 66 9-31 6 4 6'7 8-6 9.7 9'4 9-4 7-6 8-8 40 32 12 28 28 38 16 32 32 46 26 36 44 10 40 30 30 18 i6 Time in seconds. s. 10714-0 Io7z4'o 8587 0 3198-0 7504'5 7521 o IOIIO'O 3704'0 7375'0 7388'5 11431 'o 6505 0o 9519'0 i1655'5 2667 o Io7I7'o 8034 0 8044'5 4146-0 3687'5 i Time of Semi-arc. T Presten coin- __per- Manor. Barom- recidence eter. eter.seal intervals. Initial. Final. ature. C s. mil. mm. o C. mm. mm. mm. 26785 4-4 1'4 '23'40 2270 766-6 495 2683-4 [4'0] 1-5 23I15 229'0 767 8 496 2665'0 4'4 3-1 23o00 233'0 766-2 490 26802 4-4 2-0 22-42 229'0 765'4 494 2686I 4-4 2-0 21 59 231-0 763'6 493 2660'5 44 I-6 23'54 220-0 761-3 497 2315'0 4'8 3'3 20-98 2300o 763' 2 494 2304'7 4'8 2-2 22'31 2260o 764'5 496 2308-9 4-8 2-2 21-47 229'0 764'8 496 2485'0 47 I'6 23'69 2210o 765'9 500 25019 4'4 2'2 22'31 227'0 766-1 497 2644-2 44 1'7 24'92 223-0 767'6 497 26490 4-4 1-4 24'38 223'0 767-4 498 2667-0 42 3'1 23'44 229-0 767-7 494 2679'2 4'2 1-5 23-05 222-0 767-4 501 2678'0 4'2 [2I1] 23-05 227'0 768'6 498 2681'5 4'2 [2I] 23-05 228'0 769-0 498 2303'3 47 3'0 23'40 230'0 768-0 494 2304'7 45 [3-1] 22'95 232'0 768-0 493.. cS,. It..... ".. * *, I " I, 1 * REPORT FOR 189S-PART ii. 549 Reduction of pendulum obwervations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500- at 00 (C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Period uncorrected. TProcorrected. tion. Tuncorrected. Arc. empera- Pressure. Rate i ture. - - ---- - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Seconds. I Seconds. 1) 0'500 9351 -27 -349 +4 ~340 0'500 9319 334 -25 -A338 +3. +3I7 291 398 -49 -332 +8 +317 342 345 -35 -308 +5 + 304 311 325 -— 35 -373 +6 +298 221 414 -.29 -354 ~2 +292 325 Feb. 10 302 D 0o501 0822 -58 — 248 +5 +291 '0'50812 871 -41 — 303 +3 +291 821 851 -41 -268 +3 +291 836 Feb. 20 823 D 0501 oo8i -32 -361 0 +294 0-500 9982' R 012 -37 -303 +2 +294 968 Feb. 21 975 D 0-500 9472 -31 -412 +2 +289 0-500 9320 455 -27 -389 +2 +3I7 358 392 -47 — 350 +5 +338 338 348 -27 -334 - I +349 335 353 -34 -334 -+ 2 +349 336 34' -34 -334 +2 +343 318 Feb. 26 334 D 0o501 0878 -52 -349 +5 +333 0-501 0815 R 871 -51 -330 +6 333 829 Mar. i 822 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulunm observations, VWaikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: E. D. Preston.] Datc 3Time of Semi-arc. Tm Pres3.2 J >U J - 'D Time in ten coin- e.- Manom-j Barom1 *-. seconds. i cidence per- eter. sureat C,8.o.. ~ l5intervals. Initial. Final. ature. e te 1892. h.s S. 11m. m71. ~ C. mm. 7mm. mm. 1JL 1) Mar. 2 9'2 30 7512'0 2504'o0 47 2'1 22'80 225'0 767'6 499 R 2 110' 16 4022'0 2513'8 4-3 3'0 22'22 230-0 767'4 495 1I 1) 4 8-8 14 3750-0 2678-6 4-2 3-0 23-30 231-0 766-5 492 5 9-8 40 10741-0 2685-2 4'2 Ix5 22'56 221-0 765'0 5ol 8 11'4 16 4346'0 2716'2 4'2 2'9 19'65 236'0 764-9 492 9 |95 32 8748-0 2733'8 4'2 i 8 18-71 231-0 765'3 498 10 9-4 30 8179'o 2726'3 4'2 [2-0] 19-30 23-0 765'8 500 I3 9'4 30 8087'0 2695-7 4'2 [2'0] 21'38 225'0 767'7 502 14 9'7 38 10241o1 2695o-0 4'2 1'5 21'92 222-0 767'5 503 III I),6 8-3 18 41490 2305-0 4-2 2-9 2330 2360 7680 488 R i6 9-6 14 3229-5 230648 4-2 3-1 2280 2380 768-4 488 ]12 1) 19 8-4 6 3996-0 2497'5 4'0 2'9 23-40 235-0 768-1 489 1< I9 9'5 12 3012-0 2510-0 3'9 [2-9] 22'95 237'0 768-3 489 13 1I) 20 8-9 18 4830-0 2683'3 3'2 2-0o 2315 233'0 768'8 493 21 9-5 34 914'o0 2688'5 3'4 1'3 23-10 228-0 769-5 498 23 10-5 30 8058-0 2686-0 3-6 [-'5] 22'85 229'0 769'3 497 24 9'4 30 8039-0 2679'7 3'5 1'4 23-89 249'0 769-2 477 29 9'4 30 80580 2686-0 3'45 1'5 23'15 225-0 769-3 500 30 9'5 34 9Io6o0 2678-2 3-4 13 23'69 224-0 769-3 500 31 9'4 32 8578-0 2680-6 3-4 i 1'5 23'59 225'0 770-0 500 REPORT FOR 1893-PRT IL. 551 Reducotion of peitdalurn observation8, Waikiki, -Honolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500-~at 00 C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place).I Piosi Period uncorrected. Period correeted. Arc. Tempera- Pressure. Rate. tore. D) R D D R Seconds. 0-501 0004 o 9965 0*500 9351 327 * 221 162 i86 291 294 0*501 0870 86i -39 -47 -46 -27 -44 -30 -33 -27 -324 -300 -344 -314 -'54 -I78 -265 -287 + 4 +6 — I +6 +2 0 -2 -2 +9 +9 +9 +9 +6 +2 I+2 i+18 0 0 0 -44 -344 — 47 1 -324 -1-347 +347 Mar. 2 +35:2 +34' +1343 +358 +335 +34' +338 Mar. 9 +331 -1331 Mar. s 6 +331 +33' Mar. 19 +343 +338 +334 +336 +'335 +340 +336 Mar. 26 Seconds. -0500 9989 969 979 0'500 93I9 326 333 338 310 332 316 325 0*501 0822. 830 826 0'500 9979 949 964 0-500 932I 302 313 311 302 313 304 309 D 0-501 0030 R 0 9980 -42 -349 -4I1 -_330 D 0'500 9334 3i6 325 346 325 352 344 -24 -i8 -22 -20 -20 -i8 -338 --336 -326 -369 -338 - 356 552 U. 8. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: E. 1). Preston.] _. c Time of Semi-are. m p.es| * ~ |ate-. '- Time in ten coin- Semirc Tem- Manom- BaromDate i C IC per- eter- sure at - w seconds. cidence eter. eter. |; | E intervals. Initial. Final. ature. 0 C. 1892.. m. mm. o C. mmi. mm. mm. B, I) Apr. 6 1 -3 I8 4148'5 2304-7 5-0 3-2 22-90 231-0 768-0 494 1 6 12-3 8 I841-0 2301-2 50 4.1 22-75 2350 768-0 491 B2 1) 9 11-4 8 44650 2480-6 -0 3-5 24'49 228'0 766'2 492 IR 9 13.6 42 10532 o 2507-6 5-0 2.0 23-05 224-0 765-8 498 B3 1) 13 ii6 20 5319'0 2659-5 4'5 2'9 24'28 229-0 766-5 491 14 114 i6 4247'0 2654'4 4'6 3'0 24-82 226-0 766-1 493 15 In1I 12 3181-0 2650-8 4-6 3-4 2422 228.0 766.4 492 B, D) 1611-3 20 4584'5 2292-2 5-0 3-1 24-77 227-0 766-8 493 R i6 12-9 28 6434'5 2298-0 4-9 2-7 23'94 227'0 766-8 495 B2 I) 17 I'3 I6 3961o0 2475-6 5-0 3'2 25-07 22710 767-0 493 R 17 123 8 1989-0 2486-2 4'9 3- 24-53 229'0 767-0 492 3 I) 18 12-5 26 6932-0 2666-1 4 6 2-0 24-04 225-0 767-6 496 19 122 38 I0129-0 2665 5 4-6 I-8 24-33 222-0 767-4 499 20 I1I5 18 4788-5 2660-3 4'6 2-8 24-77 229-0 766-8 491 21 I'4 i6 4262'0 2663-8 4'6 3-0 24'33 226'0 766-7 494 23 11'4 i6 4243'0 265I'9 46 30 25-17 226'0 765'4 492 24 11-3 14 3724-5 2660'4 4-5 [2.9] 24-33 227'0 765-7 494 25 |113 14 3722'5 2658-9 4'6 3'0 24'53 227-0 766-4 493 29 11-o 6 1590-0 2650-o 4-6 41I 24'58 228-0 765-4 49' May 12-4 32 8478-0 2649-4 4-5 [r-8] 25'63 224-0 767-0 495 REPORT FOR'1893c-PART 1. 553 Reduction of pendulum ob8ervations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500 — at 00 C.; arc iifiuitely small; siderealtsime.] Os" I Period uncorrected. C(orrections (in sevenths decimal place). Arc. Tempera. Pressure. Rate. turcL~. Period corrected. Seconds. 0-501 0871 888 D R D R I) D IR -59 -328 -73 -322 -5 +7 -+-335 Ap.335 Apr. 6 Seconds. 0*501 o824 835 830 0-501 0099 -63 -394 0 9990 -41 1 -334 0-500 9418 436 449 -48 -50 — 56 -385 -408 -383 0*501 0930 903 I) 0-501 0119 075 0.500 9395 397 415 403 445 415 420 452 454 -57 -405 -50 — 371 -59 -418 - 56' 1 -395 -37 -375 — 34 -387 -48 -405 -50 -387 -50 -422 -48 -387 -50 -395 -67 -398 -33 -44' -+6 +2 +7 +6 46 +6 ~ 4 +6 + 6 + 3 + I -- 7 + 5 +6.4-6 +66 +-7 + 4 1-339 050059987 ~339 956 Apr. 9 972 4+340 0-500 9332 +345. 329 +35' 367 Apr. 14 343 4-343 0*501 0817 +343 829 Apr. i6 823 -4-345 0'500 9993 -+345 975 Apr. 17 984 +337 0'500 9323 A-344 321 +353 322 +347 318 +-353 332 +335 320 +334 315 +340 334 -+318 302 Apr. 25 321 I 654 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Observer: E. I. Preston.] g ca8 Tm in Time of Seli-arc. Te P e'.2 Date -fi^-St Time in ten coin- Manom- Barom. Date. *5 per- sure at f. Iate.:X-_ seconds. cidence P eter. eter. e 4) 0. c 0 intervals. Initial. Final. ature. 0 C. _ _................... 1892.. s.. mm. mm. O C. mm. mm. nm. B, 1 May 2 1-2 14 31860 2275'7 5'o 3'6 26-28 225'0 767'0 492 R 2 12-9 26 5940-0 2284-6 4'8 2-8 24-97 221-0 766.7 498,B2 1D 4 1I-4 i6 3992'0 2495-0 5'0 3-3 23'20 225'0 763-8 496 R1 4 12-8 22 5518-0 2508'2 4-9 2-9 22'46 223-0 763'8 498 B,, 13) 5 11-4| 14 3744'0 2674'3 4,.6 3-1 23-IO 225'0 764-7 497 6 11-4 14 3762-0 2687'I 4-6 3'- 22'16 227-0 764-8 496 9 12-4 38 10164-0 2674'7 4'5 1-5 23 94 226'0 768-1 496 10O II5 16 4249-0 2655-6 4-6 3-1 24'68 231-0 768-0 490 II 11-7 14 3722'0 2658-6 4'5 2-9 24'72 231-0 767-2 490 13 13 3 326 690oo0 2653'8 4'6 2 22517 231-' 768-4 490 14 11-5 i6 4222-0 2638-8 4-6 2-9 26-33 227'0 768-4 493 Bt 1) 15 1-2 8 4099-0 2277-2 5 0 3- 26-13 226-0 768'5 493 R 15 12-8 26 5937 0 2283-5 4-9 2-8 25-17 226-0 769-0 496 B 1) D i8 |I-4 I6 3950'0 2468-8 4-9 3-1 25-42 225-0 766-1 494 IR i8 I13- 32 7956'0 2486-2 49 46 21050 766-4 514 I) 21 3- 332 8478-0 2649-4 4.6 1-9 25 63 2210 766-9 498 22 13-0 36 95540 2653-9 4-6 1-9 25 32 219-0 767-9 501 23 I36 42 111540 2655 7 4-6 1-5 25 27 219-0 768-3 502 24 14-4 20 53050 2652-5 4-6 3-0 24-67 224-0 770-2 499 REPORT FOR 1893-PART 11. 5.55 Reduction of pendulunr observation8, Waikiki, IHonolut',. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 4Q.; pressure, 500-', at 0o C.; are influitely small; sidiereal timie.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Posi- Period uncorrected. Period corrected. tion. Tmea Arc. Trempra Pressure. Rate. D R D R D D it D R D Se o nd(s. 0-501 1010 I 0967 0-501 0040 0 9987 0-500 9365 321 364 432 421 439 492 0-501 1002 I 0972 0-501 0147 075 0'500 9454 438 432 443 -65 -50 -414 -6o -340 -53 -3I0 -$2 -52 -29 -52 -48 -39 -49 -336 -371 -402 -403 -470 +J 6 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 — + 8 + 8 + 8 + 6 + 6 + 3 + 5 -II + 2 -1I - 2 + I +328 +328 May 2 +342 +342 May 4 +340 +353 +347 +327 I +334 +343 +329 May Io -+339 +339 May 15 +j336 +336 May iS +346 +336 +336 +340 Seconds. o 0501 o8xi 833 822 0500 9985 968 976 0'500 9319 328 314 313 312 329 308 318 0'501 0828 841 834 1 0-501 0000 I 0 9958 0 9979 0-500 9326 310 310 333 -57 -462 -51 - 2 -56 -432 -41 -401 -35 -35 -30 -50 -441 -428 -426 -401 156 6U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SuRVEY. Pendulum observations, Waikiki, Honolulu. IObserver: E. D. Prestou.] ~ r:81 im iTimeof Semi-arc. Pres3.*2 rh.^ 4 t| Time in ten coin- ____ Manom Barom-sue D, ate. 0 ~ per- sure at. ^a a Date~ g Q seconds. cidence per- eter. eter. 3c 4Q 0 0. ~. ia ature. ~8 9 2 r. intervals. Initial.-' Final. — j o C I 1892. h. SI s. S. m mm. C. m. I mm. mm. B3 I) May 25 15'-7 42 II175' 0 2660'7 4'7 1'4 24'62 217'0 768'5 505 26 I4'4 20 5300'0 2650-0 4-7 2-9 24-92 224-0 768-9 498 28 15'7 42 11167-0 2658'8 47 5 24 214-0 766-2 505 ], I) June 3 14'7 i6 3655'0 2284-4 4-9 3-5 25-02 225-0 766-4 495 ]B Ii) 4 14'71 16 3953-0 2470-6 5-0 33 25-12 226-0 7676 495 ]B., 1) j 5 14'71. 16 4243-0 2651-9 4'7 3'0 25'12 244'0 767'6 477 7 14-7 i6 42350' 2646-9 4-6 3-0 25'48 227-0 767'9 493 II 15 -7 28 7421-0 2650o4 [4-4] 2-1 25'48 225-0 767-8 495 REPORT FOR 1893-PART IL1 5.57 Red iution of pendulunm obwervation8, Waikiki, Honolulu. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 500nm at 00 C.; are infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Posi- I-I --- Posi Period uncorrected. Period corrected. Arc. Tempera- Pressure. Rate. ture. Seconds. Seconds. D 0500 9414 -29 -399 - 4 +333 0500 9315 452 -50 -412 + 2 +333 325 421 — 31 -402 - 4 +336 320 May 25 320 D 0-501 0968 -62 -416 + 4 +329 0-50I o823 Jone 3 0-501 0823 D 0-5010I40 -6o -420 + 4 +334 0-500 9998 June 4 0-500 9998 D 0500 9445 -— 52 — 420 +18 +339 0'5009330 463 - 50 -435 + 6 +-342 326 450 -36 -435 + 4 +342 325 June 8 327 ix U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum No. 3 was invariably swung in the direct position. No. 1 and No. 2 were -used both hi the direct and reverse, when possible. In order to reduce the results to the same coiiditions, a correction is applied when only one position was obtained. This, correction is deduced fromt all the reversals during the year, as shown in the follo wing table: Differencee betwteen the periodsR of pendauhms B, and B2 for the direct and reverse positiov8. I I I TDate.12 i89L-~iS92..s June 26 Voooo0 0010 -0.000 0010 AUg. 2 j- 38 28 Sept. 4 j 26 - 02 Oct. 4 1- 22 - 22 I~1 27 19 DCe. 3 ~ 07 i 8 Jan. 6 -- 8 I18 25 Feb. 3 29 I - 2 1 J 1 4 ~Mar. I 4- 20 - 1 4 1 7 1- 30 o8 Apr. 8 + 3 1 I TI i6 + IS - 1 2 M ay 3 + 1 7 -- 22 i6 +4 42 - 13 'ctInS +0-000 0024 — 01000 0015 The sign'3 remtain the same throughout the year, and we have a mean value of 8. for Bt (D-R) =-0.000 0015 AI (D-R)-+0-000 0024 The correction, therefore, to reduce those observations made in the direct position to the nman of those masde in both is 8. +0-000 0008 for B1 and -0000 0012 " B2 REPORT FOR 1893 —PART II. 559 These corrections being applied, we have the following table. Mean values are taken for those periods during which continuous observations were made with each pendulum: No. No. Date. Period. of Date. Period. of Date. Period of ob os. o)s. 189 -'92. Seconds. i 89 1-'92. on. 8-92. Seconds. June 27 0501 o87 2 June 26 0'501 5 une 17 0500 9410 i6 Aug. 3 869 2 Aug. 2 I ooi8 2 July I4 380 7 Sept. 6 856 2 Sept. 2 0 9979 2 Aug. 17 364 I8 Oct. 5 86i 2 (ct. 4 0 9997 2 Sept. 19 350 9 Nov. I 846 2 31 0 9994 2 Oct. I9 344 7 Dec. 5 838 2 Dec. I I 0002 2 Nov. 17 346 14 Jan. I 850 I Jan. 2 09981 I Dec. 8 341 19 6 832 2 I0 09997 I Jan. 5 338 2 i6 823 i i8 72 2 12 329 2 ieb. 3 819 2 Feb. 4 76 2 26 324 8 20 83I 2 21 75 2 Fe). o 302 6 Mar. I 822 2 Mar. 2 79 2 25 334 6 I6 826 2 19 64 2 Mar. 9 325 7 Apr. 6 830 2 Apr. 9 72 2 25 309 7 i6 823 2 17 84 2 Apr. 14 343 3 May 2 822 2 May 4 76 2 24 321 9 15 834 2 8 79 2 May 9 318 7 June 3.831 I June 4 86 I 24 320 7 June 8 327 3 Comparing the preceding values with the respective mean values for each pendulum, we get the following differences. The column headed (t) gives the excess (minus) or defect (plus) of the observed period of the pendulum over the mean value for the year in units of the seventh decimal place of sidereal seconds. The following column, headed (g), gives the excess or defect of the force of gravity, the unit being one ten-millionth part of gravity. The sign plus indicates in this column that the observed force of gravity at the given date is less than the mean value for the year. The fourth column gives mean values and dates for successive groups of three: 560 IT. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Ht i 113, 13 Meia valt e, o'5o 08;38'. j ean value, 0'500 9986. Mean value, 0'500 9338s..... t i'i...............;.. _,......,_. I Date. /.,r Means. Date. /.. Means. Date. g. Means. 1891-'92. 8 1-'892. I891-'92. June 27 — 33 - 132 2 June 26 — 29+ 116 3 I June 17 -72+287 2 2xu, 2 Jnly 31 July31' Aug. 3 -31 124 i'llAug. 2 — 32+128 y1- July 14 -42+168 S86 Sept. 6 -18 -- 72 I09 Sept. 2 4 — 7- 28 -72 Aug. 17 -26+14 Oct. 5 23 92 N ct 4 11 Sept. 9 -I4 - 4 Oct. -- 449 S. 1 + I Nov. I -08 38 + -o 32 v 31 -o 32 7 ct. 19 — o6 + 24 35 D)ec. 5 00 0oo0!4 Dec6. 17 -o8 + 32 Jan. 1 -12- J 48. Jan. 2 + 5 -- 20. Dec. l8 -03 + 2 J 6 + —o6- 24 12 10 -I + 44 _I Jan. 5 00o Ja n. 164 15- 6o0 i 8 — 14- - I6 12 +09 — 36 Feb. 3 4t19 - 761 Feb. i Fei-. 4 +IO.0 — 40 Feb. 26 +I4 56 -- eb. IO 20 4-07- 28 21 — I 44 Feb.104-36-144. ar. 6 — 56 Mar. 6 4.. -_'72 Mar. I 4-16- 64 Mar. 2 -+t7 -6 28 " —o 25 +041- I6 l6 +I2- 48. I22 8 M 19 +22 Mar. 9 +3i- 52 Mar. 27 Apr. 6 o8- 32 pr 9+14 — 56 Apr5 25 29-116 16 +15 6 — o 47 7 4-02 o - 8 Apr. 14 l —o5 + 20 49 May 2 -i6- 64 I May 4 +10- 40,, 24 1I7- 68 15y.04- l6 ay7 I 8 +07- 28 May 9 +20- 80 My66 Juine 3 +-07o - 28 J June 4 00o 3 24 +i8- 72 66 June 8 +' 44.. The ablove v:ariati)ons of gravity are shown graphically in illustration No. 25. Tlie smallest squallle ill tlhe diagiram represelts olle millionth part of gravity, alldl for tllis argument the plotting is done to the nearest line inl tle (lia:grlam. For the time argument the nearest day is plotted, foutr days representing the space between vertical lines. From tile olservations at Washillgton cited in the first part of this paper, it aplpears that thel time of oscillation of the pendulums was decreased onl lacconlt of use between April, 1891, anid l)ecember, 1892, by the following amoumits: 8. for B, 0-000 0039 h2 17 B, 17 It is assumed that this chlange took place during the time the pendulums were in actual use, tllat is firon JTune 9, 1891, to October 1, 1892. The above decrease in the periods correspond to an increase in the force of gravity of 1-(; tiilli(othsl of g for pendulmnl B1 6.8 4 " " " Bi 6.8 C "4 44 B Suplposing that this effect was proportional to the time, we have the following table, which gives the apparent increase in gravity afte r cor U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1893. Part II. No. 25. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 561 recting for wear of the knives. These values are plotted in illustration No. 25 and are indicated by the sign -: Pendu- Date. Days from Effect of Apparent inlum. June 9, 1891. wear. crease of g. I$891-'92. B1 Aug. 2 +Io9 54 -t I7 +1 26 Nov. 3 - 41 I47 + 48 - 89 Jan. 8 - I2 213 + 69 -- 57 Feb. i8 - 56 254 - 83 + 27 Apr. 2 - 47 298 + 97 + 50 May 17 - 36 343 +111 + 75 Bl July 31 + 72 52 + 7 + 79 Nov. + -47 I45 + 21 +68. Jan. 10 - Io 215 + 31 - 21 Feb. 19 - 37 255 - 36 -- Apr. 5 - 51 301 + 43 - 8 May 19 - 23 345 + 49 -t 26 B., July 12 -+86 33 + 5 -4-I91 Oct. 19 + 35 132 + 19 +- 54 [an. I - 8 206 + 29 - 21 Feb. to - 72 246 - 35 -— 37 Mar. 27 - 49 292 + 41 8 May i6 — 66 342 + 49 - I7 After tlls correcting for wear we tlen have an increase of gravity, between July, 1891, and May, 1892, of 5 millionths for B, 5 " " B2 21 4 "' B3 giving an average of 10 millionths for the three pelldullmns. This is equivalent to a decrease of __ of a second in the time of oscillation of a half-second pendulum. When we consider that all three pendulums indicate a slight increase of the force of gravity, it is worth while to examine the conditions under which the work was done. The influences bearing on the result were il several respects such that their effect on differences of the force of gravity would be entirely eliminated when comparisons are made between observations made one year apart. Any effect on the time of oscillation of the pendulum depending on the influence of climate should be tle same at the same season of the year. The influence of temperature on the rate of the chronometer and the effect of erroneous indications of the thermometer consequent upon the failure of the pendulums to take the temperature as soon as the mercury in the thermometer, although varying with the season, should be nearly the same for June, 1891, and June, 1892. These conditions, moreover, change but little throughout the year at Waikiki. The star places can not affect the character of the result, since the same stars were observed for time during several months, and the identical ones were used for the work of June, 1891, and in the determinations S. Ex. 19, pt. 2-36 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. twelve months later. It is true that the wear of the knives was per cel)tille (uring thte year, and that this effect on the time of oscillation of the pendulllulms is the sanme as would be produced by an increase of the fo)rce of gravity. But the effect of wear will not quite account for the observed decrease in the period of the pendulums. In fact, the olserved decre;ase inll B: is more than t three times tat attributed to wear. A1Moreover, we mullst not lose sight of the fact that this effect was detetililiied by a collimparislo of tile times of oscillation at Washington before alt(1l atlt tlle work at Wa\ikiki, and that this naturally assumes that the force of gravity at Walshington was constantl during the year, or at least tlltht it vwas tlhe same at the time tlhat the two determinations were nmadle. This may or lmay not be the case. Indeed, there is, a priori, o 111) ioe rreason to suppl)lose a variation at one place tha.lat the otlher, excejpt tile volcanic nature of the islatds, anll the effect of wear would probably best be estimated by considerinlg alonle the Waikiki observatiois il wliicll one of tlhe penldulums was swung so much more than the otller two that tle effect of wear on tllese may be neglected in the comptarison8. Pendulum No. 1 tl(l )adpendlumlu No. 2 were each used on 18 nights, while pendulumll No. 3 was used onl 163 nights, or in the prolor'tion of albout 9 to 1. The weight of all the pendulums being the sil(e, tile agate knives being of the samie material, and thle support being idleticti!l, we slhould expect elqual effects for eq(ual amounts of wo)rkl,.and a1 tolerable atccurate estinmte of the effec(t of use may be had ilnItl)ependentl of the Washilington comlparisons. It is well known that tle effect oll the timle tof oscillation of the wearing off of tlle knife and of its blunrlting are in opposite directions. In tlhe first case tle pendulnll is virtually miiade )loger d lathence osc illates slower. In thelatter t:he eftct; is to 1make it oscillate mlorel rLapidly, so that there is some colpl)enlsation ill tlhe total effelt. Whlltever may lave been thie effect of use, as regards the amount to be a tttributed to each of tlhese causes, tlle l)lpndlulls do not seeml to lhave diverged from eacll other more thll a ftlw,millionthis of a seconld (luring tle year, and tlere a ppear no progressive chllages delpending on tile time, whlich should be the case if tliese chlinges were a functi(on of the wear. The following table gives a comlparllisoll of tihe peI(lums11it at thlose timles (luring thle year when a chanllge wals mad(le frot)l one( instrllumelt to tile othler. Since B1 and B2 werIe swtung between1 tlle times (of swinging 7':,, the lmean value of B3 bet 're andl aftler is (comparled with ealc of tile thers. The unit is one teln-milliontl, of a sidelreal secoltd. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. (Cr,'onparic t ofjlwtidflcdhs. [Tlie unit is iii the soventlt decinial place of a sidoret Seonud.I 563 B3 B, ~~13, ~3 Date. Mean Mean 1t2-13 Before. After. Mean. D and R. 1) and R. 1891-'92. June 26 9398 9377 9388 I0015 1o871 856 1483 627 Aug. 2 70 63 66 18 69 851 1503 652 Sept. 4 51 53 52 9979 56 877 1504 627 Oct. "4 50 56 53 97 6i 864 1508 644 31 44 48 46 94 46 852 1500 648 Dec. 3 40 48 44 10002 38.836 1494 658 Jan. 2 42 38 40 9981 50 869 1510 641 10 38 29 34 97 32 835 1498 663 I8 29 28 28 72 23 851 1495 644 leeb. 3 14 05. 10 76 19 I 843 1509 666 20 25 39 32 75 31 856 1499 1 643 Mar. I 27 22 24 79 22 843 1498 655 i6 24 12 I8 64 26 862 15o8 646 Apr. 9 o8 30 19 72 30 858 1511 653 16 48 22 35 84 23 839 1488 649 May 2 i8 24 21 76 22 846 1501 655 i8 i8 i8 i8 79 34 855 1516 66i June 4 22 28 25 86 31 845 1506 66i Means 1502 650 )iffberence8 fronm inea value. Date. 1I -13 12 -13a Date. 111B3 1332-133 Date. 111-13, 132-B3 1891. 1892. 1892. June 26 -Fg9 +23 Jan. 2 --- ~ + 9 Mar. i6 -6 ~ + Aug. 2 -I - 2 10 4- 4 -13 Apl'r. 9 9 - 3 Sept. 4 -2 +23 i8 +7 + 6 i6 — +14 4- I Oct. 4 -6 +-6 1e)3 -7 -3i 7May 2 - I -- 5 31 +2 + 2 20 [ —3 + 7 18 --— 14 - I)ec. 3 +-48 — 8 Mar. I -44 -5 Julle 4 -4 -4 The fact that the penudlutns were iiot swung a, t thie same station in Washington before and after the work it the Hfiaw~aiian Islands can hardly throw any uncertainty on the comparisons befioe and after the expedition. The connection was nadle lby thje telegra)lhic method, tile pendulums beiig swung simultaneously annl the greatest discrepaic-y of the period of individual swviugs from the ineant value was only one part in two and one-half millions. It does not seem that the corrections for amplitude, temperature, atmosphteric liresstire, or rate of chronometer could be in error sufficiently to account for tile ciange of gravity noticed at Waikiki. Even supposing that the coefficients were not strictly accurate, or that the amplitude scale was not true this 'would.not influence relative gravity, since the corrections were calculated with the same constants throughout. The rate of the chronom U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. eter was dleterminedl each night froin star observations and also from observations bethre and after the gravity determinations, in order to detect any irregularity fin the rate during the interval from night to nighit. T~Im resuilt of this inivestigation was that greater irregularities were found i ji the corr4'ctiolls for rate, but it is doubtful whether these variationts were really ini the movement of the chronometer or whether the period of two or three hours was not so short that they came, fronA uncertahinties int the ('lorrectiolls themselves, tinder either supposition, however, the resuilt for the variation of gravity for the year is unchanged, because whien, we apply these correc-tionis, deduced front. determinations before amd after the pendulum work, we get p)ractically the same result for the lpcriodIs of coittinuouts work witht each pendulum. For examIple, for those, permios whene Lh was swung conitinuously we ha-ve the,following differencles ini the rate corrections by the two methods: S. Oct. 5 )o ct. 30 f-ooo 0007 Nov. 4 Nov. 30 05 D cc. 9 I1ecc. 30 - ~ 01 Jan,. 20 jan. 27 II Feb. 6 IF). 14 - o8 23 29) o6 Mar. Mar. 1 i oS 21 31 07 Apr. i9 May I Io MANY 5 14 -I - 12 21 28 -- o8 Meani +-4000 coo1 It aPjl' rs, thlen, that we cani not explain the progressive change in iperiotd (lurinig tie, year b)y uising cloc(,,k corrections computed from short intervals extetitlii 42 over the lpendiduitt work for each night, and that on th( average thle corrections for short intervals do not differ materially front those adopted front the daily rates. it I'S no0W worth while to see wlhat a, change of ~~~o eodi thePerod f te pnduumsrepresents 111 the determination of the period anid inl the corrections that are apjplied to it. In order to have a convenient standurd of reference, thlis effect was calculated for onemillionthi of' a second, and we heave approxiinately.. A change. of O4)Q()(M.l in the deduced Ileriod is produced by an error Of 5 se-conds in, nOtilig the coincidence betwveen tile chronometer and Pendu1tlum (swing one hfour long); of meiii. int estimating both initial and fina ars(wn rmhl amtplitude, 5-0 mum, t.o 3-0 m~m.);Of 00-25 C. iii noting the temperature of the lpetndulu'n; of 12 mim. ini noting hie-ight of mnmtr of 01.28 pe r day in thle rate of the chronometer. An error Of of 'asecoiid inl the pendulum period would imply mnagititudes at least twice those given abovel REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 565 HIGH AND LOW WATER AT HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, FROM JUNE 17, 1891, TO JUNE 30, 1892. VARIATION OF THE SEA LEVEL. In connection with the variations of gravity, if such variations really exist, it may not be out of place to show the variations of the sea level. No ordinary movement of the tides, however, can sensibly affect our results, as has been shown both theoretically and practically by several eminent authorities. (See Helmert Theil, II, pp. 144, 155; Thomson and Tait, Vol. I, Part II; Woodward Bulletin No. 48, U. S. Geological Survey, etc.) Professor Woodward's equation is dg 3h cos a d O where g = acceleration of gravity. 6 = density of superposed mass. n = mean density of earth. r = radius of earth. h p (0) = thickness of superposed lenticular mass at angular distance 0 from center of mass [ hq(0) = hi for 0=0]. 01 = limiting angle of 0. If we take ((0t) = cos2 and 01 = 600 we lave dg 3h6 (60' dg =3h 2r cos 2 cos0 d 0 g — 2vA. If 6 is taken equal to! the abowe equation gives A 6 — d._ approximately g -- 10 r which shows that a wave of the above form must be 21 feet high in order to change gravity by its ten-millionth part. The following table gives the times of high and low water at HIonolulu, together with the reduced height. Tlle local mean civil time is given, the hours counting from midnight. Interpolated values are given in brackets. The heights refer to the mean sea level for the period between June 17, 1891, and June 30, 1892. This mean sea level is derived from all the staff readlings for the period under consideration. The table has been furnished by the Tidal Division in the Coast and Geodetic Survey Office from records sent by the Hawaiian Government Survey. Mr. C. J. Lyons, in charge of the Government Survey Office at Honolulu, has called attention to the existence of a relation between the variations of latitude and the change in the sea level. 566 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. High and low water, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. l ---- - i i I Date. 1891. June 17 8S 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2( 27 28 2ri July I 14 High water. Low water. Cor- Reduced Cor- Reduced rectedl d recthe ht time. eiht. time. height h. '. ee. hi. vi. Feet. 5 45 --— o00 13 30 4-'60o 19 30 — 050 o Io -OI5 5 55 o10. 13 30 +-085 2 40 -0-55 0 30 -— 0'20 30 -- 00 14 10 --- I15 21 I5 — 0o60o 50 -— 0'40 7 30 -I'20 15 o + — '20 22 30 — o-8o 2 30 — 050 8 15 -I 25 15 30 '30 23 00 --— o 85 2 45. —055 830 -— 12 16 30 -t 125 ------ 4 20 — o65 0 30 - o 17 15 - 120 9 45 1 35 5 20 — o-055 o 30 - o 17 55 -'5 9 35 ----— 130 6 25 — 055 30 -II15 18 35] E [.05] [IO 35] [ ---I 'oo] 7 30[]. 035][ I 55] L-I'20] 19 20 i 0-95 II 30 -085 [8 30 [. —0'05] 221 -20 20 30 1t-0'70 12 30 — o7o 930 — o0'2 3 20 — 125 21 40 0-o45 15 10 — 0',45 10o 50 -0-45 4 15 -L20 22 00 -40'30 17 10 -030 12 30 t-o'75 4 45 -- 10 22 55 4 ~0-05 17 50 -— 0'30 12 45 - 00 oo 5 o10 -1 23 30 -— 0 15 20 3 --— o50 13 45 1 20 6(30 -1-15 ----—.. -- 20 45 -— o65 I 15 — '30 6 40 I-20 14 15 4-1 o1 21 30 -0'95 4 2 — '50 [ 7 20] [-1'20] 5 250 -040 8o — 15 '5 35 -1-130 23 00 -070 6 3 30 -40 8 30 — I 15 16 oo 4-i25.. 7 4 20 -0)35 o 20 -0-65 16 30 -1'o 40 15 '0oo 8 5..-.-0'15 15 o 0.75 I 7 20 4 -Ilo 9 30.0'95 9 6 5 — 030 45 -— 065 18 20 4- I'o00 1 50 --— 0'75 o 6 30 - -0'20 1 50 -65 -18 30 J-075 I 30 0-75 t 8 -- 5 2 00 --— 085 19 5 1 -I10 o -— 050 _ __ _ _ -— o.5o High water. Date. rcor-. Reduced rected. height. 1891. h. m. Feet. JulyI2 9 45 -0'05 1 9 50 — 0~30 13 o oo0 - +015 19 30 +-'20 14 1I 20 +-'55 21 40 +0'20 15 II 30 — O80 [22 45] [+-005] I6 13 00 -I '00 _ 23 50 0o00 7 [31 30] [+4-25] I8 [ o 451 [ 0'00] [14 00] [+1I'45 191 I 35] [ '00] Low water. Cor- Reduced recte( height. time. h. F. Feet. I 45 -o-85 12 30 — 025 3 55 -0'75 15 20 -O'IO 3 oo -0.75 I6 50 — 'IO [ 3 40] [-075] [i8 5o] [ —0'20] [ 4 20] [-0.70] 20 50 - 030 5 00 -070 [21 30] [-0'35] [ 6 35 [-o-65] [22 00] [-0'40] [ 7 29] [-0'75] I I 20 21 ii 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Aug. i 2 3 4 5 14 30 41 —65 22 30 225 0ooo 8oo 15 oo00 -70 23 00 330 o0oo1 8 30 I 545 4- I70 23 35 4 20 o0oo 920 i6 30 -— 1 '5o 5 I — 0'05 0-15 17 45 — 1'40 IO' 6 15 -O'IO 0'I5 18 15 - + 25 10-45 6 40 +4o20 1IIO 8 45 +-'0 IO 45 8 ool +-o30 2 10 19 30 -0'70 12 30 9 30 I -050 2 30 20 0 -4-0'40 15 35 11 30 +-075 3 oo 21 oo 4 — oio 16 45 12 20 4-I0o 4 10 22 30 — 0'10 19 30 12 45 - +'30 4 10 23 40 — o'5 21 oo00. —.5 30 13 25 -1'30 2 20 215 -0-20 6o00 14 10 + 145 121 45] L 2 25] [-o25][ 6 40] [14 30]1[1-'4o0] 22 o5] 3 ]1 [-0'20] [ 7 20 I4 55S [S-1'35] 22 30] [ 3 35] 1 —oi53[ 8 oo] I15 20' 1+ 25]{ 22 25] 4 oo0]i[-ol5] 8 45 15 45 -+1r5 23 20 - -0-45 — 085 -o 50 -0-85 -0-50 -o90o r-0-55 -o-8o — 0-70 -o6o — 0'70 -0-40 -o0-75 | — 0'75 0100 o-075 — 0'05 -0-70 -0-70 -0-40 -o0 65 I -0-45] I-o.65: |-0-501 l[-o'55]l [ —0o55] L-0-55: -0-50 -o-6o I 1I >__...un ---- _..,,. _..... REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. High and low water, Honolulu, Hawaiian Il8ands-Continued. 567 High water. Low water. High water. Low water. Date. 189I. Aug 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 19 20 Corrected time. h -. 4 15 16 40 5 30 I7 15 [ 6 oo 17 30 6 45 I8 oo 9 50 i8 oo 9 30 '9 45 II 00 19 oo II 30 22 30 12 30 23 20 13 Io I 00 14 Io 2 20 14 30 2 30 15 00 3 15 15 40 4 20 i6 30 Reduced Cor Reduced height. time. height. Date. Feet. -— 0'10 + - 00 -0'05 +0'75 [+o005] +0'-80 -— 020 +I*00 +-030 +0'40 +0-45 +0'20 t-o-6o + I 0 -q-085 — 0' I0 + I' 5 -0 I0 _+-I 30 -0'20 +I;45 -o- I0o +I'65 0'00 + I80 +0-30 +-1-75 +0'45 — I '75 h/. it. 9 30 o 30 9 45 o 35 10 30 I 00 I 50 I 50 13 Io I 40 14 20 I 45 17 50 3 oo 4 20 4 40 4 40 21 00 5 50 217 30 7 oo 21 20 7 40 22 00 8 30 23 05 9 30 23 30 10 20 23 45 II 1O 0 20 [12 20] [ o 55] 13 35 I 30 I6 03 'eet. -o-65 — o-6o — 0'55 -0-o.55 — 0-25 -0:45 -0'20 — 0'50 0 00 -— 0'50 0 00 ---- 6o -— o '05 — 0*05 — o-6o -0 30 - o 65 -0- 40 -0'75 -0'50 -0'75 -0-50 -0-70 -— 0'45 — o-8o -— 0 50 -0-65 -0'55 1891. Aug. 31 I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 II 1 2 13 '4 15 I6 17 I8 Corrected time. I. mt. 2 15 15 00 2 40 15 Io 3 io 15 50 3 45 I6 io 4 25 I6 20 4 30 17 o10 5 30 17 30 6 30 17 50 6 40 17 45 17 oo 700 I8 oo I.20. 19 50 10 00 20 30 1I 30 23 00 12 30 0 40 13 20 Reduced Cor height. rected timeg~t ~[... Feel. - -0 40 +-0'o-55 -t-'70 -- I '50 40 70 t I.6o — t I 00 — 1-30 4-0 90 +t-95 -tI 00 +0o80 + -1 0 +-I '05 +-I'o5 3o'4o +0'40 -+ 1 '30 -4-130 -4-0 10 +-1'35 +0-45 [+1 70] +- 120 -t I *60 +o040 + I *8o -7'45 4-0o95 -1-'45 1 '30 +1.35 Ih. it. 6 45 21 40 7 50 22 IO 8 30 22 30 9 oo 22. 50 9 30 22 50 10 30 23 30 11 15 0 10 12 30 o 30 12 30 0 00 15 00oo 1 30 I6 30 2 30 17 50 3 00oo I9 00 4 30 20 30 5 io 20 40 6 35 21 30 8 oo [22 00] 9 io 22 30 9 20 22 30 10 40 Io 40 21 10 Reduced height. Feet.. — o 30 -— 015 --- '45 — 0-15 0 --- 40 --— 0'20 -0-40 — 0-25 — o 30 -- o040 — 0o35 -— 0'55 — 015 --— 040 -4-0 IO — o-40 -0'35 -+-0'20 -0-30 -0 '05 — 0-30 — 0 '05 — 0.30 — o 30 -0-35 21 22 23 24 25 4 35 17 Io 6 oo 17 30 6 40 [i8 15] [ 7 35] I9 00 8 30 19 30 +o-060 +1 '40 +o'75 +1'25 I '00 [+I'05] [+I IO] +-085 +1-25 +0-50 -— o 50 — o.6o -0-25 -0-55 [ 00oo] [-050o] -4-030 } — o40 +0'25 2 20 14 o1 2 30 [15 00] 3 15 15 50 3 55 i6 30 4 40 16 50 — 0o45 -0 45 [ —0'50] 0-50 -0'55 -— 035 — 0o70 - -0-30 -o'6o 19 26 IO 105 +1 4 2 30 — 045 20 5 30 +-40 II 40 0-'15 20 45 +o'40 17 30 +0-25 I 17 30 +I05 23 20 -0-50 27 II 40 +-I45 3 o10 -0-35 21 6 30 +I'55 --- - 21 30 +0'20 I8 50 +0'05 17 5 +080 1 2 45 +0-20 28 12 00 +50 4 15 l -030 22 7 30 +1-55 000 — 030 20 20 — o10 1 30 +045 15 0oo - +10 29 o 10 +0'20 4 30 — 0'40 23 9 00 +150 0 50 -035 13 20 +-I'65 20 30 -— O I 20 20 +-20 i6 30 — 015 30 1 30 +O35 5 45 -— 0'35 24 000 -- 1'50 1 35 -0-20 14 052 165 21 30-0 IO22 00 -0'5 8 oo -010 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. High and low n'afer, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. Dat _....... _.,.*. i89 Sept. Oct. High e. Corrected time. I. h. it..25 10 30 26 o10o 11 50 27 0 45 12 30 28 i 50 13 20 29 I 50 14 00 30 2 15 14 30 1 2 45 15 05 2 3 30 15 o1 3 3 45 15 45 4 4 30 16 15 5 i 5 oo 16 40 6 5 40 17 20 7 6 30 18 20 8 7 Io i8 45 9 8 3 20 30 10 1 00 23 00 11 Io 30 12 0 45 11 50 13 o 20 12 35 14 1 30 13 20 S 2 oo 14 05 l6 3 10 1 o50 17 3 45 15 20 t8 4 1o] i6 15 19 435 j6 40 I water. Reduced height.;Fet. +1'30 +0-20 +1 '40 +0'45 +-1 40 +-0'45 — 1 '45 4-0'55 +1'40 -.+o65 4-1'30 +0o80 +1 '20 +-095 + 'o05 4-+ 115 o090 _40'90 4- I 35 + '40 +0o65 +1'30 4+0'30 +-I35 4-005 +1'20 -0'05 -0-05 +0'-10 +1'35 +0'25 + 1'45 -o'6o + 4'30 ~0'75 + 1'25 +- '00 +1 '20 + 130 +0-85 [-1- 40] +o'50 + '55 -+020 Low Corrected time. h. rt. 2 45 18 40 4 10 20 30 5 45 20 30 6 45 20 30 7 io 21 00 8 15 21 00 8 50 21 20 9 10 21 45 10 00 22 00 10 50 22 30 Ii 40 23 00 12 30 23 20 14 15 0 00 15 00 0 10 16 30 I 00 17 50 3 20 18 30 4 45 19 30 6 20 19 45 7 10 120 30 8 30 21 00 8 45 21 20 10 10 21 50 11 00 22,00 II 55 22 30 water. Date. Reduced. height. Fee. 18 I91. — o.io l oct. 20 -0'20 -0'20 21 -0O10 -0-20 22 -0-25 -0-30 23 -0'35 — 0 30 24 — _0 50 -0-50 25 -050 -0-45 26 -0-50 27 -o'6o — 040 28 -0'55 -0-30 29 -0-55_ __ -025 30 - 10 31 -0-50 Nov. I 0'00 -0-45 2 -020 -o'40 3 -0-15 0-30 41 -0.45 0 — 030 5 -050 — 0-30 6 I -0'-70 i -0'45 7 -0'75 -0-50 8 -75 -4 — - -. —0o45 91 9 - -o-8o -0'55 10 i I -0-85 -0-45 ii I -0'95 -s0'50 12 I -0990 -— 0'35 13 -0'75 High water. CorCor- Reduced rected ctime. height. h... Feet..5 30 -1+ 45 i6 50 +-o-I 6 45 +1-45 18 io -005 7 30 +1I30 22 30 -010 8 25 -+I30 23 50 -0-05 9 45 +- IO 0 30 +0'oI5 12 00 + 1'05 I 10 +-030 'I2 IO +I'00 I 50 - 0'50 12 45 -4-0'90 2 oo0 +65 13 20 +o'8o 2 40 +0'70 13 20 +-o60 2 35 ~09o go [14 051 [+o'6o] [ 3 05 [~S ' I5] 14 50I -o6o 3 30 4- '40 15 00oo +045 4 0o -I'40 i6 30 +-030 4 20 +1'40 I6 _5 +0'30 5 30 +-1'50 i6 40 +o'10 6 0o +1'40 17 30 -0o'o 7 oo 1'45 19 15 -— 010 8 0o +'3o 19 30 -o'I5 9 30 +120 22 45 -0-'0 II 00 1 + 1'40 0o oo +030 10 30 4-1'30 30 +-050 11 50 +'10 2 00 +0'90 12 00 +o0go 1 30 4-'15 13 o +00'70.__ Low water. Correct Reduced timed height. h. m. 7Feet. 12 05 -0'20 22 55 -0-70 14 oo -0'25 23 30 — 030 16 30 --— 020 0 15 -0-25 17 30 -0-25 I 30 -0-15 I8 30 — 035 3 0 o o00 I8 45 -0o40 5 oo 000 I8 50 — 050 6 20 -010 19 15 -0'70 7 oo -030 20 00 -0'70 7 30 -0-30 20 oo0 -075 51L-o-'301 [20 251 [-070] 9 00 -o30 20 50 — 70 9 40 — 050 21 00 -0'70 oo00 — o'25 21 00 -0'60 12 30 -0-10 21 40 -0'70 12 50 -0-10 21 50 -0-55 14 30 o — o0o 21 30 — 050 16 40 — 0'20 22 20 -0-30 17 o00 -0'30 22 40 — 0'25 17 30 |-0'45 2.45 -0-15 8 00o -0'25 3 1 +0-10 i8 30 -030 5 30 - +o'05 8 50 -0'55 7 10 -0-15 19 15 -o0'6 8 oo00 -020 20 0oo -0o65 I REPORT FOR 1893-PART TI. 569 High and low water, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. High water. Low water. High water. Low water. Date. Cor- Reduced Cor Reduced Date Cor- Reduced or Reduced rected rected rected rected time. height. time. height. time. height. time, height. 1891. h. m. Feet.. Fh. n. Feet. 8gI.. m. Feet. h.m. Feet. Nov. 14 2 45 -t-1'30 9 o0 -020 Dec. 9 10 00 oo 00 4 10 -0-05 13 30 +0'40 20 00 -0-90 -- ------ 17 o — o-6o 15 3 50 +I60 o Io 45' — 030 10 0 30 +075 6 oo00 +-15 15 30 +-0'30 2 15 -090 11 20 +070 18 oo00 -0'70 16 3 50 + 1'6o. I 30 -0'35 11 I 45 -4-120 7 00 0'00 16 20 +005 21 00 — I'00 II 30 0-'55 18 50 — 0'75 17 550 +-1'65 12 40 -0'40 12 I 50 ~I'45 8 oo — ~'15 17 00 000 o o 21 15 -o-65 12 35/[ +'35][ 19 25] -0-85] 18 6 io 4 -+'70 13 45 -0'50 13 2 30C +i50o[ 9 20o [ —o'35 17 o10 -0o5 22 00 -0-65 3 40] [+oIo[10 19 55 11 —1oo 19 6 45 +'40 14 25 — 0'40 14[ 3 O] [+-r6o]J 1o 40 -0o55 i8 30 — '20 23 20 -055 14 50 -010 20 30 -1'10 20 7 20 -I25 1555 — 045 15 3 50 +1'65 I 20 -0'55 20 10 -0-10 23 50 -0'30 15 50 — 00o5 20 50 — '00 21 8 oo0 1-25 I5 45 — 0'45 i6 4 30 -175 12 15 -o6o 20 45 — 0-05 23 10 — 0'20 15 45 -005 21 25 -00 22 8 45 +'-20 / -- 17 5 '5 +-6o 12 30 -o'6o 23 45 +-'05 i6 40 -0'50 17 20 — 0'05 22 20 -0'90 23 9 50 +'co 3 oo0 0oo0 5 30 +I6o 13 10 -o060 - - 17 10 -0o40 17 30 o000oo 22 50 — o'85 24 o oo00 +0-25 5 00 0-05 19 6 30 +1'40 13 45 — 0'55 II o0 +-o80 17 45 -0-45 18 30 — o'I 23 00 -0-50 25 00 +0-50 5 30 +-005 2o 7 30 +-I'o 14 20 — o'70 IX 30 +070 18 oo00 -040 19 4511 [+o05] [23 4511] [-0'35] 26 I20 /+o8o 700 +0'05 21 oo [ ] [+o'95]. ------ 11 20 +o'6o i8 30 -0-50 20 55 +020 14 55 -0-55 27 I 50 +1'00oo 745 — o'io 22 8 30 8 0 30 12 15 +o'6o 19 oo -0-40 22 40 +O'30 16 oo — o65 28 2 35 +1'25 8 30 -0-'05 23 9 co +0o'45 3 50 ____ 13 30 +o'30 19 45 -o'55___ __- -L. 17 oZ00 -0'70 29 300 +1-30 910 — 0-30 24 1 00 +-25 5 30 -o14 00 +0o05 20 15 -o'8o 9 30 +0'30 17 45 -o'o80 30 4 05 +1-30 10 30 -030 25 I 15 +o'8o 6 30 -0-oI 15 20 +-o'i5 20 30 -o,'65 11 10 +O'15 I8 00oo -0.95 Dec. i 3 50 4-I'5o II 20 -— 35 26 I 40 +-'90 7 40 -0-35 15 20 +o'10 21 00oo -o-6o 12 15 j-o'io 18 30 — 1'o05 2 5 o0 +1-.70 12 15 -0-35 27 I 50 +'-15[ 8 45] [ —o'4o] 15 50 +o'o5 21 30 -0-75 [13,5] [-o'o5][18 55][-'Io] 3 515 +1 6o 1245 — O'45 28 245 +o-85 945 '-0-50 17 oo00 0o-0oo0 22 15 -o-'8o____ 14 15 -0'15 19 20 10 4j 5 50 -1-'55 14 20 ~-0'45 29 3 -10 +1-40 10 40 -o-65 17 40 -o02o0 22 30 -oo-6 14 50 -o025 20 3 o0 - 5 700 +1'50 14 40 -0'55 30 [ 3 45]1[+i'5o0] [II 15] [-o-45] o8 30 -0'05 23 00oo -0'50 [15 30] [40-0'5] 21 oo00 -0-15 6 8oo + -40 ---- --- 31 4 25 4-I'55 II 50 -0'25 19 50 +oo05. 14 30 -o'6o1 i6 15 +o-035 21 30 -050 7 830 -1'3o0 0 50 -0'35 1892. I 20 40 +0-20 15 30 -050 Jan. I 5 15 2-10 12 30 -0-90 8 8 30 +I'20 220 -0-o10 i6 30 -0'3022 10 -115 23 30 +0-35 16 40 — 6o 2 550 1'40 13 00 — 85 17 50 -0'25 22 40 oo 17~~~~~~~~~1 +, o U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SUBVEY. High and low water, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. Date. High water. Cor- Reduced retctd height. time. 1892. Jan. 3 4 5 C) 7 9 10 11 12 #3 14 15 16 /. lnt. 6 30 18 45 7 00 20 00 7 50 21 30 8 30 23 20 8 30 0 20 10 00 o 30 II 20 I 30 12 15 2 10 14 15 2 55 15 00 345 15 45 4 10 i6 15 4 40 17 30 5 30 18 30 6 15 i8 25 19 30 7 20 20 30 7 50 23 15 8 io 23 15 9 20 Feet. 4-120 — 020 -0-10 -to'18o -'o65 -o*6o 4-0-55 t- I oo00 -0-30 0-05 4-1'35 0-15 0.30 I1 '50 0 — 25 -1- '70 * -o'io 0'00 -l '30 +0-05 +1-10 -+-o2 +0'70 4-0'20 — 0'55 - 010 Low water. C orr Reduced rected time, height. h. m. eet. 13 50 -I-00 23 40 --— 8o 14 00 -0-90 0 o0 — 0 50 15 0 o-080 2 15 — OI5 15 50 - -0 75 4 30 -o*IO I6 oo -0*65 6 50 0-00 16 30 -— 0o70 8 5 -— o-05 17 20 -090 9 45 -0*40 18 40 - -0-95 10 00 - -o-65 18 40 — I'05 I 30 0'70 20 00 - --- 05...... 0. -0 1 10 -0o'8o 12 00 — 0-50 21 40 -o-8o 12 45 -— o70 22 10 --— o80 13 00 -— 070 23 30 — 0'75 13 15 o-075 23 55 -0o40 13 40 —.07o 000 — 030 14 20 — o6o 1 30 o oo 15 oo — o65 4 oO -OI15 14 50 -— 75 6 oo00 ooo 15 50 -— '70 6 40 — 0-25 i6 30 -o -o 8 00 — 0'35 17 40 — 095 9 15 -055 10 i I -ro65 io 00 -0o65 19 oo - 05 9 4 0 -075 19 30 — ro05 Date. Corrected time. 1892. Jan. 28 29 30 31 Feb. I 2 3 4 5 6 High water. h,. m. I Feet. I h. fi. Reduced height. 3 30 15 40 4 30 i6 15 4 30 16 50 5 10 I7 50 550 i8 30 6 40 19 30 7 15 20 30 7 50 22 00 9 30 23 30 9 00 Low water. 4-1I35 — 0'25 4-I50 -0'20 — I '40 *4-0-IO 4+1 40 -— 0'10 -1I30 +0-o'25 4-1-00 4-050 +0-560 +-o-60 +0'35 +o065 0100 +0'85 — 0 15 II 00 20 45 II 30 21 30 II 35 22 00 12 30 23 oo 12 55 23 30 13 20 0 30 13 30 2 00 14 10 6 Io 15 00 7 00 15 30 Corrected time. Reduced height. Feet. — 075 -o-80 — 130 -o-8o — 0-95 -— 0'9S5 ' o85 — o-85 -o-8o -075 -0-85 -0-30 -0.90 0100 -o085 -0 05 -0-70 -0'75 17 19 20 21 22 7 0 20 - I'00 8 30 -45 II 30 -— 0o30 i6 20 — 075 8 1 20 +-4'25 8 45 -0-50 13 00o — o35 18 30 -085 9 I 50 +-tI20 9 15 — 0'70 14 00 -0-25 19 20 -1-00 10 2 15 -+1 5 I io0 — 0'70 14 40 -025 20 00 — I'I II 3 30 +-I25 10o 4 -0-90 1 5 45 -0'20 20 50 - 15 12 3 50 +0I'0 I I 0oo — o90 15 50 — 0-20 21 30 — 1-30 13 4 20 I00 o II 30 -095 16 40 -oIo0 21 30 — I'00 14 4 45 +I'00 I 50 -o-85 17 33 1 +'I5 22 10 — 070 15 5 20 +0'90 2 15 — 070 I8 o00 +030 23 30 — 0'50 16 6 20 +-o65 13 20 -0'75 19 00 +-040 ____ 17 6 oo +055 0 1 0 — 0-40 19 45 4-0-4o t3 15 — o-8o 18 6 40 +-020i 30 -030 20 50 -+035 14 0 — 070 19 6 30 000 2 30 -0-20 21 20 +-0-50 14 00 — 075 2o 8 50 -0'20 5 40 — 020 23 00 -0'55 14 40 — 075 21 [ 9 401[ —o30o1 40[ 0~30] 23 351 [+0-65] [15 35] [-o80] 23 24 25 26 0 20 9 45 1 10 I 45 1 30 13 00 2 15 13 40 2 40 11500 — o-65...-0.15 40'o8o -0'30 -— o 45 4-lb — 040 4-1 20 -0-35 REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 571 High and low water, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. Date. High water. rect Red uced time, height. time. 1892. Feb.22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Mar. I 2 h. m. 10 30 0 00 13 30 I 20 13 45 2 30 14 40 2 45 15 30 3 39 I5 50 4 30 i6 30 445 I7 30 5 10 I8 20 5 Io i8 45 5 40 20 45 6 o00 21 00 9 30 22 50 10 30 23 50 12 20 0 50 13 50 I 45 14 00 2 20 14 50 3 1o 15 30 3 45 I5 45 Feet. — 0'45 +0'75 -o-6o +0'95 -0-50 4 — I 10 -0-I15 -0-30 +- I 30 0-00 +I'25 +-0-15 +0-90 +0'40 +0o65 +0'55 +0-40 +0-60 +0-65 -0-25 +0-o6o -0'50 +-o95 +o' go +0-90 -0'30 +0o85 -0-I5 +0-90 -0'10 +o'7o — o '0 Low water. Correct Reduced time, height. h. mi. Feet. [ 8 05] -0o5o 16 30 — o'90 9 30 — '75 I8 io — 085 9 45 — 0-85 i8 30 - o00 10 30 -0-85 19 45 — I'o IO 30. —90 20 45 -1 00 Date. 1892. Mar. 18 19 20 21 22 High water. Corted Reduced rected time, height. /. wi. Feet. 7 00 -0'20 19 50 +-06o 7 25 -0-40 21 10 +o065 9 50 — 0'55 22 15 +o-65 1o Io -0'45 23 30 +0'75 II 30 -0'40 ----- Low water. CorrCord- Reduced timed height. h. m. Feet. 3 ooj-o40 3 00 — 0'40 12 00 — 0'70 3 55 -0'35 12 30 -o8o 6 30 — o60 13 IO -0'70 7 0o -o-6o 14 oo -o-65 8 o0 -0o7o 17 00 -o-65 II 00 21 30 II 20 22 00 II 20 22 45 12 00 23 45 12 00 -o085 -I '00 -0'95 -0o95 -I '00 -o-8o -1 05 -0'55 -— '10 — 0'45 -I '05 -0'35 -100 — o'85 -0'55 -o 08 — 0-75. —o.65 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Apr. I 0 10 12 00 o 40 13 40 I 30 14 15 2 25 15 00 2 40 I5 30 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 II 12 I 00 12 30 3 30 13 00 7 00 14 00 7 30 15 40 7 30 17 00 8 30 i8 30 9 35 19 I5 9 40 20 20 10 20 21 00 10 15 21 15 3 15 i6 15 3 50 17 00 5 10 5 I5 19 00o 6 40 20 30 +0'90 — 0'20 -0-05 -+ '20 +0'20 +1.25 4-045 +-I 'I0 +o065 +0-90 4-0'90 +0'40 +I*I0 0*00 +1.10 -0'20 I'0o5 -0-'40 + I'05 -0'45 +0'95 -0'40 +0-90 — o'30 +o'8o — 0'20 8 40 i6 50 8 00 i8 25 8 30 19 50 9 30 20 20 9 45 21 15 10 15 22 45 10 30 23 IS5 II 00 1 30 II 30 3 IS 3 15 I1 50 4 30 6 15 I3 50 7 30 8 Io i8 IO -o-6o -0-70 -0-70 -o-65 — '70 — 0.65 — 0'70 -o-6o -0-75 -o-6o -0'75 — 050 -o'85 -0-50 -o.85 -0-40 -0-90 -0-40 -0-'90 -0'75 -0'90 -o-8o -0-90 -o080 -0-90 -075 -o 95 -0-90 -o-8s 2 3 4 5 6 8 30 21 15 9 50 21 50 II 45 23 15 12 20 0 15 1.3 10 — o'55 -0-70 -o-6o -o-55 -0O'75 -o'6o -0o70 -o'55 -0-70 -0'50 13 4 05 +o*60 O10 30 -0-90 7 0 30 +o.65 8 oo -0-75 i6 30 +0-20 22 00 o-070 14 30 +0'05 I9 00 -0-55 14 5 oo +0'45 10 50 -0-75 8 I 20 +0o'65 8 30 -o'70 17 20 +-0-25 22 30 -o-65 I4 30 +0'20 20 00 -o-6o 15 5 30 +o'20 II 15 -o'8o 9. 2 10 +o-65 9 oo -0o70 18 Io +0'5~ 23 50 -o055 5 00 +o'40 20 30 -0'45 I6 5 50 +0'10 II 20 -o-8o 10 3 00 +~055 9 30 -o'6o i8 o00 +-'50 - - -. _. 15 15 +0'70 21 30 -0'50 7 5 20 0.00 0 30I -0-40 II 3 30 + o'5 22 15 -o'75 i8 4 40 055-o-80 i6 oo +0-75 22 15 -0'50. 572 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. High and lon water, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. Date. 1892. Apr. 12 '3 14 15 I6 O' 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May I 2 High water. Cor- Reduced rected hght. time. height h. m. Feet. 3 30 +-025 16 25 +0-80 4 15 -0-20 I6 50 4-0-90 4 30 — 0'5 17 25 -to'90 5 20 0-15 i8 40 +0'90 6 00 — o40 o1 o o 4-o-85 T 30 -0-o45 20 00 o +'75 7 oo00 -o6o 21 40 +0'80 12 00 — o0'40 22 oo +0-80 13 00 -025 23 o0 +to95 12 50 — 0'10 o 10 -o85 13 45 0-o25 I 00 — 0-90 13 50 4-0'45 1 45 -Fo 85 14 3~ +0'70 2 40 4 0'65 15 30 -15 3 30 -0o'35 16 oo + -35 3 55 tO'2 17 15 4 — 40 5 00 -0-o1 17 50 - 1'45 5 45 -..20 18 30 4+ '40 6 30 --- 30 19 30 1'30 7 00 -o040 2000 1- 10 JF0 l,,.,, 'IO, High water. Low water. Corrected time. h. in. 9 35 23 Io I0 10 o 40 9 45 I 15 10 20 2 50 10 00 3 30 II 00 4 30 II 00 6 30 14 30 7 00 i6 00 i6 oo 7 00 17 15 7 30 IX oo 8 00,800 19 40 8 40 20 45 8 50 21 50 9 00 23 30 9 45 I 00 I 15 10 50 io 5" 2 30 1I 40 3 30 II 25 6 30 14 30 6 15 14 30 7 00 17 20 7 15 20 00 7 30 19 30 Low water. Reduced height. Feet. -0o80 -0-45 -0-75 -o-50 -.-o 85 -0-45 -0o-85 -o-50 [:?'85 — 0.55 -— o070! —o-65 -o-65 — o055 -0-45 -o-6o -0-40 — o-6o -0.50 -0-70 -o'50 -o 7o -0-50 -0 o90 -055 — 0 95 — 0-55 — o 95 -o'-050 -— I'IO0 -0'50 -1-00 -o'90 — o 65 -— '75 -o-6o -o-6o5 -0-35 o ---6 o -0-20 -— 0'70 — 0.870..-0'251 — 0-30 -o8o So -0-25! Date. 1892. May 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 - 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Corrected time. h. m. 0 50 14 20 I 15 14 30 2 30 15 oo 2 30 15 40 3 30 16 o0 350 i6 30 4 45 17 30 5 40 i8 30 600 i8 50 7 00 19 45 8 oo 20 45 o1 45 21 40 12 05 22 20 12 45 23 o1 13 oo 23 45 13 55 -o 40 14 15 2 00 14 50 2 45 15 30 [ 3 35] I6 15 4 30 17 25 5 30 18 30 7 o00 19 30 7 40 20 00 9 20 21 00 Reduced heig t. Feet. +0o65 +-070 +0'-50 -o-80 +0'40 4- I00 -0-20 +O-15 +-1-25 0'00 + 1-25 -0-I5 +41I25 -0-30 4-I 20 -0-30 + 1-15 -4- I 00 -0o 40 + I -00 -0-40 4+085 -0-15 +0o75 +4-015 -+0 60 +-1-40 — 0'05 + I '40 4-1-40 [ —0'20] 0-40 41 '20 + '-00 -— o.40 -0-30 4-0-85 Corrected time. h. n. 800 20 20 8 15 20 40 8 35 21 45 8 40 23 15 8 50 0o o00 9 20 0 20 9 45 I O10 10 20 2 30 0I 35 3 30 II 15 3 30 II 50 5 00oo 13 oo 5 45 15 00 6 oo 17 30 6 40 18 50 70 o 20 15 700oo 21 00 8 o00 22 25 8 30 [23 35] 9 IO 0 45 9 45 I 45 o1 30 2 30 II 10 3 30 11 45 4 S5 12 30 Reduced height. Feet. -0-70 -0'25 -o-60 -0-30 — 070 -0-40 -o-85 -0'45 -o-80 -0-50 — o85 — o-6o -0-90 I — o'0 -o-6o I — o60 -o-85 -o-6o — 0-75 — o'6o -0 70 -0-70 — 0755 -0-75 I -o-8o -0-30 -o-80 -0-20 — o go i-0-30 — 0-95 — 0-35 -P100 I -o-'5o -I 0-50 -o-6o — i rO [-0-70] |-120 -o — I '_O -o-85 I -0 90 -o-8o -0.85 -o-6o -o-8o -0'50 1 00 21 40 i1 15 22 50 12 30 23 20 13 30 0 15 '3 45 -- 045 4;:-85 -, 1.0 +- 40 +4o75 4-0-50 27 28 29 30 31 H, _ H,_ i.. I I.... REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. High and low water, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands-Continued. 573 High Date. Corrected time. I892. h. U. June I II 30 22 00 2 [12 05] [23 I0] 3 12 40 4 0o 20 13 00 5 30 13 30 6 I 15 14 oo 7 1 I0 14 30 9 2 30 15 30 10 3 50 16 30o 11 4 40 i6 55 12 5 30 17 30 3 t 45 18 30 14 7 oo 19 00 15 8 oo 20 30 water. I Reduced height. Feet. — 0-15 -0'70 [+0-10] [+0o55] +0-40 - o 40 +0'55 t-o i5 +o070 0'00 +o080 -0'05 -o095 — 0-30 -t I 10 -0'35 -+-I '20 -o 40 + I '30 -0-40 - I ' 20 — 050 + 105 -o'6o -1 —I I0 -0-45 - I '05 -0'35 +o-80 Low water. Cort- iReduced time, height. time. High h. int. 5 00 I3 50 5 25 [15 40] [ 6 io] I7 35 7 oo 18 40 6 30 20 00 7 oo 21 15 7 30 22 00 7 30 22 50 8 oo 23 45 8 30 0 20 9 15 o 40 9 30 2 30 Io 30 2 30 I0 50 3 oo 12 00 Feet. — 0-75 -0-30 -— oSo [-0-25] [-o'8o] - '20 -o So — 0 35 — O90 — 0'40 -I1o05 — 0-45 -0o95 — o'6o - 1-05 -0'55 — o095 -o 6o -o'6o — I '00 — o-8o — 095 — 0'95 -0'75 -o-8o - 0'75 -o'6o Date. 1892. June 16 '7 iS 19 20 I 21 2 22 23 24 25 1 26 27 28 29 30 I Corrected time. h. Ill. 10 45 22 00 I 15 22 00 I1 30 22 30 12 40 23 50 13 20 o 30 14 00 1 15 14 40 2 30 15 20 4 00 i6 I0o] [ 40 ] 17 00 5 20 17 45 6 oo 18 30 6 45 19 30 7 30 -19 45] 8 I53 20 00 water. Reduced height. rt feet. /. -— o I 1 3 -08015 3 -0-05 4 +-o-6o 15 0o 40 5 4-o30I 17 — o'80 5 -- 0-05 i 6 --- I oo0 20 — 0-o15 1) — 1-30 21 -0'30 7 — t1'45 22 -0'50 8 1'50 23 -0-45 8 [-1-50] - [ —0o'40][ o -+1'55i 9 -0-35 o0 -— 1'3S I 0io +0-35 1 I --— 0'35 I — j-1-20 II — 0'25 2 -+0'95 II — 0'25 3 _-0-25 3 1 [+-o-8o] 12 — 0-20][ 3 -t+-60 12 t- Reduced ted height. Iow water. /1. 50 3o 30 40 oo 40 15 50 00 20 40 45 30 30 00 oo 40 40 I5O 20 45 00 10 15 45 35 00 30 45] 40 Feel. -0-90 -040 -— I 00 — 0'25 — I '00 -0'25 -— I 'O10 -0.30 -0-50 --0-50 -— I '20 -— 0'70 -1 '20 -0.70 -o'7o --— 25 — [ -070] — o '65 -I '00 -— 065 -0-85 -o-7o -o070.-o-80 — 0'55 [-0'90] -0o30 574 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. The means being taken for intervals of five days, and these mneans being again consolidated for each successive group of five, we have the following table: Relative heights of mean sea level at Honolul., Hawvaiian Islands, front June, 1891, to June, 1892. Mean sea I level Mean date. (five days). Mean date. 1891. June 19 24 29 July 4 9 14 19 24 29 Aug. 3 8 13 18 23 28 Sept. 2 7 12 17 22 27 Oct. 2 7 12 17 22 27 Nov. I 6 II 16 21 26 )ec. I 6 II 16 21 P.F/. -022 --- '42 '22 - 24 'i6 - 'o8 + 13 — 02 '07 '00 *00 t} '07 + '14 - '36 + '40 4t * 40 - '33 + '40 -- '34 + '44 j- '36 +.26 -- 28.... 18 -. '22 +4 '14 '18 ' 32 - '13 4 — 4 -- '12 - '12 4-.o5 -F Q5 *: 1891. June 29 July 24 Aug. 18 Sept. 12 Oct. 7 Nov. I Nov. 26 Dlec. 21 Mean sea level (twenty-five days). I'Fet. -0-25 -- '03 +- Io 9 Mean date. I89g-'92. Dec. 26 31 Jan. 5 Io I5 20 25 30 Feb. 4 9 14 '9 24 29 Mar. 5 IO 15 20 25 30 Apr. 4 9 14 19 24 29 May 4 9 14 19 24 29 Juilne 3 8 '3 18 23 Mean sea level (five days) Feet. + '03 - '04 '- oI 4-.o5 + '02 'oo -- '22 -'10i -i6 'I2 - '32 - 15 - 28 -- 26 *I9 - '27 '20 '0I -- 20 - '2 -- '20 - '04 - 08 -- '02 -- 'o6 *o6 ' -20 --.09 --- 19 - '26 -- '12 - '20 Mean date. I891 —'92. Jan. 15 Feb. 9 Mar. 5 Mar. 30 Apr. 24 May 19 June 13 Mean sea level (twenty-five days). Feet. -0-04 ' 'II -- '24 - 'I -- 09 -.08 - *I7 4- '25 4- '21 +-.15 I - '04 I I I~1 ~ — ~~ ----.-..~ -' —._....._...'.._ _ ~I --- —---— -..--. — -.L REPORT FOR 1893-PART IIL 575 These values, are lplotted in the accompanying illustration. 0 co C 0 C C -D N -o co p z U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. MAGNETIC', G(RAVITY, AND LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS IN CONNECTION WIT1I THE EXPEDITION TO TIlE SUMMIT OF MAUNA KEA, AND AT SOME SUBSEQUENT STATIONS. Ill June, 1892, the latitude determinations were discontinued at Waikiki, anltd )Honolulu was occupied for magntetic and gravity observations. The magnetic work already done at Waikiki and Kahuku is, for convenietce of reference, also given in whalt follows. DESCRIPTION OF MAGNETIC INSTRUMENTS. The themlolite magnetometer is the same as the one taken to Africa in 1889-'90. It is designated as No. 11, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and vwas remodeled and ilmlproved at the office in July, 1887. Tlhe telescope lhas an aperture of 2(.1". The horizontal and vertical circles are ea tch 10'11 il (liameter. The graduation is from left to right, and aIngles lmay be read to single minutes by means of two opposite vernliers. The dimensionls of the!Iagnets are: *N L, lenlgth = 7.le', diameter =0.8"' N S,, i = 5-8 = 0-8 'lhe ring used in determilling tle Imomenit of mass of the intensity maglet (N L1) had the following dimensions (C. S. Sclott, October 31, 1889): 1 = ilnell' ra(lius = 1-4749C"0 r, = outer " = 1.8906 v = weight = 19-48940 grams fri'om which 1,, A= (r' 4- ri') w =- 56-(0291 at 1;(O7 (1. or 62~-0 F. Moment of mass at templerature t =- M3 Jrl = AI, [1 + 2 e (t - t,,)] whiere e = coefficient of expaInsion for 10 C. = 0)000019 and log M, = 1-74841 + 0-0000165 (t - 16o07) The value of 1 division of scale of long magnet (N L1,) was deterimined five t imes during the season, giving a mean result of 3'/68. This, comlbined with the African value, 3'-72, gives a value of 3'-70, which is adopted in the reduction of thle observations. Increasing scale readings correspond to decreasing circle readings. The imollment of mass of the long magnet (Nl Ll,) determined at Washinlgton by Mr. Blraid is 95-748 + 0-094 (C. G S. units). This value, however, includes the moment of the small balancing ring (K). (See Appendix No. 12, lleport 1890.) D)educting this we have for the '* L1t designates new loug magnet of No. 11. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 577 moment of mass to be used il the work of 1891-'!2 a value of!94303 at a temperature of 16~ 7 C. logL JT at tempnerature t - 1-97453 + 0-0000106 (t - 16(- 7) Temperature coefficient (q) of N L,, = 0-00108 for 10 F. anld 000)194 for 10 C. Indluction factor (h) inl (. (. S. units = 0-0457 A: 0-0006 (C.. Schott, December 6, 1890). Induction coefficient / (= mih) (C. (1. S. units) - (6-54 -:I 00)8 at 620 F. To correct oscillations for induction to loo I72 aldd log (1 + h I1) To correct deltectiolls for iinduction to( log add log ( 1 + - ) = 00)0020 foir r = 30.54('"( -= 0()(006 for r -= 45-781 *' First distiibutioii coefficient of N LI, = Z- = - 4 -: 4 (C. (:. S. Illits). For short; deflectilg (listalce (r = 30'54 i. ) log ( 1- ) _ =I-00182 '' long " " (r 57 ) = 0457S' ()0820' Reductioll of llagnetic moment (m) of illtelsity imagiiet (NLIJ) to 160~7 C. = l,(;.7 = 7 l [1 + (t - 16~-7) x 00(0194] log 7/1 1,'7 0 — ot - l Im- 11odululS >' 0-00 194 ( - I6~-7) l-: g iz -- o'xcS84 (1 — I6~.7) S. Ex 1, 1, t. 2-37 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Values of magnetic moment (n) at 16~o7 C. of long magnet (N Li,), showing loss of magnetism. [Observer: E. ). Preston.] Station. Washington Azores Islands Cape Verde Islands Africa: Sierra Leone Gold Coast Loanda Cabiri Cape Town St. Helena, Jamestown " " i Longwood Ascension Island, Georgetown " " ( Green Mountain Barbados Bermuda Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia: Waikiki Kahuku Honolulu Kawaihae Waimea 4 ( Kalaieha Waiau Hilo Napoopoo l.ahaina Waimea A d" B Nonopapa Date. 1889-73 '83 '86 *88 '91 *96 *97 189o0o7 I5 *17 '22 '33 '33 '39 1891 62 ~90 1892'42 '50 *52 '53 '54 '56 *58 *64 '65 '67 68 7~0 Magnetic moment at No. of 16~'7 C. sts. (C.G.S. units). 143'3 3 140-4 2 140-7 I 134'3 I 128-9 2 1294 3 1350 2 1342 5 133'9 2 1337 3 ' 133-8 3 133-7 3 133'3 3 131-9 3 I296 3 1288 3 1279 3 1285 3 128-0 I 128-8 2 128-3 2 123-6 2 I27'I 3 1247 3 1250 3 1250 2 1240 3 125'4 --- — -- - I r I REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 579 - Summraiy of time and azimuth resultW in connection with magnetic obsiervation8. Statior, Waikiki Kahuku Honolulu t Kaxwaihae Waimea Kalaieha Waiau Hilo I Napoopoo Lahaina Waimea A Waimea B Nonopapa Date. 1891-'92. Aug. io II '3 '5 '5 Nov. 25 25 27 June io1 30 July Aug. Sept 3 9 9 I I 14 '5 15 21 21 30 31. 1 17 20 23 24 25.2 3 5 6 7 9 Correction Adoyted Epioch. to chro- dal v Position of mark. Adopted posarit nometer.* rate.t t. mMs. S./ 0 8 23 Pm -- 8 109 819 - 8 27-6 -17 8 12 - 9 2-2 8 oo a. m. N. I 53-OE. N. 1 52-2 E. 5 30 P- m. N. I 51-4 E. 9g00 a. m. S. 65 8-8W. S 65 76W. 3 00 p. m- ' 54 58 S. 65 6o4vW 9 30 a. m --— 3 337 9 00 + 0 37 + 2 N.-55 20-ooE. N.-55 20-o E. 5 00 P- mI + 4 03 -To S. 25 2-7E. 2-2 E. 5 OO + 3 33 8. 25 I 8 E S. 25 9 30 a. mn - 0 26 S. 81 40-2 E. 4 30 pm " M- 0 42 -17 S. 8i. 5i 4 E. S. 8i 50-3 E. 9 30 a- m - 0 65 S. 8I 58 3 E. 8 40 + 3 50 N. 63 47 7 W8 40 + 3 33 -i8 N. 63 54-6 W. N. 63 48-3 W. 8 40 P- M. m 3 25 N. 63 45 3 W10 20 a. m. + 3 54 2 N.22 8-oW. 4 30 P- In+ 3 47 27 N.22 3W2 N 22 56W. 7 50 a. m. +18 28 N. 72 41 0 E. 940 +18 50 +-5 N.7243LE N 72376E. 9g20 +17 46 I N.-72 49-7 E. 3 30 -[-17 45 N. 72 30o8 E. 4 30 -5 48 -18 N-78 18-7 Wg 1o a. m. - 6 i8 2 N:78 i46W. N 7822- W. 2 45 Pm. - 6 45 N-.78 28-8 W. 9 30 a. m. ~0+ 0 8o IO.- 514 E. 9 oo -0 41] -24 -. I 5-3 E.1 S. o 00o4 E. 9 20 -038 8. I 451 8 30 + 0 09 -18 S- 39 372W S 39407W. 8 20 -009 39 44-2W 8 25 -102 1.S74 35-3 I,8 25 - I i6 '2 S.74 26-5E. S 7433-8E. 8 io -I 38 S. 74 39-6 E. 8 5o 4 42 -i8 N. 4 13 6 W. N- 4 13,6 W. * Bond chronometer No. 177. ~ = losing; gaining. At Honolul. chronometer Gowland, 3280, belonging to the Government Survey, was used. The azimuth was also furnished by Mr. (C. J. Lyons, of that service. ~At Hilo watch No. 7583 was used. MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS AT WAIKIKI. These observations were made on August 11, 12, and 13, 1891. As it was necessary to continue the time, latitude, and gravity determinations throughout the year, an epoch was chosen for the inagietic work which would least interfere with the regular observations. Accordinjgly, about the middle of August, just before changing the groups of stars then being observed for latitude, the magnetic work was undertaken. This implied almost continual observation and computation from 6.30 a. m. to 11i p. i., and involved the determination of the magnetic declination, dip, and horizontal intensity, with three sets of observations for tie and- * timuth with the theololite miagnetowneter, besides the regu. 580 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. lar work with the p1endulull apparatus, tle zenith telescol)pe, and the meridian instrumlent in the observatory. This was accolmplished without ally assistalee either by a recorder or aid. The limit of gatisfactory work was probably reaclled in this scheme, as a full day's magnetic work, followedl by five hours' ilight observations, about exhausts an ordinary observer's c;apacity for good work. The station was situated near the astronomlical] observatory and onl the property of Mr. J. F. Brown. The sketch on page 581 gives the location. Abstract of result, 11 t aikiki, l'k awaiian Islands. 1)11'. Ncc(lih NO, t. lat. t. I N.. I. can. 1891. / / / A\u. ii 40 oS 39 29 39 48 12 14 c 51 I, 20 | 28 54 Needle No. 2. N. S. Mean. o / o / 0 / 39 51 40 02 39 56 40 1o oi 40 o6 39 50 o6 39 58 Dl)ECI N.\ATI)N, 1)11', ANI) INTENSITY. Sc;Alt. rcl - I)ccliiiatin. ingill (,f axis. (cast). 189 I., o Aug'. i 28'72 10 05-3 2 28'80 04-9 ~3... -- ~. 05'3 Mcan clil). o / 39 52'0 58-5 56-o i,~ Iorizontal Magnetic intensity moment of I= 11. magnet. )lyncIS. 0'2979 I29-8 0-2971 I29-6 0-2992 129'4 I MAIU(NITKIl(1 (OBSERVATIONS AT' KAIHUKIU, OAIiT. 'Tlkinlg ladvalntage; of;an interval ot one week in Novemlber, when my colleague oil thle ilnterllational latitude work was necessarily absent fiom Waikiki, a set of ma llgnetic deterllilnatiols was made at the extremie lorth end of1' ()ahl. Accompllaulied by Prof. W. I). Alexander, I left Waikiki oni the morning of Novemlber 24, taking the steam cars from IHonolulu to Ewa;ad1 riding from Ewa to Kahlku, a distance (of 30 mniles. We arrived at Kaliukl late in the evening. Observations were begun ea;rly next morninlg and contilued until about 1.30 I,. n on the 27t1h, rwhen we started for Honolulu by way of the Pali. Stopping over niglht at Kualoa, Waikiki was reached the following afternoon andt the observatory work was immediately resumed. Less than five days' absence were necessary for three full days' work at a station 40 miles from home, the distance being made both ways on horseback over a difticult road. The station occupied was situated in the front yard of the Kahuku rIanch cottage. The cottage is about REPORT FOR 1893 PART 1I. 581 [The diagrams hereafter given are not generally drawI to scale, being inserted simlply to aid in rees. tablishing the position of the station in case it is desirable to repeat tihe observations at some future time.] MdcixL Ritdge MeridiLu w fark I Sketch, ofMctgnetic &ttion. af I Waik-kb,Ha-viwiam hIds. (not dLakLr, E L s'crL) I frw~t clroLvwrb to scCLe) I!/ I I I I I I I I I r I I I I I - / I / I -Ll 'S I I sAstror. Obsy?_ 4 / / 'IV / 3' I I I / I I I o;I L k. —7 —4' 1 N / I I I I I I rfI " I > / I / I / / / I I I I / \,L. i 0.. Y I - Mayret c Sta. 582 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. three-fifths of a mile south and about one-third of a mile west of the trigonometrical station on the extreme north point of the island. The astronomical latitude of this station was determined in 1887. The following sketch gives the relative positions: jKaAUckut Sketch of KahAkt, x aygneic Stiaion. Posuiior of Trigorwnrm. St&. L at. (Geodetjc- - 21'42 '19. 2 Lon., -_....157'58' 598 Magsonteoete (Dti Circe t 1600 ft. Trionometlric Sta. _ _ 9 I I IAbitract /f results, hKah inkt Oahu. DI'. Needle No. i. Dlte. N N. S. Mean. 1891., o / 4 o / Nov. 25 42 o 41 oi 41 3 Of~ 01 41 01 4131 26 41 34 05 20 27 41 07 24...,* _7__ Needle No. 2. N. S. Mean.. o / o / o / 41 34 41 20 41 27 26 28 27 12 38 25 REPORT FOR 1893 —PART II. 583 Abstract of results, Kahuku, Oahu-Continued. DECLINATION, DIP, AND INTENSITY. D Scale read- Declination Horizontal Magnetic D ing of axis. (east) Mean dip. Horizont mmentf magnet. i891. d. o f o / Dynes. Nov. 25 -.-__ 16'4 41 29-0 0'2932 129'3 26 29'34 13'0 23'5 31 128'6 27 4 I 47 24-5 44 128-4 OBSERVATIONS AT HONOLULU. Gravity-Description of station.-The receiver was mounted on the window sill of tle second story south roomt of the Kapuaiwa building, occupied by the Government Survey. Time observations were made in the observatory near by, and the chronometer used in noting the pendulum coincidences was connected with the chronograph so as to be used for the star observations in the evening. The oscillations were made generally in the daytime, as it was necessary for me to devote the evenings to either time observations at Honolulu or latitude observations at Waikiki, and, indeed, sometimes to both on the same night. The gravity determinations heretofore made at Honolulu were in 1883 and 1887. At the first-named time the station occupied was the cellar of the Young Men's Christian Association building, on the corner of Hotel and Alakea streets, and the instrument used was a pendulum of the reversible type (No. 3), measuring 1 yard between the knives In 1887 the Kapuaiwa building was occupied, and the pendulums were hung from an iron bracket embedded in the wall in the first story of the building. The determinations in this case were made with two pendulums, of which one was (No. 3) cited above, and the other (No. 4) of the same pattern, but having a distance of 1 metre between the knives. The small pendulums employed in 1891-'92 were therefore oscillated at Honolulu not only to connect the long series of observations made at Waikiki with a permanent station, but also to have an additional check on the work that was soon to follow on the Island of Hawaii. Moreover, the permanent station in Honolulu would thus be connected with our continental stations by means of a new form of instrument, which would materially strengthen the result. The following are the pendulum observations and reductions. The mean of the direct and reverse results are combined with equal weights, irrespective of the number of individual observations in each position: U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations. -Honolulu, Hawaiian Isl~and8. (Observers E. D. Prestou, W. E. Wall.) Pendu-1 Posilum. tion. Swing. IDate. B, B., 1) R R I) R D) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 I I 1 2 13 14 1892. June 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 No. of coincidence intervals. 10 14 1 2 i6 1 2 10 10 6 4 4 6' 8 6 6 Time of ten coincidence in, tervals. Seconds. 2263-0 2254-3 2260-8 22631I 2262-5 2266-5 12267-5 2437'5 2441 -2 2438-8 2614-2 2613. 1 2617 5 2615 8 Semi-arc. Initial. Final. MMlf. MM11. 4-8 3-4 4'9 1'4 4-8 3-5 4*7 3'2 4*7 3.5 4-8 3-9 4-8 3-9 5'0 4-2 5-0 4*4 5-0 4-2 4-6 3-8 4-7 4-0 4-8 41I Temperature. 0C.25'93 28-5 2 28-40 28-25 27'90 26-64 26-34 28-60 28 -80 28-85 26-28 25'93 25-'48,25 '22 inm. 73.4 119-4 214-6 229-0 22V0 200-0 189-0 i66-8 i6o-6 161 -0 97*4 88-2 82-0 65 -2 mm. 767 0 1766-2 765 -8 7065 -5 765 -3 766 -0 766-4 766-0 765 -9 765-9 765 -6 766-0 766-4 766-4 PresManom- Barom-suea eter. eter. sur at MM. 630 583 497 485 492 514 525 540 546 545 6o8 617 624 640 REPO RT FOR 1893-PART 11. 85 Reduction of pendulum observations, Honolulu, Hawaiian I-land8. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 5OO0ma at 00 C.; arc infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Period uncorrected. Period corrected. Arc., Temperature. Pressure. Rate. Seconds. Seconds. 0-501 1072 -59 -453 -103 +326 0-50I 0783 1115 — 3I -561 - 65 +326 784 1083 — 61 -556 + 2 +326 794 1071 — 55 -549 + 12 +326 805 1074 --— 59 -535 ~ o6 +326 812 1055 -67 — 483 - II +326 820 1050 -67 -471 - 20 +326 8rS 0-501 0797 0*501 0277 -75 -564 - 3' +326 0.500 9933 0262 -78 -573 - 36 +326 901 0272 -75 -575 - 36 +326 912 0-500 9920 0-500 9582 -62 -467 - 85 +349 0500 9317 9585 -64 -453 - 92 ~349 325 9569 --— 67 -434 - 98 -4-349 319 9575 -70 — 424 -110 +349 320 0*500 9320 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. MAGNETIC OB3SERVATIONS AT HONOLULUT. The station was located in the public yard near the Government building. The magnjetoimete~r was set up in range with the northeast side of the Kapuaiwa building, anid at a point which would give a clear line of sight past the Government building to the trigonometric station (Puowaina) on Punch Bowl hill. The dip circle was placed under the shade of the bamnyau tree, a few paces distant. Tinie anLd azimuth observations were not necessary at this station, as the standard clock AC L1CVrm~Jt Bb4p'Q b Sketch, of Iorwo&dw, St&Y~ons a, - Position of Mayn-etonmeter b Di~lp Cw cle C,, Pwrairu), Try~qorwrrt. Sta.. Ct JV 4 Astron,. Obsy. e?~~~eredutwn. Apparatus Oct.'05 ft ia.lq of the Survey oflice was kept rated for the regular time service, and the direction from thme magnetic station to the trigonometric point onl Punich Bowl was taccurately known from the Government trianguilitiomi. The azimuth of the liue magnetic station - Punch Bowl, as furnished by Mr. C. J. Lyon's, in charge of the Survey office, is north 550 2O'101O east. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1893. Part II. No. 26. A Put, Kamldi YJV v L ichct House, rKvwih"e 11 C",' -;Oz REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. M~AGNETIC OBSERVATIONS. AJbstract of re81L18, Honolulit, Hawaiian lsland8. DIP. Needle No. x. Needle NO. 2. D ate. -- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ N. S. Mean. N. S. Mean. 1892. 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 June 2 41 02 40 10 40 36 40 42 40 54 40 48 3. 4055 13 34 34 46 40 4 41 10 22 46 46 52 49 587 1)ECLINATION, [DIP, AND INTENSITY. Date. Scale read. Declination Mea li. Horizontal Magnetic ing of axis. (east). Mendp ntenity. mo~ment. i892. d'. " '/ Dynes. June 2 10 14-7 40 42-0 0-2954 127-9 3 29-12 17-4 370o 47 19 4 29-00 i6-7 47'5 51 ' GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS. S. Pendulum periods B1 = 0-5010797 (Sidereal seconds) 132 = 0-5009920 B3= 0-5009320 KAWAIHAE. island of Ilawaii. Leaving Honolulu i-ii the after-noon of June 28, on board the Kinau, we arrived at Kawaihae on the evening of the 29th. The party consisted of Prof. W. 1). Alexander, surveyor-general; Messrs. W. E. Wall, W. W. Chamberlain, Louis Koch, and myself. The first observations were made oii the 30th. The work at this station consisted of gravity, latitude, time, and magnetic determinations. The station was situated on the property of the Hon. Samuel Parker, to whom, as well as to the genieral superintendent, Mr. Paul Jarrett, our thanks are due for many acts of kindness. The connection between the astronomical station and the triangulation of the Government survey was carefully made. The general location of the pfroperty is between the boat landing and the Heiau of Kamehameha I1, and about.one-third the distance from the ilcian. Illustration No. 27 gives the relative positions. Illustration No. 26 shows the triangulation station and shore line. 588 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Position of latitude station at Kawaihlae, Hawaii. P UU, KLjr aJlii IVort&Lh Base I )isllt:a'e fro:)l '1ul n Kilalii to,nrthti base = 5377T47 ft. " u ' " " " south " = 6614-39 Z " " u = 7~ 34' o, // (,eletic: L Put Kamalii = 20 03 28-80 " dL = - 0 01.500 " /l/ soutll base 20 02 2 380 r, / / (teodetic, M P'lun Kamallii = 155 47 27I19 " /dM = + 0 00 09-14 " IJ south lba,se - 1 55 47 36-33 Traverse, southli base to Kawaihae latitude statioll 1. N 520 43' E., 100 ft. to peg "A" 2. N 6 55 W., 68.7 ft. to latitude statioln Latitude station 1.28 77 ft. north of south base 4i u' 71-'2!) " east i " " U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1893. Part II. No. 27. Locacliorn of KavwaiJze Statiorns dJith reerecnce to So.Base A = LtitLude puer (MerLcicLn' telescope) B =Dip Circe C =Maynetorreter D =Rujrs ofstonre house Joohto Youny) P PendLujurm. Statiort U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1893. Part II. No. 28. - A - -- -. It t- B \. b b | | | C Raised PjL/form D 1 PLtorm, and Pits \ F |E Top of outer wltz F. F'rsf terrace G \ Payed spaice \~ \ \\\ \ 11E l H= Enltrace between, waUs ~i; \\\\ x I= = Storune walL,;\ V\ \ x\ N 11 J = Oldter slope X \ \ \ \ G | \ JK=s Second, terrace L. Thircd, I \ \ 1 1 M= SLopiny rwatL \ \ \\ o raocuse. potar \\ \\ o o l 0 I6. b.b.= Space poed with, peb\ $\ \ D o n btes rIp ofraiscdL \\ D- pittLfbrmr 1\,ectio o ASectioWn onm A-B [ o0,o fect I PLarc of Heiatz of Puuw KohoLw at Awa KLe, Ha waCui REPORT FOR 1893-PART IL.58 r, O" 000 0 I I Latitude L1- south base = 20 02 23-80! dL = + 00 1-28 " 'latitude sta. = 20O 02 251)8 Longitud(Ie Il s ou t I l) a se 155) 4 7 36033 dir 00 0-70 HI' latitude sata.= 155) 47.35-63 At this station are the remnains of ant ancient teniple, fiatu-ous inl early ilawaiian history as, the, scene of the first step)s by whtich all the islanids xvere coflsohidilte( ander o111 governmtent. It was here that Kainiehainelia betrayed anfld niardered his rival, Keona, baked his body in ani o)ven as a l-ast inidignity, and finally deposited it in the temnple, on the altar of the war godl. He was henceforth recognized as the inaster of Hawaii. A sketclioU thi~s interestinig Ieian from aetn~l inteasniremnenitshas been furnished by Professor Alexander and is given here as a, matter of curiosity. FIllustration. No. 28'a.j A remarkable feature of it is that although the early Ilawaiians hiad ino metal tools, and are to-day poor mlatheinatical reasoners, their ternlples furnish examples of quite accurate right angles. One testedl with a theodolite at Napoopoo was surprisingly near the truthi. Magnetic observations were made on. July 1, 2, and 3. The perndnlums, were swung on the 3(1, 4th, 5th, and (6tl, and time and latitude were observed during the entire stay. We left on. the mnorning. of the 7th. The weather was generally favorable for work with tile exception of one or two occasions when we had sudden gusts of wind fromt the mountains.* At this 1)oiIt p)relarations were nitade for the ascent of 'Manna Kea. Packers and horses were engagedl and the services of a guide secured. The connection of the astronoinical1 station. with the trigonometrical survey of th'e island was made at thtis station as well as at Kalaieha and Waiatu by Professor Alexander. Meteorological observations, were undertaken here i it connection with. those made at I onoluhi and Hilo, to be used subsequently in. determitming the height of the inountaiui. Tile pemuhulumn receiver was mounted oin a large and mas-,sive cast-ironiwheel, firmily em'bedded in thiegrounid. This was part of the machinery of anl old mnill and was fortunately found1 near the spot where it was desirable to use it. The tent was erected close by and the flash apparatus was set up inside the tent. The meridian telescope was also erected so near that the tent fly served as a protection, during the day, and at night was releasedl andl thrown back while the star observations were in progress. The following are the results of the pendulum observations: 'These storme are called iumutikiin the native language, iii contradit~tinction to the storms from the soultheast, which receive the name of kona. U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Kawaihae, Hawaiian Islands. [Observers: E. D. Preston, W. E. Wall.] Pendu- Posi- Svig lum. tion. Bl ID D 1) D 1) R I) 1) R 1) 1) R I) R I R |I I) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 16 x7 18 19 Date. 1892. J"ly 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 No. of Time of coin- ten coincicidence dence intervals. intervals. Semi-arc. Initial. Final. 20 18 16 i8 24 30 14 i6 18 20 i8 28 36 14 10 Io 28 i6 14 14 Seconds. 2184 0 2187-8 2173'4 2165-6 2156-2 2143-0 2343-6 2356-0 2369 5 2348-0 2334.7 2330'5 2353-6 2500-4 2498 5 2532-2 2494-4 2482-9 2485-7 MM. 4-9 4-9 4'6 4'9 4'9 4'9 5-0 5'o 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 3'9 4-6 4-6 4-2 4-8 4-7 4'7 nnm. 3-0 2-8 2'8 2-9 2-5 2-0 3-3 2-8 2-7 2-6 2-7 2-1 '-3 2-8 3-0 1-7 2-8 2-8 2-3 o c. 26-78 25 22 26'53 27 85 29 66 31'53 27'34 26'33 24'77 26-I8 27'79 29 66 29o06 27'49 26-84 25 88 27 64 29-06 29-56 mill. 765 6 765-5 766-o0 766-2 766-I 765 4 765-2 765-3 766-2 766-3 766-3 766 -j 765-5 766-0 766-2 766-9 767-0 767'2 767'2 Temperature. Barom- Preseter. sure at o~ C. mm. 695 697 696 693 688 683 692 695 700 697 693 688 622 694 695 626 695 691 690 REPORT FOR 1893-PART IL. 591. Reduction of pendtoturn observatioxs, rKawaihae, fHawaiian Islands. [Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressuire, 500-11 at 00 C.; arc, infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Period uncorrected. Seconds. 0-501 1473 '454 1529 '57' 1622 * 1693 0-50I 0690 0634 0573 0670 0731 0750 0645 0-501 ooi8 0026 0 9893 I 0042 0089 0078 Arc. Temperature. Pressure. - 54 -5' -48 -53 -47 -— 40 — 6o -52 -5' -49 -5' — 42 — 22 -48 — 50 -29 -50 -49 -42 -.489 -424 -479 -533 -6o8 — 686 -512 -470 -405 -464 -6o8 -583 -49' -451 -525 -583 -603 -154 --'55 -155 -152 -148 — '44 -151 -'54 -I58 -'55 -152 -148 -096 -'53 -154 -099 -'54 — '5' -150 Rate. +333 +333 -'333 +333 +333 +333 +316 +]316 ~316 +316 +316 +316 +316 +314 +314 +314 +314 +314 +314 Period corrected..Seeonds.. 0-501 11I09 157 i8o i66 152 156 '57 0-501 0283 274 275 318 313 268 260 287 0-500 9613 645 628 627 620 597 622 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. MAGNETIC OBSERVATrIONS. Abstract of results, Kaivaihae, ilawaii. I)P. Needle No. I. Needle No. 2. Date. i, N. S. Mean. N. S. Mean. 1892. o / o / o / o / o / 0 / July I 8 332 37 46 0 304 38 15 38 15 2 42 48 15 05 ~ 4 o 3 37 41 09 13 I6 4 ),ECLINATION, D)IP, AN) INTEIlNSITY. |I calc rIea- I)clilation c, Horizolital AMagnetic ig;t,- |i of t:xis. (east). t 1'- i intensity. 1 Imomlent. | 1892. |. o0 / / I )yne. lulyv 2()18 9 i8-7 38 09-5 0 -3001 129'4 2S88 '20-5 12 5 03025 I28-2.3 ' " 2.5 11i5 0.3010 127-8 'Sidtltreal ucoutlds.] 1.2 = ()-)0102'87 )DETiA'LMINAT1ONS OF LATITUDE. Tle ltitudel work att lie thrl ee stations occupied for gravity was only of seconldary imlportatle. Only a limlited number of pairs were selected f'(r observatioln,and atIl Kialaieia tle weather was so unfavorable that but three latitudes welre obtain ed. T'rhe instrument used was a mIeridian telescope of 31 ilches focal length, 2d incles aperture, and magnifi'ying power of 77. One revolution of the llicrometer gave an angular value of 6;5".85. One division of the latitude level is equal to 1"'66, and that of the striding level is 2"'21. The instrument is known as Meriditan Telescope No. 2. Iln making the observations only one bisection was made, and the level was not read more than once, generally after the measurement with tile micrometer. The results are not comparable in point of accuracy with those made at Waikiki with the zetlitll telescope, partly on account of the inferior accuracy of the instrument, but principally because the pier was generally constructed Ilnder poor conditions of stability. At Kawaihae and Kalaieha only ai wooden pier was available, and at Waiau the great difficulty of traus i;i,.,~ll ~ i l. i 1 1 1 l|. m ' 1 i i 1li 'Lll '~c1 1 1 1 1 1 ~"P 4~~-~. ~~;,~ 1R'I'. E S~, ii~..L 8..!3E'S~E 111 1 ~~~~El~ ~~|:I~ t>X 1 | | | | I | ii || All~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~I~ CD i to i OI z r~~~~x I~~~~~~i~~~~~P~~~~g~~~ii ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I (f~~~C ii~~~~~~ii'l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1 i~~~~~~~ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ rliI~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~t c4 l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ s~~~~~~i"~~~~~~~~~~l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L L~~~~~~~~il: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~( rx kkPO1RT FOR 1893-PART II. 593 portatiou and laboir ma Ide it necessary to construct a very small sub. structure., Thiefollowing tables give thenmean places and the individual results for latitude: e is the probable. error and p. is the, proper mnotion: Mean places of latitude 8tar8. No. of star (U. S. C.a nd Mean right G. S. cata- ascension (R{. A.). logue). 1892.0. h. m. s. 65 0 43 17 73 49 01 78 51 26 1247 15 01 50 8313* I I 1 2 1257 13 48 I267 20 24 1 284 30 o6 1298 36 43 I302 38 12 1309 43 5 2 13I7 46 32 1322 5 1 28 1333 5 7 39 1337 i 6 03 1 2 1342 07 5 5 I1346 I10 38 1361 21 34 13,67 ~ 25 28 1383 35 49 1387 3 7 1 4 1390 39 5 3 11394. 42 2 7 1416 5 9 5 8 1424 1 7 o603 1428 09 44 1429 1 0 36 1436 I13 3 3 1438 14, 3 5 1449 I19 5 7 1451 22 09 1457 25 5 6 11462 28 49 I471 33 05 1474 36 iS8 1477 38 03 1489 42 26 1499 50 49 1522 IS 02 o8 1524 02 5 5 Mean declination (Il. I892-0. 0 / 1 i6 21 26-70 23 02 35'70 22 50 03-63 48 34 o6-oi — 8 59 02-94 2 10 27 21 37 45 21 6o 27 04 41-89 1 3 I I 38-95 26 38 16-52 i8 28 31P07 21 i18 09 86 I 6 00 51 *59 23 o6 i619g 1 7 20 05 41 5 1 7 5 1 29 3 4 07 52'76 3 7 3 8 24-51 2 1 3 13 89 I12 3 6 17 63 2 7 07 30"74 34 1 4 17 07 5 26 26 27 -0 44 36-71 40 54 44-69 14 30 49'27 24 58 00-44 10 58 54 60 28 56 10-13 37 ' 4 44*45 20 10 2411I 2 48 21 10 1 9 2-o o6 -8 24 22 27 88 1 5 14 oI 65 24 37 07'43 39 21 47 92 0 41 131i6 8 13 13'335 30 32 47"59 Stone's Catalogue. e2 Proper inotion (WL. oo08 *03 '03 '02 '02 '02 -o8 '02 '02 *07 '02 o05 '03 103 *01 "07 -o8 '04 "10 '04 "05 *01 *04 '04 "07 *03 *04 *04 -o6 *04 *50 "03.04 "09 *04 I I — 0'210 -- -0'042 -— 0'054 0-0023 -0-524 +0-071 -0-107 — 0'029 +0 0029 -0-104 0-005.-1I-299 +0-025 — 0-023 -0-005 -0-128 -0'022 -0-093 -0"022 — 0 "62 +0"058 -0"057 — o -oo6 +0-007 +0 "022 -o-i65 -0-094 -01012 H 0 10 I +0-024 +0-0I4 -00~96 — 0-004 -0-070 -01i i8 0.000 -j-0"019 -10o057 S. Ex. 19, pti. 2-38 15. S. COAST AND GEODEITIC SURVEY. Results of latitude observations, Kawaiiaej Hawaii. No. of No. of star (U.S. Number of pair. C. and G. S. cata- observations Latitude. logue). 0 /~ 1/ 1 1243-8313 2 20 02 07-4 2 1257-1267 3 05o8 3 1309-131I 7 3 05 7 4 1284-1298 2 05 2 5 1333-1337 3 o6-i 6 1361-1367 3 05-4 7 1383-1387 2 05-8 8 1390-1394 I 05*0 9 1436-1438 1 07'7 o 1449-1457 1 06 3 11 1474-1477 1 04-0 12 1489-1499 I 06 3 23 20 02 05 '9 (Total) (Mean latitude) Star No. 8313 is from Stone's Cape Catalogue of 12 441 stars. WAIMEA. [Seo illustration No. 29.J On Thursday, July 7, 18912, Wainfca was reached. At this station only magnetic observations were inade. One station was at the west end of the base line of the Grovernment survey and the other was identical with the station occupied in 1872 by Mr. C. J. Lyons. Additional horses and pack ioules were engaged here for the ascent of Mauna Keta anld I)ldlilfinary aarranlgemge nc tsitiade for the trip. Throughout our stay the work was much facilitated by Mr. W. L. Vredenburg. Our camp wavis established in his yard. The party was also recipient of other favors at his hands. Waimnea is situated at an altitude of 2 600 feet above the sea level, with a moist atmosphere. Nearly every afternoon the trade winds bring in, rain, so that the observations were made witit difficulty. With so much regularity does the rain appear that it becomes to some extenit a timnepiee. In reply to the question, asked by one of our party, tas to when school was dismissed for the day, the answer was that the school closed generally a quarter of an hour before the rain set ~in. The climiate is well adapted to fruit, and the grazing land is of the best quality. The following plants were noticed in one of the gardenus:,Figs, wild tomatoes, bana ias, coffee, pineapples, taro, mangoes, caulitlower, and sugar cane. The following is a sketchlof themagnetic station occupied by Mr. Lyons in 1872; the other one is at the west end of the base line and needs no furthier description: U, S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1893. Part II. No. 30. I I \ \\ \\ REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 595 Abstract of magnetic results, Waimea, Hawaii. DIP. Needle No. I. Needle No. 2. Date.... N. S. Mean. N. S. Mean. 1892. o / o / I/ o July 8 39 32 38 I5 38 54 38 30 38 25 38 28 9 38 38 04 21 20 29 24 II 55 34 44 18 28 23 DECLINATION, D)II', AND INTENSITY. Date. Scale reading Declination Mll di. orizontal Magnetic of axis. (east). Mean dil intensity. moment. 1892. o / o / Dne. July 8 -- 8 50o0 38 4I'0 0-2966 128-0 9 --- 9 03'0 22'5 78 I29-3 I I ------ 042 33'5 86 128-4 NOTE. -On July 8 the magnetic station was at the west end of the base line of the Government survey. On July 9 and I 1 the station was half a mile distant from the previous one, at a point occupied in 1872 by Mr. C. J. Lyons, of the Survey staff. KALAIEIA. Leaving Waimea at 7.25 a. m. on July 12, we arrived at Kalaieha at 5 o'clock in the evening, having passed the entire day in the saddle. The distance is about 30 miles. The road is not steep, as the elevation to be overcome between the two places is only 4 000 feet. This gives an average rise of 1 in 40, or an inclination of about 10~. On the road specimens of lava were gathered at designated points in order to form a basis for estimating the average density of the rocks of the island. The route taken, as well as the points fromn which specimens were obtained, is shown il illustration No. 31. Kalaieha is situated on the Ilumuula ranch, which contains 237 000 acres, including a part of I.amakua. The tract runs down to the sea on the windward side and extends from the summit of Mauna Loa on the south to Mauna Kea on the north. At its widest region it is 20 miles broad. Its longest dimension is about 45 miles. On July 13 the stations were located and the tents and instruments put in position, and on the following day work was begun. Tie pendulum receiver was mounted on a large rock about 100 feet west of the house farthest to the west, and the latitude pier was within 2 or 3 feet of the pendulum in a southeast direction. The magnetic station was 200 feet due north of the pendulum. A general view of Kalaieha is shown in illustration No. 32. The prominent peaks along the path to the summit are identified by rectangular coordiuates. U. 8. $~ A" A"D qgEODETtt SU1VEY. LOCATION'OF PROMINENT PEAKS ON MAUn4A K'EA~ (ELEVATION, 13,82 FEET). The important points on this mountain are to be found in illustration No. 32 at the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines, as follows: Vertical. W 6 a C Horizon- Naine of peak. tal. Waiau - location of gravity latitude and magnetic station. x =Poliahu.* Ku-ka-hau-ula highest peak; the trigc~nometric station is near this point. =Ke-one-lie-he'e; trail to summit passes to right of this hill. 2 -~Ka Lepe a Moa; trail passes hetween this and e-2. I Omnahulua. 2 Kole. 2 =Loaloa. 2 =HIookomo. C k g h -I * "Poliabu is a poetical namie, being that of the demnigoddess with snow miantle who haunts Manna Kea. See) Legend of Laieikawai. I therefore propose to attach it to this namneless Peak-. The rest are the getumne native nmaums.'-[ W. D). Alexander.] Geodetic positiou of Kalaieha Latitude Stat-iou. Geodetic Z Oinaokoili to north base Distance from " "' "i "4 " it 4 46 96 i log (feet) log (mnetres) =- 2880 00' 40" 4*0977463 - 3-5817786 0 / II Geodetic L Omiaokoill front Aahuwela 94 36 d L = - 00 38-40 " LI north base= 19 42 35'23 0 Geodetic Al Oiuaokofilifrom A h w l 5 dMA I it 27 W6"9 02 04468 25 52~W26 ti fit' north base = 155 - -........~.-..- —-~...r~~ --- —.. -.-,~ —~- o a p, a " f;2: j 2 a i ii, i a;i o r" r Z t i i"` " i $ a " " a u: E.5 i Z ti 1. r /I.I LL r 3 FS i" i::I i -" Q cs fri;L r ig s J oi~t: d;i j; / txtr i J 1 i i -: Zi~ r r:: i m E1 b" _ r rs I\ h li:r P il~ti "i i;~ i q w ra~I 1~ C' f P i. L $ iE liis d Bi& 1~r I I r~~ IP i"" r;i~ L P;~ h,, rf~i~i F ~ —:~ 1 17 m:"`:fr i 1 4 P rli i./ t:.r ilnr ~~I~~,,?ii.:::*c i tl -I i u = % "i r* i-3 r vJ g I 46 5 ~ r' cS a i;;~c 1;~ Q a w,.a g u — i~- "als~: U7 a i RE4PORT FOR 1893-.PART II, 507 Gveodetic Z $al3sieha, north base to'latitude station 280 56'~ 00" Distance 4 " " " = 202-5 feet 0 /I Geodetic L north base 19 42 35 23 d L=- 00 1'76 Geodetic latitude of latitude station = 19 42 33-47 0 / I Geodetic MI north base = 155 25 52*26 d M =+ 00 1-02 Geodetic longitude of latitude statioii 155 25 53'28 The above position of Omaokoili depends on the correctness of a short base measured near Aahuwela and a chain of six triangles carefully measured. The error probably does not exceed 0"1-20. U. 8. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum obserrations, Kalaieha, Hawaiian Islands. [Observers: E. ). Prestou, W. E. Wall.] Pendu- Posilum. tion. Swing. I Date. No. of coincidence intervals. Time of Semi-arc. ten coinci- I Temper. dence I I ature PresBarom- sure a eter. 0o C. o0 C. intervals. B1 Ill, B3, 1) R I) l 1) R I I) R 1) 1) R D I) R K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 1892. July 14 14 15 15 15 I5 15 15 16 i6 i6 i6 16 i6 i6 i6 i6 i6 12 8 16 18 34 30 22 14 12 20 32 28 28 14 20 24 I8 14 Seconds. 2129-6 2128-1 2112-8 2IO6'7 2110'6 21212 2307 5 2320-0 2342'9 2326-8 2313o 2301'4 2439'6 2427 9 2431 5 2446-7 2456-4 2459'0 Initial. 5'I 5 'I 51'T 4-0 5'0 5 0 5'0 S'o 4'9 4-8 4'3 5'0 5'0 5'0 4'9 4'9 4-8 4'8 4'7 4'7 mtm. 4'0 4-0 2-7 3'5 2.2 2'4 2'8 3'2 3'1 3'1 [2-3] 2'4 2'1 2'9 2'7 2'3 2'9 3'0 Final. 0C. 14'77 14'36 i6-6i 17'04 I6'99 15 76 13'61 12'51 10-44 11 40 I2'8I I4'o7 14'77 14'97 14'77 14-16 13'36 I2'76 mm. 604'4 604'4 605-2 605'3 605-0 604-7 605 2 605 -7 605-7 605-8 605 -9 605 '8 605 8 605.9 6o5-4 605-0 605 -6 606-o mm. 572 573 570 568 568 571 576 578 582 581 579 575 574 573 573 574 576 578 RZPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 599 Reduction of pendulumn observations, Kalaieha, Ha0waiian I81ands. f Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 5000w- at 00 C.; arc infinitely small; sidler Al tinte.] Corrections (in seventh decimal place). Period uncorrected. Seconds. 0-501 I1767 I774 i86i 1896. 1873 1813 o05oi 0858 0799 0693 0768 0832 o886 0-501 0269 0318 0303 0239 0198 0188 Period corrected. Arc. Temperature. Pressure. Rate. -73 -73 -63 — 44 -46 -5' -56 -48 -57 -45 -46 -41 -53 -49 -43 -51 -52 4-10 + 27 - 67 — 85 - 83 - 32 4-58 ~ 103 + I49 4-91 + 39 4- 10 ~ 35 + 68 + 93 - 57 -55 -- 54 - -54 -56 -6o -62 -64 -62 -59 -58 -6o -62 I S econds. ~258 0*501 190.5 -j-258 928 ~269 969 +269 963 +269 I961 4-269 948 946 4-269 0-501 I074 +269 053 +269 038 4-269 o65 4-269 085 ~ 269 089 067 4-269 0-501 0449 426947 4-269 475 4-269 442 4-269 425 4-269 436 I451 a a 0 "4, ' 0 0 00 0 *0 a. * 11..11 's. 4 600 U. s. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. The latitude observations at this station were made with great difficulty. During the entire stay not more than four pairs could be obtained. The evenings were always either foggy or rainy, and as the telescope was mounted in the open air, it was often necessary to lift it from the Ys and take it inside the tent to be dried. The latitude was always made to give way for the time observations, as these were necessary for the success of the gravity work, which was the real objective point of the trip. JlesullNs fj la(tilde obaserrationl at Kalaieh, Haai al, a i. No f Number of No. o(f V Nocf(. St}umb er of. (U. S. ( and G. ". observations. I I catalo gue). I I 12S-. T 102 I 2 3 4 I 1309 I317 65- 73 65 --- 7S I I I 4 (Total) _ Latitude. o / // 19 42 03'2 02 5 o31. 01-7 19 42 02-6 (Mean) Abstract of magnetic resnlts at.Kalaieha, Hawaii. DIP. Date. 1892. July 14 15 16 Neele.;. 0 / I 0 39 12 38 14 [ 38. * No. x. Needle No. 2. | Meanl. N. S. Mean. / 0 / 0 / o / o / 23' 38 48 38 50 38 50 34 52 39 43 41 19 46 5 46 50.. 3.4.. D)E(C I'NAlTI)N, DIP, AND INTENSITY. Ilte..:Scale reading of axis.! 182.. d. July 14 29.06 16 j I -- - I!. ~.(!.;....... I l)e linatio (etst). o / 9 53' 52'1 - - -- - - - Mea 1 dip. o / 38 49'o 46-5 48-0 -Horizontal Magnetic intensity. moment. Dyne. 0'2949 128-5 0'2958 128-1 ____ __ GR AVITVY O(BSERVATIONS. IfSidereal seconds.] S. Penldulllum B = 0-5011946 J B= 0-5011007 B3= 0-5010451 I U S iwd tor Part B. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N"& 33' VA. ~ I. ~I MAFi REPORT FOP) 1893-PART II. 601 WAIAU. [See illustration No. 33.] The instruments were dismounted at Kalaieha on July 18 and packed for the final ascent. The distance to the summit, in an air line, is about 7 miles, and the difference of elevation about 7 000 feet. The path, however, was about 12 miles in length, and Waiau is 700 feet below the summit, so that the average rate of rise was 1 in 11, or all angle of about 5~O. The amount of material to be transported to the top of the mountain was very great. Besides the astronomical, gravity, and magnetic instruments, and the provisions required to maintain the party on the summit long enough to complete the work, it was necessary to carry fuel, tents, and blankets, and enough cement to build a pier for the meridian telescope. The whole outfit was.packed on 11 mules, and tile party consisted of 11 persons, including 3 packers. Everything being in readiness, a start was made on the morning of July 19. Before getting well under way, however, a fog set in. Some of the pack animals became difficult to manage, and soon it was noticed that the mule carrying the magnetic instruments, probably the most delicate ones of the outfit, was missing. A halt was made and eight of the party started in search, but as the fog was now dense, our efforts were of no avail. After a couple of hours of delay it was decided to abandon the journey for the day. We all returned to Kalaieha, the animals were unpacked, and the day given up to lhunting the lost instruments. The mule was found about 3 p. in. at the foot of tlhe OC)aokoili hills, some 3 miles distant. On the following day we again set out at 7.40 a. in. At 11.40 a stop was made for lunch. The route passed between Lepe a Moa on the left and Kole on the right, and we now fiund ourselves at an altitude of about 10 000 feet. Continuing in the direction of Keonehehee, and climbing this cinder cone in a northeast direction (see illustration No. 34), we arrived at the plateau level at 2 I. m. The elevation of this point is 11 600 feet. The mamame trees were not seen above 10 000 feet, and the raillardia, the only remaining sign of vegetation, disappeared at 11 500 feet. From this point on, the path was over an unbroken landscape of lava. Some interesting pyramids of stone, built to commemorate Queen Emma's visit, were seen on the edge of the plateau, and at an elevation of 12 0(00 feet was found Keanakakoi, a famous quarry opened by the natives many centuries ago for the manufacture of battle axes. At an elevation of nearly 13 000 feet, near Lilinoe, a burying ground was found, where the ancient chiefs were laid to rest in the red volcanic sand. Before reaching the plateau the animals suffered considerably from the rarity of the atmosphere. On the flank of Keonehehee it was with great difficulty that they were driven-with tongues out and sinking ankle deep in the soft scoria at every step, they presented a pitiable picture indeed and seemed U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. utterly regardless of the drivers' urging, whether with noise, or whip. Although heavily laden, they repeatedly lay dowvn, p)rofithig by even a f'ew minutes, wheit unobserved, to sniatch a few momients' rest. Some, were unable to reach the destiiiation and had to be unloaded threequarters of a mile from Waiau and turned loose to descend to the plains below. Their loads were repacked onl stronger mules, which were sent back fronm thle summ1itt. The endurance of these mountain animals is remiarkable. On the leeward side of th-e islandl where it seldom. rains, it is a cotummoim occurrence for them. to pass eight (lays without water, and ca ses a-re on record where two~ weeks ha ve elapsed between drinking times. Our- camp was est~ablished on the banks of time lake known ats Waian. ISee Frontispiece.I This is a, body of water formed by the nmeIting snow and gathered froin time sides ot anl extinct crater. It is one of the highest bodies of water in the world, lbeing at an elevation of over 13 0O() feet. At 4 p). mu. the baggage, was all at the station and the amimnalrs wvere seiimt ba'ck. to Kalaieha, as there is imo provender within m-rany mniles of the place. The boihimig point of water on the summit (illuistration No. 35) is about 1860 F. Time raniges ot teniperature (lurinig our stay were from. l30 F. at night to l0S0 F. in the daytime,7 the thermometer heaving the samne p)ositimit at bo0th times. The barometer stood at 18&30 inches at 540 F. We found thle tI-a~dle winds lblowing at tile sumnum-yit, although the anititrades are supp~hosed by soiHCe to appear muntch. below 14 000 feet elevaotio. The atmnosliherie was very clear. Many stars were observed before sundowni with a, smmimll teles(cope. We, had, of course, ice, every night on the alake. With schel extreme rantges of teniperature there was mu11ch (lisclomtiort. Sl(eel)ing cots were miot taken, as it was entirely too cold at night, to lie off time grounnd. It was found necessary to niake,sleeping bags by'sewinig btlankets together. Although for miles in every direction aroindl WaItau thereo is an unbroken landscape of lava, and apparently notlhing to suplport life, we saw s"WI,piders,7 buitterflies, and flies during the staly. Around t he shorces of the lake the following plants were found growing, -althougoh the, lake itself is several thousand feet above thle last limit of vegetation. They wvere submitted to Presiden t D. C. (irilmant, ot the Johns Hopkins University, whio kindly forwarded the list, as tol)lowvs: (3ystopteris fra gilis lerh Trisetuin glonmeratnim Trill. Poac aunnal L., forma"J x-eh v-Z. Deschamnp4i a an s tralis Nes The first specimmenm w-as determimmed by Mfr. ~John IDonnell Smith, and thelasthee y' lDr. George Vasey. All time above plants were found groxwing near time same(3 loc'ality, at an elevation of about 13 100 feet, above sea leve1. See illustration TNo. 305 for summit view. iiili + c3 icy x c e —~- ----~-~-xI"-1-__L___l-x —1~-r —C~ Fi i-~~ll ~I: ii"i"V? i S; lj i aiilli -i T I Fa ti~ a:ril I'i Ii~?. ar i i i- E riiii I iiii:,,,,iiai i:: 63? r I 5" I Sc;i:aic 2 -illiLiiii w~i S t.i ii~;~ a R iiiiij i- r ~r:?ij: a i~o s i:"' i diir".; —t o,, iii.:-.rr,~~c:;i k a. —bWB:" i~iiiii iBc"" 3 S : ~~~ii ii. Bi siiii~i a. ri a " """;i'" fjb cU ii/I i C44 z e CO " Ij o, j -i: dY" ~ -i.~ — I.I a Q f I 1, 8 , D "Ig D s i~,, a t- " '4&1)1 17 a, ili rH mr;w TF, j$l L ~ii It;ti u " ~ u R;:i,,ir nw~-;;lil~ B B iiil "Z ";i~'Q'""~;iW: 3: __ -iiiliiii*l 1:.__.._ _ iil iiii i;g;i:~; U. S. C:aut adi Geodetic Survey Report for 1893. Part II. Swyy brue Repodrt fm 1893 Part fl.,EW FROM KHAILA, THE SUMMT OF MANA E LOO NG SOUTHWEST. '.. EkAin tiS 41T4 fiEOErs (IS25 fWeti OF.::::: _::: _ _ I REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 603 The Geodetic Position of Waiau, Latitude Station. O, Latitude of Mauna Kea (primary triangulation) 19 50 0163 N. Longitude ' " " " 155 26 18-75 W. Geodetic Z Mauna Kea to "Peak A" = 690 26' 00" Distance from " " " log (feet) = 3-656341( c" "' " " " " " log (metres) = 31403733 Geodetic d L from Mauua Kea to " Peak A"= -15"//-85 " L' of "Peak A" - 19o0 49' 45"845 Geodetic d Ml from Mauna Kea to " Peak A" = - 44"t456 " 6 iM' of " Peak A" = 155~ 27' 03"/206 Geodetic Z " Peak A" to Waiau latitude station = 337~ 18' 45".00 Distance from " " " " " " log (feet) = 3583900 " " " " " " " " log (metres) = 3-067932 Geodetic dL' from "Peak A" to Waiau latitude station = -35"/087 " latitude of Waiau latitude station = 19~ 49' 10"-758 Geodetic d i from " Peak A" to Waiau latitude station = - 15"-500 " longitude of Waiau latitude station = 155~ 26' 47"*706 Position of latitude station probably correct within 3 feet. All the above longitudes are conventional and should be corrected by adding 2' to them. The latitudes are derived fi'rol the main triangulation. The above computation was supplied by the Government Survey Office in Honolulu. U...COA$T AND GEOPWETif lURVEY. Pendulum obqervations, Waiau, Hawpaiian Island. [Observors: E. D. Preston, W. E. Wall.] um. I tion. Swing. Bg D R R 1) D R D R R D R R R D D R I 2 3 4 S 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 '5 i6 17 18 Date. 1892. July 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 No. of coincidence intervals. Time of ten coincidence intervals. 22 22 26 20 22 20 24 24 16 20 18 24 i8 16 20 I6 18 42 Seconds. 1992'7 2020-9 2049-4 2011-5 1977'7 1955-2 2087'I 2078'1 2071'6 2065-0 2092-2 2126'9 2221'1 2238-8 2359'5 2338 - 2309-4 2272'1 mm. 5'0 5-o 5'0 5'o 5-0 5-0 5'o 5.o 5'0 5-0 5'o 5'0 5'o 4'9 4-0 4-6 4-5 4'6 4-5 mnm. 3'5 3'4 3'1 3'7 3-5 3'5 3' 3-2 3'7 3-6 3-2 3-5 3'1 2-9 3-0 3'1 1-9 c. 10-09 7'57 3 95 7'57 II '20 13'91 15'77 16'85 17 09 16-85 14'07 11'45 13'7 12'10 3'30 4-70 '702 10-15 mm. 477'0 477-2 477-3 477-8 478-1 478-1 478-0 477 8 477-6 477-5 477-2 477'2 478-7 478-9 478-5 478-6 478-9 479'0 mm. 459 464 470 464 458 454 451 449 449 449 453 457 456 458 472 470 466 461 Semi-arc. Initial. Final. Temper- Baromr- I Presature. eter. se at RE~PORT FOR 180 —l-ART IL,.O05 Reduwtion of pe*ddulsm obwervtia*&e, Wazetat, Hd~taiia*s IsU4nd*. (Periods reduced to temperature, 150 C.; pressure, 6006-m at 00 C.; aro infinitely small; sidereal time.] Corrections (in seventh decimnal place). Period uncorrected. Period corrected. Arc. Tenmperatute. Pressure. Rate. Seconds. 0-501 2578 2401 2228 2460 2674 2820 wo*50 2008 2058 2097 2136 1976 1781 0-5oI 1281 o6i8 0715 0849 1027 -63 -62 --57 -67 -63 -63 -57 -59 -67 -63 -59 — 62 -44 -49 -49 -52 -34 ~204 +459 ~308 +i58 +045 - 32 - 77 - 87 - 77 -+ 39 +147 + 54 +120 +486 +427 +331 + 201 +32 +28 +23 +28 +33 +36 +39 +40 +40 +37 +34 +35 +33 +22 +23 +27 +31 +30 +309 +309 +309 +309 +309 +309 +309 +309 +309 +260 +260 +260 + -260 +260 ~260 +260 +260 Seconds. 0-501 3060 2984:9962 3038 3111 3147 3050 0-501 2267 271 292 345 247 163 264 0*501 1568 560 337 376 415 485 457 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Abstract of magnetic results at Waiau, summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. DIP..-* - -. Date. 1892. July 21 22 23 I)ate. 1892. July 21 22 23 24 Needle No. i. Needle No. 2. N. S. Mean. N. S. Mean. o / / o / 0 / o / 38 6o 38 09 38 34 38 42 38 14 38 28 57 13 35 24 38 31 54 I7 36 41 42 42 D)ECLINATIO()N,, P,AND INTENSITY. Scale reading Declination Men d Iorizontal Magnetic of axis. (east). Mean nt nsity. moment. d. o / o / ze. ~1. 0 / 0 / Dyne. 30-02 I0 210o 38 31'0 ----- 29'24.. 33'0 0'2950 123'5 _. _ --- —__ 39'0 0-2950 123'6 10 24'4 ------ ABSTRAC'T OF GRAVITY RESULTS. [Sidereal seconds.] S. Pendulum B1 = 0-5013050 B2 = 05012264 B3 = 0-5011457 The latitude of the station was determined by fifty-two measures on sixteen pairs of stars, as follows: No. of pair. 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Latitude of JFaia(. No. of star (U. S. C. Number of and G. S. catalogue). observations. latitude. o / // 1257-1267 2 I9 48 51.7 I290 —1302 1309-1317 1322-1333 1342-1346 1361-1367 1383 -387 1390-1394 1416-1424 1428-1429 1436-1438 1451-1462 I47I-1474 1471-1477 1489-1499 1522-1524 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 2 52 (Total) 51 O 54'6 5o-8 51 '2 52'3 53'3 52-4 54'o 52'2 52'5 52-1 50 4 50-6 53'0 49'4 I9 48 52'0 (Mean) I REPORT FOR 1893 —PART II. 607 The geodetic positions of the three stations on Hawaii, as communicated by Professor Alexander, are given in the third column following: Latitudes. Stations Astronomical Geodetic Astronomical itt ns'. latitude.. latitude. minus geodetic. 0 f o / I o / t// Kawaihae 20 02 05'9 20 02 25'I -19'2 Kalaieha. 19 42 02'6 19 42 32'4 -29'8 Waiau 19 48 52-0 1 9 49 Io8 -18-8 The above table shows that there is a delection of the plumb line toward the north at all three stations, anld the deflection at Kalaieha appears to be much more marked thanl at either of the other stations. By reference to illustration NTo. 31 it will lbe seel tlhat we should expect a greater deflection at Kalaieha than at either of the other two. The deflection at Ka Lae, the extreme southern point of the island, appears to be about 1' 29". This result is from work done by myself at this point in 1887 with zenith telescope No. 1, and a subsequent triangulation by Mr. J. S. Emerson, of the Hawaiian Government Survey, previous to 1891. FROM WAIAU TO HILO. The last observations were made at Waiau on the evening of July 25. The next morning the animals arrived from Kalaieha. They were packed during the forenoon of the 26th, and at 1.30 p. I. we started down. We reached the Humuula ranch (Kalaieha) at 5.45 p. in., having stopped an hour at Keanakakoi. On the 27th the instruments and baggage were all repacked. The party separated at this place, some going down the windward side of the mountain to Hilo, and the others returning to the sea over the samet route taken ill the ascent. This course was necessary because magnetic observations were to be carried on at Hilo, and as it was impossible to translort the baggage to the steamer on this side of the island, it was selt to Wailea and then to Kawaihae. We left Kalaieha at a. m. on July 28th with a snall pack train and a guide. The path is about 30 miles long, very rough, and much of the way over sharp lava. We were supplied with horseshoeing implements. This is a requisite to everyone making the trip. The lava is so hard and sharp that if a shoe is lost the horse's foot is badly cut in a few minutes, and neither persuasion nor force will induce him to continue the route unshod. Many carcasses were seel along the road, of animals that had been killed or left to die, as there is nothing by the wayside to support life. Just before arriving at Hilo we passed through 1 miles of swampy woods, which consumed two hours in crossing. Hilo was reached at 7.30 in the evening, after having spent thirteen hours in the saddle. The photographic plates exposed on the mountain were developed the next day, and on Saturday, the 30th, magnetic observations were begun. 608 U. S. COAS' AND GEODEtIC SUIVEY. HILO. The station occupied was on Cocoanut Island, about a mile and a half from the court-house. This station was chosen because magnetic work had been done here by other observers. The following is a sketch of the island, showing the location of the magnetic station and its position with reference to the house near by. Sketch of Mokuola (Cocoanut Island.).Ibstract of wmarnetic obscrrations at Hilo, Hawaii. 1)1p. I ate. 1892. July 30 31 Aug. i Needle No.,. Neede No. 2. N. S Meau.. S. Mean. o t 0 / 0 / / 0 / O / 39 43 39 3 39 23 39 I4 39 23 j 39 I8 39 04 22 20 32 26 50 12 31 25 15 20 I I'ECLINATION TP, DIP,AND INTENSITY. Datei. Scale reading Declination Mean (di) Horizontal Magnetic of axis. (east). - i intensity. moment.?892.. o0 Dyne. July 30 8 26-I 39 20'5 0-3064 127'0 31 29 00 25'3 24-0 '3o64 127-5 Aug. i 2876 i8-925-5 3057 1268 2.. 9'4 -- -.. _9... U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1893. Part II. No. 36. Macrnrtic g) g, ^ < b Keei ..... _ $ ts~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~w180s bst>Oon Cats Vn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~v3Mv~ ~ ~~................. n... %Lr;aAAH-r-t 8Oor l ONVA00087 'AVS 9n)4VaMV3-IV7Y 35M 'LE ON I 4dlir S 11111 pe"' p"opD pug Onoasm REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 609 In December, 1878, Mr. C. J. Lyons found an easterly declination of 70 40' at this same station. A comparison with the above wouIld give an annual increase of east declination of three minutes. NAPOOPOO, HAWAII. On August 16 I left Honolulu tor Kealakeakua Bay, where Captain Cook had. his observatory in 1.779. Arriving on the 17tb, the observations were begun the following day. With the aidl of a map and verbal instructions at the Government Survey Office, in 1honolulu, I wwas able to find the spot occupied by the great navigator, and the magnetic instruments were placed I)ractically in the same locality. (See illust: ations 36 and 37.) The following sketch (which is only approximately drawn to scale) shows the situation with reference to the Ileiau: C~~~~~ A A otar s-iv ft. &/Jh, -Wd&pcit im cenlre B Injrer court. WCadL -1a ft. Aiykh D= F&w Sfo'we, one Il. eower thavz C 50 ft. 70 ft. TQ Ma~rA;Myw-nctr Dip Circ-te The following readings were iniade a.t the mnagietonieter station: 0 / Cook's monument 4 12 Heiat on Kalaemamo Point 353 o6 Pole on Kamehameha Heian 15 32 S. Ex. 19, pt 2-39 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Abstract of magnetic results at Napoopoo, Hawaii. DIP. Needle No. i. Needle No. 2. Date. N. S. Mean. N. S. Mean. 1802. o o / o / o / o / o / Aug. 18 37 56 37 22 37 39 37 44 37 34 37 39 19 37 46 36 57 22 22 46 34 20 38 08 37 10 39 54 3o 42 DECLINATION, D1)i, ANI INTENSITY. Scl redig Delnt. Hori.ontal Magnetic )ate. I892. Aug. IS 19 20 21 Scale reading of axis. Declination (east). Mean dip. Horizontal intensity. Magnetic monient. (,. I o Dyne. 28'30 9 09-2 37 39'0 0'3035 124-0 --- Io-9 28'0 0'3027 I24'7 28-38 05'7 40-5 0-3011 125'3 o6 -6..~_ _ _ _ _ _. _. LA IIAINA, MAUI. Leaving Napoopoo at 3 p. in., on August 22, we arrived at Lahaina at 7 a. il. the following morning. Observations were made on the 23d, 24th, and 25th. The station chosen was in the court-house yard, as shown in the following sketch (approximately): C A =- Position of magnetometer. IB Dip circle. C = Flag pole. K H F E - Court-house. D = Latitude pier and gravity station, 1883. Readings at A. Distancefrow A. E a: 0 011' (mark) F-: 19 00........t.. 53-....................................................- 198 I):128 4298 11::31 3 20 J — 313 20...................................................... 35 " Angle at D between A and 0C - 280 45' Azimuth of line (C D - 336 18 Distance ( D 448.5 feet. REPORT FOR 1893 —PART I. 611 This latitude was determined in 1883 by observations on sixteen pairs of stars, with an average of five observations on each pair. The result is inserted here in order that the list of Hawaiian latitudes may be conplete. As no special report was made on the single latitude determined on Maui in 1883, it has never yet been published. The result is 9p = 200 52' 22/"8 The following are the results fromn the separate pairs: No. of. Number of pair. Latitude, observations. o / /I I 20 52 22'69 2 24'13 4 3 22-82 5 4 23'31 5 5 24'72 5 6 23'34 5 7 23'57 5 8 22-39 6 9 2I11 5 10 21'09 7 II 22-84 4 12 22'25 4 13 22'40 I 14 22 43 6 15 22'33 7 16 22'73 7 Abstract of magnetic results at Lahaina, Maui. DIP. DECLINATION, DIP, AND INTENSITY. 612 IT. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. WAIMEA "A," AT KAUAI. Return.g to Honolulu on the 27th of August, preparations were made for the occupation of two stations on the Island of Kauai. The steamer left on the 30th, and I arrived at Waimea on the following day. The instruments were not landed until September 1. On the 2d observations were begun. The first station was made near the old Transit of Venus station, occupied by the English party in 1874, and reoccupied by myself in 1887 while determining astronomical latitudes for the lHawaiian (lovern mellt. The following sketch explains distances and bearings: h. ~S F / I / / B~ 4 _-Cr G: Steep ' I C,~ + ciff / \ f /1 \ i \ A -l- Mfagnetic statiiji. K: Transit of Vents piTr. L -. Latitude station, 1887. J3: Mark. It 0:....Stone wall of terrace. H:: Arrow cut in rock (said to be by Captain Cook). I S 1) E. Dr. Campbell's house. IIEAIIN(US AND DISTANCES. Circle readings at A. Distances from A. 0 ' Feet. M. 0 of, K. 42 2: 78-2 B - 140 40 35-5 D2 178 40 103,5 E 211 25 131-0 fH:250 14 105-3........ i 30-5 K. L=....g 18 B i....... 16.4 The mark io the southern spire of hurch, about one-fourth milo southwest of magnetic station. Magnetic bearing of mark is south 300 west. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. Abstract of magnetic resllts at Waimea, "A," Kauai. DIP. Needle No. r. Needle No. 2. Date. N. S. Mean. N. S. Mean. 1892. 0 o / f O 0 / 0 / 0 / Sept. 2 40 48 39 35 40 12 40 13 40 25 40 19 3 56 48 22 28 29 28 DECLINATION, DIP1, AND INTEN;SITY. Date. Scale reading Declination i Horizontal Magnetic of axis. (east). Mean dip. intcnsity. moment. 1892. d. 0 / 0 Dyne. Sept. 2 28-58 10 03-8 40 15 5 012886 125 2 3 03 2 25 '0 79 1249 613 WAIIMEIA " B." As it was feared that local attraction might have influenced the work at the preceding station, a second station. was inade at Thornycroft. This station was designated as Waimea 11 i3,11 and is situated nearer the sea, on a level piece of land, with no rocks ii the immediate neighborhood. It is on what is known as the Rowell property and is about one-eighth of a mile west of the house. The station is 1 015 feet north and 2 828 feet west of the Transit of Venus pier. This is taken from a large scale map made by Mr. Williani iRowell, and is correct within a few feet. The following sketch shows the relative positions: E r1T~ HT )A A.A Mayn-etic $&diorf; B = Eax ofBasse C = Terkxut'dt HoLse,FG = FWue Fence Dtisxta es Aff I46f1t. HF = 9"1 AB =657" AB 614 U.. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Abstract of magnetic results at Waimea "B," Kauai. DIP. Needle No. x. Needle No. 2. Date.- N. S. Mean. N. S. Mean. i892. o o o / o o/ o / o / Sept. 5 40 45 39 54 40 20 40 24 40 6 40 20 6 36 55 i6 22 34 28 7 44 64 24 36 20 28 DECLINATION, DIP, AND INTENSITY. Scale reading Declination Horizontal Magnetic Date. Saof axis. (east). Mean dip. intensity. moment. 1892. o 0 o / D e. Sept. 5 9 42-6 40 20'0 0-2934 I240. 6 _ 49-2 22'0 0'2933 I24'0 7.. 47 ' 26o0 0-2926 124'0 NONOPAPA, NIIHATU. It was originally intended to close the season's work wltn tne stations on Kauai, but as it was necessary to wait several days for the return steamer, the time was utilized by going to Niihau and getting a few observations on this island. It is the most western one of the Hawaiian group, and is rarely visited. Our magnetic observations are undoubtedly the only ones ever made on the island, and it was fortunate that the occasion presented itself for even one day's work. The conditions, however, were not very favorable. During the entire stay the wind blew violently, which precluded the possibility of determining the axis of the magnet and made all the observations extremely difficult. The station occupied was 350 feet distant from the large crane at the landing. The direction from the crane to the magnetic station was south 18~ east. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. 615 Abstract of magnetic results at Nonopapa,.Niihatu. DIP. Needle No. r. Needle No. -2. Date. N. S. Mean. N. S. Men 1892. 0 / 0 / 0 t 0/ Sept. 9 41 01 40 o8 40 34 40 35 40 51 40 43 DECLINATION, DiP, AND) INTENSITY. Date. Sc ale reading Declination A ean (lip. Iloriiontal Ms gneticof axis. (east). intensity? mom(ent 1892. 0 / 0 / Dyne. Sept. 9 --- 10 01-4 40 38-5 0-2928 125 4 MOUNT HAMILTON, LICK OBSERVATORY, CALIFORNIA. Leaving Honolulu at noon on September 14, we arrived at San Francisco, at 1 p. m on the 21st. Passing the instruments thirougil the cuistom-house and repairing the air chamber of the pendulumn apparatus consumed several days, and on the 26th I left for the Lick Observatory ill order to conniect this station with the work (lone outsidie of the United States. Moreover, this station had been occupied several tilnlsfor the determination of the force of gravity, both with the long and short pendulums, and it was desirable to check thiis work as well as to swing the pendulums used in the Hawaiian Islands under exceptionally favorable conditions as regards temperature and clock correections. Observations were mnade on, Septemb~er 28,.219, and 30. The work was much facilitated by the ]kiunlfess of the director, Profe-ssor ilolden, a separate time correction being madlC by Mr. Campbell for our use. U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Pendulum observations, Mount Hamilton, California. [Observer: E. D. Preston.] du- Swing. u tion. mum.10i/ur Date. No. of coincidence intervals. Time of Semi-arc. ten coinci- ______dence intervals. Initial. Final. T - Manompera- e er. ture. Barom- Pressure eter. at oo C. D I) I) R R R D D D R R I) D D I) R D D *1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 i8 19 1892. Sept. 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 12 26 24 26 2V 6 22 26 16 22 24 16 18 I8 20 20 18 28 20 Seconds. 2843'3 2836'3 2838-5 283 I2 2836'I 2823'3 2823'6 3185'2 3169-4 318I 6 3179'6 3167'2 3175'0 3509'4 3500'2 3479'0 3476'4 3493'4 3492'5 mm. [52] 5 4 5 -4 5-2 4-5 4'9 5-0 4-1 5 1 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 4-6 5.1 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 mM. 3'8 2'7 2'7 2-6 2'1 4'4 2'7 -8 3'0 2'7 2'6 3'0 3'0 2'4 2'5 2'5 2'6 I18 2'7 o C. 16-15 16-15 16-20 I6.40 i6-6o 16-75 I6-65 14-62 14-67 14-72 14'77 14.77 14-47 12-56 12-66 I2-8I 12-86 13 o6 12 86 nm. IIg 109 123 124 127 139 io8 134 I29 132 137 130 133 130 136 129 130 128 132 mm. 653-1 653-9 654'3 654-0 653'5 653-0 652-0 653-6 654-0 653-8 653'0 652.5 652'5 656-0 656-6 657'0 657-4 657 6 657-8 MM. 502'9 513-' 500'2 498-6 494'9 482-8 511'7 491'9 497'o 493-8 488-2 494'4 492-0 501-9 496-5 503'3 502-6 504'4 501'1 * Swing No. 1 rejected by observer. REPORT FOR 1893 ---PART II. 17 Reduction of pendulum observations, Mount HIamilton, California. [Periods reduced to temperature, 15~ C.; pressure, 500mm at 0o C.; are infinitiely Snall; aidereal time.] I Corrections (in seventh decimal place. Period uncorrected. - eriod corrected. Arc. Temperature. l'ressure. Rate. I Seconds. 0-500 8808 8829 8823 8846 8830 8870 8869 0-500 786I 7900 7870 7875 7906 7886 0o500 7134 7153 7196 7202 7167 7168 -7I -56 — 56 -52 -37 -76 -5' -29 -57 -51 -49 -56 -56 — 42 -49 -48 -49 -38 -5I -48 - 48 -- 50 -..- 58 -66 --- 73 — 68 + i6 4-+ 14 + 122 4 22 --- 2 j -247 o 247 4- I t 247 + 4 1 {- 247.t- 4 I t-247 -9 1 + 247 Secondst.'o-500 8962 964 984 978 982 988 976 0-5('X 8100 105 082 091 110(3 1lO 104 096 - 6 -4- 6 4- 5 4- 9 4 4 -- 6 - 246 4-246 -4-246 4 —246 - 246 4 246 4 -+ -4 -4 -A — 1oI - -4-266 0500 7458 97 4 q- 3 4 4-266 470 91 I - 3 266 502 89 --- 2 -| - 266 o60 -81. -.- 3 4 -266 473 89 -- I - 266 471 486 SUMMA RY. 8. Peldululi B1 = 0-5008976 B, = 0-500(7486 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. BAROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHTS OF WAIMEA, KALAIEHA, AND WAIATT. Meteorological observations were made during the month of July as a check on the heights determined trigonometrically. A barometer was read at Hilo, near the sea level, on the windward side of the island, simultaneously with similar observations at the three stations mentioled above. In addition to this, Prof. A. B. Lyons, of Oahu College, made readings at Waimea, from July 18 to July 27, which furnish independent values for the elevations sought. The observations were made at 9 a. m., 3 p. m., and 9 p. m. At Waimea the station occupied by myself was not identical with that of Professor Lyons, so there is no check on the result for this place; but by combining the Waimea observations with the continuous ones at Hilo, and with those made on the mountain during its occupancy, two very concordant independent values are obtained for Kalaieha and Waiau. Barometer Green No. 3380 was carried to the summit, and No. 3353, also by Green, was used by Professor Lyons. An intercomparison of all the instruments used showed an agreement within one hundredth of an inch in the readings when under the same conditions. The station occupied by myself at Waimea was Mr. W. L. Vredenburg's house. Professor Lyons observed at the " Lyons Mansion," which is presumably about 50 feet higher. At Kalaieha the readings were made at the northwestern cottage, about 100 feet east of the pendulum station, and approximately on the same level. The barometer was hung in the tent at Waiau and was 3 feet higher than the surface of the lake. Tlie Hilo observations were made some distance from the sea, and the elevation of the station is given as 100 feet, although I believe this is only an estimated value. The reductions were made by means of the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables (edition of 1893) and gave the following results: )ifferences of height. Number Probable Differences of height between- Date of oscr e rro Difference vation. in feet. ings. mean. Feet. Waimea (V) and Hilo July 7 to II 11 3 2632 Waimea (L) and Hilo I8 to 25 13 5 2672 Kalaieha and Hilo 13 to 8 i8 I8 6700 Waiau and Iilo 21 to 25 14 23 1 3233 Kalaieha and Waimea (L) i8 and 27 4 13 4033 Waiau and Waimea (L) 21 to 25 12 27 1 0557 2I~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A to.5 I 2 I0 REPORT FOR 1893-PART 11. C 1.9 From the above table we derive the, elevatioms above H~ilo) as follows: Station. Observer, Observer,I Kalaieha Waiatt Feet. Feet. I 6705 6700 I 3229 1 3233 MIean. 6702 1 3231 The, triangulation made by Professor Alexamller (ba sed oii the elevation. of Mauna Kea primiary trigoiioinietrielal statioii) gave the lol1lowinig results: Mauna Kea iry A (above mean tide from previonss trianigilatioii) 13760'O 49 6 2. (by leveling from above) 18t Summit A 131810-0 Peak A = Poliahu 136.16. ce: the dimiiulltioll of gravity on account of distance. The negoative sign attributed to the last tlerml must not be interpreted as weaning tlat tlhe actual eltec(t of this lmatter is to diminish the value of gravity at (1'). It rather lmeans tllat, tll general effect of the plain beilg to increase gravity at (I'), the ililuenle of (a P's d) comes ill 'her'e as explessingl tl(e lifterelcc bletwele tlhe effects of the plain and colie, and tlat I le plaii enecttt musIbt be dimin-i ished by 3 v 4+ a2 ishedbya. ibl (lder to g,'t tlre cte(,m( telti(t. 1tl',l c:1 (5 parenthetical )1art of tile actual plain el'tict beinlg + L, a l that 3 6 h of the volume (a P s d) b)eilng + t t2 + d their d iii'ce, or 36' 3' hi +4 3 + i gives tlhU actual eflect for the conie as expressed in (2). For a mountain 2-5 miles ligi anld havinlg radlius of base equal to 30 miles ^/Z+ a = i-, (nearly); so that it makes an e;ssetial difference whether we treat tile mountain matter Ias coIt or:S a plain. In this case the effect is changed by its onle-twelfth part. The formula d g - = The formula =g 1 -- ( - ) Ihs long beel kIlown as 'Yolnlg' Rule, although it first appeared in 1749, in Bouguer's work, "La Figure 628 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. de Ia Terre." lie makes the assumption that A = 2 6, from which the total diminution of gravity on account of distance and mass would be 5 h 54 h This correction has continually been applied in the treatment of mountains and table-lands by most modern observers. There has been some question whether this formula is the proper one to use, or whether, indeed, any correction at all should be made for continental attraction. It has been assumed that the whole cone of matter (P s t) might be brought down by compression to the line (d c) without materially altering the shape of the sea level. That is to say, that the vertical attraction at the point (P) before compression is approximately equal to that after compression. In other words, the intervening matter has no effect. This assumlption has evidently been made in view of the earlier measurements of the force of gravity, which seemed to show a very small density for mountains. Two notable cases of this are, first, the Andes,* which appear to be not muchll hevier than ice, and tile Island of Ascension, wlere the observed force of gravity at the sea level was actually less than tllt at the summit of Green Mountaini,t indicating that the downward attraction of all the matter above the sea level was insigilificant. These remarkable results have not always been confirmed by later observers, and recent work calls for a different interpretation of the effect of this matter. The condensation theory proposed by Professor Ielmnert, in his "Die Mathematischen und physikalischen Theorieen der hoheren Geodtiisie," makes it possible to treat pendulum observations in a way more consistent with time results of modern observations, and by so doing to derive a mluch more trustworthy value for the earth's ellipticity. Just how particular forms modify the density deduced for the mass lying between the sea level and the upper station is shown by the following table, which lhas been calculated for Kalaiehal, at an elevation of 6(60 feet. The mnean den sity of the earthl is assumed as 5.67. The diminution of gravity in passing fronm Kawaihae (elevation 8 feet) to Kalalieha is 0(00 320 g (g being the value at the sea level). *L Figr e 1 o la Terre, par M. Boguler, Paris, 1749, p. 362. t Memoirs Royal AstrDnomical Society, Vol. viI, p. 60. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. Radius,if base in 11ils. Figure. 10 I 1 I 20 2 ~..__._ __.. _ _,_ _ i D Itnsitv. Cone 4'3~ 4'1 o -I00 6 )02 Spherical segment 4'10 i 3.8 I.;9SS 3S Cylinder 4'01 92 3o7 i i4 Infinite plain 375 375 375 5.375 I iffeel 'cs o,,r V.r\-in0 radills. Cone 20 0-2 0 0o0-o 0o o 0 o04 Spherical segment ' 0-12 o 0o6 004 -02 Cylin(er { 0.o9 0-05 I 0-02 o 01 Infinite plain oo00 o0oo o000o o0 0( I)ifferettncs fron, c({n, for vairyil, fi, liurc.l Cone Spherical segment 0'20 ol12 O -oS o-S O6 j6 Cylinder 0-09 o o6 0'05 c(,; o 0-02 Infinite plain 026 0o17 01'2 o'l 0-0(1, It is seen that beyond 30 miles the eflilect of anl ilc(re:ase il tllh ra:tlills is comparatively ilsigificlant, alndl thllt, ally possible cihaiifge ill tlle lfirll of the matter after this limlit is rea(lied ca o11 t esseltially illodlif the resulting density. Tile cone and tlhe inflitite llaill beinll tlhe eXtireme cases between which all otler fotrms fall, it is wortl while to (coIilmre these two iln their effect on tlle force of' gravity fir the luarticltlatr case under consideration. The elevation of tihe pe)(liednlum sta:tion at Wailau, near the summit of Maunat lKea, is 13 (0;I fite(t TIhle mllolittait is gelierally gradual in its ascen(t, a1nd if we assiume 3:0 umiles as the rladius of h 2.473 1 the base, we have h = 2-47 (= O) i 1, Without stopping to inquire for t;le pIreselt wlleth(, r Young's Rule gives a density tor the mountainl wllichl is labsolutcly correct, for 1the sake of comparing Ma:nn:a,ca with i(tllc' ile mintaiis a rigorous firmulal is perlhas not necessary. If we cnsilder tllhe ilattle lyilgr between Waian and the sea level as 1a infllite plain, as 11as been done in other cases, we arrive at the equation: 6 = ~0536 z Taking the matter as a cone of lheighlt 2'17 miles and radius of Ibase:3 miles, we get: c,.-C2 A / f) =-{ ONb L 630 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Assuming z' - =5'-8 (Harkness), we have for infinite plain 6 = 2-99 for cone 6 -= 326 Either of these values is much greater than has usually been found for other mountains, and the latter one is greater thain aIny of the rocks found on the surface. An extensive collection of these rocks was made at different elevations, beginning at Kawailhae, on the leeward side, passing to the surnnit, and finally en(li ngcr at filo, on the windward side. In all, 26 specimens were o)tained. They fIlhve been carefully studied by Prof. ('eorge P. Merrill, curator of iatliology at the Smnithsonian. Institution, who has kindly furnished the following desc'ription. The points from which they were obtained are inldicated in illustration No. 31. Only 18 determinations of specific, gravity were lnadle, as this number of specimens seemed to includle all the distinct types in the collection. DEISCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS. As was the case withl simples submitted bliy yo in 1888, and as was to be expected froni papers by 1asna and othierst on the rocks of thlese islands, the samnples are all basalticavas, (lifler iig only hi (legrees of crystallization, conipactnei, and the a mount of decomnposition tbe(y -, h-ave, unilergone since their extrusion. The essentiaI constituients of all these rocks are basic plagioclase feldspars, augites, olivincs,,-and grains of magnetic iron, togetbier with sporadic microscopic apatites, titanic, iron, iron pyrites, and the various incipient forms of crystallization to Wvhicli the convenient name of trichites may lbe applied. A residu-ial (iass, (111, to iimperfect cryst-allization, is to he observed in greater or less abuindance innearly all cae. Ih mirsoi characteristics (of these rocks aind their constituient- miuneras heave been so well described by theo aliove-nientioned writer that little remmunis toi be done, here lint to call attention to such of their peculiarities as harve, a d1irect bearing npou the subjl)ect in hland1. All stages of crystallization are to be found iii time samplles submitted, fromn those consisting almost wholly of glass (specimens 1),and 13), through forms carrying sharply angufl.r or lbeau~tifumlly dendritic crystallizations of feldspar, augite, andl olivine in a glassy base (specimen 14), to those almost wholly crystalline, exhib)iting only here and, there small interstitial areas of more or less devitrilied glass (specimens 1, 2, 18, 23, etc.). A like variation is found in other physical properties, samples, from various sources shlowing. all gradations from. highly vesicular (pumiceons) forms (specimens No. 7, 1i, 13, 28, 31., 33), so light in some cases as to almost float onl water, to comliact glassy or crystalline varieties showing in the mass a specific gravity as high as 3-08 (specimen 2). Time following notes on a few characteristic specimens will serve to show the general character of time rocks. The specific gravitics given were made, upon powdercil material in picuometer flcasks: No. 1. A dark blue-graly rock, weathering 'brownishi, only slightly vesicular, and showing no crystalline secretions sufficiently developed to lbe visible to the -unaided eye. In the thin section it shows an abundance of lath-shaped plagrioclases, thickly crowded together; numerous imperfectly outline~d hlack and opaque areas, assumed to lie altered angites, and an occasional yellowish-red, badly altered oliVine. The ground mass is full of bla ck opaque matter and brownish decomposition products. Specific gravity, 2-82. See App. 14th Rept. UT. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1888, p. 529. t See Characteristics of Volcanoes, by J. D. D~ana, pp. 318-3,54. REPORT FOR 1893-PART IT. 631 No. 2. A compact dark-gray rock, with occasionall sm11ll vesicles ld silowillng ph,nocrysts of feldspar and occasionally allgite of sucll size as to lie visible to the naked eye. In the tliin sectiol abundant basaltic allgiles in irregulalr granular forms, interspersed with lath-shaped plagioclalses, forill lthe chief ch:laracteristies. There is the usual sprinkling of grannies of iron ore, rand an occasional rather small, rounded bleb of olivine. Thle augites and pllagioclases occur in cryst:ls of tw\o generations. The amount of interstitial glass is prolportiolally smlall. Specific gravity, 3-08. No. 5. A dark-gray vesicular rock, weathering brownish ll alll c(otaini a comparatively large amount of iron pyrite. In the sect ion a 4dese lbse of irol ores and small angites and pl;agioclascs, with an abn llndant sprilnklinlg of laugite, oli itie, and plagioclaso phenocrysts. Specific gravity, 2'9. No. 7. A finely vesicular, almost pinmiceolls, lnea:rly blalck roclk, witlhout n11acroscopic constituents. In the sectionf a dense ndl very opa:<111, partially dlevifritried, glassy base, carrying scattering, plihenocrysts of plal:Igiocl;se, elivill, and Igite. No. 9. A finely yvesicular, nearly lacl; rock, witll oiily an occa:sional grlailt i t', rit recognizable by the unailded eye. Tlnlder thle micirosco lie like 7, lintit itli only f eldspar phenocrysts. Specific gravity, 2-79. No. 10. A compact, finely vesiculair, rearly blaclk rock., withllot limacroscoplic constituents. Undler the microscope:a dileirse,:lmoist olp):ate groti lllMl Iass, crow1\\1d' fi11 of granules of iron ore andt latl-slihped( plagioclases. Neitlher a:gitites lr oli viles seen in the single section examillel. Sieci ic gra:v'ity, 279. No. 12. A dark-gray, nearly black, finely vesicular rocik. withtlit m:acroscoplic icoitstitients. Under the micros'co(pe sihows oly small f'el4lsl ar icritl ites' 1ii a groiu ( mass consisting of darkl, soky, s, rolwn glass:a n111 lt, 1114'l:rable blacl:k opqtu:.' rat1 - ules of iron ore. Between crossed nicols are s(een' oi'c:tsinal briliialnt lyv olarizilng particles, evidlently olivine and augite, ulnt too s1mall:Inl itpilerft for albsol teo determination. No. 11. In macroscopic characters like the last, biut a trifle itore vesicular, and with more vitreons luster; weathers lirown. I'luir' tlhe t icroesco'l,:a y.Illow lrown glass, thickly stll(ddc(l' with clear, colorless, sharlply oi liniied laI:rgitclnass oli ill s, and iron oxides. Specific gravity, 2'73. No. 16. A compact, dark Ilue-gray rock, w\ithol t acll:l rscolpic coiislltitlltults,:tMd showing in the sectiolns undir all poe r ofr of 1SO1 (lia:iters: very dlets grounlll ltlasH in the form of a microlgra tl:r1 agg'engatt(,,i'f iti inlite gr: ills i il:lm'rl tagi ic iroi, at)iI iearly colorless silicates, bearring rarely grea:tly elon Iatell plagio icil:tla. Il1 i'rolt re its so prominent a, constitlt tit th ieceis of ():'3 grani weighlt were t:laki till) by atn trdlinary horseshoe magnet. A rouigh antlysis yieldcldSi(., 40'02 Ali ): an( d Fe( '):, 32 )'8 Cao) 1'2( MIg( 51'9 I' ( >) c} '(9, ill p* Specific gravity in bulk, 299; in powilir, 3o2. No. 17. Dark gray, inearly b1lacik, ca,;tscly vesi(c'lar, witl: a fiw u taitcrots(,opic olivines. In the sectiotn a bltack, si.oky glass, full iof irts os atitl l.arii aliii dant plagioclases in all stages otf (leveloplill'n t anl milliore rarely ols iv it's. llcific gravity, 2'73. No. 18. Compact, dark gray, withl only a'n occasional smll cleavag l face of.a feldspar sufficiently developedl for t etermina:tti) lby tlie uisstlid eyt. Il the r tl it,,etoi scope a normal basalt, almost lolocrystallill:m. Specific gravity, 2i83. 632 U. s. OAisT AND GEIODETIC SURVEY. No. 19. A brownish-red, vesicular, somewhat vitreous rock, showing under the microscope a red find very opaque glassy base with numerous plagioclases. No. 20. A brownish vesicular rock, showing under the microscope characters very similar to the last. No. 23. A compact black rock, without macroscopic constituents. In the section a brown-black glass, iijected with iron oxides and bearing numerous plagioclases and small colorless olivines. Augites quite inconspicuous. Specific gravity, 2*8. No. 24. A close-grained dark-gray rock, showing to the naked eye only minute elongated white specks suggestive of feldspars. Under the microscope like 23, D. A nearly black, highly vesicular rock, with frequent inclosures of pyrite, Under the microscope a yellow-brown glass with occasional large and small olivines and more numerous feldspars. Specific gravity, 2-88. In connection with the above the following remarks may be of interest. It is a commonly accepted principle among petrologists that, the composition of the magma being the same, the physical properties of any eruptive rock are largely controlled by the conditions of cooling and crystallization, rapid cooling being conducive to the production of glassy or microcrystalline forms, while a more complete and, as a rule, coarser crystallization is developed when the cooling is more gradual. As, moreover, the conditions which govern the rate of cooling of a molten magma are mainly those of pressure from superincumbent matter-material being the same-it becomes at once apparent that those portions of any magma which are deeply buried will be the more highlly crystalline. The vesicularity and consequent specific gravity (in bulk) of a lava is to a certain extent controlled by similar conditions, since this vesicularity is due to the expansion of moisture in the magma; hence the amount of moisture being the same, the superficial portions will be the more highly vesicular. Further, it has been sllown, the magma being the same, the glassy varieties of any rock are less dense than those which are crystalline. The variations are usually slight, but, as given in the published descriptions, are found to be from 0'1 to 0-3 greater in the holocrystalline than in the glassy forms. At depths greater than have yet been rendered accessible it is possible to conceive of a still further condensation, due to a possible existence of the iron in a metallic state. Our knowledge of the physical conditions of rock masses under conditions of heat and pressure such as must exist at great depths is as yet too incomplete to afford data for anything more than speculation.t From what has been said above regarding the effects of pressure upon the physical conditions of a rock it will appear that the deeper-lying portions may be relied upon to show a greater specific gravity-the magma remaining the same-than do the superficial portions. It is obvious, therefore, that determinations on specific gravity on the samples submitted can be regarded merely as suggestive. Such determinations as I have made were, with one or two exceptions, as will be noticed, done by means of a picnometer flask, the material being first broken into small bits and weighed after the exhaustion of the air by means of a pump. The results may be regarded as in all cases a trifle under the true specific gravity of the material, since there is little probability that all the air included in the pores * Thus, an average of 23 determinations of specific gravity of crystalline and semicrystalline basalt, as given in Teall's British Petrography, shows a mean of 2'86, with extremes of 2-75-3'10, while 9 determinations on basalt glass gave a mean of 2-71 with extremes of 2-69-2-76.- (British Petrography, by J. J. Harris Teall, London, 1888.) tThe presence of metallic iron in the basalt of Ovifak serves to illustrate the possibility of occurrence of this sort, although unfortunately we are not able to say definitely that this may not be a superficial phenomenon due to a reduction of the preexisting ores by carbon rather than original metallic iron from the earth's interior. iEiPOoiT FOR 1893-PART IT. 3 and vesicles was wholly removed. Below are the results obtained in the metlhod described: Specimen No. i. Specific gravity 2-82 " No. 2. 308 No. 4. " " 2-90 " No. 5. 2-90 No. 9, " 2 79 t' No. Io. ' ', 2-76 " No. I, 2-84 " No. I3. (" 2'27 (in pow(der) " No. 13. 212 (in Iulk) " No. 14. " " 2-73 " No. I6. " 3 02 (il. powdier) " No. 16. " " 2 99 (in bulk) " No. 7. " 2'73 No. I8. " " 2S83 No. 23. " 2-'0 1). < 2 88 " No. I3. " " 2 00 (other part of piece) " No. 33. " I170 The mean of tile preced(ing values is 27. Tllis7, according to Profes sor Merrill, may be slightly u111(ler tile tirue value. A specinl)l firoii the Island of Hawaii not ilcludedl in tlie above( colle(t.ioll ga\ve a valiue of 3'2. In Prof: E. S. I)allas "Contribtutions to tlhe PletI',gra14)lly of the Sandwich Islan(ds," in tihe Americanil Journal of Science, J I1e, 18!9, the results of a number of determinations of specific, giravity;are givqen from the same island. Seven specilimens of basalt,nave vrallues va;yillg from 2-82 to 3-00 ()page 442). Another group of seven d(eterminaltiolls firnished examples of even heavier lava, vaLryil)g from.1-0) to 3:.20 (1>:age 447). If we take the meanl of the above values we get al sprecific( gravity of 2*90 for the specimens on tlie Island( of Iawaii. MaunJa Kea lias the form of truncated cone, so thlat its effect on tlie force of gravity alt its summit would be intermeldiate between that of a cone and an ilfinite plain. As the difference between the ratios of t for tlhe two fiormsl is only about one-twelfth of the value of either, a direct mnean between them will in all probability be a close approachl tol thie atual efli.et of the mountain. Thle attraction of an infinite plain oi a; poinlt ablove it is entirely independent of tle distance of tie point from the plait, atl we have for the plain effect the expression 2 r 6 h or 15.5<4 6 The attractions of the earth at tile tpper station (Waiau) and tlhe lower station (Kawaihae) are, respectively, 150(;' 8 zA andl 165876 A6 the linear unit being I mile throughout. 634 U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. The forces of gravity at the two places are, when corrected for difference of latitude, G at Waiau = 978-067 dynes G at Kawaihae = 978-798 " The foregoing values lead to the equation 20-8 15.54 a -00007470= - 165876 + 165876 from which -= 0*541 If we consider the mountain as a cone with an altitude of 2-473 miles and radius of base (a) of 30 miles, the attraction becomes 2 7nh [l1 Vt h2 a_= 14.26 and the resulting value of, is 0-589. We may therefore assume that the density of the earth is 1-77 times the density of the mountain, orthat the mean density of earth = 1-77 x 2-90 =- 5-13 I t. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. SUMMARY; List of stations occupied in the Hawaiian Islands, uith result8 obtained. 1883- 1887-1891-2. No. Station. Island. Dateoioccn Hegt Latitude. Longitude. _ation. (feet). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I I 12 13 14 15 i6 17 18 '9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Nonopapa Waimea "B" Waimea "A" Hanalei Koloa Puuloa Kahuku Honolulu ~c ct Waikiki Lahaina ct I-Haiku Pakaoao Kaupo Hana Kailua Napoopoo Kawaihae Kohala Ka Lae Waimea " (west base) Waiau Kalaieha Hilo Niihlau Kauai Oahu it Maui it it it It lc HTawaii cc it cc It it it ct li[ lC Sept., Feb. Mar., Sept., Mar., Jan., Feb., Nov., June, Apr., June, c May, June Iec., Jan. Julle, June, Aug., Jutie, July, July Aug., July, June, Aug., July, Apr., May, July, Apr. May, July Aug., 1892 C 6 and 1887 1892 1887 c c c 1892 1883 1887 1892 189I* and 1891 and 1892 1883 1892 I8S7 C l and 1887 1892 I887 i ( 1892 12 IO 20 IO 10 Io 385 9846 8 2772 13060 666o o f // 21 57 00'8 22 12 56-5 21 52 13'2 21 19 15'6 21 43 o61I 21 i8 02'5 21 r6 24'3 21 i6 24'7 20 52 22-8 20 56 02-6 20 42 51'0 20 36 40'8 20 45 38-9 19 38 20-9 20 02 05'9 20 15 29-3 18 53 51-7 19 48 52'0 19 42 02-6 19 43 11.2 h/. r. s. 10.3 i8-6 * Transit of Mercury. REPORT FOR 1893 —PAHT I1. SUTIMARY. List of stations occupied in the Hawaiian Islands, with r'csn 01 obtlibed. (637 No. Declination (east) Magnetic elements. lre of gravity. Dip. I or. intell. Relative. Ahsolc. 40 38 5 0nc. ) 40 38 '5 0'2928 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14* 15 z6 17 18 '19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 0o 10 01'4 9 46'3 10 03-5 o0 14'7 io I6-3 10 05'2 9 08-9 9 o8I 9 20'6 9 03'6 8 50'o 10 22'7 9 52-6 8 22'4 40 22'7 40 20'2 0-2931 0'2882 41 25'7 40 42'2 39 55'5 39 20-8 37 35'8 38 112 38 28-0 38 4I-0 38 34'3 38 47-8 39 23'3 0-2938 0-2951 0'2981 0-2989 0'3024 0-3012 0'2982 0-2996 0-2950 0-2954 0'3062 0o-998 836 0.998 S52 0-998 808 0-998 776 0-998 792 0'998 724 0-998 790 0-998 142 0-998 672 O'997 913 0-998 352 978'959 97,975 978-932 9 7 8 -9xo 978'91 6 978850 978- 914 978-279 o78'oS; i 978-485 * Time of transit - 4h 43~' 57', second and third contacts. The relative forces of gravity refer to the value at tIle Smilhsoniain Institution in Washington. In the absolute column this is assumed to Ie 98o100oo dynes, and the given values are the best ones attainable from the three expeditions. 638 U. S. COAST ANP GEODETIC SURVEY. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE TO THE FOREGOING REPORT. Since the foregoing report was written, Professor Alexander has made a comparison of the astronomical and geodetic latitudes on the three principal islands of the group. In addition to this, since the observed latitudes at Kawaihae, Hilo, and Waiau (Mauna Kea) are consistent with one another, the latter has been adopted as a standard, and a comparison has been made between the observed latitudes and the Mauna Kea standard. This brings out some interesting deflections of the plumb line. There applears to be a disturbance of more than a minute in the direction of gravity at the south point of Hawaii (Ka, Lae). At Kollhla the plumlb lilne is deflected half a lminute toward the south, and at Kalaieha nlearly as 1lmuch towa:rd the lnortllh the disturb:ance being in both cases toward the lmountain. The enormous deflection at Ka Lac (67") is also to the northward. Tllis is evidently caused by the great mass of Mauna Loa,* which adds its effect to that of Mauna Kea, and, moreover, is comparatively near to the astronomical station. On. Maui the same phenomellol appears. At 1Haiku there is a deflection toward tlhe soutl, and at Kaupo there is one to tlhe north, and, as before, the astronomical latitude determinied on the top of Haleakala (10 000 feet elevatiol), at I'laaoao, appears to be a normal one for that island. Judging by analogy, there seems to be no reasonable doubt that Oahu woulld have shown tlhe same thing had a1 station beenl made on the summnit between lKalulta mind PI'iuloa. Tlue mean deflection for each of the islands (leaving out Ka Lae, on the Island of Hawaii) is: Hawaii 27 Maui 29 Oahu 26 Whenl we come to compare the lmea latitudes for each island with one another, we find that Maui is too small, whether judged by the Hawaii or tile Oahu standard. The amount is nearly the same in either case, so that tle most probable assumption is that there is a preponderance of matter deflecting the plumb line to the northward at all the Maui stations. This supposition has been made by Professor Alexander, and seems to be the most rational interpretation of the results. The following table hlas been furnished by him, and is inserted here with his permnission: * Both Mauna Kea and Maunma Loa are nearly 14 000 feet high. REPORT FOR 1893-PART II. Hawaiian latitude compared. [See illustration No. 23.] Station. Astronomicail. (;Geodettic. __ -I -- - ___.. _.' S..., Ma.na Kca iff. i ami staiaidai d. Oa u. Kahuku Puuloa Honolulu Waikiki Maui. Lahaina Haiku Pakaoao Kaupo liana Hawaii. Kohala Kawaihae Mauna Kea Kalaieha Hilo Kailua Ka Lae o / // 21 43 o6'i 21 I9 15'6 21 I8 02'5 21 I6 24-5 20 52 22'8 20 56 026 20 42 5 10 20 36 40'8 20 45 3s 9 o // 21 42 I6'i 21 19 II8 21 I8 02-3 21 i6 26-8 20 52 532 20 5(> 04), 20 43 21( 20 37 41'> 20 45 47'5 20 15 17'7 20 02 25'I 19 49 1I'7 19 42 33'5 19 43 3~'4 I9 39 03 8 -1S 55 17.7 50' -t 38 I 3.o- ( 2() 3~'9 04 1o.. -00 19*2 860 ' 18 7-2' -~-tr ~o 0o / / 21 2 43-2 21 19 35() 21 1S 2()' 21 1( 53.) 20 5 2 31-5 20).5 5',; 2() 13 )2',) 20.15 7'3 20 14 5')() I2 412 14 IS 1)4 S 2'0 19 42 14 I) 43 11 7 () 38 45 ' i 5.4 5' ( /I ~ 22.9 2 7 '.. 42(,4 * 11*7 I I -) 1l '5 11() )' i '5 () '7 7 '3 20 20 19 I9 19 19 I8 15 29'3 02 05-9 48 52'0 42 02-6 43 II' 38 20-9 53 517 I'ositions for Lahaina: By olservation '" Oatiu mclan latitude " Mauna K a stanllardt 0 / / 20 52 2.-'S 32'3 31'5 I r 'k O -^ I - *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / ' *Is~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Date fiue I^' s15s 00200 3104 f BOUND s5l 17 I95? UN.. i MICP' yr / V' I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1