.rirTvEI;z uIooAwzuIai "Wr'v I'21 CU r AI T.................................. BSslmdn; OA A N[I 1"I V QNV'EITI LeVL'I39NILIS' T3 ifJ N VII I{SIhM{ do'S3V0S' g.~ 3 [qWR g ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. Corn.............Commerce. Flem.,..............Flemish. A Comp.,............Composition; comparative; compound; Fol.,.............Folio. compounded. Form.............Formula; formerly. A., adj.,..........Adjective. Conch.,.........Conchology. Fort..............Fortification. A. B.............Bachelor of Arts. Conj.,..............Conjunction. Fr.,................French. Abbrev.,.........Abbreviated; abbreviation. Conn.,...........Connecticut. Fr...............From. Abt.,..............About. Con., Contr.,...Contracted. Freq.,.............Frequentative. A. C...............Ante Christum. Con. Sect;......Conic Section. Fris.,............Frisian. Acc............... Accusative. Copt.,.............Coptic. Ft.,...............Foot, Feet. Act................Active. Corin.,............Corinthians. A. D., Lat. Anne Domini, (In the year of our Lord.) Corn.,..........Cornish. Adm.,............Administration. Corrupt.,........Corrupted; corruption. Ad., adv..........Adverb. Cosmog.,.........Cosmography. G Agr., Agric.....Agriculture. Crystallog......CrystaIlography. Ala.................Alabama. Curio., Curios., Curiosities. Ga.,...............Georgia. Alb., Alban......Albanian. Gael.,............Gaelic. Aig., Algeb.,...Algebra. Gazet.,..........Gazetteer. Alt.,..............Altitude. Gen.,.............General; Genesis. A. M.,..........Anna Mundi, (In the year of the world.) Gen,..............Genus; genera. Anat.,...........Anatomy. Ge.George. Anc.,..............Ancient; anciently. D................... Died; Dutch. Geog.............Geography. Ant., Antiq.,...Antiquities. Dak.,.............Dakota Territory. Geol.,.......Geology. Apl................ April. Dan., Danl,.....Danish; Daniel. Geom.,............Geometry. Ar., Arab.,......Arabic. Dat.,..........D... Dative. Georg.,......... Georgics. Arch., Archit.,: Archjtecture. D.C...............Ditrict of Columbia. Ger.,.............German. Archneol.,........ Archveology. D.D.,.............Doctor of Divinity. Goth..............Gothic. Arith.,...........Arithmetic. Dec.,...............December. Gov., Govt.,.....Governor; Government. Ariz.,............Arizona Territory. Del.,..............Delaware. Gr.................Greek. Ark.,............Arkansas. Dep.,.............Department. Gram.,.......... Grammar. Arm., Armor.,.Armorican. Desc.,............Description. Gun..............Gunnery. Arrond..........Arrondissement. Deut.,.............Deuteronomy. Art.,...............Article. Diag.,............Diagnosis. A. S...........Anglo-Saxon. Diam.,............Diameter. Ast., Astron.,...Astronomy. Diet..............Dictionary. Aug.,.............August; augmentative. Dim.,..............Diminutive. Av., avg.,.........Average. Diplom.,........Diplomacy. H.,................Hours. Dist.,..............District. Heb.,..............Hebrew. Dom.,.............Domestic. Her.,..............Heraldry. B ~~~~Dom. Econ....Domestic Economy. Hhd., hhds.,....Hogshead; hogsheads. ~~~~B ~Dram. Lit.......Dramatic Literature. Hind.,............Hindostanee. Dry., Dryd.,.....Dryden. Hist.,............History. B..................Born. Du...............Dutch. Hon.,.............Honorable. Bart.,............Baronet. Dyn., Dynam.,.Dynamics. Hort.,............Horticulture. Bbls..............Barrels. Hos............Hosea. B.C.,...............Before Christ. Hung.,............Hungarian. Beau. and Fl.,..Beaumont and Fletcher. lydrau., hydraul., Hydraulics. Bet.,................Between. E Bet. Between.IJ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hydrost.,....Hydrostatics. Bib................Biblical. Bibliog.,........Bibliography. E.,..................East. B. L..............Bachelor of Laws. E. by S.,.........East by South. Bob., Bohlem.,..Bohemian. Ece.,..............Ecclesiastes. Bet................Botany. Eccl.,.............Ecclesiastical. Braz.,..............Brazilian. Eccl. Hist......Ecclesiastical History. Icel..........Icelandic. Brit..............British. Edin. Rev.,.....Edinburgh Review. Ichth.. Ichthyology. Ichth.,............ Ichthyology. Bush.,..........Bushels. Educ.............Education. I...............Id est (that is.) E. g.,..............Exempli gratia, (for example.) III................Illinois. Elec., Elect.,.....Electricity. Imp.,............Imperfect. Encyc.........Encyclopedia. Imp., Imps.,...Imports. C Ency. Brit.Encyclopedia Britannica. ~~~~ Ip, ps.,..Imports. Ency. Brit.,....Encyclopedia Britannica Ind.,.............Indiana; India; Indian; industry. E.N.E.,.........East-North-East. Infin,........Infinitive. C., Cent.,........Century. Eng.,...............England; English. Inh...........Inhabitants. Cal.,..............California. Engin.,............Engineering. Inhab.....Inhabitants. Int., intens.,...Intensive. Can.,..............Canton. Eng. Law.......English Law. nt.,.Intee Cap...............Capital. Ent., Entom.,...Entomology. Intrj.,..........Interjection. Ir................ Irish. Car............... Carolus, (Charles.) Etc.,..............Et cetera. Is., Isa.,..........Isaiah. Carp...............Carpentry. Etym., etymol.,Etymology. It., tal.........Italian. Celt.,..............Celtic. Ex.,............Example, Exodus. Cf................ Cofecr, (compare.) Exp., exps.,.....Exports. Chald.,...........Chaldean; Chaldee. Ext.,.............Extent. Chap.,............Chapter Char., Charact., Character. Chem.,...........Chemistry. Chin.,............Chinese. Chir:,........... Chirurgical, (Surgical.) Jan.,..........Javanese. Chron.,.........Chronicles; Chronology. F., Fah., Fahr.,Fahrenheit. Join.,...........Joinery. Circ.,.......e... Circle. Fab.,F...............Fabrics. Josh............Joshua. Civ.,...............Civil. F a ro.,......F..... Family. Cl.,.........C....lass. Far.F,........ e....arrinery. Clim.,...........n. Climate. Feb.,.............February. K Co.,.........County; Company. Feud. F......eudal. Col.,.............Colonel. Fig.,.............Figure. Colloq.,..........Colloquial; colloquially; colloquialism. Finn.............F.innish. Kans.,e..... Ka.......nsas. Colo.,......b...... Colorado Territory. Fla,..............Florida. Ky.,..............Kentucky. (iii) ifV $ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK.......N. p.......... Noun plural. N. sing........ Noun singular. Num.,.. Numbers. L.,..................Lucius Paulus. Numis..........Numismatology. S.................South. ~................Eng. sovereign, or pound sterling. NY............. New York. Sam.,............Samuel. La.,...............Louisiana.,aisk.............Sanskrit. LangI.,.......... Language., Sax.,................Saxon. Lapp.,.............Lappish. Scot., Scots,,....Scottish. La........at. atin.. C.,...............South Carolina. t.,..............Latitde. Scrip., Script.,..Scripture; scriptural. lb.,........Poutnd weight. 0...................Old. (Antiquated but not obsolete.) Sculp.,............Sculpture. Lett., L.... etlish. Obs................Obsolete. S E.,............South-East. L' st.,.......... L'Estrange. Oct.,..............October. Sec.,.............Seconds section. Ling.,.........Linguiial, Linguistics. O. Fr.,............ Old French Sept...............September. L ~inn.............inn eus..0. Ger...........Old German. Serb. S ev.,.....eria n. Lisys......Linn sste, Opt................. Optics. Serb., Serv.,....Serviane Liun...eye.,........ system, Shak., Shaks.,..Shakspeare. ~~Lit.,...... ~it~~era~.t~ur~~e.Oreg.Lieaue..........r... Oregon. Sing...............Singular. Lithi.,.............Lithuanian. Or., Ord. Order. Slav....avon Or., Ord.,.........Order. Slav.,..............Slavonic. L. Lt....Low Latin Ord.,..............Ordnance. S. us., sq m....Square miles. LL.D.............. Leegun doctor; Doctor of Law, Oigin........... Originally. Sp.,..............Spanish. Log............Logic. 0. 5............Old Saxon, and Old Style. Sp. gr., Spec. gray., Specific gravity. Lon., Lund.,.... London. Oxf. Gloss.,.....Oxford Glossary of Architecture, Sport...............Sporting; sports. Lon., Long.,....Longitude. Spts..............Spirits. Sq. yds.,.........Square yards. St..... a..n......Saint. Stat.,..............Statistics. Pa., Penn......Pennsylvania. SW. South-West. S W.,.............South-West. Sw., Swed.,......Swedish. -. t4.,....,...,....... ~lfsnssesc~, (Mr.)................Participle used adjectively., yn......... ntx; Synonyms........... fonsionig, (Mr.) Pit........Piin Syn................ Syntax; Synonyms. Paint.,...........Painting. M.................Miles, te. Pal...............Palmontology. Synop...........Synopsis. M.A......Mach.I r ofArtr. Par.Paris, Parisian..Syste........... o t MAch.,......... Alach~nery, Par............... P Sh ste. Par..,,,,,,Plaiish. Malay.,,........ Malayan. Pass,............. Pasive. Man..............M-arege. r ~~~~~Man.:......, ~ MN~anege.~ P. Cyc.,.........Penny Cyclopedia. 1n f, l~lasn u~,. )liarmi'act ures.T T auf~ Manuf.,.Manufactu~res. Penn., Penna., Pennsylvania. Mar.,.... 1Maritime, and MarcP e S -ar.............. Maritime, and MarchPer., Pets.,......Persian, or Persic. Mar. Ins,,...... Marine Insurance, Persn, s Tenn............Tennessee. Pes Person. Mass............M.5assachsotts Portu gue., s..............P g se Terni............Termination, Matih., Math aics P e.............. Tut.............Teutonic. at,..qa,. ~;thema tjcs. I3att.,. Ma........31atthew. Phila......Phildelp.hia Tex.. Texas. Me., Maccab.,...Maccabees Pho. hoophyheol.,............ Theology. M.D. fMdcn Phr.........Docr of Men ice. Tob.,............... Tobit. d..,..........'land. Phren... Phrnology. Trans...........Translation. Phy...........Philosophy.'rish. Me..asne. ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~Phys.,.......Physics. I e..............,..Maine. hgs.,............PhysicR. Turk...............Turkish. IN ch.,................echanicsP Twp...............Township. iF~ied.,.... ch. ~echanics.e ~Physio., Physiol., Physiology. Tw. To p ~led. N......}edlicinee Pl.,................ Pluratl.' Met.,MutPil...t.....r.y..P1...Plural. Typog.............Typography. 1MetP., meta]L,...M otallu rgy, 1.0................Post-office. Metamorph.,.. Metamnorphosts. Poet..........Poety. Mletap.,M etahAys., iietaphlysics. Polish. Meteor, Meterol., Meteorology. Pi.P t....... P sU Pol. Econ.,......Political Economy. L: ii. Ger.. Mid. 1I. Ger., Midd le Iligth-GOermars. Popi.,..........n...PPopulation. i Mltr...P......p. Pe,.........as...pal.. U. S., U. States., United States.....yPpa.............. ges; also, past participle. tHin.,....,,~Minersalogy. Prep.,............Preposition. ~~i n.,.....,......Mineralogy-. Pret.,............Preterite. M~ini M......~innesota. Miss............. Missnissippi. Print.............Print.ing. V Priv.............. Privative. MileO. li........s..... e M nsi (ssm Prod................Prodtuce; productions; products. V............... Verse; verb; volume. Mo., M.......5issonri ~.........er;vrbvoue i~~lo.,...,,,.......,.Missont~~j. Prof.,..............Pr'ofessor. Miont...........Monta. Prof. Professor. Va.................Virginia. ~~Miu~ss Music.,~ Pr-on...............Pronoun; pronounced V. a............. Verb ctive. Mlyths.,........ oogy. Pros...........Prosod. Ven,..............enery. I'rov.,.............Province; provincial; Provencal. Vi............... Verb intrnsitive. Psychol.,.........Psychology. Vil...............Village. Vn.,..............Verb neuter. ~~~~~~N ~Vol.,..........Volume. V.t................Verb transitive. N............. North. Vt................Verlmont. N..............o.................Quod vide, (which see.) Nat.,.............NatuaI. q 2l,..........Quintiuss Elius. Nat. or., Nat or., Natural order. N;mt.,.......... B~a~~tl NatuNt utial W Nay..............iNasal. Naviigation. W.,.........nv.......i....West; Welsh. N. C.,...........North Carolina. Wal., Wallach.,Wallach ian. Nebr,....... Nebraska. R..................Rarely used. Wash.,...........Washington Territory. Neg.,.............gtive. Rd................ Lat. radix, (root.) Will., Wm.,....William. Nev.,............ Nevada. Ref............... References. Wis.,..............Wisconsin. N. I.,........... New IIrapshlire. Reg.,..............Regular; Register. W. Va.,............West Virginia. NI.T. Ger.,...... New Higli-Germnot Rel.,..............Religion. N.J.,............Ne Jersey. Rev..............Review. N. Mex......... New Mexico. Rhet,.............Rhetoric. No................Number R...Rhode Island. z Nor., Norw.,. Norwegia.n. Romi.,.............. Romans. Norm. Fr.,...... Norman-French. Roei. Cath.....Roman Catholic. Zo51............Zoology. Nov.,............. November. Russ.,.............Russian. NoTE. - Other abbreviations, not included in the above list, will be found in their alphabetical order, with proper explanations. A OF KNOWLEDGE AND LANGUAGE AALE AARD AARG The first letter of the alphabet in almost every Aais'meer, a town of Holland, ten miles S.W. of Am- Aard'-wolf, [Du., earth-wolf.] (Zo'l.) The Proteles Lak nown language. This, doubtless, is owing to the sterdamn. Pop. 2,200. landii, a singular carnivorous animal, first brought from ~ great simplicity of its sound, it being the better AanRl, a measure of liquids among the Dutch, varying in S. Africa by the traveller Delalande. It forms the conwhich is most easily and naturally uttered by the organs different places from 35 to 41 English gallons. necting link between three genera widely separated from of speech. In the Continental and Oriental languages it Aar, the most considerable river in Switzerland, after each other, having externally the appearance and bonevaries less than in English, where it has at least 4 distinct the Rhine and Rhone. It forms at IlHandeck, in the strocture of the hyeena united to the head and feet of sounds, known as the long or slender, the broad, the short valley of Hasli, a magnificent waterfall of above 150 the fox, with the intestines of the civet. Its size is about oropen, and the middle: asinnamse, call,manc,father. In feet in height, and empties into the Rhine, opposite that of a full-rown lfox, which it resembles in both its Grasimar, A is styled the indefinite article, and denotes Waldshut, after a course of about 170 miles. habits and manners, being nocturnal, and constructone or any; as, a man. In Music, A is the nonminal Aal'au9 the chief city of the canton of Aargau, Switzer- ing a subterraneous abode. of the 6th note in the gamnut; it is also the name of one land, situate on the river Aar, at the south base of the of the two natural moods, and is the open note of the 2d Jura. Pop. 5,094 inhabitants, chiefly'Protestants. Lot. string of the violin, by which the other strings are tuned 470 23' 35" N., Lon. 5~ 2' 55" E. The famous baths of and regulated. In Logic, A denotes a universal affirnia- Schintznach are about ten miles distant. tive proposition; and in Algebra, a, b, c are used to repre- Aard'l-vark, [Du., earth-pig.] (Zoel.) A genus of anisent known quantities, while the last letters, a, y, z, are mals which belongs to the class Mammalia, and to the generally tlaken to denoteunknown quantities. As anu- order Edentata. It feeds upon insects and roots, andburmeral a', among the Greeks, denotes 1; and with a mark rows in the ground. It is nocturnal in its habits, and under it, a, 1000. With the Romans, A signified 500; passes the greatest portion of its time in eating and and with a short horizontal line over it, Af, 0000. In sleeping.-Aard-vark is the name gihen by the Dutch at trials of criminal causes among the Romans, A signified the Cape of Good Hope to the Orypcterops censis, a' =' absolvo, I acquit; and was hence called litersa salutaris, species now disunited from the Myrnecoiphaga, or Antthe saving letter. When put to bills of exchange in Eng- eaters, of Linnmxeus, with which it was formerly classed. ___ land, A signifies accepted. A 1 is a symbol by which __ first-class vessels - that is to say, vessels whose hull and B ____ equipments are in an efficient condition-are known and registered at Lloyd's for a certain number of years H -............. after being built. A A A, in Clemuistsy, signifies anals.... etf qama, to mix; and in Pharmacy, 0, or sd, denotes that Aim \ /,V;' - / /////fi the proportions of the ingredients to which it refers a'e PFf ig. 2.- AARD-WOLF. to be equal. A is frequently used as an abbreviation: | /,,'- ] / A/na'g-ls, or AnaovIA, one of the cantons of Switzerland, A.C. for Ante Christlsim, befoie Christ; A.M. for aesne 7'// bounded on the north by the river Rtline, on the east by mundi, in the year of the world,- and for ante meridian, and Aks, [Tent. aa, flowing water.] The name of several small A_ | telya miles. Pop. 194,600 in 1860; omueprehending 101,194ProAaI'boag, a seaport in Denmark, the capital of the see one of the cantons most distinguished for industry and of the same name, province of Jtitland. Manufactures generally diffused prosperity; and by the union of pasof sugar, soap, snuff, chocolate, and scythes. The entrance - toral with mechanical pursuits, the citizens have attained to the port is such as to require vessels drawing more counfort almost unparalleled. The legislative power is than ten feet of water to lighten before they approach nested in the great council, consisting of 200 members, the city. Pop. 10,070, in 1860. It lives entirely upon ants, and in this respect resembles the one half Catholics, and the other Protestants, who Aar'en, a fortified town of Wtirtemberg. cap. of a dis- the Echsidna of Australia, the Myssssecoplaiga of Amnerica, are elected by the general body of the people every six trin't of same name, on the Kocher. alt. 40 m. from Stutt- and the Pangolis of Asia fulfilling tire same purposes years. This canton possesses a military force of 16,00~9 girtt; List. 48~ 47' 20" N., Lon. 10~ a 27" E. bp. 4,272. in Africa which the former fulfil in their countries. men, and its resources amount to $3,200,000. 2 ABAC ABAN ABAT Aar'l'lau%, one of the districts (stifts) into which Den- (Artlh.) The name of an instrument employed in Eng- of the ship or goods insured, to the insurers, in eonsemark is divided. It embraces the most easternpart of the land to teach tihe elementary principles of' the science of quence of damage or loss sustained iron any of the peninsula of Jutland, anid is divided in two bailiwicks, numbes' The ancient mathematicians also employed causes insured against. In every case of loss or damage Aarhuius and Rhanders. Area, 1,821 sq. inm.; pop. 140,000, front these causes, the insured is not entitled to abandon, chiefly occupied in the fisheries, and the females in, but only when serious injury has been sustained; asspinning. when the voyage is lost or not worth pursuing, or when Aarhuus, a city, the capital of the bailiwick of the Greeiat Dosic. the thing insured is so damaged and spoiled as to be of same name. It is situated onil the Cattegat. Lat. 560 9~ little or no value to the owner. In the case of shipwreck 35" N., long. 100 8/ E. Pop. 7000. The harbor is small, or other misfortune, the captain acd crew are bound to but good and secure.~~~~~~ __ __ tg~jdctor other ighsr u, of cabtaindonment;w for which the Arabut nlvood and secure. othNehrad,1mis do all in their power to save the property, without proAarlanderveen, aeaa, tt town of the Netherlands, 17 uliles judice to the rights of abandonnient; for which they S. of Haarlem. Pop. Y,6S8. Roman Doric. are entitled to wages and remuneration from the inAarolon, son of Amram (tribe of Levi), elder brother of surers, at least so lar as what is saved will allow. Moses, and divinely appointed to be his spokesman in Ab'ano, a town irs the province of Losibardy, Italy, at the embassy to the court of Pharaoh. By the same ( thie foot of the Viceistine Hills. It is visited by invalids authority, avouched in the budding of his rod, he was tt for the benefit of its baths, which were well lknown to chosen the first high priest. lHe was recreant to his the ancients, and are noticed by Martial and Claudian trust in the absence of Moses upon the mount, and made as Fontes Aponi. the golden calf for tile people to worship. He died on Corisnthian. Ab'n tes, a. A people of ancient Greece, who came origiMount Her in the 123d year of Ihis age, and the high- Fig. 3. - AoAOUs. nelly from Thrace, and settled in Phocis, where they built priesthood descended to his third son Eleazar. the term abacus to designate a table covered with a town which they called Aba, after the naise of Abas (Aaron's rod,) in Arch., is a rod like that of Mercury, sand, upon which they traced their diagrams. The their leader. but with only one serpent, insteadoftwo, twined around it. Chinese Abacus, or Shwan-pano, is also an instru- Ab'arisn, v. High mountains separating the country of Aaron,. HI LL OF, [Arab. Jebel Hsaroun.] A lofty mnou- ment for lacilitating arithmetictal calculations. It the Ammonites and Moabites from the Ihmd of Canaan, tain range of Arabia Petren, in the district of Sherah or consists of several series of beads or counters strung where Moses died. Seir, 15 miles S.W. of Shobek. On its highest pinnacle - upon brass wires stretched from the top to the bottonm Ab'aris, the IHyperborean, a celebrated sage of antiquity, called by the Arabs Nebi lHaro-un - is a sneall building of an instrument, and divided in the middle by a cross- whose history and travels have been the subject of much supposed by the natives to enclose the tomb of Aaron; piece from side to side. In the upper compartment learned discussion. Everything relating to him is apoand there seems no reason to doubt that this is the every wire has two beads, each of which counts 5; in'the cryplial, and even his rera is doubtful. Some refer his Mount Hor mentioned in Nuln. xxxiii. 3. lower space every wire has five beads of different values appearance in Greece to the third Olympiad, others to Aarl'sens, FRANCIS, Lord of Someldyk and Spyclk, one the first being counted as 1, the second as 10, the third the 21At, while some transfer himi to the 52d Olynepied, of the ablest negotiators ever produced by the United as 100, and so on. As in China, the entire system is or 570 years B. C. Provinces; born at the Halgue in 1572, died 1641. Am- decimal, that is, when every weight and measure is the Abas,' a weight used in Persia, for weighing pearls; it is bassador for fifteen years to the court of France, hle was tenth part of the next greater one, the abacus is used equal to 2.25 grains Eng. held in high esteem by Cardinal Richelieu. with wonderful rapidity. Abascs', an island in the Red Sea, near Ethiopia. Aat yl, a town of Syria, 54 miles S.S.E. of Damascus, Abacus is also a Roman table, or high shelf placed Abase', v. a. [Fr. abaisser.] To cast down, to depress, chiefly inhalited by Druses. Its extensive ruins show against the wall, and serving as a cupboard or buffet. to bring low; almost always in a figurative and personal that it once was a place of importance. Abad', a Hindoo word, signifyiing the city of; thus sense. Aav'~ora, n. (Bet.) The fruit of a species of palm-tree, Hyder-abad, the city of Hyder. Behold every one that is proud, and abase him." -lob xl. 11. which grows in the West Indies and Africa. It is of tie Ab'adia, n. (ZeS1.) A wild animal of Africa, of the size Abased' or Abaisse, lowesed,humbled. size of a hen's egg, and included with several others in a of a steer, or half-grown colt, having two hliorns on its fore- (Her.) The wings of eagles, &c., when the tip inclines large shell. In the middle of the fruit there is a hard head, and a third se the nape of the eeck. Its herd downwards to the point ofthe shield, or when the wings nut, about the size of a peach-stone, which contains a and tail resemble those of an ox, but it has cloven feet are shut. white almond, very astringent. like the stag. lAbase ment, a. The act of being brought low; the Abe, a prefix to words of Latin origin. It signifiesfrsom, Abad'dson, n. In the Bible, and in every Rabbinical act of bringing low. separatisg, or departuree. instance, this word means the angel of death. or the Abas's, v. a. [ieb. bosra, to be ashamed.] To make A.b, the eleventh month of the civil year of the Ilebrews, angel of the abyss or "bottomless pit," or the place of ashamned; to cast down the countenance; to put to conand the fifth of their ecclesiastical year, which begins destruction, the sublterranean world. fusion; to confuse or cocfound. with the month Nisan. It answers to the moon of Alt'adehl, a Persian town in eFars, 115 miles north of July, that is, to part of our month of July and to the Shiraz, formerly a place of importance but now decayed.y hard d were aed." -to. beginning of August; it consists of thirty days. Pop. 5,000. Abash nienitt, n. State of being abashed; confusion Aba, or rather Abou Ilaanitaf or ]tanfa, sur- Abad'iotes. The nameof a Mohammedan settlement of fi'omn shamne. namred Alnooma, born in the 80th and died in the 150 year pirates, situated upon the island of Candia, south of Mont Absas'si, or Abas'sis, n. A silver coin of Persia of the of the Hegira. He is the most celebrated doctor of the Ida, consisting of a population of about 7,000. They are value of twenty cents, orthodox Mussulmans, and his sect is th'e nmost esteemed a branch of the Saracens whom Nicephosus expelled Abtat'able, a. ThaIt may or can be abated; as, an abatof the four which they severally follow. from Candia in tile tenth century. They are a smaller and able writ or nuisance. Akba, Atlbon, or Avaon, a king of HIungary, elected in weaker race than the other inhabitants, and speak the Abate', it. a. [Fr. abattre, to beat down.] To ]essee, to 1041; was murdered by his own soldiers in 1044. Arabic language. moderate, to diminish, to mitigate; as, to abate zeal, Aba, a mountain in Armenia, part- of Mount Taurus, Ab'adir. (Miyth.) The name of a stone which Saturn to abate a demnand, to abate a pain; —to cause to Ibil; where the famous rivers Araxes and Euphrates have swallowed by the contrivance of his wife Ops, believing to overthrow; as, to rbate a writ; —to deduct; — to their rise. it to be his new-born son Jupiter; hence it becamne the annul; - to deject; to depress; as, to abate the soul. Ab'abde, a tribe of Bedouins who inhabit the country object of religious worship. Abate, v. n. To flail; to be defbated; as, a writ abates; - south of Kosseir, nearly as far as the latitude of Jerr. Abaf;, or Aft, [A. S.] (Nasut.) The hinder part of a to grow less; to decrease; as, pain or storm abates. Many of this race have settled in Upper Egypt, but the ship; thus, "abaft the main-mast," that is to say, be- (Law.) To enter into a fieehold after the death of the last greatest part of them still live like Bedouins. Their tween the nmain-mast and the stern.'".Aboft tile beam." occupant, and betbre the heir or devisee takes possession.?avage neighbors, the Bisharye, inhabit the nmountains signifies the relative situation of an object in some part (H-erseansasei/le.) To perforces well sa downward mnotion. southwaxds fiom Derr. Their women are said to be as of the horizon contained between a line drawn at right A horse is said to abate, or taeke tlownm his curvets, whern,'handsome as those of Abyssinia, but are reported to be angles to the keel and the point to which the stern of working upon curvets, lie puIts l,alb his hind-legs to the of very depraved htabits. the ship is directed. I ground at once, and observes tihe sanee exactness in all Ababrdei, ATabde, or Ababidlek, a people of Ab'agun, n. The name of a fowl in Ethiopia, remark- the times. eastern Africa, thes descendants of the ancient Nubians, able by its bwuty,and for a sort of horn growing on its Abate'lnent, n. [Old Fr. atbater, to beat down.] The scattered throughout Nubia, and between the borders head. act of abating, or the state of being abated; diminution, of the vmley of the Nile and the Red Sea, ebut located Ab a]ka' lihan, the eighth emperor of the Moguls, a decrease.- The sum or quantity talken away by the act clfiefly fromn lat. 230 to the western border of Louver wise and good prince, ascended the throne in 1264. I-Ie of abating; the cause of abatirg. Egypt. They are smnall-lintbed, but well formed. Their reigned 17 years, and is by some authors said to have (Law.) A suspension of all proceedings in a suit, complexion is very darlk; their features, howdver, are been a Christian. from the want of proper parties capable of proceeding ceore European than negro. Abakansk'. A range of mountains in the governments therein. —A reduction made by the creditor, for the At'aca, or manilla hemp. See PLANTAIN. of Tomsk, in Siberia, extending finom tile river Tom to prompt payment of a debt due by the payer or debtor.ALbaeis'eus. (Arch.) One of the squares of a tessellated the Yenisei, parallel to the Altai mountains. — Also the' Thle deduction sometimes made at the Custom-Ilouse pavement. nanme of a fortified town of Siberia, in the goversnreenl from the duties chargeable upon goods when they are AbLbaeli', adv. [A. S.] (Naut.) The situation of the sails of Tomsk, on the river' Abakan. This is considered tihe daniaged. —Tlle overthrow of sen when they are pressed against the masts by the force of nmildest and most salubrious place in Siberia. Pop. 1200. action in consequence of some the wind. Thus,the sails are said to be "talken aback," Lat. 56 N., long. 9.1.14. E. error coemmitted in bringing or when, by a change of wind or otherwise, they sre placed Abal'ienate. [Lat. abalienare.] (Law.) To transfer to conducting it, when the plaiintiff in that position. another person that which was ours before. is not forever barred from bringing Ab,'aco, a long and croolked island, the largest of the Abalienal'tion. (Law.) The act of giving up one's another action. (Bsrr'ier.) Bahama groups, near the Florida coast, 80 miles long, right to another person; or a making over an estate, (Her.) An accidental figurer by an average of 15 wide. Its N. point is il hat. 26~ 30' goods, or chattels by sale, or due course of law.,added to a coat-of-arms, to lesset, N., long. 760 57' W. Pop. 1,900, (little Abaca adjoining Abancay', a district of Peru in the partids of Cuzco. its true dignity, and to indicrat included.) The sailor's landmark, IHole in the Wall," The surface is varied; the plains produce very rich crops some stain in the character of the is a perforation in the rock on the S.E. point. of sugar-cane, and the principal cereals, as well as mnuch bearer. Ab'aeot, n. The cap of state, formerly used by English hemp, which is manufactured into cloth in the chief Abatler, a.'One who, or tll.At Iings, wrought into the figure of two crowns. town. The mountains afford some silver, and pasturage which, abates. Fig. 4. -ABATESIENT. Abaetinal, a. (ZoS1.) A new name given to the aboral for large herds of cattle. The chief town is Abancay, at Ab'atis, or Ablattis. [Fr. abattis.] In military affairs, part or pole opposed to the actinal, in the species of the 65 miles from Cuzco. Pop. about 5,000. a Ikind of defence made of felled trees.. In sudden eanerord. Radiata, ec. (Agassiz.) Aban'don, v. a. [Fr. abandonner.] To forsakel entirely; gencies, the trees are merely laid lengthwise beside each Abae'tor, n. [Lat. abigo, to drive.]_ (Law.) One thatfelo- as, to abandon a hopeless enterprise; — to leave with r other, with the branches pointed outward to preveent niously drives away or stdals ah herd or nenbers of cattle view never to returns; to give up or resign without con- the approach of the enemy. When the'abatis is eucat once, in distinction from one that steals one ortvo sheep. trol; as, to abandon one's self to intemperance. ployel for the defence of a pass or entrance, the boughs Abace'susn, n. [L. dim, of'abacus.] (Arch.) A smuall A!bandon, n. [Fr.] A complete giving up; hence, rn of the trees are stripped of their leaves and pointed, the tile of glass, marble, or other substance, of various colors, utter disregard of self, arising from absorption in some trunks are planted in the gerud, ani the bracchee inused in malking ornamental patterns in mosaic peeve- fievorite object or emotion, rend sometimes a disregard terwoven withs each other. men ts. —Fairholt. of appearances, producing either careless negligence or Aba'toP, n. (Lame.) One who intrudes into houses or hscd, Akb'acezs. [Lat. counting-table, level, ahblet, &c.] (As-chu.) unstudied ease of mcanner. — Websteer. thart is void by thee death of the blrmer possessor, as yet A constituent part of tise capital of a column, which sup- Abandoned, p.a. Given rep; - is used in tise peculiar not entered upon or taoken rrp by his heir. ports the horizontal entablement. In the Tuscan, Doric, sense of self-abandoned to wrong or evil. Abattos, an island in the lale of Moeris, in Egypt, famous and Ionic orders, it is fiat and squar'e; tent, in the Con-in- Ab!anldonn ee', n. (Law.) One to whom somethin0 Is Ibe being thee sepulchre of Osiris, rued for producing the thian and Composite orders, itsfour sides are arched in- abandoned. papyrus, of which the amcienta needs their lper. ward, with generally a rose in ttse centre. In Gothic Abalnt'doner, n. One who abandons. Ahiattoir'. [Fr. abal/se, to knochc douc.] A term architecture the A. was very variously emphoyed, rccord- Aban'donnaent, a. A total desertion; a state of peing borrowed from the French, with whom it signifies ~ lug to the fincy of the architect. forsaken. — In. marine insurance, it is thee surrenedering slaughter-house. The abattoir system was, in 151%, ABBA AB3130 ABDA 3 adopted in Frrance. There are at present near Paris five Abba'tial, nibbatical, a. Belonging to an abbey. lar and commendatory. The former take the vow and imnnense establissnients of this kind, where butchers Ab'be, LoUISE, a poetess of France, who flourished in wear the habit of their order: whereas the latter are are provided with a place for sla1ughltering their cattle the 16th century, and was surnamed La belle 6brdelh6-e. seculars who have received tonsure, but are obliged by and keeping their meat in store. There are also places Ab'bg, n. (Eccl. Hist.) The Frencl term for an abbot. their bulls to take orders when of proper age. Other for,supplying the beasts with water, receptacles foer the Before the revoiutiou the title was assumed also by a distinctions also arose among albbote whern abbeys were fat, hoofs, blood, brains, &c. In the neighborhood of the class of persons who had not in all cases received the flourishing in Europe; as, esitred, those privileged to abattoirs there are manufactories of blood-mannre, gela- tonsnre, or undertaken to connect themselves with the wear the mitre aid exercise episcopal authority within tine, glue, and the other prodncts of the offal. In several church. They held it conspicuous place in society, aind their respective precincts; creosied, so ecamed from their of the large cities of the United States, slaughter-houses generally attached themselves to fashionable or literary carrying the crosier, or pastoral staff; wcsiszersical, such are placed -ender similar regulations to those which are patrons. This auomnaious class seems to leave taken its as exercised universal dominion; and cardinal, from their in operation in Pasris. rise from this great number of abbeys, the revenues of superiority over all others. - Abbot is also a title given Abai$atita. [Ital.] (M1usic.) In etrict or measured time, which were allowed to be bestowed upon layymen, upoi to others beside ths superiors of monasteries; thus, Abatiatc, JEAN CHARLEs, a French diploneet, B. 1791, condition of their takimg orders within a year eftier thsiur bishops whose sees vere formerly abbeys, are called abadministrator in Corsica, end several times elected to preferment, which latter clduse was frequeutly evaeded. bets. Among thu Genoese, the chief niagistraete of the the Cheeneberof Deputies; he distinguished himselfin the Abbeokiit'ta, or Abbeokoo'ta, a city of West republic formerly bore the title of abbot of the people. National Assembly of 1848 by his opposition to thus social Africa and capital of the Egba nation, is situated on the A bbot, ABIEL, D.D., at distinguished clergynmeen in Measdemocratic movememt. Appointed by Louis Napoleon E. bank of the river Ogoon, sixty niles N.E. frone Badea- sachusetts, born at Aedover 1770, died 1828. Author of nuinister of justice and keeper of tile seals in 1852. tIe gry, on thee Bight of Bemnin. Pop. about 75,060; greatly "Letters from Cubes," and a number of sermons. died Nov. 11, 1857. civilized by the labors of missionaries. Abbot, CHARLES, created Lord Colchester, sueaker of the Ab'ature, n. [From abate.] Spires of grass beaten Abbetibba, oee of the districts in the territories of British house of Comnmons from 1802 to 1817; died in down by a eta0 in passing. the Hudsons Bay Co. Let. 480 52' N., Long. 750 SO' XV. 1829, in tie 72d yeer of his age. Aba-ujvar. One of the palatinates into which the Ab'luess,n. (BEeet. Hist.h A female superior or gov- Abbot, CHARLES, created Loud TJenterdeu, English lawAustriesn kiugdome of Hlungesry is divided. It is moun- erness of a nunnery, or coevent of nuns, having the an- yer; born 1762; died 1832. His treatise on inaritime tainous, aund nearly one-half covered with wood. Its thority over the unees whice the abbots hleve over the hew is a standard work known to all lawyers. chleef 1rohuctions are wine, tobeecco, wood, corn, flax, monks. See Abbey. Abbot, mu post-township of Piscataquis co., Maine, ome the fruit, netals, aed precious stones. Area 1518 square Ab'bevie, i a city of France, capital of the arrom- Pistratesquis river. 76 ne. N. by E. of Augmesta. Pop. 766. miles; pop. 204,000 disseffiest of the same name, (dsp. of the Somme,) situ- Abbot, a township of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. Pop. Abauzi1t, FieacuuN, a French writer of great merit, was ated in a pleesaet snd fertile vaelley On both sides of thee 1507. born at Uzes in 1679. After thee revocation of the edict river Sonmee, 12 neiles above its uouth, and 25 miles N. Abbotsford, the seat of Sir Walter Scott, the eelsof Nantes, his motier took refuge in Geneva, where W. of Amiens. This towu, which is strongly fortified brated author of the Waverley novels, situete on the she expended all her sneall fortune in the education of on Vaeban's system, is neat aed well built; it is one of south bank of the Tweed, a few miles above Melrose. It Abauzit. Wheile travelling in England, le became the the most thriving neanufacturing towns in France. Be- tolces its name from ae ford formerly usled by the monks friend of Newten. He tas been highly eulogized both sides blacIc cloths of thee best quality, there are produced of Mlelro-se. Now occu ied by James Hope Scott, Esq., wled by Voltaire and Rousseau;but his literary labors, chiefly velvets, cottons, linens, serges, sackings; hosiery, peack- mearried thee sole survitving gramed-duegleter1 of Sir Wuuhter. theological, are not on a par with his high reputetion. thread,jewelry, soaps, glass-wares, etc. By help of tie In Iis religious opinions, this learned mecan leaned to- tides, vessels of 150 tons rome up to the town. Pop. tee wards Socinieanism, or thee neodern Unitarian doctrine. 1861, 20,058. Lat. 500 7' 4"' N., Loceg. 10 59' 58" E. Ile died at the age of ST years. Abbeville, in Alabama, a post-village, capital ol Abavo. (Bet.) A syeonye of the adansonia. uenry Co., 211 niles S.E. of Tuscaloosa, on Gattayabba Abb, i. [Sax. oh or ob.] Aneong weavers, yarn for the creelt. Pop. about 300. warps. They say also abb-wool in ths same sense. Abbeville, in S. Carolina, a district bordering on Abb, a town of Yemen, in Arabia, situated on ac neoun- Georgia, bounded on the SWAV. by the Savanneh river, tain in the nidst of a very fertile country, 73 miles N.E. and oie the N.E. by tie Saluda river. A-ea, about 960 N of Mocha. Pop. about 5,000. sqinare miles, soil fertile cued extensively cmltivated.. III ti Abba, in esucient Geography, a town inAfrira Propria, Pop. about 32,000. - Cipital, Abbeville, on an affluent oh near Carthago. Little river, 97 eiles WV. tey N ot' Columebia. Pop. eab. 600_ Abba, in the Syriac and Chaldean languages, literally sig- A beville, in Georgia, a post-village, capital of Wilnifles a fathecu; aed figuratively, a superior, reputed as cox Co., on Ocmulgee river, about 145 ice. W. of Savannah. Fig. 6. - A11T110TFORD. a father in respect of age, digueity, or affection. it is Abbeville, in Louisianua, a post-village, capital og more particularly used ic the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethe- Vermilion parish. Ab'botstowciii a post-eileage. of Ad-ms co., Pennsylvaopic churches, as a title given to the bishops. Abbeville, in Mississippi, a post-office of Lafayette co. niam 14 miles W.S.WXX of York. Abbacy, ni. The dignity, rights and privileges of an Ahb'ey, a. [Fr. abbaye.] A monustery or society uel Ablblotsvalley, a post-office of Tazewell co., Virginia. abbot. persons of eitheer sex, secladed from the world and gov- Abbortsvile, a post-office of Barks co., Ohio. Abbasie, JAFmEs, a celebrated Protestaeut divine, born eened by a superior under the title of abbot or abbess. Abbott, a towuship of Potter co., Pennsylv. Pop..377. at Nay in France, in 1058. Obliged to repesir to Itollaed, In the middle ages, abbeys or moneesteries were the re- Abbott's Creek, a river of Norti Cerolina; it flows and subsequently to Berlin, lee went at last to Eingglaned pe)sitorees, as wvell'vs the scmcinaries, of learniceg; many into the Yadkin. where he died in 1727. His pricipal worksc, ell Ierench, veleee'ele book' anm nmtionsal records, as well as private Abbre'viate, v. a. [Let. abbreviare.] To slorten by are: "1 Trait6 de la V~rit6 de ha Religion them tiuneee " eliutoey, havimeg been preserved in their libresries, the contraction or omissiom of peurts without loss-of the makir "Blfense de la Nation Britanmeique;' Histoire de la only piece in which they could heve been safely lodged suhestance; - to seorten, to abridges, to cut short. Couspiration Bernibre de IhAngleterre." iii those turbuleut times. Every abbey hed at least one (Math.) To reduce to lower termes, as a fm'action, Abbas.ILirzaa Persian prince,son ofthe Shoh Feth-hli, person vhose office it was to instruct youth; and the Abbreviate, a. (Bet.) Having one pert relatively born 1783. Well kmown biy isi nsuccessftul wetire ageiest histoeians of this tmme are chiefly beholden to the monks shorter than another. Russia ic 1811-1813, and 1826-1828. tIe died in 1833. ter the kuowledge they have of former national events. Abab evia'tioii anild Abbrevia'ture, is contremcHis death was a greet loss to sis coumtry, althougle he In thess houses, also tics arts of painting, rchcitecture, tion of a word or passage, made by thee omission of the could not leave prevented the encroachmeets of laIeu-e. seed printing wore cultivated. They were hospitals for letters, or by the sulestitution of some arbitramily sign; His eldest son, Moheenued Mirzn, mounted the throme tee sick and poor, and affomded entertninment to travel- as, La., Louisiana; Oz., oumce, etc. Alsoe the act of shin 1834, oe the death of Feth Ali, under the protection here at a time when there werme no inns. Thesy were like- breviating, shortening or red-ucisg. of Eeegland and Iussia. wise an asyluce for aged and endigent persons of good (Mues.) One dash, or more, through the steme of a 9 Abbas, (BEN-aBDEL-MOTAtLLEBc,) the uncle of Malconiet. fhacily. Tles bbeys were wholly abolished in Englamed note, deividing it respectively into qusters, senliAt first,saci enescy of the prophet, he afterwards became tey Isenry VIII at the tiuse of tile Reforucatiome. qmuaeSvr, or denmiseneiquavers. one of his nost devoted partisaes. Its died in the 32d year of tie Hegira; aced as his grandson Abul Abbes be- __________ A re'vk tor, one -vo abbreviates or rednes to mc becamrse caliph one century after eis deati, he may be _________________ regeerded ceo tie progenitor of the Abbasside dynasty. _______ suaropass. A buss'ru GSCAT. This celebrted Persias sovereige, of ~ —Abbre'viatori. [It.] A body of notaries (72 in num-, AbbasPH'rE GRr,,AT. This celebrated Persian sovereign, of _ th ii'' 3585 her) belonging te thee pepal cou-rt, whose business it is thee dynasty of Sopheis, eescended 5he ihrons mu 1.55, on ito draw up briefs, and do various kinds of writing usually the murdee' of his herotleer Ismael. His character was devolving oil official secretarries. sanguimary, but politic and determined. his suppressed s dvlving oum o cl staries. the Korgicie a turuleustooldie'y, ihl ilcuc the tem'rr tl~i_____Abbre'viatory~, a. That abbreviates; shortenimug. the Kouor-his,, a turbulent soldiery, till then tile terror ~7 W pAbbs, (St.,) a peronionotoy oue tile eastern coast of Scot, of Persian sovereigns, aneid reuoved the seet of gover- nd, Lat. 550 55' N., Lou. 20 8' 3ff''X. Thee tide runs ment to Isisahean. Of tiure~e sous he head, teco were depr~ived by it wite a strong cusrment, uand a little wind causes a ofsiglet, sne ice pst the otier to death. NotwithstacedingC great rolling sea. thus putehic and dounestic cruuehty of Abbas, se wees euch Abch'hasia, Abasia, or Abkhasia, a province of esteecued tey lets sutbjects, whom lee benefited by puttinIl Asiuuic Russia. comprelended beiweme Lat. 420 g and down lice meative khcans, and by the alliance of their soy- 440 45C N., ucud tceiween Loeg. 370 3' emd 400 76' B. The ereigm viw th European rulers, in furtherance of conimem'- high nounteins of the Cauccusus divide it fron Chrescial ietercourse. Abbees died in 1628, and was succeeded sia on the N.; on thee SE. ii is bounded by Mingrelia; by his gueandson, Shah Sephi. _ _ _d on the S. and XX. ly thee Blaclc Sea. The country Abbas, (PASHA,) viceroy of Egypt, born in 1813. Guesud- ndis genterlly movuntdeIV y, tle cBinckSe maild, sued i son of X'~lahomet Ali, he succeeded to Ibrcahcim Pcssla inisgnrlymitaostelit md adte 184s', a friend of admiomet istrativ e reform, but haviiig eand feutile. In later times this country was subject to 1848, a friemed of admecinisirative reform, Lemi having pow- Fig. 5.c-sMELnOSE AnnBE,, (Scotland.) Colehis, until suedued by the Emperor Justinian, who erful adversaries at Coucstamtinople; he died in 1854, with ihe grief of havimg seen his plaus thwarted by iesuper- Abbiate-Graqso, a town of usortcleem Itn ly, prov. of Persiuns, Georgians, Mongolians, and more iy ecently the able obstacles, and Egypt reduced to vassaPrslnagGorganeMngliasandmoe rcetlyth able obstacles, and Eg~ypt redmeced to vassalage. Pocus aviu. It is situate on the canal of Beregmuado, 14 Turks. ime turn, ruled over the coumutmy. By the treati s Ab'bassa, sister of the celebrated Khaliph Haroun- miles firon Mila. n Iop. in 1861, 8,26 of Alerman in 1826, ond of Adlrianope in 1829, ii was al-Rasehid, who was given in marriage to Iis vizier Abbitibbee, a district, river, and trading stestion in ceded to Russia, but except thee possession of a few cornGiaffar, on the strange condition that she shomld remainu British North America, formcinmeg part of the Hmudseon's. meending fortresses on the coast, Russia has very little a virg~in; the violation of which, and its terrible cones- Bay Co's. poosseelious. Lett. 490 N., Long. 780 itI'. XV., ameilcority over the people, and the chiefs have eulmosi unquences, have been the theme of oriental stories. tA ~' ona, or Ann~o T~naeUoe, a Fronds moult of St. Gem'- limnited power. Ma~houuetesnism is the religion of the Abbac9s'sides, an. p1. (HIsI.) The nan-u of a race who unain-ie~ds-Prdeauthor of a " Poetical Relation of the Siege higicer cicesses, but thee people gunerazlly are buried ime possessed lhes cahiphat for 524 years. There wvere of Paris by thee Normans and Banee, to~ward thee sed iiohestry. 37 caliphs of this reece who smmcceeded sue another with- of thee Nimeth Cemetmury;" a wolrk only cuerioums u~s a usanee- A BBd, - n Aralsia~n prefix, sigeei~fy'iicg close or see-lcant; hi oeui inter~ruption. They drew their descent fr~on Ab- tive by an eye-witness of theie events wrheiche Ice~ deorrileso. enters, witic the icneue of God, imeto thee conpositioue of cc bes-ben-abd 1l-uxeotallb, Mahonesi's umcle. The pricuces ~bWA onr or Anna~ Fu~sauocs-cue, a French- Beueedie:tius great numiber of pu~oper recenes; as, Ahd-elhab, servant of this fesmily meude war on lbs dyneoty of Onmeehades. mnomek of the tenth centmmry, ahebot of Fiseuri, weus eneploye-d of God; Abd-el-hcader1, servant of the miglety God. A. 0. 740; and in 750, defeated thee last caliph of the ricedl by Kiing Robert of Fresnee to musgotisee while Pops IL'datl, one of a class of relhghous devotees ime lersha, faLncily tic thee bloody beettle of Zab, neesr Mlosul. The Gregory V., who had laid Freonce under ecu inteudici. correspondlin-g to a dervise in Tmmrhuey. ninst celebrated neona~rche of this feemihy were Al Mansur Autheor of cc Epitome of the Lives of the Popes." A eibc~Zla'iiie eon of Abd-el-Mhc~.e-ben-Omuear, A. n 785. a and I lcuroun-al-Ratsehid. Thesir empire tenneinated i n A L~B'Bbe, [Heb. abba, faiheu.] The emunper~i or of se unonastemy successful leader of thee Spaucisle Mioore in their inrmmptlome Mossiaseme, wico f~ell in battle against the Tartar prince of msenke erected into an abbey or emlor~y. This pr~incipal imuto southern Fiance. He laid. shege to and raptuigrcl I~ulake, tine 1257..distinction observed betweesu abbots are ileose of rega- ties towues of G~irouue and Narheonne. 4 A&23)DE ABDO ABEA Abdlallalh, the last chieftain of the Wahabee sect in reign of 49 years was the most brilliant epoch of Moor- Abdomq'inois, a. Having a large belly; pursy. Arabia. He was defeated by Ibrahim Bey, son of lie- ish donmination in Spain. He died A.D. 961. Abduce', v.a. [Lat. abduco.] To draw to a diffBrent part; hemnet All, who treacherously seized him while confer- Abd-er-rahinaia, sultan of Fez and Morocco, b. 1778, to withdraw one part friomn another. A word chiefly ring on terms of peace. Sent to Constantinople, Abdal- ascended the throne 1823. Threatened by the refusal of usel in anatomy. lh was paraded through the streets, and beheaded as a Austria to pay the tribunte for safety against pirates, he "If we abduce the eye into either corner, the object will not rebel, December, 1818. wisely adjusted the dispute by relinquishing this sort of duplicate." - Browne. Abdallalt BEa-Ann-EL- MOTALLEB, father of Moham- "black-mail" formerly levied by Morocco on European Abdu'cent, a. (Anat.) Drawing away; pulling away; med, born at Mecca A. D. 545; died 570. The paternity shlips in the Mediterranean. The religious war under as, the abducent muscles, or auductors. of the prophet is Abdallah's sole claim to distinction. Abd-el-kader against the French in Algeria involved the Abduact', v. a. [Lat. abducere.] To take away by fraud Abdallah BeN YAssam, founder of the warlike tribe of sultan in its movemnents, but was concluded by the bat- or force; to withdraw illegally. Almiortavtes in Barbary, A. 0. 1050, which were after- tie of Isly, 18441, and the subsequent mediation of Eng- Abduqc'ioxu, n. [Lat. abductio.] The act of abducing ward conspicuous for the subjugation of part ofSpain, land. D. 1855. and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sidi- or abducting; a taking or drawing away, and specifically and the founding of a dynasty in the Moorish kingdom. Mohammed. an unlawful taking. ibdallah BaN ZOBAxR, sultan of Mecca, b. about 622. Ab'dest, a Persian word, properly signifying the water (Law.) The forcible and fraudulent taking away of He was the son of Zobair, a companion of Mohammed, placed in a basin for washing the hands; but it is used women or girls. Thiis criminal offence is of tihree kinds:and of Asma the sister of Ayesha, the prophet's favorite to imply the legal purification practised by the Mahomne- 1. If any person shall maliciously, either by force or wife. On the death of the prophet, the assassination of tans before prayer, entering the mosque, or reading the fraud, lead, or take away, or detain, any child under the All, Mohammed's successor, and the defeat of Yezid, suc- Koran. age of ten years, with intent to deprive the parents, or cessor of All, Abdallah was acknowledged sultan and AbdFi'as (of Babylon), a Christian writer of the first cen- other persons having the lawful charge of such child, or caliph of Mecca, A. D. 685. Vanquished in his turn by tury, who pretended that he had been one of the com- with intent to steal any article on its person; or shall Abd-el-Malek, caliph of Damtascus, he retired to the panions of Jesus Christ. receive or harbor such child, knowicng the samne to have Caaba, where he was killed by a blow on the head from Abl'dieant, n. One who abdicates. been so stolen or enticed - every such offender shall be a tile, A. D. 692. Ab'dicate, v. a. [Lat. abdicare.] To give up right; to guilty of felony, and shall be liable to penal servitude Abda'lllatif, or Abdollatiph, a celebrated phy- resign; to lay down an office, station, or dignity. To de- fotbr not more than seven, or less than three years, or imsicinn and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writ- prive of right, as when a father discards or disclaims a' prisoned, with or without hard labor, for any term not ers of the East, was born at Bagdad, in 1179, and died in son. more than two years. — 2. If the girl is under the age of 1231. Of his numerous works, one only has found its AWlbelica'tiona, a voluntary resignation of a dignity, sixteen years, the offender shall be guilty of Inisdemeanway into Europe; nor do any.of the others appear to be principally the supreme. Of royal abdications, the most or, and, being convicted thereof, shall be liable to suffer known at this day in the East. Tihe work here alluded faino-ous are those of the emperors Diocletian and Maxi- such punishnment, by fine or imprisonment, or both, as to is an "Account of Egypt;" it presents us with a de- inian, in 305; of the Emperor Chsarles V, in 1556t; Philip the court shall award. - 3. If any person shall, from tailed and authentic view of tihe state of Egypt during V, in 1724; Charles IV, in 1808.- Involuntary resig- motives of lucre, take away or detain against her will, the middle ages. nations are also called abdications; e.g., Napoleon's ab- any wocman having any interest, present or future, in Abda'lnlmaleak, or Abiulunelech, the son of Mir- dication at Fontainebleau. The right of a prince to re- any real or personal estate, with intent to marry or devan, and thefifth caliph of the race of the Ominiades. In sign the crown cannot be disputed; but the resignation file her, or to cause her to be married or defiled by any his reign thle Indies were conquered in the east, and his can affect only his personal right to the crowl, and can- other person, every such offender, and every person armies penetrated Spain in the west; he likewise ex- not prejudice his descendants; still less force upon the counselling, aiding, or abetting such offender, shall be tended his empire toward the south, by making himself state another constitution, or anotlher family. guilty of felony, and liable to penal servitude for life, or master of Medina and Mecca. He began his reign in Ab'licative, a. Causing or implying abdication. for any time not less than'three years, or to be impristhe i65th year of the Hegira, A. D. 684; reigned 25 years; Ab'dlitoary, na. [Lat. abditorlium.] A place for secreting oned with or without hard labor, for any term not exand fcur of his sons successively enjoyed the caliphate. or preserving goods. ceeding five years. If the woman first consent to be Abda'lhna lek. See Avensz'oar. Abdl mena. [From Lat. abdo, to hide; because it hides taken away. and afterward refuse to continue with the.ALbdaloninus, or Albdolsoninums, also called the viscera.] Scientific name of the belly. The largest offender, andl he forcibly detain her; or if she be forcibly BALLONYcrus. a gardener, but of royal descent. Was cavity in the body, bounded superiorly by the diaphragm, taken away, and she afterward consent to her marriage made king of Sidon by Alexander tihe Great. by which it is separated from the chest; inferiorly by or defilement; or if she be taken away with her own abdelavi, n. (Bet.) An Egyptian plant, as a melon. the bones of the pubes atnd ischium; on each side by consent, obtainedby fraud orimnposition, the offence is thie Abdera, n. (Anc. Geog.) A town of Thrace, near the various muscles, the short ribs, and ossia ilii; anteriorly same. But if a man without firaud, deceit, or violence, mouth of the Nestus. Though it boasted of being the by the abdonminal imuscles, and posteriorly by the verte- marries a woman under age, without the consent of her birthplace of Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchas, and brse of the loins, the os sacrum and os coccygis. Inter- father or guardian, that act is not indictable at common other distinguished men, yet it was regarded amrnong the nally it is invested by a smooth membrane called peri- law. ancients as notorious for stupidity. toneum. It is the forepart of this cavity, covered with (Logic.) Is a form of reasoning inlwhlich the greater &lbd-el-kader, very renowned by the persevering muscles and common integuments, in the middle of which extremoe is contained in the medium; but the medium courage with which he opposed the aggressions of the is the navel, which is properly called abdomen. It con- is not so evidently in the lesser extreme. Ex. "WhatFrench against his country, was the third son of a Mara- tains the liver, pancreas. spleen, kidneys, stomach, small ever God has revealed is certainly true; now God has bout of the Arab tribe of Hashem, who had risen to in- intestine, and the colon. The lower bowels, the blad- revealed a future retribution; therefore a future retrifluence through his rank, coupled with a great sanctity der, and internal organs of generation, lie in the lower bution is certainly true." In the use of this kind of of demeanor. The early days of Abd-el-lkader are lost in part of the cavity, which is called the pelvis. (See Body.) reasoning, the milnor proposition must be proved to be obscurity, but by 1828 he had not only acquired the contained in the major, otherwise the reasoning is inconreputation of a scholar, lut that of a saint, from his tconclusive. (Aat.) having twice made a pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace I.J!Le. A, So draw away.] (Ascot.) of the prophet. Accompanied by his father, he preactied\\ A nmuscle, thle office of which is to pull back or draw a holy war against the French occupation of Algiers, 2 Nl/ the nmember to which it is affixed from some other. The and called upon the Faithful to rise and expel the infi- 5antagonist is called adductor. dels. In 1832, he found himself at the head of 10,000 (Law.) A person guilty of abduction. warriors, with ovhom he attacked Oran, but was several 4 — Abdul Azz liha, he actual Sultan of Try, times repulsed with great slaughter. Notwithstanding, b. Feb'y, 1830, succeeded his brother Abdul Medjid, June his discomfiture, however, hie might be said to be ca -. 9 25, 1861. gainer, for he had not only increased his reputation for' Abdhal aliasnet, Sultan of Turkey. After 44 years skill and bravery, but had taught his Arabs to face or- - confinement in the seraglio, he succeeded his elder tillery. In 1834, he entered into a treaty with the is brother, Mustapla II, Jan. 21, 1774. Beaten by the French, in which he was recognized as emir of Musttph II Jan 21 174; Bastn rah French, ic which he was recognized as emir of Mscara, Russians, lie was constrained to sign the treaty of with the sovereignty of Oran. This treaty added to the Kootshook Kanardji, July 21, 1774. by which the Tarimnportamce of tie emir in the eyes of the natives, who tars of the Crimea were delivered from the Turkish naturally looked upon their chief as a personage of high 12 yole. The ambition of the Russians being not satiated, consequence, from his having compelled the enemy to a new war broke out between the two empires, and recognize him as a sovereign. His success, however, ex- Catherine sent General Suwarrow against the Turks. cited the jealousy of some of his brothers in armns, who 1 Abdul Hamet, who fromc his early habits of retirement rose against his authority, but whom he was soon enabled - was ill fitted for the throne, died April 7th, 1789, after to subdue. For a period of fifteen years he contrived to having lost the two battles of Kinburn and Oczakow. defend his country, and fight against the encroaclhnents Fig. 7.- CAVITY OF Hile ABBDOMEN. He was succeeded by his neplhew, Selim III. of France; but in 1847 he was compelled to surrender Abdlul Xledjid laiian, Sultan of Turkey, born himself a prisoner to General Lamnoricibre. on condition 1. Diaphragm. 6. Paloric end 10. Great intestine. 1822, died June 25, 1861; succeeded to the throne July of being sent to Alexandria or St. Jean d'Acre. Thle 2. Gall-bladder. of seonaoch. (coloen. 1 1839, at the early age of 17, eight days after the battle French government, however, refused to ratify the terms 5. Right lobe of liver 7. Spleen. t. Sml otio, S e togs of 1 il slte h I 4. Duodenum. 5. Omentum. (jejunum.) of Nezib, in. which the troops of the Sultan Mahmoud II of the treaty, and it was not till after four years passed 5. Great end of 9. Pancreas. 12. Small intestine, were defeated by Ibrahini-Pacla. son of Mehemet All, in France, that, in 1852, Louis Napoleon restored him to stomaech. (ilenm.) Pasha of Egypt, the most powerful vassal of thle Turkish freedom, on condition that he would not return to Al- empire. The interference of thee allied powers alone giers, or conspire against the French. The brave, but (Ent.) The whole lower portion of the body of an in- prevented tihe empire from dismemberment at this fallen Arab consented, and Brussa, in Asia Minor, was sect, united to the corselet, or thorax, by a thread. It juncture. This danger passed, the young sultan apassigned him for his future residence. F'or that place he contains a portion of the intestines and the sexual plied himself to the development of his father's plans accordingly set out in 1853, but has since been permitted ogan. of reform, but from the beginning of his administration ornyans.ofrfrbtfothbeinnofisdi to remove to Constantinople. In 1855 he visited Paris, A dosn'inaa, a. [From abdonzen.] Pertaining to the to its close, there was constantly some disturbing eleto see the Exposition, and has since, witc the phihosophy belly. ment to delay or thwart his meritorious purposes. The of oriental calmness, resigned himnself to his fate. Born Abdo-n'iiials, a. pl. [LaS. abdoeninalis.] (Zah1.) A Servian question; the insurrection in Albania; the war in the neighborhood of Mascara, province of Oran, 1807. Abd-el-k oree, or Salhnarusus Shoal, a dangerous 1 group of mnalacopterygious fishes, having the ventral in Koordistan; the Turko-Greek and Wailachian revofins under the abdomen behind the pectorals, as the trout. lution of 1848-'9; his noble refusal to surrender the rock and coral reef off tle S.E. coast of Arabia, in Lot. They comprehend the greater part of fresh-weter fishes ilungarian and Polish refugees to Austria and Russia in 140 54' 50"t N., Long. 500 45' 20" E., extending 1850 yards and constitute the fourth order of the foourth class of 1850; the question of the hoiy places, which led to the from N.N.E. to S.S.W., with a breadth of 300 to 600 yards. animals in the Linntean system. Crimean war; the attempt to assassinate him in 1859; Abdel-eLi]lalek BEN Met:weN, fifth caliph of Damascus, mand the Syrian massacres of 1860, were all so many obof the family of the Onmeiandes,snrnamed the ioet-skinner stacles to his progress. To these sceighlt also be added on account of his avarice; Ikown by his successful wars hole natnoal indolecice, hove of senenal indulgence, and against the Greelk Etmperor Justinian II., A. D. 685-705. infirm health. The great event of his reign wets the A1]bdbel-l-~ lall[ ek~ BDcx Osta, one of the viziers of Caliph Crimean war, in which France and England allied themAbderrahmccen, in the 8th century. He is the icing Mar- selves with Turkcey against the encroachments of Inussitus of Ariosto, and of the ancient romances of chiveelry. sia, and vhich vas terminated by time fall of Sebastopol He was governor of Saragossa at the time of Charle- after a lona siege, in 1856. He was succeeded by his mocgne's flmous invasion of Spain. brotler, Abdul Axis Khan. Abdl-er-ran hmman II, surnamed the Wise, first caliph'Feg. 8. A TRouT. A!bd'nlr lathman. See Abd-er-Raloman. of the family of the Ommiades in Spain. B. 731, d. 787. Abem', ode. (N at.) On the beam, i. e., at right angles.Akbd-er-l. ahmrlan ] III, called the Great, ascended the Abdomlinos'copy. (Med.) Examination of the ab- to the ship's Ikeel. throne A. D. 912, at the age of 21. The close of his long domen in order to detect disease Abear'ancc, a. [A. S.] Behavior;demeanor. ABEL ABEl ABEl 5 kbeceda'ry, saleeeda'rias,% a. Belonging to, or having very large. leaves. (Linn. class 22, ord. 6, gen.po- Aberd[eeni, in Mississippi, a towns, capital of Monroe co., containing the letters of the alphabet. p6-us.) on the Tonbigbee river, 165 miles N.E. of Jackson. It Abecedarian, n. ThIis niame is given by some authors Abel'ia, n. (Bot.) A genusof plants, order Caprifoliace, is connected by water with Mobile, 540 miles distant, to one who teaches or learns the alphabet, or first rudi- originally from China. "where it sends annually about 30,000 bales of cotton. ments of literature. Al'belites, A'beiians, A'kbeloeians, Abelo- Pop. about 3,500. See Mionroe. Abed', adv. On, or in, bed. "Lying abed." nites, a sect of Christians who appeared in the 4th Aberdeen, in Ohio, a post-village of Brown co., on the Abeel, DAvID, D.D., born at New Brunswick, N. J., June century and denounced matrimony a a service of Satan, Ohio river, opposite Maysville in Kentucky, 123 miles 12, 1804; died at Albany, Sept. 4, 1846. Missionary of maintaining that thereby criminal sin was perpetuated. S.W. of Columbus. Pop. abt. 1,600. the Dutch Reformed Church in China. He has left a As Abel had not been married, they took their name Aberd~een, in ITennessee, a small village of Monroe co. Description of his Life in China and the adjacent coun- from him. -The name of Abelites was also taken in the Aberdeenshtire, a county in Scotland. Its greatest tries, and some other works. 10th century by the members of a secret society, whose length is 87, and breadth 36 miles; with a circuit of about A'bel, the second son of Adam, a twin-brother of Cain. professed object was to cultivate the honesty and candor 200 miles, of which 60 are on the coast of the German The latter was a tiller of the ground, Abel, a shepherd. of Abel. ocean. In extent, it is very nearly one sixteenth part of Both brought their offerings before the Lord; Cain, the Abellmesak, a. The musk-seed, used as a perfume. Scotland. Pop. 221,569 in 1861. This county is popufirst-fruits of the ground; Abel, the firstlings of the flock. Abel-mosk, n. See Hibiscus. larly divided into five districts. Ist. Muarr, containing God accepted the offering of Abel; the offering of Cain hlie A'benau, or Abenowi, a mountain of Suabia, in Ger- almost half the county, - nsountainous district, particurejected. The latter, instigated by envy, murdered his many, 23 miles from Freiburg, famous for the so*ice of larly Braeumar, the highland part of it, much frequented brother in the field. Thus, the first murder on earth the Danube, and for giving nanme to a large chain of by tourists, on account of its wild and nmajestic beauties. was committed, mountains. Ben-Macdhsi, the second highest mountain in Scotland, Abel, king of Denmark, the son of Vladimir II. He as- Abencee ages, the nasme given by Spanish chroniclers rises here to the height of 4296 feet. 2d. Forsiartii, of sassinated his brother Eric, in 1250, and toolk possession to a noble fiamily in the Moorish kingdom of Granada, which the land on the sea-coast is low and fertile; but of his throne. He was put to death by the Frisons, who several of whomn distinguished themselves imnmediately hills and mosses are spread over the interior. 3d. Bechan, revolted against him on account of the heavy taxes im- before the fisl of the Mahonietan empire in Spain. havinga bold, precipitous shore of 50 miles, but generally posed upon them. Their struggles with thi fimily of the Zegris, and a flat surface 4th. tCarioch, a large and beautiful valley, &bl'elard, or Abailard,, PETER, a very celebrated tragical destruction in the royal palace of the Alhlani- naturrally very fertile. 5th. Strathbogie, the greater part French scholar and dialectician, born in 1079, at Palais, bra, in Granada, (1466-84,) seem to be destitute of his- of which consists of hillls, mosses, and moors. The chief near Nantes. His father, an individual of noble family, torical foundation. On these evrents, Chateaubriand has mineral wealth of the county is its granite. The prindesigned him for the profession of arms, but his vigorous written a charming work of fiction, "Les Aventures du cipal rivers are the Lee and the Don. Chief town, Abercapacity and predilections for learning altered that de- dernier Abencerrage." deen. termination, and he was allowed to dedicate himself to Aben-ez oa, Ainaums~, a celebrated rabbi, born at Abe'rdevine, a. (Zoil.) A singing-bird, sometimes letters. Unhappily, at that dark period, when genius Toledo in Spain, called by the Jews the wise, great, and called Siskcin. It is the Coarduelis spiaus of Cuvier, and and strength of mind were wasted in trifles, the art of admirable doctor, was a very able interpreter of the resembles the green variety of the canary-bird, with verbal disputation formed the only road to learned HIoly Scriptures, and was well skilled in grasmmar, which it is often paired, to produce what are called mule eminence. After the usual grammatical preparation, poetry, philosophy, astronomy, and medicine. His prin- birds. In its habits it is msigratory, breeding in the Abelard visited most of the schools of the neighboring cipal work, "Commentaries on the Old Testament," is north of Europe, and visiting Germany, France, and provinces, and at the age of twenty settled at the uni- printed in Bomberg and BuxtorfIs Hebrew Bible, and is Britain only in thie autumn and winter. versity of Paris, where he becamie the pupil and very much esteemed. soon the happy rival of Williamc de Chamnleaux, the most A!'bensberg, a small city in the circle of Regen, in ae 4 famous professor of his day. At the age of forty, satiated Bavarita. Pop. 1,200. It was formerly the seat of thei with fame and disputation, the philosopher and thee- Counts Abensberg. Here Napoleon defeater the Aiuslogian became deeply enamoured of the beautiful and trians in a great tbattle on the 20th of April, 1809. accomplished Heloise, niece of Fulbert, a wealthy canon A ler, an old.British word, which signifies the fill of a. of Paris. Favored by the avidity with which both smaller into a Iirger water; also the mouth of a river, uncle and niece seemed disposed to benefit by his philo- whence some places derive a characteristic in their sophical instructions, he soon inspired her with an names; as, Aber-conway, 4ber-gavenny, &c. ardent passion in return, the consequence of which Abe,"avon, a borough town of Glamnorganshire, in being soon discovered by the indignant uncle, the two Wales, Englandl, at the mouth of the Avon, 192 miles 1W. lovers fled. On the birth of a child, named Astrolabius, of London. Long. 30 35 Wi., let. 510 4' N. Mines of Abelard proposed to Fulbert to marry his niece secretly, coal and iron. Pop. 6,567. on account of his ecclesiastical prosplects; Fulbert con- Aberbr'o twick, or Ar'b]'oat]h, a seaport mnn- sented. Fulbert, however, who wished to make the fscturing town in the county of'orfiir, Scothland, at the affair public, became irritated at their joint reifusall to mouth of the river Brotlhock, 58 nmiles from Edinburglh. \'s gratify him, and treated his niece with an asperity which Pop. 17,593 in 1861. M2anyf of sail-cloth, thread, and Fig. 9.- ABEs DEW iNE. obliged Abelard to remove her to an abbey of Benedic- leather. tine nuns. It was then that Fulbert mseditated a most Ablererombie, JOHN, M.D., an eminent Scotch plhy- Aber'foil, a post-office of IMacon co., Alabama, 158 miles atrocious revenge. IHe employed several ruffians, who sician, bohn at Aberdeen, 17S1, died, Edinburgh, 1844. S.E. of Tuscaloosa. brokre into the chamber of Abselard, and inflicted a imu- His principal work: "Pathological and'rsactical ite- Ablergavenny, a town in Mlonmiiosthlishire, 14 miles tilation on his person, which put an effectual end to any searches on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord." W. of Monnmouth, at the confluence of the Uskl and Ga. future hope of conjugal felicity. For this outrage the Edinburgh, 1828, 1830. venny,England. Coalandiron mines. Pop.4.621 in 1861. ruffans were punished according to the lex talionis, and A!bererombie, Sm RALPtI, a British general, born in Aberli, a Swiss landscape painter of considerable emiFulbert endured the confiscation of his goods. On his 1738. Hle was coumnander-in-chief in the West Indies, nenice. B. at Winterthur, 1723; d. at Berne, 1786. recovery, Abelard, with somewhat ungenerous anxiety, in 1795; in the attempt against Holland in 1799, and in AberOsethby, JOHN, an English surgeon, b. at Aberprevailed upon Ilelohse to take the veil in the abbey of the expedition to Egypt. Mlortally wounded in the be- nethy in Shcotland, 1764; d. 1831. He was the first to Argenteuil, and a few days after he himself took the ginning of the battle of Alexandria, (21st March, 1801,) enunciate and establish the great principle "that local habit in that of St. Denis. He then resumed his lec- the-general Irept the field during the day, and died some diseases are symptoms of a disordered constitution, not tures, but his ever increasing popularity so much ex- days after his victory. primary amid independent maladies, and that theR are to cited the jealousy of rival teachers, that they contrived Als'er'dare, a town of South Wales, in the county of be cured by remedies calculated to make a salutary imto involve him in ecclesiastical censures for heresy. Glamorgan, England. Mines of coal, and a large iron- pression on the general franme, not by topical dressing, After long trouble and persecution, he fled into Chain- trade. Pop. of parish 32,299 in 1861. nor any mere manipulation of surgery." To this he pagne, and erected near Nogent (1122) a small oratory, A'erdeen, GeOReE HAIILTO0N GORDON, (EARL oF,) added a second, namely, " that the disordered state of the afterward enlarged under the namne of Paraclete. Such born 1784. Appointed ambassador to the Austrian constitution either originates from, or is rigorously was his famae, that he was quickly followed by many of court in 1813, lie conducted the negotiation which ter- allied to derangement of the stomach and bowels, and his pupils. Jealousy was in consequence again excited minated in the alliance of that power with Brittuin. that it can only be reached by remedies which first exerto his discomfort, and he was about to seek another He took office as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs cise a curative influence upon these organs." asyluim, when he was elected abbot of St. Gildas. About in 1828, in tihe new ministry formed under the Dukie of Aberlanethy, a post-village of Perry co., Missouri, about this time, the convent of Argenteuil, of wvhich Heloise Wellington, and in 1843 in the Peel inistry. Enter- 10 miles S.W. of Mississippi river. had become prioress, was united to the abbey of St. ing public life as a Tory, the general principle which A ber'racee, abe'rraney. [Lat. abecrare, to wanDenis, a proceeding which left her and her nuns desti- guided his policy wvas that of non-interference in the dier.] A deviating from thie right way; an error. tute' of an habitation. Abelard offered to them the internal affairs of foreign Statos, which, joined to his Aberl"raiist, a. Deviating, wandering front the right or Paraclete, which donation was legally sanctioned in well-known sympathy with such statesmen as Metter- lknown way. 1127. It was after this removal, that the celebrated nich, has exposed him to the suspicion of being inimical (Beot) Abnormal. correspondence took place. The residence of Abelard to the cause of popular liberty. In 1853, Earl A. was Abe'rra'tion, n. [Lat. aberratio.] The act of deviin St. Gildas was embnittered by a continued struggle selected to head a new ministry, which for sonme time ating from the conmmon traclr, or firom the right way; - against his love, and by hatred of the maonrs; till was extremely popular. He endeavored to prevent the applied to the mind. at last, accused of heresy by St. Bernard,. and con- country fronm entering upon the conflict with Russia, (Astron.) A remnarlrable phenomenon, by which all desuned to perpetual silence by the council of Sens, in but all his efforts were unavailing. Under the remainder the stars anid other heavenly bodies, at certain seasons 1140, he resolved to set out for Rome to remonstrate of his adnministration, the public believed that the war of the year, appear to deviate in a slight degree from against this sentence; but taling Cluny in his way. he was not conducted with that degree of vigor necessary their true situations in the heavens, in consequence, as is was prevailed upon to abide there by his fi-iend Peter, to insure favorable results. Failing to receive sufficient now ascertained, of the motion of the light fioom every the abbot, who succeeded in reconciling him to the pope support to carry out his measures, he resigned in 1855; star coabitiing itself with the motion of the eye of the and to St. Bernard. He lived for two years in Cluny, and d. Dec. 14, 1860. As an author, the Earl is knIri-n by observer, causcd by thu esrtl's annual revoluticn roubisy then, for the benefit of his health, removed to the priory a work entitled "An Inquiry into the Principles of the sun. All vision, it is well known, is performed by of St. Marcellus, where this extraordinary man died in Beauty in Grecian Architecture." the particle or rays of light fimom any object striking 1142. His body was removed to the Paraclete at the Aberdeen, the most considerable town in the north of against the eye, and the lobject invariably appears in that request of Heloise. She died in 1163, and was deposited Scotland, in the county of the same name, at the mouth direction in which thie rays finally impinge. Hence, for by the side of Abelard, who, in disinterestedness and de- of the river Dee, which forms its harbor. It is a flour- example, arise the effects of refraction, by which the votedness of affection, had been much her infersior. The ishing seat of trade; and its handsome granite archuitec- heavenly bodies appear more elevated in the horizon remacins of the two lovers are now deposited beneath a ture excites the admiration of all visitors. Its college thtan they really aree; the rays of lisit, as they penetrate fine muausoleum in the cemetery of Pire la Chaise, in and university, annually attended by nearly 600 students, the atmosphere, beniding gradusally downward toward Paris. Abelard could not have excited so much jealousy sure very celebrated. —Exp., fine cotton and woollen fabrics, the surface of the earths, so as at last to reach the eye of and admcirationa during a long lile, unless he had been a granite, cattle, grsain, preserved meat, and fish; — Macf., the spectator in a direction muoe inclined from the hoefmasi of extraordinsary mental vigor; but his worlrs conilcs, iron-workss, ship-building. - Steamers and sail- zon than that ini whsich they issue fiuomu the object: and convey no corresponmding idea of his genius and his ingr uessels belonging to the Iport, about 250. Pop. of the thus the latter appesars smore elevated in the sky than it taste, and it is to be sessid, iii spite of his twso modern ad- pasrlianmentary burglh, 7'3,794 in 1861. really is. In a similasr manner the says of light wshich fall nuirers, Guizot (Essai sur la Vie et les Ecrits d'Abgiard et Alser~leen, in As-/cansas, a' post-village of Monroe co., directly froom the stars, in certaiss circumstabnces, owing to II,co'ise, Paris, 1839) and Cousin, who has published the on tbie aWhite river, about 60 miles E. by S. of Little the motion of the earth, really impinge on the eye of a b,,ot edition of his works (Paris, 1850), that the letters. Itoclr. spectator in a direction somewhat oblicue, so that they of It-olocse ferm the principal attrasction of the volume Ab rdee sm, in l[diana, a post-village of Ohio co., aubout appear ion this accouunt in a station difierenat fioom whast consitaining the productions of her lover. 27 miles E.N.E. of Madison. they really occupy amcd this coictitubes tis1 errtion. Ab'echtes'ee, or Abel'ts'ee, n.(Bot.) Csalled the oopu- A bes'rs e., in olaylaund. a post-village of Harford co., (Optics.) A certasin deviation in the rays of light, irnom Iis ilba, a species of the poplar, nat. o rd. Ssicacev 5 miles S.W. of Havre-de-Grace. the trime and geometrical focuss of reflection or refrac-tio' ABIA AB'IG ABJE in curved specula or lenses, arising from two causes, viz.: Abia'thar, (the father of abundance.) a high priest of name is sometimes given, as a nickname, to a lady's 1st. The figure of the speculum or lens, giving rise to the Jews, son of Ahimelech, who had borne tihe samne waiting-maid. what is called the spherical aberration: and, 2d. The un- office, and received David in his house. This so enraged Ab'ila, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, opposite that equal refrangibility of the rays of light giving rise, in Saul that he put Ahimelechl and 81 priests to death; which is called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only 18 lenses only however, to a far more material, and in other Abiathar alone escaped the massacre. IHe afterward miles distant.'These two mountains are. named the Pilrespects inconvenient aberration, termed the chromatic, was high priest, and often gave King David testimonies lars of llercules, and were supposed ornmerly to have or the aberration of color, or of srefangibility. The ob- of his fidelity. But after this hle conspired with Adoni- been united, till the hero separated them, and thereby ject of all specula or lenses, is to collect the rays of light jaIh, in order to raise himi to the thirone of king David, effected a conminunication between the Mediterranean proceeding from any object into a single point, so as to his i Rthter; which so exasperated Solocmon against him, and Atlaintic seas. form there a distinct imlage of the object,either enlarged that he divested him of the priesthood, and banished Abtla. (Asc. Geeg.) A city of ancient Syria, the capior diminished, accordingc as our purposes may require: him A. D. 3021, n. c. 1014. tal of the tetrarchy of Abilene. Its site is indicated by and on this principle depends the whole operation of the A bib, [lIeb. abib, an car of corn.] A name given by some ruins anid inscriptions, near thle village of Souk. telescope, the microscope, and other optical instruments. the Jews to the first month of their ecclesiastical year, From the tradition' of thIis being the scene of Abel's The more completely the rays can be collected into a afterward called Nisan. It answered to the latter part msrder, it is now called Nebi-Abel. It lies between focus, so much the more distinctly, in every case, does of March and beginning of April. Baalbec and lsamascus. the i'mage of the object appear at that point, and so A'bielaite. (Chem.) A native arsenate of copper, found A ebeldg-ar'd, PciLIP CHRISTIAN, a physician of Denmuch the more perfect is the operation of the instru- chiefy associated with other copper ores in Cornwall, and mark, and one of the most accomplished naturalists of ment. But there are certain curves or figures in the in the Hartz. the 18th century. - NIClOLAs ABnAHn>e, a brother of speculum or lens, which. are necessary to produce this Abida'-jebel, a volcanic mountain of Abyssinia, which Philip, author of some useful works on art, and an hiseffect. Parallel rays, for example, can only be collected forms, with the mountain of Aiyalo, or Azalo, the centre torical painter of considerable ability. B. 1744, d. 1809. into one focus by a reflecting speculum of a parabolic of a vast volcanic tract, 30 miles in diameter,' studded Abildga!alrdia, n. (Bet.) W1orthless dwarf species form, or by a refracting lens of parabolic. or hyperbolic, with small cones, each showing a distinct crater. It is of apetalous grass-like plants; increased by divisions, and combined with spherical curves: all other forms cause said to be 4000 feet above the plain. Lat 10~9' N., long. grown in any common soil in N. Iholland. (Linn, cl. 3, more or less a dispersion or aberration of the rays from 410 E. ord. 1, nat. ord. Cyperace..) the focus. The aberration of refrangibility arises froi s Abidle', v. n. [A. S. bidian.] To stay or continue in a Abil'ene, a post-village, cap. of Dickinson co., Kansas. this circumstance, that in a homogeneous lens of glass place; not remove; to dwell. 2tlil'ity, n. [Fr. hctbileti.] The power of doing, or the violet rays are greatly more refracted than the red. "The Marquis Dorset, as I hear. is fled the being in a position to do, a thing. The latter acre therefore thrown to a greater distance, To Richmond, in theparts where he abidces." —Slhak. "Of singing thou hast got the reputation, and the others' in proportion almost all deviating frome - To remain; not cease or fail. Good Thyrsis, mine I yield to thy abilty."-Sidney. the true focus: hence arises that confusion of images, and AsMiount Zion, which cannot be removed, but abideCth for- TIhe plural, abilities, frequently signifies the lieculties that fringe of extraneous color with which objects are ever.'" —Psalm cxxv. 1. or powers of the mind, and sometimes the force of under. surrounded when seen through glasses of this description: - To continue in the same state. standing given by nature, as distinguished from acc which have ever formed the great obstacle to the perfec- "vThe fear of' the Lord tendeth to life: and he that hath it quired qualifications. tion of the refracting telescope, before the invention of shall abide satisfied." " Natural abilities are like natural plants,that need pruning by achromsatic glasses, by which the refracting telescope has Abide, v. a. To wait for; expect; attend; wait upon; study."-Bsacon. been wonderfully improved. await. Afilan'elech, [Heb. fatber of the cing.] Tihe name of (Plhysiol.) The passage of a fluid into parts not ap- "Poor harmless lambs abide their enmity." —Shakl thie Philistine king of Gerar, in the time of Abraiham; propriate for it. "Bonds and afflictions abide me."-Acts xx. 23. but ifrom its recurrence amonig that people it was per(Med.) A partial alienation of mind. - To bear or support the consequences of a thing. haps rather a titular distinction than a proper namee, Abert, a lake, in Oregon, about 20 miles long and 5 miles "Ah me I they little know likd Pharaoh amnong the Egyptians. wide. Lat. 420 45' N., hon. 1200 W. How dearly I abide that boast so vain." —Oilton. Ab'lungdon, a town in Berlkshire, England, on a branch Abernn'eator, n. [Lat. ab, and eruncare, to weed - To bear or support patiently; to tolerate. of the Thames, 55 miles N. W. of London. Tradein corn out.] A weeding-machine; a weeder. "She could not abide Master Shallow." —Shak. and malt. Pop. 5,680 in 1861. Ab'eaystwith, a town of Cardiganshire, in Wales, Eng- Abil'er,, n. One who abides or dwells. A Abingdon, in illinois, a post-village and touwniship of hland, seated on the Rheidol, near its confluence with tihe Abi ccIng, n. A waiting; a continuance. Knox co., 10 miniles froom Galesburg; pop. abt. 2,000. Ystwith, where it falls into the sea. Trades in lead, bi'slgy, adv. Permanently. b g-do, in the same state, a post-village of Lake flannels, and oalk-barke. Pop. 0,231. /Abicl'ingly, ode Permanetly. Is flannels, and -baA. Pop. 5,231. h'bies, c. [Lat. abies, a fir-tree.] (Bot.) A genus of the co., 4 miles S. W. of Waukegan. Abespsring, a post-office of Calhoun co., Florida. tribe abietine, ord. Pinacec, composed of evergreen trees Abiuig-deo, in Iowa, a post-office of Jefferson co. Abestt~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~abln;, inrMarylan, th am poft onle of theacfredc. Abestlta, orAvesta, tics name of one of the saclred of various sizes, important for the valuable timber and 5 Abi'gd1o, in Macyland, a post-villh.ge of Iirford co., bookrs of the Persian mangi, which they ascribe to their~not2 nls N.o atm~e books of he Persian agi, which hey ascribe to their the resinous substance that are produced by many of the out 25 mile N.. of Baltimore. great fonueder Zoroaster. This Absstse is a commentary species. This genus, in the classificiation of Lindley, in- Abisngdoln, in V'irginia, the chief town of Washington on two others of their religious books, called Zende and clus all the speciesco, oil the Virginia and Tennessee railroad, 30-4 miles W. Pcazend; the three together including the whole system by S. of Richmond. Macunf. of leather, saddles, and harof the Ignicolse, or worshippers of fire. ness; pop. about 1,500. Abet', v. a. [Lat. abettuin, incitemen t.] To push forward Abn'iger, JaM ES SCARLETT LORD, an English lawyer, another; to support him in his designs by connivance,; born in Jamaica1760, died in London 1844; was the most encouragement, or help; —generally tadken in an ill sense. popular advocate of his day. He was made chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1834. And you that do abet him in this kind, on, O ecticut, a post-village of Windh Cherish rebellion, and are rebels all." - Shah,' leu..o aptak.o co., 37 miles E. by N. of Hartford. Abet'lnent, n. The act of abetting. oAbington, in Illinois, a village in Knox co. See ASkbet'tor, n. (Law.) One who promotes or procures a A binydon. deed or crime to be committed; an instigator. See Ac- Abington, in Indiana, a post-village and township of cessaecy. Wayne co., 72 miles E. of Indianapolis. Pop. of the Abevacna'tlon, n. [Lat. ab, and evacuate, to empty township abt. 1,800. out.] (Mled.) A partial evacuation. Abington, in iassachuseltts, a post-township of PlyA'bex, a country of Africa, bordering on the Red sea at monuth co., 20 miles S. byE. of Boston. Xlacf. boots, shoes, the east. It has Nubia and Sennaar on the north, Abys- and nails. Pop. 8,527. sinia on the west and south. Its principal towns are AbiA gton, in:eesnsylvania, a township of Luzerne Suakim and Arkekeo. It is sumbject to the sheriff of Mea co., about 27 miles N.N.E. of Willkesbarre; pop. 2,651. and is about 500 miles in length and 100 in breadth. Abington Centreu, a flourishing village in this township; It is a mountainous country, sandy, barren, unhealthy, hi a pop. of 356. The name of the post-office is Waverhy. and much infested by wild beasts. Ahuington, in the sanme State, a post-village of MontAbey'anee, n. [Old Fr. abbaiasunce, expectation.] (Law.) gomery co., about 10 mn. N. of Philadelphia. Expectation or contemplation of law. When there is Alb il'tto. [Liat.] Froms the begillning. no person in existence in whom an inheritance can vest, Fig. 10. - AcIES AMERICANA. Abintes'late, a. [Lat. abintestattus, havieng made no last it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in expectation; the wil.] (Law.) Inheeriting from t personmwhodied iiteslaw always considering it potentially existing, and ready Abiet'ic Acid. (Chemn.) When Strasburg or Cana- tate, or without making a wvill. to vest whenever a proper owner appears. dian turpentine.(obtained from abies picea, or silver fir, A''zinz, Abisnzy, or Abiunksk Tartaris, the Abey'ant, a. In a state of abeyance or snspension. n abies balsancea, or baln fir) is distilled with wuater: naume of a Tartar communeity icn Western Siberia, about Ab'gillus, surnamed PuESTEs JOHN, a Iing of the Fi- the residue exhausted with absolute alcohol; the solu- 600 miles frone Tobolsl. sons. He attended Charlemnagne to the Holy Land, and tion evaporated to dryiness; the residual resin boileld A io'nlains, a tribe of American Indians, who fordid not return with him, but made great conquests in with twice its weight of solution of carbonate of potas- morly ineabited thi district of Chaks, ill Paraugnay; but Abyssinia, which was called from him thile empire of sium; the alkaline liquid poured off; and the residue, tic hostilities of the Spaniards finally compelled them Prester John. Lived in the 8th century. which is a mixture of abietin and aldetate of potassium, ti reeove sonthwalrd into th tuerritory hming between Alb'hal, n. An East Indian fruit, obtained from a spe- treated with 30 times its weight of water, —bietin sep- Sant and St. Jago. The whole tioc does iot euch An E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~anta F8 and Sut. a e h wole ntion ~doe n~ot muh cies of cypress; used in medicine as en emmenagogue. rates in the crystalline bform, while abitate of potas- exceed 5,000. Ab'hebbad, or the Lakle of Aunsa, in the country of s num remains in solution. This dissolution may be de- A' qsa, a township of Marion co., Oregon. Pop. 352. Adel; is the receptacle of the great river Huwaesh, composed by sulphuric acid, and thie precipitated abietic Al]irritaltion, c. (Med.) A pathological conditione upwhich dirains the eastern regions of Abyssinia. During acid purified by digestion in hot aqueous aimmonia; as posite to that of irritation; debility; want of strength. the rsins the lake acquires a superficial extent of about thus obtained, it is a resinous mass which dissolves easily Abisbal, IHrNYe O'DONNELr, Count of, a celebrated 50 leagues in circumference. in alcohol, ether, and volatile oils, forming acid solutions, Ssanish. general. B. icAnealudsie, 1770. O Nbapoleons' Ab'hoor, v. a. [Lat. abhorrere.] To hate with acrimony; from which it separates in the crystaliine state. At 550 h~evesion of Spain, thi pert lie tooe in the relief of Geto detest with extreemity; to loath. it becomes soft and translucent. Formula C2s Hu 03 ruona, 1807, led to Isis prootioa to the coineand of CateAbhorred', v. a. Greatly hated; detested. Abi'etin. (Chem.) It is a tasteless, inodorous resin, solu- loniei. Though defeiated in the plains ot Vich by Gen. Abhol']renee, and Abor reney, cc. The act of tile in alcohol, especiaully at the boiling heat. It nmelt s o a he mn fcr fc Agere to abhorruing; detestation. when heated, and solidifies in a crystalline mass on cool- aedon Loever Cstehonie; mnd at the village of Abisi, Abhol'rvent, a. Hating; detesting, alsominatiug;; ien. Its formnula is not knowv. (See Abictic Acid.) lie couipelled tCle surrender of a chole French column "trucik with abhorrence; -- conitrary to; foreigin from; Abietinee~e, n. ph [Froms abies.] (Bet.) A sub-ord. of the undm' Gen. Schiwevrtz. D. in Frnace, 1834. inconsistent uvith.. Pinacec, conmposed of evergreen or deciduous trees or Alslish'al, son of David's sister Zeruiah, and brother' to ibhorre ntly, ads.. With abhorrence. shrubs. Trunks streight and conical: leaves either sol- Jossi, evs one of the celsbirtedc inuoce vso tlosuishsed.Abhor'rer, cc. One eho abhors. itsry, or collected in little faescules; flowers in calkins, iii the reign of Beein. Hr Iil ecte hes ovn hssimid 31.0 Ajbhor'rible, a. Abominable; detestable; that is to consistinl of open imbricmcted carpels in the fornm of mace eiti no othee uvepon but his lase; acd sleec a be ahborred. scales in tfe axil of a biact; fruits forming a strobile or Philistine giaet, the ic-sm of ehose hp5' eighed 500 Abhori'ullt$, us. The olbject or feeliug of abhorrence, cone. The principal genera are _Pinus and Abies. shsekels. (1 Saem. xxvi., 2 Sam. xxsiii.) e abcc.gal, the beautifuhl cci b of Nabsal, s wealthy ouwcnec A bject, a. [Lat. absjectus, thhreown aeway as of no vahle.] of goatsand sheep in Caruel. When David's messengeme Mesinom'eocthlsss,epokenolpeinsoe contemptible or of Ab'iad B]!]abrel, a great river in the interior of Africa, eere slighted by Nabal, Abigail tool thie blaine upome uo veluc, sed of thiinge; eithout hope on regard, sed of ewhich at Haltaia, below Semenar, joins the Babrce —ls-Azre.l~ hlerself, and succeeded in appeasing the anger of Bsavid. condidiori deetitulemeeessms emed despribine, nused ofssctiom-s. or river of Abyssinia; and these unite at Khasrtoum ned Ten days after, nabal died, acd Datvid sente for Abigasil "ye wuca ieee eunie, scsi ty'hat ce ways form the Crue Nile. and made her his wife. (1 Sam. xxv. 11, &c.) T[[his Are morteals urgd threO sacred lust of praisee " -Poes ABLU ABOM ABOU 7 Ab'jeer, n. enan without hope; a man whose mise- lowed by an entire or partial lustration. The simple Albqom'inable, a. [Lat. cdbomin bilis,] Very hateful; ries are irretriert[l0.. ceremony of the Christian baptism may be regarded as detestable; worthy of abhorrence; "Servants amid abjecto flout me."-H-erbesi. all adoption of this natural type by the author of our Abomn'iuatbleness, n. The state of being abomifiith. Although, however, that is the only instance inii nable; hatefulness; odiousness. Aijcet'etldness, n. The state of being abject. which dipping in or sprinkling with water has been AboRn'iiablly, adv. In as abominable manner; most Aisje'tion, n. [From abject.] Meanness of mind; enjoined nnder the dispensation of the New Testament, hatefullly; detestably. waint of spirit; servility; baseness; -- also, the act of the early Christians also appear to have been in the habit Abomn inate, v. a. [Lat. abominare.] To abhor, detest, bringing down or hulmbling, and the state of being re- of undergoing ablution with water, before partaking of hate utterly. jected or cast away. the commun ion. The sprinkling with holy watter, in Abomnina'tion, n. [Fr. from Lat. aboninatlio.] Hatred, "An abjection from the beatific regions where God, and his angels use in the Catholic church, may be considered as a spe- detestation; as, to have in abominatiion; - the object of and saints, dwel forever." —Bishop Taylor. cies of ablution; and that term is also applied both to hatred. Ab'jeetly, adv. In an abject manner. the water in which the priest, who consecrates thIe host, Every shepherd is an ahominatios to tme Egyptians." Absjeetsess, n. Thie state of being abj ect; abjecting. washes his hands, and to a drop of wine and water whichr Gem. xlvi. 3. Ais'{jlieate, v. a. [Lat. abjudiccure.] To give away used anciently to be swallowed immediately after the -That Wvhich causes pollution or wickedness. by judgment. holy wether. by judglieat. holy wRejection r. "Ashtaroth, the abomsnuatios of the Sidonians."-:2 Kings xxiii. 13. Abjuslica'tion, a. Rejection. Ablu'tionary, a. Pertaining to ablution. Ab)jura'tion, n. [Lat. abjusratio.] The act of abjuring. Ablu'vion. [Lat. abluvio.] That which is washed Aboo, Ab, b bgad, a eirated A public and solemn recantation of opinion. The "mab- offt; act of washing away by water. mountain of Jajpootaua, in India, rising to as elevatiom juration of heresy" was an act frequently required by A'biy, adv. In an able manner; with great ability. of 5000 feet above the levelof tie sea, N. Lat. 420 40'; E. the Roman Catholic church. History affords several ex- Alb'negate, v. a. [Lat. abnearae.] To deny. Ion. 720 48'. Om tme very top is i small mound platform ansples of this act. IHeiry IV. abjured thi Protestant Abnega'iion, n. [Lat. abnegatio.] Denial; renuncia- otiing a cer, with bloc of ranie, aring the religion on ascending the throne of France, in 1593; the tiou; —applied rather to rights or objects of desire tlin impression of tihe feet of Bata-Briga, (an ificarnation of queen of Sweden abjured her religious opinions in to statements; as, the abnegation of self or evil desires. Visnn,) whic i the great object of pilgrige 1e51; Tnrennue, in 1688, and Augustus II. of Poland, in Ab'negative, a. Denying; renouncing; negative. Js, Sra h, nd Banis. Aboainsh, S haws naro Bandtarrn strpo.anwt 1706. Galileo was obliged to abjure his philosophical Ab'negator, n. One who denies. bo-aris, a narw and barren strip of lnd, with a n c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~boapitao he sam narron tand bordensri of tandRwithea opinions by thie Inquisition in 1633. Ab'ner, the uncle of Saul, whom he served with great capital of these me, on te border of the ed se. (Law.) See Natzuralization. loyalty against David. Murdered by Joab, 1048 -. c. Aboosn', adv. Above. Abjura'tory, a. Contaiining abjuration. Ab'net. [Heb. abnet, from the rad. banal, to bind.] The ginalpitve a. [Lt.e abnd rg, origin.] First; ori Abjure', v. a. [Fr. abjurer.] To renounce or deny girdle of a Jewish priest. gnal; priitive; as, te brt tribes o Aeria. J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~gnl p brimitie;as, the Ailoriginal tinhbitnoes of theria upon oath; as, to abjtire allegiance to a government; - Ab'nobia, now Ab'than, a long range of mountains ori in,. n original inhabitt; one of te abeiid],.Anoriginalihbtn;oesofth to renounce, reject, or retract solemnly; as, to abjusre an in Germany, extendinig from thie Rhine to the Neckar, borgn aborigllen.1-Oiinalyapoers.mgie error; -to give ip; to reject, as if by a final resolution. having different nanmes in the different countries through brig'e,.. Originlly a proper nne, give which they stretch: thi Oden, or Odenwald, abomt the to certain people in Italy, who inhabited the ancient To wage against the enmity o'the air." —Slhak. Ta ieg agiei th enitys' he ir.-Stat.river Mainse; the S'pessasrt, betwveene tIesse and Franro- Lsatiuss. — Ins mioderns geograsphy this term is applied~ nia; Baao, in Wirtemnberg'. to the primitive inhabitaints of a country, in contradisAljur'er, n. One who abjures. Ab'otidat, v. a. [Lat. obnedre.] Tocutknotsfrom tinction to colonies, or new races of people. Abka'sia, or Abeasi, a country inhabited by a war- t,,,e. Abart', v. a. [Lati abomlare.] To bring forth before the ilte tribe to the N. W. of the Caucasus, on the Kouban. Abanoda'ltison, n. The act of cutting away the knots time. (O.) They iare descended from Greek colonists, and prefer a of trees. Aborlticit, a. (Bt.) Sterile, barren. life of rsepino and sidventure to any other. A.uarsbno'mal, a., [Lat. ab, firom, and iornta, a rule,] is Al0ab'rtio, n. [Lat. abortis.] The inimature product of Ablaetta'ioa, n [Lat. ablactatio.] (Med.) The wean- employed, in physical science, to denote any state of mn organ,; any frnmit or produce that does not come to ing of a child fromn the breast, or of young beasts from iregnarity or deviation fro the geneual form, or lawrity or anything which fais in its progresas, before n irregiii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~atrity, or dvanthiongh c froli ithe gprafogrms, beorelw their damn. - (Hlort.) The process of grafting, now called or natnure. itis matured or perfect; as, his attempt proved an abortion. inisesrchsing or grafting by approach. A uoe~rrsnaity, a. The state or quality of being abuoc- (Midwifery.) Miscarriage, or the expulsion of the Abia/qusneate, v. a. [Lat. ablaq;carle, to turn up the.me1; irregularity; deformity. foetus from the uterus, before the seventh month, after eartis around the foot of a tree.] To lay bare the roots Abo, a city in the Russian province of Finland, and chief which it is called premature Isbor. It most commonly of a tree. town of the circle of the same name. It is situated near occurs between She eighth amd eleventh weeks of pregA&liaqt.olle~$a'ioull, a. An old term in gardening, signi- the extremity of thie promontory formed by the gulfs nancy, but miay happen at a later period. The principal fying tile operation of removing the earth aind baring of Bothi and Finland, and is divided into two parts by causes o i re age ae blows or falls; great exertion causes of miscarriage lane blows or fils; great exertion the root. of trees in winter, to expose them nmore fireely the river Aurajolri. Previous to 1817, Abs was tte capi- or fatigue; sudden Irights and other violent emotions of to the iir-, craii, &c. tal of Finland. Vessels drawing 9 or 10 feet of water go the ind te abuse of spirituous liquors; excessive Abla'tio~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii,~~~~~h mnd; the acts of siiwaa.(~l. nbe,piritofuse diarquaors;oic xcessoriovofen Abltasioa, is. Time act of tsaking away. ( ~d.) An up to the town; but those e fee of i's bleedring, profuse dpann;lceha or colic, &c. Aboitio3 oftes evacuation. S.W. of the river, where there is a good harbor; and happens without any obvious cause, from some defect in Ab'lativa. [Lat. otlatnie, tahuen away.] (Grastanos.] thence the goods are sent by small craft to Abo. Pop. the uterus, or in the fotus itself, which we cannot satisThe sixth case of tihe Latin noun implied in English bIy 12,000. factorily explain. The notorious frequency of artificial the preposuition f Gro. tAbo, ACunIPEnLAGO OF, an extensive group of low, rocky abortion forms an odious festure in the menners of anAlb'lay, a country of Great Tartary, governed by a Kal- islands in the Baltic sea, spreading along thle S. and cient times. Seneca makes it a ground of distinction for insckl chiefh under the protection of Russii. It lies east W. coasts of Finland, opposite the city of Abo, rendering IHelvia, that she had never, like others of her countryof thie river Irtisch, and extends 400 leagues along the the navigation difficult and dangerous. women, destroyed the child -in her womb, in order to southern frontiers of Siberia. ba', a. Sx., for, and bd.] (Nt.) Te preserve her shape. Ablaze', adv. [See blaze.] On fire in a blaze. inside of a ship. Hence, any person who enters a ship (Law.) When abortion is produced with a malicious A'ble, a. [Fr. habile.] Itiaving strong fiecultics. or great is said to go aboard; but whenn aneny enters in the design, it becomes a misdemeanor, and the party causing strength or lknowvledge, riches, or any other isower of time of bttle, he is said to bad a pha which alay it may be indicted and punished. When, in cosequence I time of battle, he is said to board. a phrtamay be inic awy ofted ma d punshed.t prdheaorin, thidn t of'steqec mind, body, or fortune; having sufficient power; enabled; inplies hostility. - lb fall aboard osf, is to strilte or en- f tie eas sed to proce aboio, the deth of the as, ableto work; able to endure pain. counter another ship when one or both are in nmotion, or woman ensues, the crime is murder. He was served by the ablest men that were to be found."-Bacon. to Abe driven upom a ship by the force of the wind onr cur- Abom"tive; a. Brought forth in an immature state; hence, failing before it is complete; as, an abortive enter, Abla, v. o. To uphold or bacir up. renit.-Abioad-osain-tack, the order to draw the usain- hence, faiiig before it is coritpaete; as, an p otou tier enterc "None does attend, none, I say none; I'll able'em." —Shak. taclr, i. e., the lower cornex of the mainsail, down to prise;- pertaining to botion; -procurig or sing A'ble, or Abel, Tuomms, chaplains to Catherine of Ar- the chess-tree. abortion; as, bi iedicines. ragon. HIis attachment to his royal mistress brouight hiim Abode', pret. of abide. Abor'tive,-a. TIat which is brought forth or born prelbo~tfven. hatwhi h is thought toprthoduc borntireinto great trouble. IIt suffered death for denying tile Abode, n. Habitation, dwelling, place of residence. atuel; thatwhid is thonght to produce abortion. 1-1 ~~~~~abrturely; tatwfdh. in anuh o rdc abortivomnn.;ina king's supremacy, 1531.' I know thy abode and thy going out." - 2 Kings xix. 21. Abor'tively, adv. In an abortive manner; imma - A'ble-bodlied, a. Strong of body; rolbust. turely. — Stay, continuance in a place. Aborltiveness, n. The state of abortion. IAbleg-iaiaa, those choice ports of thi entroils of vie- Sweet friends, your patience for my hong abode." - Siak. Abor'tvne ss, n. untimely birth. (Obs.) Seabortion. Ablaganina, Abo~~~~~~~~~~Swe~rt'iends, a.u anutienselfry bit.lOo.) aSee.ts —thak. tinus whlich were offered by tile Ronmans in sacrifice to the gods. They were sprinlred with flour mend burnt -To nakle abode; to dwell, to reside; to inhabit. AboaiI't anifal l. See A ba Ilanfrah. upon the altar, thie priests pouring some wine on them. "Deep in a cave the sibyl makes abode." - Dryden. A!bon-IHananes, a. (Zo6e.) An Affricads bird, considered by some naturalists to be identical with the ancient Ibis. Ab'len, and Ablet, n. [Fr. ablette.] The bleak, Leucis- Aboole, v. a. To foreshow; —v. i., to be an omen. (0.) Although solitary in- its hsbits, it is sosetines seem in cue albnuros; a smasll freslh-water fish. Abode'ment, n. A secret anticipation of something small bands of fro six to ten, and is capable ofa loft 119 small bands of' from six to ten, and is capable et-a loftlr A'bleness, in. Ability of body or mind; ability; capa- future; an impression upon tihe mind of some event to and powerful flightm bility. come; prognostication; omen. (O.) Ab'lepsy. [Fr. ablepsie.] (Med.) Want of sight; blindness. Abo l'i1n, n. Presentiment; prognostication. (0.) Abliga'tion, n. A tying up fromn. Ab'oite, in Indiana, a post-village and township of Abliguri'tion. [Lat. abligaritio.] A prodigal spend- Alien co. Pop. abt. 1,600. The village is on the canal ing on meat and drinlr. connecting Fort Wayne with Peru. Abloeate. [Lat. ablocane.] To let out to hire; to lease. Also, in the same county, a river joining Little River. Abloca'tione, a letting out to hire. Abol'ish. - [Fr. abolir.] To put an end to; to annul; - Abloom', ado. In a bloomninig state. to destroy; to annihilate; as, to abolish laws, slavery, &c. Ab'ltae nt, a. [Fr;Lat. abitio, to wvash away.] That which Abosl'sisa ble, a. [Fr. abolissable.] Capable of being washes away; that iWhich has tie powver of cleansing. abolished. AbhIuaeni, n. (Med.) A detergent. WAboll'isher, n. One who abolishes. Ablu'tion, n. [Lat. ablitio.] Literally, a washing away. Abolh' tion, and Aboltishmenut, n. [Fr. abolition.] (Eccl.) A ceremony consisting in bathing the l)ody, ornm The act of abolishing. Abolition is most frequently used. part of it, in water, which iast been practised imore or less A bolli'tionisaa n., The principles of the abolitionists. extensively by thi disciples of almost every formn of fiaith. Aboliti/onists, n. pl. A term used in the United b.luations, or lustratiqous, as they are more commnonly States to designate the party who desired the immediate... called, even constituted a part of the Mosaic cerenmoniail, and total abolition of slavery. See nLAVERY. and were pmactised ainong the Jews on variousnn occmasions, A oli"tioniee, v.a. To inmbue with the principle of _ both by the piriests and by the people. They occupy en abolitionism. important place in the Biahminical end other religions Abolla, se. A warm kiind of garment, lined or doubled, - - __ of India, where the wvtenrs of the Ganges are considered ~.worn by the Greelks and itomissmnms, chiefly out of the cimy, as having so psni(~ing a power, that even if a votaery, in following the caoup. who casnnot go to that river, shell cmli unpon it to cleannse Aobe'ai, n. (Zoid.) A species of large serpent, inhubitingg hsins, in pra~yen,'while bathing in another streanms, he will the morasses of So-tth Americs. See BOA. be freed from any sin or pollution he -may haive con- AIsbona'sum, or A omass's, in. [Lat.] (atnal.) tracted. Btnt the religion by wshich ae blationits oohave beans The fourth stomach of a numiniant animal. Fi#. 11. - ArOTy-rrrrS. enjoined most t'mnctilionnsly, anrl in the greatest iumnuemr, AbO'sray, the capitael of the lkingdomns of Dahomey, in A&bf uki',, a small town of Egypt, standing at the eastis the Iohaismhmensuel n. Aconrdini to the precepts of ttlh Africrae. Lat. 70 59' N., Long. 10 20' E. Pop. said to be ern extremity of the long necki of lend between thie most rigid doctons of tim it faith, it innsmy anlmost be ssid 24,0l0. It is said that within the royal palace are batr- sea and the lares: 3laeotis and Meilne, upon whicnh Alexthsat scrcely the most crdirnary orntrifling actiuon csn be rackrs, in w'hich the 5000 Amazons of the king's army andeime bout twelve miles to the westwand, is also situ-. rightly perhornned -uithout being either preceded or lbl- live in celibacy, under the care of eunuchs. ated. IEastwamrd lies the spacious bhy of Abouknir, reach~ 8 ABRA ABIRA ABRO ing to the mouth of the Nile. In this bay, Nelson found eases. It was to be written upon a piece of paper as Abrantes, DUCHEss or, a French woman of considerable the French fleet which had conveyed Bonaparte into many tinmes as the word contains letters, omitting the literary acquireinents. B. at Montpelier, 1784; d. 1838. By Egypt and destroyed or captured the greatest part of it last letter of the former every time, and suspended her mother, Paunonia Comnena, she was a descendant (1st of Auguet, 1798). In other respects, Aboukir ie not from the neck by a linen thread. It was the name of from the imperial Byzantine family of thle Comneni; of much importance. a god worshipped by the Syrians, the wearing of whose she married Marshal Junot after his return from Egypt. Aboulfeda, or Abulfeda, hereditary prince of Ha- name was a sort of invocation of his aid. Her principal work, Memoires de la Duchesse D'A brantes, mah. The most celebrated of the Arabian writers on A B R A C AD A B It A is an authority on the court of Napoleon. history and geography. Among his contemporaries he A B R A C A D A B R Abra'sion, n. [Lat. abrade, I rub off.] In Numismawas also distinguished both as a ruler and a warrior. His A B 1 A C A D A B tology, implies the waste of coin, or the loss by wear descent was in a direct line from Ayoub, father to Sala- A B I A C A D A and tear in the pocket. This forms a considerable itenm din, and from whom the house of that conqueror received A B It A C A D in the expense of a metallic currency, and various means the appellation of Ayoubites. B. at Damascus in 1273, A B I A C A hlave been employed to lessen it, -- by alloying the coins his valor and other eminent qualities soon recommended A B It A C so as to render them harder; by raising the border, so as him to the favor of the sultan Melik-el-Nassir. He took A B It A to lessen the surface exposed to be rubbed, &c. an active part in the victory of Damascus (1303) by which A B R (MIed.) A superficial excoriation; an ulceration of the Syria was for the time delivered from the incursions of A B skin. the Tartars. The rest of Aboulfeda's life was spent in A Abras'iie. (M1in.) A mineral of the zeolite family, splendor and tranquillity, devoted to the government of At present, the word is used chiefly in jest, to denote found on Vesuvius. It occurs, united with Phillipsite, his territory, and to the pursuit of science. The two something without meaning. in quadratic octahedrons, aggregated in masses. Transworks by which Aboulfeda is known in Europe, are his Abrade', v.n. [Lat. abradere, to scrape off.] To rub parent, with grayish-white color. Called, also, gismenGeography and his History. or wear off; to waste by friction. dine and zeagonite. Abound', v. n. [Lat. abundare, to overflow.] ~ To be in Abrad'ing, n. [Lat. ab, from, and redo, I scrape or rub Abraum', s. [Ger. abraumee, to take away.] A kind great plenty; to be copiously supplied; —followed by off.] Applied to the sloping surface of banks of earth, of clay used to darken mahogany. with or in; as, to abound with provisions; to abound in which crumble down from the effects of frost, or the Abrax'as. (Zo~l.) A genus of nocturnal Lepidoptera, corn. alternate action of drought and moisture.. in which is included the common magpie-moth. Its Abound'iIng, n. Increase; prevalence. A'brahaiu, [Heb. father of mtultitude,] son of Terah, color is a yellowish-white clotted with llack, and a About', prep. [A. S. abutan.] Around, surrounding, en- and brother of Nahor and Ilaran; the progenitor of the band of pale orange marks the wings. It deposits its circling; Hebrew nation and of several cognate tribes. His his- eggs on thle leaves of the currant and gooseberry in July'IAbout his neck she castlher trembling hands." —Dryd. tory is recorded with nmuch detail in the Scriptures, as or August, and the caterpillars are hlatched in Septem- ot far frois; near, in place, tine, quantity, &c.; hence, the very type of a true patriarchal life. His character her. Its chrysalis is black. much used in approximative statement. is free, simple, and nanly; full of hospitality and family Abrax'as, or Abrasas, the supreme god of the Basi" He west out about the third hour."-M-att. xxh. 3. affection; truthful to all who were bound to him by lidian heretics. It is neystic or cabalistic word, saidtobe -Concerning, with regard to, relating to. their ties, though not untainted with Eastern craft composed of Greek letters, a, 0, p, a, 5, a, g, which together, toward aliens; ready for war, but not a professed war- aeccording to the Grecian mode of numeration, make up "The painter is not to take so much pains aboet the drapery as rior or plunderer; ftiree and childlike in religion, and the number 365. For Basilides taught that there were about the face." —Dryd. gradually educated by God's hand to a sense of its all- 365 heavens between the earth and the empyrean; each'-Engaged on, employed upon; hence, before a verbal noun or ainfinitive, eadly to; othe poin of;iacof absorbing claims. Tetrah was an idolater. Abrahale of which heavens had its angel or intelligence, which or an infinitive, ready to; on the point of; in act of. appears as the champion of monotheism, and to him are created it; each of which angels, likewise, was created "iLet us know what it is our brave countrymen are about."- referred the beginnings of the Mosaic polity. In obc- by the Supreme Being, or first Creator. The Basilidians Addisoan. epeso; sclth, c.dience to a call of God, Abraham, with his father Terah, used the word abraxas by way of charm or amulet. -Appendant to the person; abs, cloths, &to his wife Sarah, and his nephew Lot, left his native Ur Abreast', adv. [Prefix a, and breast.] Side by side, f ye have that aoul y. -Miton. of the Chaldees, and dwelt for a time in Haran, where with breasts in a line; as, the riders rode abreast. about, adv. Circularly; in circuit. Terah died. After his father's death, Abraham, now 75 (Naut.) Opposite to; off; up with; as, "a ship abreast'" A mile about, and a third of a mile across." years old, pursued his course, with Sarah acndLot, to the a hleadland." — Nearly; approximatively; with close correspondence in land of Canaan, whither he was directed by the divine Abrelp'tion, n. [Lat. ab, and rapere, to snatch.] A manner, degree, &c.; as, about as high. command (Gen. xii. 5), when he received the general carrying away; the state of being seized and carried - Here and there; every way. promise that he should become the founder of a great away. (0.) "- Wandering about from house to house." nation, and that all the families of the earth should be Abreuvoir', a. [Fr. abreuvoir..] A receptacle for water. -To a reversed position; in the opposite direction; around; blessed in him. As the country was suffering with (Masonry.) The joint betwee stones to he filled up *as, to face about; to turn one's self about. ffamine, Abraham journeyed southward to the rich corn- with mortar. To bring about, to bring to the point or state desired; lands of Egypt. Fearing that the great beauty of Sarah A'bricock, sz. See ArnIcoT. as, he has brought about his purposes. might tempt the powerful monarch of Egypt, and expose Abridge', v. a. [Fr. abreger.] To make shorter in words, -To come about, to come to some certain state or point, his own life to peril, he represented her as his sister, but keeping still the same substance; - to contract, to di"The wind they long had wish'd was come about."-Dryd. the deception was discovered, and Pharaloh with some minish, to cut short; - to deprive of; as, to abridge one -To go about a thing; to prepare to do it. indignation dismissed him fiom the country. Abraham of. his right. "Why go ye about to kill me? "-John vii. 19. left Egypt with great possessions, and, accompanied by Abridg'er, n. One who abridges. Lot, returned to one of his former encampments between Abridgl'nent, n. That which diminishes; a reduc(Naut) Togo about signifies the alternation ofa ship's Bethel and Al. As the soil was not fertile enough to tion or deprivation; as, an aboridgmente of expenses, or course. support the two kinsmen, Abraham proposed that each pleasure. - In Literateure, the reduction of a book into a (.zlfil.)Aboutnieansachanget te twoIintheposition ofabodyofhteac (il.)troops; "Aright-about," meanschand "left-about," are commandsyof should follow his own fortune. Lot, eager to quit the smaller compass; the book so reduced is sometimes called troops; "'right-atbout," and "left-about," are commands a ~tm, o opnin. T odneabor ih givento executesemicircular turns to the rightortheleft nomadic life, chose the fertile plain of the Jordan; and an epitome, or compendium. To condense a book, withgivento exeutesemicirculart urst otherthtorthe heft. Abraham pitched his tent among the oak-groves of out detriment to symmetry and connection of the whole, About'-sledge, na. The largest hammer used by si'ths. Macore, close to Hebron, where the promise that his demsands the exercise of both judgment and skill, and Above', prep. [A. S. abutan.] Higher in place. descendants shlould become a mighty nation, and possess not unfrequently of taste; to the absence of which requi"Above the brims they fore their fiery way."-Dryd. the land in which he weas a stranger, was confirmed with sites must be imputed the frequcent imperfection of this - More in quantity or number. all the solemnity of a religious ceremony. At the sug- class of works. The advantage of epitomes or abridg-:'They are numbered from twenty years old and above." —x. gestion of Sarah, who despaired of having children of ments, when ably executed, can scarcely be too higlhly xxx. 14. her own, he took as lhis concubine Ilagar, her Egyptian estimated, for, friom the enormous increase of literature, - Higher in rank, power, or excellence. maid, who bare him Ishmael, in the 86th year of his age. they are yearly growing more important, and will even"There is not riches above a sound body." —Ecc. xxx. 16. Thirteen years elapsed, during which revelation was tually become a nmatter of necessity. — Superior to; unattainable by. made, that a son of Sarah, and not Ishmael, should in- Abr'oaeh', adv. In a posture to run out or yield the " Things may be above our reason, without being contrary to herit both the temporal and spiritual blessings. The liquor conteined: property spoken of vessels;- hence, in it." —Swift. covenant was renewed, and the rite of circumcision a state to be diffused or advanced; in a state of such - Beyond; more thtan. established as its sign. At length, Isaac, the long beginning as promtises a progress. "We were pressed out of measure, above strength." —2 Cor. i. 8. looked-for child, was born, and Ishmael was driven out, "Alack I what mischiefs might be set abroach, Above', adv. Overhead. with his mother IIagar, as a satisfaction to Sarah's In shadow of such greatness 1 "-Shak. To men standing above, men standing below, seem....-Bacon jealousy. Some 25 years after this event, Abrahane Abroa'cment, n. (Law.) The act of forestalling the To men standing fheabve, m.n. received the strange command to take Isaac, and offer market. "Your praise the birds shall chninerygo, him for a burnt-offering at an appointed place. He Abroad', ad. Without confinement; widely; atlarge. And"Your praise the bnrds shall w hont ha every grove, hesitated not to obey, hut the sacrifice was stayed by ". Again, the lonely fox roams far abroad." —Prior. - Aed winds shall wft it to the pr above,,-Pope, the angel of Jehovah. Sarah died at Hebron, and was _ Out of the house, camp, or other enclosure. - gBefore;a, I said arbove, that, &c. hondt r buried in the cave of Machpelah, which Abraham pur-Welcome, sir, -- Higher in rank or power; as, he appealed to the court chased of Ephron; -the first instance on record of a "Welcome, she, above. This cell's my court; here have I few attendants, Fron above, from an higher place, from heaven. legal conveyance of property. Abraham lived to see And subjects none abroad." —Shak. above, from an iher place, from heaven the gradual accomplishmeent of the promise in the birth _ In another country; as, to go abroad for an edcation. Above all, in the first place; chiefly.heconr;atgobodfrandutin Aboe al, in the rst place; chiefly of his grandchildren, Jacob and Esau, and at the goodly - In all directions, this way and that. "We admire above all, the elegance of his expression."-Dryd. age of 175 he was "gathered to his people," and lai "n el displays her dus rms aro."-Dryd. Above, adj., is often used ellipticallyce ac adjective, by beside Sarah, in the tomb of Machpelah, by his so5ns "A et he r eesilas omitting the word mentioned, quoted, &c.; as, the above Isaac and Ishmael. - Before the public at large; extensively; as, observations. Abraham'ie, a. Pertaining to Abraham; as, the Abra-'" He.... began....to blaze abroad the matter." —MVark i. 45..Above'-board, adv. Above the board or table; —in hamic covenent. IA'brogable, a. Capable of being abrogated. open sight; without deception or artifice. Abrahamn'ites, n. An order of monks exterminated Ab'rogate, v. a. [Lat. abrogao'e.] To annul, to repeal; Above'-deck, a. On deck; without artifice. for idolatry by Theophilus in the ninth century. Also to abolish authoritatively; -applied to the repeal of Above' —roulucl, a. Alive. the name of another sect of heretics who had adopted laws, decrees, ordinances, &c. Above'-stairs, adv. On the floor above. the errors of Paulus. See Pelsu. Abroga'tion, n. [Pron Lat. ab, frsm; rogo, I ask.] Aboville, FRANcIs ILARIE, a French general, who served Abrahamlit'eal, a. Relating to Abraham. The annulment of a law by competent authority. A in the American war. B. 1730; d. 1819. Abraham-town, a post-office of Marion co., Florida. phrase derived from the practice of the Roman popular A'bra, n. A Polish silver coin, worth about a shilling Abralhos, a cluster of islets and snd-banls on the assebies, which the sever tribes,, &c., ere sterling.. coast of Brazil, between 170 and 180 S. Lat. The islets said regare se!{fragia, to demand the suffrage; whence Abra'banel, Abaribanael, or Avr'avanel, ISAAC. tsre low, covered with grass and a little scattered brush- also the modern word prerogative. See Cbimitia. A celebratted rabbi, cledeseing descent tram kiing David; swood. Their highest point rises about 100 feet above tte Abro'mna, s. [From a, neg., and bronea, food; i.e. not fit was born at Lis~bon a. o. 141-37. He becanos counsellor to level of the sea. to be eaten.] (Bet.) Handsome free-flowering species of Alphonso V., kingf of Portogal, ctnd afterword to Fec'di- bll~r' ca eeek, a small stream of Columbia co., New trees of Nesv South Wales, of easy stove culture, delightnand the Catholic; hut iso 1492 was obliged to leave York, falling into the H-udson river, 4 miles above hud- ing in a compost of loam and peat. Propagated sith Spain with the oteer Jews. Hie died at Venice, aged 71. son city. ease friom seeds, or cuttings; purple flower. The bark He has left souse swvoks on interpretations and explana- )Abrasuis, a. (Zel.) A sub-genus of melacopterygious, of Abroma augusta furnishes a very tough fibrous tis. tions of the Bible. Abrabaznel passed for one of the mast or soft-finned abdominals, of which the broenm is a'species. sue, suited for mnanufacturing into cordage. (Linn. 1l. learned of the rabbis; and the Jews gave him the names A s'au'ehians. (Zoil.) Cr. a, aithott, brancbia, 18, or. 1, nat. or. S'erceiacc.) of the Sage, the P~rince, aLnd the Great Pahitician. gills.] An order of animals, class Anellidce, so called be- Abrs'nana, a. (Bet.) lIacnddnome trailing plant, multiAbraeadab'ra, n. A magical word among the an- cause they possess no organs of respirotion, as the leech. plied by division, and grown in sandy peat. White aced cients, reaommended as an antidote against severalduo- Abrantes, MAasao, Dun ov. SeeJeenoi. red daser. (Lien. cl. 5, or. 1, nat. or. Ndctginacece.) ABSC ABSO ABSO 9 Abrot'anum, n. (Bet.) A species of Artemisia, com- according to their seat, as, empyema, when in the cavity Absolute nunmber is the known quantity which posmonly called Southernwood. of the pleura; vomica, in the lungs; panaris, in any of sesses one side of an equation; thus, in xa+12x:24, the A1brud-baa ya, a town of Austria, province of Tran- the fingers; hypopyon, in the anterior chamber of the absolute number is 24, which is equal to the square of sylvania, situated on the river Amnpoy. Mines of gold eye; lumbar abscess, &c. (See these r words.) The for- x added to 12 x. and silver. Pop. 4,100. mation of an abscess is the result of inflammation termni- Absolute equation (Astron.) is the sum of the optic and Abrupt', a. [Lat. abruptus broken off.] Broken, craggy. nating in suppunration. This is known by a throbbing eccentric equation. "Resistless, roaring, dreadful, down it came, pain, which lessens by degrees, as well as the heat, ten- Absolute space, (Plhys.,) space considered without relaTumbling through rocks abrupt." —Thsomson. sion, and redness of the inflamed part; and if the pus is tion to material objects or limits. - Sudden, without the customary or proper preparations. near the surface, a cream-like whiteness is soon per- Ab'soluta ely, adv. In an absolute manner; positively, "To know the cause of your abruot departure." —Shak. ceived, with a prominence abont the middle, then a flue- completely. Unconnected; having sudden trtuation may be felt, which becomes gradually more dis- Ab'soluteness, n. The quality of being absolute; -Unconnjec t to anther; having sudden transitions from onebupt sub-tyle. tinct, till at length the matter makes its way externally. despotism. ject to another; as an abrupt sutyle. A When an abscess is superficially seated, the early treat- Albsolu'tion, n. [Fr. absolution.] (Civil Law.) An ac(Bet.) Anything which happens suddenly. A leafwhich ment consists chiefly in pronmoting tihe formation of pus quittal or sentence of a judge declaring the accused inis suddenly terminated owithout tapering to a point; by the applcation of moist ad warm bandages or pou- nocent of the crime laid to his charge.-In the Ronman stemn which is suddenly bent,;r abrzt he rtpiaiuo os n armban rpupt. FsteninL g which is suddenly bent, are abrunnpt. o tices. The next step is the removal of the pus. When Catholic Church, it is a remission of sins pronounced by a violent and sudden separation of bodies. Abrup'tionandn. [Lat sabruptio.] Aosuddeb breakiiig; this is too long delayed, serious disturbance of the organ, the priest in favor of a penitent. Abviplt'en, adsd. In span abrupt manner. or even poisoning of the blood, may ensue. Ab'solutisrn, n. (Politics.) Irresponsible, unlimnited Abrupt~ly, adv. In an abrupt manner. LnAbrupt'ness, n. The state of being tbrupt; cragged- Ab'tseiss, or Abseis'sa, n. [Lat. ab scindo, I cut off.] sovereignty, whether in the hands of one or of many, in ness; suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence; (Geonm.) A segment cut off from a straight line, by an ordi- contradistinction from that which is restrained by finas, abruptlness of manner; abrubpttess of sentences. nate to a curve. The position of apoint on a plaee is er- damental laws, or exercised in cooperation with the A'bs,. [r. abros, elicte or elegnt.] (Bt.) A nus fectly determined when its distances, measured in given representatives of the peole'. of legnmnous plants wit papilinaceous flowers and directions, from two straight lines given by position, are Ab'solutist, n. One who is a partisan of despotism. pods containoing bright red seeds witi a broad lcfl sc-s known; and as curve lines may be regarded as formed by Absol'utory, a. That absolves; absolving; absolvatory. pods containing bright red seeds with a broad black sear ononesideotheem n o Fthe continuous motion of a point, their various properties Absol'vable, a. That may be absolved. on one side of them, na~t. ord. YIiabacece~. (Linn. cl. 16, or. 5.) Abonzo. Ad o territory in South ItalyL. eWheie Norples may be investigated by means of the relation common to Absol'vatory, a. Relating to pardon; forgiving; abAexisted as a separate kinSgdom, Abrulzo was divided all points of the same curve between the two distances solutory. into: Abre o Uerio irno, capital asa'pteiamgo; Abnwsszo d e so measured. Thus, let A B and A C be two straight Absolve', v.a. [Lat. absolvere.] To clear, to acquit of a into: iore econdsccapital Auia;Abusslines given by position, and P any crime, in a judicial sense; -to set free from an engageUlteriore Secondo, capital Aquila; Abruzzo Citeriore, capi-' Xroe d point in a curve X Y. Draw P Q si eitei h tal Cieti; but these names were abolished at the forma- poat in a curve X Y.Br eeto se;n tion of the kingdomn of Italy, and the new adminis- parallel to A C, and meeting A B in Y ecclesiasticl sense. trative divisions of the Abruzo are called, afte te Q then P Q is called the ordinate Absolvd er, a. One who absolves. trative divisions oe chief tohes, Abruzzo are alledti, a ftnder the of the point P, and A Q is the -A -'seonnnt, a. [Lot. absouans.] Discordent; contrcry; names of the chief towns, Aquila, Chieti, and Teramo.abisA q opsetocnnn. absciss. opposed to consonant. This territory is bounded oil the north and west by the This territory is bouded on the north ad st by the Abseis'sion, n. The act of cutting off, or the state of Aasonous, a. [Lat. absonus.] Unmusical; -absurd; States of the Church, east by the Adriatic, and south by being cut off. contrary; s, absonous to our reason. the provinces of Terra di Lavoro, Moise, and Captanata. (Rhet.) A figure of speech, when, having begun to say Absorb', v. a. [Fr. absorber.] To swallow up; to suck stIt hoesAra an area of 5,000 square miles; and though pnie-athgase rsosbuls e sncting to the Adriatc a coa miles; inndta thing, a speaker stops abruptly, as supposing the mat- up; to imbibe; as a sponge;- to engage wholly; to ensen~ing to the Adriatic a coast of about 80 mil es In ter sufficiently understood. Thus, "I-He is a man of so gross; as, vbsorbed in business. length, yet it has not a single good port. It is mostly much honor and candor, and such generosity....but iI soba, n. A state or quality of being abgeeoiy.,but I Absorbalsil'ity, so. A state or quality' of being abrugged, mountainous, and covered with extensive for- need say no more."orbable. ests, but contains also many fertile and well-watered A eond', v.a. [Lat. abscondere, to hide.] To hide Absorbabl e, a. That may be absorbed. valleys. The Apennines traverse its whole extent, run- one's self; to retire from the public view; generally used Absorb'ent, a. [Fr. absorbant.] Imbibing; swallowing. ning generally firom N.W. to S.E., and there they attain n -in enr1 ally fl-un iN. 1toS, andil thr tice attano of persons in debt, or criminals eluding the law. Absorbent ground, a term given by painters to a watertheir greatest ohevation. Near Aquila is Monte Corno, caledir gran asse tatiaoNear te ga rok of AbseondOence, n. Concealment. (o.) color mixture, which is laid upon the canvas or wood, ~called 1 Gran Sas~~so d~otalia, or the great rock' of Italy, A der, n. One who absconds. and which, upon the oil-color being applied, at once inmwhich rises to the height of 9,521 feet. Monte Majel, Abseoaet, a post-office of Calhoun co., Michigan, 120 bibes the oil, leaving the colors in which the design is and Monte Velino, attain the height of 8,500 and 8,317 miles W. of Detroit. made dry and brilliant. feet respectively. The principal rivers are the Tronto, Absecumn, Abseeom, a post-village of Atlantic co., Absorb'luts, n. (Anat.) A name given to certain Trentino, Pescara, and Sangro. A little to the south of New Jersey, on a creek of the same nanme, 2 miles from small, delicate vessels which imbibe fluids that come in the village of Albi, in Abrszzo Uleriore Seceundo, is Laike Absecum bay, 75 miles S. of Trenton. contact with them, and carry them into the blood. They Celano, the Lacus fucinus of the Romans. (See.Fucinu Celano, thee Lacusfci of the R us. (See Fcins Ab'sene e, n. [Fr. absence.] The state of being absent, op- are denominated lacteals or lymphatics, according to the Lacus.) The climate differs considerably with the eleva- posed to presence; -inattention, heedlessness, neglect liquids which they convey. tion of the soil, but, generally speaking, it ie temperate of the present object. (-Med.) Substances used to absorb or neutralize the and healthy. Agriculture is but little attended to or II continued fiy walk, reflecting on the little absences and dis- acids sometimes formed in the stomach: chalk and mecgunderstood, atlthough in many of thle lower patrts of the (Icniudi~ ak elcigo h itens~csadds understood, although in any of the oer parts of the tractions of mankind."-Adlcisoe. nesia are examples. - (.Surg.) Spongy substances used in country the land is of considerable fentility. Its princi- (Law.) Want of appearance. dressing wounds, such as lint and amsdon. pat productions are corn, hemp, flax, almonds, olives, Ab'sent, a. Not present; as, my absent friends; —inat- Absoro kas, or Crows, an Indian tribe in Missouri. figs, grapes, and chestnuts. The manufactures are very figs, grapes, and chestnuts. The nanufctures are very tentive, regardless of the present object. Not familiarn with the habits of civilized life; they have inconsiderable, being chiefly woollen, linen, and silk tucffo, and earthen and heood wales. Bearsn,wolves, and II What is commonly called an absent man is commonly rather a about 1,000 warriors, but are rapidly decreasing. stuffs, and earthen and wood wares. Bears, wolves, and very weak or a very affected man." — hesterfiyld.! Absorp'tion, n. [Fr. abso-ption.] The interpenewild boars inhabit the mountain fastnesses, and in the ex- tron of certain bodies by other bodies or influences, tensive oak forests numerous herds of swine are fed, the Ab'sent, v. a. To withdraw, to forbear to come into tration of certain odies by other bodies or inflences hams of which are in high repute. According to the presence. vhich by this means disappean or becone host. There census of 1862, the prov. of Aquila has a pop. of 339,555; "If any member absents himself, he is to be fined." re several importnt ex ple of this in Physics. (Bot.) The chief function of the root, by which food the prov. of Chieti, 337,361; and the prov. of Teramo, Absentne'neons, a. Pertaining to absence; habitually is taken up in a state of solution for the use of the plant. 240,035; the totalpop. of the Abruzzo numbering 917,954. absenting one's self. (See Eudosmose.) Ab'salonn, soN OF BAVID. A handsome, but bold and Absenta'tios, n. The act of absenting one's self. (Chem.) The disappearance of a gaseous fluid on enaspiring prince, who, rebelling and usurping the govern- Absestee', n. One who absents himself from his office, tering into combination vith a liquid or solid; thus, ment, was at length slain by Joab, David's general. An post, duty, country, estate, &c. when the gas anionl is passed into water, absorpexisting monument in the valley of Jehoshaphat bears Absentee'isnsn, n. The state or habit of an absentee. tion takes place, and the result is the liquid commonly the name of Tomb ofAbsalonz; but it is contested whether Absoent'er, n. One who absents hinself frone his place. called spirit of hartshorn. it be a tomb, and the Ionic pillars round its base show Absent'naoe nt, n. A state of remaining absent from. (PhysioZ.) A term enployed to designate that natural that it belongs to a much later period. Absimarniaus, a soldier of fortune who raised, against the function of the body which is exercised by the absorbent Byzantine emperor Leontius, an army which proclaimed vessels; as, the absoTption of the chyle by the lacteal him emperor, A. D. 698. He slit the ears and nose of vessels. Leontius, and threw him into a convent. He was taken Absorption of heat is the name given to the phenomein 705 by Justinian II., who, after having used him as a non by which the heat-rays seem to disappear within the footstool at the Hippodrome, ordered him to be beheaded. substance of bodies subjected to their influence, the effects Ab'sintlhe, n. [Fr.] An extract of the plant Absinthium, differing greatly according to surface and color. As the distilledwith brandy. It is used with water as a cordial, subject is closely connected with the phenomena of raand is said to give appetite; but it is prejudicial to the diation and reflection, it will be considered at greater health if taken too frequently. length under the art, Heat.'~,~'i i~Absin'thine, n. (Crem.) The bitter principle of worm- Absorption of light will be best explained by considerwood, or artemisia absinthium. ing the causes of transparency, opacity, and color. Transl-~t' m — Absin'thium, or common wormwood, a plant of the parency in a body is caused by one part of the light 1)1 —:'-_genus arternisia, ord. asteracere. It grows about rubbish striking on it being transmitted through its substance, and rocks. The leaves of wornmwood have a strong, dis- another being reflected fiom its surface, and a third being -- 5511 let;;sii" n ~eagreehale smell, so intensely bitter as to be proverbial. absorbed or lost in its interior. When a body reflects The flowers are more aromnatic and less bitter than the the whole of the light, it is said to be opaque, in which a —-'-~'!!-~~~~~ ~leaves, and the roots discover an aromatic warmth with- case, however, a small portion is ehsorbed. or example, out bitterness. This species of wormwood has powerful a piece of blue glass absorbs the red and yellow rays, medicinal qualities as a tonic, stomnachic, &c. It is found and transmits the blue; a piece of orange glass; acting f MERIN'1 "',11 in the mountainous districts of New England. just in the contrary manner, transmits the red and yel-'I/4 -: u Absis', n. See Apsis. low rays and absorbs the blue. The same thing hapAtbsist', v. a. [Lat. absistere, to withdraw.] To stand or pens with opaque-colored bodies, with the exception that leave off. the unabsorbed ray is reflected instead of being trans-.; Aii!kbsist/e nee, nt. A standing off. mitred. In a white opaque object, nearly the whole of Ab'ssolntoe, a. [Lat. absolutus.] Completed, finished, per- the white light is reflected from its surface, a small porfeet in itself; total; as, an absolute beauty. lion being absorbed without ilny separation of the colFig. 12. —TOeIB Oa ABSALOc n (Metajehys.) A term employed to indicate that which ored rays. In a biack opaque obeject, nearly the whole exists without limitation of any kind. Another term, of the white light is abesorbed without suffering aney Alb'salBn, or Akxol, Archbishop of Lund, minister and of the same meaning, is the uencon.ditional. The abso- change. No object ie absolutely trnsparent or opeequne, general of the Danish king Waldemar I. B. 1128, d. 1201. lute stands opposed to the relative or conditional. Ab- even air absorbing a small portion of highland color, and He put down the Yendish pirates and is author of the solute treethLs are truths which are necessary and univer- gold and silver transmitting green and purple rays reWaldernar Code. Ton defence againnt pnrates he con- sal; such are the axioms of maethematical science, and, in spectively, when procured im sufficiently thin filnes. structed a small fort, which was the origin of the capital the estimation of certain schools of thought, the first'erfect absorption or reflection is also unhnown, for the of Denmarkt. principles of theology and morals. darkcest substance reflects a little light, othenwise it b'seoss, n. [Lot. abscedo, I separate.] (Medl.) A cl- (Politics.) A government is strictly said to be absolete would. be invisible; and thl brightest specduninn metal lection of pus in the cellular neenleroeae, or in the vis- when the supreme head is above the control of la-, and ebeorbs an infinitesimal portion ofit. Philosophersilf5 as era, or in bones. Abscesses ire varioesly denomieenated, has unrestricted power of legislation. yet ignorant of the causes of absorption of light; several 2 * 10 ABST ABUT ABYS theories have been propounded, but they seem only to Abstrae'tively, ads. In an abstracted manner. batbstal, or Abbuttals, n. pt. [Fr. abutter, to bound make the matter still more difficult of comprehension. Albs'stractly, adv. In an abstract state or manner. or limit.] (Law.) The buttings and bonndings of lands, Absorp'tive, a. Having power to absorb or imbibe. Ab'stractiess, n. The quality of being abstract. east, west, north, and south, with respect to the places by Absorp'tivity, n. The power or capacityofabsorption. Absstringe', v.ca. [Lat. abstringere.] To unbind. (o.) which they are limited and bounded. The sides of the Abs'que hoe. [Lat.] Without this.- (Law.) The tech- Abstruse', a. [Lat. abstrusus.] Difficult to be com- land are properly said to be adjoining, and the ends abutnical words of exception usade use of in a traverse. prehended or understood. ting, to the thing contiguous. Abs'que tali causa. [Lat.]' Without such cause. Abstruse'ly, ado. In an abstruse manner; obscurely. Abut'ter, n. One who, or that which, abuts. Abstain', v. a. [Fr. abstenir, to keep from.] To forbear; Abstruse'ness, n. The quality of being abstruse. Abyclenass, a handsome and learned young man, one to refrain voluntarily. Abssnme', v. a. [Lat. absusere.] To waste; to consume. of Aristotle's scholars, whom he loved too passionately; Abstain'er, n. One who abstains. Absurd', a. [Fr. absurde.] Unreasonable, without and who wrote divers pieces of history concerning CyAbstefmious, a. [Lat. abstemius, from ab, abs, and te- judgment; applied to men;-inconsistent, contrary to prus, Delos, and Arabia. metule, strong drink.] Abstinent; very temperate; re- reason; applied to sentiment or practice. Abydos, a town and castle of Natolia, on the straits of fraining. Aakbs-r'lity, n. [Fr. absurdit&.] The quality of being Gallipoli. In its neighborhood Xerxes, whlien he invaded Abste'sniously, adv. Temperately; abstinently. absurd; want of judgment, applied to men; want of Greece, crossed with his immense army -the Ilellespont, Abste'iniousness, n. The quality ofbeingabstemious. propriety, applied to things; —that which is absurd. on a bridge of boats. Memorable also from being the Absten'tion. [Fr. abstention.] The act of holding off. Absurdl'ly, ads. In an absurd manner. scene of the loves of Hero and Leander, and firom Byron (Law.) Act of preventing an heir from taking posses- Abssurd'ness, n. The same as A bsurdity. having adopted its name in his "UBride of Abydos." — sion. Asbsulrd-'um, ItREDUCTIO A. (Geers.) A term used to Also an ancient city of Upper Egypt, supposed to have Absterge', v. a. [Lat. abstergere.] To make clean by denote a mode of demonstration in which the truth of been the ancient This, and to have been second only to wiping; to wipe. a proposition is established not by a direct proof, but by Thebes. Lat. 260 10' N., long. 320 3/ E. Aibste-'gent, a. Thatdeanses; purgative. proving that the contrary is absurd, or impossible. There Albyo, one of the Philippine Islands, between Mindanao Absterse', v. a. To cleanse; to absterge; to purify. are many examples of this mode of demonstration in the and Luzon. Lat. 100 N., long. 1220 15/ E. Abster'ston, n. The act of wiping clean. "Elements of Euclid." Abys'mal, and Abyss'al, a. Pertaining to, or reAbster'sive, a. Having the quality of cleansing. Abu, or Bu, [Arab. father,] is prefixed to many Arabic sembling, an abyss; bottomless. Ab'stinenee, and Abstineney, n. [Fr. abstinence, names, as tihe equivalent syllable ab is prefixed to lie- Abysas', and Asbylsm', n. [Lat. abyssus.]. A term used from Lat. abstineo, I abstain.] The act or habit of re- brew names; as, Abu-bekr, father of the virgin. to denote, in general, anything profound o'r bottomless; firainimmg from something to which we have a propensity, Abu-alrieh, a petty state in the S.W. of Arabia, on the an immeasurable space In Scripture, it is emmplo5 ed to or im which we find pleasure; but it is more particularly borders of the Red sea, between 150 50 —170 40' N. lat., denote the deepest parts of the sea, from their being unapplied to the privation or sparing use of food. Absti- and 410 30 —430 E. ion., consisting of the narrow slip of low fathomable; and in a figurative sense, it implies hell, or nence has been enjoined and practised for various ends, land which lies between the coast and the mountainous the bottomless pit. as sanatory, moral, or religious. Physicians relate won- districtofHaschid-u-Bekel. It forms part of the [iehema or Ab yssinia, a kingdom in Eastern Africa, bomnded o:i derfulm cures effected by abstinence; moralists, as the low lands of Yemen, being almost wholly a sandy plain, the N. by Nubia, E. by the Red sea and Danceela, BW. by Pythagoreans, Stoics, and others, recommend it as a extremely hot and dry. Its principal product is dhou- Soudan, and S. by the Gallas country. Area,27,000square means of bringing the animal part of our nature into rah or barley, which forms the principal food of the miles. - Desc. This country may be described as an elem greater subservience to the spiritual; and it is likewise inhabitants. vated table-land, divided by two mountain tracts of enjoined by various religious sects. Abstinence of flesh Abu Bekr, (father of the virgin,) the father of Ayesha, great extent, into a southern, a western, and a northon certain days is obligatory in the Roman Catholic wife of Mohammed, was made the first caliph or suc- eastern region. - Climate. The rainy season lasts from church. cesseor of Mohammed in 632. Died A.D.635, after success- April to September; which is followed by a cloudless Total abstinence. The time during which life can be ful wars against Babylonia, Syria, and the Byzantine sky and a vertical sun. Cold nights suddenly succeed supportedl under total abstinence from food or drink, is emperor Heraclius..; these scorching days, yet the earth keeps remarkably usually stated to vary from eight to ten days; theperiod Abu ci oslem, governor of Khorasan, who, in 747, cool, partly owing to tihe six months' rain, when no sun may be greatly prolonged, however, by the occasional changed the caliphate from the family of the Omemiades appears, and partly to the perpetual equality of nights use of water, and still more by a very small supply of to the Abassides; in producing which, over 600,000 men and days. - lnhab. The Abyssinians belong mostly to food; or even, it would seem, by a moist condition of the lost their lives. After rendering the caliph Almanzor the Shemitic race, and resemble the Arabs both in physisurrounding atmosphere, which prevents the exhalation the most important services, that prince caused him to of liquid from the body. be assassinated. Alb'stinent, a. Using abstinence; abstemious. Abua Said KUhan, the last sultan of the race of ZinAb's$tiently, ads. With abstinence. gis-Khan. B. 1336. Ab_'stnenats, n. pl. (Ercl. Hist.) A religious sect which Abul Temam, the greatest of all Arabic poets, lived appeared in France and Spain in the third century, and in the 9th century. The Arabs say of hirm, that "no which opposed marriage, condemned the use of flesh one could ever die whose name had been praised in the meat, and placed the Holy Spirit in the class of created verses of Abu Temaom." beings. Lal1 Fazi, vizier of the great Mogul Akbar, in HinAbstort'ed, a. [Lat. abstortus,twisted.] Forced away. (o.) dostan. He attempted to establish a liberal system of Abstract', e. a. [Fr. abstraire, from Lat. abstrahere.] To government, and'cas murdered in 1608 by the secret draw from; as, one thing from another; — to separate, to order of Jehanghir, son of the emperor. He is the consider by itself, as ideas;-to epitomize; to reduce;-to author (besides other works) of the "Ayin Akbari," a take fraudulently for one's use from the property of highly esteemed statistical and political account of the another; as, to abstract goods or money from a parcel. Mogul empire in India. (Chem.) To drive off by distillation. Ab ulgihazi Bahadoor, khan of Khiva in 1644, Abstract, v. n. To draw off; as, his mind was ab- abdicmited in his son's favor. B. 1663. Authlor of an stracted by other objects. history of the Turks, translated into German. Abstract, a. Separated from something else; -not Abu'na. [Ar. our father.] The high priest, or sole connected with sensible objects — opposed to concrete;- bishop, of the Abyssinian church.. 13. - YSSININ. abstruse; difficult. Abunl'dasse, n. [Fr. abundance, from Lat. abun- cal characteristics and structure of language. — Wild Abstract mathematics, signifies that branch of the danlia.] Overflow; more than enough; copious supply. aninmals. There is no country in the world productive science which deals with magnitude, figure, and quantity Abmun'daant, a. Overflowing; plentiful. of a greater variety of quadrupeds; but there are no in general, and without reference to any particular mag- Abundast numbers, in Arith., are those numbers the tigers. The hyenas, however, are very numerous, and nitude, figure, or quantities.-Abstract emathematics is aliquot parts of which, added together, make more than dreadful in their ravages. Elephants and buffaloes are opposed to mixed mathematics, which deals with the ap- the number itself; thus, the aliquot parts of 20, (1, 2, 4, very numerous, and the double-horned rhinoceros is plication of mathematics to navigation, astronomy, &c.- 5,10,) on being added together, make 22. - An abundant found. Besides these, giraffes, zebras, quaggas, and wild Abstract numbers, in arithmetic, a term which signifies nzumber is opposed to a deficient number, of which the asses are plentiful. Boars, in some of the woods, are comnumbers independent in themselves, and without being sum of the divisors is less than the number itself, as 16, mon, and the smaller animals, such as porcupines, ferrets, applied to any individual thing,- as 4, 8,12, &c., —in dis- whose divisors are 1, 2, 4, 8, the sum of which is 15; and otters, polecats, rabbits, and squirrels, abound. There tinction from numbers applied, or in the concrete; as 4 to a perfect number, of which the sum of the divisor is are several species of eagles end viultures. The bee is so men, 8 feet, 12 ships, &c. —Abstract terms signify the equal to itself, as 6, whose divisors are 1, 2, 3. plentiful that its honey produce supersedes the necesmode or quality of a being, without any regard to the Abu'dauntly, adv. In plenty; - amply, liberally, sity of importing sugar. Locusts frequently devastate the subject in which it is; as, whiteness, length, morality, more than sufficient, fields, anid hippopotami abound in some of the larger death. Ablus'able, a. That may be abused. rivers. To supply all these animals with food, in a wild Ab'stract, n. A small quantity containing the virtue Abusambul. See IPSAeMIBOOL. state, the fertility of Abyssinia must be immense. - Door power of a greater; the summary or epitome of a Abuse', v. a. [Fr. abmuser.] To use a person or thing in mestic animats. These consist of cattle, sheep, goats, asses, treatise-book. any manner deviating from the rule or line of right. mules, and horses. The sauga ox is found in Antalo, with Abstract'ed, p. a. Separated; disconnected; refined, Abuse', n. The ill use of anything; - a corrupt prac- horns sometimes extending to the lengthm of four feet. purified; abstruse, difficult, abstract; inattention to the tice, bad custom; — unjust censure, rude reproach, con- Prod. Corn of different kinds, dates, tamoarinds and coffee, present objects. tumely; —the violation of a female. which is indigenous.-Commsaeci.. —Ieesp. Cotton, raw Abstract'edly, ads. In an abstracted manner; sepa- Abues'er, n. One who abuses, maltreats, deceives, defiles. silk, metals, and leather. j's. Slaves, gold, mnd ivory. rately. Abu'sive, a. Practising abuse; as, an abusive author;- Rel. (See ABYSSINIAN CuanCH ) —/Pp. 3,000,000. Lat Abstract'etdness, n. The state of being abstracted. containing abuse; rude; reproachful; scurrilous. between 80 30' and 150 50' N.; Long. between 350 and Abstraact'r, n. One who abstracts. Abta'sively, adv. In an abusive manner; rudely; re- 520 E. Adni. It was ruled by emperors who were supAbstrac'tion, n. [Fr.] The act of abstracting; -ab- proachfully. posed to be descended from Solomon and the queen of sence of mind; inattention to present objects. Abu'siveness, n. The quality of being abusive. Sheba. The barbarous manner in which two represen(Psychol.) That operation of the mind by which it Abut', v. a. [Lat. abuttare.] (Arch.) To project in a tatives of the English government were treated by tile takes cognizance of qualities separately from the thing solid mass upon another object, or a certain point with- late emperor Theodore, and the refusal of the latter to in which they exist; as, for example, of whiteness, apart out actual contact; —used with upon or against. give satisfaction to just claims, compelled England to from snow, from lime, from milk, or from any other sub- Abul'ta, n. (Bet.) An ornamental evergreen climber, proclaim war against him. In the autumn of 1867, an stance or liquid.-An abstraction is the idea which is ord. Menisper-macece. From the brmnches of this plant a army of about 10,000 men, under the command of Sir the result of the above process,- an abstract idea, which, drink is made by the natives of Cayenne, and used by Robert Napier, landed at Massoeah. The conquest of however fugitive in itself, speedily clings to a word, and them against obstructions of the liver. Magdala, April 10, 1868, and the death of Theodore, becomes incorporate with it. The question whether A saa'tflo,, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, belonging to bravely fighting at the head of his troops, have put this abstract ideas, such as beauty, truth, time, space, have the nat. ord. Matvacece. The most interesting species healthful, rich, amid productive countsry in the Icamnds of any real existence, or are ommly foenms of things and is the Abutilsn esculesmtemm, commonly called Bengao de the most enterprising European people. England, neverwholly relative, is, and always has been, the great bone oess, the flowers of which are boiled and eaten as vege- theless, does not seem disposed to interfere in the civil of metaphlysical contention. It was the point in dis- tables in Brazil. dissensions, relating to Theodore's succession, which dcsopute between the Realists ancd Noeeminclists of the middle Abut's satnelat,,n. [From abuct.] (Arch.) The solid part late the country since the departure of its troops. ages, and still divides thinmkers into two great schools. of a pier from which the archi immediately springs. Abut- A Abyss~'ian, n. A native or inhabitant of Abyssinia, (See Personificatiets.) ments are either artificial or natural. The former are Aby. si'lau, a. Belating to Abyssinim. (Law.) The taking surreptitiously for one's own use usually formed of masonry or berickwork, and the latter Abyssinian nhrc-h. (Ecci. Hist.) The name of a part of the property of another. tire the roclk or other solid materials on the banks of a sect of the Chiristiaen church establishcd in Abyssinia. (ChU/e.) A separation of volaetile parts by the act of river, in the case of a bridge, which receive the foot of The forms and riituasl of time Abyssinian church mini a distillemtion. the arch. It is obvious that they meuste be of sufficient stracnge compommml of Paganism, Judamism, and a Cl risAbstrac'titc, a. Having time ieorer of abstractione. solidity and strength to resist the arch's thrust. timnity. It is governed by a bishop, who is styl ed Ases.~a, ACAD ACAL ACAN 11 and is sent in Abyssinia by the Coptic bishop of Alex- His system is a species of mitigated scepticism. He was pounds. And, lastly, if we examine the fluid drained andria. succeeded by his disciple, Clitomachus. Charmides, the away, we find that it is sea-water, indistinguishable from Aceaca'lis, n. A shrub bearing a flower and fruit like third and last of the new academicians, appears to have that wherein the creature swamin while yet alive. WWhat those of a tamarisk. been little more than a teacher of rhetoric: an accusa- must we say to this? That the salt water of the sea, Aca'cia, n. [Fr. from Or. akazo, to sharpen —many of the tion, indeed, to which the Whole school is in no small imprisoned in a web so delicate as scarcely to be visible, is species havin g thorns or prickles.] A very extensive genus degree liable. moulded into beauteous shapes infinitely diversified; and of trees or shrubby plants, inhabiting the tropical parts of Aecalein'us, or Eeadiemus, an Athenian whose that, being possessed of life, the mass thus formed becomes both the old and new world, and,in a very few instances house was employed as a philosophical school in the time susceptible of being endowed with properties like those onlyextending into temperate latitudes. This genus be- of Theseus. He had the honor of giving his name to a we have discussed." —Acaleph/e have been separated into longs to the nat. ord. Legutminose, or Fabacece. Some sect of philosophers, or rather three sects, called Aca- fbur families, —the Pulscngrada, the Ciliograda, the of the species produce catechu and gum-arabic. The bark demics. C(i-rlmhigrada, and the Physograda. Those families exof the others yields a large quantity of tannin, which, Acadnlemy, as. [Gr. acadenziat.] A name derived from hibit a great variety of peculiar structure and form. in tile form of an extract, is annually imported from Van that of a place near Athens, where tiere was a famous The figure hereunto annexed represents the shape and Diemen's Land in considerable quantity; the species school for gymnastic exercises, and in which the Sophists size of a species of the genus cydippe, the cydippe pileus. fronm which this substance is produced are chiefly Acacia gave their lectures. (See Academics.) Cicero had a When taken froiom its native element and placed in a glass decurrens and sollemssimsa. As objects of ornament, they country seat on the Neapolitan coast, to which he gave, jar folbr close inspection, the body of this elegant animal are usnally of strilking beauty, and it.may be doubted in memnory of the fanious Athenian school, the name of looks like a little globe of purest ice, and is, indeed, alwhether, in the whole vegetable kingdom, such a bril- Academia. It was here he wrote his Academeic questions. most as deliquescent, for when exposed it melts away liant coloring, and elegant foliage, combined with a most After the restoration of letters, in the 15th century, the almost to nothing,- no residue being left except a film, graceful aspect, and are found united in the same indi- term Acadeey was revived in Italy, but with a significa- so delicate as to be scarcely visible. Still, while alive, viduals. General character of the genus. Flowers polyg- tion somewhat different from what it had been in ancient few objects could excite more pleasurable emotions in amnous; calyx, with either 4 or 5 teeth; petals, either times. It was, and is till now, used in all Europe (except the observer. 4 or 5, sometimes distinct from each other, sometimes England) to imply, not a school in which philosophy adhering in a monopetalous corolla; stamens varying is taught by a matster to his pupils, but an association'in number from 10 to 200; pod, not separating into many of individuals formed for the cultivation of learning or joints; juiceless, two-valved. Some species have true science, and usually constituted and endowed by the head leaves that are twice or thrice pinnate, with a multitude of the state in which it is established. The members of of minute, shining, or, at least, even leaflets; others have, the academies, known under the nanme of academicians, in a perfect state, no leaves, properly so called, but, in are usually classified as Ordinary, Honorary, and Cobtheir stead, the leaf-stalks enlarge, and assume the a-esponding. The results of their labors in their variappearance, and no doubt also the functions, of true ous departments are reported at their periodic meetings, leaves. Neatly 300 species are kiuown, mud among the and printed in the records of the academy. Prizes are most remarkable are; —Acacia catechu (Minsa catechu, generally established as the rewards of distinguished Linn.), a tree found in mountainous places, principally merit in original discovery, or excellence in the treat- in Bengal and Coromandel. Its unripe pods and wood moent of subjects proposed for competition. Among yield, by decoction, one of the sorts of catechu of the the numerous academies so constituted, the most celeshops. (See CATEc sU.)-Acacia Arabica, the gum-arabio brated are: the A. della C-rusca, founded at Plorence, in tree, an inhabitant of the East Indies, Arabia, and 1582, which, by the publication of its excellent dictionAbyssinia, where it forms a tree thirteen to fourteen ary, established tie Tuscan dialect as the standard of F 1 - PE ILES feet high, of inelegant appearance. This is one of the the national language of Italy; the A. P-ranpaise, insti- AialelPholiid, a. (Zobl.) Resembling the meduses, plants that yield the useful substance called gum-arabic, tated in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, and now entitled the or jelly-fishes. which is produced by wounding tihe bark; after which Institut de France, q. v.; the Bee-tin A. of Arts and Sci- iAcal'yeine, and Aaelycinous, a. (Bet.) Without tihe sap runs out, and hardens in transparent lumps. ences, founded in 1700 by Frederick I; the Ismeperial A. a calyx or flower-cup. (See GuM.) —Acacia pubescens, downy acacia, a native qof Sciences of St. Petersbmr7g, planned in 1724 by Peter Acal'ypnita, n. (Bet.) Tihe Greek name of a genus of of the east coast of New Holland, and one of the most the Great, and established in the following year by plants of no beauty, and of the easiest culture. Euphorbeautiful of green-leaf plants. It produces a vast abun- Catherine I.; the Royal Spaniish A., founded at Madrid biacce fam. (Linn. cl. 21, ord. 8.) dance of yellow blossoms, which weigh down the slender in 1714; and the A. Irmperiale de 1idecine, of Paris, lAcamapixtli. See ACCUISPIXTLI. graceful branches, and perfumne the air with a faint but founded in 1820. Acamrbon, a kingdom on the coast of Guinea, where pleasant odor. - Acacia jstlibrissin, the silk-tassel acacia, In England, and in America, the word Academy is the king is absolute. a native of Persia, and a small tree, remarkable by its loosely applied to any species of school which professes Acamp'tosomes, n.pi. [Gr. a, without, kampto, I bend, light, airy foliage, and ibr the great beauty of its clus- to communicate more than the mere elements of instrue- soma, the body.] (Zo6e.) An order of cirripeds, includters of lilac flowers, the long and slender stamens of tion. (See University, Cobllege, Gymanasium, School.) The ing all those in which the body is entirely enveloped in which stream in the wind, and glitter in the sun, like a associations of the learned, which, in all material re- a calcareous compound shell, and so attached that it number of silken tassels artificially fastened to the spects, resemble the academies of France, Italy, Ger- cannot be unfolded and protruded. boughs. This species is commonly cultivated in tem- many, &c., are called societies, associations, museeiums, ly- Acannly, aninland country and town of Guinea, affordperate parts of Europe and America.-Cultivation.- cceums, institutes, &c., and will, therefore, be mor the betoin gret plety. Most of the species may be multiplied by cuttings stuck vesniently considet'ed under those terms. As refreence, AIan'tha. (Myth.) A nysmph loved by Apollo, and in silver sand, placed under a bell-glass, and kept in a the inquii-er will find under the head Societies the natmes changed into the flower Acanthus. warm place, to which no direct solar light has access. of all the scientific and literary American institutions lAcantha, a. [Or. thorn, spine.] (Bot.) A prickle.Others, and among thema Acacia julibi-issiu, ihave the distributed under different names in this dictionatry. (Zoel.) A spine or prickly fin. - (Anat.) The vertebral power of producing shoots from pieces of the root Academy of West Point. See MILITAaY SCHOOLS. column; thie spinous process of a vertebra. placed in earth in a hot-bed, and by these the nursery, Acadl'emy, a post-office of Pocahontas co., Virginia. Aeauntihacede, n. pl. (Rot.) A tribe of plants formmen generally propagate them. Also, a post-office of Ontario co., New York. ing one of tie nat. ord. in the n monopetalous division of Acaad'eman y figure. (Paint.) A terst used to si-seify dicotyledonous or exogenous vegetation. (See DIICOTYLEa design, generally executed with-blackand white chalk, DONES, and ExOGENEu.) Its name is derived from the -~'~il~ ~osilive Sign. (Alg.) The sign of addisigned by such officer. If the affidavit be sworn in open the decomposition is said to be the result of single elec- tion mariked +, meaning plus, or more. The early court, that circumstance is mentioned in the jurat, and live affinity; but when two substances, each consisting writers on algebra used the Latin word plus, or the no officer is named. of two constituents, act reciprocally upon each othler, Italian pvil, to signify addition, and afterward the letter Affidavit to hold to bail. In many cases a person so as to produce two new compounds, the decomposition p, as an initial or abbreviation. cannot be arrested without an affidavit containing a is referred to double elective affinity. This double Affirm'atively, adv. In an affirmative or positive clear statement of the fact, and showing a distinct cause reaction takes place when a chloride of phosphorus is manner. of action. It may be done by the plaintiff, or by some thrown into water; the chlorine leaves the phosphorus, A wffrn'ler, n. One who affirms. one acquainted with the fact. and unites with the hydrogen of the water to form AiTfix, n. [Lat. af oibr ad, to, andfigo, Ifix.] (Gram.) A.Alil'iate, v. a. [Lat. affiliare.] To adopt as a son. hydrochloric acid, while the remaining elements, phos- te-rm applied to a syllable added to the end of a word, by Also, to connect, as with a parent stock or society. — phorus and oxygen, enter into comnbination and pro- whlich the form and signification of the word are altered. To establish the paternity of. duce phosphoric acid. The attraction of one body for Thus in the words wealth-y, weight-y, bulk-y, and in godAffiliated societies. Local societies connected with a another is greatly modified by the circumstances under ly, odd-ly, &c., the syllables y and ly are the affixes, which central society, and with-one another.- Worcester. which the two bodies are brought together. Altera- qucalify the meanings of thle words to which they are atAIfilia'tion, n. [Fr. affiliation.] The adoption of the tion of temperature is one of the causes which influence teaclhed, and fit them for a new and different use; as, child of another; the act of connection with a society, the force of chemnical attraction. When mnetallic mer- " This man loves wealt h; " That isa wealt/y merchant." (Law.) An order of affiliation is thaet which a magis- cury is heated nearly to its boiling-point, and exposed Verbs are in this way made fioom adjectives, as from the trptte issues on the oath of a woman, to compel the fat-iher in this condition to the air for a lengthened period, it adjectives sh/as-p, quick, thick, we have shae-peo, quicd-en, of an illegitimate child to provide for his msaintensance. absorbs oxygen, and becomes converted into a dark red /h/ic/,en respectively; and adjectives and adverbs from If the mother be of sufficient ability to maintacin the crystalline pocwder. But this same oxide of mercury, nouns, as in the examples just given.- In the latin and bastard while it is dependent upon her, and neglect when raised to a still higher temperature, parts with Greek, anmd neany other languages, there is the same systhat duty, so that it becomes chargeable to a -parish, its oxygen, ahich leaeves the mercury in its original t-n- of affixes of which we have given examples in the she is liable to be punished undel the provisions of the neetallic state. Insolubility and the power of evepori- words weighty, bulky; and in these hlcnguages the difvagrant act. If she be not of sufficient ability, the law zection are potent disturbing influences; they interfere ferent cases of nouns, and adjectives, and the different will compel the father to supply a fund for its maisete- in almost every reaction, and fi-equently turn the scale tenses and persons of thee verbs, are ailso formed by afnance. Any single woman with clhild, or delivered of a when the opposing affinities are nicely balanced. Thus, fixes. The affix is also sometimes termed suff-, and postbastard child, may, either before the birth, or at any time when a solution of line in hydrochloric acid is mixed fix.'within the 12 months from the birth, make application willt a solution of carbonate of ammonia, a double reac- Affix', v. a. To fix or unite; to attach; to fasten..-Tq to a magistrate, charging a person by name as thee father lion enssues; carbonate of lime and chloride of ammonium connect with; to subjoin; of her childi and when the alleged father has within being generated. This result is brought about mainly -'The seal of the state is cfiaed to this act." AFFR AFGH AFRA 35 Aflix'ion, n. The act of affixing, or the state of being Affront', v. a. [Fr. affrnoter.] To insult openly; to dyeing materials; shawls and turbans, Mooltanee affixed. (R.) offend; to treat with insolence. chintzes, and indigo.-Re/. Mahometanism.-P-op. about Afflixt'aure, n. That which is affixed. (,.) Affront', n. An open insult, as distinguished from a 10,000,000. — Lat. between 280 and 360 N.; Lon. between Atal'tion, n. The act of breathing upon anything. secret or insidious attack by word or deed; an abuse; a 620 and 730 E. —The Afghans call themselves PooAffla'tuts, n. [Lat. aflatus, a blast, a breath, and in a provocation; outrage. shanneleh, and trace their origin to the son of Saul, king figurative sense, inspiration, enthusiasm.] A term which, Affrontee', a. [Lat. of for of Israel. They seem to have, at all times, manifested a among the ancients, denoted the supposed inspiration ad, to, andtfrons, fice; Fr. / strong predilection for war. About the year 1720, an of particular persons, such as poets. It has been some- affront&.] (Her.) A term ap- army of Afghans invaded Persia, took Ispahan, and made tinmes used in the same sense by English writers: "The plied to animals facing each ~ the sultan, Husseyn, prisoner. They kept possession of prophetic afflatus." - Barnes. other on an escutcheon.-The Ispahan for ten years, when they were driven out of the (Meed.) A vapor or blast, a species of erysipelas, which French word affrontd is also country by Nadir Kuli, commonly known in Europe by attacks people suddenly. So named from the erroneous often used in Eng. Heraldry. the name of Kuli Khan. The general of the Afghans supposition that it was produced by some unwholesome Affront'er, n. One who af- effected a safe retreat into his own country, where he wind blowing on the part. fronts. caused himself to be acknowledged sovereign of the Af&liict', v. a. [Fr. affliger.] To trouble; to grieve; to Alfront'ing, and AFFRONT- ghan territories by the title of Ahmed Slhah. He was cause pain or sorrow. - Usage has restricted this verb to Ive, a. That occasions or succeeded in 1772 by his son Timour Shale, who, dying things of the mind, or prolonged pains of the body. dauses an affront. in 1792, bequeathed his kingdom to his son Zeemaun. In When the casual and intentional wounding of the body Aftuse', v. a. [Lat. affundo.] 1800 he was deposed by his brother Mabmood, who again is spoken of, inflict is used; as, to inflict a wound. — To pour one thing upon an- Fig. 42. —AFFRoNTEE. was expelled, in 1803, by his brother Shoojah, who,, in Man inflicts, but God only afflicts. other. his turn, was dethroned in 1809 by Mahmood. In 1837 Afflict'ed, p. a. Visited with pain or sorrow; grieved. Afful'sion, n. The act of pouring a liquor upon some- Dost Mohaennmed Khan was reigning, when an expedition Afflict'edness, n. The state of being afflicted; grief; thing. was prepared in British India, for the purpose of restorsorrow. (Medl.) The affusion of cold water on the head or body ing Shoojab to the throne. This expedition proved a Afilict'er, n. One who afflicts. of patients is sometinmes practised withl success by ply- failure. In 1856, war was declared at Calcutta, against Afflict'ing, p. a. Causing affliction; grievous. sicians, especially in the treatment of typhus fever, when the Shah of Persia, who, stimulated by the gold of RusAtlict'ingly, adv. In all afflicting mansner. the fever is of a low contagious character and in its early sia, had successfully invaded Afghanistan. This sdemed Afliec'tion, n. The state of being afflicted, or the cause stage. to the English only the prelude to further encroachof pain or sorrow; calamity. - See AFFLICT. Affly', v. a. [0. Fr. affer, to pledge one's word.] To join ments, and ultimately, perhaps, to an absolute invasion Afilie'tive, a. That which causes affliction. by contract; to affiance; to bind; to join. of their Indian possessions through the mountain-passes Aftiie'tively, adv. Painfully. Af'glhan, n. (Geog.) A native of Afghanistan. of Afghanistan. Dost Mohammed determined to repel Affluence, n. [Fr. from Lat. affltentia.] In older Eng- - a. Pertaining or relating to Afghanistan. Persia on the east, whilst, through the Persian Gulf, the lish this word applied to the physical inflow of water, Afghanista n', a country of Asia, stretching from the British should attack her on the west. Thle taking of as of the tide, and the arrival of anything ie large num- mountains of Tartary to the Arabian sea, and from the Bushire by the British led to a treaty of peace, in Feb. bers, as, an affluence of strangers. It is now commonly Indus to the confines of Persia. On the E. it is bounded 1857. Since the death of Dost Mohamemed, in 1863, and used for a great abundance of resources; plenty; by the Punjab; on the S. by Scinde, Beloochistan, and owing to the quarrels of his two sons Azfiel Kbhan and wealth. -It expresses the aggregate rather than the Bwhalpoor; on the N. by Independent Turkestan; and Shere Ale Khan, the country is desolated by civil war. process of an inflowing abundance. on the W. by Persia.-Area, estimated 225,000 square The English government seems no more disposed to Af/fineney, n. The same as AFFrUEsNC. (o.) miles. - Desc. By far the greatest part of this region is meddle with thie ferocious and ind(omelitable people. Affittent, n. (Geog.) A stream or river that flows into mountainous. To the W. of the Solinman mountaeins, anothler river; so, the Olhio is an affluent to the Missis- which may be regarded as its eastern barrier, it assumes _ —______-_-_-_ — _ _ __ _ aippi. the character of an extensive table-land, considerably -_ AfXfluent, a. Abundant in wealth; plentiful; exuber- elevated above the neighboring countries. The Hindoo _ _ aeut; wealthy. - Sometimes with its primary sense: flow- Coosh mountains. which form its northern bulwark, are _ ilg to aeny part; as, affluent blood. a continuation of the great Himalaya chain, of which - -_ -- Af'f`l& ently,8 odv. In an affluent manner. - they are the rivals in height, mnassiveness, and grandeur. A~fflux, a. [LaO. aIlee, to how to.] The act of flowing, Some of their peaks attain to an elevation of 20,403 feet.:. or the thing which flows to; accession; augmenetation; The interior mountain-ranges diminish in proportion to increase; additioc. their distance from the principal chain, and, bosomed "The aflux of colder or warmer water."-Locke. among them, are to be found some of the most fertile!AffClux'ioln, n. The act of flowing to a Iparticular place; and beautiful valleys in the world. In these, vegetation that which flows from one place to another; as, an af- is of the same kind as that of India generally; consistfluxion of blood from the heart to the head. - Some- ing of cotton, rice, millet, maize, turneric, and sugartimes also emnployed as afclux. cane. In the higher lands, the various species of the AlFfoga'dos, a village of Brazil, prov. of Pernambuco, fruits, herbs, and woods of Europe grow wild, and wheat, 314 miiles S. of the town of this name, with a harbor suit- barley, beans, turnips, and several artificial grasses, are able tfor large vessels. Trade, cotton and sugar. Pep. 1000. cultivated with success. Rivers. The principal are the Afford', v. a. [Lat. ad, to, and /brun, mnrket.] To bring Cabul, Koorum, Helmund, Krshrood, Gomal, and Lora, to masrket, or to bring forward in court. Hence, gen- all partaking, more or less, of the character of mountain erally, to produce according both to moral and natural torrents, — now swelling and rusehing rapidly, or be- productions; as, the sun affords light, the sea aoffords fish, coming all but stagnant in some parts, in accordance Fig. 44. - CANDAHAR. the fields corn; a well-spent life aff/ieds peace mt the with the changes of the seasons. - Climate. According last. - To produce, confer, expand in proportion to one's to its latitude, it should be decidedly hot, but, on account Afield', adv. [From a andfield.] To, or in tile field. means and resources; as, to afford relief or consolation; of the irregularity and height of its surface, the climate' What keeps Gurth so long afield? "- IV. Scott. to'afford opportunity, &c. — To be able to bear, to part varies. —Inhabitants. Arobust, hardy race, of Caucas- A'fion' (AFeool, or APrUM), Ka'ra His'sar. [Ar. with, or to dispose of; as. I cannot afford to buy it. sian origin, generally addicteci to predatory warfare, fieom afturn, the opiumn poppy, and kara hissas, the Affor'est, v.a. [From L. Lat. affr'esto.] (Law.) To turn and evincing a decided contempt for the occupations black castle.] A town of Asia Minor, 50 m. S.S.E. of ground into a forest. of civil life. Their language is called Pachtoo, half Kutaieh, built on the southern side ofa fertile plain, about Affran'ehise, v.a. [Fr. affranctir.] To make free; 200 miles E. of Smyrna. — Mansef. Fire-arms, salbres, and to enfranchise. Applied to individuals and boroughs. tapestry; but the principal articles of trade are opium Affiran'ehisesnent, a. [Fr. affranchissemment.] The and madder, which are raised in the neighborhood. Pop. act of maecking free; enfiranchisement. - See EMANCIPA- about 55,000. Lat. 500 N., hon. 380 E. TION, and SLAvERY. Afire', adv. [From a and lire.] On fire. Affray', n. [From Fr. effrayer, to affright.] (Law.) A Afloat', adv. [From a andfloat.] Borne up by the water; skirmsish or fihting betwveen two or more eersons. It floating. Figuratively, adrift; abroad; at sea. -Loose; is a public offence to the terror of the community, and distracted. so called because it affrights or makes persons afraid; Afoot', adv. On the feet; walking, in opposition to ridbut there must be a stroke given or offered, or a weapon ing; - hence, in action; in motion. drawn, otherwise it is not an affray. - It liffers from as- Afore', prep. [A. S. dtfsran.] Precedent in time or satlt in that it is a wrong to the public, while an assault space; sooner; before. is of a private nature; and from a riot in not being pre- (Mar.) The French avant. All that part of the vessel meditated. which lies forward, or near the stem. - Afore the mast, Afre', DENIs AUoUSTE, a French student at the semi- a phrase applied to a common sailor who holds no offlce nary of St. Sulpice, who rose to be archbishop of Paris. on board a ship. B. at St. Remy, 1793; D.1848. - Affre fell while endear- Afore'goinl, a. Going before. oring to prevent bloodshed between the soldiery and Pa- Afore'handF adv. Beforehand risian insurgents. Although previously warned by Gen- Aforementioned, a. Mentioned before. eral Cavaignac of the danger to be apprehended fon n Afore'named, a. Namied beforoe. Afore'nmed~ec, a. Named before. appearing amnong an excited mob, he replied, that' Afor"e'said, a. Above, or before said. his life was of small consequence," and, preceded by a Afore'thought, a. (Law.) Prepense; premeditated. mnan in a workman's dress, with a green branch, as an Afore'time, adv. In the time before; ie the old time. emblem of peace, in his hand, he went forth to stay the A fortiori. [La., ith stronger reaso.] (Lg.) A term ~ ~-'~ ~ ~~~~~~~is fettole'F. [Latt., with stronger reason.] (Log.) A term fury of the combatants. Some of the crowd who beheld employed in a chain of reasoning, to denote that what htim thought they were betrayed, and he was soon shot follows is a nmore powerful argument than that which down. When lee fell, he was surrounded tby many of the has already been adduced. insurgents, vwho blamed the Garde Meobite for the act, "Any private person, and a fortiori a peace: offier, is bound to and on whom thOey vowed to avenge him. ITe, however,.I arrest a felon." excaimel, d "No, no, my frieneds, lelood enougih has been Afoul', a. and ads. (I-at.) Not f-ee;. entangled. shed; let enine be the last on this occasion." IHe was AFa', ~1~. Dedicated by her mother to the service of the buriedc oc thee 7th of July, 1848, universally regretted by /ig7. 43. — AOXAN soLDcEcc in winter costume. CAprian Venus, she was converted to thristianity by the the people. of the words of which are Persian. — Gov. A limited bishop Narcissus, sentenced to death during the perseAifreet', a. See AFRIT. monarchy, before the death of Shah Soojae, but since cution of Christians by Diocletian, ansi burned on the AfAreight', v.a. [Fr. fsiter.] To hire a ship flee freight. then the country has been divided into three endepen- staeke. B. at Augsburg; Is. Aug. 7, 304. Affright', v. a. [A. S. aforhtian, to tremble with feaer.] dent states, Caeul, Candaehar, and Hoert, each governed Alna'gola, a town of South Italy, 61 miles N.N.E. of To put in a sudden fear by some external and sudden by its own chief.- Toan. The principal are Candahar, Naples. Large manuf. of straw bonnes; Pop. 13,000. exhibeition; to terrify; to startle. Herat, Peshawar, Jellalabad, Gncznee, and Cabul. — Afraid', a. [A. S. afered, to frighten.,] Expresses all Affright', n. Terror; fear, denoting a sudden impres- Man f. Woollen stuffs, cerpet, silk, felt, sword-bledes, degrees of fear between the most trifling apprehension sion, in opposition to feaer, which implies a long contin- fire-arms, and jewelry. - (oMMeRc,. By caravans: cam- and the highest consternation; fearful.;- apprehensive; nance. els in the plains; asses and mules in the mountains. — timid; cautious; careful; firightened; alarmed; terrified; Affright'eraly, adv. With terror or sudden fear. Esxp. Iron, assafeetida, madder, tobacco, furs, horses, raw suspicious; distrustfiel; anxious. Affright'er, so. One who frightens. silk, an intoxic-ting drug celled churns, gum, dried "' There loathing life, and yet of death aftaid, AKffright'h;rnlenl, n. The same as affright. (a.) fruits, spices; saffron, antimony, cochineal, and other In anguish of her spirit thus she prayed." —Drydes 36 AFRI AFRI AFRI Afrancesaldos, n. [Sp.] The name given to the Span- entrance of the Red sea, completicig so the circumnavi- the Nile, flows from the African continent into the lards who took the oath of fidelity and allegiance to Jo- gation of tile whole extent of the A4. coast. -- In addition Mediterranean, but this is one of the most singular seph Bonaparte and the constitution of Bayonne. They to tlis acquaintance with the coast, the Portuguese, in streams in the world. whose course the traveller may were treated with great severity by Ferdinand VII. after course of time, fbrmed various establishments in the follow from the coast into the interior for over 1200 his restoration in 1814. In 1820, however, a general space lying between the Senegal and the Gambia, along miles, without meeting with one single current that plardon was granted. the banks of the Zaire, and in other parts of Congo. adds its waters to it. The Atlantic washes'the western Afra'nia, the inventor of the bassoon. He flourished Finally, this nation very.soon, also, established them- coast of -A., which, within the dominions of Morocco, at Ferrara in the 16th century. selves along the east coast of A. by the conquest of is generally low, and succeeded in the interior by Af~'-lnits,acoinic poet,who wrotesomeLatincomedies, Quiloa, Melinda, &c., from the Arabs, 1505.-It is said fertile plains of immense extent. South of this region, of which only a few fragments remain.-Flourislhed that in 1364, long before Cape Nun was passed by the the arid character of the Sahara is found extending about 100 years B. c. Portuguese, the French had already formed settlements even to the shores of the ocean, and hardly disapAFrA.eUeS, a senator of Rome, who was put to death by very tier to the south of that cape, but all these estab- pearing before we arrive at the Senegal. From the Nero for having written a satire against him. lishnments were successively abandoned, except those of Senegal to the Cape of Good Hope the coast is now Afreeilis, a clan of Afghans, who inhabit the Kyber the Senegal. Several journeys into the interior were pretty well known, but the same minuteness of survey hills, on the frontiers of the Punjab and Cabul. They undertaken by the French residents at the mouth of has not been applied to all parts of it. The great charcommand the passes of their hills, and their maliks or the Senegsl about the close of the 17th and the corn- acteristic in its outline is the gulf of Guinea, the northchiefs hold themselves entitled to levy a toll on those mencetient of the 18th century. The most important eru shores of which have a general direction east end who would pass with safety through their country. of these were the voyages of M. Brue, who ascended west through 200 Ion. The Senegal, Gambia, and Rio They are a warlike, determined race of clansmen. the river Senegal as far as to the cataract of Felu. In Grande are the three largest rivers north of Sierra Afr'esh', adv. [0. Fr., feesh.] Anew; again; a second time: 1714, M. Conipagnon succeeded in the perilous under- Leone. The great African river, south of the equator, Africa. One of the great divisions of the globe, and taking of visiting the kingdom of Bacnboek; and the is the Zayre, or Congo. Between the Congo and Cape thes third ih superficial extent. Our limits are too kingdom of Gallamn, which occupies the space between Negro there are numerous streams, such as the great narrow to permit anything more titan a sketch of the the Senegal and the Sahara, was early explored by the Coanza,. end others which are of minor inmportance. geography of this continent, exhibiting merely an out- French settlers. —Settlements upon the west coast of From Cape Negro to the Orange river, which is a large line of the existing state of knowledge on the subject, A. were also early maded, in imitation of the Portuguese stream, we have a coast of 800 to 900 miles, ahncost and by turning to the separate articles relating to this and French, first by the English sined afterwards by the without fresh water.-Thei Cape Colony is so O:,r continent, the readers will find under each head of Dutch. But no considerable progress was miade till the known, that its geographical features need not be nocountry, city, river, &c., the latest and best information first journey of Park, 1795-1796, who, passing through ticed in this general sketch. From False Bay to the that we have been aihe to collect. the kingdoms of Bondou, Kasson, tamd Kaarta, reached extremity of Algoa Bay is a line of coast over 400 I. IhsioaY.-The name Africa, probably of native Sego. the capitMe of Bainbare, and there belheld th e miles long, ruening nearly due east and west. and preorigin, was given by the Rothans to one oh their African Niger "flowing slowly to the eastward." Park ad- seating to the Southern ocean as broad a front as the provinces, which comprehended the (city of Carthage; venaed beyond this point to another town naneed Sills, Spanish peninsula offers to the Atlantic.-The great but the real nsame of this continent, both in the Greek on the same river, and returned to the Gambia by a known river of the eastern coast is the Zambesi, which, and Roman writers, is LInvY. Herodotus, thea earliest more southerly tract, following the course of the Niger though low in the dry season, is provided with prodiGreek author extent who has traesmitted to us any in- as feet as Bastesmakoo, and thens proceeding through the ghous channels to receive thee floods of the rainy neoimthes. formation about A., cells the native tribes in the north- mountainous districts of Manding, Konkodoo, and Din- Fhurther north on the coast, near the site of Melisda, ern part by the general name of Libyans, sad those in dikoo. On a second expedition, which was undertaken are foend the outlets of streams from the interior; and the south Ethiopians. Egypt,-sceohding to this system, et the expense of t he English government, 1805, this it is probable that the Zebee here linds its way to the hardly belongs to A., but lies the an isolated slip, be- adventuarous traveller wcas killed on the Niger.-In ocean; but, eunlike the other southi-African streams, we tween the two adjacent countries. He asserts, never- these dangerous enterprise s there appear, in succes- are acquainted with its upper course, which lies north theless, that A. is surroundetl with water, cexcIpt at the sion, the names of Capt. Tucliey, who ascended the of the equator, beet not with its lower course near the n'trrow neck now called the Isthemus of Suez. When Niger for about 2S0 miles; Bowditch, who in 1817 coasts of the Indian ocean. - Africa seems to be a leaced the Greeks were settled in lHgeypt under Ptolemy, one explored parts of the territories of the Fantees sened the of terraces. It weould appear to rise iremn the coast ieto of Alexander's captains, as. c 323. they necessarily be- Asheantees; Clapperton, who in 1822 reached'Sackatoo, the interior by successive steps, which are spread out came better acquainted with the Red sea and the course where lie died; and Rlichard Lander, vhso in hi830 ste- in widely extended plains. The nmountain systest of of the Nile. We have in Pliny a distiect account of ceeded in. discovering the mouth of the Niger. Since Afe-ica must, in many cases, be inferred from the course Suetonius Paullinus, A. D. 41, crossing the great moun- this period several expeditions have been sent in this of the great rivers. The high lands of Abyssinia, in tains of Atlas, and going some distance south; and, in region, but they lave been attended with indifferent cshich the Tacazze and the Bahr-el-Azrek rise, are in all Ptolemy, wv have an account of a Roman officer, Mater- success; indeed, the sickly character of the climate has probability continued westward, if not at so great an nus, who set out from the neighborhood of Tripoli, and in general proved fetal to the explorers. - The zeel for elevation, at least at a very considerable one.- 2A.. as tar went a four months' march in the southern direction. discovery in Afieca, so strongly felt in the last centrery, as we yet know, contains comparatively few lakes. The This route must have brouecht him into the latitude of sent also out a stuccession of travellers to explore the lakes Mearu.vi, Dembea, Dblebi, Fithie, Tsgayika, Npeavsi, Timbuctoo, and if the story is true, the Niger might southern regions of that vast continent. The principal and the lhkes of the Atlas regions, are all inconsiderable have been thus known to the Roetens. On the occupa- settlesent ie this quarter, that of the Cape of Good when compared with the dlae _Trcad, in Central -A., which tion of Egypt by the Arabs, in the seventh century of Hope, was founded by the Dutch about 1650I, and taken forms a large ieland receptacle, receiving thes waters of our mera, and the spreading of this conquering people from theme by the British in 1806. For more than a some of the most distant regions in inner Altica. - All through A., the regions south of the Sahara soon be- hundred years this colony occupied only the extreme that we know of SOUDncN; of the great characteristic came known to thein, and felt the influence of their angle of the A. continent. The first traveller who feature of Northern A4., the SAnARA, or Great Desert; of religicn and their armies. At the beginning of the lfth penetrated any considerable way into the interior was the countries comprehended emder the general name of Gentesry, nevertheless, the only portion of the west coast Capt. Henri Hop, who was foillowed by the Swedish ATLAS regions; and of the high laneds of the ancient of A. with which European navigators were acquainted Sparrman, and by the French naturalist Vaillant, Cyrenaica, now included asithin the limits of cwhat is was that between the straits of Gibraltltrsand Cape Naeu, whose journeys were made between 1775 and 1785, and often incorrectly termed the desert of BeAcA, will be Nemmes, or Non, in lat 280 40', an extent of not more than extended to the territory of the Bosjesmans, three or found under their respective names.-lMiverals. The 100 miles. From this point commenced that career of four hundred miles north from Cape Town. In 1836, mineral treasures of this immense continent are, of discovery, by the Portuguese, by which the entire coast Andrew Sinith scaled the Caffrarian mountains, and in course, very imperfectly known. Salt is, perhvps, one of A. has been made known to the modern world. In 1837, Capt. Alexander traversed the countries of the of the most universally diffused, though extensive dis1432 or 1433 the formidable promontory, since known Nacsaquas, Bosjesmans, and the Hill-Dainaras. In triets, such as the Soudan, are -without it; but it will by the name of Cape Bojador, hat. 260 20', was doubled 1849, lar. Livingstone departed on his first journey, and probably be fbeend, on inquiry, that the minerel treeby Gilianez. In 1447, the Cape Verde islands were dis- it is by him that the greatest contributions have been sures of A. are nearly as various as those of other parts covered by Antonio di Nell, G Genoese in the Portuguese made to our geographical knowledge of soutleern Africa. of the world. The mineral wealth of Egypt alone is service. In 1471, John de Santarem and Pedro de Esca- He has disclosed to us the true country of the negro considerable, and that of the interior west of the Moloma adveced as far as Cape St. Catharine, h]el. 20 30t S. race, traced the vast Kalahari desert, tracked the course zambique coest is also abundant. Gold dust is found in In 1486 Bartholomew Dias discovered the Cape of Good of the great river Zambesi, discovered lakes N'gami, the sands of the upper streams of nearly all the great A. Hope, which was doubled by Vasco de Gama in 1497. Nyassa, and Shirwa, and indicated new fields fur comne- rivers. merceal enterprise. After him, other travellers have III. METoEOROLOG. - Africa lies alhuost entirely in the entered the field, and from the great desire which gen- torrid zone, and is the hottest of all continents. The greaterally prevails lfr correct knowledge of this continent est heaet, however, is not found under the equator, but in sll its parts, there is no doubt that in at ew years to the north of it, in consequence of the northern perthe interior of A4. will be no longer considered as the tion being of greater extent than the southern, and of land of nystery. On the eastern coast, extending less elevation. The greatest temperature is fbend northward, the travelling enterprises of other mission- throughout the Sahara. In Upper Egypt and Nubia aries have been generally attended with no great suc- eggs may be baked in the hot sands, and the saying of cess. Nevertheless, in 1851, Dr. Barth Crossed the Great the Arabs is, "In Nubia the soil is like fire and the Desert, and passing through many dangers, reached the wind like flame." The regions along the Mediterralake'shad. We will close this long though incomplete neean and Atlantic coasts are rendered more temperate _~ -.:~.~~: a.- list of intrepid travellers with the name of Spelke, who, in by the influence of the sea. To the south of the Greet 1858, discovered the ilake Victoria N'/ansza, from which Desert, where the country becomes more elevated, the'x'~.'"'x'~~~ -~ it is now supposed that the l Nile, under the name of temperature decreases, sand some spots, quite near the ~ ~, ~'~"~ ~~ ~Bahr-et-Abiad (White river), derives its source. equator, reach the altitude of permanent snow. ReguII. TOPOGtRAPHY.- This enormous peninsula i eattached lar snowfeall, however, does not occur even in the most to the Asiatic msass by the isthmus of Suez; but at two southern or northern regions. -lWinds.-A. is not much other points, the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, end that of tnder the influence of the regular winds, except the Gibraltar, it approaches close to the respective conti- eononsces of the Indian ocean. The north is meseech nemts of Asia aed Europe. Its area is 11,290,030 sq. mi. exposed to the hot winds and stormss froom the Sahara, The equator cuts it into two parts of unequal magni- which are called in Egypt kha/s sin, in the Mediter. thede, though the extreme southern and iorthern coasts ranean sirocco, and ic hhe western regions har/vitas. are, on ass averasge, pretty nearly removed the samee dis- Extreme beat stud dryiness are the characteristics of lance fr'ome the equinactial limes. It hiss bhvetwee S. hat. thaese cwinds, whiich, raisimng the samnd, filling thes air Ic l -~~~~ 350 at Caps Agulbas, stud N. lest. 380 eel Cape Ben, amnd weithe dust, sened Itavorimng thee powvers of evapeoration, are // ~~~~~ ~ betwveen WV. lou. 170 40' at Caps Verde, and E. hon. 50~ oflene fstal to the vegetaeble and aninmal creaetion/ ~~~~~20' at Caspe Guaerdafui. Its greaetest lengthe, from ties Resit.. The Sashaera and thee Kaliheari of southcern Africa (dii ]/ / I Cape of Good tlcpe Ite Cape Bums, is asbout 4,473 us.; its are almosts raeinless regions. The lateral regiomns of ~ ///;~ ~ ~~~~~greatest breaedth, fromn Ccepe Verde ho Gasps eseer..daefei, this coectinent, from thes Itawsara to the Senegael, receive I // is about 4,225 in. -Thee geographical position and coast- copious falls of rain wills the S.E. trade-winds; linmt limes of A4. are chareacterized by hying, fur thee mnost part, the largest supply of resin appears to ice brouighst lcy withsin the tropics, and by the coumparatively fece desep thee seenmaer-nsmosoon on thes east coast. This neonimndentatious of thes coast. Its northeern sheores are soon, lastingt fr'om April to October, extends over thes Fsg. 45. vASC50 I OAM~X w vshsed by the Mediterranean, and are the most irregu- Inedian oceaen line a half-circle fr'on S.E. to N.E. icy WV. lees part of thee African roast, preseenting ties indentstiomns I-rem the latituede of Mozasuhique to the Equatocr it Tihes great navigator, centinuing hss vovags to thee of lbs As-abs gulf, thee hares gulf of Sidra, amed thecet of hasaguredicto fomS.anIereiscif acorth-eeast, reached the straits of Bab el Mandeb at the Cashes. Only one river of any considerable magnitude, renysesnifoddungAilJsmamduy AFRI AFRI AFRI 37 Under the equator the direction of the monsoon changes, win the favor of the indolent and pleasure-loving ne- object of the scenery. In and becomes S.W. To these winds are to be ascribed groes, anmong whom prevails the most disgusting Feti- the richer parts of the N the heavy falls of rain that drench the extensive plains chism. —' The only African conntries lwhere Christianity is country we fid the and ascending grounds of the east horn of A. Farther now established, excepting the few European settle- acacias which produce''r I inland they are broken ny the great Abyssinian table- ments, are Egypt and Abyssinia. In Egypt it is conifined gun-arabic, large taene- _ lands, so that they do not extend beyond the strait of to the Copts, and in Abyssinia both its doctrines and ribk-trees, called atld, Bab-el-Mandeb, S.E. of which a great fall of rain conse- precepts are as ill understood as they are obeyed.- The great qnantities of the quently occurs; to the N.W., on the other hand, scarcely Jews are found in the Semen of Abyssinia, in Egypt, and senna plant (Cassia obany rain falls. The S.E. monsoon does not stop in the indeed scattered as far west as the kingdom of Morocco. tus eoli and other specoast regions, but continues northward as far as lake They do not seem to have established themselves south cies), intermixed with Tchad and Kordofan; in both regions its influences of the Sahara. -The Arabic is the only character that various herbs belonging begin to be felt in May, or one month later than on the is now used in Africa by those who wish to read and to tropical genera. Cotcoast. write, except those employed by the people of Tigreand ton, coffee, indigo, and IV. HUMAN SPECIES. - The southern regions of Afirica Aiehara. Its use is, however, limited to very few in Soil- tobacco are cultivatted are occupied by two nations, the Hotte.ntots and Caffres. dan, where it is only great doctors who can readl and with the greatest suicTime Hottentots occupy the northern part of Cape Colony write. - The Berber and Shselluh tongues are spoken in cess. In Albyssirnia are and the basin of Orange river. Their profile is hideous, the Barbary states, and along the Atlas mountains. The first found species of and their foot is so singularly formed that they can be Mandingo language is used from the Senegal to the Jo- the ginger tribe (Scilatracked by their marks. They are certainly the mostindo- liba. On the western coast, a corrupt Portuguese is minece), in the form of lent, helpless, and dirtiest of the human liemily. The heard; in tile regions of Abyssinia, the Tigre and Am- cmardanmoms,whichafterCaffres differ both from the Hlottentots and those whon hera tomgues prervail. The languages of the blacks are ward become a feature we call negroes. They are generally well made and of as multifirious as the nations. In Sahara alone, 43 dia- of African vegetation Fig. 48. —HIENIX DACTYLIFERA. rounded limb. In the useful arts of life, the Caffres are lects are said to be spoken. But of all the 150 hlnguages within the tropics. - In (The Date-tree.) dir above their Hottentot neighbors. They extend from said to be spolken in A., we are hardly acquainted with 70. the equinoctial parts of Natal, on the southern coast, into the interior, probably V. Z0hLOG. — In the animal kingdom, A. seems Afr'ica all trees of European vegetation, and even thle dateas far as tihe tropics. - The mosta widely extended race il richer than any other quarter of the globe. It can enu- tree itself, disappeari; where moisture exists in sufficieniit A. is the Negro or E/thiopsan, observing that under this mierate five times s nmany species of quadrupeds as Asia, abundance to favor vegetation, thie flora partakes in a name we understand only the true negro race, which, a-d three times as many as all America. It excels Asia certain degree, particularly on the east side. of the ileants whatever resemblance they may beau to the other dark in the size of its colossal river-horse (hippopotamus), of India, but is to a inuch greater extent composed of races of Africa, still differ lfron themn considerably in gigantic giraffe, and large antelopes and apes. That gient species pcculiar to itself. The landscape is characterized physical character and geographlical distribution. a- of bids, the ostrich, is exclusively indigenous to Afric. by mnasses of the unwieldy Baobab (/darmasos ia), huge mieties of laugunage, shlades oh co mplexion, &c., exist But the most beneficial gift of nature to the African is cotton-trees (Bommbsa3 pm1etaendrmmmi), large graminmosu arsong them. but we must recognize tic whole tEthiopian thie camel, the constitution of whsich is in every respect planto witZh brthching sali sgo panls (,%ges replie), race 5a forcming a distinct and widely spread fiunily. Be- adimpted to the country and climate. Of thei quadrumena, a and others of the same majestic tribe. In some places ginning oil tie west coast with the Senegal river, which thers aee 55 species, among which the most intleresting is the woods aboum in pine-ahles, chic, although not is the southern limit of the arid deserts, we find a race the Chimpanzee inld the most wonderful is the ferocious nativces of the continent, have established themnselves as essentially different froms those of Northern Africa. Ii Gorilla discovered by the drimatic traveller e.duuChaillu. completely as in their native stations in tropical Amerthe woolly hair, black skin, the profile of the lace andi Amnongmgthe otheraninmais aretheelepliantandcrhinoceros, ics. Vsith thie general nature of the -vegetation change forehead, the oblique insertion ol tie incisivie teetih, the thes lsion, panther, lopard ounce, jockal, isens, a olf fox, lso the species thlt ace cultivatedh for tle food of nmal.n form of the pelvis, and the legs, we see the undounted dog, ceat, mongus, bat, mrmot (cia cap sisre In lie tropical segions of Africe, no wavimg fields of characteristics of a race peculiaer to the A. continent. rabbhit, jerioha, porcupine, hedgehog, mole, cuvet-cat, icl- comrn reward the labors of the husbandman; the vine is As war and the slave-trade have often transplantecd the nieumon, obear, horse, ass, zebra, a hu, sheep go-t, mnnu- m unkucan the figs ae of other end of useless species, Negro from his localities in 4., it is difficult to say whait neisable varieties of the gazelle, the buffalo, fallow-decer, and of all the northern fhuits the orange and the linme parts of the continent must be considered as his proper thie roe, s\\ine, engalos, babyrou.ssA, and other quadru- alone rem in. Im thei stoid the cassava (larlipa country, but it may be salfly assumed that the Negro peds, whose natural history has been as yet by no means msanihot), the yam (Dioscorei), the pigeon-pea (Cylisems is on his snative soil in all the riegions that extend friom caloana), and the ground-nut (Araciles hypogca), are the Senegal southward, along the gull of Guinea, and south — _____ —- farinaceous plaeits; the papaw (Carsie papaya), the of thie equator as fer es tihe sixteenth degree of latitude. _ —____ tamnarind-, and tihe nitta or doura-tree (Jrkicta Afri- The desert of the Schara, acnd the southern limits that ciea), are the fruits in some places; the Senegal cusborder on Soudan, swarm with innumerable tribes of tard apple (Anna Senegalensie), the grcy plum (Paimixed races, and living a wenderiing life. They are not ns arium), and tihe Saafu, in others; andt the bread-firuit Arabs, but they have adopted the religion of Mohasmmed. of Polynesia is represented biy a large tree called nunThe imost nuimerous And widely spread race of the desert sanga, the seeds of which are as agreeable as hazelnuts. are the Tuanghis.-Tile oountain regions of the Atlas, As we approach thie southerin point of this continent, a as well as the whole shores of thie Mediterranean from new change passes over the face of nature; tropical the straits of Gibraltar to the Cyrenaic regions, have _R i'! plants disappear as they have formerly appeared, not been subject to the invasion of conquerors ever since the' however to liid their places occupied by the plants of earliest periods of history. iThe h'licenician, CGreek, and _ the north. but to contemplate an order of vegetable Roman, Vacndals andi Goths, and Arabs froms Asia, have life so different, that its very genera had been preat different periods possessed portions of these regions, _ viously unseen. The Karroos of the Cape Colony are and mixed their blood with tihat of previous races. T'he the residence of fleshy, leafless, distorted, shapeless Arab invasion has iproduced the most permianent effects, tribes of Stapelias, of Mesemmbryanthenumumns, Euphoriaid that nation now occupies the most fertile parts of the biass CirIssulas, Aloes, and other succulent plants, each Atlas re-ion and the towns on the coast, and are gen- holding to the soil by thie weak support of a single, eraily Iknown to us by the inmcorrect appellation of Moors vctr wiry root, and feeding rather upon the dews of heaven and Berbers. —The ruling race of Animhara and Tigre, ce than the moisture of the soil,-a situation to which who are included under thie name of Aibyssinians, must. -. --'-they are admirably alapted by tihe want or imperfect either belong to Arabic stock, or if they be considered Pig. 47. - z state of their evaporating pores, so that whatever humidas a separate, they are still a nearly related fen-mily. Itis ity they mre able to collect is parted with as slowly as probable that the various peoples who occupy the widely sufficiently investigated; even the problematical unicorn the limited supply is furnished to them. Among these spread Abyssinian provinces contain many varieties of is s;till said to exist in the interior. The varieties of birds grow stunted bushes of endless species of heath (Erica), tie hluman species, tihe rem-nants of nations become sex- are equally numerous; among which is thie crown-bird, and succulent geraniumms (Ptlargorniums), strong-scented tiict, or the result of the intermixture of different races. the nuost beautiful of the feathered tribes; the flamingo, Buckn plants (Diesci a), and am great variety of shrubby Thile Arab race Ai,mhich sometimes has mingled with negro kingfisher, pelican, and many kinds of parrots; the pea- Coimpositce. The hills and rocks are scattered over with and other races, now occupies a large pirt of the coeun- cock, partridge, pheasant, widow and cardinal-bird; thIe a remcarkable tribe of plcnts called Cycadeve. intermetices nortth of Abyssinira as far as the Mediterranean; but cuclkoo, thecuculus indicator, turtle-doves, pigeons,ducks, diate, as it were, between ferns and palms; the plains tile population of the Nile basin is of a very motley geese, &c. The class of reptiles comnprises the crocodile and are permaeIy clothed i ptches of a rush-like boi-constrictor, withi many other serpents, some innox- plant called Restio. —At Cape Town has been intro~' "~'11,~~ ious, some highly poisonous. The bays and rivers abound duced the American aloe, and tie oals and stonein fish:, ut the variety oh the species is not so groat us pines of Europe have found a congenial climate. - Such in the northern seas, and many of the most useful are are tie more prominent features of the vegetation of -~.....entirely wantinig. Tile shrubs and earth swarm with Africa. Its islands partake more or less of the nature termites, ants, scolopendras, spiders and caterpillars, of thle flora of the adjacent continent. 5mmi"'~~ sc~Twhile passing armies of locusts obscure the sun like VII. GEOGCAPHICAL DIVisiONs. —Any distribution of clouds. The most beautiful insects abound. Africa founded on its political divisions being almost VI. BOTANY. - To the traveller who passes fronm the impossible in the incomplete state of our knowledge of / jisenth of Europe to Tangier, the appearanmce of time Afri- thiis continent, ave have adopted the following, which, can coast presents nothing remarkably different fronm arbitrary and liable to objection as it is, will at least 1 what he has left in Europe; and along the whole of the show under what particular heads further information most northern shores so great a similarity conlinues to will lie found. 1. The region fironm thie Orasnge river lbe preserved, that lie may fancy himself still in Southl southward, compreherlding the Cap~ie Colony, and exSpain or Italy. But as soon as the chain of Atlhs is tending eastwa-rd to the Great Fish river. -2. The eastpassed, the scene begins to change; the excessive dry- ern coast, friom the Great Fish river to tihe neighborhood -esS of the climate on the northern tborders of the Great of the Portuguese settlements, near Da Legoa bay; com-Desert is such, that few trees, except the dcate, can main- prehending the sea-coast occupied by the Ca.S-es, or tmuin an existence. It is, hsowever. in this arid region, Natal.S3. From Da Lagoa Bay to Cape Guarduefhii, whuere rauin seldom falls, that the groves of date palms comprehending mSofala, the settlenuemuts on the Zasinbtsi,formas a screen impervious to the rays of the sun, and river, sMosambique, and the native tribes of the coasst and cherish beneath their shade, the orange, the lemon, the the interior. rom the neighborhood of Cuspe Delgado I[olomcegrammate, and the vine, the latter of which climnbhs to north, we find the names of Zca/uebear and Ajane; the tics summit of their trunks by means of its twisted ten- last-named coast terminating set the great eastern cape. drils. Although reared in constant shade, all these firnits 4. The A byssinian countrnies, withl which may be grouped Fogi~. 46. - NOniAN5. acquire a more delicious flavor Ihaen in what would seem the almost umnknown regions that border to the south, character. The Copts, or descendants of the Egyptians, a more favorable climate. -In Egypt, the European with the Galla, the Somaulis. Danakil, and other tribes. — usre reduced to a small number; and of all the comnquerors planmts begin to disappear; in the districts still watered 5. The country of the Bahr-el-Abiad, or great western oru settlers in Egypt, none have stamped their physical hey thle Nihe, we find all the richness of vegetation of the bin-nch of the Nile valley end the eastern deserts, beusmud morml chasracter so strongely on the comuntry as the spring monthcs of Barbary; abundance of rice, barley, tween the Nile and the Resi sea. Darfsurs and Kosrdclfen followems of the Prophet. The MohAmmnedan religion and whaeat: rich fields of sugar-cane; olives, figs, vines, nsmy be conveniently arranged in this division, to which has spineoad over at least one m murmd of the continent; emind ansI plemntains that have been introduced; whlile in the teelong cessnaar, Dsnsglia, Nsinbia, and Lqypt. - 6. The some of its precepts and practices seem well edaplmtel to hotter or drier, or more southern, thie date is the chief region west of Egypt, kmnowrn by time Arabs by the gen. 38 AFRI AFTO AGAL oral name of Magreb, or the West, and often included dian Ocean, on one of which the Spitfire, a ship of the Afton, in Wisconsin, a post-village in Rock township, by Europeans in the collective term of Barbary, ex- English navy, was wrecked, 21st Aug., 1801. Lat. 40 Rock co., about 7 miles fromt Janesville; pop. about 500. tending to the extremity of the Atlas, and including 53' S.; Lon. 53~ 33' E. Af'zul-Ghur', a town of the province of Delhi, presithe political divisions of Tripoli, Barca, Tunis, Algiers, African Methodist LcEpiscopcl and Ziont Churches. See dency of Bengal, Hindostan, near the Kumaon mounand Morocco. The chief eases westward from Fezzan MTHnODs'r. tains. Lat. 290 25' N.; Lon. 780 401 E. may be classed under this head, and placed in tihe divi- Africun lbak. The timber of the Oldfileldia Africana, A'ga, or AnnIA, n. The name of a dignity, also an sion of Belad-el-Jerid, or land of dates. - 7. The Sahura, a tree belonging to the natural order liuphorbiacae. It epithet of respect, among the Turks. It signifies literally or the Great Desert, with some of the oases. -8. The is exceedingly strong and durable. a great man, a lord, or a commander. In Turkey, the coast from the Senegal to the delta of the Quorra, in- 2Afl.riCanus. See ScIeio, Publius Cornelius. Aga of the janissaries, while that corps existed, was eluding the countries w2<`ered by the Senegal, Gambia, Af'rikeah, AanlKIAn, or MAIuIIxntH. A seaport of their commianding officer or colonel, whose place was Rio Grande, &c., and the coast of Guinea, with the the kingdom of Tunis, on the Mediterranean. It was one of high authority and dignity in the state. There is states in the interior, under the general name of Western taken by Charles V., who demolished its fortifications. also the spahilar-aga, that is, the colonel of the spahis, Nigritia.-9. The region from the Bight of Biafra to Pop. 3,000. 115 miles S.S.E. of Tunis. or cavalry. Time Capi Aga, or Capi Agassi, the chief of Cape Negro, comprehending a long line of coast little Af'shars, or AFSCsIARS, n.pl. A Persian tribe, of foreign the eunuchs, is one of tile principal officers of the court known, and an interior still less explored, under the origin, who claim to be descendants of the Turkomans. of Constantinople. name, of Southern Nigritia, including the names of They are comprised under two divisions, Shlamloo and A'ga, a lofty round mountain in Brazil, on the route from Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela. Kirkloo, and reside for the most part in towns, of which Mines de Castello to the frontiers of Minos Geraes. VIII. The African islands, not immediately bordering Abivert and Helat are the principal. The tribe is said Ag'ably, a town built of stone, on the Tuat oasis, beon the coast, consist of the following chief groups, or to occupy altogether 20,000 Ihouses. tween T'ripoli and Timbuctoo, Africa. It is a station single islanids:-North Atlantic Ocean. The Madeiras, Aft, adv. [A. S. aft, behind.] See ABAFT. where merchants meet for business transactions. Lat. Archipelago of tihe Canaries, the ten Cape Verde Is- Af'ter, a. [A. S. lefter, from aft, eft, after, again.] 260 N.; Lon. 00 56' E. lanuds, Islands in the Bight of Biafra; Fiernando Po, Subsequent, succeeding; as, an after period of life. Ag'ades, or AGADEZ, a town of Central Africa, and the Prince's Island, St. Thomas, Anno Bom, &c.- The nine After, rep. Posterior in time. capital of the kingdomn of Asbcn, tributary of the king Azores, or Western Islands, are considered by sonime "Good after ill, and after pain delight; of Timbuctoo. It is situated on a "green spot" in the geographers as belonging to Africa. —South Atlantic Alternate, like the scenes of day and night.".-Dryden. desert, where the Soudan merchants assemble at fixed Ocean. St. Matthew- Ascension - St. HIelena. - The periods to transact business with those of Northern Afthree small islands of Tristan d'Acunha. - Sonuth Indian -Following in place;-commonly applied to words of mo- rica. Lat. 18t N.; Lo s. 13w E. Ocean. Madagascar, which may be considered as the tion; as, he cause after, and stood behind hlim. A'gadir, or SANTA CRuz, a seaport town of Morocco, on centre of an archipelago of small islands, to which be- " Sometimesl placeda third prism after asecond, and sometimes time Atlantic Ocean, and the most S. in the empire; Lat. long the Mauritius and Bourbon, the Comoro Islands in a fourth after tise third." —Newtoat. 300 26' 351C N., Lon. 90 351 560 W. The vast sandy deserts the Mozambiqae channel, the Secrielles, with the Amni- -In pursuit of; in search of; following, - Concerning; in of N. Africa commence immediately to the S. of Agadir, rantes; and tie islands on the coast of Zanguebar. - relation to. and hence its bay is aptly termmed by the Arabs Bab-SouNorth Indian Ocean. The islands of Socotra, off Cape "After whom dost thou pursue? " —ISam. xxix. 14. dan, that is, Gate of the Blacks. Pop. about 500. Ouardafui. The islands of the Red sea are generally "AI will inquire after him." A'gag, a king of the Amalekites, who, on the Israelites small and inconsiderable, and partake of the character In inittion of. coing out of Egypt, attacked them in the wilderness of the Arabian and African coasts, to vwhiclh they masy -In imitation of. and slew all stragglers. A. was a general'namee of the be respectively assigned according to their degree of "This allusion is after the oriental manner." -Pope. kings of the Amsalekites. proxiEmity. - According, or in prlcetion to ra. (t.) Again', adv. [A. S. dgen.] A second time; once more; IX.- EussPEnAN POSSESSIOsS IN ArptcA. - 1LPoe-te- Aft'er, ado. In succeeding time or place; afterward. marking the repetition of the same thing.-On the other guese. The government of the Madeiras- of the Cape is used of time mentioned as succeeding some other. So hand.- On another part. Verde Islands; and the stiall posts of Cacleen on tihe we ca"mot say, "I shall be heappy after, but hereafter;" "Behold yon mountain's hoary height, San Domingo, Bissao, Zinghticor, Faritu and Geba- of liut we say, "'I was first made miserable by the loss, but Made higher with new mounts of snow: St. Thomas, and Prince's Island - the post of Wlhidah was after happier." Again, behold the winter's weight in Dahomey - the captaincy or governmnent of Congo (~aout.) More aft, or toward the stern; as, the after Oppress the lab'ring woods below." -Dryden. and Angola, consisting mainly of / few towns atnd sails. — In return. -Back. posts —the Mozambique government, on the coasts of After all. At last; in fine; in conclusion; upon the — In order of rank and distinction; marking distribution. Sofala and Mozambique, extending from tile bay of Pa whole. "Question was asked of Demosthenes, what was the chief part Lgesoa to Cape Delgado: it is divided into seven captaite- Af'ter'ages, n. pl. Successive times; posterity. of an orator? He answered, Action. What next? Action. What Lagoa to Cape Delgado: it is divided into seven ca-ptain- ~~next, again? Action." —Bacon. rios, but the real possessions of the Portuguese are now "what an opinion will after-ages entertain of this religion? "- _ Besides; in any other time or place. few and insecure; the chief are, the little island of Mo- Adcdisom.There is not in the world aga such a spring of brave milt zanmbiquee, and the settlements of Quilimnan, Sena,Tetto, Afiter-birti,. (ed.) The membrane in which tihe p There is nt in the orld gain uch a spring of rave.miary Mlanica, on the Zambezi river. Melinda, once a flourish- fbetus is involved, which is brought away after delivery. Again and again. With frequent repetition; often. ing Portuguese settlement on tile Zanguebar coast, is The placenta. "This is nobotaindynertwhastyreading itms n ld~tc ytat nation. - Eng~lish. Bathurst, on a hfgter-~clap,, n. An unexpected incident after an affai 1 This is not to be obtained by one ortwmo hasty readings; i t must now deserted by that nation. - English. Bathurst, on a Af'tet-elap, a. An unexpected incident after an affair be repeated again and again, with a close attention." — Locke. small isle at thie outlet of tihe Gmbia, and a few posts is supiposed to be ended. Against, prep. [A.S. engeon.] Contrary; opposite,in dependent upon it-the estatblishnient of Sierra Leone- Af'ter-eomer, n. A successor.gen ra; oppositit the establishments on the Gold and Slave Coast, all, ex- AfI'ter-cest, n. Expenses which are incurred after the geeeral; ii opposition to any porson. cept one, widein the Ashantee territory. Cape-Coast is original bargain or plan is finished. "i hand il e againt every man-e. xi. 12. the chief position: the rest are of little importance — Af'te'r-crop, n. The second crop or produce ofa ground -In contradiction to any opinion; as, a collection of tracts tihe islands of Fernando Po, occupiedl in 1S28, Ascension, in the sanme year. against slavery. St. Helena, and the islands of Tristan d'Acunha-the Af'ter-damp, n. The familiar term for the suffocating — Wih contrary motion or tendency; used of material colony of the Cape of Good Hope - the Mauritius, and gas, consisting chiefly of carbonic acid, which remains action. a number of small islands belonging to the Madagascar in a coal-mine after an explosion of fire-damp.-See FinE - "The kite flieth against the wind." -Bacon. archipelhgo. — Fre.nch. The state of Algiers on tihe DAMr. -Contrary to rule orlaw; as, a thing against the law of northern coast of Africa - on tihe Senegal and Gambin Af'ter-day, n. A future day. nature. coast, the district of St. Louis, and that of Goree - the Af'tea-gam e, n. A new expedient after the original - Opposite to, in place. isle of Bourbon, and St. Marie, near Madagascar, with a plln has miscarried. "To play an acfter'-gaeie." "Against the Tiber's mouth, but far away." -Dryden. few posts on the lhtter island. - Spanish. The Peesidios, Af'ter-lna tih, n. (Ageic.) The grass which grows after - In provision for; in expectation of. near the straits of Gibraltar in the empire of Miorocco, the hay hles bee mnowed and mamede. It is also called "The like charge was given them against the time they should which contain the towns of Ceuta, Melilla, &c. - the rowen, rowett, latter-math, and, when left long upon the come to settle themselves in the land promised." — Hooker. Archipelago of the Canaries, consisting of seven larger hmad, fogy. When made into hay, it is not good for hiorses, Agalmat'olite, n. [Gr. agaltea, image, tithes, stone.J and about thirteen smaller islands. — Dutch. The only especially those which are driven fast and work hiard. (Min.) A name originally given to a variety of Finite Dutch possessions now in Africa are sonice posts of forts Cows and sheep are fond of it, and it is inot injurious to used by the Chinese for carving grotesque figures and on the Gold Co;ast, and chiefly within the limitts of the them. Whether it be more profitable to cut t second crop idols. These minerals vary in color from greayish-green Ashantee empire: the principal place is Elemina, the res- of hay, or to feed off the after-math, must depend on to yellow and red; they are all eore or less soft and idence of the governor-general. - Danish. These are a circumstances and situations. Unless the meadowss can few unimportant posts, also on the Gold and Slave Coasts, be irrigated, or well nanured, taking off two crops of lay and within the Ashantee dominion. Christiansburg is in one year exhausts them, and is apt to produce moss, time chief place, and the residence of tie governor-gen- which the tread of sheep and cattle prevents. eral. - Ottoman. These are really foreign possessions, Af'ter-most, a. (Naaut.) Hindermost; nearest the being held by Turkish authorities, who are nominally stern; —opposed to foremosst. dependent on the Sultan of Constantinople. They are Af'ternoon, n. That space, or interval, which is from Egypt, the eastern desert, the Wadys of Siwah, Khar- twelve at noon till the evening. Figuratively, the degeh, &c., Nubia, Sennaar, Kordofan, &c.- Independent. dcline. "The afteernoon of life." The republic of Liberia, founded by the American Cola- Af'ter-pains, a. pl. (Mfed.) The pains after birth, nization Society. caused by the delivery of the placenta. X. PopirtL,erioN.-The aggregate population of Africa Af'ter-proo;f, n. Evidence posterior to the thing in may be actually estimnated at 80,000,000. question. I Africa, in Pennsylvania, avillage of:Franklinco.,7 miles Af'ter-sails, n. pl. (NIutt.) The sails of time mizzenE. of Chanibersburg; pop. 240. mnast, and the stays between the meini and the enizzenAf'rican, n. (Geog.) A native of Africa. masts. (Bet.) The African marigold, tagetes erecta. Af'ter-taste, n. A taste remaining upon the tongue Af'riean, a. Belonging or relating to Africa. after eating or drinking. Afirican Association. A society formed in London, in Af'ter-thought, 7e. Reflection or thought arising 1788, for the purpose of offering encouragement to travel- after the finishing of a thing; -- repenttance. lers and scientific men to explore the interior of Afirica. Af'ter-tlimes,. pl. In timelu to come; future ages. Four travellers were successively engaged, and among if'ierwa wr, adv. [A. S. aftere, after, and wea'rd, tothetn the celebrated Muungo Park. In 1803, the associa- wards.] In succeeding or future time, referring to sometion was incorporated with the Royal Geographical So- thing which preceded. and which it is supposed to follow. cioty. - This word is also written afterwards, heut less pro- - African Company. A society of merchants, estab- perly. - liashed in the reign of Charles II., for trading to Africa, If'ton, in Illinois, a township of DBe Kalb co.; pop. U' (,;. e and incorporated in 1754. When the expenses of the com- about 1,000. //" _ pony had to be defrayed out of the public purse, its char- Afton, in Iowa, a post-village, capital of Union co., ter was recalled by parliament, and its possessions were about 50 miles S.W. of Des Moines. annexed to Sierra Leone. Afton, in Minnesota, a pout-township of Washington A. fricant I Heep. Fibres remarlable for their strength, co., about 3 miles below Hudson, Wisconsim; pop. ah. 500. A CHINESE dAOSO-FELIEvO CAnVED In AGALMATOLITE. produced by several species of Suaoseoriet'a, a genus of Also, a post-village in this township, on the W. shore of unctuous to the touch, and capable of being cut and plants included in the order Liliaceae. These fibres are Lake St. Croix, 20 miles S.S.E. of St. Ptaul. polished. They consist solely of silica and alumina, also known es bowstring leempe. Afton, in New Yor'k, a post-township in the S.E. part with a little carbonate of lime atnd potash. Before the Afi-ican Isfands, A cluster of low islands in the In- of Chenango co., on the Susqueehanna river; pop. 3,800. blowpipe they whiten, bnt are infuisitle. AGAP AGAR AGAT 39 Agall'ega, or GALLEGA, an island of Africa, near Mada- early Christians where they sat and ate, at a common acquires a stalk, separates its cap, and becomes shortly gascar; Lat. 10~ 12' N.; Lon. 540 8' E. table, of food which had been provided by the voluntary conical, with liver-colored gills, and a white, thick, Ag'al'lochuin, n. [Gr. agallochon, to exult.] (Med.) contributions of the enierllers of the society, thile enter- fleshy cap, marked with a few particles of gray. At a Aloes-wood, supposed to be the wood of the Excctaria tainment being conciuded with the holy kiss. These more advanced age, the cap is concave. the color gray, agallocha. Aloes-wood is imported from China in small, meetings, which were usually held in tile same house and the gills black; in this state it is called a flop. compact, ponderous pieces, of a yellow, rusty-brown or apartment in which they assembled for divine wor- For the method of cultivating it, and for its physiologicolor, with black or purplish veins, and sometimes of a ship, are at least mentioned once in the New Testament, cal characters, see MusHnRoor. black color. It has a bitterish, resinous taste, and a naumely, in the 12th verse of the epistle of Jude, where Aga'sics, or AG,,ssIos, a sculptor of Ephesus, celebrated sligrht aromatic smell, it is said of certain unworthy brethren, "These are hor his adniirable statue of the Gladiator. Agt-all'na,. [Gr.] (Law.) An impression or image of spots in your feasts of ch;rity." These love-feasts seem Agas'icles, a king of Sparta, who used to say, "A king anything on a seal. to have continued to be generally celebrated for several ought to govern his subjects as a fither his faimily." A-'1al-wood, n. See EAoLE-WOOn. centuries. Ecclesiastical writers mention three kinds Agassiz, Louis JEAN I}ODOLtrPa, a very distinguished Ag'alna, the appellation given to a body of troops, in of them, -first, those which toolk place at marriages, naturalist, of French origin; i. on the 28th of May, Mlacedonia, nearly equal to the Roman legion. called the nuptial or connubial agapse, to which the 1807, at Motiers, canton of Freyburg, Switzerlanul, A-'lanare. [Gr. a, priv., and games, marriage.] (Bot.) A bishop or pastor was usually invited; second, the anni- where his Itther was a paistor. In 1818 he entered the in1110 given by some authors to the large division of the versary, or, as they were called, natal agapoe, which Gymnasiurn of Bienne, and in 1822 was removed to the vegetable kingdom, called Flowerless or Cryptogamic were held in the churches on the festivals of the mar- Academy of Lausanne, as a reward for his proficiency in plants. — See CRYPTOGAMAor. tyrs; and third,.the funeral agapos, at the interments science. He subsequently studied medicine cnod the A -aine'lnluon, king of MIycenoe and Argos, son of Atre- of members of the congregation. Tie celebration of experimental sciences at Ziirich, Heidelberg, and Muus nasd EIriphyle, brother of Menelaus and commander- the love-feasts in the churches was at length expressly nich, at which last university he took the degree of in-chief of the Grecian army at the siege of Troy. In the forbidden by the 25th canon of tihe council of Laodicea, MN. D. He went soon after to Paris, where lie gained earliest and most credible authors, Homer and Hesiod, in A. D. 3614; although the enactment would seem for a the friendship of Cuvier and hlumboldt. On returning we find no trace of the long train of horrors which, ac- considerable time not to have been quite effectual, since to Switzerland, he was appointed professor of natural cording to later writers, laid waste the house of Pelops. we fiud it repeatedly renewed by subsequent councils. history at the college of Neufchitte l. From his earliest (See AcREUS, PELOeS, TANTALUS, TIYESsTEs.) A. and his Agaapsemo'nians, n. pl. [From Gr. agape, love, and youth he evinced a peculiar inclination and aptitude brother were called Atridoe, from their father's name,'cocun, abode, the fnially of love.] A small community for the cultivation of the natural sciences. In Heidelaccoi-ding to the Grecian custom of giving to the son a of proselytes of a Mr. Prince, folunded at Charlynch, berg and Munich hie occupied himself more especially patronzymic name. He mnarried Clytemnnestra, sister of near Bridgewater, Englaisd, in 1845. Doctrincs:-a with compuarative anatomy. Being intrusted by Mcartims IHelen. The Trojan weir arose out of the abduction of cosmmunity of goods, and, it is believed, of persons. with the publicaltion of' an account of the 116 species Helen by Paris, cson of Priam, king of Troy. It is com- Agapan'thus, n. [Gr. agape, love, and acthos, flower.] of fishes collected by Spix in Brazil, he gave to the monly said, that a number of tihe princes of Greece (Bet.) A gen. of the sub-ord. Hemerocallece, mnat. ord. world that new classification of fishes to whicn hi he has having been drawn together as suitors by the extraordi- Lilicece. The typical species is A. uimbelalcct s, the subsequently remained steadfast. In 1839 he published nary beauty of Helen, T'yndareus exacted an oath fromn African blue lily, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, his Natural History of thie Frieshwater Pishes qf Eurc pe, them, that on whomsoever the choice should fill, if the whence it was brought to Holland. It is now a favor- a sulbject which hie treated with monographic completemaid should be carried off, all the rest should unite to its garden-plant. It grows nearly a yard high, and in ness. While preparing this work hie had published his recover her; and that in virtue of this oath, the confed- July bears a handsome bunch of blue flowers, which Researches on Fossil Fishes, and his Descriptions of erate princes assembled under the command of A. They have no scent. Eclhinoders es. The work, however, which contributed were long detained in the bay of Aulis, in Bceotia, by a Agape', adv. [A. S. geyppan, to open.] Staring with most liberally to his European reputation was ris calm, occasconed by the anger of Diana (see IPrlrEosA), open mouth; astare; agog; astonished. - See GAPE. Styudies of Glaciers, in which he advanced a theory but finally arrived before Troy. During the siege of this Agap'etne, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A nanme given to virgins tending to remodel the prevalent views of geologists town, protracted for ten years, A. apipears superior to the and widows, who, in the early days of the Church, were as regards tIhe incoherent and post-tertiary formation of other chiefs in battle and in council, and maintains, nmade deaconesses, and resided with the ministers, shar- the globe, and tihe dynamical causes by which those under all circumstances, the dignity of a commrcander. ing their duties. For some time the relation was main- deposits Ihaive been affected. In 1846, on invitationr, The most memorable event of the siege of Troy is the taineud blameless; ibut it resulted in immnorality, and Mr'. Agassiz enmbarked for America, and was appointed quarrel of A. and Achilles (see ACHILLEs), the subject of councils were summoned to put an end to it. —A m. Ency. professor of zoilogy and geology in the Lawrenre Sritice Iliad, in which the former placed himself very com- Ang'aphiee, a. (Min.) A name of the Turqvuos, q. V. eetific School. One of his great merits is the profitalble pletely in the wrong. Returaing from Troy, A. vwas Agape'tus I., a Roman pope, raised to the pontificate enthusiasm lie Ihas called into existence in the pursuit treacherously murdered by his wife; who, d(luring his ab- in 535, and died the year after. He opposed the at- of the natural sciences in his adopted country. Ilis sence, had tbrmes an adulterous attachmient with.Egis- tempts of Justinian to invade tihe rights of tihe Church. method of teachling is extremely clear, and his disciples, thus, son of his uncle Thyestes. This cattastrophe is the AGAPETus II., pope in 946, a. 956, was a man of great repu- the scientific youth of the United States, have caught subject of thie gamesmnon of eEschylus, one of the most tation for sanctity of character. the practical spirit of their master. Prof. Agassiz is cia sublime compositions in the range of tihe Grecian drama. Ag'ar, Abraham's concubine. See HAEkn. upholder of the doctrine which teacles the successive Orestes, son ofA., then a chiild, was saved by the care Ag'arn-agar, n. (Bet.) A name sometimes given to creation of higher orders of organized beings on the of his tutor, and timely flight. Alter passing seven years the alga, commonly known as Ceylon moss, used for surfiace of the earth, and believes that the human race in exile, he returned in secret, avenged his hither's death makin- jellies. - See GRACILARIA. has had, in its several distinct species, sepalate stocks by the slaughter of his mother and of ]Egisthus, snd re- Ag'aric, n. [Lat. agaricuss.] (Bet.) The common name of originality both as to time and space. His name is covered his paternal kingdo, which he rurled with honor. of the genus AGAnsCUS, q. v.; a mushroom. equally popular in the two worlds. The chair of natuAkg'anedes and Troipho'nius, two architects (.Med.) The touchwood; a drug extr'scted from the ral history in Edinburgh. and a scientific chair in Paris, who designed the entrance of the temple of Delphi, fbr Bletlis igniarius, used in physic sad dyeing. were offered to him, but he declined both. Hle is a which they demanded of the god whatever gift was mnost Agaric Mineral. (Mis.) Called also Rtock-milk, a member of all scientific academies of Europe. In 1865advantageous for a main to receive. Three days after, variety of Calcite, q. v. It is very soft, white, breaking 1866 Prof. Agassiz made an exploration in Brazil, they were found dead in their beds. easily in the fingers, and deposited from waters con- in compamy with his wife and a staff of well-trainedl A.ganen'ticus, in Mauine, a mountain of Yorlk co., 4 riining carbonate of lime in solution. It covers the scientific assistants. An American steamship companry miles fromn York Harbor. It affords pasture up to its sides of a cave at Watertown, N. Y. fimrnished the party with a free pass; and, as a graceful summit, 673 feet above the sea-level, and is a seamark for Agar.'ieus, n. [Gr. agaricon, a fungus.] (Bet.) A gen. acknowledgment of their kindness, the steamer Colothe entrance of Piscataqua river. Lat. 430 16, N.; Lon. of plants, ord. Hynsenosrycetes, alliance PFtngales, in- rado was made ever memorable by the course of lectures 700 39' W. cluding all the species of m.ushroosns. They have a cap which the most popular of scientific lecturers gave on Ag'ami, or AeAa'IDXr, n. (Zo6e.) A family of reptiles, (or pileus) of a fleshy nature, supported upon a distinct board. The Brazilian government, with its enlightened order Suurai. They are in general short, thick-bodied stalk, and a number of parallel unequal vertical plates emperor at its head, offered to the party every fcacility lizards, covered with a lax skin, which is capable of being or gills arising out of the cap, and inclosing the parti- for travelling and investigation. In short, all circuminflated with air at the will of the animal. They are cles by which the species are reproduced, -- particles stances conspired to make Prof. Agassiz's nmission a frequently beset with spines, which are raised up when which the vulgar call seeds, and tie learned sporules. the skin is inflated, presenting a formidable array. Many This genus consists of not fewer than a thousand speof them are capabtle of changing the color of the skin. cies, inhabiting meadows, and heaths, and rocks, and i)ifferent species of Agamidoe are found in Asia, Africa, masses of decaying vegetable matter, in all temnperate Australia, and America. Thle fciled Agaasa, a native regions of the earth. Among them, a large proportion of Australia, is a very extraordinciry-looking animal. are poisonous, a few are wholesome, but by fir the Around its neckl, and covering its shoulders, it carries a greater are altogether unknown in regard to tlheir frill. which, on the approach of danger, is elevated. action upon the human constitution. The species are A'gmini, n. (Zoil.) The T'roplia crepstans, an interest- often extremely similar; there is no means of distining bird, sometimes also termed the Gld-breastedl Trien- guishing botanically the tribes tihat are poisonous firom peter', classed by Dallas among cranes, by Brisson among such as are wholesome; but there are somen general pheasants, and maleing the first genus in Temminck's characters which help us to separate the two groum)s. Alectosiles. It is the size of a pheeasant or large fowl, They have been tabulated as follows:- Edible Ins-lshbut appears larger from having a long neck, and from rooms. 1. Grow solitary, in dry, airy places. 2. Generstlnaling high on its legs. It inhabits tIhe forests of ally white or brownish. 3. Hasve a compact, brittle tropical America, and never visits the cleared grounds flesh. 4. Do not change color, when cut, by tlhe action or thie settlements. It is not easily tamed, but becomes of the air. 5. Juice watery. 6. Odor agreeable. 7. attached to its benefactor with all the fondness and Taste not bitter, acrid, salt, or astringent. - IPisonous fidelity of the dog. It is fond of caresses, and offers its msushrooms. 1. Grow in clusters, in woods and danrk head and neck to be stroked. The peculiar noise made damp places. 2. Usually with bright colors. 3. Flesh by the Agami, without opening the bill, is one of its tough, soft, and watery. 4. Acquire a browne, green, or most remsarkable characteristics. The sound is some- blue tint, when cut and exposed to the air. 5. Juice times preceded by a wild cry, interrupted by a call often milky. 6. Odor comnlmnonly-powerful and dis-ig. 50. - no. GASSIZ. somewhat like "scherckl," "scherclk," and then follows agreeable. 7. Have an acrid, astringent, acid, salt, or thie characteristic noise resembling the syllables, "Too, bitter taste. We should avoid sill fungi which insects genuine sunccss. TIce scientific results, which no doubt too, too." During this the breast is seen to heave, as in will not touch, and those wllich have scales or spots on will be published in due time, will show that so rare an birds while singing, though the bill remains shut. This their surface; and whatever maybe the apparept quali- opportunity has been turnied to thie best acconunt. Those extraordinary sound is attributed to a sort of ventrilo- ties of the fungi, we should use with caution all which results have been already shiadowed forth in the book quism. have arrived at their full development, or when they entitled A Jousrney in Brazil, ticat Pmrof. and Mrs. AgesAg'annots, a. (Bet.) Which has no visible flowers or exhibit any signs of change. By soaking doubtfuR siz have published in 1868, a work abounding in charinsensual organs; an agasns;. fungi, cut into slices, fom- ateout one hour in vinegar, ing sketches of Braziliun lits and scenery. —Tinhe comAga'ana, one of the Ladsone islands, where eiagellan and afterward washing them in boiling water, we get plete list of the worrks of Prof. Agassiz issay be found in wvas killed, on a voyage in search of the Moluccas. rid of any poisonous principles they may possess, and thee bibliographicasl dictionary of A. Aliibone. Pp. 3,010. —A Spanish governor resides here. the process will not spoil them for the table. -The A. A4 ast', a. See AenAs Aglanip'pe, or ACANmuw. (Anc. Geeg.) A celebrated caeccpestc-is, the coummon mushroom, and several vanrie- Aga'ta, the name of several towns of Italy, the mosd fountain of Boeotia, at the foot of mount Helicon. It ties of the same, is the species commonly raised artifi- memarkable of which is the ancient Mintumo, in the flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the Muses, cially for food. It is readily hknown in any state by itd district of Gaete, proe. of Naples. Pep. 7,000. who, from it, were called Aganippedes. fragrant odor, the absence of which is extremely suspi- Ag'ate, n. (Min.) A semi-pellucid, variegated, and unAkg'lpwe, n. [The ph. of the Gr. agape, love, or charity.] ciouas. WWhen in a very young state, it resembles little crystallized variety of chalcedony, gen. quartz (Hyalics (Eccl. Hist.) The name given to those meetings of the snow-white balls, which are called buttones; afterward it rhousboehedsas, order Hyalinea, Dana), named after 40 AGAV AGE AGE Acha.tes, a river in Sicily, whence the Greeks are said the agave lived a hundred years before flowering; hence state of things. 5. The iron age, when justice and to have first procured it. Chemically, it consists almnost it was frequently called the hundred years plant. It honor had left the earth. entirely of silica, colored by nmetallic oxides. The colors really flowers only once in about ten years, and the Age of animals. The duration of life in animals is of agate are generally arranged in parallel or concentric planter has to wait patiently for the flowering season to generally between 7 and 8 times the period which bands, but sometimes form spots, clouds, and moss-like obtain a supply of pulque, as this liquor is formed from elapses fr'om birth till they become adult; but this stains. These colors can be artificially heightened by the juice contained in the young flower-stalk. From the rule, besides being vague and indefinite, is quite useless boiling the stone in oil, and afterward in sulphuric leaves of this and other species of the agave genus, the in practice, because it affords no scale of gradation acid, and by other ingenious but fraudulent processes useful fibre called aloe-fibre,.Magueypita or oitd heliei, which would enable us to ascertain the precise age of which have been devised by the lapidary. Agates occur is obtained. - See AMAiYttLIDoACE. individuals, the only inquiry of real importance or of in nature as rounded pebbles, in Saxony, Arabia, and Aga'veve, n. pl. (Bot.) A tribe of plants, ord. Astaryl- practical application to the interests of society. More India. Some fine varieties, however, are found in sev- lidacece. The agave is its most important genus. certain and scientific principles are derived firom observeral parts o the United States, but we do not believe!Agdie', a maritime town of France, dep. of the ti6rault, ing the growth and decay of the teeth. Unhappily, the that, till noe, they have been worked for the trade. on the river 1-t6rault, 11 m. E. of Beziers. It is situated observations have not been till now extended further Agates take a high polish, and their beautiful colors in a fertile district, and is a place of much commercial than to the most inmportant domestic animals. - tolrse. adapt them for many ornamental purposes. They are activity, forming one of the entrepots between Italy and Its age is known principally by the appearance of the cut into broches, seals, bracelets, and similar objects, Spain; pop. 9,746 in 1867. 1id. Ship-building and distil- incisive teeth, or, as they tare technically called, the and are largely employed for mosaic work. In the use- leries. WIas in 506 the seat of a council summoned by nippers. Of these there are six in each jaw, broad, thin, ful arts, agates are employed as burnishers, and, when Alaric. and trenchant in the foal, but with flat crowns markred sufficiently large, they are made into mortars, for chem- Ag'~deih, a town of Persia, 70 min. W. friom Yezd, which in the centre with a hollow disk in the adult animal. ical purposes. - The emoss-agate, or Mocha-stone, is curl- receives goats' hair from it for the manufacture of The foal or milk teeth appear fifteen days after birth; ously marked with figures resembling growing tufts or shawls. at the age of two years and a half the middle pair drop, moss, of an opaque brownish-yellow color, which are!Age, it. [Fr. dge.] Any period of time attributed to some- and are replaced by the corresponding permianent teeth; due to oxide of iron. - The stones distinguished by thing as the whole, or part, of its duration; as, the age at three years and a half the two next, one on each side, mineralogists and lapidaries by the names of Cornelian, of man, the several ages of the world, the golden arge. fill, and are likewise replaced; and at the age of four Onyx, Sarddonyx, Blood-stone, Calcedony, Plasma, have "And Jacob lived in Egypt 17 years; so the whole age of Jacob yeors uand a half the two external incisors of the first exactly the chemical composition of the agate. was 147 years." — Gen. xivii. 28. set drop, and give room to the corresponding pair of (Printing.) Agate is also the name of a printing type, "Jesus began to be about thirty years of age."-Lukme, iii. 23. permamn ent teeth. All these permanent nippers, as we under the size of Nonpareil, as in the following line: -A succession or generation of meni. have already observed, are flattened on the crown or "lies est sacra liniser." "Hence is it, that old men do plant young trees, uipper surface, amid ismarked in the centre with a circular ig'ate-sheI,, n. (ZeS1.) A land African stpecies of The fruit whereof another age shall take." —Sir J Davies. pit or hollow, which is gradually delaced in proportion Mollusks, 8 inmches in length, belonging to the fnily of -The time in which any p:mrticular man, or race of men, as the tooth wears down to a level with its bottom. the snails, ord. Uelicietre. lived, or shall live; as, the age of lieroes. By tihe degree of this detrition, or wearing of tihe teeth, A'gthain Sr., a lady of Palermo, martyrizem by Qmsintil- -The space of a hundred years; a secular period; a cen- the age of tihe animinal is determined, till thIe eighth ian, the pro-consul of Sicily, in the persecution of Decinus, tury. year,at vhict period the mmrks are geiermily effictl; because she would not perform idolatrous worship, nor - The latter part of life; old age; oldness. but it is to be observed that tie exteriml immisors, as submit to iis impure desires. m Boeys must not have th' ambitious care of men, appearimg a year or two after the intermediate, pre~Ag ~hn~r'c~Saldes,~ or AoancN a Greoe writer Eor men the weak anxieties of age." —-oscomeon. serve their original form proportionally for a longer A-a'tha-rtlahi~es, or AoxTa.ROIe ~s, a Greek writer on geography. B. at Cnidos, in Asia Minor, lived B. c. (Physiol.) During the progress of life from infancy period. After the eighth year, the ago of tie horse aay 250, and wrote naumerous works, and among them, one to imanihood, iand from manhnlood to old aige, the 1,ody be stilt determined for a few years longer by the mpon the Erythr an sea, of which some extracts have undergoes certain marked changes (see GrOwT) which parance and comparative length of the cadne teethi been preserved. Ie is the earliest extant writer who distinguish the different periods or stages of life. These or hushes. These, it is true, are sometimes -wmntihg, attributes the annual rise of the Nile to the periodical are usually denominated ages: and artie properly seven in particularly in the lower jtw, and in Mires are rmrely ~~~~" ~~~~aticlamfwr.dvlope atal.Tosf the lower jaw, anpipaesare ratrtel rains in the nupper regions of that river. number, though soine make them fewer. They are - 1 deoed at all. Tos of the der j ape the zr'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~eelpda agl Toe of' thre unears anw a laf n h ppear at theur Agathiare'l:ts, in Athenian artist, said to have in- Inftincy; 2. childhood; 3. boyhoodl or girlhood; 4. adoles- age os thr years and a upont; tand tie upper at our; vented scene-painting, and to have painted a scene for cence; 5. manhood or womainhood; 6. age; 7. old age. till six they e hp-poi ed, at tn thy aiar rn blunt -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tisxtey areg bur-pit e d alte ttenero there appeanfra tragedy of iEschylus. The first age comnmences ait birth, and extends to the end ii d og; but lr ti peid e no furn ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ther means of judging of the horse:~ge, excepting fi'om A'-,,,tthis, 2t. [Fr. apat!mi.i, a clew.] (Bet.) A genus of of the second year, by whmicit tine tie first dentition is t mmi usa oh jisiging of tie horse cgexcepting from trees, including the daimmar and kawvrie piines, ord. generally completed; the second extends to the end of tie coipmrative size, bh:itnmss, tmd discolored ippearPinace0e. the seventh or eighth year, when the second dentition is anre of the tusses.- 0xcm, sicp, pints. Tie age oh thi Z, hor~~~~~~~~~nted ctthe iuhs.- idcaev, oreo readily bythe age l(Nthe', l, or AG.oTioN, a pope, born at Palermo, elected cnommonly over; the tlhird extends to the age of puberty, h ed cl is indicate redil y tie t in 679; o. 682. He despatched legates to the council which, in temperate countries, is from twelve to fourteen of horns tlin by the detritios and successiom of tie called at Constantinople to condemn the Eutyclhians. in the femnale, and fronom foirteen to sixteen in tihe malo; teeth. Their horns consist of' a hollow she;th of hoion, A'gttllton, a tragic poet of Athens, contemporary and the foburth extends to about the twentieth year in tihe Whirlh covers a bony core of' tie skull, amd grows from frieund of Euripides. The dinner which he gasve to cele- female, and the twenty-fourth in the tmale; the fifth tie moot when it receives each year em addiiional knIb brate his first dramatic triumph, n. c. 416, was made biy period extends in the kimale to about the forty-fifth or ol riug, the mumber of which is it sure indicatiom of the Plato the ground-work of his Symposium. Few frag- fiftieth year, when the power of procreation usually animals age In the cow kind, the horns appear to ments only of his writings are extant. ceases, and in the miale to about the foibrty-ninth or fiftieth grow unibormmly during the first three years of the aniAgathksyr'sus, n. (Bet.) A name of the genus slori- year; the sixth period extends to the sixty-fifth; the nl'sti lise; consequently, up to that age they are perdammuinu, q. v. seventh period finishes wvith lifo. -It ought to be ob- fectly snmooth and without wrinkles, but afterward each Agn'ttil-cles, a Syracusean of low extraction, who be- served that the point of time at which mature age pses succeeding year adds a ring to tihe root of the horn, so camse rsulher of a gremt ptrt of Sicily. I-e was remarkable into age and old age, differs in every individual. It differs that tie age is determined by alloWilmg tliiee yeass for for beauty, strength, and capacity for endunring labor. In in many cases by a considerable number of years; and the point or smooth part of the horn. and one fbr each the outset of life, he belonged to a band of robbers; after- it differs according to primitive constitution, to the of the rings. In sheep tand goats tile smooth, or top ward he served as a private soldier, rose to the greatest management of early infancy and childhood; according part, counts but for one year, as the horns of these anihonors, and made himself master of Syracuse. lie con- to regimen, exercise, occupation, physical and mental, mals show their first knob, or ring, ill the second year of quered the greatest part of Sicily, n. c. 817. Being de- and thie several other circumstances included under the their age. - The age of other classes of animals cannot featted at Himiera by the Carthaginians, he carried the general term, muode of life. It is an observation familiar be determined by any general rule.- In Birds it may war into Africa, where, for four years, ite extended his to every one, that' some persons are older at fiftty than be sometimes done by observing the form and wear of conquests over his enemy. Ire afterwards passed into others are at seventy, while instances every now and the bill; and some pretend to distinguish the age of Italy, and made himself master of Crotona. In his 72d then occur, in which an old man who reaiches his fishes by the appearance of their scales, but their methyear ie was poisoned by his grandson Archagathus, n. c. hundreth year retains as great at degree of juvenility ods are fbunded upon mere hypothesis, and entitled to 289, after a reign of 28 years of great prosperity mingled as the majority of those who attain to eighty. The pe- no confidence. with the deepest adversity. His son-in-law, Pyrrhus, riod extending from the age of thirty or forty to that of Age q/' Plants. Plantsn, is nimals, are subject to king of Epirus, inherited his influence in Sicily alnd extreme old age is then the only variable period in the the laws of mortality, and, in many cases, have the southern Italy. term of humasn existence; the only period not fixed by period of their existence determined by nature with as AH'ath-ophyi lsy11ln, ct. (Bet.) A genus of plants in limnits which it is beyond the power of man materially nmuch exactness as thuat of an insect. It is principally the nat. ord. Lftumrace. The species A. aromaticinem yields to extendl or abridge. to annual and biennial plants that a precise period of the Ravensara nut, or clove nutmeg of Madagascar; used (Law.) The time when the law allows persons to do durnation is fixed. The remainder of the more perfect as a spice. acts, which, for vwant of years, they were prohibited from part of the vegetable kingdom, wvhether herbaceous, or Alg'atize, v. a. To petrify into a-ate. doing before. IThlus in critic. law, a person of the age of Agatizemsesoode. A variety of petrified hornsto.e. fourteen may be capitally punished for any capital ofAgat'toin, a town on thei comtst of Guinea, near the fence, but under the age of seven he cannot. The period mouth of tihe Formmosa, 80 miles of Benin. Lat. 70 20' between seven and fourteen is subject to much uncerN.; Lon. 70 6' E. tainty, it depends upon tihe infaint's capacity to discern Ag'aty, a. iavinug the nature of Agate; as, an agaty good from evil. The nubile age was fixed by the Rnoman flint. hlaw to 14 for males, and 12 for females, and at these reAg'naswam, in M1assachusetts, a post-township in H-Iamp- spective ages either sex may, in England, consent to don co., on tihe river Connecticut, 3 miles S.W. of Spring- marriage, with the approval of guardians. Full age in field; pop. 1,698. male or female is 21 years, which age is completed on tihe At~g"aw~ r m, in JLassachiusetts, a small stream of Plymouth day preceding the 21st anniversary of ai person's birth. co., thie waters of which unite Buttermilik bay. In the church of England, a man mnay beconle a deacon Ag'ev, daughter of Cmadmnus and IHermione, married at 23, be ordsaimed priest at 26. and is eligible for bishopEchion, by whiom sihe had Pentheus, who was torn to ric at 30. In almost all ummiversities of Europe and pieces by the Bacchanals. She is said to have killed her America, 21 is the age prescribed for admission at the husband -in celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. She re- bar or receiving the degree of doctor of medicine. The ceived divine honors after death. usual term of service in the American militia is from 18 Age/ve, n. [Gr. agayos, admirable.] (Bet.) A genus of to 45. A representative must have attained the age of plants of the tribe Agaveai. Time typical species is Agave 25, a sena tor in congress must be 30, and the president amsu esie'mna,, time American aloe or magnuey. Thitl plant is of U.5k5yasod mn~gley. Thisplan is of U. S. 35 years old. cultivated by the Mexicans, who obtain from it a fmavorite Ages of the soees-d. We find the ages of the world mendrinuk. called~ ~ulqse, sethi, or agmuve'wvine. From puque htioned by the earliest of the Greek poets. They coltsan ardent spirit is distilled, which is knomwn by the name pared the existence of mankiind to the life of an individof Miezcal, or, less commonly, aguaa'diente de fapyey. unal, and the earliest period of the world to the tranquilThe plant is of slow growth; but when fully developed, lity and happiness of youth. Hesiod speaks of five its leaves, which spring directly from the ground, attain distinct ages: 1. The poldces, or Saturnian age, when a height of from five to eight feet. From the midst of Saturn ruled the earth, is represented as having been ii mtw PALM. the great cluster of leaves a flower-stem arises, and from that of perfect innocence and happiness. 2. The sil-vert (IByphcem T'hebaica.) this numerous flowver-bearing branches spring, so thsuat age, which he describes as licentious and wicked. 3. the whole plant has somewhat the appearance of a can- The br-azen age; violent, savage, and warlike. 4. The shrubbmy, or arborescent, consist of plmnts which may be delabrum. It was formerly erroneously supposed that heroic age, which seemed an approximation to a better classed under two princispl modes of grovwth. One of AGE AGEN AGGR 41 these modes is to increase, when young, in diameter, cutting out a portion of their circumference, and count- Alger, n. [Lat., a field.] Among the ancient Romaus, rather than in length, until a certain magnitude is ing the number of concentric rings that are visible; the a portion of land allotted to eachl citizen. The writers obtained, and then to shoot up a stem, the diameter of woody cylinder of one year being divided from thile suc- of the middle ages employed the word ager to denote an which is never materially altered. The addition of new ceeding one by a denser substance, which marks dis- acre of land. nmatter to a trunk of this kind takes place by the insin- tinctly the line of separation of the two years. In con- A'g'er, NICesOLAS, a professor of medicine at Strasburg; nation of longitudinal fibres into the inside of the wood sequence of the extreme inequality in thickness of the distinguished as a botanist and physician. Lived in the near the centre; on which account, such trees are annual layers of wood on opposite sides of a stemt, a seventeenth century. called Endogenous, or Monocotyledons. The other mode person judging of the whole age of a tree by the exami- AgesIan'der, a famous sculptor of Rhodes, who, in the is, from the beginning, to increase simultaneously in nation of the layers of the stunted side only, would time of Vespasian, made a representation of Laocooll's length and diameter, but principally in length. The commit errors to the amount of sixty per cent., and history, which now passes fbr the best relic of all ancient addition of new matter to a trunk of this kind takes more. It is by no means impossible that the great age sculpture. The Laocoon was discovered at Rome in 1506, place by the insinuation of longitudinal fibres into a of 5000. years and more, assigned by Adanson to the and afterward deposited in the Farnese palace, where it space beneath the bark, and on the outside of the wood, baobab tree of Africa, sand by the younger de Candole still remains. near the circumference; on which account such trees to the deciduous cypress of Mexico, may be connected Agesila'us, king of Lacedaemon, son of Doryssus of are called Exogenous, or Dicotyledons.-There is scarcely with errors of this nature. the family of the Agide, and father of Archelaus. Durany well-attested evidence of an endogenous plant hay- A'ged, a. Old, stricken in years; applied to animals ing his reign, Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. ing acquired any considerable age, and, in fact, the and plants. HIaving lived a certain time; as, a man Reigned D. c. 850. mode of growth of such trees as palms seems to preclude aged twenty years. AGESILeA'US, king of Lacedsemon, son of Archidamus, the possibility of their existing beyond a definite period Age'da, the name of a plain, 90 m. from Buda, where of the family of the Proclidle, was elevated to the throne of no great extent. The diameter to which their trunk the Jewish rabbis held a meeting, in 1650, to debste after the death of his brother Agis, by Lysander, who finally attains is very nearly gained before they begin whether the Messiah had come; the question was de- afterward attempted to depose him. Called by the Ionto lengthen, and afterward all the new woody matter, cided in the negative. ians to their assistance against Artaxerxes, he connwhich every successive leaf necessarily produces during A'gedly, adv. In the manner of an aged person. mnenced, after Lysander's death, his glorious career; doe, its development, is insinuated into the centre. The A'gedness,n. The stateofbeing aged. feated the Persians, but was compelled to stop in his consequence of this is, that the woody matter previously Agelati'is, n. pl. [Gr. agele, a herd.] (Zoil.) The victorious course, aind turn his arms against Thebes, existing in the centre is displaced and forced outward Troop-birds, a sub-fanmily of birds, itm. Sturnuidde, ord. Corinth, &c., which had united against Sparta, and, in a toward the circumference; as this action is constantly Passeres; the typical species of this sub-family is the subsequent war with Thebes, to contend against Pelopiin progress, the circumference, which in the beginning Agelaius phceniceus, or blackhird. das and Epaminondas, the greatest generals ofe those was soft, becomes gradually harder and harder by the Agelas'tus, a surnamne of Crassus, the grandfather of tines. His prudence, however, saved the city, without pressure from within outward, till at last it is not sus- the rich Crassus. Ite only laughed once in his life, the hazard ot' a battle. On his return from his last cam, ceptible of any further compression. After this has and this, it is said, was upon seeing an ass eat thistles. paign in Egypt, loaded with heonors aed presents, he was occurred, the central parts will gradually solidify by Age'Iess, a. Havingno age, or withlout scertained sge. overtaken by a storm oil the coast of Libya, and perished, the incessant introduction by the leaves of new wood Ag'elneotlh, an archbishop of Canterbury and a favor- being then in his 84th year, after reigning 40 years, 361which thrusts outward the older wood, till at last the its of King Canute. On the death of that monarch, lee 321 m. c. He was a noble prince, and almost adored by whole stem must become equally hard, and no longer refused to crown his son Harold, pretending that the his soldiers, though he sometimes violated the virtue of capable of giving way for the reception of new matter. deceased King had commanded him to crown none but justice, in cases in which he could be useful to his country As soon as this occurs, the the issue of Queen Emma. D. 1038. or firiends. tree will perish; because -t/','.'gen, a town of France, cap. of the dep. of Lot-et- Agesip'olis I., king of Lacedenimon, and son of Pausaits vitality is dependent.Gatronne, on the right beank of the Garonne, on the rail- nias, who obtained a great victory over the Mantineans. upon the full action of way from Bordeaux to Toulouse. It is the seat of a He reigned 24 years, and was succeeded by his brother, all the functions of thie tl llcouu-royale. Its situation, though rather unhealthy, Cleombrotus, 380 i3. c. leaves, and the cessation makes it the entrepat of the commnerce between Bor- Age'-worn, a. Worn or wasted by age. of one is the cessation of deaux asnd Toulouse. Environs beautiful. Agen was a Ag'ga, or AG'GONA, a town and district on the coast of all.- But in exogenous II praetorian city under the Roman emperors; pep. 17,263. G uinea, in which is a very high hill called the Devil's trees, as in the oak, it A-enalbat, a town of Transylvania, 10 n. N.E. of mount. The English have a firt here. Lat. 60ON.; Lon. is quite the reverse; to Hermanstadt. Lat. 460 32' N.; Lon. 240 10' E. 0~ 5' E. their existence no limited A'gency, n. [Fr. agence, from Lat. agentia.] The Ag'ger, n. A natural conmmunication, formed during a duration can be assigned; quality of acting; the state of being in action; action. storm, in 1825, between tile North Sea in Dennsark, North on the contrary, there is "The superintendence and agency of Providence in the world." Jutland, and the Limfiold. notiing physically imepos- It\Woodwarud. Aggerta'tions, n. [Lat. aggeratio.] A heaping up; ac=ible in the notion thatculain ~sibise~ in the notion that — The office of an agent or factor for another; business ceumulation. some individuals now ex- performed by an agent. Aggerhuys,' or AeEnauss, a Norwegian fortress and isting may even have been e province, which is full of mountains, the largest and in silent witnesses of the No- a1 I am easnes o ee ch ep a a "rse country, rather than he nany respects the most imeportant in the kingdon. Its achain deluge. In conse- mines, agriculture, and commerce, are considerable and quence, first, of the new A'g'eney, in -Towa, a town and township of WVapello co., valuable.'o/n,. 600,000. Lat. between 580 and 620 N.; woody matter which is not far from Des Moines Itiver; pup. of township 1,180. Lon. between 80 and 120 h. constantly formed by the 1.1 i, -tt-A village of Winneshiek co., on Turkey River. Ag'geroe, an islmd in the Gulf of Christiania, not far leaves of such trees being Agen'da, n. [P1. of the Lat. agendun, to be done.] Irom the mainland. insinuated beneath the Fig. 52. A memorandum-book. - Among divines, A. signifies Aggerose', a. Which is formedl inll heaps. bark near thu circumference of tseir trunk; and, things vwhich a man is bound to perform, in opposition Ag gersoe, a small Danish islaned in the Great Belt, second, of the bark itself being capable of indefinite to Credenda, which he is bound to believe. It also de- near tihe E. coast of the island of Zealand; Lat. 550 12' distention, no compression is exercised by the new notes the service or offices of the church, and some- N.; Lon. 110 12' E. parts upon those previously foreed; on the contrary- times, in Catholic countries, the church books com- Agf'gerss (nd, a small island in the Cattegat, Norway. the bark is incessantly giving wsuy to make room foe piled by public authority, prescribing the order to le Ag'erzeen, a. (Zoil.) A species of large antelope, the wood beneath it, while the latter is, in consequence, observed by the ministers and people in the ceremonies mentioned by Pearce, in his Account of his Residence in only glued, as it were, to what succeeds it, without its and devotion of the church. A byssinia. own vital powers being in any degree impaired by A'genois, in France, thlat part of the Province of Agglom'erate, v. a. and n. [Fr. agglomerer.] To colcompression. It is in the newly-formned wood that the Guienne, which forms now the department of Lot-et- lect into a niass of such a Ikind as shall convey -the idea greatest degree of vitality resides; in the old wood, Garonne. of a multitude of parts, or intricacy. Without organinear the centre, life, in time, becomes extinct; but as A'genor, Iking of Phoenicia, was som of Neptune and zation or structural arrangement. each successive layer possesses an existence in a great Libya, and brotlher to Belus. 1-e miarried Telephassa, Agglom'erate, andAGGLOMERATED, a. (Bot.) Collected degree independent of that which preceded it, the death called by some Agriope, by whom he had Cadnmus, P1hoe- into a heap or ihead. of the central part of asn exogenous tree is by no means nix, Cilix, and Europa. As Carthage was built by his Agglosnera'tion, n. [Fr.] The act of agglomerating, connected with a dimninution of vitality in the circum- descendants, it is called agenoris usbs. or the state of being agglomerated. "An excessive ag. ference. The last cylinder having its own independent Ageno'ria, or AGEosOsA, n. (Mythl.) The goddess of glomereation of turrets." vitality, it will be apparent that, under circumstances industry and courage. Her temple was upon Mount Agglome'rative, a. Having a tendency to collect constantly favorable to growth, individuals of this kind Aventine.-Also, a name given to the goddess of silence, together. may continue to exist to the end of time.- The way by represented with one of her fingers pressing her lips. Agglu'tlixant, a. [Fr.] Causing union or adhesion which the age of exogenous trees may be computed is by A'gent, n. [Fr. from Lat. agens, doing.] One who of parts, as glue. coneductse tie affairs, or is intrusted with the commis- — n. A viscous or adhesive substance causing union ofparts. -ion of uanother. Agglh'finate, v. a. [Fr. agglutiner.] To cause parts (Law.) An agent may be constituted either by to adhere or stick together. A A. ~~~~~~~~express appointment or by implication of law, anrising Agglutina'tiosn, n. [Fr.] Tile act of agglutinating; - ~ ~~~~ ~ fronm the circumstances in which tile parties are placed. the state of being agglutinated; the adhesive union or In the following cases his appointment must be in sticking together of parts. writing: —To grant a lease of land for oves three Agglu'tina-tive, a. [Fr. agglutinatif.] That which years; to create or assign any uncertain interest in has the power of procuring agglutination, as, an aggluland, or (except in copyholds) to surrender the same. tinative roller. An agent for a corporating aggregate must, in gen- Aggrasndiz'able, a. That may be aggrandized. (o.) eral, be constituted, not only by writing, but by deed; Agrandiza'tion, n. The act of aggrandizing. (o.) and in every case where a deed is to be executed by one Ag Ygrandize, v. a. [Fr. agrandir.] To make great, or man as agent or attorney for another, the agent or greater. Applied to individuals and families, or their Z 2 lii- i-attorney must himself be authorized by deed for that condition. To promote. To dignify. To exalt. To enpurpose. An agency is determined by the death of the noble. To enrich. principal, or it may be revoked in his lifetime, except -v. n. To become greater; applied in the same sense. in cases where an authority is given in pursuance of a Ag'grandizement, i. [Fr. acrandissenent.] The contract with another party. An agent may be gen- state of being aggrandized; the act of aggrandizing. -, ~'~ trt~~~'I t~~ teral or special. The acts of a general agent bind his Ag'grandizer, n. One who aggrandizes or makes principal, although thle agent may violate his private great another. instructions. The p~ower of a special agent is limited Ahg~,rav~ate v. a. [F~r. aggr~aver, fr~om Lat. aggr~avat~e, ~~~~~YI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b t thI autleority he Ilees actually received. An aLgent, to makre heavier.]'Jo scaks hemevy or heavier. It is not without special authority, cannot appoinet another per- used of the augmentation of that wheich is physically edc~cdcb d ldcd cde son to sct in his stead. weighty, but metaphorically, as, of the burden of ironF/g: 53, showing the component parts of a stem in the fourth year (Dilpsm.) A general term applied to several ranks, as ble, or anything naturally oppressive. So the idea is by of growth. envoys extraordinary, and ministers plenipotentiary, usage restricted to matters of feeling and moral responA, a part of a transverse section. B, a perpendicular section, ambassadors, ministers resident, secretaries of legation, sibility. We aeggravate a mental, not a material burden. the parts of each arranged accurately over the other. &c. In ordinary language, the principal representetve Circumstances esiso mggravats offesces. It is lees usushly a, the pith; b, the surrounding meduemary sheath; e and d, o layers if weed and bothresnhym iningterlmed. The spen woc h'of one power at the court of another is termed the employed directly of persons, thean of their flelimegs or in A shows the position and the extent of bothrenchym more agent of that power at that particular court. sentiments. — To wound; to increase; to embitter; t0 slearly; e, the bark. kA'gent.]ship, a%. The ofcsof an agent. magnify. VOL.. —6 * 42 AGIO AGNE AGON rAg'i'valtion, n. [Fr. from Lat. aggravtio.]e The act The kinds of money on which, in the case of exchange, Ag'nes Sorel, the mistress of Charles VII., king of of aggravating, or making heavy. - The extrinsical cir- an agio is paid, are not always the more valuable intrin- France, born in 1409, of a noble family, was one of the curestances, or accidents, which increase tile guilt of a sically, but those which are most in request. - The term most beautifnl and accomplished women of her time. crinme, or the misery of a calamity.-Sce AGOGavATe. agio is also used to signiify the rate of premium which Lady of honor to the Duchess of Anjou, she attracted A_'g-leg e, v. a. [Fr. oagrger, fromn Lat. aggregares.] is given, when a person having a claim which he can le- the favor of the yonng king, and yielded to his passion To collect together; to heap many particulars into one gally demand in only one kind of metal, chooses to be aftersomeresistance. The Einglish thenhadpossession mass. paid in another. of half of France; and Charles VII., though naturally "The aggregated soil A'giOtage, n. [Fr. firom It. agio.] A speculation on the bold, became depressed and inactive under the weight Deathwith his mace petritick, cold, and dry, rise and fall of the public debt of states, or the public of his misfortunes. A. alone was able to rouse him As with a trident, smote." -MAilton. funds. Stock-jobbing. The speculator is called agiotenur firom his apathy, and make himt feel what he owed to Agogregate, n. The complex or collective result of the in France. himself and his peopie. The eventual success of his conjunction or acervation of many particulars. A'gis. Four kings of Sparta have borne this name. I. arms increased his passion for his mnistress, who did not, " The reason of the far greatest part of mankind, is bat an ag- Son of Eurysthenes, and grandson of Aristodemus, of however, abuse her power over himn. She retired, in gregate of mistakee fantasins." - Glanville. the race of the Proclidm. No certain dates can be as- 1445, to Loches, where Charles had built her a castle. (C6/sm.) When bodies of the same kind are united the signed to these early times. —II. Son of Archidatmus, lIe afterward conferred on her the county of Penthihvre, only consequence is, that onte lager body is produced, reigned from a. c. 427 to 397, and was actively engaged in Bretagne, and tihe chteau de Beaut6, on the bank of In this case, the united mass is called an aigreateand in the Peloponnesian war. —III. Son of another Archi- the Marne; whence she received the name of dame de In this case, the united mass is called an aggregate, and does not dir in its hemical propertiesfrom the bodies damns, reigned from a. c. 338 to 331 or 330. HIe fell in a beautt. Site had lived here about 5 years, frequently frosom whichfe it was eoriginaily mprprhadbd. battle won against the Lacedemonians by Antipater, visited by the kIing, when the queen invited her again Afr iega te, a. Fornmed by tae collection of any simi- wwhom Alexander had left governor of Macedonia. —IV. to court, in 1449. A. consented, and, to be nearer the Jar parts into a mass, body, or system. cletooSon of Eudamidas II., and a lineal descendant of Agesi- king, proceeded to the castle of Masnal-la-Belle, where l(Bt.) A term applied to dovers, germs, peuduncles iths. For endeavoring to reform the constitution of his she died, in 1450, so suddenly as to afford ground for &c., assembled cposely to flreth,ger. An. pfeer is o country, and improve the manners of his people, they the suspicion of poison. &c., assembled closely to-ether. An A. flower is one which cosists of a er of smaler flowers or fructi- rose against lim and put him to death, D. c. 241. Agmnew, JAMES, a general of brigade in the British which consists of a number of smaller flowers or fructi-r fications, collected into a head by means of some part Agist', v.a.. [Lat. agistare.] (Law.) To talke in mand feed army during thle American revolution. He distinguished common to tlem all.-A. frunits are formed by the tom- strangers' cattle, and to collect the money due for it. himself at the battle of Brandywine, and was killed at binstion of several flowers, as the pine-apple d te e', AGISTA'Tro, ma. Officer appointed in England the battle of Germaantown, Oct. 4, 1777. binatian of several flowers, as the paine-apple and the! mulberry. The term anthocarpsus is more generally to look after cattle in the forests. Also called Gist- Ag-'new'ss F1illis, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of mler.The term atnthocarpous is more generally used. Some botanists apply the term aggregate to a tocer. Vensngo co. compound fruit, consisting of numerous acstenia (see fAgistmnent, n. (Lace.) The act of taking other men's Aig'as. (Myth.) One of the nymphs who nmrsed Jupiter. this vord), borne by a single flower; as the fruit of the cattle into any ground at a certain rate per week; so She gave her name to a fountain on mount Lycsmus. ranunculus or the raspberry. called because the cattle are suffered agiser, i. e. to be Ag'no]o, BAccIo D', a Florentine sculptor and architect dAggregately, edt. Collectively. levant and couchant tisere. of great reputation. B. 1460; D. 1543. Agg.eg-ia'ting,,nl. [Fr. agregatios.] The act of aggre- Agitable, a. [Fr. foiom Lat. agitabilis.] That which Agno'mlena, n. [Lat., a surnamne.] Was, in ancient gating, or the state of being aggregated; sum; mof ss; mcay be agitated, put in motion, or disputed. Rtome, the fourth or honorary name bestowed on acwhole; collection. Ag'itate, v. a. [Fr. agiter, froom Lat. agitare.] To put count of some extraordinary action, virtue, or accomAoggreg s'tivse, a;. [Fr. ogrig9atsf] Taken togetherin in motion; to shake; to move nimbly; as, the surthce plishment. Thus the agnomen A fricanuts was given to Agcollective. [r a ggai.Taetoth;of the water is agitated by the wind; the vessel was Publicus Cornelius Scipio, on account of his exploits in Aggrega'tivr, a. [Lat.] Oise who aggregates or eel- broken by agitating the liquor. — To affect with pertur- Africa. lects into a wcol a. or mass; a collector. agetbation; to disturb or excite; as, the mind of man is agi- Agnornina-'ttion, n. Allusion of one word to another, Aggress', v. n. [Lat. aggredi, to oapproach.] To commit tated by various passions.-To stir; to discuss earnestly; by resemblance of sound. the fist act of violence; to begin te quarrel to controvert; as, to agitatet a question. - To consider or Agns'mi, a town of south Italy, prov. Campobasso, 18 tAggress', acto. Aggression. (tobe.) qarlview mentally a thing or thought in all its aspects. m. N.N.E. of Isernia; vpp. 10,320. Akggr'ess', n. Aggression. (o.) Aggres'sion, n. [Fr. agression, firom Lat. aggressio.] Agita'tios a, n. [Fr. from Lat. agitatio.] The act of Agneothe'ria, n. (Fatl.) A fossil animal, tihe size Thss first act of injury; connsencesent of a quscrel by moving,or shaking something; the state of being mnoved of a lion, allied to the dog. The first act of injury; commencenment of aquarrel by or agitated; as, the waters, after a storm, are sometimes Ag'nust etnstits, n. [Lat.] Tihe name of the /Chastesome act leading to war or controversy. smressatle a. [nr. agressig] Which tends to aggoress, cin a violent agitation. - Discussion; controversial ex- tree, a species of vitex, so called from an imaginary virAgr e'e a.[Fr.agesss ailotendstoaggres anination; deliberation; as, a project now in agitatiosn.- tue of preserving chastity. A.or comumas'ences hostilities; offensivTBe.e Violent motions of themind; perturbation; disturbance Ag'sass De!i. [Lat., Lamb of God.] (Eccl. Hist.) A Aggressiveness,. The quity or state of being of the thoughts. prayer of the Catholic liturgy, beginning with the words Aggress'or, a. [Fr. agresseti.] The person that first "She could no longer bear the agitation of so many passions." Agnes dci, sun5 before the communion and ot the close,aolg~.cess/..Jragssez.]~ ~The p;ters onta f~iu~rst.~ ~Tatler. of thIe maiss. — Also, a round piece of wax, on which is comimences hostility; the assaulter or invader. Agg BrievI'.-ce, c. [0. Fr. tog-ctvance.] Injury; htard- A'itative, a. Tending to agitate. imnpressed the figure of the sacred Lamb, with the banship inflicted; wrong cndm'~ed; rilewtnlce. (xt.) slaip ismflicted; wromng esndured; grievancmte. (a.) Agita'to. [It.] (Mitto.) A rapid and violent, but brokten ner of the cross, or of St. John, with the year and the Aggrieve', v. a. [0. Fr. ngrcvse.] To give sorrow; to and interrupted, style of performtance, calculated to, name of the P'ope. The Pope consecrates and distributes ~~cause grief; to Y~ex. 8shake and surprise the hearer. —Agitato allegro, a style I a great number of them. both perturbated and rapid. —Agitato un psco, a little Ago', ado. [A. S. agan, past or gone.] Past; gone; 1' Which yet aggrieves my heart even to this hour."-Spencer. agitated. - Moole. since; as, long ago — that is, long time past since. - - To impose some hardships upon; to harass; to hurt in Ag'itator, n. [Fr. agitateur.] tie that agitates anything. Generally, reckoiing time toward the present, we use one's right. (Hist.) The name given to men appointed by Croi- since; ao, it is a yea r since it happened: reckoning from " The landed man finds himself aggrieved, by the falling of his well's army, to look after theiriinterets. They were aso thi present, we use ngo; as, it tappened a year ago. rents."-Loket. called adjutators. TyA'g-o, or AcoA, us. PA1o, the, mountain-peoak near the midAggroum', v. a. To bring together; to group. AgIa'ia, n. (Myth.) The youngest of the three Graces, dle of the island of St. Michael, in the Azores, upwards Ag'haboe, a villags and pa'iists of Irehtnd, in Queen's called also Pasiphet. She was the wife of Vulcan. of 3,000 feet iigh. co. Pop. 6,000. (Ast.) One of the groups of small planmets revolving be- Ag'/obar'~, archbishop of Lyons, one of the most celeAg'hadoe, a town of Irelind, in the co. of Kerry. It tween Jupiter and Mars. —See ASmRnoIDs. brlttedprelates of the ti ceitury. D. 840. is situated near the lake of Killarney, 15 miles S.S.E. (Bet.) A genus of dicotyledonous plants, ord. Melia- Agog', eda. [A. S. gusgan, to go.] Abroad; abroach; of Ardfest. ceee. The flowers of Agnlaia odolrale are used for perfum- astir; adrift; agoing.- The idea seems to be tsat of Aghast', ado. [From gaze.] Standing in astate of gaping ing certain varieties of tea. excited interest, with a tendency to distraction; the or staring wonder; horror-sttruck; astare. Agla'ose. (Myth.) One of the Sirens. faculties not only actively astir, but going, as it were, The aged earth gsot, A'gll o~i, a town of Turiey is Asia, Amatohia, 51 different ways at once, under the influence of curiosity, With terror of that blast, miles from Satalialh. It stands om a sountain, and is delight, smuprise, or desire. Shall from the surface to the centre shake." —il~. 6hr. Nat. the ancient Lysina. "They put the heads of our servant-maids agogfor husbands."A'ghrimt, or AnuImammG a vilage of Ireio~nd, co. Galway, g'A1et, or AiG'LET, n. [Fr. aiguillette.] A tag of a lace, Addison. " The gaudy gossip, when she's set agog, 82 miles W. of Dublin; pop. 383. Nearo it the troops of or of the points formerly used in dress. They were In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob, William III. gained a decisive victory over those of sometimes bformed into sminall fi(gures. Goes flaunsting out, and, in her trim of pride., James~~~~~~~~~-ico II. in 69 y~~~~.~~e ove thos n o tlPed m n, 1. of Ivrea. Janmes II., in 1693. A'glle, a town of Italy, Piedmsonit, 10 mim. S. of Ivrea. It Thinks all she says or does is justify'd." —Drydce. A'gie, a. [Fr. from Lat. agere, to act.] leady or apt to has a splendid palate and garolens. Pos. 4,500. Agog'ebce, in MIichigan, a lake 2 nm. wide and 25 m. move; nimnble; active. Aglow', a. Hot; glowing. long, situated in the N.W. of the state, about 12 m. S. aAig'snet, or AGMAT, a town of Morocco, on a river of the of Lake Superior. The W. branci of the Ontonagon " With that he gave hits able horse the head, 1 "Wnith that he gave his abiusc h.e th he ad, satmse name, 16 um. S. of Morocco. river is its outlet. And bending forward struck his agile he~els...." —Shak. Aels Sha. Agnanuel'loe, a village of North Italy, 10 m. E. of Lodi, A'gon, an island of Sweden, in the gulf of Bothnia, with Agile Gibboiso, n. (Zotl.) An animal of the lMoniey near which Louis XII. of France comipletely defeated a good harbor. Lat. 61l 20' N.; ion. 180 10' E. tribe, three feet in height, so called from the agility with the Venetians, on May 14, 1509, and the Duke of Ven- Agoa'es Ca ]sitolinli, games celebrated at Romu which he leaps from branch to branch. It is a native of dome gained a victory over prince Eugee im 1705. every fifty years ipom the Capitoline hill, estabhised Sumatra. Ag'In,'it, n. [A. S.] A disease of the nails; a whitlow. by Diocletian. Prizes were proposed for agility and Ag'ilely, Ed. In an agile manner. Agna'no, a celebrated ilake near Naples, supposed to strength, as well as for poetical and other literary comAg'ilenes, n. The quality of being agile; nimbleness, have been the fish-pond of Luculliss' villa. Nearits bianks positions. readiness for motion of the limbs; quickness; agility. are the natural vapor-baths of San-GCermano, and on the gjon'e Lisse, n. [Gr. agsnia, without angle.] (Ph ys.) Agil'ity. n. [Fr. ayilit6.] tNimbleness; bodily activity. oppsie sieWhy aos G'.ad)Cv, ml aei gl'iy, a. [Fr. aiit] Ninbleness; bodily activity, opposite side the famous Gota dtel Coe, a small catve in An irregularly curved imaginary line, called also a line Agi'loe,-urm, n. —See AAULCoCnum. the rock, from the ground of which a mephitic vapor of no variation, connectinsg points of the earth where Ag ilnlf, duke of Turin, succeeded Antharic as ling of issues, which has the power of depriving a dog or other the mcagnetic coincides with the geographical meridian. Lombatmrdy, and married his widow Theudehinda. IHe animal of all sensation in a few moments. Such a line cuts the E. of S. America, and passing east abandoned Arinism for the Catholic faith, and a. 616, Ag'satse, n. [Lat. agnatustc.] A relation in the male of the W. Indies, enters N. America, near Philadelphia, after a reign of 25 years. line. My son, brother, paternal uncle, and their chil- and traverses Hudson's Bay; theince it passes through Ag'IncOuOt, or Az'INCOURT, a village of France, dep. dren, as also my daughter and sister, are my agnates. the N. Pole, entering the old world E. of the White Sea, ~Pas ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~h N. Polei, enern the o.l. wort. a;pof. the Wn1 hie Sea Pos de CaGlaei, 23 mu. N'W. St. Pol; psc. 438 in 1861. The Agna'tic, a. Relating to male generations, traverses the Caspian, cuts the E. of Arabia, turns then place is famous in history for thie great victory gined Agn'ion,. Descent from the father, in a direct toard Austtia, and passes through the S. Pole, to near it in 1425 by the English monarch, Henry V., over mala line, join itsehf again. -Isgoae lingo are hines tonnecting a vastly superior French force. ~Ag'nes, ST. She suffered martyrdom at the time of the those places on the earth's surface in whiich the declinaA'gio, n. [It.] (C6ome.) A term used sometimes to express persecution of the Christians in the reign of the emue- tion of the magnetic needle is the same. - See DELmaA the vtriations from fixed pars or rates of exchange, but ror Diocletian. Tmoa and MsamumAe. - At/iasn. more generally to indicatte by percentages the difference A'ges, ST., one of the Sicily islands, not worthy of g'on and ~IERIIAN. [Gin.] Contention for a prize. (a.) in tlae valuation of umoneys. Tho Itus. word agis ms ex- notice but for its lighthouse, witll a revolving light, 138 Ag'onist, a. A contemider for prizes. (o.) pitined to mesim "tm.if co ings of money for siome con- feet above high-water marki. Lat. 490 53' 37t" N.; ion. Agoais'tes, n. A prize-fighter; one that contends at sideratios." Thusj. ifa coima is reduced in wei~ht, and 60 19' 23" W. any public solemnity for a price. Milton has styled a the real value io not eqmmci to time nominal vaiie, the dif- Ag~'es, ST., a parish and tlown ims Cornwall, Englamnd. tragedy Saempson Agonistes, because Sampson was callet ference is the agie. -As the cunr~esat coins of every coun- Areao, 8,660 acres; pop., chiaefly ictining, 8,000. Aggnes' out to divert the Phihistines with feats of strength, try have a Icindl of medium value at which they lsre Deacon, in the neighborhood, mises to a height of 664 Agonis'tie, Agonis'tial, ae. Relating to prizep generally taken, the term aio is also applied to express feet, fighting. Fhat most be paid over and above this medium value. Ag's ec of Ausma. See Acnsav I. Agoni'tismaliy, adv. In en agenistical manner. AGRA AGRE AGRI 43 Ago-:nisties, n. pl. The art of prize-fighting. per. —Manoif. Coarse cotton cloths, fine muslins, and some Agreeb, a high and conical mountain in central Egypt, Ago'nius. (Mlyth.) A Roman deity who presided over silks. — Pop. ab. 6,000,000. Lat. between 250 and 280 N. about 16 miles inland firom the gulf of Suez. Lat. 280 the actions of men. Clinmate approximates to temperate during a part of the 12' N.; long. 320 42' E. Agonaoth'etes, n. pl. The officers who sat as umpires year, and in the winter months may even be pronounced Ag-reed', p. a. Settled by consent. at the Grecian games. They settled all disputes which cold; but during the prevalence of hot winds, to which "When they had got known and agreed names." - Locke. arose, and decided to whom the prizes should be the whole of Central Asia is occasionally liable, the heat Agree'issgly, adv. In conflbrmity to. awarded. is insupportably great, and the climate, in consequence, Agree'naesst, s. [Fr. agrdccenst.] Concord; harmony; A'goeius, n. (Ze5.) A genus of acanthlopterygious unfavorable to European constitutions. The provisce resemblance; similarity. fishes, mostly found in the northern Pacific ocean. They of Agra has been the theatre of some of the most daring (Lao.) A mutualbargain,contract,orcovenant. Taken never exceed nine or ten inches in length, and are no scenes in the great revolt of 1857. in its most extended sense, it comprehends a large prowhere used as an article of hunian food. A'gra, the capital city of the above provy. and the seat tion of the transactions of civili man in the muAi'oitIze, v. a. [Fr. agoniser.] To feel agony; to be of the British civil authority. Lat. 270 12' N.; Lon. 780 tutl intercourse of society. In a lore limited sense, it stual intercourse of society. In a ofcore liuted sense it in excessive paiu. 6' E. It stands oo the S.W. bank of the river Junna, iis the mutual assent to do a thing; the effect of this as"Or touch, if, tremblingly alive all o'er, the houses being built of stone, and very lofty, but the sent, or the iistrument itself, showing what has been To smart and agonize at ev'ry pore." —Pope. streets so narrow as hardly to admit the passage of areed. vey Stte s articular laws on is iAg'oiaze, v.n. To inflict with agony. carriage.-The Hindoo inhabitants hold this city in great portant mtter. It say, however, be noticed as general n1Z,1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~otn matter. It may, however, be noticed as general Agoniz'in gly, adv. With agony. veneration, firom its being the place of the avatdra, or rule: Ist, tcat tic assent is tic essence of an agreement, Ag'ony, n. [Fr. agonie, from Gr. agonia, a struggle.] Lit- incarnation of Vishnu, under the name of Parasu Kama. n that the arties ust be in situations to testi their L" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and that the parties nmust be in situations to testify' their erally, the struggle of the wrestler in the public contests In 1504, A., then called Badul-ghlur, became the seat of free assent to it. Tus nics, infants, nd arrie ofGece.Aoyihrfrpiai, pan sserefree assent to it. Thus lhmatics, infants, and mnarried of Greece. Agony is therefore, primarily, pain so severe the Mohammedan empire, but it begasi to decline in 1647, women are, for obvious reasons, deemed incapable of as to produce contortions of the muscles; thence, gea- when Shah Jehac transferred Ihis court to Delhi. Whilst binding thencelves by any enggegent. 2.That the crally great pain of mind or body. The pangs of death; it was the residence of Shah Jehlan, however, he built a subject of agreement mnst sot be tointed with illegality; properly the last contest between life and death, superb mausoleum, probably the moot magnificent in the for it would be evidiently repugniant to common sense Agoo'la, a district on the Gold Coast of Africa. Pop. world, for his wife, the Begum Noor-Jehan. This struc- that the law should be called to enforce performance of ceb. 12,000. tore was called the TI) Mahal, or crown of edifices, aod any act which it has expressly forbidden, or which Ib 200 ture was called the T'&j Mahal, or crown of edifices, -and Agorae'rites, a Grecian statuary in the 5th century cost $18,000,000. Here Shah Jehai himself rests beside woold be contrary to its general policy. 3. Iniorder B. 0. He was a pupil of'Phidias, and one of the most the Becgum, at the distance of three miles from the city. to secure the aid of the law in carrying it into skilful artists of his time. In 1803, Agra was captured by the British. In the great effect, an agreemeot must have certain qualities niuAg'orrea. (Myth.) A name of Minerva at Sparta. Indian revolt of 1857, the 4th of July, took place tic tually beneficii to the parties, or must be entered Ag'oreu~, n.. (fytih.) One of the names of Mercury, battle of Agra, in which 10,000 Indians wNere defeated by into with certain prescribed sole ities. Courts of n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~into with certain prescribed solemnities. Courts of from his presidinog over the markets. 500 of the British. Pop. upward of 100,000. justice cannot be called upon to te cognizance of justice cannot be called upon to take cognizance of A'gosta, or AuidlesrA, a town of Sicily, in Vat di Noto idle or inconsiderate promise. An agreement must with an excellent harbor. In 1763 it was mostly swal- either e contracted by formal instrument in writlowed up by an sartloqu~zale, but ha~s bean rebecilt. Late. 3i0 --- - -~-~-~ ing, either be contracted by a formal instrument in writlowed up by an earthiquake, but hts be~en rebuilt. Lat.-37~ ____________ ing, sealed and openly acknowledged by the party 13t N.; Lon. I15~ 131 E.; about 18 miles N. of Syracuse...... ~13'~ N.; Lou~. 150 13~' B.; about 18 miles N. of Syracusewho has bound itself to it; or if contracted in a less Pop. 9,735. It was off this port that De ltuyter, the f- ormal manner, by word or otherwise, it must appear menis Dutch admiral, in command of the united Dutch ~: ~~ ~]% ~~~mon~ Dutch admiral, in command of the sooc~ited Dn~tc~~ _that the parties derive firom it reciprocal benefit. Upon and Spanish fleet, 22d April, 1676, was defeated by the. adpns ee,2 A i1t b - th __ this principle, a promise to make a voluntary gift can French under Duquesne, and received his death-wound. F ~rench under io~qosesue sotd~ ra~eovd his death —wous-: never be enforced; but there is a continuing right in the A'got, a small island on the English channel. Lat. 4SO 1___party promising, to retract his promise or donation, un38/ N.; Lon. 2~ 4~ WI'. ~~~~__=~,~~.. 38' N.; Lou. 20 41 W til the gift is actually completed. An agreement talkes Aguaaon Zshl TeCrb atr a aimlofth... the name of deed or specialty contract when put in writing gert. Racoon, tam. of the l~rsdIe; a native of South Amer-:~ gen. Raesen, fans. of the Ursedce; snativa ofSouth Ann - under seal, but not when put in writing for a memoranica. It equals in size an ordinary fox, to which it bears a, - o dum. slight external appearance. It has derived its name ofe, AGES'TICAL,. [Fr. agreste, from Lt. Crab-eater from its habit of feeding on allkinds of crus- cAg t A' a [ g ef t agrestis.] Having relation to the country; rude; rustic. taceas and mollusks whether marine or terrestrial. gresis.] Having relation to the conty; rude; rustic. A'greve, ST., a town of France, dep. Ardiche; pop.'-cc~ ~ 3,133 in 1861. Agrie'ola, CNEIUS JULoUS, an eminent Roman commander, b. A. D. 40, in the reign of Caligula. Tribune of Figp. 56 s AGRA.u- J MAHL the people and praCetor under Nero, hie was made a paeg.~~~ ~~ - ~~~~trician and governor of Aquitania by Vespasian. Con-. 7 a A'grain, a fortified and well-built city of Austria, and the sul in 77, he marrsied the same year his daughter to Tacapital of the crown-land of Croatia.-Manuf. principally citus, the historian, who has so admirably written his silks and porcelain. It also has an active trade in to- life. The next year he was appointed governor of Britbacco, pigs, and wheat. Pop. 17,000. Lat. 450 49' N.; Lon. ain; extended his conquests into Scotland; and built a 160 4' E.-The native namoe of Agram is Zagrab. chain of forts from the Clyde to the frith of Forth, to Agra'riran, a. [Lat.] Relating to fields or grounds, prevent the incursions of the inhabitants of the North. Agrarian lace. The A. law was enacted to distribute Ite defeated iGalgacus on the Grampian Hills, and then Pig. 54. -k ounas.. among the Roman people all the lands which they had made peace with the Caledoscians. On the accession of Agoult', CsOMPTESSE D'. See STERN, DANIEL, gained by conquest, and for limiting the quantity of Domitian, A. was recalled, and quietly retired into priAgout'i, n. (Zeal.) A South-American animal, of the ground possessed by each person to a certain number of vatelife. D.A.. 93. family Hystricidx, ord. Rodentia. The agoutis live for acres. For full examnination of this important element Agric'ola, JOHN, a polemical writer of celebrity, D. at the most hcart upon the surltace of the ground, not in the history of the Roman republic, see Niebuhr's Eisleten, Saxony, 1492; n. at Berlin, 1566. From being climbing nor digging to any depth; and they commonly History, translation by Hare and Thirlwall, vol. iE., pp. the firiend and scholar, he became the antagonist of Marsit upon their haunches, when at rest, holding their food 129-173; Plutarch's Lives of tlhe Gracchi, and Cicero's tin Luther. tle entered into a dislute -wi h Melanchthon, between their forepapws, in the manner of sqoorrels. By speech against Rullus. advocating the doctrine of fiith in opposition to the eating the roots of the sugar-cane, they are often of great Agra'riani, n. A partisan of agrtrian principles. worcs of the law, -hence the sect, of which he became injury to the planters. Agra'rianism, n. The doctrimme of agrariasns. leader, received the name of Antinomians. Agra'rianize, v. a. To distribute lands among the Agrie'olist, a. Am agriculturist. people. Agrie'olous, a. Agriculturel. Ag'reda, MaoIE D', superior of the convent of the im- Ag'-ricultuor, n. A foarner. maculate conception at Agrode, in Spain, who pretonled Agi-eoslt'eral, a. Which relates to agriculture. / to have received directions in a vision to write the life of Agricudturat Implements are the instruments used in >~< ~' ~ ~ the Virgin Mary, which she accordingly did. B. 160'2; P. tillage and the various operations necessary for the pro1665. Her "Life of the Virgin Mary" was prolmibited per cultivation of the soil; comprising implements for at Rome, and censured by the sorbonne of Paris, though harvesting, stock-feeding, lacd-draining, preparattions highly esteemed in Spain. for markiet, the application of steam-power to agricul- Ag'reda, a town of Spain, prov. Soria, at the foot of ture, &c. - See CLOD-CaUSHIER, CUTTERc, CuAFF-CUTEra, Mont Cayo. Pop. 3,120. DRAINING, DIBBLE, DRILL, DRESSER, DoESSING-MACR INeE, Agree', v. n. [Fr. agreer.] To be in concord; not to differ; HoE RKAPINo-MACHINE, HOlSE-RnA, -HAtnow, MANUREto harmonize. DIsrIamBUTO, PLOUGH, ROLLER, SOWING, ToP-DRESSEn, "The mere you agree together, the less hart can they do to TuaaSHING-MsCHINE, TURNIP-CUTTER, WINNOWING, &C. mt you."'-Pope. dAgrieu]lt'[;Urist, n. One versed in agriculture. — To grant; to assent; to admit. Ag'rieulture, n. [Fr. from Lat. ager, a field, and cul/g. 5.. - AOOUTI. "They will agree to all reasonable conditions." —2 Maccab. xi. 14. tura, cultivation.] The science which explains the Ag'OWS, a remarkable people of Abyssinia. inhabiting a -To settle terms by stipulation; to accord. mode of cultivating the ground, as to cause it to psoduce, territory to the east of the sources of the Bahr-el-Azrek "Agree with thine adversary quickly." -Matt. v. 25. in plenty aind perfection, those vegetable products which''r~re wih tineadvrsay qicky."- Ntt.v. 5. are user,1 to man and to such aznimals as are reared by (Blue river) or Abyssinian Nile.-Ext. o60 miles long and — To be of the same mind or opinion. are useful to nan and to such anils as are reared by 30 broad. This district is fertile in the highest degree. him for food or labor. It is the most ancient, the most LI 11 saqati o ny rier " Milton is a noble genius, and the world agrees to confess it." It produces large quantities of honey, and raises re- Watts. markably fine cattle, with which it almost exclusively -To be consistent; not to contradict. supplies Gondar, the capital. —Pop. considerable, but not ascertained.-There is another tribe of the same people, Theer wetness agreed not together.' -Mark xtv. 50. called Tcheretz Agows, who inhabit a district on the - To suit with; to be accommnodatecd to; to tally. northern bankc of the Taecasse. " His principles could not be made to agree with that oonestituAk'gra, a vast N.W. prov. of Hindostan, belonging for the tion." —Lckeh. most part to England, bounded N. by the prov. of Delhi, - To be good for health. S. by Malwa, E. by Oude aud Allalh-abad, and W. by Ra)- "The sses' milk agrees wish mc." pootana. Its length is about 250 and its breadth 180 Agree', and Agre', ad/v. In good part. (o.) miles. —Area, 9,298 miles. —Desc. To the N. of the river Igreeabilit'y,; n. Willingnesi to be pleased. Chumbul the coontry is fiat and thinly wooded; but in Agree'mible, a. [tFr. ago-eable.] Suitable to; consistent the N.W. direction, trees become neore abundant and the with. surface more undulated. The district between the Jumna "That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many Fig. 57.- rue ROIAN Peoon. and the Ganges, called the I)oab. is the most fertile part times vontrsry to the natore of somer." - L'Esmracmge. of the provinee. —livers. The Gainges, the Jumna, acnd - Plsasin~; pleas(nt; grateful; welconc; charuimo; a (Used in the days of Cineinnstus.) the Chumbul.-Thowcas. Alwur, Bhurtpoor, Deeg, Mathorn, agreeable trcvell; agreea ble news; men ogreeable lady. universal, and the most important of the arts. Since Cain, Muttra, Etawvah, Gowalior, Calpee, Gohud, soid N arwor. Agree'ablesn ess, cc. Time quality of pleaosing. "the tiller of the ground," cnd Noe, "the husbandman," lioeab. A mixed race of Mahlometans and Ilindoos. —Prod. Agree'abl!,y, adv. Consistently witIs; in a matnner suit- agriculture, the basis of all other arts, has ever been, in Sugar, cotton and indigo. —Minerala. Salt, marble and cop- able to; pleasingly. all countries, coeval with the first dawn of civilization. 44 AGR AGRI AGRIO A complete history of Agriculture would bs the true settlements in the Western States and Territories, and characterized by having only nine rays in the pectoral history of mankind. To give a connected and even this cause may probably weigh for many years on fins. They inhabit the Pacific. imperfect account of the practice, statistics, and his- their statistics, if we consider the relative unim- Agriplpa, CAMILLA, a celebrated architect of Milan in tory of agriculture in all countries, would be incon- portance of improved land ie the United States, as the 16th century, who, under the pontificate of Gregory sistent with the general plan of this work, and of little shown by the following table; but the increasing in- XIII. accomplished the removal of avast obelisk to St. use to the reader. We shall, therefore, limit ourselves terest of the American people in the advancement of Peter's Square. here to some general remarks on the state of agriculture agricultural science, and their growing inclination to Agrip'pa, HENRY CORNELIUS, B. at Cologne, 1486, author in our country, which would not find place under other employ in agriculture capital, business energy and active of two treatises on the Vanity of the Sciences, and on heads; pointing out the principal divisions, in which enterprise will soon counterbalance the causes of appar- Occult Philosophy; printed at Lyons, 1550. will be found all useful information on this subject. ent inferiority. "Already there are evidences that Agrip'pa Hierod. See HEROD. Agriculture of the United States. —The vast territory of among American husbandmen more stable views and Agippa, MARCUS VIPSANius. Tie celebrated friend the United States presents every variety of soil and cli- more systematic practices are beginning to prevail. In and general of Augustus Casar, B. about 63 B. c. He mate. Its agriculture embraces all the products of Eu- the central settlements of the West, ihrm animals, the commanded the fleet of Augustus, in the victory of ropean cultivation, together with some of the warmer basis of systematic practices, are held in higher esteem Mylse; and afterward in that more decisive contest countries, as cotton, sugar, and indigo. The agricultural than formerly, and a preparation at least is made for which annihilated the power of Sextus Pompey, and implements are, in m.ny respects, similar to those of some simple rotation of crops. There is a disposition in gave to Augustus the full possession of Sicily. In the Great Britain and France. But as a general rule, those the South to produce their own bread and meat, and hold naval victory of Actium, A. was again the admiral of the of the U. S. exceed all others in their wonderful adap- their cotton as a surplus. These and other signs of successful fleet. In reward for these services he shared tation of machinery for all purposes of cultivation and thoughtfulness and growing wisdom are apparent."- with M-cenas the full confidence of Augustus, who gave harvesting of crops. Sn successful have been our farm- Fifteen agricultural colleges are already organized or him in marriage his owe niece, the sister of the young ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~him n marigehs owaic, h i trofhe aon ing implements in repeated contests on European soil, in organization in the following States: California, at Marcellus. A. was previously married with thedaughter that their rapid introdeuction into foreign markets is San Francisco; Illinois, at Urbana; Iowa, in Story co.; of Atticus, by whom he had a daughter, Vipsania, afteronly impeded by the greatly increasing demand at Kansas, at Manhattan; Kentucky, at Lexington; Mainee ward the wife of Tiberius; but le probably divorced home. The disposition of the American to experiment, at Oroeno; Maryland, at IIyattsville, Prince George co.; her. 1is rivalry witl Marcellus caused him to be sent to test alleged improvements, and adopt labor-saving Mlassachusetts, at Amherst; Miichigan, near Lansing; in an honorable exile, but he was recalled after the expedients, gives a great impulse to the genius of New Jersey, at New Brunswick; New Hampshire, at deeth of his rival. In 18 B.C., he shared with Augustus inventors, as may be seen by the number of agricul- Hanover; Yewu York, at Ithaca; Pennsylvania, in the tribunitian power for five years, and was looked tural patents granted, which was but 43 in 1847; Centre co.; Rhode Island, at Providence; Vermont, at upon as the undoubted successor of the Emperor, when while in 1866 they increased to 1778, and during the Burlington; West Virginia, at Mlorgantown. he died, B. c. 12. first 10 months of 1867 no less than 1777 patents had Agr pa, MENENIUS, onul ofome, 03 B.. Heis already eeme issed. Thismental ctivity f the Amr- TableshowingthepezetEAgrip'a,,Mconsul, conuloofRoe,3503 a..HHei already been issued. This mental activity of the Amer- Table showing the extent of land not included infarms in celebrated for having appeased a commotion among the ican faermer, so much in contrast with the blind opposi- _____ the several States in 1868. Romans, by the political fable of the belly and the memlion of the Europg'an counltrymen to any improvement, tian of the Emmropdan countrymen to any improvememet, - ______ -._______ - _______ - _____ - hbers. DI. at an advanced age, very poor, but universally is owing, in great part, to the superior intelligence es f h do an tegriy. of the ibrmer. In Europe, land is dear and l a b o r I ~~~esteemed for his wisdom and integrity. Q) E of the formeer. In Europe, land is dear and labor 4 5 Agrippi'na, the elder, daughter of Marcus Agrippa, cheap; but in the United States the reverse is the case, State.,ied to Tiberius, who divorced her. Se ten States. bcm h i o emnc Cea wo e - hence the European cultivator is led, by a regard for. became te wife of Germanicu Cear, wm she achis own interest, to endeavor to make the ibest of is compaed in his military expeditions. On the death of [ d N his own interest, to endeavor to make the best of his. h ~and; while ti~es ~ Amn~ericame has the same inducement to P the latter at Antiocs, A. a. 19, she returned to Rome. land; while the American has the same inducement to reduce to tie lowest possible micimum the proportion - Tiberius, jealous of the affection of the people forA., banof manual labor employed in its operations. Unhappily, cshed her to a email island, where she D. of hunger, in 35. Alabama...... 6,385,734 127118,821 13,387,535 55,128 346 AGRIPPIINA, the younger, daughter of the foregoing, this principle is too often carried to a disastrous extreme. Arkansas..... 1,983,313 71,590,393 23,833,014 39,004 245 an A man, possessor of a large estate, with reduced means, California.... 2,4681034 6,262,000 112,219,086 18,116 66 and mother of Nero, s at once cruel and licentios. believes it necessary to scratch over the whole, when Connecticut.. 1,830,807 673,457 487,096 25,180 99 After losing two husbands, she married her sncle, th9 his assurance of success would be to concentrate his Delaware..... 637,065 367,230 352,505 6,658 151 emperor Claudius, whom she poisoned in 54, to make Florida...... 654,213 2,266,025 35,011,2932 6,568 444 way for her son Nero, who caused her to be assassinated, labor upon a small area. Another cause of deteriorn- Georgia..... 8 062,758 18,587,732 10,461,510 62,003 430 tion of soil, quoted as a warning in the reports to Con- Illinois....... 13,096,3 5 7875,61 14,550,411 143,310 146 and exhibited to thee senate a list of all tie crines of Imeinis.1,096374,575ees 4,55,411 143,310[ 145[ gress, is the cheapness of Western lands, the original Indiana..... 8,242,183 8,146,109 5,249,468 131,826 124 which she had been guilty. price of which bears such insignificnt propotions to Iowa........ 3,792,792 6,277,115 25.158,893 61e163 165 Agronom'ie, AGRONOMICAL, a. Relating to agronomy. Kansas...... 405,468 1,372 932 50,265,130 10,400 171 Agron'omy, n. [Fr. agronomic, from Gr. agros, a field, their intrinsic value, that the owner, after having over- Kentucky..... 7,644,208 11,519,053 4,951,939 90814 211 ad nonos, a rule.] The science ortheory of agriculture. taxed the soil for immediate results, deems it cheaper Louisiana.... 2,707,108 6,581,468 1762,864 17,328 536 to remove to new lands, than to sustain and increase Maine........ 2,704,133 3,023,538 13,472,329 55,698 103 Agros'tee, n. pl. [Gr. agros, a field.] (Bot.) A tribe of the productive capacity of his present farm. One result Maryland.... 3,002,267 1,833,304 1,152,269 25,494 190 plants. ord. Gramisace. Massachusetts 2,155,512 1,183,212 1,653,276 35,601 94 Agrostem'ma, n. [Gr. agros, a field, and stemma, a of this error is the removal westward, year by year, of Michigan..... 3,476,26 3,554,538 29,097,806 62,422 113 grlan.(ot.) gen.ofplants, ord. inchonacee. garland.]j (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Cinch onacece. the centre of wheat production, thus adding transpor- Minnesota.... 556,250 2,155,718 50,747,872 18181 349 tation and other charges to its ultinmate cost, threaten- Mississippi... 5,065,755 10,773.929 14,340,156 42'840 370 Agroste m'naisae, n. (C/cem.) A crystalline basic subing to render export next to impossible. But the im- issouri...... 6,246,871 13,737,939 21,839,190 92,792 215 stanceobtained from theseedsof the corn-cockle,(Agrosmediate coseqence of this indifrence for conserva- Nebraska..... 118,789 512,425 48,000,315 2,789 226 tecnua githago, Linn., Lychnisgithago, nat. ord.) Itcrystion or sefer nce of soilis, wnditherence lNevada....... 14,132 41,986 71,681,623 91 617 tallizes in pale yello scales, very soluble in alcohol. tion or fertilization of soil is, that, with land generally N. Hampshire 2,367,036,717,591 2,194,575 30,501 123 richer than that of European countries, tie aver- New Jersey... 1,944,441 1,039.084 2,341,275 27,646 108 Agros'tis, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, tribe agrosteme, age production in America remains fatr below that of New York.... 14,358,403 6,616,555 9,105,042 196,990 106 consisting of a considerable number of species with loose any country in Europe. The average yield of wheat N Carolina... 6,517,284 17,245,685 5,037,031 75,203 316 branches, capillary panicles of flowers, and a creeping Ohio.......... 12,625,394 7,846,747 5,104,829 279,089 114 habit. Theyareat once nown among other grassesby per acre in America was only 11'5 for the year 1867; Oregon....... 876,414 1,164,125 58,914,821 5806 355 when for the year 1866, which was not a favorable one Pennsylvania 10,463,296 6,548,844 12,427,860 156257 1 the glumes (a.) or outer scales of each flower, being two the average 3ield of wheat was 17'27 in Germany, Rhode Island. 335,128 186,096 314,616 5.406 96 in number, [nequal in size, of a membranous centre, and F]~~rance, Belgiuc, and Ireland. S. Carolina... 4,572,060 11,623,857 2,610,481 33,171 488 containing but a single fAower; while the inner scales F eaTennessee.... 6,795,337 13,873,828 8,514,835 82,368 251 are short, very thin, and two in number.'The A. alba, or Table showing the estinmated quantities, number of acres, Texas. 2,650,781 22,93,247 126,541,412 42,891 591 white-top, is found in a Northern States of America, in Vermont..... 2,823,157 1,451,257 1,522,426 31,556 135d in allNorthern Statesof America, in and aggregate value of the principal crops of the farm Virginia.....11,437 821 19,679,215 8,148,244 92,605 324 meadows, or on dry soils. in the United States, for the year 1867. Wisconsin.... 3,746,167 4,147,420 26,717,173 68,270 114 Products. No.ofbush. No.of acres. Value. 162,782,769 262,498,082 834,48,859 2,033,665 199 For information on agricultural matters, see principally Indian corn... 768,320,000 32,520,249 $610,048,390 CATTLE, CLIMiATF,, COTTON, U. STATES, C.Agriculture, DRAmN- Wheat......... 212,441,40 18,321,561 421,796,460 INO, FArtH, FRUITs, GnAss LAND, M ANURE, HUSBANDRY, Rye.............. 23,184,000 1,689,175 32,499,700 MARKETO, ORCHARDS, POULTRY, SOIL, Sua, ToBAccO, Oats............. 278,698,000 10,746,416 172,472,970 TRAINING ANIMALS, VINE, WOODS, &C. Barley.......... 25,727,000 1,131,217 22,850,130 Agrigen'tum. (Anc. Geog.) A Sicilian city, now Buckwheatt.... 21,359,000 1,227,826 23,469,650 Girgenti, distinguished by the magnificence and giganPotatoes........ 97,781,000 1,192,195 89,276,810 tic size of its ruins, which bear certain testimony that the stories related of its extraordinary wealth in old Total.........1,427,512,400 66,828,69 1,373,314,130 times are not entirely without foundation. It is situated on the S. coast of Sicily, about 3 m. from the sea. Lat. 370 17' N.; Lon. 130 28' E.; actual pop. ab. 10,000. Tobacco... lbs. 313,724,000 494.333 $ 41,283,431 Its situation was peculiarly strong and imposing, standHay........tons. 26,277,000 20,020,554 372,864,670 ing as it did on a bare and precipitous rock, 1,100 feet Cotton...bales. 2,450,000 7,000,000 220,000,000 above the level of the sea. It was considered the second Total.................... 934city in Sicily. Amnong the most magnificent of its buildTotal.........94,343,526 2,007,462,231 uings were the temples of Minerva, of Jupiter Atabyris, of Hercules, and of Jupiter Olympus; the latter, which vied in size and grandeur of design with the finest The average home value of each product per acre, for buildings of Greece, is said to have been 340 feet long, the whole country, is as follows: corn, $18.75; wheat, 60 broad and 120 high, the foundation not being in$23; barley, $20.25; rye, $19; oats, $16; buckwheat, $19; cldded which was itself remartable for the immense potatoes, $74,88; tobacco, $82.45; hay, $18.60; cotton, $33. archesupon which it stood. The people of A. were noted The average yield per acre of farm crops, as the result for their luxurious and extravagant habits. After the of thle above table, is as follows: corn, 23 bushels: wheat, expulsion of the Carthaginians froa Sicily, it fell, with 11-5; rye, 13'5; oats, 26; barley, 23; buckwheat, 17 little resistance, under the power of the Romans. potatoes, 82. The average for tobacco is 631 pounds. Ag'rimon,. Lat.agrimonia.] (Bt.) A genusof Such meagre results inulicate plainly the wastefulness plants, ord. Rosacs, (Liun. icosandria digynia.) The and want of system in the practice of a majority of species agrimonia enatoria is a perennial herb comAmerican farmers. Another suggestive fact concerning mon in Canada and U. S., to be focnd in fields, about the wheat-growing States, is, that the yield per acre in hedges and shady places, and flowering in June. a. each is very nearly in inverse ratio to the time that has (died.) The decoction of A. is a meild tonic, alterative elapsed since the settlement of the State. Thus, in the and astringent; good for bowel complaints, chronic statistical report for the year 1867, the states of Califor- mucous diseases, gravel, asthma, coughs and scrofula. — Fig 58-AnnOSTce. nia, Nebraska, and Kansas present the highest results. A volatile oil muay also be obtained of its root and leaves. Agrostog'rapshy, and Aonoso~L'oa~, a. That part of (See ~ PRoDUCTS, under the name of every State.)- It s Ag'riopes, n. p1. (Zogl.) A genus of acanthoptemygian botany relating to grasses. incontestable that the unfavorable average yield of farm fishes, 8 to 9 inches in length, belonging to the family Aground', adv. On ground; stranded; hindered by the crops in America is mostly caused by the facility of new which Cuvier denominates jones cuirass -. The A. are ground from passing farther; ashore. AGUS AHIJ AI 45 A'ga, a volcanic mountain of Central America, 25 enjoy long, as he died the following year, Feb. 9th, 1751. Ahim'aax, the son of Zadolk, and high-priest of Solo. miles S.W. of Guatemala. Its crater is 15,000 feet above -The principal features of Aguesseau's character, says mon. Hu rendered great service to David in his war with the sea. the Duc of St. Simon, were much natural talent, appli- Absalom. A'4guacaliente, in Cahbfornia, a settlement in San cation, penetration, and general knowledge; gravity, jlls- Alhim'elech, high-priest at Nob, in the days of Saul. Diego co., near a warm spring, about 00 miiles N.E. of tice, piety, and purity of manners. According to Vol- He gave David the shew-bread to eat, ald tile sword of San Diego. taire, lie was the most learned magistrate that F'rance Golialth; and tfor so doing was put to death with his whole Aguadil'la, a seaport town of the Antilles, in the ever possessed. Independently of his thorough acquaint- house by Saul's order. (1 Samn. xxii. 11, 12.) island of Porto Rico, 65 miles W. of San Juan. Pop. ance with the laws of his country, he understood Greek, Ahin'oam, wife of Saul (1 Samn. xiv. 50); also, a wife about 3,000. Latin, IHebrew, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, &c. His of David, mother of his eldest son Amnon. (1 Sam. xxv. Ai'guas Calientes, a town of Mexico, prov. Guadalax- knowledge of general literature, assisted by his intimacy 43; xxvii. 3; xxx. 5; 2 Sam. ii. 2.) ara, situated in a fertile district. It is celebrated for its with Boilean and Racine, gave an elegance to his fobreni- A'hiolo, or AKHIOLO, a seaport town of European Turfine climate, and the hot springs in its vicinity. Lat. 220 sic speeches which was previously unknown at the key, about 50 miles from Varna. It stands on the Black N.; long. 1010 451 W. Pop. about 20,000. French bar. His works, now extant, form 13 vols. 4to.; sea, and is in the prov. of Rounelia. It trades in salt, A'gua lFria, in California, a post-town of Mariposa co., they consist principally of his pleadings and appeals, which is obtained from some springs in its vicinity. on a creek of the same name which flows into Mariposa (srquisitoires,) when advocate and solicitor-general, and Ahi'ra, chief of Naphtali, who came out of Egypt, at the river. of his speeches at the opening of the sessions of parlia- head of 53,400 men. A'tua Fria, in Neew lexico. a village of Santa Fe co. iient. Ahi'ran, son of Benjamin, and ancestor of the Ahi. Ague, n. [Fr. aigue.] (Med.) An internmittent fever A'gue-tree, n. The sassafras is sometinmes so called. ramites. (Num. xxvi. 38.) This disease consists of cold, hot, and sweating stages, in A'guila, in Texas, Victoria co., a small creek flowing Ahith'ophel, one of King David's counsellors, and succession, attending each paroxysm, and followed by into Lavacca bay.-Another creek of the same namie (or highly esteemed for his political sagacity. He was ceran intermission. They are of three genera: 1. Quotidi- Aguilla) in McLennan co., flows into the Brazos. tainly one of the first men of his age, both for wisdom ana, in which the paroxysms return at the morning, at A'guilar de la Frontera, a town of Spain, prov. and wickedness. His advice to Absalom, who followed an interval of about 24 hours; 2. I'ertiana, in which the Cordova; pop. 11,836. the wicked part of it, but left the wise part unaccomnparoxysms come on at midday, with an interval of A'guilas, a Spanish town, in the prov.of Murcia, on plished, together- with the tragical end of the politician, about 48 hours; 3. Quartana, in which the paroxysms the Mediterranean, 38 nm. from Carthagena; pop. 5,000. the first suicide recorded in history, are well known. come on in the afternoon, with an iiterval of about 72 A'guish, a. Pertaining to ague. (2 Sam. xvii. 1-23.) hours. Each paroxysi of an intermittent feveris divided A'guishness, n. Quality of resembling an ague. Ah'len, a town of Suabia, 40 miles N.W. of Augsburg. into three different stages,_which are called the cold, the Aguja'ri, an Italian vocalist of great celebrity, who, 1fp. 2,500. hot, andthe sweating stages, or fts. The cold stage com- for two songs a night, vwas engaged et a salary of $2,5600 AhI'wardt, PeTm, a learned German, B. at Greifsmences with languor, a sense of debility, and sluggishness per night. D. at Parmna, 1783. walde, 1710; D. 1791. lie was the founder of the Abelits in motion, frequent yawning and stretching, and an A'gul, na. [Ar.] (Bo!.) The Hedysarum alhagi, a little society, which had for its object the promotion of sinaversiom to food. The face and extremities become pale, pretty shrub, ord. Fabacece. cerity. the features shrink. At length the patient feels very cold, A'.gulhas Cape, Africa. See CAPE COLONY. Ah'medabad, a district of British India, in the Bomand universal rigors come on, with pains in the head, Ag'yleus, and Ag'yieus. (Mgyth.) A surname of bay presidency, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay. Area, baclk, loins. and joints, -nausea and vomiting of bilious Apollo. 4,356 square miles; pop. 650,000. Its capital, Ahmedamatter; the respiration is small, frequent and anxious; Agyll'a. (Anc. Geog.) A town of Etruria, founded bty a bad, is situated in the prov. of Gujerat, and stands on the sensibility is greatly impaired; the pulse is small, frie- colony of Pelagians, afterwards called C re, and now Sabermatty, 120 miles N. of Surat. Pop. about 120,000. quent, and often irregular, and the shiverings termi- Cemveteri. Lat. 230 N.; Ion. 720 E. An earthquake nearly denate in a universal ansi convulsive shaking. These Agyni'nans, n. pl. (Ecl. Hist.) A sect which flour- stroyed it in 1822. symptoms abating after a short time, the second stage ished eabout A. D. 694, and alleged that God forbade tile Ah'med ]Ihan, successor of AbukaKhan, and the first comuumences with an increase of heat over the whole eating of flesh, assuming the first chapter of Genesis to ot' the Moguls who professed Mohammedaneism. He was body, redness of the face, dryness of the skin, thirst, be the authority upon which the doctrine was founded. conspired against by his courtiers, who set up in his pain in the head, throbbiug ii the temples, anxiety, and A revival of this ancient sect was attempted in 1814 stead Argoun, his nephew. Put to death a. s. 1234. restlessness; the respiration is fuller and more free, but without great success in England. Ah'nednugg'er, a district of British India, in the still frequent; the tongue is furred, and the pulse has Agyr'ium, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus, the histo- presidency of Bombay. It is bounded on the north by become regular, hard, and full. If the attack has been rien, was born. It is now St. Plitppo d'Argiro. Cardeith, and on the south by Poonah. A-ea, 9,931 very severe, then perhaps delirium will arise. When Ah, inte-j. [Fr. and Lat. as, Ger. ach.] An exclamation square miles. Pop. 990,000.-Its csspital, Ahmednmsgger, these symptoms lhave continued for some time, a mnois- noting any sentiment of the soul, as rapture, triumph, stands on tile Seena, 64 miles N. of Poonah. Pop. about ture breaks out on the forehead, and by derees becomes joy, regret, contenpt, &c., the sense being marked by its 20,000. It was taken by the British in 1503. a sweat, and this, at length, extends over the whole modulstion. Ah'medpoor, a town of Hinlostan, 30 m. SW. of body. As this sweat coutinues to flow, the heat of thee Alla', interj. The sense of this exclamation is marked Bahawulpoor. Pop. about 20,000. body abates, the thirst ceases, and most of the functions by the modulation of the sound. It expresses generally Ah'med Shah el Abdaly, the founder of the king. are restored to their ordinary state. This constitutes surprise, contentment, triumph, or contempt. dom of Canul and Candahar. D. 1773. the third stage. When the paroxysms are of short clu- A'/hab, son of Omri, seventh king of the separate king- Ah'mood, a town of British India, prov. of Gujerat. ration, and leave the intervals quite free, we may expect dom of Israel. 1-Ie was married to Jezebel, whose wicked- Lat. 220 3' N.; lon. 730 6' E. a speedy recovery; but when they are long, violent, and ness instigated hlim to the conmmnission of such acts of Ah'nepee, in Wisconsin, a post-village and township, attended with mnuch anxiety and delirium, the event cruelty anid idolatry that he surpassed all his predeces- on Lake Michigan, and at the miouth of Ahnepee river, may be doubtful. Marsh umiasma, or the effluvia arising[ sor in impiety. lie w's slain by an arrow in a war 32 miles E. by N. of Green bay. Pop. of the township from stagnant water, or marshy ground, when acted with the Syrians, and Ihis blood wbs lickied by the dogs abt. 1,800. upon by heat, are the most frequent causes of this fever. on the spot where he had caused Naboth to be murdered, Aho'g]hil, a village and parish of Ireland, in the Persons exposed to a climate in which ague prevails en- about B. c. 876. county of Antrim, 94 miles firom Dublin. Area, 32,987 demically, may most effectually preserve themselves by Ahan'ta, a kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa, ex- acres. Pop. 25,000. carefully avoiding sudden changes of temperature, and tending from time Ancobra to the Chamah; bounded on Ahold' adv. (Naut.) To lay a ship ahold, formerly the night and morning air, and by the constant uise of fan- the west by Apollonia, and on the east by the Fantee meant to bring her to the wind, in order to get out to sea. nelclothing. The first object in thie treatmenmt of this dis- territories. It is the richest, and in every respect the Ahobliba'mah, daughter of Amsah, one of the three ease is a change of residlerce, without which the best most improved district upon this coast. The principal wives of Esau, and mother of Jeush, Jaalam, and remedies will often prove ineffectual. One peculiarity towns are Axim, Dixcove, and Succondee. Korah. In Gen. xxvi. 34, she is called Judith, and of this fever is its great susceptibility of a renewal from A'har, a town of Persia, 60 miles from Tabriz. It num- Aholibamah in the genealogical table. very slight causes, as from the prevalence of an easterly bers about 800 houses. Alou'ai, n. (Bot.) A species of the genus Cerbera. wimnd, even without the repetition of the original exciting Ahas'cragh, ma village and parish of Ireland, in Gal- This tree is found in Brazil. The kiernels of its nuts are cause. But the most curious and inexplicable in this way, 78 miles N.W. of Dublin. Pop. of parish, 5,500. very poisonous. disease is its property of periodicity. Dunnin the inter- Ahasue'rus, or AmHASrvEnOSu, the name of the Per- Ahoy', intesj. (Naut.) A call; halloa. mission, what becomes of the malady? Why, after a sian monarch whose story is recorded in the book of Aha'fberg, a marlket-town of Germany, 3 miles from specific interval, does it uniformly recur? We have not Esther. (See EST11n.) lie is probably the same kiing as Ohrenbau. Pop. 4,000. advanced a single step toward the elucidation of this the Artaxerxes Longimanus of the Greek historians Ahrian,. (e.) The middle group of th series of mystery. whose reign commenced a. c. 465.-The name A. occurs Devonian rocks belonging to Belgium and thie hine. A'gue, v. a. To strike as if with an ague. also in Dan. ix. 1, where some iinterpieters tale it for This group includes bluish-gray grits, sandstones, and A'gueoeake, n. (4Med.) The enlargement of the liver Astyages, king of the Medes; and in Ezra iv. 6, where shales. or spleen, caused by the ague. Canmbyses seems to be meant by it. Ah'riman, n. [Per.] A Persian deity, the demon or A'gued, a. Struck witl the ague. A'sas, a circle of the gov. of Munster, prov. of West- principle of evil; - the principle of good being OromnasA'gueda, a river of Spain, ie the prov. of Salammeanca, phalia, Prussia. PFod., cattle and sheep. Area, 264 sq. des, or Ormuzd. laeling inuto the Dounro, and forming part of the frontier m. peop. 40,069. —oup. of the same name. Ahrweil'er, a town of Prussia, prov. Lower Rhine, on of Portuggal on the N.E. of Beira. Aha'va. (Anc. Geog.) A river of Assyria or Babylon, the Ahlr, 23 m. W.N.W. of Coblentz. Pep. 3,709 in 1861. A'gue-spell. n. A charm for the ague. wlere Ezra assembled the captives who were returning Ah'uitzol, emperor of the Aztecs, toward the end of Aguesseau, HENRY FaANCOIS D', a chancellor of France, to Judeea. (Ezra viii. 21.) the 15th century. He is said to have inaugurated a B. at Limoges, 1668. In the office of advocate-general of A'haz, or A'cuAz, the 11th lking of Judah, who reigned temple by the slaughter of 72,344 prisoners. Paris, ie 1691, and nine years after, of procurer-general, 743-728 n. c., and was contemporary with the prophets Ahul', adm. [From hull.] (Naut.) The situation of a he displayed all the energies of his nature; he gave vigor Isaiah, Itosca, and Micah. (See Is. i.1; vii. 1; ios. i. 1; ship won ll her sails are furled on account of the vioand support to the laws, banished corruption fi-om the Mich. i. 1.) IIe made the dial mentioned Is. xxxviii. 8. lece of a storm, when, having lashed her helm on the tribumnals, and distributedjustice with an impartial hand. - Another Achsaz, grandson of Jonathan, is mentioned lee-side, she lies nearly with her side to the wind and His attention was paerticularly directed to the manage- 1 Chron. viii. 35; ix. 42. sea, her head being somewhat inclined to the direction ment of the hospitals; and in the enlarged views of a Ahazi'ah, tIe son of Ahab, and the 8th kin of Israel, of the wind. benevolent heart, he often resisted withi boldness and who reigned 897-896 B. c. (1 Kings xxii. 40; 2 Chron. A'hnun, a town of France, dep. of the Creunse, 11 mn. S. success the intrigues of'royal favorites, and even tihe pre- xx. 35.)- Another Ahaziah, the son of Jehoram, was of Guhret. Formerly this was p place of imuportance, judices of Louis XIV. -After this monarch's death, he the 5th king of Judah, 884-883 B. c. (2 Kings viii. 24; ix. and ht still possesses a few interesting remeains of the was appointed by the Duke of Orleans, thee regent, to 16.) He is called Azariah (2 Chron. xxii. 6) and Jehoe- ancient Agedunum. P`sp. 2,500. succeed Voisin as chlancellor, but was exiled the follow- lihaz (2 Ohron. xxi. 17; 2 Kings viii. 26.) A'hus, or AHuis, a Swedish maritime town, 9 miles from ing year, on account of his opposition to Law's financisel Ahead', adv. [From head.] Towerd the heed; forward; Christianstadt, on the Baltic sea. It stands on the system. His recall, two years after, at the moment of afod; for ward; system. His recall, two years after, at the moment of afore; afront; onward. mouth of the Helgeo, has a good harbor, and is the port the great financial crisis, was for him a signal triumph, "And now the mighty centaur seems to lead, of Christianstadt. and by insisting on mnaking good the government obliga- And now the speedy dolphin gets ahead." —Drygem. Ai, n. (Zeil.) The three-toed sloth (Bm-adypus torquatus), tions, he prevented bankruptcy and contributed to re- _Headlong; precipitantly. an animal of the farn. Bradpyoda or sloth, ord. Edentata. storing general confidence. A. retired from office in The Ai is men herbivorous quadruped, of most uncouth 1722, rather than yield to Cardinal Dubois, the unworthy "They suffer them (the children) Co run ahead.'"-l''Estrange. appearance, treated by Buffon mis omue whose existence favorite of the regent. Its retired quietly to Fresne, Ahi'ah, the son and successor of the high-priest Ahitub. must be a burden to it, from its imperfect formation; until 1727, when he was reeppointed chaencellor, and Ahie'zer', son of Ammishaddai, and hereditary chief of siut though uncomth and apparently disproportioned, it continued to administer justice uninterrmptedly till the tribe of Dan, who came out of Egypt at the head of is found, on examination, that its organization and 1750. Being theu 82 years of age, and feeling himself his trise, consisting of 72,000 men. habits mre as completely adapted to each other as are unable to discharge the high duties of his station, he Ahij'ah, the prophet who dwselt at Shiloh, and spoke those of any other inimal. It is true thhat the arms or sent in his resignation to the icing, who accepted it, but twice to Solomon from the inspiration of God. He wrote fore-legs are nearly twice as long as the hindem- pair; and granted him an annuity ff $20,000. This he did not the history Of Solomon's life, that when it attempts to wualk on the ground, the action is 46 AIDI AlL AIR most awkward and laborious: but when we consider that Aid'ing and abetting. (Law.) The offence corn- Ailan'tus, and AILAN'THUS, n. (Bot.) The tree of Heaven, the Ai is formed to live not on the ground. but in trees, and e itted by one who aids by some act in the perpetration a genus of the ord.,Asl/shoxylacew. The species.glan. not on the branches of trees, like the squirrel, but under of a crime committed in his presence, or near enough dulosa, native of China and now very common in our them, the complete adaptation of its whole structure to it as to come readily to the assistance of his fellows. streets and shrubberies, resembles a gigantic slag's horn to its mode of life becomes apparent. "Ite moves sus- idft/less, n. IIelpless; unsupported; undefended. sumach, with very large leaves, unequally pinnate, and pended from the branch, and he sleeps suspended firomi Aids', s. pl. [Fr. aides.] Ia til Feudal law, a kiind of foot-stalks fronn 1 to 2 feet in length. it Ihas many flowpecuniary tribute paid[ by a fetudal vassal to his superior ers onil a ternfinal pedicle, whose anthers smell disor lord, on occasions of peculiar emergency.'Tle kinds agreeably. It grows very bist. Tue wood is sard, heavy, of aids of most usual occucinrecece were: 1. When the lord glossy, and susceptible of a fine polish. madle his son a knight; this ceremony occasioned coni- Ailettes', or AILERONEs', n. pl. [Fr., little wings.] A -= ~~~~~~.siderable expense, and entitledl the lord to call upon his small square shield, tile olject of which was to furmnish -tenant tor extraordinary assistance; 2. When the lord a protection for the neck and slhoclders. For actual....gave his eldest daughter, he had her dower to provide, service, they were made of leather, and ornamcented anid was entitled by law to clahim a contribution from his with a personal badge or device, or tihe heraldic becarings -~-...,~\~ ~ ~ 4 tenants for this purpose; 3. To ransom the lord's person, of the wearers. They came in fashion in the earlier if taken prisoner. The aids have been abolished, by stat. part of the reign of Edward I., and ceased to be worn 12 Car. HI. c. 24. diring the reign of Edward III. Dress ailettes were Ai'gle, a town of Switzerland, can. Vaud, on the torrent made of leather covered with silk or cloth, with fringes, Grande-eau, near the Rhone. Pop. 2,582. and were laced to the shoulders of the hauberk with Ai'gle(L'), a town of Franmce, dep. Ornie, on the Rille, cords of silk. 18 miles N.N.E. of Mortagne. Mlamntf. needles and pins; Ai'ing, p. a. Sickly. pap. 5,454. Ail'niaent, n. Complaint; slight disease; illness. Ai'gsnan, St., a town in France, depl. Loire et Cher, 24 " I am never ill, but I think of your ailmenlt." — Swift. miles S. of Blots. In its vicinity is found tIe only quarry Aim, v. a. and n. [Probably derifed from 0. Fr.] To point of gun-flints in France. F1'op. 3,600. with a missile weapon; to dlirect it: - more particularly Ai'gle, n. See EAG.LE. taken finom the art of pointing tile weapon by the eye, Aigrette', Ai'GcET, AND E'GRET, n. [Fr. aigrette.] An before its dismission firom the hand. ornament for thle head, in tile olrme of at heroll's crest. " The proud Ideus aims his airy spear."-Dryden. id'ig. 59.- AI, Ot THIREE-TOED SLOTH. (Zot1.) A young eagle. See EAGLE. - To tend toward; to endeavor to reach or obtain; — foliThe Egret, or Heron. See HERoN. the branch. IHence his seemingly bungled composition (Bat.) Aigret, or Ergt, wms a ters forniely applied b a a is at once accounted for; and in lieu of tIc Ai leading a to a little feathery crown or tuft attached to tile. seed- i n The en mse a. painfuls life, and entailing a miserable existence upon case or fruit of the diandelion, the scabious, and many Aim", n. The direction of a noissile weapon. its progeny, it is but falir to conclude that it enjoys life other plants, and by means of which tihe seed is tranis- "He bent his bow, uncertain of his ail." -Drsden. just as much as any other aisnisal, amd that its extraor- ported through the air to a distance. This peculiar ap- - HIence, figuratively, a purpose; a scheme; man intention; dinary formation and singular habits are but further peniage is now called apappus. a design. proofs to engauge us to admire the wonderful works of Ai'gue-mlarine, n. (/in.) A name of the EMERALD, His ambitions aim against the three." -iilmon. Omnipotence." They bring forth asndc sueckle thler q. v. -The point to which the thing thirown is directed; hence, young like ordinary quadrupeds; and the young Al, Aigues' liortes, a town of France, dep. Gard, 20 the object of a design; thie thinig after which any one enfrom the moment of its birth, adheres to the body of its miles S.W. of Nimes, 4 miles fioom the Mediterranean, deavors. parent till it acquires sufdicient size acd streegith to swith which it is connected by a canal. Itowes its name "II suppose that the epistle has but one aim." - Locke. shift for itself. The head of the Ai is short, the face (igure Alortur) to merses saused b tie retrogress io l Aiml'er, n. One who aims. smcall and round, the hair coarse and shsaggy, differing of thi sea. Aigues Mortes v f m embasforkeda seaport, md Aim'ing, n. The act of ltaking aim. considerably in color in different individuacls, but resem- was the place where St. Louis embarked on his two ex- Aim'less, a. Without aim or object. blieg, in general, dry, withered gsass or maoss. Its 1ow- pelitions to tie Ioly Land. Ain'lessly, ode. Is an ainless mpnnner. erful claws, and the peculiarly enduring strength of its Aiguille', n. [Fr., needle.] (Engin.) A tool used to pierce Ai'almoin, French Benedictine monk, B. in the province lon- arms, make very efficient weapons of defelnce holes in rocks for lodging gunpowder. of P'erigord; a. 1008. Ie wrote a history of the French ~a-uainst the large snakes by whom it is often attbcked.- (Geog.) The name given to certain narrow and shrp- which brings us down only to the 16th year of Clovis II. "Tihe manuner in which it moves is this: —Lying on its pointed peals of the Alps. A motin of is descp- (50) This istoy is not esteemes. this best work is belly with all its four extremities stretched omt fromi tion in the S.W. part of France, on the road from Gren- the Lefe of Abbon, abbot of Fleuri-sur-Loire; it conits Ibody, it first presses one of its hind feet wvith all its oble to Gap, called L'aiguille, rises to the height of 6,662 tains a great number of anecdotes, nd f6requently almighlit agunst the giround, whereby the corresponding feet above the sea. ludes to thepoliticl and public circumstancesofthetime. side of the body is a little raised. The fore-leg on the Aiguillettes', AI'GULETS, and AmIG'.eTS, n.pl. [Fr.] Tihe Ain, a department in the E. of France, bordering the samie side thus becomes sufficiently free for the aninal French name of the metal sheaths or tags at thIe end of dep. of Saone et Loire, Jura, and part of Switzerland, to advance it a trifle forwvrd. It then hools its powver- laces or points. These points are now out of date; they oni tihe N. and N.W., the Rhone on the E. and S., and ful claws flst in the eartlh, and so drasgs its body a little were ties or bows, adorneds at the esnd with aiglets, and the Saone on the W. Area 592,674 hectares. lisp. 370.919 onward. Time suame maeceuvre is next repeated on the were used instead of buttons for fastening dresses. They i 181. Ci s, Bog, n, Trevoux, Bee, xt repeated on the ~~~~~~~~~~~in 1861. Chief towvs, Bourng, Mantua, Trevoux, Beliey, opposite side, and thus thle poor creature progresses in were, in the 16th and l17th centuries, not used merely Gex. lerney, the residence of Noltsire, is situated in the slowest and most laborious manner possible. But for service, as the modern tag, but were profusely this sep. Nunmrons lakes or ponds in the S.W. renderthe in proportion as the Al's organization unfits it for ter- employed as ornaments. The aiguillettes were sonme- climate unhealth y. i*ap. oxen, wine, lithographic stones. restrial progression, it is wonderfully adapted to climb- times gold and silver, and elaborately chased. The Ain'-tab, a town in the N. of Syria, on the S. slope of in- trees. With its long armms it reaches ump, aned clings pictures of Holbein give many examples of their form, the Taurus; ]at. 360 51' N., long. 370 135 15/ E., at 30 fist to the branches with its strong croolked claws. and Shalkspeare often alludes to them. miles W. of Dir, on the Euphrates. Mavanf., goat-skin The inverted position of the soles of its hindfeet gives Aiguill'on, a town of France, dep. Lot et Garonne, 17 leather, cotton and wvoollen cloths. Pop. about 20,000. it a power of grasping the trunk of the tree which no miles N.W. of Agen; pop. 3,781. Ains'wortli, oBeaRT, an Englh author, B. near Manother inammal possesses. Compared with the slowness Ai'gtuisc. [Pr.] (Her.) A term employed to denote a chester, 1660;. 1743. The only wuork for ahicb he is of its motion, it is the best climber among mamm;als, cross which has the two angles at tile ends cut off, so as no remembered, is his Ltin Dictioy. The first 11~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~now remembered, is his.Latin Dictionar'y. The first while it is tihe worst wavlker; or, rather, it is the only to terminate in two points, in opposition to tihe cross edition is of 1736, 1 vol. 4to. Notwithstanding the cormanmal that can neither wlr nor stand.",tch, which tapers t oint. rections which it has received from the labors of its Ai. (Anc. Geog.) A city of Cmanaan, lying E. of Bethel, Aihgu'let, AIGtLET, n. See AIGUILLETTE. successive editors, it still remains disfigured by many beside Bethaven, and alrecady existing in the time of (Naut.) A lashing rope for securing the breeching of a errors and deficiencies which leave the book a great way Abrah;sm. (Gen. xii. 9.) Tile Israelites took Ai by am- gun on board a ship. behind the present improved state of philological learnbuscade, and "utterly destroyed it." (Josh. vii. viii. ix. Aijalon. See AJALON. ilg. The edition of 1752, in 2 folio vols., superintended 3; x. 1,2; xii. 9.) Ai'ken, in South Carolina, a post-office of Barnwell dis- by the Rev. Willian Young, is in greet request as a handAl, in Ohio, a post-office of Fulton co. trict, 17 miles E. by N. of Augusta. some specimen of typography. Altas, or AJAsso, a reuined sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, Ai'ken, or AKIN, in Wisconsin, a post-towimship of Ainsworthi, WVILLIAM HARRISON, an English novelist, on the N. shore of the gulf of Iskenderon. Richard co.; pop. about 700. B. at Manchester, 1805. His works are wriitten in a lively Aich'lmnalotarehi, n. [Gr., chief of the captives.] A Ai'ken, or AITrEN, in Minnesota, a county bounded on style, his invention is fertile, and he is inexhaustible title given by the Jews to tIhe prince by whom they the N. by the river Mississippi, and on the S.W. by the of invention. His most popular works are: lissavsood; were governed whilst in captivity at Babylon. lake MIille Lacs. It is also drained by Snake river. Sur- To[er of London; Old St. Pacl's; Windsor Caste. Aid, v. a. [Fr. aider.] To help; to support; to succor. flce undulating..4rea about 720 square miles. Ains'worthls, in lowae, a post-village of Washington co., "By the loud trumpet. which ourcourage aid."-Roscommon. Ai'llikin, ARTHnUR, an English author, i. 1773, I). 1854. 30 miles W.S.W. of Muscatine. He has left a Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Aon, m cluster of 16 islands in the Malay Archipelago, Aid, n. [Fr. aide.] IHelp; support. and a Manual of Mineralogy. about 100 miles N. by W. from New Guinea. The memory of useful things may receive considerable aid."- A!i'kini Jon, an English physician, n. 1747, a. 1822. Air, i. a. To cool; to refresh or purify; to dry or expel Watts. His two principal works are, "General Biography," 10 moisture, by exposure to the air. -The person or thing that helps or supports; a helper. vols. 4to, and "Lewis's Materia Medics." "It were good wisdom, that, in such cases, the jail were aired." A8i'kin, M~ss LUCP, an English author and poet, n3. UOL "Thou hast said, it is not good that maneshould beamone Ai'kln, Mins Lucy, an English author and poet, B. Bacon. us make unto him an aid, like unto himself."-Tobit viii. 6.nt 1781, D. 1864. Daughter of Dr. John Ailin, Miss Lucy "As the ants were airing their provisions one winter-....."(Fleudal Lame.) See AIas. devoted herself successfully to literary pursuits. Be- L'Estrange. tween other worcs, we have of her, Hi slam-y of' the (oust - To take or enjoy the open air, —with the reciprocal pro. Aid, in Ohio, a post-township of Lawrence co., about 100 of Queen Elizabet; Memoirs of the Court ofJames I.;.e- noun. miles S.S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 1,425. seairs of Addiso. Ald'anee, a. o[Onbs. PpFr.] Aid. (at.) Ai'inte a. (M.)A As I was airing myself on the tops of the mountains." — Addison. Ai'kinite, n. (Min.) An orthorhombic mineral, found Aid and comfort. The Constitution of the United na massive form, or in long, imbedded aciculr crys- Air,. [Fr. from Lt. aer.] The fluid hich surrounds States, art. 3, sec. 3, declares, thast adhering to the ene- a, of a blackishe earth; the atmosphere. tals, of a blackish lead-gray color, as in the gold region Ari htfn atrwihw rah.-at mies of the United States, giving them aid and comfort, ofGeorgia. Comp. sulphur, 16-7; bismuth, 36-2; lead, 36-1; "is that ne matter hi e eathe."- l. shall be treason. These words, as they care to be under- copper, 11-0=100. - The state of the air, considered in itself or with regard stood in the Constitution, have nsst received a ful judi- Ail, v. a. [A. S. eglan, to feel pain.] To pain, to trouble, to our sensations; as, a healthful ais, a damp air. cicl construction. They import, however, help, support, to give pain. -- Air in motion; a gentle wind. assistacnce, countenance, encouragement.-Boucsvmer "Fresh gales, and gentle airs, Aide'-l.e. Caunp, n. [Fr.] (Mlil.) An officer selected to "What aileiW thee, Hager? rear net-Gee. xxi. 2?. Whisper'd it to the woods." —Nilton. receive and convey the orders of a general. Attaeched -To affect, in an indeterminate sense; as, - Publicity; exposure to the public knowledge. to the person of a general, he receives orders only from " I am sorry to find it has taken air, that I have some hand in him. A lieutenant-genersul may appoint four aides-de- "What ails the man, that he macthe wiubsut resen?' these papers." —Pope. camp, in time of war, a.nd tvo in time of peace, with This vord is never used without some indefinite — The external aeppearance or manner of a person; as, a the raenk of lieutenant-colonel; a m ajor-general two, and term, or the word nothing; as, What ails him? He ails gracefuml air, the air of youth, &c. -- An affected or laa brigadier-general one. something; Nothing ails him;-but we never say: a fever bored mecanner or gesture. Aid'er, n. He that brings help or assistance; a helper. ails ihim, or, he ails a fever. "They give themselves airs of kings and prinees." —Addison. Aid'ful, a. Giving aid; helpful. -v. n. To feel pain; to be incommoded or in trouble. (C/mesa.) The air or atmosphere was once supposed to Aietillug, p. a. Which gives aid or assistance. — n. A disease. (R.) be an eiementscry body, bust, since the last.ent.ry, L. AIR AIR AIR 47 voisier, and other philosophers after him, have proved simple, as in the common perch, sometimes divided into Airler, n. One who exposes to tlha air. that the air is a mixture of two gases, oxygen and nitro- two or nmore compartments, Air'-escape', n. A contrivance for riveting off air gen, with a small proportion of carbonic acid, and by a lateral or transverse from water-pipe.s. aqueous vapor. The two last are considered as accidental ligature, as in the trout and Airey, n. See AERIE and EvYY. ingredients, and not constituent parts; as well on ac- salmon. In all cases it is com- Airl-'llob tain, n. A jet of water produced by means count of the smallness of their quantity, as because they posed of a thick internal coat of compressed air. occur in different proportions according to the locality of a fibrous texture, and of Air'-gun', n. An instrument for projecting bullets, in and weather. Estimated by measure, air is ibund to con- a very thin external coat; which the moving power is the rush of condensed air sist of 20'81 oxygen to 79'19 nitrogen; or, estimated by the whole being enveloped in allowed to escape, instead of the formation of gases weight, 23'01 oxygen to 76'99 nitrogen. The air, in conm- the general covering of the arising from tile ignition of gunpowder. In tile stock mon with all other bodies, has weight. This is proved intestines. The modifications of the air-gun is a condensing syringe, the piston of by weighing a bottle which contains air in a very deli- of this organ are infinitely which condenses air into a cavity having a valve opening cate balance, and then by repeating the process after the varied in different genera inward, just'behind tihe bullet. Tie barrel is open, and air has been exhausted from the bottle by the air-pump. and species of fishes. In the the bullet (which should just fit the barrel) is inserted According to Blot, 100 cubic inches weigh 31 grains, greater number of instanuces, in the usual way. The trigger opens the valve behind that is 800 times less than water. Heat causes air to ex- it lhas no external opening, and the bullet, and permits the rush of the condensed air, pand, cold to contract. The cupping-glass is ai t-neiliar tie air with which it is found which propels the bullet forward. The moment the instance of the former fact. If a bladder is halft filled distended, is believed to be finger is withdrawn firom tihe trigger, the air closes the with air, and heit near a fire, it will expandl until thie produced by the secretion of a valve, and remains, somewhat less conidensed than lbebladder is quite full; on being taken away, it contracts certain glanduloms organ, witllh fore, for the next discharge. No power, but only a congradually to its former bulk. Air being elastic and com- which it is in all these cases venient adaptation of power, is gained in an air-gun, pressible, it follows, that the highier we go, the lighter provided. In general, all since the condensation of the air itself requires an exthe air becomes. (For a fuller explanation of this, see fishes which enjoy great pow- penditure of power. The inistrument has hitherto been BaosmarER.) Air dissolves a definite amount of aqueous ers of locomotion, and have little more than a toy.- Invented by Marin, a French. vapor at different temperatures, hence the suddcen forma- occasion to pass through vasi- mnan, who presented one to HIenry IV. tion and disappearaunce of clouds. In large masses, air has ous degrees of superineumbent tAir'-hold'er, n. An instrument for holding air; a a blue tinge. The distant hills appear of this color, from pressure in their rapid transi- gasoeeter. being seen through several miles of air, and thie sly ap- tions from the surfice to tohe Air'-lIsole, n. A hole to admit or discharge air. pears blue from the same cause. As stated above, air bottom of the ocean, are pro- ('oundiug.) A hole or cavity iil a castimg, pr-oduced consists of oxygen and nitrog-en. Were it composed of vided with this important or- by air which has not found paessage throug h the liquid oxygen only, we should breathe away our bodies too fast, gan; while fishes whose habits mietal. It is also called blof-e-/let. while nitrogen alone would kill us. By this mixture, a asd organirization confine thmeun'ig. 60. —AIL-eoDa. Air"iIly, adv. In an airy muametir; gayly. proper strenugtei of air necessary to life is kept up. Tile either to tile surflce of the wit- - Ait'lia ess, m. This quality or state of being airy.perfect mechanical mixture of the two gases which foris tcr or to the bottom of the sea, (Coreina trisepinosa.) Lightneess; gayety; levity. air, is an excellent esxample of the diffusion of gases. as skates, soles, turbots, brills. etc., have no air-bladder.' The talkativeness and airiness of the French language." —Felton. When two gases are united, they gradually mix with It is probable, but not sufficiently proved, that the air- i,. A sl, or rid, or short jory to enjoy - Air.lilg, n. A walk, or ride, or short journey to enjoy each other until perfect diffusion takes place. The air, bladder is connected with the respiration of fishes.- tie fi-es air. therefore, that is analyzed at thIe foot of Chimborazo has See ISINGLASS. veair the same composition as that analyzed at its summit, Airi'-bl[owns, a. Blown by the wind. The little fleet serve t give t their ladies en airing. -Adlteon. though it differ mnsterially in density. Combustion Air'-born, a. Born of the air. -Ventilatiobyadmittingair; asthea-iofar.Air'-lsorne, a. Bones by thus air. The act of exposing to the air lor refreshing, purihying, takes place im proportion to the density of the air. A oir'-bo rne, a. Borne by tie air.o er e-s ga mects candle, weighing an ounce, talkes a longer time to burn Air'-bred, a. Caused by or produced from the air., t, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Aiir',jacket, a garmient, having several bags.corrnmlniat the top of a high mountain thamn one of thie same size AIir'-ibuilt, a. Built in the air, without any solid foun- I1 u grmt lvng severl tgc niand weight at its bottom. Fromn this it follows, that dation; chimerical, as, an ai-bit castle. ating wit e othr hich are filled with air by a human beings must breathe slower in valleys and quicker Ai.'-casming, n. An air-tight casing around a pipe, etc., leather tube, furnished weith a brass stop-coclk, by which at greater altitudes. The air is being continually yen- at a little distance from it, intended to secure the interpo- means a person may uoat without learning ho sneim. dared impure by the breathing of animals, the oxygen sition of air as a non-conductor of heat or cold.- Webste er. Alit'less, a. Having no communication with the free air. it contains being transformed into carbonic acid. This, Air'-mav'ities, n. p. (Bet.) See Am-eS. n-cLs. M Air -plpe, 721. A pipeeavusedet, n.eal.e(Not.)oSeesAo-Cship. however, lasts but a short time, being quickly separated Air'-ells,, AIR-cnamcBERS, AmIR-C.VITIES, Ait-SAS, ACe- Air-lpiof e, a c. A pipe used to cleanse the hIolde of ships into carbons and oxygen by plants, svhieh retain the fur- PA55A~c5,. ph. (llmpeist.) Cavities cosmemeeted with this of foul air. It is used also lose m ines, &c. Air-imipe, callinto carbon and oxygen by plants, which retain the for- PAISSAGES, n2. pl. (lilysiol.) Cavities connected with tile ed commorlly Sutton's air-pipe, fromn the marlle of the mer body for their own nourishment, releasing the latter respiratory system of animals. In the Mermmeoalia, and neo y meton a pipe th neeso to serve again as support for animal life. This art. refers spenially in Murs, the bronci, after etering the ungs,ary for the support ot fire; hence, ry closing the two holes only to the chemical and mechanical properties of air. diver-e sinto innumeratle ramfications, which become e te ppr o le en sin gt o ho The constitution of tue whole mass is to be found under more and more minute, pervading every past of tie pul- under the copper or tuber, and in tteir rtoome hlsing a the name ATNmeSPREaE.-See also, AcOUSTICS, BALLOON, monary structure. They lead to miiute cevities called oppe or ich ides pite from the hold ito e s-p c, CoM;BUSTION, OXYGEN, RISPIeATIOA N, VENTILATION, &C. intercellular passages, and these last, after numerous by ihich teames theutool sir be discharged fro th hold, (Mines.) A piece of music, conuposed ot at certemin num- bifurcations, terminate each by a cul-de-sac, or air-cell. ts ta pla e her of melodious phrmcses, msitfed hem a regular symnseetri- It will be understood from this that the air which enters h hes to te its place. the ungshas ot, ropely seakig, ay cicula io Air,~,plants., AERIDE s, an d EpipHYrErS, aZ. pl. [Gr., growcul form, and terminanting in the key in which it began. the lungs hes not, properly speaklcing, amey circulation nirg-plm s. AeoTs, and E gnvres, t. ph. [nr., glthreawAmelody.-As employed in eusic, thee origin of the there. After entering through the trachea, and passing ing splt. (Bt.) Te nne given to plts tht A melody. —As (hemployed in isusic, the origin of the tog tlhuohaltbsadve nno connection with the soil sanld live on what they word air is untknown. Aim is the most important of Shals t bruschial uhes ind teine ch ee- get from the air. They genehally grows upon the eruneks the constituents of music. A composition may be re- ges, it inftes and braches of trees heir roots merely deng to plete with leurned. and imegenious harmony, nay abouned closed at their extremities, arrest its fusrther progress. the bark to fix the plant in its position, or else heengimg ima fmngusa, in iueitmtiou, samd mll the coetrivances of After a fmll inspiration, tese air-cells as inflatmd and lue i t air w ting ite in r eoir in. fugue, in i~vithout g~od melody, will never a all distended. During the succeeding expirations a part of losem in the air, froi which they drawall their prourish science, but without good melody, vill never appeal dsed.Duigteucedmgxpeeisiment. The Lichens and Mnosses that aboued on the to the heurt, and seldoen afford any gratification to the air in them, but about ome tenth of it only, is ex- truncts or boughs of trees, or on old salls, fences, or the ear. - In music composed for the theatre, and pelled. Tie alternate process of infpirtlion aed expi-an vhich is constantly introduced into the concert-room, ration is nut therefore the altern-teinfiatiome and evacua- rocks fron wlich Iley obtahe no nourhsnent, are airare the following varieties of air, designated by Italian lion of the lungs, but nerely ons in which they are denominations, viz.: Aviet ci lummcere (literally, air ef alterneetely neore or less distemeded by air. In an ndult, dcenomcein, vz:Aadibutur (lithotgoerlody, ainvr ofea cerag~e, or a dam/shing aim-t), in which the performer dis- le dimensions of tIe air-cells vary friom the 70td to the plays his poevrs of execution, and seekh s rathorm to as- 200th of an inch. -In Bis-ds, the air-cells, air-chambers, tonish than piaso. Ariae di cantabile (singng o a sir)a or air-satcs, are formd by a number of meubranes subtons than hlae. rart, cnabl (singing aifr),a divdn any inescigthhratiicatoiona cvty; Itender, pathetic air, calling forfh the expression and taste dividing and intesecting the thoracic- domine cxity; of the sius-er. Aria di cerattere (characteristic air~), end in birds of ste-ung wing and rapid figit, they extend whic is ds shdbfocanenryoexrstn often themselves into the bones. These remarkable caviwhich is dismtinguished by s force r and energy of expression, ties r d by dra ffect. Aia parant (speacing ail), connected rn aith the res of npiratory system, bmt thesis which is rether declaimed than sun. ad is best suited p cpal use is tt of rendring e body specificaly to the b, or comic performer. -atin air aii r lighter. - For the air-tubes of aisects and Annelida, see toe the bfollrowing perfrmer.e -An air, designated] is SIRalianSLS literally an air with variations, but this name is often Si hL t cSL. he r given by a coeposem, arranger, or performer to a melo- (Bt.) -Te cavities in the leaves or stems, or other dy fancifully varutei and enbehisled. parts, containing air. in water-phlants they lave a very (Pfaint.) ihe medium, as transferred to a picture defimite form, and are built up of little vesicles of cellular through vhich natmedrl objects ere viaseed. - Bra idet tissue, with as much regularity as the walls of a house; Aire, in Alabama, a post-vilimuge of Clesrkt co., 118 miles S. they, no doubt, enable the plat to float. In plants of Tescaloosa. - svhich do nut fluat, as in the -pith of the walnut-tree, ir, la issoi, apot-office of Jonsn co. their form is les definite; they often appear to he mere Air, in PMissosuriaponi-, a vilicge of Joeduord co. on Big laceratione of a mieuss of cellular substance, and their obA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o irsc, ire fored bsylv a villaer of memb'ra o. ne sBiCove creek. -Also, a township of Fulton county; pep). jaWchisunlmSosn. 1,151. Airt-ehasns a. ph. SeeAir'-bthlsoon, g. See BALeOON. Airushirw. Sea A-sno. p eji Airm-baithl, n. A contrivance for drying anything by i l' n,. t peinted in ir. o.) ineans of air, at a fixed tInemperature. "This is the air-drawn daggser which led ynou to sluncan.r-Shat. wAirh-bed, r. A sack, in the shape of a mattress, divided A'lrdrie, one of thee most flourishing inland towns in into a number of air-tight conpartnements, a projection Scotland, parish of New Moneliand, Lanarl shire, 11 2 int one end focuing the bolster. Each cosI.p.ertment is miles E.-of lasgow.- lnd. Weaving of cotton goods and prodded with a valve, and can be inflated vith air by distillaFtion ofspirits. Pep. 12,922. means of a bellows. They are g~eneratlly neade of vulcan- A ire, a smuall river -of Eeg~landl, shich rises in the West ized India-rubber. Their advanthges are coolness, elas- Riding of Torhtehime. Its source is a sheet oh water r:~ 2/ ticity, and portability; and they r especilly vluable t a med y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ butaml iniful vacufriegated caebllised MzhmTr. to inveuhlids. Aiu~-esssiensareeconvenisnces of simihar cun- After flooring 42 neihes, it forms a junction syith i-lee structaion as mir-beds, bm-t less complicated, and cheaper, river Cmshder. A(ir'lsPlasidePi, n. (Phpsisl.) A -peculiar orgsan s-thrAire'o a city of Frsnce, dsp. Landes, on the Adour, 80 which the great majority of fisbes are provided, and by meiles S.S.E. of Bordeesux. Ills tlme eccient Vicus Jul, swhich they are enabled to adapte the specific gravity of and is, since ls 15th century, the seatl of a biohouerie. I-hcir bodise to the various pressures of the so.peincum- Pep. 1,060. bent evater at different depths. It serves ii5 a receptacle Acire', a city of France, dsp. EPas do Cahais, at, thee cusufin- Pugi~ 61. AIR PLANTS, for a certain quantity of air, by the incretse or decrease emits of lbs Lys asud Laquette. Its fortiIcathons mere of plants But Ibis nane is generally applied but to flow. of which the alterfation in the animemal's weight, compared great importance for the defence of tiue count-y betveen sen5 p1 ets of the 0mm /edacee (Orchus fans) aed Bu-smewith thatt of the surrounding fiumid. is accomplished. The tie Lys and the a. Pep. 4,861. leacee (Pens spple fain) living eu the tropecal psm Is of mersel itself is composed of a-lengthened co..o, sometines Air'-emhsraeed', a. ]ncoempased by air. Ameesca, whers a constantly moist state of the atmob/ 48 AIRY AIX AKBE phere is maintained by the exhalation of the trees upon the most able and indefatigable savans of our age. His and the disunion of the French and Spanish crowne. which they cluster. They exhibit, in their handsome principal work is, Astronomical Observations, Cambridge, All the conquests made by the contracting powers were flowers, as well as in their general aspect, fantastic and 1828-1838, 9 vols. restored, and the state of affairs in the Indies was to reinfinitely varied forms. In hot-houses, they are very Aisle, n. [Fr. nile, from Lat. ala, a wing.] (Arch.) main as it was before the war. The terms of this treaty ornamental, but they require that the atmosphere should The wing of a building. - In churches, that lateral divi- produced much dissatisfaction both in France and Engbe rendered artificially moist, as well as warm. To the sion which forms the side of the edifice. When a church land, and the vagueness of the last stipulation gave rise class of air-plants belongs also the Tillandsia. or Long is divided into three compartments, the middle or prin- to the Seven Years' WaTr, which began in 1755. Another Moss, hanging in long and gray tangled clusters or cipal compartment, separated from the others by two congress was held at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, between festoons from the branches of the Live-oak or Long- rows of piers, is called tihe nave, and the two outlying Russia, Austria, Psressia, Great Britain, and France, and leaved Pine, in the Southern States of the United States. compartmnents form the aisles. Modern churches have a treaty was signed the 9th of October, which put an The accompanying figure represents two air-plants of the seldom more than, two aisles; but in Gothic cathedrals end to the occupation of France by the foreign troops. Orchis fai.: 1. Calypso papilio; 2. Comparettia rosen. there are often as many as four aisles, two on each side Aix'-les-BZains, a town of France, dep. of II. Savoy, on Air'-poise, n. An instrument for weighing air, of the nave. Sometimes the term aisle is given to all the E. side of Lake Boutrget, 8 miles N. by E. of ChaimAir'-pusnp, n. (Phys.) A philosophical instrument for the compartments of a church, which is then spoken of bCry, celebrated for its sulphuretted hot springs, of the removing the air out of a closed vessel, so as to form as as three-aisled, the nave or body of the building forming temperature of 1120 to 1170, at an alt. of 823 feet above near an approach to a vacuum as possible. It is com- the middle aisle, and the side compartments the side- sea-level. They were in vogue among tihe Ilomans, and posed (fig. 62) of a cylinder, in which works a piston, aisles.-See NAVE, TRAN3EPT. are still extensively resorted to. Pep. 4,253. furnished with a valve opening upward. At the bottom Aisled, a. That has aisles. Aizo'oss, n. [A. S. aizon, ever-living.] (Bet.) A genus of the cylinder is another valve, Aisne, a river of France, which gives its name to a de- of plants, ord. Tetragoniacee, having entire, fleshy leaves. also opening upward, and clos- partment. It rises to the west of a chain of hills which The ashes of A. canariense abound in soda. ing or opening a tube connect- forms the western boundary of the basin of the Meuse, Aja/ceio, the chief town of the island of Corsica, which ed with the plate upon whlich is and, after a course of 150 miles, joins the river Oise, just forms a depart. of France. Its harbor, to the north of placed the vessel to be exhaust- above Compilgne. It becomes navigable at Rethel. the gulf of the same name, on the western coast of the ed. If the piston is raised when Aiisne',. a department in the north of France, includ- island and at the confluence of the rivers Terignano and it is at the bottom of the cylin- ing portions of the ancient Picardy, Isle of France, and Restonico, is rendered unsafe by projecting rocks.- Comet. der, the atir pressing on the - Champagne. It is divided in 5 arrondissements and 37 Coral anti anchovy fislheries. It is the handsomest city valve belonging to it keeps it cantons. It is drained by the rivers Oise, Aisne, and of Corsica, and the birthplace of Napoleon I., whose closed, and a partial rarefaction Marne, and gives rise to the Sambre, the Somme, and house is still to be seen. Pop. 4,098. of the air takes place. Onlower- A the Escant. Area 2,830 sq. in. Lat. betw. 480 50' and Aj'alon. (Anc. G,,og.) Said to 1be the modern Ydlo, a ing it, the air presses on the 500 N.; Long. betw. 20 50, and 40 12' E. The surface village a little to the N. of the Jaffa road, about 14 miles valve at the bottom of tile cylin- generally consists of undulating plains. The quantity W.N.W. of Jerusalem; was the town rendered memoder, cutting off time communica- offorestlandis considerable, and the soil so fertile in grain rable by Joshua's victory over the five Canaanitish kings, tion between it and the re- and hay that the inhabitants export two thirds of their and still more so by the extraordinary circumstance of ceiver, and opening the valve harvest. - Ind. Considerable manuf. of cotton; the the miraculously lengthened day. in the piston. The piston, on B famous manuf. of mirrors at St. Gobain; mnanuf. of Aj'an, the name ofa long tract of thecoast of east Africa, being raised once more, again linens, shawls in imitation of Cashmere, soaps, &c. Its extending from near Magadozo, which is included within rarefies the air in the receiver, chief towns are: Laon (pr6fecture), St. Quentin, Sois- the limits of Zanguebar, northward to Cape Guardaftii, and continues to do so at each sons, Chdteau-Thierry, Vervins (sub-iriefectures); La a distance estimated at about ten degrees of the equator. successive stroke of the pumnp. Fbre, a fortress on the Oise, and La Fert6-Milon, the It is the nmost unknown part of all African coasts. -An absolutely perfect vacuam CLASS tirtlplace of Racine. Pep. 564,597. Ajar', adv. [Fron a and jar.] Pertly open, as m door. can never be made in this way, EEE. Aisse', MLE. Drnois, born in Circassia, 1689, and pur- Ajax, the name of two heroes of the Trojan war. 1. A., as, at a certain point, the rare- chased by the Count de Ferriol, tihe French ambassador son of Telamon, king of Salamis, was next in warlike fled air becomes too attenuated at Constantinople, when a child of 4 years, for 1500 prowess to Achlilles. His chief exploits, recorded in the to lift thie piston-valve. In most livres. The seller declared her to be a Circassian prin- nIliad, are his duel with Ilector (7th btoolk), and his obstiair-pumps two cylinders are cess. She was of great beauty. The Count took her natedefenceoftheslhips,in theeprotractedbattledescribed used, to save time; the piston with him to France, and gave her an education, in which in the 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th books. Blunt in of one descending, while that of i 6. nothing was neglected but the inculcation of virtuous manners, rugged in temper, and somewhat obtuse in inthe other is ascending. Connected with the tube lead- lprinciples. Her disposition was good, but her litfe isa- tellect, his strength and stubborn courage made him a ing to the receiver is a shortened barometer, the height moral. She sacrificed her innocence to the solicitations most valuable soldier, but no favorite; and his confidence of the mercury in which shows the exact degree of rare- of her benefactor. On the other hiand, she resisted the in these qualities induced him to despise divine aid, by faction. The first vacuum wmas miade by Torricelli, but splendid offers of the Duke of Orleans; and, of her nu- which he roused the anger of Pallas, the author of his tihe first air-pump was constructed by Otto Von Gue- nerous suitors, she favored only the Chevalier Aidy. subsequent misfortunes. After Achilles's death, the arricks, in 1654. A prey to the bitterest remiorse, she lived in a continual mor of that herowas to be given as a prize to him who struggle with herself, and died 1727, thirty-eight years had deserved best of tile Greeks. Ajax and Ulysses alone old. Hler letters are written in a pleasant and fluent advanced their claims, and the assembled princes awarded strain, and exhibit a lively picture of the author's the splendid prize to Ulysses. Ajax was so much mortifeelings. They contain many anecdotes of the promi- fled at this, that he went mad, mamd in his fury attacked nent personages of her times. the herds and flocks of the canmp, mistakling them for the Ait', and ElIGHT, n. [Flromn islet.] A small island in a Grecian leaders, by whom he thought himself so deeply river or lake. — It is called a willow ait when pmented injured. On recovering his senses, and seeing to what with osiers. excesses hlie had been transported, he slew himiself.-2. A., Aitehi'bone, n. See EDGEOONE. son of Oileus, remairkable for swiftness of lbot and skill in Itliiili JAkit'kin, in Minnesota, a lake at the N. of Sandy lake. using the bow and javelin. Ils notoriety is chiefly deIi?,;IIei }Aix', a town ofFrance, formerly capital of Provence, rived froni events subsequent to the close of the Iliad. I I LI 1 ii Inow chief town of arrond. in the dep. of Bouches du When the Greeks had entered Troy, Ulysses accused Ajax MR. I ~~~Rhine. It is situated in a plaln, 16 miles N. of Mar- of having violated Cassandra in the temple of Pallas. seilles. It is the seat of a cour imperiale and of a uni- lie exculpated himself with an oath; lbut the anger of versity, with fieculties of theology and law. It has a the goddess at last overtook him, and he perished in nmagnificent cathedral, a museum of pictures, a col- the waves of the sea. lection of antiquities, and a litbrary containing over Aje'ho, a new town in China, territory of Mantchooria. 100,000 vols. —efanuf., silk, wool, and cotton; Trade, Pop. abt. 80,000. oil. The town was founded by C. Sextus Calvinus, a Aj'mere, or AS'EER, a town of Hindostan, in the centre Itoman general, 120 years B. c., and received the name of the Rajpootana territory, 225 miles S.W. of Delhi. Lat. ot'f Aquce Sextee, fron its faelous hot springs. sop. 27,659. 260 31' N.; Lon. 740 28 E. It is the cap. of a district of Peg~~ 63~ bl~~~Aix-la.-Chapelle'. [In German, Aachen, or Aclken.] the same name, belonging to the British. (See RlAJPooAir'-sac, n. See At-CEELLS. The chief city of a district of the same name, prov. of TANA.) _Pop. abt. 25,000. —Near the town is the celeAir'-shaft, n. A hole mode from the surface to the the lower lRhine, Prussia, on the river Wurm. Lat. 500 brated Hindoo temple of Pooshkur, on the banks of a edits oh a minen to furnish fresle eer to the minsers. 47' N.; Lon. 60 3' E. Pep. 50,124. The situation of the sacred pool nearly a mile in circuit, visited annually in Air'-slacked, a. Slacked by exposure to the air; as city is agreeable; it stands on uneven ground, sur- October by crowds of pilgrims from all parts of India. air-slacked fiene. rounded by hills of moderate elevation, generally coy- Ajmere also possesses the tomb of a saint whose miracles ir-thread n. pl. (at. Hist.) Telong filaments ered with wood. There are many public buildings in are renowned all over India. which loanthBe airin~.l (antnito.) They are ilmae by which float in the air in. Hitumn. The are mfiade by the city deserving of notice, principally tihe Minster, Aiju'ga, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, tribe Ajugece. The thi airg i lemautemn. They aremadby which is said to have been conlnmenced by Chlarlemeagne, A. Cha'ncpitys(ground-pine), known also under the name the long-legged field-spiders. -See GOSSAMER. Afr'-tighat, a. Impermeable to air. contains the tomb of this monarch, a great nummber of of yellow bugle, is a species rare in the U.S.. but common Akir'-trap, n. A contrivnce for expelling foul air relics, and doors of bronze. Aix-la-Chapelle once pos- in Europe. Its leaves are somewhat excitant, and exert from drains, &c. Z sessed a much more extensive trade than it has at an influence on the urinary organs. Air'-tuab, n. See SrexeL VESSELS. present. This decline has been caused by the spring- ju'geme, n. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, ord. Lamiacece. Air'-vessel, n. A vessel, cell, or duct, containing or in0 mp of other rival seats of industry all arounid it. Ajuirn'uoca, a town in the prov. of Minas Geraes, Brazil, conducting air. af Woollee cloth, lersysymeres, pins, needles, hat, 117 m. N. of Rio Janeiro, on the Ajuruoca river. Pop. (Physiol.) 5 SPAL zS. and Prussian blue. Founded.A. D. 125 by Severus Gra- of town and district, abt. 12,000. Air'y, a. Composed of air; as, the aiy parts of bodies, niUs, a Roman general, uinder the name ofAqueisqrantam. Aj'utage, n. [Fr.] A kIind of tube fitted to themouth Beoninorrelatin Comose ohe air; asheg aiy pairts ofe bodis Belonging or relating to the air; high in air; open om Aix avs the fievorite residence of Charlemagne. The or aperture of a vessel, through which water is to be ~~~exposed to the air. ~emperors of Germany were once crowned hlere; and, as discharged;-a part of the apparatus of an artificial founThere are he not strager t the airy regin.-Bye. long as the Germanic empire lasted, this city cleaimed tain, or jet d'eamm. the privilege of being the place of coronation, as it was Ak'abah, GumPH OF, the Sinus Elaniticus of antiquity, -Light as air; thin; umnsbstantiesi; witeout solidity. also the proper residence of the emperor. The name of so called from the port of Elana or Elath, is a deep narI heold ambition of so airy a quality, -hat it is bat a shadow's Aix, or Aachen, is evidently derived from the springs, row inlet, uniting with the N.E. extremity of the Red ~shabsdow.'"~-,~Sek. ~for which the place has been always famous. The hot sea. It extends in N.N.E. direction fi-o 280 to 290-WVitimost reality; witheout any steady foundation in truth sgprimes have a temperature of about 1430 Fahrenmheit, 32' N. lat.; being, where broadest, 16 or 17 miles across, or nature; vain; trifling.. and contain a large portion of sulphur. These waters Being exposed to sudden and heavy squalls, and encunew~ith empey meanS, sad stel estinse, O~y.' —Rossemmsn. are used both for bathing and dr'inking. In 1068, a bered in parts with coral reefs, its navigation is not a — Gay; sprightly; full of mirth; vivacious; spirited; light treaty of peace was concluded at Aix between Fraence little daengerous. It takes its modern name from thie of heart. and Spainl. In 1748 a congress was held in it, between cn tle of Akabah, where is deposited, under lhe guard (Paint.) Living; an effect produced by the proper dis- France, England, Holland. Austria, Spain, Sardinia and of some Egyptian soldiers, the corn for the suieply of the tribution of light in a franme. Modena, in order to adj unt the political interests of these caravans, in their journey firom Catiro to Meccae. Aia'gy, G~EORGE BmeeDru,L, an English astronomer, born at powers, wvich had suffered from a war arising out of Ak'antioul, n. (Mimi.) A mineral, variety of the Alnwick, 1801. The management of the Cambridge the failure of the male branch of the house of Austria, gen. Epidote. Observatory was intrusted to him in 1828. Fellow of by the death of Cheerles VI. in 1740. A treaty was con- Akl'ber, or Aa'nsa, (i. ~., the great,) properly JELAL, the Royal Society, correspondent member of the French cluded between all the powers, stipulating thee indepen- EO-DIN-MonAasMzD, emperor of Hindostan, was born in Institute, and other foreign scientific bodies, Mr. Airy deuce of Switzerland, the free navigation of the Rlhine, 1542, at Amerkota, in the great sandy desert east of the has deservedly obtained the reputation of being one of the security of the Protestant succession in England, Indus. At the death of his father, the Mogul emperor AKIS ALAB ALAB 49 Fumayun, he succeeded him in the government of Delhi, Ak'ka, a town in the Sahara, on the borders of Morocco, Its agricultural value soon attracted an Anglo-Amerf. in the 14th year of his age, 1556. Feeling diffident on and a caravan station between Timbuctoo and Morocco. can emigration, in the mass of which the original account cf his youth and inexperience, he conferred the Lat. 280 30' N.; Lon. 00 10' W. French element was absorbed. A. was incorporated temporary dignity of K/an Caba (i. e., regent or pro- Akinetchet, or A)rKEDsmoD. See SMn. nrOPOL. first with Georgia, and afterward with the Mississippi tector)onhis minister Beyram Khan. His great talents Ak'mite, s. (Min.) See AcMITE. territory, in 1802. During the years 1813, 1814, it was were early developed. He fought with distinguished Aknee', adv. On the knee. harassed by the attacks of the Indians, who were revalor against his foreign foes, and was very successful in Akk'ootan, an active volcano and island in the North duced to submission by General Jackson, and have since his wvars. Nevertheless, in an attempt to subjugate the Pacific, one of the Aleutian groups, 3,332 feet in emigrated W. of the Mississippi. In 1819 it was admitAfghan mountain districts which encircle the plain of height. ted into the Union as a separate State, and since that Pes-hawer, his army, commanded by Zein iKhan Koka, Akrabsbim. (Anc. Geog.) A pass near the country of time its population has rapidly increased. A. seceded was completely defeated by the Yoosoofzyesor Ensofzies, the Ammonites, where Judas Maccabeus gained a great on the 11th of January, 1861. In 1867 a convention, the most powerful of the Afghan tribes in this direction, victory over the Edomites (1 Me. v. 3.) It is said to be nominated in pursuance of the Acts of Congress on reA. D. 1591. Though compelled, by conJinued commo- the line of chalk cliffs, seven or eight miles long, which construction, met at Montgomery, and framed a constitions, to visit the different provinces of his empire at cross the Arabah from N.W. to S.E., six or eight miles tution, which was adopted without opposition ofimpor, the head of his army, he loved the sciences, especially from the Dead Sea. tance, the Democrats holding that the whole reconstruchistory, and was indefatigable in his attention to the Akrey'ri, a Danish tow-n, on the Eyianfiord, Iceland, tion was illegal and worthless. — Description. A. would internal administration of his empire. He instituted has a good harboer, and is, after Ryskiavik, the most im- form a rectangle, if Florida did not occupy the largest inquiries into the population, the nature and produc- portant place Iobr trade in Iceland. Lat. 650 40' N. part of its coast-line, leaving only to it about 60 m. of tions of each province. fhe results of his statistical Akronl', in New York, a village of Erie co., 268 m. W. sea-coast on the Gulf of Mexico. The Allegheny mounlabors were collected by his minister, Abul Fazl, in a of Albany, on Muddy creek. tains terminate in the N.E. part of the State, subsiding work entitled Ayeen Akberi, printed in English, at Akrol', in Ohio, the chief town of Summit co., at the into low hills. From the N. the surface gradually deCalcutta, 1783-86, 3 vols., and reprinted in London. A. junction of the Ohio and Erie, and Ohio and Pennsyl- clines toward the coast, which is depressed and level, died, after a reign of 49 years, in 1017 (1604, A. D.) His vania canals, 38 m. S. of Cleveland. By a succession of with hilly country in the centre. The limited sea-coast splendid sepulchral monument still exists near Agra, locks, the 0. and E. canal rises suddenly at Akron to the is broken by Mobile bay, a beautiful sheet of water, 30 with the simple inscription, Akbar the Admirable. Portage Sumnmit. A. is a flourishing place; thereare 4 m. long, and firom 3 to 18 broad, with depth of 25 feet banks, and important manaf. of agricultural implenments. on the extreme bar at low tide. The southward defiecPop. 10,253. tion of the general level causes the rivers to run in the Ak'serai, a town of Turkey in Asia, Karamania, 90 same direction. These are numerous, and of very miles N.E. of Koneieh; paop. about 10,000. considerable length and volume, the principal being: Ak'.shehr, (the White City,) a town of Turkey in Alabama, Tombigbee, Mobile, Black Warrior, Coosa, Asia, Karamania. Lat. 380 13' N.; Lon. 310 30' E. It Tallapoosa, Tennessee, Chatahoochee, Perdido, Cahawba, is situated near the S. extremity of a considerable lake, and Conecuh, q. v. --'The soil varies with the geographat the foot of a mountain chain, ic a rich and well ical locality and elevation. The mountain region of the watered country. It is mentioned in Turkish annals as N. is well suited to grazing and stock-raising, and is the place where Bajazet was confined by Timour, and interspersed with valleys of excellent soil. The unduwhere he expired. P'op. about 5,000. lating surface in the river bottoms is highly charged Alksoo, AKSOJ, or AKmoS, a little town in Chinese Tur- with fertilizing elements, resting generally on a soft -— _ ~ kistan. Lat. 410 7' N.; Lon. 790 E. limestone rock, abounding in shells. The valley of the ~' ~~~~~~4.4~~~Akl'su, a district of Little Bukharia, bounded on the N. A. river is one of the richest on the continent. The / if~~~; ~~~by the mountains of Allak, with a cap. of the sauce removal of the canebrakes of Marengo and Greene co. /.,I:~~~I ~~~~.name. Lat. 410 9' N. Pap. about 150,000. has disclosed soil of unsurpassed quality. Toward the Ak'su, (White River,) the name of several rivers in Asia, the chief of which runs through Chinese Tur- kestan. i Ak'tagh, a mountain range of Asiatic Turkey, between the parallels of 390 and 400 N. -Also a mountain of /i ~: ~ Anatolia, near the sources of the Rhyndacus and the Hermus. Alt. 8,000 ft. Alk'teboli, or AGOTHAPOLs, a small port of European Turkey, on the Black sea, 69 m. from the entrance of,<:. the Bosphorus. Let. 420 4' N.; Lou. 270 59, E. Ak wanhbu, or AGUAemo, a State of Guinea, on tlie Rio Volta, to the N. of Aquapim. Aklzib, or AcHzeB, a town of Syria, on the coast, 9 m. N. of Acre; supposed to be the Ac4di3ppa or.Ecd2 ppon of Pliny and Josephus.,o Ak'yab, a maritime town of India, cap. of the prov.'(~ """~~~~~ ~Arracan, to the E. of the island of Akyab, beyond the Ganges. Lat. 200 8' N.; Lon. 92c 51 E. Its harbor is._ safe. Al-, a form of the Latin prefix ad, to, used before 1, for.... -. =_~__ ~ avoiding the hard sound of the two consonants dl; as, F~g. 61. -Yoos ~-m N ~alluderefor adluder-e. Fi. 64. - YOOSOOiYE. — K )INGDOM 0Or CABOC0L. — The Arabian definite article answering to the. It is,[e', n. and v. See Ace,. often applied to a word by way of eminence, as in Atkee' Fruit, n. The fruit of the Brighia or Cupania Greek the letter o. The Arabs express the superlative sapida. Its succulent arillus is irsed as food. by adding God thereto, as the mountain of God for the A'k1esssisle, MARK, an English poet and plysician, the highest mountain; and it is probable that al relates to son of a butchler, born at New Castle-on-Tyne, 1721. In the word Alla, God: so, Alchemy may te the Chemistry 1711 he published his Pleasures of Imagination, a poem of God, or the more exalted perfection of chemical Fig. 66.- PRICKLY PEARI, (Opuntia vulg.) which at once attained celebrity, and proved him a true science. poet. D. in Londom, 1770. -A Saxon prefix used as a contraction of the word ct, Very con ud the cty b AXkerman, and AKERMANN, the anc. Tyras, a f',rtified noble, or of the word alt or ild, old, coast the vegetation becomes decidedly tropical. Oaks town of Russia in Europe, Bessarabia, near the junctmon A/la, n.; pl. ALM. [Lat., a e in great variety, poplars, hickories, chestnuts, and mul, of the Dniester with the Blaclk sea, Let. 460 12' N.; Lon. wing.] (Bat.) A wing, ap-,,, berries cover the northern and central parts of the 300 24' E. Pep. 19,076. As the basin of the Dniester plied to the lateral petals of State, while ic the S. the pins, cypmess, and loblolly aem has only from 5 to 7 feet water, the larger class of vessels a papilionaceous flower; - the prevailing species. — Clintate. Though A. reaches anchor in the Black sea, about 16 meilos from town. In to membranous appendages not fitr from 70 of the torrid zone, the thermometer ex1826 was concluded in A., between Russia and Turkey, a of the fruit, as in the en \.... ceeds seldom 900. The mean temperature, as the result treaty by which Wallachia, Moldavia, and Servia were or of theseed, as in pines. of the observations of ten years at Mobile, 1850-1860, emancipated from all but a nominal dependence on the (Anal.) The armnpit; so is. in the spring, 66-87; in the sunemr 79-00; in the Ottoman Porte. Pop. about 26,000. called because it answvers to atun 6627; and in the winter 5243; which gives Akhi~sar', the anc. Thyatira, a town of Turkey in the pit under the wing of afor te year an average of 6614. The frit-trees blosao h year an average of 66'14. Thes fruit-trees biosAsia, Anatolia, 58 miles N.E of Smyrna, on the direct bird. som between the middle of January and slet of March, road between Constantinople and Smyrina.'xp., cotton Alls, a small town of the according to the elevation of the place. Snow neither goods. Pop. 6,000. Tyrol, on tie Adige, ablt. 8 falls deep nor lies long; the rivers are never frozen over, Akhlat', a town of Turkey in Asia, Kurdistan, on the miles S. of Roveredo; poo. F 6 lowland are unhety near the rivers, but in the p. Fig. 65.'The lowlands are unhealthy near the rivers, but in the shore of lake Van, formerly a place of great importance, 4,820. L OF WE elevated country the climate is salubriousnd delightful, known under the name Argish; but now'greatly de- Aaleba, or ALAVA, a dist sarict owd eihiETPEA cayed. Lat. 380 35 N.; Lon. 410 22 E. Pop. 6,000. of Spain, cap. Vittoria, district the heat of the summer being tempered by the breezes L~tt.3SO 5/ N; Zo. 41 22/E. Pp. 600P. of Spain, cap. ~ittor~ia, in (a, aloe, the wings~; e, vexilium, the banner; b carina, the from the Gulf. - finerals. The central region is underAMki, n. (Bet.) The native appellation for the Lignum the Province of Biscay, and keel; c, the calyx.) laid by vast beds of iron ore, alternating with rich coal vitae of New Zealand, belonging to the ord. Myrtacee. It once the seat of a kiingdom. measures of great extent. The juxtaposition of these affords valuable timber, used by civilized races in many Alabalina, one of the Southern States of the United minerals favors mining operations, and the processes of of the peacelii arts, and by the South-Sea Islanders to States of America, bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Geor- preparing iron for market. Lead, manganese, ochies, form their terrible clubs. gia, S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, W. by Missis- and marbles are found in ditferent localities, and evem A ]kim'bo, a. [From a and ttisnbo.] Crooked; arched.- sippi. It lies between 30 10' and 350 N. lat., and between gold is reported. - Mineral waters. Salt, sulphur, and An arm is said to be aksimbo when the hand is on the 850 and 88~ 30Q W. lon. Its extreme length from N. to chalybeate springs are of frequent occurrence. Tie hip, and the elbow turned ouetwaerd. S. is 336 m., and its breadth ranges friom 148 to 200 m. sulphur waters of Blount's springs attract annually a Akin', a. [From a and kin.] Related to; allied to by Area, 50,722 sq. m., or 32,462,080 ac-es. - History. The great number of visitors. -- Agricltaare. In 1868,.A. hbsd blosd; -- used of persons. name A.is derived fromu the aboriginal language, and sig- 13,357,535 acres of wild land; 12,718,825 acres in farmess, "Ieould wish that being thy sister in nature, I were not so far nifies, "liaere we rest." The first white men that set but unimproved; and only 6,385,720 acres improved in off akin in fortune.' - Sib'dneey. foot upon the soil of this State were the adventurers farms, whicel is less than one fifth of the whole, and it — Allied to by nature; paertaking of tIe same properties; — under De Soto in their famous march to the Mississippi. is certain that on this portion of ground said to be irnused of things. They found the aborigines a formidable obstacle, evinc- proved, hlardly three fifths are in a staste of real csiltiva-'lHe distinguishes it from questions which may be akin to it." ing a more intelligent manhood and higher social organ- tion. Tihe number of farms is 55,128, which gives an Watts. ization tean the other Indian tribes further north. The average of 346 acres per farce. Up to the 30th of June, Akihska', or AKOHa.L'ZItH, a town of Russia in Asia, first settlement wass made by the French, under Bieu- 1867, there remained in A. 9,727,356 acres, of which the Georgia, on an affluent of tIee iour; 115 miles W. of Tiflis. ville, who built a fort on Mobile bay in 1702. Ninee Governnmnnt lead not disposed of by sale or otherwise. — Lat. 310 45' N.; Lois. 430 1' E. It was formerly the cap. years afterward the present site of Mobile was occupied. Cotton is the great staple product, but sugar-cane is of a Turlkish pachalik, and the seat of the slave-trade. The peace of 1763 transferred to the British crown all cultivated on the neck between Mississippi and Florida, Pop. about 15,000, two-thh'ds Armenians. the territory N. of the Gulf and E. of the Mississippi. and indigo has been produced in considerable quantity VOL. I. —'T 50 ALAB ALAC ALAM The following table of the principal farm crops for the Alaba'ma, RAILMOADS.-(A2labama and Florida.) Line plain in this co., nearly 25 m. in breadth and 50 in cir. year 1867 will show their relative importance: from Montgomery, Ala., to Pollard, Ala., 114 miles. cunmference, known as A. Savannah, which is supposed Capital stock, $951,300, lunded debt, $1,537,100;-Total to discharge its waters by an underground passage into Products. Amount of Avg. yield Number of $2,488,400. Addr'es, Montgomery, Ala. lake Orange. Pop. 8,232. Products. crop. per acre. acres. -(Alabamna and Mississippi River.) See SELMA AND Muns- Alacak', intej. [A corruption of alas.] Alas; an exDIAN. clanliation expressing sorrow. Indian corn...bushels... 35,500,000 16.2 2,191[358 -(Alabama and Tennessee River.) See SELMA, ROME, and Alack'aelay, intej. [For alas the day.] An exclamaWheat.............do....... 951,000 7.8 122307 DALTON. tioni noting sorrow and meltncholy. Rye..................do....... 42,0030 7.9 5316 Alaba'ma, in Louisiana, a small bayou in Iberville Al'acoque, MArUcr TE MAdE, a French nnn,. at Oats................ 010...... 597,000 11.7 51,025 parish, communicating at high water with the Atcha- Lautheco'r, diocese of Autnn, 1617, D. 1690. It is said Barley.............do...... 8,000 14.4 555 falaya. that she had the gift of miracles, prophecy, revelation, uckwheat....... do............................................... Alaba'ma, in New York, a post-township of Genesee and direct intercourse with God and the angels. The Potatoes........... do...... 482,000 72.4 6,057 co., on the Tonawanda creek, 263 miles W. of Albany; festival of the Sacred Heart of Jesus owes to her its Tobacco.........pounds... 321,000 600 35 pop. 3,000. origin. ~~ 35 pop. 3,000. ~~~~~~~~~origin. Hay................ tons..... 92,030 1 92000 Allabal'na, in Texas, a post-village of Houston co., on Alacra'lies Isslasnds, a cluster in the Gulf of Mexico, - Trinity river, about 17 miles S.W. of Crocket. the proximity of which is generally avoided by naviga Total....................................... 2,469,753 -a village of Leon co., on Trinity river, about 60 m. N.N. tors. Lat. 220 23' 1i" N.; Lon. 890 42' W. E. of Wasbington. Aca'rify, v. a. [Lat. alacof, lively,andgfacere,to make.] -a creek, called also Big Sandy, which drains the S.W. To rouse to action; to excite; to inspirit.- Wet ster The vidlue of the bushel, pound or ton, as stated in the part of Tyler co., and unites with the Neches, 15 m. Alae'rions, a. [Lat. alacris.] Lively. (o.) above table. is: for Ind. corn, $0.79; wheat, $2.05; rye, above Beaumont. Alade'rious sly, adv. Cheerfully. (o.) $1.63; oats, $0.87; barley,$.96; potatoes, $J).59; tobacco, Al'abaster, or ELEUTUERIA, one of the Bahama or Alac'rity, n. [Lat. alacritas.] Cheerfilness; quickness; $0.34; hay, $20.00. Total value of crops for the year Lucaya Islands. readiness; compliance; willingness. The idea of alacrity 1867, $32,837,750. —The production of cotton, which wa Allabaster, n. [Gr. alabastron.] (Min.) A delicate is coinolnd, implying both physical and mental or 997,998 bales in 1860, was only 285,000 in 186S, a decrease white soft kiind of nmarble, used for ornamental purposes. moral activity, ant is by usage almost entirely restricted of more than 60SO per cent.- In 1868, the total numnber There are two kinds of alabaster: 1. A S/alagonite, or to the ready performance of the wishes or comnands of and value of live stock wa.: 82,591 horses, $5,976.284; carbonate of linme, so much valued on account of its another. 79,3)1 mules, $6,681,109; 221,979 oxen and other cattle, translucency, atnd for its variety of colored streaing, l t, a river of tena, running S, and nearly $2,199,811: 170,982 milch cows, $3,334,149; 257,151 sheep, redl, yellow, gray, &c. 2. A Gypsum, or hydrous sul- oil tile 86th meridias, into the N. side of tie lake of $453,228; 655,380 hogs, $2,482,251. Total value of live phiate of litme. It is easy to ascertain of which of the Nicaragua. stock, $21,126,832. -- The general decrease of crops and two Ikinds a vessel is composed; for carbonate of lime is Alaag i, a lofty uountain chaie in Asiatic Turkey, wealth is tihe natural consequence of the civil war and hard, and effervesces if it be touched by a strong acid; between lat. 30~ and 400 N. and lon 300 and 4-140 E. On of the uncertain transition state resulting firom thie but sulphate. of lime does not effervesce, and is so soft its N. side Eastern Euphrates takes its rise. abolition of slavery. It is to be said, also, that in A., that it maoy be scratched with the nail. The term ALADAGH, 0 moontoin range in Asatolia, N.W. of Angora. as in the neighborinmg Gulf States, an imjurious cultiva- alabaster is now generally applied to thile softer stono. It exte.ds betveen tie Ischik Digh On tie N. E. and tion of cotton, tobacco, and other heavy staples, Ihas This last, when pure, is a beautiful semini-transparent the Sangarius Valley, on tihe S. and W. somewhat exhausted the fertility of portions ofl the land. snow-white sbstnce, easily woe ito ves, aps, Alada, a cluster ofislandse, in tie Merguk Archipelago, Tillage and rotation of crops will remedy thie mischief, and various other ornaments. Alobaster may bebronb ed Boy of' Beigal. It is known also as tie Aldine Islands and restore thie elements of productiveness. The State by coating it once or twice with size, and touching Alad'inist, a. A free-thinker among the Mohommmedpossesses elements which promise a bright future, and it withl a bronze powder, of which nmany different varie- anis. The uname conmies fi'omn Aladin, a learned divine unwhen the system of labor shaoll be finally adjusted, A. will ties are mnanufioctured. By a judicious use of bronzing, der Malhomet II. rise op to its former state of growing prosperity. —lndus- very pleasing effects may be produced in an allabaster Alvea. (lylh.) A surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. try. Till snow, A. has devoted alnost its etirle strengtlh statuette. Ahlbaster may be cleaned, by washing with Her festivals mre also colled Ah a. n~ ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~e fsoials a r. e polisohaled, Aa to agriculture. Its manufacture s are comparatively of so ap nd warmi water, and rinsing. It imay be polished, Alke'i, a number of islands in thie Persian gulf, aboundlittie importance. According to tihe census of 1860, thmre i by rtubbing it with driedc shave-grass, then with a paste ing ho tortoises. were in the State, 14,509 mnoufacturi ng establishnments, of lime and water, and lastly with powdered taolc. It A la F'raneaise. [Fr.] After the French manner or employing 7889 persons, consuning s raw material worth may be Ihardened, by coating tihe surface with a mixture fashion. $5,489.963, producing goods to the volue of $10,588,571, of plaster of Par'is and gumn-amabic; or by heating, cool- Al'aghey, a mountain range and volcano of Armenia, annually. Tile capital invested was in total, $9,008,181. ing, steeping ins water, drying, and polishing. It may in tie huohin of Araxes. Loftiest sunmoits, 13,628 feet r, above~~~~~~~i the plevel of Arxs othes s um i s 36lea. A very considerable tbreign and domestic commerce has be stained by tile same matemials and in the same way ove the level of the sea. its seat at Mobile, which will increase with the develop- as marble. It smay be cemented, when broken, by a Ala'goa, a dhstrict mnd town on the south shore of the ment of the State. -Up to Dec. 31, 1858, tiherse were in mixture of quicklimne and white of egg. Andt lastly, it island St. Michael, one of tie Azores. Pop. of district, A. 851 mniles of railroad completed. may be etched, by covering it with an etching-ground about 8.000. Counties and Towns.-The State is diviided into the 03 composed of white wax, white lead, and oil of turpen- Ala'goas, a province of Brozil, between 90-100 S. lon., following counties: tine, and proceeding in tihe customary method of tihe and 360-38~ 30, W. lat. Areat, 9,000 sq. m. Up to etching process. The finest sort of A. is obtained fromo 1840, it formed a part of Pternambuco. It is a mounAutauga, Colbert, Jones, Pickens, ualterra, i Tuoscany. - See Au ABASTRUM. tainous country, and well-wooded over two-thirds of its Baidne, Couecu, Lauderdale, Pe, ia, Alabas trian, a. Pertainming to, or like, alabaster. surface. Irod., tobacco, cotton, sugar, rice, rmaize, planBaldwin, Coosa, Lawrence, Randolph, iarbour, Covington, Lee, Russell, Alabas'tlruin, n.; pl. AIBASTRA. [Lat.] An alabas- tains, beans pineupples, oranges, ard coconmmts. The Bibb, Crenshaw, Limestone. Sanford, ter vase for perfumes; so called from the town of Egypt, Manmona-tree is cultivated for its oil, and the timber-trees Blount, Dale, Lowdes, Shelby, Alabastrninm, where there appears to havoe obeen a nmallu- of A. are the best in B'razil. Other trees produce omasBullock, Dallas, Macon, St. Clair, factory of small vessels or pots, made of a stone found tic, caoutchouc, copaiba, dragon's-blood, and ipecactuanha. Butler, De Kalb, Miadison, Sumter, -daly o.bout 200,000, and chiefly agricultural. Calhoun, Elmore, Marengo, Talladega, in themountains near the town. These vessels, o rinrily Pp bout 200, d chiefly agri tual. Chaumbers, Fayette, Marion, Tallapoosa, of a tapering shape, amd often without hoandles, were erm- ALA'GOAS, capital of the above province, on the Western Cherokee, Franklin, Marshall, Tuscaloosa, margin of the lake of Manguaba. It is situated ii a ferChoctaw, Greene, Mobile, Walker,.tile district, producing large quantities of sugar and ~laiborne, Hale, M{ounroe, Washington, Clialo~rke, Paloenry~, M~ta~nces, Wu~ict~onx~, tobacco. Lat. 90 40' S.; Lon. 350 50' WV. Iop. 12,tu0. Clarke, Henry, Montgomlery, Wrilcox, Clay, Jackson, organ, on y Winston. A lagon, a river in Spain, prov. Estremnadura. It deCluy, Jackson, Morean, Wlinston E Coffee, Jefferson, Perry, cends fror the Sierra d'Estrells, flows through the 1-, ~ ~~ ~plains of Placencia, and joins the Tagus, above Alcanotara, The principal towns are Mobile, thie chief seat of coio- _ after a course of 70 m. merce; Montgomeroy, the seat of government; Selnma, A la Greque [Fr.] (Aoch.) A term applied to one Marion, Tuscaloosa, Cahawba, Huntsville, Florence, of the varieties of the oranment called the fret, used in Wetuimpika, Blakely, Jacksonville, and WVest Point. — cormices, floors, and other works. Education. Time State University is located at Tuscaloosa. o lAlain, JOH,, a Danish tauthor, who wrote On the Origin In 1860, A. had 17 colleges, 1,903 public schools. There qf the Cimbrsi, and other subjects. B. 1569; D. 1630. were also 395 libraries, 36 of which were puiblic.-Reli- A lain C(Jartier, a French writer, who produced sevgion. A. has 1,875 churches, of which 805 belong to the eral pieces, the most esteenmed of which is his Chron'/ icle Baptists; 22, to the Christians; 67, to the Cunmbemmrland q of C/harles VIL, to whom hoe was secretary. Flourished Presbyterians; 34, to time Episcopalians; 777, to tise at the beginning of the 14tlh century. Methodists; 135, to tise Presbyterians; 9, to the Itoman Al'liasn de i'lsle', surnamed tile nirversal doctor; a Catholoics: 17, to thie Unlionists; and the rest to the Firee- divine of geat reputation in the tniversity of Paris. D. Will Baptists, Universalists, and other sects.-Public,, 1294. Ihis workrs were printed in 1658, folio. Institutions. The prinucipal are the University at Tusca- Allais, tie anc. Alesia, a towr of France, cap. of arrond., loo(,sa; the State Penitentiary ot Wetumplka, and tile department of the Gard, oni thie Gardon, at tihe fbot of Blind Asylum, at Mobile.-Goveranesnt. Tihe Governor tihe Covennes, 25 m. N.W. of Nismes. Lat. 470 7~ 22" N.; is elected for two years by the people; the Senate con- Lon. 30 4 25" E. - Itibos, silk tockings, and sists of 33 somemoter's electedl lou' 4 years, asod the Hloumo 1Lss. 30' 4~2"H atu.Iibnsi tcigai ~sists of 33 h ~belrs~ elected for 4 years, and the Io~se of gloves. There are mines of iron and coal in the vicinity. Repre'sentatives of 100 menmbers elected fbr 2 years. TheV During tile religious wars of France, thie inhablitoants j ndici:ury consists, —lst, of a Supreme Court, composed of Fig' o67.- e BrSThA VuSSEumS. were distinguished by their attachment to the Protestant one chief antd four associate judges; 2d, of a Court of (From the uritish Museum) party. Chancery, composed of tlhree chancellors, elected, as tihe ployed for containing certain kinds of perfumes used by Alaju ne'la, a town of Costa 11lica, Central America, situmembers of the Suipreme Court, by tihe legislature, for 6 the ancients in their toilets, and with which it was the ate to the S. of Castago. Pop. with environs, 8,000. years; 3d, of nine circuit courts; 4th, of the City Court of custom to anoint the heads of their guests, as a mark of Allakan'datLa, a river of IIindostan, considered sacreud MIobile, elected by time people for6 years.-Debts. Up to distinction, at their feasts. There are in IHorce many by tile Hiindoos. It rises ii the I linamlaya miountaisnhs, Nov. 1,1867, the deltsofthe State amountedto$4,375,110. allusions to this custom. In like muannemr, Mary, thie flows through tise province of Gurwal, and at DevapraPopulation. In 1860, the pop. of A. was 961,201, of whiclh sister of Lazarus, poured upon the hiead of our Saviour, yuga unites with the Bhagirathi, when it receives the 437,762 colored. In density ofpnp. it was then the 20th as he sat at suppor, "very precious, ointisent" Iromn an namse of thie Ganges. in rank in the Union, having 1,9-1 inhabitants to the alubaster box. Ala'la. (Myth.)'Tihe goddess of war, sister to Mars. squaoore mile. Actual pp o,,pbout 1,200,000. Al'a.l)at, one of the lesser Philippines. H. of Luzon; lot. lAia b iim. (Anc. Geog.) A town of Corsica, built by a A&labrs'iL,, a river in time above Stats. It is formed by 1s - N.; Lon. 122~ 13' E. colony of Phmoceans. L. C. Scipio destroyed it in the fim~st time juctio att M-tontgomeryof the twovoivers Coos aan d IAl'abes, n. (Zeoal.) A gen. of fishmes, ord. M~alacop- Punic war, m. c. 502. TmlslapImouosa. It receives the watters of the Cahoawba, and, teu'ygii, Ilm. Apodes. It consists of a single species of Al'aiite, so. (Mlin.) A variety of Pyroxene, q. v. It flossing S S.W. unites with time Tomluighee, 45 us. above smsoll size, a native of time Itodian ocean, resemnbling time occuors in broad, righot-angled prisms, of a clear green.' Mobile buoy, to form the river Mobil's. The A. is navi- conramon Conger-eel (Maurcensca). Alaua ncee, in N. Caoro/ina, a northmern county, so gable frolnm above its junction with the Tomnbtighee, by Al'aclnuas, in Flou'ida, a N.XV. county, so naomed from named Irons the creelt Aolamance, which unites there with vessels draovwing 6 feet, 00 m. to Claitborne; fioum Chduborsse a groassy and sandy plain in it. It is lounded on the N. the river ilasv. It 00000 foroned in 1848 wioh a part of to time nmouth of the Calhawba, 150 m., it has from 4 to 5 by the Sasta se river, utnd on the S. by Sumvonee river, Orange co. Area, abt. 100 sq. m. Suirfce nndulating; feet wvter; mnd froms Caohmawba to its heood-bratnches it Imas nuod coutouinus some ponds and a part of the laite Oronge. soil fletile. CGtp. Gralham. o/s. 11,852. It is crossed by about 3 feet, but it is subject to great alternations of Time sirfoitce is generally level and the soil fertile. Area the Central railrooad. depth according to the season and the rains. about 1000 sq. m.; cap. Newnanmville. There is a marshy AIasna'ss so. (Bsl.) A genus of plants, omd.Om'chidace ALAN ALAR ALAS Alamlia'lnes, a statuary of Athens, and a disciple of Alapalsa', in Gergia, a river flowing into the Suwanllee. Alar'ka, in N. Carolina, a post-office of Macon co. Phidias. -Also, a post-village of Lowndes co., 262 miles S. of Mil- Alarm', n. [Fr. alarmne, fronm It. all'arme, a: cry "tC At-lanstlanill'. See ALEMANNI. ledogeville. arms."] A sudden surprise occasioning fear or terror;A'l.[nan, t.aRLL Do) Las, a Mexican town in the depart- A la Pol-aceCa. (Mlus.) See POLACCA. an outcry intimating the approach of danger; —a me mnent of Sonora, 135 In. N. of Sinaloa. Pop. abt. 8,000. Al'aqua, in Fiorida, a post-village of Walton co., about chianical contrivance for rousing persons from sleep; a Alame'da, in Cd'dfornia, a county forming the E. 125 in. AV. by N. of Tallahassee, onil a small river of tihe reveille. shore of San Francisco baty. Area, about 800 sq. min., s;ame name, which flows into Choctawatchee bay. (Mil.) The apprehension of being attacked, or the neatrly equally divided between mountains, valleys, and A'lar, a. [Lat. alaris, from ala, wing.] Looking as, or notice given of a sudden attack, as by firing a rifle. &c.; plains. The Contra Costa and MNonte Diablo ranges having, wings. a war-cry, cross this county from N. to S. The valleys and plains A'lara, a town in the Island of Majorca, 12 m2 from Alarrin', v. a. [Fr. alarseer.] To call to armis at the apare covered with a rich loany soil; 125,000 acres are Palma. Near it there are quarries of excellent marble. proach of a sudden danger. - To frighten with the apunder cultivation. - Principal town, Oakland; county Pop. 4,000. prehension of any danger. seat, San Leandro. About 2 m. fionm the old mission of AIlaraf. [Ar.] The name given by Mahlomnetans to the Alalrmn-l ell, n. A bell which is rung for giving notice San Jose, near tihe banks of the Agua Caliente (hot wa- wall which they say divides heaven and hell. of any danger, fire, &c. teor creek, are the Alamedat wart springs. The fine Aliar'con, JUAN Ruiz I)E, a Spanish dramatic writer, Alarm'-clock, n. A clock which has a particnular clir.tate and pleasant surroundings of the place render who lived about the middle of the seventeenth century. ringing at a given hour. it cne of the most popular resorts in the neighborhood Though an author of great merit and well-deserved repu- Alarmnl' Fork, in Alissouri, a village of Oregon co., 15 of Sin Francisico. -A4lameda creek, which gives its name tation, very little is known of his life. It is by the Ver- mi. S. of Tlhonmasvile. to tile Pounmty, rises in the Monte Diablo range, and dad sospechosa (suspicious truth) that he is best known Alarn'l-gUusi, n. A gun fired to give notice of a sudden empties, near Unionville, into San Fraancisco bay. to us. Corneille, who trianslated it into French under attack. AhAME'DA, a town in the above county, near the San the title of Le Menteur, speaks of it in tile highest terms. Alarsn'ing, p. a. [From alarmf.] Terrifying; awakenLe:andro crel, 7 nm. S. of Oakland, on thie edge of a fer- Molire in one of his letters to Boileau, says~that hlie is ing; as, an alarming message. tile and well cultivated plain. Pop. about 500. greatly indebted to La Verdad sospechosa. A. is un- Alalrln'ingly, ade. In an alarming manner. Alaine'da, in New Mexico territory, a town of Berna- doubtedly one of the best dratmatic writers of tihe genu- Alarm'ist, n. [Fr. alairmiste.] One who is easily lillo co., on the Rio Grande, 6 m. N. of Albuquerque. ine Spntish school. alarmed at the first whisper of bad news, who industriPop. 649. AlarssOlla, n.. (Bot.) A genus of plants, ord. Aster- ously circulates it, and exaggerates its probable conseAlasni're, n. [Formed of the names of notes a la mi re.J acece or Compositece. quences. (Mus.) An Italian method to determine the key of A, iAlares, the name given by the Ronemans to a kind of (Polit.) One who fears any change of policy, or alterby its domiantm and subdominant, A E D. In the Gui- militia; or, according to some, to the cavalry stationed ation of received forms. donian scale of music, a-la-mi-roe is the octave above a-re, at time two wings, or akle, of the army. Alarnl'm.-post, n. (Mil.) A place where a body of men or A in the first space in the base. Al'arlc I., king of the Visigoths; the least barbarous are ordered to appear at the first alarn. Al'asno, in California, a post-village of Contra Costa co., of all the conquerors who ravaged the Roman empire, Alarsn'-watch, n. A watch mmade so as to call atten13 miles S E. of Martinez. and the first of them who gained possession of imperial tion st ay given tune by rapid strolkes. Al'lano, inl Indiana. a post-village of Montgomery co., Rome. Under his guidance, the Visigoths, tihe division Ala'rumn, v. a. and a. [Corrupted from alarm.] The 55 us. W. by N. of Indiammpolis. of the Gothic nation to which he belonged, issued from sase as alas-e, but only in the sense of awakenimg atAl'asno, in Afichigan, a post-township of Kalam;azoo co., Thrace, where they had been settled, and overran Greece, tention in case of danger. (o.) 70 m. W.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. abt. 1,800. A. D. 396. Alaric took Athens, but he was soon corn- Al'ary, n. [From Let. ala, a wing.] Of the nature of a Alamo'. in Texas. See SAN ANTONIO. polled by Stilicho to evacuate that country, and to re- wsng. Alasnodel', adv. and a. [Fr. d la mnode.] After the turn into Epirns. About the year 398, Alaric, on tihe Alas', intesj. [A. S. eala; Fr. heleas.] An exclamation exfashion. ground of his high military character, was proclaimed pressing lamentation, pity, sorrow, or concern. (Cooking.) Alamode beef, a piece of beef, larded and king of the Visigoths; and just about the same time "Alas I how little from the grave we claim." - Pope. cooked on a slow fire with carrots, onions, andwhite wvine. Arcadius, the successor of Theodosius in tile Eastern Alas theiday I Ah, unhappy day I-Alas the while I Ah, - n. A thin, black silk, for hoods, &c. empire, alarmed at his repeated successes, attempted to unhappy time I (Obs.) Alamnort', a. See AArioT. identify his interests with those of the Empire by de- Al' Ashlari, ABUL HAsSAN ALM-EnBN-IseArEL, n. at BassoA.'lamnos, a town of Mexico, prov. of Sonora, 140 m. claring him master-general of the eastern Illyrian pre- rah, A. D. 860, D. abt. 935. He was the founder of the N.W. of Sinaloa. Tihe district is famous for its silver fecture. Thus lie consmmnded e lsrge part of tme vast sect of Asharites, whose distinguishing doctrines were: mines. Iap. abt. 10,000. country situated between tihe Danube, tile Adriatic, and 1, that the attributes of God do not admit of a compariAlainutch'a, in Mississippi, a post-village of Lauder- the Black sea. The Visigotlhs who obeyed his orders son between the Creator and his creatures; 2, that a dale co., sO m. E. of Jackson. had few claims to the civil character and sth[bility of a believer, who has committed a sin, and dies without reAl'anl, or CAnIEL, a river of CornwalI, England, whlich nation. They threatened both empires equally at the pentance, does not necessarily go to hell, but may still rises a few miles north of Camelfort, and joining the s;ame time, and sold their aliance to each alternately. be the object of divine clensency.-Amer. Ency. Bristol channel near Bodrain, forms the estuary of the Alaric at last determined to make his way into the es- A'la-Slhehr, the anc. Philadelphia, a towr of Turkey alnrbor of Padstow. pire of thie West, for the purpose of establishing a kiing- in Asia, prov. Anatolia; the seat of one of the ApocaAlaiel', ado. [Fromn a and land.] At land; landed; on dom by conquest. - In 403 he appeared before Milan, lyptic churches. It is held so sacred, even by the Turks, tihe dry ground. which was immediately evacuated by the Emperor that they occasionally convey their deadl thither for in"Ile only, with the prince his cousin, were east aland"-Sidney. Honorins. Completely defeated at last by Stilieho, A. terment, from Constantinople, and apply to it the epithet A'lanad, a group of islands lying between the coasts of was compelled to retire from Italy with the remains of of A la, or thie exalted. (Ala-Shehelr, the exalted city.) PhilaFinheind and Upland, in Sweden. Lat. 600 15' N.; Lon. his once powerful army. He now submitted to the delphia derived its name from Attalus Philadelphus. by 200 E. Of the group there are about 80 inhabited, Enmp. Holorius, entered into his service, and for three whome it was founded in the 2d century B. c. It was the although thie pop. on tile whole is not more than 15,000. years seemsi to have served this prince in Epirus. For last city that submitted to the Turks in 1390.-It is situThey were ceded, in 1801, by Sweden to Rtussia, and have this ihe demanded an extravagant reward, plainly inti- ated 83 mn. E. of Smyrna, partly in the plain, and partly becosme the usualm station of the Russian fleet in the mating that war would be the consequence of a refusal. on one of the roots of Tmolus. Above tihe town and at a Baltic.- Tihe chief island, which gives its name to the The demand was madtle in the year 408. Tile majority considerable elevation, stantd the ruins of the old Acropgroup, is a place of considerable importance, its length in the senate were for war, but by Stiliclho's advice, it olis. Ala-Shehr is the seat of a Greek archbishop,'rmd being about 18 sm. from N. to S., and 14 from E. to WV. was determined to buy off the enenmy by a contribution divine service is regularly performed in 5 Christian Area, 28 square miles. It is mountainous, with a deeply of $100,000 weight of gold. While the Visigoths mwere at churches. - Pop. fionm 15,000 to 18,000. indented coast-line with several excellent harbors, that thie foot of the Alt4s, the cowardly and wetak Ilonoriens Alas'ka, or ALIASKA, all immense territory of the United of ~ytternais being large enough to give shelter to the procured the assassination of Stilicho, the only man States, occupying that part of-the American continent whole of the Russian fleet. The island has a vast citadel, who could still have defended tihe empire. Those Yisi- which lies frome Lat. 540 40' N. up to tlhe Glmcial ocean. and with fortifications capable of protecting 60,000 men. Pop. goths who were serving ill the pay of the empire had W. of Lon. 1310 to 1720, including the greatest part of 9,000. In the neighborhood of Aland was fbought, in 1714, left their wives and children in the Rioman cities: they tihe Aleutian slands. Area, 578,000 sq. in. -It was sold between the Swedes and Peter I., wiho obtained a con- were all nmassacred at the same time. A. advanced in 1868, by Rtussia to the United States, for $7,500,000, plete victory, thie first great naval action reported in with his army and invested Rome. An application for amid the name of Alaska, which was previously rethe annais of thie Russian mnarine.-On Aug. 16, 1854, terms was made on tihe part of the Romans, with at in- stricted to the peninsula E. of tihe Aleutian islands, Bonearsund, on the W. side of the principal island, was timiation that if once they took up arms-they would fight has been extended to tihe fbormner Jlussian America.captured and its fortifications destroyed by the British desperately. A. returned this pithy answer: "The The S. bound. of A. is at the N.E. of Chathlatn Sound, at fleet. - Steamers plying between Abo, in Finland, and closer hay is pressed, the more easily it is cut." Ile de- the entrance of Portland canal; Lat 540 40' N. Frome Stocikholm, tike in wood at these islands. mcanded all time wealth of Rome. The ambassadors this parallel to that of 590 15', atthe mouth of the ChilA l'Anglalse. [Fr.] After the English minanner or fash- asked wshat hlie would leave to the inhabitants. " Their kaht river, emptying into Chatham Strait, the vast assetaion.' lives." tie'at length, however, consented to retire, oil blage of islands, extending nearly 300 um. N. and S. -by Alan'g'lacee, ALAN. I E,, ALANGIADS, n. p. (Bet.) An condition of receiving a heavy ransonm. Negotiations order of epigynous exogen plants of the Als-tales alli- took phlace between Honorius and A., in Ravenna, with ancs. including but 3 genera. - Diagnosis: 1-celled a view of putting an end to tile war; but the pairties ovary, pendulous ovules, dotless leaves, albuminious could not stgree, sted A. besieged Rome a second tine, in seeds, sand flat cotyledonse. They are large trees or 409. The imposing name of the Eternal City seemed to shrubs comnmon in S. India. The species of the gen. inspire the barbarian with involentary respect. le, XNysma, q. v., are natives of the U. States. mendeavored to save it fiom the consequences to which lihe Alatit'gillm, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, ord. Alangia- was otherwise pledged, by erecting a new emperor in ce, comenmen in South India. The A. are said to lhave a the person of Attanlus, prsefect of tile city; but the weak- purngative hydrasogic property, and to afford good wood ness of Attainlus rendered it necessary bfor thie Visigoth anti edible fruit. - conqueror to undo the work of his ovwn hands; and An'lai, or ALANS. Tile name of several distinct tribes. iHonorius was reinstated one a powerless throne. A wvhichs migrated ftrom Asie at the time of thi decline of tretcherous sttick on tie Goths at Ravenna, while the the ILomnan emnpire, mnd settled in thie countries north of conferences were still open, exhausted the patience of A. the Euxine and the Caspietn seas. A part of the tribe The city was a third time besieged, and A. entered Rome (ablout 375 A. D.) wvs conquered by the Huns: another at midsight on the 24th August, 410, when lie gave the peirt turned their steps toward the west, protbably, drove town up to be pilhtged for six desys, but with orders to the Vandails nid Suevi fimom their abodes, and pmased with his soldiers to be sparinin of lblood, to respect the honor them over thie Rimine into France and Spesin (sibout 407) of the wsonmen, and not to burn buildings dedicated to,. The Visigoths drove them frons hence or reduced them relieios. After the limited period of plmmuder and vento subjection; and, since 412, they are lost among the geance, he hastened to withdraw his troops, and to leemd Vandesis, q. v. them into the southern provinces of Italy. But he died ~.la'nia, n. (Bol.) A genus of plants, ord. Litiacce. in time course of a few months, after a very short illness.,AI~'sstni e, a. (~(lsem.) A base, isomeric with Lactamide while besieging Cosenza in Calabria, A. D. 410. His and Urethtne. It crystallizes in gromups of colorless deetth produced a temporary reconciliation between the Iig 68 seauce (Abses alba) prisnms, soluble in 4 or 5 peerts of cold water. Its aqueous Visigoths and the emlperor. solution has a very sweet taste, and is without action ALAmIc II., king of the Visigoths, slain in the famous battle 75 m. E. and W., has been named the Archipelago Alexupons test-papers. forus. C5 tI7 NO1. which he fought with Clovis, king of Frence, near aunder. The islands of this archipelago reach abt. 4,000.'lantltu s Qro'e, in A1issouri, a post-office of Gentry Poitiers, in 507. Ife left behined him es regularly drawnev ft. elevation. and are covered with a dense growth of co., aicout 200u miles:N.W. of Jefferson City. - tp system of legislation, evichitis knowvn as the: Bre- large timber to a height of 2,500ft. above the sea. The Alasafti teo, me. - ee-INuLIN.,.ial-tmi,[ Alaricieemumm. [:- value and ralpoeotrhnce of thins gremit archipelago consist 52 ALALB ALBA In the size, quality, and quantity of the timber. Spruce pally located on the Archipelago Alexander; and about mens usually received baptism, was called doninica is and yellow cedar-trees, measuring 4 to ft. in diameter 2,500 Esquimaux, living N. of Fort St. Michael. - albis, the Whitsunday. and 180 in height, are found throughout these regions. Total pop. of sea-coast, about 18,000. Numerous tribes Al'ba, in Illinois, a township of Henry co. Pop. 150. The waters are alive with fish, the chief being salmon. of Indians inhabit the interior of that vast territory. AI'ba, in Miennesota, a post-village of Fillmore co., about Gold has been discovered on the Slakeen and Ta/ko The principal are the Ta-tlit (Indians of the river Peel); 20 m. W.S.W. of Preston. rivers, and the best bituminous coal on the Pacific slope the Ta-kath Kutchin (Indians of Lapicrre-House), the All'ba, in Mfissouri, a post-village of Jasper co., about 11 has been found in several localities.- In the eastern- Kntch-a-Kutchin (Indians Youcan); and the Toutchon- m. N.W. of Carthage. most part of Sitlka Sound, on the W. shore of Baranof ta-Kutchin (Indians of the woody country). Their ge- Al'ba, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Bradford co., island, in Lat. 570, is situated the town of Sitka, or New neric name is Kutchin, which inmeans the people. We 143 m. N. by E. of Harrisburg. Archangel, q. v. It was the chief establishment of the know very little of them, and their numbers are un- Al'ba, DUKE OF. See ALVA. Russian American Company, and is now the headquar- known, even approximatively. — The Aleuts resemble Al'ba longa. (Anc.Geog.) A considerable city of Latium, ters of the army.- Along the coast N.W. of Sitkae, the more the Chinese, or Japanese, than the North American founded by Ascanius, son of Eneas, B. c. 1152. It was reat Yukatat or Mount St. Elias Range commences at Indian. They are docile, honest, industrious, and very the birthplace of Romulus; under whose dominion it Iy Strait, Lat. 580 251, and stretches 50 mi. to Prince ingenious: the women of Unalaska have always been fell, in consequence of the victory of the Romans in the William Sound; then for 200 m. it curves round the head noted for the beauty and variety of their needle-work. contest between the Horatii and the Curiatii. It was of that sound and of Cook's Islet, where it takes a sharp A!lasma'lloni, n. (Zo6il.) A name which lhas been given situated on the opposite side of the lake Albano where turn to the S.W., and forms the peninsula of Alaska, the to some bivalve mollusca, of which the fresh-water the new town of Albano stands. - There was also a city westernmost point of which is 100 m. from the head of Pearl Mussel, Mya margartifcra, is an example. of Alba near the Lacus Fucinus; an A. Poepeia in Co)k's Inlet. Thence it stretches across the North Pa- Alas'sio, a seaport town of Northern Italy, prov. Ge- Liguria; and an A. Julia, now Weissenburg, in Trancific to the Knartschatka peninsula, and forms the active noa, 5 m. S.S.W. of Albenga. Fine coral is fished on the sylvania. volcanic mountain-islands of the Aleutian chain (see coast. Pop. 4,644. Al'hsa, SYLVIUs, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his ALEUTIAN ISLAsNDS), that great barrier between the Beh- A'llatte, n. pl. (Zeol.) A family of mollusca, belonging father in the kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. ring sea and the Pacific. The summits of this island to the second section of the ord. Trachelipoda, contain- AlFba de Torines, a townof Spain, on the Tormes, 14 barrier rise to an extreme elevation of nearly 9,000 feet ing the genera Rostellaria, Pterocera, Strcm-bus, &c. m. from Salamanca. Pop. 2,300. Here, on the 26th Noalmost directly from the sea. St. Elias Range is brolken The shells of this family are distinguished by the vemnber, 1809, the French, under Kellermann, defeated through by,pper river between Fairweather and St. spreading of the outer lip, the Spaniards commanded by the Duque del Parque. Elias. The shores of Prince Williamu Sound abound in Alla'-Tag.h, a mountain-chain of Asiatic Turkey, divid- Al'baeore, or ALBrcoae, n. (Zo6e.) See BONITo. timber, but the winters are reported very severe. Cook's ing.the two heads of the Euphrates as it runs westward Al'ban, St., the first Christian martyr in Great BritInlet, lying W. of Prince William Sound, Lon. 1520, was from Mount Ararat. Lat. between 390 and 400 N.; hon. ain, lived in the 3d century. After having served seven esteemed by the Russians the pleasantest part of A., in between 390 and 440 B. years as a soldier under the Emperor Diocletian, he resunmmer, with its cheerful skies and well-wooded shores. Alatamaha', or ALTAIAHA, in Georgia, a river formed turned to Britain, embraced Christianity, and suffered The W. shore is overlooked by the active volcanoes of by the junction of the Okmuulgee and Oconee, both of martyrdom in the great persecution of Diocletian. NuIlammna and Redoubt, 12,066 and 11,270 ft. above the sea. which rise in the spurs of the Allegheny mountains. merous miracles are attributed to this saint. Gold has been found for years on the Kakny river, After the junction, the A. becomes a large river, flow- Albany, St., a small and ancient borough of England, emptying into the E. side of Cook's Inlet at Fort Nicolas. ing with a gentle current through forests and plains, Hertford co., 20 miles N.N.W. of London, by the London The great island of Kadiak, with Atoyuak and other ad- 120 miles, and runs into the St. Simon sound by several and North Western railway. It is the ancient Roman jacent islands, is nearly in the same Lat. as Sitka, but mouths, 60 miles S.W. of Savannah. Large steamboats Verulamium. Pop. of parish, 3,679. The abbey church 600 m. westward, and lying within 25 ne. of A. peninsula, ascend the Oconee branch to Milledgeville, and the Ok- is the most imposing object in the place. It was built The group is marked by mlountains of 2 to 3,000 ft. ele- mulgee to Macon, about 300 miles from the ocean by in 796, in honor of St. Alban, by the king Offa. Of this vation, bold headlands, deep bays, and numerous straits; the windings of the rivers. first abbey there remains but a gateway. The present but in the N. part, in the Lat. of St. Paul, 170 48', roll- t'late, ALATED, a. [Lat. alatus, from ala, a wing.] abbey is an object worthy the attention of the antiquaing lands, wooded in parts, and covered with rich grass, (Bot.) Winged. Applied to stems and leaf-stalks, when rian and the student of architecture. It is built in the smiling with myriatds of gay flowers, greet the voyager. the edges or angles are longitudinally expanded into form of a cross, running 547 feet from east to west, and The timber is not nearly so large as at Sitka, but cut leaf-like borders; as in.Enopordium acanthiuns; Lathly- having a breadth of 206 feet, at the intersection of the logs over 40 ft. long and 2Y/ ft. diameter are found, and rus latifolius, &c., and the leaf-stallk of the orange tribe, transept. Its tower has an elevation of 146 feet, crowned henmlock is in sufficient abundance for all tanning pur- citrus, &c. with battlements, and is one of the most perfect parts poses. It is remarkable that on the S. and W. parts of the (Anal.) IHaving prominent shoulder-blades, like the of the building. Every style of architecture, from the Kadiak group, and on the A. peninsula, timber ceases to wings of birds. time of the Romans to that of Henry VII., may be traced grow: not a stick is found hence through the Aleutian A lat'ere. [Lat., from the side.] Applied to the highest in it. The abbot of St. Alban was mitred, and as a peer chain to Kanmtschatka, although all the islands are class of envoys fromn the Pope, who are sent, as it were, of the realm had a seat in Parliament He toolk precethickly covered with luxuriant vegetation of great va- directly from his side. dence of all other English abbots fronm the time of riety. Northward of the peninsula, to the Lat. of 680, Alatear'nus, n. [Lat. ala, a wing, terni, three.] (Bet.) Pope Adrian IV., q. v. —Near the town of St. Alban, two on the main, wood is found.- The settlement of St. A name of the gem. Rhamnus, ord. Rhainnacea; q. v. battles were fought between the houses of York and Paul, q. v., was the 2d establishment of the Russian Ala'tri, a town of Central Italy, prov. Frosinone, 6 m. Lancaster. In the first, May 22, 1455, Richard, ])uke of American Company in importance. The third settle- N.E. of Frosinonie. The country abounds in vines and York, obtained a victory over Henry VI. In the second, ment of the conmpany was at Iluliou/k, in Unalaska bay, olives. Pop. 11,370. Feb. 2, 1461, Margaret, of Anjou, defeated the army of opening upon Behriing sea; Lat. 530 53'; Lon. 1660 27'. Ala'tyr, a town of Russia in Europe, gov. of Simbirsl, the Yorkists, commanded by Warwick. It comprises only 6 or 8 dwellings and store-houses, a at the confluence of the Alatyr with the Sura, 90 nm. Alban's Hlead, St., a cape of England, on the coast nice Greek church, and firom 40 to 60 habitations of the N.N.W. of Simbirsk. Pop. 4,407. of the county of Dorset, 441 feet above the level of the Aleuts. Thile island, about 65 miles long, is, in great Alau'da,, n., or ALAUDI'seA, n.pl. [Lat., a lark.] (Zobl.) sea. Lat. 500 4' N.; Lon. 20 10' W. part, covered with mountains, from 2,500 to 3,000 feet in The larks, a genus of granivorous singing-birds, ord. Alba'lese, an Italian musician of high reputation. D. elevation, the highest pealk on the N. shore being the ac- lncessoues, faim. Icteride, of which there are many spe- at Paris, 1800. tive volcanoMakushin, 5,691 feet high. —N. of the Alaska cies, found in all parts of the globe. They are charac- Alba'sai, a powerfiul family of Rome, which has supplied peninsula, the coast-line of A. territory on Behring sea terizcd by a lonug and straight hind claw, a strong the Catholic church with several cardinals. Two of them and Arctic ocean, has been but partially explored. are well-known as patrons of the fine arts. —1. A., ALThe interior of A. is almost unknlown. The principal EXADR0o, B. 1692; D. 1779; he was a great virtuoso, and rivers are the Kuskokoinm and the Kalkhoap, which flow possessed a collection of drawings and engravings which, into the sea of Kanmtschatka; the Colville, which brings at his death, was purchased by George III. for 14,000 its waters to the Polar sea, end the Yukon, which falls - crowns. —2. A., GIoVANNI FANCESCo, nephew of the forinto the Behring sea. - Products. The commercial value mer, B. 1720, a great friend to the Jesuits, but in other of A. consists of its fisheries, furs, timber, and miner- 7-_ respects liberal and enlightened. Ilis palace was phinels. The number of American fishing-vessels employed d —-cered by the French in 1798, when he made his escape among the Shumagin Islands, off the S.W. shores ol the to Naples, stripped of all his possessions. a. 1803. A. peninsula, in 1867, was 27; the average catch, nearly Alba'ai, FRANCESCO, a famous Italian painter,. at 100 tons; the average cost of outfit, labor, etc., $3,000 ini e Bologna, 1578, was a scholar of Guido. He was fond of gold; and the average value, 9y/ cents per pound in coin. representing the fair see, mnd his compositions, in love. The supply from the A. banks has already closed the regu- subjects, are held in high esteem. The most celebrated har importation of codfish from the Eastern ports to San of his productions are: The Sleeping V;enus; Diana in Francisco. The E. part of Behring sea is a'mightm y re- re the Bath; Danu. reclining; Galathea on the Sea; Europa servoir of cod," and the area within the limits of 50 fath- on the Bull. He has been called the Anacreon of paintoms of water is no less than 18,000 square miles. The ers. It is said that his second wife, who was very beauGulf of A. has always been celebrated for its whale-fish- tiful, and his children, served as models for his Venuse, eries. Sperm-whale abound in the waters about the andCupids. D.1660.- His brother and disciple, GiovaniL Aleutians. The salmon throughout A. are more numer- Baptisto, was a distinguished historian and landscapeonus than even in the prolific waters of Oregon; herring painter. D. 1668. are very plenty; halibut of great size abound in all the Albaluia, a country of European Turkey, stretching bays and hlarbors; and walrus ivory is obtained to the ~ along the coast of the Adriatic and Mediterranean seas, amount of ten tons annually from the Indians of British /Ai between 380 and 430 N. Let. and 100 49' to 210 50' E. bay. — It is not easy to form a correct judgiment of the 6-;.. Lon. Its area is estimated at about 14,000 sq. m. number and value of the different vmrieties of the skins i 69 LA (Alauda aess) It is a country extremely mountainous, cut up into obtained by the Russian American Company, as the straight bill, and by being able to raise the feathers oni deep ravines, and presenting all the characteristics of profits of its trade depended upon the secrecy with the back part of the head into the form of a crest. The sublimity, in a scenic point of view. The mountains which it was conducted; but the market-value of its greater part of them are migratory; they always build of the Khinmdra-the former Acroceraunian-running in annual exportations may be estimated at not less than their nests on the ground, and may be considered as a N.W. direction parallel to the coast, and the S. chain $6,000,000, gold. - Climate. The mean annual tempera- peculiarly birds of the fields and meadows. of the Tzumerka, attain an elevation of 4,000 feet above ture at Sitka is 42.90 Fahrenheit, the lowest being 31.1 Alanl'sa, n. (Zotl.) A genus of malacopterygious fishes, the level of the sea-Rivers. Although there are many in January, and the highest 55'8 in August. At Tliou- of the C'tulpeidwe or Herring famitly. The American Shad, streams in A., they are neither so large nor important liouk, on Unalaska Island, one of the Aleutian chain, the which mascends the rivers of 8. Carolina in winter and as to require particular notice. —La/es. The Olchrida, nuean temperature is 38.030 Fahr., or 4'90 below that of those of the Middle States in March, and the Saury of the Scutari, the Butrinto, and the Joannia, which is estiSitka. Thunder-storms are very rare. No cereals can the Atlantic, are members of this genus. mated at 3 miles wide and 12 miles long. — Climate. be raised on the Alaska coast, and firuit will not mature; l'Vt~xa, a. One of the three Basque provinces of Spain, V~rihable, but on the whole healthy. Spring cannot be but the pea (Pisuei maritimum) is found in great included in the new province of Vascongadas, moun- said to commence before the middle of March; but the abundance, and may be readily improved by cultivation. taimious and rich in iron-mimees. Lat. between 420 205 heat of the months of July and August is excessive. As the grasses grow luxuriantly everywhere, and are in and 4::0 N. September is the vintage season, and the December rains great variety, cattle can he raisid in sufficient number Allb, Ae.'ec, or Ac'/E,,. [From Let. albus, white.] A are succeeded by sharp frosts in Januacry. —Wri/d Anito supply the population. — P3)p. In 1867, the popu- vestment of white linen, haenging down to the feet. worn ereals. The wolf, the bear, and the jackal. Dom. Aaimals. lation of the colony of the Russian American Coin- by the Roman Catholic ecclesiastics, and answering to Horses, asses, sheep, oxen, and goats. The hofses are papy was: Russians, 430; foreigners, 2; Creoles, 1926; the surplice of the Episcopal clergy. Ini the ancient small, but active andspirited. —Peod. Barley, maize, oats, Aleuts, 4,268; Indians; 3,272; total, 9,898;- to which church, it was worn for eight days by the newly bap- cotton, and tobacco. In fruits, the grape, orange, lemon, umust be added the Koloshian Indians, (genuine tized, who for this reason were called albati; and thee fig, pomegranate, and mulberry are grown. —Manuf Nporth American Indians,) numbering 5,800, pn'inmi- Sunday after Baster being that on which the Catechu- Carpets, embroideredvelvets, cloths, and stuffs'Ths uvild ALBA ALBA ALBE 68 character of their country, and the imperfect state of ley Observatory; the Institute for the Collection and river; on the E. and S. by the Indian ocean; and on the their civilization, however, render the Albanians foes to Diffusing of Scientific Information; the State Normal W. by the Zondag or Snnday river. Area, 1,792 square the arts of peace generally. Their trade principally con- School; the Young Men's Association, etc. Besides miles. Lat. between 330-350 N.; Len. 270 E. sists of exchanging the naturalproductions of their own the valuable libraries pertaining to these institutions, Allbany, in British North America, a river connected for the manufactured goods of other countries.-Inhabi- through other lakes with Lake Winnipeg. It flows E. tants. The Albanians, or Arnauts, are supposed to have N.E., and enters James's Bay, near Fort Albany. Its sprung from the Illyrians. They are an active, muscu- _ length embraces about 80 of Long. —Also, a district, lar race, seldom exceeding five feet six inches in height, with a fort of the same name. Area, 65,000 sq. m. and capable of undergoing great fatigue. Their faces Al bany, a seaport and town of W. Australia, on King are long and oval, their noses sharp, thin, and straight; George Sound. Lat.350 3'.; Lon.117052'40" E. It their months small, their eyes a lively blue or hazel, but is the cap. of Plantagenet co. rarely a black. Their attachment to their mountains A.ltbany, the name of six islands on the N.E.,oast of is great, and, as they all carry arms, it is difficult to 5- Australia. Only one is of considei-able size, and has a distinguish the peasant from the soldier. They are good harbor for large vessels. mostly robbers, a profession among themselves not con- Alkbarlnum n. [Lat.] According to Pliny and ritrtssidered disgraceful. Their women are tall and strong; vius, a white stucco, or plaster, madeof a pure kind of but as they are Irept in great subjection, and viewed in lime, burned from. marble, and used to spread Over the the light of cattle, they are made to labor as much, and froofs of houses. are often unnmercifully used.-Hist. A. was formerly an lbalnta, n. [From Lat. albare, to make white.] The name 8 ~~~~~~~~given in England to German silver. independent kingdom, governed by its own princes, the given in Englalt nd to German silvtfr. last of whom was the celebrated Georges Kastriote or A ateg an Artian astronomer, Who flourished in Castriot, better known by the name of Scanderbeg, who the 10th century in Mesopotamia. He was the first who died in 1466 or 1467. A. ws conquered by the Turks ___ substituted sines for chords, and who may be said to have in 1467, but the authority of the sultan is small, and he.. determined the length of the tropical year. He wrotea cannot appoint a pasha or governor who is not a native book on the knowledge of stars and the obliquity of the of the province.-Rel. The inhabitants are, generally, zodiac, printed at Nuremberg, 1537. Christians, of the Greek church, but many are Moham- 7Al'batross, n.; pl. ALBATROSSES. (Zoel.) A gen. of birds, medans. Pop. 1,300,000.. 70. - Due OSEVAT. faim. Procellaride. The species are the largest of all Alba'nian, n. A native of Albania. there is the State Library, connected with the Capi- aquatic birds, the wings, when extended, measuring -a. Belonging or relating to Albania. tol, and numbering 75,000 volumes. - At least ten sometimes'15 feet, and the weight often exceeding 20 Albano, a town of Italy, in the Campagna di Roma, daily or weekly papers are published in A. - There are l)ounds. Its plumage is white, with some black bands on 14 m. S.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 6,000. It was built on the 57 churches, the most imposing and prominent being the the wings and back. It has a strong, hard, long beak, of a site of the villa of Pompey. It stands at a short distance Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, situ- pale-yellow color; the feet, flesh-colored, are short and from the lake. ated on a commanding eminence. - Comrerce. A. is fa- webbed, and the wings are long, strong, and narrow. It Lake of Albano, situated to the N.E. of the above vorably situated as a commercial town. It is connected preys on the wing, and is very voracious. They are contown; it has the form of an irregular ellipse, and occu- by railroad with the principal places in the Union, and tiuteally met with in the Southern ocean, and are also seen pies probably the crater of an extinct volcano. Eels of an immense amount of freight arriving by the Erie and immense size, and highly esteemed, are found in it. Champlain canals, here enters the Hudson river. In On the banks of the lake is Castle Gandolfo, ths country 1867, A. received: flour, 430,803 bbls; beeves, 202,400 residence of the Popes. The A. Lake is 7 m. in circum- head; lumber, 675,055,500 feet; shingles, 44,400; staves, ference; its surface is 918 feet above the level of the sea, 275,889,600 lbs.-There was sold: wheat, 635,000 bushels; and its depth about 1,000 feet. Au emissary, designed rye, 400,000; oats, 2,500,000; corn, 2,924,000; barley, 1,830,to prevent the sudden overflowings of the lake which 000; hops, 4,000 bales; salt, 270,000 bushels. -Manuf. threatened the lslain below, was constructed by the The principal are foundries, malt-houses, and breweries. humans s. c. 397; andc it remains usnempaired to this In 1867, there were manufactured 200,900 stoves; 1,400,day,-a striking nmonument of the genius and persever- 000 bushels malt; and 670,000 bbls. of beer (strong and ance of that extraordinary people. They bored the lager). Hotels. Stanwix Hall and the Delavan House mountain for the space of more than a mile, sostly are classed among the best hotels of the country. -The through the solid rock; the tunnel is six feet high and Indian nanme of A. was Sceho-egh-ta-da, signifying "over about four feet in breadth. It was completed in less the plains." In 1614, the first settlement was made by than one year. The water of this emissary flows into the Dutch, who established on Boyd's Island a tradingthe Tiber below Rome. post and fort, which was successively named Fort Orange, Albano Mountain, or Alban Mount, to the E. of the Beaverwyck, and Williamstadt. In 1664 it came into Fig. 71. -WANDEinGo ALBATROS. above lake. It is about 3,176 feet in height. The the possession of the English,who gave it its present (Diomeds exulns.) view from its summit, extending over Latium, is one of name, after James II., then Duke of York and Albany. the most magnificent that can be imagined. It is the In 1807, A. became the capital of the State, bt th in- immense ocs about Berin's Straits in the early Tn 1807, A. beca~~ ~ ~~~i imenshe fatl ock aotBehrn' Straits in the earl Mons Albanus, now Moinite Cave. It was crowned by a troduction of steamboats on the Hudson, and the con- part of summer, attracted thither by the vast shoals of temple in honor of Jupiter Latialis, where sacrifices pletion of the Erie canal, were the true sources of its fish, whose migrations they follow. Its powers of figdt annually were offered uip by deputies from the various prosperity. Pop. in 1870, 69,452. are prodigious. One of its eggs weighs about one pound. Latin States, to their common father and protector. When sailors accidentally fall overboard in lat. where the L s c h tbany, RALLROADS. - (Albany and,Susquehanna.) Line A. abounds, they find it a most formidable enemy, even A.lbany, LouesA, CouNrTEss o, daughter of Prince Stol- from Albany, N. Y., to Binghamton, N. Y., 140 miles. should only a few minutes elapse before they can be berg, of Gedern, in Germany, B. 1753, married in 1772, the Capital stock, $2,429,000; funded debt, $2,486,000. To- sud y ae m es adventurous Charles Edward Stuart, q. v. The countess tal, $4,915,000. Address, Albany, N. Y. rescued by their comrades. being much younger, the match was ill assorted, and she (Albany and Vermont.) See RENSSELAER AND SARATOGA. A1ibaville, in Nebraska, a post-office in Hall co. retired to a convent. Subsequently she went to France, (Albany and Vest Stockbridge.) See BOSTON AND AL- Albe'it, adv. [A coalition of the words all be it so.] but on the death of her husband, in 1788, she settled in BANY. Altough; notithstndin; thou it should e Florence. Here she secretly allied herself by marriage Alfbany, in California, a post-office of Napsa. co.' sbie, whdss eyes, AbEeit unused to th~e melting mood, to Count Alfieri, the poet, taking the title of Countess of Al'bany, in Georgia, a town of Dougherty co., on Flint Drop tears, as fast as the Arabian trees Albany, as the relict of the last of the Stuarts. Alfieri river, and at the mouth of Kinchafoonee creek, 120 miles Their medicinal gum. —Shak. died in her house, and in 1810 she erected to his memory, S.W. of Milledgeville. Steamboats ascend the river from Albemarle', DunE OF. See MOeK. in the church of Santa Croces, a monumert executed by the Gulf of Mexico to this place. There are shipped Albemnarlef, in North Carolina, a post-vllage, cap. of Canova. She was possessed of a refined mi.-d, loved lit- annually about 12,000 bales of cotton. Pop. 1,618. Stanton co., 120 m. W.S.W. of Raleigh. erature and the arts, and while in Florence, her house Al'bany, in Illinois, a post-village of Whitesides co., oni Albemnarle', in Mississippi, a post-office of Carroll co. was the resort of the most cultivated and dist.s.eguished the Mississippi river, 177 miles N. by W. of Springfield. Albemarlet, in Virginia, a very picturesque and persons. D. 1824. Pop. 1,200. fertile county, situated in the E. central part of the Al'bany, AlAINNm, or ALBINN, a name anciently given Al'bany, in Indiana, a post-village of Delaware co., State. Area, about 700 square ntiles.-'ouint. The to the Highlands of Scotland. See ALsBION. — Tke title about 10 miles N.E. of Muncie. Southwest Mountain ridge, called also Carter's Mounof Duke of Albany was conferred, in 1398, on the brother Al'bany, in _Iowa, a post-village of Appanoose co., about tains, crosses the county in the N.E. and S.W. direction. of King Robert III.; and subsequently on Alexander, 16 miles S.W. of Ottumwa.-Also, a village of Fayette The Blue Ridge forms its N.W. boundary.-iivers. The second son of King James II.; on Henry, Lord Darnley; co., on the Volga river, about 9.miles S. by B. of West Rivanna, Hardware, and James. — Prod., principally on Charles I. and James II., when infints; and on Union. tobacco and corn. Cap. Charlottesville. - Pop. 26,625. Frederick, second son of George III. Prince Charles AI'bany, in Kansas, a post-village of Nemaha co., 75 m. This county is intersected by the Central Railroad of Stuart assumed the appellation of Count Albany as an N.W. of Leavenworth. Virginia. It gave birth to Thomas Jefferson, 3d Presiincognito title. Al'bany, in Kentucky, a post-village, cap. of Clinton co., dent of the United States. Albalny, in New York, a N.E. county, bounded on the 126 m. S. of Frankfort. Al'lbemarle Sound, on the coast of North Carolina, E. by the Hudson, and on the N. by the Mohawk, but All'basy, in Louisiana, a post-office of Caddo parish. in the N.E. part of the State, being 60 min. long from E. principally drained by the Normanskill and Catskill Albalny, in Maine, a post-township of Oxford co., 25 to W., and from 4 to 25 wide. It comnunicates with creeks. Area, about 483 square miles. The surface is miles W. by N. of Paris. Pop.813. Panmlico Sound and the ocean by several narrow inlets, level or slightly undulating along the rivers, but rough Al'bany, in Missouri, a post-village, cap. of Gentry co., and with Chesapeake Bay by a canal cut through Dismal and mountainous in the W. and N. The soil, fertile on the W. fork of Grand river, 45 miles N.E. of St. Jo- Swamp. along the Hudson, is generally sandy in the interior. seph. Pop. about 600. Alben'ga, a seaport town of Northern Italy, prov. GeOrganized in 1683; cap., Albany; pop. in 1870, 133,109. Al'bany, in New Hampshire, a post-township of Carroll noa, 44 m. S.W.. of Genoa, on the Ceuta; pop. 4,189. It ALBANY, the cap. of the above county, on the W. bank co., 60 miles N. by E. of Concord. Pop. 430. is the ansc. Albium lngaununu. of the Hudson river, at the head of sloop navigation, Al'bany, in Ohio, a village of Athens co., about 44 miles Alberga'ti Capaeel'li, the MARQUiS FRANCIs, an and near the head of tide-water. Lat. 420 39' 49" N.; ion. E. by S. of Chillicothe. - A post-village of Tuscarawas co. Italian senator who was not only a powerful dramatist, 730 44' 33"t W.; 141 miles N. of New York, 164 W. of A1lbany, in Oregon, a post-village, and cap. of Linn but such an excellent performer, as to merit the title o1 Boston, 370 N.E. of Washington, and 230 S. of Montreal. co., at the junction of the rivers Willamette and Calla- the Garrick qf the Italian nobility. His works have A. is the legislative capital of New York, and in popu- pooya, about 25 miles S. of Salem. Pop. about 800. been pronounced unrivalled for wit, humor, facetious lation, wealth, and commerce, the second city in that Al'bassy, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of Berks co. sallies, and knowledge of the world. B. at Bologna, State. The old parts of the town were not laid out with -Pop. 1,586. —Also, a township of Bradford co. Pop. 1,137. 1730; n. 1802. much regularity, but the recent streets are spacious and Al'bany, in Tennessee, a post-village of Henry co., 106 AI'berie, a French eistorian, who lived in the 13th regular. Among the pubslic buildings is a stone State miles W. of Nashville. century. He wrote the story of the first crusades, from House. A. will soon possess one of the finest capitols Al'bany, in Ver mont, a post-township of Orleans co., 6 the year 1095 to 1120. in the U. S.; designs have been adopted for an elaborate m. S. of Irasburg. Pop. 1,224. Albero'ni, Gutmo, cardinal, and minister of the king of stone structure, with a magnificent dome, and sur- AIkl'banty5 in Wisconsin, a post-village and township of Spain, was the son of a gardener. B. in 1664, at Firenmounted with statuary, the whole to cost several Greene co., on Sugar river, 16 miles from Monroe. Pop. zuola, a village of Parma, and educated for the Church, million of dollars. A. is celebrated among thie about 750,- A township of Marquette co. — A township his first office was that of bell-ringer in the cathedral of American cities for its educational and literary in- of Pepin co. Pop. 150. Piacenza. Possessed of uncommon talents, he soon stitutions. The principal are: the University, can All'bany, a district situated at the eastern extremity of became canon, chaplain, and favorite of the Count Roninstitution of it high clharacter, embracing all depart- the English colony of the Cape of Good Hope, in South covieri, and bishop of St. Donnin, The Duke of Prmra menets of science, and connected with the splendid Did- Afi-ica; bounded on the N. and N.E. by the Great Fish sent him as his minister to Mladridi where he gained 54 ALBE ALBI ALBI the favor of the Princess of Ursins, the favorite of Philip his tendencies were entirely of a pacific character, and A. cannot bear a strong light, and even the full V. By cunning and intrigue, he rose to the station of all his pursuits aimed at exalting and refining the senti- glare of day appesrs to excite in themn some degree privy councillor, then was created prime minister, and ments, whilst ameliorating the condition, of the people. of uneasiness. Thley are mnore common among the finally had a cardinalship conferred on him. IHaving D. in London, Dec. 14, 186t. African sod the Indian tribes than among the Eurothus obtained the highest honors, he engaged himself Al'bert, OF STADE, a Benedictine monk who lived in the pean lpeople; nevertheless, they are folnd in all with schemes for the benefit of the Spanish nation; but 13th century. It-wrote a chronicle from the creation plarts of the world. All accounts agree in reprobeing undermined by foreign influence, he was deprived to 1256. senting their physical strength as inferior to that of of his posts and banished to Rome. D. at Placentia, Al'bert, OF STRASBURG, who lived in the 14th century. persons of the ordinary conformation. But in what 1752. lie wrote a chronicle from 1270 to 1378. degree their intellectual powers are confined, we have &l'bert I., Duke of Austria, and afterward Emperor of AIl'berti, ARISTOTILE, an Italian mechanic, lived in the at present no means of formuing an accurate judgment. Germany, was son of Rudolph of Iiapsburg, who founded 16th century. I-e is said to have removed the entire Some writers represent the Albinism as the result of the Austrian imperial dynasty. lie was crowned in 1298, tower of Maria del Tempio, at Bologna, to a distance of disease, but as far as can be judged from external after defeating and slaying his competitor, Adolphus of 35 paces. appearances, and fi'rom their accounts of their own Nassau, and was assassiunated in 1308, by his nephew Al'berti, CERUamINo, an eminent historical painter and feelings, they exhibit not a single mark of any. disease John, son of the Duke of Suabin, whose paternal estates engraver of Italy. B. 1552; D. 1625. whatever. It is also certain that donmestic animals he had seized. Agnes, Albert's daughter, and Queen of All'berti, JOHN, a German lawyer, author of a Syriac which exhibit varieties perfectly analogous to those of IHuIngary, carried her vengeance for her fitther's death grarmmar and other works. D. 1559. the hunman A., are free firom disease, as is fanmiliarly to a filost dreadful extent. Nearly one hundred noble AJl'berti, LEONs BAPTISTA, a distinguished mathemati- known with respect to the sheep, pig, horse, cow, dog, faimilies, and one thousand persons not noble, of every cian, but more celebrated as an architect, and hardly cat, rabbit, &c. In animals, the pure whiteness of the age and sex, were involved in this inhuman proscrip- less as a philosopher, poet, painter, and sculptor. B. at skin and other integuments, ind the redness of the iris tion. After this butchery, Agnes built a monastery on Florence, about 1400. He was employed by Pope and pupil, maark the same deficiency of coloring-matter the spot where Albert had been miurdered, which was Nicholas V., and was the architect of several excellent Albinus, a Roeian general, who was nmade governor called lKiinigsfelden, and here she shut herself up for the works in Florence. of Britain by Comnodus. After the murder of Pertirest of her days. Albertinel'li, MVIARIT'TO, one of the finest of the sax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Al1bert II., King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Duke early Florentine painters. B. at Florence, 1475: D. at Severus had also been invested with the imperial digof Austria, succeeded Sigismund as Emperor of Ger- the early age of 45, a victim of his dissipated habits. nity by his own army; and these two rivals, with about smany in 1438. Its held a great diet at Nuremberg, in ills best work is in the Imperial Gallery of Florence, 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of which the Viehnic or secret courts were suppressed. and is known as The Visitation of Elizabeth to tihe Virgin. the Empire. Severus was victorious, and he ordered He died the following year, as he was preparilng to talke Al'bertite, n. (Min.) A variety of Aspohaltuma. It the head of A. to be cut off, A. D. 198. the field against the Turks, who were ravaging Hungary. occurs in rocks of the sub-carboniferons age in Nova Albiinus, BERNARD SIEoruIED, whose true name was AI'lert, Archduke of Austria, son of the Emperor Scotia, and is regarded as an inspissated and oxygenated Weiss, (White,) a. at Frankfbrt-on-the-Oder, 1696. IsMaximilian II., was made a Cardinal and Archbishop petroleum. It has ajet-blacl color. structed bIy his father, Bernard. who enjoyed a good of Toledo. lie was appointed by Philip II., in Al'bert-lea, in Minnesota, a post-village, cap. of Free- reputation as professor of medicine, he was himself 1596, governor of the Low Countries, andI succeeded born co., near a small lake of the same niame, 100 m.. S. for 50 years a professor of anatomy at Leyden. His the Duke of Parma in the difficult taski of carry- by W. of Saint Paul. anatomical plates, in 3 vols. folio, 1744, 1749, and 1753, ing on the war against the Dutch, who had revolted Il'berton, in Mfaryland, a post-office of Howard to. prove hini to have been one of the greatest anatomists fromn Spain. He resigned the cardinalship and married Al'berts, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Luzerne co. that ever lived. EFlizabeths of Austria, daughter of Philip II., who brought At l'bertson, in Miissssppi, a village of Tippah co., Io Abl'bion, the oldest name by which the island of Great him Flanders and Francho Cont6 as her dowry. In mi. S. of Ripley. Britain was known to the Greeks and Ronians. Great July, 1600, he fought the h)attle of Nieuport against the A'lbertson's, in North Carolina, a post-offic'e of Britain aid Ireland were known by the general appellaDutch under Maurice of Nassau. This eungagement, in Duplin co., about 80 miles S.E oft Raleigh. tion of the Britannic Islands, while the former was de.which Albert was defeated, decided the independence of AIlTer'tuss Hagnus, a learned Dominican. B. in ignated by the particular name of Albion or Alwion, and Ilolland. Albert next besieged Ostend, vwhich he toolk Suabia, 1205. Pope Alexander III. invited him to the latter by that of Ierne, Ionernia, or Erin. Casar aftsW a long and murderous siege, in whlich 100,000 men tRome. and bestowed on him several dignities, which he does not use thle word Albion; his namne fbr England is are said to have lost their lives on both sides. In 1609 afterwards abdicated, and returned to live at his con- Britannia. Pliny sasys (iv. 16), "Tlhe iunsno of the island Albert concluded a truce with the Dutch for twelve vent at Cologne as a plain monkl. He there gave public was Albion, the whole set of islhnds being called Britainyears, before thie expiration of which lie died, in 1621. lectures which were much frequented. Thomnas Aquinas nic." Tile word Albinn is still the only name by which Ie left no children, and the dominion of Flanders re- was among his disciples. A. died at Cologne, in 1282, the Gaels of Scotland designate that country; and the verted to Spain. aged 77. His hnowledge of nature and science was so word signifies in the Gaelic language, white or fair A-l'bert, PsINSE OF MECKLENBURaU, Was called to the great that he was accounted a magician. He was the island. Tile word alb itself is not now in use in the throne of Sweden 1364, Iby the nobility, who had deposed first to write an Encyclopedia of Knowledge, for which, Gaelic, but is probably the same root that we find ii king Magnus. The Swedes being dissatisfied with A., with his other perfobrmauces, he has been styled'"the the Latin adjective alb-us, and in the word "Alps." The who fa;vored his German countrymen at their expense, Great." Others say that he was so called because his termination ismn signifies island. The name of Albion offered the crown to Margaret, queen of Denmark and family-name was Grooeet, which, in Dutch, means great; was probably given to England by the Gaels of the oppoNorway. After several years of wair, A. lost the deci- the admiration of an ignorant age having transformed site coast, who could not fail to be struclk with the chalky sive battle of Falkioping, 1388, and was made a prisoner. into a lauidatory epithet the surname, which had been cliffs that characterize the nearest part of Kent. Some Peace, however, was not re-established in Sweden till Latinized in conformity to tile then prevailing flashion. authors derive it from Albion, son of Neptune by Am1395, when A. consented to give up his claims to the There are collections of supposed Secrets, which have phitrite, who, according to his fabulous history, came crown. He then retired to Mecklenburg, where he died. erroneously been published under his name. His into Britain, established a kingdom, and first introduced Margaret of Walleoinar thus united the three northern Worlks, in 21 vols. folio, were printed at Lyons, in 1615. astrology and the art of building ships. lie was killed lkingdoims under one sceptre. Albes'cent, a. [Lat. albescens, from albus, white.] at the mouth of the Ithone, with stones thrown by JupiAl'bert, MeaRa.VE oF BRANODENBURa, and first duke of Becoming white or whitish; moderately white. ter, because iie opposed the passage of Hercules. In Prussia, B. 1490. Ile was elected, in 1511, Grand Master Al'bi. See ALBY. poetry, A. is still used for Great Britain. of the Teutonic order, which held dominion over Prussia Al'bia, in Iosua, a town of Monroe co., situated in a ilbiso sl, in California, a post-village of Mendocino co., proper, that part of the present kiingdom of Prussia fertile tfrnming district, 60 miles S.E. of Des Mloines. It 43 in. W.N.W. of Ukiah. Pop. about 100. which borders on the Baltic sea. Hle fought against is the cap. of the county. Pop. about 750. Aibion, in S. Carolina, a village of Fairfield district, Sigismund, king of Poland, for the defence of his order, Alibicore, n. [Fr.] (Z,1.) A large species of fish of about 35 mi. N. of Columbia. which had been for ages at war with the Poles. Peace the mackerel family, common in the Mediterranean; A.l'bion, in Illinois, a post-village, cap. of Edwards co., was made in 1525, at Cracow. in which Albert managed the bonito, or horse-mackerel. 170 m. S.E. of Springfield. to have the duchy of Prussia secured to himself and his Albifiesa'tion, n. [Fr. from Lat. albus, white.] The Al'bion, in Indianza, a town, cap. of Noble co., 26 m. descendants ats a fief of the crown of Poland, thus laying act of making white. (o.) N.W. of Fort Wayne. Pop. about 800. aside the rights of tlhe order. Albert, some time after, Albigeinses, n. pi. (Eccl. Hist.) The general name Al'bion, in Iowa, a township of Butler co., pop. ab. 400. embraced the Protestant /itith, and married a princess of several religious sects which appeared in the south — a township of Howard co., pop. 769. of Denmark. One of his descendanits, Frederick Williamii, of France, in the 12th century, and were the object of -a post-village of Marshall co., aiout 52 m. N.E. of elector of Brandenburg, threw off the allegiance of Ps- long and cruel persecutions anid wars. The two principal Des Moines. land, and his son, Frederio I., changed the title of duke bruanches of A. were the Catihari and the Valleuses, or Albion, in Maine, a township of IKennebec co., 26 m. into that of King of Prussia in 170. Waldenses, who agreed in opposing the dominion of the N.E. of Augusta. POp. about 1,700. Al'bert, MARGRAvE OF BRANDENDURCo, son Of Casimir, Roman hierarchy, and endeavoring to restore the sirn- Al'hbion, in.fich/qan, a post-village and township ofCalMargrave of Culenbach, B. 1522. lie entered into the plicity of primitive Christianity. They were denomni- houn co., on the Kalanmazoo river, 97 m. W. of Detroit. confederacy formed by Maurice, elector of Satxony, and iated A., from the district Aibigeois, (territory of Alby, P.p. of the village, about 2,400; of the township, about other princes, against Charles V., and committed many q. v.,) where the army of the Cross, called together by 3.500. excesses in this war, burning towns, and levying heavy Pope Innocent III., attacked them in 1209. This war, Al'bion, in Mgin esota, a post-township of Wright co., contributions wherever he marched. Subsequently a the first which the Romish Church waged against here- on Crow river, about 55 m. W.N.W. of St. Paul; pop. league headed by Maurice himself was formed against tics within her own donminions, was carried on with about 150. hsim, and, in 1553, it great battle was fought at Siverhusa, much cruelty by the legates Arnold and Milo, and by Al'bion, in Nebraska, a post-village of Lancaster co., in which Maurice was slain and A. wounded. le was the military leader Sisons de Montfort, who at last was abt. 55 m. W. of Nebraska City. afterwards put under the ban of the empire, and dle- keilled at thie siege of Toulouse, in 1218. The war, never- Al'bion, in VNew York, a post-village in Barre town. prived of his possessions. D. 1558. theless, lasted till the year 1229, when the Count of ship, cap. of Orleans co., about 40 us. N.E. of Buffalo. Al'bert, Ca.URLES D', Duke de Luynes. See LUYvES. Toulouse, Raymond VII., the principal sustainer of the Pop. of the township, about 11,500. Al'bert Duii'rer, See Diihaca. A., pressed on all sides, made peace with Louis VIII., -a township of Oswego co., 30 m. from Watertown, pop. Al'bert EDwAnD, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Vic- Iking of France, who had been induced by Pope Itonbl- about 4,000. toria, queen of England, and of her consort Albert, prince rius III. to take the field in person. Ref. Fauriel, Al'bioss, in Ohio, a post-village of Ashlaind co., about 88 of Saxe-Coburg Gotsa, a. Nov. 9,1841. The principality Cr,,i.ade centre les Albigeois. (Par., 1838); Faber, Inquiry m. N.N.E. of Columbus. of Wales gives the hereditary title to the eldest son of into the History and Theology of the Vallenses and Al'bion, or JACKSONVmILLE, in Pennsylhania, a possm British sovereigns, Albigenses, (Lon., 1838.)-See CATHAuRI, VALLENSES. village of Erie co., 26 m. S W. of Erie, on the Beaver and AI'lbert, EaASMuS, a German divine, who wrote againmost Al'binisun, and Albin'oism, n. [From Lat. albus, Erie canal. Pop. absout 360. the Franciscans a book entitled "Koran of the Corde- white.]'The state or condition of sun Albino. Al'bion, in Rhode Island, a post-village of Providence liers,"phrintedin 1531, with a preface byLuther. D.1551. Albi'nos, n. ph. (Physiol.) A word by which thie co., 11 m. from Providence. All'bert, KeANTZ, a German professor of Divinity, n. at Portuguese denominated the white negroes whom they Albionl, in TWiscotssin., a village and post-township of Hanmburg,; D. 1517; author of a "History of Saxony, amid found on the coast of Afr'ice. These negroes were also Dane co., about 25 us. S.E. of Madison. Pop. about 1,500. of the Vandals." termed Leuccathiopes, white negroes. Both names are -e village of Iowa co., about 56 um. W. of Madison. 4l'bert, PascNe of Sauxe-Coburg Gothe, and consort of now used to designate individuals who exhibit ch:srac- — a township of Jaclkson co., about44m. N.E. of La Crosse. Victoria, queen of Gr-eat Britain; 2d son of Duke Ernest teristics similar to those observed in the white negroes,.Pop. about 950. [., born at Rosemnau, 1819. He married Queen Victorist, among whatever race or in whutever country the Al'bion Gore, in Maine, a post-village in the above Feb. 10, 1840, and by act of Parliament it was provided variety may arise. The skin of these singular beings township; pop. about 140. that he should assume the responsibility of regent is of a pearly whiteness, without assy mixture what- Atklbion, Ngel~, the name given to California by Sir shissuld the queen die before the next lineal heir to the ever of a pink or brown tint. The whiteness of the Francis Drake; limited by Itusnboldt to that part of the throne should have attained the age of eighteen. Besides hair always corresponds to the whiteness of the skin; N.W. coasst of America which extenids from Let. 430 to assisting in many other nohile undertakings, he took an and with this whsitensess of skin and hair is connected a 480 N., now divided into Oregon and Washington. active part in the great exhibition of'1851, and contri- disagroeable redsness of the eyes, which are exactly llbiones, a.pl.(Zoel.) A gen. of the ord. Abranchians, butesi not a little to its success. A man of refined taste i simeilsar ts, those of the white reabbit and the fenrret. The] distinguuishied by having the body bristled with tubercles. ALBU ALBU A LCA 55 Al'bite, n. [From Lat. albus, white] (iin.) An unsilicate, of great use in the clatrification of liquids. Being ren- Alrby, a town of France, cap. of the dep. of Tarn, on triclinic white crystal of the Feldspar group. Comp. dered solid by the application of heat, it entangles all the Tarn. It is situated on a hill, and has a fine Gothic silica 6S-6, alumina 19'6, soda 11'8. It is a constituent the substances not held in solution by the fluid, and cathedral, which was begnn in 1277, and finished in of several rocks. Different varieties are found in the carries them wiitlh it to the sur'lace in the form of scum. 1480. Pop. 25,493. Alby, fornoerly Albiga, has suffered United States. - It is a sure and effectual antidote against the corrosive much at different periods for its attachment to L'rotesAI'boin, a king of Lombardy, who, after having slain subimaate, or bichloride of mercury, which is one of the tantism. Cunimund, King of the Gepidoe, married his daughter most virulent of the mineral poisons. Alca, n. (ZoGl.) See Aux. Rosamond. lie was slain in a74, by an assassin instigated (Bet.)'The substance which in some seeds is inter- Aleade', n. See ALCAID, and ALCALDE. by his wife. He had incurred her hatred by sending posed between the embryo and their coat. It varies Alee'us, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, her, during one of his fits of intoxication, a cup, wrought very minuch in density, and other characters and is often, a contemporary of Sappho, to whom he paid his adfrom the skull of her lhther, filled with wine, and forc- the most valuable part of a plant. In the cocoanut, it dresses. Flourished about 600 Bi. c. His lyric muse was ing her, according to Ihis own words, to drink with her is the meat, the milk being a fluid, uncondensed portion versed in all thIe forms and subjects of poetry, anti antifathier. This incident lhas been introduced by Alfieri, in of it; in the coffee-seed, it is the part that is roasted; quity attributes to him hymns, odes, and songs. Of all a very pathetic annuer. in his tragedy called Josmunda. and in corn, it is that which is ground into flour. The his worlks nothing but a few firagments renmain; they AI'bon, JAcqu's D'. See ANDti, ST. oil of the castor-oil plant, and of the poppy, the aroma are found in Atheneus. —See ALCAIC. A'lbors, n. (Med.) A sort of itch; or rather of compli- of the nutmeg, and the greasy, nutritious substance tlhat Al'cehest, n. See ALKAHsE'sr. cated leprosy. It terminates without siceration, but fornms chocolate, are all use produce of albumen. This Aleaiec, n. [Lat. alcaicus.] (Anc. Pros.) A kind of Terse by fbetid evacuations in the mouth and nostrils; it is substance in the beginning is of a pulpy nature, and is consisting of five feet, a spondee or iambic, an ianmbic, also seated in the root of thile tongue. the matter in which the young embryo first makes its a long syllable, and two dactyls. It is one of tilhe most Al'boratk, n. The white mule on which Mohammed is appearance; in this state it is present in all plants; but beautiful and melodious of all the lyric metres. Horace said to hiave journeyed from the temples of Jerusaleni to as the embryo, for tile nutrimnent of which it is destined, has employed it in many of his odes. Germain poets, heaven. increases in size, the albumen is gradually absorbed by too, have imitated it, as Klopstock. It was invented All'borah, a stiall island belonging to Spain, off the it, either wholly, as in the turnip, the pea, the bean, and by Alceus. Mediterranean coast, the resort of smtugglers, pira'tes, the liltke; or in part only, the residue being of a consist- -a. Relating to the kind of verse invented by Alceus. and fishing-vessels. It is not more than 2 m. long and ence varying between softness, as in the poppy, and ex-'And take the Alcaic lute, 1 broad. Lat. 350 581 N.; Lon. 310 1' W. treme hardness, as in the date-palmn. The comsposition Or thine own Horace, or Anacreon's lyre."-B. Jonson. Al'bret, JEA'NEr D,' daughter of Margaret, Queen of and essential properties of the vegetable.A. are the sante Aleaid', n. [Sp. alcaide, fi-om Ar. alqdid.] In Spain, a Natvarre,. B. 1528. She married Antonio de Bourbon in as those of the animal albunmen. governor, as of a castle, fbrt, or prison. 1548; gave birth in 1553 to a son, who was afterwards Albu'menize, v. a. (Pihotog.) To impregnate with Alcala', n. [Ar. el-calsat, a castle.] A very common Henry IV. of Frsance; and on the death of her flther, in albumen. namne in the southern parts of Spain, where the enmpire 1555, became queen of' Navssrre. Site lost her husuand Album Grl''eun, the white faeces of dogs, formerly of the Arabs was of the longest. duration. in 1562, and eagerly began to establish the lte'ormation used in medicine, and now by tanners for some secon- Alcala' de Gisvert, a town of Spain, prov. Yalenin her kinsgdom. Being invited to the French court to dary purposes. cia; pop. 4,954. assist at thie nnuptials of her son with Margmaret of Vtalois, Albu'aninoid, a. [Lat. albumenu, and Gr. eidos, form.] Alealas d(e Hlenares, a beautifal town of Spain, in she suddenly expired, not without suspicion of having Rtesemsbling albuimen. New Castile, on the river Ilenartes, 17 mn. E.N.E. of Mabeen poisoned. D. 1572. Albulminoi d Group. (Clhem.) A group of con- drid. Pip. 5,000. It is tihe birthplace of Cervautes. Al'brig-lit, iu Minnesota, a village of Scott co., on thie pounds of organic origin, comsprising albucsen, fSbrin, The polyglot bible of Alcalan, by Cardienal Ximllenes, was Millmiesota river, 21 in. S.W. of Shakopee. casein, and legueain. It owes its mnauen of albunminold to printed here. It took 12 years to complete it, namely, Al'blrighlts, in lowa, a post-village of Des Moines co., the general resemblance of its members to albunmen, or firom 1502-1517, and the cost exceeded $275,.000. It was about;3 mi. N.W. of the Mississippi river. white of eggs; the proportion of carbon to nitrogen being the first polyglot Bible ever printed. 600 copies were Al'briglhtsville, in IPensylvaiia, a post-village of in all thatot'8 equivslents of the former to lof tile latter. struck off, 3 on vellum. One of these- three was deposCarbon co. Albu'niteose, is. (Physiol.) Albuminiold matter ited in the roysal library at Madrid, a 2d in the royal Albuca'sa, or AnBucAsis, an Arabian physician, who prepared for absorption by the process of digestion. - library at Turin; the 3d, supposed to lhave belonged to counpesed issany excellent works, excelled int surgery, Webster. the cardinal himself, safter passing through various and lhas described ansinay instruments and operations. Albu'lsuinous, ALBuMilosE, a. [Fr. albumnineux.] hands, was purchased at auction, Paris. 1817, for $17,900. Lived in thie 11th century. Having the properties of albumen. Alcnala' de los Gazules, a town of Spain, prov. Albiucilla, an immiodest woman, mentioned by Tacitus. Albss'anitiousuiess, n. The state of being albu- Cadiz, 38 m. El. of Cadiz, and 48 m. S. of Seville. Pop. Alhuer'a, or ALButteA, i town in Spain, Estremasdura, miniOns. 5,516. 14 in. S.S.E. of Badzsjoz, on the river and near the moun- Albuquer'que, ALPHOINSO, viceroy of India, surnamed Alcala' la Real, a town of Spain, provey. Jaen, on the tains of the ssame nanme. Here,on thie 16th May, 1811, a thie Great, and called the Portuguese lasrs. Sentt with a Guslcoton, 2,700 feet above the level of the sea, 30 m. saanguinary conflict toolk place between thie iallied Brit- squad.-on to India, by king Emsanuel, hlie arrived Sept. W.S.W. of Jaen. Pop. 6,7:38. On the 28th Jan., 1810, ish, Spsosish, and Portuguese troops unider Marshal Beres- 26, 1503, on tihe coast of Malstabar; took possession of the French defeated the Spaniards in the vicinity of ford, and a F'rench force under Marshal Soult. Each Goa; subdued the whole of Malsbar, Ceylon, the Sunda this town. arminy lust abount 7,000 men in killed anid wounded. In ishnds, and the peninsula of Malscca. In 1507 hlie sasde Al'cealatraz, or ALCALATLACEs, in California, a small the endl Soult, who comnmenced the attack, retreated. himsself master of the island of Ornmus, at the entrance fortified ishand, conmlanding the entrance of the Golden Albufeir'a, a seaport town of Portugal, S. coast Al- of the Persian gulfb Notwithstanding his great merits, Gate, in the bay of San FranIcisco, 2j/~ miles N. of the garve, 28 m. E. of L;agos, Lat. 37O 7i 30" N.; Lon. 70 19 12 hlie did not escape the envy of the courtiers, and the sus- toewn. Called also Pelican Island. W. Large vessels nmiay;tancher in the port. Pp. 2,500. picions of kIing Emanuel, who sent Lopez Soarez, the Alcal'dc, n. [Sp., from Ar. al-cdi, judge.] A Spanish Albultfer'a, a lake near ohleutias. in Spain, firon which personal enemsy of.A., to fill hiss place. IIe died a few magistrate or judge. the title of Duke was given to Marshal 8uchet. It is dsys tf'ter receiviig thie intelIigeice, at Goa, in 1525. A4. Alcalme'nes, at Greek sculptor, the disciple and rival connected with the town by a canal, and is 10 miles in was the first to lead a European fleet into thie waters of Phidias. lie was one of the three greatest statuaries length and the same in breadth, being divided front the of the Red sea. That lie was a great and enlightened of ancient Greece, the others being Phidias and Polyoloset by a unarrow tongue of land. man there can be no question; and this is testified ils the tus. Fifthl century n. c. &lbtgi'lnea, n. [Lat., fronl ulbus, white.] (Anat.) 1. A rare fact of both Moors and Inadians, after Ihis death, re- Alcamnenles, one of the Agidae, king of Sparta, sucmemsbrane of the eye: See ADNArA TuNic.A.-2. A strong, pairing to his tombn as to that of a father, to implore ceeded his father, and reigned 37 years. Lived m. c. 900, white, and dense menmbrsane immediately covering tile redress from thIe cruelty and wrong awhich they were and is knowan by his apothegms. body or substance of tile testicle. doomed to suffer from hiis successors. Fiftly years after Alea'ino, a town of Italy, in the Island of Sicily, 24 m. Albungiu'eous, a. [Fr. albugineux.] Resembling the his death, his remasins were conveyed to Portugal. W.S.W. of Palermo. It is situated on high ground, in a white of tile eye, or of an egg;-at ternim applied to tex- Enmanuel ennobled the son of A., who wrote a history fine, open, cultivated country, and is well sheltered by tures, Ilumnlors, &c., which are perfectly white. of his father's enterprises. large woods of olive-trees. lp. 19,518. Not far from &lbu'go, i. LLat. alabugo: r. leacoma.] (Med.) A white Albusquer'que, in New Me xico territory, a post-town the town are tse ruins of Sagitea, q. v. opacity of the cornea of the eye. of Besrnalillo co., on the Rio Grande, abt. 60 us. S.W. of Al'eaniz, a town of Spain, preyov. of Ternel, in Aragon, Albu'la, a tsountstin-passs S in lwvitzerland, Grisons. It Santai IF. Pbup. 1,20;5. Near it is thie military post of on the Guadaloupe.'Thlere are in this vicinity rich crosses MIount Albula firom tis valley of Berguns. Camp Vigilance. mines of alum. Pu'p. 6,400. Hlighest point 7,713 leet above the level of the sea. Albuquer'que, a town of Spain, prey. of Estrelna- Alcai'n'a, n. (Bt.) See IIsurNA. Albu'la. (Asnc. Geog.) The river Tiber. dura, on the friontier of Portugal, 22 m. N.N.W. of Alcain'tara, a seaport town of Brazil, prey. of MarAl'bul, n. [Lat., fiosm albus, white.] A tablet on which Badajoz. Plp. 5,470. aiihasm, on a hill, 25 nl. N.W. of San Loiis de Maranthe IRomian pinator's edicts were written; it was put Al'burg, in IVerniont, a township of Grand Isle co., oil ham. The surroundin g territory is productive of excelup in ai public place. It was probably called album a peninsula between the Caunada line, Missisque Bauy, lent cotton andsu rice; and the salt lakes, a little to the because the tablet was white. Thie aword was also used and Richelieu river, in comnmunication with Lake N. of the town, might yield the largest supplies, if they to sigifly a list of tuny body of persons, as of the senu- Chamnplain. Pop. 1,793. were prIoperly nianaged. Pop. about 10,000. tors and of the judices. - In our day, a book which is Al'burg Sprilngs, in VIermont, a post-village in the Alcauntara, a fortified town of Sspain, cap. of a district intended to contsin the signatures, or short verses, or above townlship, 87 iniles N.WV. of Mlontpelier. of the salne nname, prov. of Estremadura; - the Novace other contrilbutions of persons of notes or supposed note, Alburl'uous, a. Belonging or relating to alburnum. Ccesarea of thie Riomans. -Pp. 4,273. is called an albumn. The naise is also given to a book Alburlintum, n. []roinl Lat. albus, white ] (Bot.) Order of. —At the explnlsion of the Moors in 1213, which is mlerely intentled as a repository for drawings, That part of tile stein of trees which timnber-merchants which was aided by the prints, verses, andl such imatters. Trilling ias it ismay call sapswo od. It is thIe newly fornmed, unchanged wood Kinights of San Julian dele aiippear. an albuuni, in the lieids — of a persons puossessing lying imnmeediately below the bark, and is always of a tereyro, the defenmce of the gooei taste, may be nsade a very graceful article of artistic very light color. It is the principal channel through towba was intrusted to thesi, decoration. Some miodern specimens are extrenmely which thet cruide sap is conveyed fronl the soots into thie and they thenceforward as- I costly. leaves, nid is, thereolre, an indispensable part in all sumaed the title of Knights of Albu'msen, a. [Let., the wlhite f oeggs.] (Ctems.) A exogenouns trees. (See AGE Oe TuREES.) It consists of Alcantara. T'l'le order is no-a substsance which fortis a constituent principle of or- little besides vegetssile tissue; in Which respect it dil: a dignity of some value, and gessized bodies. It is comssonm to tuhants amd anismiuasls. fers from hieartloo.d or duramen, which is vegetable the Spenish monarch lhas been It is found in the green fectul' of plantis in general, but tissue conmbined with solid secretions, the natnre of its Grand Master since 1495. it exists nucih miore asbundsantly in asinasis thaus in which varies with species. It is probsably on the latter At their nonsinattions, the plants. Of the aninsal fuissds, it fornuss an esiential part account that hesartwood is so nntch snore dursable thani knights must prove leur genof this seruint of tIme blood. In this asnala solids it tonlst sapwood; fbr all vegesiable tissue is in itself equally erations of nobility. Thie crest the principasl part of all memburanes; of thue slain, of perislueble, atmd it only ceases to be so in consequnence of the onrder is a peartree. fibrins, the basis of muscle or flesh, sind of thie glanids. A. of tbe presensce of secretions of a less destructible char- Allean'tarilla, a town of then exists in the animal hiody in the fluid amid in the acter. While muany hilents have the alburmtum and Spain, prov. of Minurcia, 5 m S. solid frmin. The best examsple of fluid A. is the white.hesrtavood distinctly separnasted, there ae'e others, tecl- WV. of Mturcia, in a district of of eggs, avhich is netrly paine s~lsumen, held in solution in nically called whitewooded trees, which consist of inoths- the osmse ninme, fanious tbr its water, and conmoimued with a smialt qusantity of sssline ing but slburnunt. This arises fronts their not foramimig aines. Pep. 4,083. matter. In this state it is a tasteless, somewhat glaity, any soliid secretions wslich cssn give dursebility to thise A.]~a~ta, a town of Spain, colorless liquid, sohitble in cold water. If exposedi to a central parts; hence all such trees sire qnickly perish- prov. of New Casttile, 34s m. theat of I;t~ F., it is reaudily cosigultated, sand beconses able, ansd are geneainlly unfit for any but tesmsporary from Albacete. TIhere sire in ~~~tlen insolu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~le. ~~~~~~~i~~~~ig.~. 72. — 0RIER Or then innsoluble. A., likee minost other sninlsia sumbstansces, puirposes. thie neiglhborhood unintes of 7.nansa oi, is composed of carboins, hsydrmogen, oxygens, and nitruogen Albllurnus, n. (Zc, l.) See BLE.AK. zimic al cosper.. 7,0LcATAA. in the proportions of: C. 52'8o; H. 7'54; 0.23'7; N. 15'70 Al'Iams Pag'ius. (Anc. Geeg.) A phiice near Sidon, in Aleasrra'za, n. [Sp., fromn Ar. al-kunrrdsz.] A vessel of poh:' 1Oet. l'rom ist property of cenagulating by heat, A. is] Syria, where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra:. rous earthenware. used for cooling liquors. —See CooLER. 56 ALCH ALCI ALCO Aleasal'ica, in Georgia, a creek entering the Ocmul- iaymond Lully, Roger Bacon, Arnoldus de Villa _Wova, food consists of fishes, crustacea, and other marine pro gee in Irwin co. Nicolas Plammel, Pierre le Bon, Ferrari, John Isaac ductions; but they never resort to firesh water. Alca'zalr de San Juan, a town of Spain, prov. of Hollandus, George Riply, and Basil Valentine. As the La Mancha, 55 m. S.E. of Toledo. Pop. 7,800. alchemists were assiduous worlkmen, says Dr. Thomson, Alce'a, n. (Bot.) See ALTHi A. (History of Alchemy,)- as they mixed all the nmetals, Alcedin'idte, n.pl. (Zeal.) A family of birds, ord. salts, &c., with which they were acquainted, in various Passeres. It contains the sub-fam. Alcedinince, Bur- ways with each other, and subjected such mixtures to Coninee, Galbulinee, Halcyoninre. Their principal char- the action of heat in close vessels, their labors were acteristics are, a long, straight. quadrangular bill, thick- occasionally repaid by the discovery of new substances, and pointed; the nostrils at the side of the base of the possessed of much greater activity than any with bill running obliquely; the tail and legs short. which they were previously acquainted. In this way Alcedin'ine, n. pl. (Zodl.) A sub-family of birds, they were led to the discovery of sulphuric, nitric, and fai. Alcedinidce. The Iking-fishers. They live on fish, muriatic acids. These, when known, were made to act and are of solitary habits. Their plumage is of a bril- upon the metals; solutions of the metals were obtained, hiant blue or green color. The gen. Alcedo forms the and this gradually led to the knowledge of various metype of this group. tallins salts and preparations, which were introduced Alae'do, ANTONIO DE, a native of Spanish America. Ile with considerable advantage into medicine. Thus the spent 20 years of his life in compiling a "Dictionary of alchemists, by their absurd pursuits, gradually formed American History and Geography," published in Madrid, a collection of facts which led ultimately to the estab1786. lishment of scientific chemistry. Modern chemistry Alce'do, or Ceryle, n. (Zo.l,) A gen. of birds, sub- places metals in the class of elements, and denies the fain. Alcedininee. Two species are foulnd in the U. S.; possibility of changing an inferior metal into gold, the common kingfisher or Ceryle Halcyon, about 13 but electricity has not said its last word; and when inches long; and the Texas kingfisher, Ceryle Ameri- man will have mastered that great power of nature, cana, only 8 inches long. When watchling for its prey, many of the elements will be found, probably, to be only the kingfisher perches itself upon some overhanging compound bodies. The possibility of obtainimg metalsi branch, with its long dagger-like bill pointed downiward, front other substances which contain the ingredients ig. 7.- PENIN (. p ic. and its eye intent upon the water beneath. Suddenly, composing it, and of changing one metal into another, Al'clmn s, surnamed JAHIIM, a high-priest of the Jews, it darts downward, plunges headlong into the water, or rather of refining it, must, therefore, be left nude- who obtained that office from Antiochus Eupator, king cided. of Syria, but rendered himself odious to his countrymen Alcibi'ades, the son of Clinias, n. in the 82d 1Oym- by his avarice and cruelty. He died two years after piad, abt. 450 a. c., was one of the most distinguished his election. Lived in the 2d century B. C. -_________-~ /% ~statesmen and generals of Athens during the eventful A'lleine, n. pl. (Zoil.) A sub-family of birds, fam. period of the Peloponnesian war. Descended on both Alcidee. The gen. Alca, or Auk, forms the type of this sides from the illustrious families of his country, born group. - See AUK. Y~I:z ~il~~-' ~ ~~ ~~to theinheritance of great wealth, endowed with extraor- Alcin'otls, king of Phsasia (Corfu), entertained and dinary beauty of person, and with mental qualifications listened to the wonderful adventures of Ulysses when no less brilliant, it seemed evident from his early youth shipwrecked on his coast; whence arose the proverb of that he would exert no slight influence over the coun- the Storiqe of Alcinous for improbability. eels and the fortunes of Athens. The faults of Alcibi- ALCINOUS, a Platonic philosopher, lived In the 2d cenades were those of a spoilt tury, A.. He wrote an "Introduction to the Philoso~l-/_/__(T~:~ ~~ ~ _child of fortune: lie was phy of Plato," translated into English by Stanley. fickle, selfish, overbearing, Al'eiope, n. (Zo6il.) A gen. of Dorsibranchiate Anneland extravagant. But these ides, distinguished by having two foliated gills and a faults clouded, not concealed, couple of bronchial tubercles. his nobler qualities. Pas- AI'eiphron, the most distinguished of the Grecian ~~ splemed~~sionately fond of show and epistolary writers, flourished probably in the 2d century'' splendor, a frequent victor'NYabJ before Christ. We have 116 fictitious letters by him, Fig. 73.-mNG a,~ (Ceryle Halcyon.) n the Olympic games, and which give a curious picture of Grecian manners. possessed of a more criminal Alci'ra, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, on an island and speedily reappears with a minnow or other small notoriety as a favored suitor of the Xucar, 25 m. S.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 9,250. fish between its mandibles. Without losing its hold, among the most dignified Alcek'mutar, or ALKMAAR, the chief town in North it passes the fish through its bill until it has fairly matrons of Athens, he never Holland, 19 m. from Amsterdam. It is the greatest grasped it by the tail, and then destroys its life by lost sight of more manly ob- cheese-mart in the world, upward of 4,000 tons of that smartly striking its head three or four times against jects of ambition; and he met art. being sold every year. Lat. 520 38' N.; Lon. 40 43' the branch, after which it gulps its prey at one mouth- the proffered firiendship of E. -In 1573, A. was besieged by the Spaniards, who ful, except when it bears it away to the nest for the Socrates with eagerness, as failed to take it, after persevering for ten years in the supply of the young. The fishbones, scales, and other the surest means of acquiring attempt. In 1799 it was taklen by the British and Rusindigestible parts are afterward disgorged by the that mental cultivattion Fig. 74. - ALCIBIADES. sian troops under the Duke of York. Pop. 10,000. mouth. which at Athens was the Alcmae'on, a philosopher of Crotona, and disciple of Alces'te, or ALCESTIS. (Myth.) Daughter of Peleas, best, though not the only key to political power. The Pythagoras. He was the first writer on natural philosand wife of Admetus, king of Thessaly. Her husband philosopher soon acquired over his wayward pupil that ophy, and believed in the theory that the stars were was sick, and, according to an oracle, would die, unless influence which he seems to have exercised over all animnated beings. some one else made a vow to meet death in his stead. who came within his circle; and the close intimacy &LeOMON, (Myth.,) son of Amphiarous and Eriphyle of ArThis was secretly done by A. She became sick, and which arose between these opposite characters was gos; chosen chief of the seven Epigoni, in which capacity Admetus recovered. After her decease, Hercules vis- cemented by a singular reciprocity of benefits. In a he took and destroyed Thebes. His father, going to war, ited Admetus, with whom he was connected by the ties battle fought near Potidoea, Socrates saved the life of charged A. to put to death Eriphyle, who had betrayed of hospitality, and promised his friend to bring back A., and the latter repaid the obligation by a similar him. He did so, and was pursued by the Furies. An his wife from the infernal regions. He made good his service at the battle of Delium. But the influence of oracle informed him that, to escape their vengeance, he word, compelling Pluto to restore A. to her husband. Socrates was insufficient in this case to work a perma- must reside in a land which was not in existence when Euripides has made Ctie story the subject of a tragedy. nent change of character; and the political life of A. he was cursed by his mother. He at last found rest, for Al'cester, a parish and town of England, co. of War- proves that he had not profited much by the moral in- a short time, on an island in the river Achelous, where wick, 16 in. W.S.W. of Warwick. Pop. of parish, 2,128. structions of his master. In the Peloponnesian war, he he married Callirrho6, the daughter of the god of the Alchein'ec, Alchemeical, a. Relating to alchemy was appointed to command with Lysimachus, under river, after repudiating his formier wife, Arsino6. But or produced by it. Nicias, in an expedition against Syracuse; but while he he did not long enjoy peace. At the request of his &lehem'iteally, ado. In an alcheiical manner. was thus employed, a charge of impiety was preferred wife, hle attempted to recover the fatal necklace of HerAl1'chemilla, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. San- against him at home. One morning all the Hermoi, or mione from his former father-in-law, the priest Phlegeus, guisorbacece. q. v. half-statues of Mercury, which abounded in Athens, who caused him to be murdered by his sons. Al'chemist, n. One who practises, or is versed in, were found defaced; and on a reward being offered for Alc'man, of Lacedmion or Sardis, one of the earliest alchemy. the discovery of the offenders, some slaves gave informa- Grecian writers, of whose poems only some fragments Alichemis'tie, Alchemis'tical, a. Relating to tion that it was done by A. and his drunken companions. remain in different authors. He is said to have been alchemy; alcheiical. For this he was ordered home; but, fearful of the con- the first writer in amorous poetry. Flourished 672 B. o. Al'chemize, v.a. To transmute. (n.) sequences, he withdrew to Sparta, and stirred up the Alclma'nian, a. Relating to the lyric poet Alcman. Al'chemy, ALcHYvY, n. [Fr. alchisaie, from Ar. Lacedsemonians to declare war against Athens. Soon Alcosanian Verse. (Anc. Pros.) A kind of verse conal-kisafa.] The pretended art of making gold and sil- after this, however, his friendship for the Spartans de- sisting of two dactyls and two trochees. ver, and, subsequently, of preparing a universal medi- clined, when he went over to the king of Persia. Sub- Ale'mena. (Myth.) Daughter of Electryon, kIing of cine. Those alchemists who were supposed to be skilled sequently, he was recalled by the Athenians, wheni he Argos, and wife of Amphitryon. Jupiter loved her, and in the art were termed adepts.-In the opinion of the obliged the Lacedemionians to sue for peace, made deceived her by assuming the form of her husband. alchemists, all the metals are compounds, the baser of several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph From this connection, which continued for 3 nights, them containing the same constituents as gold, but at Athens. His popularity was of short duration; the sprung Hercules. mixed with various impurities, which, being removed, failure of an expedition against the island of Andros ex- Al'eo, n. (Zo61.) A Ikind of dog domesticated in Peru the common metals were made to assume the properties posed him to the resentment of the people, and he fled to and Mexico before the discovery of America, and also of gold. The change was effected by what was termed Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war upon found in a wild state in those countries. Its origin has Lapis phlilosophlrurm, or the philosopher's stone, which Lacedemon. This was told to Lysander, the Spartan not been ascertained. is commonly mentioned as a red powder possessing a general, who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder A. Al'eoate, and Alcohate, n. See ALconoLATE. peculiar smell. It is not quite certain at what period Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they set Al'eohol, n. [Ar. atkohl; Fr. alcohol and alcool.] (Chem.) or in what country A. arose; but it is generally sup- on fire the cottage where he was, and killed him with A colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, of an agreeable posed that it originated among the Arabians when they darts as he attempted to make his escape. He was in well-known spirituous odor, and an acrid, burning taste, began to turn their attention to medicine, after the the 46th year of his age; 404 a. c. termed also spirit of wine, and Ethyic or vinic alcohol. establishment of the caliphs; or that, if it had been Aleiides. (Mj~lyh.) A name of Hercules, either from heis It is an ingredient of all fermented liquors. It consists previously cultivated by the Chinese and the Greeks, strength (alke), or his great-grandfather, Alcaeus. -- of'A vol. ether vapor, and'A vol. vapor of water; spec. as there is some reason to suppose, it was talcen up by Also a name of Minerva. gray.'7947 at 59; boiling-point, 1730; spec. gray. of the Arabians and reduced by them into regular form AI lei'de, or ALcADm, n. p1. (Zodl.) A family of oceanic vapor, 1'6133. Feorn. COH0~ —46. It has never been and order. The Egyptian Hesrmes Trisoiegistsss (q. v.) is birds, called also the auks, includingthe sub-fam. Alci- frozen, though at 1660 below zero it becomes viscid. mentioned as one of the earliest alchemists. For this net, auks; Phaleridinae, starikes; Spheniscinee, penguins; Brandy and whiskey contain about 50 per cent. of reason, chemistry and alchemy received the name of and Urince, guillemots. The power of their wings as A. When inflamed in the open air, A. burns with a He-metic act; but the writings bearing his namme are organs of flight is generally very circumscribed, but bluish-white flame, the product of combustion being undoubtedly spurious. Geber, an Arabian physician their ill structure is admirabely adapted for an aquatic carbonic acid and water. Alcohol furnishes a cleanly who lived in the 7th century, is one of the earliest life. The legs are extremely short, but powerful, and and valuable fuel to the chemist; it emits a high temalchemists whose works sre extant. After him, the placed so far backward that, in resting on the rocks, perature during its combustion, and deposits no soot most celebrated alchemists are: Albertus Maugnus, the birds appear to stand in an upright position. Their upon cold bodies which are introduced into its flame. ALCO ALCY ALDE 57 It is a solvent of great value. It usually exerts but usually the sensation of neuralgic pain, often followed and abactinal regions; eight long, pinnately-lobed tenlittle chemical action upon the bodies which it dis- by morning vomiting, giddiness, and muscular tremor. tacles around a narrow disk; and which are united solves, and owing to its volatility, it is easily expelled - The inebriation produced by A. resembles very nearly by budding. It comprises 3 sub-ord.,-Penatulacea, by a gentle heat, leaving the substances which it previ- that from chloroform, the chief difference between them Gerpenacea, and Alcyenacce. ously held in solution in a pure state. It dissolves being due to the greater volatility of chlorofornm, and Aleyoisle, or HALcYoNE. (Mlyth.) A daughter of Eolus. many of the gases freely; some of them, as for instance therefore to the greater rapidity with which it acts on She married Ceyx, who was drowned as he was going protoxide of nitrogen, carbonic acid, and cyanogen, are the nervous sytten. to consult the oracle. When she found his body lying dissolved by it more readily than by water. Most of Al'eoho4te, Alecohate, Alcoate, n. [Fr. alco- on the shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was, the deliquescent salts are soluble in alcohol, but the holat.] (Clhen.) Crystallizable compounds formed by the with her husband, changed into birds of the same name, efllorescent salts, and those which are sparingly soluble combination of anhydrous alcohol with many anhy- with power to keep the waters calm while they built, in water, are not dissolved by it. With anhydrous drous saline bodies in definite proportions, and in which and sit on their nests on the surface of the ocean. saline bodies, it forms the compounds termed alcohol- the alcohol seems to occupy the place of water of crys- ALC~'ONE. (Myth.) One of the Pleiades, daughter of ates. Alcohol likewise dissolves many organic bodies tallization. The chlorides and the nitrates offer the best Atlas and Pleione. She had Arethusa by Neptnne, freely, such as the resins, the essential oils, the vegetable examples of the formation of alcoholates. and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, was alkaloids, and many of the vegetable acids. It also dis- Alcoholl'ic, a. [Fr. alcoholiique.] Pertaining to, contain- changed into a constellation.-See PLEIADES. solves, more sparingly, sugar, and the soaps of potash, ing, or having the properties of, alcohol. Alcy'one. (Anc. Geog.) A town of Thessaly, where soda. and ammonia; but the fats and finer oils, with Aleohioliza'ttio n, n. [Fr. alcoholisation.] The act of Philip of Macedon, Alexander's father, lost one of his the exception of castor-oil, are dissolved by it in but recti]ying spirits, eyes. small quantities. — Preparation. Alcohol msay be ob- Al'ceoholize, v. a. [Fr. aloholiser.] To convert into alco- Alcy'oe ne, n. (Astren.) A star of the 3d magnitude, tained in a state of purity by subjecting to distillation hol; to rectify spirits. the brightest among the Pleiades, sometimes for that any saccharine solution that has undergone fermenta- Alcohol'meter, ALCOHOLOM'E- reason called the Light of the Pleiades. tion; for, being more volatile than water, it passes over TER, ALCUOMIRTEa, n. [Fr. alcholeo- B Alcyonia Paluns. (Anc. Geog.) A lake of Corinth, in the first part of the dlistillation, accompanied with vssre.] As instrument for deter- whose depth the emperor Nero attempted in vain to more or less water. By repeated rectification, it may mining the strength of spirits, and fathom. Nocturnal orgies were annually celebrated be concentrated till it contains about 10 per cent. of usually made of glass, in the form there in honor of Baccius. water. Beyond this point the water adheres to it so represented (Fig. 76). This is the Aleyon'ie, a. Pertaining or relating to the Alcyonidea. strongly that it requires a different process for the com- Gay-Lussac's A., the simplest and Alcyonl'ide, n.i pi. (Zoiil.) A fam. of polyps, sub-ord. plete separation of the last portions:-it is first rectified the best of all. The stem is divided Alcyonacea, containing those in which the polyps are from charcoal, with a view of retaining all essential into 100 degrees; it sinks to 00 or united, foibrming lobed or arborescent clusters of fleshy oils to which the peculiar odor or flavor of different A in pure water, and to 1000 or B or coriaceous texture, filled with calcareous particles. )spirits are mainly owing, and is then ceixed with ablout in pure alcohol. If it sinks to 550, The cells occupied by the polyps are placed at the terhalf its weight of quicklime, and allowed to stand for it indicates that the liquor con- mination of canals which run through the polypodom, three or four days; the lime gradually slakes and falls tains 55 per cent. alcohol and 45 and which, by their union with each other, serve to to powder, in consequence of its conversion into a iy- per cent. water. This instrument drate, at the expense of the water in the alcohol; then, is only accurate at the temperature on applying the heat by means of a bath of chloride of of 150 C. If the temperature is difcalcium, the pure spirit may be distilled off, the hydrate ferent, the indication of the Alcoholof lime retaining the water at temperatures far above meter must be corrected by means 3000 F. Any traces of water which it may still retain of tables prepared for the purpose, are removed by a second distillation from quicklime, or to be seen in special books. from caustic baryta. The alcohol thus obtained is Alcoholnmt'rical, a. Relating anhydrous, or, as it is often termed, absolute alcohol. - to the alcoholmeter. As A. mixes with water in all proportions, it is often Alcoholomn'etry, AICOOi'ETRY, important to determine the amount of A. contained in n. The process of ascertaining the -g. 76.. the mixture. That is easily done by means of the AL- strength of alcohol by determining the quantity of waCOHOLMETER) q. V. ter contained in it.-See ALCOHOLMHETER. (Phlysiol.) As a drink, A. is one of the most powerful Alco'na, in eiMichigan, a county bordering on Lake antagonists of life. When pure, it is a deadly poison; Huron, and drained by the Au Sable river. AArea, about when diluted, its pernicious effects are not so rapid, of 630 sq. min.; pop. about 250. course, but it is ever injurious to health.""The able and Alcoomet'rical, a. See ALCOHOLMETRICAL. recent researches of Dr. E. Smith, and MM. Lallemand, Alcoomn'eter, n. [Fr. alcooeestre.] See ALCOHOLMETsR. Duroy, and Perrin, have positively proved that A. is not, Alleora, a town of Spain, prov. Valencia, 48 m. N. of in any case, a food, as it is too generally believed; and Valencia; pop. 5,609. that it is neither transformed nor destroyed within the Al'eoran, ni. See ItORAN. organism. A. does not assimilate; it passes out of the Aleoranie, ALCORANA'si, a. Pertaining or relating to Fig. 77.- ALCYONIUSI ELE(ANS. stomach in precisely the same condition in which it the sacred book of the Mohammedans, or to Mohamentered it. It shows itself in the breath of-the habitual medanism itself. minintain a communication between the individual podrinker, in his perspiration, his evacuation. It is still Aleoran'ist, n. One who adheres strictly to the letter lypes constituting the mass. The A. are always atalcohol. Part may be retained in the blood, which it of the Koran or Alcoran. tached to submarine bodies. The gen. Alcyonium is the thins and weakens. For explaining the effects of alco- Al'corn's, in Iowa, a village of Adair co., 160 m. W. principal one. holic inebriation, it is said that A., taken in large doses, by S. of Iowa city. Ai'cyonite, n. (Pal.) A fossil zoiphite, found in chalk is at first intensely stimulating, but that a secondary Al'cove, n. [Fr., probably from Ar. al-kauban, a tent.] formations. depression quickly arises, which disturbs all the intel- (Arch.) This word strictly means a recess in a chamber Ai'eyonium, ni. (Zoel.) A gen. ofpolyps, fam.lcAkyonidw. lectual powers. We believe it highly improper to give for the reception of a bed, separated from the other Al'cyonium Mare. (Anc. Geeg.) A name given to the name of stimulant to the effect of A. on the mental parts of the room by columns, antse, or balusters. The that portion of the Sifus Corinthiacus, or Gulf of Lepanto, faculties. A. does not stimulate; it paralyzes. This French were particularly partial to the alcove, using it which lies between the promontory of Antirrhium and will be easily understood. - As opium, ether, and chloro- almost always for state beds.-The term is commonly the coast of Mvegaris. form, A. is a narcotic. The narcotics which especially applied, in England, to ornamental and covered seats in Aid, or ALDE, a river of England, in Suffolk, rising near affect the brain may exercise their depressing influence gardens. Framlinghamn and joining the North sea at Oxford. in such a way as to render that organ, at once, more or Al'cove, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Fond du Lac Alda'bra, an island in the Indian ocean, composed of less incapable of ministering to any mental operation; co., 70 in. N.E. of Madison. three separate parts, having a connection by coral or they may lessen, at first, only its capacity for giving Al'covy River. See ULCOFAUHACHEE. rocks. Lat. 00 26' S.; ton. 460 351 E. effect to certain kinds of mental energy, as it occurs Al'coy, a town of Spain, pryov. Yalenciaf24 m. N. of Al'dan, a river of Siberia which rises on the confines of when a large dose of A. is taken into the stomach. The Alicante. Pop. of town and district, 27,000. It is situ- China and joins the Lena, at let. 630 12' N., Ion. 1290 first warning of alcoholic inebriation is flushing in the ated among hills, at the source of a river of the same 40' E. There are several towns upon its banks, and in face, an occurrence which indicates that the blood is be- name, which, 35 m. further, falls into the Mediterranean a course of 800 miles it is fed by various tributaries. ginning to be saturated, the cervical sympathetic is near Gondia. Al'dlan M3iountains, an E. Siberian chain of mounbeginning to be paralyzed. It is about this period that Al'cuin, or Albinsaa, FLAccus, was one of the most tains terminating at Behring's Strait, average height the drinker finds hinmself in unnaturally high spirits; learned persons of tihe th century. B. at York, or in 4,000 ft. A branch which traverses Kamtsechatka reaches that his animal passions are more prominent; that feel- Scotlind, in 732, hle was made abbot of Canterbury. an elevation of 10,548 ft. and in Klintshewskaja attains ings of vanity carry him away in garrulity of talk, Charlemagne became acquainted with him in Parma, 15,763 ft. - See AL'AL. and that whatever sentimentalism there may be in his on his return from Rome, whence he had brought tihe Aid borough, a market-town in the W'est Biding of nature, is apt to come out, often ludicrously enough. pallium for a friend. At the invitation of the emperor, Yorklshire, England; pop. of town and parish 2,438. The clue to a right appreciation of the successive phie- he consented to come to France. Soon after he arrived, T'his is a place of great antiquity, supposed to havebeen nomena is this: that the feelings, ordinarily suppressed 780, the emperor bestowed upon him several rich ab- the capital of the Brigantes, the most powerful of the by voluntary effort, are displayed, by the removal of the beys. But the principal occupation of Alcuin was as a nations of Britain before the conquest of that people by customnary veils, in the order of their concealment. public teacher of what was then called the totesc scibile, the Eomans. But however this may be, the remains, Reason and prudence and the moral sense, which form or entire circle of human learning. In this capacity which attest the former greatness of the place, go no the varnish, mostly a thin one, superimposed upon the hle was frequently honored with the attendance at his further than the Roman dominion. Under that people sensuous nature, vanish simultaneously with the faculty lessons of the emperor himself, his children, and the A. had the name of Isurium. of estimating ideas of time and space, and with the lords of the court. The school thus established by ALDBoRouGH, or ALEBoRoUec, another town of England, in lpower of accurate co-ordination of the muscular move- Alcuin is considered by French antiquaries as the germ Suffolk, on the Aide, 94 miles fromn London. The mnents. This is the first stage of inebriation. The from which the University of Paris originated. In encroachments of the sea have made it lose its former effects of A. proceeding gradually to develop them- 796, the emperor gave him the abbey of St. Martin of importance. It is a sea-bathing resort; pop. of parish selves, the nerves of sensation are completely paralyzed, Tours, where he established a school, which soon be- 1,627. and the drunkard, then voiceless, falls to the ran of came greatly celebrated. A4. died in 804, and was buried Ide'rn, i. [Ar.] (tr.) The Arabic name of an animal of the lowest class. This is the second in the church of St. Martin. Over his remains was in- large and bright star of the first magnitude, called it stage, characterized by the stupidity of the face. At last, scribed, on a plate of copper, an epitaph composed by modern cataloguesA. Teauri, situated in the eye of the paralysis extending itself to the nerves of motion, leseves himself, of which the following are two of the lines: constellation Taumrus, whence it is called also by the the body in a state of complete insensibility. After this "'Q uod nune es, fueram, famosus in orbe, viator; Arabs Ainmal Thisue-, the bull's-eye. It is the bright star regular and progressive extinction of the vital properties Et qued nune ego sum, tuque futurus eric." in the group of the Hyades. Its light is rather reddish, of the various portions of the nervous system, a fourth The first edition of his collected works was published and of late years it has become remarkable as having and last stage may follow, if the quantity of the absorbed at Paris in 1617, (1 vol. folio.) been frequently occulted by the moon, and having exA. was considerable; the paralysis reaches the heart, Al'eyon, n. See HALCYON. heibited the curious phenomenon of projection on the and death is the immediate consequence, exactly as it Alcyo'naaee, c. pl. (Zogl.) A sib-ord. of polyps, moon's disk. It is easily found in the heavens by the occurs with other narcotics. - In the recovery from the ord. Alcyonaria. It compr-ises polypes which are turs- following directions. If a line be drawn through the three poisonous influence of A., the brain is the first to lose binate at the base, and which are founsld inccusting conspicuous stars forming the belt of Orion, toward the the influence of the poison. As a consequence of the re- foreign bodies. It embraces 4 faro., Alcyonidic, Aecsi- head, it passes just below Aldebaran and the Hyades; if storation of consciousness which this brings aboust, the dos, Corcularidws, and Thbiporidce. toward the.feet, it passes through Sirius, which is about mind takes cognizance of the condition of the still Al ye nsa'ria, n. pl. (Zeal.) An ord. of polyps, con- the same distance from the belt as Aldebaran. It comias half devitalized sensory nerves, and there is therefore taining those which have well-developed actinal, mural, to the meridian at 9 o'clock on the 10th of Jan. VOL. I,-8 * 58 ALE, ALEM ALEP Alle're'ver, ISEINmcro, a German painter and en- are distinguished for their vinous flavor. India plale a Argusturia (Harburg). In'the middle of the 5th con. graver, a pupil and successful imitator of Albert Darer. differs firom others chiefly in having a larger quantity tury, they spread over IHelvetia After the great victory iB. in Westphalia in 1502, D. 1562. of hops. The use of anll intoxicatilng beverage composed gained by the Frankish king Clodwig, at Tolbiacuim, 496, Aliehyd'ic, a. Denoting an acid prepared from anal- of barley and other grain steeped in water and aflter- many of them soeght relige willh Theodoric time Great, dehyd. wards fermented, may be traced in several parts of the who assigned to them abodes in I5hwtia. They consoliAl'dehyds, n.pl. [A contraction from alcihrl dely- ancient world. Pliny states that in his time it was in dated with the Suevi into a duliedoml, called thie Duchyl drogenatus, alcohlol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Choem.) general use among tihe natives who inhiabited the west- qof' A/emania, alter whiclh their history is absorbed in The name of a series of comnpoiunds produced by the ox- ern parts of Europe, and under dilferedt names in time general history of Germainy. idation of thie alcohol, less highly oxidized than the Egypt, Spain, and Italy. 900 years beifore Pliny, Hero- Aleman'iiaie,?m. The langouage of the Alemanni. acids, and standing in an internmediate position between dotus tells us that the Egyptians used a liquor made -a. Pertaining or relating to the Alenmianni. the alcohol and the acids. i'he most important is the of barley, and Tacitus states that tihe ancient Germans AIlem'be't, JE"AN LE StOND D', B. at Pearis, 1717, was aldelyd, q. v. for their drink drew a liquor fromi barley asid other a inatural chitld, abandonied ly his mother, exposed in Al'delyd, n. [See ALDFZYDs.] (Cies.) A volatile in- grains, and fermented it so as to make it resemble wiine. a public market, hy the church of St. Jelan le lond. and flanmmoabl liquid, with a ipeculiar pungent irritating Ale was also the favorite liquor of the Anglo-Saxons found by thie overseer of the district, wiho intrusted miimll odor, which his a faint resemblance to that of apples. and Danes, and before the introductioion of Christianiity to the wife of' a poor glazier. b'Alenimbert coimmenced It is obtained by a gradual oxidation of alcohol in vari- it was ai article of belief among them that driining his studies in the coilege of Mazarin, %where lie made ous ways. Ibrn., C41t40a2. It may be mixed in all copious draughts of ale formed one of the chief felicities surprising progress ii niatheenmtics.' hei hlie left colpiroportions with alcohol, ether. aid water. It can of their heroes in thie hall of Odin. It is equally naumed legs, lie returned to his lbster-mother, with whom lihe scarcely be exposed to tihe air, without absorbing oxy- as one of the chief liquors provided for a royal banquet lived altogether 40 years. Giving ip all hiopes of wealth gen, and it then forms an acid compound. ii thie reign of Edward the Confessor. By a statute of or civil honors, lie devoted himself entirely io his favorAIl'den, in Illinois, a post-village and township of Mc- Henry 111. (1266), the preamble of' which alludes to it studies. Soime memoirs, which hewrote inulhe yemrs senry co., 70 m. N.W. of Chlicago. Pmqp. 945. earlier statutes on thie same subject, a graduated scale 1739 and 1740, procured him iadmission to the Academy Al'denl, in Iowa, a post-village and township in Hardin was established lfor tile price of ale throughout Eng- of Scieices, in 1741, at the age of 24. From this liehm co. —Alden Village is on the Iowa river, about 70 miles lhnd. For a long time after the introduction of hops iii may be dated the cereer of honor which ranks him N. by E. of Des Moines. Pp. 193. Englandl, which took place about tihe year 1524, the among the greatest bi-nefactors to science o tihe last cenAI'desa, in New Yorle, a township of Erie co., 22 m. name ALE wins restricted to tihe unhopped liquors ii tury. In 1743 lie produced his treatise on dynamics. S. ot'e Buffalo. Pop. 2,412. opposition to the German beer or hopped liquors. But In 1749 he solved the probmlem of the precession of the Al'deia, in 1Wiscoasin, a township in the S.E. of Polk as now used, the word ale does not imply the absence, equinoxes, vscerlaine&i its quan tity, and explamined the co. P,p. 157. but only a less proportion of Ihops. rotation of the terrestrial axis. In 1752 he published AI'denville, in Penna., a post-office of Wayne cc. Ale'a, i. [Lat., a game of haezard.j (Law.) The chance of an essay oil the resistance of hfluids, and soon ether obAl'de', n. (Bot.) See AmNus. gain or loss in a contract. tmined pension froms Louis XV. lie mext eingaged with Al'derbrlosuls, in Arkansas, a post-office of Indepen- (Cotncm.) A gen. of minute land-shells, found in marshy Diderot in compiling tihe celebrated " Encyclop6die," for deuce co. ground, roots of trees, moss, &c. which lie wrote the preliminary discourse, which was so Al'dertury, a small town of England, county of Wilts, Ale'a. (Anc. Geog.) A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. excellent, that it drew friom Condorcet tihe compliment, 3 m. from Salisbury. Pup. 1,438. At about a mile from It had three famous temples-that of Diana Elphesia, of that in a century only two or three naen appeared cathe town is Clarendon, where formerly stood a mansion, Minerva Aleisa, and of Bacchus. At the annual festival pable of writing such. Yhile engaged on miathematiwhich was a frequent residence of the early English held here in honor of the latter deity, womnen were cal suljects, his namne was not msuch knownm; but niow mon:rchs. In it Parliament assembled, and iHenry II. beaten with scourges, in accordance with a command of he becciloaecelebrated by works of an historical aud nmisenacted the celebrated Slatutes of Clareadon, framed to tihe Delphian oracle. cellaneous charamcter, suchll as his "lhilosophical, Hischekl the encroachments of Catholicism. Aleak', adv. In a leaking condition. torical, and Phi lological Miscellamnies: "'lhe 3hlemoirs Al'der CaeelK, in Nam I'mr/c, a post-office of Oneida (Naut.) To spring a leaA,-, is said of a vessel, when a of Christina, Queen of Sweden," and his'"Elements of co., 107 m. W.N.W. of Albany. leak commences in some part of her. Philosophy." Frederick, king of Prussia. offered him Al'derly, in Il'liais, a host-village, cap. of Mercer co., Aleatory, n. [From alea.] (Law.) An A. contract is an the office of president of his academy, and Cathaeine, 15 ni. S.E. of Mississippi river, and about 75 in. W.N.W. agreement of which the effects, with regard both to tihe tlie empress of Russia, invited him into her dominions as of Peoria. advantages and losses, whether to all the parties, or to tutor to the gramnm-duke; but Alembert refused both. -Al'der'ina, n, n.; pZ. ALDEarMEN. [A. S., ealderman, some of thesm, depend on an uncertain event. In 1765 he publishedl his dissertatioun on the destruction from eelder, older, and iman, a man.] Princes, earls, Ale'-be-rry, it. A beverage made by boiling ale with of the Jesuits. Ile also published nine volumes of meisgovernors of provinces, and other persomns of distinc- spice, sugar, and sops of bread. oirs and miscellaneous pieces, and the " Elenments of tion, were generailly termed aldermen by the Anglo- Ale'-brewer, ii. One who brews ale. Music." In 1772 he was elected secretary to thue Freinch Saxonis. But besides this general signification of the Ale'-eoanner, AIz'-KeNNEa, mu. In England, an officer Academy, and wrote the history of 70 of its members. D. word, it was also applied to certain officers in particu- sworn to look at tihe assize and goodness of ale mand 1783. D'Aleimlert hs bleen heldupto reprobition on aclat; thus, there was an A. of all Eni-land (aldermannaus beer. —Also an officer whose office is to inspect the count of his religious opiniois. Nevertheless, the pubtol/us A2glice), the nrtstrse of whose olice has not been mneasures used in public-houses. lished writings of D'. contain noexpressionsoffensive to well ascertained. There was ais a kiing's A. (alder- Ale'cost, n. (BUnt.) The costimary, Brnsamftae vulgaris, religion. Ilad it not been for his private correspondence mmannas ragis), who has been supposed to have been an somnetimes put into ale to improve its taste. with Voltaire and others, which was publisheid lfter his occasional judge, with auuthmority to adminiister justice in Aleetter, v. (Zo1i.) See Cuassow. death, thle world would not have known, except by impartial districts. There were also A. of cities, boroughs, Aleetooom'oen'ae ay, n. [;r. alector, a cock, and mache, plication, what the opinions of I'A. were. 0Om this andm castles. andl A. of hundredls, upon whose particular a battle.] Coclk-fighting. point we will cite respectable Catholic aithority. The functions it is useless to speculate. Aldermen. at present, Alee'trusres, n. pl. See ALECTRunINy. Bishop of Limoges said, during tile life of h'., "I do are officers asociated with the miayor of a city, for thie Aleetrttri'mne,' m.pl. (Z6,.) A sub-fhlm. of dentirostral not kmowv him personally; but I have always heard that adminiistration of municips pl governnsents, both in En-d- birds, ord. Passeres, fani..Muscicapidce. his mannmiers are simple, and his conduct without a stain. land and the United States. - In some places they act Alectryoma'aney, and ALECTrOavANCY, n. [Gr.] An As to his wvorks, I read them over and over again, and as judges in certain civil and crniminmal cases. ancient practice of foretelling events by meains of acock. I find nothing thiere except plenty of talent, great inforAllrlesn.naney. and Al' 1derrnrs 1ry, m n. The quality The letters of the alphabet were traced on the ground, mnation, mnd a good syshem of morals. If liis opinions or offie of mns aldersman. and a grain of corn laid on each; ai cock was then per- are not as sound as his writings, he is to be pitied, but Al'dermnaa lic', a. Belonging or relating to an alder- nitted to picki up tis grains; and the letters under the no one has a right to interrogate his conscience."' The man. grains selected, beinig formed into words. were supposed style of D'A. as a writer is agreeable, but he is not Al'demanian-like, and Alderananly, a. Like an to foretell tlis events desired. —Ency. Brit. placed tby the F1rench in the first rank. HIis mtlmhenatialderman. Ale'tuaras, n. (ZeGt.) See TAFGALLA. cal works shlow that he wrote as he thought without Al'derlnRaas ship, n. The condition of an alderman. Ale'do, in nl//iami, a post-village, cap. of Mercer co., taking muclh trouble to finish. Iis expression was, Al'dern, a. IMatlae of alder. about 75 m. W.N.W. of Peoria; pop. 563. "Let us find out hhe thing-tthere will le plenty of peoAl'lernaey, or Aurignny anislandbelongingto Great Ale'-draper, n. A keeper of an ale-house. pie to put it into shape," — an assertion abundantly Britain. in the Esglish Clmannel, 55 m. S. fi-om the isle Alee', actv. [From a and lee. In Fr. sous le vent, under verified since his tinme. of P'ortlantd, and 18 mu. W. of Ca-e La Hogue in Nor- the wind.] (Naut.) The situation of the hiclm whlen it ih Alemn'bic, mm. [Ar. al, the, and amibeeq, a cup.] (Che.s.) mandy. The channel between A. and the latter is dan- pushed down to the lee side of tihe ship, inoorder to put An obsolete fotrm of still. In I;rance, the term alesibic gerous in stormy wveather firomn the strength and rapilm- the ship ablout, or to lay her head to the windward. is used to designate a glass still, consisting of a retort ity of the tide. This isle is about 3Y/ miles in length, Aleft', adv. On the loft. (r.) and head. by 3%/ in breadth. It is celebrated for its breed of cow Ale'qaoof, n. (Bet.) A species ofground-ivy, the Glechoiam Alenm'broth, n. (Chent.) An old term, which was ap(see Ox). Pop. 4 932. itedera.-ea, oSO. Labiatne; once so called on account of its plied by alchemists to the poisonous salt ef weisdom, a All'ldershlot, and ALDEInSUTT, a Iparish of England, co. being the chief iungiredient with vwhich ale was made. double chloride of mercury and ammonia. It was used of IIants. lfmp. 10,720. There is here, since 1854, a per- Ale'-hlt. use, e. A house where ale and beer are drulnk; as a stinmulant. manent camp of 20,000 men. -distinguished from a tavern, where wines and liquors Aleantejo. See ALENTUJe. All]ie, in Virginia, a post-village of Loudon co., on are also retailedl. A.len, JomiN VAN, a distinguishled Dutch painter of birds, Little river, 113 m. N. of Richmonid. Allema n, Malrso, a Spanish writer, who lived in the landscapes, and reprecsentations of still life. B. at Am,Al'dinia Editions. (Bibli g.) The name given to 16th century. lie satirized the manniers of his country- sterdanm, 1651; n. 1678. tihe works which proceeded from the press of the family men in the masterly cue-ation of Gusimamn deo AtArache, Aleln'qosn, a city of France, cap. of the dep. of the Orne, of Aldus 3Imnmitius. - See MiANUrI's-. a novel published in MaIdrid, 1599. in a pm;in on.the Sarthe, 105 m. W.S.W. of Paris. —Nan. Aldobrasdl'ini. See CLETmerN VIII. Ali'enaia ini, or ALLE.MIIA Nt,an.pl. [0. Oer. Allemantnen, Cloth, linen, tanneries. Some houses still msae the Alirhoval'dlsis, ULYssss, an Italian, distinguished as from alle, all, and 3Msas (pl. AI/iiiner), a mian; —ali celebrated lace called point d'Aleenoon. The -. diamonds a nitural historian. B. at Bologna in 1522, D. 1007. men, all sorts of mien; a vast union of mimany tribes.] are crystals of smoke quartz found in neighboring After p tssing a life devoted to tihe most exalted put- The name of a confederacy of several German tribes, granite quarries. Pop. 14,760. suits, iand bringing together, at vast labor and expense, which, in the beginning of the third century, approaclme I A1es.$Ihi', adv. [From a for ad, and length.] At full a mtgmnificent collection of minerals, plants, and ani- the Rtoman territory. Their principal abode wasE tihe lengtl; along; stretched at full length. (o.) mals, he iliad in inn sospitnul, vhicL ne was compelled to very heart of Germany, the space between tile sources Ale lao, Jui.vs, an Italian Jesuit, who propagated euter on accounit of his poverty. of the ithine and the Danube; from this vital centre, Christiuanity with great success in Cmhina during:A6 years, Altia'toioe Site[sor, a parish and town of England, co. their sway seems to have extended very far along thie and wrote several books in the Chinese language. D. of Cimnberland, Leath ward, on the bohmer of Nortimun- banks of both those rivers, occupying the entire space 1049. hmerLand. The ton-n stands on i hhill washed by the between them. In tine earliest period of thaeir history, A8lesatejo, a prov. of Portugal, betwecnLat. 37020'and Tyne. Pop. of parish, 6,404:. It is chiefly celebrated for their limits are supposed to have been tine Rhine. the 390 40', having, N. Beira, S. Algurve, 1/. Spain, and WV. its lead mines. Danumbe, and the Maine; in subsequent agre s, their terri- thne Atlamntic and part of Eestremmdura.-A 1rca, 10,224. Akl['duls. See MIiU~JuS. tory extended towvrds the Alps and the Jura mountauins. sq. m. - C/ieamte, hot and dry.. Surface uundulating.A9Jkle, n. [A. S. eole, eala, aloth, friom aelan, to inflame.] Caracalla first fbught with them, oai time southern part lliveus, Tagus, Gumadlimana, and Sado.-Cf/imeftowns, Evara, An amber-colored, mnelt, fermented liquor, differing of the Rhine, in 211, but did not counquer them. Maxi- the cap.; Deja, Villa-Viscose, Portalegre Elves, and Esfrom leer chiefly by its strength almd time quantity of min drove them beyond tIme Rhine, iii 230, and Posthu- tremoz. Lisbon is mostly supplied with corn from saccharine matter remaining unfermented. Common nius pmrsued them into Germany. Diit the A. did not hence, and rice is grown in thie low grounds; po2. beer hbms only S per cent. of aulcohol, while bhiown ale desist from their incursiono. Successively repulsed by 290,000. has from 5 to 0 her cent. The sat'ngest Bs-tfmn ale is Lolliunus, the eumperor tProbus, and Const-ntins Chloris, Ale] l'po, or SlAtmEma-Es-SrLnsA, a city of Turkey in mudse mith thi lbest pale malt, mnd conitains as much as they wyere defeated hsy Juliamn, 357, awho forced their Asiai, cip, of a peshalic of thie saume namme, in the N. of 8 per cent. of alcohol. The Scotch oles also, especially princes to sue for peace. Valentinian I. had alnost in- Syriai, on the IKoeit (aunc. Cihals), 70 m. it. of the Mediterthose of Edinmburgh and Prestonpans, which have a high cessantly to contend with them in his own domaimn. ranean. Let. 360 11' N.; Lon. 370 10' E. The city rose reputation, contain a very small amount of hope, and Gratian, in 377, foughtv with them a bloody battle, at to imsportance on thse destruction of Palmeyra, and be ALEX ALEX ALEX 59 eame the great emporium of trade between Europe and that Aristotle was his master, the memory of tile phi- session of Damascus, and secur'ed all the towns along the East. A. has a castle, a Mohammedan college, with losopher would preserve that of the pupil. lBut it is a tise Mediterranean sea. Tyre, emboldened by the numerous pupils, many Christian schools and churches,'rare coincidence to find the greatest of conquerors in- strength of its situation, resisted, but was taken, alter an ancient aqueduct, several large inns, and many ex- strutted by the first of philosophers-the mnaster of all seven monoths of incredible exertions, and destroyed. tensive warehouses and bazaars. —Man f. Silk, cotton, knowledge teaching the future master of thile world. A. continued his victorious march through Palestine, gold and silver thread stuffs. Large caravans arrive Some of the great projects of A. might pass for the where all the towns surrendered, except Gaza, whichl fi'om Bagdad, Bassora, Diarbekir, Mosul, Kurdistan, and mere caprice of a main possessed of unlinited power, if shared the fate of'Tyre. Egypt, weary of the Persian Armenia. Consuls of most European nations reside at we did not know that Aristotle had given him lessens yoke, received him as a deliverer. In order to confirm Aleppo. About 30 m. N.W. is Angoli TagiSh, a mountain in political science, and written for his use a treatise his power, he restored the forucer customs and religious with ruins of a convent, and a number of deserted on the art of government. That the pupil, amid all rites, and founded Alexandria. At the return of spring, villages, which indicate its former populousness. Pp. his violence and excesses, possessed a vigorous and clear A. marched against Darius, who, in the meantime, had about 100,000; but previously to the earthquake of 1822 understanding, with enlarged views of the advantages collected an army in Assyria, and rejected the proposals it is said to have been upward of 200,000. of commerce, and of thile nature of civil government, is of A4. for peace. A battle was fought at Gauganiela, not &lep'po, in Pennsylvania, a township of Green co.; amply confirmed by some of the most prominent events liar fronom Arbela, in 331. Justin estimates the forces of pop. about 1,400. of his life. Unfortunately, Aristoile was not his only Darius at 500,000 iien; Diodoruis, Arrian, and Plutarch Alert', a. [Sp. al' erta, on the mound or post of the senti- master; the flattery of Lysimachus, and the obsequi- at more than double that number. Notwithstanding nel oni the fortification or rampart.] Watclhtful; vigilaint; ohusness of his attendants, conspired to cherish those un- the immense numerical superiority of his enemy, A. ready at a call; active; brisk; nimnble.-Althougls A. is covernable passions which seenm to have descended to was not a moment doubtful of victory. At lthe head of used for briskness or activity in general, it still is miost him from both his parents. —His first essay in arms was his cavalry, he attacked the Persians, and routed them appropriately used of cases in which, according to the isinmediately; he then hastened to the mid of his left etyssology, the mind and body answer to some external wing, which ihad been, in the mean time, severely cali upon them, to be on the alert, or to be on tihe look- - pressed. His wish was to take, or kill, the kinig of out, ready to act on short notice, being found prepared.!Persia. The latter was on an elevated chlariot. in the (Milt.) fpson the alert, on one's guard; upon the watch; m-iidst of his body-gunards. These, when they saw how guarding against surprise or danger. A. overthrew everything, fled. Darius then mounted Alert', in 0s,',i a post-village of Butler co. at s horse, and fled likewise, leaving his army, baggage Alert'ness, n. Tihe quality or state of being alert; and imcnse treasures to tile victor. Babylon and Susa, nicibleness; sprightliness. where tice riches of the hEast lay accunmulated, opened Ale'.pole, ALE-POST, n. A pole or post set up for cc their gates to A., who directed his march toward Perseposigi betforean ale-Ihouse. lis, tihe capital of Persia. The only passage tiitlher, Pyla Ale'-silver, n. A rent or tribute anciently paid to the Persidis, wiss defended by 40,000 men inider Ariobiarzanses. Lord Mlayor of London by the sellers of ale. A. attacked thein in tIhe rear, routed themc, and entered AlessaiL'diria, or ALEXxA.NReA, a fortified town of N. Persepolis triumnplhant. From this tise the glhry of A. Italy, tPiedlmont, cap of cc prov. of the same naune, on began to decline. Masster of the greatest emipire in tihe the'Ta'naro, 46 Iu. E S.E. of Turin. It has a cathedr'l, world, hie became a slave to hi9 own passions; gave barracks, cand many public edifices. Fab., silk, linen, himliself up to arrogance and dissipation; showed himwoollen goods, stockings, and hats. Pop. 560,545. In self ucgrateful and cruel, and, in tihe rimis of pleasuro, the extensive and barren plain of South Guliano, 2 m. - shed tile blood of his bravest generals. Hitlhlerto sober and S.E. of A., is the little village of Marengo, celebrated moderate, this hero, who called ihinmself a god, su..k to for the great victory gained by Napoleon I. over tihe the level of vulgar men. Persepolis, the wonder of tico Austrians, on June 1-, 1800. world, he burned in a fit of intoxication. Ashlnmed of this Ales'si, GcLmUS, a falmous architect, who planned tihe act, lie set out with his cavalry to pursue Darius, who monastery and chiurch of the Escurial, the royal palace was assassinated by Bessus, sairap of Bacticiana, and near fMadrid. B. at Pergial, 1500; D. 1572. mcourned by tihe Macelonuian heio. Te achmbition Ifor conAles'so, ~i, MTeTHSnaW PInEZ, an eminent painter and quest had now become in A. cn inordinate passion. lie engraver, n. st Rome. His most celebrated pertform;mice entirely subdued Persia, and then prepared to invade is a gigantic f'csco figure of St. Christopler, in the India. In the early part of tihe year 826 B. c. he crossed great church of Scville. D. 1600. the Indus, and entered the Punjab. On the baskls of tlhe Ale'tris, n. [Gr. aleiatros, meal, from the powdery Hydaspes hie encountered Porus, an Indian prince, with a dust with which the plant is covered.] (Bet.) A gen. numerous army, in which were several elephants. Tice of thile ord. Hccusodoracece. Tihe A. Jfarinosa, or star- wonted fortune of the Macedoians prevailed; but A. wuas grass, grows in low grounds ic the U. States. Its roots so pleased with tihe gallantry of Porus, that hie restored are intensely bitter. It is used in infusion as a tonic Fig. 78.-TETRADRAHsII. Onl FOUR-DRACHM COIN OF ALEXAN- him his kingdomn and entered into an alliance with him. and stomnachic, and has been employed in chronic rhcu- DEI THE GIcRET. Pursuing tihe tide of conquest, which seemced to roll m:ctiscm. (The reverse of this coit is afitgure of the eagle bearing Jupitsr.) him to success, lie advssced to tic Acesines tie CsheA leu'rites, n. (Bat.) A gen. of the ord. Euphorbiacear made at the battle of ChOeronea, B. c. 338, when his father naub), traversed the barren plain betweenm it casd the Tice A. tcriloba, a Molucca tree, has much reputaltion for crushed the united forces of Ticebes and Athens with HydraotCes (the Raves), when he was met by a second its nuts, said to be aphrodisiac. their allies, and established the Macedonian supremacy Porus; him he defeated, and gave his kingdom to the Aleu'ro,uacney, n. [dr.]- A kind of divination by in Greece. Pihilip was murdered during the celebration former Porus. Continuing his ucarch, he arrived at the flour, used by the ancients. of his daughter's miarriage, when he was just on the river HIyphasis (the Garra), which was thie limit of hlis Alenurocsi'eter, n. [Gr. aicuron, flour, and nuetron, eve of setting out on his Asiatic expedition, at the head Indian expedition. IHere lie erected twelve colossal meatsure.] Anu instrument to ascertain the quantity of of the combined force of' Greece, and A., in his 20th towers to mark this circumstance. I-eIs now ordered a gluten in flour. year, succeeded to the monarchy and to the great de- fleet to be built, and sailed down the Indus; and leaving Aleti'tiatn, or ALEUTAN, Islands, a chain of islands in signs of his ftthetr. After having punished Philip's tile ships to Nearchus, whom ihe directed to tIhe Persian thie North Pacific, extending between Kamtschhatka is murderer, A. went into the Peloponnesus, and received, Gulf, he returned witl hIis army hrough P'ersia to BabsyAsia, and the peniusuls Alaska in Amierica. They are in the gelleral assem!cly of the Greeks, the chief conm- ion, where he was carried oil by a fever, in the 33d year very numelrous, occupying ai circular areae, exteinding niad already conforred on his father. After Ihis of his age, 323 B. c. He had fbur s-ives: Barsina, the f-iom 1650 to 1950 E. ion., whose chord is is 550 N. iet., return, he found thie 11yrii and Tribetli in arms, went daughter of Artabazes; Itoxansc, a Persian princess, by and over 600 m. in length. Behring's ishland, Attoo, to mceet them, forcedappassage through Thrace, and was wchom he left a son of his own name, who was assessiand Unllccaska, are the largest. They are rocky and everywhere successtfui. But the Thebans, having heard sated with Ihis mother, by Cassander; Parisatis, daughvolcanic, having some volcanoes in constant activity, a rumor of his death, had taken up arms, and the Athe- ter of Artaxerxes Oclius; and Sttiral, dsaughter of DaVegetaltion scanty; there are no trees nor asy plants niaus, urged by Denlosoiees, were about to join them. rius Codonmannus. By Ihis own direction, his body was surpassing the diseension of low shrubs alned bushes. A. hastened to prevent this junction, and appeared be- carried to Alexandria. where Ptolemcy Lagus deposited The seas abound in fish, and tile feathered tribes are fore Thebes, toolk and destroyed the city. 6000 of the it in a gold coffin, which one of his successors chcanged numnerous. Foxes are thle principal qcuacdrupeds. Only inhabitants were put to the sword, and 30,000 car- for a glass one. ltvintg'appointed no successor, his a few islands are inhabited, and the total population, ried into captivity. The house and family of the poet generals divided his conquests aucong thencselves.-The variously estimated, is about 10,010. The islandss were Pimndar alone were spared. This severity terrified all character of. A. wass masde up of very great and very partially discovered by Behring, in 1741. The WV. p:rt Greece. Leaving Antipater to govern ini his stead in bad qualities. He committed many odious cruelties, of the chain belon-gs now to thi Ui. States, and the E. Europe, he crossed over into Asiae, inii the spring of 33;, and hie drank to a shaimeful excess. In one of his to Russia. Sea A sot. with 30,000 foot and 5,000 horse. When he approached drusnken fits hie stabbed is most intimate firiend Clytis Ale'wife, n. A womaun who keeps an ale-house. the Granicus, hie learnsd that several Persiasn satraps, Weith his own hIaud. Yet hie often perfoirmed deeds that (Z 6.) The clupea serrate, an American fish, resem- with 20,000 foot, and es istcuiy horse, awaited him on indicated a benevolent imind; and though lie wais pleased bliug theheearing. thie other side. A., without delay, led his army through withl the fulsome ascription of divinity, on ot-her occaAlexaui'der I., Iking cf Macedon, son of Amynths I., the river, and obtained a comsplete victory, having sions hie expressed his abhorrence of adulation and flaitwas alive at the time of the great Persian invasion of overthrown, with his lance, Mithridates, the son-in-law tery. Ile possessed a taste for learning and the fine Greece, B. c. 480. of Darius, and exposed himself to every danger. Most arts, and had always about him men of science, philosoALExAN'OEit II., the 16th king of MIacedon, wes the son of of tihe cities of Asia Minor, even Sardis, opened thleir pliers, and poets. Amyntas II., and ascended the thrlone about B. c. 370. gates to the victor. Miletus and Ialicarnlssus resisted Ale-xand'ler, JANM0US, king of the Jews, third son of ALex./i~sRDE III., (Tsss GaRE.T,) son of Philip II., iing of longer. A. restored democracy in all the Greek cities. Johannes Ilyrcan us, smucceeded his brother Aristobulus Macedlon, was borun n. c. 356. His mother was Olympia, In passing through Gordium, he cut the Gordian knot, as kiing and as igh-priest from 106 or 104 to 70 9. c. He the daugihter of Neoptoleinus, king of Epirus, through ansi coniquered Lycia, Ionia, Carla, Pamphylia, and Cap- began his reign by murdering one of his brothers, and whom A. claimed a descent from the great Phthiotic padlocid. But a dangerous sickness, brought on by eutered into hostilities, which lasted long, with Ptolemy hero Achilles. The history of A. forms an epoch in the bathings in tihe Cydnus, checked his course. 0Oc this Lethycus, king of Egypt. His cruelties irritatedt his history of thie world. Whatever difficulties we may occasion he showed the elevation of his csharacter. He subjects, and produced a civil war, which lasted six have in msaking sn exact estimate of his personal char- received a letter from Parmcenio, saying th;et Philip, his years. A., however, proved successful, and in one day acter, ev csu hardly assigi too much imiportance to physiciaen, had tieeis bribed by Dscrius to poison hiim. caussed 800 ccsptives to be crucified, alter their wives the gieset events of Isis life, end their permanent influ- A. gave the letter to the physician, acid set the same clud children had tieen murdered belbre their eyes. ence on the conditioin of the Ilucnca race. The over- tissue drank the potion which he hlad prepared for him. ALEXANeDER, son Off Icing As-istoloulus II., and grndson throw of the great Asiatic monarcchy which had so often Scarcely was he restored to heaeltil, when he advccmced of Janne sus, wsvs tssken caeptive icc Judcee by Poccipey, threatened tice political existence of Greece, the vie- toward the defiles of Cilicia, whither Dasrius had im- who iintended to exhibit him swithc hits fscther suid brother torions progress of the Macedlonian arms from the prudently betteken himself, with an immense army. in his triuisph at Rome; Alexander escaped on the plains of Thebes to the banks of tice Danube, and from Tihe second battle took place near Issue, between the journey, and returned to Jud~se, where he raised an the Hellespont to the Nile, the Jaxssrtes, and tihe Indus, sea and the mountains. The disorderly msasses of the army. But Marccus Antonius, who was sent by Ga-these have fiormued in all ages the theme of historical Persiacuns were broken by the charge of the Mcacedonians, biniums, governor of Syria, defeated Alexamnder near Jerudeclamation, and are still the subject of vulgar admire- and fled in wild confusion. The treasures and family iselesm, B. c. 57, and besieged himic in Alexcendrion, where thon. But the diffusion of thue lsanguage and the arts of Il)aius fell into the hsads of the conqueror.'The he caepitumlated. After hisfiether, Aristobsluu, hash esccaped of Greece, the extension of commnerc by opening to latter were treated most magsnanimo usly. A. did not frommi Rumu to Judsea, snd had been agssin defeaetel ins Europeatns the rosed to Indiae; the great addlitions made pursse Dsaiissa, who fled' toward the Euphrates, but, in put ilito prison, Alexaundes- once usore took cup arms send to naturarl science cend geograephy by the expedition of order to cut him off firoic the sea, turnied toward Ccelo- conquered Jusiass. But he sesus defbeeted in a battle near A., —these are the real suibjects for erlightened and Syria and Phhoenicia. The victory at Issus had opened Mount Tabor, fell into the hands of Metellus Scipio, and critical research. If we kicewe nothing more of A. tihan the whole coustr'y to tice Ma~esdoniians. A. took pos- was beheaded at Antioch, 49 c. c. 60 ALEX ALEX ALEX Alexan'der I., sur- history of modern Rome. The general demoralization came under the IMongolian dominion, in 1238. A., when namedBalas,reign- of that period, of which abundant details are found in prince of Novgorod, defended the western frontier ed as king of Syria Catholic as well as Protestant writers, appear in sur against the Danes, Swedes, and Knights of the Teutonic from 150 to 145 B. C. time almost incredible. order. Hle gained, in 1240, a splendid victory on the He was an adven- Neva, over the Swedes, and thence received his surname. turer, who was em- He overcame, in 1242, the knights of the sword, on the ployed by the Ro- ice of lake Peipns. After the death of his father, in mans to personate 1245, A. became grand-duke of VWladimir. He died in the son of Antiochus 1263. The gratitude of his countrymen has rcommenmEpiphanes, king of orated the hero in popular songs, and raised him to the Syria, in order to dignity of a saint. Peter the Great honored his memtake possession of ory by the erection of a splendid monastery in Petersthat kingdom. He burg, on the spot where A. gained his victory, and by defeated Demetrius establishing the order of St. Alexander Newskol; but Soter, the lawful heir dying before he had named the knights, this was done and married at Ptole- by Catharine I. in 1725. mais, Cleopatra, a Alexan'der, or PAnIs, a French poet, who flourished daughter of Ptole- in the 12th century. He wrote a poem on the life of m eus Philometor, Alexander the Great, in verses of 12 syllables, which king of Egypt, who measure has ever since been called Alexandrine. afterwards t urn e d -Alexan'der Severus. See SEvErvs. against him and em- Alexan'der, St., an Asiatic; who founded the order braced the cause of QOcalled Acemetes, because one of the monks was always Demetrius Soter. Ba- Fig. 80.- ALEXANDER VI. to be on the watch to sing hymns. D). about 430. 1a eing efeausSted. by- b~ las bsing defeated by 01 ALEXANDER VII., FEBIO CHIGI OF SIENA, succeeded Inno- AIexan'der, WILLIAM. See STIRLING, EARL OF. Ptolemy, escaped into cent X. 1655. HeIo published, in 1656, the fImous bull Alexan'der (Archipelago). See ALASKA. Arabian, where he hwas against the Jansenists. He protected learning, but Alexan'der, in North Carolina, a western county, slain. On some coins was accused of favoring too much his relatives and con- fbunded in 1846, from Wilkes, Caldwell, and Iredell the head of Balas is nections. D. 1667. counties. Area about 300 sq. m.; soil hilly and partially associated with that s Alexan'der V111., Cardinal Ottoboni of Venice, suc- fertile; cap. Taylorsville. Pop. 6,022. of Cleopatra, who oc- ceeded Innocent XI. 1689; a. 1691, at the age of 82. Alexandler, in Georgia, a post-village of Burke co., cupies the foreground Alexan'der I., emperor and autocrat of all the Russias, about 30 mi. E. of blilledgeville. with a modius on her 9. and king of Poland, was born Nov. 6, 1777, and in 1801, Alexan'der, in Illinois, a county lying between the head, —an indication on the death of his father, Paul, ascended the throne. Ohio on the S.E. and the Mississippi on the S.W. Area of his subordination to that proud woman. From 1805 to 1815, his name and his influence were con- 245 sq. m. Cash river, after flowing along the E. ALEXAN'DER II., called Zebinas, or the brought-on, as it nected with all the most important political transactions boundary of the county, flows into the Ohio.'The soil was reported that he had been purchased from slavery. of Europe. In the year 1805, Alexander united with is fertile, but some parts of this county are subject to He reigned over a parft of Syria, from 128 to 122 B. C., the emperor of Austria against France. This coalition, inundations. Chief towns, Cairo, and Thebes the capand was put to death. however, was of short continuance; it was broken up, ital. Pop. 9,000. Alexan'der I., king of Scotland, son of Malcolm IIT., in consequence of the success of Napoleon at Austerlitz. Alexan'der, in Maine, a post-township of Washington succeeded his eldest brother Edgar, 1107, and D. 1124. In the following year he joined with Prussia; but, in co., 25 min. N. of Machias; pop. 445. He was very rigorous in the administration of justice; 1807, after having been defeated at Friedland, he signed, A2lexan'der, in Noei Yolk, a post-village and townon which account several insurrections took place, all at Tilsit, a peace with the French emperor, very soon ship of Genesee co. The village, at 258 m. W. of Albany, of which he subdued. Alluding to the most serious of on the Tonawanda creek, contains a flourishing semithem, excited by the Angles, the old chronicler Wyn- nary. Pop. of township 3,000. ton says, / Alexan'der, in Ohio, a township of Athens co., about "Fra that day forth his lieges all 80 m. S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 3,500. Used him Alexander thIefterce to call." — a village of Licking co., about 12 m. W. of Newark. ALEXANDER II., succeeded his father, William the Lion, Pop. 700. 1214, at the age of 16. He engaged in a long and de- Alexan'der, in Tennessee, a small village of Cannon co. structive war with England. His marriage with the Aa:~ -Alexan'dersville, or AL XANDERVILLE, in Ohio, a sister of Henry III., 1221, restored peace between the post-village of Montgomery co., on the Miami Canal, 7 two kingdoms. D. 1249. m. S. of Dayton. ALEXANDER III., son of the preceding by his second Alexan'dra, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Chenspowife, came to the crown at the age of eight years. Soon diacec. after he was married to Margaret, daughter of Henry A lexan'dretta. See ISKENDEROON. III. of England, whom he assisted against the Englislh Alexan'ldria, a celebrated city and seaport of Egypt, barons. He defeated the king of Norway, who had in- near the westernmost branch of the Nile, on theMeditervaded Scotland with a large army. He was killed i ranean, 112 in. N.W. Cairo, with which it communicates hunting, 1287, leaving the character of a great and g&od,oby railway, canal, and the river Nile. Lat. of lighthouse prince..;. ~310 111 31/" N.; Lon. 290 51, 30" 14. The modern city is Alexander, POPE, succeeded Evaristus in 109; D. 129. built on a peninsula (anciently the island of Pharos), He was a Roman by birth, and stands as a nmarytlr and and on the isthmus connecting it with the continent; prince in the Roman Calendar. Fig. 81. —ALEXANDER I. the ancient city was on the mainland, where its ruins ALEXANDER II., succeeded Nicholas II. in 1061. He car- after which he became one of his closest allies. The cover a vast extent of surface. A castle called Farillon, cied the Papal powers to a great height, and mnost of interval between 1807 and 1812 was filled up with the and serving as a landmark to sailors, replaces the famous the sovereign princes yielded to his authority. B. 1073. seizure of Finland, and a war against Turkey. In the.Pharos of antiquity, which was considered one of the ALEXANDER III., succeeded Adrian IV. in 1159. The Ilatter year, hostilities were again commenced between seven wonders of the world. A. is the great emporium of emperor Frederick I. having procured an anti-pope France and Russia, and were actively continued until Egypt —Exp., corn, cotton, wool, gum, soda, rice, dates, to be elected, A. deposed the emperor, and absolved the downfall of Napoleon. During the campaigns of senna, feathers, and other African products, hides, and his subjects from their allegiance. Upon this, Frederick 1813 and 1814, Alexander bore a share in the dangers of manuf. goods. - IMp., cotton, woollen, and silk goode, marched to Rome, and having driven out A., placed his the field. As areward for his military assistance, Poland hardware, with timber, coal, drugs, and colonial prodrival in the pontifical chair; but becoming weary of the was erected into a kingdonm by the congress of Vienna, nucts. A. is an important station in the overland route to contest, he acknowledged A. as legal pontiff. A. took and A. was crowned in 1815 as king of the Poles. He India, and is connected by railway with Suez. Consuls part with Thomas k Becket in his quarrel with Henry died at Taganrog, in November, 1825. of the chief European countries reside here. Pop. about II., and canonized him after his assassination. D. 1181. ALExaN'DER II., present emperor of Russia, surnamed 150,000, chiefly Copts, Turks, Jews, and a great number ALEXANDER IV., of Anagni, succeeded Innocent IV., 1254. Nicholaewitch, as the eldest son of the late emperor of Europeais of all nations. A. was founded in 332 B.c., He claimed unsuccessfully the right to dispose of the Nicholas; n. 1818. His mother was a sister of Frederick by Alexander the Great, on the plans of the celebrated crown of Sicily. D. 1261. William IV., king of Prussia. Ie succeeded his father architect Dinocrates. It made great progress under ALEXANDER V., succeeded Gregory XII. in 1409. B. in March, 1855, and immediately issued a proclamation the dynasty of the Ptolemies. A. at that epoch engrossed on the Island of Candia, of such poor parents that in intimatiing a resolution to pursue the plans of Nicholas, the commerce of India, the great object of ancient his childhood he was obliged to go about begging, he and, if possible, bring the war, which was then raging ambition. It became also, at the same time, the centre was admitted among the Friars Minors, went to Paris in the Crimea, between the united forces of Turkey, of all sciences, and contained an immense library, the for his studies, obtained the bishopric of Vicenza, and France, England, and Sardinia, and that of his own largest of antiquity, chiefly collected by Ptolemy Soter. afterward thIe archbishopric of Milan; Pope Innocent dominion, to a successful termination. In this, however, Altogether, it consisted of 700,000 volumes, 500,000 of VII. made him cardinal. He was a liberal and munifi- he was doomed to disappointment, for on Sept. 8th, which were destroyed when Julius C sear was blockaded cent pontiff. D. 1410. 1855, the allies obtained possession of Sebastopol, and in thle Greek part of the city, and thle rest by the SaraALEXANDER VI., RonlERIc BORomA, B. at Valencia, Spain, peace was concluded March 30th, 1886. Since that time, cenic general Omar, A.D. 640. When Omar took A. he 1431, succeeded Innocent VIII. 1492. His mother A. has steadily devoted himself to the administration of said in his letters to the caliph, that ihe found in it was sister to Calistus III., by whom he was made car- his extensive dominion, to the development of arts and 4,000 palaces, 4,000 baths, 40,000 Jews who paid tribute, dinal. By his intrigues he got himself elected by the manufacturing, and the gradual abolition of serfdom. 400 royal circuses, and 12,000 gardens, which supplied conclave, though he had then four sons and a daughter by Alexan'der, a bishop of Jerusalem, lived in the 3d lhe city with all hinds of herbs in great plenty. After a Roman lady. His son, Cwsar Borgia, was a monster of century. Imprisoned and cruelly treated, the first time falling before the armies of the Romans, A4. continued to wiclkedness like himself. There is hardly a crime of in the persecution begun by Severus, and asecond time in be the channel by which the commodities of India, which they have not been accused, and it seems with the reign of DeciBs, he is celebrated alike for his piety Arabia, and Eastern Africa were transported to Europe; justice. At length Providence punished them by the and his sufferings. but when conquered by the caliphs, and subjected to the same means which they had prepared for the miin of llexan'der, king of Poland, succeeded his brother, Saracen yoke, it then began and continued to decline till others. In 1503, the Pope and his son attempted to John Albert, in 1501. He was a courageous, humane, the discovery of a passage to India by the Cape of Good oison a rich cardinal, on account of his wealth; when, and liberal prince. D. 1506. Hope, in 1497, gave the last blow to its trade. But Mey a msistake of the attendants, they drank the wine Alexan'delr ARCmHBALD, D.D., an American author, hemet All, being anxious to acquire a navy, perceived which they had destined for their victim. The Pope B. in Rockbridge, Virginia, 1772; a. 1851. His prin- the importance of A., both as a station for his fleet, and a died almost instantly, but Borgia recovered, and was cipal works are: Evidence of Revealed Religion; His- centre of commerce. He greatly improved the city, and killed some years after. His daughter Lucretia was tory of African Colonization; History of the Israelites; restored the ancient commnunications with the Nile by married, first to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, Bible Dictionary; Annals of the Jewish Nation. means of the Malsmoudieh canal, opened in 1817. Since whom she afterward divorced; then to a prince of the Aklexan'~ler Nlewskoi, a Russian hero and saint, that time the pop. has trebled or qsadrupled, and when house of Aragon, who was murdered by her brother son of the grand-duke Jaroslarv, n. 1219. In order to the Cssnal of Suez shall be opened to navigation, A. Csesar; after which she lived some time in the pontifical defend the empire, which was attacked on all sides, but will probably recover asll its ancient commercial imporpalace, sharing in the intrigues and licentiousness of that especially by the Mongols, Jaroslav quitted Novgorod, tance. Of the ancient city, the cisterns, catacombs, court. She was married a third time, in 1501, to Al- and left the charge of the government to his sons, Fedor Pompey's pillar, and the obelisk called Cleopatra's phonso d'Este, son of Herculle, duke of Ferratr. - The and Alexander, the former of whom soon afterwards Needle, are the principal remains. —On the 21st of March, pontificate of A. is certainly the blackest page in the died. A. repulsed the assailants. Russia, nevertheless, 1801, took place the battle of A., in which the French, ALEX ALFI ALGA 61 usnter Menon, were defeated by the British, headed by Alex'is, a Greek comic poet, uncle of Menander, of the spirit of poetry; and, in 1775, he produced his traSir Ralph Abercrombie. whose works a few fragments remain. Flourished 4th gedy of Cleopatra. Thenceforth he continued constant century B. c. to the muses and to study; and the result was no less Alexis I., Com &e'nus, B. at Constantinople, 1048; than fourteen dramas in seven years, besides many com____-____-~~ ~ ~was nephew to the emperor Isaac Comnennus. He as- positions in verse and prose. In France, where he next cended the throne in 1081, after banishing Nicephorus, settled with the Pretender's widow, the countess of and distinguished himself by his war against the Turks Albany, whom he secretly married, (see ALBANY, Counand other northern invaders. He received with coldness tess o1;) he composed five more tragedies. The fall of the crusaders, but, intimidated by their numbers, he the throne, in 1792, drove him from France; his propsigned a treaty of peace with thenm and promised them erty there was unjustly confiscated; and Alfieri ever support. D. 1118. His daughter Anna Comnnena has after entertained a deadly hatred of that country. Worn written a Greek account of his reign; but her history out by his incessant literary labors, hlie died at Florence ~___, j,.__:~_: ~is a panegyric, and not the record of truth. in 1803. Asa tragic writer, Alfieri has had many imi-............ ALEXIS II,, C0o3NENUS, surnamed PORPnYROGENIoUS, sUC- tators in Italy, but his throne is still unshared by any ceeded his father Michael, 1180, in his 12th year. He rival-no one has yet equalled him in nervous dialogue, _____illl~~~ ~was murdered two years after, with his mother, by in grandeur of style, or in the delineation of strong pasAndronicus Comnenus, who usurped the throne. sions and energetic characters. His Saul and his Felipo ALEXIS III., ANGELUS, dethroned his brother Isaac Angelus, are considered the finest of his productions. 1178, and put out his eyes. Besieged and taken in his AIftont, in Indiana, a post-village of Madison co., 24 capital by an army of Venetians and French crusaders, m. N.E. of Indianapolis. headed by Aleanius, the son of Isaac, he was in his turn Alfon'zo. See ALPHONZO. deprived of his sight and confined in a monastery, Al'ford, in Massachusetts, a post-village of Berkshire where he died. co., on Green river, 130 m. W. of Boston. Pop. 542. Fisg. 82. - CLEOPATRIA'S NEEDLE. ALEXIS IV., after the punishment of his uncle, placed A2]'ford, a district and parish of Scotland, 28 m. N.W his blind father, from the dungeon, oil the throne, and of Aberdeen. Pop. of parish, 1,100, of the district, 13,000. Alexanldria, Piedmont. See ALESSANDRIA. reigned with him; but his elevation was succeeded by a -In 1645, a battle was fought in the parish between the Alexatn'dsldia, a village of Scotland, in the parish rebellion, because he laid too heavy contributions upon Covenanting army under Gen. Baillie, and the Royalists Bonhill, Dumbarton co., on the Level, 3;/ mn. N. of Dum- his allies, and his life was sacrificed to the fury of the under Montrose, in which the former was defeated. barton. Pop. 4,000. people, 1204. Al'fordsville, in Indiana, a post-village of Daviess Alexan'dr.ia, in West Canada, a post-village of Glen- ALEXIS V., DucAs, surnamed Murtzuffie, from his black, co., 15 m. S.E. of the county seat. garry co., 70 m. W. of Montreal. Pop. 500. heavy eyebrows; an officer at the court of Alexis IV., Alfordsville, in North Carolina, a post-village of Alexan'dria, in Alabama, a post-village of Benton who dethroned and murdered his master, and was raised Robeson co., 107 m. S.S.W. of Raleigh. co., about 136 m. N.E. of Tuscaloosa. to the throne. The Latins, however, laid siege to Con- Al'ltert, a village of France, dep. of the Seine, 5 m. S.E. Alexlan'dnia, or ST. PAUL, in Alaska territory, a village stantinople, and pressed it so closely, that A. was obliged of l'aris, with an imperial veterinary college and boon the island Kadiak, or Kodiak, with an excellent port. to escape by night. He was deprived of his eyes by his tauiceal garden. Alexan'riia, in Indiana, a post-village of Madison father-in-law, to whom he fled for refuge; and after Al'fretl tihe Great, the youngest son of Ethelwolf, Co., on Pipe creek, about 45 m. N.E. of Indianapolis. rambling about as a mendicant, was seized by the Latins, Iking of the West Saxons, B. 849. After the death of Alexan'dria, in Kansas, a township of Leavenworth who cast him from the top of Theodosius's Pillar, where his brother, A. mounted the throne of England in 871, co.; pop. 726. he was dashed to pieces. Reigned at the commencement in his 22d year, at a time when the kingdom was a prey Alexalnt'dria, in Kentucky, a post-village, capital of of the 13th century. to the invasion of the Danes, and to domestic dissenCampbell co., about 13 m. S.S.E. of Newport; pop. 1,000. Allexti's del Arco, surnamed EL TORDIL1TO DP PErEDA, sions. After several unfortunate actions with the Banes, Alexantdria, in Louisiana, a town, cap. of Rapides a celebrated deaf and dumb Spanish portrait-painter. A. concealed his misfortunes for a year under the dress pal ish, on the Red river, 350 m. W.N.W. of New Orleans, B. at Madrid, 1625; D. 1700. of a peasant, till the success of one of his chiefs, Odun, by steamboat. It is situated on a very fertile plain; Alex/is, or Alexei, MICHAELOwlrca, son of the Czar earl of Devon, in defeating a body of Danes, drew him pop. 1,401. Michael Feodorowitz Romanov, B. 1630, succeeded to the firom his retirement. The Danes were completely deAlexan'dnria, in Mfnnesota, a post-village, capital of throne in 1645, at the age of 16, and distinguished him- feated at Eddington, in May, 878. After the victory, A. Douglas co., about 65 m. W.N.W. of Saint Cloud. self by his war against the Turks, the Swedes, and Poles. behaved with great magnanimity to his foes, giving up Alexan'dria, in Missouri, a town of Clark co., on Fox Respected abroad, hlie was beloved at home, as the im- the kingdom of the East Angles to those of the Danes river, near its entrance into the Mississippi; pop. 952. provement of his barbarian subjects was the sole wish who embraced Christianity. From that time, however, Alexan'dria, in New Hamipshire, a post-township of of his heart. D. 1677, and was succeeded by his son, though the Danes occasionally repeated their depreGrafton co., 34 m. N.N.W. of Concord; pop. 1,253. Peter the Great. dations, the mind of A. was not shaken from its noble Alexan'dria, in NVew Jersey, a township of Hunterdon Allex/is, or Alexei, PnRaowmrcn, the eldest son of the purpose of enlightening his subjects, and giving staco.; pop. 4,088. czar Peter the Great. B. 1695. Inclined to low pleasures, bility to their independence. He is said to have been Alexan'dria, in New York, a village of Essex co., and decidedly adverse to that reformation of the ancient near the N. end of Lake George. manners of the country, which it was the object of... -A post-township of Jefferson co., on the river St. Peter's life to effect, A. secretly quitted Russia, and re-, Lawrence, with a village of the same name, 27 m. N. of tired to Naples. By a promise of forgiveness, he was Watertown; pop. of township, abt. 15,000. induced to return to Mloscow, where he was thrown into P i BAlexan'dria, in Ohio, a post-village of Scioto Co., 4 prison, tried secretly, and condemned to death. He was m. W.S.W. of Portsmouth. found dead in prison, and it was given out that he had, A~lexa~n'dlia, in Tenneseapst-vil fB aibnisk fapbi n.B 78.lf a sonwho in Mo ri y/; Alex-n'slnd a, in Pennsylvania, a town in Morris been carried off by some natural illness; but suspicions township, Huntingdon co., on Frankstown, a branch of have been naturally enough entertained that a private the Juniata, 78 m. from Harrisburg; pep. 534. execution accomplished the end, without incurring the Alexa'aldria, in Tennessee, a post-village of De Kalb risks of a public one. D. 1718. A. left a son who, in co., 45 mn. E. of Nashville. 0 Tyiy. 84.-ALFREI THE GREAT. co., 45 m. E, of Nashville. 1727, became emperor, under the name of Peter II. Alexan'dria, in Virginia, a county comprising all Alexiter'ic, a. and n. The same as ALEximmaMImc. (From the British Iluseum.) that part of the District of Columbia which lies W. of Alexiter'ical, a. The same as ALEXIPsmaRMACAL. engaged in 56 battles, by sea and land, although his the Potomac, which formerly belonged to V., and was, Aley'beh, a large and popular place in W. Africa, on valor as a warrior has excited less admiration than his in 1844, returned to that State. Area, 36 sq. m. A bridge thie banlk of the Senegal; lat. 160 50, N.; lon. 140 4' W. wisdom as a legislator. He composed a body of statutes, of over one mile in length, crossing the Potomac, con- Alfa.r' Dugah, a mountain of Turkey in Asia, *Ana- instituted the trial by jury, and divided the kingdom nects it with the City of Washington. The surface tolia, not far from the Black sea. Lat. 410 35' N.; lon. into shires and tithings. He was so exact in his governis hilly. 330 5' E. ment that robbery was unheard of, and valuable goods ALEXAN'DRIA, the capital of the above county, is finely Al'faro, a town of Spain, Old Castile, on the Ebro, might be left on the highway without danger. He situated on the right bank of the Potomac, 7 miles 37 m. S.E. of Logrodo. Pop. 5,000. founded, or, according to others, restored the University below Washington, in N. lat. 380, W. hon. 770 4' Al'feld, a walled town of Hanover, on the river Leine. of Oxford, and filled the professional chairs with men It is considerably elevated, ascending gradually from Pop. 3,000. of taste, genius, and erudition. He was himself a the river, which has here a depth of water sufficient for Alfe'nmsS Var'us, PUrLsUs, a Roman jurist, lived lst learned prince, and composed several works. To A., vessels of the largest class. The tonnage of this port century n. c. From being a shoemaker, he became an also, England is indebted bfor the foundation of her naval is very important. A. is connected by railroads with advocate, and at length consul. HIe wrote forty books establishments, and he was the first to send out ships Washington, Leesburg, and Georgetown. Pop. about of digests, and some collections, cited by Aulus Gellius. to make the discovery of a north-east passage. In pri12,500. Allfet, n. [A.S. alfat, a pot to boil in.] A vessel of vate life he was benevolent, pious, cheerful, and affable, Alexan'dh.'ia, RAILROADs — (Alexandria and Freder- boiling water into which an accused person plunged his and his deportment was both dignified and engaging. icksburg.) Line, from Alexandria, Va., to Fredericks- arm by way of trial to prove his guilt or innocence. After a reign of over 28 years, he died on the 28th of burg, Va., 40 miles. This road is yet a project.-(Alex- All'teri, VITTORIO, the most eminent of Italian tragic Oct., 900. Ile left by his queen, Elswitha, two sons and andria and Iaaspshire.) Line, Alexandria, Va., to Lees- poets, was born at Asti. Piedmont, in 1749. His family three daughters, and was succeeded by his 2d son, Edburg,Va., 38 miles. Address, Alexandria, Va. was rich and noble. His youth was spent in travelling ward, surnamed the Elder. Alexan'dria Centre, in New Ysrk, a post-village AlI'tred, in Maine, a post-village and township, capital of Jefferson co. of York co., 78 m. S.W. of Augusta; pop. 1,256. Alexantmdrian, a. Pertaininug to Alexamider or to Alewxan'edria. a. Pertaining to AlAla'der or to Alfred, in New Yorkc, a township of Alleghany co. - Alexandria. Alfred Centre, the post-village, is about 250 m. W.S.W. Alexantdrisen, n. (Pros.) A kind of verse borrowed' of Albany. Pop. of township, 2,500. fiom the French, first used by the poet Alexander of A l/f'reton, a town and parish of England, Derby co., Paris. They consist of twelve syllables. 6 m. N.N.E. of Belper. Man. of stoclings and pottery. " Then, as the last, an only couplet, fraught Pop. of parish, 8,400. With some unmeaning thing they call a thought, Alfide, or E, the natural on of Oswy, king A needless Alexandrine ends the song, A neediness Amesaadeine ends the sing, ~~~~~~~of Northumberland, fled to Ireland or Scotland, to That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length Mlong." —/>ope. N~lmean e t rad Soad o Thu iike a weided snake, dras us slew lengh smug-Pope. ~avoid the persecutions of his brother Egfrid, who -em. Relating to the Alexandrine verse. waged war with those who granted him an asylum. Ale:xan'lld'tv, a town of Russia, gov. Viadimir, 55, Egfrid was slain in this contest. A. ascended the mu. W.N.W. of Vladimir. It has an imperial stud, mnd vaciian t throne, 686, and deserv ed t h e applause ofhis a convent founded by Ivan IV., who established here subjects by his benevolence and niildness, and the liberal the first printing-press known in Russia. Pop. 3,200. patronage whichl he offered to literature. D. 705. Akle:x,-a'tl ov/lk, a fortified town of Russiat, go. of AIg'g-e, n. p1. (Bat.) The name given by Jussieu to the Ielcaterinoslav, 40 m. S. of Iekaterinoslav, on the Dnieper.AI/ales. below its cataracts. It is the place of embarkation for all Al'gall, a. Pertaining to the algals. the products exported by this river to the Black sea. A l'g-ales, n. pl. (Bst.) The Alals, an alliance of plants, Pop. 6,000. class Thaliogens. They are cellular, fiowerless plants, Alexiphar'mie, ALEXIPHA'MMACAL, a. [Gr., keeping F7ig. 83. -- ALmai. nourished through their whole surface by the medium in sff'poissn.]l (A/ed.) Antidetal. over the greatest part of Europe, and in adventures which they vegetate; living in waters or very swampy Alexipharnic,, - ALEXIPiIAc'IAxC, n. An antidote which were marked only by dissipation and licentious- places; propagated by zosphores, colored spores, or tetraagainst poison. ness. After his return to Turin, love inspired him with spores; In structure'they vary through a vast variety 62 ALGE ALGE ALGO mediate gradations, from the state of simple microscopic mined. But in algebra the symbols that are employed able trade is carried on, across the Interior, by means of vesicles, to branched, woody individuals many flthoms are perfectly general, and may represent any niumbers caravans.-T-owns. The principal are, Algiers, Conastan. in length. Some of them are only visible to the naked whatever; and the expressions which result from corn- tine, Bona, Medeyah, Blidah. Oran, Tlemsen, and Mas. eye wh-,n they are collected in heaps; others grow bining them according to the conditions of the problem, cara. —Division and Gov. The commander-in-chief of together in the beds of the ocean, and when they rise indicate the solution not of a particular question, but of to the surface, form floating banks of such extent as to all questions whatever, in which numbers are subjected impede the course of ships. The A. ire divided into to tile same series of operations. In this manner tile five orders: Diati,,ceae, Confervacece, Facaaee, firan- general properties of numbers are discovered. 1For exitceCe, C'aracee; q. v. aniple. the expression (a + b) (a - b), which signifies Algank'see, in Michigan, a post-township of Branch that the sum of the two numbers a and b is to be multico., about 7 in. S.E. of Coldwater; p;pi. abt. 2,200. plied by their difference, becomes, on performing the A-lgar'ii, AtEXAtOER, an Italian painter atnd sculptor, multiplicattion, at - b2; whence we infer this general B. at Bulogua; D. 1651. He executed many fine works, or universal truth, namely, tihat the product of the sui among which may be mentioned the Attila, which is the and the difference of any two numbers is equal to tlhe largest alto-relievo in the world, and is in St. Peter's difference of the squatres of those numbers. ArithmeticChurch, -at Rome. could only prove the property to he true in respect oft AI'&garinejo, a town of Spain, provey. of Granada, close particular numbers. The only necessary preliminary X, to the frontiers of Cordova; pp. 4,353. to tile study of A. is a good knowledge of the four rules A2l'g1arolta-B] ai,' n. [Ar. al, the, and garoba, bean- of arithmetic, and of common and decimal fractions. tree ] (Bt.) A plantt called also carob-tree, the Cera- Alelbra'ie, Algebraical, a. Relating to algebra. tonia silique, ord. Ftbiacece. It is consumed in South Algebraical Curve. A curve of which the relation beSpain by horses, and is used in Englamd as a substitute tween the abscissa and the ordinates is expressed by an for oil-cake. The dry pulp in which are the seeds is equattion wvhich contains only algebraic quantities. The very nutritious, and is supposed to have been the food terms algebraic is hetre used in cointradistinction to traitof St. John in the wildlerness, wherefore it is called scendental, under which is comprehended infinite series locust-tree, and St. John's bread. Singers are said to and quantities of the following kind: log. x, ax sin. x, chew this fruit for the purpose of improving their voice. cos. x, tan. x, &c. Thie seedls of the Carolb-tree are said to have been the Algebraic Equations. An equation of which tihe terms original carat weights for the jeweller. contain only algebraic quantities. - See EqouA'rte. Fi. 8,5.ntr cOnRA oF comMEnt. Alg'aroth, n. [From Vittorio A., a physician of Vero- Alg-ebra'ieally, adv. By algebraic process. nr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(orallium rubrumt.) ns, its iuventor.] (6/ies..) A powder obtained on dilutinmg Al' sebraist, n. One who is versed in algebra.o.2 rtoN aml e... No. 2 is a part of No. 1 amplified. a hot solution of terchloricde of autitiony in hydrochloric Ail:'ebsa'aize, v. a. To perform by algebra, or reduce acid witht hot water. It is violently cmmetic in doses of to algebraical form. the French- forces in A., is governor-general, ante retwo or three grains, atd was formserly much used in Ajlgecir.as, a seaport-town of Spain, Andalusia, prov. sponsiule to thie French cabiniet. The eonntryis divided medicine. of Cadiz, onil the W. side of thle Bay of Gibraltar, oppo- into five great military districts,-Aummale, Delys, Algr.ot'tll an Italian writer of lively but superficial site to and 6 min. W. of Gibraltar. Pop. about 12,000. It M6d6ah, Milianah, and Orlhansville,-which mire subdigenius. B. at Padua, 1712. His writings, publisihed in was the scene of a naval engagement between the Eng- vided into military circles. For the civil administraItalian, 1705, and afterwards translated into French, lish and French, 1801. tioen, the territory is divided into the three departments lshow a great taste for the fine arts, but they convey Al'ge-rnesi, or A rLGEMss-, a town of Spain, provey. and of Algiers, Oran. and Constantine. - Hist. A. enmbraces little information. D. 176t. 18. m. S. of Valencia. P3p. 5,000. the ancient Numidia, the kringdom of Slassinissa, SyAl-arsve,oe or ALARVA. Ar. the t.] The ot S.'g, oA NE,. (Astron.) A star of 2d ma- phax, and Jugurtha; and the Maunritaniian kimigdoms ef proe. of Portugal, having N. time prey. Alesmt-jo, EI. nitude in the constellation Pegasus, 140. of Alphueratz, Bochus and Juba. It has been successively coniquered Spain, S. and W. the Atlantic. Ai-ea. 2,151 sq. m. On 16020 E. of Marklab.-A. in P'egaisus, Alpheratz in An- by the Romans, the Vandals, the Byzantine Greeks, its N. frontier is the Sierra de Mo.n:hique. In the S. dromeda, and Caph in Cassiopeia, are situated on thei and the Arabs. who, in the beginning of tihe 8th cenare plainis yielding aloes anid dates. Chief towns:Pavira, prLinte meridian, anid point out its direction through tihe tury, invaded North Africa, and established Islanism. Faro, and L;agos. Pop. 150,000. pole. For this reason they are sometimes called the The Spaniards, fobr a short tihue masters of the country at Afl'gelra,, is. [It. and Sp.; Fr. algsbre, probably ftrom three gieides. They form an arc of theat great circle the beginning of thie 16th century, were driven out by the Ar. Al jebr eal mo/cabal,/th, restoration and reduc- in the heavens from which tihe distances of all the the fumous corsains Bauhitrosee I. sd II., tie survivor of tion.] (Mathi.) The minethod of calculating indieterminuate heavenly bodies are mesasured.-Maslliso n. which obtained in 1520, from Sltain Sehim, the title of quantities. It is a sort of uuiversal arithinmtic, founded Alger'ia, [Fr. Alqerie.] A country of North Africa, I1ey. Since then A. wsvs in talmost incessant hostilities on the same principle. asi common arithmetic, and pro- the lhrgest and most importuant of the colonial posses- against the powers of Christendom, capturing their ceeding by rules amnd operations precisely similar. But sions of France, cap. Algiers. This territory is situuated s-essels and reducing their subjects to slavemy. In 1541, it is not confined merely to questions reulating to inum- between lat. 350 37/ 55/ N.; extending fironm Ion. 20 1ii the enmperor Charles V. nmade an unsuccessful attempt betrs, being applied generally to investigate the relations W. to 8 53' E.; length about 550 min., greatest breadth agtainst Algiers. In 1815, the Americans captnred an that sibsistamnioimg qumamititiesof till kinds, whether arith- about 200 m. It is bounded N. by the Mediterraneain, Algerian frigate; and the Dey consented to renounce metical or geoiumutrical. The reotsoninig is carried on by S. by the Sathara, E. by Tunis, and W. by Morocco.- all clams to tribunte tfnom thumn, miad to puy themn 60,000 genteral symbols, which are of two kiudts. —those which Area. 96,316,003 acres. Desc. Algeria is traversed through- dolltars as an inidemnification for their losses. In 1816, denote quantity, and those which denltm e the affectionsi out by the Atlas mountains, which rise in successive Algiers was bomnbardedl by the British under Lord Exor relations, or properties of quantities, ant operations stages parallel vwith the coast, the highest points exceed- mouth; and in June, 1830. in cissequenee cof an insult to be periorined on them. For representing quantities ing 7,000 feet. The coast is steep and deficient in good to the French consul, a large fleet sind army were disor m tguitudes, the letters of the alphabet ares emtiployed. ports. The chief plains are those of Oran, Metidjah, patchedl by Charles X., when the Algerians fell under Thuls, in the solution of ian trt-ithiiietice il problem,a mmum- and Shelif; the principtal rivers tire the IVad-el-Gedy, the po-wer of that nation. From that time the invedher it;iy be reprsseuted tby the letter a; in geominetry, a which rises S. of the Atlas range, and flows to the Mel- ers gradually extended their conquest, not witlout may represent u lihe or an a ngle; in mechanics a force. gig Lake; the Shelif, which rises on the borders of Sahia- n:.ucl bloocldhed. Their bravest ans most persevering Thie relations of quantities are expressed by other con- ra, and flows to the Mediterranean; the others aire the foe was Abd-el-Kuder, q. -.-Toward the end of 1864, a ventietal symbols. Tie relation oft' equulity is expressed Sebus, Isser, IHarnu, and Jafnta. There are several lakes, serious revolt of tihe tribes of the southeast brolke out, by tile sign =; thus, to express that the quantity rep- called sebkhas, which are generally dry in summer: and to assist in thie pacifiication of tile countmry, the resented by a is equal to the quantity represented by b, the chief of these are the Zagries in Constantine, the emperor Napoleon himself went on a tour through A. we write a = b. The symubol > or < coming betwee: Shott end tihe Sebkha in the S.E. of the Melgig. The in Mlay, 1805. uPop. 2,999,124, including 213,000 Eurotwo quantities denotes inequality; thus, a>b siutifies climate is temperate and healthy on the N. slopes of the peans. that a is greater thman b, and a < b duenotes that a is less mountains, but pestilential in the miarshy plains. The Algerlian, and Aigerine', n. (Geog.) A native of than b. The two primary operations of whiieh quantities heat is often axcessive under the influence of the si- Algeria. Algerine is used sometimes in poetry as a are susceptible, are addition and subtraction, and these nsooo,u, or hot wind of the desert. From April to Octo- synonym for pirate. are respectively indicated by the symbols +plus, and - her the sky is serene; the winter is mild, and muarked -a. Belonging or relating to Algeria or to Algiers. minius. For exuample, a +- b denotes the sum of the two by uabundant rains. The mean temperature of winter tAlghe'ri, or ALGHEn'O, a town and seaport of the island qu imutiies a almd b, or that a is to be increased by b; and is frtom 540 to 650, and of summer 740 to 1040o Fahr.; of Sardinia, on its W. coast; lat. 400 25' 50" N.; lon. a -b denotes the difference between a and b, or that a but this elevated temperatuirs is moderated by constant 80 16' 45" E. Pop. 8,419. is to be dinminishmed by b. Multiplication is indicated by sel-breezes. The mountains contain mines of iron, cop- All'gidunn. (Anc. Geog.) A town and mountain of the sylmbol X, or by simply placing tihe letters beside per, anid lead, but their extent is imperfectly known. Latium, near Tusculumo, 12 im. front Rome. each other without ai intterveningg symbol. Thus, in on the mountains of Bou Iiamra there are rich iron Ai'giers. (Ar. Al:jezair, the islands; Fr. slqer.] A city numbers, a.K b, or a b, denote thie same tithing, naimnely, mines, which appear to have been wolred by the Re- andI seaport of Africu, cap. of the Frmench territory of tie product arising fi'omi the multiplication of the nimt- mano.'The country is divided by the natives into thie Algeriua, built in the formn of ai armphithe atre, on the ber a into b. In geomnetry, two letters joined together, Tel, or country of grain crops, in tihe N., and the date W. side ofa bayis of samie name, in the Mediterrauneuin. Lat. as a b, denote a rectangiula;r parallelogram, one of ths coututry in the S. Vegetation is developed with great of lighthouse, 360 47' 20" N.; hit. 30 4/ 32" E. The city, sides of which is represented by a and the other by b. activity. The level part of the Tel, occupied by Arabs, situated on a slope facing the sea, and crowned by a Division is indicated by.-; or mnore frequently by plac- is fertile in cereals; and tihe mountainous country, oc- citadel, is 2 m. in circumference, and strongly walled; ing one of the numbers us-ove tise other in the form of' cupied by the Kabyles, has extensive firests, andi rich since 1830, tihe French have lbeen actively engaged in a fraction; as in this case: 30 -10, or. In addition and and varied vegetation. The Algerian Sahara is not, as extending its defences and improving the port. The subtraction, the quantities conmnected cuy tls appropriate wass supposed, a sterile desert, but a vast archipelago streets have been widened. and it is part resembles a symbols must ie homogeneous, or of the s.tne kiind; fbt' of oases, each of swhich presents an animated group of European town. A. is a bishop's see, the seat of a royal it is only such quantities that admit of addition or sub- towns and villages, surrounded by olives, figs, vines, court, tribunals of primary jurisdiction, commerce, a traction. Of two quantities connected by the symbol and pahns. Throughout the'T'el, wheat, barley, and royal college, and other French schools. Several forts of multiplicatiou, one must necessarily be an abstract leumens are extensively cultivated, and in some places and outwoirks protect it on the land side; by sea it has numnber, ibr a quantity can only be multiplied by a mauize, millet, and rice are raised. Cotton, indigo, and in front two rocky islands (whence its name), connected numbbr, or. which is the same thing, adlded to itself the sugar-cane succeed well. The natives rear cattle, witlh the uniminland by a mole; thiis and another mole, once or twice, or some other nuunber of times. WXhen sheep, and goats. The horses, whlich are of an excel- bothi furnished with ubatteries, enclose the harbor. division is to be performed. the divisor may either be i lent breel, are employed only for the saddle; the canmel, Alqeus hts tho suburbs, nd numerous villas ii its quantity of the sutmue ikind as the divilend, or it may he dromedary, ass, and mole, are mused for draught. Among environs. which sue of great beusuty. Is the seaut of time an abustruct numsber; in the former case, the quotiemnt is wild animals mciay be noticed the lion, panthler, jeckal, gveruno-r-gemterai of Algerius and of nuemmy foreign conan. abstruct n ummner; in the latter, it is a quantity of and the antelope. The hsarvests us-re sometimes raw-v-ued sils, and huts regular steaum conumunicrtion with Tumilon tse s-in-e Irind as the ulividend. In tis multiplicatimon of by locusts. Excellent coural usnd sponge is fisihed on the and Cette in Fra~nce. and Oran and Bone in Africa. quunatities. the frequent repetition of the stune syistbol coasts. Very recently nunterous artesian wells, bored its- P/up. 58,315, of whom 37,145 Europeans, and 25,170 woulhd become inconrvenient; it is usuaol, therelore, to. the immense plainis of A., hare given life to coemuituies natives. - See ALgErIA. write the root only once, and to place over it, on the till then desert. This system, pursued withi actitity, Alg'ier,, in Loisiiana. See NEw ORLEANS. right, the exponeut or number indiceting the power: will do more for time civilization of A. titan lourty yeairs All'gat Bay, or PouT Eusons-un, an extensive busy on thus,'a denotes thie s-me thing as a o, or the square of a; of military warfture. —l Acaa/ Carpets, uluimilcets and the S.E. coast of Africa, Cupe Colony, between Capes as is the same as a a a, or the cube of a, and ai denotes mhe other woolleuss; silks in the tbom of sashes and handkier Recife and Padron, 425 mus.. of time Cuspe of Good Hope. nth power of a, or a multiplied huy n times into itself. chiefs. A considerahle trade is carried on in salt, ostrich- Is open to S. winds, but Ilis good uicluorusge. It this Algebra is in its nature essentially distiuct from amith- featherls, hides, wsax, cuittle, uuud sheep; and there asue bay, fort Elisabs-eth and fort Frederick have already metic. In arithmetic, mabsolute numbers tre given, from imported, Europsuan mnufnaihctures mcmii i (.lotitil prioduceI some commercial importance. Lust. 330 551 5.; eon. 26, which other absolute numbers are required to he deter- With thes'French-Afiicau ~ettleumcnsct oelh $eu al m profit 63' B. ALIB ALIG ALIP 63 A'lgol, n. [Ar. al ghls, destructive.] (Astron.) A re- Ali soon rose to the rank of Sangiak, or member of thle 2,145 sq. mi.; op., 739,356. — Tie fort of Alighur, 50 m. niarkable star in the Read,/'Medusa, 120 E. of Altinlak. Council; and when his patron was assassinated t,y N. of Agra, let. 270 56' N., lon. 770 59 E., was taken It is on the meridian the 21st of December. Nine degrees Ibrahim the Circassian, lie avenged his death and slew by the British in 1103; and retaken from the 6ipoy E. by N. ifrom A. is the bright star Algenib, which with the mlurderer with his own hand. This raised against rebels in 1857. Alnoaak msakes a perfect right angle at A., witllh thile hisi numerous enemies, and lie was obliged to flee Alig-a', v. a. [Fr. aligner.] To adjust by a line; to form open part towards Cassiopeia. By means of tiiis strik- to Jerusalem, and thieince to Acre; but in time hie illn ine, cs troops. ingly perfect figure, the three stars nay always be re- was recalled ly thie people, and being placed at the Aligie'nient, n. [Fr.] (Ail.) The position of a body cognized without the possibility of miistaking them. A. head of the government, Egypt began to recover its of mnen inl a straight line. varies friom the 2d to the 4th magnitude in about:5} forisser splendor. In a battle lought against the troops Alike', ado. and a. [From a and ikUe.] Like in charachours, and back again in the same tise; after whlich it of thile rebellious Mamelukes, All was cut down, after ter or nature or communu ity of circuinistaices; —reselsremains steadily brilliaut for 23/ days, when the satne defending himiself with desperate valor, and died of bling; similar; homogeneous; akiun; equally. change occurs. Dr. IHerschel attributes the variable Ihis wounds eight days afterward, 1773. Alilne'da, or ALAMEDA, in Iowa, a village of Louisa appearance of A. to spots upon its surface, and thinks it A1'ibii, n. [A Latin word signifying elsewhere.] (Law.) A co.. on the Iowa river, about 20 li. S.W. ot Muscatine. has a motion on its axis similar to that of the sun.- defence resorted to in crisisinal prosecutions, when the Alj'inent, a. [lF'r. from Lat. alisnenetus.] Any substance Mattisn. party accused, in order to prove that he could not have which, when introduced into the living body, contributes A.lgol'ogy, n. [Lat. alga, seaweed, and Gr. logus, dis- conmmnitted the crimne withl which lhe is charged, offers to its growth, or to the repair of the losses it is cosicourse.] (Bet.) The description of the algals or alig. evidence that he vwas in a different place at the time thile tinually sustaining. TIhus, water and air may be called Al-o'ula, in Micii.qan, a post-township of Kent co., offence was being iosmssitted. alime.nts. When applied specially to animals, its sinse 13 is. N. by E. if Grand IRapids: pop. 1,900. Aleani'te, a province of Sptlin, founded in 1834, oi thos is generally confined to those materials which are abAlgo'na, in Wiscnsin,.~ost-towniship of Winnebago S. Part of the ancient kingdonm of Valencia, and part sorbed snd ipplied to the purposes of nutrition, only co., about 80 ms. N.N.E. of Matdison; pop. 1,010. of Miurcia. Area, 2,911 sq. us. It yields excellent winr, after undergoing thie process of digestion.-See FooD. AlgOlltt., in lIowau, a town and township, cap. of Kossuth siigar, rice, and fruits; p,,p. 363,219. Alimetda all, a. Nourishing. co., oi0 thie Des Moines river, about 120 in. N. by W. of ATLcxCN''E, cap. of the above province; a fortified city Aliment'ally, ado. So as to serve for nourishment or Des Moines city; pop. of townsliip 1.350. and seaport, on a bay in the Mediterranean. Lat. 58o sustenance. — WJircester. Algoznac', in iMiclhigan, a post-villace of St. Clair co., 355 N.; Lon. 00 24' W. It is debfended by a castle Aliment'ariness, s. Quality of being alimentary. on tile St. Clair river, 40 m. N.E. of Detroit. on a rock about 400 feet high. A. is inmportant as a Alimen -t'iry, a. Belonging to alilmen t; nouriehsising. Alg'os'quis., in Illinois. a post-township of McIIenry commercial place.:xp. wine, almonds, barilla, olives, Alianen'tiveness, n. (1Phren.) The organ of appetite co., shout 50 s. N.W. of Chicagi; pp. alit. 3,500. brandy, figs, wool, silk, and linen; pop. 20,700. bfor ood anid drink. Allgoia'quii,i in Iowa, a post-village of Butler co.; 29 Alliea'to, or LicA'TA, a seapiort-town of Sicily, prov. Alimolniois s, a. That nourishes., use. W. of Cedar Falls. Girgenti, on the S. coast of tie Medliterratnean; hit. 570 Alimonoy, us. [Lat. alinuonia, maintenance.] (Law.) A.lg-ont'quin. in Michiqan, a post-village of Ontosagon 4' 25" N.; lon. 130 551 40" E. Exp. corn, macaroni,'lhie allowance made to a wile out of her husbansd's co., about 12 us. S. of Ontonagan; pop. 200. fruit, and excellenit wines; pop. 15,481. estate for her support, either durinig a nmatrimonial suit Also, a post-village of Houghton co. Aleice, a town of Cape Colony, prov. of Victoria; lat. or at its termination, when she proves herself entitled Algon'quin., in 0hio, a post-village of Carrol co. 320 48' S.; Ion. 260 52' E. to a separate maintenance by showing a legal anti AIb'oV i'quiius, a numerous fsauiihy of N. American ]Alice-e]olt, a forest in England, Hants co., on the vslid marriage.-A. pendente lite. Thei whole property Indians, once spread over all the northern part of thie biorder of Surrey; area, 15,000 acres. being supposed by the law to devolve upon the husband, RIocky Mountains, and S. of the St Lawrence. Their Ali cut'li, thie ancient Ericusa, the most W. of the hlie is generally obliged to pay the expenses on both language was heard from the bay of' Gaspe to tile valley Lipari isles, on the coast of Sicily, 6 m. in circumference, sides, lasd to allow his wife A. during the suit, and that of the Des Moines; from Cape h-ear to the land of thie nl rising as a cone ifroi tile sea; pop. 450. whither the suit be commeticed by or against hi,. It is Esquiianix; frous the Cmniierlan d river, of Kentucliy, A llld, iZ ilinnis, a post-office of Stephienson co. usually boutt one fiflth of thie husband's et inconse. It to thie western banlks of thie Mississippi. It was spoken Alidt'ttle, ci. [Ar.] Tile index or ruler nmoving about the s may be reduced or increased according to the fluctuiathough not exclusively, in a territory that extended centre of an astrolabe or quadrant, carrying the sights. tions of the husband's incose — Per-,,anent A. does not through 60 degrees of Ion. and more thIan 20 degrees Braide. consist of a sum of money, nor of a specified properof lat. (Baucraft.) All the tribes of New England wevre Alesn, a. [Lat. alienus, from alibi natus, born else- tion of the husband's estate given aibsolutely to the Algonquisis; the tribes in Maine, the great tribe of the wherer, in anotiher country.] Belonging to another couun- wife, but is a continuous allotimenit of sunis payable Delaware Indians, the Crees in the region of Slave Lake, try; hience, ietaphorically, foreign to the purpose; hs, at regular intervals fbr her snluport ifrom year to year. anti the 0ttowas and Potawvattomi es in Michigan clali ted "principles a/isn to our religion. For being entitled to it, the wilb miust be separated ifrom the same origin. Traces of the primitive A. language Al'ien, n. A foreigner; in contradistinction from a nat- the bed and board of her husband by judicial decree; appear in thie names of places, such as Alleghany, Con- uniral-born citizen. voluntairy separation, for whatever cause, is insufficient. necticut. At present thi, A. do not number umore than (Law.) In the United States, one who, being born in The amount of alimony to be allotted depends wholly 200 warriors, in the tribe of thile Clhippewas. a foreign country, has not been naturalized, unless his upon the discretion of the court, equitably exercised Al'gor, n. [Lat., coldness.] (Med.) A sudden chilliness or fithes were a natural-born citizen, in which case he will ith a view to the circust n of each piticar rigor. himself be deemed a natural-born citizen. to sall intents case. In forsminig their estinmate in this reshect, the al'-orab, n. [Ar.] (Astron.) A star of 3d magnitude in and purposes. —An A. canllnot hold landed property; courts have held, that after au separation on account of thie constellation Corvuas, 14Y2o S. V. of Spica Virginis. and if he purchas6s hind, lie may be divested of the fee, the husbsnd's misconduct, thie eihe is to be alimented It is on thes meridian about the 13th of May. upon an inquest of ohice founld; but until this is done as if she were living with him as his wife; they attend Al'gorithm, n. [Ar.] (Mt/ut.) T'he art of compnting it lue muy sell, cosvey, or devise the 1sinds, and paiss a good carefully to the nature. as well as to the amountit of the reference to souue particular subjects, or in some partic- title to the same. That is the geineralh rule, but the hSusand's means, d-rawing aI distinction between a subular way: as, the A. of tnumbers, the A. of the differen- disabilities of A., in respect to holding land, are removed stsntial property and an income derived fisom ptersonsl tial calculus. by statute in the following States: wholly in Ark,'a- exertion. The station in life of both parities, and the Alllgous, a. [Lat. algosas.] Abouseding vith, or lute, sas (if they have declared an intention to become citi- fortune brought by the wils, uare also considered: and aiglsI or algan. zeus); Califosrnia (if residents); Conuecticut; Delu- much stress is laitd upon the disposal of the chiidren Algaazil', n. [Sp. algaacil, Pg. alguazil, from Ar. ware (as in Arkansas); Florida, Georgia (as in Arkans- andi the expense of educating them. The conduct of the asl-wazir, administrator, vizier.] An inferior officer of sas); Iowa, Kentucky (if residents); Mains, Massachu- iarties fossus also u very naterial consideration; where justice in Spuain; a constable. setts, Michigan, Mi ssissippi, Maissouri, and New Hfasup- the wils has eloped from her husband, or wheire the Al ailma. [Ar. the bt/h.] In Spain, a towvn of Anda- ashire (if residents); New Jersey, Ohio, Peeansylvania, sentence of divorce proceeds upon the ground of her lusia, 24 in. S.W. of Granada. Near it are celebrated South Carsolinua, and Texas (as Arkansas); Wisconsin; — adultery, the law will not compel the allowance of allwatrm baths;: pop. 6,281. —A town of' Murcia, 13 ne. W. partly in Illinois, New York, /Rhnde shland, ftknnessee. mony. of Murcit city, having also wvarm baths. Pap. 6,935. and Virginia. —An A. may hold and dispose of, by will I'flioth, n. (Astron.) A star in the constellation Ussa Alhamn'bra. See Gaun:Dta. or otherwise, goods, money, or other personal estate Major, 420~ of Mizar. It is the 3d star in the handle of Alhasn br-va, in I inois, a post-village of Madison co. itnd maisy take a lease of ai house for habitation, or trade. I)ipper. A. is very nearly opposite Shiedir in Cassiopeia, Allhanambresq e', a. After tile fianciful manner of the Iis property is aliale to taxation; lie cannot exercise and at an equal distance from the pole. ornamtents in tise Alihanmbra.- - See tRaANADt. any politicais rights whatever; he cannot be a memniber All Pacha, Vizierof Jannina, B. in Albania, 1744. Ilis Alhauc'rin el Grasmnde, a town of Spain, prov. of of Congress till thle expiration of seven years after his lt ther, an Albanian chief, died of grief in consequence Gra'inadat, 22 it. W.S.W. of Malaga. Pap. 5,514. naturalization.-Even after being naturalized, hie is for- of being stripped of his territories; but his mother, who Allincee'as s, a small island and fortress belonging to ever ineligible to the office of Presi-dent of the United was remarkable for energy of chairacter, spirited up her Spain, in the Mediterratnean, on the coast of Morocco. States. — Bouvier. See NATURALIZATION. 8on to assuile the conuluCt of her dependants and avenge Laut. 550 i5' N.; Lou. 40 12' E. Alienabil'lity, n. (Law.) The capacity of being his father. WVith this band he commiitted so mnany, surnamed by the Ara ad Allah, and by the Per- ainuable. depredations, that the adjacent tribes took tp arms in slants S sir-i-Khoda, i. e., the Lion of God, was the cousin Al'tenable, a. That may be alienated. their ovwn defence, and cuarried off his mnother and sister, of Moohammsed, and the first man who acknowledged Iis All'ienage, n. (Law.) The condition or state of an whom they trested vith great cruelty. This roused divine mission. Fromn these circutsitanuces, and nuiso on alije. - Lawes. the nuaturally implacable temper of All, and he vowed account of hiis marriage with Fatima, the daughter of Al'ienate, v. a. [Fr. ahiiier.] To transfer property to the exterminstion of the whole race. le raised a body Mohnammed, Ali appeared to have strong claimus to the tanother. - To channge from fiiendliness to aversion. of 2,000 men, assumed great authority, ased -reaced successi-on of the Prophet. Abu-Bekr, Omnar, andl Oth- Al'ienate, a. Withdrawn; alienated. sis vesgetnce upoi thi Suliotes, whom he treated with smaun were, howevevr, successively appointed caliphs be- —?. Antien the most horrible barbarity. Duisig fifty yesrs of confore All came to the throne, A. D. 055. The controversy Aliena'tion, n. [Fr., from Lat. alilenatio.] Estrange- staut evurfre, le brought susder Iis svay i wide extent y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sm wlre, hebogtnde i wya ieetn concerning the respective rights of the threc first caliphs seenut; change of affection.- Constitutional estrange- of territory, which the Porte sanctioned his holding, oti.e o esd, Mn fAladhslieldsednso out the one side, mnd of Ali and his lineal descendants on Mnt of umind. with the title of Pachia. He received agents fr'om fbrthe other, has given rise: to the schism of the Sunnites (Lazo.) The act of parting with property, more espe- elgus powers, and ultimately intrigued with England ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~einpwrand utimately in trigu oh eda woln-uith.1( FrncelandRsi and Shiites in thie RMohsia~ninmedaI cosimmunity. ihc crsrns- cially real property. France, and Russia. But tile jealousy of the Port;e was menceminent of the troubles arising Iront this division Alidetator. is. (Law.) One who transfers property. at length excited, and Hassatn Pachawas sent to demand disturbed the reign of All. who was ~assassinated in A. D. Alienre','v. a. (Law.) To transfer property; to alienate. his head. On declaring Ihis errand, Ali replied,'- My 660. lIe was succeeded for a short time by Ihis eldest Alienee', i. (Law.) One to whom a transfer of prop- heatd is not to be delivered up so easily," accompanying son Itssan. erty is made. the words with a pistol-ball, which broke his opponent's Alaias, adv. [A Let. word signifying other-ise.] (Law) 4l'ienissn, -. The state of being an alien; alienage. (n.) thigh. Ile shot two men dead on the spot, but fell the When a defendant suted sit a specialty, or is piisoner had i Alienof', n. (Law) One who transtfrs property. saue momesit. His head vas severed ft-on his body, mone than one common auppehllationi, ]le eves desi —unated,'Aligh'h, a. LightedI; lit; — as, " The lamps were alnqht." tnul sent to Consttantinople, 1822. Loud Byron visited in the Latin form of instrusnents, as, John, alias Dictus, Alight', v. n.. [A. S. alihtan, to come doen.] To come hin in his fortress of Tepelet, and this sings of him in leter. down and stop. The word implies thie idea of descend- his second canto of O/silde Harold: — n. Another name thtan the ordinary one; an assumed ing; as, of a bird frosus thie wing; a traveller from his name.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "He passes bleak Pindus, Aeherusia's lake, name. horse or curriage, and generally of resting sir stoppiing. Asid lhft the primal city oe the land, (Law.) A second or further wvrit, which is issued " There is aelghted at your gate a young Venetian." —Shaks. And onward did his further journey take To grest Albacha's chief, whose drea d command after a first writ ees expired vithout effect, and coitain- -It is used also of any thing thrown or falling; to fall Is iaeiess ta. ing tisis clause:'We rommsanid yiou st eve formerly have upn colllmlln~~~lecl yen." ~upon. coinemnded yoit." (Sieut alias ps-acepiius.) Al'ipee, a town of Hindostan, in Cochin. Exp. pepper AlBiasq~3 a. See A LASKIA. "BRut storms of stones from the proud temple's height, ~l tme Lt 9 0. o i 2 E p. SOU Alia~~~'ka. See An~~~~~sicA. pree Onpet eg, scu~~~~~~ad timber. Lust. 90 30' N.; Ion. 760 24' B.; pop. 13,0t30. A'li ~]~ey, Patsh~ of Egypt, B. in Circassia about 1728. Fear Sewn, aed sa see hatuerd hems siigl.-Drydea. Allr dowy, Psusha ofr Egypte' hel.s ainht." —Dryden. Ali]pher'ia. (Anc. Geog.) A town of Arcaidim, situatedl lie fell, when a child, ihnto the hands of robbers, who AT'ighnr, a district of British India, presidency of on a lofty hill, 8 m. S. of Herese. It was taken from carried him to Cairo, and sohtl him to hbrahim, lieuten- Bengal, (Aqra.) It is watered by the Gatnges and Jussenni; thus ~heans-d;ring the Social War, by Philip, king of ant of the Janissaries, who, reared and adopted him. desolate toward. the N., but fertile in the S. —Area. Macedon. 64 ALKA ALL ALLA Alliped, n. and a. [Lat. ala, a wing, and pes, a foot.] and hartshorn, or ammonia,are instances of well-known All, n. Thle whole; everything; the total; as, "Our all Having toes connected by a membrane, serving ibr a alkalies. Like the acids, they are remarkable for their is at stake." wing, as a bat. great chemical activity; so, potash or soda destroys the All in all, everything to a person; everything desired. Al'iquant, a. [Lat. aliquantus, somewhat.] (Arith.) skin if allowed to remain upon it, and also gradually "Thou shalt he all is all."-Milton. A part of a given quantity which will not divide it ex- dissolves portions of earthenware, or of glaze fromi the actly, or without remainder. - 5 is an aliquant part of vessels which contain it; and the solutions, if suffered to All in e ind. (N.) A phrase denoting that the 16, twice 6 being 12, thrice 6 making 18. fall upon a painted surface, quickly renmove the paint, sails are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to Al'iquot, a. [Lat., sone.] (Arih.) Aliquot part is a But the most remarkable property of alkalies and acids shake. nunmber which divides the given number without leav- is the power they possess of uniting with ealch other, -A-Ila, an Italian preposition, or the dative of the femiing a remainder. Thus, 2, 3, 4, and 6, are aliquot parts and destroying or neultralizing the chemical activity nine article la, which, prefixed to certain words, sigsiof 12. To find the aliquot parts of any number, divide which distinguished them when separate. Any coln- fies, or has the power of the phrase, in the maneer:the given number by its least divisor; divide the quo- pound produced by the union of an acid with an alkali al' antice, in tle anciest manner; ella Franceke, all' tient also by its least divisor, sund so on, always dividing is termed a salt. The alkalies constitute one subdivision Inglese, in the French or English style &c the last quotient by its smallest divisor, till the quotient of the class of bodies known as bases. Al'la breve. [It., according to the breve.] (Aos.) A is 1. The divisions thus used are the prime aliquot parts Fixed Alkalies. See PoTAsH, SODA. movement whose bar or measure consists of the note of the given number; and the products of every 2, every Vegetable Alkalies. See ALKALOIDS, called a breve, equal, therefore, to two semi-breves or 3, every 4, etc., of the prime aliquot parts of the given Volatile Alkali. See AMSIONIA. four minims. It is denoted at the beginning of ac tave number. Suppose the given number 30; divide 30 by Alkal'ifiable, a. [Fr. alcal~/iable.] That which may by a C with a ball drawn through it vertically. its least divisor, which is 2, and the quotient is 15; be converted into an alkali. ALa apel'la. [It., according to the chapel.] (Mus.) divide 5 by itself, (it has no smaller divisor,) and the quo- Alkalify, v.a. [Fr. alcalifier.] To convert into an alkali. The same as alla creve. The name originates in the tient is 1. Therefore, 2, 3, and 5 are the prime aliquot Alkalig'enolts, a. Generating alkali. circnustance of this tie being principally used in parts of 30. The compound aliquot parts are 2 X 3 = 6, Alkalm'eter,, n. [Fr. alcalismetre.] (Cliees.) A gradu- church or chapel. 2X5 = 10, 3X5 = 15. ated burette or tube for ascertaining the purity of alka- All-accomPn'lished, a. Completely accomplished. Alisl'tl, in alc~fornia, a village of Monterey co., abt. 30 lies, that is to say, the amount of carbonate which they All-adrnir'isng, a. Wholly admiring. m. E. by S. of Monterey. Pop. 752. contain. All-estivised', a. Advised by all. Al'ish, a. Resembling ale. Alkalimet'rie, and Alkalimet'rieal, a. Relat- Al1lah, the Arabic name of the Supreme Being. It is Al'isrna, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Alismacec. ing to alkalimetry. properly a contraction of al-ilk/h: al is the Arabic defiTihe species A. plantago, water plantain, found in U. 5., Alkalinn'etry, n. (Cl/ent.) The method or process nits article, and ilk/, which corresponds to the Hebrew is a handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Its of analysis of an alkali, to the effect of ascertaining the words Eloah and lsohim, signifies a deity generally; the leaves resemble those of the common plantain. It gives amount of carbonate which it contains. It depends upo prefixed article restricts the meaning, and al-ilih or 11Allah signifies the True God, as opposed to the deities in July numerous flowers tinged with purple. the determination of the number of divisions of diluted Allah sigpiifies the True God, as opposed to the deities Alis'mnaceze, n. pl. (Bet.) The alismads, an ord. of acid, of definite strength, which a hundred grains of thle orhpped by dolaters. T word Allah is fequently plants, fam. Alismales. —Diag. Alismal endogens with different samples of ash are capable of neutralizing: t;e met with as a compoent part of Arabic proper 3-petaied flowers, few-seeded, simple and axile, or neutralization being estimated bythe action of thesolu- names: e. g. Abdl-Allah, i. e. the Servant of God. Allah basal placenth, and a solid emsbryo. They are floating tion upon blue litisus. akbar (God is great) is the common battle-cry of the and swamp plants, generally native of the northern Al'kaline, a. [Fr. alcalin.] Belonging to, or having Mohammedans. The phrase Bism Allah or Lism-illah part of the world. This order is to Eadogens what the qualities of, alkali. (in the Name of God) is invariably uttered by devout crow-foots are to Polypetalous Exogens, and is in like Alkaline Earths. Substances which greatly resemble al Mussulmans before the commencement of any undermanner recognized by its disuniting carpels and hypogy- kalies, but are sparingly soluble, such as lime anid barytc. taking, aisd before tseir meals: it is also put at thi nous stamens. I... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~beginning of their books. nous stamencs. Alkli.alin'ity, n. TThe quality which distinguishes the beginmng of their books. Al'isnsales, s.pl. (Bet.) The alismal family. Diag. alkalies from other chemical compounds. Allahabad', in liudostan proper, a British province HIypogynous, tri-hexapetaloideous Endogens, with sepa- Allka'lious, a. Having the properties of alkai. of Soubal, bounded on the N. by Oude and Agra, S. by rate carpels and no albumen. This alliance seems to Alkaliza'tion, n. [Fr. alcalisalion.] The act of alka- Gundwarra,. by Bahar, and W. by Malwah end Agra. close the class of Endogens, and to stand on the limits lizing, or impregnating bodies with alkali. (R.) It is cbout 270 m. in length by 120 in breadth, between the of Exogens, in consequence of the intimate relation Al'kalize, v. a, [Fr. alcaliser.] To make substances 240 and 260 N. Lat., and 790 and 830 E. Lon. It is divided between Alismads and crow-foot. It is divided into the alkaline, by changing their nature, or by mixing alka- into the zillahs or districts of Allahabad, Benares, Mirthree ord., Butomacece, Alismacece, and Juncaginacee. lies with them. zapoor, Juanpoor, Rewah territory, Bundelcund, CawnAl'ison, SIr AncHrIALD, Bart., B. in Shropshire, England, Al'kaloid, a. Pertaining to, or containing, alkali. poor, and Maniclpoor territory. The chief towns are 1792. His principal work is, a History if Europefro Al'kalois, pl. ro alkali, and G. ids, form.] Allahabad, Benares, Callinger, Chatterpoor, Chunar, the Cbmnmencement of the French Revolution in 1789, to (Choes.) A group of natural organic bases, in grect Giazepoor, Juanpoor, and Mirzspoor.-Watered by the the Aecession of Louis Napoleon in 1852. 1). 1867. majority derived from the vegetable kingdom, and con- Ganges, the Junna, and the Goontee, A. is one of the Aliso'nia. See ALIsoNIAs. stituting the active principle of the plant that contains most productive countries in India.-PrcdEscts. Opium, Al'itrunek, n. [Lat. ala, a wing, and truncus, body.] them. They are of great interest to the chemist, not sugar, indigo,coffee,allkindsofgrain,andfruits. Adjacent to the Ganges, the country is flat, but in the S.W., (Zedl.) The posterior segment of the thorax of an insect, only on account of their remarkable composition, but cent to t thnge he conitry is at, but in tis SlW., to which the abdomen is affixed, and which bears tlhelegs, also from their powerful effects as medicinal and poison- in the Bundelcnnd district, it forms an elevtel tableproperly so called, or the two posterior pairs and wings, ous agents upon the animal econonmy. When in solution, land, diversifiedwith high hills, containing the celebrated Alive', a. [Prefix a and live.] In the state of life; not the vegetable bases have generally a decidedly alkaline diamold mines ofPoonah. Pep. 3,710,263 in 1861. dead. reaction upon test-papers, and for the most part they ALLAHABAD', the capital of the above provey., and of a "Nor well alive, nor wholly dead they were." —Dryden. completely neutralize the acids, forming deficits and district of the saus name, is an ancient city, near the -Figuratively, unextinguished; undestroyed; active; in well-crystallized salts. They are generally soluble in confluence of the Ganges and Junma, 75 m. fron Befull force; as, to keep the affections alive; - cheerful; boiling alcohol; the alcoholic solutions, as they cool, iarec, and 475 n. from Calcutta. Eat. 250 27' N.; Lon. sprightly; full of alacrity; as, "She was not much alive deposit the allkaloids in the crystalline form. They 81 50' E. - At the junction of the two rivers is situated the whole day."-In a popular sense, it is used only to may be subdivided into two well-marked classes: —lst. the fortress, founded by the emperor Akber in 153, inadd an emphasis, like the French dus monde; as, the Those which, like aniline (CasH1N), do not contain dicating one of the most esteemed places of Hiudoo worbest man alive; that is, the best, with an emphasis. oxygen; and, 2d, those which, like qinie (Ca ip and ablution, to which, every sumemer, multitudes A'liwal, a village of Upper India, on the banks of the N204+6 Aq.), do contain it. The bases of the first of pilgrims resort fromall parts of India. The extensive Sutlej, 20 m. from Loodiana. was the scene of a battle class are oily and volatile; they absorb oxygen rapidly cultivation of cotton in India, a result of the Amnerican fougiht on January 28th, 1846, between the British under firom the air, have a poweriful odor, and may be diu- cvil war, sas been favorable to A., it having beco-e the Sir Harry Smith, and the Sikhs, commaanded bgy Runjoor tilled either alone or with tIhe vapor of water, without clhief seat of an extensive trade in the narticle. A., Singhl. The Sikhs were deflated with a-loss of nearly undergoing decomposition. Many organic bases may be was Occupied by the British in 1765. In the course 6,060 men. prepared by artificial means; but all attempts at obtain- of the Indian mutiny in 1857, it became the scene of A~liair'le Acid, or PuEuHALCe AcID. (C0hee.) Produced ing those which occur naturally in plants, as morphine the several demoniac massacres which distiniguished the by Aliezarin with boiling dilute nitric acid, and narcotine, the alkaloids of opiumn, have been unsuc- revolt of the Sepoy troops. Pop. 64,785 in 1861. Al;iz'arie n, orAL1ZAR1TNE, n. [From alizari, the nameof cessful. Hence, anothler division of the A. into artificial Allal,-sleThrot. See ALA-SHE oe. the madder in tihe Levant.] (Choes.) A red crystalline bases and natur'al bases. All-along, adv. Throughout; inthewhole. matter destitute of odor and taste; neutral to test-paper, Al'kanet, n. [From the Fr. arcanette.] (Chem.) A kind' Solomon all-asong in his Proverbs." - Tiilotson. soluble in hot water and alcohol, ohtained of the Ilubia of reddish purple dye, obtained from the roots of An- Allaman'da, n. (Bot.) Agen. ofplants, ord..,4pocyntinctcrum; the madder. Potash dissolves it freely, and chusa tinctoria. Formerly used for staining the face, aceca. An infusion of the leaves of the A. catlhartica is strikes a beautiful purple; but it is precipitated un- but now only for coloring preparations. considered a valuable cathartic in medicine, in moderate altered on adding an acid; with lime, baryta, and oxide Alka-'lsin, n. (Chenl.) See KAKODYL, OXIDE OF. doses, especially in the case of painters' colic. In overof iron, it forms an insoluble purple lac. With alumina Alker'anes, n. See KERmES. doses it is violently emetic and purgltive. it forms a beautiful red lac. By a heat of 4200 alizarin Al'korani. See KORA. lla-n [See T. Dispirited. is sublimated and forms beautiful transparent orange- Alk'inaa.r. (Geog.) See ALCrMAAR. a s. colored needles, which are anhydrous and of high lustre. AlI's ner, or ALKDIAR, IIHENRIK VAN. The reputed author "What I sweeting, all a-mart - Sa. Formn. C4H504+3Aq. of the first German version of the world-renowned Allamuchly, or ALLAmIUCHEE, in New Jersey, a post Aljubarro'ta, a town of Portuguese Estremadura, 15 apologue of "BReysard the Fox." It is written in Low vilhige of Warren co., abt. 60 m. N. of Trenton. mni. S. of Leiria; pop. 1,600. In tihe vicinity Alphonso I. German, and was printed in Litbeck in 1498. Its title Allas, DAvrID, a. at Alloa, Scotland, 1744, has been defeated the Moors in 1139, and on the same field John is "iReineke de Vos." For a full account of this work, called tihe Scolttish logarth; althouglh far inferior to the I. of Portugal gained over John I., king of Castile, in and of the controversy respecting its authorship, lee distinguishled artist in the pathos of humorous and ec1385, the signal victory of Canmpo de Ouriques, described Carlyle's Essays, vol. ii. p. 298. centric delineations of human) characteristics. Lord by Camcens in the fourth Canto of his Lusiad. Alkool', or ALKO0sL, n. (Chem.) A preparation of Erskine of Mar sent him to Rome to prosecute his studAkl'kahest, n. [Ar.] The supposed universal solvent of antimony, used by the women of Eastern nations to ies. Here a painting of the Corinthlian Maid who exethe alchemists. tinge the eyelids and lashes of a black color. Dr. Shacw, cuted a profile of her lover's. countenance, ronnd the Alkashes'tic, a. Relating or pertaining to alkahest. spelaking of the women of Barbary, says, "Noie. of shadow thrown by a lamp upon the wall, procured him Ai-IKaisseria, a town in the N. part of Morocco, not these consider themselves dressed till they have tinged a golden medal in the Academy of St. Luke, and a pro. far fi'rom A1-Kasar; pop. abt. 8,000. the edges of their eyelids with alkoohl." polrionate amount of reputation. Bis most popular Alkales'ceny, n. [Fr. alcalescesce.] A tendency to All, a. [A. S. eall.] The whole number, extent, quantity or designs are the twelve illustrations of Ramsy's flarbecome alkasline. duration; whole, entire, complete, total. —.All alwacys faned Scottish pastoral, F/e Gentle Sepherd. I. 1796. Alkales'cen,, a. [Fr. alcalescent.] Havimg a tendency precedes the article Ihe, and the definite pronormsI vy, Al'l~a, SIR WILLAM, an historical painter, B. in Edinto the properties of an alkali; slightly alkaline. tliy, his, our, your, theier, while its synonyms foillow ticeess. burgle, 1782. Be was an old and attached friend of Sir Al'kaal, so; pi. ALKA~LIeS. [Fr. The name of the clrb., All, ado. Quite, completely. Walter Scott. In 1838 he was chosen president of the of sod. obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds.] (tiem. "And swore so loud, Royal Scottish AcadnemSy, and was knighted in 1842. A class of substances possessinge many qualities exactly That, all amazed, the priest lec lall the hook." —Shrewo. His best productions are, the Polish Cbpls'es, the S/aretice reverse of those wihich belong to the acids. An cl- — Altogethei; wholly; without any other consideration. Mlarket at Constantinolle, Mary and Iizszio, and the kali is soluble iss wvater. and produces a liquid which is "They are all for present money, no matter how they pay it after- Battle of 1istelos. D.1850. soapy to the touch, and has a peculiar nauseous taste; wards." —Dryden. ]tAllan, in Scotland, a river noted for the beauty of the it restores the blue color to vegetable infusions, which — Only; without admission of anything else, scenery through which it flows for 18 m., when it falls have been reddened by an acid; it turns many of these "Sure, I shall never merry, like my sister, into the Frith of Forth, 2 m. from Stirling. blues to green, as in the case of the red cabbage and To love my father all." —S.hals. ALLAN, BRIDGE on, a neat village on the above river, 3 m. syrup of violets, and it gives a brown color to vegetable All th/e betler, wholly the better; that is, better by the N.W. of Stirling. It is a good deal resorted to in summer yellows, such as turmeric and rhtbarb. Potash, soda, whole difference. — Webster. by visitors, on accountof its mineral spring. Pop. 1,,03. ALLE ALLE ALLE 65 Alrlaznbuag, in West Canada, a post-village of Wel- cultivation and meadow-land, interspersed with ridges termed; that is to say, they have figured them in the land co. Pop. 321. covered with white-oak and chestnut, and its waters are shape of living beings invested with the forms and qualiAlalandale, in Georgia, a post-village of Habershamrn co. remarkable for their limpidness. ties naturally adapted to tile character of each. Such A1lIandale, in Minnesota, a village of Goodhue co., 15 Allegha'ny, in California, a post-village of Sierra co., pictr'es are allegories, and are to be found abundantly min. WV.S.W. of ItRedwing. on Kanaka creek, 60 m. E.N.E. of Marysville. Pop. abt. scattered over nearly all poetry. Some have even conAllanito'ie, a. Belonging or relating to the allantois. 500. ceived that the whole mythology of pagan antiquity is Allan'toin, n. (Chem.) A neutral, tasteless substance, Allegha'ny, in Maryland, a county on the borders of merely a cluster of allegories bnt this hypothesis is crystallizing in hard, brilliant prisms, soluble in boiling Pennsylvania and Yirginia, Area, 800 sq. m. - Rivers. not favored, either by what we know generally of the water. It occurs in the allantoic fluid of the cow, or in The Potomac and its N, branch form the S. boundary of birth and growth of superstition in the human mind, the urine of the foetal calf, but it may also be procured the co., which is intersected in its W. part by Youghio- or by the earliest and simplest form in which these by the oxidation of uric acid. Form., C4H3N203. gheny river. It is also drained by Town, Evils, Wills, and mystic fables have come down to us. Of all poets who Allan'toi s, ATLANTOiD, n. [Gr. allas, a sausage, and Glade creeks.-Suiface. Rocky and broken, the co. being have dealt in A., Spenser is the most famous and the eidos, form.] (Phys.) A thin membranous sac, devel- traversed by the main Alleghany mountains and several greatest; no other has ever produced so vast a number oped from the termination of the alimentary canal of smaller ridges —Mines. Limestone, sandstone, iron ore of these vivified idealities, or put into them such a spirit the embryo, situated between the amnion anid chorion, and stone coal aibound, the latter being extensively of lifeand air of actual existence. It is commonly said, and organized by the hypogastric arteries and umbilical mined at Cumberland, the capital.-Stil. The valleys and it is generally true, that too long an A. is wearisonme; vein, Its function as a respiratory organ is of most or glades in the mountains are fertile and furnish the but nobody complains of kfatigne in reading Swift's Pble importance in those oviparous vertebrates, where the em- celebrated glades butter and mutton. P~p. abt. 34,000. of a Tub, which is a tolerably long A. This and othler bryo has no branchice; in the mammalia, its use is Allegha'ny, in New YrkC State, a county organized in examples which might be quoted, seem to prove that, more or less superseded by the chorion and placenta. 1806, in the W.S.W. part of the State, intersected firom if the -A. be sufficiently simple and natural, it may be In some quadrupeds the A. has the form of a sausage; S. to N. by the Genesee river, which affords immense protracted, without becoming tiresome, to a considerable whence its name. water-power. Area, ablt. 1,050 sq. m. The soil is fertile, extent. Allantu'ric Acid. (Chem.) A white deliquescent but generally better adapted to grazing than tillage. (Paint. and Sculpt.) Allegory may be addressed to the substance produced by heating in a closed tube to about The E. and W. parts of tihe co. consist of ail elevated ttable eye, by means of forms intended to convey, besides the 2800 aim aqueous solution of allantoin. Forss., IO02Co0 land.-Mines. Bog iron ore and limestone.-GCaip. Bel- notion of those sensible objects which they represent, H6N4Os..-Pelosze. imont.-Pop. abt. 68,000. certain abstract ideas to which those objects are supAl'la-Pri'nma. [It., all at once.] (Paint.) The method -In tihe same State, a post-village and township of Cat- posed to bear analogy. of applying all the colors upon the canvas at once, tarasgus co., on the Allegheny river, 408 m. from the Allegranja, the most northern of the Canary Islands, without any retouching. Many of tihe finest worlks of city of N. Y. The village, formerly called Burton, is inhaibited, and possessing extensive woods. Lat. 290 26 the old masters were painted in this way; but the the market-town of the Five-Mileo Run valley. - P'op. N.; hon. 130 31' W. method demands too much artistic skill, knowledge, and abt. 4,000. Allegret'to. [It.] (Mus.) The dinminutive of allegro; decision, to be generally emnployed.. Alleg~ha'ny, in Pennsylvania, a county organized in denoting that the time is not so quick as tlhat of allegro. Allass Strafit, a channel between the islands Lombok 1788, in the W.S.W. part of the State. Am-ea, abt. 750 sq. Al1'egri, GiEGooeo, a celebrated musician, whose comand Sumbassa, in the Sunda group of the Malay archi- m.i-Rivers. Tile Monongahela and Allegheny unite to positions are still retained in the pontifical chapel. Tihe pelago. The strait, about 50 m. in length and 9 in. form the Ohio, which runs 14 m. within the co., Yo- chief is the Miseorere, which is always sung on Good wide in its narrowest part, is considered the best fbr ghiogheny, Chartiers, Turtle, and Pine creeks. Soil. Friday. navigators. Though hilly, the county, nearly all arable land, is fer- Alle'gro, [It. merrily, sportively.] (Mits.) A term deAllatoo'na, in Georgia, a post-village of Cass co., 130 tile, and the natural growth is dense and large. —Mlines. noting the third degree of quickness. It is also used in m. N.W. of Milledgeville. It was attacked by the Con- Bituminous coal procured isn large quantities near Pitts- combination with other terms: for example, A. agitato, federates under the command of Gemn. French, Oct. 5, burg, which is the cap. of the county. — lnd. See PITTS- quiclk and agitated; A. farioso, vehemently quick; A. 1864; but after vigorous assaults, successfully resisted 5ut(a. Pop. abt. 300,000. A. is the second county in assai, more quickly; A. di molto, very quickly; A. non by the little Federal garrison comnmided by Gen. importance in tie State. molto, not very quick; A. ma non presto, quick, but not Corse, the Confederates, learning that a hostile force -in Penn.soylvania, a post-office of Alleghany co. extremely so. was almost upon their rear, gave up the contest. The -a township of Armstrong co. Pop. abt. 2,850. Al'lehguisj, a town of British Iidia, on Itampunga loss of the garrison was about 700 men -over one third - Blair co. Pop. abt, 1,950. river, 11 m. fi'om Furruckaibad. List. 270 33' N.; ion. of the entire command; that of the Confederates was - " Butler co. Pop. abt. 1,000. 790 45' E.; pmop. 6,000. estimated at 2,000 dead or captured. In this action, - " Cambria co. Pop. abt. 2,300. Allelu'ia, it. [Heb. hallelu-ja/, praise the Lord.] Th'Ilis Gen. Corse was wounded in the face. Potter co. Pop. abt. 800. word occurs at the beginning, and at the end of many Allay', v. a. [A.S. alcgan, to lay down.] To quiet; to Somerset co. Pop. abt. 1,150. psalms.-"And all the streets shail sing alleluia;" pacify; to appease. " Venango co. Pop. abt. 1,850. says Tobit, speaking of the rebuilding of Jerusalem Ic~. by year art, yem Cave - " Westmoreland co. Pop. abt. 2,200. (Tob. viii. 18). This expression of joy and praise was Put the wild waters in this roar, ally them." —Shaks. Alleglha'ny, in Virginia, a county in the central part transferred firom the synagogue to the church. At the of the State; area, 500 sq. m. - livers. Jackson's river funeral of Fabiola, says Jerome, in Obit. PFabiole, "sev-To s-sprees; sulmdue; abmite; mitigate; as, to all/a the intersects the co., and uniting with Cow Pasture river eral psalms were sung with loud allehias." - An expresseverity of a paimm.. on the E. border, forms the James river. - Mountains. sion in sound very similar to this, seems to have been -v. cm. To abate; to subside; as The main Allegheny chain forms its N.W. boundary. used by many nations, who can hardly be supposed to "When the rage aslays." —Shiais. Middle Mountain extends along the S.E. line, and Peter's have borrowed it firom the Jews. Is it impossible that Allay', n. [Fr. aloi.] The same as AtLOY. M1ountain and the Warm Springs through the centre. this is one of the most ancient expressions of devotion? Allay'er, ii. The person or thisng which allays. Soil. The surface is very mountainous, but the valleys From the Greeks using ecAev in as a solemni beginAllay'mnent, n. That which allays; a palliative; are fertile. Prod. corn, wheat, oats, and butter..Min. ning and ending to their hymns to Apollo, it should abatement; ease. (o.) Iron ore. Cap. Covington. Pop. 6,765. seem that they knew it; it is said, also, to have been All-beau'teous, a. Completely beautiful. Alleegla'ny Bridge, in Pennsylvania, a post-office heard among the Indians in America; and Alla, Alla, "Some emanation of the all-beauteous mind."-Pops. of McKeman co. as the name of God, is used in great part of the East. All-bind'ing, a. That binds all. Alleglha'csy City. See PITTSnURG. What might be tie prinmitive stock which has furnished AQl'bright, in Virginia, a post-villhmge of Preston co. AlleA ghas-'ny lilountailns. See APPALACuIAN MOUN- such spreading branches? - Dom Calmiet. All-divinme', a. Supremely excellent. TAN. Allemanee', in N/,irth Carolina, a post-village of GuilAll-dread'ed, a. Feared by all. Alleg'ha'ny Valley, in United States, the name of a ford co., 70 m. W.N.W. of Raleigh. Allecret, n. [Ger. alles, all; kcraft, strength.] Light Raihioadconmpletedin.ecember,1867,runnningfromPitts- Allensande', n. [Fr.] A waltz or dance supposed to armor used both by cavalry and inhimtrfy in tie 16th burg, Pa., to Venango City, Pa., 132 miles. The cap. stock have derived its name from the country, Gersmany, in century, especially by the Swiss. tconsistedofbret- of the Company is 2,000,000; funded debt, $4,000,000; which, according to the prevailing opinion, it originated. plate and gussets. often reaching to the mnidldle of the both, $6,000,000. It is written in two-crotchet time, and is now understood thigh, and sometimes below the knees.-Ogilvie. Alleglhe'ny. See ALLERANY. to be moderately quick, the word allcgretto best indiAl'legan, ii Mic/rigan. A county bordering on litke Alle'gianee, n. [Lat. alligare, to bind to.] The tie cating its movement. But anciently this was a slow Michigan. Area840f sq.mm. Itisdraimed byiKalamazwoo, vhich binds the citizen to the government, in return for dance, according to Morley, Brossard, and Rousseau. Black, and Rabbit rivers. The surface of the county, the protection which the government affords him. Natu- Allemsan'nie, a. See ALEMANNIC. gemerally undulbtimg, is nocty covered with forests 9ral A. is that which results from the birth of a person Allemon'tite, n. (Min.) A rhombohedral mineral bt. 0,000 ts cp. llga, is a post-village, sit- within the territory and under the obedience of the gov- of the Arsenic group. Comp. arsenic 65'22, antimony,.Pop abt. 30,OO0.-Its cap. il1egaum, is a post-village, sitmu- ntAcuiedA ated on uoth sides of tme Kalaimazoo, with a bridge rnment. Acquired A. is that binding a citizen who 34-78 = 100. cinmossing the river. Pop. of township 1,900. was born an alien, but has been naturalized. Local A- Al'len, ETHAN, a brigadier-general in the American Allega'ny. See A.LLGoUNY. is that which is due from an alien rwhile resident in a Revolutionary army, B. in Salisbury, Connecticut, but Allegat$ionn, n. [Fr. alligation.] Affirmative, posh- country, in return for tie protection afforded by tic educated in Vermont. In 1775, after the battle of Lextive assertion. The thing alleged or affidrmed. government.-Bouvier. ington, he collected a small party, and marched against (Law.) The assertion, declarmtion, or staitement of a Allegor'ie, Allegoar'ieal, a. [Fr. alligorique.] After the fortress of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; and in party of what he can prove.-Bouvier. the manner of an allegory; figurative. each of these enterprises he was successfisl. In the atAllege', v. a. [Fr. alliguer, from Let. allgarce.] To affirm- Allegor'ieally, adv. In an allegorical manner. tempt to take Montreal, at the head of a small body of to send or put forth, as an authoritative statement; Allegor'ieat eess, a. The quality of beingallegorical. troops, he was captured, after a severe battle, and sent to henmce, as adding ctremgthm. to adduce tic authority o Allegesr'ist, a. A writer of allegory. England. On his release from confinement, he returned uother; to declare; to alli-e; to issert; to msoevem-te 8All.egor'ize, v. a. To turn into allegory; to form an to Vermont, where he was appointed to the command another; to declare; to afihrm; to assert; to asseverate;algr.o h tt ilta.Fb 3 79 to depose; to plead; to cite; to quote; to assigm- to al legory. oftheStatemilitia. D. Feb. 13, 1789. advance. 0 — v. n. To use allegory. Allen, HENRv WATsKNS, B. in Prince Edward co., Va., Ail'legorizer, n. One who allegorizes or turns things 1820. A lawyer as his father, he was elected, in 1859, to "If we forsake the ways of grace, we cannot allege any color of into allegory; an allegorist. the hegislature of Louisiana, amd took very soon hn that ignorance."-Sorat., AI'egory, n. [Gr. allos, another, and agoreyo, I speak.] body a prolnineut position. Upon tme outbreak of ithe.llege'able, a. That which may be alleged. (Rhet.) A figurative discourse, which employs terms war, Mr. Allen joined.the Delta Rifles as a volunteer, Alleg'er, n. One who alleges. appropriate to one thing, to signify another; it is a was made colonel, and appointed military governor of Allegl'a'lny, in the fnited States, a river which rises metaphor prolonged and pursued: for example, when Jackson. Wounded at the battle of Ship Island, and on the N.W. side- of the acoeunde zat embat o S.hip I Isn Pa-ndon the N.W. side'of the Alleghany mountamins, iii Potter tIme prophets represent the Jews under the allegory of a more severely at the battle of Baton Rouge, he was aupco., near time northern confines of Pemlmmsylvacnima. It vine, plhmnted, culctivwted, and watered by the hand of pointed brigadier-general in Sept. 1864, amd soon after enters the State of New Yo-rk, and after a brief circuit. God, but which, instead of producing good frulits, brings Ie was alnost unanimously elected goves-nor of Lonisireturns to Pennsylvania. It then pursues its coursne forth sour grnpes; and so of others. —An A. is not intend- ana. Eminently fitted for the position, his devotion to toward the S., receiving on its right thie Cosevago, ed to deceive om- perplex, in which respect it differs from the interests of all classes speedily muon the general conwhich conveys the waters of Lake Chalanque and m'renchs an enigumae or riddle. -A. hams been ii favorite mode of fiulence ecmd affection, end gave hum almost arbits-ary Creelk, which form a direct communicatiosi with Caunada, composition in all countries and ages. Sometimes it power. At the clis of the war, Govermor Allen left the and on the left, Toby's Cs-eekl and the Conemaugh. At hns been recoimscmended by seeming to affoid the only, country end took Ide residence in Mexico, where he Pittsbuing, in N. Let. 450 28', W. Lon. 800 8', at asm eIeva- or the fittest availaible means of givimng a lively or intel- died, April 22, 1866. We have of him, "Tm-avels of a tion of 1,138 ft. above tide-water in the Atlantic, and ligible representation of certain subjects or notions. Sugar-Planter in Europe." after a course of 400 m., it mnites with the Monongmhe la, The poets of different nations, for example, have resicrt- Allen, Ho'. binmLmv, a. in Providemcs, R. I., 1787, a. theme and forms the Ohio. It is navigable as far mis I/am- ed to this method, in order to convey sufficiently vivid Dec. 13, 1867, one of the foremost umanufacturers of cottoq ilton, 270 m. above Pittsburg. The principal towns on conceptions of the different virtues and vices, and other in thi Stats of Rhode Island. In 1831 he began priijg its benkcs are Wmanrren, Franklin, and Kittuanning. Its alht-actions which they haomve wished to set before their calicoes at tme linings establishment, still known by hi~ bauks are generaclly fertile, presenting tracts of fine readers. They ae personifisituated on the river north of Providence. VOL. i. —9 66 ALLE ALL AF ALLI perfection of the style of print made at these works has Al'en's Fresh, in MJaryland, a post-village of Charles antagonist is entitled to score four points, or one, as justly given them a celebrity all over the continent. In co., about 40 m. S. by E. of Washington. shall have been agreed upon. 7. It is allowable for the 1851, Mr. Allen was elected, as the candidate of the Demo- Allen's Grove, in Iowa, a post-village and town- person who lays down a high or a low trump to inquire cratic party, governor of Rhode Island, and was re- ship of Scott co., 14 m. N.N.W. of Davenport; pop. whether the saine be high or low. elected in 1852 and 1853, when he resigned the guberna- 602. ITo go on all fours. To move on four legs, oron two legs torial office to accept that of United States Senator bfor alen's Grove, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Wal-'and two arms or hands. Hence, to go on all jburs, fig., six years, after which he retired from public life. worth co. to be exactly similar in the minutest points. "This exAllen, Sit THoMAs, an Englisl admiral, who distin- Alleit's HRill, in Noew York, a post-village of Onta- ample is on allfours with the other." guished himself during the reign of Charles II. in the rio co. Allgo'sa, in South Carolina, a post-office of Spartanwar against the Dutch. In 1660 he defeated the van of Allen's Settlement, in Louisiana,'a post-office of borg district. the Dutch fleet, three of their admirals fatlling in the Claiborn6 parish, 400 m. N.W. of New Orleans. All-hail', intej. See H.lou. fight. Allen's Spring, in Kentuc/,:y, a post-office of Allen co. All-ha]'low, or ALL-HALLOW S, n. All-Saints' Day; the Allen, WILLIAM, chief-justice of' Pennsylvania before All'lenstein, a town of East prussia, 65 us. firon first of November. the Revolution, co-operated with B. Franklin in estab- Kbnigsberg; pop. about 4,000 All-lhall'ow-tide, n. [A.S. tid, time.] The time near lishing the college of Philadelphia. On the approach of A'l'lenstowun, in New Hampshire, a post-townlship of All-Saints or November first. the Revolution, he returned to Englhfd, where he died, Merrinmac co., 10 us. S.E. of Concord. Pop. aboult 500. All handls ahoy I (Mctr.) The order by which the 1780. A]'iensville, in Indiana, a village of Randolph co., ship's company is summoned on deck by the bojtAlleln, WILLIAM, an eminent chemical and experimental abocut 8 io. N. by W. of Union City. swain. English professor, B. in London, 1770; D. 1843. -a post-village of Switzerland co. All tands to qutarters ahoy! is the order to the crew to Al'lun, WILLIAM tIENRY, a navatl officer of the United Aluensville, in Kentucky, a post-village of Todd co., prepare for battle. This contmasnd is more generally States, distinguished for his courage tand success in tile 180 is. S.W. ofFrankfort. giveen by the boatswain piping down the hatchway. war of 1812, against Great Britain. Born at Providence, Allensville, in Ohio, a post-village of Yinton co., 60 All'ia, a small river' itn Italy, rising in the hills of CrusR. I., 1784. The 13th of August, after a very succesfiful ci. S.S.E. of Columbus. tuminnm, and flowing into the Tiber, about 11 m. N. of cruise, the Argus, of which he was the mnaster-comnlan- Alieunsville, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Mifflin Rome. Near its confluence, the Romans were defeated dant, became ai prize to the British brig Pelican, and co., 7(i mn. N.W. of Harrisburg. with great slaughter by the Gauls, under Brennns, B. c. Allen received a wound, of which he died two dtcys after. Al'lenton, in Alabanza, a post-village of Wilcox co., 490. The bararians captured the city. On its banks Al'Ien, in Illinois, a township of La Salle co. Pep. -about 110 in. S. of Tuscaloosa. also, the dictaltor Cincinlatus defeated the Praenestines. abt. 700. Allenton, in Missouri, a post-village of St. Louis co., B. c. 377. Allen, in Inliana. a county in the E.N.E. of the State, aboit 30 m. W.S.W. of St. Louis. Allia eeotas, a. Relating to, or having the properties on the Ohio line. Area, 638 sq. m. —Rivers. A. co. is well Allenton, in.Rhode Island, a post-office of Washing- of', allcttn, or garlic. watered by the St. Joseph and St. Mary rivers, which ton co. tAllit'an ee, s. [Fr. from Lat. ad ligare, to bind.] A volunite at Fort Wayne, and form the Maumee river; sev- Allentown, in New Jersoy, a post-village in Upper cintary cocmpact, binding persons or communities. The eral creeks also flow through it. Desc. The surface is Freehold township, Monnmouth co., 12 m. E. by N. of alliance of States is either offensive or defensive, or level; the soil very fertile; with the exception ofsome oak Trenton. IPp. about 750. both; with individuals it nmeans friendship or marriageopenings and wet prairies, the county is well wooded. Allentown, in Ohio, a post-village of Allen co., oni relationiship. -Compact; treaty; union; cofperatiton; Hist. It was org:anized in 1824, and received the name the Ottawa creek, 7 m. W. of Lima, and 70 m. N.W. of confederation; firiendship. from Col. Win. Allen, of Kentucky. Cup. Fort Wayne. Colnumbus. Pop. about 400. (Bot.) The first division of a class, including the orP/p. abt. 58,000. Al/lentown, in Pennsylvania, a flourishing town, ders lhavinig certain common charactcers which separate -a township of Miami co. Pop. abt. 1,500. capital of Lehigh co., pleasantly situated oin an eminence them from tihe rest of the class. - Noble co. Pop. abt. 3,500. on the W. bank of the Lehigh river, 51 ic. N. by W. of Alli'anee, in O0io, a post-village of Lexington townAl'len, in Iowa, a post-office of Guthrie co., 160 m. W. Philadelphia. The beds of iron ore and anthracite, which ship, in Starke co.; pop. about 2,000. of Iowa city. are very extensive in the valley of A., have given to A111i'ee, z.pl. (Bot) A name of the sub-ord. SCILLEz, q. v. -a township of Polk co. Pop. 884. that town a very great importance. It contains numer- A llied', p. a. United by kindred or alliance; confeder-: Warren co. Pop. 742. ous iron-works, and has some fine public buildings, ani ated. Al'len, in Kansas, a county in the S.E. p:art of the academy, a theological seminary, and a military insti- Ail']ier, a dep. in France, bounded on the N. by those State. Area. 720 sq. im. —Rivers. The Neosho, which tute. The first house of A. was built by William Allen, of Cher, Nievre, and Sacne et Loire, and on the S. by intersects the co., and numerous creelts, the principal in 1750, on a grant of 20,000 acres received front William those of Creuse, Puy de DCmie, and Loire. It conmbeing Deer and Elm; Soil. The county consists mostly Penn; in 1812, it became the county-town, and in 1838, prehends a great part of the ancient province of Bourof prairie, but the timber abounds alonig the rivers. its foriner name of Northampton was changed to Allen- bonnais. Lat. between 450 585 and 460 47' N.; Lon. beMinerals, coal. Cap. Humboldt. Pop. abt. 3,700. town. Its inhabitants are mostly of German descent. tween 20 16' and 30 57' E. Areu, 2,821 sq. m. It is -a post-village of Lyon co., abt. 40 m. S.W. of Topeka. Pp. about 10,000. traversed by the Allier, the Cher, and other lesser Al'len, in Kentucky, a S. county, on the Tennessee line. Ah'er, a river of Germany, rising in the district of rivers. The soil is fertile, but the agriculture is in a Area, 300 sq. m. Rivers. Tennessee, Big Barren river, RMagdeburg, and falliing into the Weser. backward state. The ponds anid woods are extensive. and Trammel's creek. Prod. Corn, wheat, oats, and to- AllI'er, a parish of England, in Somersetshire, where, in Nanf. Iron machinery and tools of every description, bacco. Hist. The county was formetd in 1825, and 1644, a battle was fought between the Royalist andc Par- cutlery, paper, porcelain, glass, cloth, &c. Mineral named in honor of Col. John Allen. Cap. Scottsville. liament forces. Here, also, Alfred the Great defeated springs attract visitors to the towns of Vichy, BourbonPottp. ab. 11,0out 600. te L'Archambault, and Neris. The dep. is divided into Allen, in Michigan, a township of Hillsdale co. Pop. Alle'rion, or ARamION, n. four arrondissements, named Moulins, Gannat, La abt. 3.500. [Fr. alirion, from Lat. alea, I.-,, Pelisse, and Iontluoon. Pop 356,432. Al'len, in Missouri, a post-village of Randolph co., 147 wing.] (lIer.) An imagina-y V AL'LIEan, a river that gives its name to the above departm. W.N.W. of St. Louis.. bird like an eagle, without. —~ imlent. It rises in the mountains of the Loz re, and Al'len, in New York, a post-township of Alleghlany co., beak or feet, so called be- traversing the centre of France, falls into the Loire, a 250 m. W.S.W. of Albany. Pop. abt. 1,150. cause they have nothing per- few miles below Nevers, after a course of 220 miles. Al'len, in Ohio. a county in the W.N.W. part of the fect tbut the wings. They dif- Al'ligate, v.a. [Lat. aligare, to bind to.] To tie one State. Area, 405 sq. m. Rivers. It is intersected by fer from Martlets in that thing to another; to unite. the Auglaize and Ottawa rivers, and by Riley and Sugar they are represented facing, Alliga'tifon, n. The act of tying together; the state of creeks. Desc. The surface is generally level, the soil with the wings expanded. being tied. (a.) fertile and abundantly timbered with lhard wood. Prod. Alle'viate, v. a. [Lat. alle-... (At-ith.) A rule by which the price of a mixture is Corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter. The Miami canal vare.] To make light, some - found when the price of the ingredients is known. This passes through tihe county and affords good water-power. times in a literal, but crdi-i.: is applicable to commercial arithmetic only, but the Cap. Lima. Pop. abt. 39,000. narily in a figurative sense; following questions, which lllt under the rule, will show -a township of Darko co. Pop. abt. 1,000. hence, to lessen; to soften; Fig. 86.-MONTMORIENCY'S its scope better than any general definition. —How much - " Hancock co. Pop. abt. 2,000. to palliate; to mitigate; as, he ESCUTCHEON. wine at $12 a dozen must be added to a pipe worth $18 - " Union co. Pop. alt. 2,000. alleviates his faults by an ex- a dozen, in order that the mixture may be worth $15 a Alllen, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Cumberland co. cuse; your friendship alleviates my sorrow. dozen?-If a cubic foot of copper weighs 8,788 ounces, -a township of Northampton co. Pop. alt. 1,600. Alle'viating, a. That which affords alleviation. and of zinc 7,200 ounces, in what proportions must copper -- " Washington co. Pop. abt. 750. Allevia'tion, n. [Lat. allevatio.] The act of maklting and zinc be mixed, so that a cubic foot of the mixture Al'len, Bog of, in Irelasnd. The name given to a light; alleviating; lessening; mitigating or extenuat- may weigh 8,000 ounces? —For the algebraist we may number of contiguous morasses separated by ridges of ing. —That by which any pain is cured, or fault ex- say, that all questions l'll under the rule of alligation dry ground, situated in Kildare, King's and Quieen's coun- tenuated. which involve tihe solution of such an equation as, ax ties. Area, 238,500 acres. It gives birth to the rivers Allelviative, n. That which alleviates. - by - cz = n (x +y p- a) in which n must be interBoyne, Barrow, and Brosna. Alley, n.: pl. ALLEYS. [Fr. all/e.] A walk in a garden;- mediate between a, b, and c; which is indeterminate Allen Centre, in New York, a post-village in Allen a narrow passage or way in a city, narrower than a street; unless fuither relations between x, y, and z are given. township, Alleghany co. a lane. Any person moderately skilled in algebra may reduce Al'len Centre, in Ohio, a post-village in Allen town- (Archc.) A passage from one part of a building to a question of alligation to an equation of this form. ship, Union co., 36 m N.W. of Columbus. another; also, the passage or walk between the pews of The number of cases is infinite, and several of those A'l1en, Isle of, a village of Ireland, county of Kil- a church. given in the books of arithmetic are useless. We shall, dare, 5 m. N.E. of Kildare. Al'ley's Iills, in Texas, a post-office of Cass co., about therefore, confine ourselves to two rules of the most Al'len, Loenhl, in Ireland, a lake in Leitrim co., 10 300 mi. N.E. of Austin. simple cases for the reader not skilled in algebra. m. in length and 4 to 5 in width. It is supposed to be All-Fool's )Day, n. The first of April; —so called from Rule 1. Where the quantity of each ingredient, and the source of the Shannon. the custom of making fools of as many as possible on its Im'ice, are given, to find the price per pound, gallon, Al'lendale, in England, a market-town and parish of that day.- Worcester. or whatever it miay be, of the mixture; multiply the Northumberland. Pp. of parish about 7,000. All-Fours, n. (Sport.) A game played hby two persons quantity of each ingredient by its price, and add; then Allendale, ii Kansas, a post-office of Johnson co. with an entire pack of cards. The name is derived friom divide the sum of all these products by the sum of all Allendale, in Kentuclc-y, a post-office of Greene co. the 4 chances of which it consists, viz. High, Low, Jack, the quantities in the ingredients. Allendale, in Michigan, a post-township of Ottawa co. and Game.-Laws of the game. 1. If, in dealing, the Ex. What is the worth per ounce of a mixture of 25 Pop. about 500. dealer discovers any of the adversary's cards,. a new ounces of sugar at 10c. with 15 ounces at 12c.? Allendale, in Missoucri, a post-village of Worth co., deal may be demanded. 2. If tme dealer, in dealing, 25 oz. at 10c. is worth..................... $2.50 about 18 us. N. of Albany. discovers any of his own cards, he must abide by thle 15 " "12c. ".1.80 Allendlale, in South Carolina, a post-office of Barnwell same. 3. If it is discovered, previous to playing, thtt -4 district. the dealer has given his s.adversary too many cards, there 40 4.30 40 Al'lendorf, in Germany, a town of Hesse-Cassel, on must be a new deal; or, if both parties agree, the extrac the Werra. Pop. 4,000. cards may be drawn by the dealer from his opponent's Answer 1034.................. 10.75 AI'len's, in Ohio, a post-office of Miami co., 62 m. W. hand; and the same if the dealer gives himself too Rule II. To find in what proportions per cent. two inof Columbus. many cards. But in eit.her case, if a single ccrd has gredients nmust be mixed, in order that the price per Al'len's Bridge, in South Carolina, a post-office of been played, then there must be another decl. 4. No per- ounce, &c. of flue mixture may be one which has been Marion district, about 130 m. E. of Columbia. sous can beg mcore than once in a hand, unless both par- previously determined upon. To find the proportion of Al'lensburg, in Ohio, a post-village of Highland co., ties agree. 5. In playing, you must either follow suit thefirst ingredient, take the difference of price between 8 m. W. of Hillsborough. or trump, on penalty of your adversary's adding one the mixture and the second ingredient, multiply by 100, Al'len's Creek, in Virginia, a post-office of Am- point to his game. 6. If either player sets uip his game and divide by the difference between the prices of the herut oo. erroneously, it must not only be taken down, but the ingredients. /ix. I wish to know in what proportion ALLI ALLO ALLO 67 wine at 45c. and 70c. the pint must be mixed, in order English popular ballad or lyrical poetry is full of such Allopath'ilc, a. Belonging or relating to allopathy. that the mixture may be worth 55c. the pint? lines as those with which the Scotch song commences: Allopath'ically, adv. According to the principles Price of the mixture............................ 55 "Merry may the maid be of allopathy. Price of the 2d ingredient...................... 70 That marries the miller; Allop'athist, n. One who adheres to, or practises, -~~~- ~ For foul day and fair day," &c., &e. allopathy. Difference.......................... 15 Down even to the present day, the use of A., to a con- Allop'athy, n. [Gr. allos, other, and pathos, suffering.] Multiply by......................................... 100 siderable extent, has continued to characterize English The ordinary medical practice, as opposed to Hemacoversification in its most polished form, and in the hands pathy. - See ItoMciPATHY. divide the product by 25, diff. bet. 45 and 70 1,500 25 of some of the greatest poets. Byron's line in the con- Ai'lophane, n. (Min. ) A subsilicate, amorphous min- cluding stanza of tile second canto of Ch/ilde Hatrold, eral; vitreous lustre; color usually pale slky-blue, some60 times greenish, brown, yellow, or colorless. It is re" What is the worst of woes that wait on age?" There must be, therefore, 60 per cent. of the first, and tgarded as a result of the decomposition of some alumiconsequently, 40 per cent. of the second. may be given as an example. Churclhill has at once nous silicate. Found in the U. S. in mines of limonite, A'l]igator, n. [Lat. laceta, a lizard.] (Zeil.) A gellns ridiculed and exemplified the figure in his well-known zinc, copper, &c. of very formidable and ferocious reptiles, foundl inl vetse, Allot', v. a. [0. Fr. allotir.] To divide or distribute by "And apt alliteration's artful aid," lots. —To distribute; to parcel out; to give each his where every word begins with the sc..n letter. share. Allit'erative, a. Perttaining or relating to alliteration, Allotmn ent, n. The act of allotting.-That which is Allit'erator, o. One who makes use of allitorootiooos. allotted; the part; the share; the portion granted. Al'liUmi, n. [Lat.] (Bet.) The garlic andt thIl onion, a Allotrop'ic, a. (Chem.) Belonging toasllotrophy. Thus!I~i \ \ a en~-r a ges of' plnts, at substance is allotropic when it is capable of assuming 6'd. Liliacece. The i ~r~~d. I~iliacez~. Tt~lo~~e ~two or three of the four conditions in which solid bodies tspeies Ao Sativc, ismany exist, (crystalline, vitreous, amorpohous, and or-ansnative of Sicily, is ized;) and an allotropic substance is in an allotropic X'~~\~ ~cultivated in all state when it occurs in one of its regular conditions. J'//]l? ]~.////////f' ~parts of the world. Allot'ropiy, and ALLoT'RorPIsM, n. [Gr. allos, another, tsbl, etropes, manner.] (hem.) The existence of the same. seasoning, andalso sub.btanes in djfferent forms, each endowed with differinnmedicine,is com- ent properties arising, not frome differences in their posed of several chemical nature, but in their rolecular arrangement. smaller ones ens- /XSulphur, for example, often occurs naturally in beautirouhdedl by a crn- $ /ful and hard octotedral crystals. But if a quantity of mon white mnem- these crystals be melted, and heated considerably be-'braoce, cooed called yond the boiling-point of water, and the liquid be then cloves of garlic. suddenly cooled by pouring it into cold water, a tough, They are strong- flexible, transparent substance, of ane amber color, is Fg 7-i4IA O scented, and hlavea't \ /procured, which may be kneaded in the land or drawn Fei. S7.-acI~tAT01. ~ bitter, acrid taste. out into long threads, and is less easily inflamced than tropical regions of Americ, nd closely resembling tle (ed.) Tile garlic ordinary sulphur. This constitutes vitre-us sulphur; tropin. Cro~~~~~~~cadle, he pio ofwhch reall d me tea calo irritont but if it be left a few days, it becomnes brittle, opaque, gen. Orocodie, the species of which are all otund in the i a Old World.-Sos CscOoDILpIa. and rebeliocient. and partly crystalline. However, it is not al crystalA'llIgator, ic Florida, t post-village, cap. of Columbio Interoallyitquick- lized, for, if digested with bi-sulphide of carbon, part co., See LAKE CcI. -sens the circulation ig. 88.-AItIUM sTIVUM. of it only will be dissolved; the crystallized portion is ace~rstan oi: ptd stimtulates the talken up, and a buff-colored powder is left, which is in(Common garlic.)in ouiijlen apot-ofic o St Mayn a; simulte te (ommn arlc.)taen pparisat,inLii-o, stocsh. ofS.M ry secretions gener- soluble. It has no crystalline appearance, and is amor-'igat r-p e, n. (Bt.) i fruit of a species of ally. It is employed as an expectorant in clhronic ca- pehous sulphur. This, if melted by heat, becomes as Acusgtard-apple, nativeof. the fruit ofandeies; ohf APor cstard-tpple, ntive of t West Indies; the A tarrehal affections, and as a stonmachic in flatelencr, &c. soleble as before. The carbon, as diamond, graphite, ~~~~~palau~~ste-is. ~Externally, it is used as a revulsive rubelacient to the and charcoal, is another striking example of allotrophy. painsiris. A8l'ligator-pearv~ s. (Bot.) The fruit of the Pce-sec feet, as a resolvent in indolent tumors, and as a lini- Allot'tee, n. A person to whom shares in aptelic nnOrati-sioeaz, a West Icdiaen tree ment in infintile convulsions. See OsNov. dertakinlg are allotted. Al'ligator $Swanp, ie NVe-ISth Carolina, a large tract Alli'hess, n. Totality; entirety; hence, completeness Allow', v. a. and n, [Fr. alleeuer, from Lat. allocate or of marsh, covering nearly the eoetire peninsula boetwreun of attnribtes. (a.), allaudaae.] Tr eea(.); a deductioe, as upon an account. — of marsh, covering nearly te entire peninsula between To grant or g'ive in a stated mannure or periodic-ally. — Pamlico and Albemarle sounds. "The allness of God, including his absolute spirituali.- To grant a state ntr or priodiclly.~APIJ~ll~~igat~~ tor T~ortoise. See Teanroe~~sz. Tetrebl. To grant the p1him of a thing on the groend of truth, justice, reason, or equity: to concede for reasons best Allig'ature, n. See LIGATuR:. Alloa, a seaport town and parish in the shlire of Clack- justice, reason o euity to concede reasons best known t9 pn~e's self; to allot; to assign; to afford; Al'liga.zant, n. A kind of rosewood. mannan, Scotland, o00 the Forth, 25 en. W.N.W. of Edill- kton t oe's sel; to allot to etsige; to afford; Allighar. See ALochut. burgh. The harbor is excellent, and the trade consid- to grt; t remit to recognie; to cnwlege; to avow; to confess; to admit; to permit; to suffer'. Allign'ment, n. See AmIGNAIE NT. erable. A. is supposed to be the Alloma of Ptolemy. vAl vow oablesa. [r. allouable. Ttriat whicth may be Aliioth. See ALooTH. Pop. of town 6.425; of parish, 8,867. Allit'siSn, e n.PLat.ap.isio.]opThe.actof strikin-orddtsliii-A[obr-C,'lwr admitted witwhout contradiction- -'That which is perAlli'sion~n. [Lat. allisis.] The oct of strilking or dashing. Atllo b'rogess, a warlike natoiont of G atul, who dwelt near "~he island was severed fro~~~~~9 9m tcninetmtred or l icensed; lawful, not iorbidden. "The island was severed from the continent the Rhone, in those parts of France and Italy now called.. By the boisterous allisiosn of the sea."- Woodward. Savoy, Dauphiny, aned Piedmont. The Rioman s destroyed "I wa, by the freedom allowable among friends, tempted to their city on account of their assistanace to H-taonnibal. vent m.y thoughts with negligence. — Boyle. AI'llson, in Kentucky, a post-office of Logan co. terct nacuto hi sitnet anbl BAl'lison, in Kcnthcigy, a post-offce of Lofgapen co c. oa'to, [Fr.]' The act of putting one thing to Allow'ab leness, n. The quality of being allowable; about 60 m. N. of Detroi t;Micig, post-township of Lee600 co., another. The admission of'an article in reckoning, and lawfulness; exemption from prohibition. about 0. N. of Detroit; p. abot 600. addition of it to the account. Allow'ably, adv. In an allowable manner. AI'llson, in Newo York, a post-towoship of Allegh~auy (Eng. Law.) An allowance made upon accounts in the A waLO Acee, n. Admission without contradiction; acco., 10 en. S. of Belmoet; pop. about 697. Exchequer, or rather a placing or adding to a thing. knowlendgment. AI'l[ison, in Pennsylvania, a township of Clinton co. Abc.[o'slt;u-, s. [Lat., it is allowed.] (Law.) The allow- C Without the action and allowance of spirits, our philosophy Alllso~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'nWiahutt acion Tensean plostvlane of spris,'rpiosophky Alolso'rniar ir Tennessee, a post-village of ]raiklihi co., auco by a master or prothonotary of a bill referred for will be defective."-Locke. o Elk river, 77 m. S. of Nashville. his consideration, whether touching costs, damages, or -Sanction; license; authority. Al'lison's Creek, in South Carolina, flows into Ca- ceotteos of accont. -Lee Diet. tawba river, in York district. "[ tTo conclude, Allitera'Btion, n. (eos.,) The juxtaposition, or fr- tt iO Lat a for ac, to, and ci, a speak- Without the king's will, and the state's allowamc'e."-Shaks. ing.] An address, usually of a fotereal nature; partienu- -Permlssion; freedom fron restraint; indulgence. quent recurrence of words commencing with the sam t m from restraint; indulgence. larly applied to an address delivered by the Pope at the "T'o consuet their reason before they give alo e to their letters, or of syllables of' the same sound, in. the saie"ocnsuttei raoberetygiealwance to their letters, or of syllables of the sme sound, i the sae college of cardinals, on matters of importance to the inclination."-Locke. sentence. A. is pleasing when skilfully managed, so as s.A. is peasig whC skilfully managed, 0 e Curch, or by a general to his troops prior to a battle. -,-A settled rate; or aplpoilntment for any use. to produce what fhe French have called hlarmonie i-A o'ai- i ~ta~e; u b oofeqce s I ecms rvi-ocd Hlodfal, and Allo'dftauni a. [rFmr.] (Fsecdal Lace.) "And his allowance was a continual allowence given him os tatire; bt y oofieqen ue t ecme tivalan Hldwithout aey acknowledgment of superiority; not ridiculous. An excelleet instance of imitation having a feudal; i ndependent. the king; a daily rate for every day, of the days of his life." A.iisc afodAn by celleth inste ofimittionhaing feudaigll; independent.ds 2 Kifngs xxv. 30. happy A. is afforded by the line of ~ irgil, describing the Alloldially, aldv. In an allodial manner. -Abatement from the strict rigor of a law or demand. measured gallop of the horse: mhAItlo'eium, or ALsoeuo, n. In tihe feudal law, an A. "Parents never give allowance lbr an innocelnt passion." "Quadrupedante pedum sonitu qualit nngula campum." was a property held in absolute dominion, without ren- (Corn.) A deduction; an average paymenet; a portion. Or another verse of the same poet: dering any service, rent, fealty, or other consideration -v. a. (NVaut.) To put upon allowance, i. e., to l!etlt the "La,,antes veno mesesqusnraswhatever to a superior. It was opposed to Feoduso portion of tfood allowed to a crew or passengerls. ILaetantes ventos tempestatesque soneras." or Fief, which mneans property, the use of whIich wos AIle!way, in Scotland, a parish of Ayrslte, in which In which the continual recurnrence of the t reminds us bestowed by the superior upon another, on condition stand thle ruins of the aeld haoented kirk, inemortalized of the uninterrupted noise of the winds. Greek litera- that the person to whoml the gift was made should per- by tile " Tamn O'Shanter," of Robert Burnos. ture affords many instances of this imitative harmieony. form certain services to the giver, upon failure of which, Al'loway, in Neee:York, a post-village of L'ons townIn German literature, Bh'rger has made the most use of or upon the determinatioe of thle period to which tle phip, Wayne co., 3 m. S. of Lyons. A. A sonnet of Schlegel finishes with the followicog: gift was confined, the prope'ty reverted to the original Al'loways'Creek, in 2New Jersey, flows into the "Ws Liehe lebt und labt, ist lie das Lehen. possessor. Hence arose the muotucal relations of Lord lnd Delaware river, in Salem co. Amoeg ties Freecel, averse of Eaciete- Vassal. The etymology of the wor- A. has not been v o a'!owaystown, in New Jersey, a post-village of ascertained. - See FEUDAL Sysezra, and IFo. Salem co., 60 m. S SW. of Trenton. "Pour qui sent ces serpents qui siffent sur nos ttes?" Alamakee', in li/enea, a cointyy in the N.E. part of the -Allox'ans n. [Gr. ales, other. and osos, vinegar.] represents vory happily the hissing of the secpent. A. State. ae-ea about 660 sq. m. - Rivers. The Mississippi, (Choem..) A substance obtained in octohedral crystals, hes been most useeh ees aon ornament of diction in tile vhichl separates it fr'om Illinois; thee Yellow, wvhichl by mixing 4 parts of uric scid with 8 of commercial byCeltic and Gtlotic diaolects. Giraldus Cambrensis, who fbreets its S. boundary; and the Upper Iova, which it- drochlorie acid, and gradsuellhy',dding 1 part of powdered lived in- the twelfth century, says, in his descriptiotn tlesectes it. Surface undulating; soi feertile. Cap. Waw- chlorate of potash. It stains tShe skin pinke, and gives it of Wales, that in his day, both the English and kion, or Lansinig. Pop. 16,766. a sickly odor. A characteristic propel-ty of alloxan is Welsh were so fond of this figure of speech, that Allonge', e. [Fr., from allonger, to lengthen.] (.Fencing.) thie formation of an intensely violet, purple-colored they deemed no composition to be elegant, in which A pass with a sword or rapier; sometimes contraected liquid on admixture with solution of a protosalt of iron. it was not plenotifully employed. The most famous poem into longe or lange. -A long rein, where a horse is Form. CstNe08 -1s 2 and 8 Aq. in the English language, entirely composed in A. metre, trotted by the hand. - A paper attached to a bill of ex- Afkllx'anie Aeith, n. (Ch/oei.) An unstable consis that entitled "e Fhe Vision of Piefs Plsoweonan," written change when the successive inedorseooents are too ruomer- pound olbtaineel bl treating alloezan with baryta water. about the middle of the 12th century, ottributed to ous to be written on the bill itself. bet-m. 2110. CartoNO0s. William or Robert Loongland, and which hees been fre- (-. n. To mnakle a pass or thtrust by stepping forward Allotran'tin, n. (Choeno.) A compound obtained oy qcoeetly printed. So strongly had A. obtained possession and extending the sword or rapier. thee mixture of dialuric acid with allozan. It foinas of tSle Eoglish ear, that even for some titete after thee Alloo', v. a. and n. [Probably ftrom the Fr. alloes, let snal, white, hard, btihliat priatic crystals; it is ires~y introductifo of rhyme, it appears to have been still con- us go.] To incite a dog by crying alloo. dissolved by boiling water, and its solution reddens lit. sidlerod an important embellishment of verse. The "Aliae thy furious mastiff."-Philip. mous. Forest. C8H9O0? + 3 Aq. 68 ALLU ALMAl ALMA Alloy', v. a. [From Fr. aloi, the fixed standard for gold Allu'sively, adv. InII an allusive manner; by imlAi- of love. The suppleness of their bodies is very great, and silver.] To reduce the purity of metals by mixing cation; by insinuation. as well as the flexibility and expression of their features; with a less valuable substance: as to alloy gold with Allu'siveness, n. The quality of being allusive. (a.) but the indecency of their attitudes is excessive. These silver, or silver with copper. - Metaphysically, to abate, Allu'sory, a. Allusive. (R.) A. are admitted into the harems of the great, where impair, or corrupt; as, "To alloy pleasure with misfor- Allu'vial, a. [From alluvion.] 11elating or pertaining they instruct the women in dancing sind singing, or tune." to alluvium; as, alluvial land. amuse them by reciting poems. The Turks, enemies Alloy', n.; pZ. ALLOYS. Abase metal mixed with a finer.- Allu'vfion, e. [E'. fronm Lat. alluvio.] An alluvial as they are to the fine arts, pass whole nights in lisEvil mixedwithgood; as, "No happiness iswithoutalloy." land. The seane as ALLUvIUM, q. v. tening to them. The A. also accompany funerals., (Chem.) Metals enter into combination with each Allua'vitan, ni.; pl. ALLUVIA. [Lat., from alluere, to at which they sing dirges, and utter groans and other, and form compounds terised alloys, many of which wash uponi.]'iThe name given to those accumulations of lamentations. The higher and more accomplished are most extensively used in the arts. Comparativrely sand, earth, and loose stones or gravel brought down by class of the A. attend none but wealthy people, and few of the metals possess qualities such as render themn currents of water, geinerally firom ihigher regions into their price is Ihigls. The common people, however. have suitable to be employed alone by the manuficturer; plains, and which, whee n spread out to any extent, form also their A., who try to imitate the superior class, but aluminium, zinc, iron, tin, copper, lead, mercury, sil- what is called allovial land, or lormnation. The superior have neithlier their elegance, grasce, nor knowledge. Tiny ver, gold, and platinum, constitute the entire number crust of the earth is constantly Ibeing disintegrated by are seen everywhere; the public squares insd walks so used. Arsenic, antinony, and bissisith are too brit- the action of the air, tiy tides, currenlsts, and streams of around Cairo abound with them. Their morals are as tie to be used alone, but are employed for hardening running water, and deposited at the bottom of rivers, licentious as their songs; they are, in fact, the common other metals. Many'of the physical properties of the lakes, estuaries, and the ocean itself'. In time, these courtesans of the country. Although there are A. iii metals are greatly altered by combination with each lakes, &c., are completely filled up, become dry land, Syria and other parts of the Ottoman empire, yet Egypt other; the combination or alloy being often adapted to and a valley composed of this alluvial soil is fornied. seemis to have been at all times their favorite, and, as it purposes for which either metal separately would be So in the United States, the town of New Orleans stands were, their native country. The Bayaderes, or Nautch. unfit. So, copper alone is not fit for castings, and it is on land formed by alluvium. girls of India, aire a sort of Alme. See ALMAH. too tough to be conveniently wrought is the lathe or by (Law.) Alluvium. or, snore properly, as a legal term, All'ma, a small river in the Crimea, near which a great the file; but when alloyed with zinc, it forms a mucti alluvion, is that lend gained from the sea, or a river, by battle was fonghit, Sept. 20th, 1854, between the allied harder compound, which can be cast, rolled, or turned, the washing up of sand and soil, so imperceptibly, thiast Fresnch and English, and the Russian armies. After a and which constitutes the different kinds of brass, the it is impossible to judge how siuch is added at each fearful struggle of three hours' duration, the Russians qualities of which can be varied by varying the proper- moment of time. The proprietor of the bank increased were driven from their intrenchments with a loss of ties of the two metals. -When the metals combine with by alluvion is entitled to the additions. 6,000 men. The English lost 2,000, and the French 1,400 miercury, the resulting body is called an amalgam. - Ally', v. a. [Fr. allier, fronm Let. ad ligare, to bind.] To omen in killed and wounded. Somnetimes alloys are true chemical compounds, resulting make a voluntary compact between States by treaty, Al'ma, in I llinois, a post-village of Marion co., about 20 from the combination of metals in definite proportions, coalition, or confederation; or between individuals, by mn. N.N.E. of Centralia. as is the case with silver and mercury; most frequently affinity of kindred, friendship, or mutual interest; to Al'nla, in Kansas, a post-village and township of Wethey are only mixtures of definite conmpounds with an connect by resemblance, or similitude. baunsee co., 36 m. V. by S. of Topeka; pop. about 350. excess of one or other metal, ansd the selparation of their W' ants, frailties, passions, closer still ally Allma, or AIuIY, in Michiyan, a post-village of Gratiot components from each other is easily affected by simple The common interest or endear the tie." —Pope. co., on Pine river, 7 m. N.N.W. of Ithaca. means. For instance, by exposing brass to a high tens- Ally', n.; pl. ALLIES. [Fr. allim.] A prince or State Al'ma, in Washirugten Territory, a post-office of Chliehaperature, the zinc is volatilized, leaving the copper be- united to another by treaty or league; a confederate. lis co. hind. - Generally speaking, the hardness of umetals is -One related to another by any tie.- MYrbster. A1'ma. in Wiscocsis, a post-village, cap. of Buffalo co., increased by alloying theses; of this a fammiliar instance is "The English soldiers and their French allie. o thei Mississippi river, near thIe mouth of the Buffamlo afforded biy the stahndard coin of the republic: neither All'ygr'i'. (Geog.) See ALIGHUT. river. Ahnma is also the samene of the township, which gold nor silver, when unalloyed, is sufficiently hard to AI'Iyl, m. [Frosn Lat. allius, the garlic.] (niem.) An contails about 500 inhabitants. resistattrition to the degree required for the currency, hydro-carbon, which is the basis of' all the oils of the -A township of Jackson co.,- on Black river; pop. abt. 870. but the addition of % or of its weight of copper to sulphurttd essences. Oil of gli mixture of ox- Almacan'tar, or AArANc,. (At.) An Arabic 0 LI~ sulphuretted essences. Oil of garlic is a mixture of ox-liaeutrorAAaq',n.(s)Anrbc either metal increases its hardness to the requisite point. ide with sulphide of allyl; the essential oils of mustard, term lbrmerly enmIployed, in astronomy. The name is The more important alloys will be considered under of horse-radish, and of scurvy-grass, consist chiefly of gsven to all the smill circles parallel to the horizon; so their individual names. sulphocyanide of allyl. - Allyl is a very volatile liquid, that two stars which have the same almacautar have Alloy'age, n. The act of alloying metals; alloy. possessed of a peculiarly penetrating odor resembling the sane altitude. A. would now be called a circle of All-Sailnts' Bay, in Brazil, hrov. of Bahia. Lat. 120 that of radishes. Its vapor burns with a very luminous altitude, in the same way as a small circle parallel to 42' S.; Los. 380 42X W. With the town of Bahia on tlhe flame. It is obtained by decomposing iodide of allyl witl the equator, all whose points have therefore the saue E., and its surface dotted with islands, All-Saints' IMay, sodium. P'rmmin. C31a. declination, is called a circle of declination. 37 m. long and 27 wide, is one of the largest and finest Ii. A colorless liqd olble in lohol lmada, a town of Portugal, prov. of Estremadura, on _~~~~~~~~~~~~~10daaadow of Prual, ryl. Aoofl Estemdu, solii n achl natural harbors in the world. and havin liaceous odo It u obtied by the th Tgus, opposite to Lisbon; op. 3,500. and havin- an alliaccou ~theTags, oppor.ite oisobtaned boyv 3,50 All-Saints' Dayg, or ALL-HALLOW, n. (ECd. Hist.) action of eqsus parts of biniodiAddof phosphorus and gly-Aln alenl', a town of Spain, prov. of La Mancha, in A Catholic festival celebrated on the 1st of November. cerine upon each other. PForm. C3H115I. the Sierra Morena, 57 m. W.S.W. of Ciudad Real; pop. This feast, established by Bonitfce IV. in 611, for tihe Sulphlide of Allyl. A colorless oil, lighter than water, 8,645. Near the town is a fanonus mine of quicksilver. commemoration of all the martyrs, was extended into the contained in various essential oils, particularly in those Almaden, in California, a township of Santa Clara festival of All-Saints' by Gregory IV., in 830. of garlic, onions lee css, radishes, ad ssftida co.; p(o. about 850.,8a-~cins'dsand, iirr mal iknt E. of parlic, onions, leeks, cress, radishes, and assaf~eti a.Al.ad, r AMAD, n [r.,fro Ar a-maiya, All-Saints' Islands, three senall islands S. of Its odor is less repulsive than that of crude oil of garlic. Al'madie, or As.ADv, a. [Fr., from Ar. al-madiyat, a Guadaloupe, West Indies. Lat. 15~ 5t' N.; Lon. 610 41/ It causes a precipitate in many metallic solutions, such raft.] (Naut.) A bark canoe used by the Africans. W. Total area abt. 5 sq. m.; pop. 1,409. They belong as those of silver, mercury, gold, and platinum. Form. -A long-boat used at Calicut, in India, 80 feet long, and 6 to France. (C 5)2 or 7 feet broad; called also Cathuri. Alls'borough, in Alabama, a post-village of Frank- A'lVaa, Allme, Al mai. or AL.'sre, a. [Ar., probably Al'magell, PASS OF, the highest mountain-pass in lin co. corrupted from m1limah, the feminine form of the active Europe, being 11,663 feet above the level of the sea. It All-se'er, na. One who sees or beholds everything. participle diim, learned.] The namemsgiven by the ood- is between thi valleys Viep and Zermatt, in the Valais, ":That high All-seer."' - Shaks. ern Egyptians and Arabs to the dancing and singsing Switzerland. All-Souls Day, n. (Erccl. Hst.) A Catholic festival, girls of Egypt. They form a particular class or society, Al'magest, a. [Ar. al, the, and Gr. negiste, greatest.] held on the 2d of November, in commemoration of sli living together in bands, who are distributed in the Tme name of a celebrated book. cosposed sy Ptolemy, the faithful deceased. various towns, or travel about the country in quest of consisting of numerous obsevatios and problems of Allspice, n. See CALYCAROTHACEAE. employment. They are present at all festivals and mar- the ancients respecting geometry and asth aonoy. TIme Allston, WASHINGTON, an eminent American painter; nam of A aste w gve to t by the Aras when B. in Charleston, S. Carolina. He went to London in er80 s. in Charleston, S. Carolina. He wenut to Lomidm is they t,'anslated it into their own tongue, about the 1801, and entered as a student in tihe RItoyal Acaleissy. ymr [r 800. Hle next visited France and Italy, and pursued the study.hAnma'ps'a, n. [Sp. fimom Ar. alnayhest, red clay.] A fine, of his art at Rome for four years, where he distus deep-red ochre, somewhat purphisht used in india fbr guished himself by his coloring, wehicl acquired los painting the face or person. It is the Sil alticuc of tihe him the name of the American Titian. In 1809 he is- ancients. Under thi name of Indian-red it is used for ited America, married the sister of Dr. Csumnisg, and* polishing glass and silver. - Iebstes. afterward resumed his residence in London, where hius Ala'gro, Disoo D', a Spaniard of low origin, who first historical picture, the "Dead Man Revived," ol- acconpanied Pizarro in tme expedition against Peru, in ~tame~d for him the first prize of the Bu~it~ish Ilu uts i \which his valor, profligacy, and cruelty were equally larlug fost him wiehe firtarie ofome BiisInstituter-. i ~Ilavinrg lost his ~ife, his~ caus~e hio~no in 1S1~, n- ~displayed. In 1525 he took Cuzco, the capital of Chili, pied, in i830, ths desg h ter of Chief InJst1ice Bara-~.~ i~~~ by storm, and put Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, to noied, in 1r830, twe dughter of Chief Justice Dana, and tooks his residsence in Cambridge, vhsere he died, a most cruel death; but quarrelling with the brothers on the 9th of July, 18433. His principal workrs are: of Pizarro about the division of their spoil, he was ElEijah in the Wilderness, Jeremiah, Saul and thie Witch t\ ken prisoner usd strimgled, 1538. Qf Bader, Mis-iam, Dante's Brats-iec mnd TV4alenstime. T/sc A IllAitnalgro, a town of Spain, prov. of La Mancha. 12 mn. Feast of Belshazzar was not finished. A. published i E.S.E. of Ciudad Real. It has an important inuanf. of 1813 a small volume of poems, called the "Sylph of sth blondes (lace). Pop. 12,605.' ~7~*2~ 2%l'nmagnerall, a town of New Granada, S. America, Season, and other Poess," and, in 1841, a tale called 4iAl n fm n agoea, a towI of New Grnada, S. Amerirs, Afsaaldi. in40. fm-om Popayen. It is busilt on a table-land, 7,440 Monaldi.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ feet above the level of the sea. Allude', v.i. [Lat. alludesre.] To have reference to a m h level of the sea. thing, without the direct mention of it; to hint at; to Al mal, n. [A sHeb. word derived from a root signifying io conceal.] (Hoily Scr'ip.) Almah signifies properly insinuate: as, he alludes to an old story. Ailumettel, n. [Fr. from allummer, to light.] A match Insmuate; as, he Iclludes to;Ln old story: ~~~~~~a viro17in; the aulthors of the books of the Maccabsees, Ifor Ikc~.indlingi. W rf ir, h. aland Ecclesiastes, speaking of the young unmarried Allure',.a. [From ~ad andlisa-.] To entice tonythung womnen, give them the epithets, kept in —secludedlwhether good or badadu; to raw tonardetonything b___ _ hidden, to distinguish them from married women, who I odraw towarad anvything yS.Jeoeetalse enticement. occasionally appear in public. St. Jerome establishes a distinction between Be:th~ula, at young woman, and,4lAhllure'menta~, a.. That which allures or has the forcestctnbewn thaayug omadAl of silluring; enticeususust; tsusspt~mtiun. _____ __________ aim, a virgin, in that the latter is on e who' has neverr been seen by men. This is its proper signification iu the Psunic or Phoenician hmssguage, which is the same as Alllur'er, n. The person or thing that allures. the Ihebrew. In this sense it occurs in the famous pasAlhir'ingly, adv. In an allus-ing mannser. — _ — sage of Isaiah vii. 16: "Behold, a virgin (almas) that A2!lluirainguess, a. The quality of alluring. (a.) conceived and bare a son." The Hebrew has no term Allu'sion, n. [Fr.] Thsmt which is spoken with refer- y /~!. 89. - AN ALMA. that more properly signifies a virgin than alsnah; but ence to something supposed to be asrmeady krnown, end (Egyptian dancing-girl.) it must be remarked that sometimes, by mistake for therefore not expressed; a hint; an implication; as, riages, and other ceremonies. The girls who are admit- instance, a young woman, whether truly a virgin or not, "allusion to customs lost to us." ted into this society have genesrlly a fine voice. But is called alma/s. In like manner, in Latin, the name of Allu'sive, a. Blsferring to something not fully ex- they chiefly excel in pantomimic dasces, which represent virgo is sometimes given to a young woman who has pressed; hinting. the various incidents of life, and above all, the passion not, strictly speaking, her virginity. - Don Calmert. ALME ALMO ALOE 69 Alma'li, a town of Turkey in Asia, 52 m. from MIkllri. on the frontier it has always been deemed a military Almo'tral, in Iowa, a post-village of Delaware co., beautifully situated in an amphitheatre of the Massan- post of great importance. It was taken in 1762 by the about 34 m. N.W. of Dubuque. ghis mountains. The peaks of these shoot away far up Spaniards, and in 1810 by the French, who abandoned Almoralvides, an Arab dynasty, founded in the N.W. into the blue ether, the highest of them attaining an it in the following year, after blowing up the fortifica- of Africa by Abdallah Ben Yakin, who died in 1058. elevation of 10,000 feet. Lat. 360 47' N.; Lon. 290 50, tions. Pop. 6,850. They conquered a large portion of Spain. A long strugE. Pop. about 20,000. Aline'na, n. JAr. manO,, or men&.] A weight of about gle followed between them and the Almohades, q. v., Almamouna, Alhnamum, Almamown, or 400 pounds in India. and the latter dynasty was overthrown in 1146-1149. ABDALLA}I, caliph of Bagdad, son of Haroun-al-Raschid, Alme'na, in Michigan, a post-township of' Van Buren Al'most, adv. [From all, and most; that is, most part B. 786, succeeded his brother A1-Amin 814, and D. 833. co., 50 min. S. by W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. about 1,500. of all.] Nearly; well-nigh; in the next degree to the His reign formed a very brilliant epoch in the history Almendral'ejo, a town of Spain, prov. Estremadura, whole. of the Saracens. Its glory was less of arms than of let- 28 m. from BadaJos. A considerable number of horses, "FThere can-be no such thing as an armost infinite."-enotley. torers and arts. A., who has been compared to Augustus, mulesi goats, and sheep, are raised in the neighborhood. Alns, n. 1p. [A. S. atme, from Lat. eleemocyna; Fr. Leo X., and Louis XIV., promoted literature and sci- Prp. 6,000. aesis.] What is giver gratuitously, in relief of the ence, and went so far in his passion for learning as to Al'mer, or ALMA, in Michigan, a township of Tuscola poor. It sas no singular. go to war with the Emperor Theophilus for refusing to co.; pop. about 500. ms ed,. An act of charity; a charitable if. Almsde-ed, t.~ An act of charity; a charitable gift. allow the learned Archbishop Leo to go to Bagdad. Alnerante', in Florida, a post-village of Walton CO., Alms'hoisa, n. [Ger. Alnosenhaus.] A building AltLmanae, n. [Fr. almanach, from Sp. albnanaque, rabout 140 m. W.N.W. of Tallahassee. appropriated for the reception of poor aged people, and probably derived from the Ar. at, the, and mana or Ahine'ria, a prov. of Spain, in Audalusia, mountainous, endowed with revenues for their support. nianah, a reckoning.] An A. or calendar, in the mod- but fertile; area, 3,906 sq. m.; pop. about 300,000. Al'mune, at'tmiIge, n. [0. Fr.] A furred tippet ern sense of the word, is an annual publication, giving ALME'R.A, cap. of the above prov.; near the mouth of the worn by the clergy in the middle ages, when officiating the civil divisions of the year, the movable and other river and at the bottomn of the gulf of the same name. in cold weether. feasts, and the times of the various astronomical phe- Lat. 360 50' N.; lon. 20 32' W. —Exp. principally barillc, Almude', n. [Sp. almud, from Ar. al-mudd, a dry nomena, and such information relative to the weather lead, and esparto. Tile total shipping in 1863 was 1,278 measure.] A Portuguese measure for liquids and grain as observation has hitherto furnished. The agricul- vessels, 70,451 tons. The gulf runs 10 m. inland, and is in Spern red Portigl, varying from three gallons and tural, political, and statistical information which is 25 m. wide at its entrance. Pop. 27,036. a half to five and a half. usually contained in popular almanacs, though as vanlu- Almne'ri, a town of Mexico, prov. of Vera Cruz. Lat. Al'mug, or A,'Gum, n. [Heb. almsugles, algdmtn.] A able a part of the work as any, is comparatively of 200 18' N.; hon. 970 30' W. tree mentioned in Scriptnre. Of the wood were made modern date. The Greeks preserved the chronology bSY AlmnigTa'i'ly, adv. With almighty power. musical inetruent, and it was need also or rls and musical instruments, and it was used also for rails and the monthly course of the nmoon; which, after many Almig'h'iness, n. Unlimited power; omnipotence. in staircases. It may have been the red sandal-wood, inventions, they reconciled to the annual course of the Alhnmi'aty, a. [From all and mighty.] Of unlimited Pterocarpus sanlalinus. sun, and had doubtless their calendar. According to power; omnipotent. a seaport town of Spain, pro. of - z, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Aklmin~elear, a seaport town of Spain, prey. of OraPorphyry, almanacs were known to the Egyptians be- "The Lord said unto Abraham, I am the Almighty God."- nada, 41 u. 8. of Granada. The anchorage is only fit fore the Arabs; and predictions of events were annexed Gen. xvii. 1 for small vessels. Pep. 5,400. to the month. The Romans had calendars containing Al'mo. (.Anc. Geog.) A small river near Rome, feehing AI'ea, in Maine, a post-township of Lincoln co., on the names of feasts, lucky and unlucky days, customs in into the Tiber, in which the statue of Cybele was annu- Sheepscot river, 20 m. S.8 E. of Augusta. Pop. abt. 950. husbandry, &c. — Almanacs were used by the ancient ally washed on the 25th of March. It is now called AI'nage, n. [0. Fr. auiisagc; N. Fr. aunage.] Eli-measnorthern nations in their computations of time. They Acqua Santa. ure; mneasure by the ell. were introduced into England by the Danes. The first Almnodo'var del Carm'eo, a town of Spain, prov. Allnns, n. (Bet.) They.oles, a gen.ofplants,ord. BtuA. printed was in 1457. Muller, or Regiomontanus, of La Manchsa, 18 mn. fromCindad Real; pop. about 6,000. Iacece. The Aglattinosa, or conison alder,wild in Europe, published the first that contained eclipses, about 1475, A!lmo-'isa, a town of Spain in Granadae; pee. 4,500. from Lapland to Gibraltar, is a deciduous tree; leaves at Nuremberg. The first A. printed in Pennsylvania, Almoqsades, or Almho'hedes, terimed by Gibbon roundish, wedge-shaped, wavy, serrated, gluntinous; and we believe in North America, was issued from the the fanatic princes of Alorocco, a Mohamnmedan dynasty, flowers brownish in March and April; fruit brown, ripe press of William Bradford, near Philadelphia, in 1665. that grew out of a religious sect formed by Mohammed in October. In the wild state, it is seldomn seen higher Alman'da, in Missouri, a village of Crawford co., Ben Abdallah, surnamed El Mehedi, the guide, or than 40 or 50 feet; but in good soil, near water, it will about 23 m. E.N.E. of Rolla. teacher. His successor, Abdelmumen,captured Morocco attain to 50 or 60 feet. Tie wood, though soft,is of Al'lnandite, Al'mandine, n. (Min.) A variety of in 1132, and established the dynasty of the Almonades great durability in water; it is used for sculpture. cabiruby or Garnet. q. v. The precious A. is distinguished by in Africa. The next year he invaded Spain, won several niet-emaking, wooden vessels, sabots, &c. The A. rubra, its fine deep-red and transparent color, whilst the color of battles, and established the dynasty in part of that a variety of the A. glutinosa, is a well-known shrub, the common A. is brownish-red and translucent. Comp. country, and of Portugal. — The A. ceased to rule in growing in clumps, and formireg thickets on the borders Silica, 36-1, alumina, 20'6, protoxide of iron, 43'3 - 100. Europe in 1237, and in Africa in 1269. of ponds and rivers, and in swamps. Its name comes from the Alabantic cerbuncles of Pliny, Almlon'bury, or ALMONn'Bnu~, a parish of England, so called because they were cut and polished at Alabanda. W. Riding of Yorkshire. Manf. ofwoollens and cottons. Al'lnan-rivets, ALMArN, or ALMAYINE-RIVE Ts, n. pt. It conteins several villages, of which Almonbury, on the [From Fr. AlleMc~gne, Germany.] An ancient light armor, Colne, is the principal. Area, 30,140 acres; pop. 42,887. Arst used in Germany, consisting of over-lapping plates, Al'mond, n. [Fr. amacde.] (Bet.) The fruit of the which were arranged to slide on rivets, and yield to the Aneygdalus conemunis.-See AenYGDALUS. motions of the body. (Arat.) One of the two glands, called tonsils, which Alhai'iLza, or ALIAXNAc, a town of Spain, prov. of Mur- are at the base of the tongue. cia, 56 m. N.W. of Alicante. On the 25th of April, 1707, Al'tnond, in Alabama, a post-office of Randolph co. the French, under the Dulke of Berwick, gained near A. Al'snond, in New York, a post-township of Alleghany a great victory over the allied forces in the interest.of co, on the Canistei river; pop. abt. 3,200. the Archluklre Charlee. Pop. 8,736. -In the above township, a village on the N. Y. and Erie rAlruassa'lztr, Al-mansur,ar or AI-nimansoor, Ausu- Railroad, 123 nm. E. of IDunkirk. Pti.kEARa ABSD-A.1lLA, of the dynasty of thIe Abbasides, A. D. Al'maond, in Wiisconsin, a post-village and township of 754 Ie inade war on his uncle Abdallhh, who claimed Portage co., about 58 m. N.W. of Pond de Lac. Pop. of the caliphate, but was defeated by Abu Moslem, general township, about 900. ofAleanzor. Tle victoriousgeneral, who was immensely Al'mnond, or ALMsoN, two rivers of Scotlalnd, one of rich arid very haughty, was soon after murdered byorder which enters the Frith of Forth at Cranmond, 5 in. N. of Ihis sovereign. Almanzor founded Bagdad, and made W. of Edinburgh; the other rises in the Gramipian hills, it the seat of the caliphate. lie was the first caliph who and enters the Frith of'Tay. Neither is of great extent. promoted literature, and thus led the way for the glori- Almnaond [Grove, in Texas, a post-office of IRed River one reigns of Hlaroun Al-Raschid, and AI-Mamun. co. Almana'zor, or Al-mansur, ABU-MOHAMMED. One Ail'rmond-tree, n. (Bet.) The Anygdalsus commnunis. — of the most fimous captains of his age; e. in Andalusia, See AmYGDALUS. ig 90. —LNUS GLUTINOSA. about A. ). 937. On the death of Al-Ilakem II., caliph of jAl'mond-willow, n. (Bet.) The,alix amygdalina.- (The common alder.) Cordovt, he was appointed guardian of the infant caliph,. See SALIA. Aln'wtick, or ALraEwnca, a town in England, cap. of and was virtually absolute sovereign for 23 years. Ile Al'moud-worts, n. pl. (Bet.) The English name of Northumberland co., near the river Alne, 313 in. from was continually engaged. in war, and though he under- the ord. of plants Drupacece, q. v. London, by thie Great Northern Railroad. At the N. took over 50 expeditions against the Christian princes Al'tmorer, n. [Fr. auminier.] An officer whose duty entrance stands Alnwick castle, once a principal strongof Spain, hle was only once defeated. Heappeared to be is to distribute almns. In former times every sovereign, hold of the kingdom on the side of Scotland, and now on the point of beconming master of all Spain, when the prince, noble, main ofhighestate, abbeyor monastery, had the magnificent baronial residence of the Dukes of kings of Leon and Navarre, and the Count of Castile, his, or its, A.-The Lord High Almoner of England is an Northumberland. This castle is the subject of a humorcombined against him, and totally defeated him at tile ecclesiastical officer whose duties, enunciated in an old ous poem, by the American poet Halleck. Pop. of great battle of Calatanazor, A. m. 998. The chagrin he judicial treatise of the time of Edward I., were to collect parish, 7,350: of town, 3,670. experienced at his first personal defeat caused his death the fragments fi'om the royal table for daily distribution Alo'adlin, a Mohammedan sheik, better known by the soon after. A. was distinguished as the patron of let- to the poor, to visit the sick and poor persons in distress, appellation of the Old Man of the Mountains, was prince ters, arts, and sciences. to remind the king of the duty of almnsgiving, and to of the Arsacides, or Assassins. His residence was a Alsnanlulzor, or ALM:NSURo II., JAcon, caliph of the Al- see that the value of the cast-off robes should be given castle between Antioch and Damascus, and hie hlad a tohades, and the greatest prince of that dynasty, suic- to increase the king's charity. Since 1730, the office of number of youthful followers so devoted to his will as ceeded his father Joseph on the throne of North Africa Lord High A. has been held by the archbishops of to engage in any of lhis attempts to assassinate the monand Mohammedan Spain, in 1184. Ie gained in 1195, York. —In France, the great A. of the kings of France archs and princes with whom he was at enmity. Lived over Alfonso III., king of Castile, the memorable victory was ever the highest ecclesiastical dignitary in that in the 13th century. of Alarcos. D. 1199. kingdom. The office has been restored by Napoleon III., All'oe, n.; pl. ALOES. [Lat. aloe; Fr. aloes; Ar. alloeh.] Al'nmas, the name of several towns in IIungary. The who has also several A. performing the duties ofordinary (Bot.) A gen. of succulent, herbaceous plants, belongprincipal, in lat. 460 7' N, hon. 190 23' E., has about priests in the chapels of the imperial palaces. —The ter ing to the sub-ord. Aloineca, and growing in warm comm8,000 inhab. TFle others are of no importance. of A. is generalely applied to priests who have charge of tries. It comprehends a very considerable number of Alme, o. See ALIrx. Ihospitahls or prisons. species which differ from each other exceedingly in the Ahunei'da, Fea,~.cnso, appointed, in 1505, the first Por- l'snonry, n. [Fr. amcmncm-ie, from tat. almonen irmm.] size, form, and surface of their leaves, in stature, and in loginess vices-ny of India. His government of the cob- A room or place whence alms are distributed to the poor. the color, size, rand structure of their flowers. The nies was firm and wise. When Albuquerque was sent (Arch.) In monastic establishments, the A. was gener- greater part of them are mere objects of curiosity, but out to supersede him, A. resisted and imprisoned him; ally a stone bonilding near the church. In some abbeys, among them are species of much value, on account of but after a foy months released him, resigned his vice- it was removed to the gate-house, for keeping beggars their yielding the well-kmnown medicinal drug generally royalty, and embarked for Portugal. He was killed on from the refectory door. called aloes. his return in a quuarrel with the natives of the Cape, in A l'mert, in Michigan, a township of Lapeer co.; pop. (Chem.) Aloes is the inopissaled juice of the leaves of 1509.-A., LobE mO, his son, wves also an enterprising abt. 2,700. —In this township, a post-village, 50 m. N. of numerous species of the genus Aloe. The finest kinds commander and navigator, anrd distinguished himself by Detroit. are obtaeined by exudation. The Choicest variety is thne many expeditions in the Inidian seas. Alhno'ra, a town of Hindostan, cap. of the British Socotrine aloes, A. secotrirsa, collected in the island of Almaei'd~a, or ALanDa, in Missouri, a post-village of district of Kumaon, 90 m. N. by E. of Barelily. Lat. Socotra, and occurring in pieces of a yellowish orireddishNewton co., airout 50 m. W.S.W. of Springfield. 290 35' N.; Lon. 790 40' E. The surronnding country brown color. Its powder is of a golden yellow; its odor Alsnei'da, a Ibirtified town of Portugal, prov. of Beimo, is bleakl and naked. A, stands ar a ridge, 5,337 feet peculiar, hut not unpleasant. In taste it is bitter and 21 m. W. by N. of Ciudad Rodrigo. From its position above the level of the sea, and is compactly built. disagreeable, but airomatic. The extract of aloes may, 70 ALON ALPE ALPH by the action of nitric acid, be made to yield various — Forward; onward. -a post-village, cap. of Alpena co., at the mouth of Thuncompounds, which admit of being fixed by means of Come, then, my friend, my genius, come along, der Bay river, on Lake Huron. mordants upon silken and woollen fabrics, to which they Thou master of the poet and the song." - Pope. Al'penstock, n. A long staff or pole, pointed sharply impart red dyes of great durability and beauty.-See Along of, denotes owing to, or on account of; as in with iron, used in ascending the peaks of the Alps, and ALOIN, and CItaRsxatiMc Acs. Shalkspeare, when the mayor was willing to have the crossing the glaciers of Switzerland. (Med.) Aloes is tonic in small doses, and purgative in troops come in, "so'twere not'long of him;" i. e. not Alipe'lnuS. (Anc. Geog.) The capital of Locris, to the large ones. As at purgative, it is renmarkable for the owing to his leave. So too, in the London "Punch,'? - N. of Thermopylve. slowness of its operation. Its action is exerted on the "This increase of price is all alonzg of the foreigners." Alpes'trine, a. [Lat. alpestris.] Pertaining to the large intestines, principally on the rectum. In all bil- All along, the whole way, distance, or length; -pros- Alps, or to any high summit or lofty mountain; as, ions diseases, A. is the strongest purge. Its efficacy in trate. "Alpcestrine diseases."- Dana. jaundice is very considerable, as it proves a succedaneum (Naet.) Alongside, side by side. - Along-shoere, by the Al'pha, n. [Gr.] The first letter of the Greek alphabet, to the bile, of which in that disease there is a defective shore or coast; lengthwise, and near the shore. answering to our A, and written A 0 a. In the Holy supply to the intestine either in quantity or quality. A. -prep. By the length of, as distinguished firon across. Scriptures, Alpha and Omega, the first and the last letmay be considered as injurious where inflammation or "Alony the lowlands." - Dyden'. tors of the Greek alphabet, signify the beginning tie irritation exist in the bowels or neighboring parts,in lAlof, ado. and prep. [For all qof] At or from a distance. end, or the first and the last; i. e. before and after an preghancy~ or in habits disposed to piles; but highly It generatlly implies a short distance, such as within things. They are therefore used as a symbol of the servi'hable in all hypochondriac affections, cachectic view or observation, and is applied to distance more Divine Being. habits, and persons laboring iihder oppression of the conmonloly than to altitude. "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first stomach caused by itregularity. Its mnedium dose is Then ad the knight thi dy yede alof, and the last." — Rev. xxii. 13. " Then bad the knight this lady yede aloo~f, from 5 to 15 grains; nor does a larger quantity operate And to an hill herself withdrew aside. —Faerie Queen. 2Al'pha, in California, a post-village of Nevada co., 18 more effectually. Aloof'ness, n. The state of being at a' distance. m. E. of Nevada city. Alop'ece. (Anc. Geog.) Aos island in the Palus Mwotis. Al'pha, in Kentucky, a post-office of Clinton co. -Another in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Al'pha, in Ohio, a post-village of Greene co., about 9 -Another in the Agean sea, opposite Smyrna. o. E.S.E. of Dayton. Alop'eees. (Anc. Geog.) A small village of Attica; the Al'phabet, n. [From Alpha and Beta, the two first native phlace of Socrates tand Aristides. letters of the Greek alphabet; perhaps derived from the Alopee uris, n. [Cr. alopex, a fox, oura, a tail.] (Bot.) Heb., which gives to the correspondent letters the Theefex-tail grass. A geo. of pltonts, Crib. Plalarece, ord. names Alep/e, Belh.] The name given to the, series of Graminacece. One species, the omeadow fox-tail grass, A. letters used in different countries at different times. pratensis, is a valuable grass to the fairmer, if sown in Foroinformation respecting the origin of letters, the rela~meadow-land. It is the most grateful of all grasses to tion between the different alphabets, and the different cattle, anti possesses in a higher degree than any other systems on which they are based, see WRIorNG, Ao'' oF. the three great requisites of a good grass,-quantity, Al'phlabet, v. a. To range in the order of the alphabet quality, and early growth. The slender or field fox-tail Alphllabeta'ria n,. A scholar who learns thealphagrass, A. agrestis, from its fibrous root, is a troublesome bet. weed to farmers among wheat, and is called by them Aliphabetile, and kAlphabet'ical, a. In the orblack bent. It is a useful grass, however, when sown on der of the alphabet; according to the series of letters; light sandy soils on tie sea-coast. pertaining to the alph bet. Al'opeey, n. [From Gr. alopex, a fox, because this Alphabet'ically, adv. In an alphabetical manner; disease is common atnoosg foxes.] (died.) Baldness, or according to the order of the letters. the falling off of' the hair. Alplhabetie', v. a. To class or arrange in alphaAlo'ra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 20 m. from Ma- betical order. laga. Pop. about 7,000. Al'phwels, [Gr. alphaios, a thousand, from the Heb. Alo'sa, n. (Zaol.) A gen. of fishes of the Clupeidce or aleph, a chief.] Aldphteus, father of St. James the Minor, herring family. They are distinguished from the her- was the husband of Mary, believed to have been sister ring by having the upper jaw notched in the middle, to the holy virgin; for which reatson James is called the and by the roof of the mouth and the tongue, the former Lord's brother; but the term brother is too general in _____________ -- of which is destitute of teeth. The A. ceasmunii, or com- its application to fix their relation, though the fact is' FP~~~~~ig. 91. ~- G~ROT~ P OFr~ ALOES. ~probable. Many are of the opinion that Cleophas, menFig. 91-clasos OF AlOES. - -~ tioned in Luke xxiv. 18, is the s om e as A.; Alph eus being Al'oes-wood. See AGAomeCtsmx.' __________.Aloe.oot'ic, Al eotical, a. [F~r. alitiqee.] Consisting -,a his Greek name, and Cleophas his Hebrew, or Syriac Aloetqic, Aloe'teal, a. [Fr. alogdtique.] Consisting lame, according to the custom of that time, when men chiefly of aloe; belonging to or extracted from aloe or hams often two names. hod often two nanses. aloes. -wloesa. )b~~Ie~~Al'pharsetta, in Georgia, a post-village of Milton co., Aloet'ileC, n. A medicine which chiefly consists of aloes about 28 m. N. by E. of Atlanta; p. about 300. about t28 m. N. by E. of Atlanta;.pop. about 800. Aloe'us. (Mqth.) A giant, son of' Titan and Terra, mar- A'.[ a e ra dw s Alphen'it, n. [Fr. alphenie; Ar. al-fdnid, whitest.] ried to Sphimedia, by whiom Neptune had two eons, P_ (Med.) The white barley sugar; sugar-candy. Othus and Ephialtus. A. educated them as his own, and Alphe'us, or ALPHeos. (Myth.) A river of Peloponnesus, from that circumstance they have been called Aleides. from that circumstance they leave been ctolled Alides. rising in Arcadia, and felling into the Ionian sea, now They grew up nine inches every month, and were only called tofia The god of this river fell in love with the ~x ——' called Re fie. The god of this river fell in love with the nine years old when they undertook a war against the pyr- nnph Arethusa, and pursued her till she vas changed gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. They built into a fountain by Diana. the town of Ascra, at the foot of Mount I-Helicon. -otoun ey Aloft', ad~~ A~lplit'on oncy., As. LGr. alphiton, barley-meal, and Aloft', ado. [A8. lyft, the tir, with prefix a for ooo.] -manteia, divination.] Divination by means of barley-meal. On high; above; in the air; - used chiefliy in poetry. Alphon'sin, a. (Surg.) A kind of instrunent for ox-'"Upright he stood, and bore aloft his shield." - Dyd. trctig balls, invented by Alphnso erier, aeapol(ANaut.) Above the dec~k. - (Neat.) Above the deca.prvte;w. itan physician. It consists of three branches, which sepaAlo'giasns, n. p1. [Gor. a., psivative; and logos, word.] Fig. 92. — ALOSA VULSARMS. rate from each other by their elasticity, but are capable The name given by Epiphanus, hy way of reproach, to a (Common shad.) of being closed by means of a tube in which they are sect of Christiaens of the 2td century, who dehied that mon shad, reaches a length of two or three feet, and its included. Christ was the Logos, or eternal word, and, like the flesh is highly esteemed. The gen. A. contains the shad Alphon'sine Tables, celebrated astrononmical taArians, rejected the gospel of St. John as spuy'iious. alewife, mendahen, and autumnal herring.' bles, composed nuclder the direction of Alphonso, king Alogot'rophy, n. [Gr. a/,gos, snreasonable, and A'lost, or AELsi, a town of Belgium, in Flanders on the of Castile, in 1252. Their principal object was to correct trophe, nourishment.] (dMel.) Unequal nourishment, as Dender, 15 m. from Brussels. It was tihe capital of ins- the tables found in Ptolemy's Alnagest, which then no in the, rickes.lneagedwthtehaes. — SeApa~o ~~in ust~e rickaets. ~perial Flanders, and was dismantled in 1667, by Marshal longer agreed wsita tie heavens. -ee aALPnsdSO. Al'oin, n. [From aloes.] (Chemeo.) Aneutrlsbstnce, Turnn. Alpho so, king of the Astle'ias, 739; took Lara and with a sweetish-bitter, persistent taste, crystallizing in Aloule,'ad. [From a and loud.] Loudly; with a strong Saldana in Castile, from the Moors, A. D., 757. groups~~~~~~~~~~~ of" pae-elow eeles, extd [romacted lod]ody; withpastiong groups of pale-yellov needles, extracted by evapoiation voice, or great noise. Alplhon'so II. He was called to the throne in 791; from a varen alcoholic solution of powcdered Barbadoes Cry caoud, spare not, lift Up thy voice." —Isa. Iviii. 1. D. 843. aloes. It constitutes the purgtive ingredient i aloes. Alow, ad. [Fro a and w.] In a low ple; ot ALPo'SO II., or the areat, succeeded his father Ordogno, The alkalies, both caustic and carbonated, dissl1ve it 866. He waged successful wars against the Moors, and so Migh. readily, forming an orange-colored solution. Form. ih. abdicated in favor of his eldest son Garcias; but when (C-I1s014) "d w, and h f they y."-Dde. the Moors threatened the kingdom, he quitted his retireAloien'emv, or ALOEs, a. pl. (Dot.) A sub-ord. of plamts Alp, n. [FioYI Lat. albzts, white.] A name sometimes nent, and obtained a most signal victory over the intOthe~e ordA OS. piliacet. ) u-r fp~t poetically:giVen to any high summit or lof'ty m:-ountain. in the ord. Liliaceae. They differ friom thle HIemnerocal- peticAl ive to any high sumnit or lofty ountain. enemy. D. at Zamora, 912, universally respected for ler only by their succulent foliage. The gen. Aloe (q. v.) See A"'s. valor and benevolence. I-e wrote a chronicle of the is the most important. "O'eran rzen, many fiery lp."-ilton. Spanish monarchs. Aloln'lpra, the founder of the Burman'empire, Was a Alpae'a, n. (Zobl.) The Peruveano sheep, asaliety of the ArPHON'so IV, surnamed the Monlk, abdicated in favor of man of obscure birth, who raised himself to indoepen- Guanaco or LLtx A, q. v. It inhabits the more elevated his brother Ramiro, and retired to a maonaestery..D. at deuce and sovereign power, and established the now parts of the mountain ranges, living almost on the bor- the end of the 10th century. reigning dynasty. D. 1760.- See AVA, Buahitkii, PEGU. dTer of perpettial snoW. The Peruvians keep vast flocks ArPHONs'so V., king of Leon in 999, when 5 years old. Alo'na, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. Nslanacece. of them for the'sake of the silky lustre and fineness of Cordova was conquered during his reign. Killed at the Alone', a. [Ger. allein, fiom all, and ein, or one, single.] their wool, which furnishes material for the best of si of of Visei, 1028. Ap;ert fiom, or exclusive of otlee's; single; soliteney; ap- fabrics.-The natme given to adescription of cloth woven aLPHOnv'so I., crowned in 1066. He was a successful plied to persons or things. from the wool of the A. extensively manufactured in worrior, ad hold under his asthority Asturias, Leon, "The quarrel toucheth none but ms atone." - -Seak. tile West Riding of Yoskshire, in England, and ius'ed. for Castile, and Galicia Ialod not Spain been invaded by "Eg most path, fot articles wof apparel. It igealso cooed the Almoravldes, he Would have succeeded in driving "Eagtges we see fly aioce." Sydn~ey. ats a cos'erio In s ionm lellas, ohs mateolal beings f o finer the Moore frons the peheinsula. It sas in tale reign of Sole; only. (m.) aild mo'e ftli'able textuse than cotton, and not:so costly this monarch that tho ld achieved the poetical celebrity "'Goed, Sy cahoce alone power we aii live." — Beltete. ocs silk. with which his n name has been s Orrounded by the SpanTo let alose; to leave untouched, unmolested, or in Alp-Alrslan, second sultan of the dynasty Sf Seljul, Jsh romance-writers. the same state as befbre. — Worcester. succeeded his uncle Togrul Bey in 1063. He had for his Aoonoe'so VII., became Alphonso I. of Aragon; e. 1134. -adv. Separately; by itself. grand Vizier Nizatos-ai-Mulluk, sho by his wise adminis- AnLioN'so VIII. The military order of Calatrava was inllong', adv. [A. S. andlang.] At length, by thee length; traotion did so much for the interior improvement of the stituted during his reign; D. 1157. through any space measured lengthwise. empire. Himsoell a conqueror, he defeated Roansnoos AoPHorqso IX., fought against the Moors like his prede"Someiaid along, and,...on spokes of wheels are hung." —Dryden. Diogenes, emperor of the Greeks, in 1071. He was asses- cessor; a. 1230. prti cp;jinated in 10th e ALHoNso X., Icing of Leon and Castile in 1252. I-oe was In company; joined with; together;- with the Al'per, a. Besongin or ucloting to the Alps. (,) elected emperor of Germany, but delaying to visit that ole wit/s expressed or undersctood; as, BAlpe'na, formerly ANcamcKSo, in M/cb/egas, a county empire. tIodolphus was chosen in his stead. He was do" Talte this aiong." - Beydee. bordeolug on Lake Hauron and Tlsunder Bay As cc, thined by his son, and D. 1284. As an ostronomeor amnd "We shail to England along with you." - 25555. about 700 eq us Psp about 510. a man of letters, A. obtained greater fame thaa is. a ALPS ALPS ALST 71 monarch. He perceived the errors of Ptolemy's tables, which encompasses on the N. Italy and the Adriatic thousand feet are climbed, the oak, hardy as we are ac. and under his direction those tables called the Alphonsin sea. The extremities of this semicircle approach 430 N. customed to call it, is not to be found in a flourishing tables were drawn up by the Jew Ilazan, and their epoch lat, but the great body of the range occupies the space condition. At 5,000 feet no deciduous trees are to be fixed oil the 30th of May, 1332. betwveen the 46th and 48th deg. of N. ]at.-The Alps are seen, and at 6,000 the spruce-fir alone appears. At this ALrPoN'so XI., succeeded his father Ferdinand IV. in closely united to two other mountain ranges; on the W. height the mountains become covered with the Rhodo1312. lie took Algesiras and Tarifa from the Moors to the Apennines, whicli traverse Italy in its whole dendron Ferrugineum, which, in its turn, succumbs to and died of the plague in 1350. length; and on the E. to the Balkan, which covers the change of soil and clinmate, to be succeeded by a few Alphon'ltso I., HItNIqtUEZ, first king of Portugal, suc- Turkey and Greece with its numerous ranirfications.- still more hardy plants, which exist until they are lost ceeded his ttiher Henry, as count of Portugal, in 1112. Their length is between 600 and 700 miles, their breadthl in the mosses and lichens which fringe the line of perIn 1139 he obtained a great victory over five Moorish very various.-Divisions. The principal divisions are the petual snow. - Glaciers. Of these there are about 400 kings, and soon after was proclainied kIing by the army, Maritime, the Cottiall, the Greelk or Graian, the Pennine, lying between Mont Blanc and the Tyrol. Several a title which was confirmed by the States, who at the the Rhetian, —dislinguished into the High Alps, the Le- of these are 20 miles long, with, perhaps, an average same tinme settled the law of succession. —A. took Lisbon pontine, and the Rhiitian proper; the Tyrolose and Tri- width of a mileor a mile and a half. They are supposed friom the Moors, and made it the capital of his kinidom. dentine (including those of Suabia;) the Noric, the Cas- in the aggregate to cover a space of upward of 1,000 D. 1185. nic, and the Julian.-Passes. The most southern pass sq. m. The summits of the greatest part of the Alps ALPHONSO II., D. 1223. are capped in perpetual snow.-Geology. The central ALPmHONSO III. Hes made some conquests over the Moham- ridges of the Alps are composed of primitive rocks, rsedasns; D. 1279. especially of granite and gneiss, and are distinguished ALPHONJo IV., surnamed the Brave, succeeded his tather _ by their pointed peaks. On the N. side of this formaDioniiysius, 1325. Hie was an able sovereign, and distin_- tion extends a slate formation of considerable width. guished himself agaiinst the Moors; but his memory is: This does not appear to accompany the range on the stained by his unjust treatment of his natural brother, N- S., except along the E. Alps, where it has been observed and the cruel imurder of Inez de Castro, whom hissos to extend from Brixen on the Eisach to Marburg on the Pedro had married against his father's will; D. 1357. rave, skirting that river on the S. Beyond the slat ALt0OTNs0 A., B. in 1432, lie succeeded his father iin 1o7./ / __ lormation, the chalk occupies a considerable space. It and was a beneficent prince, In his reign Guinea was is round to occupy thie greatest extent on thie S.E. of the discovered by the Portuguese. He invaded Africa and mountain system, the whole Julian Alps being composed took Tangier. D. of the platgue at Cintra, in 1481/. / of it. On the opposite or N.W. side, the sandstone bforA1phon'so V., king of Aragon, surnamed the Moa- mation extends from the lake of Geneva as far as the nanimous, succeeded his father, Ferdinand the Just, 1416, S. boundary of Bavaria. The chalk formation is disking of Aratgon'and Sic fly,,ncl subseqyuently, on t lie'''X, ~~ _ as king of Aragon aid Sicily, and subsequently, on then tinguished by its summits, which do not rise in pointed death of the queen Joanna, obtained the crown ofNaples. / ~/ "/77/~ peaks, but form either cones or cupolas. His claim was, however, resisted for several years, by Alps, (Upper alnt Lowerx.) See IIAUTEs and Reis6 of Anjou. Hle died 1458, aged 74, leavinig the kuin-~ BNsses AIPES. 7-'N,/pvtljartl' as, a mountaino us region in Spain, beginchain of Naples to his natural sonutFerdinand,atid thosoeoh lpaion in Spain, beginSpain, Sardinia, and Sicily to Juan his brother, iI of ning at the Mediterraiea, d endig at the Sierra NeNavarre. He was not only a brave prince, but a mani of vada. In 1834 it was divided betseen the provinces of learning, the paotron of literature, and the father of his Almeria and Granada.ita ded t the ie Altoerin and Granada. people. He wstlleu wvitii the greatest familiarity aiioig / Al'quier, or Alqueer, s. [Pg. alquiere, from Ar. his subjects, observing to his courtiers, vwho fainicd,. al-kayle.] A Portuguese measure called also caitar, which dangers and conspiracies, that a father has nothing to is the half of an almuda, and contains about two gallons. fear among his children. Seeing once one of his vessels Alqui'na, in Indiana, a post-village of Fayette co., 62 ready to perish, hlie hastened in a small boat to the m. E.S.E. of Indianapolis. aussistance of the crew, exclaiming, "I had rather die Alread'y, adv. [From all and ready.] Prior to some with you than see you perish." specified time, either future, present, or past. Alphlon'so Tl., king of Naples, succeeded his father "Can I love him, already loving you? " -Dryden. Ferdinand in 1494. lie was of so cruel and tyrannical It has reference to past time, but may be used for a fudisposition, that his subjects invited Charles VI[I. ofa. ture past; as, "When you shall arrive, the business will France to invade the count,'y. T'hat prince took Naples;, l [I be already completed, or will have been completed aand A., aftr abdicating the throne, retired to a men- lreoady. ready."1 astery; 0). about 1496. a;pste~ ry; TD b urk,96 whfoFbigasae oet ig 93 SUMMIT OF THE THIERBEet (llcriese Alps.4) Al'sace, a province bordering on the Rhine, was inAlpmhlega in, a Turk, who, from being a slave, rose to cluded in Charlemagne's empire. It remained connected be governor of Khorasan and sovereign of Guzna. He of the Maritime Alps is that by the Col de Tende, which with Germany till 1648, when a portion of it was ceded reigned 16 years, leaving tihe throne to his son-in-law, connects the town of Nice with the town of Coni. in to France. Louis XIV. seized Strasburg in 1681, and Sebek Teghin, whose son Mahmoud founded the dynasty Piedmont. Until the time of Napoleon I., who made it this city, with the remainder of the province, was seof the Gaznevides. a carriage-road, it was practicable only for mules. This cured to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. A. forms AJl'phos, n. [Gr. from alphaino, to change; because it division is terminated by Mont Vice, which rises 12,582 now the two departments of the Upper and Lower Ithine, changes the color of the skin.] (Med.) A species of feet above the level of the sea. Across the Cottians, by q. v. Leprosy, called by the ancients vitilago.-See LEPROSY. the Col of Mont Ginbvre, Napoleon also constructed a Al'sace, in Pennsylvania, a township of Berks co.; pop. Al'pia,t and AL'rsST, n. The seedof the foxtail grass, used cirriage-road at the height of 6,353 feet above the sea- abt. 1,5b0. br ifeeding birds. level. Across the Graiun, Napoleon caused another road Alsae'cian, a. (Geog.) Pertaining to Alsace. Al'pigene, a. [Lat. alpes, alp, and gignere, to produce.] to be constructed by the Col of Mont Cenis. This is the Alsa'tia, it. A name given formerly to the precinct of Growing in Alpine regions. most freqisented of all the Alps. Mount Cenis is now Whitefriars in London, Eng., noted during the 17th cenAl'pine, a. [Lat. alpinus.] Belonging to the Alps, or to being tunnoelled, so as to connect the'railroads of France tury as being a colony for lawless and abandoned peoany lofty moun tains; high. with those of Italy. This great undertalking was com- pie. It is frequently referred to by English writers of AIl'pite, in California, a northern county, bounded on roesced in the early part of 1058, under the patronage the time, as for instunce, Shadwell, in his Stuire qf Alsathe N. and E. by the State of Nevada and El Dorado co., of the kinig Victor Emmanuel; the length of the tunnel tia. It formS, also, the scene of a portion of Sir Walter and on the S. by Mono and Tuolunmone. Lying on either will be upward of 5 umiles, and it is to be completed in Scott's novel of the Portunes of Nigel. side of the Sierra Nevada, it covers that range at one of 1872. The pass by the Little St. Bernard is in the Gre- Al segfsoe. [It., to the mark or sign.] (Mus.) A noits most broken and lofty points, Silver Mountain, the clan range, and is that by which Hannibal is supposed tice Ibf a performer to recommence a strain. loftiest portion of this northerly trending spur, being to have entered Italy. The Pennine is the loftiest divi- A.l'sen, atDanish island in the Baltic, between the Island over 10,000 feet high. Forming the sources of several sion of the whlole range, and includes Mont Blanc, 15,777 of Funen: and the E. coast of Sleswick; area, 132 sq. m. forks of Carson river are numerous small lakes, miost feet high; Mont Rosa, 15,206 feet; and Mont Cervin, The principal towns are Nordbord and Sonderburg. Lat. of theim situated on the sunmit of the mountain. 14,835 feet. These are the three loftiest peaks in Europe. between 540 51' and 550 5t N.; lon. between 90 37' and Many of them are very wild and beautiful, being skirted 0Os each side of Mont Blanc are the cols De-la-Seigle and 100 7' E. by belts of grass and bordered by plats of lawn-like Da-Ferret, which are respectively 8,072, and 7,613 feet Als'feld, in tfeose-Darmstadt, a town situated 26 m. meadow-hands. There are atlso many grassy, well high, and those by which tourists generally traverse the from Giessen, and 50 m. N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. watered valleys, rendered the more attractive by their Alps. The pass by the Great St Bernard lies between Pop. 4,000. rugged and desolate surroundings. But the great ac- Aosta in Piedmont and Martigny in the VaIais, in Alsl' Loch, an inlet of the sea in Ross-shire, Scotland, tive interest in A. county is, and always will continue Switzerland, and is that by which Napoleon and his nearly opposite the southern end of the Isle of Skye. to be, vein-niining. The mines consist almost wholly of army crossed in 1800. Between the Great St. Bernard Its shores are rendered romantic by the ruins of several argentiferous lodes, though a few gold-bearing veins and and the Simplon there are two other passes; one, that feudal castles. masses of quartz have been found, some of them of of Mont Cervin, is the second highest in Europe, being Alsiln'ee, n. pt. (Bet.) A sub-ord. of plants, ord. Caryogreat richness, in the Mogul district. The ledges here 11,195 feet above the level of the sea. The most easterly ployllace e, distinguished by having sepals distinct or are of large size and crop boldly, being often traceable pass of the Pennine division is the Simplon, which leads nearly so. for miles by their surface projections. W~hile a tvast from the Valais to Mihen, and is one of the most stu- Al-sil' at. [ Ar., the path.] A bridge from this world to amount of work has been expended upon them in ua pendous works conceived by the genius of Napoleon, and the next, over the middle of hell, which must be passed small way, but little exploratory labor of a thorough executed amid the greatest difficulties, notwithstand- by every one entering the Mohammedan paradise. It is and systematic kind has been performed; consequently, ing that its height is only 6,576 feet. On this road a as fine as the edge of a razor. The deceased pass with a scarcely a single prominent mute lts been ully pros-cut railroad runs since 1869. Across the Rhbtians there are rapidity proportionate to their virtues, while the sinful A. abounds in siruce and pine lorests. Couity se.t, several carriage-roads, and the Noric Alps are already load of the sicked precipitates them into the gulf beSilver Mountain. Pap. about 1,200. crossed by the Great Southern Railroad ruining from neath.- Amer. Encyc. Al'pine, in Jowa, a post-village of Wapello co., on the Vienna to Trieste. —Minerals. Anthracite coal, iron, cop- Allso, adv., and conj. [From all and so; A.S. ealowa.] In Des Moines river, about 9 mi. S.E. of Ottumwa. per, lead, silver, quicksilver, gold, and salt. —Wild ani- the same manner; likewise; too; in addition to. All'pine, or A'PINA, in Mitcisan, a post-towitship of eals. On the higher parts, the ibex, chamois, and white Alsode'nle, n. pI. (Bot.) A sub-ord. of plants, ord. Viohient co.; pop. about 2,500. hare; in the upper wooded region, bears, mnrmots, and lacece, q. v. AA'pine City, in Utah, a post-village of Utah co., 16 msoles; and lower down, lynxes, foxes, swolves, and wild Al'stead, in New Hampshire, a post-township of Chem. N. of Trovo; pop. about 170. cats. Besides the Iammnergeyer, or great vultisre of the shire co., 50 m. W. b. S. of Concord. Pep. abt. 1,550. Alpi'ni, Padsereso, a Venetian physician and botanist, Alps, there are numerous eagles and other birds of prey. Al'ston, in South Carolina, a post-village of Fairfield ma. 1503; was the first who discovered the sexes and geu- Immediately below the line of perpetual snow, (8,000 district, on Broad river, 25 m. N.W. of Columbia. eration of plants. D. 1617. feet,) the white partridge is found, and further down, Alstroe'mer, JoNAs, a distinguished Swede, who inAllpinia, n. (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Zingiberacece. among the pine forests, bustards are abundant. Quails troduced great improvements into arts and manufacThe root of the A. galanege, known under the name of and partridges are plentifull in the lowest regions, and tures in his coumntry. For his great services lie was made galangale, has aromatic stimulating properties. the lakes are frequented by nimbem-s of palmipedes. Chancellor of Commerce and a member of the Academy Alps, in New York, a post-village in Neassau township, Insects are represented in almost every variety as ftr as of Sciences. The National States decreed a statue to be Rensselaer co., 24 m. B. by S. of Albany. vegetation ascends the mountains. —eyetation. Travel- erected to his memory in the Exchange of Stockholm. Alps. [See ALP.] The most extensive osountain system ling from the base of the Alps upward, beautiful vine- D. 1761. of Europe. They extend from the banks of the Rhone yards, and the forests common to Eum-ope, are pasead Alstri&mneri'en, es. p1. (B et.) A t rib e of' plcmta, ord. in France on the W., to the centre of Slavonia and the through, until the elevation of 2,000 feet is obtained, Amsaryllidacew. A kcind of arrowroot is prepared from ftontier of Turkey oa the E., from the 5th and 28th de- when the vine is no longer found. The chestnut disap- the succulent roots of Atstrdwerie palide, and others gree of E. Ion., forming a vast semicircular bulwatrk, pears at 1,000 feet higher, and by the time that another in Chili. 72 ALTA ALTE ALTH Alt, n. [It. alto, from Lat. altus, high.] (Mus.) That part it is said that "Noah built an altar to the Lord." The Al'tengaard, a Norwegian seaport, 53 m. from Ham. of the great scale lying between F, the 5th line in the tre- principal altars, under the Mosaic ritual, were the A. nierfest. Lat. 690 50' N.; ion. 230 6' E. ble clef, and ending at E, the 3d leger, or additional line of incense, small, of shittim-wood, overlaid with plates Altenkire'chen, a town of Prussia, prov. of the Rhine, above the same clef of gold; the A. of Burnt-Offering, a large coffer of shit- lti m. N.E. of Coblentz. Near it, on 21st of September, Alt, a river of England, rising in Lancashire, and falling tim-wood, covered with brass, within which, suspended 1796, General Marceau was killed, in a conflict between into the Irish sea. from the horns of the four corners, was a grate of brass, the French and the Austrians. Pop. 1,697. Alta'i Mountains, the name given to that exten- whereon the flesh was laid, and sacrifices were made. Al'ter, v. a. [Fr. altirer, fromnt Lat. alterare.] To change sive range which forms the northern border of the high- "In Solomon's temple the altar was considerably larger, a thing in some of its parts; to render it otherwise than lands of Upper Asia (a region composed of high table- square as the ordinary altar, but 20 cubits long, 20 broad, it was; so, to alter a writing is to blot and interpolate lands, mountains, and valleys), and which divides them and 10 high, made entirely of brass. It had no grating, it; to change it, is to substitute another in its place. from the low lands that extend northward to the Arctic and the ascent to it was probably by three successive -To take off from an opinion, a persuasion, or party. ocean. This rhountain range begins on the eastern bank platforms, with steps leading to each, as in the figure " I am no way altered from my opinion."-Dryden. of the river Irtish, 800 E. ion., and here it occupies all annexed."- Britton. All the nations of antiquity con- -v. n. To become otherwise than it was; to vary; as, the space between the Lake of Zaizang, 400 30' N. lat., "1the weather alters from bright to cloudy." and Semipalatinsk, 530 N. lat., consequently about 5Y - Alterabil'ity, n. The quality of being susceptible of degrees of latitude. From 800 E. ion., it extends east- alteration. ward till it reaches the Sea of Okchotzk, a gulf of the Al'terable, a. [Fr.] That which may be altered or Pacific ocean. It grows broader as it advances toward aried. the east; its northern declivities extend, on the banks of Al terableness, n. The quality of being alterable, or the river Yenesei, to Krasnoyarsk, 560 N. lat., and from admitting alterations from external causes. that town to apoint about 200 m. N. of the most northern Altelably, adv. In such a manner as may be altered. extremity of the lake of Baikal, where, between 570 IAl'terant, d. [See ALTE.] That which has the power and 580 N. lat., they join the Aldan Mountains. The of producing alterations in anything. southern part of the Altai, traversing countries subject -n. Same as ALTERATIVE. part subject nt~~~~~~~~~~~i i~~~liuiIIL ~~ —. Same as ALTrrRATIvIE. to the Chinese empire, is not perfectly known, but it is Altera'tion, n. [Fr. altgration.] The act of altering or probable that they extend even further to the south changing in some particular. The state of being altered than to the north, and that, between the meridian of to, or changed. 880 and 1050, the mountains occupy no less than 120 of Alteraive, n. (ed.) Such medicines as induce a latitude, from 450to 370 About the 060 of longitudeAlterative, a. (Med.) Such medicines as induce a latitude, from 450 to 57f. About the 105l of longitude, favorable change in the system, without any manifest or the meridian of the lake of Baikcal, the great desert ioperation or evacuation. The principal therapeutic emiof Gobi or Shame, advancing to the north, narrows the ployment of the Alteratives is as antiphlogistics or remountain range considerably, and changes its direction solvents. The nercurials are chiefly employed in acute from E. to N.E. Between the plainsto the N. of Irkutzk, __________ inflammation, the preparations of iodine, bromine, &c., and the valleys about Nertshinsk, it occupies no more in chronic inflammation. than about 500 m. in breadth. In the parallel of the -. Producing gradual change. N. part of the lake of Baikal (between 540 and 560 lat.), P-g. 94. —ALTAR OF BURNT-OFFERINo. Al'tercate, v. a. [Let. allercare.] To dispute warmly; to it runs again to the E., until it arrives at the Pacific wrangle; to contend in words. ocean, at the S. extremity of the sea of Okhotzk, opo sidered large missive unhewn stones, to be eilplematic raltonn words site the island of Tarakai. In the latter part of its ex- of dignity and power. In the great temples of ancient Altercaction, n. [Fr.] Warm contention by words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; tent, the breadth of the range cannot be determined; Rome, there were ordinarily three altars. The first, upon wrangling; contest. for here it joins the Aldan Mountains, which may be which incense was burned, and libations offered, was wrgling; contest. consderd os abrach fth Alainealy illing up the considered s a branch of the Altai, nearly filling up the raised in the sanctuary, at the foot of the statue of the " Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling and whole space between the Lena and the sea of Okhotzk divinity; the second stood before the gate of the temple, altercalion."-Hakewell. an extent of moret than 1000 m. from W. to E., an ru: and on it were sacrificed the victims; and the third, upon Alter'ity, n. [Lat. alter, the other.] The state of being n to N.N.E. tillom they terminate at Cpe t,shulaotskoi- which were placed the offerings and the sacred vessels, another, and not the same. Noss, the north-eastern extreminty of Asia. It was once was portable. In the Roman houses, small altars were Altern', a. [Fr. alterne, from Lat. al ternus.] (Crystallog.) thought that the Altai were connected with the Ural dedicated to the lares, penates, andgenii.-In the Chris- Exhibiting in two parts, an upper and a lower part, mountains, but it is now well known that an immense tian church, the A. is the table of communion. The prin- faces which alternate among themselves, but which, tract of low country separates the western extremity cipal is almost invariably situated at the eastern end of when the two parts are compared, correspond with of the Altai from the southern ranges of the Ural. the choir. Christian altars are generally in the form of each other. —Cleaveland. The mean elevation of the Altai may be regarded small, oblong tables, but they are sometimes made to Alter'nacy, n. [From alternate.] Performance or acas ranging between 4,000 and 5,000 feet. The Braluka resenmble sarcophagi. They are often very splendidly tion by turns. (a.) mountains, near the head of the Oby, is estimated at decorated, being richly adorned with carving or em- Alter'nal, a. Alternative. (R.) bossed work, and studded with precious stones and Atrnly dl ytr.(. 10,300 feet above the level of the sea. Their summits bosed work, and studded with precious stones andAlter'nally, ad. By turn. (r.) generally do not taper away into peaks, like those of the metals. On great festivals, tha relics of a church are Alter'nant, a. [Lat. alternans.] (Geol.) Applied to Alps, but swell into rounded masses of granite, or displayed on the higb altar, which is then illumined rocks composed of alternate layers. spread into level plains of considerable extent. There with numerous wax candelabra. Alter'nate, a. [Lat. alternatus.] Being by turns; one are two chief roads over the Altai. One is from Ir- 1 after another; reciprocal. kutzk by lake Baikal to Kiakhta, by which the trade "Friendship is a generous strife in alternate acts of kindness."between Russia aind China is principally carried on; the 2 South. other is from Udinsk, on the Selenga, aafoto the mining di (Bot.) Denoting the arrangement of parts of the plant, triter of Nertchinsk, on the Shiker, an affluent of the as leaves, &c., at different heights and sides, on the same Amoor. - Minerals. Gold, silver, lead, iron and copper; axis. and the cornelian, the amethyst, the onyx, the topaz, (Her.) It denotes the position of quarters, partitions and and other gems are found. Mineral wealth seems to be other figures, succeeding one another by turns, as in the unfailing as regards the more valuable metals. -Wild Icoronet of the Prince of Wales, set round with four Animals. Altai is the native abode of the wild sheep, crosses-pattee, and as many fleurs-de-lis alternately. which, iike the chamois and the bagnetis, lives in the I (Geom.) Alternate angles; the interior and exterior anmost inaccessible places. — -getation. The forests con- gles made by a line cutting two parallels. The angles sist of the alper, alder, acacia, larch, birch, fir, and r A F H and F tI D, also F H C and B F H, are alternate willow, besides the Siberian cedar. This last is found interior angles. The angles I F B and C HG, also A F I 7,000 feet at the altitude, and at 6,000 feet, attains to' li and G H D, are alternate exterior angles. the circumference of 16 feet. The birch reaches nearly I 5,000 feet, and the dwarf willow nearly 6,000. The snow- I line has not yet been accurately determined, but is sup- B posed to be at about 8,000 feet. 4 Altarian, Alta'ic, a. Belonging to the Altai moun- g 95 AIOUS ALTARS. ti~~~~~ins. E~~~~~~~~~~ig~. 95. —~ARIOUs ALTARS. tasins. Altair, n. (Astron.) A star of the 1st, or between the 1. 2. Egyptian, from bas-reliefs. C D 3. Assyrian, found at Khorsabad. 1st and 2d magnitudes. It is the principal star in the 4. BabylonianrBiblioanqeue d atioradl. constellation Aquila, and is situated about 140 S.W. of 5. Assyrian, from Khorsabad. the Delphinus. It may be known by its being the Al'tarage, n. [Lat. altaragium.] The profits arising to Alter'nate, n. That which happens by turns with largest and middle one of the three bright stars which a priest on account of the altar, as well as the offerings something else; vicissitude. (R.) are arranged in a line bearing N.W. and S.E. It is onie themselves placed upon it. Alter'nate, v. a. [Fr. alterner, from Lat. alternare.] of the stars from which the moon's distance is taken for Al'tar-plece, n. A painting placed over or behind the To perform alternately; to cause to succeed by turns; computing longitude at sea. Its mean declination is altar in a church. to change one thing for another reciprocally. nearly 8,0 N., and when on the meridian, it occupies Al'ta Springs, in Texas. apost-village of Lkrestone co. — v. n. To act or succeed by turns; followed by with. nearly the same place in the heavens that the sun does Al'taville, in California, a village of Calaveras co., 21 "Rage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast."-Phillips. at noon on the 12th day of April. It culuinates about m. from Mokelumne Hill; pop. abt. 150. Alter'nately, adv. In reciprocal succession; by turns; 6 minutes before 9 o'clock, on the last day of August. Altay', in New York, a post-village of Steuben co. as light follows darkness, and darkness follows light. It rises acronically about the beginning of June, - Alt'dorft a town of Bavaria, circ. of Rezat, 13 m. S.E. Alter'nateness, n. The quality of being alternate, ~~~~Mattr~~isono. of Nuremberg. A great number of wooden toys are or of happening in reciprocal succession. Alltaite, n. (Min.) An isomeric mineral of the Galena manufactured here, and exported to all parts of Europe Alternaltion, n. The act of alternating; reciprocal division; comp. tellurium 37'31, lead 60'71, silver 1'17. and to America. Pop. 2,800. succession; alternate performance, as of singers in the This rare species has been identified at the Stanislaus Altdor'fer, or AL'TORF, ALBERT, a Bavarian painter choir of a Catholic church. mine, California. and engraver, B. 1488. One of his most remarkable Alter'native, a. That which offers a choice of two Al'tamaha', in Georgia, a river formed by the conflu- paintings is. the Battle of Arbela, now in the picture things. ence of the Oconee and the Ogeechee, in the S.E. central gallery of Munich. As an engraver on wood, A. almost -n. The choice given of two things; so that if one be part of the State. It runs south-eastward, through rivals Albert Diirer; D. 1538. rejected, the other must be taken. sandy plains aud p~ine-barrens for abouit 140 m., and Alf- ___1-__~ _ — sandy plains asid pine-barrens for about 140 in., and Al'tea, a town of Spain, prov. of Valencia, near the sea, "A strange alternative.... empties into the Atlantic, about 12 m. below Darien. 30 m. N.E. of Alicante; pop. 6,000. Must ladies have a doctor or a dance?' —Young. AI'tcmOnt, in Tennessee, a post-village, cap. of Grundy Alte'na, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 18 m. from Alter'natively, ado. In alternate manner; by turns; co., on the top of the Cumberland umountains, 80m. SE. Arsberg; pop. 5,942. reciprocally. of Nashville. A' u Altamoira, a town of NSouhville r n Iaypo. oBiAl'tenburg, a town of Prussia, formerly cap. of the Alter'nativeness, n. The quality or state of being Altacmu'ra a town of Southern Italy, prov. of Bani, Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, 24 ni. S.S.E. of Leipsic, near alternative. at the foot of the Apennines, 29 m. S.W. of Bari; the Pleisse; pop. 17,168. Alter'nity, a. Reciprocal succession; turn; change of plp. 17,365. Al'tenbnrlg in Missouri, a pest-village of Perry co., one thing for another; alternating. Al'tar, so. [Ger. altar, from Lat. al are.] An elevated about 20 m. S.E. of Perryville. Althas'a, or ALTHsa'I, a. [From Gr. altho, to cure.] (Bet.) table of either stone, marble, or wood, dedicated to par- Al'tendorf, a village of Bavaria, 8 m. from Bainberg, A genus of plants, ord. Malvace. Thi A. offecinalis, ticular ceremonies of religious worship. The earliest noted for the victory which Kleber, the French general, marab-niallow, a European plant, natualized on the authentic notice of altars occurs in Holy Writ, where gained over the' Austrians on the 9i.h of August, 1796. borders of the salt marshes in the U. S., abounds in ALTI ALTO ALUM 73 mucilage, and is used in med. as an emollient to prevent (Phys.) The A. of the eye, in perspective, is the per- -a village of Calumet co., about 24 min. N.E. of Fondsuppuration. The A.?rosea, native ofChina, is cultivated pendicular height of the eye above the geometrical dn-Lac. in gardens, end gives flowers of various shades of color- plane. The A. of ai mountain may be determined by Altoo'na, [from Lat. alto, high,] in Pennsylvania, a ing. Its leaves are said to yield a blue coloring-matter, trigonometry or by the barometer; for as the weight flourishing city of Blair co., at the foot of' Alleghany not inferior to indligo. and elasticity of the atmosphere diminishes as we rise, mountains, 244 in. W. of Philadelphia, and 117 N.E. of Althte'unenes. (1yth.) A son of Creteus, king of so the fall of the barometer determines the elevation of Pittsburg.-I-nd. The Central railroad has here extenCrete. Hearing that himself or his brothers were to be any place. - See HEIGHT. sive machine-shops, where 700 to 800 operatives are emtheir father's murderer, hlie fled to Rhodes, where he (Astron.) The A. of a star or other celestial object is ployed in the manufacture of locomotives, railway cars, settled, to avoid becoming a parricide. After the deaths measured or estimated by the angles subtended between &c. —A. has also 1 flour-mill, 2 steam planing-mills, 1 of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son A. Upon large steam-tannery, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers, &c. landing at Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, sup- S -It was laid out in 1849, and incorporated as a city in posing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the 1868. Pop. about 12,000. hand of his own son. Upon this coming to the knowl- Al/to otta'vo, n. [It.] An octave higher. edge of A., he entreated the gods to remove him, and A1'to-reie'vo,.n. [It.] (Sculp.) That kind of sculp. the earth immediately opened and swallowed him uip. ture which is executed on a fiat surface, but projects A'tlhsorp, LORD. See SPENCER, EARL. considerably above the ground or plane. The degree Altihoisgs', conj. [From all and though.] Notwithstand- of projection given to alto-relievo depends on tihe will ing; however it may be granted; however it may be of the sculpitor; more than three-fourths of the figure that..amre frequently shown, and figures in basso-relievo (low Alt'llonse, in Oregon, a village of Josephine co., 24 m. B relief) are sometimes added, to express gradations of S.E. of Kirbyville; pop. abt. 250. distance. Tihe largest performance ever executed in altisnalter, n. [Fr. altismstre, from Lat. altus, high, alto-relievo is the stupendous work by Algardi, in amid emetrusm, measure.] An instruient for taking alti- - - St. Peter's at Rome, representing the repulse of Attila tudes, whether accessible or inaccessible, by means of an by St. Peter and St. Paul. The alto-relievos of Donoaltimeter, founded on the principle that the sides of tri- Fig. 97. telli at Florence are among the most perfect examples angles having equal angles, are in exact proportion to of this art. one another. the object and theplane of the horizon. Thus, if A be the A1ltorf, or ALT'DoRF, a town of Switzerland, cap. of AI'tin, n. A Russian money of account. Its value is position of a spectator on the earth, and AB the line on the canton Uri, near the S.E. extremity of the lake of three copecks, or about three cents. the horizon which is drawn toward the point directly Lucerne, at the N. extremity of the pass over Mount Altin'eai, n. See TINcAL. under the star 5, the angle BAS is the altitude of the St. Gothard. There is a tower which marks the spot Altingia'eeme, n. pl. (Bat.) An ord. of plants in the star. This A. is either true or apparent. The apparent where William Tell is said to have shot off the apple allimnce Amentales. Its only gen. is the Liquidambar, A. is that which is obtained immediately from observa- from his son's head. Close by is the village of'Burglen, the spines of which form generally a braniching tree, tion; and the true A. that which results from correcting pointed out as being the birthplace of that patriot. having very much the appearance of a maple. Diagnosis: the apparent A., by making allowance for parallax, re- Pomp. 2,426. Leaves alternate, simple or lobed, amients monoecious, fraction, &c.- The A. at sea is directly observed with the Al/to raipie'no. [It.] (Mus.) The tenor of the great roundish, with achlamydeous flowers, styles, 2 and long; sextant. - In fixed observation on land, the A. of stars, or chorus in the full parts of a concert. fruit, a kind of strobile, composed of the indurated rather their zenith distance which are what the A. wants AI'to viol/no. [It.] (Mlas.) A small tenor violin. scabs and capsules; capsules 2-beaked, 2-celled. opening ot'f 90 degrees, are observed with the mumral or the transit Al'trinchanm, or AL'TRINGRAM, a town of England, between the bealks; seeds, several-winged. They are circle.?- See SEXTANT, and CmCI.C-MeuaAL AND TRANSiT. in Cheshire, 8 m. from Manchester. Miaa.' Cloths, cotnatives of the Levamt, India, and N. America. The Altitudinarian, a. Which has, or pertains to, alti- tons, and yarns. Pop. 6,628. Liquidambar altingia, which gives its name to the order, tude. (R.) Al]t'stetten, a town of Switzerland, canton of St. Galis a superb tree, 120 to 150 feet high, with a brown-red- Alt'muhl, a river of Bavaria, which falls into the Dan- len, 9 in. S. from the embouchure of the Rhine into the dish, hard, and very aromatic wood. The Altingia or ube at Kelheim. From Dietfurt to Banmberg-on-the- Lake of Constance, on the declivity of a mountain in a Liquidavabar styraciftua, a sweet gum or gum-tree, 60 Regnitz, there is a canal called the Maine-and-Danube, beautiful country. Pp. 7,266. feet high, with a diameter of 5 feet, is thinly disseminated which caninects the Black sea with tihe German ocean. Alttu'rtas, in idaho, a S. county, E. of Boisee co., drained through the U. States. Its trunlk is covered with a A1'to, n. [It., high.] (Alus.) The highest natural adult by tihe south fork of the Boisee river,and by the Feather deeply furrowed bsark, which, when punctured in sum- male voice, or counter-tenor, the usual compass of which river. Cap. Rocky Bar. Pop. about 1,500. iner, distils a fragrant resin used in medicine under the is from F the 4th line in the base, to C the 3d space osn Alu'cita. See ALUCITDE. name of sterex or styrax. - See STroAx. the treble. Aluici'tidre, n. pl. (Zo6e.) A family of small lepidop-Also, the instrument that we call the Tenor, and the tersus insects, distinguished by the wings being singuItalians Viola. larly divided into narrow feathered rays. Tihe larvae are Alto Clef, a name of the C clef, when placed on the clothed with very long hairs; they have sixteen feet, 3d line; called also the counter-tenor clef anid are very inactive; the pupae are either naked, and Al'to, in Illinois, a township of Lee co.; pop. abt. 600. enclosed in a transparent silken cocoon; or conical, A't1o, in Indiana, a post-office of Howard co. hairy, and either suspended perpendicularly by a Al'to, in Michigan, a post-office of Kent co. thread, or affixed at the posterior extremity of the A'lto, in Texas, a post-office of Cherolkee co. body to a layer of silk or leaves. These insects vary in A1'to, in Virginia, a post-office of Louisa co. the time of their flight; the Alucita frequenting our Al'to, in }}isconsin, a post-township, in the S.W. of Fond gardens, and sitting with its beautiful fan-like wings on du Lac co. our hot-houses, whilst the Pterophori, being crepuscular, Al/to et ]Bas'so. [Lat., high and low.] (Law.) An fly over low plants. agreement between two parties, including an absolute A21ttl/ a, n. [Lat., dim. of ala, a wing.] See BUSTAnrD WiNS. submission of all differences to arbitration. Al/Unm, n. [Fr. from Lat. abumen.] (Chess.) The alum, Al'togethera, adv. [From all and toqgether.] Con- or sulphate of aluminium amdpotassium, is a very imporpletely; without restriction; without exception. tant salt, occasionally found native in volcanic districts, ] ~I ado not altogether disapprove of the manner of interweaving in the form of an efflorescence produced by the action texts of Scripture." - Sawift. of the sulphuric acid of the volcano upon the alumina -Conjunctively; iin company:-i. e., alt together. and potash contained in the lava and trachytic rocks. 4~II-~~~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Al/toa, in Iltinois, a city and port of entryin Madison For the purposes of commerce, alum is manufactured 4 4-] 3~~~~~~ ~:'~}- ~'~/co., on the Mississippi river, about 21 im. above St. Louis, artificially. It has a sweetish, astringent taste, is solu- 2 3 om. above the niouth of the Missouri river, and 76 m. ble in about 18 parts of cold water, and in less than its own 8.S.W. of Springfield. A., connected by railroads with weight of boiling water. The solution has a strongly Chicago and St. Louis, is a thriving place. It is the mar- acid reaction, and dissolves iron and zinc with evolution ket town and port of exportation for the grain, hmay, of hydrogen. Comnp. sulphate of potash, 18'4; sulphate fruit, and lime of a large county. Limestone and stone. of alumina, 36'2; water, 45'4 100. eorm. (KO,SO, coal abound in the vicinity. It is the seat of a Roman SA12,03,OS03,24 u&q.) A. is used in large quantities in Fig 0.,-I. LIQUIDAMIBAR ALTINGIA. Cmatholic diocese, with a large cathedral. Pop. abt. 12,000. many manufactories. When added to tallow, it renders it 2. Pistillate olowcr; 3. Section of a mature fruit, 4. Section of JAl/len, in indiana, a post-village of Crawford co., on harder. Printers' cushions, and the blocks used in the a seed. the Ohio River, about 40 min. W.S.W. of New Albany. calico manufactory, are rubbed with burnt alum to reAltis'. (Mlyth.) A sacred grove round Jupiter's temple Al/ton, in iowa, a township of Buchanan co.; pop. move any greasiness, which might prevent the ink or at Olymipia. about 850. color from sticking. Paper impregnated with alum is Altis'onous, and Altis'onantt, a. [Lat. altisonuus, -a post-village of Dallas co., on the Racoon river, about useful in whitenilg silver, and in silvering brass without from altus, high, and sonus, sound.] High-sounding; 36 m. N.W. of Des Moines. heat. A. mixed in niillt helps thie separation ofitsbutter. poompous, or lofty in sound. — a township of Howard co. Pmp. about 350. If added in a very small quantity to turbid water, in a Altis'siino. [It., the superlative of alto.] (ruis.) Thei Al'ton, in lMaine, a post-township of Penobscot co., few minutes it renders it perfectly limpid, without any scale in altissimo comnmences with F, the octavo above about 15 min. N. of Bangor. Pop. albout 600. baid taste or quality. It is used in maklting pyrophorus, the fifth line in the treble. Al/ton, in Iichigan, a post-office of Kent co. in tanning, and nmany other manufactories, particularly Al'titutde, n. [Lat. altitude, from altus, high.] The Al'ton, in Mlissouri, a post-village, cap. of Oregon co., in the art of dyeing, in which it is of thIe greatest and height of an object, or its elevation above that plane to about 170 min. S.S.W. of St. Louis. most important use, by cleansing and opening the pores which the base is referred; thus, in mathematics, the Al'toin, in New Hampshire, a post-township of Belknap on the surface of the unubstance to be dyed, rendering it altitude of a figure is the perpendicular or nearest dis- co., 22 min. N.E. of Concord. Pop. about 2,400. fit for receiving the coloring particles (by which the A. tance of its vortex from the base. The altitude of all Al/ton, in New York, a post-village of Sodus township, is generally deconmposed), and at the same time miuking object is the elevation of an object above the plane of in Wayne co., 10 m. N. of Lyons. the color fixed. Balkers mix a quantity of A. with their the horizon, or a perpendicular let fall to that plane. - Al'ton, in Ohio, a post-village of Franklin co., 9 min. W. bread, to render it white, a process highly pernicious. Accessible Altitude of an object, is that to whose base of Columbus. (Med.) A. is employed internally as a powerful there is access, to measure the nearest distance to it on All'ton, in Texas, a post-village, cap. of Denton co, about astringent in cases of passive hemorrhage fbom the the ground, from any place. - Inaccessible Altithmde of 240 m. N. by E. of Austin city. womb, intestines, and sometimes lungs. In bleedan object, is that to whose base there is not free access, Al'ton Rflil, in Tennessee, a post-office of Mason co. ings of an active nature, i. e. attended with fever and by which a distance may be measured to it, by reason Al'tona, or Am/rENA, a city of lIolstein, on the Elbe, 2 a plethoric stste of the system, it is highly iniproper. of Scmu impediment, such as water, wood, or the like. m. W. of tHambuirgg. Lat. 530 32' N.; Lon. 9000 56 E. It It is a powerful tonic, and is given in a dose of 10 grains, The instruments mostly used in measuring altitudes, are is a free port. A. has a good deal of trade: shipbuilding in such cases as require powerful tonic and astringent the quadrant, theodolite, geometrical square line of shad- is also carried on to a considerable extent. Mtanf. Vel- rensedies. Externally A. is much employed as a lotion for ows, &c. vets, silc, stuffs, calico, stockings, gloves, tobacco, starch, the eyes, in dissolution with rose-water. It is applied (Mathl.) The A. of a triangle is measured by a perpen- wax, and looking-glasses. It was burnt by the Swedes as a styptic to bleeding vessels, and to ulcers, when dicular let fall from ammy one of its angles upon the base, in 1713. Pop. 45,526. there is too copious a secretion of pus. It is also emor upon the base produced; therefore the same triangle Al'tone, in Ntebransha, a post-village of Platte co., about ployed as an injection in cases of gleet or fluor mulbus. may have different A., accordingly as we assume one side 60 m. W. by N. of Onmaha city. Alm'un Bank, in.Pennsylvania, a post-office of liedor other of its base. Again, the A. of a cone or pyramid, Al'tona, in Neue York, a post-township of Clinton co., ford co. whether right or oblique, is measured by a perpendicu- uabout 10 m. N.W. of Plattsburg. Pop. about 2,500. Al/Znm Creek, in Ohio, a post-office of Delmaware co. lar let fall from the vortex to the plane of its base. Al'ttena, in Wisconsin, a village of Buffalo co., on the i Aluma~ Creek, in Texas, a post-office in Bastrop co. Similar remarcs apply to other solids. Mississippi river. Al8'snsed, a. Mixed with alum. VOL. I. —10 74 ALVA ALYP AMAD Alu'nlen, n. The samne as alum, q. v. rule, 18,000 persons were sent to the scaffold, and a re- Alyp'ius, bishop of Tagasta, Africa, and the friend of Alu'nialn, n. (Min.) A rhombohledral mineral of the volt provoked which only ended, after nearly 40 years of St. Augustine, with whom he was baptized at Milan in crocoite group. It occurs in microscopic white crystals, war, in the independence of the United Provinces. 388. He opposed tle Donatists and Pelagians -with or in a massive form. Comp. sulphuric acid 60'9; alu- Alva's overweening pride was shown in the erection of a great zeal; D. 430. mina 39'1 - 100. statue of ilinmsel in tihe citadel of Antwerp, with nobles Alys'sidte, n. pl. [Gr. a priv., lussa, rage.] (Bot.) A Alu'ilina, and ALU'MINE, n. [Fr. alumine.] (Chem..) One aind people at his feet, and a fialse, bombastic inscrip- tribe of plants in the sub-ord. Plesrorhizece; so called of the earths, the only known oxide of alunminiunn. It tion in his praise. Htie was recalled in 1573, b.y his own because the ancients supposed that soime species of this forms one of the materials that enter imost largely into wish, and, after a temporary disgrace and exile, was tribe allayed anger. the composition of the superficial strata of thle earth, called to command in Portugal anid rapidly conquered Alys'slumn, is. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe Alysside. It is the basis of all the varieties of clay, and is present it. It is said that in 60 years of warfaire lie was never Two species are cultivated in gardens. 1. A. saxatile, in greater or less quantity in almost every soil. It leaten, nor talken by surprise. D. at Lisbon, 1582. rock alyssum, a pretty perennial plant, 1 foot high, givoccurs nearly pure, and crystallized in six-sided prisms, A']va, a village and parish of Scotland, in Stirling co., ing in April numerous yellow flowers in close corymbose in Corundum, hard enough to cut glass. Tihe sapphire 7 in. S.E. of Stirling; pop. 3,283. bunches. 2. A. s9aritimum, sweet alyssum, a sweetand ruby iare also composed of this earth, tinged with Alvainari'na, n. [Lat. alga marina, sea-weed.] (Com.) scented plant, 1 foot high, with fine leaves and small a small quantity of oxide of chromiumn. They are only Driedl sea-weed with which mattresses are stuffed. white flowers. inferior to tihe diaemid in hardness. Eenery is cicother Al'vana, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Jefferson co. A'lyth, a town and parish of Scotland, in Perth co., 12m. form of alumina, colored wita oxides of iron snd Dan- Alvara'do, PEDRO, one of tihe Spanish conquerors of W. of Forfar; pop. 3,422. ganese. It is procured from alum, or firoi aluminate Mexico. He accompanied Grijalva to Central America, Alzey, a walled town of Hesse Darmstadt, on the Selz, of sodium. It possesses properties which approach ill 1518, and in the following year took part in the expe- 18 m. S.S.W. of Mcayence; pep. 4,609. somewhat to those of an acid, for it has a strong ten- dition of Cortez, was present at all the battles of the Am, a frontier stronghold of Afghanistan, 50 m. N. of dency to unite with basic oxides. When combined with campaign, and greatly contributed to its success. Ie Attock. silica, it forms clay, which is the basis of porcelain and explored California, anid was killed during an expedition Amabil'ity, n. See AemABtLIvY. of earthenware. To the dyer and thes calico-printer, against the Indians of Xalisco, in 1541. Amreacetta, in Virginia, a post-office of Wayne co. the compounds of A. are of high value; the hydrate of Alvarad'o, Alplionso s d', a Spanish adventurer, Amacratie, a. [Gr. aiea, together, anid crates, power:] A. has the property of comibining intimately with cer- wiho accompanied Pizarro in his expedition to I'eru; Applied to a certain kind of lens, styled also ascasthenic rain kinds of organic matter, and when salts of celmicn- and was equally distingiuished ifor his bravery and his lens, which unites the cihemical rays of light into one ium are mingled with colored vegetable or animal solu- cruelty. D. 1553. foc(us. tions, and precipitated by the addition of an alkali, the Alvarad o, a small town of Mexico, near the mouth Amnadava'de. See AMADINA. aluminc carries down the greater portion of the color- of the river of tile smole name, 40 mi. S.S.E. of Vera Amadded'ulat, the founder of the Persian dynasty, ing matter, forming a species of pigments terlned lakes. Cruz; lat. 180 34' 18' N.; lon. 650 39' 15,, W. The bar at was the son of a fisherman. He and his two brotliers By soaking the cloth with a preparation of aluminhum, the month of the river renders it inaccessible for vessels took Persia Proper, Persian Trak, and Caramania, which the earth attaches itself to tihe fibre; and if cloth thus drawing more than 10 or 12 leet of water. Pop. abt. 5,000. they divided amongst them. A. settled at Shiraz in prepared be plunged into a J)ath of the coloring nimat- Alvara'do, in O7al'f/i-nia, a thriving village of Ala- Persia Proper, in 933; D. 947. ter, it becomes permanently dyed. Sp. gr. 3'95; formc. meda co., on Alameea creek, 10 no. S. of San Leandro, Amadelus V., THE GREAT, count of Savoy, succeeded (AlcOa). 5 m. from the bay of Saei Francisco. Peop. about 400. to the sovereignty of that State in 1287, to the exclusion Alu'minate, n. (Chem.) An earthy combination of The collection of salt is the principal industry. of his nephew Philip, the rightful heir. I-e immicortalalumina. Alvara'do, in Texas, a post-village of Johnson co., ized his name by thie defence of Rhodes against the Aluhminate of Sodliam. A whitish, infusible, about 38 us. S.W. of Dallas. Turks, on which occasion he added to his arms the cross but freely solutble compound, which furnishes a valued ]Alvar'ez de Ltluna, the favorite and first minister of the order of St. Jolhn of Jerusalems; D. 1323. _material in the preparation of lalces for pigments, as of John II., Icing of Castile. After enjoying thie splen- AMDE'rs Y V.., count of Savoy, one of the most warwell as for purposes of a mordant to thie calico-printer, dor of royal favor for mors than forty years, lie fell like princes of his age. He assisted John, king of and which will probably to a large extent supersede the into disgrace, and was beheaded ifor high treason in 1453. France, against Edward, Icing of England, and in 1366 use of the different forms of alum. It is used in the Alvarl'ez, Dov J0os, a Spanish sculptor, B. near Cor- passed into Greece to the assistance of the emperor preparation of alumina, for which it is chiefly required. dova, 1768. A statue of Gasysiede, which he executed John Paleologus; D. 1383. Allunnile, n. See ALUMINA. in 1804, whilst studying at Paris, placed him in the first ArADE'us VIII., the Peaceful, Count and first duke of Aluminif'erous, a. Which contains or affords alum. rank of mnodern sculptors. His studio was twice visited Savoy, n. 1383, succeeded his ifather Amadeus VII. in Alnluiniform, a. Itaving tile ornm of alumina. by Naipoleon I., who presented him withl a gold medal. 1391. In 1434 he resigned his sovereignty and retired Alu'ininite, n. (Min.) A reniform meassive inineral, of Subsequently, hie chiefly resided at Rome, and became to a monastery, where ice instituted an order of knightan earthy taste and white color, occurring in connection court sculptor to Ferdinand VII., of Spain, for whom, hood, by tile naime of the Aninunciata. On the deposiwith beds of clay in the Tertiary formation. Cocip. aliu- in 1818, hie executed his famous group of Antilochus tion of Pope Eugenius I~., A. was chosen to succeed mina 29-8, sulphuric acid 23'2, water 47-0 = 100. and Ilensnon. D. at Madrid, 1826. him, arcd took the naime of Felix V.' The schism thus Alu'tmiioss, a. Relbtinig to, or consisting of alum. Ailveated, a. That has a pirismatic cellular structure, created lasted tell years, and ended with tihe second reAlulminumc, and Alumin'ium, n. [Lat.] (Checit.) as a honey-comib. tirenment ofA. in 1440. D. 1451. A whiite maileicable metal, cearly resemmbling zinc incolor Alvensle'ben, PHncuc KARL, Count of, a distinguished AMiADE'US IX., te Blessred, eluke of Savoy, succeeded his mnd hardnuess; it may ibe rolled into very thin foil, and Prussian diplomnatist, in the service of Frederick the father Lcccis in 1465. tie sweas feeblein ihealth anid mind, admits of beingm drawn into fine wire; after being rolled, Great and his successor; B. 1745; D. 1802. and a regenicy was intrusted to his duchess Yolande, it becomes much harder and more elastic. It is re- Alve'olar, ALVE'OL.e~, a. Pertaining to the alveoli, or daughter of Charles II. of F'racnce. A. was fimed fbr his markably sonorous and emits a clear musical sound sockets of tihe teeth. benevolencee ud care for the icoor; D. 1472. There reigned when striuck by a hard body. When heated in the formic Alveolate, a. (Bet.) Having deep angular cavities, in Savoy nine runlers of this namie, lbut tile above are the of foil with a splinter of wood in a curient of oxygen, it separated by thin partitions, as thle receptacle of the only remiacrkctblch nien. burns with a brillicant bluishi-whlite light. Nitric acid cotton-thlistle. Ama'diaic, cc AmAlLcem, a fortifiedl town of Turkey in is'without action upon it, but it is attacked rapidly by Alvelolites, n. pl. [Lat. alveus, a cavity, and Gr. lithos, Asia, Kurdistan, oe ci tributary of thlie Eigin, 65 min. from hydrochloric acid, forming chloride of aluminium, whilst a stone.] (Pal.) A gen. of fossil corals formed in tice Mosul. hydrogen is disengaged. Fronm its lightness and inaltera- cretaceous and tertiary strata. Aitn-adilna, n. (Zo6e.) A gen. of birds belonginig to the bility in the air, A. has beei applied to tihe preparation All'verson, in Michigan, a post-office of Ingham co. sub-fan..Fringillianw, and contcaininig tic Javi-sparrow of small weights; but some difficulty is experienced in Allverstoke, a parish ic Hcants, on thle Solet and and amadarad a or amadurat, pretty indian birds, which working the metal for want of a suitable solder. It is Portsmouth harbor, Englantd. It embraces Gosport, are without song, cned delicate to rear. chiefly used for ornamental articles. A. readily forms Anglesey, forts Monlckton sncd Bloci'khouse. Pjop. 17,000. Aluadis de GIalaia, the hero of an old romance of alloys with copper, silver, and iron, but not with lead. AlYveus, n. [Lat., a cavity.] A boat, formed from the chivalry, written in Spanish prose by Vasco Lobeira, The alloys with copper are very hard, and susceptible of trunk of a tree hollowed out, in use among thesncients, toward the end of the twelfth century. It was aftera iigih polish;one of these, a beautiful alloy of a golden- and in one of which, according to Ovid, Romulus and ward corrected and edited in more niodern Spanish by yellow color, containing about 10 pier cent. ofaluminium, IRemus were exposed. Garcia Ordoilez of Montalvo, about thile beginning of the is manufactured unider the name-e of aaluisnsiea bronze. (Anat.) A canal or duct, as the A. ampulsce uses, which sixteenth century, and became;c very popular book in Sp. gr. 2'5 to 2'67. Sycmbol, Al. conveys the chyle to the subclavian vein. Italy and France; it was translated into French by Al'unislh, a. Htaving the nature of alum; somewhat as -The bed of a river. (R.) D'Herberay, and printed in 1555, wilh mancy additions, alum. Alvi. a sritn o, BARTOLOmEo, an eminent Venetian general, under the title of Au2adis des Gaules. The AAmadis is Alumnnus, n.; pl. ALJMNi. [Lat.] A pupil; applied to a whose exploits in the war against the emperor Mtxi- considered as one of the most interesting works in the graduate of a college or other seminary of learning. icilisan, ic 1508, caused the republic to decree hint. tri- whole library of chivalry and romance. There are also Alumn-slate, n. (Min.) A variety of shale or clay- unsphal holcors. B. 1455; D. 1515. several other Spanish romances concerning Anicdis slate containing iron pyrites. Al'vine, a. [Fr. alvti, from Lat. alvus, belly.] Relating and his fairmily, which are, however, deservedly ferAl'umn-stone, n. See ALUNITE. or belonging to the lower belly or intestines; as, alrine gotten. Bernardo Tasso, the father of Torquato, wrote Al'unite, and ALUAIINIITEc, n. (3uia.) A rhombohedral, discharges. a poem on the subject of the Aneadis de Gaula, wrhich whlitemnetal, kinown also under the name of alumen de Alvifra, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Lycoming co. he called Amadigi di Pcrancia. This poem has never Tolpha, alum-stone, and alum e do lome. It forms seanms Alvilso, in Califbrnia, tihe shipping-port of Sant;[ Clara been held in great esteem in Italy, in trachycic and allied rocks, where it has been formed co., located at the junction of the Alviso Slough with the Aml,-ador', in California, a northern county, measuring as a result of the alteration of thice rock by means of sul- Guadalupe river, about 3 m. from the bay of San Fran- 52 mn. in length, and 10 in breadth. The Molielumne plnhurous vapors. Cocps. sulphuric acid 38'53, alumina cisco, ic Alviso township. Pop. of township about 1,100. river separates it from Calaveras in the S. Formerly 37-13, potash 11-314, water 13-00 100. Alvi'to, a town of Southern Italy, provey. of Caserta, 6 this county extended into and beycond the high Sierra, Aln'nogea, n. (Ain.) A nmonoclinic mineral, occurring m.eS.E. of Sore. Pcop. 4,242. but sinche the erection of Alpine county in 1864, it usually in delicate mcasses or crusts. It has ai vitreous, Allways, adv. [Fromi all and way; pl. ways.] Perpetu- barely reaches to the E. of tihe base of the great snowy silky lustre, and white color. Its taste is lilke that of ally; throughout all time; opposed to sometimces, or to range. The eastern portion is, nevertheless, very rugcocmmon alumne. Found as an efflorescence in numerous cecer. ged eand broken. Among the lower foot-hills of A. are places in the United States. Com'p. alumina 15'4, sul- "cMan never is, but always to be blest."-Pope. soice of the richest agricultural valleys in the State. A phuric acid 36'0, water 48-6 = 100. -Constantly; without variation; opposed to sometimes, belt of auriferous earth and rocks albout 12 m. wide, Aluta'ceous, a. [Lat. aluta, a soft leather.] Being of or to n,we and t/en. iruns entirely across its lower and most populous part, apale brown color, as that of tanned leather. "He is always great, when some great osccasion is presented to anc, thouhg! practically worked lbr several years, still Alu'teres, n. pl. (Zoel.) A gen. of fishes, family P/ecto- him." —Drydeun. gives mIple returns. The minies Keystone, Hayward, gnathi, q. v. -- This adveric is sometimes written alway, but in poetry Plymuouth, Italian, Loyal, Bunkiers Hill, Ameador, Alva, or Ai'ba, FERDINAND ALVAREZ DC ToLeao, duohe only. Statlboid, IHuibbard, Mahoney, Spring htill, Oneida, of, the greatest general of his age, a. in Spain, 1508. He AiWLur, or MACHETR, a State of Rajpootana, India, Wiilder, and Covey, are ina productive condition. Smallli was present at the battle of Pavia, at the siege of Tunis, under English control. Area, 3,573 sq. us. Let. between diamonds are frsequeintl y picked up at Fiddlectowe, Voland at the attiaclc on Algiers. He defeated and usade 270 4'and 280 13'N.; Lon. between 7cio71c and 770 14'E. cano, a nd other places. County seat, Jachcson. Peop. a,out prisoner thee elector of Saxony at the battle of Mtihlberg, Pop. about 300,000. — Alhuu-, the capital, stands on an 11,000 in 1547, and assisted at the siege of Metz. In 1537 hie eminence 1,200 feet abovetihe surrounding country. Amiador,, im Minnesota, a post-village in Chicago co., wvss sent, withe tics Sitle of Vicar-General of the Austrian Alycaesus, son of Sciron, who was killed by Theseus. iin Amcador township, on the St. Croix river, abt. 5c us. dominions in Italy, to oppose the French there, and invade A place in Megara was ucimed after him. N.N. E. of St. Paul; pop. of townshcip abt. 150. the Staites of the Church; but he was compelled to mike Aly'monl, the husband of Circe. A saadlor', in Nevada, a village of Lander co., 7 in. N. oh peace and beg pardon of the Pope. He is chiefly noto- Alyp'ius, a geographer, who was employed hdy the Austinc. rious for the merciless rigor which clacractetrized his emcpero r Julian in rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem. Ausaadeor' City, in Califosrnia. a post-village of Amnador dictatorial pover in the Netherlands, wehiere ice ovcus sent Lived in the 4th century. He has left a geographical co., on Amcador creek, 8 m. N.W. of Jsacklson; poP. abt. in 1167, to carry out tlie plans of Philip II. Under his description of the world, printed at Geneva in 1628. 475. AMAL AMAR AMAR 75 Amadou', n. [Fr.] A kind of tinder made chiefly from Albigenses. In 1209, he laid siege to Beziers, and com- seed, which has an embryo curved round a central farin the fungus called Polyporous efomentaria, which grows manded 60,000 of its inhabitants to be slaughtered after naceous albumen; leaves, destitute of stipules. They are on the ash and cherry-trees, &c. The fungus is dried, the town had surrendered. "How are we to distinguish found chiefly in tropical countries. The cock's-comb, steeped in a stronrg solution of saltpetre, and cut into the Catholics firom the heretics?" inquired one of his the globe-amaranth, the prince's-feather, the love-liesthin slices. When thick, it is beaten with a mallet or officers. "Kill them all-God knows his own," replied bleeding, of our gardens, belong to this order. Several hammer. A. is obtained also from other species of fungi. Amalric. I). 1225. species of the gen. Asoaranthus are remarkable for the Aman gansett, in XeGw 1 rk, a large village in East Aianlthwl'a. (Myth.) The name of a goat in Crete, durability of their blossoms. Hampton township, Suffolk co., 25 in. friom Riverhead. which suckiled Jupiter when his mother concealed him Ainan'itinie, n. [Gr. amanitai, a sort of fungi.] (Chems.) Ainain', adv. [From Lat. Lt agng s.] With vehemence there through fear of Saturn. From this goat came the The poisonous principle of some mushroosis,-unexor vigor; fiercely; violently. — t is usedfbor any action horn of plenty, which Jupiter gave to thie daughters of amined. performed with precipitation, when resulting from fear, Melissus, who assisted Rhea, with the power of obtain- Aman'tea, a seaport-town in Southern Italy, prov. courage, or any violent effort. ing from it everything necessary for their subsistence; Cosenza, 14 m. S.W. ofCosenza. It is supposed to occupy "Great Lords from Ireland am I come amain, called cornu Ansalthcece (the same as cornu copire, the horn the site of the ancient Nipezia. There are hot springs To signify that rebels there are up." - Shaks. of plenty). According to some, A. was the name of the in the vicinity. It was taken by the French in 1806, (Nasut.) Suddenly; at once; as, "Lower acnain I" nynmph who watched this goat. The Cumonan sibyl also after an obstinate defence. Pop. 4,077. "Let go amain!" &c. bore this name.-See SIBYLLINr ORACLES. Amanuen'sis, n.;pl. AMANUENSSE. [Lat., from ab, and A'ansk, or AMAkGet, a Danish island to the S. of Copen- A'mn. tHeb., gathering-plnce.] (Anc. Geog.) A city in marius, hand.] A person who writes what another dichagen, on which its suburb Christianshaven is built; the S. of Judiea, named with Shema and Moladah in tates, or copies what another has written. pop. abt. 8,000. Joseph. xx. 26 only. Anapall'a, a town of Central America, prov. of NicaAlrnalko'sa, or KOSAS, a tribe of the Caffres, settled in A'nan, the minister of Ahasuerus. See nlMAN. ragua. It gives name to a large gulf of the same name, Cape Colony, Africa. They are shepherds and hunters. Ain'ana, and Aos'ANus, a chain of lofty mountains sep- 220 leagues S.E. of Guatemalia. AiLnaku'tal, one of tie Kuriles islands, q. v. arating Cilicia from Syria. This niiame was given by thei Amapon'da, a tribe of the Caffres, South Africa. A'lnal, a town of Sweden, 50 m. from Weversborg. Its Greelk and Roman geographers, and is also sometimes Ainar' a, WiLL OF, a caravan-station of Arabia, on the harbor is on Lake Weser, and its trade consists princi- applied by modern geographers to the branch of mount E. coast of the Gulf of Suez; lat. 270 35' N.; ion. 320 pally of deals, iron, and steel. Pop. 11,500.'Taurus, which, beginning at the mountainm of Cape Hyn- 55' E. It is thought to be the Marrah of Holy Writ, the Amnal'arie, or AlAUrbY, the last Visigoth king of Spain, zyr, on the Gulf ot' Scaideroon, runs in a N.E. direction waters of which were rendered wholesome in answer to son of Aharic If. IlHe succeeded his grandfather Theolo- into the interior. the prayer of Moses. rio in 526, and married Clotilda, the daughter of Clovis, Am'ana, in Iowa, a township of Iowa co., on the Iowa Amarnan'/te, a town of Portugal, prov. of Minho, on king.of France, whomi he barbarously used to makie her river; pop. abt. 650. the Tamega, 35 min. N.E. of Oporto. I'op. 5,500. embrace Arianism. She complained to her brother iA'mand, M1ic ANTiONT GemaxRD, SteUonDE ST., a French An'aranth, n. [Fr. eamaranthe, from Lat. amaranthus, Childebert, king of' Paris, who in 531 marched against poet, is. at Rouens. 1594; Dn. 1661. His poems, which are unfalding.] A color inclining to purple. him and defeated him in a battle fought in Catalonia. chiefly conmic, were printed in 8 vols., 1647, at Paris. (Poet.) An imaginary flower, supposed, according to He fled to a church and was slain. A'anaiisu, St., a town of France, cap of an arrond. in its name, never to fade. Aitn'alek, sol or' Eiphiaz by his concubine Timna, tihe dep. of the Clrer, at tie confluence of the Cher with (Bot.) See AMARANTUS. grandson of Esau, and a chieftain of Edomi. If he be not the Marinmnde, 20 m. fronm Bourges. It is tihe most coin- Anmaran'thisse, a. Relating to, or consisting of amathe actual father of the Amalekites, hlie has at least givern inercial of the department. There are forges, cannon ranth; —never fading, as the amaralnt h of the poets;his name to this people, so ancient that they were foindries, and porcelain nanuioactories in tihe neighbor- having a purplish color. called thie first of all the nations. hood. P;p. 8,007.-There are several other towns of this Aiaslarantus, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. AsnaAmaniaekBites, a tribs of Edomite Arabs, who were tie name in France, but none of them has a pop. over 3,000, anmtacc, q. v. first to oppose the Israelites after the passage of the Red neither is there anything remarkable to be said about Amar'i'ah, high-priest in the reign of Jehoshaphat, sea (Exod. xvii. 7-1i), at thie battle of Rephidim, B. c. them. (2 Chr. xix. 11,) son of Azariah, and the seventh in de1491. Saul overcarin them (1 Sam. xv. 8) B. c. 1093; and A'snandl, St., a town and parish of Belgium, on the scent froni No. 1. (1 Chr. vi. 11.) their descendants were extermninated by the Simneonites Scheldt, 15 mi. fromn Antwerp; pop. 3,000. Amar'i tide, n. [Lat. amaritudo.] Bitterness. (o.) rbout B. C. 725 (1 Chron. iv. 42, 41). Ama'daaa, in Kentucky, a post-office of Greenup co., on Amaribo', or MANA', ia river in French Guiana, rising Ainalh'i, or Amn.LPHI, a city and seaport of Southern thie Ohio river, 138 m. E.S.E. of Frankfort. in about lat. 300 35' N., and fallhing into the Atlantic Italy, prov. of Citra, on the Gulf of Palermo. It was in Aimltan'ed, in Ohio, a township of Allen co., 10 m. after a course of 146 m. the iriddle ages a small republic of considerable emi- W.S.W. of Lima. Pop. about 2,500. Amnar ipu'ra, AMARAPURA, or UINMARAPUmA, formerly nence. Conquered by Rtobert Guiscard in 1035, it re- -a village of Butler co., in Lemon township, 12 m. N.E., the cap. of the Burman empire, 6 m. N.E. of Ava; lat. gained its inridependence in 1195, submitted to the king of llamilton: 250 55' N.; Ion. 950 7i E.-In 1800, the pop. was estiof Sicily in 1131, and was sackred by the Pisans in 1135. -a post-village and township of Fairfield co., 8 m. S.W. mated at 175.000, but the seat'of government having It is the,irthplace of Masanietlo, and of Flavio Givia, of Lancaster. Pop. about 3,000. been transferred to Ava in 1807, it has since rapidly dethe inventor or improver of the mariner's cFmpass. - a township of Hancock co., about 10 mn. S.E. of Finley. dlined. Near the city is a temple, much frequented by Pop. once of 5i,000, it is now rabt. 8,000. Pop. abonut 2,800. devotees, containing the celebrated bronze statue of Arna'g-am, n. [Fr. aialgtgm, fron Gr. ama, together, Aman'davlle, in Georgia, a post-office of Elbert co., Guadamn, a, brought from Aracan in 1784. and ganeo, to imarry.] (O'sem.) A combination of mer- about 9o in. N.W. of Augusta. Amar'yll'le,, n. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, ordl. Amacury or quicksilver with other metals. Many of these Ainssndissne, n. [Fr. from aiamsade, almonmd.] A kind rsllidacece. Diagnosis: Bulbs, without a coronet in the crystallize definitely, and may be separated fi-om the of cold cream, prepared from almonds, for chapped flower. excess of mercury with which they are surrounded. hands, &c. — Webster. Amarylli'dacere, n.pl. (Bet.) The amaryllids, an They are mostly brittle and soft. Tin and mercury A'mantl-lles-eauvx, St., a town of France, in the ordl. of plants, of the Narcissales alliance. Diagnosis: unite by soere rubbing; it has a high reflecting surfatce, dep. iu Nord, 7 m. N.W. of Valenciennes. It is situated Hexapetaloideous, much usubricated flowers, 6 or more and is used foi the back of looking-glasses. A4. for the in a rich, well-cultivated country, where the flax is pro- stamens with the anther turned inward, and the radicle electrical imachine is composed, of mercury 4 parts, zinc duced (limn Farad) of which the finest laces are nmanutac- next the hilum. They are generally bulbous plants, 2 par-ts, and I part tin. These, when smelted and rubbed tured in the town. This place is visited for its thermal up with a little lard, are fit for use.-Antisell. baths. Pop. 10,210. (Mis.) Namned also natihslichl A., onescure argental, A. Amaranta'eee, n. p. [From Gr. amaranthus, nnnats f It is an isonmetric mineral, opaque. and of a sil- fadiing.] (Bst.) An ord. of plants of the Chessepodale / ver-white color. It is said to occur when veins of men- alliance. Herbs or shrubs remarlkable for the dry colored culy and silver intersect each other. Cnomp. The pro- scalesof whih all their bracte a floral envelopes are Cury, ~~~~~~~~~~~~scales of which all their bractcoo anid floral envelopes re peity of the two metals is variable.-Geld acisalgigm. composed; a character by which they are principally The California variety occurs in yellowish-white, foursidedicl prismus; the Columibia var., in s..all white gra.ins as large as a pea, easily crumbling. Comrp. The proportion of gold varies firom 38839 to 41'63 per cent. AmaI'gtm, v. n, To fortm an amalgam; to amalgamate. Amal'gama, so. A mixture of different ingiedients. (e.) Alnal'g'nmmate, v. a. [Fr. amalgamer.] J'o compound or mix, as quicksilver with another metal. To six, so as to make a compound; to unite. Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues compacted and amalgamated into oe." —Banke. -v. a. To unite in an amalgamn; to blend with another metal, as quicksilver.-To coalesce, as a result ofgrowth; as, two oirgans or parts amalgamate. Asnaiga-ina'tion, x. [Fr.] The act or practice of amarlgasmating metals; a mixture of different things or races. (Chem.) The process of extracting gold and silver from their matrix by means of mercury. Wlhen gold iII or silver exists in a native state, as in ore, all that is necessary is to triturate one part of the ore deprived of rocky matter with 2 parts of mercury, in a mnortr of greater orlesser diniensions. Thre excess of mercury i s n. poured off, the amalgam strained through leather, and distilled in a retort, the minercury being condensed in waten. But for amalgamating sulhmhnret of silver, chloride of silver, and similar poor ore, tile earthis are tritursted with water in a wide shallow cylinder, in a similar man- t sier to clay at a pottery, and then dried; firom 1 to 5 per e\I! I cent. of common salt is then added to it, accordnsing / to its purity, and the whole tritum'uted. Sulphate if copper, in the proportion of 1~ lb. to 1 lb., is next added. 1 asnd the whole triturated; 0 times as much quicksilvem~ is now added so tire ore coontains, which is done mit three Fr 08 ASIAN fU5 PoLTOAMUd different timnies, and trituration peribrured. The areal- 1 A calyx and bractene, with strmens. - 2. The same with the gam is washod anid distilled. pistillsn. S3. The pistillue. — 4. A seed.-5. The embrno. —6. A Anaa]['.lija. See AMELrA. seed cut down, showing the opening embryo; —all unmagnified. lAnmansic Aidl. (Ch/see.) A weak acid, obtained by act- known fi'on other chenopodals. Their essential distluc sometimes fibrous-rooted, occasionally with a tall, cyhug on rmrf~feime with chlorine. ~Ferns~. C12N2H7~,05. tion is briefly this: calyx, dry, colored, not falling away; lindrical woody stem. They are found in countless numAreal'rie, or ARNAULD, a Spanish mihitary chlurchran, petals, wanting; stamens, five or mose; ovanrium, qunts bems in South America, West and East Indies; some who distinguished himself by his cruelties against the simple, superior; fruit, a utricle, containing a single species of the genera narcissus and galanthus only are. 76 AMAU AMAZ AMAZ found in northern countries. This is one of the few to the rays of the sun, severe exercise, strong passions, other rivers fall into the A. on its north side. They monocotyledonous ord. in which poisonous properties drunkenness, and other causes of paralytic affections, rise in tile mountains of French Guiana, but have a occur. They are principally apparent in the viscid juice are enumerated as producing this complaint. The dis- comparatively short course. From the S. the A. reof the bulbs of Hceantafhtbs toxicarius,, in which the Hot- order is genetrally difficult to be removed. ceives the Yavrsi, a small river, but of political iiportentots are said to dip their arrow-heads, and amaryllis Aanau'ry I., king of Jerusalem, succeeded his brother tance, as forming the boundary between Brazil and the 11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~taca omn the boundr etenBazilanh Hippeastra, which is employed for poisoning in the Baldwin III., in 1162. He was a courageous and enter- republic of Peru, the outaia, the Ysu'o, the [Jfe, the West Indies.-The ord. is divided into the tribes Asa- prising prince, but these qualities were sullied by Puruc, the Madeira, the Topyeos, and the A'ingo.. All rytlece, and Narcissem, Alstrbtieriece, and Agavec, q. v. alvarice andcriuty D. 1173. the country between the rivers Ucayli and Turus may Almaryl'lis, the name of a country woman in Vir- AAUi~Y II., king of Jerusalem, succeeded his brother, be considered as unknown; but the Madeira, the largest gil's Eclogues. Some commentators have supposed that Guy de Lusignan, in 1174, and married Isabella., second of the tribut-aties of the A., is pretty well known, even the poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious name. daughter of Amaury I. The Saracens having taken in its upper branches. Its whole course extends to (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe Aearylloee, including his capital, hlie applied for assistance to the European upward of 1,800 m., and is navigable almost in its entire numerous beautiful species, many of which are highly princes; but before their succor arrived, lie died, in 1205. length. Toward its embouchlure, the A. divides into poisonous. Anl'ausite, n. A variety of felspar or ALBITE, q. V. two branches, of which the northern is by far the broadAsnaryn'thus. (Myth.) A village of Euboea, whence iAnamxifei, a seaport town, cap. of Santa Maura, one est, andcl retaiins its namne. TIhe southern. called IlbgyDiana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in that town, of the lonian islands. It is separated from the stroig purs, runs souta of the island Magrajo, and joins ni Amaryntlhi e. castle of Santa Maura by sa lagoon a mile wide. Here the eastern side of the island the river lbcantins, q. v., A l'asa. [Ieb., burden.] Son of Ithra orJether, by Abi- an English governor and a Greek bishop reside. Pep. which sfter this junction is called the river Para. The.p.whidhatrthis jntof the cannllbetwe the risvser _and. the cni gall, David's sister. He was pardoned by David, though 7,000.idth of the channel between the islnd and the contilhe had fought against him ii the army of Absalom, and Amaze', v. a. [From a and mazne, perplexity.] To con- nent is about 18 in., widening toward its mouth to 30 appointed Joab's successor. Joab afterwards stabbed fuse with terror and astonishment. min. The two branches of the A., unsited to the river him with his sword, whicli he held in his left hand.'"Yea, I will make many people amiazed at thee, and their kings Pare, terminsate by a mouth iupward of 150 m. in width. (2 Sam. xx. 19.) shall be horribly afraid of thee." - Bzek. xxxii. 10. Tile width of the A. averages friom one to two m. in the Am'asai. [Iteb., burdensome.] Chief of the captains of - To put into confusion with wonder. upper part of its course; but lower down it grows much Judah and Benjamin, who joined David at Zikrlag. "Go, heav'nly pair.... amaze and charm mankind." - Sinish. wider, and after its junction with the Xingu it is hardly (1~ Chr.:~iih. 1.) — To put into perplexity. possible to perceive its opposite balihs.-broim the sea Amasi'ah, son of Zichri, and captain ot 200,000 war- "Thetcanaotchoosebutamazehiii. Ifebenot azeihewilt to the mouth of the Rio INegro, the depth of the Main riors of Judah, under Jehoshaphat. (2 Chr. xvii. 16.) be mocked; if he be amazed, hlie will every way be mocked." —Shak. clmnnel is nowhere less than. 30 fathomms; higher up, it Ailnatsieh, or AMAsIAYav, i the ancient Amasia, a Ama.l ze', n. Used in poetry as a synonym of Assetz- varies friomi 10 to 12; and sp to the basin of Omnaguas, town of Turkey in Asia, cap. of a Sanjiahck of sames 3ieNT,. V. near the junction of the Tunguragua with the Ucaymsi, niame in the E. part of Natolia, oni thle Jelcil-Erma ak or Then csti bck his eyes wit dire me, there is depth of water for vessels of almost every de" Then casting back his eyes with dire namaze, Yeshtil-Irnmik (the ancient Iris); Iat. 40~ 33s N.; ion. Sees, on the Punick shore, the mounting blazeI' -Dryden. scription. Higher up, those vessels onsy can proceed 30 26i E. Gtreat quantities ou silok and wine are pro- witd saCtety, which do not draw usore than 5 or 6 feet duced in the snurlrounding country, and some branch(o. ftso (i)s water.-The shoals of thie river are very nummerous, and "I ~~~~~~~conlusion. (it.) of the silk mtaufacturA' are carried oil in tsae towT of being ens-ed; asn- the navigable channels in many places narrow, winding, ~~~which has a consd~idt ~erabl e trade. It was anciently the iBanomd subject to continual changes. The ibanlks of the which has a consideriable tmade It was anciently tIme ishiment; wonder; confusion. capital of the kiings of Pontus. It is the birthplce Amaze'ful, a. Full of iiazement. river being low, are subject to be under water. owing to of the king Mitrites, a of tie geographer Strumo. maze'e n. Sai acmefs eshets and great overflow in the rainy seson; whesn 1.) Aia-iiaelment, n.Sucl~ a confused apprehension as Pop. about idt25,0s90. Ctor oisuloc xrei fa these happen. the country is inundated bfor many miles Amlass', v.. [Fr. amasse.] To collect together into a h on each side of the river, the whole of the numerous bn 93- a. [F~r. ameecerp,.] T ohc oehrit does not he-ave t~o resisous its f'ull f'orce; e~xtremse fe-au —,oll id ftl ie, ie~hl f h 1Ilr heap or mass; —in a figurative sense, to add one thing to hro islands are covered with water, and often either change another. "nut mesh I escsemmi on tmy mother sits: thism siluation, or are fbrmed into new ones.'Time islands o step between her and her fighting soul. "- Shaks. (Hramlet.) Amnassettel, n. [Fr.] (Paint.) An instrument of horn Etee de e c i. of the A. are almost innumerable, and of all sizes; many usaed for collecting painters' colors oil the stone, &c. are firom 12 to 15 m. in circumference, and some from mus1 He ended, d ld his words impression left Annass'ment, a. A heap collected; an accumulation. o ended, and him weeds infprerssa lewt 30 to 36 m. The miost remaarkable are the islands of Tu, Of much amsazensent to th' infernal crew."- Sfilton. Aunasthen'ic, a. [Gr. amea, together, sthenos, force.] - eight of admiration. pi bas, Marajo, and Caviaa, q.v. The tide which The same as AeMAcacIC. - Heade of admirge atin tiraeoglyenters thie river may be observed as far as the town of Amaitem'bu, or TAM'BOUKIS, a tribe of the Caffres, "RHd you, some ages past, this race of glor y (bidos, 400 m. from its mouth. Wlhen it begins to ebb, South Africa. Rn, th mazeent e od read yr sy." - t and the sea-water receding liberates the imprisoned Amat~eur%', n. [Fr. from Lat. aleator, a lover.] A person - Astonishment; wonder at an expected event. current of the river, the A. pours out with increased having a taste for a particular art, yet not professing, "They were filled with wonder and amazement at that which lihad bmrce and velocity into tIhe ocean, and as it here meets, nor being dependet upon it. hapened nt him. -As iii. 10. at nio'great distance from the land, the current which An-ateur'ship, n. The quality or character of an Amnazi'ah, son of Joash I., and eighth king of Judah, fromas Cape St. Roque runs along the N.E. coast of Brazil, amateur. succeeded his father at the age of 25. He blended idola- it gives rise to tlhat phenomenon called by the Indians A.ma'thus. (Asnc. Geog.) A city on the S. side of the try with the worship of God. With the assistance of the Porusoca. Tihe river anid the current, l hiaving both great island of Cyprus, especially dedicated to Venus. The Israelites, he defeated the Edonmites is the valley of salt; rapidity, and meeting nearly at right angles, coume into island is sometimes called Amnathusia. A. is now named but afterwards commenced war ou Ihis allies, by whom contact with great violence, and raise a mountain of Lim mnesol. lie was taken prisoner. Slain by his own subjects, 810 water to a great height. The shock of these two bodies Amna'ti, ANDREA and ANTONIO, father and son, eminent B. c. of water is so powerful, that its sound is heard for as violin-makers. - Andrea lived in the 16th, and Antonio Aexaaaz'iug-, a. VWonderful; astonishing. miles around. It may be said that the river and in the 17th century, at Cremona, Italy. Their instru- Aia, -z'lingly, acdv. To an anlazing degree; wonder- the ocean contend for the empire of the waves, but rients, named Amiati or OrCemonas, now bear a high fully. yetthey seem to come to a compromise, for the sea curprice. CA ia'mazon, n. [Fr. amazone, fron Gr. a, priv., and mazs, rent continues its way along the coast of Guiana, and Ain'tative, a. Full of love; amorous; amatory.- Web- thu breast.] One of the AMrazocis, q. i. —A warlike wo- the current of the river is still observable in the ocean stle. muan; ia virago. -In French fashion, the name A. is also at a distance of 500 nautical miles fioun its mouth. The Anm'ativeness, n. [From Let. amare, to love.] (Phren.) applied to a long dress worn by ItLdies when riding; and swhole course of the A. from Lake Lauricocha to the sea Ti'le organ of sexual desire; propensity to love. extensively to ludy-equestrians tlhem-selves. is upward of 3,:J00 nm. —The mouth of the A. was dis. Asunl/tian,, a district of Central America, with a rich A.an'iaxzon, in Illinois, a village of Boone co., abt. 15 m. covered in 1500, by Vincent Yanecz Pinon. In 1537, aund fertile soil. Cochineal is produced here. 20 min. firoin N.E. of Belvidere. Francisco d'Orcellana, a Spaunish adventurer, havinvig emGuatemale. Amk'azoPns, n. pi. A race of femnale warriors, of Scyth- barked on thie Rio E apo, one of its remote tributaries, Amlua'to, GIOVANNI ANTONIO D', a distinguished Neapol- han origin, dwelling oil the banks of the Thermodion, in obllowed the cumuent and was carried down the stream itle pailiterl', B. 1475; D. 1555. Cappadocia. Its order to use their weapouns with greater to its emnbouchliuree. Haviag reported that armed women Ainato'rial, a. [Lat. amatorius.] Relating to love; force and precision, their right breasts were burned off were imet with on its banks, it thence obtained its popas amatoriat sonnets. - Wotton. or destroyed at an early age. They are mentioned by ular nam-e ofl A. —The origin of the name Maraeion is -Produced by illicit intercourse; as, amuutirial progeny. — Hoiser and Hlerodotus, but all accounts concerning tihe probably derived from that of an Indian nation ilnhabitWbebster. A., althoughs repeated by msany authors, have been re- Ing somes parts of its banks. The A. was first described (Anat.) A term given to the muscle of thIe eye, by jected as fibulous.-The name of A. is now given to by M. de la Condalnine, a French traveller, who having which that organ is moved in ogling. the female body-guard of the king of Dahomey, in W. enmbarked upon it, in 1743, near Jaen, and foillowed the Aguato'ria'lly, ade. In an anmatorial manner. Africa, q. v. TIhey are remarkable for the valor and current to its month, gave an interesting account of the Ainuato'riau, a. Pertaining to love; amatory. ferocity they exhibit when engaged in warfare. expedition, with a map of the river; Paris, 1745. The A. Aniato'rious, a. [Lat. anzalorius.] Pertaining to Asu'azosns, AMAzoNs, or iMARANtON, the largest river was explored in 1799 by Hiumboldt, and il 1b67 by the love. (o.) in the world, not only for the length of its course, but illustrious naturalist Agassiz, who has made us lfamiliar Am'atory, a. Relating to love; caMusing love; as, also for the extent of country watered by its noble with the course of the river as fir as Tabatinga. His attenauuatory potions. stream, and great tributaries. It rises in La7ce Laurui- lion was principally directed to the till then unknown Amatri'ei, a town of Southern Itatly-, prov. of Aquila, cocha, 14,000 feet above the sea, in 100 30' S. Lat., Ichthyology of the Amnazonian valley, and about 1,900 22 m. N. of Aquila; pop. 5,725. near the town of Cerroda Pasco, in Peru. Under the new species of fishles, discovered and ascertainede by him, Amnauro'sis, n. [Fr. amaurose, firom Gr. ereauros, name of Upper Mfaraeiton or iTuesguragua, it runs N.N.W. will probably necessitauete important modifications in the dark.] (Med.) A disease of the eye, named also Gutta through a longitudinal valley of the Cordilleras, up to classification of this branchi of natural history. In the serena (drop serene), and Auutblypuia, attended with a about 50 of S. Lat., or 350 us. Tile direction of its course month of June, 1866, the Peruvian government sent a diminution or total loss of sightil, without sny visible is then changed to the N.E. for about 50 or 60 ni., and steamer sp the Ucayli, and its tributary the Pachitea, injury to the organ, and arising fromu a paralytic affec- in this part of its course, the river descends from the with the view of ascertaining if it would be possible to tion of the retitsm and optic nerve. It arises generally high valley of the mountains to the E. plain, by the establish an easy communication by a watery road, up from coumpression of the optic nerves, amaurosis cosn- long rapid called tie Pengo de IManse-iche. Ou entering to the town of Msyaro, at the botton of the Andes of pressionis; froum debility, auuausrosis atonica; from the plain, thie Tingurasgua receives foiom the right, the High Peru, E. fromn Lima. This expedition resulted in spasm, namaurosis spasuiodica; or from poisons, aluauro- Huallaga or Guallaga, and between the 4th and 5th the death of two officers, killed usnd eatrun by the natives, sis venenata. —The symptoms of amaurosis are noted for degree of S. Lat. the waters of the river are increased on the bPanis of thle Pschiteea. A second expedition, sent being very irregulaur. In masny cases, the pupil is very from the left by the two rivers Pastsuga and Tigre. somse monsths after for the psurpose of avenging the death much dilated, immovable, and of its natural black color. Then the Tungurague meets at St. Joaqufim de Omaguas, of the officers, was more successful.'hle Inudians were Soneetimes, however, in the umost comsplete snd incura- its rival the U7cayati, which rises near the 14th S. parallel, chastised, and tue steamer, by pursuing its way up time ble cases, the pupil is of its natural size, and the iris and is considered the true source of theAmaezon by those Pachitea, and the Palcazu, has proved the navigability capable of free motion. In some cases the pupil huis a e who think that the stream which runs furthest fron of those rivers up to Mayro. Pron Mayro to Limum, dull, glassy, or huoruny appearance. Sometimes its color the mouth has time best claim to the honor of being'con- a distance supposed to be about 400 m., a road is to be is greenish, occasionally w-hitishi and opaque, so as to be sidered its source. —]?roen its junction with the Ucayali, opened, which will put the valley of the A. in direct hiable to be mistnken for sn incipient cataract. The the Tangur-gu a is called Amazon or Marafion. The connunicetion with the shores of use Pachfic ocean. blindness produced by aumeurosis is generally preceded river ruunning then nearly in an E. direction, enters the Thie country immeediately on the banics of the A. is by an imauginary appeamrnce of numerous insects, or Brazil at Tsbatinga, and receives from the north thee very low, subject to be inundated, and therefore unfit substances like cobwebs, interposing themselves be- Nrtpo, the Puitusmayo, and time io 1/segro, which is, by for cultivation; but further from the banks it rises tween objects and tIme eye. The origin of a cataract, far, the largest of time northern trilbsutaries of the A. and is much diversified with low hills covered with on the other hand, is usually atteinded with a sinmple river. Its whole course is about 1,400 in., eu-sd it may tall trees. The mature growth of these trees, time cloudiness of vision. Violent contusions of the head, emell be compared with the M'Iissiosipsi luefore its junction hardness of their wood, and their vigorous vegetasapoplectic fits, flashes of lightning, frequent exposure with the Missouri. To the E. of tlhe Rio Negro, a fBw tion, bear unequivocal testimony to the richness of AMBA AMBI AMBO 77 soil in which they grow. But it is anlmost entirely acter, such as his furniture, equipage, &c., &c., but the Ambidexter'ity, and Aanbidex'trousness, n. without culture, and, with the exception of a few spots title of Extraordinary being considered more exalted, The quality of being able to use both hands; doublewhere the Per- is now usually bestowed even upon those who are regu- dealing. tuguese and.. ~ /larly resident. The rank and pomp attached to tihe Ambidex'trous, a. Having with equal facility the Spaniardsohave office of A. being attended with considerable expense, use of either hand; double-dealing; practisiug on both settled, it is / it was found expedient to employ ministers under otser sides. only inhabited denominations, who, though inferior in point of dignity, Am'bient, a. [Fr. from Lat. ambiens.] Surrounding; by the native should be invested with equal power. The chief difibr- accompanying; investing. Thus, the air is frequently savages, who ence by which all the lower orders of diplomatic agents called an ambient fluid, in consequence of being diffused roam about in are distinguished from A. properly so called, is, that they round all terrestrial bodies.-This word is sometimes the immense are the representatives, not of the personal dignity of found used by old authors as a noun; as, "Air is a perforests, and live by hunting. their sovereign, or of an executive power, but merely of petual ambient." The mineral wealth of tie the affairs and interests of their country. To this order Ambig'enal, a. [Lat. ambo, both, and genu, knee.] Amazonian valley is abso- belong envoys, ordinary and extraordinary, and the (Math.) A term applied to a hyperbole of the third order, lutely unexplored. In 1C67, nministers-plenipotentiary. The United States never send one of whose infinite branches is tangent to the asympthe emperor of Birazil opelned agents of the rank of an A. in the diplomatic sense. They tote within, and the other without the angle which the the river to tihe firee naviga- are represented by ministers-pleniipotentiary, appointed asymptotes'form with each other. — W. G. Peck. tion and trade of the world, by the President with the approval of the Senate. Ans'lta., se. [Fr.] An entertainment, consisting of a a liberel and politic step i' Ambassad o'rtial, a. Belonging to an ambassador. medley set on tile stage at the s.ame timne. firom which it may be srse- Anbas'sadress, n. A woman sent on an embassy. Ambigua'ity,. [Fr. atnbigui, firomn Lat. ambigets.] told that the bacsin oh thee A The wife of an ambassador. The quality or state of being ambiguous; doubtfulhess will date its ara of civilize- Amn'batiki, an ishlanmd in the S. Pacific, of the Feejee of mneaning; uncertainlty of signification; doutle ticon. Great encouragement group; Lat. 170 47' S.; Lon. 1790 11' W. It attains an ele- meaning. is also given to foreign inmii- vation of 750 feet, in the form of a domce. Pop. 500. "We can clear these ambiguities, gration. But it would be: lAmba'to, a town in the rep. of Ecuador, S. America, And know their spring, their head, their true desce.t." —Staks. dangerous foir iboreign con- near the foot of Mount Chimborazo, 8,837 feet above Amnbig'uous, a. [Fr'. ambigu, from Lat. ambigere, to panies to compete with the sea-level; pop. 13,000. wonder about.] Tnhat quality of an expression which Brazilian steamers, which A ) nm'be, n. [Gr., an edge.] (Anat.) A superficial eminence leaves us in doubt whiclh of two ways to take in it, and, receive lhrge subsidies from on a bone. by an extension of imeeaning, which leaves us in doubt the government, anid in other (Sung.) An old instrumnent once used for reducing dis- generally; equivocal; doubtful; conjectural. ways it reemains to be expe- locations of the shioulder. Its invention is imputed to Amnbig'ulsn sly, adv. In an amnbiguous manner; rienced, whether or not the Hippocrates. doubtfully; with a dark meaning. white race is able to perform Amtbela'kia, a town of Turlrey in Europe, in Thessaly, Ambig'uousness, n. The quality of being amlniguagricultunral labor under the on the W. declivity of Mount Ossa, near the Peneus, ie ous; uncertainty of meeaning; deplicity of signification. tropical snlle of the A. Fram: mN.N.E. of Lerissa; pop. about 4,000. Ambile'vous, a. [Lat. ansbo, both, and lsevus, on the the difficulty, if not inspossi- An'ber, or Suieinite. [Fr. ambre, from Ar. amebar.] left side.] Left-handed on both sides; —opposed to arability of enslaving its im- (Min. and lChem.) A beautiful fossil resin of trees be- bidextrous. — Wilrcester. meuse and tempestuous wea- longinug to the ord. Coniferce, now extinct. It occurs in Ambi'orix, a king of the Eburnnes, in Gaul. Its was ters; from the indolaence of ___ beds of lignite, in Prussia, France, &c.; but the greatest a great enemy to Rome, and was killed in a battle with tile natives, the inmtense _____ portion of it comes from the S. coast of tihe Baltic sea. Ceesar, in whichl 60,000 of his countrymoen were killed. heat of the climate, and It takes a good polish; when rubbed, it becomnes elec- AIn'bit, a. [Lat. ambitus, circuit.] The compass or cirthe price of manual labor, it trical, and the word Electricity is derived franc the Greelk cuit of anything; the line that encompasses anything. may be predicted that cen- name of amber, Electron. It is a hard, brittle, tasteless (Gesum.) The perinmeter or periphery of a phlin figturies will pass tway before substance, at times perfectly transparent, but nmostly ure, (a.) tle Valley of the A. may semi-transparent or opaque, andil of aII glossy surfitce. It Am bi'tion, n. [Fr. anbition; Lat. ambitio, from amcompete in civilization and occurs of all colors, but chiefly yellow or orange, end bice, to go about, as they did in ancient Rome when canwecalth with the temperate microscopeic fungi and insects are often found preserved vayessing for office.] A tendency to selfraising, which valley, watered by its north- in it. Its firactnure is even, smooth, and glossy.'When may be either moderate or immoderate; aspiration; erin rival, thie Mississippi. _Peg. 100.-eAsueves PALeT rubbed or heated, it gives a peculiarly agreeable smell, emulhtion; appetition. During the year 1866, the (Iriartea exorhiza.) particularly when it mnelts, that is at 5500. Projected Amb'itionless, a. Devoid of, or without ambition. 8 steamers of the Brazilian Company transported 10,249 on burning coals, it burns with a whitish flamie, but Ambi'tios, a. [Lat. as bitiosus; Fr. amabitieux.] Seized travellers; and for the samie year, the value of products gives very little soot, and leaves brownish ashes. It is or touched with ambition; desirous of advancement, exported from the. A. amnounted to $3,999,905. soluble in sulphuric acid, and is precipitable fi'om it by eager of honor, power, distinction, &c.; aspiring. Amazo'nian, a. Like an amazoe; of mansculine man- water. Nitric acid converts it into a resinous substeance, "The neighb'ring monarchs, by thy beauty med, ner; warlilce;- specially applied to womnen. and dissolves it totally. Density, from 1'065 to 1'070. Contend in crowds, acmbitious of thy bed. (Geog.) Belonging to the riverAnmazons, or to its valley. Comp. carbon 80'59; hydrogen 7'31; oxygen, t6'73; — Indicating ambition; as. an amebitious style. Amana'zula, or ZULUS, a tribe of Caffres, South Africa. ashes (lime, silica, alumina) 3'27; loss 2'10 = 100.-A. is Am bi'tiously, adv. In an ambitious manner. They inhabit the territory between Natal and the employed for ornamental purposes in the manufacture Am bi'tiousness, n. The quality of being ambitious. Portugnese frontier at Delagba Bay. of necklaces, &c. It is used also for preparing amber 2Am.'bitus, n. [Lat.] The external edge or border of a Amrb-. [Lat. ambi, anab; A.S. emb.] A prefix found in varnish, for obtaining a peculiar oil used in nmedicine, and thing, as the border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve words derived firom the Latin, and signifying about; yields succinie acid employed in cherical investigations. shell; —circumference; circuit. around. Am.nber, a. Consisting of amber. (Arch.) The open space round a building. Amba'ges, n. pt. [Lat. friom nnambi, and agere, to drive.] -v. a. To scent with amber. (Hist.) In ancient Rome, the act of setting up for A circuit of words; a circunmlocutory form of speech; a Ain'ber D.rink, n. Drink of the color of amber. some magistrature or office, and formally going round multiplicity of words; an indirect manner of expression. Amn'berg, a town of Bavaria, one the Vile, 31 m. N.N.W. the city to solicit the interest aend votes of thie people. "They gave these complex ideas names, without long ahabages of Ratisbon. It was formerly tihe capital of the Upper (Maus.) The pa'ticular extent of each tone, or modifiand circumlocutions."-Lock,. Palatinate. Manf. fire-arms, eartheenwavre, tobacco, iron, cation of grave and sharp. Anmbageinous, AMaB'Glosos, and AMBIo'IToRY. [Lat. and woollen and inesn fabrics. Lat. 490 25' N.; Lon. 110 Am'lble, v. n. [Fr. ambler, from Lat. amcbulae, to walk.] avebagiosus.] Circumlocutory; perplexed; tedious; indi- 50' E. Pop. 12,942. To move upon an amble; to pace quilckly. rect. (a.)' Ambernger, Cuanrsoen, a German painter, a. at Ntirn- -In a ludicrous sense, to walk eaffectedly. Amba'lagn, a town in the island of Madura, Malay berg, 1450. His principal wora- is the "History of Jo- "I am rudely stampt, and want love's majesty, Archipelago; pop. 4,000. seph," in 12 pictures; a. 1568 or 1569. To strut before a wanton, ambing nymph."-Shaks. Ambsarvallia. [Lat. from ab'ambiendis arvis, going Am'beragrs, n. [Eng.-amnber, and Fr.gris, gray.] (Cinem.) Am'ble, n.'[Fr.] A pace or movement in which a horse around the fields.] Processions round ploughecd fields, An ashen-gray, light, soft substance, which is ebennd removes both legs oil one side; thus, on the off side he celebrated by tile Romans in April and July, in ihonor floating in water; spec. gray.'78 to.92; smell, agreea- removes his fore and hinder leg at tihe same time, whilst of Ceres, the goddess of corn. They went three times ble; taste, insipid; soluble in alcohnol and depositing the legs on the near side stand still; and when, in turn, round their fields, crowned with oalrk-leaves, singing crystals. It is a concretion apparently formed in the the off legs are upon thie ground, tihe fore and hind legs hymns to Ceres, and entreatinu her to preserve their stomach or intestines of the cPhyscer nmacrocephalus, or on the near side are remnoved, and the off-side legs are corn. A sow, a sheep, anid a bull, called A. hostice, were spernmaceti whale. The best kind comes ifrom the coasts still. An amble is the first pace hor young colts, which afterwards immolated, and the sacrifice has sometimes of Madagascar, Surinamn, and Java. It is occasionally they quit wmhen they get strength enough to trot. There been called suovetaurieia, fi-om sua, seis, and taurus. found in large masses, sometimes of the weiglht of up- is no anble in the maniege; riding-masters allow of Ambasesadlor, n. [A. S. ambeht; Fr. ambassadeur.] The wards of 200 lbs. When first found floating in the sea, walk, trot, and gallop only. A horse may be put firom name most coimmonly given to every kind of diplomatic it is soft, and of a very strong smell; this diminishes biy a trot to a gallop without stopping; but cannot be put mninister or agent sent by one sovereign power to another degrees, as it hardens by exposure to tihe air, and ulti- from anl amble to a gallop without a stop, which interto treat upon afifirs of state. A. were employed in very mnately becomes highly aromatic. The active principle rupts the justice of the mnrege. ancient times. Moses sent nesseng ers to thli king of contained in A. is chiefly used as a perfune, generally Am'blel, m. A horse which ambles; a maicer. Edom to request a passage through his territories (Num. in the form of an alcoholic solution. The Orientals use Amblers s 1l[i11s, in Virgisnia, a post-office ofLouisaco. xx. 14-21), B. c. 1452; and David made war upon tihe it as an aphrodisiac, and esteem it highly. It has also Am'hbleterase, a small maritime town of FrEance, dep. Ammsonites because their king ill-used his messengers been used in nervous diseases, of Pas de Calais, 6 sc. N. of Boulogne. It weas tbr-eerly and treated themn as spies (2 Samn. x.) B. C. 1058. Em- Am'be'rgris Hey, an island in the Bay of Honduras, a sea-port of importance: and both Louis XIV.. and bassies were anciently sent only on particular occasions, 30 in. from Belize, about 30 mn. long, and 3 broad. Let. Napoleon endeavored, by improving its harbor, to regain but with the progress of commerce and civilization, the 180 50' N.; Lon. 870 48e W. for it some portion of its ancient consequence. But intercourse between States becamne so great, and their An'Cber Seed, n. The seed of the Hiliscus abelme- owing to the accunulatinon of sand, their efforts have interests so complicated, that it was found expedient, and sclus. It resembles millet, is brought firom the W1est had no permanent influence, and the town is almnost therefore customary, for one power to haveits A. residing Indies nancd Egypt, is of a bitterish taste, with a flavor deserted. Pop. 600. constantly at the courtof another. TheBordinars func- reseanbling thnt of nmusk. It is also called musi-seed. Amb'~lintg, me. The motion of a horse that ambles. tions of ai A. are, to conduct negotiations on behalf of Am be-'son',s Valley, in.Pennsylvania, a post-office — p a. Moving with an amble.- Worcester. his country, according to the powevrs intrusted to hiam, of Fr'ccnlilin c(o. Am'Blingly, adv. With an ambling movement. and to watch over the accomplishment of all existinmg Am'bel —tree, n (Bet.) See AmrossPsRaUM. Am'bslygonr, n. [fir. omblys, obtusse, and genia, angle.] engagemnents. He has also duties to perform toward Am'bee.'t, a towvn of Frcance, cap. of an arrond. in the (Gesm.) An obtnse-angled triangle. private individuals of his own nation; such ens to provide dep. of Puy de D~me, 36 m. S.E. of Clermont. From AmllByg'.onal, a. Helvineg an obtuse angle. them with passports; to protect them 1i-one violence 50 to 60 mills are emeployed in fine printing and engrav- Amblsygo tine, n. (lin.) A t-iclinic mineral, having and injustice, and secure for them the uill benefit of the ing. Pop. 7,661. a pearly eustre, shnd generally a pale nmountnain or sealaws. It is a duty bnetween nations at peace emith each Asss'Isec —weepisng, a. Distilling amber. green color. It comntesins alnmina, lithnia, and fluorine, other to receive reciprocally their A. and insure to them e Asubidex'ter, n. [Lat. ambo, both, and dexter, the It is found ifi Maime, at Itebron. perfect security. A refusal to receive an A. properly right hand.] One who can use both hands with equal Ansblyrhmyn'chtss, n. (Zo;l.) A gems of lizards reaccredited, ifmnde without suffcient cause, is considered facility, and for the like purposes thaet the genernality of sembling the igucnnas, Sbund in the Galapeegos islands. a gross insult to the powemr he represeants. The more people do withm their right hands. A person acting They are very ugly animals, but harmless. essential privileges of an A. cre, thast no legal process with bothe sides. Am'boise, Bnessn D'. See Buss. can affect him, in his person or property, so much of his (Lame.) A juror who takes bribes from both parties Am'boise, Gsos a', a French cardinal, and minister property, at least, as is connected with his official char- to influnene his verdict. of state, a. 1460. He became successively bishop c-i 78 AMBR AMBRt AMEL Montauban, archbishop of Narbonne, and of Rouen. masses, having a peculiar odor. It reddens litmus. Amlbss-ace', n. [Lat. ambo, botl, and ace, q. v.] A double Louis XII. made him prime-minister. He was one of Solid at 2120, it forms salts with bases. It is used as a ace, two aces turned up at the same time by two dice. the wisest statesmen France ever had. He reformed the perfume in the Irmn of tincture. Composition uncertain. Webster. church, remitted the peoples' burdens, and conscien- Alm'b.eine, n. [Fr.] (Chem.) Colorless needles, a Amnbubalje, or AMBUBAI.M, dissolute women of Syria, tiously laboredto promote the public happiness. D. 1510. white, brilliant, insipid solid, with an agreeable smell; resembling tie modern al.hn, who were in the habit Atu'boise, AMaERY D', a eimous French admiral, and obtained by digesting ambergris with hot alcohol. It of attending the festivals and public assemblies of brother of Georgie d'Amboise, q, v. He became, in 1503. distils without alteration. Comp. C. 83-37, H. 13'32, Romue, as minstrels. Their name is derived either from Grand-MSaster of the Knigilts of St. John in Rhodes, and 0. 3'31. the Syriac word abub, a flute, or from as, round, and gained a splendid victory over the Sultan of Egypt, in Am' briaci, one of the islands of the New Hebrides, Pa- Baice, the place which they generally fiequented. 1510. D. 1512. cific ocean; Lat. 600 9' 30" S.; Lon. 1670 5/ E, It is about Ambulan'era, r. pl. [Lat. accbulacruem, an alley.] (Zeal.) Ain'boise, a town of Franuce, dep. of Indre-et-Loire, on 50 us. in circumference. Prominences or perforations in the shell of the cEchinus, tis left bank of the Loire, 15 m. S.E. of Tours. It stanids Amblr'iz, a small Africasskingdom, S. of Guinea, with or sea-urchin, from which extend the tentacles or spines on the foot qfa hill ou whose summiit there is an an- a port on the Atlantic, at the moutli of the Ambriz used for prehension or locomotion.-Daca. cient fortress celebrated in French history. This castle, river, 70 m. N. of Loando. It hlas an extensive trade in Ainbhltf'ei al, a. Belonging to ambulacra. which is of vast extent, was com-iscenced under Hugues gums, ivory, &c. Cap. Quebranza. Anm'bulance, n. [Fr.] (Mil.) A flying hospital, so Capet, and finished unlder Charles VII. It wsts c livorite A&nsbriz', a towni of S. Afriica, prov. of Angola, belong- organized as to follow an army in its movements, and residence of Louis XI., and in it Charles VIII. wts born ins g to the Portuguese. A Catholic church has lately intended to succor tihe wounded with all haste.-A two in 1470, and expired ic 1498. It is also famous as the been built at this place. or four-wheeled vehicle for conveying the wounded from birthplace of the conspiracy, dite d'Amboise, against the Anlxariz'ette, a sicall kingdonc of Africa, in South the field; called also ambulance cart. Guises, concocted in. 1560. It was here too, as some say, Guinea, between the rivers Congo and Ambrizette, withi A/mn'blla n, a. [Fr. from Lat. ambulate, to walk.] Movthat the Calvinists, in 1568, were first called HIuguenots, a town oil tihe Atlantic, about 30 us. N. of Amcbriz. ing from place to place. a term which, though applied to them contemptuously, Ambroa'ia. (Anc. GeeV.) A city of Epirus, near the Ambua'ltion, n. [Lat. ambulation.] The act of walksignifies only confederates. It suffered very much dur- Accerom, the residence of Iing Pyrhus. Augustus, sfter ing. (R.) ing the religious wars. The views from the towers and the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. Am'bulator, c. One who walks about. battlements are superb. Pop. of the town, 4,570. Aninbioix', St., a town of France, in the dep. of Card, (Sure.) An instrument for umeasuring distances;,Amaboor, a town of Hlindostan, in the Carnatic, district 11 m. N.N.E. of Allaies. Pop. 4,060. called also pe-rambulatcr. -. Arcot, 108 m. W.S.W. of Madras. Lat. 120 50' N.; Lon. Aanbro'ales, a warlike nation of Ganul, who lived near Am'bulatory, a. [Fr. acbulsaline, from Lat. actbula78~ 46' E. the Alps, between Switzerland and P-rovence. They ac- torius.] That which Ihas the power or itaculty of walkAmlboy', in Illinois, a flourishing town of Lee co., on conmpnied the Cimbri and Teutones in their invasion of ing; as, an asmbulatory animial. — That which happens t roen river, 100 m. W. by S. of Chicago; pop. abt. 1,500. the Romnan territories, and were routed with great during a journey or walk. (i.) Am1boy', in Iowa, a post-village of Washington co., 32 slaughter by Marius, 101 B. c. Their women, after a "He was sent to conduct hither the princess Maria, of whom his cc. W.S.W. of Muscatine. futile attack upon the Rocman soldiers, who were fIbollow- majesty had an ambulatory view in her travels." - WItton. Armboy', in Michigan, a township of Hillsdale co.; pop. ing in pursuit of the flyincg Sie, offered to yield on the -oale blt t t 11 ~ ~ ~ ~~~ -Movable; as, ain ambudlaory court: a com't -wl ich moves abt. 900. condition that their chastity should be preserved. Ths fris place to place for the esecise of its juaisiction — a post-village in the above. township, on Silver creek, proposition being rejected, they first slew all their chlii- (Luw.) Moviale; cforIheabexer that which is not fixed. schi. 35 mu W.S.W. of Adrian. ress, acid ticecs thienaxelves(Law.) Movable; chsangeaeble; thcat which is not fixed. abt. 35 in W.S.W. of Adrian. dren, and then themselves. Aenboy', in New York, a post-township of Oswego co., Aan'arose, St., the son of a prwatoria prefect of Gal- Am'~lry, a. See ANoImeY abt. 17 n.' S.lieE — of Pulisric p.abt. 2,50. An cAibuscadie', n. [Fr. ambuscade; L. La t. emboscata; mom. 17 i. S.E. ofrPulaski. Pop. absn. 2,500. clia Narbonensis, who became governor of Lvnria and ictcata;p cbcda; 0. Sp. embcsrues, from Aenboy', in Ohio, a post-village of Ashtabula co., abt. AicEilia, and in 374 was consecrated archbishop of b asco. itac 3o 1ni WV.S.W. of Erie city. Milan, after a contest between the Arians and Catholics. bosque, a wood.] Literally, in the woods. (3I;7.) A place 30 ccc W.S.W. of Er~~ ~ ~ ~~iehiy.mili, after a constest between this Asians and Catholics. where soldiers may lie concealed, till they find an op-a townshlip oh Fulton co; pop, abt. 2,000. In 383, he was deputed by the emperor Valentinian to where soldiers may lie concealed, till they find an op AFalnsoy' Centre, in Nrew York, a post-village of Os- prevcil upon the tyrant Maxinmus not to enter Italy, portunity to surprise the e y-n ambush. The weuv co., in Amnbioy township. iand was successful in hiis mission. Subsequently ho- purpose of an abuscde ay be to cpture a post, a An oy~na, tics principal of the Moucca or Spice is- esai setrdtc idii icantonment, a patrol, a drove of cattle, or a convoy of A.2itiboy'na, the principal of the Molucca or Spice is- ever, Maximus entered Italy\ i malde himself master of military stores or merchandise; or to seize upon some of ilandsi, i tie Eastern seas. Lat. 30 46' S.; Lons. 12i' 59' this Western ecmpire, and entered Mlilan in triumph. the inhabitants, especially an important personoe; also, tiupl. thcs inhaebitants, esopecially en imsportaut personaege; also, E. Its length is about 32 m., and its average breadth V~alentinian sought refuge with Theodosius, whlo de- to mle reconoissc; ga, to fl upon troop, In t, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~to make a reconnoissance; or, again, to fall upon a troop, 10 miles. Its S.W. coast is indented by a bay so decli, farted Maximus, and restored the fugitive monarclcl to whic is either upo a arch, or already engaged i a that tihe island is nearly divided by it icco two un- his throne. While Theodosius was in Italy, an insur- comas either upon a m.rc, or already engge i a equal levels, which are connected by a narrow isath- rection arose in Thlcessalocica, in which the emperors Amrcsca'do, c. Saine as Acoumbscat. (O.) mus. A. is cmountainous, and abundantly fsisrcislhdv witli lieutenant was slaiu. Theodosius, out of revenge, put ra'lbisEa~, it. (.Fr. frSom en, ic, mcd bois, c wood.] Any trees anel nIcdervwood. It is considered healtiy, notwit- to death a great number of people in cold blood; soon clmode obloodloan.nt adoptedn ion purposes of'stro.em n mode of conicecalmentaotdirproeofsaagm tandiug thlce great heat of the climate. It wus first dis- after this massacre he came to Milan, iand was about to t dtel o pori se ~~PY"~~"~~ I-'Y~~t~~t~ PO'~~~"g"~~S~~ in 1515. ~~applied both inl the liter~al and mretaphlorical sjense. covered by the Portmuguese in 1515. It was takel by thec enter tihe great chuc-ch, when lie was met on its thresh- a. e. To place in aml a po Dutch in 1607, and in 1615 by tile English, who, sooi old by Ambrose, who refused him admittance as a -v. a. To le i icmibuse h. after expelled by the Dutch, captured the islanid a second honmicide; and it was not until a year afterward, and — n. a To lie scsl insdiusle. time in 1796, and restored it at tile peace of Amciens. upon his showing tokens ofrepentance, that the prelate Anabno'tlori,. [La l. aed busio. A bun orscald. They recaptured it in 1810, but it was finally restored to would admit him to Christian communion. B. at Milan, Aalebs oni Sec acctBAs A n c Holland by the treaty of Paris in 1814. — lThe miain ob- 340; D. 397. The best edition of thie works of St. Ami- Anelce'anu See AcEBiR. 1Aslee p", nL. See Emn.. ject of the different European powers, whlo eudeavored to brose is that of Paris, in 2 vols. fol., 1691. He composed 2knrei][~on' HIuBEr PASCAL, a learned Frenchman,, possess themselves of A., was to moniopolize the trade in that noble hynm,. Te Deiscr laudanaus. 17A 0; althoruof the HistoPy of tale Cnoerce anciacnvicloves, tihe cultivation of which spice ocncs the priuncipal Anm'B. -ose, in Oregonu, a village of Jaclkson co., on gatio of t3 e tisorlat iah s Htder tioe tptolemies. D. 1811. object of industry with the natives. With the desire of Rtogue river, about 10 m. N.N.W. of Jaclksonville. g/e tegA cB keeping the cultivation of the clove-tree completely Am o'sas,. [Gr. from omambrotos, immortal.] (y.) Atm'elo er, n. e eot.) gn. of plants, ord. Poawitihin their power, the Dutch caused it to be extirpated Festivwcs held in honor of Bacchus in cities of Greece, As& eian.chnier n. (Bet) A sen of plants, ord. Pomacece. The A. canadensis is a small tree or shrub rarely from every island with the exception of A., where th[y tile same as tile Brunialia of the lomnans. Thie food of xceeding 35 ceet in h eight, found in woods in the provided lor a sufficient production of thIe spice, by oblig- the gods was called Ambrosia, and their drink _Nectar. U n ited States. Its flowers, large, white, in t erinal United Stetes. Ito flowems, large svbite, in termicnel ing every native ficcily to rear a certain number of clove- It had the power of bestowing immortality oni those who April d ay, tree trees. Tim clves are colleted twice a yar; the aver racemnes, appearing in April and May, render the tree trees. Tile cloves are collected twice a year; the aver- sete of it. It was sveeter than lonmy, and of a mcost odoage quantity produced in the island exceeds 600,000 lbs. riferous smiell. It iad also the pcwerof sealing wouids. The sago-tree grows in A., which also produces all the Apollo, in lomer's Iliad, saves Sarpedon's body friom //: ),.Z vegetables and fruits commonly foiund in that quarter putrefaction by rubbing it with ambrosia: and Venus lof the globe. The voods contain great nimmbess ot' der hels the wounds of i her son, in the Eneld of Virgil, and wild hogs, the flesh of whiclh lc.mnri a p.i.ipmm ci'ti- with tihe same. 1..a cle of food with the natives. Buffaloes, cows, ihorseas, (Bat.) A gen. of the ord. Asteracece. They are hersheep, and goats, have been introduced by the Portucugese o baceous plants with sostly opposite leaves, and.unancid Dutch from Java and Celebes.s-A. is inhabited by sightly flowers. The species hog-weed (A. artemisice- 2 four diffe'rent races of peoplo. the Aborigines. the Amboy- folia) is a common and troubleso~n weed of' the garness, Chinese, snd;Europeanis. Thi first of these races, dens, fields, &c. It gives in Aug. and Sept. barren called Horaforas, wild and savmcge, are now much re- flowers, small, green in terminal racernes; the fertile duced. The Amboynese are thie descendants of Malays, ones settle about the axils of the uppier leaves. and were found on the island whene the Portuguese first rabrt'osia, in Iowa, a post-office of Lee co. landed there: the greater pert of them profess the re- Amb-rosial, a. Partaking of the nature or qualities!ioion of Mohammed; a thw have been coiverted to the of amwrosia; fragrant; delicious: delectable. Catholic faith by the Portuguese, or to Lutheranism by Amnbr-'sitaiiz, v,. a. To resder ambr~osiel. (a.) Pig. 101.- AccLAANCHmna CANADENSIS. the Dutch. The Chinese settled at Amboynia aire not AimWs rs,-'simlly, adv. In an ambrosial mianner. 1 and 2. Flower and fruit —natural size. numerous; but they are very industrious and enterpris- Aitranbao'saia, a. Relating to, or resembling ambroing traders. Still fewer are the European race of icc- sia. -' Pertaining to St. Ambrose. qucite conspicuous in the yet naked forest. The fruit, habitants.'They are principally Dutch, and the descend- Amibrosi/an clacst. Tihe choral music introduced by ripe in June, is not to be despised, either when eaten in ants of Dutchmen, many of them being the offspring of St. Amubrose from the Eastern into the Western church, a raw state, or coolked in tarts, pies, and pnddings. Amaboynese mothers. -Pop. 188,000. and whicih afterwards bore hIis namse. It wais super- Am'ei-cor, n, A species of corn used for making Anlboy/na, or AmBOIN.m, the principal town of tihe seded by the Gregorian chant aebost the year 600. starcl.-mSmart. above islaimd, on the S.E. side of the bay of Binnen, near A llbro'sins Avre'eiiainus, king of tihe Britons. Am'eles. (iyth.) A river of hell, whose waters no vesFort Victoria, in 30 40' S. Lat. and 1280 75' Lon. It is He came froc Armorica to aSsist in expelling the Sax- sel could contain. clean, neat, and regular]y built. Pop. 8,966. oas, who had been invited over; and on the death of Amelia, the wife of the dukle of Saxe-Weimar, who, at Annboy'na Woetd, a beautifiul mottled and curled that monarch, the sovereignty was vested in him. D. an early age, lost her huscband, but managed to preserve wood, vsarying in color from orange to a chestnut- 508. her little State intact during some of thie most troublous browin; said to be obtained from the pterosperamucnc Io- Anm'brotype, n. [Gr. aectrotes, immortal, and typos, times of the Continental wars. She resided in the city dicues.- Webster. impression.] (P/oto/q.) A picture taelen on c plate of of Weimnar, nd invited the most distinguished men of Annboynese', n. sigc amt pt. (Gees.) The natives, prepared glass, in wehich ttie lights are represented on letters to her capital. Wieland, Herder, Schiller, and or a imitive, of Asimboymia. silver, ucnd the shades are producedc by a dacrlk beckgroucd Goethe settled here, and enjoyed her patronage, as well — a. Itelmating to Aucbaoyuice or its inhlabitaunts. visible through the unsilvered puortiosns of the glass. as her society. D. 1807. AnnBWoy, fP'erth. See Psc-mn' Amo~. Amn'lB~ ry, a. [0. Fm-. acobtiey.] A placce is whiclh are depos- Ame'lia, a town of Italy, proy, of Perugia, 23 m. S.W. Ansibo~zes, three small islancls on the coast of Benin. ited all utensils necessary for lsccuseheepicsg. - In the of Spoleto. It is the anc. Acmeaia, one of the most conLcat. 400 15' N. amicient abmbeys anti piories theme existed acc office under siderameble and ancient cities of Umbria. Pop. 7,024. Alnbra'eitns Sinins, a bay of the Ioniman sea, near this deniomination, wherein wers laid up all charities lor Ame'liat, an ishcd on thie N E. coast of' Eote'da, from Ambracia, about 35 us. long, narrow at the entrancc, tice poomr. which it is separated by a narcrow chanunel; 40 us. N. but within, about 12 m. in breadth. Aknnb -yrs'sus. (Anc. Gese2.) A city of Phocis, destroyed of St. Ausgustine, between St. Macry's and Nassau rivers. Amnb-trealte, a. (Chem.) A salt formed by the comnbi- by the Amphictyonus, rebuilt and fortified by the The- Lat. 300 28' N. It is 20 m, in length, by 2 m. in breadth, nation of ambreic acid with a base. basis betbre this battle of Chreronea, and talken by and ih fertile. Chief town, Fernandina. Aenbre'e Acid. (Csein.) Obtained tiny heacting am- Quinctus. Flaminius in the Macedonian war. Its ruins Ame'lia, in Ohio, a post-villge of Clermont co., in Ba, breine with niti-ic acid, in yellow or wicits niates or cumcy be seen near the villacge of Dystomo. tarfia township, 25 m. E. by S. 1f-om Cincinnati. AMEN AMER AMER 79 Ame'lia, in Virginia, a S.E. county, organized in 1734; parties. The courts are very liberal in permitting the was accepted by Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen area, 300 sq. m. It is drained by Namazine, Flat, and amendment of a bill; but a defendant is of course enti- of the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. The exDeep creeks, and by the Appomattox river, which en- tied to make a new defence to any A. of the plaintiff's pedition, consisting of three vessels, sailed from Spain on circles it. The surface is somewhat diversified. Cap. bill. the 3d of August, 1492; and onil Friday, the 12th of October Amelia Court-House. Pop. 10,741. Amends', n. sihg. and pl. [From Fr. amende.] The fill- following, an island was descried upon which Columbus Amelia Court-HIouse, in Virginia, a post-village, ing up of any deifect in obligations toward another; cap. of Amelitt co., 47 min. S.W. of Richmond. compensation; satisfaction; atonement; reparation. Al el'iorable, a. That which may be ameliorated. "If I have too austerely punished you, Amel'iorate, v. a. [Fr. ameliorer, from Lat. ad, and Your compensatios males amemds."- Shaks. meliorare, to make better.] To improve; to raise; to (Low.) A satisfaction given by a wrong-doer to the make better; to meliorate. — In present usage, amelio- party injured, for a wrong committed.- Boeseeic. rate seems to be confined to such material improvement Ame'iiis, in Ne York, a post-village and township of men's condition as is closely dependent on a corre- of Duchess co., 88 mu N.N.E. of New York; pop. of sponding moral or mental state. Thus, we do not speak townslhip, about 4,500. of amelioratin, sn individual by knowledge, but of A' ne'mni FJsiom, in Ne Yeorc, a post-village of ameliorating tie condition of the people by education. Amenia townsihip, Duchess co., 25 m. E.S.E. of Pough-eV. n. To grow better; to meliorate. keepsie. Alnelioraltii, nu. [Fr. eamelioration.] The act of Amnen'lity, n. [Fr. ameeitl, from Lat. amcenus, pleasant.] ainceliort'ting, or' the state of being amieliorated; a Pleasantness; mildness; blandness; graciousness; gennmking or bcomniing!,etter; improvement; imeliora- iality; —applied to physical influences, as climate, and to tion; an amnelioration of land. demeanor. Amel'iorative, a. Which produces amelioration, or "IThis climate has net seduced by its ameueities." - eseit. improvement. ~Ane~l'ioratol-, n2. O~le wv\ho amelior~ates. Amprovemel'ionator, is iewioaeioae.A men'sa et thio'ro. [Lat., fuom board and bed.] (Old Amelliorator, n~~~~ ~ ~~.Onwoaelots.Law.) It was a partial divorce, which caused] t he sepa-' A'men', adv. and n. [Heb., firm, true, truth.] A word La.) It was uh ph atial divouci which used the sean - used in strong asseveration, fixing as it were the stamp used us strcg assevTereatloi, lixisug as it sorel the stamzp ration of the huseban d ausd wife only, but did not annul of tuth upon the sertin wich it cconpnies, and the marriage, so that neither of them could again marry oftruthi upon e asseron oth it ofits in the lifetime of the other. Such partial divorce exists marug it bindiug as an oath e le. etampes of its use are iumerous in tics Bible. When the priest lhas eclared in dFrance under tihe name of Separation de corps et de to the women suspected of adultery tics effect of the biens. It is effected by sentence of the courts in the water of jealousy, 1"the woman shall nsnewr, Amen, "cases of cruelty of the husband, or adultery of either of the parties. — See DivORCE. amen." (Namb. v. 22.) When curses are pronounced of ice parties. - See voc against tihe wicked, (Dent. xxvii. 15,) all the people are Amntenlt, es. [lsat. ordered to repeat, amen.-The word amren concludes all ] ef u strp.] at the end of the 41st, the 72d, the 89th, and the 106th iflorescence, con- ln th gspl, ndamot lltseepsle; t sreeae (Bat.)A chutiefl or Psalms.-In many churches, the word A. is pronounced seitmug cliefly of gdFF. 102-CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. aloud by the people: this was the ancient practice of ong a teadlike on the ame ay. This island was named by the Christian world, sand St. Jeromue relatese,a ihi thatmSan Shelvsdom, d is no oterwise known as Guathe congregted people at Rome proounclreptcle, ason the soucsd was. like tls:st of a clap of tlssusder.Te P0. 102..nabn, one of tle Behamse islands. ColUniMbus then the coungregate peoie tat lo s of ounced The tohayyi. possibly attributed great efficacy to the loudness of their Amnei-ta'eeme,. prtoceenaed to Culafiand Hryti, to which latter he gave voices, af'ter tiss exsinple of the Jews, wio imugined Pi. [See AMENr.] the na30e of Espa30o1t, or ispariola. Here he left a teat list word, scuted forth wie greet force, had The name few of hsis compsanios to forie the groudworB of a t thiswordsoutedorthwitg che co ndret ed topli t Roce rooces power to open the gertes of heaven. —A. is often used by formerly given by gcolony, ands returned to Spain to procured aeinerlree nts possibly attributed great efficacyssie to the louringess voyae theea a ired a'generalellk ow. our Saviour at tihe beginning of a liscourse, as n im- Jus to theiagne pressive particle, wwhice in our version is reedered plauts of kiss ord. edge of the islands in tics seas between North end South "1 verily." In the Gospel of St. John. the word is elways Betslalcea, q.v. Aiesrica, but lie had no sotion of there being ln ocean repeated-In one instance this word is used as en ad- Amenta'ceotn between them and Chine; they werer cosidered as part jective, meaning certalis, fixed. "For all the proniss a. (list.) Puoducusg of India, froe whence arose the appellation of Wfest of God in i are yea, ad in ii Ame." (2 or. p i. 20) or bearieg aments. Indies, as well as that of Indians, w.ic has oever since of God in him al~e yea, and in 0rmerly given by colony, and returned to Sp o~iia inibt~ t t of prc e rhoeinb cmnts In one other instance tie word denotes our Seviour. Ame'tia, n.[Lat. been given to t original iabitnts of e hole cotinent ofA.-Iln three subsequent expeditions, Columbus "These things saith the Amen." (Recu. iii. 14.) a, prsv., ausi mesus, isof I the s qset editin, Cim u Aresabilrity, Arte'nsletss, n. The state is, mcovered t islds of J ica d Trinidad, visited of beingalmenable; liaility to aneer f heor; anser- (Med.) iubecility the moith of the river Orinoco, aed landed on the coasts ableness. of intellect, by of South America which noy fore part of Colonbia. Amenable, a. [. Eng. aesnabl, fro Fr. anenr wic te etos After having thus discovered the continent of A. and j1Petivble, mani[. ng. mertaine, fixed. "' r. all e ~ hc thle pritomise quelqu' usa, to oblige one to Isppasr end scuieer cs charge of things are stier made settlements on the islands, it was the hard fito of exhibited against isicus.] Responsible; subject to be uot perceived, or Columbuus to be sent home in ilrns, scud treusted with liable to inquiries or accounts. sot recollected. It great indignity, - owing to the mschinations of' his -It indicates also voluntariness of subjection; as," a". - is a nervous dis- enemies, (see COLUMBUS.) The success of Columbus soon nuble to reason." sass. When it oig- ig. 102. -BETULA P.PYRACE.5. gave encouragement to private adventuueus to the Nev Amne'nably, ado. In en amensble manner. inates at birth, ut is Tres Paper eirh.) World, one of the first of winhoait was Alouzo de Ojedc, Amend', uv a. [Fr. amender, furome eat. cx, and uess- called amonba cons wso, in 1499, follawned the coursc of Columebus to kis cosent of Pai.aandtaningto three westub2sequoenitil ons dum, fault.] To correct; to change anything tlst is genita, natural stupidity; when from thu infirnitis of cost 1of l, nd, stli to te wet, g discovsier~u~ed etheislnd of Jamaicat and Trinidad, visite vrong into something better; to inprove; to m d;- age, aentia senilis, dotage or childishness; ad when a cosideble xtet of cost beyond t o hic to reforn one's life, or give up wickedness. fron some accidental cause, osusentia acqusssita. Colunbuys lhcd touched, amlimthus oscurtainc2 thaet this "Assen ysur us ya and your dyiezo, and I willease you to Amen'tttn, n.; pl. AMENTA. [Lat.] (Bet.) Time same country vesis pctiofciiemetire comsetsccuct. Aminergo Yesdwell in this place. - Jerem. vii. 3. as Asisur', q. v. putci, Florentiue gucdtlneacci, ccousepanued Odirdes in -a. a. To grow better-To amend differs from to im- Almer. a i, JOHANN, a celebrated Sis priter of tis voyage, hing d cief le ile dip n t o p r o Basle, in tshe 15th centmry; tihs first ho useed the Ro- lion ofit, and published an account of it on Iis return, tprove, in tht, to improve eayppose or does not deny man type instead of Gothic aid Itlclian. Hie was a mnan tse coustry of whichc he wvs suppose2 to be the dmacovsmthat theigvrs0 iths edof thing is good alrspared so lastor r eiter came gradutlly to be cslled ty his isante, ard by axhibit ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~o edagainst him.], Repnsible;lt, l subjectn I~t~o~ b so-When uhsed as ingi a general, when as arctive expense in the production of Iis edition, e first put- univer usage e n e of America s en bto d a particular or detailed forsce: liens, "Hhis a e w sactive lished, of the complete vorks of St. Ambrose. D. 1515. on tlis msew division of the globe; an injustice which condition clrs orcdetid ie grnetai."-" 11 Hscharactsror Amerce', v. a. [0. Fr. ascercies, to ipose fine fro hs rcivd the sanction of th.-In 1498 Sebast cond n has i getakes pauins Lt. merces, penalty.] To punish with a precuniry en- Caot, a.enetian, viit Newfoundld. In 1500, to amond his ways," implies specifc attention to the Lt. excs efine; ty]o umnulct. Gaspar Cortoreyl, a Portuguese, touched at iLabrador; counteracting of certain eislts. and Brazil was accidentally discovesed by a Portuguese hlAmendltable, a. Tiat wicich may be amended. "But I'll amerce yeu with so stroang a fne, fleet under Cabral. The coast of the province of Tierram Amend'atory, adv. Supplying ameusdmenst; correc- That you shall all repeat the loss of sine.'- Shake. Firma, fron Caps de Yela to lite dull of -ensien was first live. tAmeree'able, a. Liable to anercenent. visited by Bestidas, a Spaniard. in 1501. Yucstan was PAmende', n. i[Fr.; see amtsd.] In French, this -svord Anseree'ment, n. [0. Fr. asercisnent, ifons A. Lst. discovered by IDiaz de Solis md.'inzon in 1508, and signifies a fins, by evisth selcaruction ie supposed to be aiierciamontcoiss.] (Law.) A pecmuniary punislsnisot imn- Florida by Ponce de Loon, in 1522. The Pacific, or made for aihault comenecitted. Its Englisc synonymo is posed on offende's at the mercy of the com-t. Aierce- Southern ocean,'as firSt seen tiom a meountaintop the word AMENS. q. v. ments differ fro, fines, inasmuch as tie latter are nenr Pacemas, by Vasco Nmsscsz de B deo-. in 1512 ansd, A. honorablo. [Fr.] Ae infamous kinad uf puraishment defined, asd the former are probortioned to the flult, or two years afterward siamdiug seas cffcctsd on Ici southformerly inflicted in Fraance stud is Eminglanud ous traitors, more properly at the discretion of thi comrt. A. have east coast of South A..A abo-t the nsomutl of the hio sle la parricidss, or sacrilegious persoes, swhvo wsere to go naked been disumed for a long tiese past. Is soue of the Pilata, hsy ot ofis eh, ell as stvendin ot hiss ces', wron~~~~,g DSoistwo asomelling setter;l tof ismproewomed to the shirt, vite a torch in their hInid, and a rope United States, Iowever, the sheriff may be amerced, by was killed, roisted smci e ten by wle nctives. Vhen about their neck, into a church or a court, to beg pardon statutory provision, fur msskimsg a return contrary to the n. wus firot discovesed, it esus inllbited by at owultitudc of God, the court, and the injured psrty. - The modern provision of the statute. of peopies, wiffoimg in omigen, langmage. smd destisy; acceptation of tics term indicates that in open apology Afioner'cser, n. One who ameorces. some of suhosu had aiitl ined to h matcerial cie viliziaton t is made for an offence or injumy done. Annerla'eianentit, n. The saie as AMERCEMENT. (O.) whice tics monumentss they have left besir witness; bmmt Amend'er, s. One who anmends. A ne'ria. (Geg.) See AyoLIa. nose of tissue possessed s sritten Iongnuage, and they ossly Amende'ful, a. Push of imsprovemest. (0.) Aitmnae'ilea. ThesNew WTorld, or the Western Heneisphere, retained confuued traditions of their past hisory. in Asnrend'ing, n. The act of correctiug, or of mekimg one of the great divisions of the EartiW, and, with the ex — colonizingt A., Evurope doomeed to al c parernt exterminsdtinbetter. -Bp. -by -sr. ceptisus of Asia, tife lergssk its sfbsrigiomeo inhsabitants, JOnvn it cebrased vwissp ail ltes Armernd/ment, n. [Fr. assendoaent.] A clange Irons I. llrs "ev-Bus-logi the latter part of tiss l5hl century, superior fom-ce of its ciwilizahion. To comusuer tice es-pirs bad for the better; - reforneution of life. an ardent ~spirit of discovery existed in Europe, tics of Mexico, Fernendto Cortsz (see Couctzj rieqnired oturly (Legiatatieem.) An aiterehisun proposed to be made to princilual otijech of cubicle eves to fimud a pass. g~e by sea to tOO men and 15 leorses; Pizscrro (see this nenee) dothe dratiht of any bill, or id tie terms of any motion tice. Indies Thus States of Venice asd GInoa concen- strowyd the nepiry of Peru with even feelsuer resourtes. under discussion. -When areadments are made in trwahted this conemerce of Italy, buh the ovelend trade These tvo cosotrihs veers at omucs the,iost populous either House of Cougress uxpomsa ill seluich passed the witpd India seas eugrossed by Vemics. In lis stats of and the srost civilized of tpes Neu Worlil; tiut their inotleer, the bill, as tmsnded, neush be sent batckr to the tisings a projct eusms fos-need by Cisrietopher Columbus, bsbitants sifisplunuvred so quuicaiy before the I~uropseens, olhsr house. The Senate! scuscy amnemus mousy bills a citizese of the rival Shuste, of' Genoa, to sail sveshsvscrsl to tica~t it is slomuhshfmul if one half of tiesir present popslut~passed by ties house of Reprssctehires, bimt cannot tae Indiers, an idea slvoeing Colnmis' knotledges of tic A.onss, respwctivisiyarn of the indigeious riscew. lh originals such bills. Art. 5 of tics United States Con. figure of the eartc to isave seen superior to he general susags tribes experienced no better fats, sherever the shituhion contains a provision for its amendment. notions of his age. Heoffered his services, for this pur- colooa sts settled; and, after the snipss of tevocenturies, (Law.) A correction of any euvors in actiomes, suits, or pose, to the governsent of Gesos, Frasso, England, and not a single inhabitant of fhs ancient race remained ii prosecutions. They are of two sorts: those affecting Portugal, by whom bts proposal evas successively re- the Antilles. Tyis native depolulusion proceeded to the substance of the case; and those relating to the! jetted;but after the expiration of eight years, his offer such an extent, that hands aleac to 1h) soGulht, ain brosught So AMER A M E R AMER from elsewhere, in order to cultivate the soil of A.; hence age on this point; for, at the pcesent time, other expe- by the Orinoco, Cassiquiari, Rio Negro, and Amazon. arose the slave-trade. One hundred thousand slaves were ditions are in progress of being sent forth with a view The Pic of Duida, 8,280 ft., is the culminating point. annually imported from Africa, to fertilize with their to the solution of this great problem.- See NORTHWEST See LA PARIMk. 3d. The Brazilian system, embracing sweat the American plantations. It was by such means PASSAGE. the mountains lying between the Amazons, Paraguay, that Spain succeeded in creating a wonderful empire, II. ToPOORtAPrY.-This vast continent is bounded on and Jio de la Plata, culminating in Sierra da Piedada, embracing one-half of both Americas. This empire the E. by the North and South Atlantic oceans, which about 6,000 ft. high. See BRAZIL. 4th. In N. America, lasted for three centuries, and was divided into the vice- separate it firom Africa and Europe; and oii the W. by the Mexican Alps, and Rocky Mountains, which may be royalty of Buenos Ayres, Chili, Peru, and New Granada; the North and South Pacific oceans, separating it from regarded as a cotinumation of the Andes. The culminatthe captain-generalcy of Caraccas; and the vice-royalty Asia and Australia. From Asia, however, it is divided ilu point is Popocatapetl in Mexico, 17,717 lt. See ROcrY of Mexico. The Portuguese, following the example of only by Behring's Straits, not more thaii 48 us. wide at MOUNTAINS. 5th. The Calfoernian ifarsstitteAlps, which, the Spaniards, conquered and civilized a portion of the their narrowest part. This great continent consists of parallel to the Rocky Mountains, rung N. from the Penbasins of the Amaizon, and Parana, which they called two peninsulas and a central part, named, respectively, insula of California till it is lost in Alaska; culminating Brazil, but to effect this, they were obliged to externio- North and South, and Central Anoerica; and as Africa point, Mount St. Elias, 17,000 ft. high. 6th. The mounnate, or drive into tiue interior, the natives, a very small is joined to Asia by a narrow neck of lhnd called time tains E. of the Mississippi, called the Ahleghmany or Apnumuober of whoun agreed to rermain amiong them. TWie Isthmus of Suez, so the two great divisions N. and S. of poalachian system, extending in me N.E. by N. direction Portuguese and Spaniards were at first the sole rulers this continent are connected by time Isthmus of Panama, froum Alabama to the banks of the St. Lawrence, the of A.4; but soon after them came the other sea-faring or Darien, which, at its narrowest point, is only 28 culminating point being in the Whilte MIountains of New nations. The first English colony settled in Virginia iu m. in width. Its average width, however, is about Hampshire, 7,300ft. highi. SeeAprti. CHImmNMOUNTAINS. 1607. The first French settlements were those of Canada 40 in. - TIme formation of a ship-canal through this 7th. The Arctic system, so denominated by Balbi, emin 1534 and 1601. These colonies, purely agricultural isthimus is projected; an event which, if successful, bracing all the mountains that mlready are, or may in their character, were founded in territories occupied will be of incalculable importance to the coimmerce hereafter be, discovered within the Arctic archipelago, by savage and warlike tribes, who had either to be ex- of the world. (See DAmRI.) Where broadest, N. the culminating known point being the Cour du Cerf. in terminated, or pushed back into the interior wilds. The Anmerica, excluding Greenland, is not less than 3,500 Greenland, about 8,000 It. above the level of the sea. French settled mainly in the lower basins of the Mlissis- m. across, and S. America, not less tihan 3,200 mi.- Sth. The system of the Anmtilles, embracing the mounsippi and St. Lawrence, (Louisiana'rmd Canada;) the Its area is about 14,950,000 sq. in.; stretching N. taiins in the archipelago of the sanoe namea, the culmiEnglish occupied the entire waiteshed of the Allegsha- and S. a distance of about 9,000 mo., or, finom about nating points of which are the Antonsepo in Hayti, and hies; and these two nations likewise shared with the the 72d degree of N. lat. to Cape Horn, in about 56 S. the Sierra de Cobre im Cuba, about 9,000 ft. in height.Spaniards the possession of the Antilles. Rivals in lat.-In A., nature appears omo the grandest scale of mag- Plateaux. The most remarkable for their elevation are, Europe, they were perpetually at war in A.; these con- nificence and sublimity. Whiethier we megard hoer meon- the plateau of Titicatme, divided between Bolivia and tentions were terminated in 1763, when France ceded to tains, cataracts, rivers, lakes, forests, or plains, she is Peru, comrprising an area of about 18,000 sq. no., with a;England, Canada, all her possessions on the left bamnkh of distinguished by a vastness unapproached in any other mean elevation of 13,000 ft.; the plateau of Quito, which the Mississippi, thie islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, part of the globe. Out of the 270 active volcanoes, the is elevated about 9,600 ft.; and the extensive table-land and several of the West India islands, &c. The power estimated number on the face of the earth, 190 are on of Anahuac, in Mexico, fl-om 6,000 to 9,000 ft.-Volcanoes. of Great Britain thus became preponderant throughout the shores and islands of A.; and although in height They are nDumoerous, and some of t eii are among the North A.; but her colonies having attained a high some of the peaks of the Asiatic Himalayas surpass those most elevated volcanic mountains in the world. The degree of prosperity, and wvshing to shake off the of the Andes, in extent the range of the former is in- most remarkable are, Cotopaxi, Sangmay, and Pichintrammels imposed on their trade by the mother-country, ferior to that of the latter.-The form of N. America has cha, in the Colombian rep. of Eimcuador; Pasto. Sotara, thirteen of the provinces revolted in 1776, and in sometimes been compared to that of a triangle, with the mand Purace, in that of New Grenadi; Guagua-Plitina, or 1783 succeded in acconplihing their independence, vertex terminating at thime Isthmus of Panama, and the the volcano of Arequipa, and Scharna, in Peru; the voland getting acknowledged as the newly established Fed- base determined by the shores of the frozen ocean. She canoes of Copiapo, Chilan, Antors, and Petersa, in Chili; erya Republic of the United States. This new State gained is more indented than any other of the great divisions those of Soconmsco, Guatenmala or Fuego, Agna, Pacaya, constant accessions of territory at the expense of the of thio globe, with immmense gulfs and aumoms of the sea. San Salvador, Granada, and Telica, neiar St. Leon of Niiidigenous tribes, obtained Louisiana fromn the French, One of the principal of these, inm the N.E. part of the caragui, in Central America; Popocatapetl, or the volFlorid~t from the Spaniards, Texas end California from continent, consists of what Balbi has called the sea of c nre of Orizaba, the volcano of Cohinmo, and that of Xothe Mexicans, Alaska from the Russians, and its popu- the Esquimaux, including the two great divisions, Davis' nulle, inm mhe Mexican territory; St. Elias and Fairletion being increased by a constant influx of European Straits, and Baffin's Bay, separating Greenland from the weather, in the Californian Alps; the two volcanoes of emigrants, it has attained a prodigious developumoent, rest of thie continent and Hfudson's Bay, lying more to the peninsula of Alaska, and those of the Aleutian andis now the first powrer of the New World.-In 1826, the S. and W., but connected with the former by numer- Islands; with HIecla, and others in Iceland.-Pla/iis. In France acknowledged the independence of St. Domingo, ous channels, some of which have been only recently N. America, the immense space from the outlet of the which, after passing through numerous revolutions, had discovered. The next great inlet of the sea on the A. Mackenzie river to the delta of the Mississippi, and beended, in 1822, by establishing the republics of Hayti coast is the gulf of St. Lawrence, so called from the tween the central chain of the Mexican system and the and San Domingo. -The emancipation of the British great river of that namie, which falls into its S.W. ex- Rocky Mountains, and the Alleghiny, forms the largest colonies aroused those of Spain, which, through the tremity. Passing over the numerous inlets and noble plains, not only of A., but of the world. In S. America, decay of the mother-country, had fallen. into a state sot bays on the coast of the United States, we conme to the time great plain of the Amazons comprises more than half farremoved from barbarism. The provinces of Venezuela Gulf of Mexico, mamd time Caribbean sea. If the islands Brazil, with S.W. Colombia, the E. part of Peru, and the and Caraccas cemnmeuced the resvohution in 1808; Peru, that in an irregular line lie stretched in front of the N. of Bolivia. The plains or paiiipas of the Rio de la Chili, and Mexico followed their example; but twenty Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean sea were united with Plata extend fromom between the Andes, and their prinyears of anarchy, civil war, atrocity, and misery of every one another and with the main land-a state of things cipal branches, and the mountains of Brazil, to the Atdescription, were required to secure the independence of that we have no difficulty in imagiming to have once ex- lantic ocean and the Straii s of Magellan.- Rivers. They these colonies, which are split up imlto a multitude of re- isted-owe should have a large iterunal sea analogous to are on a much larger scale than those of any other porpublics, still in a chronic state of revolution. All that the Mediterranean. If it be doubted if this sea was ever tion of the globe, affording taoclities of internal coonremains to Spain are the islands of Cuba aumd Porto closed like the Mediterranean, we cannot doubt that tie Uounication quite unequalled anywhere else. The primaRico. In 1821, Brazil declared its independence, fbrmed islands which now line its eastern limits have been cipal are, in N. Amierica, the Mississippi, (the second hacked and broken into smaller pieces by the action of largest river in the world,) with its tributaries, the Misi__ ~' —-:~ —'f- ". ~ ~the ocean. Between time tenthdegree of north latitude, souri, which receives the Yellowstone and the Platte; vwhich is near the island of Trinidad, and the twenty- the Arkansas, which receives the Red IRiver, and the fifth of north hatitude, (the southern extremmity of Florida,) Illinois and Ohio, which receive the Tennessee. These we find the eastern limits of this great inland sea; but drain the great valley of the Mississippi. The Mackenas we advance into it toward time west, we find it scooped zie, with its tributaries, Peace river and the Athabaska, out into various basins, eaic.h of whict, awith their winds the Copperrino and the Back. These run north. The and currents, will require a separate description. The St. Lawrence, with its tributary the Ottawa; the Nelson, Gulf of Mexico is osm the N.W.; and on the south, the with its tributary the Saskatchewan; and the Churchill, Gulf of Honduras, and what is sometimes called the with its tributemy the Beaver, allrunieast. TheSt. John, Caribbean Gulf or Sea, comnprehending the Bay of Darien the Hudson, the Delaware, and the Smmsqmmehamna drain asid the deep indentations of the northern coaist of South the country east of the Allegtmnies; the Rio del Norte America. Tihe Archipelago, which the great inlasid sea drains the country east of the Mexican mountain range; of the Amnericas presents, is one of the nmost extensive the Oregon, with its tributary the Snake; the Colorado, and interesting in the world. The Gulf of Mexico, and the Sacramento, drain the country west of the Rtocky heommamed in by the peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan, and Mountains. The Frazer takes its course through British by time ovestern side of the island of Cuba, is the umost Columbia. In S. America, the Amazons (the largest imnportant part of this inland sea.-The WV. coast of N. river in time world) with its affluemits time Napo, PutuAmerica presents no very deep and extensive indenta- omayo, Yapura, Rio Negro, Yavari, Madeira, Topajos, /ties. The most important is the imomense Gulf of Cali- Xingu, and Tocantin; the Rio de la Phmta, lormed by fornia, abt. 800 m. in length, and from 60 to 80 m. in the Parana, and the Uruguay; the Orinoco, the Magdaaverage width, formed by the mainlind and the long lena, and thie San Francisco.-Lakes. No part of the -fnarrow peninsulaof California-S. Amesmica bears astrik- world lac so many lames as N. America, especissly thit ing resemmblance in the forum of its coasts to Africa. It portion between 420 and 670 lat. It presents not only is much msorue compact than N. America, and is coni- the greatest masses of fresh water on the surfiace of the I'~;~~' ~','/ -~-f'[~ paratively but little indented by arms of the sea. The globe, but so many smaller lakes and lagoons, that their. vyesisw ~ great rivers, Anmzons, La Plata, Pari, Orinoco, &c., may, enumeration is almost impossible. The principal are however, be looked upon as am species of inland seas. those of Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, Time W. coast, from the proximity of the Andes, has but the total length of these five being 1,534 us., with mmin few gulfs, and is, in great part, all but destitute of har- area of upward of 90,000 sq. m.; Great Slave Lake. Winbors. Time S. extremity of S. America, or the country nipeg, Great Bear Lake, Champhimn, Little Winnipeg, of Tierra del Fuego, is properly an archipelago, being Deer Lake, Athabaska, Lake of the Woods, and Great separated from the continent by the narrow and wind- Salt Lake. The limited size of the lakes of S. America ing strait of Magellan.-Msomntains. All the elevations strikingly contrmsts with the dimensions of those in N. of A. belong to timt great dhain owhich, umder different Anmoria. Thi alaes of Titicara, the largest and most denominstiomms, extends fromm one of ite extremities to celebrated, near the N.W. frontier of Boliviai, is elevated Fig. 104.-sutar Ot SPAINW l5th Century. this other, along its'W. coast, over a space of not less 12,870 ft. above sea-level. - Islands. A omuititude of ~ From lpmoistoa uisroereu ~oesm., &e, 1495.) Ithan 10,000 m. The omountains of A1. nosy, buovever, be islands belong to.A. Time principal are in time -Aictic divided into S systems, 3 of whmich belonig to S. Anmerica, ocean, Greenland, Iceland, Cocktborn, Southamopton, Melitslf ntoan mpi eandelcte Do Perothesonof 3 to N. Anoerica, and one each to time WV. Indian and viule, Bathur'st, and Cornwallis. Iii the -Atlantic, Neonthe kinug of Portugal, as its sovereigmm. —During time ware Arctic archipelaegos. let. Time syotese cf t/ie Asides, or fomimdland, Prince Edwvard's, and Cape Breton; arid time of the Fremnch mevulutmimn, Gieat Britaino seized on thic P'emuian.systemu, extending from Caps Born to the Bay West Indies, conmposed of time Bahaimas, thes Berimusdas, Colonies that memaeined to Fiance, arid thouse of Holland, of Pmamama; its rumhninaitiog points beinog Chimborazo, thGstanteLserAils.IihsPcicim &c al o whichshedidnut es~sreat he eac of near Qumito, 21,424 ft., amid Acoumcagua, in time Chiliams Patagunian archipelago. Chihoe, Juan Fernandez, Gala1814. Lattm'my, sims has fitted out several exploring expe- Andes, 23,910 ft. above the level of the sea, or mute thaim pages, Vancouver's, Queen Charlotte's. Prince of Wales, ditmons in ordem to diecoves a passage frono the Atlantic 6,300 ft. above the heighmt of Mont Blanc. See Ancos. Sls n h luta sad.I h na-tcae to the Pacific ocean, Time fasluire of these expeditions 2d. The systemo of La Pam-ine, or Guyana, sumbraces the Tierra del Fuego, Staiten, Decolaetiomn, S. Georgia, the S. has not, bossevei, damped the speculative ideas of lbs mountains scattered over this imomenss ishameds formned Orkoeys, the 5. Shetlands, Grahmaum's Land, and Trinity AMER AMER AMER 81 Land. —Climate. If we except a limited space along the rupted extent of primitive mountains known, appears to will be found under their own peculiar names, or under W. shores of A., protected by the Andes, Rocky Moun- be chiefly granitic in the Rocky Mountains, while in the those of the countries which they inhabit. See, more tains, and Maritime Alps, the temperature in the same Cordilleras of Mexico, and the Andes of S. America, the especially, the word INDIANS. - Of the other 55-aillions latitude is everywhere inferior to that of the Old World. primitive strata are, for the most part, covered with in- of inhabitants, about 35 are of European origin, 10 of Countries whi:h, firom their geographlical position, we mense accumulations of transition porphyries, tra- Negro race, and 10 of a mixed race of white, blaclk, and should suppose would be mild and temperate, are ex- chytes, and lavas, - presenting numerous volcanoes, indigenous or red men. posed to long and severe winters. Thus, in the 45th manyof which arein constant activity. The wide expanse VIII. RELIGION. Before its colonization by Europeans, parallel, oil time N. side of the Canadian lakes, frost is of low, and generally plain country, which immediately all the natives of A. were idolaters. Christianity is now continuous for more than six months. Every variety on the W. succeeds to the above-mentioned mountain- professed by the great majority of the population; it is of temperature is, nevertheless, to be found, in accord- zone, consists of immense deposits of newer rocks, over only the most barbarous tribes that have not adopted ance with the difference of latitude and elevation. The which is everywhere strewn, like a mantle, the alluvial it, and remain heathen. Catholicism and Protestantism temperate zone is subject to sudden and violent changes, formation, or a covering of sand and gravel, with which divide almost equally the Christian population of the and the torrid, to the extremes of wet and drought; but are intermingled rolled masses of rocks. - The principal New World. as this feature will be particularly noticed under the masses, and highest points of the chain of mountains of IX. PoLITICAL DIVISIONS, POPULATION, and FOREION Posdifferent countries composing the American continent, lower elevation, which forms the eastern boundary to SESSIONS. The following account of tie different Arnoriit is unnecessary here to do more thlan indicate the the low country, are composed of granite. The clusters can States and Foreign Possessions, and of thefi respeccharacteristics of the climate. The discussion of the of islands of the West Indies are almnost without excep- tive population in 1869, has been carefully compiled causes of the difference of mean temperature between tion of volcanic origin. The geological character of Ai. from tihe latest and best authorities. the New and the Old worlds will be found under the partakes of the simplicity observable in her great moun- STATES. POPLAT name UNITED STATES, which comprehends the largest tain ranges, which obey highly uniform laws of arrangeportion of the habitable part of N. America. - The cli- ment, and are, in a measure, fmee from those interrup- Vorthti. Unmited States of America, Rep., about 40,000,000 mate of S. America is variable. In Peru, rain scarcely tions which occur in Europe, arising out of its numerous Mexico,.. " 8.276,464 ever falls, and along the lower parts of the tropical chains, whose irregular and often contradictory struc- Soauthl. Guatemal a,.." bout 850,000 countries it is exceedingly unhealthy. On the coast of ture it is frequently difficult to reconcile or explain. San Salvador,.." " 60BO,000 the Caribbean sea, yellow fever prevails, and frightful The two continents agree in the prevailing primitive Nic araguai. " 400,000 hurricanes sweep over the Pampas. The southern part character of their northern extremities, and in the prey- Honduras,. " " 350,000 of S. America is both cold and dry, but as two thirds of alence of volcanoes about their equatorial and southern Costa Rica,.. 145,431 the peninsula lie within tile tropics, it has a higher ten- regions; and an investigation of their geological relations U. S. of Colombia, " about 2,410,00 perature than N. America. a affords no grounds for the common opinion, that the New Equador,.. 1,091,408 III. MINERaALS. Thie mineral riches of A. are prob- World is of a more recent origin than the Old. Peru,.. 2,865,000 ably superior to those of any of the other great divi- VI. Z0OLOGY. A. contains a great variety of wild Chili,.. 1,695,60 sions of the globe. The discovery of thie mines of Mexico animals, and, since its discovery, tihe various domestic Argentine Coniederation, 1,496,00o and Peru effected an entire revolution in the value of animals of Europe have been introduced, and are now Br'azil,.. Empire, about 11,000,000 precious metals; and another revolution, in the same found in great numbers. In comparing animals of the Uruguay, Iep., " 375,000 sense, followed the discovery of the mines of California. same species, in the two continents, it has been found, in Paraguay, "1 4 1,500,000 Mines of silver are successfiully worked in several terri- a majority of instances where a difference of size has Patagonia and Falklanm d Islands, estitories of the United States. Besides gold and silver, most been ascertained, that the American animalis larger than mated,.. 125,000 other metals are found in lesser or greater abundance. that of the eastern continent. The Llama, which bears W. Indies. Hayti, Iep., about 575,000 Chili and Cuba have some of the richest copper mines a considerable resemblance to the camel, inhabits Peru. FOREIGN POSSESSIONS. in the world. Lead is found in the greatest plenty in The buffalo, or American ox (Bos Americus), the largest England. In North America; Canada, New different parts of the United States, as also antimony, native quadruped of the New World, is principally found Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edmercury, &c. Diamonds are found extensively in Brazil, on the prairie lands near the Rocky Mountains. The wardl Island, Newfoundland, British and also in the United States. Iron is extremely abun- musk-ox (Bos moscatus) is found only to the W. of iHud- Cohlumbia, and Vancouver's Island,. 3,701,461 dant in the U. States, and in many other parts of the son's Bay. The Rocky Mountain goat, remarkable for In West Indies and South America: continent; salt also is very widely diffused; and coal, the fineness of its wool, is a habitat from Mexico to the Bahamas, Turk's Island, Jamaica, including anthracite, is found in vast and indeed all but extremity of that range. The reindeer is found chiefly Virgin Islands, St. Christopher or St. inexhaustible deposits in different parts of tihe U. States, in Greenland. The best variety of the A. dog is the Canis Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, in British America, and in Chili. faeeiliaris, found in Newfoundland. The beaver was Domilnica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, BarIV. BoTANY. Stretching from the Arctic to the Antarctic once very common in the N.W. parts of North A.; but badoes, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, Circle, and possessing soil of every elevation and quality, the high price obtained for its fur lhas nearly led to a and British Guiana,.. 1,097,627 A. is necessarily rich in vegetables of every description. total extirpation of this animal in the more accessible France. In W. Indies and S. America: MarHer forests and pastures are unrivalled for extent, luxu- parts of the country. The coypon or neutra, and tihe tinique, Guadaloupe, Maria-Galande, riance, and magnmificence. The forests consist generally chinchilla, are found in South A. The beasts of prey Desiderada, Saintes, a part of St. Mlarof very heavy timber, including many species of pines and are not very numerous. The jaguar (Felix once), found tin, and French Guiana.- In Newlarches unknown in Europe, with an endless variety of in S. America, is the most formidable. The puma (Felix foundland, St. Pierre, and Miquelon, 293,619 oaks, maples, cypresses, tulip-trees, mahogany trees, discolor) is found in both Americas. A number of bears Spain. In W. Indies.; Cuba, and Porto Rico, 1,359,238 logwvood, Brazil wood, &c., &c. The Old World owes to inhabit the shores of the Arctic sea, and are found as far iVetherlands. In V. Indies and S. America: A. potatoes, tobacco, maize or Indian coren, millet, cocoa, south as the Rocky Mountains. Tropical A. possesses a Curagoa, St. Eustatius, St. Martin, vanilla, pimento, copaiba, clhinchona or bark, jalap, sas- great variety of apes: here, also, is found the vampire bat, and Surinam or Dutch Guiana, 85,792 safras, nux-vomica, &c. The cactus cochinilifi, Which which attacks the largest animals, and even man hMim- Denmark. In W. Indies: St. Thomas, Santa furnishes the cochineal, is also peculiar to A., and the self when asleep. Reptiles are numerous, the largest Cruz, and St. John, 47,215 sugar-cane is indigenous to the West Indies. A. is in- being the rattlesnake and the true boa-constr/ctor, which Siweden. In W. Indies: St. Bartholomev,. 18,000 is found in enormous size in the lagoons and swamps of tropical countries. Insects also abound, and in mnmy 80,857,821 parts are very offensive. — The birds are exceedingly Amer'ica, in Indiana, a post-village of Wabash co., numerous: they are generally more beautiful in puin- about 80 m. N.N.E. of Indianapolis. mage than those of Asia and Africa, but their notes are Amer'lea City, in Kansas, a post-village of Nemaha less melodious. The condor, which frequents the Andes co., about 65 m. W.N.W. of Leavenworth. of S. America, holds, on account of its size, strength, and Ancr,'liealu, n. A native of America; —in a restricted rapidity of flight, the pre-eminence over the feathered sense, in inhabitant of the United States. creation. The American waters iare remarkable for the -a. Belonging to America; —or, in a restricted sense, to variety and abundance of their fish. the United States. VII. SPECIES OF MIEN. Ofthel8) millions making up the,asaa'itieSat, in Californzia, a township of Sacramento total population of A., about 15 millions only are,f co.; pop. about 750.indigenous race, and these 15 mllions speak in upvward Aim l'/iealn Creek, in California, Marin co.; falls into the Pacific ocean. Amer"ican Fork, in Utah, a post-town of Utah co., near the lake Utah, 13 m. N.W. of Prove.; -ope. atout 1.200. Amer'ican River, in California. It rises in the Sierra Nevada, flows for about 100 m. in a W.S.W. direct.ioe between Placer and El Dorado cos., receives at the W. extremity of the latter co. the waters of a south fork comingfrom Lake Bonipland, and after flowing S.W. for about 30 m., falls into the Sacramento river, nealm the city of Sacramento. Amnelr'icanis:i na. Any word, phirase, or idiom, in general use among the inhabitants of the United States,....___~~~~~ ~which deviates firom the English standard. Every living......__ ~~~language is subject to continual chanmges; and it Is not to be expected that a large community, in a state of __________I~ __________~ social and political activity, who are daily developimig new and characteristic features, will fail to exercise their share of influence upon that which they naturally -- consider as a part of their inheritance. Indeed, tihe number of ne wvords, or of words now used in America in a different sense fioom that which they have in England, is but mmsall among our good writers, and some of' r.~v~~ i them have already been adopted in the mother-conntry. Although the lash of ridicule hias been unsparingly applied to the Anesrican pronsumnciation, there is nessch g___reater uniformity in the United States than in Great ________________________________ nBritain, and it is to be said that the general standard is certainly higher. In mnany places, as for example Pig. 105. —SVrt-can'E..su'hiladelphioa, thee pronunciation is at least as good as debted to the other hemisphere for wheat, barley, oats, Pig. 106.-A~SICAN INDIAN e ny place in the British dominions. rice, oranges, peaches, &c., and for the coffee-plant, now tlac Ohisrl Asier'.icansize, v. a. To render American; to natuone of her staple products. ratlize in America. V. GotoorY. The continuous belt of high moun- of,400 different languages. These 400 different tribes Akmer'icss cespucius, properly Animtsoe VECs tains traversing tlie W. bordem of A., reom Behring's are the remnants of great nations destroyed by tie col- Pcere, an eminent namvigator, B. at Florence, 1451. After Straits to Tierra del muego, forming the most aninter onization of the New World. The principal of them rmeceiving a liberal education, lee was sent by his father SOL. I. -I 11 i 82 AMET AMIA AMIE to Spain for the purpose of conducting his commercial one was not intoxicated by drinking liqnors from out Am'ianth, n. (31in.) See AMIANTHUS. affairs; and being at Seville when Columbus was making of an amethystine cup.] (Mic.) A variety of Quartz, Amiaitlthiform, and AMIAN'TIeoD, a. [From aimanpreparations for his second voyage, he resolved to enter q. v. Its clear purple or bluish-violet color is due to thus, and form.] lesembling anmianthus. on a career of maritime discovery. His first expedition manganese, or to a componnd of iron and soda. — The A-is llanlrthum, s. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. 3letanto the new continent was in1499, under the conumand of Oriental A. is a precious variety of Sapphire, distin- thacecc. They are herbs with scapiform stems, grass-like Ojeda, a year after the discovery and examination of the guished by its purple color. leaves, and numerous white flowers. The species A, coast of Darienby Columbus. lie made a second voyage (Her.) A violet color, used instead of purpure, in muscitoxicum, or Fly-Poison, fonnd in shady swamps, in the following year. After this, he entered the service emblazoning the arms of the English nobiliity only. in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the Southern States, of king Emanuel of Portugal, and made two voyages Amethys'Iitie, a. Having the color, or composed of, is said to poison flies, and- also the cattle which feed in Portuguese ships; the first in 1501, the second in the amethyst. upon its foliage in the autuenn. 1503. Thie object of this lastvoyagewas to find a west- A2m'lekwalk, n. A small settlement and Friends' Amian'thmus, n. [Gr. oaviactos, nndefiled.] (Min.) A erly passage to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil, and dis- mneeting-house, on the eastern boundary of Yorktown, mineral substance occurring in long capillary crystals covered the bay of All-Saints. In 1505, he again entered West Chester co., N. Y. —The post-office near is named placed side by side in parallel positions, thus forming the service of the king of Spain, but made no more lHallock's Mills. a fibrous mass flexible and elastic. This is a variety voyages, as appears from memoranda showing that he Anns'gn, a river of Siberia, rising in the mountains of of the Tremolite. There are two kinds of this mineral. was at Seville till 1508, at which time he was appointed Yablonoi-Krebet, and after a course of 466 min., falling One, which is composed of very delicate and regularly principal pilot. His duties were to prepare charts, and into the Aidan, in lon. 1350 E. arranged fibres of very flexible nature. is called A,mianprescribe routes for vessels in their voyages to the New Ansiha-'rrs,l an independent kingdom of Abyssinia; Lat. thus; the other, of coarser fibre, and of little flexibility, World, which soon received his name. This honor cer- between 100 and 140 N.; Loun. between 35u 10' and 38~ is called Asbestos. The anianthus is consumable at a tainly belonged to Columbus, rather than to Amerigo, 30/ E. CLap. GONDAR, q. e. high degree of heat. The ancients possessed the art of for the prilor discovery of the continent by the former Ainlshal.ic, n. The language spolken in Abyssinia. drawing the fibres into threads, and then weaving them is not to be questioned. D. at Seville, Feb. 22, 1512. The names comes from Anrehara, where it is spoken in into a cloth capable of resisting the action of fire. Corits greatest purity. A knowledlge of the A. enables a sice is the spot where it occurs in the greatest shuntraveller to make lhimself understood in nearly every dance, but it is also found in the United States. part of Abyssinia. A2m'ibia, sund lAiimaeba, n. [Gr. s(eoibe, changing.] AMl/'hersl'l, JEFFERY, Lordl, a d/stinguishled British offi- (ZeSt.) See PRolEus. cer, B. 1717. He entered the arilly at a early sage, and Amieabil'ity, v. The quality of being amicable; ultinmately became major- amicableness. ge'eeral. Sent over to A.n'icable, a. [Lat. amcicabilis.] Exhibiting the charAmereica, hle capt ured: acter of a firiend; a friendliness on a specific occasion; Louisbourg, and followed fiiendly; propitious; favorable; liind; cordial. it sep by the reducction of (Math.) Atmicable Neesebers. Pairs of numnbers, each Forts Dcquesnee, Niagara, of which is equal to the sum of all the aliquot parts of and Ticonderoga, which the other. Thus, 220 and 284 are aemicable numbers. paved the way for the The aliquot parts of the first are, 0, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, entire conquest of Cane- 44, 55, and 110, and their sum-total is 284. The aliquot else. In 1763, A. wts masde parts of the second are, 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142, and their sum-~~ governor of Yirginia, and total, 220.- TV. G. -eel,'.'/~ ~ created Barou Amherst of (Law.) Ameicable Action. A practice, prevailing in 1iolnesdale in 1776. IIe Pennsylvania, by which an action is entered oce the was appointed command- dockiets of the courts by agreement of parties. or-in-chinef cof~theBrtih -er-in-chief of the Britisle Am'iceableness, n. The quality of being anticable; Fig. 107. - Acrencus vEspucous. army in 1778, in which friendliness; good-will. Ainer'l-ts, in Georgia, a post-village, cap. of Sumter capacity hle took a most Pig. 108.- LOoD AMHEasT. Am'ieably, adv. Il n anam icable mannser; in afriendly co., on the Meckilee creek, 100 us. S.W. of Milledge- active, but hlumane part in suppressing the London way. ville; was incorporated in 188532; pop. about 1,800. riots of 17e0. Upon resigning his chief command in Asi aboL'l'a, in Georgia, a post-office of Lumpkin co. Asner'icus, in Indiana, a post-village of'lTippecanoe 1795, lie was made a fleld-marlshal. D. 1798. Ami'eal, a. [Fr.] Amnicable. (i.) co., on the Wabash river, 10 m. N.E. of LafySette. Am'blherst, W.ILIAM PITTr, 1uarl, nephew of the above; Ai n'les, a lkee of S. America, ic the prey. of Cumana, Amner'icus, in Kansas, a post-village and township of appointed British ambassaldor-extraordiinary to the Yeiezuela, on a plateau between the Rupumung and Lyon co., 10 m. N.W. of Emporia; pop. about 575. Court of Pelkin, in 1816. He was not allowed to pens- Tocoto rivers. In the age of Queen Elizabeth, the vicinity A'meaerKote, a town of India, territory of Scinde, in irate into the interior of China, and reficsing to conformn of this lake was called the El Dorado,-" The great lake the desert, 85 m. EI. of Hlyderabad; Lat. 250 20' N.; Lon. to the prescribed etiquette of the court, obtained his with the golden banks," —and near it was supposed to 690 49 E. The emperor Akbar was born here in 1541. letter of recall. Was subsequently appointed governor- stand the wonderful imperial city of Manoes, Ibrming A_'merslfort, a town of the Netherlands, preyov. of general of India, eand created an Earl. D. 1857. the object of the expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh and Utrecht, on the Eres, 12 m. E.N.E. of Utrecht; pop. Am'herst, a seaeport town of British India, provey. of his ill-fated followers, but which they failed to dis12,700. Martaban, on a point of ifnd in the N.E. angle of the cover.-Amer. ~ycl. Aisn'ersha-m., a town and parish of Englaend, in Buck- Gulf of Martaban, facing the mouth of the Tchantweng Anlice a. [0. Fr. anmis, from Lat. camicere, to throw ineglam con, near the Colnee, 26 mu. W.N.W. of London; and the isle of Balu to the N. Let. 160 4/ 48/ N.; Lon. around.] (Eccdes. Hist.) The first, or innernmost part of pop. 3,350. 970 35/ 241" E. It is the chief British military and comn- a Catholic priest's habit, over which he wears the alb. Amkes', FIsneR, an American publicist, orator, and neercial station in the iprovinces N.E. of the Tchan- Anmid', A2midst', prep. [From prefix a, and mnid, or statesman; a. in Mass., 1758. Entering at an early tweng river. Pop. about 5,000. micdst.] In the middle; equally distant from either exage upon the practice of the law, he soon became dis- Amnlae'rst, in Nlaisne, a post-township of Hancock co., tremity. tinguished for his forensic powers, and achieved a still 25 se. E. of Bangor. Pop. abt. 425. "But of the fruit of this fair tree, amidst the garden, God hath isore extended reputation as an author of political Amherst, in Aassachusetts, a town of Hampshire co., sid, ye sha not eat."-ilton. essays. He was a member of the convention for ratify- onil a branch of the Connecticut river, 82 ill. W. of Bos- -Mingled with; surroundeid Icy. ing the Federal Constitution in 1788, and was afterward ton. Pop. abt. 3,500.-Near the town is situated Anl- "Amid mny flock with woe my voice I tear."-Sidney. returned to Congress for the district which at that time heerst Codlege, an institution founded in 1821, and now one included Boston. Lilkec the great English orator, Ed- of the most flourishing in America. It possesses a cabi- -eAmongst; conjoined with. mund Burke, he denounced the excesses of tie first net of natural hlistory, and an astronomical olbservatory. What tho' nio real voice nor sound French Revolution, and anlmost rivalled him in the far- A!sl'lersm't, in -Minnesota, a township of Fillmore co. Amid their ruadiant orbs be lound?"-Addlison. vid eloquence of his speeches. D. 1808. Pop. abt. 620. Amnl'da. (Anc. Geog.) A city of Mesopotamia, taken by Amlnes', JosEPmR, tihe historian of English Typography, Asm/he'-st, in NSew tTampshi.e, a post-townshsp of Sapor, king of Persia. It nwas called Constantia in n. at Yarmouth, 1689; n. 1759. He was a ship-chandler Hillsboroughe co., on the Souhlegan river, 23 m. S. of honor of tihe Enmp. Constantts in, ulwho fortified it. Now at Wapping, in London, whlich business he carried on Concord. Po). abt. 1,600. known as Diarbeiir, or Cara-Anid. until his death, notwithstanding his antiquarian pur- Am'ihes.st, in.zew forik, a township of Erie co. Pop. Am'ide, Amid'ogenie, ie. (Choem.) The term amide suits. Ha published a work entitled Typographical abt, 5,500. is given to a class of substances whicl coetsin anmsoA ntiquities; being an Hisloricct Account of Printing in A'Icerssi, in Olto, a village of Allen co. nia deprived of an atom of hydrogen, (NHi2s.) Some of Jfngland, cc., 4to. By the labors of subsequent editors, -a township of Loreisee co.; pop. abt. 2,100.-In this the most familiar of these aneides or amidogen are, pothis work has been improved and extended to 4 vols. township is a post-village of the same name, 33 m. S.W. tassarnide NH2K., sodarmide NlH2Na, oxamide NH2C202, Airres', in Nesw Yoerk, s post-village in Cassajoharie town- by W. of Cleveland. benzamnide, NHOC4I-1502, sulphanide, NHi202, cerbsship, Montgomery co., about 17 ise. from Fonde. Am'nherst, in Virginia, a county bounded on the S.W. mide, NIIoCO. Soue of these anides are fbrmned Iy Alnes', in Ohio, a post-township of Athens co., about 30 and S. by James river, and on the N. by the Blue Ridge. heating organic salts of anenonias, by which they loss se. W. of Marietta; pop. about 1,500. Formed fromn Albemarle in 1761. Area, 418 sq. min. The water, and leave an amnide. It is probable that neanyy Aines'-aee, n. The same as AMsss-ACe, Q. v. soil is fertile, and the scenery picturesque. The passage animal substances, as albumen, belong to this class. Amnes'bury, or Amhsres'bursy,y a town and parish of the James river through the Blue Ridge is especially Am'idine, or AMIYs1N, ce. [Froee the Fr. acidos, starch.] of England, in the co. of Wilts, on the Avon, 7 m. N. noted. - Prod. Tobacco, corn, wheat, and oats. Cap. (Chlee.) A yellow or white substance when hydrous, of Salisbury. It is the birthplace of Addison. Pop. 1,138. Amhlerst Court-House. Pop. 13,742. which is the soluble part of starch. The insoluble pcer, Asues'biray, in Mlassachusetts, a pest-township of Eu- Amnm'herst, ill Wisconsin, a post-village and township tion or outer covering of the starch granules is called sex co.; pop. about 4,200. of Portage co., 12 m. E. of Stanton. Pop. of township arnyline. Ames'lbury Fulls, in Massachusetts, a village of labt. 750. Amido-Sulphuric e cidA. (eChes.) An acid formed Essex co., in the above township; 4 m. N.W. of New- Am'lheerstburg, a town of Western Canada, 3 m. above by the action of oil of vitriol on-starch. besyport. the entrance of the river Detroit into Lake Erie. Pel. 2Amid'shtips, adv. (NAaut.) In the centre between two Assres'strati s. (Anc. Geog.) A townn of Sicily, (now ablt. 2,000. extremes, either of length or breadth. —/ put the. hel/s Mistretta, in the Val de Demiona.) It held out against Amn'mhe.st Cou-rt-Ulouge, in Virginia, a post-vil- amidsheps, is to place the tiller on a line wit-h the kieel. thie Romans seven months; but was obliged to yield lage, cap. ofAmherstco.,abt. 15m. N. byE. ofLynchburg. A'miens, a town of France, cap. of the dep. of the after a third siege, when the inhalbitaents weere sold for Aeimhem-sl Four-Coiaan-ers, in Ohio, a village of Ane- Somme, formerly the chiief town of Piceardy. It stands slaves. horst township in Loreine co., 35 m. S.W. by W. of on the baneks of the Soseme, at ateout 35 m. firon the Anmes'ville, in Illinois, a post-village of Boone co., Cleveland. English channel. The townm is agreeably situated, and 70 m. W.N.W. of Chicago. Am'i/emst8eie, n. pl. (Bot.) A tribe of plants, sub- is the centre of a large general trade. It is a bishop's Amnles'vil]se, in New Yorkc, a post-office of Ulster co. orn. Ctesalpinere. see, and possesses a royal court, an academy of sciences, Ames'ville, in Oiio, a post-village in Ames township, zAmkn'ia, n. (Zeal.) A small malacopterygious fish, found a botanical garden, &c.-.eilan. Woollens, ikerseymneres, Athens co., 11 m. N.E. of Athens. in the rivers of South America. It belongs to the fain. and velvets, linen and cotton goods, &c. There sire here, Almnetabo'liat, a. pt. (ZotJ1.) A division of insects which Clupeidce. bleaching, dyeing, and chemnical works; beet-root sugar do not undergo any metamorphosis. Ami5 iiy a. The quality or state of being amia- and soap factories, and paper-mills. A. was once a place d~Ametaspo'ali~an, an. [From Cr. a, priv., and setaliein, - ble; nmieblehess. - of considerable strength, and played an important part to change.] (Zeat.) An insect that does not undergo A'malitBsfe, a. [0. Fr. amiable, from Lst. ameiabiis; Fr. in the ur'-s of the seeiddle ages. Its most celebrated any metamorphosis. aisnable.] Lovely; pleasant; worthy of love; —geneerlly building is the magnificent Gothic cathedral, one of ties A'~me ie, a town of British India, in the district of applied to persons. finest in Europe, founded in the 12th, and ocely finisihed Partabgmrah, Oude; Lat. 26~ 5'; Lon. 820 2'; pop. 10,000. A'miablleness, a. The quality of being astiable; at the end of the 14th century. Its interior exisibits Ahmnl'ethlysgT, a. [Gr. amesthystos, a remedy against lovingheess; amiability. one of the grandest spectacles that architectural skill drunkenness, so called because, according to Plutarch, A'km iably, ado. In an amiable manner. hlas ever produced, impressing the mind by its exquisite AMME A1MMO AMMO 83 proportions, great height, and the noble simplicity Am'mer, the name of two small rivers and a lale, in liquid, boiling at 38.50; and this liquid. if cooled below which everywhere meets the eye. Its length is 442 feet, Germany, one of the rivers joillning the Neckar at Tii- 750, freezes to a transparent solid; it has at 00 the spewhile the vault is 140 feet ligh, which is half as high bingen, and the other filling ito the Isar, 2 m. from cific gravity 0'62. An interesting application of the prinagain as that of Westminster. The spire has an eleva- Mosburg. The lakle A4. is traversed by this one, and is ciple of the latent heat of vapors has recently been tion of 420 feet. Pop. 53,000. 10 so. long, by 4 broad. made in the case of A. in M. Carr6's freezing-machine; TREATY OF A. —The celebrated Treaty of Amiens, which Aanan'a-er oo-, a town of Ilindostan, in Nepanl, 110 m. (see fig. 110.) This consists essentially of two strong iron terminated a war of ten years' duration, was concluded from Khatmnandoo. vessels connected in a perfectly air-tight manner by a at Amiens on the 27th of March, 1802, between Prance, Asn'nieeaschwilaa', or MARIVILLIER, a town of France, bent pipe; one of these vessels contains an aqueous soIHolland, and Spain, on the one hand, and Great Britain dep. of the Haut-Rhin, 4 m. N.W. of Cohnar. Excellent lution of ammonia saturated with the gas at 00. When on the other. Englaed gave up to their former owners wine is grown in the neiglhborhood. Pop. 2,036. it is desired to procure ice, the vessel A. containing the all the conquests made during the war, except Trinidad Anraictnanus Xllareel] lltas, a IRoman historian of ascmmonia solution (which we will term the retort) is and Ceylon, while the French agreed to evacuate Naples, the 4th century, B. at Antioch. Ile wrote the IRoman gradually heated over a large gas burner, the other yesand Egypt was restored to Turkey. The peace was of history from the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens, sel B (the receiver) being placed in a bucket of cold brief duration; England did not evacuate Malta, and the in 31 books, of which 18 only are extant; served long water; in consequence of the incirease of temeperature, war was renewed, May 17, 1803. in the armny, and took part in tie Persian war under tihe gas cannot renmain dissolved in the water, and passes Asmil'e-ar. See Il&ILCAR. Julian. His lhistory is esteemed impartial and trust- into the receiver, where, as soon as the pressure amounts Ain'lleie e, n. (them.) A colorless fluid of a peculiar worthy, but his style is faulty. to abont 10 atmospheres, it condenses inll the liquid form. odor, floating on water, boiling at 3200; spec. gray. of' IAa'nioliie, n. (AMin.) An earthy powder having a When the greater part of the gas has thus been driven vapor, 5-061; obtained by distilling oil of potatoes or deep-red scarlet color. It is regarded as an antimonate out of the water, the apparatus is reversed, the retort grain with anhydrous phosphoric acid. Force. Co10ti0. of copper mixed with cinnabar and other impurities. (A) being cooled in a current of cold water, whilst the Anime'one, or AmcymoNE. (Myth.) A daughter of Da- Asn'asit;olk, all island in lat. 590 28' N., Ion. 830 0' W., liqucid it is desired to freeze is placed in the interior of naus, changed into a fountain near Argos, which flows off the N.E. coast of Labrador, about 75 m. S.E. of the the receiver (B). A re-absorption of the ammonia by into Lake Lerna. entrance into Hudson's Straits. the water now talkes place, and a consequent evaporation A'mira, n. See Emic. Aaalnl ocetees, e. _pl. (Zoel.) A gen. of chondroptery- of the liquefied ammonia in the receiver; this evaporaAn'irante IslandLs, a group of small islands in the gious fishes, allied to the lampreys. The A. branchialis tion is accompanied by an absorption of heat which beIndian ocean, lying about 300 m. to the N. of the island is about the thickness of a goose-quill, and is known in comes latent in the gas; hence the receiver is soon of M)adagascar. They are generally from 2 to 3 mn. in England as the Stone Grig. It is of no use but as bait cooled far below the fireezing-point, and ice is produced lecgth, and from 20 to 25 feet in height. Lat. between for other fish. around it. 40 ancd 60 S.; Lon. between 540 and 560 E. They belong Ai r'o~Aodyte, n. [Gr. ammos, sand or mud; dsute, phlngto England. er.] (ZoS1.) A gen. of apodal moalacopterygious fishes, Amqish', in Ioswa, a post-village of Johnson co., about belonging to the fans. Jturcenicle. They are known 17 Ic. S.W. of Iowa city. under the name of Sand eel, A. tobianus,e ced Launce, Aitiiss', a. [Froom a and sniss.] Faulty; criminal; out A. lancee. Worms and insects are their food, and they oforder; wrong; improper; unfit. It always follows are in their turn preyed upon by the mackerel and the substantive to which it relates: so, we say "the ac- salmon. They are from 8 to 10 inches long. tion was samiss," but never, "an amiss aaction." Amn'snody tes, n. pj. (ZoiJ.) A gen. of serpents, allied -adv. Faultily; criminally; contrary to propriety or order, to the viper, but distinguished firom it by asn erect "If I have done amiss, impute it not." -Addison. pointed process on the tip of the snoet. A species foucnd in the East is so extremely poisonous as to prove fatal Am1isville, in Virginia, a post-village of ilappahan- in tihree or four hours. nock co., 121 m. N.W. of Richmond; pop. abt. 100. Am'snss iae, s. (Chees.) An oily base, occurring in Anaite', a river which rises in the S.W. part of the State 1Dippel's animal oil, smelling of horse-radish; separated of Mississippi, passes into the State of Louisiana, and from several other oils, as animi nc.. empties into Lake Maurepas. Navigable for small Ara'maan, AmioN, AmuNe, AsIN ctX, and IIAMIMON, a A steanboats for a distance of 00 miles. -;Egyptian deity, whom the Greeks considered synonyAmtite', in Mississippi, a county bordering on Louisiana. sous -vite their Zeus Area, 700 sq. m. It is drained by Aeite river, which (Jupiter). appeared flows through the centre of th county. and from which isa tie loi of a raes in thle tbrm of a ram it derives its name, and by the river htomochitto. In sur- to H-ercules, or, eccordface it is uneven, but the soil is fertile. —_Prod. Cotton, ing to others, to Bac- y. 11. rice, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes. Cap. Liberty. n, vo vith his arPop. about 13,000. ~~~~~chus, who with his ar~op. shouat 13,000. us~my was suffering the Amr0oNXA LIQUID, AneMOreI AQUA, AcmMONIA (SOLUTION Anatter'lunau. (Anc. Geog.) A town of Italy, the birth- greatest extremity for or). A. is readily absorbed by wvater, which tekes plece of Sallust. The ruins of this town are to be seen vwant of water in tihe upe 670 times its own volume of the gas, forming the sonear St. Vittorino. African deserts, and lution of A., or liquid A., as it is generally imnproperly Ani'ity, a. [Fr. amit/i, fron Let. amucitia.] Friendsieip, showed him a fountain. called. This solution is a colorless transparent liquid, in a general sense, vwhether between netioes opposed to Upon this, Bacchus having a characteristic pungent smell, a burning ceausmaer, or among peopie 6pposed to discord. erected a temple to his tic taste, and a strong alkaeline reaction. At its greatest " Let there be father, under the name strength its specific gravity is -850, and it can only be'Twixt us and them no league nor amity."- Sir J. Denhlam. of Jupiter A mo n, keptincloselystoppered bottles. It is made by passing the -Between private persons it expresses an ordinary amount which had a famous gas through distilled water Ikept near the freezing-point of goodwill, withoub initimaicy or stronlg ibelinlg; fi'iend- 1~ceetblse of goodwvill, wvithout icetim.acy or stromug feelineg; friemed- oracle, ets t ablised by means of ice. It is of great use in the laboratory as liness; goodwill. about 18 centuries be- a reagent, dissolving many oxides and salts insoluble ~kl~/i~~~~~~~~~~~sy~~~ ~ in 2irariss, af postvilla of Clearksein e aono.~ ~ / Aiclity, ice Ar~kansas, a post-villaege of Clerkic co. fore the time of Augus- in water. It is employed in medicine as a stimulant. An'Ity, in illinois, a post-village of Livingston co., 50 tus; but when it pro- There are two degrees of strength used: the liquor amse. E.N.E. of Peoria; pop. abt. 720. nounced Alexander to moniafortior, of -850, and the ordinary liquor ammomnia, Aia'ity, in Indiana, a post-village of Johnson co., abt. be the son of Jupiter, or spirits of hartshorn, at -960. Mixed with oil, with 7 m. S.E. of Franklin. such flattery destroyed which it fonrms a soap, it is used as a rubefacient, under Asn'ity, in Iowa, a township of Page co.; pop. abt. 700. its reputation, and in the name of soap liniment. A. forms an infinite num-A post-Office of Scott co. tihe age of Plutarch it ber of salts with the different acids, most of them simniAsn'ity, in Maine, a post-township of Aroostook co., 100 was scarcely Irnown. In s lar in their properties to the corresponding salts of potill. N.E. of Bangor. Pop. abt. 325. 1772, the site of the ash and soda. Acnl'ty, in New You/r, a township of Alleghany co.; pop. temple of Aremon was _ ig. 109. - AconM. Acetate of A., or Spirits of Mindererus, used in medieebt. 2,000. discovered in a fertile (From an Egyptiuan sculpture.) cinee as a refi'igerant and diaphoretic. -A post-village of Orange co., 120 m. S. of Albany. spot, called the Oasis Carbonate of A. The sesqui-carbonate of A. forms the aaa'ity, in Oregon, a post-village eund township of Yanm of Sirvah, situate in the midst of a desert, five degrees snelling-salts of the clhemist's shop, generally called 1Iill co., 11 m. S. of LaIokyette. Pop. of township abt. 400. frome Cairo. Thie ancient Egyptian xane of the deity Preston salts. Solution of carbonate of A. is sometimes Aa'aity, in Pennsylvaneia, a township of Berks co.; pop. is A21an rs. Hoe was one of the eight gods of the first used as an emnetic. It is also used in the manufactures abt. 1,750. order, and chief of the triad of Thebes. He was repre- of unfermented bread. It is used in medicine as a -A township of Erie co.; pop. abt. 1,100. sented sometimes as ca mene wearing a cap with two high stimulant. -A post-village of Washington co., 35 m. S.W. of Pitts- plumces, and often with a ranm's head and human body. NVitrate of A. Used in the laboratory for the producburg. Asnmo'a ia, VOLATILE AL-KALI, ANIMAL ALKALI, SPIItTS tion ofnitrous oxide, or laughing-gas. The crystals are Ar'lity H111l, in Northe C;'rolina, a post office of Ire- OF HlARTsHOoRN, se. [Probably fiome the temple of Jupiter melited in a retort, at a gentle heat, nitrous acid being deli co. Atmon, near which the chloride of ammonimn was first evaporated, and weeter remaining behind. Form. NH3 Ain'ityville, in New York, a post-office of Suffolk co. made f-rou'the soot produced by burning camel's duneg N05[10. A'injher.aa, in N. India, a smeall Rajpoot state; area, in Libya.] (C/ene.) A. is a gaseous compound, possessing Selgphate qf A., much used as a cereal manure, is 584 sq. m.; pop. abt. 58,000.- There is a town of the ties properties of the alealies proper, potash and sod:e; obtained in great qusantities by neutralizing bone or seamec name, 60 m. N.W. of Oojein, containing about 500 spec. gray. 0-59. It was first isolated by Priestley, 1774, gas-liquor, with sulphluric acid, evaporating sand crystalhouses, and well supplied bazaars. who named it alkaline air. By submitting it to heat, he lizing. It is a fIouur-sidedi prism, with square base; spec. Asamlle, one of the Andreanovs islands, E. of Atche, 40 found it to consist of three paris of hydrogen, and one grav. 2: of sharp, bitter taste; soluble in 2 parts of cold m. long, and 10 broad. of nitrogen. Itis difficult to form it by the direct union water; melts at 2840, and decomposes at 5360. Forsm. Axe'lali, one of the Aleutian islands, of the Fox group. of these gases; but wherever nascent hydrogen and NilaPOatlO. tihe E. point of which is in Lat. 5200 6' N.; Lon. 1720 nitrogen are elininated lIy any chemical action, a por- A. as a sotive power.-The ammonilacal gas, converted 50' W. tion of A. is ever found iu the resulting compound. into a liquid under its own pressure, exerts, at an ordiAx'llsrheil, a seaport town of England, in N. Wales, on During the decomposition of water containing air, by nary temperature, a pressure of six atlixospheres. This the N. shore of the island of Anglesea. It has a good the electric current, a small quantity of A. is formned; fact has recently led a French chemist, M. Tellier, to sugport. The fatmous copper mines in the adjoining Pary's also, when a mass of moistened iron filings is exposed gest A. as a motive power. As ax experiment made perMountain are inexhaustible. Pop. 5,949. to time air; but it is formed in the greatest quantities soerlly by the French emperor Napoleon III. hess proved Acn'mmn, n. [Heb., mothese.] An abbess; a spiritual mi- when nitrogenous organic matter putrefles, or is submoit- very successffl, and as this new applicetion of A. wvill ther. ted to destructive distillation. A. is also found during be very liltely called upon to play a great part in indusJkmammnai'apoor, a town of British India, presidency the distillation of coal in gas-worits, the ammoniacal try, when popularly known, we believe it wvill be intesof Madras, 65 su. from Masulipeeteem. liquor produced in this way being the great source of esting to give from the learned Prof. C. A. Joy, come pareAnlrl'mlaau. (Geog.) See ALA-Suane. A. for commercial purposes. It is generally prepared in ticulars concerning the invention. Tie apeparuatums is _Amsue'lidlie, n. (Chler.) A white powder, obtained by a laboratory, by the action of caustic lime on some salt very simple, as it consists of only a receiver for condensdissolving ainmeline in strong oil of vitriol; mixing the ofA. By submitting this liquid to the action of solid ing the gas, and a condenser for its preservation and solution with 2 vols. water, and then wvith 4 of alcohol. carbonic acid, solid A. is produced. A. does not support regenereetion after it has served its purpose. Tie gas is Fosse. CuoNuHs0 6. eitheer combustion or life, and inflames withe difficulty. driven off from the ordinary aquan-emonia, and is liqueA'ra'mene,ls..[Promo ammonis and soeltone.] (Chesa.) It is decousposed imnto its. elements by passing through fled under its own pressure in a condenser, placed in a A base obtained in wvlite powder ley sclueer-s aturatin g it a seerihes of electric sparkis. Foree. Ntls. Ome exposure refi'igerating mixture. The receiver, fxuhl of liquihd amwith acetic ecid the alklrtine liquid which has deposited to a pressure of atmosphere at the ordinearv temperu-atu e neoeiee, resenebles the contriveence now ussed to hold cammeelumine. 2ibsr. CiNaH502. of the air (about 1t~ C.), A. condenses into a colorless bonic acid water for soda fountains. It is provided with 84 AMMO AMON AMOS coupling screws and washers, so that it can be attached salts of ammonia and those of the precious metals. Act- -Conjoined with others, so as to make part of the number. to the stationary piston where the work is to be done. ual experiments have already strengthened this theory,'There were, among the old noman statues, several of Venus." The liquefied gas, in strong receivers, and exerting a at first only founded on analogy. (See the Treatise on Addison. force of 7 to 10 atm., according to theheat applied, can Chemistry by E. Miller.) Al'mor, n. [Lat.] See Enoas. be transported in vans and delivered to customners, pre- Chloride of A. A salt ordinarily called sal-ammoniac, Aas'olret, n. [Froln Fr. amozo-ette, a little love-affair.] cisely as soda-water is now carried through the streets. or muriate of ammonia. It is mnade extensively by neu- A lover. (a.) Attached to every stationary engine is avessel filled with tralizing bone-liquor, or gas-liquor, with hydrochloric asnoergo, the ancient Amorgos, an island in the Grecold water, into which the gas passes from behind the acid, evaporating, crystallizing, and subliming. It cian Archipelago, about 36 mn. in circumference, at the piston, just as steamn is condensed in the low-pressure was formerly manufactured by subliming the soot pro- S.E. of Naxia, lat. 360 50' N.; Ion. 250 56' P. The chief engine, and this condenser contains all of the gas in a duced by a mixture of coal, salt, animal mnsatter, and clay, town, on the N.E. shore, is of the same name. Port form to be again converted into liquid. When a new It is much used in the arsts, more especially in tinning St. Anna, on the N. shore, is a good harbor. A. was supply of liquefied A. is delivered from the van, the con- iron, copper, and brass. It may be forneed directly by the noted in antiquity for its fertility, and is still well culdensers will be carried away, and the A. recovered from union of dry ammeonia and chlorine. FoOrm. NItaIJCI. tivated. It belongs to Greece, and is the birthplace of them at the principal factory. It is claimed that, with Iodide of A. A salt much used in photography for Sinionides. - Amorgo Il-'oulos, is a small uninhabited twenty pounds of liquefied A., a force equal to one-horse iodizing collodion, on account of its great solubility in island, 12 m. W. of Amorgo. power can be maintained for one hour. An omnibus, alcohol. Its nmanufacture is very difficult; it should, Asn'orist, n. [Lat. amase, to love.] A lover; a galwith an A. engine of two-horse power, can be propelled therefore, be bought of a respectable chemist. lasnt. (a.) 8 m. with 50 pounds of liquefied A. and 120 pounds of Ammeno'ni is, surnamed SaccAS or THE PORTER, a Amsrno'ite, and Am'orites. [Ileb., mouentainous.] The cold water. At the end of the route, a fresh supply of philosopher of the 3d century, was born at Alexandria, most powerfes tribe of the Canaanites, or aborigines of the liquefied A. and of cold water can be attached, and probably of Christian parents, and became the founder Palestine. The name occurs often in the singular nunstheA. afterwards reclaimed from the 120 pounds of water. of a new school of philosophy, which sought to effect a ber, though used collectively lor the whole Amoritish Such an engine would disengage no smoke and no vapor; reconciliation of the Platonic and Aristotelian systemes. nation. They were the sons of Hanm. (Gen. x. 15-20.) it would always be ready, and could be used to advan- The great critic Longinus, tihe mystic tPltotinus, and the Theyare mentioned among the ten nations whose countage on elevated railroads, in private houses, in mines, great church teacher Origen, were his disciples. D. try was given to the seed of Abraham. (Gen. xv. 19-21.) in tunnels, and on city railroads, for fire-engines, fbr bal- about 243. They dwelt chiefly in the mountains which afterward loons, and in situations wlore the conbustion of air lAmsansomraoo's':Tack, the name of two rivers which tale belonged to the tribe of Judah. (Numb. xiii. 29; Deut. must be avoided. —As A. will attack copper and brass rise in New IHampshire, Coos co., near Mount Washsing- i. 20.) The river Arnon was the border between Moab with great avidity, it is necessary to have these parts ton, and fill into the Connecticut river, the Lozoes A. and the A. (Num. xxi. 13.) Of the cities of the A. it substitutedbyiron. Iron is preserved from rust, insteaed after a course of about 100 miles, and the ULpper A. was said to the people of Israel, "TThou shalt save alive of suffering irom it, and the whole engine can be made after a course of 75 m. nothing that breatheth: but thou shalt utterly destroy of this metal. The oil and fatty matters employed for Anllsinoesltie'ta. (Mysth.) One of the Nereids. the Ilittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizites, Ilivites, lubrication will saponify with the A., and thus makel the Anmmlrsn i'tions, n. [Lat munitio, a fortifying.] (Alit.) and Jebusites, as the Lord thy God has comuanded joints tight and prevent friction.-Another Frenchman, All warlike stores, especially powder, shot, shell, gre- thee, that they teach you not to do after all their abomiI. Fort, employs the solution of A. in water, or aqua- nades, cartridges, &c. Muskets, swords, bayonets, and nations, whlich they hlave done unto their gods." (Dent. ammonia. This solution only absorbs 126 units of heat other sinall arms are sometimes, but improperly, in- xx. 16.) ven their sons and their daughters have they in its vaporization, while water absorbs nearly five times eluded under this term. When the term is connected burnt in the fire to their gods. (Dent. xii. 31.)- The as much heat. The common liquid A. boils at 1220 P., with artillery,fixted A. is understood to conprise loaded A. were of tall stature. According to Amos (ii. 9), and affords a pressure of six atm. at 2320 F., while steam projectiles; and ut/lxed A., those wlhich are unfilled. they vere high as cedars and strong as oaks. This requires a heat of 3200 F. to produce the same result. The chief forms of A. will be found under their propec poetical description is illustrated by tie historical stateainmo'nla, in Tennessee, a post-office of Shelby co. headings, as CARTRIoDGE; CASE-SHOT; GUNPOWDER; GnE- ment, that the size of the iron bedstead of the Asnoritsniknm onkscal, a. ilaving the properties oh, or con- NADE; SHOT; SHELL; &c. islh king Og, of Bashan, was nine cubits by four. (Deuit. taining ammonia. Amsoe'sia, si. [Gr. a priv., andrmnesis, memory.] (Med.) iii. 11.) But it is most lilkely that this bedstead, as it is Anmol'niae Gausm. (Chess.) This substance, which is Loss of muemory; mostly a symptomatic affection. clled, was a Iind of Divan. About the year B. c. 1120 often confused with the salts of A., is a concrete juice, Aza/nesty, n. [Fr. amnistie, from Gr. a priv., and msnestis, there vwas peace between Israel and the A. The Gibeonprocured from an unknown tree growing in Persia and remembrance.] (Polit.) An act of pardon or oblivion, by ites were of the reminant of the A., whomn Joshua had Abyssinia. It occurs in agglutinated nmasses clled teams, which crimes against the government to a certain tine made hewers of wood and drawers of water. (Jos. ix.; and is used in medicine as a stimulant send an expecto- are so obliterated that they can never be brought into 2 Saom. xx.) Another branch of the A. dwelt between rant. When softened with vinegar, it forms a plaster, charge. An amnesty may be either absolute and uni- the rivers Jordan and Arnoen. (Nunm. xxi. 13, xxii. 36; which has been used for the last 2,000 years, and has versal,orit may except certain persons specifically named, Judges xi. 18.) Here Moses and the children of Israel survived all changes in nmedicine. Spec. gray. 1'207. or certain classes of persons generally described. The had smitten two kings of the A., namely, Sihlon, who ~kn~~~~~~~~~~~~noni~~~~~~~~~~~~~c,~~~wl,at. Heshon lA.moid, king of Baha.ilte ai Asnieanoniaoua, Sal. See Aamarmoumr CHeLORIDnE oc. Constitution of the United States gives to the President dwelt at Heshbon, and O, kIing of Bashan. imn the taini Asanmoni'acum, n. (Cler,.) A fetid gum-resin used the right of granting "i reprieves and pardons for offences east of Jordan. These kings had refused to let the in med. It exudes from the stem of the Doremea amo- against the U. S." It was by virtue of that power that Israelites pass through their borders. But it appears osoniacues, a plant growing in Persia. It is occasionally the President Andrew Johnson, after several declarations that these A. were not extirpated, and thaet their deprescribed as an expectorant, and is applied externally of conditional or partial amnesties, has lastly, December scendants formed, even during the tiine of the Maccato promote the absorption of tumeors and chrosic swsell- 25, 1868, proclaimned, "unconditionally and without re- bees, a distiuct tribe; for we reod in Josephus's Antiings of the joints. servation, to all and to every person who directly or in- quit. (xiii. chap. 1), that the A. from Medaba fell sudAoan'monites, descendants of Ben Amnmi, the son of directly participated in the late insurrection or rebel- denly upon the corps of Johannes Gaddis, when he was Lot (Gen. xix. 38), abt. B. c. 1897. They occupied a lion, a full pardon and amnesty for the offence of treason conveying, according to the command of his brother territory at one time in the possession of the Zauzum- against the United States, or of adhering to their enemies Jonathan, the baggage of the Jewish host to the Nabamim, "a people great, and nmany, and tall as the Ana- during the late civil war, with restoration of all righlts, thiman Arabs who roved between the Euphrates and the kim." (Deut. ii. 19-21.) Although the Israelites were privileges, and immunities, under the Constitution, and Red Sea. commanded not to molest them, severalwars ensued be- the laws which have been maade in pursuance thereof." A-no~srn'irgs, adv. In the mornings. (o.) tween the two nations, with varying success. They op- Amn'nion, Aom'mmos, n. [Gr., a lamnb or lamb's skin.] Aknorroesa, n. [It.] A wanton woman; a courtesan. pressed the Israelites n.c. 1206, but were defeated by (Physio.) The soft internal membrane whichl surrounds Amnoroeso, n. It.] A lover, a man enamoured. Juplephthah with great slaughter (Judges xi. 32, 33), B.C. the f'ietus. Itisvery thinand pellucid iithae earlystage — adv. (Xets.) In a tender, slow manner. 1 188, and by Saul (1 Sam. xi.), B.c. 1074. David subdued of pregnancy, but acquires considerable thickness and Amna'orous, a. [It. amoreso; Fr. amoureux.] In love; them. B.c. 1038. Judas iaccrabeus fought many battles strength in the lattes' months. The amnios contains a enaomoured; —with of wvith them, and they leagued against Judaea, B.c. 164. thin watery fluid, in whlich the foetus is suspended. The "Nature is amorous of whatsoever she produces." —Dryden. They gradually merged in the tribes of Arabia. incontestable uses of this fluid, named also the waters, -Materially inclined to love; disposed to fondness; fond, Ania'nonites, AMMroNIrIDn], or SNAKE-STONES, a. pl. orliquor amnii, are to serve the purpose of affording a as, an amorous disposition. [From Lat. Amemon or J'epiter, who was worshipped in soft bed for the residence of the foetus, to which it allows — Ielating to, or belonging to love. Libya under the form of a rans, the A. having been at free motion, and prevents anay external injury during "And into all things from her air inspired, ome time considered to be petrified ram'ns horns.] (Pal.) pregnancy; and inclosed in the membranes, it procuses The spirit of love and assorcss delight."-A1filton. Spiral fossil shells, of which tilersee ar great abunldance the most gentle yet efficacious dilatation of the os utcri, Amoouly adv. In an amorous manner; fondly in Europe, Asia, and America, especially in the liHes, chalk, and soft parts, at the tinme of parturitio.' l,. In an norous ma er; fonly moed ollite formations. They appear like a snake rolled Amsuniott'i, a. Belongiug, or relating to the amnion lovingly. uip; some are very small, but occasionally they are metl or to its liquor.'Asn'orosssness, m. The qsality of being anoross, as wvtish upward of three beet in diameter. In somne places Assniotic Acid. See ALLANTOINE. inclined to love; fondness; lovinghess. they are so numerous, that the rocks seem, as it were, Asln'tsao. [Ileba.,faitlhfo.] The eldest son of David. Itie aino'rlphionu, n. [Gr. a priv., and sserlhe, shape.] The composed of them alone. Upward of 200 species have dishonored his half-sister Tanar, and was in conse- state of being amorplhous. been already described, and it appears that many of quence murdered by his brother Absalom. Amor'phsus, a. The opposite of the crystallized or them were very widely distributed; some being found Aunaeba', n.; pl. Ass(EBn. [From Gr. asioibe, change.] definite forn of a body. Charcoal is the amorphonus, and in the fimalayan msountains, at the elevation of 16,000 (Zo61.) An animalcule that has power of undergoing at diamond the crystailise at of currbon. This word feet, similar to species discovered in the oSlite series of will many chenges of form, extensively goins more and nore currency im the seass rocks in Europe. The nearest recent ally of this extinct A oel'a a [From Gr. amoibais, mutual.] Al- f floating, or not yet compacted into a settled shp; fiam. of Mollusca is supposed to he the Spiruta, q. v. termately'nswei ng, as it occurs in s verel of tie ec- shapeless; umformed; inconpact; inchoate; incomeplete; logues of Virgil, in which persons are represented as lunordered- unar.ramaged; floating. speaking alternately. Am'or'phozo'a, ss.pl. [Gr. aossphos, shapeless.] (Zel.) Asnote'l~bots, a. il e an amoeba in etructure. A name given by some authors to living substances that A'lmol, a city of Persio, prov. of. Mazanderan. lat. 360 have no regular internal structure, as the sponges. 30' N.; Ion. 520 23' 55,' E. Pop. 30,000. Amort', a. [Pref. c, and Fr. snort, deeth.] In the stete Anomnalesan.pl. (Bot.) An alliance of plants, class En- of thee dlead; dejected; depressed; spiritless. dogens, including the ord. lMosacee, Zinsgilsesracese, and Ma-', Hon fares my Kate? what, sweeting, all aeeor?"-Shiaks. rantace. Dms. Epigynoms peteloid Endogens, with un- Aano. tizal'tion, Amoerl'tizemnnelnlt, n. [Fr. a-in o symmetrical flowers, 1-5 stanmens, and albuminous seeds. tissemenet.] (Eog. Lawe.) Anm alienation of lands in mortAno"'manum, n. [Lat. from Gr. aemoos, blamelessi main to any corporation or fraternity ind their succesThee firuit of a species of gimger used in India with betel sors, i. e., to some community that never is to cease. to promote digestion. Namsned also Grasnem sparadisi, lAlor'tize, v.a. [Fr. assoesstie.] (Tng. Law.) To alienaomte goalies of paradise. -. lands in mortmain. A'nion, king of Judah, succeeded his father Manasseh, A'nos. [Hob., a burden.] The fourthm of the ancient (2 Klings xxi. 18-26.) Following his father's example, prophets; was'as native of the town of Theelom, neear A. devoted himself wholly to the o-orship of false gods, Bethlehem. He wavs not a prophet's son, but a herdsbut was killed in a conspiracy after a reign of two mama, and a gatherer of sycrumore fruit, and the Lord took years. him, as he folloed the flock, to prophesy usoto Israsel. ama'snon, a rivem- of England, in Wales, co. of Carmar- His prophecies were problably delivered leetwoeem the P/g. 111. Mo ITE oF nAEux. then. It falls into the Loughen. years 798-784 n. c. The canonical authority of A. rests Allalmo'nium, s. (C/ees.) The existence of an hypo- Amtmla', Aanong ti, prep. [0. Pug. amosge; A. S. upon the internal character of heis worlek, upon the thetic compound metal called A., and having the on- amangj Mieingled witih; placed with other persons or united testimony of the Jewish and Christian churches, stitution NI4, has been assumed as the only method of things. and upon the use which tise apostles made of him. explaiming the perfect analogy that exists between thee "They hid themselves among the thickest trees." —-Ariltoe. (V. 25, 26, in Acts vii. 42; Amos ix. 11, and in Acts xv. 16.) AMPH AMPH AMPH 85 Amnoskag'l, in New IHanpshire, a post-village of cated to him, where oracles were delivered. Hlis death Amphig'amous, a. [Gr. amphi, on both sides, and Hillsborough co., 17 m. S. by E. of Concord, on the was revenged by his son, Alcnseon. games, marriage.] (Bot.) A term applied by De Candole Merrimaeo river. [AFrmLphatlIb'aae and Am]nphfibial, n. One of the to those plants that have no traces of sexual organs. _Aknmolaion n. [From Lat. amevere, to remove.] (FEng. Amphibia. Amnsphig'ean, a. (Geol.) Extending over all the zones, LaCw.) A putting away; a removing; deprivation of Arnlhiblia, n. pl. [Gr. amphi, on both sides, and from the tropics to either polar zone. possession. - Scott. bios, life.] (Zotl.) Strictly speaking, the term Amphibia Am'phigene, n. (A/in.) See LEUCITE. Amouant', v. n. [0. Fr. antounter; Fr. monter.] To rise will apply only to such animals as have the power of Am'phi-hexahe'slral, a. [Gr. amphi, on both sides, to in the accumulative quality; to compose in the whole. living, indifferently, at the same time, either upon land and Eng. hexalhedral.] (Min.) Applied to a crystal, the It is used of several sums in quantities added together. or in water, yet in common conversation we are accns- faces of which, counted in two different directions, give "Let us compute a little more, particularly how much this will tomned to denominate seals, otters, beavers, &c., besides two hexahedral outlines, or are found to be six in numamount to." -Burnet. many reptiles, amphibious, because their organization ber. - Wlorcester. -To reach the apex or culminaating point, or a certain disposes them to resort either to the land or water for Anmphi'la, an island in the bay of the same name, in point or degree; to reach; to come; to rise; to attain procuring food, or whose habits are at once terrestrial the Red sea. Lat. 140 N.; Lon. 400 22' E. to extend.tot t reto and aquatic. But this is by far too comprehensive a Amspsi]'ogyy, s. See AMPHIBOLOGY. Amount'5, it. The sum total; the result of several sense. Linnseus applied the term generally to the third Amphim'acer, n. [Lat. amphimnacrus, firom amphi, class of his system of zoblogy, which comprised not on both sides, and lacros, long.] (Anc Pros.) A foot sums or quantities accumulated.-The effect, sbstace s mor result; as, "The avZOcicct of his speech wee unim' only all the animnals since more properly denominated of three syllables, the middle one short, and the others portent." reptiles, such as the tortoises, lizards, serpents, and long, aits in COdstilds. — Webster. Amour', n. [Fr.] An affair of gallantry; a love intrigue frogs, but likewise tile cartilaginous fishes. It is now Amnphi'on. (Myth.) Son of Jupiter and Antiope; tho generally used of,in unlawful connection in love.- The admitted, however, that Linnseus was not correct in this eldest of the Grecian musicians. In Lydia, where he ~ou sounds lik~e oo in poor.classification, and that a truly almphibious animal should married Niobe, the daughter of king Tantalus, he learned possess the extraordinary double apparatus (lungs and music, and brought it thence into Greece. He reigned in "aeBu hew can Jeve in his aeoscrs be found? "-Adhdison. gills at one and the same time) for extracting the prin- Thebes, which was before called Cdrdmea. A. joined the amnlour', Amoor, or SAGntIN, a large river of Eastern ciple which supports animal life indifferently fronm either lower and upper city by walls, built the? gates, and Asia, formed by the union of tihe Shilka and Argun; the element. It is only then to the genera Lepidosiren, gave it the name of Thebes. To express the power of his first rising in the Russian governument of Irkcutsk, and _Peoteus, Siren, the Axolotl, and Afenobranchus, that the music, end, perhaps, of his eloquence, the poets said, that, the second near Ourga, in Mongolia, and hcitherto for term amphibious really applies, as these animals possess at the sound of his lyre, the stones voluntarily formed 400 m. forming the boundary line between the Chi- in reality both lungs and gills. Modern zoologists, how- themselves into walls; that wild beasts, and even trees, nese and Russian empires. The A. traverses the centre ever, use thc nacme A. to designate all the animals rocks, and streams, followed the musician. With the aid of Mantchooria, entering the gulf of Saghalien, in lat. classed by Cuvier, as an order of reptiles, unader the of his brother, Zethus, he is said to have revenged Anti520 27' N., and ion. 1400 E. Its entire course is estimated name of Batrachians.-See BATRAcHIA. ope, who was driven into banishmen t by his father, and at 2,200 m. After a struggle of fifty years, with the Amnphibiolog'ical, a. Belonging to amnphibiol- to have bound Dirce to the tail of a wild bull; which view of annexing the territory through which flows the ogy. incident is supposed to be represented by the famous A., the Russians wvere excluded from the river, by treaty AmphLhiol'ogy, n. [Fr. amphibiologie, from Gr. piece of sculpture, the Farnese buill. with the Chinese in 1689. In 1847, its navigation was acmphibios, amphibious, and logos, discourse.] A treatise Amphip'odat, n. pl. [Gr. amosi, all around, and pses, again opened to thema by treaty; and they have recently on amphibious animals. a foot.] (Zo6i.) A group of Ccrustacea, order of Tetra. succeeded in their primary design of making the A.. a Amphibh'lio@s, a. That which partakes of two na- decapods. It contains a considerable number of species, Russian river. tures, so as to live in two elements; as in air andc wa- all of small size, having tihe power of swimming and A'moy, a seaport town of China, prov. of Fo-lkien; lat. ter, like frogs, &c.-It is often used metaphorically. leaping with great facility, but always on one side. 840 10' N.; hon. 1180- 10' E. Its port, councodious accd.Some are found in streams and rivulets, but most in salt secure, is oee of those mow opened to foreign trade ic "The anmphibioss character of the Greeks was already deter- water; end their color is of a uciforsu pale red or greenmcined; they were to be lords of land and sea." water; and their color is of a uniform pale red or greenChina. The tovwn is built on an island of the same name, ish. In this order the eyes are sessile and immovable; opposite Formosa. It is large; contains many public Amsiphib'tonsness, na. The quality of being able to the mandibles are furnished with a palp; the abdominal buildings, and carries on a considerable trade. Pop. live in two elements. appendages are always apparent and elongated; and about 270,000. Amsl its'aioam n. (Zo/l.) One of the acmphibia, q. v. they have ciles, whichl appear to fulfil the office of An'pelic Acid. (Chem.) White flaxes, without taste Am'pbhiboee, n. [Gr. amphibolos, equivocal.] (M/cin.) branchire. The antenne are ordinarily four in number, and smell, soluble in hot water; fuses cat 5000, and sub- A class of minerals, consisting of many varieties. White and the body is mostly compressed and bent. Someof tie limes at a higher temperature; combines with alka;lies, A. is tremolite; compact A., corneine; black A. is horn- species are parasitical, living attached to fishes, and in forming very soluble salts. Obtained in the rectifica- blende; green A. is actinote. Oblique rhombic prismls, acalephbe; others are free and very active, some living tions of that portion of the oil from ahlum slate (acepe- spec. gray. 2092 to 3848; very frangible, lustre vitreous. in the sand of the sea-shore, others in the sea or in fresh hite) which distils at 3020. This mineral affords an example of isomorphism in a water, as the sandhoppers, gammasrus. Almnpelidae, n. pl. (Zosl.) The Chatterers, a family striking degree. Hornblende may be taken as an aver- Amllphip'odous, a. Belonging to the amphipoda. of birds, ord. Passeres. They are characterized by having age of its composition. Form. 4R0,SSiOg. Found in Almplhip'olis. (Anc. Geog.) A town on the Strymon the bill short, strong, broad, somewhat depressed at the primary rocks. between Macedonia and Thrace, named also Acre, Mybase, and more or less curved at the tip. Gape wide; Aslan lsboli'ie, a. Belonging to, or partaking of the rica, Eton, &c. It is now called Iamboli. It was the torsi short and strong; claws very strong, and tail often nature of amphibola. cause of many wars between the Athenians and Spartans. very short.-They are generally natives of America, Amphib'olites, n. pF. (Miin.) Trap-rocks, with a Amphip'rostyle, n. [From Gr. anphi, on both sides, and live on firuits and berries. The wax-wing, or cedar- basis of amphibole. and prostylos, with pillars in front.] (Airch.) An edifice bird, A. carotinresis, is common in N. America, w-here, Amphibolog'1cal, a. Amnbiguous; doubtful. in the fall, and beginning of sunmmner, it becomes very Amsnphibolog'Icaly, adv. Doubtfully; with a fat, and is then very much esteemed for the table. They doubtful ueaning. breed in June, building a large nest, and laying three Amlphi bo1'gy, n. [Fromn Gr. amphi, on both sides, or four eggs. clolo, to throw, and logos, discourse.] (Gram.) A loose frt C,-' A.mnpe1'idecvo, a. pl. (Bst.) See VITAcAL. nmanner of expression, whereby the sense may be conAssvpaieline, n. (Chiem.) A colorless oil, without smell, strued into a double meaning. It has a similar applicaobtained by distilling sulphuric acid, and the oil from tion to phrases or sentences with the word equivocal, in alum slates, which boils between 3920 cnd 5360. respect to words. l~Bn'D/eti~s nz. (Zoiil.) The wax-wing. See A~RsPLtXDz. ]l[I~h~t~iI BlBBBlf. A peis,. (Z.) The ax-in. See AMPELIM. Amptibalo1 se, a. Tossing from one to another; as, I__ __ _ l Alsn'pellte, n. (Min.) A generic name given to slates, "' an aesphibolous quarrel.'.' Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, I rtla the aluminous A. being alum slate, and the graphic, Amnaolllib'41y, n. [Lat. amphibolia.] Ambiguous dis- I P common writing-slate. course; amphibology. (a.) tl A~mpel op'sis, c. (Bet.) See Cissvs. Aan'phibrateh, and AmP~hIb'ra ehys, cc. [Gr. Am'mPere, AR MAR, whose name is imperishably a i, on both sides, and b(Ac. Ps.) conected with the great discoveries in electro-..ag- A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the other netism, was n. at Lyons, 1775. In 1804, lie was nominated two short; as, hudbjre. Iy R professor of the Polytechnic School of Paris; and here, Amiphicar'jewa-, n. (Bet.) A gen. of the tribe P/asin connection witeh Ersted, Faraday, and oticer distin- colew. Thic pea-vine, A. cosnoeica, givisg is Sep't. a pale mti0f1 I. I 5iii guished men of science, he paved the way for those purple. -flower, is a very slender vine, found in woods'I "brilliant discoveries that have already resulted in the and thiclkets of Canada and the United States.. I I I I I I electric telegraph, and promise an illimitable extension AanPl: ]sl"' t a, a. [Gr. amphi, both ways, and car-I l i Lp of the boundaries of science. B. 1536. pos, fruit.] (Bot.) Producing fruit of both kinds either am'ppbre, JEAN JAcquES, seon of the above, a distin- as to form or time of ripening. guished French historian and littdrateur, was born at Aranpsaic'tyon, n. A member of the Amphictyonic Lyons in 1800, and was a pupil of Cousin. In 1833, he council, q. v. became a professor of the College of France, and was Amspliaictyon'ic, a. [Gr. amphictyonicos.] Pertain- Fi. 112.- e o vco; RE. received at the French Academy in 1847. He visited ing to tihe Council of the Amniphictyons. (Athens.) Egypt and Nubia in 1844, and contributed some interest- Amphfc'tyosfic Council, one of the earliest ining articles on those countries to the " Revue des Deux stitutions in Greece, so called, it is said, fiom Amphic- having the form of an ancient Greek or Roman paralMondes." Among his principal works are: De la Litte- tyon, son of Helenus. Grote says: "The belief of Eschi- lelogrammic temple, with a prostyle, or portico, on each rature Francaise dans ses Rapports avec les Littiratures nes was that it commenced simultaneously with the flankl, as in fig. 112. itraangires an Moyen-Age; Hflistoire litteraice de la France first foundation of the Delphic temple, an event of which inija.hisbW a'a, n. [Gr. amphis, both ways, bainoe, to avant le Docziinme Siicle; Sur la PEormation de la Langue we have no historical knowledge." Twelve tribes sent wvakle.] (Zoil.) A gen. of reptiles, fai. Amphisbcsnidcc.;F ranpaise; and I-istoire Romaine ci omce, his last sacred deputies called Amnphictyons, to this association, Amphisbem'nid~, n. pl. (Zoel.) A family of reptiles worlk. It is a book of real scholarship, of discriminat- which held two nmeetings every year, one at the temple belonging to the ord. Amphisbnbaia of Gray, natives of ing criticisma, and also of great liveliness and directness. of Apollo, at Delphi, is the spring, and the other at the South America, and distinguished by their bodies hcavA. was the friend of B~ranger, and of De Tocquevihle. B. temple of Ceres at Thermopyylse, in the autumn. They ing nearly the same uniform thicleness throughout their 1864. toole into consideration all matters of disagreement whole length, it being difficult at first siglht to disAln'phi-, a. [Gr.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, which might exist between the different Stales of Greece. tinguish the head fromn the tail. They are harmless, signifying about, around, on both sides, &c. Their decisions werei held sacred and inviolable, and even living chiefly in ants' nests, upon whicih ansimals the5y Am'lphiara us, (Myth.,) son of Oicleus (according to armies were raised to enforce them. The interference feed. Their eyes are so small that they have been suepsome, of Apollo) and IIypermnestra; endowed by the of the Amphictyons led to the first sacred war, B. c. 595. posed to be blind. The species of the gen..Anphisbcanaa gods with prophetical powers. Foreseeing that he should This. council underwent various changes and vicissi- are destitute of limbs, but the gerc. C/cirotes is peculiar perish before Thebes, hIe hid himself; but being betray- tudes, although it survived the independence of the for having two smnaull rudimentary front legs. ed by his wife, Eriphyle, q. v., he joined Polynices in his country; and, so late as the battle of Actirnu, m. c. 31, Ansplhics'i, ia. p1. [Lat. from Gr. amp/si, both ways, expedition against this city, and was one of his imost it retained enough of its ancient dignity to induce Au- and scia, a shadow.] A name applied to the inhabitaunts valiant warriors. The besiegers having been repulsed gustus to claim a place in it for his new city of Nicopo- of the torrid zone. A., as the wor'd imports, have their in one of their attaccks, the earth opened under him in lis. Pausanias states that it existed in the second cen- shadows one part of the year towavrd the north, and at his fight, and savallowed him, with his horses. On the tury of our tara. the other towavrd the south, according to the sun's place spot avhere this event is said to have taleen place, at Ampisitc'tyossy, a. [Gr. amphictyonia.] An associa- in the ecliptic. When the sun is in its zenith they have Oropus, a feast was celebrated in honor of him (Am/phi- tion of severael States for the promotion of common inter- no shadow, wherefore Pliny calls them Aiscii. ar a), and, not fajr'ona this city, a temple was dedi- ests. — See Aau'scIcvoNmC CouNcil.. Amlphithe'atral, a. Resembling an amphitheatre 86 AMPH AMPU AMST A2[ lnl}itlie'actre n. [Gr. amnphi, about, and ltheaomai, ceived its name on account of its two ears or handles. neath, placed on the side of the respiratory cavity, to see.] A building of an oval i form, in which were It was generally about two feet in height; and the which they can probably fill with water. It is most exhibited various kinds of gaines and spectacles, espe- body, about six inches in diameter, ending upward with likliely by means of this apparatus that thle animals have cially combats of gladiators and wild beasts. The build- a short neck, tapers toward the lower part almost to a the power of surviving a long drought oir removal from ing was open at the top and was provided with an awn- point. The Roman amphora contained forty-eight sex- the water, individuals hiaving been known to live after ing, which could be let down or drawn up at pleasure, taries, and was equal to. about seven gallons one pint having been paclked up dry for a year or two. and was occasionally used to defend the spectators from English wine-measure; and the Grecian or Attic am- An/p'utatue, v. a. [(r. aempuser, from Lat. am stalore.] the rain and sun. The first A. of stonie was erected by phora contained one third more.-Aimphora was also a To cut off, as a imb. —It is also used in a general sense; Statilius Taurus, by desire of Augustus. The largest dry measure in use among thile Romains, and contained to prune; to lop; to curtail. was the Flavian A., or, as its ruins are generally calied, three bushels. When filled with wine, they were lined Ase_1 altstations, se. [Lat. arepule, I prine or lop off.] the Colosseaie; built, as Suetonins informs us, on the with pitch, on account of the porous nature of the (Surfg.) The operation of cutting off a limb or some material of which they were formed. They were some- part of the body. Tihe hIuman firame is so constituted times used as funeral urns. HIomer mentions amphorse that if one member be diseased, the whole body suffers g ~ ~ ~ both of gold and stone. with it; and frequently the life of an inidividual may Amil'pho'al, a. Relating to or resembling ail amphora. depend upoI5 thei removal of aci injured or diseased memnAsnjpliph l'ie, a. (Auscuslationl.) Applied to a sound her. The aenciets, while they saw the necessity of cutemitted from the lungs, like that protduced by blowing ting off a limb, shrunlk firom the operation witll dismay, into an empty decanter. for they knew of no means of stopping the hemorrhage ________________klxArncplraoter'ic, a. [Gr. aeslhoteros, both.] Partly one but red-hot irons and boiling oil or resin; and hence, and partly the other. besides the snuffering entailed upon the patient, their "~" i'i]Iiii[ ]l'i~2fk'lAm' le, a. [Fr. from Lat. amplus, large.] It prima- operations were seldom successful. Tihe advance of rily expresses fulness of superficial, though not neces- modern surgery is here very marked, not only in the I H oiJif~l~ esarily plane extent, as ample space; the amsple folds improved methods send appliances for operating, but, of a robe. In usage it expresses such a fulness as testi- firom their increased knowledge of the human body, g[[..i,_ ties requirement or need. Large; bountiful; liberal; surgeons are now able to determine with far greater sufficient; plentiful; abundant. accuracy when an operation is necessary, or, by a minor -__ ~~~ Am~L'jA eieaess, n. The quality of being ample; largeness. operation, are able frequently to save a limb, little or at Fig. 113.i THE COLossEu, OR COLISEtM. BnAm ee'ptsix, a town of France, dep. of tihe Rhone, all impaired, which even half a century ago would have 19 m. W.S.W. of Villefranche; pole. 5,311.'been ruthlessly sacrificed; while the recent introduc(Rome.) 2Am li~ex'ieaul, a. [Lat. amplecli, to embrace, calis, lion of anesthetics has been of inestimable value to the ancient site of the gardens of Nero. It vwas commenced a stemin.] (Bet.) A term applied to a leaf which is en- patient. Asn amputatiosn may be performed by what is by Fla-vins Vespasian, A. 0. 72, and completed by his son larged at its base, so as to clasp the stem from which it termed the circular-, the double-flap, or the single-flap Titus, acd was capable of seating 87,000 persons, leaving springs, as in fool's-parsley. operation. In proceeding to amputate, the patient is standing-room for 20,000 more. It is recorded that30,000 Amn'pliate, v. a. [Lat. anmpliare.] To enlarge; to makle first placed in a convenient position, and the main amJews, the victims of war, were employed in its construe- greater; to extend. (a.) tery is compressed by the tourniquet (see TOURNIQUET) tion. The ruins of several A. are still found in Italy and iAmnlia'ition, n. [Fr. fromn Lat. ampliatio.] Enlarge- or 1by the hand of a skilled assistant. The circular operFrance, the most remarkable being those of Capua, isent; extension; diffuseness; ameplification. (a.) ation is performed by first detaching the skin a short Verona, Nismes, Pois, and Poestum. The principal parts (Law.) A deferring of judgmient until the cause is distanc'e elowl where the amputation is to be made. It of the A. were the arena, or place where the gladiators further examined.- (French- Lawt.) A duplicate of an is tlhen draws upward, and the muscles divided dowik fought; cave, or hollow place where the beasts were acquittance or other instrusnent. —A notary's copy to the bone, which is then sawn through. The arteries kept; podincm, or projection at the top of the wall which of acts passed before him, delivered to lthe parties. are then seized with a small forceps, drawn slightly surrounded the arena, and was assigned to the sena- Annmt ]lia'ti-ve, a. Adding to that which is alrea-dy out, acd tied with a thread, after which the skin is tors; gradus, or benches, rising all round above the itnown or received; synthetic. - Veblster. brought over the wound, iand either stitched or held podins; aditus, or entrances; and vomiterice, or gates Aml]lifieaq'tImn, a. [Fr. froim Lat. amsplfilccotio.] The together by strips of adhesive lplaster. The double-flip which terminated the aditus. act of amplifying or enlarging in dimcension; enlarge- operation differs from the above, in that the skin and Ac&njuhitheat'ric, Anlmkpli heat'icaul, a. _Per- ment. emuscles are cut down in a slanting manner, on opposite taining to, or exhibited in msn aemphitheatre. (Bhet.) A part of a discourse or speech, wherein a sides, so as to formn two flaps, which are then driawn up, Ainphaitheat'riea ally, adv. In the form of an am- crime is aggravated, a praise or cosmmen dation lteight- aed the klsife carried rounsl tihe bone, dividiing any flesh phitheatre. uened, or a narration enlarged, by ass enumeration of that may still be adhering to it; after cwhich the surAni'plhitoiies, n. (Pal.) A gen. of fossil zoophsytes circumstances, so as to excite the proper emotions in the geon saws the bone. It is objected to this method, that which occur in the quarries of Mountmartre. They do minds of the auditors. it mnakes a greater wounid, and that the arteries, frome not approximate to any recent gen. of zoiphytes known Asn-'plpifiaeatitve, and A m'pllilcaatory, a. That being cut obliquely, will be less securely tied; but it is to exist. enlarges or amplifies. in favor with many, who maintain that there is little Am'phitrite. (Mytth.) A daughter of Oceanus and Am'pliiier, n. One who amplifies or enlarges. force in these objections, and thamt they are more than Tethys, or of Nereus and.Doris. Neptune wished to make Asn/plify, v. a. and n. [Fr. ammpli?[er, froiom Let. ampli/%- compensated for by the greater protection afforded by her his wvife, and, as she hid herself from him, he sent a care.] To make ample. The word is commnonly applied the flaps-to the bone. The single-flap operation is seldolphin to find her, which brought her to him, and re- to the augmentation of resources and the enlargemnent dom resorted to, unless where a portion of the limb is ceived as a reward a place among the stars. As a god- of some literary subject or argumient. To enrich; to destroyed on one side, and it becomes necessary to take dess and queen of the sea, she is represented as drawn. in enlarge; to extend; to increase; to dilate; to expatiate; the flap from the opposite side. a chariot of shells by Tritons, or riding on a dolphin, to expand. Amlpyx. [Gr.] In ancient Greece, wvi th tihe trident of Neptune in her hand. Am' plitteide, n. [From Lat. aemeplus, large.J The state a firontal, or broad band or plate of Anmpli.itri'te, n. [Gr. Amphitriite, the wife of Neptune.] of being ample; extent; largeness. metal, which ladies of rankl wore (Zosil.) A gen. of annellides,fam. Tu'bicosce, q. v. (Astron.) The angular distance of a celestial body above the forellead as part of tihe Aniph mi'trite I[slandls, in the Chinasea, near lat. 160 from the east point when it rises, or from the west point head-dress. —The fron tal of a horso N., aced ion. 1120 E. They are included in the group of when it sets. It depends upon the declination of the was called by the same nance. the Paracels, and are themselves dividedinto two groups. star and the latitude of the place. It must he imeasured AIR/lt'an, a walled city of Arabia, Amnlmlit'rom pal, Amnphliit o'r0opom1s, a. [Gr. ampn/i, toward the N. and S. points of the horizon, nccording in the Djebel, or mountain land of around, and trepein, to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovals as the declination is N. or S. For the fixed stars, the A. Yemen, 25 mn. N.W. of Sansa; Lt. inverted, but with the attachment near the middle of remateins the same throughout the year; butfor thei sun 150 32/ N.; Lon. 430 38' E. It stasids one side; half amatropous. — elbster. it varies with the declination. in a fertile country, in the centre - 2Amupituryone, king of Thebes, son of Aleines, and (Geun.) A. is sometimnes used for the range of a shell, of the coffee lands. Though being mt husband of Alemenua. Plautus, after him MoliSre, and, or othler projectile, fi-om its departure out of the mouti part of Haschid-u-Bekel, it is under still later, iFalk and Kileist, have made the trick played of the piece to the place where it falls. Thus, French the government of the Imaum of' upon him by Jupiter (see ALCMENA) theo subject of engineers speake -of the A. deC parabole, &c. Yemen Proper. P'op. about 2,000. amusing comedies, in which the return of the true A., shafnegaical a'eplwitudev with reference to the direction Ain'raa HXounttaih s, a S. Af- and his meeting with the false one, occasion several of the meagnetic'needle or compass, the are of the hori- ghanistan mountain range; highest humorous scenes at the palace and in the city. The zon contained between the sun or a star, as its rising or peak, 9,000 feet. It is crossed by French give this name to a courteous host. setting, and thie miagnetical E. or WV. points of the hoei- the Kajuk pass, 7,457 feet high. Arnplmitt'lma, n. (Zosl.) A gen. of reptiles, ord. Pseudo- zon; or it is the difference of the rising or settineg of the Am'arauam, a town and fortress of H-insaur~a, q. v. sun or star frons the E. or W. points of the conmpass. dostan, prov. of Gnijerat, 22 m. firom Fig. 115. Amphiod'elite, n. (Min.) A reddish-gray or dingy Arn'ipal, n. See AePULcA. Mallia. Lat. 220 35' N.; Lon. 700 35' E. peach-blossom red variety of Anorthite, q. v. Am-puti-tla, n. [Lat., m bottle.] A vessel bellying out like Asn'rawutti, or AMrAvAVAT, a considerable town of Ar'lphotra, n.; ph. AsinocE. [Let. frome Gr. aumphi, a jug, used by the ancient Romanas, either for containing India, in the Deccan, 28 ni. from Ellichpoor. Cotton is on both sides, and phero, to bear.] In its ordinary ac- unctions for the bath, or for drinking at table. grown in its neighborhood. (Eccl. tlist.) A vessel for holding the oil at Chris- Ansret'si~, AmIprt'sna, usr UmIa'ismi, thie Pool of Immnation, consecration, &c.; also for anointing nmonarchis muorta/ity, a town of the Punjab,. India, the holy city of cot coronation. In France and England, a vessel of this the Sikh people, uand fbrinerly called Chak, at 44 mn. E. kind was in use fot the last-mentioned purpose. The of Lahore; Lat. 310 33' N.; Lon. 4;o')S' E. Manufatctures Fr/ench A. was at Rheims, the archbishop of which city inconsiderable; but being situated onm the hligh-road periforined the act of coronation of the French kings. between Cabool and Delhi, and Cashum ere and the DecA clove, it is said, brouglht this A. from heaven for the call. it enjoys an extensive trasee.-It is the principal Ieaeptisiual unction of Clovis I., in 496. In the revolution, seat of tile Silkh religion. Anrritsir, or the Pooh of Ice/Qe I~~ / ~th/is A. was lost; and it is said that a soldier oiled Ihis mortality, is a basin 135 paces osquuare, built of brick, in cIoots with tie min-aculous liquid. On the coronation of the midst of which is a tenmple dedicated to the war-'harles X., the last monarch anointed, it was stated rior-saint Gooroo Goviou Singh, the principal founder thaet a phial containing some of this unction Ihad sur- of the religion and power of the Sikhs. Immnersion in vived tle catastrsophe. The A. of the English kings was the sared pool is believed by the Sikhs, and by many - in the formn of an eayse, weighing about 10 ounces, of tribes of htindoos, to purify from all sins. 0op. about j ~ 77// ~ the purest chased gold. It was deposited by the Blacd 90.000. "' Prince in the Toever of London..IHenry IV. is tie first Am'matrl'mmn.a~l'iL-a,- or UIMRU-BEN-EL-AS, a falnous Sar/1 / lking who was anointed fi'om it. acon genesrasl, at first a greaet enemy of Maehomet, but (Chem.) A big-bellied vessel. afterward his zealous disciple. lIe conquered Syria (Bet.) A bladidem-shaped bag. ansfd Egypt.. A.D. 63. /Am ulirua cootns, a. Havimg the form of a bottle or Ammeeo'uaia, is. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord..Apocnacece. inflasted teedder. A' siel, a small river of Hollend, which, running -, A pullla'~'fa, A l. [Let. anemplla, a globular fiaslk.] thurougih the city of Amsterdame, joinus tie erm of the (Zustl.) A sem of M'olliscet, of the fsro. Ampulilaliic cd, q. v. Zecyder Zee called the Wye. It is canalized, aind made As s iaml'armie's, l-c. is. (Zeo3.) A family of the podop- nsavigahle for vessels of considerable size. Pig. 114. —oi sos OFI G Fmrtmceonn A RoFaO A wINE-cAR~T. theh.lsoumls gistertopodouc s MSloisca, fesnd in the rivers Am!'s emlam~. [From Aesiel, a ricer rmuunin g into tie ceptation, A. meeames an earthen vessel, cused us measur e of India, Africa, and South Amues-icc. In addition to city, snd dcos, a dyke, or embanikment of earth to sepafor liquids bath by the Greeks and the Romans. It re- their gills they are said to have a bag which opens be- rate two lalees or canals.] The cap. of the Qrovince send AMUL AMYG AMYR 87 kingdom of Holland, stands on the S. bank of the Ji or prohibited the use of them. They were used by the been introduced into Florida, where it is quite at home. Y, a gulf of the Zuyder Zee, in Lat. 520. 23' N., and Lon. ancient Druids, and both neclilaces and beads, intended All who will take the trouble to plant, and care for the 40 541' E., 32 m. N.E. of the Hague, and 107 N. of Brussels. as charms, are frequently found in their burrows.- Even tree, may be assured of an abundant reward. — The A. The city is in the lbrm of a crescent, with the two horns at the present time, the superstitious faith in the virtue Persicus, or peach-tree, is extensively cultivated in the projecting to the Y, which forms the port of A. The of certain charms has not entirely ceased to exist. U. States, and the object of a large trade. It will be approach to this capital on the land-side is very striking, Amulet'ic, a. Pertaining to an amulet. (o.) minutely described under the name PEAcn. the view extending over spacious meadows, covered with An isi'lius, king of Alba. — See RoMuLus. luxuriant grass to the town, where the tall masts ofships, Aaurath[ I., a sultan of the Turks; succeeded his spires, and houses are all mingled together; and this father Orchan in 1360. He founded the corps of Janisscene of activity and wealth is in the middle of a marsh, saries, conquered Phrygia, and on the plains of Cassova which seems at every moment to be threatened with in- defeated the Christians. In this battle he was wounded, undation from the brimful canals and waters which sur- and died the next day, 1387. round it. But these form the best defence of A., and AsusAHve II., one of the more illustrious of the Ottoman enable its inhabitants to lay the whole country around emperors, succeeded his father Mahomet I. in 1421, at under water. A. was originally a salt-marsh, and in the age of,18. In 1429, he took Thessalonica from the order to make a foundation for houses, it was necessary Venetians; in 1435, subdued the despot of Servia, beto drive large piles of wood, or rather masts, through a sieged Belgrade, which was succesfully defended by layer of peat, which in some places is said to be from John Hunyiades; defeated the Hungarians at Varna, in 40 to 50 feet thick. The streets are generally in a 1444, and slew their king Ladislaus. D. 1451. straight line along the banks of the canals which inter- AMIUaATH III., sucreeded his father Selim II. in 1574. His sect the city; among the finest are the teeren Graft, or first act was the murder of his five brothers. He added Gragt, and the Kieizer's Gragt. The canals, or gragten, several of the beet provinces of Persia to the Turkish are so numerous that the city is divided into 90 islands, empire. He was noted for his avarice, and his sensual which communicate by 290 bridges; the Amstel itself excesses made him prematurely old. D. 1595. divides the town into the eastern or old, and western AMORATH IV., succeeded his uncle Mustaphaa in 1623. After or new part, and is crossed by a bridge, the Amstel- two unsuccessful attempts he took )agdad from the Drug, with 35 arches; it is about 610 feet long and 66} Persians in 1638, and ordered the massacre of 30,000 wide. Through the eleven central arches large ships pass. prisoners who had surrendered at discretion. The exNear the bridge is tihe great sluice (Amstelsluis), by cessive cruelty and debauchery of A. have earned for which the waters of the river can be either dammed out him the character of being one of the worst sovereigns or allowed to flow thirough the city. By shutting the that ever reigned over the Ottomans. gates, the course of the Amstel is stopped, and the Amsaur'cousm, a. [Lat. asmurca.] Full of dregs or lees; country round the city laid under water. - Of the pub- foul. (a.) lie buildings, the palace, formerly the Stadt-house (town- Amans'i,-mle a. Capable of being amused. house), is the most magnificent; among the other pub- Amaese', a. n. [Fr. amuser, firom 0. Fr. rsuser, to stand lie edifices are, the Exchange, founded in 1608, and cape- idle, or to act in a leisurely way.] To entertain with ble of accommodating 4,500 persons; the City Hall, fbr- tranquillity; to divert; as, "HIe amuses himself wsith merly the Admiralty; the museum; the arsenal, built on trifles."-To keep in expectation; to draw on from time the island of Kattenburg; and the buildings of the so- to time; to deceive; as, "He amused his followers with. ciety of Felix Aleriis, having a superb concert-hall, three idle pIromises." theatres, &c. Of the churches, that most worthy of at- Anaiss'mneenic, n. [Fr.] That which amuses; enter- tention, the New Church, was begun in 1408.-Among tainment. the literary institutes is the Atheneum, or College, a Amnus'esr, n. [Fr.] One who amuses, as with false school of navigation, a royal academy of the fine arts, promises. and the Amsterdam Institute, or Society of Felix Meri-!Amusette', a small light cannon, carrying a ball of P' tis. -Mancf. All sorts ofstuffs, damasks, galloons, laces, one-pound weight, and formerly used for service is n velvets, woollen cloths, carpets, leather, borax, camphor, moinitamin ous countries. This gun was highly esteemed j cinnabar, sulphur, &c. The art of cutting diamonds has by Marshal Saxe, but has now gone entirely out of', here attained great perfection. About 10,000 persons, use. -Aser.. qcl. 9,000 of whom are Jews, are engaged in the trade. — nasa us'1iig, p. a. Thatwhich affords amusement; pleasThroughout the 17th century, and the first half of the insg; entertaining. Fig. 116 tMYGDALIs coeMMUNIs. (A71110od.) 18th, A. was the metropolis of the commercial world. amus e'm g4 y, adv. In an amusing manner. in The flower; 2. the nut; natural size. The growth of commierce and navigation in England Amisaa'sa!ve, ca. That which has tihe power of amusing. Amylace s a. [Lat. amylum.] Containing, or re. Ainyn~la'eeesss, a. [tat. aesinbucc.] Containing, or re~ and other countries has greatly lessened the carrying Am-i asi vely, adv. Isn ain amusive manmner. sebn tch c 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~scrubling starch. trade, which she had almost wholly engrossed; but Am'we l, imn Pennsylvania, a township of Washington aa m e, or A o AiE,. (CI.) A fluid though far short of its ancient importance, its commerce co.; n y ie. about 2,300. A y litie oAMDo MYE (Cheoy.) A fluid is still of very considerable extent and value. The old Amygl'alate, a. [Lat. amygdala, almond.] Made of; base boisig at 2030, and aving the smell of annmonia. bank of A., founded in 1609, and so celebrated among the or pertaining to, anlmondis. btained by tin cting cyasate or cyanurate of amyle, moneyed institutions of the 18th century, ceased to exist - n. (led.) An emulsion of almonds. or mnyle-ura, winti potash. Sp. gr. 7503. Ferm. C10h13. ninoneysfi mnststntsons of time 18th century, ~~~~~~m'ylate, es. (Ciente.) A compound of starch with a base. in 1796. The present bank of the Netherlands was es- Aiiayu'gdtalee, n. p1. (Bot.) A mname of the D-rupacece, Ama'yle, e. [Gr. Can? lnp, fise meal.] (m/em.) An oil beiltablislhed in 1814. —A. has been sometimes called the q.v. ingat311. Obtainby acting on iodide of amyle by Venice of the North. In the 12th century it was only a Anmyg dall'e Acid. (Chrec.) A soft, crystalline mass atc. Fo31. Obingi1. smiall fishing-village; in 1482 it was fortified. It sup- when prepalred in the cold state, gloonmy when hiot, ob- Hrous Ode ofA., named aamyic alcool, il of Nydreus 0xide of`A., named also daylic salcohol, oil'ef ported for a long period the cause of tihe Spaniards; tcdmned by boiling aminygdaline with diluted solution of gintse oil, oil of isy, oil ftates. A colorless and it was not until 1578that it joined the confedera: cmaustic alikalies; ammonia is evolved, and amygdalate o~, ~ ingts2 adcr talz at4,o tion. From this epoch, it began rapidly to increase. formed, solnble in water. It may be regarded as a con- oI lin t 2 o, afn ctiz t 4 o Pop. 263,204. pound of oil of bitter almonds, anhydrous formic acid, peculiarly penetrating odor, affecting thO chest; burns A-aii'stertiai, in Inedianesa, a poct-viiiage of Cass to., 9 ainmind sugar. Fain-mine. CaeH2co0nHO. with a white flame, and is poisonous. Spec. gray.'812, of vapor 3'147. This oil comes over in the distillations mie. W. by S. of Logansport. An-Byg,'dallne, nz. (Chem.) A crystalline compound of the fermented infusion of barley, oats, and potatoes, Am'sterai in, in Iowa, a village of Marion co., on the procured from bitter almonds. It occurs in pearly scales nixed with alcohol and oater, and is purified b wasm11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mixed wvith alcohol and water, and is purified by washDes Moines river, 88 in. WV. by S. of Iowa city. without water, when crystallized from alcohol, and in ing it with ate, d istlling ov chloride of calcium. Asn'sterdam, in Mlichcigan, a village of Ottawa co., on colorless prisms when crystallized from water. Its solo- ng atr id dlli ovrcore o i Fainrs. CnaH1s10HO. Time va/crate of A., formed by dieLake Michigan, 33 m. WR.S.W. of Grand Rapids. tion in water is slightly bitter. Distilled with nitric Fom ths o t hear ac anicrat tilling this oil with sulphuric acid and bichromate of Am'stertdam, in New Iork, a township of Moultgom- acid, it is converted into prussic acid, oil of bitter potash, and tie acetate with the sme materials, nd the ery co.; pop. in 1870, 7,708. ahinonds, formic, and benzoic acids. Foerin. CoNO addition of n etate, is nplayed to flavor confections addition of an acetate, is employed to flavor confections -in the above township, a post-village on the Mohawki — Relatingto, or resembling almonds. aiud brmndy, under the na of il pes &c. The river, 33 m. N.W. of Albany; pop. abt. 4,200. dAmyg'daoici, in. [Gr. amnygcole, amn ide of A., or amylic ether, is obtained by acting onThe &An'ssterdam, in Ohio, a post-village in Springfield (iins.) A vcriety of trap-roc, contaminhing, inbedded in it, cloride of A. with a colution of potainn alcohol, while township, Jefferson co., 21 m. W.N.W. of Steemnviile. as alnonds is a calke, nodules, agates, mnid otW.e bodies. l t. chloridef r. with a soluotii ofgpotash in a-oil wl chloride Am'steu'rdann, in Virginia, a post-village of Botetount Amygdaloi' al, a. That whiichli relates to ammygdaloid. of poeplorus. 9~~~~~~~ of phosphorus. co., 181 m. W. of Richmond. Amisyg' da-lvs, n. (Bet.)A gen. of plmants, ord. Drupaceae Amylene, a. (C/em.) See AccmmENE. Aniaisterdam Islasnl, a small island in the S. Indian The A. commants, almond-tree, a native of N. Afriica AmylVes Aeitd, or VLERcIAaIc Acie, DELPNIIniC ACID. ocean, discovered by Van Vlasning in 1097; Lat. 370 and of Asia, is extensively cultivated in the S. of Europe. (CIncsm) A colorless oil, boiling at 2700. It is obtained 47' S.; Lon. 760 54' E.; being 4a mn. in length, by 22 in It is a miedinmn-sized tree, nearly allied in habit and gen- from the Valerian, and exists in the berries of tme guelbreadth, and 700 feet high. It is of volcanic formation, oral appearance to the peach, q. v.-There are two vy- der-rose. Ojiec. gray. 937; of vapor, 3-66. Fin. CaHa. and the surface is in parts burning hot. No trees nor rieties, the var. dulcis, or sweet almond, and the var. 013O. quadrup eds are found on this islsnd, but it is resoreed to asnomo, or bitter almond. In Southern Europe, the A. Ama'yine, or AMiYLINt, a. (Choe/.) The insoluble part by vast numbers of' sea-birds. is much cultivated, and large quantities of its nuts ex- of starch. —See AMnsINE. Am'sterdam, New, a town and harbor of Emnglish ported. The kernel is the part used; the sweet varieties, _Am'& yoild, a. Being of the nature of amyle. Guiana, Soutinh America, near the mouth orf the Berbice whether green or dry, form a very nutritive article of Amlyllimi, a. [Gr. anpylon, starch.] (C/iem.) See STAirCA. river. Lat. 00 20' N.; Lon. 570 11' W. Foumded by the food, and a most agreeable addition to the dessert. A. A'myot, JAMEs, bishop of Auxerre, and great almoner Dutch, it is built in their fashion. Pop. 1,750. are used in confectionery, coolcing, perfumery, and medi- of France. Though educated iy charity, ie rose by merit Amsteteten, an Austrian village, 28 m. firom Linz. cnlue. The bitter A. is the kind used in perfiimery and to become professor in tie university of Bourges. His Here the Austrians and Russians were defeated by the flavoring; it contains prussic acid, which, though a vie- trcnslation of Plutarch is adnired for its style, rather French, on the 5th of Nov., 1805. lent poison, is not thought to be injurious in the smadl than its correctness, and bs doe much towArd deterBamt'zell, a town of Wtirtemberg, district of the Lakle quantities required for these purposes.-Cesl-iatiee: a ninin, and improving the Irench language. B. at Meof Constance, 8 m. -from Ravensburg. Timre is a fine warm, dry soil is most suitable for the A., which is cul- inn, 1513; a. 1593. castle here. Pop. 2,110. tivated like the peach, and is subject to the same dis- An yrmd aeee, a. p1. (Bet.) An ord. of plants, of ~kmuck', n. [Malay.] Act of killing; slaughter. — To eases; it may be budded on the A., peach, o- plunm the Rutales allimance. Diagcosis: consolidated, hard, dry, c-uni moamocm, is to rush through1 time streets, fra~ntically stocl. —The better varieties: Commomn A.; nnts 1/4 inchu and somewhnat vnlvulcr fruit, valvulapetals, free stamens, attaciking all that come in the way. - Webster. long, hard, smooth, compressed, and pointed, With a and genes-liy dotted leaves. - TImey are trees or shrubs, &.m'uslet, n. [Lat. amuieturn; Fr. acsulettce.] An orna- kernel of agreeable flavor; its flowers open before the aboundssg in b-ciam or resin, vith the appearance of ment or any other thing, genernlly inscribed with nays- leaves appear..Ladies' thi/a-shelled; the soft-shelled oranges lie only positive nark of distinction being tic forms or characters, worn sis a preservative against ailmonds of the shops; flowers are of a deeper colo- net th-t the fsumt ol the A. forms a shel whose huelt eventenchantments, disease, or other evil, and for securing oval, one-sided, pointed, with a porous ligat-colored n-ll sis sot -dye-like segoents. They are exclygood-fortune; a charm. —A: of various kinds were in shell, so tender that me may be crushed with the fingers. siely e-tives of tropic, India, Africa, and America. use among the Jews, (Gen. xxxv. 4, scnd Hoses, ii. 13.) Kernel sweet, rich, and highly esteemed. —Bitlec- A. are iA'ys'sne, n. (Chores.) A crystalline resin from arbolaThe Persians and the Egyptians used them; and the of several vasrieties, differing in the hasrdness of the shell, bred, by hot alcohol. reeks aznd Romane made thena of g~emas of various closely resembling the others, except in the bitterness AinayriSs, a. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Ansyridacece. kinds. Homer mentions them as charms. Pericles of ikernel; bloseoms pale pinkc; leaves larger, and of a The A. balesamnfecra, a Jmaaica tree, furnishes one of the wore an A. The emperor Caracalla, about A. D. 216, darker green than the other varieties, The almond has varieties of Lighum Rhodium. 88 ANAC ANAC ANIES An, art. [A.S. ane; Ger. ein.] The indefinite article 1Anableps',. [Gr. anablepo, to look up.] A gen. of in 1130, competitor for the papal chair, against Innocent used before nouns of the singular number, beginning fishes, ord. lAfalacspterygii. The eyes are prominent, and II. Rome, Milan, and Sicily were on his side, and Roger with a vowel or an h mute. It is used also for one, but the cornea being divided by transverse bands, the fish of Sicily received from him the royal title. He also with less emphasis; as, "There stands a harp." —Any, or maintained himself against Lothalre II., and a. 1138. some; as, "An elephant might swim in the water." Anacolu'thic, a. Wanting sequence. A'na, a Latin termination of the neuter plural form of Anaeolu'thon, n. (Rhet.) A want of coherence, genthe nouns in anus. In modern times this termination erally arising friom inattention on the part of the writehas been used to denote collections, either of remarks or orator. made by celebrated individuals in conversation, or of ex- PA1acona da, n. (ZOO;.) A Cingalese serpent, of enormous tract fro ther not-hoos, ltter, or ven ublihedFig. 117. —Aa'AsLsES TE~raOP~sTnALasUS. Aa'a.(et)ACnaeesret feomu tracts from their note-books, letters, or even published Fg 1.-NUE T'RPIalUBmagnitude and strength, belonging to the lloa family. works, or generally, of particulars respecting them. The has the appearance of possessing four eyes. The only Anaeo'sa, in Louisiana, a post-office of Sabine co. most celebrated of such collections are the collo)quial known species, A. tetrophthalmus, is a native of Guinea. Anacs'tia, in the United States, a post-office of Washk~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ncst nown undter Sthtes nams-fie of Anasam remarks of Scaliger, known under the name of Scali-'nacanmlticalfly, adv. By reflection; as, echoes are ington co., District of Columbia. gerassa secunda. produced anacamptically. (o.) Anac'reon, one of the most famous lyric poets of -A prefix, in words of Greek origin, implying repetition, Anacamp'ties, n. sing. The obsolete name of the Greece, was born at Teos, in lonia, and flourished about upward motion, inversion, distribution, parallelism, or Catoplrics. 500 a. c. Polycrates, king of Samos, invited him to his proportion.- Worcester. Ana Ca'pri, a town in the Neapolitan island of Capri, court, and bestowed on him his friendship. Here A. -In medical prescriptions, it denotes that an equal quan- Italy, on the N. side of Mount Solaro, about 2,000 feet composed his songs, inspired by wine and love. After tity of each of the ingredients is to be taken; as, "wine above the level of the sea. It can only be reached by a the death of his protector, hlie went to Athens, where he and honey, ii a, or a, or ana Sij.," i.e. of wine and honey, flight of 552 steps, cut in the rock, called La Scalinata. met with the most distinguished reception from Hipeach, two ounces. The inhabitants are said to be so much attached to their parchus. The fall of the hatter drove him from Athens, — Ana is also used as a noun, applied to collections of re- town, that some have never descended La Scalinsata. and probably he returned to Teos. But when Ionia remarks and anecdotes. Such works had an extraordinary From there, the prospectis extensive and beautiful, co- volted from Darius, he fled to Abdera, where lie passed success during the last century, principally in France. nandin tse Tyrrhenean sea, the Gulf of Naples, and a gay and happy old age, and died in his 85th year. We have in English, Selections freom the French Anas Vessvius. Pop. 1,667. According to tradition, he was choked by a grape-stone. translated, 2 vols., Oxford, 1797. There is a well-known Anaecar'dliacee, ANAcARDS, TeREamNT1s, n. pl. [From The cityof Tees puthis lilkeness upon its coins; his statue little poem, by La Monnoye, in wwhich hle enumerates Gr. ana, up, and cardia, the heart.] (Bet.) An ord. of was placed on the Acropolis in Athens, and he was held in the names of the most celebrated ana, concluding with plants, of the alliance.utales.-Diag. Apocarpous fruit, honor throughout Greece. Osly a small part of his worcs the couplet, and a high ovule has come down to us. Of 5 boolks, there are 68 poems reMessieurs, aul de toss ces ana rising by a cord rsining, under the name of A. Among these, criticism Ne vast 1'Ypecacuanha." from the base of \ ~JII acknowledges but Bfew as genuine. Those generally Anabap'tism, n. [From Gr. ana, again, and Lat. thecell.-Theyareo believed to be A.'s are models of delicate grace, si5nbaptize, to dip under, to baptize.] The doctrine of the trees or shrubs, plicity, and ease. The difficulty of attaining these exAnabaptists. with a resinous, cellences is proved by numberless unsuccessful imitaAnabaptis'tic, ANABAPTIS'TICAL, a. Relating to the gummy, caustic, tions, unworthy of the name of Anacreosltics.'lhe doctrines of the Anabaptists. or even milky measure in which A. composed his poems, and which is Anabap'tists, n pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A term applied juice.- Leaves sin- called after him, is commonly divided into 3 tambuses, generally to such Christians as hold that baptism is only gle or compound, with a cesure. to be administered to adults, and insist upon the neces- - alternate, de-aceon'. A poem in the manner of Anareon. sity of a second baptism to all who join their communion. ciduous or ever- -Aa. rAter the A manner of Anacreon. -(.Alter the umanner of Anacreon. The name, however, is properly applied to a sect of re- green; flowers -e Anadar'io, in I'exas,.a post-office of Rusk co., 17 m. S. ligious fanatics that sprang up in Germany soon after generally unisex- of Henderson. the commencement of the Reformation. Not only did ual, terminal or Anadem', and ANADEME, n. [From Gr. ana, up, and they insist upon re-baptism, but they pretended to divine axillary, in pall-' dein, to biind.] A crown of flowers; a gmrland or fillet; revelations, and held many absurd or dangerous heresies, cles, with bracts; a wreath. as independence of all civil authority, equality of rank, calyx 5-parted; I wreth. community of goods, plurality of wives, &c. The leader 5 petals; 5 or 10 Sweet anadems to gird thy brow."-W. Browe. of this sect was one Thomas Muiinzer, a pastor in Alstedt, stamens; styles Anadiplo'sis, n. [Gr.] (Rmet.) A figure in which the in Thuringia, who, after having adopted the principles 1-3, sometimes last word or words of a sentence are repeated at the of the Reformation, turned aside to these heresies, lie wanting; fr u i t beginning of the next; as, "I-e retained his virtues subsequently went to Waldshut, on the borders of Swit- inheriscent. The amidst all his misfortunes-misfortunes which no pru_Fig. 118. —PISTACIA VERA. c f p zerland, which became the chief seat of the body; whence A. are chiefly na- dence could foresee or prevent." their doctrines spread through Switzerland, Westphalia, tives of tropical countries. —Large trees, with incon- An'adlrom, s. [From Gr. ana, upward, and dreosss, Holstein, and the Netherlands. in spite of the severest spicuous flowers abounding in a resinous, sometimes cause.] A fish of anadromous habits. persecutions. The rising of the peasantryin Franconia, acrid, poisonous juice, are the ordinary representaetives Anad'romous, a. A term applied to the class of fish in 1525, fell in with their views, and, in a battle which of this order, to which belong the Cashew-nut (Anacar- which, at certain seasons, pass Irom the sea into fresh was fought soon after, Miinzer was taken prisoner and dius occideitale), the Pistachio-nut (Pistacia vera), and waters, as the salmon. slain. The sect, however, still continued to gain ground, the Mango fruit (MJangifera indica). A'nadyr, or A'NAmDIR, a river of Siberia rising in Lake and, in 1532, a body of them, utinder John Matthias, a Anacmar'die Acid. (Chem.) A white, crystalline in- Ivachno, and after a course of 450 m., falling into an baker of IIaerlem, and John Boccoldt, a tailor of Leyden, odorous mass, of a feebly aromatic, and afterward inlet of the sea of Anadyr (N. Pacific), in Ion. 1770 E. - surprised and took the city of Miinster. Here they gave burning taste, obtained from the fruit of Anacardiuss There is only one station on its banks, which is called themmselves up to the greatest extravagances, and Mat- occidentale. It fuses at 790; at 212 lhas a peculiar odor, Anadyrsk; Lat. t50 N.; Lon. 1670 E. thins proclaimed himself king of Mount Zion, the name and is decomposed at 3920 into liquid products. Its al- Anme'jnia, n. [From Gr. a, priv., and aiseea, blood.] (Mel.) given to Mtinster. Matthias was cut off in a sally which colholic solution is acid. - Form. C44tI-207. A term used to denote a deficiency of the red globules he headed against the bishop of Mtiinster's troops, and Anasar'dium, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Ana- or coloring matter of the blood. It is characterized by was succeeded by Boccoldt. At length, the city was cardiacee. - A black varnish, well iknown in India, is a pale waxy complexion, an'd a pallor in those parts, as taken by the bishop, in 1535, and Boccoldt and many manufactured from the nuts of the A. seinecarpus, or the lips, which are generally suffused. It is tobe treated others were put to death. The principles of the Ana- Cashew-nut. This nut is eatable, but it is said to pro- with pure air, nourishing diet, and tonics, such as iron. lbaptists had taken deep root in various parts, partic- duce a singular effect -on the brain. Anm!m'ie, a. Bloodless; exsanguious. ularly in the Netherlands. Here Menno Simnon, a native Anacatlhar'sis, n. [Gr. ana, up, and catairo, to Ainaesthe'sia,. [Gr. filom a, priv., and aisthanomai, of Friessland. and a man of great eloquence, while main- purge.] (Mied.) A purgation by expectoration, in con- to feel.] (Surg.)'The name given to the total or partial taining the opinions of the Anabaptists upon baptism, tradistinction from Catharsis, or evacuation downward. insensibility produced on the human body by the inhapreached against their extravagances, and founded the Anactathartic, n. (Med.) A medicine that promotes lation or absorption of substances acting on the nervous sect of Mennonites, q. v. expectoration, or vomiting, system. Those substances are known under the name Anaba'ra, a river in Siberia, in the government of — a. Promoting discharges from the mouth or nostrils. of narcotics.'The nmost familiar instance of A. is that Tobolsk. It rises in Lat. 660 N., and after a course of Anachar'sis, a Scythian phlilosopher, who, in the produced by an overdose of alcohol, in the case of drunke400 m. falls into the Arctic ocean, at Let. 720 N., and time of Solon, visited Athens, where he was so much en people, who become utterly insensible to pain (seeo Lon. 1120 E. esteemed as to be the only barbarian ever admitted ALCOHOL). The paralysis of the nerves of sensation by An'ablas, n. [Gr. anabaino, to ascend.] (Zoal.) A genus to the honor of citizenship. Lived in the 7th cen- the administration of narcotic drugs was inown to the of fislhes.-See ANABASIDm. tury D. c. The life of this philosopher was written by ancients. The Greeks and Romans used mandragora Anaba'side, n. pt. A family of fresh-water fishes, Loelius, who, with Plutarch and others, has preserved (atropa mandragora), to annul the pain attendant upon belonging to the ord. Acasthopterygii. The species many of his apothegms. surgical operations, and the Chinese used the hashish generally resemble in form the perches, but their respi- Anach'oret, n. See ANcHORET. (cannabis saliva) for the same purpose, but we have no ratory organs are so constructed as to enable them to Anachron'ic, Anachron'ical. See ANACHRON- proofs that anaesthetic inhalation was ever employed by sustain life for a space of timne out of water, by having STIC. them. In 1795, Richard Pearson recommended the small apertures or some receptacle, where they can pre- Anach'ronism, n. [Gr. ana, upward, chronos, time.] inhalation of sulphuric ether for asthma. The power of serve sufficient water to moisten their gills, In cold or The name given to an error in chronology, by which sulphuric ether to produce A. was shown by Godwin temperate regions this is not required, but in tropical the date of an event is placed earlier than it really hap- (1822), Mitchel (1832), Wood and Bache (1834-1), but time countries it often happens that many of the rivers and pened. Anachronisms are not infrequently to be found inhalation of that substance to prevent pain during surponds are dried up. At such times no fish, but such as, in works of art, and are sometimes introduced for the gical operations was first practised by Dr. Morton, a like the Anabas, are furnished with the necessary pha- sake of effect; as where Schiller, in his "Piccolomini," dentist of Boston, Oct. 16th, 1846, at the Massachuseets ryngeag apparatus for keeping the gills moist, could speaks of a "lightning-conductor," although not in- General Hospital. In 1847, Dr. Simpson, of Edinburgh. exist. The neaturalist Daldorf claims to have seen the vented till 150 years later. An error on the other side, discovered the anaesthetic powers of chloroform, which climbing perch (Anabas scanderus) in the act of ascend- where an event is placed later than it should be, is has since become the anoesthetic in general use. Amying palm-trees, which it did by means of its fins and called a parachronism. lene and Ikerosolene have been much enmployed, but they tail, and the spines of its gill-covers; but this fact has Anachronis'tie, ANACHRONISTICAL, a. Containing are now abandoned. The nitrous oxide, or laughing-gas, not been confirmed by other naturalists. an anachronism. was experimented upon in 1800, by Sir Humphrey Davy. Anab'asis. [Gr., an ascent, an expedition.] The name Anachua'nal, a village and bay on the N. coast of the It recommends itself by its safety, but there are perof two ancient historical works. 1. The Anabasis of Isthmus of Panama; Lat. 60 41' N.; Lon. 770 485 W. sons to whom it only brings excitement in the place of Cyrus, by Xenophon, giving an account of the unfor- A.na'elaahe, a snowy peak of the Bolivian Andes; sleep. Nevertheless, when mixed with chloroform actunate expedition of the younger Cyrus against isis height, upward of 22,000 feet. Lat. 180 12' S.; Lon. 690 cording to the formula of J. D. Ne~brough, an American brother, the Persian king Artaxerxes, and of the retreat 20' XV. dentist, it is powerful enough for use by dentists, and of the Ten Thousand Greeks under Xenophon. 2. The Anaclas'tiit, a. [From Or. anaclao, to bend back.] may be also highly recommended for all surgical operaAnabasis of Alexander, by Arrian, giving an account of Noting apparent curves seen at the bottom of a vessel tious in which no greet effusiom of blood takes place. In the campaign of Alexander the Great. of water, caused by the refraction of light. - Worcester. midwifery and dangerous operations, sulphuric ether or iAtablr'osis, n. [Frous Gr. anabrosco, to devour.] (Mcd.) Anaclas'tics, a. pl. That part of optics which coneid- chloroform must be preferred. Thee power of chloroform A corrosion of the solid parts, by sharp and biting ers the refraction of light. is to that of ether in the proportion of 8 to 1; it proheumors. Anac'letus, two popes of this name. The first is said dunces its effect in from 30 to 60 seconds, while ether Anl caunp'tie, a. [From Or. ana, back, and cely,retin, to have suffered death as a martyr, A. a. 91. - The sec- needs fmom 3 to 4 minutes. Thle dose of chloroform is to bend.] Reflecting, or reflected; as, an asnacasmptic end, at first called Peter de Leon, was a monk in Clugny, f'om 30 dropsto 1 oz.; that of ether is of almost sny sound. (o.) a cardinal aned papal legate in France and England, and quantity.t —It is almost impossible to oves-rate tIme ANAH ANAL ANAN 89 advantages attendant upon the judicious use of anes- Anna river. It was founded in 1857, by Germans. — Anal'Tysis, n.; 1. ANAL'YSES. [Gr., the act of unloosthetics in surgical operations. Countless lives have prod. Wines and firuits. Pop. abt. 400. ing.] The process by which facts, results, or reasonings been saved by them, and operations have been performed Aknahuae', the ancient Indian name of New Spain or are separated into their single and component parts, or under their influence undreamt of by surgeons twenty Mexico, and the actual name of the great table-land by means of which a simple truth is obtained, when years ago. The injurious effects attributed to chloro- between Lat. 150 and 30O N., and Lon. 950 and 110o W. given in a more complicated form. So that, in its most form are so few and far between, as to be nothing in See MExico. general sense, the greatest part of human knowledge comparison with the benefits arising from its use. Anahuac', in lexas, a post-village of Liberty co., in consists in the results of analysis. Its opposite is synWith an incomparably greater energy, the general the N.E. extremity of Galveston Bay, 35 m. N.E. by N. thesis, which is the act of putting together.-It is also course of chloroform-anaesthesia is similar to that of Galveston. used for a brief, but methodical illustration of the prinof intoxication by alcohol; it consists of the regular Anlatl, a. Belonging, or relating to the anus. ciples of a science; in which sense it is nearly synonyand progressive extinction of the vital properties of the naela'eite, ANALCIME, n. [Gr. analkis, weak; from its mous with what is termed a synopsis. various portions of the nervous system in the order de- weak electric power.] (Min.) An isometric compound, (Math.) The means made use of for discovering the scribed at the word ALCOHOL. When the circulation of the hydrous silicates section. Color white, passing truth or falsehood of a proposition, or its possibility becomes very rapidly charged with a large proportion into gray. Lustre vitreous; brittle, sometimes nearly and impossibility. This is done by supposing the proof chloroform, the narcotic effect may fall with such transparent. Spec. grav. 2'278 to 2'068. Comp. silica position, such as it is, true; and examining what follows force upon the sympathetic nerves as to extinguish their 54-4, alumina 23-3, soda 14-1, water 8-2 -100. from thence, until we arrive at some evident truth, or vitality at once, the consequence being instantaneous Analec'tic, a. Collected or selected; made of selections. some impossibility, of which the first proposition is a paralysis of the hlesart, which is the source of danger in All'alects, ANALEC'TA, n. pl. [From ir. asia, up, and necessary consequence; and from thence establish the surgical chloroform-antesthesia. Then, the conclusion is, legein, to gather.] A collection of literary fragments. truth, or impossibility of that proposition. " It is used that the desideratum for the perfectly safe administra- Anaslem'mna, n. [Gr. analambano, I take up.] (Gesem.) in contrsadistinction to the geometrical method, so that tion of chloroform in surgical practice is an apparatus An ortographic projection of the sphere on the plane of every mathemnatical process in which symbols are emwhich will supply an atmosphere of moderate strength, the meridian. In this projection the eyeis supposed to be ployed, and which is not geometrical, is analytical. A. and not above 3'5 per cent. for inhalation, as that in- placed at an infinite distance. Every great circle whose is the great instrument of invention, and to its successvented by Mr. Clover. The practice of intrusting the plane is perpendicular to the plane of projection,-the ful cultivation may be ascribed the immense improveinduction of antesthesia to unskilled persons without the horizon for example,-is represented by the chord which ment which has taken place in mathematics, and the protection of such an apparatus, is to be censured in the forms its diameter. A small circle parallel to the plane vast range of discoveries which have been made in strongest terms. of projection is represented by a circle. Every circle, philosophy during the last two centuries.-In ArithmeAnesthet'ie, a. Belonging or relating to anamsthesia. great or small, of which the plane when produced does tic and Descriptive Geomeetry, they give the name of A. -n. A substance which produces insensibility in the whole not pass through the eye, or is not perpendicular to the to the synopsis or exposition of the principles to be emor part of the human body, generally by acting on the plane of projection, will be seen obliquely, and under ployed in demonstrating a proposition, or solving a nervous system, as nitrous oxide, amylene, kerosolene, the form of an ellipse.-A. also denotes an instrument problem." —W. G. Peck. sulphuric ether, and chloroform. - See Ax. sEruESxA. of brass or wood, composed of a plate upon which (Gram.) The explaining tihe etymology, construction, iAnes'thetize, v. a. To produce anensthesia by mneans the projection of the sphere is made, having ahorizontal and other properties of words. of chloroform or other anaesthetics. fitted to it. Since the invention of trigonometry, con- (Bet.) The study of a plant in its different parts; its Anagall'lida, n. pl. (Bat.) A tribe of plants, ord. trivances of this sort have become useless, dissection. Fsrimulacece, q. v. Anales'sis, n. [Gr. analambano, to recover.] (Med.) A (Chem.) The separation of compound bodies, either Ansaga1'1]i, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe Anagal- recovery of strength after sickness. —A species of epi- into their simpler or their elementary constituents. lidce. The common pimpernel, A. arvens/s, well known lepsy, which proceeds from a disorder of the stomach, When merely the number and nature of these are asas the poor man's weather-glass, is a little trailing plant, and with which the patient is apt to be seized very often certained, it is termed qualitative analysis; but when with a pretty scarlet flower and violet mouth, common and suddenly; —named, also, analepsia. their proportions also are determined, the analysis is in our fields. The flowers open about eight o'clock in AnJalep'tic, n. [Gr. analepticos.] (Med.) Restoratives quantitative. If the analysis consist only in determinthe morning, and close in the afternoon, and they are which serve to repair the strength, and to raise the de- ing the quantities of the simplere constituents of a comso sensitive to light, that in cloudy weather, especially pressed spirits. pound, it is proximate, as when carbonate of potash is when there is moisture in the air, they remain closed -a. Comforting; restorative. separated into carbonic acid and potash; but when the altogether. Anlsinaogicl, a. That expresses or implies analogy. operation is extended, and the carbonic acid is resolved Anaglyph'ie, n. [Gr. from ane, upon, and grypho, I Analsoglially, adv. In an analogical or analogous into carbon and oxygen, and the potash into potassium carve.] (Sculp.) The name anciently given to a chased or manner. and oxygen, the analysis is ultimate; for neither carbon, embossed work on metal, or to anything worked in relief. Anaslog'ealnes sa n. The quality of being analogical; oxygen, nor potassium is divisible into two or Znore When raised on stone, the production was a cameo. fitness to be applied for the illustration of some analogy. kinds of matter. The theory of definite proportion, or When sunk or indented, it was a diaglyphic, or an in- AnaI]'ogism, n. [Gr. analogismos, course of reasoning.] At-soeic Theory, as it is usually called, has materially taglio. (Log.) An argument from the cause to the effect.-A facilitated many anaslytical processes, and is specially Anaglyptograph'ie, a. Belonging to anaglyptog- mode of reasoning by analogy. valuable in furnishing an unerring test or criterion of raphey. Anal'ogist, n. One who adheres to analogy. the, general accuracy of the results. Anaglyptog'raphy, n. [FProm Gr. ana, up, glyphein, Anal'ogous, a. [Pr. analogue, from Gr. ana, according An'alyst, n. [Pr. analyste.] One who is versed in to engrave, and grapheia, to write.] Tile art of so en- to, and logos, proportion.] Having analogy; bearing analysis. graving as to give the subject an embossed appearance, some resemblance or proportion; having something Analyt'ie, ANALvT'ICAL, a. Proceeding by analysis; as if raised from thile suriace of the paper; -used in parallel. resolving anything into its first principles or elements; representing coins, bas-reliefs, and the like. - Webster. as an analytical experiment in chemistry. " This ineorporal substance may have some sort of existence, inalyTtieal~y g a d v. In an analytical manner. Atnagml', a decayed town in the Camspagna di Ronma, 37 analogous to corporeal extension."-Locke. A alytially, d. In an analytical manner. nm. from Rome; pop. 5,500. —Itere Popes Innocent III., Analyt'ie,, n. sing. Tihe science of analysis. Any Gregory IX., Alexander IV., and Boniface VIII., were Anal'ogonsly, adv. In an analogous manner. branch of a science analytically considered. born. An' alogue, n. A body that resembles another. A fossil Analyz'able, a. That may be analyzed. ita''egaoge, and Aneagogy, n. [Gr. from ane, up, shell of the same species; as, a recent one is its analogsee. Analyz'alLeaness, n. The state of being analyzable. and agoge, a leading.] An extraordinary elevation of Anal'ogy, n. [Gr. analogia, firom ana,. equally, and Aiiealyza'tion, n. The act of analyzing. mind. —The mystical interpretation of the Scriptures; logos, ratio.] (Rhet.) A certain relation end agreement AnIalyze, v. a. To resolve a cosmpound into its first one of the four ordinary modes of interpretation, in dis- between two or more things, which in other respects principles; to study a thing unto its component parts tinction from the literal, allegorical, and tropoelogfcal. are entirely different. A ratio or relation between two or propositions.-See ANALYSIS. Anagog'lcal, a. Mysterious; elevated. objects denotes that they are composed together in refer- Anb'vlyzea', n. One who, or that which, analyzes, or Asnagog'icallly, adv. In a mysterious sense. ence to some quality which they possess in common, or has the power of analyzing. Ana-gog'ice, n. pl Mystical interpretations. to some manner in which the one is affected by the other. A_'nsem, or Ans-nai,' EsmiPimE OF. See CocnIN-CHINA. Anl'agran, n. [Gr. angrcamme, from ane, back, and In this way we speak of one thing greater, smaller, or Anaem'-vbas, a group of fifteen islands in the China sea, grapho, I write.] The change of one word or phrase into more beautiful than another; or the relation of a child mostly inhlabited by poor Malays. Fopc. about 1,500, another, by the transposition of its letters. The most to its parents, of a prince to his people. It is, however, Anaesnimi'.- asutm, a river in BJrazil, prov. of Pare, proper and most difficult species of A. is that which is only when we come to compare relations, when we find wihich, after a course of 200 m., falls into the csetuary formed by the reading of the letters of a word or words that the relation or ratio of two things is lilke the rela- of the Amazons, at Lat. 00 15' S.; Loin. 500 55' W. backward; as, evil, live, tions of two other things, that we properly have an Aiaani'ta-, n. (Bet.) See CoccvLvs IceDcUs. Les, s, ad el, have selfsam letters analogy. A may resemble B, but there is no analogy Ainiamllnellrs, a. [Gr. from ann, again, and mrnesis, a He lives bet vile, whoa evels homs in letters." between them; but if A bears the same relation to B remembering.] (Rihet.) An enumeration of-the things that C does to D, then there is analogy. In relation treated of' before; a sort of recapitulation. A less perfect A. is that which is made by the transposi- we have only two terms or objects of comparison; Anamol pho'sis,.. [Gr. ana, backward, and morphe, tion of letters ad libitum. The composition of A. formed in analogy we must have four, though it is not neces- form.] (_Persp.) The representation of some inmage, a favorite exercise of ingenuity in the 16th and 17th cen- sary that all the four be different; for A may bear the either on a plane or,curved surfice, which appears deturies. But, perhaps, never was A. more appropriate same relation to B that B does to C. Two things may formed or disturbed when viewed in the common way, than that mde by Dr. Burney on the name of the hero be connected by analogy, though they bear in themselves but which appears regular and in just proportion when of the Nile, just after that important victory took place: no resemblance to each other; for, in analogy, all other viewed from a particular point, or on being reflected HOReAro NELSON, "nresase- eat a Nilo." They are fre- attributes are kept out of view but those in which they from a curved mirror. quently employed satirically, or jestintly, with little aim agree. Thus, the bark of a tree is analogous to the skin (Zoil. and Bet.) The change of form which may be beyond that of exercising the ingenuity of their authors. of an animal, though there is no resemblance between traced throughout the species of higher members of a Of all the extravagances occasioned by the anagram- them. In reasoning from analogy, we proceed upon the natural group of animals or plants, either in the actual matical fever, when at its height, none probably equals assumption that things which have many observed series, or as they have succeeded each other in the course that which is recorded of an eccentric Frenchman, An- attribLutes in common have other not observed attributes of time on this planet.-Brande. dr8 Pujom. He read in his own name the A. "pendu A also in common. Analogy concludes from something Anasmo'sa, in Ioowa, a post-village, cap. of Jones co., Riom" (the seat of criminal justice in the province of observed to something not observed. Like induction, it on tihe Wspsipicon river, 40 m. N.E. of Iowa city; pop. Auvergne), felt impelled to fulfil his destiny, committed can give us a high degree of probability, but it never about 1,050. a capital offence in th:at province, and was actually reaches to necessity. A'ama ui', the most southern point of As;a Minor. Lat. hanged in the place to wcihich the omen pointed. (Geese.) The same thing as proportion, or the equality 360 2' N.; Lon. 320 50' E. Ahnakgr mm ti,' A ANAaoAmIicmAv'IcAL, a. Belonging or similitude of ratios. —See PROPORTION. ~Aea'nas, a. (Bat.) See AANASsA. to, or forming, sn anagram. (Zetl.) The relation which animals bear to another in Ananas'sa, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. ldromeliAnagranesnatiically, ade. In tie manner of an the similarity of a smaller proportion of their organi- acee. The common pine-apple, A. satiere, gives one of asagram. zation; thus, the Ascalaphus italicus, in the length and the most delicious fruits we hassve (Pig. 423). *A native Abnagra sn'snatiism, n. The act or practice of mak- knobbed extremities of its antennas, the coloring of its of the hotter parts of South America, it has been nating anagrams. wings, and its general aspect, exhibits a striking re- uralized in Aft'ica and India. From the fibres of its Anagrasmi'matist, a. A maker of anagrams. semblance to a butterfly; but in all the essential parts leaves a fine bind of muslin is prepared. At first, the inaga''anm'at.i ze, e. a. To make anagraucs. of its organization it adheres to the neuropterous type fruit presents only a mass of flowers, the calyces and An'aga'aph, n. [From nCr. aon, up, ansd graphein, to of structure; its relation to the Lepidoptera is therefore bractse being united together, but afterward it becomes writs.] An inventory; a commentary. (so.) said to Be one of analogy, while it is connected to the succulent. It is covered on all sides with small trianAn'tagros, n. A measure of grain in Spain, containing ant-lions isy the order ofaffinity. gular scales, and sesenblcs in appearance lie etrobile about two bushels. (GCram.) A conformity in the principles or organize- of thie pine-tree; hence its commioss English name. Ana'gua, in Texas, a post-village of Victoria co. tion of different words, or collections of words. Manscy varieties are cultivated. When sewild, the pineAn'ahelitmn, in C~aliforaia, a flourishing post-village of ]Analtomimak, in Fenansylvania, a post-office of MIonroe apple bears seeds hils other plants; hut in a state of Los Angeles co., 8 m. from the sea, 3 m. from Santa co. cultivation, generaly owing to the succulence of all the VOL. L —l12 90 ANAR ANAS ANAT parts, no seeds are produced, and consequently the plants commonly of short duration; but after most revolutions, tact as to prevent the flow of a single particle of blood can only be multiplied by suckers, or by their branches, by which a violent change of government has been through them. In order to prevent the consequences which gardeners call the gills and crown, effected, there has been a short period during which that would result to the system from the operation of Aan idale, in Pennsylvanica, a post-village of Butler co. there was no person or body of persons who exercised causes thus tending to impede the circulation, provision An'andale, in Virginia, a post-office of Fairfax'co. the executive or legislative sovereignty,-that is to say, is suade for the fireest possible communication between Ana_ /'drous, a. [From Gr. an, for a priv., and aner, a period of A.-Anarchy is sometimes used in a trans- the main trunks of the blood-vessels and their branches, a man.] (Bet.) Destitute of stamens. ferred or improper sense to signify the condition of a and between one branch and another. It will be shown Llalnssgsilar, a. Containing no angle. (a.) political society, in which, according to the writer or hereafter (see Aa'RTER) that all the arteries of the body Asnanias., [Heb, the cloud of the Lord.] A hypocrite speaker, there has been an undue remissness or supine- spring from one great trunk which issues from the of the primitive church at Jerusalem, who was struck ness of the sovereign, and especially of those who wield heart, and which passes from the heart through the dead, with his wife Sapphire,. for lying. —An evangelist the executive power. In the former sense, A. means chest, into the abdomen, where it divides into large of DIamascus.-A tyrannical high-priest of the Jews. the state of a society in which there is seo political govern- branches which supply the lower extrenmities. In this AL'tnapa, a fortified town and fortress of Russia, in Cir- meit; in its second sense, it means the state of a politi- course this vessel gives off innumerable branches, which cassia, on the N.E. coast of the Black sea, 47 m. S.E. of cal society in which there has been a deficient exercise supply different parts of the body, and these branches Yenikale; Lat. 410 54 52"; Lon. 370 16 21" E. This town, of the sovereign power. As an insufficiency of govern- form innumerable unions wilt other branches which ceded to Russia by the Turks in 1828, is at present only ment is lilkely to lead to no governmeent at all, the term proceed fromn the main trunk of the artery. All the important as a military post; but so great are the ad- A. has, by a common exaggeration, been used to signify branches which form such comssunaications are called vantages offered by its situation, that it will probably the small degree, where it properly means the entire anastomosis g Ibranches, and this union of branch witllh become the seat of a considerable commerce. Pop, 3,000. absence. branch is termed arasatsosis. Now, so numerous are &n-'apest, n. [From Gr. ana, back, and paiein, to strike.] Anar'rhicus, ANARIECnAS, or ANAiRHICIrAS, s. (Zeal.) these anastonmosing branches, and so comspetent are they (Pros.) A foot in Greek and Latin mietre, consisting of A gen. of Acanthopterygious fishes, beiaring great re- to carry on the circulation, that if the osain truni of the two short syllables followed by a long. It was some- semblance to the Blennies, except in their being destitute aorta be tied in the abdomen, or even in the chest, the times called Antidactylus, as being the opposite of the of ventral fins. lower extremities will receive a sufficient supply of blood dactyls, which consists of along syllable followed by two Atnarthrous, a. [From Gr. as, priv., and arthron, to naintain their vitality through these colliteral or short. Assuming accent in English to be the same thing joint, the article.] (Graem.) Without the article. anastomosing branches. Thie Irknowledge of this fact with quantity in Greek and Latin, the word tsmiporal (Zoo6.) Having neither legs nor wings, as some insects. enables the nmodern surgeon to perform with ease and would be an example of a dactyle, and the word super- A'knas, n. (Zoe.) A gen. of birds of the sub-fian. Anatina, safety operations which the surgeon of fornmer times ddd of an anapest. From the tendency of English enun- distinguished by a bill broad, depressed, larger than the would have pronounced impossible. ciation to carry back the accent toward the begin- head, and a pointed tail. The commo n wild duck or JAnasitonsots i~cy s. and a. (Med.) That which opens the ning of polysyllables, there are not many single words mallard, A. boschus, is the original stoclk of our tamne or pores and msouths of the vessels, as cathartics, diuretwhich make anapests in our language. But the foot domesticated duck. The flesh of the wild duck is highly ics, sudorificr, &n. frequently results from the union of two or more words; esteemed as an article of food. The tamne, or doisesti- Ais't&I-sBrope, n. [From Gr. ann, back and strephrei?, to as in D1 yot hlar, Lt dlosne; and sometimes it is found cated duckl is a very valuable bird, as contributing to turn.] (li/cet.) A species of inversion or departure from in part of a single word; as, for instance, in the three man's subsistence. Ducks are reared with greater the ordinary construction of words. The Latin locutions miniddle syllables of the word anticipdtion. The predomi- facility than almost any other domesticated fowl, as snecrum, vobiscum, are anastrophes for cuse me, cure vobis. nance of dactyles in English, and of anapests in French, they subsist on scattered corn, the refuse of vegetable The English locution, here rI am, for I am here, is also an forms one of the most marked distinctio.s between the and animal substances, worms, snails, and insects. They anastroplie. musical character of the one language and that of the annually lay a great number of eggs, and the ducklings Anatlh ema, n. [Gr. from ana, up, and tithemi, to put; other. are easily fattened. The widgeon (Mfareca re?pdope), a properly, to separate.] (Eccl. Hist.) The cutting off a Anapestic Verse, a species of verse composed of a suc- species of the same genus, is a migratory bird, bred in the person or persons fromo cominsunion with the faithful; cession of annapests. Among the Greeks, the anapestic morasses of the north, whichl they quit on the approach expulsion; curse. The Greek and Romnan Catholic verse was freely used both in tragedy and comedy; some of winter, spreading themselves along the shores, and churches both make use of tho.eA. In the latter it only forms of it occur very often in Aristophanes. Both in over the marshes and lakes in various parts of the U. can be pronounced by a pope, council, or some of the tragedy and comedy, the anapestic verse admits also States. They are easily domesticated in places where superior clergy. The subject of the A., who is himself dactyles and spondees. In English, only poems of the there isplenty of water, and are much admired for their ternmed ans Anat/heina, is declared an outcast'from the lighter sort have been usually written in anapestec verse, beauty and sprightliness. Catholic church; all Catholics are forbidden to associate Anstey's New Bat/ GCide may be quoted as a well-known with hinm, and utter destruction is denounced against example. The line is often reduced to eleven syllables, him, both in body and soul. The curse is terrible. Mere by the retrenchment of the first, or the substitution at -- excommunication is less severe. When an heretic wishes the begimnsing of san ismsbus instead of the eisynast the beginning of an iambus instead of the atnapest. to reconcile himself with the Church,, he is obliged to say Thus, in the lbllowing lines from the work just men- a'atlema to his errors. tiosed, a (assathcmmtt't,a. Ilaving tho properties of, or rei~"ii~ic~ 1~aing to, ain anathema. "Feor I'm told the discourses of persons refined,..1 Are better than books for improving the mind, Aasatltenat'ically, odv. In an anathematicat manBut a great deal of judgment's required in the skimming nor. The polite conversation of sensible women," Aestle h matlsm, and ANATmIEATIZA'TsO, n. The it will be observed, that the first foot of the second line act f acathsmatizise-. consists only of one short or unaccented syllable bl-'k7ats l h'ema.-;ize, V. a. [Fr. anathinatiser.] To prolowed by a long; and a similetr retrenchment might be noun& /i'c anathenua; to excoumunicate. made of the commencing syllable of any of the others, As' tizer n. One who pronounces an anwithout spoiling its prosody. tt.thema. Anapes'tie, n. The anapestic measure.-See ANAPLS'I. Aas tilseit h. [Ileb., answer, song, affliction, or poverty.] -a. Belonging to, or consisting of an anapestic foot. - A grandson of' Benjamin. -A city of the Levites, the tAssc~ p s'tieca, a. The seems ais ANAPEmTIC. birthplace of Jeremiah. A_/alqes t',leally, adv. In tc anapestic manner. fA ratosldc, ispl. (Zsit.) The duck tribe; an extensive tAssiik~aplseira, n. [Gr. froses ana, up, back, asd p/ses-ro/s. i'eas. of birds, ord. Anseres, or Natatiores. They are printo cSarry.] (Rhet.) A figure which consists in the rep- rcipally distinguished by a broad, depressed bill, which is etiticn of the same word or phrase c at tche begDining of covered with a soft skin; and by the hinder toe not being several successive sentences; as, " Where is the wise? included is the web. The ftmily, including tle Ducks, F/eserec is the scribe? Whereo is the disputer of this 119-w ON; (arc Peope.) the Goose, the Swan, &c, is divided into numerous genworld?" —A similar repetition at the end of sentences is era, spread over all parts of the world. called epiphora, or ho/mooteleuton. Anap/hora is some- Anws-t''esa e.. (Med.) See DnorsY. Assaiet'issee n.pl. (Zs6l) A sub-ftin. of the Anatidcm, times used as the general name for both figures; the for- Asass'erc@is, a. Relating to, or affected by, the species containicg the Ducks, pioperly so called. Theee are mer is then called epanapho/ra. The A. aims to increase of dropsy nacmned Anasarca. merany species, generally seen oil bakes and rivers, but the energy of the phrase, but is often rendered ineffectual AststaI'ttie, a. [Fromc Gr. ana, up, and stellein, to send.] sonetinmes also oil the seashore, and living on vegetables, by too frequent repetition. (Mied.) Astringent; styptic. grains, insects, and shell-fish. The principal genera Anspstnrodi'sia, n. [Gr. from a, priv, and aphrodisia, isnnasta saa, an island on the E. coast of Florida, 18 m. are Aeias, or common duck; Fadesna, or shieldrakes; thi featt of Venus.] (Mced.) Impotence, arising Irom long, 1Y bnroad. Lat. 290 40' N.; Lon. 81~ W. (iirina, or musk-ducks; Aythya, or pochards; Somateparalysis, or finom gonorrhca. Anastast I., emperor ofConstantinople, suiceeded ria, or eider-ducks; Osde/mie, or scoters. Ant~pleroti'e, n. [From Cr. asia, up, and pleroyn, to Zeuno, a. D. 491. He distinguished himself by his uood- isatl'oeism, n. [Gr. anatocismos.] Compound interest. fill.] (Ated.) A medicine whsicha restitutes, or fills up oration toward different Christian sects, whose quarrels Anato'lia. See NATOLIA. wasted parts; a renewing of wasted parts. at that time disturbed the peace and safety of the Ail-a'to]i'co, a town of (Etolia, in Greece, 6 m. from Asia quass'coosk, in Now I-rkc, a post-office of Wash- Byzantine empire. He died A. D. 518, after at reign of Missolonghli, standing on a rocky island in a salt lagure ington co. 27 years. on the Wo. side of the Gulf of Patras. The inhabitants Aa'-arch, n. [Cr. anarchos.] An author of anarchy; one ATNASTeS US II., proclhimed emperor of Constantinople are chiefly fishermen. Lat. SSO 24' N.; Lon. 210 18' E. who causes cosfusios, or excites revolt. (o.) after the deposition of Philippicus, 713; was dethroned The houses of this town are mostly built upon piles, and "Him thus the anarck old.... by Theodosius, 719, and afterwards put to death. number about 400. In Mauth, 1820, the town surrenim thus the ~arch old.... ansr'd."- n. Aeasia'sisss, I., Pope, a native of Rome, succeeded dered to the Egyptian troops of Ibrahim Pasha. Aar'chala, a. Anarchical. (i.) Siricus about the year 398. He was a contemporary of Aaatom/'i, ANATo Ms'ICAM, a. IRelating or belonging to Anareschic, ANARCHICAL, a. [Fr. anarchique.] Confused; St. Jerome, who spealks highly of his probity and apos- anatomy. without rule or government. tolic zeal. D. 402, and was succeeded by Innocent I. Anatoeals'eally, adv. In an anatomical manner. " In this anarchical and rebellious state of human nature," ANASTA'SIUS II., a native of Rome, succeeded Gelasius J. Anat'oessinla.~t, s. One who is skilled in anatomy. - Cheoyne. in 496. D. after a short pontificate, 498. Asssa]toniza'tiomu, i. The act of anatomizing. Ainarcehisal, n. [Fr. anarchisme.] A state of anarchy. ANAST'A'sIUS III., likewise a Roman, succeeded Sergius III. Anat'omaize, v. a. To dissect an animal; to divide the An'archist, n. [Fr. anarchiste.] A promoter of dis- in 911, and I. the following year. bodyinto its component or constituent parts;-hence, to order, revolt, or anarchy. AoASTA'sIUS IV., Cardinal Conrad, elected Pope in 1153, lay anything open distinctly, and by nminute parts. An'arcehize, v. a. To bring into a state of anarchy.- after the death of Eugenius III., and D. 1154. Ansi'ra my, i. [From Gr. a'atome, to separate a thing Webster..4kastf e,'ic a. [From Gr. ana, up, and statices, causing into parts by cutting; Let., It., Sp. ane/toena; Fr. An~'arehy, n. [Gr. anasrchia, from a, priv., and as-c/se, to stand.] Having the quatlity of opening the vessels, or asoateeie.] The act of dissectimng, or artificially sepgovernement; Fr. anarchie.] (Po/it.) Properly, the entire of remsoving obstructions. anaintimeg aind taking to pieces the different parts of the absence of political government; the condition of a Anasienao'sis, n. [From Cr. ane, through, and c/scoa, humaam body, to discover their situation, structure, and society or collection of human beings inhabiting the a mouth.] (A'sat. and list.) The conanunication of blood- ecoeomy. —The docts-ite of the structure of an organsame country, who are not subject to a common sever- vessels with each other by the opening of the one into izoed substance, learned by dissection. —Ths dissection eign. Every society of persons living in a state of natature the other. The blood-vessels are the tubes by which the of the bodies of animals is called Zoitomy, or Compare(as it is termed) is in a state of anarchy; whether that different parts of the body are supplied with nourish- tive Anatomy. A. t.is a part of Natural History, and state of nature should exist in a society which has never mont. If the blood-vessels destined to nourish a part be one of the most important in the sciences of Medicine Irnown political rule, as a horde of savages; or should obstructed so that it cannot receive a due supply of and Sunrgery. This art is very ancient, though for a long arise in a political society in consequence of resistance blood, that part must necessarily die, or, as it is techni- time lknown only in an imperfect manner. In the writon the part of the subjects to the sovereign, by which cally termed, mortify. But the blood-vessels are soft, ings of Plato we see that the philosophers hlad carefully tihe person or persons in whom the sovereignty is lodged compressible tubes, liable, by innumerable circum- coesidered the human body, both in its organization are forcibl~y deprived of that power. Sfch intervals are etances, to have their sides brought so closely into con- and functions; and though they had not arrived at the ANAT ANCE ANCH 91 knowledge of the more minute and intricate parts, Rome; and during this tinmeo Celsus, Rufus, Pliny, Cce- Bible abounds in genealogies, and modern travellers which required the successive labor and attention of lius, Aurelianus, and Armteus, made anatomical obser- state, that the same pride of descent prevails among the many ages, they have made up very noble and comprehen- vations. Toward the end of the second century, Galen, Arabians, Persians, &c. Men of rank in the East are sive ideas of the subject in general. Plato gives the whose name is so well known to the medical world, frequently entertained with songs in praise of their anrudiments of the circulation of the blood, viz.:'"The applied himself to the study of anatomy, and did more cestors - a custom which prevailed in Greece and Rome, heart is the centre or Iknot of the blood-vessels; the than all who went before him. The Roman empire and throughout Europe in the middle ages. There is spring or fountain of the blood which is carried impetu- being now overwhelmed by barbarous nations, every hardly any age which does not furnish many instances, ously round; the blood is the pablulum or food of the appearance of science was almost extinguished in Eu- some even in the shape of political institutions, of ilan flesh; and for the purposes of nourishment, the body is rope. The only remains of it were anmong the Arabians erroneous transfer to a man's posterity of the honor laid out into canals, like those which are drawn throngh in Spain, and in Asia. A general impression against belonging to himself, by which a natural and laundable gardens, that the blood may be conveyed, as fromn a dissection prevailed until the 16th century, when the feeling lhas been made tihe source of mnuch injustice, and fountain, to every part of tihe pervious body."- Hip- Emperor Charles V. ordered a consultation to be held moral and political contfusion. Another very common pocrates, who lived 400 years before the Christian Era, by the divines of Salamanca, to determine whiether or fauelt, into which mankind constantly fall, is thiat of is generally supposed to be the first who wrote upon not it was lawful in point of conscience to dissect a dead suffering reverence felt lbr the persons of ancestors to anatosmy. Nothing is kenown that was written expressly body. In the 15th century, but one great man flour- produce asn undue respect for their knowledge and wisupon the subject before; and the first anatomnical dis- ished, Leonardo da Vinci, in Italy. He waus a painter, dose, —an error which asrises, perhaps, partly from the section which has been recorded, was made by Ihis friend and made dissections to make drawings to paint from. idea of age and experience attached to that of ancesDeemocritus of Abdera. The descriptions by Itlppocrates In the beginning of the 16th century, Achillanus, Bone- tore. The age and experience of living ancestors dewere imlerfect and incorrect, except that of the bones. dictus, Berengarius, and Massa followed out the improve- macd our respect, antd the same feeling is transferred to, lie seems to have studied mostly fronm animals. From nient of anatomy in Italy. Soon after this, about 1540, the dead and to former ages. which, in point of filect, HIippocrates to Galen, who flourished 131 years after tihe the great Vesalius appeared. lie cwas born in -Brussels, were younger and less experienced than we. IndividuChristian Era, that is, in the space of about 600 years. went to Louvain, and to Paris to teach anatomy, and als and whole nations act as if wisdom belonged only to anatomy was greatly improved by more accurate and from there was called to Italy. Ice his dlisputations with the dead. The Americans are noted for the esteem in extended observations. During this time a great insti- the other anatomists of his time, they made their appeals which they hold their ancestors. but they do scot look to tution for Grecian education was established at Alexan- to the human body; aied thus in a few years the art the past ages as to the only model to be imitated. The dria, Egypt, in the palace itself, withl a museumn and was greatly imnproved. Ite gave the names to the mus- true feeling of respect to ancestors has been admiratly library, by the great Ptolemus. A., among other sciences, cles, most of which are retained to this day. Formcerly expressed by one of their orators, who said: "Let us not was publicly taught. IHerophilus and Erasistratus were they were distinguished by numbers. Ice 1561, Fallopius act as they did, but as they would have acted to-day." the distinguished anatomists at that time; and according published a treatise on Anatomsy, at Padua. IIe made (Lazo.) One that has gone before in a fitmily; it differs to the writings of Celsus, the first (Herophilus) was many'great discoveries. Ic 1563, Eustachius published firom predecessor, in tihat it is applied to a cnatural perallowed to open the bodies of living culprits. He added his work ast Venice. From this time the study of snat- son and his progenitors, ewhile the latter is applied to a many importan t discoveries about the brain, the action onGy gradually diffused itself throughout Europe. In corporation, and those who have held offices beibre those of the nerves, the blood-vessels of the intestines, &c. the 17th century, Ilarvey discovered thle circulation of' who now fill theIm. the blood; Pecquet, the thoracic duct; Bartholine, the Aneesto'rial, a. Ancestral. lymphatics; and Malpighi, Bellinus, Wirzung, Schneider, an'cestral, a. REelating to, or having been done by Bidlov, &c., flourished. In the 18th century, Pacchioi, one's ancestors.-That which belonged to one's ancestor....................- TValsalv B Lancise, Morgagni, Hunter, Albin, Haller, (Lawo.) Ancestcral estates are such as come to the posBoerlive, Vicq dl'Azyrr, and Monro beransee noted for seasor by descest. their anatomical researches, as well as Meclkel, IIorner, An'cestress, s?. A femnale ancestor. -~.~.~ff Tiedemann, MUiller, Seller, Weber, Bischofi, Gray, Leidy, An'cestry, ce. [Fronm ancestor.] Lineage; a series of l..-'.................. GosiBwayreHneI'oiasK11k, -:,~ —-~ —-C -oodsir, Bowicuau hIyrstel, Hiienle, Rokitacnsky, K6hliher, ancestors, or progcnitors; the persors who compose the [2. —-.. —-----—. —- Virchow, and others in the present centur'y, - The anat- lineage. — rence, the honor of descent; birth. -'"~~ —-~ —~ Grnoy of the body is divided into different groups accord- "Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ing to the organs, &c., as, Osteology teaches of the form, Ill one, more contemptible."-Addison................. structure, &c. of the bones; MIyology, of the muscles; A!nclh'ilolps, n. The sane as AIEGoLP, q. V. Synydcesenology, of the ligaments; Splanchnosogy, of the 2An'chises, son of Csepys. and great-grandson of Tros. viscera; Angiology, of the vessels; Neurology, of the Venus, captivated by his beauty, appeared to him on brtin and nerves; Dermetslogy, of the skin. Mount Ida, (according to some, near the river Simois,) ------— 17 Aemtri'be, a. [Freom Gr. asatrTiboe, to rub.] (Med.) in the shape of a Phrygian shepherdess, and bore him Friction all over the body. Eneas. His son carried him off on is shoulders at the - ssa sx'lite, n. (Mie.) A greenish-white, pearly, gran- burning of Troy, and made him the companion of his ular variety of Ciseolite. voyage to Italy. He died during the voyage, in Sicily. --- -- 18 Asses/va, a river of Brazil, and a tributary of the Branca According to other accounts, Jupiter killed A. with a......-'-~~~~ ~or Parinec. Length abt. 200 m. thunder-bolt, because, when excited with wine, he beAastavelhas'ssa, a river of Brazil, and an affluent of the trayed the secret of his intimacy with Venus. Rio Negro;"' into which it falls near Toroma. Length A eslc'olrne, a river of England, rising in Lincoln~ ~ ~ ~~~-.-, —— 10 J ] )..t.. e abt 200 en. shire, and joining the Humber 9 miles from Glanford;'~""'~ Aa~n,~~;~w~~,Ae xag'oras, one of the principal Ionic philosophers, Brigg. _.'0. at Clazomene, n. c. 500. The visited Egypt, and went Asnchl.or, n.. [Lat. aanchora; Fr. asc-e.] (Nauet.) A to Athens, whe re he formed an intinacy with Pericles. heavy iron instrument cast or dropped from a ship into His principle was, "froe nothing comes nothiceg." lie the water in a harbor or roadstead, to retain hler in a adopted, tierefore, the idea of a chaos, and as the pri- convenient station there, the several parts of which mnary element of all bodies, a kind of atoms, of the same are shown in the accompanying fignre. —A. were originature as the bodies which they formed. These atoms, ill themselves motionless, were, in the beginning, put in motion by another equally eternal, immaterial, spiritual, oelementary being, which he called Intelligence. He contended that the real existence of things, perceived by L our senses, could not be demonstrably proved, and considered reason as the source of truth. On accoucnt of this H principle, many have regarded him as the first theist A B amnong the philosopheehs. r. 431 i. C. Aaxin-t man'Sler, a philosopher of Miletus, B. 610 B. te He discovered, or taught at least, the inclination of ti-he elliptic, and was thle first to use figures to illustrate fithe i propositions of Geometry. IHis system seemns to heav s e been that infinity is the origin of all existence, feom - which all semsanates, and to which everything returns. The number of worlds is, according to him, infinite. B. 4 -.. —-.. 546 n. e. znllaxim'lenes, a philosopher of Miletus, flourished Fig. 121. about 556 B. c. lie was a disciple of Anaximander, A. The ring. finom whose doctrines hle, however, deviated. According B. The stock, (placed at right angles with the planeof the arms.) 2....... —--- ~~~~~to him, the air is thle infinite, divine, perpetually active, C. The shank. first primcipl of all things. Pliny attributes to lse the D. Tce crown, or place where the arms are joined to the shank. i. The arms. invention of the sun-dial. G. The throat of the arms, or rounded angular point where the -'-. —---- 1 2kAn'bert ioend. [The cistern of the waters of life.] arm is joined by the shank. A celebrated book of the Brahmins, whlerein the Indian H. Tle palms, or Sles. religion and philosophy are contsined. It i divided L. The bill, or peak. The end of the shank, on A, is called a nut. F~igi. 120. —Aa ntmS n v n cMmAa Bone. into 50 beths or discourses, each consisting of 10 chap- nally mere weights; at present they are so contrived as ters. It has been translated into Arabic, under tile title to sinki into the earth as soon as they reach it, and to 1. Tarsal. —2. Perennal. -3. Posterior tibial. —4. Anterior tibial. of Morat aat Maani, i.-e., the marrow of intelligence. bear a great strain before they can be loosened or dis5. Femoral. -- 6. Iliac. - 7. Sacral. - 8. Renal. -9. ntercostal.' - A'The numer of anchrs cried at both t 10. Aorta. —11. Subclavian. —12. Carotid.-13.Vertebral.-14. T e- s1l['Y as. (Fai-'riesy.) An AMnua, q.. lodged. t poral.- 15. Curvature of the Aorta.- 16. Axillary.- 17. Brachial. (Gard.) Ain A., or club-root, is a sort of galls produced bows and stern of a ship have been fisally reduced to 18. Celiac.- 19. SMesenterie arteries. - 20. Rnadial. - 21. Ulnar. icy insects on the roots of cabbages, turnips, hollyhocks, four principal, and these all at the bows. The anchorse See Aanrne. and other Species of cultivated plants. The destruction supplied to men-o n-vr are the best sued rall coLtewers, tile Erasistratns defined more particuhlrly the structure of of the adult insects before they hleve laid their eggs, is sleet, and the spare; tlese cre of the largest size; to the brain, and discovered and nanled tie valves in the the only remedy indicated against artnbury; send it is pc- which are added, thee stoeam and tie ],'edqge, esIicle are yece ca va. — Tile Roomaens did not apply themselves to cusiarly difficult to put this into practice, in the case of used for particular or for temporary pusposes. Since anatomy for a long timse.-Archleegathus was thee first so smacll ia species. there is but small difference in thee form of ancrhors of Greek physician establisheed in tome, sned he was tean- &a~ssaster, in Conadea West, a post-village scnd town- different weighets, thee strease of a large vessel serves for ished tile city on account of the severity of his operae- shlip of Wentworth co., 8 m. W.S.W. of itamesilton. the bSoccer of a smaller. As An 2. cosee les ome, wshen it tinns. Asclepiades flourished in Rouse in tlee time of Asscenesis a town of France, dep. of Loireu-infdrieure, on loses its hold of the ground, by the violence of the sea Poompey, and attained a very high reputation. One the Loire, 21 m. E.N.E. of Nantes; pop. 4,628. or wind; in which case, as the vessel drifts, ties anchor Cassius, commonly thought to be a pumpil of Asclepiades, Anssesltor, as. [Fr. ancotoes, p1.; fe-om Lat. atecessor, drags. —To cast A., is to release it from the cathead by acconnted for thee right side of the body becoming para- one whho goes before.] One finom whom a person descends. letting run the c-thead-stoppers, that it may fall to the lytic on hurting thee left side of the brain, in thee same either by the father or mother; a progenitor; a fore- bottom, and so hold the vessel.Tlb lie at A., or -idiaezg at mceanner as has been done by the moederns, viz.. ly tfle father. A.; the situation of a vessel which is riept in a particucrossing of the nerves froom the right to the left side, &-c, A4ncesto's. - All nations, in any wecy civilized, have ler place by her A. restcing ece the ground. - Ts back an Firom the time of Asciepiades to the second century. ipaitl reispect to (he memory of their ancestors. Some A.; to lay out or plant a smal'er mA. ahead of theeh large physicians seem to have been greatly encouraged in have gone so far as to offer them religious homage. The one by which the vessel rides; the cable of the formers 92 ANCH ANCI AND being fastened to the crown of the latter, or secured with tincteria, or alkanet, obtained by acting on the root An'cilla, or ANCILLARIA, n. (Zel.) A gen. of Molluscat, a running clinch around the cable of the latter, to fetch with boiling absolute alcohol or ether. inhabiting a spiral, univalve marine shell. Numerous up at the ring.-To cat andfish an A.; to raise the ring An'chylose, v. a. [See ANCeYLosIs.] To make stiff; species, chiefly confined to tropical countries. to the cathead by the cat-purchase, and then hoist the to fix immovably, as a joint. Asn'Cilon, DAVID, a Protestant minister, who fled from flukes to the gunwale by the fish-purchase, after which Anchylo'sis, in. tGr. from aychylomai, to bend.] France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and the cat-stopper and shank-painter are passed. —b sweep (Med.) A stiff joint. It is divided into the true and spU- D. at Berlin, 1672, 75 years old, was an author of some for as, A.; to sweep with the bight of a rope over the'rious, according as the motion is entirely or but partly merit; as was also his son Charles, who was historiogbottom, to find a lost A. —To shoe an A.; to place over lost. Tbis state may arise from various causes, as tume- rapher to the king of Prussia, and D. at Berlin, 1715. the flukes, broad, triangular pieces of plank, that the A. faction of the ends of the bones, caries, fracture, dislo- A.'cl1o0s, JOHANN PETER Fe'IEDRICn. a Prussian statesmay take hold better in a soft bottom. —lb weigh an A.; cation, &c., also dropsy of the joint, fleshy excrescences, man who, during the wars of Napoleon I., took an acto heave it up to the bows by means of the cable, in aneurisms, and other tumors. It may also be owing to tive part in directing the affairs of his country. At his orderx to set sail." the minorbid contraction of' the flexor muscles, induced death hle held the appointment of minister of foreign (Arch.) See EOnINUs. by the limb being long kept in a particular position, as affairs. B. at Berlin, 1766; D. 1837. (Coim.) A Dutch measure. See ANKER. a relief to pain, after burns, mechanical injuries, &c. An'cillary, a. [Lat. ancillaris, a maid-servant.] De-Metaphorically, that which confers stability or se- The rickets, white swellings, gout, rheumatism, palsy, pending on; subordinate to. curity. — Worcester. from lead particularly, and some other disorders, often _Ancipital, Aneip'itous, a [Lat. anzceps, gen. an" Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul." —Heb. vi. 17. lay the foundation of anchylosis; and the joints are cipilis, two-handed.] With two edges, as the stem of sisyvery apt to become stiff in advanced life. Where the rinchium anceps. — An rtllhor i the symbo of Hjoint is perfectly inmmovable, little can be done for the An'cle, n. See ANILE. -An anchor is the symbol of Hope. patient; but in the spurious fborm of the complaint, the An'aoobsar, a river on the Gold Coast, Africa, which thers, first thing is to remove, if possible, any cause mechani- forms the west boundary of the Dutch possessions. Lat. AInch'or, v, a. To place at anchor; as, to anchor a ship. cally obstructing the motion of the joint, and then to 40 N.; Lou. 20 16' W. Figuratively, to fix or faisten; to fix in a stLable condi- get rid of the morbid contraction of the muscles. If 2Anmeon, n. [Lat.] (Assat.) The elbow. tion; asv, to anch or the c ables of a suspension-bridge. inflammsation exist, this must be first subdued by proper (Arcch.) An angle or corner-stone. tion; as, to anchr thwe cbles of in susension-b-ridge. means, but no rapid improvement is to be expected in ic-eoisa, a large maritinme town of Italy, on the AdriTill that my ~ nails w~ere anchored in thine eyes."-S~haks- general. atic, 15 m. N.N.W. of Loretto, and 188 m. N.E. of Ronme. -v.n. To cast anchor; as, the ship anchored in the harbor. Anchylyoet'i, a. Belonging to anchylosis. Lat. 430 37t 42" N.; Lon. 130 30' 35" E.- The harbor is Figuratively, to stop; to rest; to rest upon; as, "My An'cient, a. [Fr. ancien, from Lat. antea, ante, before.] well adapted for building and repairing ships, and is intention ancihors on Isabel." —Shaks. Old; that happened long since; of old time; not modern. frequented by those of all nations. It was made a free A/ieh'orable e, a. Fit for anchorage. "Witness those anciest empires of the earth." —Ailton. port by Clement XII. On the mole stands a noble anAnehI'orage, n. [Fr. ancrage.] A suitable place to - d tt h cient triumphal arch, in honor of the emperor Trajan, drop an anchor.-The hold of the anchor.-The dues or s been of lon durationsaid to be the finest marble arch in the world. The duty paid for the liberty of anchoring in a port. " God wae of all things the most ancimnt, because he newer had trade is chiefly in the hands of the Jews, who inhabit Anch'lored, or ANnREI,p. a. (Her.) Iaving the ex any beginning.a"-raleigr. a separate harbor. Steamers leave for Corfu, Patrais, tremities turned back, like the flukes of em anchor; as, -Paot; former. Athens, and Constantinople. —A. was one of the prii cian anchored cross. "II see thy fury; if I longer stay, pal iavil stations of the Romans, and uas anciemtly Allepiloress, em. A female anchoret. We shall begin our ancient bickerings."-Shaas. lfsmous for Its purple dye. In 1790, it was taklen by the BAnclno sret, atnd Anaeh'os'aet, n. [Gr. anachowretes.] — Ancient and old are thus distinguished: Old relates to French, and restored to the Papal See in 1814. In 1832, A person who retires from the world frons religious the durition of the thing itself, as, an old coat, a coat the French again took possession of its citadel, whlich Amero wortires. frouche world afrace om rielingioua, s, a a n motives. Hit)much worm; amd anciesnt to tine in general, as, an ao- they did not leave till 1837, after the evacuation of the (_ccl. -fist.) Under Christianity, anchorets sprung cient dress, a habit used in former times. But tis is Austrian troops frons the Papal territories. In 1849, the up about the mniddle of the third century in Egypt and not always observed; for we mention oldcustons; but town sharing in the revolution in the Roman States, Syria, where many believers came to hide themselves in though old he sometimes opposed to moders, ancient is was bombarded, and then occupied by Austrian troops caves and solitary wilds from the fury of the porsecu- seldom opposed to new, until 1859. On 29th Oct., 1860, it surrendered to the Cion which arose under the Emperor Decius. Paul, con- (Hist.) In a limited sense, ancient is used in reterence Piednmontese troops, and has since formed part of the monly calli~4 the hermit, has the credit of having been to a certain period in the existence of the human race; Italian kingdom. Later, the harbor has been greatly the first regular anchoret. A distinction, however, came as when we spealk of ancient, as distinguished firom improved. Pop. 46,090. afterward to bie drawn between anchorets and hermits; uodern, history; of the ancient classics, ancient litera- Anseo'na, in Illisois, a post-village of Livingston co., the former name being given only to those who rigidly ture, and generally, of the anciests. The boundary-line abt. 22 m. S. of Ottawa. confined themselves to their caves or cells, and the between anciest and modern in this latter sense is not An'eone, n. [Gr. agcon, the bend of the arm.] (Arcs.) latter to those who, although they had brolken off all very accurately drawn; but according'to the vulgar ac- A sort of ornamemtal cohsole, applied on each side of a commerce with the world, still wandered about at large ceptation of-the terms, the period of the ancients seems door to support the cornice. in the wilds to which they had retired. Both descriptions to be closed by the fimal and conplete overthrow of the Asucone'us, a. [Lat., from Gr. agcon, the elbow.] of recluse were entirely distinguished from the Coeno- western Romuss empire. With reference to the nations (Asat.) A small triangular muscle, situated on the backli bites, or those living in communities. Many of the an- over which that empire extended, the distinction is not part of the elbow. Its use is to extend the fore-arm. chorets were laymen; and there were also female as well altogether arbitrary, or without an intelligible reason. Ane'uy, a. (1Ietaleirgp.) A piece of half-wrought as male anchorets. From nearly the commencement of The overthrow of the Roman empire marks the com- iro, of about three-quarters of a hundred-weight, of the seventh century, the Church assumed a jurisdiction mencement of a new order of things, when we begin to the shape of a bar at the middle, but rude and unover anchorets; and piersons were not allowed to enter discover the rudiments of those powerful independent wrought at the ends. It is afterwards sent to a forge upon time mode of life in question, except by permission nations, of those various languages, and peculiar insti- called a chafery, wwhere the ends are wrought into the of their ecclesiastical superiors, and after an appointed tutions, which so remarlkably distinguish a large por- shape of the middle, and the whole is made into abar. ceremony lihad been performed, at whichl the bishop pre- tion of what is called modern Europe, from Europe Anme'an.am, in Nmew York, a post-township of Columbia sided. Churches and religious houses in the middle ages under Roman dominion. There is of course a short co.; peip. abt. 2,000. would sonmetimes keep an achoret shut up in a cell, interval, which may be considered as doubtful ground, An'crama ]Lead-.liae, in New IJ'rk, a post-village which was usually attached to the choir of the church. for the possession of which the terms ancient and mod- in Ancran township, Columbia co., C0 u S.S.E. of AlIt was eventually found necessary to lay down certain em n will always be allowed to contend. bany. So called from the lead ore found in the vicinity. regilations with a view of discouraging the adoption Anlient, in WNisconsiun, a post-office of Dane co. ancre, COsCImo CocImNI, BARON DE LUSSImNY, MAnSHAL of this solitary life. The most singular species of an- An'iently, adv. In old times. D', a Florentine, who in 1600 accompanied Marie de chorets recorded in the history of the Church, is that Ani'caentsness, n. The state of being ancient; an- MIedicis, the queen of Henry IV., to France. He nimarwhich arose in Syria in the fifth century, and of which tiquity; existence from old times. ried one of the queen's attendants, Leonora Galigai; Simeon Stylites was the founder. This zealot and his An'cienltry, n. The honor of ancient lineage; the dig- both acquired a strong infenee over hir moind, mnd followers, instead of resorting, according to the custom- nity of birth. thereby becamue unpopular. Upon the queen beconing ary fashion, to caves, elevated themselves into the air, " The Irish think to ennoble themselves, by wresting their an- regent, she made her favorite Concini a marssl of on lofty pillars of stone, on the tops of which they cienry from the Spaniard. - Speseor. Fiance, and prime mninister. He was an object of dispassed their lives. They have hlence received the nanmes Ausi'le, or ANcY'mLE, n. [Lat.] (Antiq.) A small brazen like, both to the court and the people. A conspiracy, to of pillar saints, holy birds, and anrial martyrs. shield which fell, as was pretended, fronm heaven in the which thi young kin-, Lduio XIII., leit hinself5 Was Aiaehoret'je, Anchorethical, a. [Gr. anachorcli- reign of Numa Pomipiitis, when a voice was heard, de- forned against him, and he was assassimated openly im cos.] Belonging or relating to an anchoret. claring that Rtome should be mistress of the world as the Louvre, April 24, 1617. His body as ignominiously Anch'or —roxlnd, n. Anchorage. long as she would preserve this holy buckler. To secure dragged thromgl the streeto of Paris hy tis people, amd Anch'oa-rlh old, n. ThIe hold of an anchor; security. its preservation in the city, Numa ordered eleven other burnt. i-is wife, accused of sorcery, was also executed (Naut.) The hold, or compartment in a ship, in which shields, exactly like it, to be made, and twelve priests of shortly afterward. the anchors are deposited. Mars Gardivus were appointed under the namle of S(shi, An'crtun, a village and parish of Roxburgbshire, 01 Anehcasorite, n. An anchoret. whose office it was to preserve the twelve ancilla. the eviot,inScotland. Area,8,316 acres. Pop.600.Anchir.stoeck, n. See ANcomo. Every year, on the calends of March, the A. were talen Here, im 1544, the battle of Ancrun Moor wss fought Aneho'vy, n. [Fr. anchois; Sp. anchova.] (Zost.) A from the temple of Mars, on Palatine mount, by the between the English and Scotch, the latter being tIhe gen. of fishes, of the herring famn. The A. ngrauulis Salii, who carried them about the city, singing warlike victors. encrasicolus i~ a well-known small fish, abounding in songs and performing dances, which they accompanied As'Ceud, the gulf of, lies between the Island of Chiloe, many parts of the Mediterranean, particularly on the ----— ________ and the mainland of S. America. Ext. nearly 150 m. coasts of Italy, Greece, Spain, and France. It is about long, with an average width of 60. Lat. extending firomi. four inches long, of a bluishl-brown color on the bsack, jl ~ 410 30' to 430 30' S.; Lon. from 720 to 730 W. and silvery white on the belly. They were known to An'ncuas Rlal.tius, the fourth king of Rome, succeeded the ancients, and were used both by tihe Greeks and Tullius HIostilius, 640 D. c. (114 A. u.) aid died 618 n. c. Romans as a pickle or sauce under the name of germse. (136 A. U.) le built the hartor at Ostis, the mooth of Aintchosiv-y-ypear, so. (Bst.) The Grias caheisflra, oily -the Tiber. Rome, therefore, must have had, as early as species of the gen. Grias, ord. Myrtacece. It is a tall that period, some navigation, evemi if it did not amount tree with few branches, very long oblong leaves, and to more than a coasting trade. He revived the neglected large white flowers, growing in Jamaica. The fruit, observamce of mehigion, and imscribed toe laws respecting an oval berry, is the size of an alligator's egg, of a brown- religious ceremonies on taisles set up in the miarketish-russet color, and is eaten as a pickle, in the same place. Enmius and Locretius calledb him the Goed. way as the mango. Virgil reproaches him with nndue regard for poplular an'cehsusa, n. (Bst.) A gen. of plants, tribe Anchusew. favor, becasuse hue distributecd thle conquered iands among Tile A. tiactsiia, or alkanet, contains a reddish-brownl the citizens. substance used by dyers. —See ALKANET, and ANCHUSINE. Aney~loc'eraa, a. (Pal.) A genus of fossil cephualopo. Anehsasseaae~. ph. (Bet.) A tmibe of plants, ord. Ba- -, dous molluscs. ragenacew. Acy'lus, na. (Zoi61.) A fresh-water gasteropodous An'clhusine, ANCtcsmc Aema, n. (Ch/eo.) A dark- mollusc, with a shell similar to that of a patella. They red, resinous body, permanent in light, softening at live in stagnant waters, adhering to stones aosd aquatic 140~, and subliming, without change, at a higher Fig. 122.- ANCILTA OAIRIED BY SAlII. plants. temperature, in the forni of violent fumes, lilce iodine; (From a sculpture on the tomb of a Pontifex Sulius.) Ancy'ra. (Geog.) See Axooni. insoluble in water, and soluble in alcohol with a red by strilking the A. with rods, one of which may be seen And, cossj. [A. S. and, ant.] A particle by which sentences color. It is the red coloring matter q$ the Anchusa in Fig. 122. or words are joined. ANDE AINDE ANDO 93 ot him small gains, but Sure his honesty A ~n'dergon, in California, a post-village and town- sea. In the W. part of King Charles's South-land, the d ilthy beverage, nd ushameless flaty shift, slip of Mendocino co., about 10 m. N.N.W. of San Fran- range extends over the whole district S. and W. of AdAnd borrow base, and some geeood lady's gift." —Spenser. cico; pp. of village abt. 150; of township abt. 350. miralty Bay. Further WV. it changes its direction, runoAnlderson, in South Carolina, a district formed in the ning to the N.W. as far as the Frith of Sansalid, Lat. 52~ Andad lhan, or ANDEJAN, a town of Independent N.W. part of the State, with a part of the district of S.; Lon. 730 V., from which point begins the uninterTartary, Khanat of Khokan, on the Sihoon (Jaxarutes), Pendleton, and bordering on tlhe river Savannah.-Area, rupted chain of the A. It comprehends the Patagonian 55 mn. E. of Khokan; Lat. 410 20' N.; Lon. 710 27' E. 800 sq. n. —It is drained by Kiowee river, Rtocky river, A. (see Patagonia); the ChIilian A. (see Chili); the eoIt is a place of considerable size and antiquity. and Deep creek. Soil fertile. Pop. abt. 2,400. livian A. (see Bolivia); the Pertuvian A. (see Peru); the Andaltlieila. See ANDALU'SIA. -A post-village, cap, of Anderson district, 148 m. W.N.W. A. of Ecuador (see Ecuador, itepublic of); and the A. qf Andlalu'cite, MCAPnvYLLITE, ADAMANTINE SPAR, n. of Columbia; pop. abt. 700. New Granada (see Granada, New). The A. seem to dis(Mmin.) An orthorhombic mineral, of the subsilicates An'derson, in Georgia, a post-office of Walker co. appear entirely between 70 and 80 N., opposite to the section. Color, flesh-red, pearl-gray, brownish-red; frac- Ant'lerson, in Illinois, a township and post-office of harbor of Cupica oni the Pacific; for no mountain range is tnre uneven; lustre glassy; translucent on edges; in- Clark co.; po-. abt. 850. found on the Isthnmus of Panama, where it is narrowest. fusible bebfore the blowpipe. Spec. grav. 3'314 to 3-13. An'derson, in Incdiuana, a post-village, cap. of Madison - The Itmous Chimborazo, in the A. of Ecuadoi, rising Comp. Silica 36'8, alumina 632 - 100. It occurs in An- co., on White river, 34 i. N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop. of 21,420 feet above the sea, was, until lately, considered dalucia. village abt. 1,800; of the township, abt. 3,000. to be the highest sunminit of the A.; but it is now known Andalu'sia, or ANDALU'CIA, the most southern district -A township of Perry co.; pop. abt. 1,300. that Aconcagua, in the Bolivian A., rises considerably of Spain, comprising the four Moorish kingdoms of -A township of Warwick co.; pop. abt. 850. higher, being 23,910 ft. above sea-level. - Geology. It is Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and Granada. It is bounded N. -A township of Rush co.; pop. abh. 1,650. very imperfectly known. The A. are mostly composed by La Manchs and listremadura; E. by Murcia; S.E. by An'derson, in Kansas, a S.E. county;-Area, 576 sq. of porphyry and mica slate. Porphyry is by far the the Mediterranean, and on the W. by Portugal, Lat. min.; cap. Garnett. It has a fertile soil and is well-tim- most widely extended of the unstratified rocks of tihe between 360 4' N.; and Lon. between 20 and 10 20' W. bered. It is drained by Pottawattomie and Sugar A., and occurs through therwhole range at all elevaArea, 27,153 sq. min. A. is now divided into 8 provinces, creeks. Pop. in 1870, 5,204. tions, and frequently the highest summits are composed viz.: Sevillc, Cadiz, Cordova, Granada, Jaen, Malaga, An'derson, in Kentuccky, a N. county, washed by Ken- of it. Next to porphyry and mica-slate, trachyte and Huelva, and Gibraltar. Desc. Extremely uneven, except tucky river, which forms its E. boundary, and by Crooked, basalt are most frequently met with. Volcanoes are firethe basin of' the Guadalquivir, which, for the greatest Stony, and IHaninond creeks, surface undulating; soil quent in certain portions of the range; but that part of part, may be regarded as a wide plain. The Sierra- fertile. Area, abt. 300 sq. min. Cap. Lawrenceburg; pop. the A. in which volcanic agency is most active, lies beMorena runs along its N. portion, and is cut by the great abt. 8,800. tween Lat. 3x/a0 S., and 20 N. The number of summits road from Madrid to Seville at the pass called the Des- Ans'derson, in New Tersey, a post-village of Warren co., where eruptions are recorded; is here very considerable. peia-perros, with an elevation of 7,500 feet above the 60 mn. N. of Trenton. The farthest N. is that of Purac6, in the neighborhood of sea-level. Another mountain-range, called the Sierra An'dersolln, in Ohio, a township of Hamilton co.;pop. Popayan, where the A. begin to divide into threerranges. Nevada, runs across A., fromrn Carthagena to Tarifa, and abt. 4,000. Glaciers are of rare occurrence, which is partly to be atCape Trafalgar, and has several points covered with per- An'derson, in Tennessee, a N.E. county, washed by the tributed to the relative positions of the summits, which petual snow; the highest, Mulahacen, being 11,678 feet rivers Clinch and Powell; area. 600 sq. inm. The large generally form a continuous line, without having other above the level of the sea. Between these two ranges valley between Cumberland mountains on the N.W., summits on their side; and partly to the considerable disruns the Guadalqquivir, q. v. The climate is hot and and Chestnut ridge, on the S.E., is very fertile and well- Sance which is everywhere lbund to intervene between oppressive on the coast, but N. of the Sierra Nevada timbered. There are valuable salt and sulphur springs two summits. Near Lat. 120 S., the line of perpetual snow the temperature is more equable, and cooler, although at Eastbrook. Cap. Clinton. Pop. abt. 7,800. is at about 16,400 ft. above the level of the sea. - Vegetanever at freezing point. The greatest part of the country -A post-village of Franklin co., 103 min. S.S.E. of Nashville. lion. In the lower grounds, between the tropics, froom the is parcelled out into vast estates belonging to the gran- -A village of Sequatchie co., abt. 20 m. N. by W. of Chat- level of the sea to the heigltt of from 3,000 to 5,000 ft., casdees. Agriculture is in a very backward state. The tanooga. sava, cacao, maize, plantains, indigo, sugar, cotton, and Andalusians are a mixed race, descended from Africans, An'lerson, in Texas, an E. county, washed by the coffee, are cultivated. The low country is also the region Carthaginians, Romans, Goths, Vandtlals, and Moors. rivers Trinity and Neches. Area, 900 sq. mn. Soil generally of oranges, pine-apples, and the most delicious fruits. BeThey retain much resemblance, both in person and fertile. Cap. Palestine. Pop. albt. 12,400. tween the altitude of6,000 and 9,000 ft., lies the climate manners, to the latter, although light hair, eyes, and -A post-village, cap. of Grimes co., abt. 140 m. E. by N. best suited for the culture of all kinds of European complexions are by no ineans unfrequent. When they of Austin city; pop. abt. 800. grain, principally wheat, rye, and barley. Within the have any motive for exertion, they are not deficient An'der.sonburg, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of same limits is to be found the oak, which from the elein industry, and are intelligent and imaginative. Pop. Perry co., vation of 9,200 ft. never descends, near the equator, be3,927,357. An'derson River, in Indiana, a post-office of Spen- low that of 5,500 ft. Beyond the limit of 9,000 ft., large Andalia'sia, in Atabama, apost-village of Covington co. cer co. trees of every kind begin to dissppear, though some A-ndal-'sia, in Illinois, a village of Rock-Island co., 2An'derson's Creek, in Indiana, rises in Crawford dwarfish pines are to be found at the height of 13,000 ft. on the Mississippi river, 10 m. S.V. of Rock-Island; co., and falls near Troy into the Ohio. The grasses clothe the ground at an elevation of fronm pop. about 500. An'derson's Creek, in Pennsylvania. It enters the 13,500 to 15,000 ft., and from this to the regions of ice Andal]t'sia, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Buclks co. W. branch of Susquehanna river, in Clearfield co. and snow, the only plants visible are the lichens. Tihe A.ndalt'sia, in Tennessee, a post-office of Gibson co. An'dlerson's li1s, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of most celebrated product of the A. is the Cinchoea, or An'dLaman Islands, a narrow group of small islands Butler co. Jesuit's Bark, the better kinds of which are collected in the E. part of the bay of Bengal, stretching N. and S. An'derson's Stor'e, in N. Carolina, a post-office of between Lat. 50 N. and 50 S., where the tree grows between Lat. 100 30' tand 130 40' N., and Lon. about 920 Caswell co. at an elevation of from 10,000 to 14,000 feet above the 50'. Their inhabitants are in the lowest degree of bar- An'der'son's Store, in Ohio, a post-office of Morgan sea. —Animals. The most remarkable kinds of anibarism, and believed tobe cannibals. - A British settle- co. mals are the guanacos, llamas, and vicunas; of birds, ment was established at Port Cornwallis, in 1793, but An'derson's,Store, in Tennessee, a post-village of condors and vultures. — Misnerals. Many of the rivers the situation provedl to be so unhealthy as to occasion McNairy co. descending from the A. contain small particles of gold its abandonment in 1796. Aui'elersonville, in S. Carolina and Indiana. —See in their sands. Silver occurs in many places of the Andan'te, a. [It., firom andare, to go.] (leus.) A term ANDSRsSON. range between 330 and the equator; but it is more connnoting an exact and just time in playing, so as to keep An'dersonville, in Indiana, a post-village of Frank- monly found at an elevation where vegetation inerly the notes distinct from each other.-Andante largo, sig- lin co., 50 sn. S.E. by S. of Indianapolis. ceases, which renders the working of the mines very exnifies that the smussic must be slow, the time exactly ob- - a post-village of Madison co. - See ANDERSoN. pensive. Quicksilver, copper, ores of lead, tin and iron served, and each note distinct. An'dersonville, in Georgia, a post-village of Sumter are found in many parts. Andanti'no, a. [It.] (Mus.) Gentle, tender; somewhat co., 65 mn. S.S.W. of Macon. This place wias a notori- Anu'des, in NAew Yosk, a post-township of Delaware co., slower than ardante. ous Confederate prison during the rebellion; many 70 m. S.W. of Albany; pop. about 3,500. An'd~arrae, n. See SANDARAC. thousands of Federal prisoners were incarcerated here at An'cdesite, An~'desine, n. (_Mmin.) A triclinic minAnde'an, a. (Geog.) Pertaining to the Andes. one time, amongst whom the mortality was very great. eral, of the Felspar group. Spec. gr. 2'736 to 2-651. Andelys (les), a town of France, cap. of an arrond. in A-'eldersonville, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of An/desville, in Peennsylvania, a post-office of Perry co. the dep. of Eure, on the Seine, 11 m. E. of Louviers. It Perry co. Anditra, n. (Bot.) See IDALBERGICa. properly consists of two towns, the Great and the Little An'des. [From the Peruvian word anta, copper or metal Allldiroin, or HANDIRON, 9s. [From hacd-iron or bsrandAndelys. In the neighborhood. are the ruins of Ch'teau in general. - Humboldt.] The general name given to the iron.] A fire-dog. Formerly used for burning wood on Gaillared, a fortress built by Richard Coeur de Lion. great range of mountains, which runs along the W. side an open hearth; they consisted of a horizontal bar raised pop. 5,137. of the continent of S. America. The A. are the highest on short supports, with an upright standard at one end. Ani'deleases, a town of Belgiumn, pryov. of Namur, on mountains in America, and next to the Hinsmahlayt moun- A pair were used, one standing at each side of the hearth, the Maese, 13 mi. E.N.E of Namur; pop. 6,312. tains the most elevated in the known world. The Cordl2- whilst the logs of wood rested across the horizontal bars. An'dernach, a town of Rhenish Prussia, beautifilly leoras, a name sometimes given to this chain, is properly The A. is of general use in France, where it is called situated on the Rhine, between Coblentz and Bonn. applicable only to the innermost and highest ridge of the chenet. Mansf. Hydraulic cement, made from volcanic tufa, used mass. Inconsidering these mountains as agreat feataure Andlor'a, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Philadelin the construction of the dilkes in Holland; pop. 4,000. in the physical structure of the earth, we may fix their S. phia co. An'dersen, HANS CHRISTIA, an ingenious Danish extremity in the rocky islands of Diego Ramirez, off Cape Andeor'no, a town of N. Italy, in Piedmont, 6 mn. from writer, who, though born in the humblest circum- Horn, in Lat. 560 30' S., and their N. termination in the Biella, situate in one of the most prosperous districts of stances, has risen to considerable eminence among his 69th of N. Lat., at the mouth of the Mackenzie river. It Piedmont; pop. upwards of 4,000, emnployed in the lead, contemporaries. Most of his wvorks are of an imnagina- is difficult to say where the real chain of the A. cor- copper, and iron mines of the neighboring mountains. tive, poetical, or light charascter, tand have procured him mences. It continues, however, when once formned, -' The painter Cagliari was born here. not only the patronage of the crown of Denmark, but without a brealk, to the mouth of thle river Atrato, or the Andorr'a, or ANDotaq', (VAL D'.) [Ar., thick will approbation of a large portion of the literary circles of isthmus of Darien, which pours its waters into the Ca- trees.] A small independent, neutral state; which, unforeign countries, and the highest praise has been as- ribbean Sea, in Lat. 80 15' N., a distance, reckoning thei der the suzerainty of France, shelters itself in tle signed to his juvenile tales. B. at Funen, 1805.-A whole line, from Itiego Ramirez, of 640 15' of Lat. The heart of the Pyrenees, between the French dep. of the collected edition of his works was published at Leipsic in A. of S. America, although in our maps they look like one AriSge and the Spanish Cerdagne. It takes its nams. el 1847. They extend to thirty-five volumes, 12mo. long single ridge, are by no means so, but are composed of Vat d'Ando-rra, (valley of Andorra,) from An4arra its An'derson, Saa EDMUND, an English judge, who was in a series of chains of mountains, more or less parallel, en- principal city. Ext. 30 m. long, and nearly the sasme in the commission for trying Mary queen of Scots; and closing vast elevated plains or tattle-lands, and of sev- breadth. Area, 191 sq. m. Desc. Amongst the wilieet presided at the tricla of SecretaryDavison, for issuing the eral great groups, like knots or articulations, at distant districts of the Pyrenees, having little arsable land, 1.ut warrant by which that unhappy princess was executed. intervws. The average width of their base is extremely exhibiting extensive pastures, with mountains entirely B. in Lincolnshire; D. 1605. narrowv, considering their great length, in comparison surrounding it. Little grain is grown, the inhabitants An'derson, JAxis, hL.D., a Scotch political, scientific, with that of most other extensive systems of mountains; being mostly shlepherds, who live an austere life, remote and agricultural writer, and one of the founders of the for, except where the groups just mentioned occur, the froom the luxuries of cities..Manf. These are fev and Scotch school of lhusbands-y. He has written sbout breadth varies only from 60 to 70 m. The greatest ex- of the most primitive description. Iron is produced in thirty different works, and was a large contributor to tension, from east to west, is between the parallels of the mines, stnd some rude implemesnts and tools ars the "Encyclopmsdia Britannica." B. at Herraiston, near 15~ and 18~ S., in one of the groups, where a base line made, but nothing that deserves the nsame of manuftclsdinburgh, 1739; n. in London, 1808. perpendicular to the axis of the chain would be nearly tures, as these sire now understood in larger and more Ass's er.onl, ROBERT. See SUaxEsa, Foan. 400 m. in length. Toward the Straits of Le Maire, the advanced communities. Gov. Under the protection of An'dear son, WA~LTER, D.D., a Scottish divine who range consists of roclky hills, rising to an altitude of Fraunce, but the administration is carried on by twentyfloussished in thea laet century. He wrote a history of 2,000 or 3,000 feet. Cape Horn itself is a conspicuous fosur consuls elected by the whole popnlation.-Costhe kisigs of Froace from Francis II. down to Henry IV. rock upward of 3,000 ft. high. Mai(unt Sarmiesito is M Rca. NEp. Iron to Spain, and wool and skins to se. 1800. the highest summit, and rises to 6,000 feet above the France. liap. The necessaries of life; and an ssctive 94 ANDI ANDRt ANbIR contraband trade is carried on by the republic between eral, who served under Napoleon, both initaly and Egypt. AIn'rehew, JOHN ALMON, B. in Maine, 1818. He grad. Spain and France; pop. about 10,000. - In 790, Charle- He was afterward ambassador to London, Vienna, and uated at Bowdoin College in 1837, and shortly afterward magne defeated the Moors in a neighboring valley, with Constantinople, and author of several military imenmoirs. conmmenced the study of law at. Boston. In 1840, he the assistance of the Andorrans, and from that period B. 1761; D. 1828. was admitted to the bar, and practised in that city for they date the independence of their little State. As a An'dr~ew, St., the apostle, D. at Bethsaida, in Galilee, twenty years. In 1858, he became a member of the State recompense for their services, the French monarch al- brother of St. Peter, and the first disciple whom Christ legislature, and formed onie of the Chicago Convention lowed them to make their own laws, a privilege which chose. Both brothers were fishermen, but left their of 1860. As Governor of the State of Massachusetts, he they have continued ever since to enjoy. business, and followed the Redleemer. The fate of A., was the 21st occupant of the gubernatorial chair, since An'do.]rese, n. sing. andpl. (Geog.) A native, or the after Christ's death, is uncertain; the common opinion the convention of 1780. D. Oct., 1867, leaving behind natives of the Val d'Andorra. is that he was crucified. The Russians revere him as binim a reputation for political sagacity not often excelled. -a. Belonging to the Val d'Andorra, or to its inhabitants. the apostle who brought the gospel to them; the Scots, An'dlaews, LANCELOT, an seminent English divine, D. in Aildollille', n. [Fr.] (Cookery.) A dish or preparation as the patron saint of their country. In the early ages London, 1565; bishop of Winchester in the reigns of James from the entrails of a pig; chitterlings.- Worcester. of the church, a pretended Gospel of his was in circula- I. and Charles I. B. 162t. It is of this bishop that the Ain'doIver, a town of England, in Hampshire, on a tion. The Acta also, which bear his namne, are not gen- fbollowing anecdote is told. Waller the poet was one day rivulet called Ande, 12 m. from Winchester. It has an nine. at court, while King James was at dinner, who was atancient Gothic church, is well paved, lighted with gas, St. Andrew's Cross. A cross formed obliquely, thus, X; tended by the bishop of Winchester, and Neale, bishop and plentifully supplied with water. Aloof. Principally so called, because, according to tradition, St. Andrew of Durham. His Majesty said to the prelates, "My silk, and it has a trade in timber. Pop. 5,500. was executed on a cross erected of this particular shape. lords, cannot-I take my subjects' money when I want it, Aln'dove'r, in Connecticut, a post-township of Folland B. at Patras, in Achatia, Nov. 30, A.D. 83. without all this formality in parliament?" Bishop Neale co., 18 m. E. of HIartford; pop. about 600. Orders qf' St. Andrew.-I. A Russian order of kniight- quickly replied, "God fobrbid, sir, that you shouldn't; An'dover, in Illinois, a post-village and township of hood, the highest in rank of that empire, founded by you are the breath of our nostrils." On which, the kiing Henry co., 28u m. S.E. of Davenport; sop. about 1,150. Peter the Great, in 1698. The nmembers are exclusively said to the bishop of Winchester, "W'ell, my lord, and An'dover, in Maine, a post-township of Oxford co., chosen fromi the imiperial family, princes, conmmianders- what say you?" " Sir," replied Bishop A idrews, "I have about 30 m. N.W. of Paris; pop. about 975. in-chief, and others of the most elevated position. Its no skill to judge of parliamentary cases." TIhe king anAnl'dover, in Massachusetts, a post-villatge and town- badge has on its obverse side a cross of blue eniamel, swered, "No put-offs, my lord; answer me presently." ship of Essex co., on the Merrimac river, 21 mi. N. of bearing a figure of St. A. surmounted by a crown, stud "Thoen, sir," said he, "I think it lsawlil for you to take Boston. Incorporated in 1846. There are the Phillips in thei lour corners of the cross the letters S. A. P. 1. brother Neale's money, for he offers it." Academy, instituted in 1778; the Andover Theologictal (Scanctus Andreas Jatrsonus Russia,) while on thie reverse An~'draews, in Ohio, a post-village of Morrow co., in Seesinary, founded in 1807, under the direction of the side is an eagle with spreading wings, with a Russian Congress township, about 46 m. N. by E. of Columbus. Congregationalists; and the Abbott Fcmale Acacdemy, legend signifying "'For religion aond loyalty," and also AIaia'.ews, in Virginia, a post-office of Spottsylvaniaco. founded in 1829. fMaf. Flannels, linen, and shoe-thread. the name of the Saint. The collar of the order is frcued n'Aa'~lrexv's iP1III, in fIlliois, a village of Stephenson Pop. about 5,000. of St. Andrew's crosses alternate between imperial co.. in Loran towniship, about 15 m. W. by S. of Freeport. An'dover, in Michigan, a village of Calhoun co., about crowns. —II. A Scottish order of knighthood, more cons- AJn'drew's, St., a parish and seaport city of Scot140 m. W. of Detroit. isonly iknown as The Order of the Thistle. It derives its land, co. of Fife, 44 mn. from Edinburgh. Tihe hatrbor An'dover, in New Itampshire, a post-township of Mer- latter title from the thistle, which is the heraldic badge is safe and commodious, though the entsrance is narrow. rimac co. There is an academy, incorporated in 1848. of Scotlind, and its former firom the patron-saint of that Lat. 560 19' 33"1 N.; Lon. 20 50' W. — A university, the Pp. about 1,500. country, St. Andrew. Tradition states that a cross of oldest in Scotland, twas founded here in 1410. Though A'adovear, in New Jersey, a post-village of Sussex co., St. Andrew appeared in the heavens to Achaius, king of decayed, A. possesses some remains of its ancient conabout 55 m. N. of Trenton. Scots, and Huingus, kiing of the Picts, as an augury of a sequence. Its magnificent cathedral, cosmmenced in _An'dover, in New Yeork, a post-villsage and township victory over the English king Athelstane, which they 1162, and consecrated in 1318, was, in 1559, demolished of Alleghany co., on a tributary of the Genesee river, gained on the following day; a vow was thereupon made in one day by a mob excited by a sermon of John Knox. 258 in. from New York city. Pop. of village, about t00; to emblatzon it on their heraldic insignia; but the anthen- Pop. about 7,000. of township, about 2,000. tic formation of the order only dates from tihe reign of _Ant'drew's, St., in the United States. See ST. ANDnews. aa'~lover, in O0tio, a post-villags and township of Ash- Janmes V. Having subsequently fallen into desuetude, it An'slrew's, St., an inlet on the coast of Guinea. tabula, co., 205 m. N.E. of Columbus; pop. of township was revived by James II. in 1687, and reestablished in An'drsew's, St., Chananiel and Sound, near the about 1,150. the reign of Anne, Dec. 31, 1703. The star of this order strait of Conception, W. of Patagonia. An'dover, in Vermont, a post-township of Windsor co., is worn on the left side, and presents a St. A.'s cross ens- Ana'dr w's, St., ]s m~itds ofl; in the Pacific ocean, 68 min. S. by IV. of Montpelier. broidered in silver, with rays issuing from between the between Papua and the Pellew Islands; Lat. 50 32' N.; Aian'drhac io, or ANDRAcy, a town of Spain, on the S.W. points of the cross. In the centre is a thistle of green Lon. 128 WV. coast of the island of Majorca; pop. 4,690. and gold upon a green field, surrounded by a circle of Aan'droewsville, or ANDRUSVnLLE, in 2New eork, a &an'dral, GABannEL, an eminent French physician, mem- green, bearing the motto in golden letters, "ANeneo me post-office of FranklIin co. her of the Institute and of the Academy of Medicine, inpulnte lacessit." The badge or jewel depends from the An'drlia, a town of Italy, prov. of Bari, 9 m. S. of BarB. in Paris, 1797. In 1828 lie was appointed Professor collar, or is worn on a dtrki green ribbon over the left letta. It has a large almond trade. Pop. 30,892..of [lygiene; and in 1839 lie was almnost unanimsously shoulder and tied under the arm. This badge is a figure Aln'drieux, FaaPNqos GUILLAUAIE JEAN STANISLAS, B. elected by his colleagues to succeed Broussais in the at Strasburg, 1759;'was a professor of belles-lettres in chair of pathology and general therapeutics, the high- Paris, who distinguished himiself by the independence est in the school. His principal workis are the Cliniqute of his views during the revolution. He became prolMidicale, and Precis d'Anatomie Pathologique. D. 1865. fessor of literature in the college of France, and exceed-'Anulractuat'omy, n. [Gr. an-,s, a mian, tesmno, to cut.] ingly popular as a lecturer. le wrote fifteen plays andud (Anat.) The dissection of thie human body, principally several professional workls. D. atParis, 1833. of the male. Andrin'ople. See ADRIANOPLE. aa'-dratife, n. (Min.) A variety of garnet. An'droclus, or ANDRODns, a Dacian slave, who, being An'dr-~lde-Cubsae, St., a town of' lnrance, dep. of exposed to a lion in the circus, the animal forbore to the Gironde, 12 m. N.N.E. of Bordeaux. It has a port, hurt him, because he had formerly taken a thorn out of Cibsabc, on the Dordogne. Pop. 3,050. his foot; he was, in consequence, liberated, and led the Andr e', JOHN, ain adjultant-general in the British army lion about the streets of Rome. —Auh. Gel. 1. v. c. 14. during the Amnerican war. Employed to negotiate the A/ndwog'ynl, a. [See ANDROGYNOUS.] Having two treason of Generlt Arnold, he was seized in disguise. sexes; heryna1phroditical. condemned to death as a spy, and hung Oct. 2, 1780. Androg'ynailly, adv. In the form of hermaphrodites; HIs youth, his accomplishments, and Ihis character, with two sexes. created a great deal of symnpathy in his behalf. A iAndrog'yiaae, n. [See AaDROGYNOUS.] An hermaphmionsument to his memory hias been erected in West- rodite. mninster Abbey. Fig. 123,- STAN OF THE onRtir oF THE THISTLE. Andiog' tyrioUs, a. [Gr. caozdrgyvos, hermaphrodite; Aandr, St., Jacques d'Albon, marquis of Fronsac, pen- of St. A., enamnelledand chased in green and gold. Thistles from aner, a man, and gyne, a, womlau.] (BUot. and Zool.) eraltly Iknown as Marshal of St. Andrn, aP French noble- conmpose the collar, internfixed with sprigs of ue. In A term sometinmes employed in bet. to designate an man, who in 1547 was nmade gentleman of the bedehsam- 1827, a statute established the order as one consisting of inflorescence which consists of distinct male and female her by Henry II. In 1550 he was deputed to bear thie the sovereign and sixteen knights. These cnights, for flowers; and more frequently in zoology in reference to collar of his order to Ihenry VIII. of England, by whom the most part nobles of high rank, bear the letters IK.T. animals which possess a distinct male and femnale generhe was invested with that of the Garter. On his return after their name. ahive systemu in the same individual. This is the case he was appointed to the command of the army in Chatim- An'lt/l.rew I., king of Ihungary, was the eldest son of with very many of the lower kinds of animals, but is pagne, where he greatly distinguished himself; but at Ladislaus the Bald. On the accession of Peter, in 1044, not inconsistent with a necessity for the co-operation of tise battle of St. Quentin was taken prisoner. 0t thie lie and his brother Bala were obliged to quit Hungary; two individuals in the propagation of the species.death of Henry II. he was chosen one of the regency. but on promising to abolish Christianity and to restore C/hasb. Ency. Killed at the battle of Dreux, in 1562. —The IHuguenots paganism, they were recalled. When Andrew, however, Al~id'o'ides, n.; ph. Ax)nonDi;. [Gr. orne, a man, and called St. Andr8 "The harquebusier of the West." obtained the throne, lie brouie his engagement, and con- eidos, form.] An autonmaton in tihe figure of a sman, An1'drea del Sar8to. See SAtRTo. pelled his subjects to turn Christiabns. He was defeated which, by means of certain springs and other mechaniAn'.drea, SLt., at cape on the N. promontory of the and slain by hiis brother in 1059.-There were other kings cal contrivances, is enabled to walk, and perform other island of Cyprus. of IIungary of this name, but there is nothing inipor- actions of a man. Au'dres, JAMes, a reformer of Wirtemberg, ind choan- tant to record of them. A ~sdrom'aqclh e, daughter of Eetion, Iing of Thebes in cellor of the University of Titbingen; B. 1528; D. 1590. An'r'ew, oF CYvENE, an impostor who, in the reign of Cilicia, and wife of Hector. After the conquest of Troy Ai~lseas, JoHn, a fismous canonist of Florence. Ills Trajan, had the art to deceive Ihis fellow-countrymni, she became the prize of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, who austerity wias such that hlie was said to have lain upon the Jews, into a belief that he was ordained to be their carried her to Epirus, and had 3 sons by her, but afterthe bare ground for twenty years, with nothing to cover liberator. They accordingly revolted, ancld horn-ible cr-el- ward left her to Helenus, brother of Hector, to whom hinm but a bear-slcin. Hle had a dnughter of great beauty ties were committed on both sides before they were r(- she bore a son. Euripides has made her the chief charand learning, who was accustomed to lecture to his stu- duced to obedience. acter of a trangedy. dents during his absence, concealed besind a curtssin, AIs1'dru.ew, or PisA, a sculpltor ansid architect; 0. 1270. lIe ATs i'aelsis,( physician to the emperor Nero, amnd thstt the attentions of the auditors might not be taloen built several grand structeures at Florence and Venice. the inventor of a celebrated compound medicine, called off by her beauty. Her nutme was Novella, and in her and also obtained greatt reputation as a painter, poet, theaia/e, described in Galen's Works. Lived in the lst honor he called one of Isis commentar-ies T/se Noe/lLe. and musician. D. 1345. century, A. D. D. of the pla a oHe, 13n8. An'ulrew, in Iswa, a post-village, cap. of Jackcson to., A_~nd~'om'edlla, (Mytl.) daughter of the Ethiopian king JknchBB~l?'e lbeP@, a town of Ilanove, in the Haxrtz, 10 abt. 12 m. S.W. of Bellevue. Cepheus, and of Cassiopeia. The mother and daughter mu. fiom Clanstlhal. It is situated in a district which has In'drew, in fissousri, a N.W. county, bordering on thue were very beautiful. The former having bosasted thast mines of iron, cobalt, copper, and silver. Pop. 4,300. Missouri yives; area, 425 sq. m. The soil is fertile and her daughter surpassed the Nereides (if not Juno nandre'ssa, n. (ZoSl.) A gen. of thefam. Andsenid a, q. v. well watered by the Platte River. _Prod. Wheat, corn, herself) in beauty, thie offended goddesses csslled on And'e'nidle,, en. p1. (Z,6l1.) A family of hymenopter- oats, wool, and molasses. Cap. Savaninah. P —p. in 1870. their fasther to revenge the insult. He not only innnous insects, allied to the bees, Apidce, from which they 15,144. dated the terr-itory of Cepheus, but also sent a huorrid seamay be kcown by their not having an elongated isrobos- 2_a'ndrew C]hatle1 in lensuessee, a P.O. of Madison co. msonster, which threatened universal destruction. The tis. They do not live in society lice the hive-bees, but Aasid.rew.][ Osh ssea~ in iAinnesota. See ANDv JOHNSON. oracle declared that the wrath of Neptune conshd not be are solitary, and consist only of males and fe'nadles.They Anlrew, fit., in B-itish Asmserica, a seaport town of appeased unless Cepheus deliver-ed ki.s daughslter to thie for~m their nest in the ground. Prince Edwvrd Island, King's co., on Cardigan Bay; Lat. msonster. Ins this extremity, Peereue:.::lshelld her, when, An-dreos'si, AN'OINx FoAcNtOIS, COUNT; a French gpen- 46~ 10' N.; Lon. 62~ 25' W. with the head of the Gorgon in his hand, ssnd mnounted ANDU ANEM ANEW 95 on Pegasus, he was returning from his victory over And'y, in Delaware, a post-office of Sussex co. simple, which indicates the direction of the wind, as a Medusa. Touched by compassion and love, thie hero And'lr, in W. Virginia, a post-office of MononAalia co. wind-vane, a weathercoclk, is properly an anemoscolpe. promised to kill the mnonster on condition that the vir- Andl'y Jolinson, in Minnesota, a W. county, border- Anren'tone, n. [Gr. anemos, wind.] (Bet.) A genus of gin should be given him in marriage. The father prom- ing on Dakota; area abt. 900 sq. m. It is washed by plants, tribe Anemonece. Their popular name of windised it, and kept his word. In memory of the exploits the Red river of the North, and by the Sioux Wood flower comes from most of the species growing in eleof Perseus (q. v.), A., by the favor of Pallas, was placed river. Surface level, mostly prairie. vated or windy places. The species are numerous and among the stars. Av'ecdott-l, a. Belonging to, or containing anecdotes; generally beautifiul. The wood anemone, A. nesorosa, (Astron.) A smnall northern constellation represented as, an anecdotal conversation. is a conmmon and interesting little plant, and its white by the figure of a woman chained; bounded N. by Cnssio- An'eadote, n. [Gr. anecdoton, something inedited or flowers, externalpeia, E. by Perseus and the head of Medusa, and S. by, unpublished.] In its original sense, soene particular ly tinged with tie Triangles and the Northern Fish. It is situated relative to a subject to which publicity lhad niot been purple, are al orbetween 200 and 50~ of N. declination. Its mean right given in previous worlks on that subject. - In its actnual nanlent of many.-/ ascension is nearly 150, or nne hour E. of the equinoc- sense, tie narrative of a particular action or saying of a woodland scene tial columm; It comes to the zenith oem the 10th of Nov. ass iindividnel. end isouniitn at 10 o'clock. It consists of 66 visible stars. The stars Aneedot'ie, Anecdsoica.1, a. Relating orbelong- pastuire in April directly in the zenith are too sinall to be seen in the ing to anecdotes; as, anecdeticet traditions. and May. Almost n, presence of the moon, but the bright star Alioaak, of Asneedot'ist, n. One who deals in, or relates anec- all tihe beautiful the 2d magnitude, in the left foot, may be seen 130 due dotes. species cultivated E., and Merach, of the same magnitude, in the girdle 70 Assegti'da, the most northerly of the Lesser Antilles, in gardens have S. of the zenith. The 3 stars forming the girdle are of belonging to England; Lat. about 190 N.; Lon. between b e e, n originally the 2d, 3d, and 4th magnitude, situated in a row, and 600s and 650 WV; an-a, 13 sq. u. A. in of coral forma- brought from the are called Mnrech, Ms, and Ni. If a straight line, con- tion, and a reef, running 10 m. to the S.E., is marked on Levant. Among necting Almaak with Merach, be produced south-west- mnaps as the scene of numerous shipwreclks. Pop., them we will erly 80 furlther, it will reach to Delta, a star of the 3d about 300. nanne the A. coromagnitude in the left breast.- Mlattison. Asa'elace, n. A dagger or Iknife that it was the general naria, a h a r d y (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Enicacece; distinguished use to wear at the girdle, in the middle ages. plant, with large by ihaving a minute, 5-parted, persistent calyx; an Aneele'trie, a. and n. [From Gr. an, priv., and electric.] single or double ovoid-cylindrie corolla; and a 5-valved, nakled capsule, That is not electric. variegated flowwhich splits up through the bacl of the cells. The A. Anitelee'trodse, n. (PFips.) A nanne given by Faranay to ers; and the A. olifolnia, Wild Rosemary, is a beautih'ul evergreen shrub, the positive pole of a galvanic battery Hortensfs, star-anY2 ft. high, growing by the side of ponds and in swamps Aneltildes. See ANNELLnDES. enone, one of tie in the Northern States. It gives in fune rose-colored Anerun'ic Acid, n. (Che,,.) A yellowish-white sub- finest species, flowers in pendulous clusters. It has ecrid, narcotic stance from tihe infusion of the anemone nenoriosa by with double ascd ig. 125.- ANEMNE E CORONARIA. properties, and sheep are sonmetimes killed by eating it. exposure to light. seini-double vayi(Zoii.) A species of butterfly. Asneisnog''aplhy, n. [Gr. anemos, wind, and graphe, eties of red, white, and blue flowers. — The cultivation An'dron, n. [Gr. firom aner, a maan.] (4Arch.) A name description.] (PhFis.) The description of the winds. of the A. requires great attention. It prefers a light formerly applied to tihe space in a church by which the Anemoi'ogy, n. [Gr. aoneeos,wind, and logos, discourse.] soil. The root, wvhich consists of clustered tubers, is men were separated fromn tihe wonmen. (Phys.) The doctrine of, or a treatise on the winds. taken up after flowering. Tihe plant is propagated by artdrossi'es, of Cyresthes; a Greek architect, eele- Aneamomn'tei', n. [fr. e.anemnos, wind, and netron, parting tihe roots or by seed. In the latter way, new brated for having constructed, at Athens, the tower of mneasure.] (_Phs.) An instrument used for measuring varieties are obtained. Seedling plmnnts do not flower thie winds, an octagonal building, on each side of which the force and velocity of the wind. Various instrument:, till tile second or Ithird year. was a figure representing one of the winds. On tihe top have been invented for this purpose, tile first of whiclh Asaaso eplaallaas, n. [Gr. a., priv., and eycephalos, of the tower was a small pyramid of mnarble supporting is attributed to Wolfius, who described it in 1700. branin.] (PFlysiol.) A name given to those monsters, mnore a brazen Triton, which turned on a pivot, and pointed Considerable improvements have been since made upon common in tile human species than in the lower aniwith its rod to thie side of the tower on whichi was rep- the construction of anemnome- mals, which are characterized by tihe want of a brain, resented the wind that was thien blowing. As each of ters; nevertheless, that invent- and more or less total uwant of a spinal mnarrow. the sides had a sort of dial, it is conjectured that it for- ed by Lind in 75 (Fig 24) Aent, pep. [A Scottish ord, perlps from the nmerly contained a clepsydra or water-clock. is still considered to be one of ~ prefix a, and A.S. nean, near.] Concerning; about; as, Amid roni'lcu,of Rhodes; a follower of Aristotle, vwho the most convenient and accu- he said nothing ant t paticular. -Over inst; lived D. e. 63, and wrote commentaries on that author. rate. It consists of two upright o pposite to; as, he lives apent the miarket-house. Useda iHe also restored and published the works of that phni- glas tubes, A B ud CD, about in Scottish law. iosopher, which Sylla had brought fromn Greece. 9 inches high, and 40 of an Ie * in c la e's er, a Canaanite chief, who confederated with AbraA ladronitcus, CoaMxENUS, a Greek emperor, grandson inch wide, conncted below by haim. of Alexis Connienus, punt to death by Ihis own subjects, amuch narrowver tube, E, va- An'eroid, a. [Gr. a., pri-., ae-os, moist, and eidos, form.] 1185. There are two other emnperors of the samne name, rying fiom u to - of an (PFys.) The name given to a kindl of bariometer, inwhose lives present nothing remarkasble. inch in widtlh. The tube A B vented by AI. Yidi, which, 1by meanns of a systemn of levAnde soni/cus, Livius, the oldest dranmatic author in is bent at right angles, so as to ~, els, connected with an air-tight box and internal spring, the Latin language. His first piece was peibrifo ed receive the wind blowing into mneasures the pressure of the air without the use of a abt. 240 years B. c. Hiis works are lost. it horizontally. A scale, gradi- liquid. - See BARoram rEna. Au~idropetfalou1 s, a. [Gr. aner, a man, and petalos, a uated in inches and parts of! R es, sz.pl. See AWNs. petal.] (Bot.) A namne applied to the double flowers pro- an inch, is placed between tihe A/net, a tomn of France, dep. of Eure-et-Loire, 9 m. N.N. duced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as tubes. and the whole instru- E. of Dreux. -iIere there are the ruins of a fine castle in the garden ranunculus. mnent is mnade to turn round built by Henry II. for Dianna de Poitiers. In the neighAn...oph'a-i, a.pl. Anthropophagi. (a.) the steel spindle, G, which can borhood is the plainm of Ivry, where, in 1590. IIenry 1V. Aniidrolpogo'l~ n. (But.) A gen. of plants, tribe Andre- be screwed into a bloclk of gained a comnplete victory over the armies of the League. pognoece. The shaloo, A. saccharatus, is grown in India wood by a screw at the bottom. l.Bq. 1,592. for its grain. The lemon-grass, A. citratnu,, is used in When tihe instrument is used, A'seusa'in, a British poet and chieftain of the 6th centihe West Indies is a. substitutefor Chinese tea. water is poured into tihe tubes tury, snupposed to be identical with the historian Gildas. Aneropoo'go'nee, n. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of p!ants, ord. until the level in both stmands IIe took part in the battle of Canttraeth, which he mado Grac-ainacece. at the mniddle of the scale. i 14 tihe subject of a poems; this, and Odes of the _Monthl/s, form Ana'Cdros, or Ank'dro, an island of the Grecian archi- When no disturbing furce acts the whole of his lknown wnorlis, and are to be found in pehago, S. of Negropont and N. of Fi/no. It is 25 min. long upon either colusmn of liquid, the level of bothl is naccu- the Welsh archeology. D. 570. and 6 broad. Wine is its principal product. Pop. abt. rately the same; but when the mouth of the tub A B Amten'seaisiaa, n. [Gr. anercisn.snes, a widening; Fm. anev14,000.-Its cap.,.Andre or Castro, is situated on the EI. is turned toward the wind, the column in AB is pressed rinsee.] (Surg.) The swelling of an artery, or thIe dilacoast of the island; pop. abt. 5,000. downw ard, and that in C D rises proportionably, and tation and expansion of some parnt of an artery. This is Aitlros, EaoanuD, a governor of the province of Nosw the difference of the heights of the two columnns the true A. There is also a spurious kind of A., when the York, and subsequently of New Enghlnnd. On April 15, gives the column of water which the folbrce of the wind rupture or puncture of an artery is followed by an ex1689, the people of Boston, roused into revolt by his sustains. Now, as we know that the priessure of thle travasation of blood in the cellular membrane. If the capricious andc arbitrary conduct, tooki up armns against atnmosphere at the earth's surface supports a colunnn of external menmbrane of the artery is injured, and tine inhimu, seized both the council and governor, annd had thenm water about 33 feet high, or presses withli a force of about termunil nmemnbrane protrudes through, and forms a sac, it confined. In the Felbruary fbllowing hle was sent to 2,/60 lbs. on the square foot, this instrument gives us is called mnixed A. Lastly, there is the varicose A., tihe ungland for trial, but thle case involvedl the goverimnent immediately the data from which we can calcuhnste the tsunor of the artery, whlen, in bleeding, the vein has been in such a dilesumna, that they dismissed it without conm- pressure or force of the wind. Thus, supposing thol entirely cut through, and at the samne time the upper ing( to a final decision. In 1692 he was mande governor wind to blow with a force sufficient to raise the oi(, side of an artery beneath has been perforated, so that its of Virginia, where he conducted himself sith more lis- column one inch above the other, we have of ot f blood is pressed into the vein. The genuine A. arise cretion. ~D. in London 1714. Fort Androscoggin was 2060 or about 52lbs of pressure on the square foot as partly from the too violent motion of the blood, partly mmnuned after hinm. the force of the wind. froun a preternatural debility of the nmembranes of the An roscog'gni, or Amneriscog'glin, the nanme Aniemom'et'y, n. The measuremnent of tihe force and artery, which is sometimes constitutional. They are, given to the Marguhllmaway river, after its junction with velocity of the wind. — See ANmrMOMETEra. therefore, more frequent in the great branches of the the outlet of Unmbagog Llake, in Coos co., New IHampshire. Anenleone (Sea'). See ACTINIu. arteries; in particular, in the vicinity of tihe lheart, in It enters into Muaine, andl after a course of abt. 140 m., Anemo'neae, s. pl. (Bot.) A tribe of plants, ord. the arch of the aorta, and in the extremities, for init fatlls into the Kennebec river, about 20 m. fromn its Ransnculacece. DIAG.: calix usually colored, in ustivva- stance, in the hiam and at-the ribs, where the arteries are mouth. tion imbricated. Achenia one-seeded, tailed. Seed in- exposed to freqbent injuries by stretclhing, violent bodily Ausdroscog'gin, in Jfilne, a county bounded N. by vented. Principal genus, Anmesosne, q. v. exertions thruss, f, alls, and contusions. They masny, iFmranklin and S. by Cmnberland counties. It w-s or- A oie m'C Acid, a. (C/een.) A brown little mess, however, be occasioned also, especinlly thie interna l ones, ganized in 1854. Area, abt. 500 sq. m. A4. is washemed by soluble in seater, obtained by boiling anemonine with by diseiees, violent ebullitions of the blood, by the use Androscoggin and Little Androscoggin rivers; its soil is sulsrytes swater. Foinn. In40sHO. of ardent spirits, by vehement passione and emotions, fertile. Cap. Aubmun. Pop. abt. 35,000. Am ens'onine, n. (Chem.) A white crystalline snub- panrticularly by anger; in such cases, the aurteries misy lls['dr'Os IsPlaulds, or ISLES DEL EspRITU SANTO,. st:mnce, heavier than water, without smell, at first nithn- be ruptured, and sudden death produced. The extlemmnml group of islands amuong the Baih mass, extending abt. out taste, but afterwards having a permanent burniing 2. A ae either healed by continued pressure on tIne swell120 m. from N. to S.; Let. 240 to 230 20' N.; Lon. 770 to impmression. Obtained as an oil by distilling the root ing, or by an operation, in wlhich thie rtery is hindu bmnre, 78~ W. of the asemone neinorosa wvith seater. ond tied above the seelling, so as to pirevet tIne oow An'dro-sphiinx, n. (ScUap.) Alionwith ahuman head. Ane~n'osopole, a. [Fr., firom Gr. amionmos, wind, and of the blood into the sac of the aneurism, shich conAnm~'trons, a. (Bet.) Denoting the male sex. scopein, to view.] (Phys.) A mechine showinug fiuomsiwhaut trnct s by degrees. Sometimes the ligatmure is applied Andress'viile, in New Boslc. See ANaEmwsVLLE. point of the compass the wind blows. Tins is done by both above and below the A. Asdam~j~as.. [Probably the anc. Foirum Juliunn.] A town means of an index movinng about snn upright circular Asnetrs's'ns~mma, a. Behunging to an aneurism. of Spain, in Andalunsia, on the Gunadalquivir, at'the foot plhmte, the index lueins turnned by an horizontal axis, and Assews', adv. [Prefix a, and snew.] Over again; another of the Sierra iMorena, 20 m. N.W. of Jaen; Let. 3S8 1' 32~/ the axis by an upright staff, at the top of which is the time; repeatedly. This is the most common use. N.; Lou. 30 59' 33" W. Punp. 9,353. fane moved about by the sewind. Some are so muade as. A "nd you, An'deize, a town of France, dep. of the Gard, on the even in tIne absence of the observer, to note down the To show how well you play, must plmy aenew." — Irior. Gadsdon, 26 m. N.W. of Nimiem; pmp. 5,676. chasmes of the wind. But amy contrivance, hnowever — Newly; in ta mew mausner. 96 ANGE ANGE ANGL ",'e who begins late Is obliged to form anew the whole disposi- Angel'lei, n. (Bot.) A name of the genus Archangenica, of the prov. of Anjou. In its military college both tion of his soul." — Addison. tribe A4ngelicidce. The A. triquinata, or Archangelica Lord Chathnam and the Duke of Wellington studied, and Ainfractluose, a. (Bet.) Winding or turning about; atropurpurea, common in fields, N. and W. of thile U. it is the birthplace of' David the sculptor. Potp. 51,797 as, anfractuose authors. - Webster. States, is a plant well known for its aromatic properties; Ang'i'iara, or AN'GuIAI, a town of Italy, prov. of Avifractiuos'ity, Anfract'isonlsness, n. [From stem dark purple, furrowed, 4 to 6 ft. high flowers green- Arezzo, near the Tiber, 18 m. E. of Arezzo; pop. 6,880. Lat. an for ambi, and frangere.fractus, to break.] The ish-white. The Garden A., or Arclhangelica fficinalis, 1Angi'na, n. [Lat., from Gr. agcho, to strangle.] (ied.) quality of being broken off short, or about, so as to pro- has greenish flowers in almost spherical umbels. The Au inflammatioi of the throat; a QUIesY, g. v. duce the effect of needless coignes or angles. It is used Angioecar'poss, a. [Gr. aggeion, a vessel, and carpos, metaphorically of style of speech.- Anibagiousness; fruit.] (Bet.) Noting seeds or vessels inclosed within a meanguricl o ty;e tortuec. dbousness.; angllalrity; tortuousness. covering that does not form a part of themselves; as CAnsfract'uous, a. [Lat. anfractus.] Winding; full of the filbert, which is covered by its husk, the acorn turnings and winding passages; as, There are several seated in its capsule.a anfractuous cavities in the ear-bone." Angiog'raphy, n. [fr. aggeisn, avessel, andgaphi, Angel, a. [Gr. agge~os; Loat. angetus; Fr. cage~, a meessen- to write.] (Med.) A description of the vessels in the huger of God.] (Erl. Hist.) The name given to those spirit- man body. ual, intelligent beings who are supposed to execute the A il'. [r. ggei, a vessel, and gs, iwill of God in the government of the world. Their office is course.] (ied.) The doctrie of the vessels of the Icunan to serve the Deity, whose agents they are, in effecting his body. good purposes, as tihe tutelary spirits of whole nations, A agoiomososper'mous, a. [fr. aggeise, a vessel, as the heralds of his commands, and as the guardians of m.oysos, single, aiid sper-ms, seed.] (Bet.) Producing but a single seed in a pod. particular individuals.- They were supposed to be spir- Arllgosop,. Gr.ageina esel.a sopin t Its with ethereal bodies. This conception of them was i'gispe n. [r. agion, a vessel and scopein, to estab edas~ cue of~te church by the council of view.] (Meed.) Ani instrument for examining the capil~Nic a' N {~ 8m i e with the decisioc of the Irhry vessels of a body. —Webster. Lat nc of 1215, which makes then insucaterial IAacgiosIper'cicia, a. [fr. aggeion, a vessel, and sperma, beings. Those who regard the body merely as an in- a seed.] (bos.) Ic thi system of Bentley, the first of tie cumbrance, or prison of the soul, and conceive a very twoclassesintowhichare subdivided the Exogeiis. The exalted idea of pure spirits, hold angels to be such spir- cheracters are: ovules produced witii an ovary, and its, and explain their visible appearance by supposing fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigma; that they have the power of assuming at will bodily becoming seeds inclosed in a periscarp; embryo with forms and a human shape. Tsose who consider it no 5 two opposite cotyledons. The oak, rose, &c., are angioimperfection for a spirit to exist in a body, maintain that sperms. angels have bodies. As finite beings, they must have Angiosper'mous,a. (Bet.) Belongingtothecloss some place where they reside. The ancients easily of the angiosperss. found a habitation for them in their heaven, which was - Angioslporous, a. [Gr. aggeion, a vessel, and spora, tbunda~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sei. haiotatio fo them a~pie t lnt their heavenwhc wspoe conceived to be a vast azure hall, where God dwelt with eed.] (Bt.) A term applied to plats that have spores N ~~~~~imiclosed in a hollow shell, or bag, as some fungi. his angels; but we, who have very different ideas of inclosed in a hollow sell, or bag, as some fungi. heaven and the universe, can only suppose that, if they ingiot'omny n. [Gr. aggeion, a vessel, and tesnein, to still operate on human things, they dwell invisibly cut.] (Anat.) The dissection of the vessels of the huChurch receives only three as sanctioned by the Scrip- sgle,. [Fr., from Lot. angulas, corner.] (Geom.) The wites,-McaGbil and Rpaboulu-A to their nanme- th!ahlc oy tures, - MJichael, Gabriel, and Raphael; but tiei- nmum- V- opening between two straight lines which meet one ber is always represented as immensely great, aid also aiotser. Whee several angles are lt one point se, (Fig. that there is a subordination acmong themem. Hence, ec —-c 128,) any one of them is expressed by three letters, of clesiastical writers mtake an which the letter that is at the vertex of the angle, that is, hierarchy of nine orders of at the point in which the straight lines that contain the angels.-But besides these, Fig. 127.- ANGELICA ARCHANGELICA. angle meet one another, is put between the other two letwe read of evil angels, the fruit is long and straw-colored; the root longand fiesiform. ters. Thus, the angle which is contained by the straight oninisters of God's writh; The whole plant, but especially the root, is aromnatic and as the destroying angel, the bitter, containiing much resin and essential oil. The t angel of death, the angel of root is admitted into the pharmacopoeia as an aromatic / Satan, the angel of the bot- stimulant and tonic. Its blanched stalks were formerly..tomless pit, and the fallen eaten as celery. The tender stalks and mid-ribs of tile angels, or those who kept leaves, candied, are awell-known article ofconfectionery not their first estate, but'and an agreeable stomachic; the roots and seeds are em- fell from their obedience ployed in the preparation of gin and of bitters.,, into sin, and were expelled An gelo. See MichAEL ANtELo. 5' sA the regions of light. In An'gelo, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Monroe co.,, general, good and bad an- abt. 28 m. E.N.E. of La Crosse; pop. abt. 450. gels are distinguished by An'gelo, St., a town of N. Italy, prov. of Milan, 7 m. the opposite terise of al- S.W. of Lodi; pop. 8,334. gels of light, and angels of An'geloe de d Lomba'rdi, St., a town of S. Italy, 48 -... gdarkneess. igt n enl Im. E. of Naples; pop. 6,345. -Figuratively, in the style Angelofogy, n. [From Gr. aggelos, angel, and legein, to of love,the name of angel is say, to speak.] A treaty or discourse on the angels, their applied to a beautiful per- nature, &c. Fig. 128. son, as a synonym of per- (An'gelot, n. (Arumis.) An ancient English coin of the lines cm, bsen, is named the angle c m b. - When a fection. same value as the angelet, struck at Paris while under straight line, cm, standing on another straight line, a b, "Sir, as I have a soul, she iso the domination of England; -so called firom the figure makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each of an angel." - Seaks. of an angel supporting the escutcheon of England ald the angles cm a, cmb, is called a eight angle; and thi (Nnosmis.) An ancicent gold Francs. (Num~nis.) An ancient gold France. straight lines are said to be perpendicular to each coin of England, bearing (Mus.) An ancient instrument, somewhat resemblieg other. -An obtare ngle, tof is that p e ich is greater other. —An ebtusse angle, amy; is thsat whirlh is greatec the figure of an angel, in a lute. than a right angle. -An acute aegle, csif, is that ivwhich memory of an observation Aneielot'omny. See ANGIOToozY. is less than a right angle. - Round a given point, as s, of Pope Gregory, that the Fig. 126. An gel's Canmp,) in Cahlifornia, a post-village of Cala- no more than four might angles can be constructed. and pagan Aezgli, or English, ANGaEL Or EnWARo IV. veras co.; pop. abt. 600. only three obtuse angles; on the contrary, an infinite were so beautiful, that, if An'gel-shot. See CH1AIN-SFIOT. number of acute angles may be formed round tile same they were Christians, they would be angeli, or angels. Ain'gelus, n. [Lat.] A prayer to the Virgin, used by point.-The mutual inclination of the lines including The coin was worth ten shillings. - Johnson. Roman Catholics. the angle is always determined by the magnitude of the AnI'gel.bed, n. A bed without posts. An'ger, n. [Gr. agchein. to squeeze.] A displeasure or angle. Thus the situation of a point in relation to a An'gelet, n. (Numtis.) An half-angel; an angelot; a small vexation accompanied byea passionate desire to breakr plane is partly determined, if we know the angle formed gold coin formerly current in England. out in acts or words of violence against the cause of by a line druwn f'om that point to any poimt of the An'gel-fish, n. (Zoe1.) See SQuALrn.. displeasure. — Wrath; ire; resentment; indignation; phoe. This principle renders the angle so exceedingly Angel'ic, a. Partaking of the character of angels, or rage; animosity; fury; choler. important, that it is capable of being employed as the their state; pure; ethereal; spiritual; lovely; heavenly; "Anger is like key to the most important truths; for a great puart of seraphic; rapturous; divine. A full hot horse, who, being allow'd his way, the actcai observations of astronomers are dependent Angel'ica, in Nesl York, a post-village and township Self-mettle tires him."-Schaks. on the study of angles.-To determine the size of an of Alleghany co. The village is on Angelica creek, 262 -v. a. To excite to anger; to malkeo angry; to irritate. angle the circle is employed. Suppose we describe a m. W. by S. from Albany. Pop. abt. 1,400; of township, An'germnannlanl, an old and extensive district of circle (op q c, o) about the point of intersection vt of albt. 2,000. Sweden, now part of the province of West Nordland, ex- the lines ab, c d, which cut each other at right angles, Aclgel'ica, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Shawanaw co. tends along the Gulf of BothinA, and is watered by the there is opposite to every one of the four right angles a Aragel'ica Balsam. (Chesi.) A blackish-brown resin- river Angermann, which, in its lower course, becomes curve-line or arc of a circle, which is exactly a fourth ous, syrupy mcatter, with a bitter taste, obtained from navigable for the largest ships. It is one of the best part of the circle; for example, over the angle am c is the root of Angelica archangelica. cultivated districts in Sweden. The chief town, Hei'- the quadrant or fourth part of the circumference op. Ana el'ieal, a. The same as ANGELIC. noesand, has a pop. ofabt. 2,000. That the magnitude of the circle is indifferent, is shown Anegel'ieally, adv. Like an angel. An'germnssnde, a town of Prussia, pros. of Branden- by the dotted lines; for o"p/" and o' p' are quadrants tAncgel iealmess n. The quaity of being angelical; burg, on the lake AMcnde, 43 c. N.N.E. of Berlin; pop. as well as o p. - The acute angle c senf is hence esqual reseecblance of angels; excellenice more than humain. 6,203. to hialf a right angle, because the are by which it is Au[xel'iea Tree, a. See ARALIACE.E. Aangero'na, in West Virginia, a post-office of Jackson co. subtended is an octaat, the 8th part of a circle, and the Aougeli'eistte, a..pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, order Angero s'na, (Myth.) The goddess of silence. obtuse angle anmf is equal to one and a half right anApiace e. The species are mostly herbaceous and peren- Ang.eres'na, in Virgi~nia, a post-office of Jackson co. gle, because its subtending arc is equel to 35 of the cirnial, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the Ang'ea's, a town of France, cap. of the dep. of Masine- cle. —Thus we cami very accurately determine the magnorthern hemisphere. They have bipinnate or tripin- st-Loire, on the Mayenne, 161 mu. S.W. of Paris, Lot. 470 nitude of an angle, when we state the portion of a circle nate leaves. 28' 9'/ N.; Lon. 00 33/ WV. It is the seat of an imperial which the are of that imngle forms. for this purpose Angeli'na, in Texas, a county situated in the E. part of court, and has a school of arts and trades. There are a thee circie is divided into 360 equal parts, each of which the State, and bounded on the N.E. by the river Angel- public library, a museum with alout 600 pictures, a bo- is called a degree. And every degree is again divided ina which rises in Smith co., and enters the Neches near tanical garden, a cabinet of naturel histocy, and a thea- inCto 60 equeal parts, called minutes, and every one of Bevilport, in Jasper co. —A. has an area of abt. 1,000 sq. ire. fenaf. Fine camlets, serges, and other stuffs, hats, these again into 60 secoends. Hence, when we speakl of m.; cap. Marion; pop. abt. 5,000. &c., and quarrios of slates in the neiglhborhood. The an angle of 90 degrees, we necessarily mean a right An'gel Isllan~, the largest island in San Francisco cathedral church is one of the finest in France. —A., the angle, since 90 degreses are the fourth part of the 360 Boy, California. It contains 800 acres of good land. anc. Juliomagus and Andegavia, was foreuerly the c p. degrees of the whole cile. Every eangle less than 90 ANGL ANGO ANGO 97 degrees is an acute angle; and every angle of more de- Danish, an English Dane, or a descendant of the Danes which covers the whole body in long pendent spiral ringgrees is an obtuse angle.-The accurate measure of an- who settled in England. — Anglo-nmania, a ridiculous and lets; and it is from the hair of this animal that the finest gles ic taken by means of a simple instrument called a blind reverence for all that is English. — Anglo-Noriman, camlets are made. To ths same genus belongs the Cashprotractor, q. v. - an English Norman. mere Goat, so highly prized for its fleece; it is descended (Physiol.) Angle-facial, the angle made by the intersec- An'glo-Sax'oons, the generic name bestowed by his- fiom the Goat of Thibet, which pastures on the Himation of two lines drawn, the one from the most prormi- torians on that people of Teutonic origin who settled laya. It is smaller than the common domestic goat, and nent part of the frontal bone over the anterior margin in Britain after the departure of the Bomans. hias long, fine, silky wool. Thibet is situated at the of the upper jaw, the other from the external orifice (Mist.) In the 5th century, the eastern parts of South northern descent of the Himalaya mountains, and Cashof the ear-passage along the floor of the nasal cavity.- Britain were invaded by various tribes of Northern mere at the southern; hence there is some difference in Angle-frontal, the angle which the culmen, or upper Germany, consisting for the most part of Angles, Jutes, the climate; it is observed, also, that the colder the line of the bealk, makes with the forehead. and Saxons. The Jutes, or people of Jutland, now known region where the animal pastures, the heavier and finer (Opt.) An angle is formed by two rays of light, or two as Schleswig, are believed to have been the earliest is its fleece. The goats which pasture in the highest straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an ob- comers. These were followed by the Saxons, a race vales of Thibet are of a bright ochre color; in lower ject to the centre of the eye. The apparent magnitude who inhabited that part of Germany bordering on the grounds, the color becomes of a yellowish-white, and still of objects depends on the magnitude of the angle under Baltic, which forms the modern duchies of Holstein and farther downward enwhich they are seen; nevertheless, in observing distant Mecklenburg. At a later period arrived the Angles, tirely white. The highobjects, our ideas of their magnitude are greatly modi- who came, it is supposed, from Friesland and the adja- est mountains of the fled by the judgment which we ferm of their distances. cent gountry of Hanover. From 527 to 547 these peo- Himialaya inhabitable See APPAR-NT MAGNITUDE. pies made frequent descents on that palrt of Britain now by man, contain also a An'gle, v. n. To fish with a rod and hoolk.-llence, to forming the eastern counties of Norfoiblk, Suffolk, and species of black goats, try to gain by some insinuating artifices, as fishes are Essex; settled there, and eventually extended their the wool of which as a caught by a bait, sway overalmost the entire country. Becoming nation- material for shawls in "The pleasa.t'st angliing is to see the fish alized under the one general name of Angles, they India obtains the highCut with the golden oars the silver stream, founded the seven kingdoms called the Heptarclhy (q. v.), est price. The goats of - And greedily deveur the treacherous bait; which existed until 827, when Egbert, kiing of Wessex, Thibet and Cashmere So angle we for Beatrice."-Shaks. nnited them into one kingdom called Angle-land, or have the fine curled Angle-mse'lter, n. [Eng. angle, and Or. metwon, mYE'a- England. The A. retained their supremacy till the wool close to the skin, sure.] An instrument used by geologists for measuring invasion of their country by the Danes in 1017. They justastht underlsirof Peg. 129.- CASHMERE COAT. the dip of strata. regained it, however, in 1042, and continued their rule our common goat lies below thee coarse upper hair. The An'gler, n. One who fishes with an angle. up to the time of the Norman conquest. From the lat- flesh of the Cashmere goat tastes as well as that of the (Zeal.) See LoerDz. ter period their power declined, and they gradually lost, common one, and its milk is as rich; but these animals Angles. (Hist.) A German nation, which resided in to a great extent, their national individuality; though, owe their great celebrity to the extraordinary beauty what is now the province of Magdeburg, in Prussia, through manny generations, and up to the present day, ther and costliness of the shawls for which the Asiatics have near the Elbe, and probably succeeded to the former major portion of the English people proper have preo- been so long famous. —The acclimatization of these goats seat of the Lombards, when these latter had driven the served in a singular degree the moral, mental, and phys- in the U. States is an established fact. For several years, Cherusci from the northern half of their coutntry. In ical characteristics of their Anglo-Saxon progenitors. in different parts of the Union, the Angora goat has been the 5th century, they joined their powerful northern (Philol.) The term Anglo-Saxon, as applied to the bred, both pure and crossed with the native goat. Fmi neighbors, the Saxons, and, under the name of Anglo- English language, is of modern date. Thel A. tongee from deteriorating by the trunsfer, as had been predict t, Saxons, conquered the country now called Esgland. A has its origin in the Low-German brance of tie Teu- it is found that in some parts of the country evee the part of themi remained near the Danish peninsula, tonic languages, and is nearly allied to the Old Saxon, unmixed breed of the imported goats has shown evident where, to the present day, a small tract of land, on the Old Dutch (as in the Netherlands), and the Old Frisian. signs of improvement resulting from the change. This eastern coast of the duchy of Schleswig, bears the name After the conquest of England by the Normans, the A. brasch of pastoral industry has begun to asseme very Angeln. place, as the language of the court, the law, and the considerable prominence, as is indicated by the tact that An'glesey, (the anc. Mona.) An island and county of schools, was usurped by the Norman-French of the suc- during the yeer 1856 not less than $100,000 has been N. Wales, in the Irish sea; connected with England, cessful inwveders; but it still remained the language of paid forthese goatsin Ohio aone. Thesupply of Angora across the Menai Strait, by the famous Menai-bridge, the common people, and was the basis of the English fleecein AsiaMinoris limitedand precarious. Accss and the Britannia tubular railway bridge. Ext. 20 nm. language, which gradually formed itself durieg the to it is both difficult and dangerous, from the jealousy long and 17 broad. Nivers, Alam, Braint, Cefni, Fraw, 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries. At the present time, in of the government and the barbarous bigotry of tliho Dulas. Towns, Beaumarls, Amnlwch, Holyhead. Alatof. some of the rural and more remote districts of England, people. As the stereotyped characte- ofAsiaticindustry trifling. Its mines of copper, once important; have de- tihe A. language is found existing in all its original gives no reasonable promise of an enlargenent of thb dlined. - A. was the last stronghold of the Druids, of purity. The A. language and literature has, in motlern supply in this quarter, English and Continental manu, whose works it has many ruins, called COroelechs. times, been illustrated and enriched by the researches fecturers are looking to the Cape of Good Itope, Australia, An'glesey, ARTnuit ANNESLt, EA-R, Or, a native of of Thorpe, Guest, Madden, Conybeare, and other well- and America for an increased production of this stiple Dublin, B. 1614. He toolk an active part in the restore- known English philologists; and perhaps the most per- to meet their necessities; snd as tie fleece produced in tion of Charles II., for which he was created earl of A., feet examples of A. composition may be found in the the U. States is unquestionably equal, if not superior and successively made treasurer of the navy and lord writings of William Cobbett. in fineness, delicacy, beaty, and facility of manipulaprivy seal. D. 1686.' Ango'la, a large district of S. Africa, situate S. of tion, to the choicest Oriental specimens, arapidlyincreasAi'glesey, or An'glesea, HENRY WnTtAIM PAoGET, Congo, W. of Loanda-land, embracing a considerable per- ing demand for American fleece may be expected. MAsaqus or, a. 17iS8, was the eldest son of the first earl tion of the coast, and extending far inward; Lat. be- ainufactuee f Goats'EPlece.-Nearlyeverynntionrep. of Uxbridge, and at an early age entered upon a military tween 80. 20' and 90 20' S., Lon. extending from 140 to resented at the Universal Exposition at Paris presented lite. At Waterloo he led the fihal charge which de- 190 E. The country is flat and sterile along the coast, some beautiful manufactures of goats' fleece. India, stroyed the French Guards, and near the close of the but mountainous in the interior, where the valleys are'rance, England, and Austria seemed to excel in the battle received a shot in the knee, which caused him extremely fertile. Almost all the known wild animals more delicate faobrics, while Tufkey exhibited the greatest the loss of his right leg. D. 1854. HIe has been called of tropical Africa are found there. The rivers are infest- variety and richness of the raw materials. In England the English MIurat, from the impetuosity with which he ed with crocodiles, and the sea-coasts teem with every the manipulation of this staple is practically monopocharged at the head of cavelry. description of fish. Although situate near the equator, lized by a few parties, who appear adverse to imparting An'gleilte, n. (2}in.) A synonym of sulphate of the climate is, on account of the trade-winds, more any information in regard to the manufacture and sile lead.- See LEAD. temperate, and generally more healthy than in othel of their fabrics. The fleece manufactured in England is An'gley's Branc~lh, in S. Carolina, a post-office of regions of the samei latitude; but some parts of A. are meainly produced in Asia Minor from the Angora goat. Barnwell district. low, marshy, fever-breeding, and even the natives feel It is imported to the extent of 3,000,000 pounds per an. An'glilan, a. [From Lat. Angli, the Angles.] English; the effects of the damp, hot, malarious climate. The num, and is known incommerce by the name of meohair. belonging to England, or to the English nation; as, the inhabitants, although dark, are seldom, if ever, black. The market-price of this fleece (for wool it cannot be Anglican Church. their color being brownish-red, with a tinge of yelIow; called with any propriety of language) varies from three -n. A member of the Church of England. and although they are so Close to the country inhabited to four shillings, or f-rom 75 cents to $1 per pound, gold An'giean lh Cuareh. See PROTESrrANT EPIsCOPAL by the true negroes, they have but few of the negro value. The demand is permanent and increasing; and CHURCH. traits. The traveller Reade writes of the Angolse it will continse to increase until met by a vastly more An'glicanism, n. Strong partiality for England or women in terms of considerable praise, as far as their copious production. The present extr-aordinary demand the English Church. personal appearance goes. The chief town is Loanda results partly from the attempt of the English monopoAn'glibc, adv. [Lat.] In the English manner. (R.) San Paulo. Fetichisnl is the general religion. A. was lists to absorb the entire production of Asia Minor, by Anglic'ify, v. a. [Lat. Ag~licus, English, and facere, discovered in 1486 by the Portuguese, who still hold it, sending agents over thie whole country to secure the clip to make.] To make English; to Anglicize. (n.) and traffic with the natives in ivory and othier lomne as soon as it is sheared.-In Europe the fleece is spun An'glieisiin, n. [Fr.] A form of speech peculiar to the products. It was for its extensive traffic in slaves, how- into yarn, mostly in England, and at Roubaix in France, English language; an English idiom. ever, that A. has been principally notorious. Pop. esti- and thence distributed over Europe for manufkcture into An'glieize, v. a. To render English; to introduce into mated at 2,000,000. cloth. The excellence of the yarn spum in England and the English language. Ango'la, in N. Carolina, a post-office of Onslow co. at Roubaix is due partly to superior skill, partly to pecu. An'lgling, n. (Sporst.) The art of ensnaring fish withl a Angeo'la, in Delaware, a post-office of Sussex co. liar and improved machinery, and partly to natural and hooke, which has been previously baited with small fish, Anago/la, in Illinois, a village of Lake co., about 45 m. artificial atmospheric humidity. This latter element, if worms, flies, &c. Among no people has this art attracted N.W. by N. of Chicago. not absolutely essential to success, is at least very desirso much attention, and nowhere have so many persons Ango'la, in indiana, a post-village, cap. of Steuben co., able.-From very transparent mnotives, the process of of all classes, both clerical and secular, resorted to 144 m. N.E. of Indianapolis; pop. about 600. spinning has been represented by those interested in angling as an amusement, as in England,whose literature Asago'la, in New York, a post-office of Erie co. the moopoly as very expensive and difficult, nay, even is richer than that of any other country in works relating Angoo'la, in Ohio, a post-office of Clermont co. a profound secret, known only to those now engaged to this sport, both in prose and verse. A similar fond- AnInosr, n. [Lat.] (Med.) Agony, or intense bodily pain. in the business. But these representations were flatly ness for angling exists in the United States. In both Asa'gora, or ANKAREH, a city of Turkey in Asia Minor, contradicted by the exhibition at Paris of a great variety countries, in England and North America, angling is 142 m. from Konich; Lat. 400 29' N.; Lon. 330 185 E. of machinery for carding, scrubbing, spinning and weavfollowed by many sportsmen with a kind of passion. Moanef. chiefly stuffs made of the silk-like wool of the ing the tiftik or Angora fleece. This machinery, pur. We find occasional allusions to this prsurit among the goat of Aegora. —It was there that St. Paul preached portiog to have been made a-gely in Brdfor and RoGreek writers, and throughout the most ancient books to the Galatians. —2A. cane into the possession of the baix, two great seats of yarn production, enetirely exof the Bible. Plutarch mentions an anmusing anecdote Turns in 1359. In its vicinity was fought, in 1401, the ploded tie assumption. A good spimening-machine is of Antony's unsuccessfiul angling in the presence of great battle between Sulten Bajazet and Tamerlane. worth frons $100 to $300, according to the nuisber of Cleopatra, and a fine trick which she played him. The _Pop. about 12,000. spisdies. The leading machisee in Eni-ope for the weavbest season for angling is from April to October: thle AiJkn'gora. Qaot~. (ZoST.) A species of the genus Cabpra, ing of goats' fleece into shawls, is the double Jacquard cooler the weather, in the hottest months, the better; or GeaT, p. v. Tie A. goat, Ilipra Argo-enesis, is by fhler loom, manufactured by Willibsld Schrane, of Vienmia, but in winter, on the contrary, the warmest day is the the most elegant of all the varieties of thee goat, and is a Austria, and worth $200. It is worked by hand, and most pronmising. A cloudy day, after a moonlight night, native of Angora, a small district of Asia Minor, amed shawls are made by it of rensarlkable beauty and cheapis always favorable, as the fish avoid feeding by moon- remarkable fbr producing not only this peculmiar race of ness.-Among the prominent shawl mannfactori-es in light, and are therefore hungry. Warm, lowering days goats, but also sheep, cats, rabbits, &c., with hair of un- Europe may be named Duchd & Co., of Paris, whose are always coveted by anglers. commnson fineness. The Goat of Angora is generally of a specimens are rema-kaely close imitations of the real Ass'glo. [From Lest. Anglus, English.] A prefix used in beaustiful milk-white color, short-legged, with black, Cashmere shawls, and H. Lawatch, andIsabey, of Vienna. composition for English. - Anglo-Amesican, a descend-] spreading, spirally-twisted horns, and pendulous esams. Its The nisenufeetire of Cashmere, cetmels' h- r, and other ant from English ancestors, horn in America. —Anglo — chief and distinguishing excellence, however, is the wols, shawls, once ao flourishing in Asia, is greatly impaired VOL. I. — 13 *' 98 ANGU AiNIG AN IM and in many places entirely discontinued. But few of Caribbee islands, in tile WV. Indies, 16 min. in length by 3 "Sir Toby, you must come in earlier anlqhts; your liece, the once lamous Cashmere shawls have been manufac- in breadth; Lat. 18~ 8' N.; Lon. 630 12/ E. It is so called My lady, takes greit exeeptions at your ill hours."-Shake. tured since the rise of the fatal competition of Lyons, from its tortuous figure, and belongs to the English. Anhy'drons, a. [Gr. a. priv., and ydor, water.] (Chesm..) Paris, Paisley, Vienna, and other manufacturing centres D~p. abt. 2,500. Without water. A term applied to salts, and to certain in Europe. The immediate introduction of this shawl- A]nguil'lsi' isnsl, a. [Lat. asguilla, eel, andformia.] Re- acids when deprived of water. weaving into the United States is perhaps impracticable, sembling an eel. Ani'. The former capital of Armenia, now in ruins. though its final success here is but ait question of time, -n. (Zeal.) The Anguillifos'es of Cuvier are now gen- (ZeSl.) A genus of The obstacles to be overcome are, lack of skilled labor, erally called Muranide. birds, sub-faii. Croof machinery, and of an active home demand for fabrics Anguin'eal, a. [From Lat. anguinaeus, snaky.] Shaped tolphagince. Thie Cmo of goats' fleece. None of these, however, are very for- as, or belonging to, a snake. tophaga ani, or keelmidable. Sufficient labor and machinery can beimported An'gulish, n. [Fr. angoisse, from Lat. angsr.] Excessive bill, is principally an to meet present necessities, while the ready intelligence pain either of mind or body; —applied to the mind, it inhabitant of thie hotof our workingmen and the profound and subtile genius means the pain of sorrow, and is seldom used to signify ter regions of South of our inventors may be relied upon to surpass, very soon, other passions. America, particularly our imported models. The increasing taste and luxury "Perpetual anguish fills his anxious breast, Brazil, though it is met fostered by the rapidly accumulating wealth of the Not stopt by business, nor compos'd by rest." —Drydeo. with also in North American people, and the enormous reduction in the cost -v. a. To distress with excessive pain of mind. (a.) America, as well as in of manufacturing this beautiful staple, from the fancy YAnguil'lula, n. [Lat., a little eel.] (ZoSl.) A gen. of several of the West Ilprices hitherto commanded by Oriental manufacture, minute animals belonging to the nemiatoid worms of the dia islands. The gomwill soon create a perimanent home demand. This will class Entozoa, and including the little creatures known eral color of these hi ido give a comfortable support to a large industrial popula- as the eels of vinegar, porter, &c. - The A. fluviatilis is blaclk, with more lion, and assist in arresting the increasing drain upon (found in wet moss and moist earth), though dried up or less metallic refecour circulating medium caused by large importations of till it becomes hard and brittle, will recover, swell up, tions, and they have a manufkctures of wool, cotton, -sillk, and flax. take food, and resume its reproductive powers, soon short, arched bill, very Anlgor'tnow, a town of Bornom, Central Africa, on the after it is moistened with water. A. tritici, found in much co m pres sed. W. bankl of Lake Tchad. It is nothing more than a blighted wheat, has been known to revive in the samne They live inll focks; the straggling aggregation of mud huts, but it is the centre way after having been kept dry for five years. skirts ofwoods and the of a large trade in cotton, amber, coral, and slaves. 1-op. I aialuis, n. (ZaSl.) The blind-worms, a gen. of reptiles, borders of flooded esestimated at 25.000. fain. Scincidce. They are innocent and harmless animals, vannas being their OtsAngostu'ra, a small, but strongly fortified place in feeding on worms and insects. Their eyes are very vorite haunts. Many Paraguay, on the Parany river; taken by the allied small, and in consequence they have often been supposed pairs are said to use tie Brazilian and Argentine troops, Dec. 22, 1868, during to be blind. The body is very brittle; the tail is easily same nest,whiichisibuilt Fig. 130. - KEEL-ILL. the war in which they were engagod against Lopez, the broken off, but readily sprouts out afresh. They re- onthebranchesoftrees, (Crotophaga ant.) dictator of Paraguay. main torpid during winter. and of a large size. Their flesh being rank, is not edilmie. Angost-t'ra, a city of S. America, Itepub. of Venezuela, An'gular, a. Relating to angles, or having angles; as, An'il, n. [Sanscr. nill, indigo.] (Com.) A kind of indigo, on the Orinoco; Lat. S8 8' 10" N.; Lon. 630 55' 20"V W. It an angular figure. —IHence, figuratively, sharp or stiff in obtained from the plant indigofera anil, native of West was founded in 1588. Although low, and subject to in- character. Indies. It differs fi'om the Indigofera tinctlaria, the true undation, the climate is temperate and not unhealthy. An'gular 1Nffotion. (Astron.) The motion of a body indigo, in having compressed legumes which are not l-op. abt. 8,500. moving circularly, or oscillating about a fixed point. torulose. Aial'gonltme, a town of France, cap. of the dep. of the The angular motion of a planet is measured by thes Anrlte, a. [Lat. anilis, from anus.] Resembling an old Charonts, on the river Charente, 66 m. N.E. of Bordeaux. angle described at the centre of the sun, by a straight woman; doting. It is celebrated for the extensive paper manufactories line drawn from that point to the planet, called the Anil'ie Acid, INDlaOTic AcID. (Chem.) A light yellowin its vicinity. The deliciouspettis de perldrix auxr ruffes radius vector; and its amount is reciprocally propor- ish-white, crystalline substance, soluble in 1,000 parts d'Angoultme are sent to all parts of the world. Pop. tional to the periodic time of the planet. water, fusible and volatile; it unites readily with bases, 24,961.,An'gular Seetioni. (Geom.) The division of an angle and forms well crystallized salts. It is obtained by Anl'gsoulnme, CoaiLEs DE VALOIS, DuKs OF, B. 1573; into any number of equal parts. The bisection of an adding pounded indigo to nitric acid, diluted with an was the illegitimate son of Charles IX., and married the angle is accomplished by elementary geometry. The equal volume of water.-A. acid is also formed by the daughter of the Conn6table Hlenri de Montmorenci. IIe trisection requires the maid of solid geometry, being action of nitric acid on salicine or salicilic acid. Form. was actuated by a restless and ambitious spirit, and as a equivalent to the solution of a cubic equation. The C14H403IIO0. military commander acquired considerable reputation, general division of an angle into any proposed number Anilin!e, CRYSTALLINE, CYANOL, n. (Cl]ems.) A powerIn 1628, the siege of La Rochelle was commenced under of equal parts is a problem which mathematicians have fim base; colorless oily fluid of spec. gray. 1'020. Taste him, and he was engaged in the war4 ofGermany, Langue- not yet been able to solve. In modern mathematics, the burning, aromatic; smell vinous; boiling-point 3200; doe, and Flanders. D. 1650. term Angular Sections is used to denote that branch of evaporates at all temperatures, and becomes brown in.An'goult me, Lous AN'rOINE DE BOUnoON, DuO D', son analysis which is employed in the investigation of the air; it does not, in solution, affect vegetable colors; of Count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X., and of Marie properties of circular functions. dissolves phosphorus, sulphur, camphor, and resin; Th6rSe of Savoy; was born at Versailles in 1775. With ll ngfular'ity, n. The quality of being angular, or coagulates albumen, and forms crystalline salts with his brother, the Duke de Berri, he accompanied their having corners. acids. It is obtained fronm nitro-benzine by dissolving father, when, in 1789, foreseeing the course of events, lie _An' nglarly, adv. In an anngular manner; with angles the latter in alcohol, saturating the solution with left France and repaired to Turin. In 1799 he married or corners. ammonia, and passing a current of sulphuretted hydroat Mittae, his cousin, Marie Tlhrase, the daughter of Anb'gslarness, n. The quality of being angular. gen through the deep-red mixture. - The current of gas Louis XVI.'and of Marie Antoinette of Austria. The An'gulated, a. Formed with angles or corners; as, is again to be renewed, until sulphur ceases to separate Duke d'Angoulemn, joining the Anglo-Spanislh army angolated figures. on standing. hydrochloric acid is then added in excess which crossed the Pyrenees in thIe beginning of 1814, An'guloden'tate, a. (Bot.) Angularly toothed, as to the solution, and the alcohol being removed by addressed a proclamation to the French nation on 11th certain leaves.-Loudon. evaporation, a clear, slightly colored fluid, aniline, February, and on 12th March entered Bordeaux. He Angulom'ete',, n. (Geom.) An instrument for meas- remains, possessing the characters of an organic base.commanded the French army which, in 1823, entered uring external acngles. A. has a remarkable analogy with ammonia. It is Spain to aid Ferdinand in suppressing the constitutiona; Anguiloesity, n. The state of being angular. (o.) readily detected by its producing, in minute quantities, andi, during his stay there, displayed considerable pru- Aan'gls. See FoRFAR, COUNTY OF. with solutions of chloride of lime, a fine violet-blue, deuce and moderation. At Riambouilet, on the 2d'Au- Am'giss, EARLS OF, several nmembers of the Douglas fam- resembling ammoniacal oxide of copper. Form. C12H7N. gust, 1830, he renounced, jointly with his father, his ily, who, under the reign of the Stuarts in Scotland, dis- Aniline was first obtained in separate form by Unverrights to the throne in favor of the Duke do Bordeaux, tinguished themselves by the fierceness with which they dorben, in 1826.-A. yields brilliant colors of high and on the 16th arrived in England with the duchess exercised the great power they-possessed. importance for dyers. But the discovery of this preand the other membersof the exiledroyal fismily. After Angnustt$,t$e, a. [Lat. angustus, narrow.] When any clous coloring principle is so recent, and hais given rise residing a short time in Scotland, be and his wife quitted part sensibly diminishes in breadth. to a branch of industry of such extent, that much corlBritain, and spent the rest of their lives invarrious parts Angustifo'liaSte, AoNGUSIFO'LIOUS, a. [From Lat. an- fusion still exists in reference to the very names of the of the Continent. ie died at Goritz in 1844. The duchess, guustos, narrow, and feliumc, leaf.] (Bst.) IlaIving narrow various colors obtained from A. In such a stste of of whom Napoleon said that she was the only member leaves. things, and new discoveries being made every day, we of the family that had the spirit and energy of a man, An'thall, a duchy of Germany, between Lat. 510 and refer to the word ROSANILmre, name given in 1858 by D. in 1851. 520, and Lon. 110 and 130 E., almost surrounded by Prof. Hoffman to the aniline crimson, for a complete An'gousnols, a district in France, which, previously to Prussian Saxony. Area, 869 sq.m. Its surfiace, watered classification of the aniline dyes. the revolution, formed, in connection with the district by tihe rivers Saale and Elbe, is hilly to the N.W., but Anil'ity, An'ileness, n. [Lat. anilitas.] The state of Saintonge, one of the provinces into which France in the centre forms a fertile plain. It contains the of being an old woman; the old age of woman; dotage. was formerly divided. It coincided nearly, but not ex- forest of Bernberg, embracing within its limits mines Anil'o-cy,'aile Acid, n. (C/em.) A volatile liquid, actly, with the dep. of the Charente. of iron, copper, and. lead.-Prod. Corn, wine, tobacco, with a pungent odor, boiling at 3540, obtained by heatAn'gra, a seaport town of the island of Terceira, one flax, fruits, &c.; it also possesses manufactures of wool- ing melanoximide. Form. C14N\H502. of the Azores, at the head of a deep bay. It is the cap. lens, earthenware, and hardware. The inhabitants are A.ni'o0-Me'snelne, PamENILEn -MsEL.ON, n. (Cmeal.) A of the Archipelago. chiefly Protestant, and engaged in agricultural pur- fluid obtained by heating melaniline. It consists of An'gra dos leis, a seaport town of Brazil, prov. of suits. —A. was formerly divided into three distinct melline (C5N4), coupled with phenile (C15H4), less b!yRio Janeiro, on a bay of the same name, 78 m. S.W. of sovereign dukedoms, A.-Clmhen, A.-Beranbeg, and A.- drogen. Rio Janeiro. Lat. 230 4'S.; Lon. 440 30 E. Pop. about Dessau. Since 1863, however, the two former lines.An'ina, n. [Lat., the soul.] This Latin word was for3,500. dying out, they have become merged into the remain- merly more than now used among divines and naturmalAn'grily, adv. In an angry manner; peevishly. ing one of A.-Dessau. It furnishes 2,038 men to thie ists, to denote the soul, or principle of life in animals; An'gry, a. [See ANGERaa.]'Touched with anger; provoked. N. German Confederation. — Chief towns: DESSAU, BERN- also among chemists, to denote the volatile or spirituous It seems properly to require, when the object of anger DeaG, and COTHEN, (q. v.) Pop. 181,824. part of bodies. —.Anima MMundi, a phrase formerly used is mentioned, the particle at before a thing, and with Anulaarinouiae, ANIIUt.oMa'IcAL, a. (Geem.) Noting a to denote, a certain pure ethereal substance or spirit before a person; but this is not always observed. kind of double ratio. diffused through the mass of the world, organizing and "Now therefore be not grieved nor angry with yourselves, that Anbela'tion, n. [Lat. anhelatio.] The act of panting; actuating the whole and the different parts. ye sold me hither." —Gen. xiv. 5. the state of being out of breathm (Muss.) With animation; in a spirited manner. — Having the appearance of anger; having the effect of Ax'krho eit, a small Danish ilanmd in the Cattegat, between AknimadLver'sios, a. [Fr., from Lat. animadversio.] anger. Lessee and Zealand; Lat. 550 44' 20" N.; Lon. 110 38' 51" Reproof; severe censure; blamne. E. It has a lighthouse. "ne dismissed their commission with severe and sharp animad"LThe north-wine driveth away rain: so doth an atngry eounte- _~k1Iaq~Glly~]hB, ite. (M/~.) An orthlorhombic mineral; color eso. arnd. nance a bsckbitiig tangue.'"-'Prov. xxv. 03. version." Clarendon. white; usially associated with common saslt. Spec. IAninagiver'sire, a. That has the power ofjudging gray. 2'899 to 2'94. Com'ip. lime 41'2, sulphuric acid or perceiving. "This serum, being accompanued by the thinner parms of she 188 100.'The represeutaion of obteof to She soul, the only a- mad1e0 h~losd, grews red and ongry.';-sisemzan. Akniei'm, a. [Or. a. priv., and eidea, form.] (Physiol.) sise principle, ae conveyed by motions mamde on the immediato Anguqiilt, n., and Angssi'itidtmu, is. ph. (Zeal.) See The name given to monsters characterized by a total organs or sense." - ironsiile. to.) Eu,. want of specific form or shape, occurringi sometimes Inimad(ve ~'ivecxes,, a. The power of animacAnrguul'la, in Indiana, a village of Clay c~o., on the in the cow and human species. verting. (o.) Eel river, abt, 20 m. S.E. of Terre ITluts.. Anzi',, Anigi]ts', adv. [Pref. a and night.] In the Anisnadveri', v. n. [Lat. anisiadvertere.] To pass c~gAnguili11:, or 6NkAoc LsAxn, ttje fiiimmit northerly oQfthe - night-tinis, sures upon, ANIM ANJO ANKL 99 I should not animadvert on him, who was otherwise a painful Assimaliza'tiosat, 5. [ Fr. animalisation.] The act of diers were butchered by the Sicilians in Palermo, on the observer of the decorum of the stage, if he had net used extrme animalizing. -The assimilation of ibod by tile process Easter Monday of 1282. IHe had laid siege to Messinn. xeverity in his judgment of the incomparable Shakspeare." -,nlzn.Teas-lto ffo yh Drydi i his jdgmet o the incomparable Shanper. - of digestion. where his fleet was captured by the admiral of Peter of Animnadverter, n. One who animadverts or passes JAn'islalize, v. a. [Fr. aniemaliser.] To give animal Aragon, who had sssumed the title of iing of Sicily. censusre. life to; to endow with the properties of an animal. - To This event filled him with fury, and he sent a challenge An'imal, n. [Lat., Fr., Sp., animal; from Lat. aimas, assimilate or convert into animal matter by the process to Peter to meet him is siugle combat. In order to gain breath, life.] A being which lives, moves, and feels. It is to o dtine hllge aeretlhs seqetly I An11D-raa~ness,,n. The same as ANIMALITY. (O.) declined; shortly after which Charles died, in his 75tht very difficult to define properly what an animal is, as An'ianalness, n. The same as ANItaALITY. (o.) the ordifnary charaters of animal lifet seem to be p0nma - is, abt City, in Colorado, a village of Conejos co., year, 1285.- He was by far the most distinguished of sessed by vegetables also, and thus it becomes almost abt. 245 m. S.W. of Denver. his house. impossible to say when animal lifet ceases and vegetable -ostAnieate, v. a. [Lat. animare.] To quicken; to make Aianse, n. [Fr. anis; Lat. ancisun; Gr. anison.] (Bet.) life begins. It is very easy for any person to tell the dif- alive; to give life to; as, the soul animates the body; The common name of the Fisspinella ansumn, gen. Pireference between a lion and an oak, and to refer them to man must have been animated by a higher power. - To pinella, q.. -The A. seed imported from Spain and their proper acilgdomnn in n oatur; but when we descend give powers to; to heighten the powers or effect of any Italy is used as a condiment, and in the preparation totheminut pbropferc kingdoms intaue butwencomescend to the miute forms of each kingdom, it becomes x- thing. of liquors; also in medicine, as a stimulant stomachic ceedingly difficult to assert which is an animal and But none, ah I none can animate the lyre, which is a plant. any minute forms, which hve oc- And the mute strings with vocal souls inspire." - Dryden. which is a plant. Many minute forms, which have occupied the attention of Inicroscopic observers, and which -To encourage; to incite; to give spirit to. for a length of time have passed undisputed for animals, "The more to animate the people, he stood on high....and cried are now proved to be vegetables; and there are still unto them with a loud voice."' —Knolles. many which the zoilogist and botanist must, for the An'imate, a. Alive; posoessing animal life. timle being-, accept as commnill property. In general imo beig, accept as co on poperty. In general "The admirable nature of animate bodies." - Bentley. terms, however, an animal may be defined as a being Animated, v. a. Lively; vigorous; full of life or spirit. which is capable of nourishing itself and of reproducing riors fe f ife onsi its species, which has sensation, and is endowed with Waior she fires ith animated seunds, Pours'balm into the bleeding lover's wounds." -_Pope. the power of voluntary motion. -a. Pertaining to animals. -Generally used in contra- Anl'imater, n. One who animates; an animator. hagnqnatig, p. a. Giving life; enli venins; quickrening. distinction of rational, spiritual, intellectual, or vegetable. /Animrationa, n. [Fr., from Lat. animatio.] The act ofen Asnimal Kingdom.-There are tlhree great divisions animatin, o s fr animati. e of natural objects called kingdoms of nature, - the mi - animating, or the state of being animated. -Life; live eral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms. The animal king- liness; vvcity; cheerfulness; briskness; alacrity; dom embraces all living creatures defined to be animals, activity; alert hess. and it is the province of the zodlogist to arrange this A'imaive, a. That which has the power of givin into classes, orders, families, and genera, according to life or animating. their natural affinities. Zodlogy being the department An'imator, n. [Lat.] That which animates or gives life. of Natural History which treats of animals, it is under Ani'litne, n. [Fr. azinim, living.] (Cors.) A resin exuding this name that an account will be given of the different Irom the stem of the Hymenaa courbarii, and containing from the stem of the tHyrencwa courbarii, and containing systems adopted by the u laster, e of the science, such as insects entrapped in it, whence its name. It is distininmus, Cuvier, yteoffre ay St. Hilairee, scand Agassi. guished from copal by its ready solubility in alcohol. It Linnimus, Cuvier, Geoffrey St. Hilaire, and Agassiz. i sdb ans-aes n o cnigpsils Animas'cbular, Anhmal'culrne, a. Belonging to i se by varnish-m rs, nd for senting pastilles..ilor il,.looking oas amalcules.'An'im', a. [A French word, living.] (Her.) Applied to or looking as animalcules. Animaln'cule, n. [Fr., from Lat. animalcrlaum, a little the eyes of a rapacious animal when borne of a different anlimal.] (Zoel.) The name commonly given to those tincture from the creature itself. minute forms of animal life only visible by means of An'imina e, n. (Chem.) An oily base, with a peculiar magnifying-glasses.-Nothing can be more vague or in- smell, soluble in 20 parts cod water, very soluble in appropriate than this name, since it only expresses tie alcohol, obtained from rectified oil of Dippel by saturatsmall dimensions of the beings to which it is applied, ing with ammonia, and distilling. Itchanges reddened litmus to a violet blue. and doss not indicate any of their characteristic peculi- Aimussn, n. [Fr. arities. In the infancy of microscopic knowledge, it was Analmain, n. [Fr., from Lat. animus, the soul.] (Piilos.) natural to associate together all those creatures whose Tis doctrine of the aninsa mundi, as hasd by Stahl; the The doctrine of the anima mundi, as held by Stahl; the internal structure could not be clearly mnade oat with doctrine that all the pheuomena of animal econsy are natralto ssoiat toethr al tosecreturs wose doctrine that all tlie phenomena of animal economy are kis inastruments then in use; and thub tc l e nost blero- produced by the agency of the soul, or by a vital princithgeneous assemblage of plants, zoiphytes, minute hrsta- pe, distinct from the substance of the body. - Wocesters. geneous assemblage of plants, zo~phiytes, minute crusta-A lms-,n deett hedcrn faiim pi, ditntfrumte susan c e o teboy- Bocet ceans, &c., came to be aggregated with the true anim'l- Ain'iais, n. An adherent to the doctrine of animism. cules under this head. The class was being gr adualy Asimose', a. [Lat. animosus.] Full of spirit; hot; Fig. 132. -ANISE (Pimpinilla anisum). limited by the reoval of'l cas foss as could be vehement, to relieve flatulence, &c., particularly in infants. It has referred to others; but still very little was known of the Animos'ity, n. [Fr. animositt, from Lat. animositas.] an aromatic, agreeable smell, and a warm, sweetish real nature of those that silasned sn ittl untw l the study Vehemence of hatred; passionate nmalignity. It implies taste. It contains a volatile oil, which is nearly colorwas taken up by Prof. Ehrenberg, with the advantage was taken up by Prof. Lhrenberg, with the advazntage rather the disposition to break out into outrages than less, hils the odor and taste of the seed, and is employed of struments whi had deived ew and vstl i- the outrage itself. for sinilar purposes. Sp. grav.'9857. It is soluble ha proved capabilities from the application of the principle Akn'ioan, n. [Gr. ano, upwardls, and io, I go.] (6em.) alcohol. of Ap brodmaptism. The most importitnt reoeult of his When a substance is decomposed by the galvanic battery, JAnjou, FaeACiS, Duke of, B. 1554, and created at his study was the sep'trtTen of the entre arebmblagt into h the elements into which it is resolved are termed ions; birth, Duke of Alengon. He was the youngest son of two distinct groupss oneo the Inftiorraa being of very the element going to the anode is an electro-negative Henry II. of France, by his queen Catharine de Medicis. low, adsid the othuser, the Polygsrc of comparatsefvery body, or an-ion, while the element which proceeds to In 1573 he was present at the siege of La Rochelle. lowrand the othr, thelyg of omparatively the cathode is an electlro-positive, or cat-ion. When On the death of his brother Charles IX., a plot was water is decomposed, oxygen is attracted by the positive formed to place A. on the throne; on the failure of plus, or zinc pole, or anode, and is therefore the auiion, which, he, along with his brother-in-law Henry, king ~2. ~::~ ~ ~ r~/~ ~or electro-negattive body; while hydrogen, going to the of Navarre, was imprisoned. Afterwards, being recossr''~-'?~~ }~!i~'~"T~ ~. lI~~%,~. An t~} oban y ci il wt h rig Henr I. e ~lete......ctdzl cathode minus, or negative pole, is the cation. oiled with the king, Henry Ill., he received the dukedom.['iAn'lisaunide, n. (Chems.) An amid obtained by acting of Anjou. In 1576 he headed the Catholic party, and on chloride of anisyle with amnmonia. in the next year assisted the Flemnings, then at war Anisan'iline, n. (Chem.) White brillibant subliming with the Spanish power. In 1581 lie was chosen soverneedles, formed by the action of aniline on chloride of eign of the Netherlands; but his dlespotic nmode of govanisyle. Form. C2sH13N04. ernment made the people revolt, snd he was finally.i5~ >1, ~~~ ~ ~ cAnise Stearoptenle, ANrE CAMPHOR. (C/est.) lbrm. expelled from the country. I). in France, 1584. C10H60. Crystalline plates obtained from anise oil. An'ker, n. [Dut. ancker.] (Corn.) A Dutch liquid';. /~ "~"~"~~i!'~ t.1.....;.. Identical with the stearoptene of fennel. measure containing ten English wine gallons. The.Anisette', n. [Fr.] A liquor obtained by distilling anise, samue as Azncoint. fennel, and coriander-seed with brandy, and sweetening A'lkerite, n. (Mfin.) A rhombohedral mineral; white?/ N:5 the product. The A. qof Bordeaux, when genuine, is a with tints of gray, red, and brown; foliated, slightly delicious and very stomachic drink. translucent, brittle, lustre pearly. B.B. it becomes black 3 As.igaie Acid, DRacoNic AciD. (Chem.) Colorless bril- magnetic. Spec. gray. 3'080; comp. as a dolomite in'hiant needles, -very solrble in alcohol, obtained by the which the magnesia is more or less replaced by protoxaction of nitric acid on anise or estragon stearoptene. ide of iron. Forsm. CioHT05HO. Anllk'lanlt, a town of Prussia, prov. of Pomerania, on Aiuisounseo,ie, a. [Gr. a, priv., and nmeres, parts.] Hay- the Peene, 36 m. from Stralsund. It carries on a colning not sinmilar or symmetrical parts. siderable trade in shipbuilding and shipping. Pop. 8,962.. Anjar, a British town of Hindostan, prov. Cutch, near An'kle, n. [A. S. ancleow; Ger. and D. anker.] (Anat.),S g31. hthe N.E. shore of the Gulf; Lat. 230 3' N.; Lon. 700 11' The joint which connects the foot to the leg. 1. INeUSORIr (Vorticella nebulifera). 75 tImes its size. —2. Sepa- E. Pop. about 10,000. An'kle-bone, n. The bone of the ankle; the astrarate body of the same, 300 timues its size; a, mouth; b, nucleus; An'jeingo, a seaport town of S. Hindostan, prov. of galus. c, contractile vesicle. Travancore, 18 n. N.N.W. of Cape Comorin; Lat. 80 37' An'kled, a. Having, or relating to ankles; as, a wellS. Retrrea( (Triophthalmus dorsualis), 300 times its size. N.; Lou. 760 53/ E. ankledfoot. ltoria, has been substituted for Polygastrica, and a group!An']ou, an ancient prov. of France, now distributed Ankl'Iet, n. An ornament that women fastened to the has been separated from the Infusoria to form the lowest namong the deps. of Maine et Loire, Loireinfarieure, ankle-band of each leg, mentioned in order of the Protozoa under the name of Rhizopoda. - Vendfe, Indre et Loire, Sarthe, Ile et Vilainc, Mayenne, the Bible (Is. iii. 18.," tinkling ornaSee INFUSosanA, IOr0IFERA, and ItnIoPoDsA. See also and Deux-Sdvres. ments about their feet.") They were PRotozoA. AJkn'jon, CoUrTs, afterwards DnsKrS OF, a powerful French as common as bracelets and armlets, /kninaaia clniiat, n. A person versed in the knowledge family, closely connected with the royal house of Valoie, and made of much the same mateof animalcules. who maintained a considerable share of independence rials. They are still worn in tile A~knianai'anlael nti, nr; p1. AteIMAXcULe. [Lat.] An ani- until the reign of Louis XI. The most ancient branch of East, and La e (Motd. F4ypt) quotes malcule. these princes derives its origin from Ingelbert, a favorite from a song, in allusion to the A iaa'isra'lslFstw'er, n. (Zea.) The popular name of of Charles the Bald, A. B. 870. In the 13th century, pleasure caused by their sound, some epecies of the AcmsxcEa, q. e. Charles, fourth son of Louis VIII., began the second "the ringing of tsine an/clets has ~An'inrmaallsj~, a. ikre an ~nimal. branch of the house of Anjou, and became the head of deprived me of reason." Hence, Mo. An'imalMi~l, nn. [Fr. anioaalisme.] The state of a be- the Guelphic party in Italy. He endeavored by crush- hammed forbade them in public; ing only actuated by sensual appetites; animal nature; ing the Ohibelins to found an empire in Italy, but was "let them not make a noise with snesnality. unsuccessful. Whilst engaged in this work, the cele- their feet, that their ornaments Anitna i'ily, n. [Fr. animalita.] The state of animal brated massacre. historically known as the "Sicilian which hide may (thereby) be dis-?'/gi.133. —A-!LT&. existence or nature. Vespers," took place, in which 4,000 of his French sol. covered." (Koran, xxiy. 31,) -. 100 ANNA ANNE ANNE Anko'bar, an Abyssinian town in the State of Shoe, Annta',tonl, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Grant co. The Patapsco river bounds it on the N. and N.E., the built on a mountain 8,198 feet above the level of the sea. Aannawai'ka, in AlabmSia, a post-office of De Kalb co. Patuxent on the S.W., and its eastern part is traversed Pop. between 12,000 and 15,000, living in thatched houses As ssa'iwan, in illinois, a post-village and township of by South and Severn rivers. Surface, varying from unshaded with trees. Henry co., on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, dulating to hilly; soil, generally fertile. Its staple Ank'oi, or ANDKHO, a town of Bokhara, Asia, 75 m. W. 140 m. W.S.W. of Chicago, and 36 m. E. by S. of Rock products are wheat, oats, maize, tobacco, hay, and butter. of Balkh; Lat. 36i0 48'; Lon. 660 E.; pop. about 25,000. Island; pop. of township 916. Copper and iron are found here. A. is the third co. in the Ankylo'sis, n. See ANCHYLosIs. Ana'ne, Queen of Great Britain, I. 1664. The second State as respects population, and contains Annapolis An'laee, n. See ANELACE. daughter of King James IL. by his first wife Anne Hyde. the capital of Maryland. It takes its name from Anne Ann, St., the mother of the Blessed Virgin, and the She married, in 1683, Prince George of Denmark, and Arundel, wife of Cecil, Lord Baltimore. _Pop. abt. 25,000. wife of Joachim. succeeded to the crown upon the death of William III. Anne, St., in Illinois. See Sr. ANNE. Ann, or Anne, St., in British N. America, a lake situ- in 1702. The principal events in her reign were the Anne, St., in Central America. See SANTA ANNA. ated 50 m. N. of Lake Superior, into which by a small war of the Spanish succession; the great achievements Anne, St., a river of Lower Canada, which after a S.W. river it empties itself. of the English troops under the celebrated Duke of Marl- flow of about 120 m., effects a junction with the St. LawjAnn, St., in British N. America, a seaport on the E. borough (q.v.) in Flanders and Germany, by which the rence on its N. side, 50 m. W.S.W. of Quebec. At its side of Cape Breton. military supremacy of France was shattered; the estab- embouchure it is 1,200 ft. broad. It is scarcely navigaAnnl, St. See FREDERICTON. lishment of the union of the until then separate king- ble, owing to its numerous shoals and rapids. Ann, St., in Jamaica, a village and parish in Middlesex dome of England and Scotland in 1705; and the dash-.Anne, St., a seaport of Marie-Galande, in the West co., on the N. coast, 20 m. W. of Port Maria. inlg successes of the Earl of Peterborough in Spain. India islands. An'na. [Gr., Lat., and Hind.; Heb. Hannah.] The sis- During the reign of A., the rivalry of the two great po- Anne, St., in Lower Canada, a town on the S. side of ter of Dido (Virgil, Encid, iv.) - The wife of Tobit, and litical parties, the Whigs and the Tories, rose to extreme the river St. Lawrence. Lat. 490 N.; Lon. 660 25' W. his support in poverty.-The daughter of Phanuel, and violence; the latter, or Jacobite faction, looking upon kAnne, Ste., in Guadaloupe, a village of Grand-Terre on a prophetess. the queen as secretly favoring the views of her brother, thie S. coast, about 12 m. E.S.E. of Point-a-Pitre. An'na, n. (Corn.) In the E. Indies, a coin of 12 pie, or the exiled Pretender, to the succession.-A. was of an Anneal'l, v. a. [A.S. anzcelan, to kindle.] To soften and the 16th part of a rupee, worth about $0.03. easy and placable disposition, and during the greater temper glass, iron, &c., by heating and gradually cooling. An'na, in Illinois, a post-office of Union co. part of her life was entirely under the control of her Anneal'ing, n. (Cheme.) A process applied in the manuAn'nt, in C'eio, a post-office of Shelby co. imperious friend and confidante, Sarah, Duchess of facture of glass or some metals, to prevent the particles Anna Co-mnena, a daughter of the Byzantine em- Marlborough. She, however, at last fell into disgrace, arranging themselves in that condition which produces peror Alexius Comnenus I.; conspired at his death to and was succeeded in the post of favorite by Mrs. Mash- a brittle quality. When glass and metals, more particgive the crown to her husband Nicephorus Brennius, am, one of her attendants, a woman of obscure birth ularly iron or steel, have been heated to a red heat, but in vain. She had considerable literary taste, and and mediocre character. Her reign is especially cele- they are very brittle. Glass drops, for example, made wrote the Aleziad, a history of her father's reign. D.1148. brated as a literary nera, firom the number of great in the form of what are termed Prince Ru-pert's d'ops, Anna Ivanowna, empress of all the Russias. B. writers who then flourished, the munificent patronage are so brittle, that when touched sharply with a stone, 1693. She was the daughter of the Czar Ivan Alexio- bestowed upon them, and the high esteem in which the or when a portion is broken off, they fly into a thousand witch, married the Duke of Courland in 1710, and suc- world of letters was generally held. Among the illus- fragments; glass requires, therefore, to be annealed-a ceeded to the throne on the death of Peter II., in 1730. trious literati of this period are found the names of process consisting in placing it into a furnace for many She invested her favorite Biron with almost absolute Pope, Swift, Bolingbroke, Newton, &c. D. 1714. hours, and gradually drawing it to a cooler part of the power, and he governed the empire with intolerable Aniae oc AuSTRIem, Queen of France, s. 1604, was the eldest oven. Malleable iron, when it is to be subjected to prestyranny. During A.'s reign, Russia was at peace with her dlaughter of Philip II. of Spain, and married King Louis sure, requires annealing. Thus, boiler-plates, which are peiglibors, excepting only the warin which she engaged XIII. in 1615. During the lifetimeof her husband she drawn out by rollers, are placed for some time in an anto place Augustus III. on the throne of Poland; and was constantly at variance with his great minister, Car- nealing furnace. Tempering of steel is an analogous tlhat with the Turks in 1736, terminated by the peace dinal ltichelieu. The Duke of Buckingham was deeply process, and consists in heating the metal at various of Belgrade in 1739. D. 1740. She was succeeded by attached to Anne, and made open love to her. She rep- temperatures. The explanation of the process of anher grand-nephew Ivan. rimanded him so gently that it was thought she re- nealing depends upon the theory of heat which may be A:n'naberg, St., a nmiining town of Saxony, in the turned his affection. When Louis XIII. died, in 1643, adopted. According to the immaterial theory, the parcircle of the Erzgebirge, 8 m. S.W. of Marienburg. Its Anne, as mothler of the infant mon:trch, was appointed tidcles of iron and glass are placed by the high temperinhabitants are principally occupied in its mines, which regent, and displayed no ordinary political tact in mak- atures of preparation in a peculiar condition, opposed produce tin, silver, and cobalt. Pp. about 10,500. ing Cardinal Maza;rin her minister. The Parisians, to the attraction of cohesion; the cohesive force being An'nabergite, n. (Min.) A synonym of arseniate however, were uneasy; Mazarin was a foreigner, his restored by the modified application of heat in the anof niclkel. - See NICmcEL. financial policy was unpopular, and an insurrection arose nealing and tempering process.,Ann'ahtla- own, a parish of Connaught, Ireland, 7 m. which might have assumed fearful dimensions. It is Annee'tant, a. Annexing. from Galway; pop. 4,500. inown in firench history as the war of the s-onde, q. v. Ann'ecy, a town of France, dep. of Haute-Savoie, 22 m. An'nalist, n. A writer of annals. The queen, the cardinal, and their partisans were opposed S. of Geneva; pop. 10,737.-The town is situated on the IAnnalize, v. a. To record in annals. to the nobility of the kingdom and the citizens of the N. side of the lake of the same name, 9 m. long, and beAn'nals, n. pl. [Fr. annales, fiom Lat. annalis.] A spe- capital. The former finally prevailed. She died at the tween 1 and 2 m. broad; 1,426 ft. above the sea-level. cies of history, in which events are related in the exact age of sixty-four in 1666. She was beautiful in person, Anne-de-la-Paraele, Ste., in Lower Canada, a order of chronology. They differ fi-om perfect history had much of German phlegm and Austrian pride, yet she post-village of Port Neuf co., on St. Anne river, 57 m. in this, that annals are a bare relation of what passes was amiable and forgiving. W. by N. of Quebec. every year, as a journal is of what passes every day; Anne oF BEAUJEU, the eldest daughter of Louis XI. of Anne-.e-la.PoeatiZ'e, Stie., in Lower Canada, a whereas, history relates not only the transactions them- F'rance, B. 1462. Her father, jealous of her talents, mar- post-village and parish in Kamouraska co., on the S. selves, but also the causes, motives, and springs of ac- nied her to Pierre de Bourboil, Sire de Beaujeu, a prince bank of the St. Lawrence, 75 m. below Quebec. It is a tion. The name comes from the first annual records of of dull understanding. On the death ofLouis XI. she was considerable place, and possesses a well-attended colthe Romans, which were called Annales Pontifcume, or aclknowledged governess of the kingdom, during the lege. Pop. of parish about 2,850. Atnnales Maximi. —The word A. is also applied to period- minority of her brother, Charles VIII. The Duke of Anne-desl-Plaines, Ste., in Lower Canada, a parical publications containing the transactions of socie- Orleans having insulted Aune, she ordered him to be ish and village in Terrebonne co., 26 us. N.W. of Meonties, &c. arrested, when he speedily fled, and sought refuge in treal; pop. about 1,620. Ann'aimcab, or ANNAMABM, one of the four fortified Brittany. Anne attacked the Bretons and routed them, IAnne-du-a aehiche, Ste., in Lower Canada, a forts occupied by Britain on the Gold Coast of Africa; took the Duke, their leader, prisoner; and by the politic post-village and parish in St. Maurice co., on a river of pop. about 3,000. marriage of the young king of France to her namesalke, the same nanme, 75 ni. N.E. of Montreal. Pop. abt. 2,020. An-nanooka, or ROTTERDAM, one of the Friendly Is- the youthful iduchess of Brittany, that country was an- Anne-di-nNord, Ste., in Lower Canada, a village lands, about 10 m. in circuit. nexed to the French crown. She retained her rank and and parish of Montmorenci co., on the N. bank of the AnnI'an, a seaport-town of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, influence after Charles VIII. had ascended the throne; St. Lawrence, 18 m. from Quebec. Pop. about 910. on a small river of the same name; pop. of borough, and when, dying childless in 1498, he was succeeded by Anrinel~'ide, ANNEImDS, ANNELLmDES, s. pl. [From Lat. 3,473. the Duke of Orleans, that prince respected her claims annulus, a little ring.] (ZoeN.) A class of the Annulosa, An'nandatl le, in Scotland, the name given to the val- and position, and said, "that it did not become the king including all the higher kinds of worm-like animnals, ley traversed lengthwise by the river Annan. It con- of France to avenge the feuds of the Duke of Orleans." often called red-blooded worms, the greatest part of taus masny Roman antiquities. D. 1522. which are marine, though there are several species Aknnap'olis. [" The city of Anne."] A town of Nova Anne or BouHEMNA, B. 1367, was the eldest daughter of the which inhabit fresh water, and sonme which live on land. Scotia, on the river of the same name, and on the S.W' Emperor Charles IV., and married Richard II., king of Their body is usually very long, divided into numerous side of the Bay of Fundy; Lat. 400 47' N.; Lon. 650 50 W. England, in 1380. She may justly be regarded as one of segments similar and equal to each other, except at the Although the first European settlement in N. America, the iursing-mothers of the Reformation, for she protected two extremities; but in the lower forms, such as the having been founded in 1604, it has never flourished. It Wickliffe towards the close of his life, when threatened Leech, the segmentary was called Fort Royal by the French. Pop. of town and by the Council of Lambeth in 1382. It was she who ob- division is very indis- " county of the same name, 16,573. tained an amnesty for the multitude who had become tinctly seen, on account A&njnap'olis, in Maryland, a city and port of entry, involved in the insurrection headed by Wat Tyler. This of the general softness cap. of the State and of the co. of Anne Arundel, on the mediation, and lier conspicuous virtues, acquired for of the integument. A S.W. side of the Severn, 2 m. from its mouth, 40 in. E.N. her the title of the "Good Queen Anne." D. without large portion of the maE. of Washington. A. was at first settled in 1649, under issue, 1394. nine annelids have spethe name of Providence, afterward changed to Anne Anne Bol]eyn. See BOLEYN. cial respiratory appenArundeltown, and finally named A., in honor of Queen Anne DE BCETAGNE, or of BRITTANY, D. at Nantes, 1476, dages, into which the Anne. It is the seat of St. John's College, incorporated was the only daughter of Francis II., duke of Brittany. fluids of the body are in 1787, and of the U. S. Naval Academy. Pop. ab. 5,500. Louis of Orleans, heir-presumptive to the French throne, sent for abration, and Annap'olis, in Illinois, a post-office of Crawford co. when he fled to Brittany (see ANNE sE BEAUJEU), be- these are situated upon Ainnap'olis, in Indiana, a post-village of Parke co., came deeply enamored of her; and Anne, not yet fif- the head (Pig. 134) in 75 m. W. of Indianapolis. teen, gave him in return her first love. Compelled to those species which (like iAnnap olis, in Ohio, a village of Crawford co., 70 m. marry the young King Charles VIII., she acted with the Serpula, Ferebella, N. of Co!umbus; pop. about 200. fidelity and discretion, and at his death displayed deep Sabeclaria, &c.) have — a post-village of Jefferson co., 15 m. W. of Steubenville. grief. But her old lover, now Louis XII., divorced the their bodies enclosed by knnal olhs4 Jua~nnetion@, in Mlarlyland, a post-office deformed lady he had been compelled to espouse, and tubes, either formed by < of Anne A rundel co. soon persuaded Anne to forget her sorrow by marrying a shelly substance proAn~n Arlsoer, in Michigan a flourishing city, cap. of him at Nantes. It is said that as queen of France she duied from their own Washten-ew co., on the river Huron, 38 m. W. of IDetroit. exercised unbounded influence over her husband, and substance, or built up The Sitate University, established here in 1837, possesses her detractors affirm that she sacrificed France to the by the agglutination of an exteusive library, an astronomical observuutou-y, mind a petty intrigues of Brittany. D. 1514. grains of sand, flag2shl! eijpointed chemical laboratory; its fine buildings, Ann6e of Cleves, daughter of John, 3d duske of Cleves, ments of shell, &c.; pleasaniftiy situated, constitute one of the attractions of s. 1515. She married in 1540, Henry VIII., king of Eng- whilst they are distrib-;he town.i-ZManf. Wool, iron, agricultural implements, land, and became his fourth wife. She was divorced uted along the two sides and fiouf.i- Pe. of the township, abt. 9,500. fr-om him in a few months afterward, and lived in pri- of the body in such as ~Annat~esso ni~ph'[Pros L t. annm. (Eccl. HTist.) A year's vacy until her death in 1557. swim freely through the Pig. 134. -- ERPULA LACTATA. income dume to the Pope, on the death of any bishop, Anne.4ka'~rn'del, in Maryland, a coumnty situated in water, or crawl over the abbot or parish-primst to be paiid by his successor. In thie central part of the State, on the W. shore ot' Clesnt- surface of rocks, as is the case with the JVereide; or 179, tlucy wor- fimluly? abolished in Frasce. peake Bay, about 5 m. S. of Baltimore. Area, 750 sq. m. simply bury themselves im the sand, as the Arenicolg ANNO ANNU ANOK 101 or "Lob-worm." In these respiratory appendages the Annoy'er. n. The person who annoys. of Order of the Neck-chain or Collar; raited in 1720 by circulation of the fluids may be distinctly seen by mi- Annoying, p. a. Incommoding; vexing; teasing; mo- Victor Amnadeus to be the first order of the kingdom of croscopic examination. These fluids are of two kinds, lesting. Savoy, under the name of Ordine supremea del' annunthe one colorless, and the other usually red. Authors Anns'ville, in New o'brk, a township of Oneida co., 40 ciata. The present king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel, is are divided on the question of which of these two fluids m, N.E. of Syracuse; pop. abt. 3,100. grand-master of the order. The decoration is a gold represents the blood of other articulated animals. -A small but ancient settlement in Cortland township, medal, worn suspended by a gold chain On which is Annella'ta, n. pl. See ANNULOSA. Westchester co., 2 m from Peekskill village, on a large represented the Annunciation, surrounded by love-knots. Anns'lbai'g, in Maine, a township of Washington co., creek, to which it gives its name. It was formerly called The knights wear also on the left breast a star em45 m. E. by S. of Bangor; pop. abt. 140. Ampersand. broidered in gold. They are not limited in number, but Anne's, St., in Lower Canada, a post-village, parish of Anns'ville, in Virginia, a village of Dinwiddie co., 75 must be of high rank, and already admitted to the orders St. A. Bout de lIsle, distant from Montreal 24 in.; pap. m. N.W. by W. of Norfolk. of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. abt. 320. An'nunasl, a. [Fr. annuel, from Lat. annualis.] That Aininun'eiator, n. One who announces. Anne's, St., in Upper Canada, a village of Nelson town- which comes yearly. Annsin'eiseastoy, a. Making known publicly. ship, Halton co.; pop. 300. "'Amnnual for mue, the grape, the rose,-rynew, Ann'ville, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Lebanen Ania'et, one of the Scilly islands, near that of St. The juice nectareous, and the balmy dew." —Pope. co., 6 mm. W. of Lebanon, and 20 from Harrisburg. Agnes. -That which is reckoned by the year, or performed in a Ano'a DEPRESSICORNIS, ie. (Zo6e.) A ruminating animal Anlaex:, v. a. [Fr. annczser, from Lat. annectere.] To year; as, an annual support; the annual motion of the of Sumatra, by some considered a small species of wild unite at the end; to affix; as, he annexed a codicil to earth.-That which lasts only a year, as, an annual plant. buffalo, and by others a kind of antelope. The horns his will. - To unite, as a smealler thing to a greater; as, -Annual is sometimes used as a noun; specially applied are wrinkled, but perfectly erect and straitghti and the he anunexed a province to his kingdomn. -To unite ci pes- to a plant that lasts but one season, or to a book pub- hlead is long and narro-w. teriori; annexation always presupposing something. lished once a year. Ano'liusn, n. (Zeal.) A genmis of coleopterouis insects, Thus we may say, punishment is annexed to guilt, but Aa'nuatn ly, ade. Yearly; every year; once a year. some of which inhabit the interior of our houses, where not guilt to punishment. Annisffitant, n. One whio receives or possesses an they do much injury is their larval state by gnawing -v. n. To join; to be united. annuity. furniture, books, tc., which they pierce with little round — n. Time thing annexed. Aarula'ityr, n. [Fr. annuiti, from Lat. annuilas. The holes. Others Ibed upon wafers, preserved specimens Annexa'tion, and ANNEXION, n. Thie act of annexing; periodical payment of money, either yearly, half-yearly, of natural history, &c. - One species, the A. tesselalues, conjunction; addition; union; as, the annexation of or quarterly; for a determinate period, as ten, fifty, or a popularly the I)eat-iatclch, or tick, is remarkable for Texas to the U. States. hundred years; or for an indeterminate period, depen- the superstitious feelimeg connected with it. This little Annex'ion, n. The act of annexing. (R.) dant on a certain contingency, as the death of a person; timber-boring insect is about e quarter of an inch long, Annex.'nent, n. The act of annexing, or the thing or for an indefinite term, in which latter case they are and the popular superstition alluded to is, that when its annexed. (a.) called perpetual annuities. As the probability of time beating is heard, it is a sign that some one in the house Annilhilssble, a. [Fr.] That which may be annihi- duration of life at every age is known, so annuities may will die before the end of the year. It is chiefly in the lated. be purchased for fixed sums during the life of the party. advanced state of spring that this little creature comAnni'hiflatte, v. a. [Fr. annihiler.] To reduce to no- -See INSURANCE (LIFE), and MORTAIArT (LAws oF). smences its sound, Whmich is no other than the call or thing; to put out of existence. — To destroy, so as to Anna'aal, v. a. [Fr. annuller, from Lat. ad, to, and nul- signal by which the' male and fenimale are led to each make the thing otherwise than it was. — To annul; to lume, nothing.] To make so that none shall be affected; other, and which may be considered as analogous to the destroy the agency of anything. said peculiarly of laws, edicts, rights, and customs. T(o call of birds, thoughs not owing to the voice of the Annihiila'tieo, a. The act of reducing to nothing; cancel; to obliterate; to abrogate; to abolish; to ex- insect, but to its beating on, or striking any hard subthe state of being reduced to nothing. tinguish. stance with the shield or fore part of its head. The Anni'hilallor, n. The person who, or the thing which, Aa'sasaalar, a. [Fr. annulaire, from Lat. annulus, a ring.] prevailing number of distinct strokes which it beats is nnmfihfilates. Anything in the form of, or resembling a ring. from seven to nine or eleven; and this very circumAnni'hilatory, a. Tending to annihilate. (Anat.) An appellation given to several parts of the stance may perhaps still add to the ominous character An'nin CJreek, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of body; thus, the A. cartilage is the second cartilage of which it bears among tihe vulgar. These sounds or McKean co. the larynx; the A. ligamenet isa strong ligament encosm- beats are given in pretty quick succession, and are roAn'nisq-saasn, in Massachusetts, a post-office of Essex co. passing the wrist, after the manner of a bracelet; cand peated at uncertain intervals; and in old houses, where Anniver'sari'ly, ade. Annually. (o.) the A. process is that which surrounds the medulle tme insects are nusnerous, msy be heard at almost any Anniver'sary, a. [Fr. anniversaire, from Let. anni- oblongata. hour of the day, especially if the weather be warm. versarius.] Returning with the revolution of the year; (Astron.) A. lEclipse. See ECLPSE. The sound exactly resembles that which may be made annual; yearly. (Mech.) A. Advance. The angle which the eccentric by tapping moderately hard with the flinger-nail on a -n. A day celebrated as it returns in the course of the forms with its position at half-stroke, when the piston is table. The insect is of m color so nearly resembling that year.- The act of celebration, or performance, in honor at the comnmencement of its stroke. - Webster. of decayed wood, viz., an obscure grayish-brown, that it of the anniversary day. Ans'nularis, n. [Lat.] The ring-finger; the one be- may for a considerable time elude the search of the An'no Domn'ini. [Lat.] Abbreviated A. D., the year tween the little and middle fingers. inquirer. It is singular that this insect may so fai be of our Lord; the computation of time from our Saviour's An-'ssaaasls'ly, ads. In the manner of a ring. familiarized as to be made to beat occasionally, by taking incarnation It is used in America for all public deeds!An'nulaoy, a. Having the form of a ring. it out of its confinement and beating on a table or and writings, on which account it is called the "Vulgar An'naslata, n. pl. See ANNULOSA. board, when it will readily ausswer the noise, and will era." Ananulate, An'nsilated, a. [Lat annulatus.] (Bet.) continue to beat as often us required. Annornina'tien, n. [Lat. annominatio.] Allitera- Ringed; exhibiting circular prominences. Ai'oede, n. [Gr. ano, upwards, and odeos, a way- the tion; agnomination. (R.) Ansul]aVtion, n. (Bot.) A circular prominence to a way that the sun rises.] (Chenm.) That surface Of which aan'io flsan'dli. [Lat.] Abbreviated A. M., in the year stem. the electric current enters, being the negative extremity of the world; the computation of time from the creation An'nulet, n. A little of the decomposing body, by the agency bf a galvanic of the world. ring. battery, and is where oxygen, chlorinhe,. acids, &c. are Anne'nas, n. [Lat., from annus, a year.] A name for- (Arch.) A small flit evolved. The term is founded On the viewv that in any neerly given to the allowance of oil, salt, bread, flesh, fillet encircling a col- case of electric decompostien, the decomposing body is corn, wine, hay, and straw, which was annually pro- umnn, used either by it considered as placed so that the cerrent passing through vided by contractors for the maintenance of an army. self or in connection it shall be in the same direction, acicd parallel to that It was also applied, in English law, to denote anything with other mouldings. supposed to exist in tlhe esrth from east to west, then cosntributed by one person towards the support of am- It is used several times the surfaces' at which the electricity is passing into and other. repeated under the evolo out of the sublstance;would have an invariablele reference; Anitl'onay, a town of Franc, dep. of the Ardiche, 7 m. or echinus of the Doric that toYard the east is the anode, and that toward the from the Rhone. It is principally distinguished by its esepital. Tme cepital in west the cathode. manufactures of paper, long reckoned thle best in Fig. 135, which is of the m(' Anedoels'ta, n. [Cr a priv.,and dontos, nouth.] (ZoBIl.) France. Pop. 16,271. dentilated Doric order, is A fiesh-water moolIuscon aninmal, inhabiting a thin, inAn'netate, v. a. [Fr. ranoter, fromn Lat. annotare.] ornamented with only e'quivalve shell; hinge straight, with etlher no teeth or To make annotations. three annulets. mTii3 sere rudiments. Tihe' valves are thin-, large, and pearly; Anllnota'tion, n. [Fr.] Explications or remarks writ- (Her.) A little circle, ui and from their shape and lightness they are used in ten upon books; notes; - ordinarily used in the plural. borne as a charge in France for skimming milk. The A. is found in every "It might appear very improper to publish annotations, with- coats-of-arms,intendedto,quarter of the world. out the text itself whereunito they relate." - Boyle. denotestrengthandeter- Ans'edyne, n. [Gm a, priv., and odyne, pain.] (Med.) A An'notator, and Annota'tionist, n. [Fr. anne- nity. It is also added toin medicine which eases pain and procures sleep. tateur.] A writer of notes, or annotations; a scholiast; them as a difference, and - a. Assuaging paim; as, an anodyne potion. a commentator. bomne by the 5thbrother Fig. 135. An'oyneous, a, That eas tilclr power of assuaging Anno'tatory, a. That contains annotations. of a family. pain, as an anodyfi6. Annot&'to, ANNATTO, ARNOTTO, ONOTO, se. (/Chsm.) dAnnul'ment, n. [From Fr. amtnuller, to annul.] The Anoint', v. a. [From Fr. biudsre; pp. oint.] To rub Brown cakes, being the pulp of the seeds of the Bixa act of annulling; cancellation; nullification. over with an unctuous matter. - To consecrate by uncoretlana, a shrub of S. America. It has no taste, but a Annslo'sa, n., pl. [rome Lat. annulus, a ring.] (Zoel.) tion. - Worcester. smell of urine, which is said to be added to it; soluble The annulose animals or worms, a group including all Asiaiosst'er, n. The persofi who anoints. in water, slightly in alcohol and ether with orange color, that lower portion of the great articulated sub-kingdom, Aso int'snent1 A oaiwnt'sng, n. The act of anointand in caustic potash with a red color. Sulphuric acid in which thie division of the body into longitudinally- ing, or the state of belsg anointed, makes it indigo-blue'; nitric acid makes it green; it atranged segments is not distinctly marked out, and in (Hist.) Anointing the body or head with oil was a contains a yellow and red-coloring matter. A. is some- which there is an absence of those articulated or jointed common practice with the Jews, and withi other Oriental times employed for dyeing silk of an orange color, by limbs that constitute so distinct a figure of insects and nations. Abstinence from it was a sign of mourning. immersing the goods in a solution of the dye in potash, their allies. This group includes the classes of Entozoa, Anointing the head with oil or ointment seems also to or soda, and brightening by means of alum, vinegar, or Rotifera, 1urbellaria, and.4nnelida, have been a marks of respect sometimes paid by a host to lime-juice. It is extensively used for dyeing cheese and Anna lose', a. That has rings, or is annulated; as the his guests, and was an ancient Egyptian cistom at feasts. butter. worms. The Jewish priests and kings were anointed When inductAnno unce', v. a. [Fr. annonce,'; from Lat annumiciare.] Annut'merate, v. a. [Let. ansmumereo.] TO make an ed into office, and Were called the anointed of' the Lord, To publish; to proclaim; to msake lenowmn. —To pro- addition to a former rmnmber. (a) to show that their persons Were sacred, and their office nounce; to declare by a geteral sentence. a.anunlsra/'ten, a. An addition made to a former from God. In the Old Testament, also, the prophecies Announnee'marelt, n. The act of announcing; pro- number. (a.) respecting the Redeemer, style him, on account of his claiming, or making lknown by public notice. 2!annun iaat~at. gee ANNUccIxsToN. royal descent and his dignity, Messias, that is, the Annonn'eer', n. The person Who annousntes. Anssnat'eiate, v-a. [Lat. amummusncio.] To give noticei 01; Anointed. The custom of anointing priests still exists Annoy', v. a. [Pr ennuyer.] To incommodel to vae; to to proclaim; to report; to announce. in the Roman Catholic Churbh, and that of anointing tease; to molest. Assnnnrii'ttieiq ~ a. The act of announcing. The kings in someof the Christian monarchies, The Greeks "Woe to poor man: each outward thing annoys him; declaration of the angel Gabrief to the Virgin Mary of and Romnitss par-ticularly the formeri anointed themwe imeaps in inward grief, that most destroys him." —~dtnsy the incarnation of Chr'ist iri hlu Womb. selves after they bath, and thus gae/e a yellow color to the — n. [Fr. ennui.] Injury; molestation; trouble. (Eccl. Hist.) A Catholic feast iii honor of the annun- body. AthIete anointed themselves, in order to render "What then remains, but, after past annoy, clation, instituted in the 7th century, as it is generally it more difficult for their antagonists to get hold of them. To take the good vicissitude of joy." —Dryde - believed, and celebrated March 25. &Aso'Isa, in Indiana, a post-village of Cass co., on the Annoy'aree, a. [0. rr. anueoiance.] That which an- Order qf the A.-An order of knights instituted in Chicago and Great Eastern Railroad, 5 mm. S.E. of Lonoys; the state of being annoyed; or the act of annoying. 1360, by Amadeus VI., Duke of Savoy, under the name gansport. 102 ANON ANSE ANSE Ano'ka, in Minnesota, an E. county, bounded on the March, and gives a fruit 1 to 3 inches long; yellowish, D. 1109, and was canonized during the reign of Henry S.W. by the Mississippi river, and intersected by Rum firagrant, eatable, and ripe in October. VII. A. was a man of great piety and understanding, river. It contains a number of small lakes, is well and is accounted as being the first of the long line of wooded, and among the forest-trees the sugar maple is scholastic uetaphysicians. found. Surface, diversified; and soil, fertile. Pop. An'selmt, in Ohio, a pos-office of Galli co. about 4,800. atbout 4,800. dAn'selme, St., in Lower Canada, a post-village of -A post-village, cap. of the above county, on the left bank- Bellechasse nco., 18 m. E. of Quebec. of the Mississippi, at the junction of Rum river, a large An'~er, pl. ANSERES, n. [Lat., a goose.] An order of birds, stream crossed there by a suspension bridge. A. is about sometimes called Pnsntepedes and NVatatree, web-footed 30 m. N.N.W. distant from St. Paul. Pop. about 725. or aquatic birds. This order is thus characterized: A Ano'Iis, ne. (Zsll.) A genus of reptiles peculiar to 1smooth beak, covered with skin, gibbous at the base, and Anmerica, belonging to the order Jlguanidce, and supply- broader at the point; feet formed for swimming, having ing the place that is occupied by the chameleons in the palmated toes connected by a menbrane; the legs thick old world. They are distinguished by their having teeth and short, and the body bulky, plunp, and downy;food, in the palate of the mouth as well as in the maxillary fishes, froge, aquatic plants, and worme. The ord. A.,of butes. Tile Anolis is a small, slender, active animal, which the goose furnishes a reardy example, includes the frequenting woods and rocky places, and running, leap- fim. Atatict, Cblyrbidc, AlcidEe, P'rocellasidrr, Larida, ing, and climbing with singular agility. It is furnished and Pelicanidce. ing climb An'sed etVulpeul n. [at,, the fox and goose.] with a loose skin or bag beneath its throat, which, when A'ser en. AVmodern costen. [Lat, the fox and goobt ee inflated, frequently changes its color: in short, whenever (Ason.) A modern constellation situated between the these creatures are under the excitement of fear, anger, Swan on the N., and the Arrow, or the Dolphin and Eagle or love, the skin assumes an endless succession of vary- on the S. It is composed of some 30 stars, the largest ing hues. They are of more slender proportions than of which is of the 3d magnitude.-lattison. the chameleon, and more agile in tlheir movements; they.Fig. 137. - AON TatLonAB A'serated, a. (17cr.) Applied to a cross whose exfeed chiefly upon flies and other insects, and inhabit the tretities are formed into the shape of the heads of neighborhood of marshes and other moist places where Anon'raymous, a. and n. [Gr. a, priv., and onoma, a lions, eagles, &c. sname.] Nameless; unattested; unauthenticated; Ot- Arserifhnm, n.pl. (Zoe7.) A sub-fam.of birds,of thefam. identified. A term usually applied to an author who Anatidce; the geese. The species are numerous, and they /I~,Z'z?~~~ ~keeps Ihis name a secret, or to a book whose author is are found in various parts of the world during their unknown. When an assumed name is given, the term periodical flights. Their food consists of grain and grass, Pseudonpymous is used. and, during summer, they inhabit marshy districts. The Anon'ymously, adv. Without a name. common wild goose (anserferus), measuring 5 ft. in exAnoops'shehr, a town of Ilindostan, prov. of Agra, on tent of wings, is widely and numerously spread over all the Ganges, 68 m. E.S.E. of Delhi. Lat. 280 23' N.; Lon. the more northerly parts of the globe, whence some 780 8' E. Pop. 8,900. flocks of them migrate a long way Southward in the Anoplothe'rium, n. [From Gr. a, priv., oplon, a winter. These birds are often seen in flocks of 50 or 100, weapon, and thersion, a wild beast.] (Pal.) A genus of flying at very great heights, and preserving a perfect extinct quadrupeds, found in a fossil state, and which regultrity in their motions; sometimes forming a ig. 136.~- ANoLts. seem torange between the Pachydermataand the Rimi- straight line, and at others assuming the shape of a insects mostly abound. The head is long, straight, and nantia. They had six incisor, four canine, and four molar wedge, which is supposed to facilitate their progress. flattened; the body and tail are long and slender, both teeth, in each jaw, forming a continued line; and the Their cry is frequently heard when they are at an imbeing covered with small, round scales, which give the feet had only two toes, sheathed by separate hoofl's. The perceptible distance above us. When on the ground, skin the appearance of fine shagreen. The hind legs are skull partook of the form of that of the horse antd the they range themselves in a line after the matnner of rather longer than the fore ones, and each foot has five camel, not having a prolonged snout. It seems fully cranes, and seem to have descended rather for the sake toes. Several species of this genus inhabit the West demonstrated that these animals were all herbivorous, of rest than for any other refreshment. Having conIndia Islands, the largest of them not being more than differing but little in this respect from the Tapirs and tinned in this situation for an hour or two, one of them, a foot long. Rhinoceroses at present existing. with a long loud note, sounds a kind of signal, to which An'omal, n. (Gram.) An irregular word.-See ANOM.ALy, Anop'lulra, n. (Zoel.) An order of parasitic insects, the rest punctually attend, and rising in a group, they Anom'alism, n. The same as anomaly, q. v. including the lice (pl. of louse), Pediculidcr, whose prcs- pursue their journey with renewed alacrity. Their Anounalis'fti, Ansrnmalis~'tical, a. Irregular; once on the human body is usually regarded as an indi- flight is conducted with singular regularity; they contrary to established rule or order. cattion of habitual filthiness. It is to be observed, how- always proceed either in a line abreast, or in two lines Anonmalistic Year. See YeAR. ever, that the inferior animals are subject to them, and joining in an angle at the middle, like the letter V. In ihAnomais'fisticaly, AnonIa'alouslyra ads. Irreg- that almost every quadruped and bird is infested with this order they generally take the lead by turns, the ul;erly. some one or other of these parasitic insects. Upward of foremost falling back in the rear when tired, and the Anomn'alite, a. [Prom Gr. anaomalos, irregular, and 500 species have been described, ansd as they are so uni- next in station succeeding to his duty. Their track is lites, stone.] (Min.) An irregular mineral. versally diffused, they no doubt serve an important pur- generally so high that it is almost impossible to reach Anosn'alous, a. Irregular. pose in creation. Three species infest the human racc: them from a fowling-piece; and even when this can be (Mied.) A disease is said to be anomalous when the Pediculus humanus, or body-louse; ['Pedictsius cervicalis, done, they file so equally, that one discharge seldom symuptoms are so varied as not to bring it under the de- or P. /husanues capiois, wlhicth inuhabits the head, partic- kills more thaem a singlebird. They are very destructive scription of any known affection. ulatrly of children, and Pediculbt, pubis. or Aforphio, the to the growing corn in the fields where they happen to Anom'aly, n. [Gr. anomales, irregular.] Contrariety crab-louse, which inhabits the ]iair of the p:bis. Their alight in their migrations. In some cotutries they are to, or deviation from established rule or order. superabundance upon a person is either the camse oft. caught at such times in long niets, to which theyare de(Asti-on.) The deviation of the planets from the peri- or is intimately connected with grave diseases; and coyed by tame geese placed there for that purpose. helion, which is owing to their unequal velocity. It is many cases have been related of persons having died Other schemes are contrived to take them; but as they so chlled because it was in it that the first irregularities from this cause, are very vigilant, feed only in the daytime, and betake of planetary motion were discovered. Aln'opsy, n. [Gr. a, priv., ophis, sight.] (Anal.) A con- themselves to the water at night, the fowler must exert Ano'snlm, n. [Gr. anomoios, unequal.] (Zosl.) A genus dition of monstrosity in which the eye and orbit are the utmost care and ingenuity in order to accomplish of miarine Mollusca allied to the oyster, and remarkable wanting. his ends; all must be planned in the dark, and every for the perforation of one of its valves by a large aper- Anlorexy, n. [Gr. a, priv., and orexsis, appetite.] (.Med.) trace of suspicion remnoved; for nothing can exceed the ture, throughi which a strong tendinous ligature passes, A want of appetite, without loathing of food. wary circumspection and acute car of the sentinel, who, to be inserted into a third plate, by which the atnimal Anor'aal, a. Irregular; abnorinal.-See ABNORMAL. adheres to foreign bodies. They are usually found at- Anor'thite, INDImNITE, CamISTAN,, n. (Min.) A tritached to oyster and other shells. This family has lon c mineral, of the Felpar group; color white: lustre been mcnown in a fossil state, and contains many species, vitreous; In. mt fuses on the edges witls great difllcnlty. vitreous; ran. it fuses, on the edges with great difficulty. distributed over America, Europe, and Asia. Sp. gray. 2-762 to 2656. —Co up. silica 43-1, alumina30-, Anomnorhonn'boiel~, n. [Gr. asiomos, without law1 lime 20'0 = 100. It occurs in Mount Vesuvius. and Esg. rhosmboid.] (Min.) An irregtlar spar or'Anos'mia, n. [FIrom Or. a, priv., and osme, smell.] (dMed.) crystal. A loss of the sense of smelling.,Ans1clnonra,' or ANoMURA, n. [From Gr. anossmole% Anoth'er, a [An or one and other.] One more; not the dissinilar, oua, a tai. Z1.) A section of leapoI same; differenit; any other; any one else. cmisaeasosistingr omany geea; thhabil]Zot.)Asec o f cqut taceano, consisting of many genera; the habits of S I ould sot spend ttother such a night." —Shaks. somlne of which, as the Hermit or Soldier-crab (the type "Discover not a secret to anoth-r."-Prov. xxv. 9; of the genus Plagurus) are highly curious andinteresting. An'oxielic Bodles. (C/em.) Those bodies whose car- See IItERsIT-CRAB. bon, when they are charred, yields nothing to solvents, Anon', ado. [A.S. oa, an, in one.] In one moment; ia- as in blood.ig 18. - ANild goose.) mediately; quiclkly; forthwith; soon after; at times; An'qaaetil, Louis PIERRE, a French historian, B. at Paris, placed on some eminence, with outstretched neclk, surnow and then. 1723, D. 1S08. His Histoire de France acquired con- veys everything that moves within the circle of his ob-' Ever and:non; now and then; frequently. siderable celebrity, and has enjoyed a long popularity. setrvation, and tihe instant lie sounds the alarm, the Among his other works are: PPricis de l'tastois-e Uni- whole flock betake themselves to flight. This wild A pouncedt xt his eer sad ies thumb he held rselie, 9 vols.; and L'Lasprit de la Ligue. species is the original of the domesticated goose, a bird Ie cavethisnosc. e —Shiaks. An'quetil dri Perr']on, ABRAHAM HIYACINTHE, lbro- of great value, both as an article of food and as fumnishther of the preceding, B. 1731. To gratify his taste for ing very fine down and feathers. The tame goose lays Anona'ee.e, A'oNAos, n. plf (Bot.) An ord. of plants, Oriental literature, he joined the expedition to India in from seven to twelve eggs, and sometinmes more; these'fals. 1?anales.' DIRA.: Distinct carpels, no'stipules, a val- 17514 as a private soldier, and thlere enmployed all his are carefully divided among the brood-geese when they vate corolla, and ruminate albumen. They are trees or leisure in studying the Sanscrit. He subsequently re- begin to sit; those which lay a second time in the course shrubs, chiefiln'enative within the tropics. Leaves alter- turned to Europe, visited London and Oxford, and con- of the summer are seldom, if ever, permitted to haave htute, simple,'entie, without stinpules; flowerns usually veyed his collection of MSS. to Paris. Ite was Chico p- a second hatching; bit the eggs are used for hpousehol green or brown, axillary, large, sholtter thn the leaves, pointed Oriental interpreter to the royal library, and purposes. It is universaly believed that the goose his-es 3 to 4 sepals, persistent. 6 petals in two rows, hyposa- devoted himself to the publication of the knowledge he to a great age, and p ittltar instances are recorded nons, mstivation valvate; fruit dry ot succtllent. Tlhey hatd acquuired. His principal worlk wsas the translation by ornithologists vhich confirm the diet- some eva-ti are characterized by hatving a powesful etoiistic tatste of the Zendavesta, in 1771. D. 1805. emulating the humsan period of "threescore years and and smell in all the parts. /An'selrm, S., Archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns ten." It has been remarked that none of our domestic Ano newe, n. p1. (BOt.) A tribe of plants, ord. Ano- of William Rufus and Henry I. of England, n. in Pied- birds are so apt to bring fbrth monstrous productions as naceae. mont, 1033. iHe was at first a montl, and afterward geese —s circumstance which has beent ttribltte ed to Ano nra, AsImiNx, UvARsA, n. (Pot,) A gan. of plants. superior of the abbey of Bee, in Normandy. In 1093 lie the excessive fettess to viicl they are liable. The liver ord. Anoaacece. The A. syplatica, called Airatici do was appointed to the Einglish primacy; but, differences of a fat goose is often larger than all the other vieera, Mate, in Brazin}, his a light white Wood, very fit foir the asrising in respect of the temporalities of his See, he qnit- and was a dish in such great reputation sniomig use of turners. The wood of the root of A. paluastnis is ted that kingdom. He was. recalled by Henry I. and Rtnan epicures, that hiii thought it deserved e employed in Brazil for corcs. —Thse A. friloha is a small well received, when diffictlties again arose,avimi were set-loos discussion, to wleomm thi honor ta irveitand beautiful tree, 1j to 2t) ft. highs, foutad on the bassits of referred to the Pope, who decided iii favor taf A. Conces- ing so excelletat a dish wtts due. Isi ouir datys, the streams in S. and W. of the U. Stsates. It flowers in sions were made ultimately, which led to his reitistatioa Pl'i, do,fei pa-ae de Sts-aabeum-, mitade of. fl liver of ANSW IANTA ANTI 103 geese, have inherited the reputation of the Roman dish, An'swerably, adv. In due proportion, correspon- Aas m/reg, n. (Astron.) The principal star in the con-The SNOW GOOSE, Anser hyperboreus, is two teet eight deuce, or conformity; suitably. stellation Scorpio. It is situated in the heart of the inches in length, and its extended wings are five feet. Aan'sweioer, n. One who answers, Scorpion, about 190 E. of Zubenelgubi. A. is the minost The bill of this bird is very curious, the edges having Aa'wsve'ng, p. a. Replyilag; corresponding to; fulfil- brilliant star in that region of the skies, and may be each twenty-three indentations or strong teeth, on each ling; solving; succeeding; confuting. otherwise distinguished by its remarkably red appearside. The head, neck, a.nd body are pure white; the A _nlt, a vulgar colloquial contraction of nam not, are not, auce. Its declination is about 25~ S. It comes to the quills are white for half their length, the rest black; the and sometimes is not; as in the phrases I as't, we an't, meridian 50 minutes after Corona Borealis, on the 10th legs are of a very deep-reod. These birds inhabit the' you an't, &c. of July. It is one of the stars from which the moon's regions of the arctic circle, occasionally migrating to ]Ant, n. [A.S. eamete.] (Zoel.) The common name of the distance is reckoned for computing the longitude at sea. the more tenmperate climcates of Prussia, Austria, Ind- insect Formica. —See FORMICIDoa. AntarthritYic, a. and is. [From Gr. anti, against, and son's Bay, and the United States of America. They ar- Aaaia, n.; pl. ANT'r. [Lat., from ante, before.] (Arch.) arthritis, gout.] (Med.) That which is good against the rive in the river Delaware from tie north early in A square pillar terminating the side-wall of a building, gout. November, sometimes in considerable flocks, and are The antai were placed on each aide of the door, so as to Antasthsnat'i, a. and n. [From Gr. anti, against, very noisy; their note is more shrill than that of the assist in folrming thle portico. The temple in antis was and asthmsa, a panting.] (dMed.) That which is good Canada Goose.- The CaNAD_ Goosz, or CRaxV.T GoosE, one of the simplest kind. It had in front, antse attached against the astlmnat. Anser Canadenszis, is the common Wild Goose of the to the walls which enclosed the cella; and in the middle, Antata. op'ic, in. [From Gr. anti, against, and atroUnited States, and is knownin every part of the country. betweentheante, two columns supporting the architrave. phin, a wasting away.] (Med.) A nmedicine to cure It usually weighs about Aasc'tcil, n. [From Gr. anti, against, and Eng. acid.] atrophy. ten pounds. The general (Mcd.) That which destroys acidity. The action of ant- An'tavares, a seafaring and warlike people inhabiting color is a dark ash; head, acids in the human stomach is purely chemical, as the eastern water-shed of the island of Madagascar. nock, and tail black; they merely combine with the acid present, and nceu- Their chief resides at Tintingue, asn ancient French setcheelks and throat whitit; trtlize it. They are only palliatives, the generation of tlement, abandoned in 18:31. bill and feet black. In acidity having to be prevented by restoring the tone of A nt'-]Bear, in. (Zoel.) Tihe great ant-eater, Myrsmsecophtheir annucal migrations'~.~ the stomach and its vessels. Dyspepsia and diarrhmoe aga.inbata. See Mv ietcoemHAo,. to the North, it is the are the diseases in which they are employed. The prin- Anit'-Ctatcher, n. (,h6l.) A gen. of birds, family Turgeneral opinion that they cipal antacids in use are the alkalies. didae, q. v. are on their way to tihe - _,. u. Ani'cttas. (Myth.) The son of Neptune and Terra, a An'te. [Lat.] A Latin prep. signifying before, used as a lakes to breed, lint at is fi~P1 ihanious giant killed by Ilercules. prefix to many English words. highly probaible that they - * Antag'onism, t. [Fr. antagonismes; from Gr. anti, An'teal, a. That is before or in front. extend to the utmost against, and agonizoiai, to struggle, to contencd; from neAst-Eatea., ni. (Zobl.) The common nanme of the polar point, amid the F.19.-XScxr se agon, a struggle; firom ago, to drive.] A contending or MYRRIECOPHAGA, q. v. silent desolation of u i139 CNADENSIS, struggling against: opposition to action; contest, Ante-Bellum. [Lat.] Before the war. known countries, shut (Canada Goose.) I aAnag'onist, n. [Fr. antagoniste.] One who contends A2ntece'dence, Antecedency, n. [Lat. anteceout from the prying eye of man by everlasting and in- or struggles with another in combat; an adversary; an dens, from cede, to go.] Act or state of going before in superable barriers of ice. After having fulfilled the great opponent; that which acts in opposition. time; precedence. law of nature, the approaching rigors of that dreary (Anal.) A term applied to those muscles which have (Astron.) An aipparent nmotion of a planet toward climate oblige them to return toward the more genial opposite functions. Such are the flexor and extensor of the west, or contrary to the order of the signs, viz., regions of thei South; and no sooner do they trrive among any limb, tic one of which contracts it, whilst tihe other from Taurus toward Aries, &c. men, than an indiscriminate slaughter of them corn- stretches it out; and also the abductors and adductors. Aactece'elent, a. Going before; prior; anterior; foremences. The people at Hudson's Bay greatly depend Solitary muscles are those without any antagonist, as going;-opposed to subsequenqt. on these birds, and in favorable seasons kill three or the heart, &c. — n. Tlhat which goes before or precedes. —pl. A man's four thousand, which are packed up for future use. The -a. Counteracting; opposing: acting in opposition. previous history and fortune; as, "The antecedesets of autumnal flight lasts from the middle of August to Antagenist'ie, lAntagos ist'ical, a. Opposing that man are very bad." November; the vernal, from the middle of April to the in combat; contending against. (Gr-am.) The word to which a relative refers; thus, in middle of May.', Their valors are not yet so combatant, "God whom we adore," the word God is the antecedent As'serine, n. (Casem.) A yellow oil, liquid at common Or truly antagonistic, as to fight." -B. Jaonsoam. to the relative wihom. temperature, but becoming a tallow at 4512; it is the Anta lo'nize, v. a. To contend against another. (a.) (Logic.) The first of the two propositions in an pigment of the feet and bill of the goose, pigeon's foot, Amitem/ikia. The modern name of ANTmOC, q. v. enthymiema. &c. Forsn. C0H1J0. AlstIal-.i-e, as. and a. [From Gr. anti, against, and al- (Mlath.) The first of two terms of a ratio, or that -a. Relating to, or resembling a goose. gos, pain.] (Med.) That which relieves pain. which is compared with the other, as in the ratio of 2 Ans'gssar, St., in Iowa. See SAINT ANSG:I. A iitmli]ali, n. and a. [From Gr. anti, against, and Eng. to 3, or a to c, 2 and a are each antecedents. Ail'son, Gs.aae, Lord, a celebracted English navigator alkali.] (Gaten.) That which possesses the power of' Anitece dently, adv. Previously; at a time preceding. and naval commander, B. 1697. Ho entered the navy nieutralizing alkalies. All the acids are of this class. Anteces's.r, n. One who goes before, or takes the early in life, and rose rapidly to post-rank. Being or-.Anltalo- ai, in Pennsylvania, a towns hip of Berks co.; lead of another; a predecessor. "The successor seldom daered to the station of North Carolina, he there pur- pop. abt. 1,200. prosecuting his antecessor's devices."- Worcester. clhased land, and built a town, which bears his name. kAntanaoclla/sis, n. [From Gr. anti, against, and anaclao, Ana-echaum'betr, written also, but incorrectly, antiIn 1739 he commanded an expedition against the Span- to bend back.] (Rhet.) The repetition of a word in a chamber, n. [Fr. antichanbr-e.] The chamber or room ish settlements in the Pacific Ocean: thence sailed for different meaning, or as a different part of speech, which before the chief apartment to which it leads. China, and on his return captured a Spanish galleon. attracts attention, and gives expressiveness to thei Ante'eltans, n. pl. See ANemC. In 1737 lie commanded the channel fleet, and achieved phratse; e.g.,'Let the dead bury their dead;" or, "Live Ainteece'nuiss5. (Ilist.) In ancient Greece and Rome, brilliant successes against the French. Ile was subse- while you live." The returning to a subject after a long the first course at supper, consisting of eggs, herbs, &c. quently ennobled, and afterwards made vice-admiral of parenthesis is also called antanaclasis. 2Ante-cur'sor., se. [Lat.] A precursor; as 1tarhinger. England. P. 1762. Antanagoe'ge, n. [From Gr. anti, against, and aeagoge, An'ted-ate, v. a. [Lat. ante, before, and Eng. date.] To An'soan, in N. Carolina, a county bordering on S. Cars- a leading up.] (Rhet.) Recrimination; an answer to a date before the true time; to anticipate; to give by anlina, named in hsonor of Admiral Lord Anson, q. v. Area, charge by a counter-charge. - Worcester. ticipation. 650 sq. mi. It is watered by Rocky river on tihe N., ancd Antapl)asodi'slac, Ainais)a'roe.tie, a. and n. -n. An anticipation; a spurious, or false date, prior to Yadkin or Pedee river on the E. The surface is undu- [From Gr. anti, against, and Aphrodite, Yenus.] (ied.) the true date of a bond, bill, &c. lating and hilly; soil fertile. Cotton is the staple pro- Anti-venereal, or whatever extinguishes amorous desires. Assitetlated, p. a. Dated before the true time. duce. Cap. Wadesborough. Pop. abt. 14,000. An'ta'Sr, or ANTA'.A, a celebrated Arabian prince in the Antedlluvlan, a. [Lat. ante, and diluvium, a flood. Aln'on, in Maies, a post-township of Somerset co., on niddle of the 6th century, and one of the 7 poets whose or deluge.] Existing before the deluge. In theological the W. side of the Kennebec, 40 m. N. by W. of Augusta; successful verses, embroidered with gold upon silk, were language, the A. ages acre those which elapsed before the pa/. abt 2,300. hung up at the door of the Caaba. Ie describes in his flood. In Geology, tihe 1. period has no reference to the Anl'son, in Wisconssin, a township of Chippewa co.; op. Mia/lakc his warlike deeds, and his love for Abla. The deluge recorded in thee Mosaic narrative, but only to the abt. 150. most complete edition is theat of Menil (Leyden, 1816, 4to.) final transfoirmation of the earth by means of water. An'son, BAY OF, in the Canton river, China, situate be- In the Arabian romanc Antar, the author, Asmai, a — n. One who lived before thie deluge; thus, the inhabitween the headlands Chuenpe and Amunghey, where the renowned grammarian and theologian at the court of tants of the earth fiom Adac to Noah, arnse called the Chinese fteet wes destroyed by the British in 1841. Hilronn Al Rasehid, in the beginning of the 9th century, antediluvians. -Another bay of the same name, in the N.W. coast of who first collected the old Arabian tralitions, has added An'tefixa, n.; pl. ANTEFIX-. [Lat. ante, before, and Australia. Lat. 130 30i S.; Lon. 1300 E. to the name and the heroic adventures of Antar, the fixus, fixed.] (Arc/a.) OrAnso'nia, in Connecticut, a post-village of Derby town- other most famnons chivalrous deeds of the Arabians. naments used by the soship, New Haven co., on the Naugatuck river, 16 m. N. This romiance gives the most complete idea of the man- maens, sometimes also by of Bridgeport. ners and life; of the way of thinking; and of the opinions the Greeks, to cover tIhe Anso'nia, in Ohio, a post-village of Barke co., on tlhe and the superstitions of the early Arabians, before the frieze of the entablature Bellefontaine Railroad, about 50 m. W. by S. of Belle- time of the prophet; and the fidelity of the picture is ofa temple or other bui ldfontaine. even now to be recognized in many features of the mod- ing. These decorattions, An'sosu'a or ]Boka- Iaslans(, in the S. Pacific Ocean. ern Bedouins. It is written in the purest Arabic, and at first in terra-cotta, Lat. 50 S.; Lon. 1540 31' E. ranlced amnong tho classics of Arabian literature. It is afterward in icarble or Anson'ville, in Pennsylvania. a post-village of Clear- so attractive that critics prefer it to the Arabian Nights. brass, are very ornanmen- field co:; about 16 un. S.S.W. of Clearfield. Hamilton, secretary of the British embassy in Constan- tal, and are still a charAns'paiSca, or ANsBacH, ct town of Bavaria, in the cir- tinople, has translated it into English; London, 1819, 4 actepistic of the modcle of Rezat, 24 mi. S.W. by W. of Nuremburg. - Manuf. vols. A French translation has since appeared at Paris. ern Italian amrchitecture. Woolien and cotton stuffs, white lead, and playing-carrds. Antarlc'tie a. [Fr., from Or. anti, agcinst, and arctos, Fig. 140 is an antefixa, Fop. 12,245. the great bear, c' northern constellatiou.] Opposite to firom the temple of Diana, An'swe'., v. a. [A.S. answarian; from and, against, in the Arctic or northern pole. at. gina. opposition to, and swaran, to swear, anciently to speak.] A. arclhe. Ose of the lesser circles of the sphere, distant An'telo ~e, or ANTILOP11,, To speak in return or in opposition to; to reply to; as, only 230 30, from the South Pole. - A. Pole, being oppo- n. (Z,'l.) See ArNTELOPEr-. to answer a question.- To be equivalent on adequate site to the Arctic Pole, denotes the opposite ensl of the Ante lo4pe, in Ctfalfor- i caL to; as, money answess all things. - To satisfy; to serve. earth's axis, or the Soulth Pole. nia, a towvnship of Te- - - — To correspond to; as, theat business does not answer Antar-ctic Sea. That vast portion of the gseat oceanm hama co.; pop. abt. 600:! our expectation.- To return; to accomuplish; to solve; extending fnon the A. circle, Let. 60~ 30/ S., to the South — a post-office of Vole o. to obey. Pole. It was long considered impassable fom- ships, on A!n'teloQpess,Asuts'] -, -— v. n. To speakte in returni to a question, &c.; to reply. - amcconmt of the ice; but of late years msany discoveries pinme, or ANTlLOPIDoEm, o iF. 140. — ANTEFIXa. To be accounatable; to correspond with; to return; to have been made, chiefly by Englistl, Amneicen, and n. ph. [Gr. antaos, a flower succeed; to be suitable; to have a good effect. French explorers. Various tracts of barren iclancd have or ornament, and opo, thee eye, in allusion to thesir beeaati-an. Thett which is scaid in return; a reply; a response. been observed, to which the names of Adelie, Balleny, ful eyes.] (Zo6h.) The Astelopes, a division of tIme ]acg-(, A rejoinder; a computetion; a return; a solution. Enderby, Sabrinia, and Victoria have been giveci. Sir ftam. Bosidceorhollow-horn end Rumincntin, of whichc tha;sta Akn'swerablle, a. Liable to give answer in the sense Jammeces Ross, in 1841, reacheld Lat. 708 41, the heighest S. are isany species, each differing frosc the other in somicof account, and also having suitablesess or correspon- ilatitude yet penetrated. — The features of the A. sea imposrteunr points, but agreeing in the great leadeing dence; liable; amenemble; accountable; responsibis; mccy be briefly etated to be constant lbgs, beaffintg cur- chaaracteristics. They are of gracelul and syymmetri-cal augreeinig. reits, innumcacacerable ico},ergs, and macncuificent mianiles- proportions; ofa restless and timid disposition, exta reei sA..es'~qveslesslenc, n. Quality of being answerable. taticms cf tie Acerorec Accstralis. watchtisl, of greet vivacity, remesarkably swift and a5;is, 104 ANTE ANTH ANTH and most of their boundings are inconceivably light and Alexandria. The name A. is still given on the Mediter- stantinople, which was completed from his design by elastic. Their horns, whatever shape they assume, are ranean Sea to the pole supporting the lateen sail; q.v. Isidorus of Miletus. D. 534. round and annulated-in some species straight, in others An'ther, n. [Gr. antheros, flowery, blooming.] (Bet.) curved and spiral; in some, the ferales have no horns, SThe essential part of the imale or fertilizing organ of in others, they are common to both sexes. They all flowering plants, at the top of the filament. It contains possess a most delicate sense of smell, and their eyes are the pollen-cells which are considered necessary for improverbially bright and beaming. Their hair is generally pregnating the female. - See STAMEN. short and smooth. The ears are long and pointed; tails A Salthhera[l, a. That relates to anthers. short, and tufted at the extremity. For the moot part, A\ VuAtheri'eem ASPHODELS. (Bot.) A tribe of plants, A. are gregarious, but some species keep in pairs. They ~,ord. Liliacece. They have tubers or fleshy fascicled roots, often browse like the goat, and feed on the tender shoots /. -.nd4L no. lbslie.' their hove ryis or.ee Leaves f never cor-ts, and no bulbs, but their ovary is fr'ee, Leaves never mcof trees. Their flesh is usually of excellent flavor.-The iaceous nor permanent. A. seems to be a connecting link between the goat and _. (Pysil.) The name applied to all t/ i / / Air~~_kt~heli'dia~, a. (.Piysiot.) Thenameappliedtoallthse tihe deer. The hind legs, like those of the hare, being' / various structures in which the fertilizing function of longer than the fore ones, not only give additional reproduction resides in flowerless or cryptogamic plants, swiftness, but greater security in ascending and descend-.'and which consequently correspond physiologically ing precipices, apractice in which the A. greatly delights. with the anthers of the flowering plants. In the cells The horns are perennial. They mostly inhabit the tor- of which they are composed there are extremely minute rid regions, or such parts of the temperate zone as are bodies, which are endowed with spontaneous motion nearly contiguous, frequenting the cliffs and ledges of when placed in water. This motion is owing to the rocks, or traversing vast untrodden wildernesses. Africa presence of cilia upon them. These moving bodies are appears to be their great nursery, but many kinds are Fig. 142. known by the name of Spermatozoa, q. v. natives of Asia; very few are met with in Europe; and (Zob'l.) The antennae are movable-jointed, horn-like Anbtherif'erous, a. [From Eng. a nther, and Lat. fro, it is remarkable that, notwithstanding the warmth of members placed on the head of insects and crustaceca, I bear.] (Bot.) Applied to the mnale part of flowers; South America is well suited to their nature, only a but not connected with the mouth. See Pigs. 16, p. 12; bearing anthers. single species of Antelope is to be found in any part of 22, p. 16; and 27, p. 18. They are tubular or perforated An'thn eroi~l, a. [From Eng. anther, and Gr. eides, form.] the New World. It has been customary to class them throughout their whole length, the internal cavity con- (Bet.) Resembling an anther. as follows: —l. True Antelopes; 2. Bush Antelopes; 3. taining a soft or membranous substance, and receiving AnthIe'sis,. [Gr., a blossom.] (Bet) Efflorescence, or Caprifobrmn (or goat-like) Antelopes; and 4. Bovine (or the last branches of the nerves and tracheae of the an- that state of vegetation in which the flower is completely ox-like) Antelopes. But some late writers on zodlogy terior extremity of the body. They differ in size and developed. have rendered the sub-division infinitely more minute; form in the different sexes. The use of these organs has Antheste'ria, n. pi. [Or.] In Grecian antiquity, festithe species in many instances closely bordering on each been a subject of much discussion, and is still involved vals celebrated in the spring by the Athenians, in honor other, while there are others in which scarcely any cor- in doubt. Some naturalists affirm that they are the organ of Bacchus, during which the masters feasted their slaves, responding features can be distinctly traced. Thus, as of smell; others assert that they are the organ of touch. as the Romans did in the time of the Saturnalia.-From an emninent naturalist has remarked, "the genus Ante- Antennas-ia, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe An- those festivals, the 8th nmonth of the Attic year, answerlope has become a kind of zodlogical refuge for the desti- tenna-rie. The species A. nAaryaritacea, the common ing to the end of February and beginning of March, was tute, and forms an incongruous assemblage of all the Life-everlasting, so named for its dry, imperishable, named anthesterion. hollow-hornedt ruminants together. So diversified are pearl-white flower-scales, is found in the U. States, in An'thliarine, a. (there.) The peculiar poison of the its fbrms, and so incongruous its materials, that it pre- fields and pastures. uoas anthar said to consist of C14H1505. It exists in the semts not a single character which will either apply to A2nteliana'lim,, n. pZ. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, ord. Ac- resin to the extent of 3-56 per cent. all its species, or suffice to differentiate it frone conter- teracece. JAn'Jhicidw, n. pi. (ZoIt.) A minous genera." The common Antelope, or Sasin, A. Antesnsif'eronls, a. That has antennae. tribe of coleopterous insects, cervicapra, the most elegant specimen of the tribe, is a Anten'niformi, a. Shaped as an antenna. possessing simple, orbut slight- native of many parts of Africa, and also of India. It is Anate'ner, a Trojan prince, who urged the Greelks to ly serrated and filiformn antonremarkable for the peculiar beauty of its long spiral make the wooden horse, which, through his influence, ne. Some species are found horns, vwhich are distinctly marked by numerous pronml- was taken within the walls of Troy. upon plants, but the majority nent rings. The Prong-horn Antelope, A. _4ieri/cana, Anitenum'ber, n. A number preceding another, live on the ground, and run inhabits the plains W. of the Missouri river, from thie Antenup'tial, a. [From Lat. ante, before, and nupti- with great quickness. lower Rio Grande to the Saskaitchewan, and westward alis, a wedding.] Being before nuptials or marriage. Anmthi'dium, n. (Zeil.) The to the Cascade and coast range of the Pacific slope. Antepas'ehal, a. [From Lat. ante, before, and Pas- carding-bees, a gen. of hymenAbout half-way up the horns there is a branch or prong, chal, q. v.] Pertaining to the time before Easter. opterous insects belonging to Fig. 143.-ANTHICUS whence its popular name. Its color above is yellowish- An'tepast, a. [From Lat. ante, before, and pastus, a the fam. Alpidce. The female LATERI PtNcTATATUvs. brown, thie under parts being white; the horns, hoofs, feeding.] A foretaste; anticipation. detaches with her mandibles mind naked parts of the nose black. Antepennlt', Antepenul'tima, and ANTEPENUL- the cottony down on the Stachys germanic', and forms TIiATE, n. [From Lat. ante, before, pens, almost, and tul- it into small pellets, which she carries with her feet intq tinus, the last.] (Pros.) Being before the penult or pe- holes in walls or trees, which she selects for the cradle nultiuate; the last syllable of a word except two. of her family. She deposits this cottony down in the Antepennl'imate, a. Pertaining to the antepenult, nest along with her eggs, which she covers with the or last syllable but two. same downy substance. An'tepo-rt, n. [Lat. ante, before, and porita, a door.] Ant-hill, and Ant-lallqlock, n. A hillock formed by An outer post, gate, or door. ants.-See FeonmicDiE. Anteposi'tion, n. (Gram.) The placing of a word be- An thlocar'poaus, a. [Gr. fore another word, which, by common rule, ought to pre- antihos, a blosson, amd cam U- / cede it. - Worcester. pos, fruit.] (Bet.) A mame Anteque'ra, a towvn of Spain, in Andalusia, 30 m. N. applied to those fruits of N.W. of Malaga. It has a Moorish castle. —Manif.' which the most conspicCotton and silk spinning, paper, Morocco leather, and nous portion, although soap. Pop. 22,060. often appearing litme a periAnte'rior, a. [The Latin comparative of ante, before.] carp, neither belongs to Going before either with regard to time or place; as "it the pistil nor is originally was in a time anterior to your birth;" "the anterior united with it. The ap- part of the mouth." parent berry of Gaultheria Anterior'ty, n. [Fr. antnreiorit.] Priority; the state (F'ig. 144), in which a " of being before, either in time or situation. succulent free calyx in- Ante'r'iorly, adv. In an anterior manner; before. vestsadrypod,andappears An'te-room, n. [From ante and room.] A room that is to form the real fruit, is F.144.-ALTHERA PROCUMBENXS. i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~before another.. an 2t. fr~uit. — Gr~ay.(z o ~b7)S be-fore another. an A. fruit.- Gray. 1 c alyx, 2 fruit, (natural size. ) Ainter'os. (Myth.) One of the names of Cupid. Anthoclae'ria, n.(Zol.) cax, 2 fruit, atr size. An'tes, n. ph. (Arch.) See ANTA. Thie fatlle-bird, a gen. of the fanily Meliphagidr, or An'tes, in Pennsylvania, a township in the NW. part of honey-eaters, several species of which are found in New Blair co.; pop. abt. 2,600. IHolland. It is bold and spirited, fearlessly attacking 2An'testowan, or ANTISTOWN, in Psennsylvania, a post- aind driving away all other birds from the part of the village in the above township. tree on which it is feeding. In spring and summer the Anthe'lion, a.; pt. Anthelia. [From Or. anti, op- male perches on some elevated branch, and screams ~:- - /_posite, and helios, the sun.] (Optics.) The name given forth his harsh and peculiar notes,-like a person vomitFig. 141.-nPRON-HORN ANTELOPE, (A. Ammricaecsma.) to lunminous rings, or glories, seen by an observer on a ing,-whence its local namne Gon-guar'-ruckc, in which cloud or fog which lies opposite to the sun. They occur the natives have tried to imitate it. They feed on honey An'telope Creek, in California, Tehama co.; flows chiefly in Alpine regions and in the Polar seas, and are and insects which they extract firom the blossoms of the S.W. and enters the Sacrameito river. only seen when sunshine and cloud, or fog, occur at the trees called Bavksias. As the banksias are not a sign Antelu can, a. [From Lat. ante, before, and lux, ucis, same time. The occurrence of Anthelia is generally at- of good land, the garrulous note of the wattle-bird light.] Before daybreak, or daylight. tribut,;d to the diffraction of light. -See DIFFAcrrArTioN. Antenmertll ian, n. [Lat. ante, before, and 7nearides, Ant'helix, n. See ANrIHELix. mrnidday.] (Astron.) Being before nmidday or noon; per- Anthelmnin'tie, a. and n. [Gr. anti, against, and el taining to the forenoon, abbreviated A.M. mni.Zs, a worm.] (Med.) Whatever procures the evacue*4ntemn et'ic, a. See ANTIEMETIc. tion of worms from the stomach and intestines. Antemtn'elane, a. [From Lat. ante, before, and Anlt'lHiem, n. See ANTIPHony. munu/us, the world.] Being before thei world, or the Anthiemiaee, n. ph. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, ord. breation of the world. Astem-acere. "unsreat aumsateazdsne fatten I "- ougAran'thesnis, n. (Bet.) A gen. of herbaceous plants, tribe Anthem/dee. A. nobil/s, the chamomile, is cultiAnte-mau'ral, n. [Prom Lat. ante, before, and mumu-s, vated in gairdens, and occasionally found wild in fields. a wall.] (Fort.) An outwvorlt. Stem prostrate, branching from the base, woolly, 8 to 15 A~ntena'nsma.; ph. ANTENNAE. [~Let., at sail; Or. ceu-a/a; ft. hligh; leaves decompound-pinnatified, segments linear, Fr. anaenne.] (Afar.) The ships of thue Ancients had a subulate; heads large, solitary on the leafless; disc single mast in the middle; and a square sail, toraise and yellow; flowering in July. - The strong and agreeable support with a transverse pole, or yard, named antenna, scent of this plant is well tknown; also its tonic and F/tgi. 145.z-Beosa WATTLE-BIRD. was extended across the mast, not far fihom the top. To anodyne qualities, which chiefly reside in the flowers. tAnttschara aeliussa) the two extremities of the yard (cornua), ropes (funes) Antlsae'nrius, a native of Lydia, eminent as an irchi- may be talen by the settler as an indication of the were attached, which passed over the top of the mast, tect, sculptor, and mathematician, employed by the erm- sterile and unprofitasble nature of the soil. and thus supported the yard, as in Pig. 142, which is peror Justinian. A. is chiefly celebrated as having been Antlhe'cg ya, n. (them.) The blue color of flowers copied from the famous gem representing the port of the architect of the famous church of St. Sophie mat Comm. soluble in alcohol. ANTH ANTI ANTI 105 Antho'diltum, n. [Gr. anthodes, like flowers.] (Bet.) A An'thozoa, n. [Or. anthos, a flower, znon, an animal.] all these componnd words explain themselves, we will technical namne for the capitulum or head of flowers of (Zo't.) A name given by Dr. Gray to a class of aninals give but the principal of them. a plant of the ord. Asteracem. —Gray. generally arranged among the Zoiphytes, and embracing An'ti-aboli'tionsist, n. One opposed to the aboliAntholog'ical, a. Pertaining to anthology. those species which are referable to the radiated type of tion of slavery. Antrhol'ogy, n. [From Gr. anthos, a flower, and lego, to the animal kingdom. The A. are divided into three ord. Antxi'a.'ine, n. A poisonous principle contained in the gather.] A collection of choice poems, particularly a col- 1. The hydroid polypes, A. hydroida, which have the milky juice of the Antiaris toxicaria or upas-tree. lection of Greek epigrams so called. The word in its polypidoni horny, fistular, external, plant-like. 2. The lAntila'ris, n. (Bet.) The upas-tree. - See A'RTOCARPuS. original sense simply mlleans a collection of flowers. asteroid polypes, A. asteroida, which have the polypidom JAn'tias, n. (Myth.) The goddess of fortune. Anthol'ysis, n. [Gr. anthos, a flower, and lysis, a set- either free or attached, of a fleshy consistence, strength- Antibacchi'sss, n. [Lat., from Gr. antibuchios.] (PPros.) ting free.] (Bet.) The retrograde metamorphosis of a ened with a horny or calcareous axis, enveloped in a A poetical foot of three syllables, the first two long, and flower, or its change to a leaf; branch, &c. gelatinous crust, in which the polypes are immersed. 3. the last one short;- the reverse of the bacchius. - WoAntlhoma'nia, n. [Gr. anthos, a flower, and mania, The zoanthoid polypes, A. helianthoidea, which have the cester. madness.] An exaggerated fondness for flowers. polypes single, free, or permanently fixed, fleshy, either An'tibes, a seaport town of France, dep. of the Yar, on An'thoat, CHARLES, LL.D., a distinguished American naked or incrusted with a calcareous polypidom, the the Mediterranean, with a commodious harbor and a author, B. 1797. In 1811 he entered Columbia College, upper surface crossed with radiating lamellve. strong citadel. It was founded by the Massilians 340 and was admitted to the bar in 1819. le became Pro- B. c., and named Antipolis. It is an important barrier on fessor of Greek and Latin in the above college, 1826 to I c the side of Italy, and was, in 1747, besieged without 1830; and Jay Professor of Greek Language and Litera- 4 effect by the Austrians and English. Pop. 6,829. ture 1857 to 1868. lie published a classical dictionary, JkAtlibra'ehial, Antesra'ahial, a. [Gr. anti, and one of antiquities, and a complete series of school clas- braxion, the arm.] (Anat.) Belonging or relating to sics. As a teacher, he was thorough; as a scholar, the fore-arm. accurate; as a disciplinarian, severe. D. 1868. A n'tic, a. [Fr. antique, from Lat. antiquus.] Odd; ridicAn'thony, in Indiana, a township of Delaware co. ulously wild; resembling a buffoon. An'thltonay, in New Jersey, a post-office of Ilunterdon "Whatl dares the slave co., about 20 m. N. of Flemington. Coame hither, covered with an antick face...?"-Shaks. An'thonay, in Pennsylvaaia, a township of Montour. An'tic, n. One that uses odd gesticulation; a buffoon co.; pop. 965. or merry-andrew. - a township of Lycoming co.; pop. 559. "Fear not, my lord, we can contain ourselves, An'thony, in lRhode Island, at post-office of Kent co. Were he the veriest astick is the world.- Shaks. An'thony the lGreat, t., B. in Egypt A. D. 251. -Odd appearance; fatntastic figures. Disposing of his property and giving the proceeds to the "A work of rich estail, asd curious mold, poor, he retired to the desert, and attracted, owing to.- Woven with anticks, and wild imagery."-Fatrie Queen. his reputed sanctity, many disciples; hie thus formed tihe (Arch.) Figures of men and beasts used as ornaments first monastic community. He afterwards, at Alexan- -Fig. 146.- ENILLA-DANE, (class Anthozoa). to buildings. dria, sought martyrdom amidst the persecutions of the Anthraeit'lic, a. Containing anthracite, or relating An'ti-chamber, n. The true spelling is ANTECHAMChristians thlere prevailing, but his life being spared, he to it. tER, q. V. returned to the desert, where he died at the age of 105. Anthracothe'r'ium, n. [Or. anthrax, coal; therion, An'ti-e-hrist, a. [Fr., firom Gr. anti, against, and Christ.] All his conduct indicates a fervent and melancholy im- beast.] (Pal.) A geo. of fossil mammalia, belonging to (Eccl. Hidst.) Although this term is employed only by agination. That he used no garments but a shirt mcade theord._Pachydermata. Fivespecieshave been described, the Apostle John in the 2d and 3d Epistles, it has been of hair and a sheep's-skin, and never washed his body, is They are found in the lignites and coals of Cadibara. applied, by almost universal consent, to the Man of more credible than the strange stories of his contests Anthrakom'eter., n. [From Gr. anttax, carbon, and Sin in 2d Thessalonians, to the Little Horn, and to the with devils, and the wonders related in his life by St. metron, measure.] (Ctret.) An instrument used for fierce-countenanced King of Daniel, and to the two Athanasius. measuring the carbonic acid of the air. Beasts of Revelation, as well as to the false Christ spolken An'thoIly of Paldua, St., a learned Franciscan Anthranil'ie Acid. (Chem.) Yellowish translucent ofinMatt. xxiv. The books of the Naw Testament menmonkl, B. at Lisbon, 1105. He was one of the most re- regular plates, with a fine lustre, soluble in alcohol, and tion the A. as one or several false prophets, who would nowned disciples of St. Francis of Assisi. Shipwrecked having then the taste ofbenzoic acid. Form. C14H116NOSHO. pretend to be the true Christ, and would deceive the on the coast of Italy in a voyage to Africa, which he had!An'thrax, n. [Gr.] (Med.) A hard and circumscribed world. In the Apocalypse alone, he is represented as a undertaklen with a view of becoming a martyr to the inflammatory tubercle like a boil, which sometimes forms powerful ruler opposed to Christianity. The Christians, Christian faith, he preached with great applause in Bo- on the cheek, neck, or back, and in a few days becomes in the first centuries, retained the idea of such a powerlogna and Padua, where he died, June 13, 1231. His highly gangrenous. It then discharges an extremely ful enemy of the Church, whose appearance, announced legends are full of prodigies; but all agree in extolling feetid sanies filom under the blaclr core, which, like a by their own persecutions, would precede the reappearhis talents as a preacher. He was canonized by Gregory burning coal, continues destroying the surrounding ance of Christ, which was then commonly expected. IX., and the Catholic Church honors him as one of its parts. It is supposed to arise from a peculiar miasma, With the belief of the millennium, which was to succeed most eminent saints. At Padua, a church containing is most common in warm climates, and often attends the vexations of the church by the Antichrist, the idea his sepulchre is consecrated to him, which is a master- the plague. of such a being continued under various forms, and was piece of architecture. Anthren'idae, n. pl. (Zeal.) The beetles in Dr. Gray's heightened by the most lively descriptions on the part.An'thony, St., a cape on the coast of S. America, Ar- arrangement.- See COLEOPTERA. of the Christian fathers, until the year 1000 had elapsed gentine Rep., being the S. extremity of the estuary of Anthropography, n. From Gr. anthropos, man, without the fulfilment of these prophecies, and the mrlthe La Plats. Lat. 360 15' 19" S.; Lon. 560 375 W. andgrapho, to describe.] (Geog.) That part of science lennial enthusiasm itself was cooled. The fathers have An'thony, St., in U. States. See SAINT ANTHONY. relating to the physical characteristics and distribution generally agreed that the Antichrist will appear at the An'thony's Creek, in Virginia, a post-office of of the different races or families of umen. approalch of the last clay, in a bodily shape; but as to Greenbrier co. Anthrop'olite, n. [Gr. anthropos, man, and litos. his origin, and time and place of appearing, their opinAnthony's (or St. Anthony's) Nose, in Neew stone.] (Pal.) A name given to fossil human remains, ions differ. Some believe thiat he will be a mere mani - Yorkc, the extremity of a mountain called the "Klips," Almost all the instances which have been brought for- "the man of sin, the son of perdition," spoken of by St. on the N. bank of the Mohawk, resembling a nose, 300 ward to show the existence of human bones being fos- Paul; and others, that lie will be an incarnation of the to 400 ft. long. silized, have been demonstrated by recent researches to devil. The Church of Rome has never pronounced any -In Putnam co., a bold promontory on the E. side of the have been incorrect. - See MAN.'decision with regard to the various notions its members river Hudson, projecting from the S. side of Brealkneck Anthrolsolog'ieal, a. Pertaining or relating to have entertained on this subject. -In the last centuries Hill, at the N. entrance to the Highlands, 57 m. from anthropology. before Christ, the Jews connected with their idea of the New York. Anthropol'ogist, n. A person versed in anthropology. Messiah the notion of an Anti-Messiah, or an enemy to the An'thony's Shoals, in Georgia, a post-office of El- Anthropol'ogy, n. [Gr. anthropos, man, and logos, attempts of the Messiah to promote the good of their bert co. a discourse.] The science which treats of human nature, nation. They prleserve, since the destruction of JerusaAnthophyl'lite, n. [From Gr. anthos, a flower, and either in a physical or an intellectual point of view. It is lem by Titus, the wonderful prophecy of a contest in phyllon, a leaf.] (Min.) An orthorhombic mineral, occur- frequently used to denote the science of anatomy. In which an A., by name Armililus, will be vanquished by ring in mica slate, in yellow-gray crystals or crystalline theology, it denotes a way of speaking of God after the the true Messiah, after a severe oppression of the Jews. fibres, often radiating; fracture uneven, lustre pearly; manner of men, by attributing to him human passions Antichrist'ian, a. and n. Opposite to, or opposing translucent. Sp. gray. 2-94 to 3'1558. Comp. silica, 55'5, and affections. the Christian religion. magnesia 27'8, protoxide of iron 16-7=I100. Dana. Anthropom'etry, n. [Or. anthropos, man, and me- Antich'aronism, n. [Gr. anti, and chronos, time.] An Ant'horism, n. [Gr. anthorismeos, a counter definition.] tron, a measure.] The measurement of the human body. anachronism. (a.) See ANAcHRoNIsM. (Rhet.) A definition or description contrary to that of Anthropomora'phites, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) The ad- Antich'ton1, n. [Or. anti, and chthon, the earth.] An an opponent. herents of Audius, or Audaus, a teacher in Syria, who opposite land.-See ANTIPODES. Ant'hosiderite, n. (Min.) An hydrous tersilicate of died about A. D. 370. They were excommunicated by Antic'ipant, a. That anticipates. iron, occurring in Brazil. the orthodox church, rather on account of their perse- Anticlipate, v. a. [Fr. anticiper; Lat. anticipo, from Anlthosper'mnlde, n. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, vering in the old way of celebrating Easter, at the same ante, befotbre, and capio, to take.] To talke in the mind ord. Cinchonacece. time with the Jewish Passover, their deviation from the before the right time, which is to treat prematurely; — Anthospser'mum, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe usual penances, and their zeal against unworthy priests, to take it in reference to its appointed timne of coming, Anthospermide. The species named Aecaber-tree is a shrub than on account of their representation of God in a which is to expect; —also to take thought beforehand, for having small evergreen leaves, which emit, when bruised, human shape. Toward the close of the 4th century they the purpose of prevention. — To foretell; to expect; to a very fragrant odor. still existed, as schismoatics of severe morals, in small apprehend; to prepare; to pre-arrange; to meet; to preAnthoxan'ltine, n. (Chesm.) The yellow color of bodies in Syria; in the 5th century they were extinct. vent; to obviate; to intercept. flowers. Anthropornorphous, a. Resembling the human Antiel'ipated, p. a. Taken beforehand; foretasted; Anthoxan'thum, n. [Or. anthos, a flower, xantos, form. foreseen; prevented; preconception; previous notion; yellow.] (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe Aveneoe. The A. Anthtropop'atlhy, Anthropopathism, n. [Gr. expectation. odematunt, or sweet-scented Vernal Grass, is an early- anth/ropos, man, andpathos, affection.] Human affections, A2ntieipa tion, n. Act of anticipating; foretaste. flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, 10-18 inches high, or passions applied to the Supreme Being. A ite' ipative, a. That anticipates. (R.) flowering in Stay. Found in the U. States and Canada. bAsthropop h'agi, a. p1. OGr. anthr-pos, man, and AJntiealenal, a. [Gr. anti, and clins, to incline.] MarkAnlt'thr'aaite, n. [From Or. anthrax, charcoal.] (Min.) phago, to eat.] Man-eaters; cannibals. ing inclination in ass opposite direction. A variety of sminesal coal. It is distinguished by its Anlthlropoph'agous, a. Feeding on human flesh. (Geol.) The A. line (Fig. 147) is the point a from higher specific gravity, its semi-metallic lustre, and by Anltharopoph'agy, a. The practice of eating human which the strata diverge in opposite directions; as opits burning without emitting smooke. The A. of Penn- flesh.- See CANNIBALmSM. sylvania contains ordinarily 85 to 93 per cent. of carbon; Asi'tlsus, n. [Lat., the bunting.] (Zsod.) The tit-larks, a a those of S. Wales, 88 to 95; of France, 80 to 83; of Saxony, or pipit, a gen. of birds belonging to the fain. Jylvicoli81. Spec gray. (Pennsylvania), 1'32-1'7; (Rhode Island), dee or Wtarbler~s, and very much resembling the larks.' t 1-81. —It occurs in the greatest abundance in the U. States, They inhabit meadows and low marshy grounds, and b 5 and is used not only in the hot-blast process for iron, hacve a remarkably fine note, singing perched on trees, but its cheapness, the intensity and equability of heat it seated on the ground, or flying in the air. The A. -- produces, together with its perfect safety, and freedom ludovicianus, 6 to 7 inches longis common in N. America. from all disagreeable smolce and smell, give it a great An'tqi. [Or.] A Greek particle, which enters into the superiority over every other species of fuel. For its dis- comoposition of several words, both Latin, French, and tribution and production in the U. States, see MINERAL English, and signifies opposite or contrary to, as in anti- posed to the synclinal line b, where they converge toCOAL scorbscutic, against the scurvy or scorbute. -- As almost wards each other. voL. 1.-IA14 * 106 ANTI ANTI ANTI Antie'ipator, n. One who anticipates. Antig'onasi SOCHo us, the founder of the Jewish sect brittle alloys with some of the most malleable metals: Antic'ieptor y, a. That talkes before the time; that of the Sadducees, abt. 300 years B.c. when gold is alloyed with a 200th part of antimony, the anticipates. An'tigraph, n. [Gr. anti, against, and grapho, to compound is brittle; and even the fumes of antimony in Anti-eli'max, n. [Gr. anti, against, and climax, a lad- write.] A copy; a transcript. the vicinity of melted gold are sufficient to render it der.] (Rhet.) A sentence in which the ideas fall or be- Antigua, one of the Leeward Islands, in the W. Indies, brittle. Alloyed with lead in the proportion of i to 16, come less important and striking at the close, belonging to Great Britain; Lat. 170 8' N.; Lou. 610 52' and a small addition of copper, it forms the metal used An'ticly. adv. In an antic manner. W; 22 min. S. of Barbuda, and 50 m. N. of Guadaloupe. for printers' types; with lead only, a white and rather An'ticiieess, n. The state or quality of being antic. Area, 183 sq. m. Its coast aspectis hilly, and much in- brittle compound is formed, used for the plates upon Anti-constitu'tional, a. Opposed to, or against the dented by the sea. The surlface of the interior has a which music is engraved. With iron it forms a hard constitution. rich soil, and much diversified scenery. —Cim. Dry and whitish alloy formerly called Martial regulus. AntiAn'ticor, a. [Gr. anti, against, and Lat. cor, the heart.] hot.-Prod. The principal staple is that of sugar, of mony is the Stimmi, or Stibium, of the old chemists. (Farriery.) A sort of quinsy, or preternatural swelling, which this island exports large quantities.-Its total ex- The protoxide of antimony is used as a white paint in of a round figure, on a horse's breast, opposite to his ports for 1866, amounted to $1,459,305; and its imports substitution for carbonate of lead. heart. — Worcester. to $1,016,285.-Gov. Its legislature consists of a Governor, Antiltmn'ian, n. One who adheres to antinomianism. Aiti'costi, a large island at the mouth of the Gulf of a Council of 12, and an Assembly of 25 members. This IAnltino'nianism, n. [Gr. anti, against, and nomos, a St. Lawrence, betweem 490 and 500 N. Lat., and 610 431 island was settled by the English in 1632. —Cieff Towss. law.] (Eccl. I-list.) The name given by the reformers of and 610 37' W. Lon. It has an unfavorable soil, not a St. John's, the cap.; Falmouth, and Parham. Pop. 37,125. Wittenberg to the disparagement of the moral law, par. single good harbor, and is uninhabited. - Discovered in Antitheq'x, n. [From Gr. anti, against, and elix, the ticularly the law of Moses, by certain Protestants, who 1535 by Jacques Cartier. helix.] (Anat.) The inner circle of the external ear, so aimed thereby to exalt the efficacy of faith in the salvaAn'ticous, a. [Lat. anticus, fort, in front.] (Bet.) An- called from its opposition to the outer circuit, called the tion of mas. John Agricola was the most conspicuous terior, or facing forward. helix. member of this party, and, in 1537, violently attacked Antidac'etyl, n. [Gr. anti, and dactylos, a dactyl.] (Pros.) Antiil'es, a cluster of the West India islands, forming Luther and Melancthon on this ground, in a public disA kind of metrical foot that is the contrary of the dac- a semi-circular chain, running from the Gulf of Mara- sertation, in Wittenberg. But in 1539 he recanted, and tyl, its first two syllables being short and the last long. caibo to the Channel of Yucatan. They are about 360 published a renunciation of his errors in 1540, at Berlin. An'tidotal, a. (Med.) Acting as an antidote; counter- in number; generally very fertile, but subject to terrific Antiiso'my, or AN'TINmoMY, n. [Gr. amti, and nonmos, acting poison, or anything noxious. hurricanes; their climate is very hot; almost all of law.] A contradiction, real or apparent, between two An'tidotally, An'ti~ho tary, adv. As an antidote. them are ofvolcanic origin; their mountains are bare laws, or two articles of the same law. A/i'tidote, n. [Gr. antidotes, fromm anti, against, and di- and arid, their valleys deep and picturesque. Their kastin'otas, a Bithynian youth, whom the extravagant dosmi, to give.] That which is given against something chief products are sugar, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, and love of the Emperor Adrian has immortalized. Whether evil. A remedy for poison or any evil. That which cotton. Discovered by Columbus, they were afterwards he threw himself into the Nile with the intention of counteracts or prevents any evil effect. tihe centre of the trade of Europe with the New World. preserving the life of Adrian, whom he accompanied Antidot'ic, a. The same as ANTIDOTAL, q. v. They are divided into the Windward islands, Leemward on his travels, or because weary of his own life, is not to Anti-enneahe'dral, a. [Gr. anti, opposite, ennea, Jslands, and Great Antilles. Among them we notice: 1. In be decided. Adrian set no bounds to his grief for his nine, edra, a seat.] (Min.) Applied to crystals having tihe Windward I., Curagao, New Sparta, Trinidad, Gre- loss. Not satisfied with giving the name of his favorite nine faces on two opposite parts. nada, the Grenadines, St. Vincent, Barbadoes, Santa Lucia, to a newly discovered star in the galaxy, (which appelAn'tient, a. See ANCIENT. (R.) Martinique; 2. In the Leeward I., Dominica, Marie Ga- lation is still preserved.) he erected temples in his honor, Antie'tnm, in Maryland, a creelk which, from the S. lande, Les Saintes, Guadaloupe, La Desiderada, Antigua, called cities after him, and caused him to be adored as a part of Pennsylvania, where it rises, flows into Maryland Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitt's, Barbuda, St. Eustatius, god throughout the empire. His image was, therefore, and empties into the river Potomac. Saba, St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, the group of the represented by the arts in every way. Several of these BATTLE oF A.-The above creelk has given its name to Virgin, St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cruz. 3. Grandes figures belong to the finest remmains of antiquity, para memorable and bloody battle fought on the 17th Sept., Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hayti, Jamaica and Cuba, which ticularly the statue called the A. of Belvidere, in the 1862, between the Union army and tihe Confederates. is often termed Queen of the Antilles.-See WEST INDIES. Vatican, found in the bath of Adrian; and the A. of tihe The Union troops numbered 82,844 men, including the Alnti-log'arithm, n. (Math.) A counter-logarithni; Capitol, found in the villa Adrian at Tivoli. " In all the corps of Generals Hooker, Sumner, Porter, Franklin, the complement of a logarithm;- or, more generally, figures of A.," says Winclkelmann, "his countenance has Burnside, and Mansfield, under the command of Gen. the number which a logarithm represents. So, 2 being something melancholy; his eyes are always large, with IMcClellan; but of this force, only 57,614 men appeared the logarithm of 100, 100 is the anti-ogarithm of 2. good outlines; his profile gently descending; and in his in the field; the corps of Generals Porter and Franklinm A'tilope, n. See ANTELOPE. mouth and chin there is something expressed which is numbering 25,230 men, not being engaged. The Confed- An'ti-nmask,. A lesser or subordinate mask; in truly beautiful." erate army, led by General Lee, included the divisions of opposition to the principal mask. (Astron.) See AQULA. Generals Longstreet, Jaclksson, Walker, McLaws, Ander- "Let antimasks not be long; they have been commonly of fools,'ti A OC, AE, ANON, PEOOLS, son, D. H. Hill, and A. P. Hill, time emtire force number- satyrs, baboons, wild men, antics, beasts, &e....." -Bacon. SELEUcIS, now ANTAKIA or RIBLATH, a city of Syria, on ing 40,000 men, of which 38,000 were engaged. The ap- Anti-matirmo'nial, a. Opposed to the S. bank of the river Aaszy (Orontes), 57 m. from ~of darkinmees only put an end to tie dreadfi A nt oei.Gani git mra Aleppo. It is surrounded by walls, enclosing a space of preach of darkness only put an end to the dreadlful AntW~I et~B b/o]~Be, 12. [Gr. an1ti, aga~inst, and metabole, a,vl1mlsilcrnleecnwmsl cuida struggle. The Union loss has been estimated at 11,426, and metabe, several miles in cir c umference, now mo stly occupied as strgle. T Union los a been estimated at 11,42, change.] (Rhet.) A setting of two things in opposition grdens. The houses are built of stone, and have siopkilled and weounded; that of the Confederates at about gadn.Tehue r ulto tnadhv lp kie0,000.dand woned; that of tho Confederates at bot to each other; as, A poem is a speaking picture; a ing roofs, a circumstance unusual in the East. On tihe wn picture is a mute poem." battle0,000. The ctio of A. wos in all resiects a dwn picture is a inste poeno e g whole, the general appearance of tihe place is dull and bmttie. Time Confederates load inflicted a greater abso- dAntim'eter, n. (Opt.) An instrument for measuring umonotonous. Although there are upwards of a dozen lute loss than they had suffered; but they had lost in angles vith precision. nosques, it is said tht there is not a single Chistio proportion to their strength far more than that of the los nin st'r l,. Opposed to the ministry, or moqeiisadtat r is ntaingeh an sustatined by their opponents. At the close of the fight ministr o oemin t church The manufacture of sik is the principal branch the positions of both arnies were nearly the same as at ani-mionai'st'io Aal-msamach'. - of industry. A. was founded by Antigonus, and captured its commencement, and General Lee crossed tihe Poto- ti-noamaola' hal, a. Oppoed to monminch. A by Seleucus, who changed its situation, and called it mao without i hindranpe. But the moral effect of tie A m. Antioch, from his father, Antiochus. Long celebrated as mac, without Ihinirane. But the moral effect of the BAntimonla. el-nist, n. One opposed ] to monarchy. battle was great. It aroused the confidence of the am- Antomo'nis a, a. Pertoining to antimoy. one of the first cities of the ast it wo the residence of tion, who saw in it a sure presage of tihe speedy over- -. the Macedonian kings of Syria, and of the Roman govthrow of the insurrection; aind, what was moore, it eir- Antimo'niai e, i a. (Ch/em.) A salt comiposed of anttiboldened President Lincoln to issue his warning procia- mnoie acid and a salt. The A. are colorless salts; dcommation for the abolition of slavery. — A. Guernsey and posed by feebler acids. The Biieta-ainiae oftash H, ill. A~~~~~~~~den. ~~~posed by feebier acids. The ~Bimrela-antimzoniate of-l-'otash?: —' -:::?-::li[...... H. Al. Alden. is a valuable agent for detecting soda.____ Anti- evangel'ical, a. Opposed to what is evangeli- Ant$imon'e A cid. (iChem.) A straw-yellow powder, i cal; contrary to orthodoxy, or tihe gonuine sense of the tasteless, and insoluble in water. Sp. gr. 6'525. " A iosfael. a.nnt$pfsimo'nious Acid. (6hemin.) A fine white powder, osn'pl.face n. An opposite face. becoming yellow when heated, not decomposed by igni- // Avoiding the secretion of milli. An'timo nite, a. (Ciem.) A salt composed of aitimo - Anti-gala'lice,, a. [Or. anti, n a.Gli, modaacts ul r ~~$il~ie.] (Moed.)A tit omosbu vol atiliedjiii mon fip.~ g/r.''/~~ 6-95 -'~ ~~/'~~... ~~... BAnti-gall'lalao, a. ECGr.C anti, amd Lot. Gallia, Gaul or nious acid and a base. All the A. are colorless, and are /France.] That is hostile to France or to the F'rench. decomnposed by nitric acid. Antig'one, the fruit of the incestuous martiage of Altimony, n. [From Gr. ani, against, and mnos, tEolipus and Jocasta. Though innocent, she bore the alone; so named from being seldom found alone.] (ia.) ~/__ curse ofhro fateing hose.lSoph c e h a (immraien~ "'~'~ —.~._-~.)~~. ~ _~. curse of her father's house. Sophocles mals imumortalized and Choem.) A metal of a silver-white color, with a good hen in a tragedy. deal of lustre, found in nature in the following condiAntig'onius, surnamed the One-eyed; one of the most tions: —1. Native antimony, in obtuse thomboids, sp. remarkable generals of Alexander the Great, who in- gray. 6-72. 2. Arsenite of antimony, sp. grav. 6'13; redtrusted to himn tihe governments of Lydia and Phrygia. dish-gray. 3. Teroxide of antimony, white antinnony When, after the death of Alexander, his generals divided 4. Seequi-sulphie of antimony, the black antimony of his conquests among themselves, he obtained tihe Grenter the shops. 5. ted antimony, 5b050 SbS3 in capillary P'hrygia", LyciaL, and Pa m phylia; ai'ter whichl his aml~ition Pygia, Lyci, and Pampylia; after wi his miton crystals. Besides, A. occurs associated in greater or led him to enlarge his territories. He fimnally conquered smaller proportions withi many metals, as in antimo- Asia, B. c. 311. le assumed then the title of king, and nial copper, antimonial nickel, antimonial silver. It invaded Egypt, but foiled; and hhaving excited thie fuses at 8100, or just at the red heat. Its texture is jealousy of his rivals, they, comnbining, defeated him at fibrous or foliated; it is brittle and easily pulverized. the battle of Ipsus, in which he was slain, B.c. 301. When heated wiite lot by the blowpipe, and thrown Ackti-'onuns GoNAosU, a icing of Macedon, was a son on the table, it burns and snmokes, yielding an ox- of Demetrius Poliorcetes and grandson of the labove, n.c. ide. The principal properties of this metal were first 277.-His kingdom was twice taken; first, by Pyrrhus discovered by Bosil Valentine touards the end of the Pig. 148.- THE MODERN ANTIOCH. king of Epirus, and secondly, by Alexoander, son of tme 13th ceitury. There are three oxides of antimony. tna — ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~1t Ituy Thr ar_ -he oxde of antimony. (Antakia.) latter. H~e euheequemotly broumgmt lilnseif into voniance The protoxide consists of'65 antimony + 12 oxygen; it evitho the Achotoo;n l50nu5: 0. 230. is a grayish-white powder, eminently purgative, sudo- ernors. It is frequently mentioned in the New TestaAntig'onusa~~ Dosoe, a. kting of Mancedon, and grand- rifle, and emetic, and as such omf minch importance in ment, and the name Chmristians was first given to the son of Bemetrius Polimorcotes. On time death of Benme- medicine. It is the active base of esmmetic tasrtar and of disciples of Christ in this city (Acts xi. 26). In the 7th inns II., n.e. 229, line woes appointed to the guardianmip JcJames's Powder. Tihe other oxides of antimony, from century it'eas taken by the Saracens, and in the 11th of Philip, son of the latter; smsuumed time gsvernin0 combining with certain bases, have been antimonious by the Crusaders, who established a principality by its pomver,ond umarnied time qeen-umother. He co-operated and antimonie acids; they consist respectively of 65 name. Boimmonod was the first ruler. Once richer and vith Aratus and. time Achmian league na~iimst CleomenEs, antimony ~ 16 oxygen, and 65 +- 20. The combination grander than Rome itself, but often ruined by earthkiing of Spart~a, invaded Laconia in 221, andc gain5 tie of chlorine and antimony wams known to the old chemists qnaikes, and finally razed ly the Manmeluikes, in 1269, battle of Sehiasiat, conqunered Sparta. ~Itsevasengaged under the name of Bmmlter sf antissony. The principal the Qmmeeom of the East is now only a small town in the in thme worlc of re-establishing time old insmtitutions of ore of antimony is the sumphuret; it is met with in euom- pachalic of Aleppo. P'op. abt. 18,000. Sparta, when an invasion of the Illyrians called Inim to merce, melted into conical ingots under the name of Ass'tioch us PusmumA. (Anc. Geog.) See YAssnAxcin. Macedlonia. H~e defeorteol timeou. and died shortly afto-, crude astimnony. It is of a bluish-gray color. metallic An'tiocl, in Alabasama, 0 post-office of Picikens co. B.c. 2:0. He scsquieol time sn-rnammme Dosmn (aloout to gire), lustre, and o striated textmure; sp. grmov. 4-62. It is minuch l bn'tioesI, in Californoia, a post-village of Contra Costa from his readiness to proomise, amod tardiness to perforin. more easily fusible tihami the pure metal. —A. formi co., at the mouth of San Joachim river and at theE. end ANTI ANTI ANTI 107 of Saisun Bay, abt. 40 m. E.N.E. of San Francisco. There Alexander was abroad, hlie left Antipater in the govern- ancient.] To make old or obsolete. (o.) To make void are large copper smelting-works, and mines of stone-coal ment of Macedon; and by his prudent management lie or abrogate. in the neighborhood. Pop. abt. 600. preserved Greece tranquil. On the death of his master, An'tiquated, p. a. Grown old; obsolete; out of use, An'tioeh, in S. Carolinca, a post-village of York district. Antipater obtained the European provinces. Not long Antique', a. [Fr. from Lat. antiquus.] Ancient; old; An'$toeh, in Georgia, a post-village of Troup co., abt. after, the confederate states of Greece attacked him: not modern. 12 m. W.N.W. of La Grange. but he subdued them, and subverted their democratic "Now, good Cesario, but that piece of song, An'tioelh, in Illinois, a post-village and township of forms of government; on which he was called the "father That old and antique song we heard last night."- Shaks. Lake co., abt. 50 m. N.W. by N. of Chicago; pop. 1,494. of Greece." IHis last advice to his successor was "never -Of genuine antiquity. An'tioeh, in Indiana, a post-village of Huntington co., to admit a woman to meddle in state affairs." ID. 318 My capper lamps, at any rate, on the Wabash river and canal, 6 m. W. of Huntington. a. c.-There were two other kings of this name. For being true antique I bought."-Prir. An'tioeh, in Ohio, a post-village of Monroe co., 128 m. Antiptiathet'ie, Antipatliet'ical, a. Having a E. of Columbus; pop. abt. 200. natural contrariety or constitutional aversion to a per- -Of old fashion. Anftioeh, in Tennessee, a post-village of Davidson co., son or thing. "aForth came that ancient lord and aged queen, on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 9 m. S.E. of Antipath'ic, a. Having opposite affections. Arrayd in antique robes dawn to the graund"-Faerie Queen. Nashville. Antip'athlist, n. That which has antipathy. -Odd; wild; antic. An'tioeh, in Texas, a post-office of Lavaca co. Antlip'anthy, n. [Fr. antipatie, from Gr. anti, against, Antique or Ancient Art. See FINE AnRs. -a post-village of Gibson co. and pathis, feeling.] A feeling against; a natural enmity Antiqase', ns. Anything very old; the remains or relica An'tioln, BAY OF, in the Mediterranean, commanded or aversion of one thing toward another. In a more re- of ancient times. - Geenerally applied to busts, statues, by mountains 5,000 ft. high; Lat. between 350 and 360 stricted sense, A. denotes the natural aversion which an paintings, and vases, the works of Grecian and Roman N.; Lon. 360 E. Some ruins situated on the N. side are animated and sensitive being feels toward some object antiquity. probably those of the ancient port of Antioch, Selcucia presented to it, either in reality or imagination; the Anliquae'ly, adv. In an antique manner. Pieria. cause of which is often mysterious andinexplicable. Sllch An —tiaqute'ness, n. Quality of being antique. Anti'ochus I., KINC OF SYRIA, was the father of the is the aversion of which some persons are conscious IAn'tiquist, n. An anitiquary. (a.) famous Seleucus, q. v., by his wife Leodice., under the apprehension or at the sight of particular Anltiq'stity, n. [Fr. antiqeiti, from Lat. antiquitas.] ANTIOCHUS II., SOTeR, carried on many unsuccessfnl wars, objects, as cats, mice, spiders, serpents, &c. The greater Ancient times; former ages; people of ancient times; and is chiefly known for his love of his stepmother, part of antipathies arise from prejudice; many firom great age; quality of being ancient.-See ANCIENT. Stratonice. Though he endeavored to subdue his pas- terrors inspired in infancy; and, in most cases, reflection ANTIQUITIES, pl. of Antiquity, is used to signify all sion, it threw him into a lingering sickness; which coln- and a gradual accustoming of ourselves to the objects that belongs to a knowledge of the politics, manners, tinued till the king's physician, Erasistratus, perceived of our dislike will weaken or remove the feeling of religion, literature, and arts of the nations of antiquity; the cause, and disclosed it to his father, who, thereupon, aversion; yet there are instances of incurable A.,which or, of thie modern nations until the existing order of from love to his only son, gave him his young anid beau- seems to have its seat in the nervous system. things commenced. Since the beginning of the 18th tiful bride in marriage. Antiperis'tasis, n. [Gr. from anti, against, and century, the arts have been made a separate branct ANTioCHUS II., THE CGREAT, peristasis, circumstance.] Tihe antagonism of an opposite of antiquarian research. son of Seleucus Cellini- or antithetical quality, owing to which the quality so Antirrhin'eae, n.pl. (Bst.) A tribe of plants, subcus, D. 238 a. C. He snc- opposed gains additional force or strength. ord. Antirrhinidece. ceeded his brother, Se- (Rhet.) A figure of speech, which, while admitting Antirrhinid'ew, n. pZ. (Boe.) A sub-order ofplant. leucus Cerainnus, as kling an opponent's assertion, rejects the inference it seeks to ord. Scrophular-iacece. DIAG.: Inflorescence entirely cenof Syria in 223. After convey. tripetal or compound. Estivation of the corolla bilabisuccessful wars against Antiphiogisl'ic, a. and n. [From Gr. anti, against, ately imbricated, the two upper segments being external. Ptolemy Philopater and' and phlogizo, to burn.] (Med.) That counteracts burning Antir'rhinusn, n. [Or. anti, like, cinc, nose; from the Parthians, he en- heat, or inflammation. the resemblance of the flowers to the snout of some gaged in a eontest with - ~/hao nlmiain gaged in a"contest with A. Thieory. (Chess.) The phlogistic theory of Stahl animal.] (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe Antirrhineee. the Romans, for which, considered oxides of metals as simple bodies, and the The species A. majis, or great snapdragon, is a showy with the aid of Hannibal, metals as compounds of the oxide with an hypothetical garden plant, 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers large, pink-colored, he made great prepari- substance, phlogiston. Lavoisier started the antiphlo- the lower lip white, and the mouth yellow, with a gibtions. He did not, how- Ns gistic theory now in use, which considers the metals as bous prominence at the base beneath. There arevarieties ever, enter fully into the simple, and the oxides compounds of metals and oxygen. with scarlet, scarlet and white, and double flowers. plans of this general, snd A'tiplHson, the Rhamnusian, an Athenian orator, Antisa'na, a hamnlet in the Andes of Quito, rep. of sent only one arimy to and the first to lay down rules of oratory, lived in the Ecuador, 13,500 ft. above the level of the sea. It is Greece, which remicined / 5th century n.c.-There-are 16 orations under his name, probably the highest inhabited place on the surface of inmactive, and was defeat- 5 in the collection of ancient orators. the globe. ad first at Therniopylm,, Ants ista'eoni, Astiptiona'ica, a. Pertaining to Ant$i'seians, anid Anti'scil, n. pl. [From Gr. anti, and several times by sea, antiphony. opposite, and scia, a shadow.] (Geog.) The people who till at length lie becaue.. ) Antiphs'esos5ry, AeTIPH'ONAL, ANTIPH'ONAR, a. A book live on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at so dishl e rtened that he \ of antiphlonias o- anthemss. noon are cast in cootrary directions. did not evencontest wilh e Ant pam'o/y, or ANTIPION, n. [From Gr. anti, against, Antisep'tia, a. [From Gr. anti, against, and septos, the Itomnans the passage and phone, voice, sound.] (Msus.) Opposition or alter- putrid.] (Nleed.) Preventing or obviating putrefaction. into Asia Minor, where s nation in sound; the answer of one choir to another, -n. (lMed.) Substances which prevent animal substances they gained a victory at when an anthem or psalm is sung alternately by two from passing into a state of putrefaction, or obviate Magnesia, and obliged choirs; alternate singing. putrefaction when already begun; as, cinchona, cuspahim to contract a dis- Antll'rasis, n. [Or. from anti, and phrazo, to speak.] rin, chianamuelunm, camphor, assafcetida, &c. graceful peace. After- Hg. 140- TETRADRAcnSI oR (Rhet.) The use of words in a sense opposite to their Antiso'eial, a. Hostile or averse to civil society. ~wards, atteptin ATTIC AN OF AN'IIUS I proper meaning, or the affirmation of a thing by denying Antispasmoad'ie, a. and n. [From Gr. anti, against, take away the treasures A C TALEN o ANT US. it to be the contrary; as, He is noe.feel. and spasmos, a spasm.] (Med.) Possessing the power from the temple of Jupi- Obverse: Head of the king. Aptlphrllh'sqtc, Autipihras'tieal, a. Relating of allaying or removing inordinate motions in the sye_Reverse: Basilebs Antiochou -two ter Elymieus, he was monograms in field, — and Apollo to, or containing, antiphrasis. tem, particularly those involuntary contractions which slain, with all his fol- seated on Cortina. Anltttphras'tieally, adv. By way of antiphrasis. takle place in nmuscles naturally subject to the command lowers;. C. 187. Antilpol (an'ti-pod), a.; pl. ANTIpoDEs (an-liplo-dez). of the will. Spasnm ray arise firom various causes. ANrTIOCHUS Iv., EPIPHANIs, son of the preceding, after [From Gr. anti, opposite, and pous, podos, a foot.] One of the most frequent is a strong continuous irria captivity of many years at Itome, succeeded his The nasme given to those inhabitants of the earth who tation, such as dentition, or worms. In these cases, brother 8eleucus Philopater on the throne of Syriat, n.e. are diametrically opposite to each other, and, of course, narcotics prove useful by diminishing irritability and 175. The principtal events of his reign were a war with turn their feet toward each other. The zenith of the sensibility. Sometimes spasm arises from mere deEgypt for the repossession of the provinces lost by his one is the nadir of the other. The antipodes live in bility, and the obvious means of removing this is by the father, and his persecution of the Jews, which occasioned similar but opposite latitudes, and their longitudes differ use of tonics. The miarcotics used as A. are ether, opium, the insurrection of the Maccabees. For his cruelty and 180 degrees. Hence the difference in their days is about camphor. The principal tonics are cuprusm, zincum, vices he received the name of Epimanes, or the "2admcan." 12 hours, and their seasons are reversed. The spherical hydrargyrum, cinchlona. D. B.C. 165.-Many other kings, under the name of A., form of the earth naturally leads us to the idea of the An'tisp- st, ANTISPAS'TUS, n. [Gr. anti, and spao, to with various surnames, succeeded, till at last, A. Asiati- antipodes, of whose existence some idea was entertained draw forth.] (Pros.) A tetrasyllabic foot composed of cus was expelled from his dominions by Pompey, and even before the age of Cicero. an iambus and a trochee. Syria became a Roman province. Antip'i'e(al, a. Relating to the antipodes. Antis'tasis, n. [Gr. from anti, and stasis, a standing.] Ansti'oco, a fertile island lying to the S.W. of Sardinia, An1tqi-pope, n. (Eccl. Hist.) The name given to thiose (Rhet.) The justification of an action by showing the in thi Mediterranean, 8 m. long and 3 broad. Pop. 2,300. who, at different periods, have produced a schism in the expediency of having done it. Antiolontail'lge, n. [Gr. anti, against, -nd odontal- Roman Catholic Church, by opposing the authority of Antis'thenes, a Greek philosopher, and founder of the gia, the toothache.] (ledl.) A remedy against thie tooth- the pope, under the pretence that they were themselves school of Cynics. He was a native of Athens, and disciple ache. popes. In many cases both competitors for the papal of Socrates. He made virtue to consist in voluntary Anti'ope. (Myth.) Daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes chair (sometimes there were even three) were equally abstinence, and independence of exterior circumstances. (according to IHomer, of the river Asopus), renowned tanti-popes; that is to say, the claimns of all were equally Diogenes was his most distinguished scholar. His nuthrough all Greece for her uncommon beauty. Epopeus, good. Each was frequently supported by whole nations, merous works are all lost. Lived, 400 B.c. king of Sicyon, carried her off, and married her; but and the schism was nothing but a struggle of political Antis'trephon, a. [Or. antistrephomai, to turn back.] Lycus, the successor of Nycteus, who had promised him interests, which induced particular governments to sup- (Rhet.) An argument which may be retorted. to punish his daughter, slew Epopeus, and carried A. port a pope against the pope supported by other govern- Antis'trophe, n. [Fronm Or. anti, and strepho, to turn.] prisoner to Thebes, where he delivered her to his wife, minents. Those were the most unhappy periods of tihe (Poet.) The alternate verse in ancient poetry, which Dirce, by whom she was treated with the greatest cruelty. Itoman Church, when to many other evils were added was divided into strophe and antistrophe. In reciting She was fortunate enough to escape, and was avenged violent contests between rival candidates for the papal their odes, the chorus turned fiom the left to the right by Zethus and Amphion, her sons, whom she boasted to chair; and the consciences of the honest believers were at the A., and vice versd. have conceived in the embraces of Jupiter. —The rest of offended and perplexed by the excommunications which (Rhe.) An alternate conversion of the same words her history is told in a variety of ways. the adversaries thandered against each other. —Amadeums into different sentences; as, " Your servant, sir; — sir, Atnioqui'ms, Santa F4 de, a town of New Granada, ~III., dukre of Savoy, was the last anti-pope. He was your servant." S. America. It is the principal town of a district trading elected Icy the council of Basle, in 1439, in opposition to Antistroph'ite, a. Belonging to antistrophe. in sugar and nmize. Pop. 3,500. Eugene IV. and Nicholas V. But he renounced his title Ant~i-Tasi'sas am extensive chain of mountains in Akntip'esdobap'tist, a. [Or. anti, against, and Eng. in favor of the latter in 1449. Turkiey-in-Asia, forming one of the most considerable pardo-baptist.] A Baptist. ] Antip O'sis, a. [Or. anti, against, and ptosis, a failing.] ramificattions of Mount Taurus, with which it connects JAntipar'alleis, n. pl. (Geem.) The name given to (Cries.) A figure by which one case is put for another. near the sonrces of the Kizil-Irmak in Caraoaminia. straight lines which, by cutting two given straight Ant~ iyret'i, ca. I(Or. anti, and pyretos, fever.] (Med.) Commenciug to the N.E. of the Cilician pass, it runs E. lines, nmake with them equalangles, though in a contrary A remedy against a fever. and N.E., separates the plain of El-Bostan from that order. A ntimqaa'aian, a. Pertaining to auntiquaries or to of Cw.esareaz-Macaca, and extending N.E. to the sosrcen of 8antip'aros, an island in the Grecian archipelago, be- antiqsuity. the Northern Halys, E. of Sives, from thence runs E. to tween Paros and Sipiainto, 16 m. in circuit. Lat. 370 2' — n. One versed in antiquities; an antiquary. the Euphrates. The. two parallel ranges of the A. amid N.: Lon. 25 13' E. Aantiqns'o'ianismsn, so. Love or kinowledge of antiq- the Paryadres, on tie S. and N. respectively, form the Anttipl'sa ler, TTu MIsCcuO;UI.sN, pupil of Aristotle, and uities.'. tapper v~hyley of tche Northern Halys, the apex of which the itaithful minister of Philip and Alexaiider. Whiea An'tiqniate, v. a. [hat. anotique, from antiquus, old,, is fbundl;at their junction, The A. may be most prop 108 ANTO ANTO ANTW erly denominated the Northern Taurus, as it crosses the Antoine'.de-Tilly, St., in Lower Canada, a village Antononza'sia, n. [Gr., from anti, instead of, and Euphrates, and, running E. through Armenia, separates and parish of Lotbiniere co., 24 m. S.W. of Montreal, on onoma, a name.] (Rhet.) A mode of spealking in which a the valley of the Morad, or southern arm of the Euphra- the S. side of the river St. Lawrence. person is addressed or described by some general term in tes, from that of its northern, the Karasu. An'toinette. See MlARIe ANTOINETTE. place of his proper name; as, a Cicero for an orator; a Antithl'esis, n. [Gr. from anti, and tithemi, to place.] Antommare'hi, FRANCEsco, a distinguished French Nere for a tyrant, &c. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which two things are anatomist, B. in Corsica; was physician to Napoleon I. Anitonoma.s'tieal ly, adv. By way ofantonomasia. attempted to be made more striking, by being set in at St. Helena. D. at St. Antonio, Cuba, 1844. An'ftrim, a county of Ireland, pryov. of Ulster, bounded opposition to each other. "Antitheses, well managed," Anto'nelli, GIACOMO, CARDINAL, prime-minister of Pope N. and E. by the sea, S. by Lough Neagh and the county says Bohours, "give infinite pleasure in the perusal of Pins IX., B. 2d April, 1808. His father was a woodcutter of Down, and W. by the county of Londonderry. Area, works ofgenius; they have nearly the same effect in near Terracina, in Italy. Educated at the Seminario 1,164 sq. m. —Desc. Mountainous near the coast, and language as lights and shadows in painting, which a Romnano, A. was, in 1841, appointed under-secretary to the S.W. abounds with bogs. A stupendous assemblage goodl artist distributes with propriety; or the fiats and the Minister of the Interior, and in 1845, Grand Treasurer of basaltic columns, the Giant's Causeway, is seen on the sharps in music, which are mingled by a skilful master." to tihe Apostolic Chamber, and Minister of Finance. He, miaritime confines of A., as also Fair Head, and other The beautiful antithesis of Cicero, in his second Catili- as a politician of liberal views, at this time enjoyed the lofty capes and promontories. — Rivers. The principal narian, may serve as an example: "On the one side favor of the pope. In 1847 he received a cardinal's hat. are the Bann, and the Laggan. — Manuf. Linen yarn, steands modesty, on the other impudence; on the one As Minister of Finance, A. was a member of the Council wool, canvas, paper, &c. Considerable fisheries are carfidelity, on the other deceit; here piety, there sacrilege; established by the pope, and also president of the council- ried on. — Elbwns. The chief are Antrim, Belfast, Carhere continency, there lust," &c. By too frequent use, extraordinary, instituted by the government to inquire rickfergus, and Lisburn. Pop. abt. 350,000. A. becomes tedious; as such, it is too often observable into thereforms thought niecessary. Taksing alarm, how- ANTRIm, a town and parish in the above county, situate at in the best works of one of the most eminent modern ever, at the progress of revolutionary principles, which the north end of Lough Neagh. Polo. of parish, abt. writers, Victor Hugo. he considered was to a great degree owing to his hitherto 5,500; of town, abt. 3,000. Antithet'ia, Antithet'i al, a. Pertaining or re- liberal policy, A. resigned office, and was succeeded by An'trim, in diichigan, a county in the N.W. part of the lating to antithesis. Mamiani and Rossi. When Pius IX. fled to Galta, he lower peninsula, bordering on Grand Traverse Bay, Antithet'iaally, adv. In am antithetic manner. made A. his chief secretary, and the head of a special Lalke Michigan. Area, abt. 700 sq. us. op. ablt. 2,000. Antitr'a'gistis, i. [Froin ANTITvRAGUs.] (Anat.) One commission to reform thie administration of the States -a post-tbwnship of Shiawassee co., abt. 60 mi. N.W. of of the proper muscles of the ear, the use of which is to of the Church. The pope, on his return to Rome in 1850, Detroit. turn up the tip of the antitragus a little outward, and appointed A. Minister of Foreign Affaiirs, and head of An'trim, in Minnesota, a post-office of Watonwan co. to depress the extremity of the antihelix toward it. the government, which authority lie continues to hold. An'trin, in New Hampshire, a post-township of HillsAntit'ragus, a. [Gr. anti, and Lat. t-agus, q. v.] (Anat.) A. is supposed by many to be more liberal in his political borough co., 25 in. S.W. of Concord, and lying on the An eminence of the outer ear, opposite to the tragus. views than either the pontiff or his own colleagues; Contoocook river; pop. abt. 1,350. Anti-trinit;'~rians, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) The name while, by others, he is accused of being the promoter of A'trimn., in Ohio, a post-village of Madison township, given to all who do not receive the doctrine of the divine most of the reactionary measures which have, of late in Guernsey co., 91 m. E. by N. of Columnbus. Trinity, as it is represented by the Nicene and Athana- years, brought the papal governsent into unpopularity -a township of Wyandotte co., abt. 58 mn. N. by W. of sian creeds, and either put the Son and the Holy Spirit in with the world at large. Blhnd and suave in manner, Columbus. the Godhead below the Father, or consider Christ merely he is yet inscrutable in his designs. An'tri'm, in Pennsylvania, a township of Franklin co. a msan, and the Iholy Spirit an arbitrary personification Anto'nello, or ANTONIO DA MESSINA, the first Italian An'triman City, in Alichigan, a post-village of Antrim of the divine mind. In the early period of the Chris- who painted in oil, which art he learned of John Van co. tian church, parties maintaining these sentiments were Eyck, in Flanders. In Italy, hlie imparted the secret to Anltua'cao, a volcanic mountain in the Andes of Chili, very numerous, especially thie Arians, Sabellians, and Bellini and Dominico. The latter commnunicated it to Lat. 360 50' S.; Lon. 700 30' W. Its altitude, recently Pneumiatomnachists. The name Anti-Trinitarian first Andrea del Castagno, who, from the desire of gain, basely corrected, is 9,051 ft. The snusmit is steep on all arose in the 16th century, and was applied to Socinians, assassinated him. Thus, by these incidents, oil-painting sides, but nearly perpendicular towards the N. After or Unitarians, who remonstrated against the system of soon spread over Italy. Antonio flourished about 1450. the peaks of Teneriffe and Cotopaxi, it is probably the Episcopius, who died in 106-13, and to a great number of B. at Messina, about 1413; i. at Venice, 1493. most pointed mountain known. theologians, who ventured in their writings to maintain Anto'lia, the name of some eminent Roman ladies, the Ant'werp, [Fr. Anvers,] a prov. of Belgium, situated the preceding opinion. Many were unwilling to ac- most remiarkable of whom was the wife of Drusus, the between Lat. 510 and 510 30' N., and Lou. 40 10' and 50 knowledge Anti-trinitarians as Christians, esteeming son of Livia, and brother of Tiberius. She became 10' E.; bounded on the N. and N.E. by the Dutch prov. them enemies to the fundamental doctrines of Christi- mother of three children, Germnanicus, Calignla's father; of N. Brabant; on the S.E. by the prov. of Linaburg; on anity; or even to tolerate them in Christian States. Thie Claudius the emiperor, and the debauched Livia. Lived the S. by S. Brabant; on the W. it is separated from E. Spanish Protestant, Michael Servetus, was burned at Ge- A. D. 38. Flanders by the Scheldt. —Area, 1,094 sq. m. —Rivers, neva, in 1553, at the instigation of Calvin, on account of Alto'0 ina, St., a town of France, dep. of Tarn-et-Ga- the Scheldt, the Great and Little NMthe, which unite this heresy, and the severest edicts were once issued ronne, at the confluence of the Aveyron and thie Bonnette, and form the Ruppel, the Dyle, and the Senne.-Desc. against them in England. An Einglish clergyman, how- 22 mn. E.N.E. of Montauban.-Mansf. Serges and paper. The surface is a perfect level, and so low that water ever, Theophilus Lindsey, at London, in 1774, and a Pop. 5,152. may always be found at a depth of 8 to 10 inches. In merchant, William Christie, at Montrose, in Scotland, Asto'lninus, the philosopher. See MARcus AURELIus. the N. and E. districts are extensive moorlands, presentformed Unitarian congregationis, who separated them- Anato'ninus PiusTIous AURELIUS FULVIUS, a Roman ing numerous lakes and morasses. The best agricultuselves from the established Church, since which time emperor, B. at Lanuvium, A.D. 86. Born of a wealthy ral soil is in the arrond. of Mechlin.-Prod. Corn in great they have become numerous, both in England and Amer- family, he successively attained the dignities of qunstor, supply, madder, hops, tobatco, rapeseed, and lint. - ica.- See UNITARIANs. pr,-etor, and consul; became pro-consul of Asia, and, re- lianf. Lace, silk, printed calicoes, linen and cotton fabAntit'ropons, and Antit'ropal, a. [Gr. anti, op- turning to Rome, obtained the favor of the emperor rics, straw hats, wax cloth, tobacco, and salt. Sugarposite, and trepo, to turn.] (Bet.) Applied to the em- Adrian, who, in 138, adopted him as his successor. He refineries, distilleries of vinegar, breweries, soap-works, bryo which has time radicle pointing away from the hilum. succeeded to the throne the same year. His reign was and tanneries are numerons.-Hist. Before Caesar's conAn'titype, n. [Gr. anti, and typos, a type.] (I'heol.) peaceful and prosperous, but without historical events of quest it was inhabited by the Ambivarites. The marqunisThat which answers to, or is shadowed out by a type or importance. Tenmperate and simple in his private life, ate of A. first appears in history in the year 1080. By the emblem; that of which the type is the pattern or pre- ever ready to assist the necessitous, and an admirer of marriage of the Archduke Maximilian with Mary of figuration; — so, the paschal lamb was a type, to which virtue and wisdom, he was truly the father of his people. Burgundy, it came into the possession of the house of our Saviour, the Lamb of God, was the antitype. Ite often repeated those beautiful words of Scipio: "I Austria; in 1795 it formed the French dep. of DeuxAntityp'ical, a. Pertaining to an antitype; explain- had rather preserve the life of a citizen than destroy a N'thes; in 1814 it was made a part of the kingdom of ing the type. thousand enemies." His wise frugality enabled himn to the Netherlands, and in 1830 it became a province of Antityp'calily, adv. By way of antitype. diminish the taxes. The persecutions of the Christians Belgium. A inm'tum, a naritime town of Italy, built upon a prom- he speedily abolished. The senate gave him the aur- ANT'WERP, cap. of the above prov. and the principal seaontory, 32 miles fronm Ostiumn. It was the capital of the name Pius, because, in gratitude to the nmemory of port of Belgium, is situated on the right bank of the Volsci. Camillus took it, and carried all the beaks of Adrian, his second father, he had built a temple in honor Scheldt, 45 m. above Flushing or the mouth of the its ships to Rome, and placed them in the Forum on a of him. A. has been called, from his amiable character river, 75 m. S. of Amsterdam, 25 ni. due N. of Brussels. tribunal, which thence was called Rostrum. The Ens- and wise rule, the second Numia. Both his wife Faustina, It contains 11 canals, which penetrate to the interior of peror Nero was born here. and his daughter, the wife of Marcus Aurelius, were Antiva'ri, a town of Tnurkey-in-Europe, 19 m. W. of notorious for their depravity of life. He died A. D. 161, Scutart; Lat. 420 15' 74 years old, having reigned 23 years. The whole king20"f N.; Lon. 170 4V dom lamented him, and the following emperors assumed 13" E. Pop. about his name ias an honor. 4,000.'~ Alntonins, MARcus, a Roman consul, and once governor Ant'ler, n. [0. Fr. en- of Cilicia. He subsequently became censor, and one of toilier; Fr. andouil- the most eminent Roman orators. Cicero considers that /er, probably from it was he who established Rome as a rival in eloquence Let. ante, before.] to Greece. A. was killed in the civil war of Marius and That which projects Sylla, B. c. 87. over the forehead; A;ntonlus, MARcus, the great triumvir, grandson of a start or branch of the preceding, was i. 85 a. C.- After a profligate youth, a stag's horn. In fig. b he earned distinction as a soldier both in Syria and 150, a is the brow Egypt; joined Julius Cesar in Gaul, and became his antler, b the bezant- s taounch adherent. Made qunstor, augur, and tribune, lem-, c the royal ant- he participated in tile great victory of Pharsalia, was ler, d the sun-royal or made consul along with Cesar, B.c. 44, and offered him crown antler. Pig. 150. —STAG'S HORN. the royal title. After the death of Cesar, A. was opAnt'lered, a. Furnished with antlers. posed by Octavius (Augustus), who defeated him at Ant'liBa, it. (Pysiol.) The proboscis or long spiral tongue Mutina. The two, however becoming reconciled, were of the insects belonging to the ord. Lepidoptera. When joined with Lepidus in the formation of the first triumthis organ in a butterfly is extended, it forms a long suc- virate. Cicero was a victim to the hatred of A. in the - torial tube, and when coiled up represents a flat spiral, proscription which afterward took place. At Philippi like the mainspring of a watch. the republican army of Brutus and Cassius experienced Achnt'-l~ike, a. having the habits of ante; industrious; defeat, and the loss of its leaders. —A., later, visited provident. Greece and Asia, and met the famous Cleopatra, queen Ant'-li'os, n. (Zab.) The common name of the Myr- of Egypt, to whose beauty and fascinations he succuibed, sneteon, q. v. and with whom he made a long stay. On the death of I'' - Antce'ai, or ANTE'CIANS, a. ph. [From Go'. anti, and oikeo, his wife Fulvia, he had married, in 40 B.c., Octavia, sister ] I to dwelh.] (Geog.) Those inhabitants of the earth who of Augustus, whom in a few years he divorced through Ii live under the same meridian, but on different sides of his inituation for CleopaLtra'the tiumuvirats was re-es-: the equator, and at equal distances from it. tablished in 37. After his invasion of Parthia and ArmeAntoine', in Arkansas, a post-office of Clark co. nia, A. asunned despotic' power, which caused the ovr, Antoine', St., in Lowesr Canada, a village of Vercheres ending with his total overthrow at the battle of Actium, Fig 151 ANTWIRP O4TiEIRAL. co., about 35 m. from Montreal. and the tniumph of Augustus, B. c. 21. A. retired to the town, and connect its port with Mechlin, Lomnvain, Antoine' de la Bate, St. See LA BAIE isa FanosRE. Egypt, and there destroyed himself,. c. 30. and Brussels. The Exchange, burned in 1858, was the ANY APAR APEN 109 finest in Europe. The Cathedral is one of the finest Anlyhow, adv. In any way; in any circumstance; in Apart', adv. Separately from the rest in place. specimens of Gothic architecture. It has 66 chapels; any case. "I watlk aside, and in a way apart from the multitde."-Raleigh. and the paintings above the altars are by Rubens, who An'ywhere, adv. In any place. is buried here in the church of St. James; the most cele- Ani'ywise, adv. In any manner. a state of distinction; as, to set apart for any use. brated of these productions, The Descent frsom the Cross, is An'zin, a town of France, dep. of the Nord, 3 m. WV. of -Distinctly. generally considered his chiefwork. The church is 500 ft. Valenciennes. In the neighborhood are the richest coal "Moses first comprehended waters in the word earth; but afterlong, 230 wide, and 360 high; the steeple is 336 ft. high, mines in France. They have been worked since 1734, and wards he nameth them aopart." —taleigh. and ascended by 620 steps. The Museum of A. contains some of the pits are as much as 1,500 ft. in depth. Pop. -At a distance; retired from the other company. 127 chef-d'oeuvres of the Flemish school. There are also 6,307.''So please you, madam, a royal academy of arts, a public library, a botanical Ao ai,'s. (Anc. Geog.) A name sometimes given to a To put apart these your attendants, garden, a medical school, and a great military arsenal. part of Boeotia. — The Parnassus was named Aonian I shalt bring Emilia forth."-/so. The city is environed with a high wall, and is also de- llount, as being the residence of the Muses, or Aonides. pas'trment, n. [Fr. apparteooent, from dpart, separate.] fended by a large, strong, and regular cit;tdel, erected -A fountain sacred to the Muses, near Mount Hielicon, A part of a house or building separated from other parts by the duke of Alva in 1568. This celebrated citadel was also named Aonio, by partitions; a room. sustained sundry blockades and sieges in 1576, 1583, Ato'nia, in Georgia, a post-office of Wilkes co., 44 m, V. — pl. A suite of rooms; lodgings. 1585, 1706, 1748, 1789, 1792, 1793, 1814, and 1832. No by N. of Augusta. Apateelite, s. (Min.) Apersulphate of iron, resembling expense was spared by Napoleon I. to deepen the river, A'lorist, n. [Gr. aoeristes, from a, priv., and hseros, bound, copiapite. enlarge the harbor, and strengthen the fortifications of limit.] (Gram.) An indefinite past tense in the Greelk verb. Apathettic, APA'THE'ICAL, APATmIS'mICAL. a. Having A., which he intended to make one of his principal naval Aoris'tic, a. Pertaining to an aorist, or indefinite past or showing apathy; void of feeling; free from passion; stations. — The commerce of A. is still considerable, tense; indefinite. insensible; indifferent. though far below what it was in the 15th and 16th centu- Aor'ta, n. [Gr. aorte, from aeiro, to raise up.] (Anat.) Ap'athilst, n. One without feeling. ries. There are large ship-building yards and dry-docks; The great artery of the body (see Fig. 120) which arises Ap'athyY n. [Fr. spathie, from Gr. a, priv., and pathos, and the diamond-cutters, like those of Amsterdam, have from the upper and back part of tihe left ventricle of the feeling, passion.-Want of feeling or passion; insensibila European celebrity. T'rhe Flemish is the language of heart, forms a curvature in the chest, and descends into ity indifference; stoicism; unconcern. the majority of the people, but French is generally in the abdomen.-See Aa.'rnR, and CImcUravTION. "In lazy apathy let Stoics boast use among the higher classes.-Hist. This celebrated city Aor'ital, Aoa'tia, a. Pertaining to the aorta. Their virte fixed.'-Pope. boasts of great antiquity. Ravaged by the Normans in Aos'l$a, a prov. of Italy, in Piedmont, 55 m. in length Ap'atin, in Heungary, a town of Bacs co., situated on' 836 or 837, it attained the acm8 of its splendor in the and 40 in breadth; bounded on the N. by Switzerland, the left side of the Danube, S. of Baja. It has a trade beginning of the 16th century. In 1500, A. contained and separated on the WV. from Savoy by the Alps. in hemp, silk, and madder. Pop. 7,886. more than 200,000 inhabitants. In 1576 it was plun- Mountains surround it on the N. and S., and at its W. Ap'atite, n. (Min.) See Limo, PoosPRATs or. dered by the Spaniards; it surrendered to Marlborough corner is Mont Blanc. It forms one long and fertile Apse, n. [A.S. apa.] (Zoei.) See SIMIADn. in 1706; the French took it in 1746, but restored it at the valley, through which runs the Doire. - Goitre is com- -A servile imitator; a simpleton. treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; it was again taken by tihe mon among the inhabitants, who are accounted squalid " My lady's ape, that imitated all her fashions...." —Fabbes. French in 1794, and occupied for 20 years. The last and filthy to an extreme. A. gives the title of duke to — v. a. To imitate servilely; to mimic, as an ape. memorable event in the history of A. is the capture of the second son of King Victor Emmanuel. Pop. abt. Apeak_', adv. On the peak, or point; in a posture to its citadel by the French under Marshal Gerard, in 1832. 115,000. pierce. A. was the birthplace of the painters Teniers, Van- Aos'TA, capital of the above prov., is situated at the foot of (Neut.) Perpendicular. An anchor is said to be apeak, dyke, and Jordaens.-Pop. 104,628. the Alps, at an elevation of 1,940 ft. above sea-level, and when the cable is hove so taut as to bring the ship Ant'wserp, in Michigan, a township of Van Buren co. 50 m. N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 7,525. directly over it. Ant'werp, in New York, a post-township of Jefferson Aoss'ta, a town in Syria, 35 m. S. of Tripoli. It is the Alp ellles, tihe most celebrated of the Greek painters; co., possessing a village of the same name. residence of a Maronite patriarch. he flourished s.c. 340-323, and was the friend of AlexAnt'werp, in Ohio, apost-village of Paulding co., on the Apace', adv. [From a, and pace; that is, with a great ander the Great, whose portrait he himself alone was sufMaumee river, abt. 20 m. E.N.E. of Fort Wayne. pace.] Quick; speedily; used of things in motion. fered to paint. His works were particularly noted for An'uhlis, (Myth.) one of the most distinguished deities "is sot he imprudent, who, seeing thetide making hste towards their exquisite representation of feminine beauty. His of the Egyptians. At first, he was worshipped under him apace, will sleep till the sea overwhelm him?" - Tillotson. masterpiece, "VVenus risiugfrom the Sea," was conveyed the form of a dog; afterwards, under that of a man with -With haste; applied to some action. to Rome by the emperor Augustus. According to Pliny, a dog's head; hence he was termed Cynoceohalrts. Tra- "The baron now his diamonds pours apace." - Pope. A. generally painted with four colors only, which he dition calls him a son of Osiris by Nephthys, whom hlie made to harmonize by means of the varnish which he mistook for Isis. When Isis was convinced of this by — Hastily; with speed; spoken of any kind of progression himself had invested. the lotus wreath left with Nephthys by Osiris, she sought from one state to another. Apel'leos, a. [From Gr. a, priv., and Lat. pellis, skin.] out the child, exposed by his mother for fear of Typhon,'"If sensible pleasure or real grandeur be our end, we shall pro- Having no skin. discovered him with the help of a dog, educated him, ceed apace to real misery." - Watts. A]['enllaine, a. Relating to the Apennines Mountains. and found in him a faithful guard and attendant. A. Apache Pass, in Arizona, a post-office of Pima co. Ap'eniriiiies. A chain of mountains in Italy, which guards the gods as the dog guards men. According to A2patches, a race of N. American Indians, divided into begins at the end of the Maritime Alps, at about 90 Lon. the astronomical theology of the Egyptians, he was the several tribes, and residing between 300 and 340 N. Lat., E., in the territory of Genoa. They are divided into 7th among the 8 gods of the first class, and designated from the Rio Colorado on the W., to the Rio Colorado of three parts: Northern A., as far as the sources of the tihe planet Mercury, as did also Piernics, the more cone- Texas on the E. Once exercising dominant power over Ronco; Central A., as far as the sources of the Sangro; mon name of the planet. He was, consequently, lord the whole of this immense territory, they waged per- and Southern A., reaching to the extreme cape of the of the ascendant for an hour of the day, and genius of petual war with the Spaniards of Mexico. Now greatly peninsula. At first, they run from W. to E., skirting the wisdomn. His original form was derived, probably, from reduced in numbers, they roam in small parties over Gulf of Genoa; they then turn to the SE. and enter the worship of the dog among the Egyptians, who re- Arizona, a part of New Mexico, and parts of the Mexican the peninsula through the middle, the entire length of garded him as the god of hunting; then he became, ac- States of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Durango. They build which they penetrate. They are mountains of the cording to Zoega, a guardian spirit in general, a protector no houses and plant no fields, but live by hunting and secondary class, their mean height being 5,000 ft., and of the gods. The Greeks recognized in him their Hermes, robbery. Though not quite destitute of virtues and in- display neither the pyramidal summits of the Alps, nonr. with whom, therefore, he becnme confounded. tellectual powers, they are perhaps the most treacherous, the lofty and abrupt peaks of the Pyrenees; though Al'ntus, n. [Lat.] (Anat.) The fiundtment; the lower ex- blood-thirsty, and adverse to civilization of all the Amer- smooth in form, they present but a melancholy aspect, tremity of the great intestine, named the rectum. Its ican Indian tribes. They have no ruling chief, but by an owing to the nakedness of their flanks. The entire office is to form an outlet for the freces. The anus is fur- ingenious system of mountain-signals they can concen- length of the A. is about 800 m., and their highest point, nished with muscles which are peculiar to it, viz., the trate at once large bodies for attack or defence. Accord- Monte Corno in the Abruzzo, 9,521 ft. above the level of sphincter, which forms a broad circular band of fibres, ing to Mr. J. C. Cremony, who has lately published an the sea. The Southern A. are partly in a volcanic state, and keeps it habitually closed, and the levatores ant, interesting work on the A. tribes (Life among the Apa- but the only active crater is Miount Iesuvius. The A. which serve to dilate and draw it up to its natural situ- ches, San Francisco, 1868), they number 25,000 souls, and tation, after the expulsion of the feeces. It is subject to can bring into battle 5,090 wmrriors. various diseases, especially piles, ulceration, abscesses, Apagog-'ial, a. [From Gr. apogoge; compounded of excrescences, prolapsus, tnd isperforation in new-born ape, from, and aga. to bring or draw.] (Logic.) An A. infants. - The term A. is also applied to a small open- demonstration is such as does not prove the thing dit nlug of the 3d ventricle of the brain, which leads into the rectly, but shows the impossibility, or absurdity, which 4th. arises from denying it; and is also called redoctis ad imAn'vil, n. [A.S. anilt, cenfilt.] An iron block on which possibile, or absurdunt. smiths hanmmer and shape their work. Apagyn s, a. (Bo.) Same as Mo-CAOS, q.. Ap~gart ynous a. (Bet.) Same as l~IvoNAlaOUs, q. v. "I saw a smith stand, with his hammer, thus, rApala'ehee, a river of Georgia, taking its rise in The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool." - aks.. Gwinnett; co. After a 8.E. course it empties into the -v. n. To shape or form on the anvil. Oconee, a few miles S.W. of Greensborough. An'vii, in Arkansas, a post-office of Clark co. Apala'chicota, a river in osrid., emptying itself _ _ —_ —._ AiSs'ville, a distinguished French geographer, B. at Paris, into a bay of the same name, in the Gulf of Mexico. _ —— ___-_ 1697. He has published 211 maps and plans, and 78 treae This river has a S. course of nearly 100 in., and receives - - tises. His Atlas of Ancient Egypt is the most deserving, the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers. It is navigable 1. 1782. throughout. There is a fixed light on St. George's IsAnxil'ety, n. [Fr. anxiiti, from Lat. anxietas.] A weari- land in the Bay of A. _ some anticipation of things to come, or the issues of -a post-town, and cap. of Franklin co., 135 m. S.W. of present things; care; trouble; eagerness; apprehen- Tallahassee. It lies on the above river, has a convenient, sioo; diffidence; solicitude; carefulness. harbor, and is an important port for the shipment of _ Anms'xioss,. [Lat. anxius, from ango, anxi, to bind, cotton. Pop. abt. 2,000. draw, or press together.] Suffering mental pressure; Apaiaehin, or APPALAORIN, in New York, a post- - straitened; perplexed; solicitous; greatly concerned; office of Tioga co. careful; uneasy; unquiet; restless. Apaam', a territory on the Gold Coast, Africa. It belongs Anx'iously, adv. In an anxious manner. to Holland. The chief place is the fort of L4dzaamheit, Asex~'iopesssess, so. Qusihity os. state of being anxious, in Ltot. 5012/ 30/I N.; ~Lou. Oo 4le 30" W. Pusp. very small. An'y, a. [A.S. onig, anig.] Esery; whoever he be; what- APa'nnmaltma, an island in the North Pascific Ocean, ever it be. It is, in all its senses, applied indifferently forming one of the Kingsmill group, or Gilbert Isles, to persons or things. Lot. 0~ 30' S.; Lon. 1730 54' W. "You contented yourself with being capable, as much as any APL'anagegll n' (Wist.) A provision of land once assigned Peg 152 voluvIns AND 501 APENN5N5O5 whosoever, of defending your country." - D-ryden. by the kings of' Franc for the maintenance of rleir fVsew from the iayef hapmeu I — Whosoever; whatsoever; as distinguished from some younger sons, and also the allowance assigned to the are not rich in minerals; the masbles of Carrara, Set, other. prince of a reigning house for a proper maintenance out ravezza, and Sienai for ming their principal w, ealth. Nor these of the public cisesf. are there extensive forests attaching to them, although "pWeet warmth is them's in yeayr affetIon tow rds any orI pW tllB l'lmia, or APONORaSERaA, a seaport of the island up to 3,000 ft. the prinscipal chain is covered with a of Santorin, in the Grecian Archipelago. It is situate varied vegetation the olive, the pim, the citron, and -S5ome; an indefinite qumautity or nunber. on the N.W. coast. Let 360 38' N.; Lon. 250 28' E. the orange forming the lower belt. Above this limit, "WTFho will show us any good?"' -- Ps. iv. 6. -- -~b ---- W a -paL'ti, a town of Luzon, one of the Philippine islands, these mountains are gener.'lly arid, and destitute of ~-ads. At all, in any degree; as, "Are you any better?" on the N. part of the coast. vegetation. 110 APHI APIA APIS A'pepsy, a. (Med.) See IDYSPEPCIA. of honeydew, which ants and bees are very fond of. The Apia'rian, a. Relating or pertaining to bees. A'kper, n. One who apes; a servile imitator. ravages of the A. are sometimes terrible. The A. of A'piarist, n. One who keeps an apiary. Ape'rielt, a. [Lat. aperiens, from aperio, to open.] the rose, A. roses, is well known to every one familiar A'pl'ary, n. [Lat. apiarius, from apis, a bee.] The (Med.) Opening; gently purgative. with a garden. Apple and pear trees are subject to the place where bees are kept. -n. A laxative; a mild purgative; deobstruent. same pest; the hop and the vine also are firequently in- Ap'ical, a. Relating to the apex or top. Ape'ritive, a. (Med.) Aperient. jured by their attacks. The larvae of the Coccinelce, or Ap'ices, AP'ExEs. See APEX. Ap'erture, n. [Lat. aperture, from aperio, apertus, to lady-birds, several ichneumonidae, &c., devour great Apieiani, n. One who loves good eating; a gourmand. open.] A setting open; an opening; an orifice; a hole; nunmbers. The best method of destroying themn, how- Ajltj'ejls, the name of three celebrated Rloman gluttons. a passage; a gap. ever, is to water the plants with an infusion of tobacco The first lived under Sylla, the second under Augustus A'pery, n. An affected imitation. in water. and Tiberius, and the third under Trajan. The second (Geom.) The opening or angle formed by the meeting Aphllogisic, a. [From Gr. a, priv., and phlogizo, to expended immnense sums in gluttony, and was the inof two right lines. burn.] Flameless. ventor of several sorts of cakes. Finding his wealth reApet'alae, n. pl. [From Gr. a, priv., and petalon, flower- A. Lamp. See DAVY, SAFETY-LAmP OF. duced to a sum of $60,000, he, thinking he must starve, leaf.] (Bet.) Plants whose flowers have no petals; those kApho'dide, or Arr0IADE, n. pl. (Zodl.) A fim, of poisoned himself. dicotyledonous plants which have a calyx but no corolla. minute Lamellicorn beetles extremely abundant in tem- Apie'lclate, Apie'ulated, a. [From Lat. apex, a They are also named Monochlamydeous plants. In the perate countries during the spring months, swarming in point.J Terminating in an abrupt short point or tip. system of Bentley, they form the 3d division of the class the dung of the larger herbivorous animals. They are Alpidae, n. pl. (Zoel.) The bees, an extensive family of Angiospermns. In Lindley's arrangement, they form the nearly allied to the Scarabaeida, but the body is more insects, belonging to the ord. Hymenoptera. The spealliance ASARALES, q. V. elongated. cies are numerous, and they possess a long proboscis Apet'alous, a. (Bet.) Without petals or corolla. Aplhsonous, a. [Gr. a, priv., and phione, voice.] De- which distinguishes them firom the Andrenidce. They Alpex, n.; pl. AEX ES. [Lat. apex, pl. apices, from apis- prived of voice, are divided into several large groups, as the Panurgidce, cor, to reach after something.] The extreme end of a A3phlony, n. (Med.) A suppression of the voice, with- solitary bees, which resemble the Andrenidee, and of thing; the tip or summit of anything. out either syncope or coma. It takes place fiom a tunmor whose habits little is known correctly. The Melectidce, (Antiq.) An A. was a cap worn by the Flamines of the fauces, or about the glottis; from disease of the or cuckoo-bees, which are parasitic, msaking use, as the and Salii at Rome. The trachea; or from paralysis, or want of nervous energy. cuckoo does, of the nests of other species. The Megaessential part of the apex, Aphiorisma, n. [Gr. aphorismos.] That which sepa- chilide, containing a number of species, which, from their to which alone the namne rates, bounds, or defines; a precise and pithy saying ex- respective economy, are called mason-bees, and upholproperly belonged, was a pressed in few words; a sharply defining sentence or sterer-bees. The species of the gen. Osmia construct pointed piece of olive- proverb of law or morals, not of physics or manthe- their nests of minute grains of sand, cemented together wood, the base of which matics; a maxim; a proverb; a precept. with a glutinous secretion. The gen. AAnthocopa is was surrounded with a Aphorismattie, APionis'mic, Aenoms'Te c, Arnoms'- called the tapestry-bee, from its using portions of the lock of wool. This was TICAL, a. In the bform of an aphorism, or relating to wild scarlet poppy to foren its nests. The species of the worn on the top of the aphorisms. gen. Megachile, on the other hand, form their nests in head, and was held there Aphlorist, a. A writer of aphorisms. tile trunks of' decayed trees, and line them with pieces either by fillets only, or Aplsoris'tlically, adv. In the lbrm or manner of of leaves of a circular form, so admirably adjusted, that, by the aid of a cap which aphorisms. although not covered wiith any coating of guns, they are fitted the head. - The Aph'reactus, n. [Lat.] (Antiq.) A ship, called also honey-tight. The gen. Aslthidium, belongs to this group. name of A. has been also nayis apelta, which had no deck, but was merely coy- The Scopetipedles are named fromi the females having a sometimes applied to the ered with planks in the front and hinder part. The very thick coating of hair upon their hind-legs. They crest of the ancient hel- ships which had decks were called cataphrlacti, and tac- make a loud humenig noise whien they fly. Among mets. toe or stratae. At the time of the Trojan war the Greek these are the carpenter-bees, Xylocopa, which tunnel Aphanite, ConNEIsE, a. Fig. 153. ships had no decks, but were only covered over in the into wooden posts, palings, &c, forming burrows to the (Mmin.) A compact horn- APEX WON BY THE SALII. prow and stern,which covering Homer calls thle ikrianeos. length ofl2 to 15 inches, and 2 in. in diam. (See Fig. 944.) blende-rock, tough and Aphlrite, n. [Gr. aphros, froth.] (Min.) A soft, friable These fobur groups are all soliltary bees; differing in this heavy, breaking with a smooth, flint-like fracture. It is carbonate of lime, found in the primary mountains, in resp ect firom the succeeding, called Seciales, which cona variety of Amphibole, q. v. layers. This nmineral inust not be confounded with tains those species living in comnemunities or societies. Alphaniptera, npl. [fr. laphanes, obscure, not man- meerschaur (sea-scum), which is an amorphous carbon- Aniong these is the gen. Bombus, or lhunfie-bee, which ifest; pteron, a wing.] (Zob'l.) An order of Apterous ate of magnesia. forms its nests underground in ineadows, &c., and lives haustellate insects, having rudimentel elytra or wings Aph'rodisla. n. [Gr.] (Antiq.) This name was given in societies consisting of 50 to 100 individuals. But the in the perfect state. It is composed entirely of the dif- to festivals celebrated in honeor of Aphrodite (Venus), most important species of this group, and of the whole ferent species of Fleas. forming the family Pesicidce; in a great number of towns in Greece, but particularly family, is the hive-bee, Apis melbeca, which, considerthe common Flea (Pseex irritans) being the type of the in the island of Paphos. Hier most ancient temple was inh its domestic inmportance, will be separately examined order. The female flea deposits a dozen eggs, of a white at Paphos. No bloody sacrifices were allowed to be under the common name BEE. color and ratherviscous texture, from which are hatched offered to her, but only pure fire, flowers, and incense. long, worm-like grubs, destitute of feet, which are very See VeNus. active in their motions, winding themselves in a serpen- Aphrodi'siac, n. [Fr. aphrodisiaque; Gr. aphrodisia-. i tine manner through the substance in which they may cos, flom Aphrodite, Venus.] (Med.) That which excites a be deposited. When full-grown, the larva enclose desire for venery. themselves in a small cocoon of silk. In this they pass Aphrodi'siac, AHRODIesi'ACAL, a. Exciting a desire into a pupa state, and in about 12 days emerge a per- hor venery. fect flea.-In hot countries these insects are exceedingly Aph'rodite. [Gr. aphrodite, synonymous with Aphro- troublesome; but in the West Indies and S. America geneia, born of the foam of the sea.] (Myth.) The godthere is an insect belonging to the Ibtmily, which is even dess of love among the Greeks. - See YENus. more obnoxious; this is the Chlgoe, Pulex penetsanls, (Min.) A soft, earthy, milk-white silicate of magnesia. which lives in the open country, and attacks the naked (Zoel.) A., or AaPHRODITA, a genus of small marine anfeet both of men and dogs. nelidoe, including the sea-mouse. Their figure is oval Aphannip'terous, a. Relating to the aphaniptera. and'culeated; and they are covered with a large quanrAphelion, an.; pl. APHELIA. [fr. aps, away f-rom, and tity of silky hair of a very bright metallic lustre, the elios, the sun.] (Astron.) That point at which the earth, colors of which vary with the play of the light. 1 or any planet, is at the greatest distance from the sun.- Alphlaroh paora, n. (Zob'l.) A gen. of Homnopterous in-: - See PERIHELION. sects which in the larvae state live on plants enveloped Alpher'esis, n. [Gr. ape, from, and haireo, to take or in a saliva-like mass; whence their popular name of.. seize.] (Gram.) The tlaking away of a letter or syllable cuckoo-spits. The insects in their perfect state are named, -... from the Ibeinnieg of a word. from their leaping powers. frog-hoppers. See CERCoPIDu. Aphilan'tlhtropy, n. [fr. a, priv., phileo, to love, Apila'thn, n. pl. [ir. aphthai, from apto, to inflame.] and anthrospos, mmn.] The want of love to manlkind. (Mel.) The TuRUes, Q... /l'phis, n.; pl. Aphl'idae or APHIDES. (Ze)bt.) A gen. Aphthi'taallite, ARCANITEe, AaHTHALOSs, sZ. (Min.) The - and famnily of honlopterous insects, comprising the very sulphate of potash. - See Po'ASH. 3. numnerous and obnoxious species of Plant-lice, Pucerons. Aptlaos'tiaog, n. [fr. a, priv., mnd phthoggos, the voice.] and Vine-fritters, a tribe of Insects analogous, in regard (Graml.) A letter or combination of letters, which have to the vegetable world, to the animal parasites of the no sound. order Anoplura, or lice. The antennae are of great Aph'thonite, n. (Min.) A variety of Tetrahedrite, q. v, i. 155I. - SOLITAT.Y BEEs, (Apida.) length; the ocelli, three in number, form a large trian- Aph'ylous, a. [Gr. a, priv., and phyllon, a leaf.] 1. Osmia; 2. Anthidium; 3. Panurgus; 4. Mlegachile. gle; the eyes are entire, prominent, and semi-globose; (Bot.) Destitute of leaves, at least in the form of foliage. Apiece', adv. [From a for each, and piece.] To the part the abdomen is short and convex, generally furnished Apia'ceM, UnrEnLLIFEnRS, n. pl. (Bet.) An ord. of plants. or share of each. with a tubercle on each side near the extremity. Some all. Umnbellales. - Diag. Didymous fruit, and a double "One copy of this paper may serve a dozen of you, which will are winged, and some are wingless, without distinction epigynous disc. They are herbaceous plants, often milky, be less than a farthing apiece. of sex; the legs are very long and slender, formed only with solid or fistular furrowed stems. Leaves usually — Each by itself; for one; as, they cost one dollar apiece. for crawling. The species reside in great societies upon divided. Flowers in umbels, white, pink, yellow, or Aliilne, a. [Lat. apiam, parsley.] (C/ee.) An unerysalmost every species of plant, of which they suck the blue, generally surrounded by an involucre. Calyx su- tallizable alkaloid from common parsley (apiue pelroseyoung shoots, leaves, and stems, by the assistance of perior. Petals 5, inserted on the outside of a fleshy epi- linum). Psorm. C,4H1401. their proboscis, producing disease in the plant either by gynous disc; estivation imbricate, rarely valvate. Sta- Apioesri'1uus, n. (Pal.) A gen. of fossil Crinoidea begreatly weakening it, or by raising vesicles, or other mens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2- longing to the oilitic fornation. gall-like excrescences, in which whole generations of celled; styles 2, distinct. Frunit consisting of two car- A' pion, n. (ZoSl.) A gen. of insects, family OurculioAphides reside. In autumn, the mother A. deposits her pels, separable from a common axis. Seed pendulous, nidce, q. v. eggs in some place she selects as suitable for her pur- usually adhering inseparably to the pericarp, rarely Ap'& ios, n. (Bot.) A gen. of plants-tribe Phaseolee. The pose. In winter the parents die, but the eggs renmsin loose; embryo minute, at the base of albundant horny A. tuberose, or ground-nut, is found in thickets and shady unhurt, and in spring they are hatched. The young albumen. - The Umbellifers are common in:tll northern woods of the U. States, twining amomeg other plants. thus ushered into the world are all females, and, not- countries, inhabiting groves, thickets, plains, maershes, Stem round, 2-4 ft. high; flowers dari purple. To the withstanding the absence of males, they are all fertile, and waste laends. This lange order is one of those in root are appended oval, fleshy tubercles, which are very and being viviparous at this season, soon bring forth a which plants occur with extremely different secretions, nutritious. progeny of females like themselves. During the sum- They all appear to form three different principles: Thee Ajeis, a. [Lat.] (Zob'l.) A bee; a member of the fam. mer, 10 or 11 generations ere thus produced successively lst, a watery acrid matter; thle 2d, a gum-nresinous Apidae, q. v. from each female, every one so born being the mother millky substance; and the 3d, an aromatic oily secretion. (My/th.) A bull to whlich divine honors were paid by of a fresh brood, so that at the end of the season the When the lst of these predomninates they are poisonous, the Egyptians, chliefly at nplerphis, where he had a temmother of the first brood may be the progenitor of as Ait/usa cynapium and Cafeuts maculata. The 2d in pie. According to the belief of the people, a cow because 10,000 million millions! In autumn males are born. excess converts them into stimeuleants, as the Assaese- pregnant of him by a beam of light from heaven, comThese impregnate the last generation, which are ovipa- tide. The absence of the two renders them useful as es- ing particularly from the moon. It was necessary that cPeus, and lay fscundated eggs, the young from which do culents, as Celery, Parsley, &c. The 3d causes them to he should be black, withe a triangle of white on the forenot require fresh impregnation. The A. are remarkable be can-minatives and pleasant condiments, as PimrgpiseEla, head, a white spot, in the form of a crescent, on the right for secreting a sweet, viscid fluid, known by the neme Anisesse, and Goriasndus sativuem. side, and a sort of knot, like a beetle, under his tongue. APOC APOL APOP 111 The death of Apis excited universal mourning, which Apocyaln cee, DOGBANES, n. pt. (Bet.) An ord. of and Italy. The cock, the grasshopper, the wolf, the continued till the priests had found a successor to him. plants, alliance Genticanales. DIaG. No stipules and the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the laurel, the As it was extremely difficult to find one with all the stigmas collected into a mnassive head, expanded at the palm-tree, &c., were sacred to him;and in his sacrifices, above distinctions, fraud was often practised by the base in the form of a ring or membrane, and contracted wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural priests. in tie nmiddle. They are trees, shrubs, and herbs with a enemies of the flocks over which he presided. Bullocks Aplish, a. [From ape.] Having the qualities of an milky juice;leaves opposite, entire; calyx free, 5-parted, and lambs were also immolated to him. As he proape; imitative.- Silly; trifling; insignificant.-Fop- persistent; corolla 5-lobed, regular, twisted in vstiva- sided over poetry, hle was often seen on Mount Parnaspish; affected. tion, deciduous; stamens 5, arising from the corolla; sue with the nine Muses. His most,famlous oracles were " Because I cannot flatter, and looe fair, anthers adhering firmly to the stigma; ovaries 2, dis- at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. Duck with Freach nods and spish courtesy.'- SWaaks. tinct or rarely united; seeds numerous, pendulous; em- His most splendid temple was at Delphi, to which every bryo foliaceous.-100 genera, 566 species, chiefly natives nation and individual brought considerable presents Ap'ishly, adv. In an apish manner; foppishly; con- of the torrid zone.-These plants possess active and of- when they consulted the oracle. He had a famous Coceitedly. ten suspicious qualities residing in the white juice with lossus in Rhodes, whiclh was one of the seven wonders of Ap'ishness, n. Mimicry; foppery; insignificance; which the order is pervaded, and in the seeds which are the world. Among the ancient statues of 4. that have playfiulness. often deadly poisons. come down to us, the most remarkable is the one called Apish'pa, in Colorado, a post-office of Los Animos co. Aplodal, a. [Gr. a priv., and poess, podos, a foot.] (Zo6l.) Apollo Belvidere, (see Fig. 157,) from the pavilion of Apis'tes, n. [From Gr. apistos, treacherous.] (Zoie.) Without feet, or destitute of ventral fins. Belvidere in the Vatican, at Rome; also called Pythian A gen. of acanthopterygious fishes belonging to the fai. Apoide'tic, Apodie'$tieal, a. [Gr. apodeixis, a Apollo, because it is supposed that the artist has repreScorpcenidce. The species live in the Indian seas, and demonstration.] That is evident beyond contradiction. sented the god as conqueror of the serpent Python. This are characterized by their suborbital plates being armed (R.) statue, the best and nmost perfect that art has produced, with a long, sharp, very movable spine, which the fish Ap'odon, n.; pl. AP'ODA. [See APODAL.] (Zoe1.) An ani- was found in the ruins of Antium, at the end of the 15th can project from its cheek at pleasure, and of which it soal without feet.-Also, an order of fishes characterized century, and purchased by Pope Julius II. In 1797, it can make an offensive weapon. In a state of repose by Linnteus as being composed of all those which are was carried to Paris, with other treasures of art, whence this spine is concealed. destitute of ventral fins. According to Cuvier's system, it was restored to Rome, 1815.,Akpit'p$t, adv. See PIT-A-PAT. however, they must not only want ventral fins, but be Apol'o, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Armstrong A'ptumn, n. [A.S. apor, water.] (Bet.) A gen. of plants, likewise malacopterygious. Of this Ikind a good and co., 42 in. N.E. of Pittsburg, on the river Kiskiminetas, ord. Apiacece. The stenes of the species celery, A. gra- familiar example is seen in tile common eel. and the Pennsylvania Canal. Pop. about 540. veeleus, when blanched by being buried, are sweet, crisp, Apod'osis, a. [Cr. apedidoni, to give back.] (Gram.) Apo@llodor'us, a famous Athenian painter, about n. a. and spicy in flavor, and used as salad. See CELeRY. A giving buack; a restitution; a subsequent proposition 408. Pliny records two of his pictures; one of a priest Apslailat/ie, a. [Gr. a, priv., and plane, a wandering.] or clause, which explains or gives back meaning to a of Apollo at the altar, and the other representing the (Opt.) Applied to reflectors which deviate light without preceding one, called the protasis. shipwreclk of Ajax. splerical eberration. Ap'eogee, n. [Gr. ape, away from, and Re, the earth.] Alpoillo~lor'us, B. at Damascus, and lived in the reigns Aplee'truein, n. [Cr. a, priv., and plectron, a spur.] (Astron.) The point in the moon's orbit most remote ofTrajan and IHadrian. His fameas anarchitectcaused (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Orchide- from the earth.-See Apscs. the former to employ himl in building a great stone bridge cece. —See ADAM AND EVE. Ap'ogr-aplh, n. [Gr. apographon.] A copy or transcript over the Danube, and other workls. A. subsequently Aplin-g'on, in Iowa, a post-office of of some boolk or writing,-in opposition to auiograph. falling into disgrace with the emperor Hladrian, was put Butter co. Apolraalon, in Pennsylvania, a township of Susque- to death by his command. Aplitst e', n. [Lat. from Gr. aphlaston.] hanna co..Apollo'nius, of Perga, lived about B. c. 240. He was An ornanient of wooden planks, which Apol'da, a town of Saxony, 4 m. from Jena. It has a mathematician at Alexandria, and wrote a work on constituted the highest part of the poop thermal springs, and is a station on the railway from conic sections which still survives. Apoc','lypse, n. [Gr. from apocalyp- Apollina'riuss, THE YOUNGcER, who flourished in the but long residing at Rhodes, where he founded a school to, I reveal.] (Eccl. HList.) The nanme of time pf the emp. Julian, and D. about 382. He early wrote of rhetoric. He afterwards became keeper of the fameous the last book of the New Testament, and preached the orthodox faith, but he severed from it library of Alexandria, n. c. 149. He wrote a poem, called containing an account of the visions of and was deemed a heretic; lie thus became the founder Argcnautica, which is still extant. St. John the Evangelist. It is generally, Pig. 156. of a sect cealled the Apollinarians. This sect denied the Alpo][oIonius, a Pythagorean philosopher, n. at Tyana, at least, believed, that the A. was writ- APLUvsTRE. proper humanity of Christ, and maintained that the about the beginning of the Christian era. Applying ten by John in his old age, at the end body which he assumed was endowed with a sensitive, himself to philosophic studies, he adopted the system of the Ist century, in the isle of Patmos, whither he had but not a rational soul, and that the divine nature sup- introduced by Pythagoras, and travelled through the been banishled by time Roman emperorDomitian. Though plied the place of the intellectual principle in man. East, professing miraculous powers; inducing some to the book was commonly regarded as genuinee in tihe first Their doctrines were first condemned at Alexandria in consider him as arivl to thie founder of Christianity. His centuries of Christianity, critics have not been wanting 362, and afterwaerds, more formally, by a counmcil at Rome asceticism of life, the miracles and prophecies attributed who have doubted the evidence of its being the work of in 378, which deposed A. from his bishopric of Laodicea to him, and the wisdome exhibited in his discourses, St. John. The A., on account of its metaphorical lan- in Syria. IHe is said to have held the doctrine of thIe brought to him many followers, who erected statues and guage, has been explhened differently by almost every Millennium, or the personal reign of Christ on earth temples in his honor. D. at Ephesus, about A. D. 97. writer who has ventured to interpret it; and for the for 1,000 years. His life has been written by lPhilostratus. same reason, it is one of those parts of the Bible which A1P3lDlo, (MEyth.) the son of Jupiter and Latona, called Aipol'llyoni, n. [Gr. apollyon, fiom aspollyo, to destroy.] has furnished all sorts of sects and tinnatics with quota- also Phoebus, is often confounded with the sun. Ac- The same as AmADDOX, q. v. tions to support their creeds or pretensions. —The A. cording to Cicero, there were four persons of this name. Apologet'ie, Aposloget'ieal, a. [Gr. apologeticos, contains 22 chapters, which may be divided into two To the son of Jupiter and Latona, however, all the fi'om ape, from, and legein, to say.] That which is said principal parts. The first, after the title of the book actions of the others seem to have been attributed. As in defence of any thing or person; as, an apologetic essay. (ch. i. 1-3), comprises "the things which are," that is, soon as he was born, Apollo destroyed with arrows thie Apologet'iceally, adv. In the way of defence or the then present state of the Chlristiane Church, including serpent Python, which Juno had sent to persecute La- excuse. the epistolary instructions and admonitions to the an- tona. Apollo was the god of the fine arts, of medicine, Apologetlics, n. pl. (Theel.) That branch of theolgels or bishops of the 7 churches of Eplhesus, Smyrna, music, poetry, and eloquence; of all these he was deemed ogy which defends the holy Scriptures, and sets forth Pergameos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and eLaodicea, the inventor. IHe had received from Jupiter the power the evidence of their divine authority. of Asia Minor. The second part comprises m prediction of of Iknowing feturity, and he was the only one of tie Apo'ogist, a. One who males an apology; one who "the things which shall be hereafter," referring either gods Nheose oracles were in general repute over the speaks or writes in defence of another, or of something. to the future state of the Church through succeeding Adpoogize, v. a. To make an apology; to speakl in ages, from the time when the apostle beheld the apoca- extenuation of; to write or speak in favor of, or to make lyptic visions, to the grand consummation of all things, excuse for. or the state of the souls of men after the great resur- oug o pgi or my ndsretio.-We. rcction of the dead. "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, I ought to a~ologize for my indiscretlon." — Wake. rection of the dead. Apoc','lypl, n. A name applied to St. John, the author Apol'ogize-r, n. One who makes an apology; a deof the Apocalypse. fender. Aposealyp'tiee,, a. Contaiming or pertaining to reve- -Ap'ologue, n. [Gr. apolostos, from ape, firom, away from, lution; disclosing; pertaining to the Apocalypse. and logos, speech.] A poetical fiction, the purpose of -7o. An apocalyptical writer. which is the improvement of morals-It is the Greek Apoealypt'eiael, a. The same as apocalyptic. g word for the Latin FABLE, q. v. Apoear'"pous, a. (Bet.) Applied to pistils distinct A n. [. a ee APOLOGETIC.] Defence; froen each other.- See CA~~~~~~rEL. - e po]['ogy, a. [Fr. apoelogie. See Amotoear.c.] Defence; front each other. -See C.ARPEL........ _.,,~ excuse.-A. generally signifies rather excuse than yinApo'einum, n. [Gr. ape, away; cyon, a dog. Pliny says dicatmon; and tends rather to extenuate the fault, than this plant is ateel to dogs.] (Bst.) A gen. of plants, ord. prove innocence.-This is, however, sometimes disreApocyaacece. —The dog's-bane, A. androscemifoliums, is garded by authors. a smooth, elegant plant, with a stem reddened by the It is not my intention to make an poogy for my poems."sun, 3 ft. hligh; corolla bell-shaped, white, striped with Dryden. red. It is a medicinal plant, found in the U. States, in,a Apomecom'etry, e. [From Cr. aps, from, mecos, hedges and borders of fields. ] hepodges t v. a. [From APOCOPE.] To tabodre away the Ilength, and metern, measure.] The art of measuring Akpoa'opa..e, v. a. [From AvocoE.] To take away the ~tmnsa itne things at a distance. last letter or syllable of a word. Aponeuois,. [From Or. ap, from, and y, h~~~~pa~~~~e~~~sp@, 12. d~~~~~~~~~Aponae~are'si, nt. [From Gr. ape, from, and heyt~on, Apoa'ope, n. [Lat. snd Gr., from Gr. ape, firom, acd a nerve.] (Med.) A teudinous expansion. coptein, to cut.] (Gram.) Tihe taking away of the last POP i; p. AOP'A. [r.a denial.] (ht.) letter or s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Apoph'asis, n; pl. AoPorWASES.' [Gr.,,a denial.] (Rhet.) letter or syllable of a word; as itnkqeni for ingeniiz. A figure of speech in which the orator briefly alludes to, Apoea'yplsa, mu. pl. [Lat. from Cr. apocrypts, to hide or seems to decline stating, that which he wishes to inor conceal.] Literally, that which is hidden from; things sinuate. not published. Generally applied to certain books not Apophle aic,. and a. [From r. ap, from, and Aadpginot aPoHtego'ma ticOT e, en. and a. [From Or. ape, from, and adneitted into the canon of thee Old Testaeent; teeing~ jphlegma, phlegm.] (Meed.) A medicine, or applied to a either spurious, or not mcknowrledged as of divine origin, medicine which excites the secretion of mucus from the They are opposed to the cansesical wcritings, i. e. those mouth and nose. which are considered mis aefording rules of faith uend d'sphit erm, AP'OTEeM, a. [fr. op htlegma, a conduct, because a divine origin is attributed to them. sain. Li pointedl saing.]it~ Literally, that which is spoken out or,~kp@'lypi l~,-~B, a. Pertainingi to the Apocryphat; not1r —--— ~h cAponica'ryph a. Pertaim euthoring o the Attered plainly; —a terse, pointed saying; a short, sencanonical; of uncertain authority or credit.tetositrcveem k-eA'snoAcc tentionls, instructive remark. —See APOTHF. OrkIC. " To speak of her in the words of the apocrypcla writers, wisdom _Apph'yge, n. [Gr. from ape, from, and phyge, flight.] is glorious, and never fadeth away." —Addieon. [. (Arch..) The scape or spring of a column. Apophyl'lite, n. [fr. ape, from, phyllon, a leaf, and Apoc'ryplaalist, n. An advocate for the Apocrypha. leg i5e -AP5LLO BFLgDERI. t5ithe, a stone.] (Mm.) A tetragonal mineral, ofoa white Apou1ryphsaly, adv. In an apocrypheal manner; withl[ world. Ite is generally represented with long hair, tall, pearly lustre; brittle; found in trap rocks. Spec. uncertainty. beardless, with a handsome shape. holding in his hand gray., 2315 to 2359. hap. Silica 555, lime 21-0, potApoc'ry~phalneas~, n. State or quality of being ampoc- a bow, and sometimes a lyre. lie had temples and ash 4-8, water 16'7 =-100. It exfoliates na.~, whence its rypleml. statues in every sountry, particularly in Egypt, Greece, name. 112 APOS APOS APPA Apoph'ysis, n. [Gr. apo, from, and physis, birth.] A posterio'r. [Lat., from the latter.] (Logic.) A Apostol'calnee s, Apostol'ieismn, Aposto. (Anat.) A process, projection, or protuberance of a bone mode of reasoning from the effect to the cause;- opposed lie'ity, it. The quality of being apostolic. beyond a plain suriface; as the nasal A. of the frontal to a priori. Apostolies, n. pt. (Eccl. Hist.) The name of three bone. Apos'&il, n. [Fr. capostille.] A marginal note to a book. sects who professed to imitate the manners and practice (Bot.) The fleshy tubercle under the basis of the Apos'$tle, n. [Fr. ap6tre; Lat. apostolus; Gr. apostolos, of the apostles. The first flourished at the close of the capsule or dry fruit adhering to some mosses. from aps-stello, to send off or away from.] One who is 2d century, and the second existed in the 12th century. Apoplea'tic, APOPLECi.'TICAL, a. Pertaining to, or sent off or away from; one sent on some important Little is known of them. The third was founded about consisting of apoplexy. mission; a messenger; a missionary. 1260, by Gerhard Sagarelli, who was burnt as a heretic Ap'oplexetl, a. Seized with an apoplexy —Shakcs. (Eccl. Hist.) The name given, in the Christian church, A. D. 1300, and was succeeded as chief apostle by Dolcino,.Ap'oplexy, n. [Gr. apoplexia, from apo, from, and to the 12 men whom Jesus selected from his disciples as a learned man of Milan, who was also burnt at Vercelli, olesso, plexo, to strike; because persons, when seized the best instructed in his doctrines, and the fittest in- A. b. 1307. with this disease, fall down suddenly.] (Med.) A disorder struments for the propagation of his religion. Their Apos'trophe, n. [Gfr. from apo-strepho, to turn away in which the patient is suddenly deprived of the exer- names were as follows: Simon Peter (Greek fbor Caiaphas, fi-om.] (lihet.) A figure of speech by which an orator cise of all the senses, and of voluntary motion; while a the rock), and Andrew his brother; James the greater, turns from his subject to address a person either absent strong pulse remains with a deep respiration, attended and John his brother, who were sons of Zebedee; Philip or dead, as if he was present. with stertor, and the appearance of profound sleep. of Bethsaida, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew; James (Gram.) A mark (') indicating that a word is conA. makes its attack chiefly at an advanced period of life; the son of Alphens, commonly called James the less; tracted; as, eov'd for loved. — Also, the sign of the posand most usually on those who are of a corpulent habit, Lebbeus, his brother, who was surnamed Thaddeus, and sessive case; as, "Peter's book." with a short neck, and large Ihead; and who lead an in- was called Judas, or Jude; Simon the Canaanite, and Apostlroph'ie, a. Pertaining to an apostrophe. active life, malke use of a full diet, or drink to excess. Judas Iscariot. Of this number, Simon Peter, John, Apos'tkioplhize, v. a. To address by apostrophe. The immediate cause of A. is a compression of the brain. James the greater, and Andrew were fishermen; and Apotiahe'ea, n. [Lat., from Gr. spotheke.] (Astiq.) A produced either by an accumulation of blood in the Matthew, a publican or tax-gatherer. When the apes- place in the upper part of the house, where the Romans vessels of the head, and distending them to such a degree ties were reduced to 11 by the suicide of Judas, who had frequently placed the earthen amphorse in which their as to compress the medullary portion of the brain; or betrayed Christ, they chose Matthias by lot, on the prop- wines were deposited. - See PEIARIMACY. by an effusion of blood fromnt the red vessels, or of serum osition of St. Peter. Soon after, their number becanme -An apothecary's shop. frose the exhalants; which fluids are accumulated in 13, by the miraculous vocation of Saul, who, under the Apoth'eeary, n. [Lat. apotheca; Gr. apotheke - apo, such a quantity as to occasion compression. This name of Paul, became one of the most zealous propage- and theke, a chest, a case to put anytlhing in, from tithemsi, state may be brought on by whatever incre'ses the tors of the Christian faitb. The Bible gives the name to put or place.] One who prepares and sells drugs or afflux and impetus of the blood in the arteries of the of apostle to Barnabas atlso, cho accompanied Paul on medicines. - See PYsICIAN.. head; such as violent fits of passion, great exertions of A-pothe'eium, n.; pl. APOTHEClA. [N. Lat.] (Bet.) The muscular strength, severe exercise, excess in venery, shield or shield-shapedfructification of most lichens. stooping down for any length of time, wearing any thing A'othege, a. See APOvPHTIEnGM. too tight about the neck, over-loading the stomach, long Apothegmatlc, Apothegnat'ieal, a. In the exposure to excessive cold or a vertical sun, the sudden manner of an apothegm, or apophthlegm. suppression of any long-accustomed evacuation, the ap- A/potheg'mnatist, ic. A collector or maker of apoplication of the fumes of certain narcotic and metallic thegms or apophthegms. substances, such as opium, alcohol, charcoal, mercury, A /t / Apoth ae'ntatize, v.. To utter apothegms or apoph&c., and by blows, wounds, and other external injuries; thegms. in short, apoplexy may be produced by whatever deter-'A~:o- ~A theolsi, n. [Fr. apotheose; Gr. apotheosis, from mines too great a flow of blood to the brain, or prevents aps, from, and Tleos, God.] A deification; the placing its free return fronm tcat organ.-A. is sonetimes pre- of a prince or other distinguished person among the ceded by headache, giddiness, dimness of sight, loss of heathen deities. memory, faltering of the tongue in speaking, numbness I;.(Hist.) It was one of the doctrines of Pythagoras, in the extremities, drowsiness, stupor, and night-mare, which he had borrowed from the Chaldees, that virtuous all denoting an affection of the brain; but it mnore persons, after their death, were raised into the order of usuelly happens that, without much precious indispo- the god. And hence the ancientso deified all the inventors sition, the person falls down suddenly, the countenance of things useful to meankind, and who had done any imbecomes florid, the face appears swelled and puffed up, portent service to the commonwealth. TIhe Romans, for the vessels of the head, particularly of the neck and several centuries, deified none but Romulus, and first tesples, seso turgid and distended vith blood; the eyes initiated the Greeks in the fashion of frequent A. after are promineint and fixed, the breath ring is difficult and the time of Augustus Coesar. From this period, A. was performed with a snorting noise, and the pulse is strong: regulated by the decrees of the senate, and accompanied and full. Although the whole body is affected with the with great solemnities. It becayime at last so frequent loss of sense and motion, it nevertheless takes place as to be an object of contenpt. The period of the Itooften more upon one side than the other, which is called man emperors, so rich in crime and folly, offers the most hemiplegia, and in this case the side least affected with infamous instances of A. After Ceesar, the greater part palsy is sometimes convulsed.-If the fit is of long du- I / of the Roman emperors were deified. The samne hand ration, the respiration laborious and stertorous, and the which had murdered a predecessor often placed him person much advanced in years, the disease, in all prob-, among the gods. The savage Nero deified the beautiful ability, will terminate fatally. In some cases, it goes Poppiee, after having killed her by a kick when she off entirely; but it more frequently leaves a state of Fig. 158. -sT. MARK. was pregnant. Constantinns had thle dduble advantage mental imbecility behind it, or terminates in a hemiple- ic 1 1 AR of being deified by the religion which he lad persecuted, gia, or in death. Even when an attack is recovered (Copied from a picture of the 16th century, by Fra Bartolomeo, and canonized by that which he supported. from, it most frequently returns again, after a short Gallery of the Pitti Palace, Florene.) ApLothe'osize, v. a. To deify. (a.) period of timne, and in the end proves faetal. Although his missions (Acts qf the Ap. ch. xiv. ver. 13), and Paul Apoth'esis, n. [Gr. from ape, fiom, and tithem/i, to an attack of A. comes on, for the most part, suddenly bestows it also on Andronicus and Junia, his relations, replace.] (Surg.) The reduction of a dislocated bone, acand unexpectedly, yet it is often preceded by appear- and companions in prison. Generally, however, the cording to Hippocrates. ances which give warning of its approach. These are a name is used, in a narrower sense, to designate those Apot/o'me, it. [Gr. apotemneo, to cut off.] (Mus.) The high color of the whole face, giddiness or vertigo, sparks whom Christ selected himself while on earth, and Paul, difference between the greater and the lesser semitone, or flashes of light before the eyes, noises in the ears, whom he afterwkrds called. In a still wider sense, being expressed by the ratio df 128 to 125. bleeding at the nose, and pain in the head. The danger, preachers who first taught Christianity in heathen coun- (Geom.) The difference between two incommensurable in such cases, may most commonly be averted by bleed- tries, are sometimes termed apostles; e. g., St. Denis, the lines or quantities. Thus the difference between the ing, and abstemious diet, to be continued till these symp- A. of the Gauls; St. Boniface, the A. of Germany; the side of a square and its diagonal is the apotome, and is toms are removed. When a person is unfortunately monk Augustine, the A. of England; the Jesuit Francis represented numerically by the expression 1/2-1.attacked by A., the first step should be to open the Xavier, the A. of the Indies; Adalbert of Prague, A. of Brande. cravat and collar, so as to leave the neck free; if it be a Prussia Proper. - Paul was the only A. who had received Ap'ozem, n. [Gr. apozema, from opo, from, and zeo, to short time after a meal, or if the last meal has been of a scientific education; the others were mechanics. Peter, boil.] (Med.) A decoction. an indigestible chlaracter, the stomach shou-ld be emptied Andrew, and John are called in the Scriptures (Acts ch. Apozern'ical, a. Like a decoction. by an emetic, or by tickling the throat with the finger, iv. ver. 13), /bosines sine literis, idiotcv. Peter employed Appall', v. a.; pp. APPALeNG, APPALLED. [Lat. palleo, without waiting for a physician, and, at the same time, his disciple St. Mark in writing the Gospel which bears to grow pale.] To cause to grow pale or turn pale; to a vein or two should be opened, so as to produce a free his name. During the life of the Saviour, the A. more take away or deaden vital energy or power; to depress flow of blood, which should be continued, if the face is than once showed a misunderstanding of the object of with fear; to terrify; to dismay; to discourage. - Someflushed andred, till relief isobtaiced. Subsequent treat- his mission; and, during his sufferings, evinced little times also written appall. ment will of course be directed by a medical attendant. courage and firmness of friendship for their great and -v. n. To grow faint; to be dismayed. (o.) Apo'ria, n. [Gr.] (Rhet.) A figure by which the speaker benevolent teacher. After his death, they received the Appalaelitan, or ALLEGrHANY MOUNTAINS, in the U. intimates that he is in doubt what to do, or where to Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost, that they might be States, a great mountain-system extending in a general begin. enabled to fulfil the important duties for which they direction from S.W. to N.E., from the northern confines A.posiope'sis, n. [fr.] A form of speech by which the had been chosen. Of their subsequent lives, all that of Georgia and Alabama, in Lat. 340 N., and terminating speaker, from strong feeling, breaks off suddenly, sup- we know will be found under their respective names. in a series of mountain-ranges of granite formesation on pressing a part of his speech to be mentally supplied A/pos'tles, or APOSTOLES lslareeds, in the Strait of the S. shores of the St. Lawrence; its total length is by his hearers. Magellan, at its entrance into the Pacific, near Cape 1,200 m.,with a breadth varying from 90 to 150. Alle-.kpos'tasy, n. [fr. capostasis, flon, upo, from, and his- Deseada; Lon. 750 6f W.; Lat. 520 34' S. They are 12 ghany is the name given to it N. of the Potomnac; S. of temi, to stand.] The abandonment of any system of in number, which circumstance gave them their name. this river it is called Appalachian. This chain conthinking or acting, good or bad; but the word is gen- All are small, barren, and deserted. sists of a succession of nearly parallel ridges having diferally used in a reproachful sense, of one who has Apos'tleship, n. The office of an apostle. ferent names, and running in their greater extent nearly changed his religious opinions.-What one party calls Apos' tolate, n. A mission; the dignity or office of an parallel to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, at a distance apostasy is termed by the other conversion. apostle. from it of from 50 to 130 m. These, retiring more into the (Hist.) History mentions three eminent apostates Apost; olie,/ possol'ieal, a. Pertaining or relating interior as they proceed S., are now and again intersected Julian the apostate, who had never been a Christian ex- to the apostles, or in accordance with their doctrines. by rivers, and separated by generally narrow valleys; and cept nominally and byecompulsion; Henry IV., king of (Erct. Hist.) The earlier Christian Church was called are divided into two principal ranges, the Alleghany France, who thought that "Poe-is vaut bien sene esesse;" the A. Church, because the apostles at fidst conducted it. Mountains proper, and the Blue Mountains. The former, and William of Nassaue, the Stadtholder, who separated So, also, the Papal See is called the A. cee, because it is the more westerly of the two, maintains throughlout its himself from the Catholic church, and became a Prot- supposed to have been founded by the apostle Peter. — entire length, a distance of from 240 to 300 m. from estant. The A. symbol is a short summary of the Christian the Atlantic, an almost uniform elevation of 3,000 ft. Akpes' ate, a. [fr. apostates; Fr. apeslat.] One who faith, and bears this name because it contains, in three above the level of the sea. It rises near the great bend stands aloof; one who renounces his religion or professed articles, the doctrines of the apostles. This apostolical of the river Tennessee, in the S. part of Alabama, and principles, or his party; a renegade. symbol is found even in the writings of Ambrose, who from thence runs N.E. till it reaches the northern fron-a. False; traitorous. lived in the beginning of the 4th century. Peter Gina- tier of Virginia, where it trends toward the N.W. In ApoS'tatize, v. a. [Fr. apostasies.] To stand away or pheus, in the 5th centeury, ordered the constant repetition Pennsylvania, it again takes a course N.E., and ramnifies depart from; to abandon one's religion, principles, of the same in the churcih-service. over all the central parts of that State. Near the source church, or party. Ap ostoi'ieallly, atdv. In the manner of the apostles. of the S. branch of the Susquehanna, it divides into two APPA APPE APPI 113 branches, the principal of which forms an easterly bend, ment; garniture; trappings; housings; caparison; deco- A]pease'nent,. Act of appeasing. and after passing the Susquehanna, terminates iu the rations; furniture of a ship. A]pseas'er, se. One who pacifies, appeases, or calms. Catskill nmountains, one of the highest elevations of the - v. a. To prepare or provide; to clothe; to dress; to array; Appeas'ive. Having the power of appeasing. N. Alleghany range. The principal rivers debonching to adorn; to deck. Appel'lant, n. (Law.) The party who makes or brings fronm this mountain-chain, are the Alleghany, the Mo- "She did apparel her par, and ith the prciousnes f her a ppeal from one jurisdiction to another. The party t, 11 She did~~~~~~~~~~~~a appaeal hero appael juridictio tanthepr.coseE ofhe prt nongahela, the Greenbrier, Kanawha, and Cumberland, body made it more sumptuous." —Sidney. resisting the appeal is called respondent or appellee. on tlhe W.; antd the Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, Appar'ent, a. [Fr.; Lat. apparens, from appareo. See Appella'tion, n. [Pr., from Lat. appellalio.] The and James river on the E. These, at their upper ex- AsPEkia] Appearing plainly, or appearing probably. I word by which a person or thing is called; name; title; tremnities but inconsiderable mountain-streans, after term; denomination. any and devio windings, unfold themselves into usage it is equally divided between the palpable and the appelnative, a. (Gram.) Pertaining to an appellarivers of magnitu d devi-The in. chain, knfolwns themselves into questionable.-0bvious; plain; conspicuous; unmistk- tion, or a common name; common to many; general. tige, or Bat et aisisnuch knarrovr than the able; clear; probable; seeming; presumable; likely. Ridge, or Btue Mountainsl, is much narrowern than the (lath., AstAro., and Opt.) It denotes things as they ap- — n. An appellation; a common name; a name which Alleghany, but runs generally parallel with it. From its p in contaistinction fo what they eally stands for a whole class, genus, or species of beings, or 17~~~~~ ~pear to us, in contradistinction fao, what they resl. culminating point, MIount Buckley in North Carolina, are; thus we say, the apparent diameter, distance, ag- for universal ideas; as, a man, a horse. 6,775 ft. above sea-level, it reaches into Virginia, and nitrde, pltace, figure, &c. of bodies-A. con Ctief Appellatively, ads. As an appellative. there bisects into two distinct wings, one trending the planets is, when a right line, supposed to be drawn Appellativeness,. State or quality of being ap through the N.E. States into Canada as fiar as Quebec, through their centres, passes through the centre of the pelative. the other keeping a course W. to Kingston, in the upper earth. And, in general, tie A. conjunrction of any objects AoPel'lat y, a. Containing an appeal. division of that country. The basin between these two is when they appear, or are plcedin the samne right line Appellee', n. (Law.) The party resisting an appeal. branches is called the Appalachrian valley, and is of the See APPLrAN'r. earlier limestone formation. FIrom Upper Canada, the W. App' tly, adr,. Openly; evidently; seemingly; in Appellor', n. (.aw.) A criminal who accuses his bifurcation turns to the N.W. and effects a junction with A nYaccomplices; one who challenges a jury, &c. k tthe Rocky Mountains. The Blue Mountains average in Jappearauce.-It admits the sense of questionableness yet Append', v.a. [Fr. appendre, from Lat. ad, and pendo, th e Rocky ofaubtains. The Blue Mountains bversge in more strongly than the adjective.-See APPARENT. e e a r. o t od n no height a mean of about 1,500 ft., and at their base are PP t o cause to hang down.] To hang one thing on to anabout 9 m. in breadth. Their highest summits are Appari'tiossa, n. [Fr., from Lat. apparilio.] An ap- oter, as a sel to a record. -To ften, as by a string; White-top, said to possess an altitude of 6,000 ft.; and peaace; the thing appeencearin, to as a appendage, as supplen ent or indext pe~~~~~~~~~~~~~oabo.~oaffix; the thigupplearing; ao vsibeubjoin;t. Powell's, in thie ridge farthest W., which reaches 4,500 to a book-To affix; to supplement; to subjoin; to ountains flow the rivers Roaoe, "The heavenly bands ttach. ft. From the Blue Mountains fow the rivers Roanok e, Down from a sky of jasper lighted sow tth Pedee, Santee, Savann:eh, and Altamaha on the E.; the In Paradise, and in a hill made halt; Apiadage,. Something appended or added; an Alabama and the Miobile on the S.; and the Tennessee A glorious asparition."- laltai. adjunct; a concomitant; a subordinate part; as, "M odon the W. The N. and S. mountrins of Virginia are -A. is also the term used for an effect by which the mind esty is tile appendage of sobriety." ramifications of the A. chain, extending into the fer- operates on the sense, instead of the sense on the mind; Append'ant, a. Hanging to; annexed; attached. or when the sense is diseased and transmits false ideas (Law.). A thing of inheritance belonging to another _-_:_/:___to the mind; two causes which have been the fruitful inheritance which is worthier. source of numberless superstitions and tales among the — n. That which hangs to, or belongs to another thing, - credulous and ignorant. Hence the idea of ghosts, as incidental or subordinate to it. spectres, phantoms, and supernatural visions. Appen'dicle, n. A small appendage. ______ —— ~~~~ ~~ ~(Astron.) It signifies a star or other luminary's becom- Appendie'lalate, a. (Bet.) Having an appendice, -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a iPedulous aped ignorant.s pnetheidaof thosts has icdnalo smbriatetoit in- visible, which before was hid. It stands opposed to as Fetishs apecdiculatus, a petol that has a small _______ ______________________ occultation. The circle of A. is an imaginary lihe, within leaf or leaves at the base. -- - -: — ~-~~ —~- which the stars are always visible in any given latitude. Appen'dix, n.; pl. APPENDIXES or APPENDICES. [Lat., ________Apaa']itoMr, a. [Let.] Amon, the humane, af genrait forom ad, and pendo, to cause to hang down; the Lat. pluterm to comprehend all attendants ofjudges and miagis- ral is appendices.] Something appended; an adjunct or ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a smapnices.] So\m e thing appendaed; an sduplmnct o trates, appointed to receive and execute their orders, appendage; a stspplement. Appeal', v. n. [Fr. appeler; from Lat. appello —ad, and Appeal', v. sa. [Pr. appelcnr; from Let. oppelto-ed, and (Liter.) A treatise or supplement added to the end of obsol. pello, to speak.] To call to or upon; to call by a work, to render it more complete. name.-To refer to a superior judge or court.-To refer APPense', a. [Lat. appendo, to attach to.] (Bet.) Hangto another as judge or umpire; to address one's self to g from aove. the feelings, &c. of an audince; to speakt in terms of Appenizell', a canton of Switzerland, consisting of request or entreaty to another, used with to, as involig two independent repubhics: A.-Ausser-rhoden, or A. the eelngs &c.of n adiene; o seak n trms two independent republics: A4.-Ausser-rhoden, or A4, aid or interference. tanteuewihosvkig Exterior, and A.-Inner-rhoden, or A. Interior. Both -v. a. To call or remove a cause from a lower to a supe- divisions are entirely enclosed within the canton of St. aor judgcl or court; tov accuse. (oalwrtao.) Gall, and unitedly present an area of 152 sq. m. - Desc. -n. A reference to another; an address to the judgment ountainous, pticlry in tie S., here Mont Sentis or feelings of an udience; accusation; sumons; - rises to 8,232 feet, and forms an extensive glacier. It is or feelings of an audience; accusation; summlons; reI_____ r course; resort. divided into what are called the outer and inner Rhodes,. couirse; resort. (La. Act of appeaig; the removal of a fro the latter of which is an agricultural district, and the - Lawn inferior to a supearior court, for the o cause f former manufacturing. Malf. Linen and cotton goods, the soundness of the decision of the inferior court. In the onnnes oftil deisin oftheinfrio cort.I~n dyetug, embroidery, and various other branches of indusFig. 1590. —ew or o'rcE i: r-aKs [Xirginica). an appeal, the whole matter is heard as if there had y - Riers. The Sittern is the rcipal. - Tons. Apbeen no previous trial.-In English criminal law, an A. psuzell and Trogen, Gris, and Herisan. Pop. about til~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pnelad Trgn, Gets, anc HiersaR. ~op. abo tile valley which lies between its two great divisions. was an accusation by a private person against another 60,000. -This canton holds the thirteenth place in the On the W. of the Alleghlcny lie the Lacrel Moun- for some heinous crime, demanding punishment on ac- Swiss confederacy. tains, which run in a parallel course with that range. count of the particular injury suffered, rather than for APPENZELI', the capital of Inner-rhoden, in the above canTo the E. of the Hudson river are the Green Mountains, the offence against the public. ton, 2,538 ft. above sea-level, 6 min. S.W. of Trogen, 7 m. with their adjuncts the Taghlconnue, and Mount Tom, (Leisl.) The act by which a member of a legisltve of St. Gall; Lt. 470 0' N.; Lo. 90 24' E. p. 3,463. both rising in Connecticut near New Haven. The former, Lgs.ThacbywihammeofalgstieApn liern ilnaiatofheatn-f boil risio in Conuecticnt neer Ns haven. The foroer, body, who questions the correctness of a decision of the APenzel'ler, n. An inhabitant of the canton- of after intersecting Vermont, throws out a succession of presiding officer, or chaiirmsn, procures a vote of the Appeozell. detached summits as far as Ccape Gasp8; while the latter body upon the decision. I the ouse of epresntatives pperCep'tion,. (Metaph.) Self-consciousness; conlances at hine througfh Nest I-~aAmpshdtrn into Loes Can-sciousness takes a linM through Noew Hampshire into Lower Can- of the Upnited States the question of an A. is put to thec ads;L. E. of Mount Tom are found the White Mouztains, House in this form: "Shall tihe decision of the chair o Ap'person's, in Virginia, a P.O. of Charles City co. a group of dome-shaped configuration, the highest sum- stand as fm o th e judgsimet of th e ouse -If th A. relates Appertain', v. n. [r. appartenir; Lat. ad, and perunit of which is Mount Washington, at an altitude of tan anteed breach of decorum, or trnsgression of ths tines, to pertain; from paer, and teeo, to hold.] To per. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tino, an ple- reain; fof decou, adteor tr go hiold. Tof the 6,231 ft. above sea-level, and the most elevated point rules of order, the question is tiaken without debate. It tam to; to belong to; to relate to; to concern. in New England. All of these out-lying ranges are it relates to the admiesibility or relevancy cf a proposi Apper'enane, a. Same as APPURTENrANCE. titn debateis poteramitslty or rexce v cy(apt o ot whentv~.[Lt ape, motonse after. o desl distinguished fi'om those of the A. properly so called, tion, deate is permitte, except hen motion for ete',.. [Lt. aet, to se after.] To desire. lying to S. and W. of tire Hudson, by their line of exte- prevo question is pending.-Boier. Ap petene Ap'petency, in. [Lt. appetentia, sion forming a parallel to that of the principal rivers, pei. Tht ay be appealed. fiom ad, and pete, to seek.] A seeking, striving, or longing after; desire; sensual appetite; instinctive propenand perpendicular to the seat-coast. Naked snimmits are Appeal'er, a. One who appeale. sity; tendency; attraction. the exception in these mountains, which are for the Appea, v.n. [Lat. appa-eo-ad, andpareo, to apear; sity; Appetentdency; a. [Lt. appeten.] Very desirous. most part wooded to the very top. Their strata consists Ap~p etnt;h~BI881, a. [Lat. a2ppetens.] Very desirous. ost part ooded to the very top. Their strata consists Fr. apparaitre.] To come to some thing or place so cs Ap'petite, n. [Fr. appitit, from Let appetitus, natural of granite, gneiss, nmica, and clay slate, and the primitive to be visible; to come or Ie in sight. - To become visible, limestone. In the N., the more elevated portions are desire.] A longing afteranything; propensity of nature; chiefly composed of primary rocks, in which are em- In tht night did God appear unto Solomon."-2 Chron. i.. eagerness or longing for sensual gratifications. bedded vast deposits of coal and iron of immense value. — To come bIefore another to give acconunt or receive "Who is there that has not instigated his appetites by indul(See MINERAr. COAL.) M1arble, slate, copper, zinc, chrome, judgment. - To be obvious. gence? " —Johnson. &c., are also abcndant in different parts of the A. range. "Let thy work appear unto thy servants." —Ps. cx. 16. -A cravinx or relish for food; hunger.-See HUNGos. Appallacelee'. See APALteiCtE. - To be clear; to seem; to look. Ap'petitivwe, a. That desires; as, the appetitive part of Appalaliahleo'Ia. See ArALACHICOLA. Appear'antee, n. The act of appearing or of coming our nature. Appall', v. a. See APPrA,. into sight. The presentation of an object to the eye; Ap'petize, v. a. To create an appetite. Appahl'ing, a. Tending to depress courage. the object so represented; its general character, and the Ap'petizer, n. That which appetizes. Apptali'ng-ly, adv. In an appalling manner. ideas or indications which it may suggest, as in the Ap'pian, OF ALEXANDRIA, manager of the Imperial revAppal'meest, n. Depression from fear; discouragement. phrases, "he made his appearance," "his personail ap enues munder Adrian, Trajan, and Antoninus Pins, in Ap'panage, n. See APANAGE. pearance," "an ugly appearance," "to all appearance." Rome. He wrote a Roman history, from the earliest Appanoosse', in Iowa, a S. county, bordering on Mis- Advent; apparition; manifestation; probability; aspect; times to those of Augustus, in 24 books, of which only 12 souro, and watered by Chariton river, ancd by Walnut lilelihood; evanition. have come down to us. and Cooper creeks. Area, 492 sq. m.; surface level; soil (Law.) Personal presence; a being present in court, Appian Way. See Vna Arena. fertile; capital Centreville. Pop. abt. 17.000. whether as plaintiff or defendant. A time is generally Appia'nri, ADoaEA, n. at Milan, 1750. Showing at an Appanesesse', in illinois, a post-villcige and township fixed within which the defendant must enter iris A. - early age great enthusiasm ibr art, he soon attained to of Hancock co., abt. 6 m. N.E. of Nasuvoo. Pop. of town- A firihure to appear generally entitles the plaintiff to eminncsasapainterof frecos. Ostheoccupationof ship abt. 1,000. judgmnent by default against the defendant. Lombardy by the French, A. was sought out by them Apparae'a$s, n.; ph. APPARATUS or APeAtArUSaS. [Let. Appear'es-, n. One who appecars. and sent to Paris to assist at the coronation of Napoleon. froor ad, and parn-, to prepare, to provide.] A preparc- Appea.'iga,, na. The act of appearing. He becre first painter to the Imperial court, and a tion; things provided; furnitnre; instrumrsents; tools; A p~ear'issgly, ads. Seemingly; apparently. member of tie principal European academies. The equipage; a comcplete set of instruments or utensils for A epeaS'able, a. That may be appeased. series of frescos painted by o-der of Napoleon for the performing any operation or experiment. bAppeas'a~bleness, a. The quality of being easily royal palace at Milan is his greatest performance. D. (Phys.) Applied to the series of organs concurring in appeased. 1818. the performance of any function of the animal economy. Appease', r. a. [Fr. appaiser, from Lat. pax, pacis, Ap'!in, in Scotland, a district of Argyleshire, in the App~a'ei, a. [Fr. appan-eil, fromo par-er, to dress os- set pecece.] It is applied to the abatement of the wants or Hi;hslanids, fbrmnerly the coiuntry of the Stuarts. onff.] Suitable covering or clotlingc fitting to the personi. passions of men. To pacify; to assuasge; too mitigats; A 5 55, Ccxuons Cassnlus, a Roman dece;vir, (451 Equnipmsenlt; clothes; robes; vesture; vestments; sai- to muoderate; to satisty; to stary; to allcay; Co soften. to 449 n.e.) Being passionately in love with Vngircha, VOL. i.- 15 * 114 APPL APPL APPO ldaughterof Virginius, arespectable plebeian absent with type of the kind of fruit to which they have applied the party applying for an insurance on life, or against fire. the army, he persuaded M. Claudius, his client, to gain term pomne, q. v. The eatable part has a more or less It usually consists of written answers to interrogations possession of her, under the pretence that she was the aromatic, sweet, or sub-acid taste, and contains starch, instituted by the company applied to, respecting the daughter of one of his slaves. The people compelled him grape-sugar, and malic acid. Apples are commonly proposed subject. It is usually referred to expressly in to set her at liberty; but Claudius summoned her before divided into dessert, baking, and cider-making fruits; the policy as being the basis or a part of the contract, the tribunal of A., who decided that the pretended slave the first being highly flavored, the second such as become and this reference is, in effect, a warranty of the truth of should be given up to her master. A fearful disturbance soft in baking or boiling, and the third those which are the statements. An oral misrepresentation of a material arose, and the decemvir was compelled to leave Virginia hard and austere. Apples are also classed under the fact will defeat a policy on the ground of ifraud.-Bouvier. in the hands of her family; but he declared that he general nauses of Pippins, Pearmnains, Rennets, Colvilles, Ap'plicative, a. That applies. would pronounce his decision the next day. Virginius, Russets, CodliIs, &ac. The uses of the apple for culinary Ap'plicatory, a. That has an application. hurriedly recalled from the army by his friends, appeared and conserving processes are sufficiently well known. -n. That which applies. and claimed his daughter; but, after another mock trial, Cider, the fermeneted juice of thie apple, is a favorite Appli'er, n. A person who applies; an applicant. she was again adjudged to be the property of Marcus drink in many parts of England and FraEnce, and Ap'pling, in Georgia, a county bordering N. and N.E. Claudius. To save his daughter from dishonor, the un- in some places of the United States. Malic acid, ex- on the Altamaha river. Area 1,060 sq. us.; surface level; hIappy fither seized a knife and slew her. The popular tracted from the apple, has long been used in medi- soil sandy; capital Hiolmesville. Pop. abt. 4,600. indignation excited by the case was headed by tilhe sena- pine, and has latterly been largely employed as a ueor- -A post-village, cap. of Columbia co., 23 m. W. of Augusta. tors Valerius and Horatius, who hated the decemvirate. dant in dyeing.-See CIDEnR, MALIc ACID, and PYRUs for Ap'pling, in New York, a post-office of Jefferson co. The army returned to Rome with Virginius, who had the scientific character of the genus. Apply', a. v. [i. APPLED; pp. ArPLYINo, APPLIED.] [O. carried thie news to them, and the decemviri were deposed. Apple of the eye, the lpupil of the eye. Fr. applier; Fr. appliquer; from Gr. pleko.] To fold upon. A. C. died in prison, by his own hand (as Livy states), Applebaehs'ville, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of To put, or place upon; as, "to apply a remedy. " —Shaks. or was strangled by order of the tribunes.-Alfieri has Bucks co. To adduce, in the most broad and generic sense, with a written a tragedy on the death of Virginia. AI'ple-berry. See BILLAmIERA. purely physical or moral object; as, to apply a blister, Applaud', v. a. [Rat. applaudo, from ad, and plaudere, to A'i'lsle-blight, n. (ZOOl.) The aphis of the apple-tree. or a sum of money to a charitable propose, or evidence clap the hands; Fr. aplaudir.] To clap with the hands at; See APHIS. to a case, or one's self to study. It is used also intransito praise by clapping the hands, beating with the feet, A pple-bran'dy, Apple-jaek', n. A liquor dis- tively, as in tihe sense of making application, or showing &c.-To praise, but on the pure ground of approval. So, tilled from cider; cider-brandy. it in the sense of diligence. —To adduce; to use; to we applaud acts, words, sentiments, performances, mo- Ap'pleby, in England, a borough and chief town of employ; to devote; to exercise; to apportion; to direct. tives-in short, things good; not the aristocratic, tile the county of Westmoreland, on the Eden. It possesses -v. n. To be suitable.-To have recourse by petition or powerful, or the beautiful.-To laud; to approve; to en- an ancient castle, which during the civil war was gas- request. courage; to cieer. risoned by the heroic Countess of Pembroke against the Appogiatu'ra, n. [It., from appoggiare, to lean Applauld'er, n. One who applauds. Parliamentary forces. P,p. 3,565. upon.] (Mus.) A small additional note of embelApplause', ne. [Lat. applausus; see APPL.nUo.] Appro- Apple Creek, in Iliunois, falling into the river Illinois lishment preceding the note to which it is attachbation and praise expressed by clapping the ilands; ac- in Greene co. ed, and taking away fromn the principal note a claimations or huzzas; plaudits; commendation; appro- Apple Creek, in Missouri, a village of Cape Girardeau portion of its time. It should always be given bation. co., about 170 m. S E. of Jefferson city. with considerable expression. Applau'sive, a. Applauding; containing applause. -A stream in Henry co., fhlling into Grand river. Appoint', v. a. [Fr. appointer, from Lat. ad, to, and Ap'ple, n. [A. S. aepl, apel, eppel; Ger. apfel.] The filuit Apple Creek, in Ohio, a post-office of Wayne co. pseoctum, a point. Ad punctun ducere, to bring to a of the Pyrus mnalus, a species of the genus Pyrus, q. v. Ap'pledore, a small seaport of England, in the co. of point.] A point of order, so to establish; of office, so to All the different kinds of apple-trees now in cultivation Devon, on Barnstaple Bay. It is a bathing resort during install; of agreement, so to fix; of use or preparation, are usually regarded as mere varieties of the one species the summer monthis. so to furnish.-To fix; to determine; to install; to instiwhich in its wild state is kInown as thie crab-tree, Pyrus Ap'plegate, in Oregon, a post-village and township of tute; to apportion; to apply; to employ; to designate; acerba, Pig. 160. This plant is found in woods and waysides Jackison co. Pop. of village, 300; of township, 514. to assign; to intrust; to invest; to ordain; to arrange. il most ofthl temperatepamtsof thenorthern hemisphere. Ap'ple Grove, in Alabama, a post-office of Morgan co. -v. n. To decree; to resolve. Its fruit is austere and npaplatable, but is sometimes Ap'ple Grove, in Ohio, a post-office of Meigs co. "For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahigathered for the sake of its acid juice, which, when fer- Ap'ple Grove, in Pennsyalvania, a post-office of York thophel."-2 Sam. xvii. 14. mented, forms the liquid called verjuice, used in cookery ce. Appoint'alle, a. Able to be appointed. and for purifying wax. The Romans are said to have had Aj'plpe-J; on, as. A varietyofapple. Appoint'ed, p. a. Settled; established; equipped; 22 varieties of the Pyrus nialus, or cultivated A.-tree. At Ap'ple of Diseord. See DisconD. sppied. the present time it is, perhaps, the most widely-diffused Ap'ple olf Peru. See MICANDA. Appointee', n. [Fr. apont.Apesnwoiaand valuable of all fruit-trees; and the varieties, which Ap'ple of Sodomn. See SoAnunt. Apointee',. r. ppoinli.] A person vho is ap5. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~pomnted. are adapted to almost every soil, situation, and climate Apple-pie etlter, a colloquial expression denotin.g (Ail.) A foot-soldierwho, for long services, or for a spein the temperate zone. have become exceedingly numer- perfect order.-v-rcestcr. cial deed, receives greater pay than other privates. onus. About 1,000 varieties are cultivated in the U. Ap'ple River, in liliois, a river which rises in Jo (La.) person selected for a particular purpose; (Law.) A person selected for a particular purpose; States. The apple-tree seldom reaches a greater height Daviess co., and takes a S. course toward the Mississippi, also tie petson in wsose favor a power of aippointmet than 30 ft., but its large round head makes up for tile which it enters in Carroll co. is exected. is execu~tedl. want of height; and, altogether, it is a noble-looking -A post-townslhip of Jo Daviess co. Plop. 600. ppi'e,. One lt settles or fixes any thing or A]ppoiii-tler, 2z. One that settles or fixes any thing or tree, especially when in full blossom. The flowvers grow Aprlle River, in TVisconsin, is a small stream in place. in bunches, and have a very fragrant odor. They are Dallas co., flowing S.W. until it enters the St. Croix Appoint'ment, e. [Fm. apponienten.] Stipulation; river about 6 so. above Stillwater. A'e ail sin. A Same giventothe esof tile act of fixing somnething in which two or more are,Apple-sn~al, w. A name given to the shells of the concerned. \/l I//~ genams Ammmpullaria. comerned. ge, in u lliois, a village of erry. " They had made an ap1pointment together, to come to mourn Ap'pleton, in Illinois, a village of Perry co. with him." -Job it. 11. \\l lA'etoan, in Kasnsas, a post-office of Bourbon CO. -Decree; establislsment. Ap' letons, in Maine, a poat-township of Knox co., 25 mY(E ~~fl. E. by S. of Augusta. PoZ~. czt~t. 1,S00. " The wages of death be only in his hands, who alone hath to. E. by S. of Augusta. Pop. abt. 1,800. power over all flesh. and unto whose appoint..ent we ought to sub- ~ \'~~ fi7 ~~~-Alps'pletoa, in Missouri, a post-office of Cape Girardeau mit oursetvea" - Hooker, S.. I CO. — Decision; order..Ap']pletoma, in Ohio, a post-township of Licking co. "That good fellow,....Ap'....pleton, in Tennessee, a post-office of Lawrence co. If I comm.ad him, follo.s my appointment." - Shaks. I)::~?:_~~ Ap'pletole, in lvisconsin, a post-village, cap. of Outa- -Equipment; furuiture. gansie co., on tme Fox river, nesar the Grand Chute Rap- Here art thou in apointment, fresh and fair, ida. This place possesses a considerable trade. Pop. in Anticipating time with starting courage. - Shat. 1870, 4,542. /Aip'ple-tree, em. (Bint.) The common name of Pyrmms -An allowance paid to any man; commonly used as allowenalna-See Aem'm, and PYnus. ences to public officers. malus. —See APPLE, and PynUS. Appii'anee, Appli'anecy, e. [See APPLY.] The act J(Law.) In chancery practice, the exercise of a right pplyin, or te thing applied; aid; furtherance. to designate the person or persons who are to take the of ampplying, or thme timing applied; aid; furtherme. ms fra sae asnciem. Apieaiit, Ap'pliabeess, em. Quali use of real estate. - Boyvie. beiinappliictyable. Quality ofAppoint'or, n. (Law.) One authorized by the dnor, being applicable. 11paaa~, a. Tlat may be applied; suitable under the statute of use, to execute a power. Ap'plicable, a. That may be applied; suitable. Alp'plieaably, ad. In such a manner that it may be ppomat'tox, a rivers in Virginia, rising in the county ~properly applied.~~ osay of the same name, and flowing E., empties into the Ap'perlyapply, a. The stale or quality of being an ap- James river at City Point. It is navigable for large ves-'plicant. sels as fimr as Petersburg, 20 m. from its entrance. EstiAp'plieant, n. A person who applies; a petitioner. mated length, 120 m.' -:~ -- a county which t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~akes its name from the above river Ap plieate, n. [Lat. applicata, from applicare.] (Math.) -a couty which tes its name fnm the above river Aright line drawn across a curve so ats to bisect the A right line drawvn across a curve so as to bisect time It is situated in the S.E. central part of the State, and diamnseter thereof; an ordinate. Ias an area of 260 sq. m. The surface is generally mounApplieca'tion, em. [hr. fnom Lat. applicatio.] The act tainous and woody. Cap. Clover Hill. -Pop. abt. 9,500. of applying any thing to another; as, he mitigated his ppomat'tox Court-House, in Virginia, a postpain by time apaplication of emollients.-Tie lmting office of Appomattox co. Here, on the 9th of April, Fig. 160. — CRAB-TREE, OR SOUR-FRUITED APPLE-TREE. applied; as, he invented a new application by which 18 as discussed, setted, and signed, between Gen(1~~12-us acerba.) blood might be stanchled.. —,The act of applying to any ( blood omight be stanchsed. —he act of applying to ammy: eral Grant and General Lee, the capitulation by which person, as a solicitor or petitioner. (.Thjs ans acenis; na.)ral size, person,~ as a solicitor or petitionerthe latter surrendered the Confederate army of Northern ~Flo~wer and frub; aturasie f1 parsosas adsolictoro pplictione or.Virginia; an event which put an end to the civil war. ~"A patent passed upon the asplication ofa poorp mechanick." —Sawife. Apposqesin'nin nk, in Delfawae, a small creek, -white inside, and have a delicate tinge of pink exter- -The employment of any means for a certain end floing in nito mink, in Delaware, a small creek, nally. The'tree is not always allowed to ramify in -hemly ntoaymasfracraied. flowing into Delaware Bay. nahly. The tree is not alvays allowed to raify intin I"f a right course be taken with children, there will not be much -A hundred of Newcastle co. p natural manner, but is sometimes trained sis an es- need of the application of the common punishments." APPor'tlon, a. a. [0. Fr. appsriiner, from Rat, ad palier, or as a wall-tree. New varieties are being continmmally developed; and as they are generally propasgated by -Intensity of thought; close study. and pr-tio.] To set out in just proportion; to distribute grafting, the old ones gradually die out. The vmeriety "IHad his apptication been equal to his talents, his progress among two or more persons. t!at produced tlse costard, or custard, which mvas at one might have hes Setter. "An office cannot be apportioned out like a common, and shared bime a favorite kind of apple, does not now exist, though -Attention to some particular affair; with the particle tm. among distinct proprietors.'- Cemlier oem Emtvy. the name of costermongers (costam-d-mongers) is still re- "His coatinued application to public atffirs." —Addisonm. sppor'ttioner, mm. One who apportions. fained for itinerant venders of apples. The apple is -The condition of being used as means to an end. Appor'ton ment, e. Time ct of apportioning; the esually graefted on apple or crab-stoclks; but sometimes "This principle acts with the greatest ferce i tehe worst aspli- division or distribumtion of a subject-matter in proptorhaswthorn Stocks are used. For producing dwarf-trees, cation~; and the familiarity of wicked men more successfully do- tionmete parts. stocks of the paradise-apple, a very diminutive variety. bunches, than that of good men reforms." —logers. Ap inps'er, em. The imame given in England to an officer are usmially employed. The apple (alltiding now to th:e (Late.) A written request. — The use or disposition of the Exclhequmer, whose dmlty it masee to exatmiine the fruit, and not to the tree producing it) varies greatly in made of a thing. shereiffs its regard to their accounts handed in to the LEX fsrm, size, audcojor. It is regarded by botanists as'tlie (mtsumrammce.) The preliminary statement made by me chlequmer,. APPR APPR APRI 115 Ap'posite, a- [Lat. appositus, from ad, and ponesej to Appr'ise', v. a, [Fr. apprendre, pp. appris.] To cause be pleased with; to commend; to ptove; to justify; to put or place.] Proper; fit; well adapted to time, place, another to know a thing; to inform: to advise; to ad- sanction - To make worthy of approbation. or circumstances. vertise; to acquaint; to enlighten; - followed by of. "Study to show thyself approved unto God." - 2 Tint. ii. 15. Ap" positely, ads, Properly; fitly; suitably. Apprize.' v. a. Thle same as APPRAISE, q, V. - Although (Law.) To augimtent a thing to the utmost; to vouch; "We may apposstely compare this disease ts a decaying house." upprize be correct, it is preferable to use appraise, to to appropriate; to improve. Harvey. avoid confusion with another word of different derivation Approved', p. a. Liked; commended; proved; judged Ap'positeness, n. Fitness; propriety; suitableness. and meaning, to apprise. favorably; justified; sanctioned. Apposi'tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. appositio.] The addi- Apprize'ment, n. See APPRAIsEMENT. -Approved Erdorsed Notes. (Corn.) Notes indorsed by a pertion of a new matter, so that it may touch the first Apprizl'er, n. See APCRAISLM. sou other than the giver, for additional security. mass. Approacih', v. n. [Fr. approclher; firom Ltat. ad, to, and Approve'lent, n. Approbation. (o.) (Grant.) The placing two or more substantives to- proximus, next.] To draw or come near in space or time; Approv'er, n. One who approves. gether, withlout any copulative between them; as, Wash- to approximate. Apprev'nig, p. a. Yielding approbation. ington, the legislator. -v. a. To come near by affinity or resemblance; as, "the Approv'irtgly, ade. By approbation. Apposlitive, a. (Gran.) That is placed in apposition. cat approaches the tiger." - To cause to be near. (R.) Approx'isesatne, a. [Lat. ad, and proxiosmus, nearest, Appraise', v. a. [Lat. appretiare, from ad, and psetiare, Approach', n. Tile state, the act, or the way of ap- next.] Nearest to; next; approaching to; nearly true to prize.] To set a price upon anoythling, in order to mnake preaching; as, the alproach of the New Year; the ap- or accurate; as, an approximaate number. a sale. preach of an army; the approach to kings. (Zoel.) An epithet applied to teeth, when the one -v. n. To praise; to commend. (Internat. Law.) The right of visit, or visitation to de- passes on the side of the next, without any intervening Appraise'n ntt, n. The act of setting a price; a termine the national character of the ships approached vacancy. valuation. for that purpose only. Approx'imate, v. a. To carry, or advance near to; Apprais'er, n. One who appraises; a person appointed (Fort.) ippreaches are works thrown up by the be- to cause to approach. and sworn to set a value upon things to be sold. siegers, in order to get nearer a fortress without being -To come near; to approach. Appre'ciable, a. That may be appreciated or valued. exposed to the enemy's fire. The camp of the besiegers Approx'imately, adv. By approximation. Appre'ciate, v. a. [Fr. apprecier. - See AmRtaxlso.] being generally far from tile besieged fortress or city, the Apgproxima'tion~, m. [Fr.] Act of approximating; To set such a value as one is bound in reason to recog- soldiers would be exposed to iluminent danger while approach; a drawing, mmoving, or advancing near, nize; to esteem; to recognize; to acknowledge; to hlastening across a belt of open country to enter any (Math.) A continual approach to a root or quantity respect: to value. breaches made by tihe large siege-guns, were it not that sought. but not expected to be found. Apprecia'tioma, n. The act ofappreciating: estimation. sunken trenches or excavated roads are first constructed Approx'imative, a. Approaching to; near to; opAppre'ilative, a. That appreciates, or is capable of along which they may approach. In some cases, the preaching. appreciating. A. are merely paths shielded by a piled-up wall of sand- Approx'imatively, adv. By approximation; apAppre@'iatory, a. That appreciates. bags, fascines, gabions, wool-packs, or cotton-bales.- proximeately. Apprehlend', v. a. [Fr. apprehender, from Lat. ad, and Counter-approaches are works carried on by the besieged Appui' (ap'pooe), s. [A Fr. word.] A stay or support. prehendo, I grasp in the hands.] To grasp in the hiands; in against tisose of the besiegers. (lMiit.) In the tactics of modern warfare on land, this sense it is now confined to the legal arrest of peraoms. Approach'able, a. That is accessible. points d'appui are those. strategical points in the plan To grasp with the mind, as a matter of understtanding, Approach'er, n. A person who approaches. of a battle as are best adapted to afford protection or belief, or anticipation, and especially of coming danger. Approach'ing, p. a. Coning near in space or time; yield assistance. Thle wings of an army, when in line To comprehend; to understand; to expect; to featr; to approximating. of battle, being the most open and vulnerable to attack, conceive; to anticipate; to presume; to conjecture. -n. (Gardening.) See INAncHmNe. are those parts which require the greatest covering and — V. n. To conceive, presume, or conjecture. Approaht'less, n. Inaccessible. support, and are accordingly placed in positions where Apprehen'sion, n. Distrust; fear; suspicion. - Con- Ap'prlobate, v. a. [Lat. approbo.] Literally, to approve; suchl natural safeguards as the surface of the country ception; sentiment; belief. but only used as a technical term by the American will allow of, as rivers, streams, forests, and steep or "The expressions of Scripture are commonly suited, in those clergy, with the meaning of to give license or apprlobation hilly grounds, will conduce to the above requirements. matters, to the vulgar appreeoensions."-Locke. to preach. Any, or all of these, will therefore, be points d'appui. (Logic.) The first or most simple act of the mind Appprobate and reprobate. (Scottish Law.) To approve (iaanege.) The sense of action of the bridle in the whereby it perceives, or is conscious of some idea: it is and reject. It is the English doctrine of election. A horseman's hand. Thus, a man has no appui, when he more usually called perception. party cannot both approbate and r-eprobate the same deed. cannot suffer the bit to bear even slightly upon the (Lam.) The capture of a person uspon a criminal Approbl'tion, n. [Fr., from Lat. approbatio.] The act parts of the mouth; or too much appui, when he bears charge. The term arrest is applied to civil cases; as, a of approving; approval; praise; satisfaction; encour- too heavily upon the bit, &c. person having authority may a)rrest os civil process, amd agenement; confirmation; acceptance. Aispulse', n. [Lat. appulsus, from appello - ad, to, and apprehend on a criminal warrant. -Probation; trial. (e.) pelts, to drive.J Act of driving or striking against; as, Apprehes'isive, a. Ready to understand. - Fearful; Ap'probative, a. [Fr. approbatif.] Approving; cons- "the appulse of the waters to the shores."-Approach; distrustful; as, apprehensive of a coming danger. mending. arrival. Apprehen'sively, adv. In an apprehensive manner. Ap'prsobator, sn. A person who approves. (a.) (Astiron.) The approach of a planet towards a conApprelhemaesiveness, n. State or quality of being Ap'probhatory, a. Approving. junction with the sun or any of the fixed stars. apprehensive. Appropinque', v. a. [Lat. appropinquo.] To op- App]p ll'sion, n. The act of striking against. Appren'tiee, n. [Fr. apprenti, from apprendre, to proach; - used ludicrously. Appil'lsive, a. Striking against; driving towards. learn.] A person bound by indenture or articles of Appro'prialble, a. That may be appropriated. Appul'sively, adv. In an appulsive manner. agreement, to a master, to serve hlim during a certain iAppro'priate, v. a. [Fr. approprier; from Lat. ad, to, Aplsssr'tenanice, n. [Fr. appartenance, from appartime, and learn from him his art, trade, or business. and proprios, one's own.] To take to one's self as one's tenir, to belong to; from Lat. ad, to, and pertineo, to per-v. a. To bind as an apprentice. own; to take, claim or use, as by exclusive right: to as- tain.] That which belongs or pertains to something Appren'tice-fee, n. A sum of money sometimes sume; to set apart for, or assign to a particular use; to else; an adjunct; an appendage. paid to the master of an apprentice, usually called a alienate, as a bguefice. (Law.) Things belonging to another thing as principremriumo. (Law.) See APrOepaArATioN. pal, and which pass as incidental to the principal thing. Appren'ticesas )ip, n. (Law.) A contract by which -a. Set apart for a particular use or person; suitable; fit Thus, if a house and land be conveyed, everything a person who understands some art, trade, or business, or proper; adapted. passes which is necessary to the full enjoyment thereof,; and called master, undertakes to teach time soame to Approlp'ittemlt p. a. Assigned to a particular use; and which is in use as incident or appurtenant thereto. another person, commonly a minor, and called the claimed or used exclusively. Appurtenances of a ship include whatever is on board apprentice, who, on his part, is bound to serve the mas- Appros'priatlety, adv. In an appropriate manner; a ship, excepting cargo, fbr the objects of the voyage ter, during a definite period of time, in such art, trade, fitly; properly; suitably. and adventure in whichm she is engaged, belonging to or business. - At conimmnon law, an infant may bind him- A]pprop'riaensiess, n. Qmality of being appropriate. her owner.- Bouvier. self apprentice by indenture, because it is for his bene- Appropria'tiomn, n. [Fr., from Lat. appropriatio.] Appur'tenauit, a. [Fr. appartenant.] (Law.) Belongfit. But this contrtact, on account of its liability to The applicattion of money or any other thing to a par- ing to; pertaining to of right. The thing appurtenant abuse, has been regulated bystatutein the United States, ticular purpose. must be of amn inferior natuse to the thing to which it and is not binding upon the infant unless entered into " The mind should have distinct ideas of the things, and retain is aptpurtenant. by himn with the consent of the parent or guatrdian, or the particular name, with its peculiar aplolropriatnio to that Apr.'axioi, THEODoaR MATVAYEVICn, a distinguiished idea." —Locke. Z by the parent or guardian for him, withl his consent id. -Lce. Russian admiral, n. 1671. He may be considered as the The contract need not specify the particular trade to be -The fixing a particular signification to a word. creator of the Russian navy, and was the most powerful taught, but is sufficient if it be a contract to teach such "The name of faculty may, by an approprriation that disguises andl influential pemson at the court of Peter the Great, mansual occupation or branch of business as shall be its true sense, palliate the absurdity." — Locke. who made him chief-adnmiral. In 1708, he defeated the found best suited to tihe genius or capacity of the op- Swedish geheral, Ltibecker, in Ingermannland, and prentice. This contract must generally be entered into (L ) Th apliation of a pamnt mde to a cred- saved the newly built city of St. Petersburg from dei ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~itor by his debtor. to one or more of several debts. by indenture or deed. - The duties of the master are, to tr by is debtor to ne or mor of seeral debts struction. In 1713, he toolk IHelsingfors and Borgo, and instruct the apprentice by teachling him the knowledge (Governra. Law.) In the U. States no money can be defelated the Swedish fleet. Ils was twice charged with drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of atJppleof the art which he had undertaken to teach him, though priantions madte by law (Csuryn st. Art. 1, s.eencg.). of eppo- embezzlement, tried, and condemned to pay a fine; but he will be excused for not malking a good worlkrman, if ptions mde by lw ( t. Art.,.) Udr th being too useful to be dispensed with, Peter, in both inclause it is necessary for Congress to appropriate money 1 the apprentice is iucapable of learning the trade, the e it is necessry fr Congres t pprite oney stances, neutraized the effects of the condemunation, by I., ~~~for the support of the Federal government, and in py burden of proving which is on the master. He must f the sport of the ederl govcrnmet, in p conferring upon him additional riches and dignities. not abuse his authority, either by bad treatment, or y nent of claims against it; and tsis is done amnually by D. 1728. subjecting his apprentice to menial employments nncon- acts of A., some of whichl are for the general purposes A,'prieot, n. [Fr. abricot; Lat. prctcoria, from praccox, nected with the business he has to learn; but he may of governmente; and others, special and private in their ealy ripe.] A dlicious kind of fruit prouced by th correct him with moderation for nemligence and misbe- nature. These general A. bills extend to the 30th of Peunu s Armeniaca, a species of the genus trunus. q. v. hurler. it cannot dismiss his bpprentice xcept b.y June in the following year, and usmally originate in the'prtn, r. nLat. Apilis, peof his contracted frouo- q. e havior. He cannot dismisshis apprentice except A'pril, so. [Let. Ap-ilis, p-obahly ontracted frommapemconsent of all the parties to the indentusre. He cannot HoIse of Representatives, beimng prepared by the Con- ilis, from aperio, to open, as being the month in which remove the apprentice out of the State under the lavws rittee of Watys and Means; but they are distinct from the earth opens to bring forth buds, &c.; Fr. Aw'il.] The of which he was apprenticed, unless such remowl is the bills for raising revenue, which the Constitution de- fourth month of the year.-It was called Ooster, or fourth month of tes year. —It w as called O ster, or providcd fhrh in the cpntract, u mely se ismphiemv in its dares shall originate in the House of Represemta tives. Easter-month by the Anglo-Saxons, and Grass-month by nature: and if he do so remove him, the contract ceases A rule of the House gives A. bills precedence over all the Dutch. to be ob~ligatory. A n infant alpprentie is not carpabrle other business, and requmires them to be first discussed Dutc. A4pril-foels'-DayF-The first day of April, so called fronm in lav of consenting to Isis ovn dischlarge. After the A. in committee of the whole. —Boavier. the old custom of sending mony one on this day upon a is tt an end, the master cannot retbin the apprentice on A -P-'priative, a. Whicl malees appropriation. bootless errand. This strange custom of April-fools'tie ground tmat he has not fulfilled hlis contraoct, unless Appi, o'iri orl, so. One who Amppropriates. day exists throughout Europe, and in those parts of Speciletiy anthorized by staotute. -- An apprentice is Ajspr v'aisla. [SeeAs'ove.] That may be ap- neerica where thi traditions of the mother-country oummnd to obey his master in eli his lawfslm comman-sds proved. prevail. One of the explanattions of the custom is tleke cnre of his property, and prommeote his interests, en- A]plpr'o~ v"a]bleneses,, n. The state or quality of being mis followss:-In tie middle ages, scemnes from biblical deavor to learn his trade or business, and perforns etll the approvalde. history were often represented by way of diversion, withl covenants in his indenture not contrary to Iaw. Ite APPr'~ali[so n. Approbation; commendation. out any feeling of impropriety, The scene in the life of mnst not leave his master's service during the term of "A censor of Justice, without whose opproeau no capital sea- Jeeans, where he is sent fronm Pilote to Herod, and back the A.~ Bonyoeer. tences are to be exeauted." —-'ersole. again from Herod to Pilate, was represented in April, Afpressed', Ap, press', a. [Lett. apprimo, to press AppProve', a. a. [Fr. approuseser; Let. approbo —ad, and and may have given occasion to the cnstom of sending to.] (Bit.) Lying fiat etgaeiinst, or close pressed together, as prsbe, fl-om pribus, good, proper.] To deem good; to on fruitless errands, and other trichs practised at this leaves or peduncles to the stee. pronounce to be good; to find to be good; to like; to season. The phrase of "sending a man from Pilate to 116 APSL APUS AQUA Herod" is common in Germany, to signify sending about Aps'ley Strait, a channel between Melville and Bath- sand at the bottom of the streams, they raise their tails unnecessarily. The reason of choosing the first of April irst islands, oftf tile N. coast of New Holland; fronm 12 in the water. Their food principally consists of tadpoles for the exhibition of this scene was, that the feast of to 4 mn. in breadth, and 46 in length. Shores on bothl When first hatched they have only one eye, fbnr oar. Easter frequently falls in this month, and the events sides are low, and bordered by mangroves. A British like legs, with whorls of hair, the second pair being connected with this period of the life of Jesus would settlement, now abandoned, was made at Fort Douglass, the largest; the body has then no tail, and the shell naturally afford subjects for the spectacles of the season. on the Strait, in 1524. only covers the front half of the body; the other organs The tricks of the first of April may, however, be the Apt, a. [Fr. apte; Lat. aptus, from ape, to fasten, join, are gradually developed during succeeding naoultings. remnains of some Roman custom derived from the East, or tie, from the root ap, whence apto; Gr. hapito, to join, These creatures are the common food of the Wagtails. and spread over Europe, like so many other customs, by to tie.] F'it by nature or contrivanice; suitable; pre- Apyret'ic, a. [Gr. a, priv., and pyretos, fever.] (Mied.) these conquerors. It is certain that the Hindoos practise pared; inclined; liable. Without fever. precisely similar artifices at the time of the Huli feast, "All that were strong and apt for war."-2 Kings xxiv. 16. Ap'yreexy, n. (Mled.) The intermission of feverish dison the 31st of March. —0ne of the best tricks of this orders. description is that of Rabelais, who, being at Marseilles -Having a tendency to; ready; quick; dexterous. A'qua, n. [Lat.] Water. It is used as a prefix in words without money, and desirous of going to Paris, filled Apt, a town of France, in the dep. of Vaucluse, 29 mi. taken from the Latin, and relating to %water. some phials with brick-dust or ashes, labelled them as E.S.E. of Avignon. It possesses many ancient remains: (Chem.) The formnlae of water are Aq. and 1O, the containing poison for the royal fumily of France, and is the "Julia" of antiquity, and was greatly embellished latter being often used for basic, and the former for put them where he knew they would be discovered. The by Coesar. Pop. in 1861, 5,785. crystalline waters. A body containing water is said to bait took, and he was conveyed as a traitor to the capital, Aptenotly'tes, n. (Zo6l.) A name given to the pen- be hydrous, and the compound with water is called a where the discovery of the jest occasioned universal guins.-See SPHENISCINu. hydrate. nmirth. In France, the unlucky party who may be fooled Ap'tera, n. p1. [Gr. a priv., pteryx, a wing.] (Zul.) An Aquackanock, in NewJersey. See AcqUcACKA-N0CK. is called un poisson (fish) d'Avril; in Scotland, a gowk order of the Linhn an class insectcrt; characterized, as the A'quaa-forltis, s. [Lat, strong water.] (Chre/.) The (cuckoo); in England and America, an April-fool. term implies, by having no wings in either sex. It in- commercial name of Nitric acid. A Dprio'ri. [Lat., from the fobrnmer.] (Log.) A term ap- eludes the modern orders Crustacea, Arachnida, and My- Alqua-mnar'sia, a. (ini.) A sea-green variety of plied to any argument in which a consequent conclusion r-iapoda. emerald or beryl, much used in brooches. is drawn fromn an antecedent fact, whether the couse- Ap'teral, a. (Arc/l.) Applied to a temple without col- Aquasnlsbo, or AquAnMro, a kingdom in the interior quence be in the order of time, or in the necessary re- umns at the sides. of the Gold Coast of Africa, reaching 20 n. along the lation of cause and effect::- e.g., "The mercury sinliks, Ap'terous, a. (Zo/t.) Belonging or relating to the river Volta, and 100 inland. It has a town of the same therefore it will rain." This is an argument drawn from aptera. name. an antecedent in time, not from a cause to an effect. A (Bet.) It denotes any part of aplant which is destitute Aquapim', a country on the W. coast of Africa, on murder has been committed; a party fells under sus- of membranous expanmsion. The term is usually em- the Gulf of Guinea. It is nmostly uncultivated, ibut does picion as having had an interest in the death of the ployed in distinction to alate, or winged. a trade in gold-dust and palm-oil. Lat. about 60 N.; deceased, or a quarrel with him; this suspicion is founded Ap'te-'ix, n. [Gr. a priv., and pteryx, a wing.] (Z0bl.) Lon. 00. on the argument d priori, from cause to effect; because A fanmily of birds, a lied to the Struthionide, and till now A'kqua Regiina, n. [Lat., Queen's water.] (Chem.) A the fitct of his enmity or interest would afford a cause represented by only two species. It is a bird which in form mixture of nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid, for his committing the murder. On the other hand, somewhat resembles a Penguin, and stalds about two or oil of vitriol, will s to 1 of its weight of nitre. another party falls under suspicion as having been seen feet in height. The beak is very long, slender, marked Aqua Re'gis A, or REALs,. [Lat., oal ater]. I R r'g~, EI, 1 EGAIS, n. [Lat., royal waterl to quit the house at a particular time, having marks of on each side with a longitudinal groove, and furnished (Chem.) A mixture of 1 part nitric acid, and 3 to 4 blood on his clothes; these are arguments d posteriori, with a membrane at its base; Its wings are simple ru- parts chlorohydric acid; used for dissolving gold. It is in which we reason either from consequent in the order dimenuts. The feathers have no accessory plume, but so called front its power of dissolving gold, the king of of time to antecedent, or from effect to antecedent caunse. fall loosely, like those of the emu, and their shafts are metals. The scientific name is aistro-chlorobydrtic acid, A'pron, n. [Fr. aprun, probably from 0. Fr. napeeon, prolonged considerably beyond the base. The feet have or nitro-rur'iatic acid. diminutive of nappe, a table-cloth.] A cloth worn on a short and elev ted hind-toe, the claw ofwhichis alone Agquai'riim, n. [From Lat. aqua.] A snmall pond the fore part of the body, as a protection to the clothes. externally visible. The eye is small, and a number of placed in gardens, in which only aquatic plants are Apiece ofleatherspreadoveraperson's legs wheninagig. bristle-like hairs surround the mouth. Its color is deep- grown. It is generally a small pool or cistern, conThe fat skin over the belly of a goose.-A cover for the brown; its time of action nocturnal; and it subsists on taining shelves or benches at different depths from the vent of a cannon, &c. —lThle namne is applied to various insects. It runs with rapidity, the limbs are extremely surftare, on which pots are placed containing the plants. other things, from a supposed resemblance. powerful, and it defends itself vigorously with its feet. -Also, a tankli or vessel containing either salt or fresh (Arch.) The platformn raised at the entrance of a dock, This bird is chiefly met with in the southern parts of water, and in which either marine or fresh-water plants a little higher thtin the bottom, to form an abutment the interior of New Zealand. The natives value it greatly and animals are kept in a living state. In this fbrm, against which the gates may shut.-Also the sill or lower for the sake of its skin, which, prepared with the feiathers thie A. is not only an aid to scientific study, but also a part of a window. on, they make uinto dresses. The nanie given to this bird finle ornament of dreawing-roomss, and a source of ra(Ship-building.)-A piece of curved timber fixed behind by the New-Zealanders is Kiwi. tional amusement. To Mr. Warrington must be award. the Sower part of the stem, immediately above the fore- Ap'}titude, n. [Fr., firom Lat. aptus, from apo, to fasten, ed the thanks of all lovers of nature, 1br having first most end of the keel. join, or tie.] Fitness; tendency; disposition; suitable- produced a perfect aquarium. In 1850 this gentleman A'lpronied, a. Wearing an apron. ness; readiness. conmmunicated to the Chemnical Society of London the Aproposadv. [Fr. from i3, to the, and propos, purpose.] Apt'ly, adv. In an apt or suitable manner. result of a year's experinents "on the adjustment of To the purpose; opportunely; by the way.. Apt'tness, n. Aptitude; fitness; suitableness; tendency; the relations between the animal and vegetable king Ap'sheron, or APCHERON, a peninsula of Asia, running propensity; readiness. dome, by which the vital funmctions of both are perisafor 40 m. into the Caspian Sea, and terminating in Cape Ap'tote, n. [Gr. a priv., and ptotes, that can, or is wont nently maintained." To illustrate this adjustment, Mr A., which forms the E. part of the Caucasian ciatin. to fall, Irom, pipto, pep!oka, to fall.] (Grant.) A noun Warrington kept for many months, in a vase of unThis place is famous as being the spot of the sacred without a case or cases; an indeclinable naume. chantuged water, two small goldfish and a plant of Valisf:nMle, whence. the fire-worshippers of Asia drew their Apuile'lits. Lucius, n. at Madura, Af ica., and lived in neria sepiralis; and afterward he made a similar expertreligious veneration. Su!phsur and inflasnsmable gases the 2d century. Hle was educated at Carthage and Ath- ment with sea-water, weeds, and anes-onoes, which was so imipregnate the soil that immense quantities of black ens, and imbibed the Platonic philosophy. Ills most equtlly successful. Befbre this, several attempts had and white naphltha tre tnnuatlly taken fi'om it. Saffron, celebrated work is that entitled "MNetamorpho ses; or, the been nmade to preserve fresh-water and marine organsalt, and madder are also produced. On its S. coast is the Goldesn Ass," which has been translated into almost all ismns by naturalists. Mr. Ward, whose ingenious discovport of Bakou; Lat. of Cape A. 400 12' N.; Lon. 500 20'E. European languages of modern date. This book pur- cry of the method of growing ferns and other delicate Aj'sidal, a. Pertaining to the atpsides. ports to be a satire on the professors and principles of plants in closed cases had already earned for him a A2p'ss n.a, p. APsIDEs, sometimes improperly written priestcraft and magic. By some it is held to have been world-wide reputation, stated, in 1849, that he had sucAismsa [1;r. hapsis, friom hapto, hapso, to. connect.] designed as a pagan diatribe against Christianity. Be ceeded not only in growing seaweeds in sea-water, but (Astron.) The two points of the orbit of a planet or sat- this as it may, we must admit that the story of Psyche in sea-wvater artificially made; and seven years earlier, edlite,at which it is moving at right angles to the straight contained in it possesses a singular charm. Tr. Johnston succeeded in preserving the delicate line, join'og it with the t Apu'lia, (Anc. Geag.) was a part of Sapygia, (so called pink coralline in a living state for eight years in unpat rmary T'hese two ujanpSs O~B EN friom Sapyx, son of Deiedalus,) including the modern S.E. chunged sea-water. If n A. is provided with plants and ppints: of the orbit are, -.. provinces ofCapitanata, Terra di Bari, Terra d'Otranto,&c. animals in proper proportion, both will be easily kept thie., two extremities of In the most ancient times, three distinct nations dwelt the mj~ajor axis, or the.- here-the Messapians, or Sallentines, the Peucetians, points at which a planet and the Dauni, or Apulians. The Peucetians were in is at its greatest and t sthe southern part, as far as the Aufidus; the Dauni in leatst~ distance from the' ~least distance fr~om this the. northern, as far as nmount Garganus. According ~stitu~ This point at thise to the traditiom which conducts the wandering heroes grtest distance is call-, of the Trojan war to Italy, Diomed settled in A., was eda,tJ~ehIigherap~~sis; that edat,1e Ili-her apsis; that i supported by Dausus in a war with the Messapialns, ~at the least meis cealled whom he subdued, and was afterwards treachuerously thte lower apsis; con- killed by his ally, who desired to monopolize the fruits sequentxly, the higher ep- \) 9 of the victory. Romatn history mentions Arpi, Luceria, is.corresponds with the and Canusium as important cities. Aufidus, a river of aphelion, anmd thie lower A pulia, has beenm celebrated by Horace, who was born sapsis with the perihelion.,,' at Venusia, in this territory. The second Punicwar vs apsis with the perihelioi V IC war was The line joining these "-... cvrried on for years in Apulia. Cannae, famous for Fig. 162. - AQUARIUM. two points,, whackh is the LOWEn APSIS OR PEaInLION the defeat of the Romans, is in thius region.. Puglia, thei transverse axis of the modern name, is only a melancholy relic, of thee ancient healthy; the plants, u-rder the action of light, consum, Fig.1 61.. orbit, is called the line splendor which poets ad historians have celebrated. It ing thIe carbounic acid gas given forth by the aunimsals, of the. apsides, It has a slow- angular motion in the now supports more sheep than- men, and has no political and consequently restoring to the air, or water, in which plane- offthe planet's orbit; amdi the time which thi meaning, being merely the name of a geographical they live. the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of planet. employs in completing a revolutiom with regard district. animal life. It is, nevertheless, necessary to firequently to itsiapsides is called the anomalistic period. Apu'lia, in New York, a post-office of Onondaga co., atrate the water by taking out portions of it, and then (Arch.) That part of the church wherein the clergy 124 m. W. of Albany. pouring them in agauin f-om a small height. Some oelwere seated, or the altar placed. It was so cultled from Atpi/re, a river of S. America, in Venezuela. It rises in luscous animals, such as the common periwinkle in salt being usually domed or vaulted. The apsis was either thebAndes of New Granada, and after an E. coumrse of water, or species of Planorbis in fresh water, are also circular or polygonual, and domed over; it consisted of about 500 m., receiving numserous tributaries, falls i to necessary for the consumption of the vegetable matter two patues, the altar, and the presbytery or sanctuary; at the Orinoco in Lat. 70 40' N., and Loun 660 45/ W. On continually throuin off by the growimng plants, which the middle of the semi-circle was the throne of the its banks uare thue towns of Sasn Fernando, and. Nutrias. otherwise would soon render the watcer greenish and bishop, and at the centre of the diameter was placed the AlPurimac', a river of S. America, in Lat. 150 38' S., untraneparent. If the A. is intended for marine plants altar. The bishop's throne having been anciesutly called Lon. 760 25' W., rises in thue savusnnah of Condoroma; and animals, and se-a-water cannot be procured, a sushiby this name, some have thought that theref-om this and flowing N., joins the Ucayele, one of the chief affiu sti~ttte for it may be made by mixing 4 qusarts of spring part of the edifice derived its nane; but the converse ents of the Aumazons. wstier with 3i2 ounces of common table-salt, }~ ounce is the fact. Apus, a. (Zuutl.) A gen. of sinel- csustareoms anienals, of Epsom stilts, 200 grains troy of chloride of magneAps'tey, a. rivrer-of!-Ausstrei a, in the N. division of New ord. Phyllpodea. They inhabit ditches, lakes, and staund- sinlum, and 40 gratins tIoy of chloride of potassium. With South:-Walas. tfiows into the Pacific aboutt40 m. N.E. of ing waters, generaelly in innusume rable cqusantities. They due care, any species of auquatic plaents or anitnals may i'ort 1a1q mrierwh ere it assumes the namne ofMcLeay. swim well on their back, and when- they busrow in the be kept, and will grow in an A.; but the animals most AQUE AQUI AQUI 117 easily kept in good health are, in sea-water, the blen- Nfmes in France, the construction of which is attrib- lobed leaves. Flowers terminal, scarlet without, and nier, gbiJes, and gray mullets; and in fresh-water, the uted to Vipsanius Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus Ceesar. yellow within; pendulous, with numerous descending gold-fishes, sticklebacks, and minnows. This A. was 25 min. in length. The most remarkable yellow stamens and styles; flowers in May. Aqua'.rius, n. (Astron.) The Water-bearer, a constel- portion of it is, undoubtedly, the ]mnt-du-Gard, (see Fig. lation represented by the figure of a man pouring out 163,) crossing a deep valley, at the bottom of which flows water from an urn, supposed to be Ganymede, or Deucal- the Gardon. The entire structure was about 160 ft. in ion, q. v. —A. is situated in the Zodiac, where it is now height. This work was altogether constructed with the 12th in order, or last of thie zodiscal constellation; large stonies without cemnent. The uppermost gallery and is also the name of the 11th sign ii the ecliptic. formed the canal by which the water was conveyed. — Its mean declination is 140 S., and its mean right ascen- The science of hydraulics, among the moderns, has sion 3350, or 12 hours, 20 min.; it being I h. 40 min. W'. rendered the general use of such expensive A. unnecesof the equinoctial colure; its centre is, therefore, on the sary; and they are now only applied in cases of emermeridian on the 15th of October. It cosittins 108 stars, gency; such as conducting a river or canal over a valley, of which the four largest are of the 3d magnitude. — The or across another body of water, &c. ancient Egyptiais supposed the settisng or disappealance dAque'1aora, one of the Laccadive islands, in N. Lat. 100 of A. caused the Nile to rise by the sinking of his urn 40'; E. Lon. 730 565. in the water. In the zodiac of the liebrews, A. repre- Ai'queoss, a. Watery; of the nature of water, or prosents the tribe of Reuben. -/I. MlattiSC. duced by it. Aquna se'o, in Mlar-yland, a post-office of Prince Geoi/ge's A. SOIL. (Agric.) Soil naturally abounding in water, co. the fluid being supplied by springs in the sub-soil. Aqsashlicola, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Car- A. -HuMos. (Anat.) The very limpid watery fluid hon co. which fills both chasbers of the eye. Aqnat$'ic, a. [Fr. aquatiqtr,; Lat. aqnaticUs, froim aqua.] AQlqueousness, n. Quality of being aqueous. Pertaining to water; watery. — termin loosely applied Aquet'ta, i. [It., Little water.] See AQUA ToFANA. to anisials which live in water, as tishes, and to plants Aqafa'a, in Vir.qinia, a post-office of Stafford co. which grow in water, either runnisng or stagnant. In AqIui' Craeek, in the E. part of Virginia, in Stafford the former case they are called river plssts; in the lat- co., empties into the Potomnac. It is navigable for small ter, pond phsmts. Such as grow in the seat are called craft for some distance firom its mouth. marine phmits. All are included under the generic name Aquia'vilco, a river of Mexico, in the prov. of Vera 2 of WATEe-PLANTS, q. v. Cruz, falling into the Mexican Gulf; Lat. 180 30' N. -n. (Bet.) A water-plant. Aqiiifo eia aee, 1IOLLY-WaORTS, n. p. (But.) An order Aquatt'ieal, a. The same as AQUATIC. of plants, of the alliance Gentianales.- DiAG. No stipAqusst'ies, n. pZ. (Sport.) The term generically given ules, simple stigmas at the end of a manifeoststyle, axile Fig. 165.- AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS, (Wild CoGsmbine.) to all sports having connection with water; as, yachting, placentse, definite pendulous seeds, and an umibricated. T s, ith the stamens and pistils, ad a petal detached. boat-racin-. rowing,T swissuming, dsuck-lhssmsting, &c. corolla. —They are evergreen trees or shrubs, whose a. Follicle. Al'quatint, AQUATIN'TA, n. [From Lat. aqua, and It. branches are often angular. Leaves alternate or oppo- Aqraili'an e, n. pl. (ZSil.) The Eagles; a sub-fan. of tinta, tint.] (En.yrav.) A style of engraving, or rather site, simple, leathery, without stipules. Flowers small, birds, fan. Falconide. Pee-eminent for courage, strength, etching on copsper, by which an effect is produced similar white or greenish, axillary, solitary or clustered, some- d boldnes nong predatory birds, is the daring ad and boldness amogpeaoybrs stedrn n to that of at drawing in Indian ink. It is now almost times dioecious; sepals 4 to 6, imbricated in estivation; majetic ele. This time-honored monarch of te 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~majestic eagle. This time-honored monarch of the out of use. corolla 4 to 6 parted, hypoginous, imbricated in sestiva- fthered tribes, wic in the mythology of Greece d A'qaa Tofuna,', or AQUETTA. (Hist.) A poisonous liquid tion; stamens inserted into the corolla, alternate with Roue was deemed worthiy to ranl as the chosen assocswhich excited extraordinary attention at Naples, at the its segments; filaments erect; anthers adnate, ovaiy ate of Jupiter, was evee regaided as an eublem of digsity end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. fleshy; stigma subsessile; fruit fleshy, inheriscenit; d might, d still te reuttio of bi equally a nd might, and still has the reputation of b)eing- equal ly Tofemia, a. Sicilian woman, was strangled after having albumen large, fleshy.-The gem. Jlex is the type of magnanimus, fierce, and vorucious. Wsat the lion is imurdered with it mainy husndeds of meii. The strangest this order, which includes 1I genera and 110 species among quadrspels, tsut the eagle is presumed to be stories, with regard to its composition, have gone abroad. natives of America and S. Africa; only one, Ilex aquino- among hirds: one who disduins all petty game, aid psirThe drink is described as transparemit, tasteless water, liusis, being found in Europe. sues only such prey as would seem to be worthy of conof which five or six drops are fatal, producing death qst. This laudt chrcter of the ing of birs slowly~without painhiflamination, coi.vulsions, or fever.quest. This laudatory character of the king of birds, slowl y,without pain, inflasnssnatio os, convulsions, or fever. however, though Is ue in the mum and gsnemsthly Gradual decay of strength, disgust of life, want of appe- eced in, is, it must be confessed moms poetcally eseed in, is, it must be confessed, more poetically detite, and constant thirst. were its more immediate effects, scriptive than logically accurate: but while, in our zospeedily causing entire and rapid consumption. We ological character, we ame bound to mtlte tis admission, believe it to be usceless to give the different formule far be it from us to dispsraae te bird of Jove," or to which have been suggested for the conmposition of this plucl a sile plme from Iis ipsoaing wing 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pluck a sing'le plume fromt his upsoaring wving. Eagles substance. It was probably the same poison as that are distiniuislied by tse leatheriig o the tasi down to notoriously used in Italy during the 15th and i16th centuries, of which Pope Alexander VI. died in 1503, and so fearfully celebrated in history as the Wine of the Borgiao. A)',qua vi'toe, n. [Lat., water qf life.] A name sometimes given to brandsy. The French term Eau de vice, the ]: representative of brandy, is the literal translation of' 4hqua vir.e A&q'mhae iuet, n. (Arch.) An artificial channelconstructed sn trches foe ths consveoyincc of wccter from one placs to another; more particularly applied to structures erected'. for the purpose of conveying the watter of distant springs across valleys for the supply of large cities. Although -'/ not unknovn to the Greeks, the A. may be considered as a design of Roman.origin, conceived to meet thile exigen- cies of a snuficient water-supply for their metropolis. Where springs and streams were found, rockls were penetrated and subterranean passages excavated to give them outlets from tie hills, while galleries raised onhigh solid arches conducted them across the plain to their destination, which in many cases was a distance Fi. 166. - THE ROYAL EALE, (A. reales.) of 40 and 50 m. fi'om the source of supply. These magnificent monuments, with their towelring arches, must the very base of te claws. Of all the feathered tribe have produced a grand effect, striding, in gigantic form, Fig. 164.-AMERICAN nOLLY, (l1ex opace.) thie E. soars the highest; and of all others also it hss thi in various directions toward the distant hills. They 1, 2, 3, leaves, flower, and fiuit; natural size. strongest and most piercing sight. Though extremely were fiom 50 to 60 ft. high, and of two stories, conveying Aqila, n. [Lat., from Gr. anylos, curved.] (o L) powerful when on the wing, the joints of its legs beiing wrfrm5distinc tly separate streams.highthyrss h A rui EagLet, from g. anhe e ylse, curved.] (Zo sl.) rather stiff, it finds some difficulty in rising again after distinctly sepayte streams. hrever they crossed The tre Egs, frmi te tpical genus of the sub- a descent; yet, if not instantly pursued, it will easily thc public ways, thacy wees decorated ims 1-he form of family Aquiline, q. v. carry off a goose, or any otser bird equally burge. The triumphal arches, with dedicatory inscriptions in honor qli'la, a strong city of S. Itly, cap. of the Abruzzo- cawonderfully off a goose, orht of ther bir. equnables him to dis-he of theirfobunder. Three of these aloniesurvive to supply a.asrn iyo.Iay a.o h buz-wonderfully acute sight of the E. enables him to disof their founder. Three of tese aoe survive to supply Ultra, 58 mu. N.E. of Rome. Situate on the Aterni, it is cern his prey at an immisense distance; and having perte moder Rome, while the ruins of the othersrse up, one of the finest and busiest cities in S. Italy; and has ceived it. he darts down upon it with a swoop which here and there, in meltncholy grandeur, to tell of days manufacturesof linens. It was formerly much injured there is no resistimg. It is well undeestood that thi of past Roman splendor. The first aqueduct was erected by earthquakes. A. is the site of Amniesrnusn the birth- i ale to ol steafastly at the sun; which loe by ApphisClmldiuS B. c. 33-..39 ears aftrwards, lace of allust. E. is able to look steadfastly at the sun; which alone by Appi Os diu, n. c. 313: 30 years afterwards, place of Sallust. od. in 1861, 15,732. must give him a decided superiority over every other Marcus Curius Dentatus applied the spoils of the Pyrrhic Aqssil'ms, in Geseqia, a post-office of Frumnkhin co. denizen of the air; this is accounted for by his being Aquilla et Antiasonas. (Astron.) The eagle and An- furnished with double eyelids, one of which is closed inous, a double constellation situated directly S. of the while the other is open, so that the glaring light of any - 8 -ia seucl. 5.-.... C.......... Anser et Vulpecula, and between Taurus Poniatoewslii dazzling object may be rendered more easily support_____ -~s ____ CL~L__ alon the W. amdei p eisina on the E. It contains 71 stare, able. Tme nest s composed of sticks, twigs, rushes, iIjj it- including one of 1st maignitude (Althir), 9 of the 3d, and heath, &c., amd is generally placed upon the jutting 7 of the 4th. It may be readily distinguished by tie ledge of sonime inaccessible precipice, or in forests, near ~-~~ ~ position and superior brilliancy of its principal star. Sec some lofty tree. Ihey do not lay more tham two or three eggs. The species of E. are manuy. The largest is -I.... / ~ a Aquailei'a, a seaport of N. Italy, in the gov. of Trieste the Imperial B (A empcsaalen) native of S. America. __.- at ths extremity of the Adriatic. Thils place in the tinse It measures 35/ ft. from the tip of the bill to the end of ___________''~-~~ of the Romnans was the ents-ep~t of comnmerce between N. tie tail. The Goldes Js (A clsrqaata), nearly the same I~ ~ ~ ~~~~~................A. —-114- and S. Europe, and had, before its destructio sn by Attila, is Asia, Europe md N nserine, meisures 3 ft. 3 in.;, population of some 10,000. It wuas called time see ci The royal B(A. sgabc)p tucuharhy common in di-sicil, Romse, and uvas tha frequent residence of the E~mperor is a bird of great bcauty (Fiq. 168), although not quite Fig. 163. -RO0MAN AQUEDUCT, (Pont-dsu-Gaid.) Augustus. It still retains mnany trces of its foemmie so large as the turn pm ceslsnsC It flies uvith majestic impout~anee. 22 mu. NW. of Trieste. PAp. abt. 1,500. rapidity, and sulch is the expanse of its wingssthat it war to the raising of additional ones. Under the Fn- Aqn i&e'gia, n. [Froms Lot. aqusila, the eagle.] A gen. sometiineo etrilees mud kills its prey whth them before peross they had so much increased in number and use- of plants, tribe Itellebom-ece. The wild colmsbimm, A. touchimug it uiti its cI so Its strength is such as to fulness, that Itomne in 24 hours could be supplied nwitlh Canadensis, grosrs wild in the U. States, in dhey soil, enabhe it to teuts usuto pieces mu as immotant the husegest 500,000 hhds. of water. — One of the most magnificent generally on the sunny side of rocies. It is a beaumutiful sheep; and it isuisues wild animals almost induscrimiA. bequeathed to posterity by the Romans is that of phlant, with a stem branching a foot high, and tsrzmate, natehy. 118 ARAB ARAB ARAB Aq'aililne, a. [Fr. aquilin; Lat. aquilinus, from aquita.] to the Arabs, however, that the invention of this orna- gums, and fruits. Agriculture obtains only in a very Belonging to the eagle; curved and hooked like the beak mental system ought to be attributed. It was known limited degree.-Geol. In the mountains of A. are porof an eagle. to tile ancients, and the friieze of their monuments phyry. jasper, quartz, firecstone, basalt, marble, alabaster, Aq'ui]lon, n. [Lat. aqttilo, the north-wind, from aqui- are friequently decorated with foliage and various in- and limestone. Anmong tihe mineral productions are la.] The north-west wind; so called friom its rapidity scriptive ornaments: as elegant illustration of this line the enmerald, onyx, agates, cornelialn, gypsumn, saltpetre, and vehemence, resembling thile flight of an eagle. of decoration nuay be seen on the parade of the baths of sulphur, naphtha, asphaltum, iron, lead, and copper. In Aquilo'tes, a tribe of S. American Indlians, formerly Titus at Pompeii, and on a great number of Greelk yes- Yemen, gold mines were formerly worked, but no presbelonging to the Gran-Chaco. They are believed to be eels found at Iterculaneum. Tie Arabs, whose religion ent indications of the existence of this precious ore are now extinct, or incorporated with other tribes. prohibited any representation of animated beings, made found, the development of the mineral resources of A. Aquin', a town of tile island of St. Domingo, on its S. naturally a great use of this kind of architectural ema- remaining yet inactive. Rock salt is manufiectured about coast, 46 m. W. of Jacmel. bellishment; and hence, it is probable, was given to it Loheia. —laf Woollens, linens, and silks; firearms, Aqui'nas, Sr. Tnouts, surnamed the "sAngel of the the name under which it is known. It was principally spear-heads, and other arms; tin and copper utensils, &c. Scheools." One of the most eminent scholastic philoso- during the period of the ltenaissance that it became CoU. A. is well situated fobr trading intercourse with phers; n. 1227, in Italy. After the completion of his generally employed in Europe: aniything more grace- other countries. Immense e quantities of merchandise studies at the University of Naples, lie assussed the ful and airily delicate than the works of A. executed are yearly transported across the deserts by strings of Dominican robe, notwithstanding the repugnance in that epoch it is hardly possible to conceive. Never- camels, forming what are called in the East, caravans. evinced by his fiamily. Going to Cologne, he there en- theless, it was reserved bfor the celebrated painter Ra- Mocha, Djedda, and Loheia on the led seae, are the great tered on a course of study uender Albertss Magnus, asid feielle to bring this style of ornanment to a point of per- ecmporiums of the coffee-trade; Muscat.is thee entrepdt accompanied him to Paris. Hle successfully espoused the fection which has not been surpassed. Nothing caen of traffic with tile Iersian Gull; aced India; and Aden, cause of the imonks before Pope Alexansder IV. in 1253; comppare with the richniess and beauty of theA. executed E. of the straits of Bab-el-nsandeb, has become of late and soon after became doctor of theology at Paris. ItRe- after his designs, in the Loggia of the Vatican, at Rome. years a busy British settlement, anid tihe connecting jecting digniities, lee confined his ambition to preaching See A.1,,mAN Asrc'ueC'TURs. point of stesie-communication between Europe, vi& and expounding, and this in an unassuming manner. A.' abesqued, p. a. Ornamected with arabesques. (a.) 6uez, aInd India.-L/xp. The principal exports are coffee, In 1272, A. was called to Naples to teach in the schools, Ara'bia,;in extensive region of Asia in its N.W. quar- spices, gums, drugs, anid pearls. —lnba/b.'Thie aborigines anid was afterward invited to partakle of the delibera- ter; which forms almost a peninsula of an irregular of A. ere originally of pure Caucasian race. They are tions of the council of Lyons, but was seized with illness quadrangular force, and is so peculiarly connected with pleasing in their form and physiognomy, thiough their on his way thiither, and died in a monastery, in 1274. Africa by tihe nserrow istilsus of' SICuez, tihat with equal physique and muscular development is on a smaller In 1323, John XXII. canonized him, and hle was declared justice it might also be said, geographically speaking, to scale than that of most Europeans. The women are a Doctor of the Church by Pites V. in 1567. A. combined, be ii peninsular offshoot of tihe latter continent. This generally attractive in appearance, but cannot be called with great learning and a vigorous understanding, the country is bounded on the N. by Syria stnd tihe Eu- strictly beautifiul. The cisracter of the Arab is pecugifts of fervent piety, anid toleration in controversy. lie psrates; on the E. by tihe Persiian gulf; on the S. by the liar. Possessing a passionate temperanient, ansd easily sought chiefly to demonstrtete the sympathy existing Indian ocean and the straits of Bab-el-sesandeb; acid on irritated, they are as quickly appeased. Candor, hospibetween reason and the doctrines of Christiaecity. His the W. by the Red sea, and the isthmus of Suez, which tality, love of independence: these are among their best greastest work, the "aSuieema T/seologiay," is an enduring divides it firom Egypt. Lat. between 120 ned 340 N.; traits. On the other hand are found the bad qualities of triumnph of hunman intellect in the middle ages. A. laid Lon. between 320 30' and 60~ h.-Ext. A.'s greatest length intense thirst ibr revenge, vsenity, superlstition, and down, anid his disciples, the Timoieists, after himl, the doc- on a line drawn W.N.WV. friom Ras-el-Head, on thIe se; of proneness to thievery. The Arab is thie most civilized trines of grace and predestinsation, which, however, were Oman, to Suez, may be computed at about 1,600 ic.; its and humane of robbers; hlie plunders a traveller, and controverted by Duns Scotus, said tlie Scotists. The average breadth at about 00. —Area, as measured oni then offers him hospitality and protection. Abstemious best edition of the works of A. is that published at D'Anville's map, aboct 1,100,000 sq. mn. —Divisions. A., to an extreme, these people live on the simplest food, Rome, 1570, in 17 vols., folio. according to thie ancisents, was divided into three parts: drink only water, and occasionally coffee; yet some are Aqluli'o, an episcopal town of S. Italy, in the prov. of 1. A. Felix, or thie "IHappy," bordering on the Persiain found who indulge in wine and ardent liquors, despite'Terrta di Savora. It is noted as the nutive place of Ju- gul, thile Indian ocean, and the S. extremnity of the-lied the inhibition of the Koraen. Tobacco-smoking is univenal, and Thomas Aquinas. Situate 5 nm. N.E. of Pon- sea; 2. A..Peicca, or the "Stony," lying along tihe versal, and the haslheesh is frequently used as ac narcotic. tecoevo. Ried sea to the N. of A. Felix; and 3. A. Deseria, o- The costume of the men usually consists of a turban, or Aqui'ras, a district anid settlemcent of Brazil, in the the "Desert," formsing the interior portion N. of the caftann, shirt, drawers, and papooshes or slippers. That prov. of Ceara, between tihe lake of the same nane acnd tropic of Cancer, nde extendcing to the borders of Syria. of tihe women comprises a robe and im ensesse pauntathe Atlantic. lop. abt. 5,200. Under these names, hlowever, these divisions are not loons of various stuffs and colors, a cloak or biernous of Aquire', a river of Gub;na, which after a course W.N.W. known to the Arabinils. Their nomenclbtere may thius Indian striped cotton or silk, and Ialf-boots, or slippers to E.N.E. for 100 nm. enters tile Orinoco near its mouth. be defined: that division called h. Deserta containis tile of yellow leather. On their heads they commonly wear It is only navigable for canoes. countries denominiated NVejd and thle Djswf; A. P-Itrcsi a caft;in, anid when out of doors invariably cover their Aq'luitailne, the ancient nacme of Guienne, a ci-devant formns El IHdjuz; while A. Felix cocmprises the nmodern faces witll ii long linen veil called yash/sarok. Tihe Arabs prov. of Franece, now forming the dep. of the Gironsle provinces called l'esnces, Ifsadramasts, Ossan, acid El are bigoted adherents of the faith of Islam; their sysand Lot-et-laronsse. It was one of the four great divi- Achsa. - Desc. The greater part of A. presents thie apsions of Gaul known to the Romans. pstarance of a vast and sterile desert, more especially as 6Aquoi'olkee River. See TecOA. regards the interior; though even there may be feeund Aquo'ne, in ilorth CLEarolina, a post-office of MIatcon co. a bfew fertile spots or oases, some mountains of considerA'ra, the name of two rivers of Spain, one in C;talonia, able height, and luxuriant valleys. Along tice sea-board, a branch of the Segri; the other in Aragon, ca branch of firom Suez to the head of the Persian gull; a belt of low, the Cinca. and, for the greater part, fertile land, impinges upon A'ra, n. (ZoSl.) The macaw, a bird of the sub-farm. Ara- the desert, varying in breadth from two days' jocurney ince, q. v. to a single mile. This tract is called " Tehlamea,"' or the Arraaso1 java, in Brazil. See GUARosoJAVA. Low Land. The extreme S. provinces of A., as, for inAr'ab, us Ara'tbian, n. A native of Arabis. —See stance, tIadraseaut and Yemen, are mnore perticularly ARABIAN. distinguished for fertility of soil and rich vegetation; Ar'aba, a river of Persia, falling into the Arabian guelf, anild to these parts, it is supposed, has been applied the in Lit. 230 30' N.; Lon. 650 -49' E. poetic simsile of "Araby the Blest." In all pairts of this Ar'atbah, a desert of Arabi;a. - See WADI. country, hlowever, there prevails a scarcity of water.Ara'laan, a town of Turkey-in-Asia onil the IKhabur, 76 olesutueis. A renge called Jobel-el-Akiabais, a S. ranifim. S.E. of Osfa; Lat. 360 20' N.; Lon. 400 i. cation of the Lebanson chain, runs S. by VW. as for as the Araban'ate, a large halts of Pert, in the prov. of Mai- gulf' of Akababh, where it is joined on the N.E. by Moeount nas, which communicates witl the Guallegai. It abounds'lor, the "SSinai," and "Horeb," of Scripture. Extending with turtle..from the latter to the straits of Bab-el-nsancdeb, are a Ar'ahbat, a fortress of Russia., on the Sea of Azov, 70 m. series of mountains, which in parts of the lljaz exhibit from Simpheropol in the Crimnea. It bfolrmerly belonged peaked tops of from 5.000 to 8,000 ft. In the interior to the Turiks.'lies Jebel Shemnlar, on the caravan route from Bagdad Ar'abat, ToNocu O', in the Crimea, sa narrow slip of sandy to Mledina, which is said to conepire with Mount Lebaland, 70 cc. lonig, and 1,600 to 2,000 ft. wide, whlich di- non both as to elevwtion and extent, aend also for the vides the sioash or stagnant sea ftrom the Sea of Azov. forest-embowered villages surrounding it. The Toril, ]Arab'azari, a town of Karamania, 16 ms. N.E. of Ala- Jebel-Kur, and El-Arad, are other mountains of A., aced selk. comparatively but little known.-Rivers. A. has no coiiAralbel'la Stuart, commonly called the Lady Ara- siderable river, those known lbeing only small streams, bella, was tile only chiid of Charles Stuart, Earl of Len- sometimes rising into torrents after heavy rains. The nox, younger brother to IHenry Lord Darnley, the hlus- most noticeable are the Aftan, Ober, Keber, &c.-Lakes. band of Mary Queen of Scots. She was therefore cousin- None known, though it is believed that, in the Nejd, and german to James I., to whom, previously to his having tar interior, some may be tound.-Uiimat. The climate issue, she was next in the line of succession to the crowes of A. is perhaps the driest in the world, and almost inof Elngland, beisg the grand-daughter of ieenry VII., by suptportscbly hot, the tropic of Cancer passing, as it does, yig. 167a. — RdBAN LADY, A Ira IN. the second marcriage of his eldest daughter Margaret. throuEgh the heart of the country. This intense heat is Ee and raia Her proximity to the throne was tile source of hler aggravated by the mephitic winds, called simooms, which tem of government is patriarchal, and the Koran forms misfortune. Elizetbeth, for some time before her de- are of frequent occurrence in the desert. In the vicinity the sole legal code. They elead, for tihe most part, a wancease, held the Lady A. under restraint, and refused the of the mountains a more genial temperature prevails. dering and nomadic life dwelling in tents, and occepy request of the king of Scotland to give her in marriage (Zoel.) In the deserts, the panther, jackal, wolf, and themselves with religious duties send rapine, about to the Duke of Lennox, with a view to remove her from hypena have their habitat; among the mountains roam equally. The most celeirated sesd peculiar tribe is the England. The detection of a plot of sorne English no- the musk-deer, the wild ass, and the rock-goat; and on Bedouins, q. v. A. contains m'any small states, and a bles to set aside James in favor of A., of which she was the more verdant plateaux, the antelope, gazelle, and great umnber of indepesdeet tribes. Of the former, altogether innocent, ultimately proved her destruction; jerboa. The principal and more domesticated animals Hjaz and Yemen form the vilayt, or viceoyaty of H~ja an Yeen orm he ilaetor viceroyatyo tor, althoucghs left at liberty for a time, when it wvas re the horse and thie camel; the isreed of thee first, as Arabistatn, under tie rule of the Sultan of Turkey; afterward discovered thaset she was secretly married to indigenous to A., bias been fiemous in all ages; while the Muscat is governed by its own sovereign, the Imaacn; the grandson of the Earl of lhertford, both husband and latter quadruped is aptly named thee "Ship of the des- and Mecca, by a potentate bearing tics title of or wife were commsiitted to the Tower. After a year's ica- est," from its inidispensable value for purposes of Ioco- XeriL The others elect their own chiefs under various prisonment, they contrived to escape, hut the unhappy motion in this land of sandy wastes. Of birds, the eagle, designations, as Encir, Sheiklh, &c. — Hist. See ASIAlady svas reteslreee. liecsannded to lbs Totes;-, the renin- tis vulture, and vasrieties of hawks are concmon; the scANs. —Cbief towns. Meccca, thee "Holy City" of tIe der of her life was spent in close confinement. D. 1615, desert is thie home of the ostrich; and the pelican stalks Mohacmedans; Medina, Aden, Stesess, Djedda, Muscat, aged 38 yessrs. the shores of the Red sece. Pheasants, towl, and small Eilsd (the capitael of Nejdl), Heyel, and Bserydah.-Pep-1. Ar'abesqsae, a. [Pr.] In the manner of the Arabian sorts of game are plentiful in Yemen and those coun- Estinsated at 12,000,000, about seven-sigleths of vhich are architecture, sculpture, &c. tries aedjoining the Indian ocean. Locusts swvarm, and Arabs; the remclcinder beissg Jeers, Tus-ks. Banians, Esc..-et. (Scuap. and Peninh.) A term applied to a species of are by the natives considered edible. Various kinds of ropenes, &c. The only lrpesses wio is believed to capricious ornaement, consisting of isntricaete, rectilinear fish are abundantly found on the E. coast, shich not only Isseve penets-ated and traversesi tie interior of A. is the and curvilinear lines, freuits, flowsers, and other objects, serve for food, but are used as cmasnure for the soil. — BEghisle travehiec PaIgreive, esleoss valnasle "J ae-s-atiee to the exclusion, in pure arabesquses, of thes figures of ]s-od. Dates. dhourra (a keind of milet), whesct, barley, of a eseas-a Jossseeeey t/se-gr/h letels-al.'snd Easterez Asreaniniseh, which the religion of Islam bltbeide. It is not tobsacco, indigo, coffee, spices, tamnasrinds, bals, various b/a," seas publishcd at Lu.don, in 1105. ARAB ARAB ARAB 119 Ara'abia, in Ohio, a post-office of Lawrence co. tern are, briefly, so follows. Their columns are remark- and A1-Manmm, who surpassed his predecessors, invited Ara'bian, MooR'ISI, or SARACEN'IC, Arehitectsure. able fur exlraorlinary lightness and variety of form, learned men from all countries to his capital, estabBefore the birth of Mohamnmed, the Arabs, a people es- are by no memns deficient in beauty, and generally sup- lished academies at Bagdad, Bassora, and Bokhara, and sentially nomadic, did not possess a distinctive style of port low arcades. The shafts are short and slender, large libraries at Alexandria, Bagdad, and Cairo. The architecture. They had, it is true, seven temples in either plain or ornamented with lineal carving, some- caliph Motasem (A.D. 841) instituted a literary rivalry which were enthroned the idols of their worship, but times grooved perpendicularly, sometimes spirally. The between his dynasty at Bagdad, and that of the Ominithese edifices were destroyed by the early Moslems, with capitals are either imitations of the Greelk orders, or ades in Spain. What Bagdad was to Asia, such was Corthe exception of that at Mecca, called lhe Caaba, from formed of clustered foliage covered with a plain abacus. dova to Europe; where, during the 10th century, the A. the name of the famous black stone which has always Such was the fondness of the Arabians for columnar were the chief pillars of literature. They excelled in been an object of veneration to the followers of Islam- ornamentation, that in all their mnosques and palatial geography, history, philosophy, medicine, physics, and ism. This celebrated temple forms a square building of residences they introduced an infinite concourse of mathematics. The philosophy of the A. was of Greek about 33 ft. in length, by 31 in width, with a hI:ight of them, disposed in clusters or rows. The arches employed origin, partaking of the school of Aristotle. In poetry, 32 ft. It is lighted by a doorway on its E. side, and by were of three kinds: the crescent, the circular, and the excepting the dramatic, they left no style unachieved; a window. Mohammed having consecrated it to the pointed. The crescent (or horse-shoc arch) is the sym- they invented the ballad, and there can be no doubt worship of the only God, the caliphs, hIis successors, bol of the Mohannmmedan hagira, as the cross is that of that they exercised a powerful effect on the poetry of surrounded the shrine with a square yard or enclosure, the Christian crucifixion. It was by them called the the early civilization of tihat epoch. The ronmantic adand built porticos and soms for the use of pilgrims. sacred arclh, and is invariably foundt in the doorways and ventures of chivalry, the mythical lore of Fairie-lhmdl, All know how rapid and productive were the conquests domes of their inosques. The round arch they borrowed sorcery, and magic, all this, and more, passed fromn the achieved by the MIoslems after the death of the prophlet from the Ronlslss. The pointed arch is believed to have A. into the poetry of Western Europe, imparting to the Mohammed in A. D. 332. Contact with msore civilized been of their own invention, suggested by some of thie hatter much of the imaginative spirit and refinemsent of nations gave rise, in this people, to an active and pas- forms of Oriental lattice-work. Another favorite style cslaracter it has since developed.-See ANTXA, and ARAxsionate love for the arts and sciences. The first mosque of ornament was the intricate arrangement of cosnpart- tI:AN NIanTs' ENTEMrAINMqENTS. erected by the Arabs was that of the caliph Omar, nments or panels, in which they excelled. This style was Ara'lbilan Sea, a large expanse in the Indian ocean, built on the site of the temple of Jerusalem. His son afterward imsitated in the modern groining of Gothic extending firom the peninsula of Hindostaie on the E., to Wallid (705-715) erected at Damascus, on the ruins of roofs and ceilings. The open fretwork so common to Arabia on the W., a distance probably of 1,500 um. the church of St. John the BIeptist, a mosque so magnifi- A. arechitectusre is decidedly derived from Persia. Corbels Arh'abie, n. The language of the Arabs, or peoplle of cent that its cost was not less thean $150,000,000. It was and machicolated paralpets of castles,were also adoptions Arabia. This tongue belongs to the so-called Semilic on this mosque that was originally placed the tall spiral of the A. school. Besidtles the before-suentioned exam- dialects, among which it is distinguished for its antiquity, shaft called the easinaeet, from the top of which, for the ples of -A. structures, somne of the finest are to be found richness, and softness. The A. language now the-ns two first time, the nmuezzins called the F1ithfisl to prayer. in Hindostan, as the mosques of Benares and Luclknow, dialects, the ancient or literate A. of the IKoran, and tlhe Wherever Islaeeismpenetrated, and predominated, werer the mausoleum and palace of the sultan Akbar at Agra, A. vulgar, of which latter the purest is spoken in founded buildings consecrated to tihe new religiin, as (see Fig. 56,) and those of Shlah Jehan, knouwn as the Yemen. The A. spoken at the present day is said to well as palaces, hospitals, caravanseras, &c.; but the Taj-Mahal of the Great Mosel, at Delhi. differ as euech leoue thaet of the Horan, as the Italian ensemble of these early Arabian structures sufficiently Ast'eabian 4utILf See IED SEA. firom the Latin; but the well-educated Arabs, like the demnonstrated that their architects were Greek artists. kAra.biara e Nights' ]E, telrtainamnents, or "TTHE learned of the Turlkish empire, still employ it in correIt was in Spain that the A. style of architecture exhib- TuousAN) AND ONE NIon'rs," a celebrated collection of spondence and litee[ry composition. The number and ited itself in all the originality of which it was suscep- Oriental tales, which have, since their introduction to variety of its grammatical forms is great, but its strong tible. The great mosque of Cordovel was begun by the civilized world, becomne the delight of all who peruse gutturals and deep intonation render it harsh to the Abd-elr-ranhman-bein-Moavwiah in 7701, and finished by hlis them. This collection, which had long been fasmous ears of northern people. In harmony and energy, theA. son, near the end of the 8th century. But of all the throughout the east, was broughlt to the notice of Euro- is said to excel; and its richness in respect of a-ords Morisco monuments in Spain, the msost marvellous and peans by the translation of Antoine Galland, a great- surpasses all other languages. The Arabs, indeed, rep world-renowned is, witlhout a doubt, the Allhambba, (see French orientalist, in 1704. It speedily becamne erans- resent it as so copious, that no uninspired man can beGRANADA.) The Alcazar of Seville, built posterior to thIe lated into the other principal European languages, fixed come a perfect master of it; as, for instance, they allege Alhambra, enjoys an almeost equalc celebrity, but in the popular admiration, and to this slay retains its pleace in that it has 1,000 terms to express sword, 500 for lion, former-the A. style is only evident in its decadence. popular literature. IThe schese of its conception is so and 200 thr serpent. As the language of Mohammed, If the gratification of the eye were the sole aim and well known that it would be needless here to relate it. the A. ihas been diffused over a greater portion of the object of architecture, this would singularly phece the These tales, though fabulous in substance, possess in the earth than any othier. It is studied, and understood, A. school far above the great architects of other nations. nmost eminent degree the characteristic imagery and even if not spoken, from thle shores of the Atlantic to It is impossible to imagine anything more asrial, svelte, poetical versatility of the Orientals. Numerous imita- the banks of the Ganges; and from thee Tartar Steppes to and tender- in form aid proportion than the Moorish tions have at times appeared, which but feebly compare the countries on the Niger. In the Sunda, Molucca, and type of structure as found in Spain. The system of with the original; perhaps the best of msoderen pare- Philippine isles, it is gaen-ally spolien. Throughoutt the decoration geeerally seen in these erections, produces phrases is that of Oelenschliger's Aladdin, which is greater part of Spain also, and the whole of Sicily, it upon the senses an almost undefinable impression; thc Iounded on one of the well-known tales of the original once prevailed; and on the eastern coast of Africa, as far multiplicity and minutime of detail so prominently per- series. The best edition of this work which has yet ap- as Madagascar, it is still spoken. This vast extension vading tihe whole, together with the harmonious contrast peered in the United States is the one edited by Lane, may be one cause of its copiousness, as it doubtless is of the richest colors exilbitedl throughout, both excite the English orientalist, and published at New York, in tile chief one of its diversity of dialects and pronunciaand charm the imagination. The sky-opening, of star- 2 vols., 18-56. tion. The languag e of one province is almost nnintellilike form, that the Arabs of Spain employed in the con- Ai'a'bians, or Ar.abs. - I. Historsy. The A. are a gible to the inhabitants of sanother. The dialect of the struction of their domes, produces, from the manner in people of the Ceecasian race, who, by Oriental tradition, mountaineers of Yemen, owing to their little intercourse whlich it conveys light into the interior hlalls, a truly are said to deduce their origin f-omn Joktan, Ith in de- with strangers, bears, the strongest resemllance to the magical effect. Notwithstandin g sell thist, the lMoorish scent from Shiem; and also, fisom Adrian, in a direct line lang-age of1 the Koran. The Ismaelitic forms of the A. style does not present that aspect of clearness and gran- from his progenitor Ishmael, the son of Abraham. Tile prevail in thle N. o' Arabia, the Hineyaritic in the S., and deur which is so apparent in the Egyptian, the Greek, posterity of the former are deemed pure, or genuine A.; the Koraitic in Mecca and the adjacent corstry. The and the IRonsan mnonumental remains. Susnmarily, the those of the lstter, naturalized or adopted A., from their idiom of the Arabs in the N.W. part of Afrhica is the most A. order of architecture, considered from the point of having settled in Arabia many centuries after the advent corrupt of any, excepting that of Malta. We possess view of conustruction, and also at the point of sight of the Joktanides. The A. eventually became an homno- valuable grammnars and lexicons of the A by Erpen, of the general system of decoration, h;ss obtained gensous people, and established governments in Aralbia. Michaelis, Itichardson, JThn, nosenmieller, De Sacy, its salient features from the architectural systems of Chaldaea, and Syria; but without attaining decided Tycheen, Ewald, Roorda, Meninskli, and Freytag. The other nations, and illore especielly from the Byzantine. power and pre-eminence until the beginning of the 7th mnodern, or vulgar, A. has been investigated by Savary, Its only, and grand characteristics are, the method by century, when Mohammed, or Mahonmet, the great apes- sicehhorn, Burcklhardt, and others; and of the Algerine tie andl founder of Islamism, consolidated the A. inteo A. several vocabularies sand grammars have been pub-.....N —-... " one great nation. The A., within a century later, carried lished in Paris. their prowess in arms, and spirit of religious enthusiasm, Arab'gir, or ARABGnEER, a town of Armenia in Asiatic from the Indlies to the Atlantic, touched the African Turkey, between a Egin and Keban-Maden. - MNanuf. of 9~~r E;-,~,i ~ ~ deserts, penetrated Spain and Southern France, absorbed cotton goods. Distant froell the Euphrates about 20 m.; Asia Minor and the countries about the Caspian sea, from Aleppo, 270 m. conquered Indiat, Persia, Syria, and Egypt, esd finally Arablb-hliss'ar,' town of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia. established the great caliphate of the Moslems at Ba- 38 m. NW. of Moglla. Near it are tihe ruins ofs an accient mascus. From A. D. 661 to 750, the Omnmiades dynasty city. ruled there as caliphs, until tht rcival power of the At- Arab'ical, a. Arabian; Arabic. Ki~i ~tubassides overcame them, and founded a new dlynasty, thei Arabiscaitly, adv. In the Arabian manner. seat of whose caliphate was transferred to Cufa, and A]rabic [ig-l'res. See NUMEre.ALS. ultimately to Bagdad. Tihe latter city continued to be Arabic Geviee. See GUM-ArABIC. the capital of the Moslemn empire, and the metropolis of Arab'icus Sinush. See RED SEA.'o~ ~ the East, until the 13th century. The power of the Air'abid,e n. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plantes, ord. Brassi[ cealiphate then sensibly declined, owing' to the foundathion cacece. of other and independent thrones in Egypt and Western Arabilne, s. (Cheec.) Tlhat portion of gnum-arabic solAfrica, sred that of the cealiphate of Cordovee in Spain, uble in cold water. It is colorles, tasteless, ulud awithout established by the teust descendant of the Osnmiades. smell: btween 2820 usaed 39?0 softens, and may be drawn About the comnencemnent of the ]ttih century, the into threads; lbecomes acid in a moist atmosphere; inTurks conquered and abolished the Eastern caliphate, soluble in alcohol, and precipitatetd from its aqueous whlich from thlat period merged into tihe great Ottoman solution in flaikes; conaverted by boiling with sulphuric empinre. - See BEDOUIseS, KARM5ATHIANS, and WrAnEneeS. acid into sugar, but does not ferment. It consists of II. Lsangueage. See AcAn!c. C 42 11, H 6-43, O 51-46. This solution is known by the III. Literature. Long before the time of Mohammed, name of mucilage, and is employed in pharmacy to thle A. excelled in letters, though of its dawin, and first me.ke cough mixtures; and in calico printing, tothicken cultivation, but little is knowun. It leas been stheted that colors and moeordants. Feerin. C12101551. the Bools of Job, a poem in ittslf, is of Arablian orhigine; Ar'abi, so. (Bet.) A g'en. of plants, trite Ac1oabide. —DIAO. ebe this, however, as it may, it is certasin theat the art of Sepals es-ect; petals unguiculate, eutire; siliqus lienear, poetry had highly advaenced aesong thes A. long before compressed; vwlves 1-veined ise the middle; seeds in a the Christian esra. The golden usge of A. literaltuse com- single row in each cell. Fls. white. —The SickIle Pod, A. neenced waitll Mohammneed, eno s e writings on religious oodnadensis, found sen rocky hills in ties W. States, is a feith and meorality, knoewne as the Kor-an, became sfeter- plant remeearlkaleh for its long, drooping pods, which reawards considered as the sacred boolk of the A. race. semble a curved sword-bleude; stem 2-3 ft. high, slender, Successive ages extended and encouraged thie taste of round, smooth; small white flowers ite June. Fig. 16S. —AnR.5AN A~ccWAv, IN TARStOl th (hStsin). this people for literatnre and science, and this spirit of Ar'ai~s, a river of S. Asiae. See PoonALL~. which thee Arabs have combined other styles, tle vari- intelligence was lustes-ed by the munificent patronage it Ar.~-'abism, se. An idiom or phrase of the Aruabic Ianety xhibtitehd in the different parts of tleiec construc- received from the Abbassisles caliphs (AD. 750), more guage. tlIons, and the extraorduinary usrIsmeony which, in spite paslticularly so by the ge-eat monarchs AI-Mansur, Ha- Asu~aheist, a. One versed in Arabian literature. of all, is manifest in tlheir archeitectur'el conceptions. roun-al-Raschtd, who caused the works of' thus most Arabitstan, a division of the Ottonman empire in Asia, The more distinctlve poinlts connected with the.u. eys- famous Greek writers to be teantslated into the Areehic; forming c viucyet orgovernme.nt; corsistihg of the hsrqw 120 AIRAC AIRAG ARAL inces or sa7djaels of Bagdad, IHaeh, and Souristan, in stafndard veined with red. After flowering, the flower- ples, he refoted adhesion to the constitution of the First Syria, and the H6jaz and Yemen in Arabia. stalk elongates and bends toward tile earth, into which Empire. After 1830, he became a member of the ChainmAL'rablistanl, (" Land of the Arabs.") A vast extent of the pods penetrate, ripening underground. The pods ber of Deputies; and in 1848, on the downfall of the level country of Persia, in the prov. of Klhfizistan, com- have a lining of a sort of network, containing 2 to 4 Orleans dynasty, was appointed by the republican govprising the districts of Hawiyat, Shushter, and Dizful. seeds, which are about the size of a hazel-nut, of a sweet eminent minister of war and marine. In June of that Ar'eble, a. [Fr.; Lat. arabiis, from ure; Gr. areO, to taste. This plant succeeds in temperate countries when year, during the temporary dictatorship of Cavaignac, plough.] Applied to land fit for ploughing, or tillage. sown after all danger of frost is over. The seeds, boiled he closed his political career. To his credit it must be Ara'bo. See RAAB. or roasted, form an article of fbod in some parts of Africa. stated that lhe was prepared to surrender his public posiArr'stbo-, in Arabia. See RAno0GH. They contain an oil which is quite equal to olive-oil, tion at the French observatory rather than talke the Arabo-Tedesco. [It. arabo, and Gr. tedesco.] (Arch.) either for lamps or for the table. This plant delights oath to Louis Napoleon, after the coup d'6tat in 1851, A style consisting of a mixture of Arabian or low Grecian in a light and sandy, but at the same time fertile soil. and, equally to the credit of the latter, he consented to with German-Gothic. It is a term used chiefly by the The seeds are dug up as roots or tubers usually are. forego the demand. A. was a menmber of nearly all the Italians. An example of this style may be shown in 2Araeh'nide n. pl. [Lat. from Gr. arachne, a spider.] learned societies of Europe, and, as all astronomeri has the Baptistery of Pisa (Fig. 169), erected by Dioti Salvi (Zod1.) A class of articulated animals, including tihe achieved a world-wide reputation. D. 1853. Araneidcl or true spiders, the Acaridce or mites, tie Fe- A., ETIENNE, brother of the above, B. 1803, well Iknown as a pipaldi or scorpions, the Pseudo-scorpions, and tile P/a- popular writer in light literature. He took asn eminent lasgita or long-legs, all ranked by Linnaus under in- part in the revolution of 1848; and also in the insurrecsects, but, though having a great analogy with them, tion of June, which resulted in Ihis being sentenced to and being equally fitted to live in tile air, are distin- exile for life. He settled in Turin, where he has since guished from them by their number of limbs, their in- resumed his literary labors. 0 O ~~~~~ternal structure, and habits. All the A. are destitute A., JACQUEs ETIENNE VICTOR, another brother of thie astronof antennae, and have the head united with the thorax; smer, B. 1790, was very distinguished as a writer of they have generally eight legs; they ihave no wings; ruomances and vaudevilles, but is principally known for and in most of them there is a complete circulating his two interesting books of travel: "lPeomcnade aeltour systemn. Most of the A. are carnivorous, lbut in general dt loeonde,'" and "Souveni/s d'un Aveuole, Voyage actour they confine themselves to sucking the juices of insects; du Aonde," pleasant records of a voyage round the and in order to enable them to capture and subdue world, acconuplished in 1817. Although afflicted with animals otherwise capable of effectual resistance, nature blindness since 1837, he departed for California in 1849, has furnished them with a poisonous apparatus. as leader of a company of speculators to search for gold A.ra cli'n~iear, n. (Zoel.) One of the araclhnidre. on a large scale, but was deserted by his companions in Ara lh'alnoid, a. [Gr. arachne, a cobweb, and eidos, Valparaiso. He has published his misadventures under form.] (Anat.) A thin membrane of the brain, without the title I"Voyage d'un Avenyle en alifoArnie et dans lea vessels and nerves, resembling a spider's web, situated Regions Aurisf/ees," Paris, 1051. D. 1855. between the dura and pia mater, and surrounding the A., JE.s, brother of the three preceding, B. 1789, was gencerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and medulla eral of the republican army in Mexico. Hle hes written, spinalis. Sometimes appliedalso to the tunic of the crys- in Spanislh, a good history of Mexico. D. 1836. tallins lens and vitreous hunmor of thIe eye. Ara'gO, in Oregon, a cape on the Pacific ocean, about (Bot.) Cobwebby, i. e. with enitangled slender hair, 36 mo. N. by E. of Cape Blanco. looking like cobwebs. Termed also Arenose. Ala'gcs, in Nelnaska, a post-village and township of Art'achsus. See ARAxAs. IRichardson co; pop. 230. Araeo'ma, in V. Virginia, a village of Logan co. iAr'agos, or AR'RAGON, conmmonly called the kingdom A's-ad, an island in the Persian gulf, near that of Bahrein. of A., a praov. of Spain, bounded on the N. by the PyAl'rad,0, OLD and NEW, two cities in the kingdom of IIun- rfenees; E. by Catalonia; S.E. and S. by Valencia; S.W. by gary, separated by the Danube. The former is a consid- New Castile; and on the Ws. by Old Castile and Navarre. erable place, the seat of a bishop and academies of learn- It lies between 400 and 430 N. Its greatest length fmom ing. It holds one of the largest fairs in the kingdoms. — N. to S. is 200 mu.; and its average breadth about 130. N EW A. is principally known as being a fortress of the Area, about 15,400 sq. m. - Desc. This country is genfirst class in the Austrian empire, and a prison for polit- erally mountainous, skirted by the loftiest range of the ptu~a~,)I~~~ ~ ical offenders. Pop. of both towns 31,878. Pyrenees, and by the great Sierras of Moncayo, Morella, IAr'adeeo, a town of S. Italy in the province of Naples, Teruel, &c. In the centre is the basin of the Ebro, which I~~ ~~~P iiil13 m. N.W. of Gallipoli. receives the waters of nuimerous rivers. The higher.Arlvelostyle, n. [Gr. eraios, wide, and styles, column.] elevations are cold and sterile, and the valleys warm _ i~, ~[.U!~jl~i~i~!d~/j'i! (Arch.) One of the five proportions used by the ancients and fertile. The W. wind, called by the natives the for regulating the intercolumniations or intervals be- fagueno, is accompaneied by abundant showers, and is g. 169. - BAPTISTER o PisA, (12t ce.) tween the columns in porticos and colonnades. As very favorable to vegetation.-Prod. The principal agriin 1152. It is a circular edifice, with an arcade of the Vitruvius does not determine precisely its measure in cultural resources of A. are wheat, barley, oats, rye, 2d order, conmposed of columns with Corinthilan capitals terms of the diameter of the column, Perrault proposes maize, flax, hemp, and fruits, inclusive of grapes and and plain round arches. Between each arch rises a that the interval be made equal to four diameters, which olives of the finest quality; barilla, madder, and Gothic pinnacle, above which it is finished by sharp pedi- is the interval now usually assigned to it. It is only saffron. Excellent timber is plentiful, and the richest nments enriched with foliage, terninating in a trefoil. used with the Tuscan order. pastures feed quantities of cattle. Among its minerals, A&r'aby, n. Same as Arabia; used chiefly in a poetical Armosys'tyle, n. [Gr. araios, wide; syn, with; styles, copper, lead, and iron are found in abundance. Cobalt, sense. a column.] A term used by the French architects to de- quiciksilver, marble, and copperas are also plenty. Its Ar'acan, or ARRACAN, formerly an independlent king- note the method of proportioning the intervwls between ancient gold and silver mines attracted the Roma ns. dom of Furthler India, but now a British province in the columns coupled or ranged in pairs, as introduced by Animals. Wild ones, as the bear, wolf, and lynx, inhabit presidency of Bengal. It is situate on the S.E. coast of the Perrault in the principal fagade of the Louvre at Paris, the gorges of the Pyrenees. Sheep of the merino species Bay of lengaol; is bounded on the E. by Burmah, and and by Sir Christopher Wren in the W. flont of St. Paul's are reared in great numbers, and their wool constitutes on the N. by Chittagong in British India. Lat. between Cathedral, London. the main wealth of the prov. —3.anf. unimportant. 160 and 220 N.; Lon. between 920 and 940 E.; area, Ar'afat', 11[oulnt, or JEBEL-EL-ORAT, a granitic hill in This province is divided into 12 correginlientos or dis16;500 sq. m. —Dsc. On its E. border is a lofty range of Arabia, 15 m. S.E. of Mecca. It is about 200 ft. high, tricts, containing 12 cities, one of which is Saragossa, mouontutins, with but few Iasses. On the coast are in- and is one of the holy places of pilgrimage with the the capital. —Hist. A. originally was the territory of the numerable islands. The interior is chiefly covered with Mohammedans. On its eastern side are the ruins of a ancient Celtiberes. In 470, it passed from the Romans forests, jungles, lak(ss, and rivers; the principal of which mosque where Mohanmmed was wont to pray. It is an- to the Goths. In 714, it was conquered by the Moors, latter are the Aracae and Mayao, both navigable. —Comt. nually visited by the pilgrims from Meccat, and the Mo- and subsequently governed by its own sovereigns until A considerable trade is carried on with Bengal and Eu- haemedens say that at this place Adam met Eve after its fusion with the lkingdoms of Castile and Leon, by rope. —P'od. Rice, cotton, indigo, buffalo-hides and their expulsion from Paradise, and consequent separa- the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. Pop. 187,405. horns, ivory, tobacco, silk, fruits, and gold and precious tion for 120 years. JAra'roi, a river of Spain, rising in the Pyrenees, and stones. Iron and coal are found. —C 0ief Towns. Aracaxn Araa'/ras, or ALFU'RAS, a savage race of people —the joining the Ebro after a course of 80 mi S.W. and Aklyab.-Pop. 263,675.-In 1824, this country was Alfoers and Alfosese of the early n;avigators-ini-abiting Arago'na, a town of Italy, in Sicily, 8 mo. N.N.E. of conquered from the Burmese by the British. the interior of Newv Guinea, and the Papuan group of Girgenti. The mud volcano of Miaccaluba is in its viAR11ACAN, a city and cap. of the above pryov., seated on a Islands in the S. Pacific ocean. They seem to resemble cinity. Pop. abt. 6,6(00. lbranch of the Kuladyne river. It is fortified, and pos- the natives of Australia in physical character and ap- Asragonite, n. (Min.) An ortlhorhonobic mineral; sesses numerous pagodas; pop. 11.212. pearance. Their color is a deep dirty brown, or black. lustre vitreous; color white, sometimes gray, yellow, Aa'ACAN, or I(ULADYN, a river of the above prov., rises in Leyden, in his -Asiatic Reseuarches, says they are "indi- green, or violet; strealk uncolored; transparent; transBurmah, and after a S. course of about 200 en. throuagh genous in almost all the Eastern isles, and are sometimes lucent; b'ittle.-Csomp. Carbonic acid 44, lime 56-100. Aracan, falls into the Bay of Bengal. It is navigable found on the same island with the Papuas, or Oriental Was discovered in Aragon, in six-sided prisms, with for small vessels. Negroes." gypsuma, imbedded in a ferruginous clay. Araca'r'i, n. (ZoUl.) A gen. of birds of the fiom. Ibucan, Alr'a-o, Fe1ANq0IS JEAN Do queNioo, a celebrated French Ara'gta'y, or ARAOUAYA, a large river of Brazil, which q. v. astronomer and perpetual secretary of the Academy of rises in about 190 S. leat. near the Parana, to about 6~ S. Ara'ceue, AnADs, n. epL. (Bt.) An d. of plnts of tie Sciences of Paris, s. in 1786, at Estagel in the S. of lat., where itjoins the Tocantin. The urnited stream, alliance A-rales. —DIA. Ameln endogens, with numerous France. hie was educated at Toulouse, eind thence re- after a course of 370 leagues, falls into the delta of the nalked flowers on a solitary spadixi coveredl Iby a simplle moved to the P6iytechnic school of Paris. He entered, Amazon in S. lat. 10 40'. Many tribes of warlike Indians hooded speatha, sessile anthers, loose seedls, and a slit in 1804, upoan scientific study, and rose rapidly to distinc- dwell onits banks. axile embryo. They are herbaceous plants, or sihrubs, tiona. Joining the staff of the French Observatory, hle Araigsnhe, n. [Fr., a spider.] (Fort.) A branch, return, often with a fleslhy corm: stemless, or arborescent, or proceeded to Spain with M. Blot, to take the measure- or gallery of a mine.-Bailey. climbing by means of niril reots. leaves sheathing st moet of au arc of the meri oias. Oe hies return to Paris, Arak' lountains, t.heW.division ofa range ofm ounthe base, convolerte in the bud, usually with branching he was elected at the age of 23, a menmber of the Aced- tains which runs from Tartary, E. and N.E., throughl veins. Spadix generally inclosed irn a spathe; flowers emny of Sciences, replacing the great Lalande; and also the N. provinces of China, until it meets the Saulmee mostly moneioaus and achlsl:uydeeoes, arrarngerd upon a appointed professor of the Ecole Polytechlnique. Frome mecuntains separatieng China from Asiatic Russia. Lat. naked sleadix; stasmens definite or indefinite, heypao- this time, he commnenced upon a scientific career of 420 N.; Lon. 720 E. ynous, very short; eanthers ovate, extrorse; ovary fice, the l nost brilliant chearacter, sustainel until his deaths. rt k'l hova, in Greece, a village of the Morea, in Ar1-several-celled; stigma sessile; firnit succulent; seeds Without enumer-ating all his great discoveries, mention cadia. Mount Parnassus towers above the vineyanrls of pulpy. Natives of all tropical counttries; rsely of tern- must be made of his determoeination of the diameters of A., and the Corycian Cave usay be best visited from this perate climates. An ecrid principle pervades this order-, the planets, afterward followed up by Laplace; the dis- spot. and exists in so high a degree in some of them as tea covery of polarization by colors; aesmd that of rotastory A'ral (SEA or LAe~ or), next to the Caspian sea, the render them dangerous poisons. (See DI:rr:ENrBACHIA.) magnetism. He was also the inventor of the Polariscope. largest inland body of water in Asia, mueasuring 293 m. Genera 26; species 170. The Gen. Aruoa is the type oef In 1830, he was nominated Director of the Observatory, in its greatest length, and from100 to 250 mu. in breadthl. thee order. and of the Bureaus des Longitudes. The Annuaire des Area. It contains a total superficies of aheout 253,000 sq.,Asrachis, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe Lotece. The isng/itomdes he also directed; and founded, conjointly m. It is situated in the plains of thee Turcomasn aensc ground-nut, or underground hcidney-bsan, A. /sypogra, with Gay-Lussac, the "Recesls/ des Aenoates de Physique Kiriglsiz countries, near the S.W. extremity of Indepenis an annual plant, native of tropical America; leaves et de Chisnie.".A., as a politician, was earnest, moderaete. dc-nt Tartary. Lost. between 430 21' and 46~ 50 N.; Lon. hairy pinesate, vith four leaflets; flwoers yellow, theI and consistent. Early imbued with republican prineci- 50~ 7' and 61~ 22' E. The priucipal rivers embouching ARAL ARAR ARAU 121 into this sea are the Sihoun (the ancient Iaxartes), and trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants, which are in many A'alaat (31[ount), a famous mountain of Asia, in the Jihoun (Oxus). A. is studded with islands, whence respects much as umbellifers, from which they are dis- Armenia, on the confines of the Russian, Turkish, and its Tartar name Aral dinguiss, i. e." Sea of isles." Its tinguished by their ovary having more cells than 2, and Persian empires; Lat. 390 30' N.; Lou. 440 35' E. Its waters are salt, an:l are sometimes frozen in winter; the by their greater tendency to form a woody stem. The base is washed by the Araxes, from whose low plain it fish it contains are~ similar to those of the Caspian. ord. is divided into 21 genera and 160 species; natives of rises to an immense height, terminating in two conical Atrraitlzt, ns. p7. (Zoil.) The macaws, a genus of birds, northern temperate climes of both hemispheres. Sev- peaks, one nmuch higher than the other. After many Ibm. Pilla- ecral species are well known in medicine, &c., as Sarsapa- fruitless attempts to reach its principal summit, or Great cidce, or rilla, Spikenard (gen. tAralia), Ginseng (gen. Paran), Ararat, this arduous task was accomplished in 1820, * parrot tribe. and Ivy (gen. Hedera). by Professor Parrot, who determined its altitude to be These inag- Ara-isrM'r/. [From Heb. aram, the highland.] (Anc. 17i,230 ft. above sea-level. Tile whole of the upper region ni i f i c e n t Geog.) This name was given to the whole of the country of the mountain, from the height of 12,750 ft., is covered b i r d s are situated to the N.E. of Palestine, including the countries with perpetual snow and ice, and is frequently the scene d i stinguish- known to the Greeks by the names of Syria, Babylonia, of tremendous avahlaches. It is believed to be of voled by hay- and Mesopotanmia.-See ARAMsAic. canic origin. A. is said to be thie A rat of Scripture on ing t heir Aarainagihl'aneh, a fortified town of Persia, in the whose summit the ark rested. (Gen viii. 4.) ~:~',~I ~- cheeks des- prov. of Azerbijan. titute of Arama'kutan, one of the Kurile group of islands in f e a t h e r s the N. Pacific, in N. Let. 490 385'. and t hi e i r Arama'ie, a language branching from the Semitic, and tai 1- feathers probably the root of the whole fismily of Semitic tongues, _ __ __ ___ __ ___ long. They was spoken in all the countries namIed Areama. It s was are all natives of S. America, and divided into two principal dialects, thie Western Aramaic abound in swampy grounds which or Syriac, and the Eastern Aramaic or Chaldee. Alter - are covered with palm-trees, the the Babylonian captivity, the pure IHebrew had grid- j - — / "fruit of which they are particular- nally given place to the Aramaic, which was generally;, ly obnd of. They generally appear spoken in Palestine in thie time of Christ. It is the in pairs, and are always observed to harshest of all the Semnitic languages, and ihas noswy perch on the summits of trees. They atinost entirely died out, giving place to the Arabic, and build their nests in the hollows of de- Persian, or Persic. C'yed trees; and lay twice a year, Ar'amay'osaa, a valley of Spain in the prov. of Alava, generally two eggs at a time. When famous for its iron-works. young they are easily tamed, and Araauin'go, in Pennsylvania, that part of the city of soon grow familiar with persons they Philadelphia situated about 4}, m. N. by E. of the city are accustomed to see; but, like all hall. It was formerly a district of Philadelphia co. the parrot tribe, they show an aver- Alra'mo, a town of Chili, 30 m. S. of La Concepcion. sion to stsri eies. In a donesticated A'ran, a valley of Spain, prov. of Leiida, in the Pyrestate they will feed on almost every nees, bounded on tile N. by the French dep. of IHautearticle, sore especially sugar, bread, QGaronne and ArriSge, on the S.W. by Aragon, and on and fruits. Like other parrots, they the S. and S.E. by Catalonia. It consists chiefly of - use their clawy with great dexterity, wood and pastures, with but little arable land. Inhabthough in climbing they always begin ited principally by herdsmen, woodcutters, and contraby taking hold with their bill, ising bandistos or smugglers. their feet only as a second point of Aran'cay, a town of Peru, in the prov. of Truxillo, in Pig. 172. - MOUNrT ARARAT. their motion. Theymaybe taughtto S. Lat. 90 20'. Ar'arat Mountain, N Carolina See PILoT MOUNFig. 170. speak, brut their articulation is hoarse Aran'da die Duea'ro, a town and partidos (district) TArIN. iED aND YtLLOW rand u rsnpleasant. Their general voice of Spain, in the prov. of lBurgos, 90m. from Madrid; poP. Ar'as (the ane. Ai-axes), a river of Asia, rising in ArmeMAcAw. is a loud and piercing scream. The 4,623. nia, and flowing past Mount Ararat to the Kur, which (Are Canga.) scarlet Art, or ihacrocerus macao, is Aratne'jdde, on. pl. (Zoiil.) The spider, a famiily of an- it enters after a course of about 420 inm. the roost splendid with regard to nulose animals, ord. Arachnide.-See SPrDERs. Ara'tion,n. [Lat.aratio.] Ploughing; tillsge color, as well as one of tihe largest of all the Psillacidis. Alarsaae'iforrn, a. Formed or shaped as a spider. Ara'to', in fMissouri, a village of Pettis co From the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail,soire Ara'neossP a. Resembling a spider's web, or cobweb. Alra'tuas, a Greek poet and astronomer, n. in Cilicia; of them measure 36 inches. We hiave illustrated the A. Arssan'ha, two towns in Portugal, one in Estremadura, flourished about 300 a. c. canga, a lovely Brazilian species. 12 mn. N.E. of Leiria; the other in the prov. of Alentejo, Ara'ltus, OF SticYON, B. 273 n. c., delivered his native city Ara'lies, I. (Bst.) An alliance of plants in which are 10 m. S.S.W. of Porto Alegre. from the tyrant Nicocles, rnd, with the help of Ptolemuns found the lowest structure known amiong flowering Aras'Aijuez', a town of Spain, in the prov. of New Castile, Philadelphus, restored the republican form of governplants. —DIA. Uniisexual petaloid or naked flowered 28 us. S.SE. of Madrid. This place is principally re- mert. D. 216 D. c., poisoned by order of Philip, king of enilogenlls, with a sin-le naked spadix, and an embryo in markable as containing a royal palace and fine gardens, Macedon. the axis of mealy or fleshy albuumen. The Aral alliance belonging to the Spanish sovereigns, built in the reign raunsem'nin, a large territory of S. America, comprisis divided into tile orders Pistiaccce, Typliacece, Aracec, of Philip II. Pop. 11,562. ing all the country lying between 370 and 390 50' S. Lat., and Pandanacce. A'rain'sas, in Texas, a small river in Bexar co., which, and 700 and 750 20/ W. Lon. On the N. it is bounded by Ara'les, or ARALIANs, a nation of Independent Tartary, rising on its S.E. border, runs S.E. until its entry into the river Biobio; S. by the Valdivia; E by the Andes; inhabiting the S. shores of Lake Aral. They number the bay of the esame namne. and on the W. by the Pacific ocean. This country is about 100,000, speak the Turkish language, and profess -A village of Itefigio co. divided into 4 tetrarchies, each governed by a toqui or Islamismn. In summer, they live in tents; in winter, in Airansas Bay, AnAN'SAso or ARAX'SAZUA, a bay on thi tetrarch, and sibdivided into 9 aflaregues or provinces, iimense camps; and subsist by rearing vast herds of coast of Texas, N. of Corpus Cihristi bay. each of which is presided over by an a o-lr.enn. The ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ecatle of~/te wa iseaporesde ov ert by an S.Wume. of_4eqp, cattle. Aranl'tl, a; seaport of Peruii, 30 us S.W. of PlAreqiipa, form of government is an intermrixed democracy and,Arrahifn, n. (Bet.) The typical genus of the order in S. Lat. 160 53'. The harbor is deep, but the nasrrovo w aristocracy. The natives proper of A. belong to the Arabtiace, q. v. entrance prevents miany vessels fiom lfequenting it. Moluches rare of Indians, and derived their name of Arallacese, ARsALIAD$, Ivy-WORTS, sin order of piants. Aa'any, JANos, a distinguished Hungariain poet, 5. at Araucanians or Aorcas from the Spaniards. A partial alliance Urtbc;lales.-DiAo. A 3 or urore celled fruit Nrigy-Szalonta, 1819. IHis principal poemis are: Az ives- agricultural industry prevails, but horses, cattle, guazett acltotnidny (The lost Constitution of the Past); Tsldi, nacos, and vicinas form tne princihal wealth of the a Trilogy; JMarcdny Ostrovosa (Conquest of Murdny); country. ThIe inlrhabitants have a sort of crimninal code,:rnd Katalin (Catherine). and a religion wshich admits the immortality of the soul. V,.> A:,rN Ar.p'alhoe, in Colorado, a villago of Jefferson co., about They are a warlihe people. None of the aborigines of g ~~~~~~~14 mn. W.N.W. of Denver.; popl. about 100. ":; I ~ ~ ~~ 1~4 m. W.N.W. of Benver; po,. rubout 100.S. Amnerica hsave resisted with such obstina.te bravery Ar'ap'ahoes, a tribe of' North American Indians, prin- the attenpts of Europeans ho reduce them to subjection, cipally met with in the country E. of the Rocky hloun- andc, until recen.tly, they retained their independence. trims. They ire noted for their rapacity and cruelty, They learned from the Spaniards the use of cavalry tac\1 /~ ~.x~.,/- _..~~~. ~ Z and numnber about 5,000 warriors. tics in warfare, and art now in this respect almost unriArapa'llma, a. (Zoe'.) A genus of malacopterous valled. ThIe gov. of A. was republican until 1859, in / 2;q(:\ 5 fishes, nearly allied to tine Chtpeidce, or herring family, which year a Frenclhman, named M. de Tonners, rho 7 / //Xi0~'~iK-~~and remarkable for the mosaic work of Strong, bony, had travelled through the country, formed a party of compound scales with which the body is covered. The adherents, and proclainred himself sovereign, under the A. is tihe largest known fresh-water fish in the world, tithe of.King Aurelius Antorius I. To get rid of hin, I and remarkable for ~~~~~~~~the sit wle of Ki~nebng, a Auraelius Athlonush I.e Toun ~ g~et prid of hm / f q;. }/i,.jihr bleing sometimes taken 18 ft. in length, in the Rio Negro, the opposite party called for the aid of Chili, whose South America. troops defeated and nade himn prisoner in 1862. lie Ara'pares, a mountain-chain in Brazil, in which the eventually was liberated, and retired to France, where rivers Jurneao, Arinos, Paraguay, and Cuyaba rtae their he died. Chili, after the above-mentioned interference, * 7 st y.hrise. atnnexed 4. Soune interesting particulars concerning /- —..1_~..~j~. u'/g/ Araparipl'ueu, a town of Brazil, on a branch of the A. and its people may be found in the works of Gustave AoMarafion, 170 m. W.S.W. of Pare. Aimard, the celebrated traveller, and romancist of Indian Alrap'ijo, a town of Brazil, in the prov. of Para, 18 us. life and manners. W.S.W. of G Srup e A Alanea'ria, n. (Bot.) A gen. of trees of the tribe AbiJ_~?~_~.]/kgl-N. ~ —-~ ~ ~~, Are piles, in Spain. See SALAMANCA. etivece, ord. Coniferre. The Chili pine, A. in,:bricata, is Ar'aqui, a river of Asia, in Georgia, which, rising in the a very remarkable evergreen tree, fonnd in the CordilA,! P Caucasus, joins the Kur, 25 In. above Tiffis- 1."'. f 0.1-1; - rn fn 10(l ff ti, d i c T C l s A i b t i.,,5 /\ K 7 Catucasu~s,joins the Krrr, 25 m. above Triflis. leras of Chili; height 50 to 100 ft., rarely 150 ft. Tire I Ararsnt'gua, a river of Brazil, falling into the sea trunk is quite straight, and without kinobs, srith a strong 1; 55t\s5~ shbout 50 mn. to the S.W. of San Antonio de Laguna, after arrow-lilce leading shoot, pushing upwsard. It is cove course of about 60 m., 15 of which are navigable from ered with a double bark, the inner part of which, in old c~e~.i\\ s its isnorith. trees, Is from 5 to 6 inches thick, fungous, tenacious, e:[4~\5 ~,!, ~' -' Air'aras, Siera. l-', a range of msountains in Brazil, porous, and light; and from it, as fiorm ahisost every /burming part of tire boundary between the prov. of other part of the tree, resin flows in great abundance. is' 4 lf,?' Minas-Gieraes and Goyaz. The branches are horizontal, infiexed. and ascending at 2 5,J i~d-i~ Ar'arat&, a district of Australiaz, in the Brit~ish colony the extremities. The leaves are sessile, ovate-lanceolaste, pFq. q71. of Victorirm. It is one of the principal gold-mining dis- stiff, straight, verticilate, imnbricate, and closely encirn. Hedera uelix; 2. Floer cf timoephantis edulis; I. Perpen. tricts, and contains a pop. of about 52,000. cling thebranches; concave, rigid, glabrous, shining, and dieular section of the sorer; 4. 5Unaivided ovary; 5. Ripe fruit. Ar'r~.alt, a river of N. Carolina, emptying into the remaining attached to the tree for several years. The 6. Cross section of it; 7. Cection os seed osf. Helix. Yadkin. male and female catlcine are sir separate trees. The without a double piugynous rlrsc, pentamerous flowers, Ar'arat, in Pensnsylvania, a post-office of Snsquehanna cones, -roen ripe, ace globular, from 3 to 4 in. in diamea valvate corolla, alterrnate leaves withiout stipules, and co. tsr, std of a dark brssn color. Tire vood is shite, and anthers turned inward, opening lengthwise. They are Ar'arat, in lrirginia, a post-office of Patrick co. torscd the centre of the stem bright yellow. It i VOL. I. ~ 16 122 ARBI ARBO ARCA hard, and might prove valuable for many uses if the Arbitra'tionl, n. (Law.) The investigation and deter- disposed that when cut transversely it appears ramified places of growth of the tree were less inaccessible. The mination of a matter or matters of difference between like a tree, whence its name. A. imbricatela has been introduced into Europe. contending parties, by one or more unoficial persons, Arbor'vitte, in Alabama, a post-office of Bullock co. chosen by the said parties, and called arbitrators or re- Arbroath'. See ADEaBROTHWICK. ferees. Any matter may be determined by A. which Alr'buekle, in TV. Virginia, a post-office of Mason co. the parties may adjust by agreement, or which may be Ar'busale, n. [Lat. arbuscula.] A little tree or shrub. the subject of a suit at law. Any person who is capable Arbuasceular, a. Resembling a shrub. of nmaking a valid and binding contract with regard to Arbus'tive, a. That is planted witis trees or shrubs. (R.) the subject may, in general, be a party to a reference or Alrbus'turn, n. [Lat.j An orchard, hop-garden, or //:~ arbitration. Every one is so far, and only so far, bound vineyard. by the award as he would be by an agreement of the same Arbu;th'not, JouN, an English physician and poet, D. kind made directly by him. In common law it is en- 1675. He settled in London, and in 1709 was appointed //Xf - -:~ _tirely voluntary, and depends upon the agreement of the physician to Queen Anne, whichl office he held until his parties to vaive the right of trial in court by a jury. death. He was a noted vit, and the cospanion and In Pennsylvania, however, there exists compulsory A. collaborator of Pope, Swift, and other eminent literati Either party in a civil suit or action may enter at the of that period; D. 1735. / 1! I prothonotary's office a rule of reference, wherein he shall Ar'Jbut/ine, n. (Choes.) Colorless bitter needles, soluble declare his determination to have arbitrators chosen on in water; reaction neutral; obtained firom the leaves of a certain date, to be mentioned therein, not exceeding 30 the arctostaphylos uva ursi. Forea. Ca11H2019. days, for the trial of all matters of variance in the suit Arbul'tus, n. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, tribe Ericece. TIhe between the parties. On the day appointed, they meet A. uneldo bears a red fruit something like a strawberry, -:N.'/ - at the prothonotary's office and endeavor to agree upon whence the plant has been familiarly nanred strawberryarbitrators. If they cannot so agree, the prothonotary tree; its bark and leaves are astringent —It is found in mnakes out a list, on which are inscribed the names of a the greatest luxuriance about the lakes of Killarney, in number of citizens, and the parties alternately strike, Ireland. —: ~...-~. -Jc-~ \each, one of them from the list, until only the numbers Are, n. [Fr. from Lat. arcus, a bow, an arch. Etymol. agreed upon, or fixed by the prothonotary, are left, who uncertain.] (Geere.) A portion of a circle or other curved ~~ —-_~ nare to be the arbitrators. A time of meeting is then line. The arc of a circle is the measure of the angle fixed, at which the arbitrators, having been sworn or formed by two straight lines drawn from its extremities affirmed justly and equitably to try all matters at vari- to the centre of the circle. The straight line joining once subsitted to them, proceed to hear and decide the ends of an arc is its chord, which is always less than the case. Their award is filed in the office of the pro- the arc itself. In Fig.177, d d is the chord of the arc d hld. thonotary, and has the effect of a judgment, subject, -An arch; a vault. however, to appeal, which may be entered at any time _Arc, 3oan of. See JOAN OF Anc. within 20 days from the filing of such award. —Bouvier. Ar'ca, n. [Lat.] (Antiq.) A chest, in whlich the Romans Arlbitrator, n. An umpire; an arbiter. —A ruler; a were accustomed to place their money; the coffin in governor. which persons were buried, or the bier on which the (Law.) A disinterested person to whose judgment and corpse was placed previously to busial; a strong cell Fig. 173. - ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA, (the Chili Pine.) decision matters in dispute are referred. An A. ought made of oak, in which criminals and slaves were confined. to be incorrupt and impartial. His powers and duties (Zesl.) A gen. of the faro. AncoAs), q. V. A&.raulto, a bay, preov.and town, all of the same name, are conferred and imposed by the subimission. He is Arfcada, or ARCADE, in A/citigas, a township of Gratiot in Chili, 230 m. S.S.W. of Valparaiso; pop. of prov. bound by the rule of law, and cannot award anything co. pep about 40. 44,528. contrary thereto. His authority is at an end as soon -A townshlip of Lapeer co.; pop. about 300. Araunrd, a town of Venezuela, S. America, F60 m.E.N.E. as the award is uede. Arcade', n. [Is from crcus, a bow.] (Arch.) A series of Truxillo; tat. 90 17' N., Lou. 690 28' W. Pop. 11,172. Arbitratrix, Aribitr.ess, n. A female arbiter. of arches of any form, supported on pillars, either enArlba, a small island of Europe, in the Adriatic gulf, Arbit'recsnenit, a. Decisioss; determination. closing a space before a wall, or any building which is separated frot Croatia by a narrow channel. Cap. of (Law.) The award of the arbitrators. - See AnmIt.A- covered in and paved; or,when used as an architectural the same name. Pop. abt. 4,000. IMENT. fezatisse fuos orimu untfeuag thue towvers and walls of churchles _&rlba, in -Indiana, a post-office of Randolph co. Ar'ba, in IndianiAba, a post-office of Ran-dolph e. Ar'bitry, n. [Lat. arbitFriun.] Free will. entirely closed up with masonry. The cloisters of the rbacoo'ehee, in Alabama, a post-office of Ran- Alrboe', a parish of Ireland, in the counties of London- old monasteries s and religious houses were, strictly ~~~~~dolpy~h co. ~~adecry and Tyrone. speakling, arcades. The ternm is also applied to a covered Ar'balest, ARCUstALmEST, AR'BALET, AR'BAmIST, n. [Lat. Ar:boga, a town of Sweden, on the navigable river U1- passage having shops on either side of it. Two A. inarcubalista; Fr. arbaleste.] (Ail.) A cross-bow. is visn;pp. 3,576. scribed i greater A. are calledgenutous A. This icweapon is supposed to have been introduced into Euro- Arbo.ogastes, a Gaul, who entered the service of the rangemint, sees for the first time in the Byzantine pean armies by the crusaders, although used long before Roman emperors Valentinian and Theodosius. On the architecture, became common in the Gothic buildings. in the chase. The arrows used with the cross-bow were death of the former, he placed upon the throne the rhe- Often in the lhatter there are three inscribed A., and short and thick (quarrels, bolts). The weapon was used torician Eugenius, which usurper was defeated by The-,~l in the English armies after the reign of Richard I.; but odosius. A. escaped to the mountains, asd at last put an the Italians, and especially the Genoese, were most ex- end to his life, about 395. pert in the use of it at one time. So deadly a weapon Arbois, a town of France, dsp. of Jura, cap. of a canton, on the Cuisance. It is well built, in us valley en- circled by hills and vineyards, which produce good white wines. Pichegru was born here. lop. 7,126. Ar.bola-lbrea, n. (Choes.) A greenish-gray resin,, front the canarium album of Manillia. Arl'bor, n. [Lat., a tree.] A bower; a place of retireFtpig 174.- AemABLEST OR CROSS-BOW. ment and shelter in a garden, &c., formed of trees or shrubs. was it at one time considered, that papal bulls were (Nech.) The principal spindle or axis which commuissuedin the twelfth century condemning and forbidding nicates motion to the other parts of ta machine. its use in coombhts between Christians. It was disused Arlaboer flianme. [Lat., the tree of Diana. The metal in England, as a weapon of war, in the reign of Henry silver was called Diana by the old alchemistits.] (Chem.) vssi. Cross-bows were of several sizes; the large or Metallic silver deposited by the influence of mercury in stirrup cross-bow was bent by the foot —See AeCHEaa. the form of a tree. The experisment is made by dissolvArbalestilna, n. (lil.) In the fortified castles of the ing 15 grains of nitrate of silver in half a wineglassful middle ages, a smatll window, through which the arbaI- of water, adding a few globules of mereriry, and allowisters shot their arrows. ing the glass to stand at rest for somne hlours. Ar balister, n. A cross-bow man. Arbored, a. Furnished with an arbor. Arbe'la, or AstIL, in Turkey in Asia; a town of the Arbo'reoas, Ar'borous, a. [Lat. arnlboreus, from > K pachalic of lBagdad, on the hligh-road fron the latter place arbor, a tree.] Belonging to us tree or trees; - woody, F.. ou cEs. o11 17g. 175. — GOTHIC ARCADES. to Mosul. Lat. 360 11' N., Lon. 410 E. This was for- or growing in wood. Cathedral of Toulouse, (France.) merly a large city, andis renowned in history as the scene (Bot.) Tres-like, in size or apperatnce..) of the great victory (m. c. 331) obtained by Alexander Arbores'cence, n. [Lat. arborescence, from arboresco, that in the pniddle is sometimes greater than the two the Great over Darius, whichl c'used the complete sub- from arbor, a tree.] The state of being arborescent; the others. F/ig. 175 represents a rarer example of four version of the Persian empire. P.op. abt. 3,000. resemblance to a tree. arcades concentred under a commonarc rade. Arbe'la, in Michigan, a township of Tuscola co. Pop. Arbores'eent,a. 1Resemblinga tree; becomingwoody. Areade, in New Y-ork, a post village of Clhina townabt. 650. Artboret, n. [It. arboreto.] A small tree or shrub; a ship, Wyoming co., about 35 mn. S.E. of Buffalo. Arbela', in Aissouri, a post-office of Scotland co.. place planted or overgrown with trees. Arceade, in Wisconsin. See AncDALE. Ar'biter, n. [Fr. arbitre.] A person appointed or chosen Arbore'tusn, n.; p1. ABORET'TA. [Lat.] (Hest.) A Arcaded~, a. Furnished with an arcade. by parties engaged in controversy, to exa:mine into and plantation of trees or shrubs; an arboret. lArcadia., the classical sname of Middle Peloponnesus, decide their differences; an umpire; an arbitrator. One Ar'bor lill, in iowa, a post-office of Adair co. now forming the modern province of Au4-adia, in tlse who rules or controls. Ar'hor lHill, in V'rginia, a post-office of Augusta Morea, Greece. It occupies a high table-land lying be-v. a. To judge; to arbitrate. co. tween Lat. 370 15', and near 380 N.; Lon. 210 44' to 220 Ar'bitrable, a. That depends upon lhe will. Arlboricnlt'nral, a. Relating to arboriculture. 35' E., having on the N. Achaia, E. Argolis, W. Elis, and Ar'bitrage, n. [Fr.] Arbitration. (R.) Arlboricuilt'ure, n. [Lat. arbor, and culture, fromn on the S. Laconia and Messenia. Area, 1,600 sq. m. It is Aib.itra.l, a. Which relates to arbitration. cole, cultus, to cultivate.] The art of cultivating trees intersected by mountain ranges, some of which are very Arbitrament, n. Determination; decision; will. and shrubs.- See PLANTATION. lofty, and contains plains of somne extent. Its principal (Law.) The award or decision of arbitrators upon a ArbOricn`lt'rist, s. One who practises arbori- river is the Roufia (Alpseus), the largest in the Morea. matter of dispute which has been submitted to thein. cslture. Lake Stymphalus, of classic mention, is found here. Ar'sbitrarrly, adv. By will only; despotically; abso- Ar.borifos~rn, a. [Lat. arbor, tree, andfeasina, form.] Froom its elevation, A. is touch colder and more rigorous lutely.'That has the form of a tree. than the rest of the Morea. The inhabitants still retain Arbitrarine ss, as. Quality of being arbitrary. Ar'btero~st, n. One wlso makes trees his study. their primitive mode of life as shepherds, living in tents, 2Ar',bigtrart~y, a. [Fr. aorbitraire, from Lat. asbit/lssisus.] -.borizaa'tisna, a. The appearance or figure of a tree and pursuing a migratory existence, The plane, fir, Depending on will or discretion. It is used of a ten- or plant in minerals or fossils. ilex, chestnut, oak, &c., are common, and deer and game dency to abuse the possession of power, and be harsh Arbor'otss, a. See Atoneasoos. plentiful. Chief towns. Tripolizza, Londari, Karitena, and unforbearing. Tyrannical; despotic; harsh; dic- Ar.'bor.-Sa~tw srni,, n. [Lat., Satuer's tree.] (Cho/e.) It is &c. Many interesting ruins are seen here, among them tatorial; imperious; selfish; irresponsible. formed by hanging a plate of zinc in a solution of acetate the remains of the cities of Phigaleia, Megalopolis, and Artbitrate, v. a. and n. [Fr. arbitser.] To act as an of lead. Pallantium. arbiter or arbitrator. To be a hearer, beholder, or oh- Arbor -lir te,, n. [Let., the tree of life.] (Bet.) See (Hist.) From its first inhabitants, the Pelasgi, the land server of something; to hear and decide; to decide or TeousA. derived the name Pelasgia. In later times, it was divided determine. (Anal.) The cortical substance of the cerebellum, so among the 50 sons of Lycaon, into kingdoms, and re ARCH ARCH ARCH 123 ceived from Areas the name Arcadia. In thile course of stones which compose the arch, all wedge-shaped, des Champs Elys6es, at Paris. It was erected to comtime, the small kingdoms made themselves free, and smaller at the under end than at the upper, are called memorate the victories of Napoleon I. and his armies, formed a confederacy. The principal were Mantinea, vouzssoirs, trades, or sqffit, and the upper ends the extra- and, although commenced in 1806, was not completed where Epaminondas obtained a victory, and a tomb (now dos, or back. The line joining the extremities of the until after the revolution of 1830. It has 3 arches, the the village of Mondi), Tegea (now Tripolizza), Orchome- arch (D D) is called its span, and one drawn perpendicular central one being 95 ft. high. In the interior are graven nus, Pheneus, Psophis, and Megalopolis. Their chief to the span, from its central point to the centre of the the names of the most eminent of the French generals, deity was Pan; their chief business, breeding of cattle bottom of the keystone (G a), its rise. These lines are with that of their leader. London possesses but two and agriculture. This occasioned the pastoral poets to also called the chord and versed sins of the arch. Tihe structures of this kind - the arch at Hlyde Park, supselect Arcadia for the theatre of their fables. Thus it Egyptians and Assyrians are said to be the first nations porting tihe equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellinghas been made to appear as a paradise, although it was who used the arch in their buildings; arches, both of ton, and the Marble Arch. far from deserving this character. stone and brick, having been found by Belzoni, Wilkin- AJrchnao''raj'hy, n. [Gr. archaeios, ancient, from Areaaldiia, in Illinois, a post-office of Morgan co., 40 um. son, and Layard, at Thebes, Gizehl, Nimroud, and Kihor- ar-chE, beginning, and grapho, to describe.] A treatise S.W. of Springfield; pop. abt. 750. sabad. The form of the A. is supposed to have been on antiquity. Akrc-'dis,, in Indiana, a post-office of 1Hamilton co., 31 kniown to the Greelks, although there is no evidence in Archeeolo'gi.ass,- n. Same as AReCaOLOGIST. m. N. of Indianapolis. tihe remains of their temples to show the truth of the Ar.chveolog'ic, Arcise, Ark'sutite, n. (Min.) A granular massive mineral throw,~ ihnto disorder by a stratagem of Lord Hioward, \ ~~~-s -~~~~'- - is. granul~~~~~~~~arrmsive inrl arvd on thue coast of the Nethmerlanads in Jumly, ccere __ _ hminof vitreous histre; color white: translucent, brittle. and in: this: situation were. attacked with such impetu-. 5 —.~ l~ >- Comp. aluminiun 18-6, sodlusl 23-3, calcimn 6-8, fluorine nd i this itin we attacked ith i impt5-IN'.. a51,3=10 F osity, lhat it becase necessary to attempt to return.'< ) oto —-:se~ ~E. uises as a red heat, anu yields no watem. Contrary winds obliged the Spanish admiral, the Dunke Found ill Greenland. ~~~~Found in Greenland. ~of Medina Sidehima, to nlake the circuit of Great Britain r A-kr'vwrga& ght, Sic RicsARD, a. at Prestosa, En0land, ctwigh the wreckr of this magnificent arnmament. In pass1732. He devoted his mind to the invention of imnproved ig te Olue, it as attacked by a violent stor, machinery for cotton-spinning, and at last succeeded nt ouly a eOrebi renmmant returned to Spain. andtufya eeteremnantrtre oSan i P -5///c ~ in revolutionizing its mentire mechanical system. He na a fe lg t-n o an Arma'dla, in Mlichigan, a post-township of Macomb co. ////~~~'~-'- ship of Chautauqua co.; pop. about 1,320. The ito, a genins of maani.fross qamadupeds, beAr'ltnd.in ilan a ost-ffie ofJacsonco. The Taton, a genms of m-amnliferous quadrupeds, beA/r'l A-and, in Miclmigan, a post-office of Jackson co. Iongihg to the order Edentats, readily distinguished I~ ~"!~~ ~~ ~i Arles (anc. Arelas, or Arelate), a city of'rance, dep. from ail others by the singular covering with which \ouches-du-Rhone, on the Rhote, 46 Im.- W.N.W. of Marseilles. It is principally notable as having beeN an nature has protected them. This is a complete suit of i lsprfn tw we Gu ws h~te b tts~ID armor, consiutiig of a triangular or oval plate on the important ton hen Gaul was invaded by Cear. It tolp of the hread, a large biuckler over the shoulders and:~,_,.~.~ ~ ~ afterward became a Roman colony, and was long a aftercvard becamate a Roman coloniyandl was bg; a the haunches; and between this, disposed in transverse rich and prosperous city. The Roman amphitheatre, hands huhich show of fbtedoes of motion the body, capable of accommodating 30,000 spectators, yet re- smbsan bads in masot speores protecting also the tail. mains, noble in its ruins. The great obelisli, and innus- All tm.nisa in'itt-icpied to the shtn of tha ody. Tha Inerble rtitic emans, ttes th- fomermagnfl-All this armlour is a ttached to the skin of the body. The merable artistic remains, attest the fofmer magnificence of this city. ianf. Silk~, soap; glass, &c. Ti~he A. has a pointed muzzle, slightly extensive tongue, and cents of this city. — Maul. Silk, soap, glass, &c. The emperor Constantine embellished A., and his son ConFi/g. 188.- cOTTON-PLANT, (Gossypiun herbaccum.) stantine II. was born here. In 855 it became the capital of a kingdom of Arelate, which was, in 933, united 1868, the total number and value of live stoclk was: 104,- to that of Burgundy. Pop. 21,876. 717 horses, $6,220,189; 48,435 mules, $2,981,658; 138,101 ir'lingtons, IHNrw BEwE%, EARiL OF, an Englishi oxen and other cattle, $1,368,969; 108,111 milch cows, statesman in the reigns of Charles II. and James iI. lie $2,244,384; 117,195 sheep, $315,255; 591,462 hogs, $2,179,- was a member of the famous administration nicknamed 534. Total value of live stock, $15.309.989- agaisist the Cabal, from the initials of its leading members. $22,095,977 in 1860. —iidmstmpy. A. has not engaged in B. 1618; D. 1685. manufiactusres toany consideral,le extesnt, having been Al'ling'ton, in Illinois, a post-office of Bisreau co. restricted to the production of the simpler indispensable Akrling'torm, in _Iowa, a village of Montgomery co., articles. In 1860, the State hiad 518 establishments, with about 20 m. N. of Clarinda. a capitatl of $1,316610. The annual product csas $2,880,- JAn-Is]g'ten, in Massachusetts, a P.O. of Middlesex co. 578. Thie cost of labor was $554,240, and of racw mate- A-ltug'&tosn, in Michigan, a post-township of Van Bu- Fig 180 cnn TAOU (me sinadlLs Cabasssn) rial $1,280,503, leaving a profit of $1,055,835, or 80 per cent. ren co., about 25 m. W. of Kallamazoo; pop. about 1,000. powerful claws. All the species inhabit the warm and on the capital. Over 54 of this production consisted of Aring')ossl in Minnesota, a post-village and township hot parts of Amemrica, dig burrows, and live upon vegelumuseR, fi()or, meal, and leathesr. MIannfacturing enter- of Sibley co., 62 m. W.S.W. of St. Paul; pop. about 380. tables. insects, and worms. The A. C(abassou is about 18 134 ARMIE ARMI AtMI I inches long to the tail, which is about 8 inches in length, Persians, in the 13th century was overrun by the MIoguls, At'iAillitry, e. [Lat. arnilla, a bracelet.] Consisting has a flesh white, fat, tender, and very delicate. - The and in the next ceased to be an independent country. of rings or circles. Giant A. of Cuvier is about 3 feet long.-See GLYP- The people have since become diffused over nearly tile Armillary Sphere. (Astron.) An instrument which TODON. whole world. Until of late years, A. was divided be- represents the great circles of the celestial sphere, the -Also the name of a ge., of crustacea.-See ONIscIMD. tween Persia and the Ottoman empire; but the latter equator, ecliptic, tropics, equinoctial colure, &c. It is Armagl lh, a cotinty of Ireland, in the prov. of Ulster, ceded to Russia, by the treaty of Adrianople, a consider- constructed of metal rings, representing these circles, having Lough Neagh on its N. border. Area, 513 sq. m. alle portion of her A. territories, and, in 1827, Russia fastened together in their relative positions, and movSurface generally fiat, and soil fertile. A. contains b also acquired the prov. of Erivan from Persia. The Turk- able on an axis passing through the poles; it is furbaronies, and 28 parishes. Pop. 198,086. ish portion of A. is now subdivided into the pashalics nished with an horizon and meridian similar to those Armagla'~ a city, and cap. of the above co., and the of Erzeroumin, Kars, and Van. The Armenians have attached to the terrestrial, and the celestial globes. It archepiscopal seat of the "Primate of all Ireland," 70 always been noted for their eminent conmnercial capa- was flbrmerly much used by the early astronomers. It is m. N. by W. of Dublin. Armagh is said to have been city, and at the present time a large portion of the now only used as an aid to instruction in astronomy, and foreign and internal trade of Turkey, Persia, S. Russia, is in this respect generally superseded by the celestial s and India, is in their hands. They are particularly ex- globe. ________ ___ _ ~pert in banking operations, and though shrewd and ex- Ar'lnillated, a. IIaving bracelets. acting, are considered less prone to practise deceit than Armn'issg, a. The act of takin arnis. the Greeks. - Religion, cec. As early as the 2d century, (Naut) A piece of tallow put in the cavity at the 4ptI Ii.., tom of ~~~~~~~~~~~A lat brin u1 in aouning, sampeso the lt Christianity is said to hiave been introduced into A., but tom of a lead, to bring up, in sounding, samples of the it was not firmly established there until the 4th century ground at the bottom of the sea. — ilVrcester. by the exertions of bishop Gregol y; and in the 5th, the Aati'nsngtoen, in Illinois, a pest-village of Tazewell Bible was translated into the Armenian language by co., 45 min. N.N.E. of Springfield. Miesrob. It differs but little from that of the CGreek Ari'nin'ianv. One professing Arminianism. Church. Since 1441, the A. people have recognized as -a. Relating to Arminius, or to his doctrines. their spiritual head, called by them catholikos, the patri- Armimsianismi n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Ararch of Etschmiadzin, near Erivan. Their theology minius, a Protestant divine, (q. v.,) who maintained that differs from that usually styled orthodox, in attributing God had predestinated the salvation or condemnation of only one nature to Christ, and holding that the Spirit individuals only from having foreseen who would and proceeds from the Father alone. A considerable num- who would not accept of offered mercy. His chief opher, however, belong to the Holy See, who are called poient was Gomar, who, with the Calvinists, asserted United Armenians. Anmong this people the patriarchal that God hand from all eternity, of his free good pleasure, slystem of life and manners prevails in its highest integ- elected some to everlasting liBfe, while hlie had left others rity, —Language. Thei ancient Armenian is harsh and to unbelief and consequent perdition. After the death overcrowded with consonants; and, while having Indo- of Arinisius, in 1609, his followers rapidly increased, Pig. 190. —vIEW or ARMIAGH, (Irelland.) Teutonic roots, it bears also an affinity with the Finn- and were vehemently attacked by the Calvinists. In ish, and some languages of N. Asia. It is now a de- 1610, they addressed a petition to the States of Holland founded by St. Patrick, A.n. 450. It is a fine city, and is fiunct language, only surviving in books. The modern for protection, from which they got the nanme of ietile centre of a great inland trade. P'.p. 8,801. tongue is a mere coinposud of Persic and Turkish, cor- monstsrants. The Calvinists put forth a counter-remonArinag.h', in Pennsylvania, a post-town of Indiana co., rupted by various dialects. strance, and in 1614, the States issued an edict granting 52 m. E. of Pittsburg; pop. about 230. Arme'nia, in Georgia, a village of Scriven co., 46 m. full toleration to both parties. This displeased the Cal-A township of Mifflin co.; pop. about 2,300. N.W. of Savannah. vinists, who continued their persecutions, and at length, Ar'magnac (a'maan-yak'), a small territory in the an- Armeania, in Pennsylvania, a township of Bradford in 1619, the doctrines of the A. were condemned by thei cient French province of Gascony, (now a part of the co.; pop. about 480. synod of Dort, and their clergy were driven from their dep. of IIautes-Pyrenees, and Gers,) from which the Arme'nia, in Wisconsin, a post-township of Juneau chlurches, and forbidden the exercise of their ministry counts of A. took their title. The chief town was Lec- co.; pop. about 300. in public. Owing to this step, many left the country, toure. Arine'niaca, n. (Bet.) See PiuNus. and found refuge in France, England, and other places. ARMAIAoN xc, Counts of, a family descended from the ancient Iaeqnian, a. Pertaining to Armenia. The views of lhe A. are sunmmed sp in the following five dukes of Aquitaine and Gascony, many of whose mern- -n. A native of Armenia; the language of the country. articles:2-i. That God had, from all eternity, determined bers were mixed up with the public affairs which agi- See ARMENIA. to save all who, he foresaw, would persevere in the faith, tated Europe between the beginning of the 14th, and Armen'tibres (ar-man'ti-air), a frontier town of and to condemn all who should continue in unbelief. the end of the 15th centuries. sFrance, dep. du Nord, on the Lys, 13 ii. N.W. of Lille. - 2. That Christ died for all men; but that only those Arlmagaiac, n. A species of French brandy, distilled Manf. Linen fabrics, laces, thread, tobacco, &c. Pop. who believe are really saved by his death. 3. That man in the dep. of Gers, and second in quality only to 12,124. is of himself incapable of true faith, and must thereCognac. Armedria, n. (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Plurmbagi- fore be born again, of God, through Christ, by the IHoly Ar'mamente t, n. [Lat. armamenttse.] A force equipped nacece. —The Thrift, A. vulgaris, found in the Middle Spirit. 4. That all good vorks are to be attributed to for war, either naval or military.- Also used to signify and Southern States, near the sea-coast, is a neat and the grace of the Holy Spirit, which, however, does not weapons employed for war, whether in sea or land ser- elegant plant, bearing in June showy flowers, rose-col- force a man against his owni inclination. 5. That God vice. —More particularly applied to the number and ored. It is an active diuretic. From two drachms to an gives to the truly fiithfifs the power to resist sin. With strength of the batteries carried by a vessel of war. ounce of the flowers, freshly gathered and quickly respect to the possibility of a fall fronm the state of Ar'lnmatnre, n. [Fr. from Lat. armatura.] Armor; dried, should be gently boiled, and the patient allowed grace, Arininius and his imnmediate disciples were undesomiething to defend the body from hurt. to drink of the decoction ad libitut. Some aroniatic cided; but his followers came afterwards to the belief Others should be armed with hard shells; others with substance is added to the decoction, as anise or cinna- that it was possible. After 1;30, the A. were again tolprickles: the rest that have no such armature. should be endued mon. The remedy appears to cause the excretion of crated in Hlolland; but from that time, their opinions with great swiftness and pernicity." —Ray on the Creation. urine in a direct sanneir. underwvent a considerable change. They have inclined (Phys.) A piece of soft iron affixed to the poles or ex- Ar'met, n. [Fr.] A kind of helmet, used firom the 14th more and more to fireedom of thought, and the rejection tremities of a magnet, in order that its magnetic power to the 16th centuries. —An A. grand, was as A. worn of creeds and confessions. They chiefly build oil thie -may be preserved; for when a miagnet is allowed to re- with the beaver. The A. petit, was un A.. without a necessity of moral duties and good works, and allow main long without an A., a considerable diminution of beaver, and supplied with a triple-barred face-guard.- each one to interpret the Holy Scriptures for himself. its strength occurs, owing to the disturbing influence See Anseor. They reject many articles of faith, and do away almost of terrestrial magnetism. -See MAf.sNET. Ararsefl,.; pl. Armruius. As much as the arms can entirely with the necessity of succor from t.l oly Armln-ehair, Armena-echair, it. An elbow-chair, hold. Spirit. The A. have, however, dwindled down to a very or a chair with rests for the arms. Arnmhole, n. The armpit. - A hole for the arm in a small body; but their tenets, more especially regarding Armeololla Creek, in Georgia, enters the Etowa in garmsent. predestination, have been adopted by various other dethe S.W. of Lumpkin co. Armiida, an imaginary personage in Tasso's Jerusalem nominations, as the Wesleyan iMethodists, as well as by Armed, p. a. Furnished with arms, or weapons of Delivered. Sue is represented ias a very beautiful sorce- numerous individual members of other churches. offence or defence; furnished with the means ofsecurity. ress, employed by Satani to seduce Rinaldo and other AJrminlius, or HEssMANN, who by his intrepidity and Fortified, (in a moral sense.) crusaders. Rinaldo was csonducted by A. to a remote success acquired the title of "the Deliverer of Geermiiaty," (Physics.) Said of a magnet when furnished with an island, where, in her splendid palace, surrounded by de- was the son of Segimer, a chief of the Catti. Having armature. lightful gardens and pleasure-grounds, he utterly forgot been sent to Rome as a hostage, he wats there educatedl, (Bet.) Furnished with prickles or thorns, his vows, and the great object to which he had devoted served in the Romuan army, and for his valor was raised (Her.) Applied to the horns, hoofs, beak, or talons of his life. To liberate him fiomi his voluptuous bondage, to citizenship, and knighted. But his attachment to his any beast or bird of prey, when borne of a different color two messengers from the Christian sarmy —Carlo and native country induced hint to revolt, and lie became than the rest of their bodies. Ubaldo —came to the islandl, bringing a talisman so one of the most powerfill leaders of the discontented Arine'nia, an extensive country of W. Asia, forming powerful that the witchery of A. was thereby destroyed. German nations. Ile drew Yarus, the Roman comnmandlprincipally that table-land which lies between thie Ku' IRinaldo escaped, but was fbllowed by the sorceress, who, er on the Rhine, into that ambuscade in which he and on the N. and the mountains of Kurdistan on the S., in battle, incited several warriors to attack the hero, nearly all his troops were.,slain, and completely baffled having the Euphrates on the WV., and nearing the Cas- and at last herself rushed into the fight. She was de- Germanicus; but, after having folr years withstood the plan sea on the E. Lat. between 300 50' and 41~ 40' N.: feated by Itinaldo, who then confessed his love for lier, vast power of Rome, Ariminus was assassinutadted by one Lon. 360 201 and 480 40 E. - Area, loosely estimated at persuaded her to become a Christian, and vowed to be of his own countrymen, in the 37th year of his age, A. D. 90,000 sq. m. Its principal mountain summit is Ararat her fiithful knight. The story of A. has inspired Gluck 19 or 21. (q. v.), and there are several other lofty chains. - Riv- with an admirable opera. Rossini lhas cnot been so suc- Armin ius, JAMEs, a Protestant divine, n. at Oudeers. Some large rivers talke rise in this country, as the cessful: his opera on the same subject being far below water, Holland, 1560, founder of the sect of the ArminEuphrattes and Tigris, the iKur, the Araxes or Aras, and his other compositions. inns. In his public and private life, A. has been adthe Chorak. Its greastest lakes are those of Van, Ur- Armnies'lbmnrgh, in Iidiana, a post-office of Parlre co. mired for his moderation: and though many gross insinusiah, andl Goukcha or Sevau. The soil is generally very Ar'miger, Armige'ro, n. [Lat. sarua, arms, and nations have been throwvn against hinm, yet his memory fertile; in the higher psarts all kinds of cereals may be gerero, to bear.J (iHer.) Literally one who bears arms. has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens. A life of cultivated, and the valleys produce excellent cotton, The phrase was formerly applied to thie atttendant or perpetual labor and vexation of mind, at last brought on grapes, and tobacco. The ploughs used in aigriculture esquire of a knight. It is a term of dignity now obso- a sickness, of which he died, 1t17. Ifis writings uere all are all drawn by teams of from 8 to 10 oxen or buffaloes. lets, entitling the ibearer to hold rank above a simple on controversial and theological subjects. -See AaMinNThe only modern minerals are copper, iron, and rock- gentleman, but below a kenight. IANIsM. salt; but in ancient times the precious metals were also "...... And a gentleman born, master parson, who writes Armip'otent, a. [From tat. arssa, arms, andpetens, found. Many deserts exist, and the country is but himself Armigero, in any bill, quittance, or obligation,' Armi- powertifu..] Poseerfim in arms. thinly peopled. -- Climate. Severe in winter, but in gero.' " — S/inks. Arlmis'onoais, a. [Lat. armisonus.] Resounding with summer hot enough to ripen all manner of fruits. — See EsQusas. arms. (a.) Inhabitants. Mostly Turks, Persians, and Russians, A!rmig'erons, a. Bearing arms. Ar'mlistice, n. [Fr., from Lat. asamo, aruis, and sisto, with w.aadering hordes of IKurds and Turcomans. — Alra.nfi'la, n. [tat., from aslimus, the arm.] (Antiq.) An to stop.] Thie term-n given to a truce, or suspension of l:'in. toumlos. Erzeroum, Erivan. Van, Akshlat, &c. - Pop. arumlet, q. v. hostilities between two armies or nations sit war, by estimated at about 2,000,000. but without good authority. (Mch..) An iron ring, hoop, or brace, in wahich the mutual consent. It sometimes occurs owingi to the exHistosy. A., now long since extinct as a nation, was guudgeons of a wheel move. - Worcester. haustion of both parties; at other tissues it is hash recoumrse governed for a long period by independent princes, or (Anat.) The A. iieuitbeosa is that circular ligemstusui to with a view to arrasnge term.s of peice. It may be by satraps of the Assyriian and Persian monnarchs. It wvhsich coinprehsiends all the tendons of the wehole lmssnis, either genersl or partial; the former, betweeen two counwas the thseaotre of long wavrss between the Romans and is if it wsese a circle. tries, the latter, limited to particulsar- places, as between ARMO ARMS ARMS 135 two armies, or between a besieged fortress and Its assail- plate, all constructed of leather or tough hide, and pan- lb be in arms, to be in a state of hostility.- Tob armsi a ants. The former ordinarily requires ratification, but taloons, which were strengthened by a net-work of per- summons to battle.-To be under arms, to be armed and the latter is in the power of the commanders of the forated steel lozenges, called mascles. They also wore ready for action. -Stand of arms, a complete set of arms respective troopS.. a conical skull-cap, probably of leather, and had bat- for a sinigle soldier, whether of infantry or cavalry; as Arn'lless, a. Without armor or weapons; defenceless. tie-axes, swords, and spears. In the Middle Ages, a rifiej bayonet, carbine, sabre, belts, cartridge-box, &c. Armi'let, n. [Lat., from armilla, a bracelet or large orna- knight, when attiring himself in hiis suit of steel, called (Her.) See ARAiORIAL. minental ring worn by the ancients upon the wrist or A. or harness, ats represented in Fig. 192, commenced (Mech.) The two parts of a balance or other lever on arm.] This ornament was, with the Medes and Persians, with his feet, and, proceeding upward, put on succes- opposite sides of the fulcrum. worn by both sexes, but among the Greeks it appears to sively his sabatynes, or steel clogs; his greaves, or shin- (Law.) Anything that a mnan wears for his defence, have been adopted by the women only. The wearing of pieces; his cuisses, or thigh-pieces; his breech of mail; or talkes in his hands, or uses in his anger, to cast at or the armilla, or A., is of high antiquity; for we read in his tuilleltes, or enveloping-pieces below the waist; his strike at another. 2 Sam. i. 10, that the Amalekite who slew Saul " took cuirass, or breast-plate; his vaebrsaces, or arm-coverings; (Zobl.) The natural weapons of beasts, as claws, teeth, the crown that was upon his head, and the bracelet hiis rerebraces, or shoulder-coverings; Ihis gauntlets; next, beak, &c. that was upon his arm." With the Romans, the wearing hie hung his dagger; put on his short sword; donned A'rms, (Bells of.) (Mil.) See BELL-TET; of the A. was regarded as a sign of effeminacy; but it his cloak; cased his head in his bassinet, or helmet; fast- Armn's'-length, Arlmn's-reacas1 s, The ingth or was, nevertheless, a custom of the Roman generals to ened his long sword; took into his left hand his pennon- reach of the arm. See AitM. bestow armilile upon soldiers, as an acknowledgment of cel or lance; and, finally, he took up his shield. ie was Arms, (:lessenger at.) Seo MESSENCER-AT-AamS. extraordinary valor. The materials out of which the then said to be "Armed cap-d-pie," "from head to foot." Arms, (Sergeant at.) See SeRGEANT-A.r-ARAs. A. were made were as various as the designs into which or "at all points." — A suit of A. was generally made of Arm'strong, JOHN, a Scotch poet and physician. In they were fashioned, a twisted serpent being one of the chain-mail; but in the 14th century, plate-armor came 1744 he published the Art of.Preserving Health, a didactic most popular forms. The Danes, Norsemen, and Anglo- into use, and reached its acme of splendor in the reign poem, which is his best work. D. 1779. Saxons also wore the A. Now, as in ancient times, they of Richard III., when it was often damascened and in- Aram'strong, an American general, who distinguished laid with gold. In the beginning of the 17th century, himself in the Indian wars. He defended Fort Moultrie, A. fell into general disuse, though Charles I. endeavored and was in the battle of Germantown. D. 1795. to revive the fashion of wearing a complete suit. The A., JOHN, son of the preceding, i. 1758, was also; general, helmet and cuirass are still retained in several lite corps who at the age of 18 joined the Revolutionary army, (11', 1j 1 -~ —... H of the European armies, as, for instance, the English contrary to the wishes of his parents; was aideloyal Horse-Guards and Life-Guards, the French Cent- de-camp to Mercer at the battle of Princeton, received Gardes, and the Imperial Guard of the Czar of Russia, him into his arms when he fell, and afterward served tihe French he'avy cavalry called cuirassiers, &c. as mnajor under Gates. Justbefore the close ofthe war, _Arm'naorbear'er,, n. One who carries the armor of he wrote a series of anonymous articles whichI are celeanother; an esquire. brated as the Newburgh Letters, the effect'of which was Fig. 191.- ASSYRIIAN AITA LET.'Ar]morer, or As'sousam, n. One who fabricates arms so great, that Washington felt called upon to issue an From Nineveh Marbles, (British Museum.) or any warlike weapon. The armor-smiths, or makers address to counteract their influence. He was subare sometimes made plain, sometimes enchased, some- of armor, were among the most skilful workers in sequently Secretary of State for Pennsylvani, a member times withl the ends not joined, and, sonsetimes, in a metal during the feudal times; but their trade after- of the first Congress, a United States Senator from New complete circle. ward fell away, after tihe invention of gunpowder. In York, and Minister to France under Madison. He passed ArmoilPre (darm-wdlrl), n. [A Fr. word.] A clothes-press; most European armies, an A. is a soldier whose duty it the latter part of his life in literary and agricdiltural a closet; a buffet. is to take charge of, and keep in good condition, the pursuits. D. 1843. Armol'ni, son of Saul, by Rizpah. (2 Sam. xxi. S.) arms of the troop or company to vwhlich he belongs. In Arm'stronl g, SIR WSiLmIA GEORE,' a distinguished ar'monk, in New York, a post-office of Westchester co. tihe British navy, the A. is a warrant-officer, assisted by English engineer, B. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1810; princiAr'lnoesr, LAr'sal~our, n. [From [at. ariaei, arms; Fr. a subordinaite, who is called armorer's mate; on ship- pally known for the invention of the gunwhich bears his arsnure.] Defensive arms; any habit worn to protect the board he hats iunder his care all the small arms, cutlasses, nanme. A. has been knighted, and the office of chiefbody in battle. boarding-pikes, &c. engineer created for him. - See ARMsraOeso GUN. (Hist.) From the earliest dawn of the historic era we Armo'riat, a. Belonging to armor, or to the arms or Arm'strong. in Illinois, a post-village of Wabash so., find mention of this defensive covering. Leather, brass, escutchleon of a famnily 9 m. N.N.E. of Mount Carmel. iron, and even gold were employed for their fabrication. A. ensigns, or A. bcari ing~. (Her.) A term applied, col- Arm'strong, in Indiana, a post-township of VanderAccording to HIomer, the golden A. of Glaucus was lectively, to the shoield and burgh so.; pop. about 1,300. worth 100 oxen, and from the description in the Iliad its charges, and thecrest, h Arm'strong, in Pennsylvania, a. county, organized ~~ (I in detkrmstr~ aine iPnast iaW hounty, ofGnrgalrsrng.e we may learn how highly ornamented was the shield of met, and motto, beloging to in 1800, and nmed in hoor of Generl Armstrong. Achilles. An ancient Greelk soldier's heavy A. was conm- any gentleman entitlee to Area, about 750 sq. s. The surfaceis hilly, and in many posed of his greaves (or leg-guards), cuirass (or thorax) bear arms. In England, the places unfit for cultivetion, but the county is very rich protecting his back and chest, sword, massive round supporters are also included in iron, stone coal, limestone, and salt.-Rivers. Alleshield, helmet, stud finally his spear. (See Fig. 194.) un this expression. It is, ghany and Kiskiminetas rivers; Red Bank, Mahoning, Anmong the Egyptians, metal A. seems to have been however, properlyapplhit.be Cowanshannock, and Crooked creeks. Yap. Kittanning. worn only by the monarchs and nobility. With the to the devices on the she 1d Popt. in 1870, 43,385. Roulaus, the attire of a soldier was almost identical with only, which are also termed -A township of Indiana co.; pop. about 1,500. armes. The figure (193) repre- -A township of Lycomeing co.; pop. about 1,100. sects the A. ensigns or arms Arm'strol g Aeademy, in Indian Territory, a postof the kingdom of Spain, office of the Choctaw nation. which is described as es- Armn'strong Gals, n. (2il.) A piece of ordnance carteled 1 and 4 gules with possessing great power and precision, invented by Sir argent towers, which are for William Armstrongg, and first used by the English in Castile; 2 and 3 argent with Peg. 193. - ARMo IA.i China, in 1860, with remarkable effect. The following lions of gules crowned Or, ENSI(NS OF SPAIN. are its leading characteristics and qualities: - 1. Its which are for Leon; ent&-in-pointe of argent with a lightness in comparison with other guns, tihe A. 32posncgranate of gules, having leaves of sinople, for pounder weighing about 26 cwt., and the older kinds Granaseda; under all, azure with three fleurs-de-lis of Or, about 57 cwt., respectively. 2. The economy effected in wmhich is for Beetsbe (Franc). tihe consumption of powder, half the qcuantity Used to Armnor'ic, Armor'ieas, a. Relating to Armorica. charge an ordinary gun being sufficient for an A. of the Arnor'ia, n. The language spoken in Armorica, which same calibre. 3. The lengfti of range attained, shot and was one of the Celtic dialects. shell having been throeWn by this arm to a distance of Armnaor'ia. [Celt. as, on, or near, and mos, sea.] The more than 5 nmiles. 4. Its non-liability to injury arising country of the Armnorici; the name by which the people from repetitive firing, from the peculiar method of its occupying the coast of Gaul between the Seine and the manufactuere. 5. The great accuracy of ain to be arLoire wvereknown to Cseear. Ata later period, the name rived at, objects of smiall size being hit 9 times out A. was confined to the country afterward styled Bre- of 10, at a distance of from 4,000 to 5,000 yards, at which tagne, q. v. they are but just perceptible to the naklied eye, the apAr'snsory, n. [From Lat. armarium, a place fci- atins.] parent size, at that distance, of an object 10 ft. square, A repository for arms and instruments of war; and also being less than a postage-stamp. 6. The adaptation of /~~ Cd ~~~~a manufactory of arms. - Armor or arms; warlike im- the convenient method of breech-loading. 7. And lastly, plements.-Armuorial eussigns, tihe peculiar construction of the elongated shells, formed Armmour, n. See ARsmoa. of separate pieces, 50 in number, fitted together in an Ar'lmoy, a parishi of Ireland, in the co. of Antrim. external covering of iron, and provided with fiuses that Arm'pit, n. The hollow place under the shoulder. can be regulated with such exactness that tihe missile feArmS, n. pl. [Lat. pL. arma; Fr. pl. ares.] In its gen- can be fired through a thick mass of solid tilmber witheral sense1 this name, rarely used in the singulars (see out injury to itself, or that explosion can be insured ARAI), is applied to weapons of offence or defence; but it with the slightest degree of concussion, or at any point is more ussually given to weapons of offence. of its path between the muzzle of the gun and the object "Arms on armor clashing, brayed at which it is directed. To insure strength, coupled HorriblI discord." —Vilton. with lightness and durtability, the gun is made of pieces -WaI; -Wa stility; warlike exploits. tof the very best wrought iron, which are put together in hslt warlike exploits,"-Drya smanner similar to theit used in making gun-barrels out Ae sad tbe mae I sing."-Drdn of nails, horse-shoes, and pieces of rod-iron, which are (Mil.) The offensive weapons may be divided into two twisted round a steel bar, and hamnmered together. The principal classes-those acting by explosion; and those bore of thee gun is rifled by machinery, with a large that do not. The earliest offensive weapons (properly number of small grooves close together. These grooves so called) were the club, and the bow and arrow. After- form a complete twist round the bore in a distance of ward came into use the pike, lance, spear, dart, jave- 10 feet, and there ase as many as 40 in a gun of 2y2 lin, dagger, mace, battle-axe, chariot-scythe, dirk, bay- inches bore. It differs ln this respect from an ordinary -i~-~-t3~-sc~ onet, sword, &e. The basl{:ta, catapulta, and bettlesing- rifled gan, which hles only 2, 3, or 4 grooves. The shot and ram, may be semid to have been the precursors of the shell used for the A. are elongate d, the length being modern artillery. The invention of gunpovder led to aisout 3 times tie diameter. Baends of thin lead are ~x:L~ ~ ~_ a -- the introduction of a great veriety of offensive weapons, attached to them, that they may take the forn of the to be acted onby its agenscy. As all these A. will be de- rifled interior of the bore when forced for *'ard by the PlTig. 192.-A R,~COiT O' ra 15 Cr-ENTUa~. scribed under their own headings, we will here but cur- explosion of the charge,; and acquire a rotatory motion as Armed at all points. sorily aIlude to their names, viz.: the hand-cannon, soon as they have left the muzzle. In order to loed the that of the Greek marrior alreacdy described. The an- hand-gun, arquetbus or harquebus, demi-haque, harcque- gun at the breech, an aperture is cut into the bore at cient Britons, Germans, and Bu'ls, it is supposed, had but or hagbut, muskcet, wiheel-lockc, match-lock, caliver, the breech, and from the upper side, rather wider than no other defensive A. than a sholei. The Anglo-Saxon carbinee, escopette, fusil, blunderbuss, dragon, firelock, the bore itself, and long enough to admit the shot or A. consisted of shield, helimet, neck -gJard, end breast- rifle, &c. - See also AR~MOlR, ArasY, ARTILLERY, &C. shell with the charge of powder, which is pushed forward 136 ARMY ARNA ARNE into the bore by the hand. After loading the gun, this eminently distinguished for their perfect discipline, and the abbot of St. Cyr, John du Vergier de IHauranne, first aperture is closed by a movable breech-piece, faced with high military training. They first introduced the pha- head of the Jansenists in France, he devoted himse f to a copper disc at the end next the charge. This disc lanx, a particular mode of arranging the infkntry, (see theology, and was received, in 1643, among thile doctors is forced into the bore immediately behind the charge, PHALaNX.) As regards the Athenian military strength, of the Sorbonne. In the same year, he attacked the by a screw which passes through the breech end of we are told that they had 10,000 heavy-armed troops at Jesuits in two works, De la froquente COmeunion, and the gun, and presses forward the breech-piece when Marathon. The Macedonian A. of Philip was the first La Th/ologie Mor'ale des Jesuites, the first of which turned by the hand-lever attached to it; tihe copper ex- standing A. in Greece, and in its train we find artillery occasioned much controversy, because it applied the pandls at the moment of explosion, and prevents all in the form of basiltee and catapultre. In Alexander's principles of the Jansenists to the receiving of the sacescape of gas. The end of the breech-piece nearest reign, the strength of this A. was much increased, for rament. He excited similar controversies by his work, the charge, as well as the copper disc, is bored to re- we find that at Arbela they mustered 32,000 heavy in- De l'.A utorit de St. Pierre et de St. Paul residente daes le ceive a small discharging cartridge, and the touch-hole fantry, 16,000 light iniantry, and 4,000 cavalry, besides Pape, 1645, by the opinion therein maintained, that the for the detonating plug which fires this cartridge is several thousand auxiliaries; making an A. altogether two apostles should be regarded as of equal rank, and formed in the upper side of the breech-piece, and passes of probably 60,000 men. The Carthaginians under Hanni- as founders of the Roman Catholic Church. Alter 1i50, into the bore which contains it, so that, when the gun bal may be estimated at, at least, 100,000. The Roman A., when Jansenism had become an object of public odium, is to be discharged, the detonating plug is struck, and in its best days surpassed, in organization and discipline, and the watchword of an important party in the state, the small discharging cartridge thereby fired, which all preceding armies. Its basis was the legion, compris- Arnauld engaged in all the quarrels of the French Jancommunicates its fire to tihe charge. Many men-of-war ing both infantry anid cavalry to the extent of from senists with the Jesuits, the clergy, and the government, and shore-batteries are furnished with A. of very large about 5,000 to 6,000 men, (see LeoGo1r.) Their cavalry was their chief writer, and was considered their head. calibre, some capable of discharging shot 100 pounds in had nearly the same armor as the heavy-arlned inthutry. The intrigues of the court occasioned his exclusion from weight. The lightness of the 9 and 12-pounders renders The total number of Romnan legions under Augustus was the Sorbonne, 1656, and the persecutions which comthem well suited for field-batteries and horse-artillery. 25; under Alexander Severus, 32; but in the latter, and pelled him to conceal himself. After the reconciliation Nevertheless, owing to the comparatively recent intro- corrupt days of the empire, their military power declined between Pope Clement IX. and the Jansenists, 1668, he duction of new and improved guns, as the Blakely, Whit- and degenerated into a feeble militia, which was easily appeared in public, and enjoyed tile homage which even worth, &c., it is undlerstood that the English government overthrown by the Northern barbarians. After the sub- the court did not refuse to his merits and talents. To has decided on replacing the A. gun by one or other of version of the Roman empire, the feudtal system which satisfy his love of controversy, hlie attacked the Calvinists the newly invented arms. was introduced, was hostile to the establislhment of large in many controversial tracts, and, with his friend Nicole, Arm'strong's Corners, in Wisconsin, a post-office armies. Military service was the tenure by which occu- composed the great work, La Perpdtuite de la Foi de of Fond du Lac co. piers held their lands; and while the barons enjoyed l'~gglise Cathol. toucliant I'lsclua istie, in opposition to Arm'stronug's Grove, in Iowa, a post-office of Em- unlimited authority over their vassals, and were fre- theme. On mtccount of the new persecutions of the court, mett co. quently at war with their neighbors, there were no great or rather of the Jesuits, hlie fled, in 1679, to the NetherArmn'strong's HMills, in Ohio, a post-office of Bel- armies. In the 11th century thie Crusades aroused nmen's lands, employed himiself, in his exile, in controversial mont co. minds, and called forth the whole energies of Europe. writings against the Calvinists and the Jesuits, and died, A.rmu'chee, in Georgia, a post-office of Floyd co. Mighty armies were marclhed into Asia to deliver the in want, at a village near Liege, 1694. He was a mami Artmy, n. [Fr. armde, from Lat. arnto or arma.] In a Holy Land from the domination of the Infidels. Charles of avigorous and consistent mind, full of solid knowledge general sense, an army is the whole armed force raised VII., of France, was the first to introduce standing ar- and great thoughts; in his writings, bold and violent to for the defence of a country by land. In s limited sense, mies in Europe, after the fall of the Itoman empire. — bitterness; undaunted in danger, and of irreproachable it denotes a large body of soldiers, consisting of horse The history of modern armies miy, properly, date from morals. He is acknowledged to have done much for the and foot. completeIy armed, and provided with artillery, the invention of gunpowder, and is divided into 7 peri- improvement of morality in tihe Catholic Church; yet ammunition, provisions, &c., under a commander-in- ods: —1. From the first employment of cannon to the would his genius have been far more useful to tIhe Church chief, having lieutenant-generals, major-generals, briga- campaign of Charles VIII. in Italy. 2. From the end and to literature, had not his situastion and clharacter dliers, and other officers under him. An A. is generally of the 15th to the middle of the 16th century: it com- involved him in a multitude of controversies, which divided into a certain number of corps, each consisting prises the wars of the French, Germans, and Spaniards rendered his literary activity, ifor the most part, fruitof brigades, regiments, battalions, and squadrons; when in Italy. 3. The war of the Independence of the Netiher- less to posterity. in the field, it is formed into lines. The first line is lands, from 1568 to 1609. This war led to great improve- A., ANTGaLQ.q, daughter of Robert, D. 1624, abbess at called the vanguard, the second the main body, the third ments in thile organizattion and tactics of armies. By Port Royal des Champs, where she had been educated the rearguard, or corps of reserve. The middle of each skill and discipline, a people, mostly merchants and by her aunt, Marie Jaqueline Augelique A., sister of the line is occupied by infantry; the cavalry forms the right manufaicturerE, nerved by oppression, coped with and great A. She was a determined Jansenist, as were all and the left wing of each line, and sometimes squadrons ignominiously expelled fronm their country, the forces of the family of the A. Mother Anghlique de Saint Jean, of horse are placed in thie spaces between the bsttalions. the then greatest European military power. 4. TIhe period which was her conventual nasme, ihad much to endure, -The materiel of an army, as the French term it, con- of the Thirty Years' War in Germany, extending from but she met misfortunes with intrepidity; n. 1684. She saists of the horses, stores, provisions, and everything 1618 to 1618. In this war Gustavus Adolphus greatly was learned without being pedantic, pious without hinecessary for service. — Armies are, moreover, distin- changed the character and tactics of armies. lie aban- gotry, and gentle to others in proportion as she wasi guished according to their manner of service, as block- doned the dense formation of his predecessors, intro- severe to herself.- See PORT ROYAL DES CH1AMPS. ading A., A. of observation, A. of reserve, &c. duced lighter weapons, and made many improvements Arnauld'ville, in Louisiana, a post-office of St. Lan(Hist.) The earliest trained A. of which we have any in artillery. 5. Comprehends the wars of thie French in dry parish.:iccount was that of Sesostris, king of Egypt, about 1600 Italy, Germany, and thile Netherlands, as well as the Arlanuts, or AR'NAOUTS, the name given by the Turks a. c. It was organized for the purpose of conquering the Northern and Turkish wars, and embraces a period of to the inhabitants of ALBANIA, q. v. world, and consisted, according to Diodorus Siculus, of 90 years, fronm 1648 to 1738. In the wars of Louis XIV., Ar'layua-le.De, a small town of France, dep. of Coto 600,000 infantry, 24,000 cavalry, and 27,000 war-chariots. during this period, great improvements were introduced d'Or, 29 m. S.W. of Dijon. near which, in 1550, thie great In the reign of David, the Jews acquired considerable in the art of carrying on military operations, under such Huguenot chief, admiral Coligny, defeated the royal military skill. Solomon introduced cavalry, and also generals as Turenne, Luxembourg, and CondO; while army commanded by the Marshal de Cosse, chariots into his A. Subsequently, the Per:ians came to opposed to them were Marlborough, Eugene of Sevoy, Arndtt', ERNasT MomITz, a distinguished German patriot be distinguished for their military achievements. The and othercommanders. Standing armies now attained an and poet, B. in Rtigen, 1769. I-He was educated at Greifsstrength of their army, however, consisted in its cavalry. extent hitherto unexampled. Instead of the 14,000 men walde and Jena, and while at the first-named university Their infantry seems to have been little better than an maintained by Henry IV., Louis XIV., after the peace of hie published his tlistory of Se:fdaomn irn Pomerania aei armed mob, and hence the repeated defeats that they Nimeguen, had an A. of 138,000 men. To this period, too, _ciimgen -a work whiclh highly excited against hinm the sustained from comparatively small bodies of Greeks. belong the wars of Charles XII., under whom the Swed- snimosity of the German nobility. In 1707 appeared The A. of Xerxes for the invasion of Greece is said, in- ish infantry reached a high degree of perfection. 6. the first volume of his Geist der Zeit ("Spirit of the elusive of the sea forces, to have amounted to upward This period includes the three Silesian wars, and extends Time"), which contained such bitter attacks on Napofrom 1745 to the breaking out of the French revolution leon, that A. was forced, after thile battle of Jena, to in 1792. The Prussians had been for some time increas- seek refuge in Stockholm, where he remained until ing their standing army and inmproving their military 1809. On the outbreak of the war in 1812, hlie withdrew discipline, so that when Frederick the Great ascended to Russia. During this, and the years immediately fmlthe throne, in 1740, he found himself at the head of an lowing, appeared those national tracts and poems firom efficient A. of about 80,000 men. This A. he greatly in- his pen, which evoked the patriotic enthusiasm of the creased and improved, until Prussian tactics became a German people, and largely contributed to the expulsion pattern for all other European states. The 7th, and last of the French fiom their country. His finest poem (or period, extends from the first French revolution down to martial hyin), Was ist des Deutsc/en V/aterlandc (Which the present time. The standing armies and the military is the German's Fatherland 1) has since become almost science of this period far outnumber and surpass those the national anthem of Germany. Subsequently, his of any one preceding. - Under the name of the principal liberal political opinions involved him in comparative nmodern nations will be given the latest information on disgrace with the Prussian government. In 1848, Protheir respective armies. fessor A. was a deputy from Ithenish Prussia to the GerAr nauld, a Spanish churchman, who lived in the 13th main National Assembly at Frankltbrt, which he quitted century.-See AMEAmRmc. on 21st May, 1849, along withi tile rest of the Gagern or OngF~~~~~o ~A r'nauld, an ancient French family of Auvergne, that constitutional party. The last occasion upon which he distinguished itself both in civil and military affairs, and used his pen was during the Schleswig-Holstein war, from which are here selected: when, in what he termed The Last Words of E. A1. Arndt A., ANTOINe, an advocate at Paris, a. 1560, distinguished for of Rikgen, he made a spirited and vigorous appeal to the his powerful and successful defence of the university of country, in his old style of patriotic fervor. A new Paris against the Jesuits, in 1594. By this he drew on selection from his poems was published at Leipzig, in himself the hatred of the Jesuits, but remained, till his 1850; D. 1866. death, in 1618, in possession of his honors, and was es- Arndt', JOInANN, a famous German theologian, and one teemed the greatest lawyer of his time. His twenty of the most popular religious writers of' the Luthesran children formed the rallying point of the sect of Jan- Church; n. at Ballenstadt, in 1535. In 1557, hlie studiedl senists (see JANSENInS) in France; the daughters and at Wittenberg, whence hlie proceeded to Strasbourg, and grand-daughters as nuns, in Port Royal, the sons as mnee- afterward to Basle. In 1611, he wtas called to be genebets of the learned society, who shut themselves up in ral superinetndent at Zelle, where he died on the 1Ith this monastery, and sine known under the name of Mhes- May, 1621. IIis most fasmous work is his Wise wa/mien sieurs c/se Poet Royal. A son of his eldest daughter, Chrm-istenthum, or "True Christianity." It produced a Isaac le Maftre de Sacy, aldo united himself to this soci- powerful reaction in Germany, and has been tramslatesl tey, and, as translator of the Bible that appeared at Mons, into all the European tongues, send even into some of played an important part in the history of Jssnsenism. the Oriental lhengusages. The so-called pietismo of A. mnd Pmg. 194. —umeAvA-Aorsn RECrK wAuanromo. A., ROaEaT D'A mDILLm, eldest son of Antoine, horn at Port his followers has hlad sin immense theological influence (From Hope's Costumes of ihe Amtcients.) Royal, in 1588, died in 1674, made hiimoself known as a on the continent of Europe. An excelleiit edition of very correct French writer, bmy his religiomus poems and his principal works was published by Irunmnsachhor, in qo. 2,500,000 fighting-men. Arrian says that Darius tracts, amid his tramnslations of Josephus's Histomy of the 1852. brought into the field against Alexander, 1,000,000 in- Jews, and of Davila's works. He was far surpassed in Arne', TusamAs AucstuNE, a famous English mumical faen.~Iy, 40,000 cavalry, 200 chausriots ars-ued with scythes, intellect by his youngest brother. coumposer, a. in London, 12th March, 1710. lIe filom an and mmany elephaunts. In Greece, the people u-ere eurly.A., ANteomiNE, known as the Gmreat A., was the youngest child early age becaume ii devoted enthusiast in the mnusicaml Inured to arms, and among them the Spartans were pre- of the lawyer Antoine, a. 1612. Under the guidance of art, and indulged his passion by the production of' olieris, A'RNI ARNO ARNU 137 oratorios, &c., some of which, as his Rosamond, Zara, erary ability, as is testified by her letters written to Like Bayard, he was pre-eminently sans peur et sans reJudith, and Artaxerxes, established his reputation, during Goethe. In later years she published several works on proche. 1/is lila has been written by Dean Stanley, one that epoch, as a musical composer of the highest class. social reform. of his old pupils. He also wrote the music for the revival of Milton's Ark'nim, or Ana'nheiln, JOHANN GEORo, BARON VON, Ar'na old or BREESCA, one of the reformers prior to the Masque of Camus; in which first appeared the song of commander-in-chief of the Saxon army during a part of Refotbrmation, a disciple of Abelard of Paris, and of BeRule Britannia, since acknowledged as the national air the Thirty Years' War, was B. at Boitzenburg, 1586. He rengarius. As early as the middle of the 12th century, of England. D. 1778. —ilis son Michael, also a composer, was first employed by Gustavus Adolphus, whom he his bold spirit, his scriptural knowledge, and his elois principally known for his opera of ymS on, produced in left, in 1626, to take a command under Wallenstein. He quence, had succeeded in arousing'rance and Italy 1767. entered the service of the Elector of Saxony, in 1630; against the abuses of the Romana Church. D)riven by the Arnee', n. (Zobl.) The common name of the Bos arde, and in the year following commanded the Saxon troops clergy from Italy, hlie sought refuge in Zurich, where he an inhabitant of the highlands of Hindostan, where it in the great battle of Leipzig. On tile 3d May, 1;34, he made many converts. At length, through the instigais known under the name of arria. It is closely allied defeated the Imper'ialists at Liegnitz, but after the treaty tion of'St. Bernard of Clairvaux, he was charged with to the common wild buffalo, and is remarkable for of Prague, in 1636, he retired from public life. D. heresy, and excommunicated by Pope Innocent II. At strength and courage, qualities admirably seconded by 1641. this juncture, serious popular tumults occurred at Rome, a pair of horns measuring from 4 to 6 feet in length, and Ar'lnijn, LUDWIG AcuIM VON, a distinguished German and A., hastening thither, was received with great corarching in the formuof a bold crescent. romancist; B. in 1781, at Berlin. His fictions are too diality, and soon vested with supreme power. In 1155, Arnee', two towns of Hindostan, in the British presi- fantastic and bizarre; but lie possesses deep feeling, however, Adrian IV. interdicted and expelled him the dency of Madras. considerable humor, and great powers of observation. city. For a time he sheltered in Campagna, but was A,'lettsville, in Virginia, a post-office of Monongalia His Complete Works were published at Berlin, in 1839- seized, and taken back to Rome, where he was executed, co. 1846, in 19 vols. D. 1831. and his ashes were thrown into the Tiber. A. was a A.r'ney, in Indiana, a post-office of Owen co. Ar'nis, an island of Denmarki, containing a small fish- man of great eloquence and sanctity. He taught that Ar'lneytown, in New Jersey, a post-village of Hanover ing town of the samae name, on tie Schlei. Christ's kingdom was not of this world; that temporal township, Burlington co., 15 m. S.E. of Trenton. kAr'no, a large and famnous river of Italy, in Tuscany, dignities and large independent revenues ought not to Arnmheim, a city of the Netherlands, cap. of the prov. rising in the Apennines, at Mount Falterona, and pnr- be held by the clergy; and that nothing should be left of Guelderland, about 50 m. from Amsterdam. It stanids suing generally a W. course, by Florence and Pisa, to them but spiritual authority, and a moderate subsiston the right bank of the ItRhine, which is here crossed enters the Mediterranean sea 5 mu. below the latter city, enca. lie is also reclkoned by Dr. Wall among those who by a bridge of boats. It is well built, and possesses for- Its entire length is estimated at about 150 mn. This denied the scriptural authority of infant baptism. His tifications, which, in 1702, were much improved by the river has an uncertain navigability, dependent upon the followers were called Arnoldists, and held the same opinfamous engineer Cohorn. Manuf. Cottons, woollens, influences of the seasons, and is so liable to floods at ions as the Waldenses. tobacco, and paper. Pop. 28,849. A. was taken from times, that it has been emabanked for a great distance Ar'nold, MATTHEW, an eminent living English poet, the Spaniards il 1585, and by the Prussians from the from its mouth. A. is the A-rnus of the Romans. The B. 21th Dec., 1822, was educated at Winchester, and French in 1813. Val d'Arno (" Valley of Arno"), between Florence and Rugby. In 1844 he obtained the Newdegate prize-poem Arn'helm, in Ohio, a post-village of Brown co., 100 m. Pisa, is one of the richest and loveliest vales in Italy. at Oxford, in which university he was elected ConvocaS.S.W. of Columbus; pop. about 120. Ar'no, in Illinois, a village of Coles co., about 6 m. N.E. tion Professor of Poetry in 1866. Baulder, his most conArn'hem Bay, in Australia, aspacious inlet in Arn- of Mattoon. siderable poem, is derived firom the Norse mytlhology. hem Land, at tihe N.W. extremity of the Gulf of Carpen- Arnao, in Missouri, a post-office of Douglas co. As a poet, he has little in common with the prevailing taria; Lat. 120 11' S.; ton. 1360 3' E. Ar'nold, BrENEDICT, an American general, was a. at Nor- tastes of the age. His verse is always calm, chaste, and Arn'hem Land, on the N. coast of Australia, is a wich, Connecticut, in 1740. He was settled in extensive noble; and there is throughout his style of thought a tract of country discovered by the Dutch in 1618. It business at New IHaven when the war of Independence certain antique grandeur, strikingly in contrast with the comprises all the territory between the Gulf of Carpen- broke out. After the news of the battle of Lexington, realistic and sensational character of most modern poems. taria and Anson's Bay, stretching in E. Lon. from about he raised a body of volunteers, and received a colonel's Ar'nold OF WINKELaED, a Swiss hero, who, at the battle 1290 to about 1370: and in Lat. extending indefinitely conmmission. After commanding, for a short time, a of Sempach, in 1386, sacrificed himself to insure victory southward from about 120 S. small fleet upon Lake Champlain, hlie was, along with to his countrymen. The Austrian knights, dismounted, Ar'njca, n. [Perhaps finom Gr. ptairo, to sneeze.] (Bot.) General Montgomery, charged with the difficult duty had formed themselves into a phalanx which the Swiss A gen. of plants, ord. Asteracece. The most important of leading a force of 1,100 men across the wilds of tihe vainly strove to pierce; when A., rushin g on the spear species is A. montana, known by the names of mountain- country to Quebec, to stir up rebellion there, and dis- points of the enemy, and burying several in his breast, tobacco, and Ger- place the British garrison. In this unsuccessful attempt, thus opened a gap in the fence of steel. Thie Swiss man leopard-bane. Montgonmery was killed, and A. severely wounded. rushed in through the opening, and roeted the Austrians It is a perennial, After this, we find hima in various important commands, with great slaughter. herbaceous plant, but as often involved in quarrels with Congress and Ar'nold, in Indiana, a village of Rush co., about 30 m. found growing in his fellow-officers. It would be of little interest now to W.S.W. of Richmiond. the meadows of the enter into a detail of his grievances. He seems to have A r'nmoldists, n. pl. See AtNoLD or BaRsciA. cooler parts of Eu- been a singularly brave, but reckless and unprincipled Ar'noldsburglh, in W. Visirgnia, a post-office of Calrope, and also of man. Washington valued him for his acts of daring, houn district. tihe Western States and would gladly have overlooked his fmults; but Con- Arlasold's Creek, in Indiana, flowing into the Ohio ofN. America. The grass and his brother-officers regarded him with dis- river 2 m. from Rising Sun. fiorets are of a yel- like, and sought every possible means to humble and Ar'nold's BIHis, in S. Casrolina, a post-office of Picklow color, tinged annoy him. After many disputes about the honor that ens co. with brown. The was due to him for his services, ihe was invested with the Atr'taddol's Store, in Maryland, a post-office of Anne whole plant, when government of Philadelphia. There his impirudence was Arundel co. fresh, possesses a most marked; indeed, it would be difficult to clear him Ar'noldsville, in Missouri, a post-office of Buchanan strong and dis- from the charge of actual dishonesty. He was brought co. agreeable odor, before a court-martial: four charges were urged against Arnold'ton, in il'rginia, a post-village of Campbell and an acrid, bit- him; two of these were found proven, and he was sen- co., 110 mn. W.S.W. of Richmond. ter taste. All parts tenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-ch ief. Arnol'fi Di CAa'sIo, or Do LA'Pro, one of the most eminent of the plant have A. could not bear thIe affront, nor longer endure the architects and sculptors of Italy, was B. at Florence in striking medicinal difficulties intowhich he had brought himself. He, ac- 1232. The nmost celebrated of his architectural works properties, but tihe cordinigly, formed the disgraceful design of deserting to are, the churches of Santa Croce, the Cathedral, and Or flowers constitute the ranks of the enemy, and put himself in communi- San Michele, at Florence, in which the gradual transithe part general- cation wvith Sir IHenry Clinton, the British conmmander. tion fronm the Gothic severity to the Italian elegance is ly preferred. The Major Andre was sent by Sir Ihenry to negotiate with A., markedly represented. This structure was completed prepsrationknown and they had an interview near West Point, which for- after the death of A. by Brunelleschi, between 1420 and as tincture of A., tress A. had offered to surrender to the enemy. On his 1444. D. 1300. which is obtained way to the British camp, however, the youmg officer fell Ar'!non, in Illinois, a village of Will co., about 36 m. S. by macerating the into the hands of the Americans, and the whole plot from Chicago. flowers with alco-. was of course discovered.'The news of Andrd's capture Air'not, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Tioga co. hol, is now largely reached A. just in time to enable him to make his escape, Aka.'not, or kAr'ntiat, n. [Gor. erdmass.] The earth-nut employed by the and reach the British camp in safety. There hlie re- or pig-nut; the root of the Busaium builbocastanum. public as an exter- tained his sank of brigadier-general, and fought with as Air'asott, NEIL, M.D., an eminent Scottish physicist; B. at nal application for much daring against the cause of American independence, Aberdeen, in 1788. In 1811, he settled in medical pracbruises; and not- as hlie had before fought against the royal forces. He tice in London, and in 1827 published his great work, withstanding the took command in an expedition..gainst Virginia, and Eements qf Pysics, or NlVatural Philosophy, General and contempt with again in an incursion into his native State. Afterward Medical. He is also known as the inventor of the "A. which its powers he served in Nova Scotia and the West Indies, and at stove," the "A. ventilator," and the "water-bed." have been spoken last settled in England, where he D. in 1801. Arnoteto, n. See ANNOTTO. of by eminent Ar'nold, TnoMxAs, D.D. One of the most distinguished Alm'nould, Madeeine Sophie, a celebrated French Racnmembers of the English divines and historians of the present century. a. tress, a. at Paris, 1744; D. 1803. Though famous as a medicalprofession, at Cowes, 1795. He entered Oxford university in 1811, comedienmne and a singer, Sophie made herself still more it has gradual- Fg. 195.-ARNICa, MONTANA. and was elected a Fellow of Oriel Coil. in 1815. While illustrious by her wit, which was satirical and caustic. ly gained ground in this position, he was the friend and contemporary of Many of her sayings are recorded in Arnouldiana, ou among practitioners, and will probably be included with the poet Keble, of Copleston, and of Archbishop Whately. Sophie Arnould et ses Contemporains, and still retain other novelties in the revised Pharmiacopoeia. The flow- In 1828, A. was elected to the head-mastership of Rugby currency as bons mots. When the priest of St. Germain ers, though not much used internally, have been occa- School, which office hle held until his death, and raised I'Auxerrois gave her the extreme unction, she suddenly sionally employed as a substitute for Peruvian bark, and it, by the enlightened system of education he inaugu- said to him, "Je suis comme Mlagdileine, beaucous de are said to have proved beneficial in cases of amaurosis rated, to the highest rank among the great public schools pich/s me seront remis, carj'ai beaucoup aiin." and chronic rheumatism. Preparations of A. are much of England. Under his auspices. the antiquated scho- Arns'berg, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, cap. of used by the homeopathists. The species A. mollis is lastic system became revolutionized. In politics he was a circle of the same name, on the Ruhr, 57 m. N.E. of found in ravines on the White Mountains.;mn advanced liberal, so much so, indeed, that he was at Cologne. Here the manufacture of potash is largely Ar'nica, Ost oF. (Chmesa.) Both the roots and the flowers one time denounced by some of the clergy for what they entered into, and there are numerous distilleries. Pop. of A. muontana contain volatile oil. The oil obtained termed the Jacobinism of his views. In 1841 he was ap- 4,876. from the flowers has a yellow or brownish-green color, pointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, Akprn'stadt, a town of Prussia, on the Gera, 12 m. S. of dissolves in 10 to 60 pts. of absolute alcohol, and forms and a. 12th June, 1842. As a writer, A.'s works consisted Erfurt. It is one of the oldest Thuringian cities, and a solid resin when treated with nmitric acid. mainly of a History of Rome, completed to the end of has now a considerable trade. Pop. 7,365. Ar'niea, TINCTURE or. See AtNaICA. the Punic war; a Commentary on the.Nea lostament, lArns'walde, a town of Prussia, prov. of Brandenburg, Ar'nifeine, n. (C/em.) A bitter principle in the flowers and a Treatise on /hmurch / and State. Feasless, disinter- 19 m. S.1E. of Stargard; pup. 5,172. of the A. msontana. ested, transparently truthful, religious without cant, Arn'lalf, grandson of Louis Ie Debonnaire, who after Aa-'nim, ELIZABETH VsN, more usually styled BETTrN.A and zealous without rancor, A. produced thlrough lile the deposition of Chariles le Gros, was elected, in 888, BRENTANO, n. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, in 1785. She the impression on his waranest opponents of a man whom king of Germauny. Proceeding to Italy to be crowned, spent part of her youth in a cloister, and while extremely it was impossible asot to respect. FEew men in modern he was there opposed by Agelrasde, duchess of Spoleto, young, conceived an ardent passion for the poet Goethe, times haeve so well realized and represented the ideal of mother of Lambert, his competitor: and although con. at that time nearly 60. She possessed considerable lit- tile old knightly choaracter as the Rusgby schoolmaster. secrated emperor by the Pope in 896, continued to meet 138 ARPI ARRA ARRA with determined opposition. Hie died three years after- Arl'qua, a town of N. Italy, 12m. S.W, of Padua, in which Ariran, an island of Scotland, in Buteshire, separated wards by poison, administered, it was supposed, by the prov. it is situated. It is famous for having been the from the Mull of Kintyre, by Kilbrannan Sound, and Duchess, and was succeeded by his son, Louis IV., the residence of Petrarch during the greater part of his life, from the Ayrshire coast by the Frith of Clyde. It is 412 last of the Carlovingian race in Germany. and the place where ihe died in 1374. His sarcophagus is m. from the Isle of Bute, is about 17 m. long by 11 broad, Aroks'zallas, a village of Jazygia in Hungary, 44 m. still to be seen. Lord Byron, in the 4th canto of "Childe and contains about 100,000 acres. It is very rugged E.N.E. of Pesth. It forms the entrep0t of trade between Harold,'" says: and mountainous; Goatfell, the hlighest elevation, being that city and Upper HIungary. Pop. 9,176. "They keep his dust in Arqua, where he died; 2,874 feet above the sea The shores are generally steep Arol'sen, a town in N. Germany, cap. of the princi- The mountain-village where his latter days and rocky. It has three deep bays, Ransa, Brodick, pality of Waldeck, on the Aar, 21 m. N.N.W. of Cassel. Went down the vale of years; and'tis their pride - and Lainmlash; the latter is one of the best harbors of It is the residence of the prince. Pop. about 2,060. An honest pride - and let it be their praise, refuge in the Frith of Clyde. The geology of A. is reTo offer to the passing stranger's gaze To ofer tothe pssin strager'sgazemark~able. The S.E. hlalf' of the islandl consists of DevoAro'lmat n. [Gr., from ari, intensive, and ozo, I smell; Iis nansion and his sepulchre; both plain ikble. The SE. hl the island consists of Doperhaps related to Sansec. ghrld, to smell; Fr. ar&me.] The And venerably simple, such as raise nian sandstone, and of trap rocks and carboniferous principle in plants, or other substances, which consti- A feeling more accordant with his strain, tutes their fratgrance. In some plants this resides in a Than if a pyramid form'd his monumental fane." volatile oil; but in others the portion containing this Arfquateel, a. [Lat. arquatus.] Shaped like a bow; substance cannot be detected. It is of as extremnely sub- arcuate. tile nature, filling the air of rooms, or even the whole Arqueleltssade', n. [Fr., the shot of an arquebuse.] atmosphere around gardens; and, although constantly (2lied.) The name of a spirituous water, distilled from a being imparted for years,-as it may be, Cbr instance, in ll rrago of aromatic plants, osiginolly used for wouds the case of musk, so as perpetually to fill the air of a inflicted by an arquebuse; afterward applied to sprains well-ventilated room, —yet never causes the substance and bruises; now out of use. ____ fronm which it emanates to diminish in weight. The A ArtquebseI Aa'ruaes, of plants is imparted to oils and spirits by maceration. or ianoUnnUS, n. [Fr. as- NII Aro'lnma, in illinois, a post-village of Kankalkee co., on qesbuse.] (Mil.) A kind of the Kankakee river, 40 m. 5.S. I. of Joliet, in a township hand-gun used before the of same name, which has a pop. of about 950. invention of the musket. Aromsatice, Aroinat'ieal, a. HIaving an aroma; The earliest hand - guns strong-scented; fragrant; spicy; having an agreeable were fired by applying a odor. match with thie hand to Aronat'lie, n. A substance, as p;lant, drug, and medi- the touch-hole. Afterward clunes, which emits agreeable odors. They are usually a contrivance, suggested chtaracterized by a warm pungenit t;ste. Of such are tihe by the trigger of the spices, ginger, pepper, cisnanmon, balsams, frankincense. cross-bow, was introduced, &c. They usually contain a peculiar volatile oil, mixed by means of which the with resinous substances. The animsal kingdom fur- burning match could be nishes some A., as ambergris, musk, civet, &c. They applied instantaneously. Fig. 197.-IOUNTAINS 0r MICA-SLATE AND GRANITE. are chiefly employed in the manufatcture of perfismery, This was called an 4., and in medicine as anti-spasmodics, &c. and is first mentioned strata, which occupy the middle and western portions. Aromatice Visnegar, the nae of a very agreeable by Philip de Cemines, The N,W. half consists of a central granite nucleus, perfumne, the base of which is acetic acid. One of the in his accosst of tue includisg Goatfell, bordered on the'W. by a tact of tmicamost popular recipes for its composition is the following: bttle of Morat, in 147. slate, and on the N.E. and W. by lower Silurian rocks, Dried leaves of rosemary, rue, wormwood, salge, miint, and Ou the formttion of the wiich again have a run of Devonian sandstone on the lavender-flowers, each 11 oz.; bruised nutmeg, cloves, Yeomen of the Guard in E. and S. Lits and o51ite lie on the mica-slate. POP. angelica-root, and camphor, each 4 oz.; rectified alcohol, England,in 1485, many of 5.991.' 2~k~~~~~~~~~~r~ran (NoriTH iISAND oF). The largest of a group of 4 oz.; concentrated acetic acid, 16 oz. The materials them were armed with the a (NoT IsLAND o). The largest of a grop of ishmbds called the 1Yesso~s. on the N.W7C. coalst of Ir~ehind. should be macerated for a day in the spirit; thile acid then A. Its use was discontin- islds called the osses on the NW. cost of Ireland. to be added, allowing the whole to digest for a week. ned in England about the Fig. 196. Ar-'ian (SOOTH ISLES OF). Three isltnds on tse NW. Aromnatizaetion, n. The mingling of aromatic spices reign of henry VIII., and ENOLSI ARQUEBUSIE. coast of Ireland, at tile mouth of CGalwy bay. Their Qwithany medicine. (o. I) in France during that of (15 te ry) names are Arranmore, Inismaine, and Indsshere The with any medichuus. (o.)A inctbr A. contain about 11,2L88 acres, and y~ieldl a rental of Aro'matize, v. a. To impregnate with aroma or fra- Henry V.A. contain about 11,288 acres, and ld a rental of impregnnte with aroma or fra- Henry IV~~g9,00. The inhabitants subsist on fishtrig, for which grant odors; to perfume. Arquebu'sie.r, n. [Fr.] A soldier armetd wvith an a- $9,000. The inhabitants subsist on fisig, for wi Aro'matilzee, n. That whuich aromatizes. quebuse. purpose they use a boat made of wicker-work covered with tarred cloth, closely resembling the coracle of the Aro'natonaus, a. Contaisning aromsa; aromatic. Ar'querite, n. (Min.) A mineral of isometric form. it rr o h rnc lilae crl o Aro'nas,,z town of N. Italy, on the Ilngo n~~~nggiora. alacient Britons. The principall village is Killany, on.Aro'na, a town of N. Italy, osm the Lago Maggiore. St. It occurs in regular octohedrons; also in grains, small the island of s. Arranmore, tie lagest of tihe group. Charles Borromeo was born here. Pop. 4,127. masses, and dendrites. It resembles silver in lustre, Lat. 53i 7n 38o N.: ALon. 90 42 a 22 gg W. Aro'nia, n. (Bot.) A nanme of the gen. Pyrus, q. v. color, and ductility, but is softer.- Comtp. Silver 86-5, Alao, and.eag, two mountains Aroos'took, a river of the U. States, which rises iu the mercury 13-5 = 100. A. is the principal ore of the mines of ales, in the co a of MeAi-eth, a f miles ftntBla. N. of Maine, Piscataquis co., and after a N.E. course of of Arqueros, near Coquimsbo, in Chili. oWl, it o f eh 120 m., empties into the St. John's river in New Bruns- Ar'ques, a small, decayed town of France, dep. Seine- a ge, v.a3,000 feet each.rrager-ad, ad ravgcr, from wickl. luf6rieure, 3 m. from Dieppe. Its castle, in formser ages, rang, a rank or row.] To range or set in ranks; to place AroostoolK, in Mcaine, a N.E. county, organized in formed the principal bulwarki of Normandy on tile N., ian, a raak or row.] To lnge or set lin ie.ks; to pce 1839. Area, 4,950 sq. in. It is bounded N. by St. Jolhn's and withstood many sieges. In the neighborhood of A.. or line. -'I tchanced this day river, and drained by numerous streams, the principal in 1589, Henry IV., of France, defeated tihe Leaguers To see two knights in travel on my way, of which are the Aroostook tand the Matawauiskeag. The under the Duc de Mayenne. (O sorry sight 1) arrany'd in battle new." —'abrie Queene. surface is hilly, with some mountain-peaks, as Chase's Ara'aeca'eha, n. (Bet.) See OxALIS. - To put in proper order; to dispose in an oriderly manner; Mount and Mars Hill. The soil is fertile, but a large Ara aek', RCaK, RAt, a. [Illind.] A strong spirituous to adjust; to settle; to classify. part of the county is still unsettled, and thickly wooded. liquor, largely used in the E. Indies and S. America, pre- llararag.e'ment, a. Act of arranging; orderly disCap. Houlton. -pp. about 23,000. pared in many ways, often from rice, sometimes ifrom positioni; adjustment; settlement; classification. -A post-office in the above county. siugar fermented with the juice of cocoa-nuts, and from (Nlas.) The adaptation of a piece of music so as to be Arose'. The past or preterit tense of the verb to arise. other substances. In Java, it is prepared in the follow- perforsed on an instrunment, or instruments, different Aro~utnd', prep. About; on all sides of; encircling; en- ing way: After all the sugar has been obtained from friom those for which it was originally composed; as conpassimng. the cane, the common and impure omol asses that draiss when orchestral or vocal compositions are set for the -adv. In a circle; on every side, off is fermented with a sumall quantity of rice; palm-wine pianoforte, or the reverse. Arouse', v.a. [a and rosese, from the root of raise.] To is then added, and from this mixtumre is distilled the A., -The piece so adapted; as, a violin a-rangenuest of ennla. raise; to rouse; to awaken; to stir up; to excite; to call which consequently differs but little fronm rum. It is Arrang'er, a. One who aruiiges. forth; to animate. considered, and no doubt rightly, to be the most destruc- Arran'more (Nlortl), an island on the N.N.W. coast Fantastick woes arous'd rage in each thought."-Tlhomson. tive drink that can be placed in the human body in of Ireland, co. Donegal. Arera, 4,335 acres, of which Arow', adv. In a row; in order. (o.) these hot regions. Large quantities are shipped to the only about 600 are uinder cultivation. Kelp is manuufacAroynt', intesi. [A word of very old use; etymology un- cold countries of Sweden and Norway. tured here, and ironstone found. certain.] Begonel away! (o.). A'rragon, itn. (Geeg.) See ARaoG;. iArrant, a. [Lat. es-rais, from coRO, to wander.] Infa"Saint Withold fooled thrice the wold, Ar'ragonite, n. (Min.) See A AOO5NI'. imous; shamneless; vile; downright; thorouglh; mere. He met the night-mare, and her name told, k Arl'ah, a town of Itindostan, and cap. of the district of "And let him every deity adore, Bid her alight, and her troth plight, Shadabad, in the British presidency of Bengal, 86 m. If his new bride prove not an asrrant..." —-DrydEen. And aroynt thee, witch, aroynm thee right.`-Slhaks. fron Patna. During tihe Indian mutiny of 1857, A. was Ar'rantly, adv. Corruptly; slhamefully. Ar'pad, the conqueror of Ihungary, and founder of the heroically defended by 20 British civilians and 50 Silkh Ar'ras, a city of France, cap. of the dep. of Pls-de-Calais, A. dynasty, which reigned till 1301, was n. in the 2d troops, against a force of 3,000 Sepoy mutineers. Py'. 60 mi. S.E. of Calais, and 100 N.N.E. of Paris, on thie half of the 9th ceitusry. He uas the son of Almus, whom about 15,000. Brussels railway. This is a very ancient city, replete the 7 Magyar clans dwelling in the steppes N.E. of the Arraign (ar-rcn'), v. a. [0. Fr. arraigner, from Lat. ad. with fine old architectural remains, and also possessing Caspian sea hud elected their hereditary csief about and rsti,, rationis, account.] To call to account; to call a large commerce in cotton and stuffs, lhosiery, lace, 889. Thlus united into one nation, the Magyars, muster- for a defence or justification; to indict; to accuse; to pottery, &c. A. has been tile theatre of many memohug about 25,000 varriors, crossed the Carpathisans, and icharge; to censure. rable historical events, and was fortified by Vtauban, is conquered Hungary, when A. vas elected their prince. (('tims. Law.) To call a prisoner to the bar of the the reign of Louis XIV. Robespierre wag tbornu here, as A. was unable completely to transform their nomadic court, to answer the matter charged in the indictment. was also Damiens, the assassin of Louis XV. 1,p. hordes into an u;aricultural nation. ie. 907. nas'snn,. Act ofarraigning; accusttion; a 26,295. During the middle ages, A. was -hmed 1br its Arpel'gio, n. [It., fronm a-peggiare, to play ois the calling in question tapestry, richly figured hangings that adorned thle h li., harp. (Mus.) A rapid production of thie several notes (Crimtu. Lawo.) The A. of a prisoner consists of three of ile kings and use nobles. They were kittwn usticwhich compose amny chord, in succession, and not si- parts:- ]. Calling himt to the bhna, and commnanding him the nunme of A.; but have been for a long time sUl;cimultaneously. Thei violoncello, viola, violin, and ltl in- to hold up his hland. makling it appear that he is use seded ty use tapeetmy of the ('belins, q. v. struments played upon with a bow, are capable of per- party indicted. 2. Readiru thi isdiciment to bin die- Ar'i- Iumug'isaga. See Aanos. forming an A., but it is to the hermsonium and piano- tiuctly, thtatl hle noy ful ly understaand the charge. 3. Ar'aran-nise, adv. (He/r.) Applied when ann thing of a forte that its execution snore particularly appertains. Demanding- whether he be guilty or not guilty. Thie square form is placed with one corner in front, showing Ar'pent, n. [Fr.] An ancient French lamnd-measuire, the pleas upon u. sre either the gesueral issue, i. e. not guilty, the top and two of the sides, in the same way as lozvalue of whhich was different in every province. The A. or a plea ihu abateument or in bar; or the Itrisoner may enges are set.- Wrcester. of Paris was sosneuvat equivalent to flee-sixths of tise demur to the indictment, or he may confess the fact. Arr'ay', n. [Norm. araie, from ray. a robe; 0. Fr. au-roy; English acre. It is now practically used only in Switz- upon wvlich thes cotirt proceeds immediately to judgmnent. It. ors-eds, uousehold fuirsuiturs; Sn'. sedo, tt prepare; eslhand, where it represents ~of an acre. But if the prisoner " will not answer directly to the in- Scot. s-ede, to put in order, to dress.] Preparation; equipAPrpeuta'tor, a. (L i.) A measurer or surveyor of dictinent or infornsmtion, it shall be lavwful for tile court nuent; dress; ornaments. land. to order tlute proper officer to enter a plea of ntet gutit?/ "In this remembrnnce, tEmile euue day Arl'no, a town of S. Italy, plov. of Caserta, 6 m. S.W. on behalf of sucd person; and the plea so entered shell Arose, and dressed herself in rich array."-.Drsdeuu. of Sore. It is the ancient Arpinu,,et, birtlhplace of Caius have the same force and effect as if the personl hatd so -Besolor disposition of ausy objects far ssov or exhibiMarius and of Cicero. _Pop. 12,276. pleaded the same." tion; s, " andy of fowers.'- ts-ceoter. ARRI ARRO ARSA 139 -Order; order of battle; disposition of an army in regu- bravery and fidelity. I-He was banished in 1815, but re- Ar's'ow Riock, in Missouri, a post-village of Saline co., lar lines. called ill 1820. on the Missouri river; pop. about 540. Near this place "A great gen'ral sets his army In array A1r'ing'iltor, in Virginia, a post-village of Nelson co., a battle was fought, Oct. 12th, 1863, between the ConIn vain, unless he fight and win the day." —Denhani. 21 in. N. by E. of Lynchburg. federates, nunbering about 2,500 men, under Shelby, -Posture of defence. Arl'ris, n. [Fr. arete, from Lat. arisa, the bone of a and the Union troops, commanded by Gen. E. B. Brown, (Law.) The whole body of jurors sunmmoned to attend fish.] (Arch.) The intersection or line oin wlhich two which lasted until dusk, and on the following nmorning a court, as they are arrayed or arranged on the panel. - surfatces of a body, forming an ilnterior angle, meet each was resumed; then lasting about 5 hours, at the end of Bouvrier. other. Though, in common language, the edge of a which the Confederates were defeated with a loss of Array', v. a. [Norm. arsraer; O. Fr. arroyer; It. arri- body implies the same as arris, yet, in building, the word about 300 men, and all their artillery, excepting one gun. dare.] To prepare; to get rieady; to deck, or dress; to edge is restrained to those two surfiaces of a rectangular Ar'r'ow-root, n. The starch of the Alunanita aorundiadorn. parallelopipedal body of which the length and thick- nacea (see MAEANTA), cultivated both in the E. and W. "Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency, and array ness nlay be measured, as in boards, planks, doors, and Indies. According to Benzon, the root contains: starch, thyself with glory and beauty."- Job xi. 10. other firamedjoinery.-A.fillet, a slight piece of timber 26'00; woody fibre, 6'00; albumen, 1'43; chloride of cal— To envelop; to draw up. - To arrange; to equip; —to of a triangular section, used in raisimng thie slates against cium, 0'26; water 560 —0 100. In the island of St.Vincent, set or dispose in order, as the names of' the jurors in the chimney shafts, or against a wall tlimt cuts obliquely the sklinned tubers sire washed and ground in a nuill, and panuel, or an army for battle. across tihe root. When the A. fillet is used to raise the the pulls is washed in cylinders of tinned copper with Akrray'er, n. One who arrays. slates at thile eaves of a building, it is then called the perforated bottonms. To obtain the fecula free from im(Mid.) An officer who anciently had the care of seeing eaves-board, eaves-lath, or eaves-catch. —A. gutter, a purity, great care must be used in every step of tihe the soldiers duly appointed in their armor. wooden gutter of thile V form, fixed to the eaves of a process. - The term A. is applied generally to indicate A-rear', n. [From Fr. arrir-e, behind.] That which is building, a starch or fecula; thus, Portland A. is obtained from to the rear or back; that which remains behind unpaid, Arri'val, n. [From arrive.] Act of arriving, or conming Aruam maculaturi; Tahiti A., fronm Tarca oceanica; Elngalthough due. - Generally in the plural. to any place. lish A., from the potato, &c. The cheaper fecules are Arrear'age, n. [Fr. arrerage.] That part of a sum "She, like the sun, does still the same appear, sometimes substituted for genmuine A.; but they are which remains behind, though due; arreatrs. Bright as she was at her arrival here."- tMaller. readily detected by the microscope. The true A. is one Arl'reboe, AeNDES, a Danish theologian and poet, n. at -A coming, reaching, or gaiinig; attainment of anything of the most palatable and digestible of the starches. The AXiroe iu 1589; D. 1637. by effobrt, study, or practice; as, "his arrival to the per- expressed juice of the plant has been used as an antidote Arrect', Arrect'ed, a. Erected; erect; raised or fection of art."-Persons or things arriving; as, "'the to poisons, and to the bites And stings of venomous lifted up. (a.) last arrivals from California." insects. A. is frequently adulterated with potato-starch Arrest', v. a. [Fr. arrmter, for arrester; from Lat. ad, and Arrive', v. n. [Fr. arriver; It. arirare, from Lat. ad, ind refined sago-dour, sometimes witr rice-starch, and resto - re, and sts, to stand back, to stay behind, to stop.] and ripa, bank of a river, a shore.] To come to the Tostop, stay, or obstruct; to check; to hinder; to re- shore, or bank; to come to; to meach any pitie. strain; to seizs; to apprehend. "At length arriving on the banks of the Niie."-Dryden. (Law.) To take, seize, or apprehend a person by vir- -To reach any point; - with at. tue of lawful authority. " The bounds of all body we have no difficulty to arrive at; but Arrcest', n. A stoppage; obstruction; stop; hindrance; when the mind is there, it finds nothing to hinder its progress."delaty; restraint. Locke. (Law.) The apprehending or restraining one's person, -To gain any thing by progressive approach. which, in civil cases, can ttake place legally only by pro- "it is the highest wisdom by despising the world to arrive at cess in execution of the commland of some court or offi- heaven."-Taytor. cers of justice; but, in criminal cases, atny man may -To happen; to befall. (o.) arrest without warrant or p-ecept. — Although ordina- Arro'lba, it. [Sp.] (Cum.) A measure of weight or quatn- rily applied to any legal seizure of a person, A. is more tity, employed in various countries. In Buenos Ayres, properly used in civil cases, and apprehension in crimi- and throughout the Argentine provinces, it is equal to nal. -A. of judgment. The act of a court by which the 25'35 lbs. avoirdupois; and in Brazil, to 32'38 lbs. av. In jiadges refuse to give judgaumeut, because upon thi face Chili, the A. of 25 lbs. weight is equivalent to 25-36 lbs. of the record it appears thsat the plainltiff is not entitled av.; the A. of wines or spirits, to 6.70 imp. gallons. In k~~~~~ to it. - tousvier. Mexico, an. A. of wine is 3.2, and of oil. -- 24 imp. (FPr.) A scurfiness seated between the haum and the gall. In Pararguay, Peru, and Uruguay, an A4. of weight pastern of the hind legs of a horse. amounts to 25'-35 lbs. av.; and Peru has also an A. fatr Arresta'tion, n. [Fr.] Tihe act of arresting; arrest or measuring wines or spirits, of 6-70 imp. gallons. In apprehension. (a.) Spain, thIe A. of wine is 31, -and of oil, 23/4 imp. gallons. Arrest'er, Arrest'or, ns. One who arrests. Ar'rosg-ance, 2Ar''agny, n. [Fr.; Lat. arrogantia, Arrest'mesit, n. (Sostish Law.) The securing a crim- from arogans, from aruego. - See ARROGaTE.] Such a inal's person until trial. or that of a debtor until he habit of mind and manner as seems to abuse the defergives security. - Also, the order of a judge, by which he ence of others by claiming miore than one's due; aswho is debtor in a muovable obligation to the arrestor's suuiption; haughtinees; presumption; pride; insolent debtor, is prohibited to malke payment or delivery till bearing. the debt due to the arrestor is paid or secured. Ar'rogant, a. [Fr., from Lat. arrogans.] Claiming too A rret', n. [Fr. ar,-it.] A judgment, sentence, or decree much; assuming; presuming; haughty; supercilious; of a court. This term, derived fiom the French, is used overbearing. in Louisiana and Canada. - Saisie amrrst is an attachment A'rro-antly, adv. In an arrogant manner. of property in the hands of a third person. Ar'~' g eanatness, n. Arrogance. (R.) Arrievlatte'ran, n. (Bet.) See AvNA. Ar'rogate, v. a. [Fr. arrogqer, from Lat. asrogo -ad Arrhiditie'is, ours of the generals of Alexander the and rogo, rsgatis, to ask, to claim.] To lay claim to more Great, was employed to convey the body of that king than is proper; to make undue claims; to demand; to from Batbylon to Egypt. In 321_ a. c., after the death assume fron pridoe or vacnity. from Babylon to ~Egypt. In 321 B. oate th et Fig. 198.-ARR~OW-R00T, (Maranta arundfnacea.) of Perdiccas, he was proclaimed, along with Pithon, Arroga'tioni, n. Act of arrogating; proud and unjust 1. Tubers. 2. Leaf and floewers. regent of Macedonia, which office Eurydice compelled assumption. - (sRotan Law.) The adoption of a person the starch of coinmmon wheateun flour. The granules of him to resign. He wsas afterward assigned thIe govern- of full age; while adoption, properly so called, was of these inferior starches cnn readily be distingnishedl nnder ment of a part of Phrygia. a person under full age. the microscope by their different sizes and forms. - See Ar'rhlythmy, n. [Gr. arrythmia, from a, priv., and Ar'rog-ative, a. Making undue claims; assuming. STARCH. rylthlios, rhythm.] A want or deficiency of rhythm. Arrendl'issement. [Fr.] A term employed in France Arrow'sie, in Miunie, a township of Sagadahoc co.; Ar'ira, a celebrated Roman matron, wife of Cecinna to distinguish any portion of land held under the control pop. about 400. Pewtus, consul during the reign of Claudius, about A. D. of civil or military authority; as, the A. of the justice Ar'rowsmith, AAeON, an English geographer, n. at 41. Petus having raised an unsuccessful revolt against of peace, the maritime A., &c. Paris is divided into 18 Durham, 1750. His maps of the World. and of N. AmerCluaudius in Illyria, was condemned to die. He was, A., or mailies. — The Department, g. v., is subdivided ice and Scotland, though, of course, inuerior to those of however, allowed the option of ending his life by sui- into arrondissements. the present day, were a strikinug inmprovement on all cide, which the Roinmans did not deemn a crime. Peatus Arro'quhar, or Aaao'cAan, a parish and village of preceding ones. D. 1823. hesitated; A. seized the dagger, plunged it into her Scotland, 4 m. from Ben Lomond, on the lake of thtt Ar'riwvsanith (Ileout), in Tasmnania (or Van Diebosom, and then presenting it to her husbanud, said, "It name. It is a great place of resort for tourists. men's Land); Lat. 420 S.; Lon. 1460 E. Height about is not painful, Pwetus." This, with other instances of her Ar'row, n. [A.S. arewta; Goth. a:f; etymology uncer- 4,000 feet above sent-level. conjugal devotion, has immortalized her. tain.] The name given to the shaift which is discharged Ar'.ow-wood, n. (But.) See VYiunc-ujm. Arria'nus, FLAvXus, a philosophical and historical from a bow. It has three principal parts: the sitele or Arerowy, a. Consisting of, or formed like arrows. writer, and a native of Nicomedia, in Asia Minor, who, wooden portion, the head or pile, and the feather. The A.ro'yo. [Sp.] (Geog.) A term given in Spanish-speakin the reign of Antoninus Pins, was raised to the con- wood best adapted bfor the shaft of an A. is ash. An A. inu countries to a small stream or rivulet. sulship. A. was a pupil of thefaimous Stoic Epictetus, is furnished with 3 feathers, one of which, of different Arro'yo, in Pennesylvania, a post-office of Elk co. and tried to dofor his master what Xenophon did for color from the others, is placed uppermost on the string, Ar ro'yo del Pnerrco, a town of Spain, in EstremaSocrates. lie published Epictetus' lectures in 8 books, 4 and is called the cock-feather. The piles, or heads, are dura, 10 m. W. of Caceres; jiop. 8,096. of which have come down to us. It was he who con- made either blunt or sharp, the advauntage of the former Arronyo MIeli'nos, a town of Spain,. in Estremadura, piled the world-renowned Mtnual of Epictetus, the kind being that they are more easily extracted than the 27 min. S.S.E. of Caceres; p.p. 3,515.-Iiere, on the 28th best conmpendium of the Stoic philosophy. He also latter. The weightof the atrrow shoull be proportioned of Oct., 1811, a body of the French, sent out by Soult on wrote, besides other works, the Ancabasis of Alexander to the strength of the bow. For bows of 5 feet, arrows a foraging expedition, was surprised by a much larger the Great, a worlk much inferior to that of Quintus of 24 inches are commonly used, and for those of 5 feet English force under Lord Hill. An engagement took Curtius in power of description, but far more accurate 9 inches, anrrows of 28 or 29 inches. The nock of the place. the result of which is differently appreciated by in details, and more trustworthy in its authorities. arrow is usually cased with horn, and should be made so the historians of the two nations. The English took Arrliz'an, JOAN BAcrenA, a Spanish poet, who ranks as to exactly fit thue string. The distance to mhich an 1.300 prisoneus, but the French retreated in good order. among the best contemporary aeuthors of his country. A. can be sent by a good archer is generally from 200 to Ar.'r. or Ar'oe Isltar~nd. See Ann. His effusions largely inclined to favor monarchy and 250 yards. The A. of the English archers, so famous in Am-rcas.-a, n. See AluanA. legitimacy. B. at Madrid, 1770; n. 1837. days of yore, was usually the length of a cloth-y-ard; Arsa'dees, founder of the Parthian monarchy. He inArriere', n. [Fr. an-rsr-u, behind.] (Mil.) A term for- hence the designation" cloth-yard shaft." —See AaCcEaY, duced his countrymen to rise against the Macedonian merly applied to the last body of an army; the rear. Bow, &c. luke, 250 n. c., on which they raised him to the throne. Arriere'.ban, n. [Fr. amstNue, bnehrind, ban, iprocuhama-.r'n.row (LoUnn), a lake of Ireland, in the co. Sligo. It A. was slain in tattle, after a reign of 38 years. A. was tion.] (Feudal Law.) A genueral proclamation of the French is 5 m. in length, and covers 5,100 acres. This lalee, with the first of at long line of monarchs of thie same name, kings, by which not only their immediuate feudatories, its numerous islands, is most picturesqumee. -A river of about whom nothing imuportant cns be said. but their vassals, were summnoned to taeke the field in the same name; flows N.N.W. to its confluence with the AaSA'C S TiaA'nUs, keinig of Armenian, who, being taken war.-A. fee, orfnef, a fee dependent on a superior one, Owenbeg. prisoner by Snper, eing of Persia, was cast into prison or a fee held of a fendatory. —A. vassal, the vassal of a Ar'row-g-s-asS, n. (Bet.) See TaIsLocuI-. at Ecbatana, where hue died 362 5. c. Iis country then superior vassal. Az-'rew-~Iead, n. The head of an arrow. became a Persian province. —There were many other Arri'ghi, GuovaNn TonssAmNe, Duele of Padua, a Cor- (Bet.) See SAnsIcTAIA. Armenian Icings of this namme, bust they mre not easily sican, who becamme a general in the French service. lie Ar'nrowhteas'ed Char'aeters. See CUNEIFOR M distinguishable from each othar, snd are generally of was a. in 1778, and served Napoleon I. to the last with INscerltivoNs. smuall historical importance. 140 ARSE ARSE ART Arsaietdes, in the S, Pacific ocean. See SOLOMON Is- Arsen'ie Acid, AnsENic Oxin. (CIhen.) This acid, calico printing- A. f coppecr, or Scheele's green, and the LANDS. discovered by Scheele, is obtained by acting upon the Schweinfurth green, which is a double arsenite and arAr'senal, n. [Lat. arx, arcis, a citadel.] A term gen- trioxide (arsenious acid) with nitric acid, evaporating to senate of copper. (See GR.EEN CoLon.) All the soluble A. orally applied to any place where naval or military stores dryness, and heating to a temperature of 2700. It forms are deadly poisonous substances which ought to be proare kept, more particularly to a large public establish- a non-crystalline white powder, which, when strongly hibited. Wherefore, it seems proved that rooms covered ment where the munitions of war are manufactured and heated, decomposes into AsO3 and 02. This powder is with paper coated with Scheele's green are detrimental stored. readily dissolved by water, and thie solution yields crys- to the health of human beingsresiding therein, from the Ar'senal, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Alleghany co. tals of A. acid, or trihydric arsenate, 3110,AsO5. —Arseunic readiness with which minute particles of the poisonous Arse'niate, At'SEN.'E, n. (C'/emt.) A salt resulting acid is a more violent poison than even the arsenious. It pigment are detached from the walls by the slightest from the union of arsenic acid with a base. The A. are is used in taxidermy, and in making aniline colors. friction, are diffused through the room, and ultimately generally insoluble in water, but very soluble in an ex- Arsen'ical, a. Consisting of, or containing arsenic. pass into the animal system. cess of arsenic acid, which solubility is a useful criterion Arsen'icate, v. a. To combine with arsenic. Arseni'uret, n. See ARSENnIDE. of the acid. They are decomposed at a red heat by char- Arl'senide, Arseni'tiret, n. (/Chte.) A compound of Arsessi'ureted, a. Combined with arsenic. See coal, and yield the characteristic garlicky smell of the arsenic with anelementary sutbstance. The Jrseniureted AsEsNeDE. metallic vapor. They are generally unimportant in the hydrogen is formed by decomposing an alloy of arsenic Arsen'olite, n. (Msin.) An isometric mineral; octohearts. and zinc with sulphuric acid. It is a colorless gas, pos- dronal; of vitreous or silky lustre; color white with an Ar'senic, n. [Fr.; Gr. arsenikoln, firom arsen, male, sessing a fetid odor of garlic; it acts as a most deadly occasional yellowish or reddish tinge. Streak white, masculine, i. e. the substance which kills with masculine poison, a single bubble of the pure gas having been pale yellowish. Transparent, opaque; astringent, sweetforce.] (Choe,. and Min.) A very soft, brittle, and emi- known to act fatally; when cooledl to -400, it condenses ish taste. Comp. Oxygen 2424, arsenic 7576-100. It nently poisonous metal, of ait steel-gray color. Symbol to a colorless liquid. Arseniureted hydrogen burns accompanies silver and lead ores, arsenical iron, cobalt, As. It is scattered in great abundance over the mineral with a bluish flame, and deposits arsenic upon a cold antimony, nickel, &c., as a result of the decomposition of kingdom, and is sometimes found in the free state, but body held in the flame; below a red heat, it is decom- arsenical ores; and is found in Nevada and California.more frequently combined, chiefly with iron, nickel, cc- posed into arsenic and hydrogen. Density 39; form. Dana. bait, and sulphur. It is also contained in very small AsHy. Arseno'pyrite, or MISPICKEL., n. (Min.) An orthoquantities in many mineral springs. In order to sepas- Arseiosid'er'ite, n. (Min.) A mineral having fibrous rhombic mineral. Lustre metallic; silver-white, aprate A. from any of the metallic ores is which it occurs, concretions of a yellowish-brown color, approaching to proaclling to steel-gray, in color; dark grayish-black the ore is roasted, or exposed to a current of heated tair golden, resembling cacoxenite; the fibres large and streak; uneven in fracture, and brittle.'(rp. Arsenic in a reverberatory furnace. A. was known in different easily separable between the fingers. Lustre silky; 46'0, sulphur 19'6, iron 34-4=100. Part of the iron is combinations by the ancieuts, but Ihas only latterly beea powder yellowish-brown, rather deeper thane yellow- sometimes replaced by cobalt. It is principally found in known to be of metallic origi n. ft is, however, so unlike ochre in color, and when rubbed in a nmortar it adiheres crystalline rocks, and is generally associated with silver, metal in many of its properties that, even now, certain to the pestle. Ctp. Arsenic acid 37'9, sesquioxide of lead, and tin ores, and tin pyrite, chalcopyrite,and blende. French chemnists consider it as belonging to the non- iron 42'1, lime 11-1, water 9'9=100. It occurs in smas- It is also found in serpentine. It occurs in many parts metallic elemnents; indeed, it may be considered the con- ganese in France. of the U. States and S. America. - Dana. necting link between these two divisions of theelements; Arse'sltious Acid, AnsErNrous TnroxnrDE, WrTE An- Arsetsmart, n. (Bet.) A vulgar name of thle knotantimony and bismuth being closely connected with it on SEaNiec. (Chem.) A white substance known in commerce grass. See PoiYooNuM. the one hand, and phosphorus and nitrogen on the other. by the name of white arsenic, which is one of the most A2rsi'noi', the sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, A. combines with the atmospheric oxygen, forming arse- virulentpoisons of the mineral kingdomt. It frequently worshipped, after her death, under the name of Venus nic and arsenious acids. Metallic A. may be formed from occurs in a native state, if not very abundantly; and it is Zephyritis. — Also the name of several other Egyptian arsenious acid by mixing it with charcoal and sodium obtained in roasting several ores, particularly those of queens and princesses. carbonate, and heating in a closed crucible, the upper cobalt. In the chimneys of the furnaces where this Ar'sis, n. [From Gr. aire, to raise.] (Pros.) That part part of which is kept cool; A. condenses in the cool part operation is conducted, it generally condenses in thick of a poetical foot on which the stress of the voice falls, of this apparatus as a solid, with a brilliant grayish lus- semi-transparent masses; though sometimes it assunmes the rest of the foot being ctalled the thesis. tre. It tarnishes in the air from oxidation; it has a sp. the form of a powder, or of little needles, in which state (Mus.) The raising of thle lhald, as applied to the beatgr. of 537 to 5'9, and when heated to 5000 Fahren., it vol- it was formerly called flowers of arsenic. The A. A. red- ing of time, the laliing of the hand in the beats being atilizes as a colorless vapor without undergoing fusion, dens the most sensible blue vegetablo colors, though it called thesis.- ('s-abbe. and this vapor possesses a remarkable garlic-like smell. turns the syrup of violets green. On exposure to thsair,it Arson,. [0. Fr., rom Lat. ardes, arsuns, to burn.] A., when heated in the air, takes fire, and burns with becomes opaque, and covered with a slighlt efflorescence. (Law.) The malicious setting on fire of the house or a bluish flame, forming arsenious oxide, As03; when Thrown on incandescent coals, it evaporates in white building of another. It is a felony at common law, and thrown into chlorine, it instantly takes fire, forming A. fumes, with a strong smell of garlic. In close vessels it origintally punishable with death. If homicide result, trichloride, AsCI3. Metallic A. may be reduced to pow- is volatilized; and, if the heat be strong, vitrified. the act is murder. der in a mortar, and is not cotnsidered poisonous; but The result of thisvitrification isa transparent glass, capa. Art. [A.S. eart.] The second person, indicative mood, when introduced into the animal system, it is it part ble of crystallizing in reg. octohedra, the angles of which present tense of the substantive verb ans. oxidized, thus acquiring poisonous properties. A minute are truncated. it is easily aletered by hydrogen and Art, n. [Fr., from Lat. aes, arti.; front Greek aretF, exquantity of A. is added to lead, to diminish its cohesion, carbon, which deprive it of its oxygen at a red hieat, and cellence, virtue, power, skill.] The power of doing someduring the manufacture of shot. It is the only use to reduce the metal, tile one forming water, the other car- thing not taught by nature or instinct; as, to walk is which the metal A. is applied in the arts. Its only impor- bonic acid, withl thie oxygen takesn from it. It is feebly natural, to dance is an art; -power or skill in the use tantcombinations are: arsenic and arsenious acids, q.v.; soluble in water; it dissolves more readily in hydro- of knowledge; the practical application of the rules, or the bisulphide, or realgar, q. v., which is used in pyro- chloric acid, and is feebly soluble in solutions of the principles of science. — A system of rules to facilitate techny; and the tersulphide, or orpisuent, q.v., which alkalies. Density (of vapor) 99; sp. gr. 306; form AsO3. the performnance of certain actions; contrivance; dexis the king's yellow of the artist. A. also forms a terhy- As ordinarily sold ie quantities under 10 lbs. in weight, terity; address; adroitness. dride with hydrogen, analogous to the ammonia-like the A. A. is required by law, ise Eeurope, to be colored "Te t r ecessities is ste,.1 11 ~~~~~~The art of our necessities is strange, compounds formed by antismony and phosphorus. with + of its weight of itedigo, or i1' of its weight of That can make vile things precious." - Shake..-Poisonisg. The symtptoms produced by a dangerous dose soot; the object of the adnmixture being to render any -Cunnin; artifice; deceit. of arsenic, or of one of its compounds, begin to appear liquid to which the A. A. nmight be added with a mur- in a quarter of an hour, or not much longer, after it is derous intent, of a black or bluish-black hue, and thus " tMore matter with less art." — Shaks. taken. First, sickness and great distress at the stomach, indicate the presence of something unusual. The solu- -Profession, business, or trade. soon followed by thirst, and burning heat in the stomach. tion of A. A. in water is recognized by three tests: (Asthetlics.) Art, as distingfisheed from science, conThen come on violent vomiting, and severe colic pains, 1. Hydrosulphuric acid in acid solutions produces a sists of the truths disclosed by theat species of knowledge and excessive and painful purging. This brings on yellow precipitate of sulphuret of arsenic, AsSg, solu- disposed in. the most convenient order for pr'ectice, infaintiogs, with cold sweats, and other signs of great de- ble in ammonia. 2. Ammonio-sulphate of copper, au stead of the best order for thought. Art proposes to itbility. To this succeed painful cramps, used contractions apple-green precipitate of arsenic of copper, 2CnO.AsO. self a given end, and, after defining it, hands it over to of the legs and thighs, extreme weakiness, and death. 3. Anieesonio-nitrate of silver, a yellow precipitate of science. Science, after investigating:the causes and conNo effective chemical antidote has yet been discovered. arsenite of silver, 2AgO.AsO3. The quantity necessary ditions of this end, returns it to art, with a theorem of At the first symptom of poisoning, freshly-precipitated to destroy life, of course, varies, but it is stated that 2 the combination of circumstances under which the dehydrated sesquloxide of iron, or calcined magnesia, should or 3 grains may prove fatal. Death may occur in a few sired end may be effected. After receiving them, art inbe at once administered. Too often A., principally arse- hours, or after the lapse of days. A. A. has been used quires whether any or all of those scientific combinanious acid, has been used as a means of destroying animal frequently as a slow poison, thle symptoms being at- tions are within the compass of human power and hulife, but, trilbuted to inflammtntion of tlee bowels firom natural man means, and pronounces the end inquired after ha ppily, causes, but its detection is now easy. (See AuSENIc.)- attainable or not. It will be observed here, that all that the pro- A. A. has long been used as a medicine. When taken art supplies is thes msajor premise, or the assertion that cess for into tle stonmach, it is sootn absorbed ieto the blood, and the given ime is the one to be desired. The grounds of fthe detec- circulates with tleat fluid, exhibiting great power over every rule of art are to be found in the theorems of scition of the certain diseases, especially skin diseases, as psoriasis, ence. An art can then only consist of rules, together poison in lepra, eczema, &c. It is also classed among the tdnic with as much of tlhe speculative propositions (which the animal tissues, or organic mixtures, minerals, and given for nervous disorders, especially lose all their speculative look as soon as they come into - has been brought to such a degree of those that are periodic. It has been much reconnmmended the artist's hands) as comprises the justification of perfection, that, even after months or for rheumatisnm; and considered as holding the foremost those rules. Though art mnust assume the same general years, the minutest quantity of poison place among the remedies for cholera. In ague, also, laws as science does, yet it follows them only into such is detected with an unquestionable atnd remittent fever, as well as in other disorders origi- of their detailed consequences as have led to certain certainty. For the isolation and recog- eating from the same source, A. and quinine are out practical nies, ad pries into every sectet corner, as nition of A. in organic mixtures, such chief remedies. They are considered to act as alteratives well as into the open stores of thle hlousehold of science, as the contents of a stomach, the of the blood. The usual method of administering 4A.is bent on finding out the necessities of which she is in method generally pursued is called in small doses (from three to five drops) of the liquor search, and which the exigencies of human life demand. Reinsch's process, from the name of arsenicalis, largely diluted with water, twice or thrice in Hence, as Edmund Burke wisely remarkis, in his Treatise P7ig. 199. its discoverer; but the most perfect, a day. The influence ofas minute quantity ofA. A. on the on thle Sublieee and Beautiful, "Art can never give the IARSHnS PROCESS. since it detects A. in a liquor contain- human frame is a verycurious question. T'hough strange rules that make an art." It must always owe them ing but a nmillionth of it, is the pro- it mtay seete, it is asserted that in Styria it is a common to science. Whatever speaks in precepts or rules, as cess recommended by Marsh (Fig. 199), in which the theiteg for the peasants to take 12 to 13 grains per day of contrasted withe assertions regarding facts, is art; ased material is treated with dilute sulphuric acid, and metal- white arsenic, to improve thteir wind. It appears to do hence it alwalys adopts the imperastive mood; whereas, lic zinc, in a gas-generating apparatus, when the A., them no harm, as long as tihey relinquish the use of it science, almost invariaebly adopts the indicative. Science combining with hydrogen, forms arseniureted hydro- gradually wheen they reach 50 or 60 years of age. They is wholly occupied with declarations, while art is wholly gen, AsHI, from which, when lighted, the metallic A. is begin by talting a single grain per day, increaseing the engaged with injunctions that something should be done. condensed in brownish-blaclk spots on a china plate.- dose until they arrive at their maximum. If the doses Thus, the builder's art desires to heave houses, the archiVery recently, it has been ascertained by Dr. Gunning, are discontinued suddenly, death, with all the symptoms tect's art desires to have them beautififi; and the medithat almost always the metallic bismuth of commerce of arsenical poisoning, is the result. cal art desires to cure diseases of the human body. - See contains A., a fact which may explain many obscure Akr'sente, n. [Fr. aosenite.] A salt resulting of the FeNE Aers. affections of the sitin, mucous membranes, and other union of arsenious acid with a base. The general formula As-t andpast. (Law.) A phrase used in Scotland: when organus, iss persons who malte firee use of the various of the arsenites is 2M0,AsOa. The alkaeline A. are soluble any one is chaerged with a crisuss, they say he is au-i and cosmetic powders containing bistutoth. in water; those of the metals of the alkaline earths, and part in committing the same, that is, he was concerned (Bet.) An obsolete name of tfle water-pepper,'eusi- heavy metals, are insoluble in water. Some of them are both in thue contrivance and execution of it. The doricaria punctatue. employed in the arts; as the A. uf soda, used largely in vation of these words from the Latin astifez et particeps, ARTE ARTE ARTE 141 "contriver and partaker," seems evident; it is neverthe- guerie or sanguerite, possesses similar properties to the which are distributed by innumerable ramifications less much contested. species COrulescens. A. indica and madraspatana, both through the lungs.- The branches arising from the Ar'ta, a town of Spain, in the island of Majorca; pop. Indian species, are much used by the native doctors. aorta have received different names. We have pointed 4,996. The substance sold as wormseed, and known under the out the principal of them in Fig. 120; the others will be Ar'ta, the anc. AMBRACIA, a town of Turkey in Europe, names of semen-contra, semen-ciun, and semen-santoni- found under their respective names. in Albania, about 7 m. above the gulf of A.; estimated cum, consists of the broken flower-stalks, involucres, 3 2 1 2 pop. 5,000. and flower-buds of A. contra, paucifsora, lercheana, Ark'ta, (GULF OF,) a deep inlet of the Ionian sea, between sieberi, and valiana. It is employed as a vermifuge. Albania and the N.W. part of Greece. At its entrance it is only 700 yards across. The fort of La Punta is there built on a long tongue of land called the promontory of 1 Actium. - See AcTIUM. Artabasnus IV., the last of the Parthian monarchs, who, in A.Do. 217, escaping with great difficelty fron a..... 6 --- -- -. —--- perfidious massacre commenced by the Romans under \i' Caracalla, mustered an army, and esigaged his foes in a 8 —--- battle which lasted for two days; but as the armies were preparing to renew the combat, A. was informed of Caracalla's death. Peace was then made on honorable terms. A. afterward incited his subjects to revolt, and in a battle, in 226, was taken and put to death. Thus ended, in the 3d century, the Parthian empire. Artasi'res, the last Arsacid king of Armenia. Ie was placed on the throne by Balhrain V. of Persia, who after-! ward deposed him and annexed his dominions to Persia, under the name of Persarmenia, 248 Be. c. Artnatn. (Cws.) In Persia, a measure of quantity, 2 equivalent to 1,809 imp. bushels. Fig. 201.-THEORETIcAL SECTION OF TIIE HEART. lArtavas'des I., a Iking of Armenia, who succeeded his 1, Aorta. 7. Left auricle. father Tigranes. Hejoined the Roman forces commanded 2. Pulmonary artery. 8. Tricuspid valve. by Crassus, but deserted to the enemy, causing the de-. Vena cava sup. 9. Mitral valve. 4. inf. 10, Right vclltricle. feat of the Romans, and the death of Crassus. He sim- 5. Pulmonar veins. 11. Left ventricle. ilarly betrayed Mark Antony when engaged against the 6. Right auricle. 12. Septu Medes; but afterward falling into Antony's power, A esa, in i.spp a posoffice of Lowdes o., was taken with his wife and children to Alexandria, 219 mi. N. by W. from Mobile. where they were dragged at the victor's chariot-wheels rtesa el,. r. ateien, from the province I'll ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Arte'slan W~ell,??. [Fr. artesten, from the province in golden chains. After the battle of Actiumn, Cleopatra A is where A. were first mde.] Aell from which caused his head to be struck off and sent to the king of casedhis Reaigd tonhe troc offCe andtry sent. toC. thekingowater is obtained at a very great depth below the surtMedia. Reigned in the det century 0. c. wsthtir face of the ground, by boring through strata of various Artaxer'xes I., surnamed Lo.osstx.ss, was the third kinds through which water cannot pass, such as clay, to son of Xerxes, king of Persia, and, having murdered hiskns t t wihwt can s, sch a clyt ~~~brother Darius, ascefided the throne 465 o. c. l~~e 424others ofa ight and porous character, which are charged brother Darius, ascended the throne 465 B.C. lie D. 424 with water. The flow of water is obtained by Ihydron. c., and was.succeeded by his only son Xerxes. This static pressure. The principles of an A and the way y static pressure. The principles of an`4, and the way Iy prince is generally supposed to have been thle Ahasuertes prnce isrgepterlly supposed Eto hlave beyih the pAhaermcis which the water is obtained may be better nnderstood by of Scripture, who married Esther, aiid by wvhose pei-ntission Ezat re wstored the Jewish religlois awut Jerusalen. Fig. 200. —ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM, (Wormwood.) reference to Fig. 202, froom which it will be preseittly seen that it would be useless to attempt to bore an A. IiC on Sonme modern authors, nevertheless, identify Ahasuerus Arte'riae, a. [See ARTSRa.] Same as ARTERIAL. hills or elevated ground; but that they can only be mode with Xerxes. -n. A medicine for diseases of the windpipe. with satisfactory results, in basin-slaped hollows of conARTAXERoXEs II., surnamed MNEMON, was the eldest son Arte'rial, a. Pertaining to, or contained in, an artery siderable extent, the porous strata of which. that conof Darius Nothus, and began his reign 401 B. c. His or the arteries.-Tihe name of arterial navigation is some- tain the water, crop out or come to the suriface of the brother Cyrus formed a conspiracy ragainst hiii, for times figuratively given to navigation by means of a land above the level to which the water is required to which he was sentenced to death; but at the intercession stream having numerous inland connections. rise. Let Fig. 202 represent the section of a basinof sis isother Parysatis, the sentence was commuted to Arterializatioss, n. (Piysiol.) The blood is tle shaped tract of country, in which a peculiar stratunm a ct, bauisihisent to Asia Minor. Cyius repaid this sact of principal agent of nutrition. In its circulation through suppose it to be chalk, sand, or any porous nmatter, rests clemency by mustering a large army of Asiatics, uand the body, it commumnicates to the organs. and loses con- upon a bed of clay, or upon rocIks, c c, which will not some Greek troops under Clearchus, with whom le sequently its nourishing properties. It reaches them of admit of the escape of the water accumulated f'om the marched to Babylon; but being encountered by A., hlie a bright vermilion color; when it leaves themn it is was defeated and slain. The Greeks, however, escaped, dark and sombre-colored, and has lost its qualities of and reached their ownt country, nulder Xesopihon. A maintaining life. But the blood so altered has its vital died at the age of 91, after reigning 62 years. properties restored by being exposed to the atmosphere. _.; ARTAXERaxEs III., succeeded A. IH., his father, 359 n. c. To This important function is called respiration. The blood pave his way to the succession, he murdered two of his which has been exiosed to the air is called arterial; brothers, and afterward put to death all the remaining that which has already acted on the organs is called vebranches of the timaily. [Ie suppressed several insur- noue; utid tie transformation of the venous itto arterial i rections which were raised against him, and in Egypt blood is clled aterialiation.- See CcLA N, and blood is called arterialization. —See CIRCULATION, and i"-::?....,!:"" slew the sacred bull Apis, and grave the flesh to his sol- RESPIRAA'rION. diers. For this, his eunuch, Bagras, an Egyptian, caused Arte'rialize, v. a. To make arterial; to conmmunicate a"t. him to be poisoned, and after giving his carcass to cats, to venous blood the quialities of arterial blood.,... made knife-handles of his bones, 338 B. c. Arteriog'raphy, n. [Gr. arteria, an artery, and - ARavXER'XEs BBBEGAN, or ARDSHIR, the first king of Persia grapho, to describe.1 A treatise or discourse on the arte- Fi 202 ARTESIN LL of the race of Sassanides, was a shepherd's son; but his rieF. 202.-ARTESIAN WELL. rie~. grandfather, by thi mother's side, beinge governor of a Arteriolrogy, n. [Gr. arteria, and logos, a discourse.] deposit of atnmospheric moisture, in the form of rain or province, he was sent to the court of king Ardavan. On Same as AaauREOGRAP v. dew along the hills. hi str ttosu of chalt or saud is his gransdfasther's death, A. being refused an appoint- Arteriot'lany, n. [Gr. arteria, and tomF, a cutting.] also covered with a tenacious mass of clay, or some other ment, retired to Persia proper, where, exciting the people (Surg.) The opening of an artery for the purpose of equally impervious body, D. Under these conditions it to revolt, he defeated anod slew Ardavan and his son, on drawing blood; distinguished from phlebotomy, or vene- will be evident that the tratum a a becomes a reservoir which he assumed the title of king of kings. ie made section, which is the opening of a vein. In ordinary of a greater or less extent, and if, hy boring through the vast conquests, and wisely administered the affairs of cases the latter is always preferable to the former; but superincumbent mass, we form atn opening into this his kingeldomn. D. B. c. 240. sometimes, when it is necessary to take a large quantity stratum, as at b, the water will rise in it, and flow over Artessiis. (AMyth.) A nonse of the goddess Diana. of blood from tihe system very rapidly, as in apoplexy, in a jet proportional to the height of the water in the A/tenui'sia I., daughter of Lygdamis, and queen of A. is adopted, and then it is generally the temporal ar- stratum fromt which it flows. In ut basin such as that Caries, who aissisted Xerxes in person against the Greeks, tery that is selected. described above, some miles in extest, having imperammd behaved with nuch valor that the Athenians offered Ar'tery, n. [Fr. amtire; Gr. art-ria, from aer, air, and roeable strata lying immediately under the thin surface ca reward for her capture, and the Spartans erected a tboeU, to preserve or contain: so called because the an- of the soil, there must necessarily be a deficiency in the statue to her. Lived in tie 5th centumy B. C. cients believed that the arteries contained air only.] supply of water, and itis for these distrlicts that A. TV are ARes iIsm8A IL., queen of Carla, who erected eo magniificent (Anat.) A membranous pulsating canal, that arises from especially serviceable. Thereare many in the neighbora monument to the memory of her husband Mausolus, the heart and gradually becomes less as itproceeds from it. hood of Vienna, and in the basins of London and Paris; that every splendid structure of this kind has been since A. are composed of three tissues: the inner, continuous taong which may be mentioned those which supply the styled a touaoisotiim. Lived in the 4th cestury B. 0. with the inner membrane of the heart, rieseminbles the fountains in T'rafalgar square in the former city, and Artenilusia, n. [From artenois.] (Bet.) A gen. of plants, serous membranes; the middle tissue is fibrous and tIe famous well of Grenelle, mear Paris, from whicI ord. Aslteruacee, and consprehending seve-al valuable oand elastic; the outer tissue, cellular and also elastic. The after boring for 8 years, with frequent interruptions interesting species. The oromeatic mood medicimal prop- fibres of the middle tissue are disposed circularly. They arising from the obstructions and accidents that occurred erties of A. absinthium, the common wormwood, have are only two in number, the pulmonary A., and tie during the prosecution of the wotk, water was obtained been described under the names AeSINTUoU, AnsENTIINEr, aorta, and these originate from the heart; the pulmo- at the depth of 1,800 feet below tme surface, a distance and AnsiNTra Its flowers are arramged it globular nary A. from the right ventricle, and the aorta carrying of 1,700) feet below the sea-level. The water from this heads, and are of a buff or yellowish color, blossoming the venous blood to the lungs from the left (see Fig. well rushes upward with such force as to rise 30 feet in Augnust. A. abu~otatnmso is thee southerowood, a frms- 201): the other arteries mire all branches of the aorta. above the level of the surface. The temperature of this grant plhont employed in Europe for miking beer. The Figure 120 explains perfectly the course of this gremat water never varies, and is about 810 Fahr. The French Persian epecies, A. ecelice, is said to have ties odor of A., from its commencement in the heart to its termina- government have caused many A. W.tobe sunk in differstrong viusegar; hence its name. The species A. aZlb, tionu; also of all the great branches which arise fromn it. eat paorts of Algeria, round which some of the wanderand others, are said to serve as nutrimment to the herds Their terminmation is either in the veins, or in capillary ing Aralb tribes have settled, and formed villages. The of the Kirighis mond Kahnucks. The mnthelnmimotic known exhaling vessels, or they analstomose with one another. operation is performed by rods from 15 to 20 feet in by tite nmamess Senotseripmii and Bae-betine, consists of It is by their means that thee blood is carried from the length, which can be attached to each other by male and this Slocer-heads of A. caulecene~, a 5lediterr;onhean plant. heart to every parit of the tody, for nutrition, preserva- female screws. A boring-tool is fastened to the end of A. chmiensis, and other species, are stated by Lindley to tion of life, generation of heat, and the secretion of the the lowest rod, and to time uppermost one a lever, turned yield the usoxo of Ceina. It is prepared fromo the cot- different fluids. The action, called the pulse, corre- by hbond or power, by which the whole machine is turntony or woolly covering of the leaves, usnd used as a spends with that of the heart, and is effected by the con- ed round. The machine somewhat resembles a gigantic cautery biy burninor it upon pam-to affected with gout and traection of their musculamr, and great elasticity of their auger or gimlet, and operates in a similar manner. There rheumatism. (See MoxA.) A. draencumChIIs is the tarra- outermoist coat. (See CIRCuLcTmON, amid H[taas.)-Tie are many A. in the U. Slates. One boredatChicago, about gon, the leaves of wields are used f~or flavoring vine~ l tsr plmoitary A., after emerging from the right ventricle of 1,000 ft. in depth, yields water at the rate of 1,000,000 in pickles sod salaods. A. gallica, termed in France san-'thidheart, soon divides into a right and left branch, gallons heer day. 142 ARTIH ARTI AITI Arte'velde, JAcon VAN, a celebrated Flemish patriot burgh, the Scottish capital, 822 feet high. From its top characterized by the body being composed of movable of the 14th century. His riches, eloquence, and experi- is a view of magnificent extent. pieces, jointed or orliclated to each other There are ence in diplomatic business put him at the head of affairs Ar'thaurstowi, aseaport of Ireland, in theco. Wexford, many classes and orders belonging to this division; in his native town of Ghent, at a tinme when the Flem- lying on Waterfobrd harbor, 7 m. E. by S. of Waterford. varying considerably from each other in form and stircings, subject to Louis II., count of Flanders, had resolved Ar'tic, a. An old spelling of the word arctic, q. v. ture, but all agreeing ir their iervous system. Tis to extend their liberties, or at least to rid themselves of Ar'tichoke, n. [Fr. artichaut; probably from Gr. consists of either a very small brain, certain oppressive imposts. The Frenich wars of Edward artytikos, fit for seasoning.] The Gynaro scolymus, gen. and two nervous chords surrounding III. of England, in which lie requested the assistance Cynara, q. v., is a perennial, esculent plant, growing the ] sophagus or gullet, and conof the discontented Fleming s agahist the lord-superior wild in the S. of Europe, and reared in gardens for use. tinned along the abdomen, but unitof their count, Philip VI. of Vailoio, presented a favor- They are cultivated firom suckers arising in spring firom ing here and there into knots, called able opportunity for revolt, and accordingly, in 1339, A., the root of the old plants, and placed in rovs 3 feet ganglia, as in Fig. 203, representing acting for the dukreoof Brabant, the cities of Louvain, apart. By this process, artichokes may be produced in the magnified nervous system of an. Ghent, and others, concluded a treaty with Edward, by the autumn of the same year. The size of their fruot insect; or of merely two ganglia, one which thile English king, styling himself king of France, will gradually diminish, after the third or fourth year, in the head, and the other in the was acknowledged lord-superior of Flanders. The de- though the roots continue sound for several seasons. A. thorax, and united by slender threads. feat, however, which he sustained at St. Omr, obliged flourish best in a rich and moist soil; but if it be toe Respiration is effected either by beanhim to malke peace with France. and a rupture ensued wet, the roots are apt to decay in severe ifosts. When chim, a species of gill; or by trachem, between the Flemnings and their new superior. The covered with straw in thie autumn, they rot. The only or air-tubes. They have red blood.alliance was revived after Edward's renewal of the vwar precaution necessary to take, is to dig a ditchl round the The division of articulated animals with Philip, and he was now persuaded by A. to make plant, to prevent the water from injuring them. The contaias the Annalosa,or worms; the p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cnan theAnulsowr;th his son, the Black Prince, count of Flanders. This pro- parts used are the receptacle, the lower part of the in- Qiaetacea; the 0irsipcdia, or barna- / ject was defetated, and A.'s career terminated, by a revolt volucre, and the upper portion of the stalk. The A. is cles; the Rotifera, or wheel-animalof the citizens of Ghent against his authority. A., and eaten raw, with salt, pepper, and oil; or it is boiled be- cules; the Niyriapoda; the Inseclta, 50 of his friends, were murdered by a rabble of their fore being sent to table. It is not extensively cultivated or insects, and the Arachnida, or spifellow-citizens, on 2d May, 131-1. in America. ders. Arte'velde, PHILIP VAN, Sois of the preceding, inherit- Jerusalem A. See IELtrANTItus. Artic'ulate, a. [Lat. articidatrs.] ing Ihis father's wealth, and soniething of his ambition Ar'tiele, n. [Fr., from Lat. articusrs, dim. of artoss, a Scliarated into distinct nernbers, and genius, lived in quiet in his native city of Ghent, joint; Gr. arthros, a joint, from asS, to fit, to adapt.] A or joints; articulated. Uttered dlistill 1382, when his fellow-citizens, having revolted fronm particular part of any complex thing; a single clause of tinetly, as sounds: distinct clear. Count Louis III. of Fharders, summoned him to the an account, writing, or document. - A condition of a — V. n. To uitter distinct sounds, sylchief command of the city. After summarily avenging bargain; a stipulation. —A particular commodity or sub- lables, or words. his father's death, A. obliged Louis to raise the siege of stance; as, an article of food.-The different species of -v. a. To form into distinct elemenGhent, and pursued him to Bruges, where the Olhentois goods that a merchant has in his store; as, "These tary sounds, syllables, or words; to gained a great victory, which resulted in the flight of articles are sold at fixed prices." - A point of fadth; as, speakl, uitter, or pronounce distinctly. Louis, anrd the submission of most of the Flemish cities "the Thirty-nine -Articles of the Church of England." -n. (Ze1.) One of the articulata. to the dictatorship of A. Charles VI. of France then (Grasm.) A part of speech prefixed to substantives in Artic'ulated,p.a. Uttered, spoken, interfered, and sent an arriy under Clisson to reinstate order to render their meaning more or less definite. The or pronounced distinctly. the count. On the 22d Nov, the French army, in which Greelks had only the rdefinite article; the Latins had (ZoeS.) Having articulations. —See Fig. 203. the king himself took a subordinate commraand, met the none, but used, instead, the demonstrative pronouns. Ar'ICUlATvA. F'lemings, commanded by A4., at Rosbeck. The battle In English there are two articles-the definite, tihe, and (Bet.) Jointed. which ensued resulted in the defeat of the Flemish the indefinite, a or an. Arttie'nlately, adv. Dislinctly; clearly; with distroops, 9,000 of whomnperished on the field, and 26,000 (Lit.) A complete portion of any literary work which tiatt uttersnce of syllables or words. in the pursuit. A. was found among tile slain. A.'s treats of various topics sepsrately; as, "An article in a Artic'niatenless, n. The quality of being articulate. career has been made the subject of a drams[ by Henry newspaper, or review.";- Wrcester. Aitifiee, n. [Fr.; Lat. artecfiium, ifrom asr, a-tie, art, Taylor. (Law.) A division or paragraph of a document or andfacio, to make.] An artful or slkilfnl contrivance or A_'t'ful, a. Performed with art or skill; artificial; not agreement. A specification of distinct matters agreed device; trick; fraud; cunning; imposition; craft; stratInatural; skilfuil; dexterous; cunning; crafty; deceit- upon, or established by authority, or requiring judicial agem. ful; full ofstratagemis. actiou. —Articles ofagree ag et. A written memorandium "It needs no legends, no service in an unknown tongue: none of 0 i the rams, Ulysses, she rejd, of the terms of an agreerIent. - Articles of irrpeachment. all these laborious artifices of ignorance; none of all these cloaks in useful craft successfully refin'd, A written articulate allegation of the causes for impeach- and cvrigs.-Sut. Artful in speech, in action, and in mind." — Pope. ment.-Arlicles of partnershrip. A written agreement Artificer, o. [See ARTiricE.] A person who works Art'fulrly, adv. With art; skilfully; dexterously; cuu- by which pasrties enter into a partnership upon the con- with his hands in the manufitcture of anything. Ile is ningly; craftily. ditions therein mentioned. —Articles of the peace. A usually a person of intellectual acquirements, and indeArtful] ness, n. Art; srill; cunning; craftiness. complaint made before a court of conmpetent jurisdiction pendent of mete manual Isbor, placing him albove the Arthrit'ic, Artitrit'ien,', a. [Gr. arthritikos, from by one who has just cause to fear that an injury to his artisan, whose knowledge is linmited to the general rules arthron, a joint.] Belonging or relating to joints; per- person or property is about to be committed or caused of his trade. taining to arthritis or gout; gouty; as, "Frequent by the party complained of, alleging the causes of his -An artist; a maker; a contriver; an inventor. changes produce all the arthritic diseases." belief, and asking the protection of the court. - Articles "Th' artificer of lies Ao'thri'tis, or. [Cm-.] (Med.) The gout. ofsear. The code of laws est:.blished for the govern- Renews th' assault, and his las battery tries." —Dryden. Arthro'dia, nr. [Gr., from arthron, a joint, and eids, ment of the army. The term is used in this sense both (Mil.) A soldier-mechanic attached to the artillery, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(iin. Englad a~:~ rnd i heU States. he termh alsoincludes form.] (Anat.) A movableconnection of bones, in which in England and in the U. States. The term also inclndes and engineer services, designed to be enmployed in the the head of one bone is received into the superficial cavity the code established for the government of the navy.- construction and repair of war-materials, &c. - Webster. of another, so as to admit of motion in every direction, Bouvier. - rtffiti'aittl, a. Made or contrived by art or skill; not as the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of Ar'tiele, v. a. To draw up in articles or particulars; natural. the scapula. to accuse or charge by articles; to bind by articles. The curtains crosemy drawn tie light to screen, AsrtlLro'lial, Artlhrol'ic, a. Pertaining or relat- — v. n. To stipulate; to umake terms. As if he had contrived to lie unseens: ing to arthrodia. "IHe has not infringed the least title of whatwas articled." —Donne. Thus cover'd with an artificial night, Arthtro'd(ienre, n. [From arthrrodim.] (Bot.) A term ap- Ar'ticled, a. Bound by articles to render services in Sleep did his ofice." - Drydlen. plied to such alge ams possess an articulated structure, return lot instruction, as apprentices or pupils. - WTVor- -Fictitious; not genuine; as, artrficial tears; a'trfjcial like confervaler and oseiilatoree. cester. majority. — Cultivated; not indigenous: not being of A.rthrodys n'ia, n. [Gr., firom arthron, a joint, and Ar'ticeles of Confeler-a'tieoa. The title of the spontatneous growth; as, "Plants forced by artificial odyne, pain.] (Med.) Pain in a joint. It is one of tihe conmpact which was made by the 13 original States of the process." terminations of rheumatism. U. States of America. It was adopted and carried into (1het.) A. arguments, are proofs on considerations Arthrodyn'ia, a. (Mled.) Relating to pain in a joint, force on the first day of March, 17S1, and remained as arising from the genius, industry, or invention of thi or in the joints. the supreme law until the first Wednesday of March, orator; in contradistinction firom laws, aiuthlorities, citaArthlrol'ogy, n. [Cr. arthron, and logos, discourse.] 1789. tions, and the like, which are said to be inartiftcial ar(Med.) A treatise on, or a description of, tihe joints. Ar'ticles of Failthi. (Eel. Hist.) A point of Christian guments. Arl',ltur, a prince of the Silures, and kingr of Britain doctrine established by thIe Church, as the Thirty-nine (lath.) A. lines, on a scale or sector, are lines so conin the time of the Saxon invasions in the 5th and 6th Articles of tihe Church of England, for which see PRoT- trived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tancenturies. A. was the son of Uther Pendragon, by EsTANT EPISCOPAL CsurcHn. gents; which, by the hIelp of the line of numnbers, solve Igner't, wife of Gorlois, duke of Cornwall, and was elected Artictutlar, a. [Lat. articilaris, from articulus, a joint.] with toleratle exactness, questions in trigonometry, king of Britain at the tge of 15. He immediately de- Belonging to the joints, or to an article. navigation, &c. —A. mumrbers. The same as logarithms. clared war against tins Saxons in the north of England, Arti'ularly, a. Articutely. Artifi'cial Flow rs. (Maf.) This manufacture and defeated themn so completely, that ins one battle Artieula'tion, n. [Fr., from Lat. articulatio.] (Gram.) has latterly been carried to a wonderful degree of peralone, it is said, he slew 500 Saxons with his own sword, A term applied to a consonant, or that portion of a word fection, the imitation of natural flowers being so exact the famous Caliber. He subdued the Picts and the Scots, which can be pronounced by a single mnovement of the as to mislead even artists. The greatest ingenuity is disand also Ireland and Iceahnd. After a long peace, during organs of speech. Hence a good A. consists in giving played in the imitation of certain flowers; even in a which he married the fair Guinevere, A4. conquered every letter and syllable of a word its due pronunciation. common cheap sprig, consisting of several materials well Gaul and Norway, and even fought against the Mus- Exactness in A. corresponds to propriety in spelling, and put together and arranged. The leaves and petals are covite hordes. On the Roenais demanding tribute, he is an object that ought to be aimed after by all. The generally made of silk, or cambric. punched out to crossed into Gaul, and defeated them in a mighty battle. Greeks and Romans paid particular attention to this proper shapes and sizes. These are tinted with a brush Recalled to England by the revolt of his nephew Modred, subject, which constituted a principal branch of instruc- and color, and, if necessary, glazed with gum, or sprinled allied to the Scots and Picts, A. fought against him tion; and the smallest error in pronunciation was re- with fine floclk, to imitate the glossy or velvety surface in Cornwall his last battle, in which Modred was slain, garded by them as disgraceful. An indistinct A. usually of natural flowers.'The rits, ashlerepresent, are indented and A. himself mnortally wounded. He wvas buried at arises from too great precipitancy of speech, or from an with a warmn iron. The stamens and pistils are formed Olastonbnry. It was long believed by his countrymen, improper use of the vocal organs. The latter of these of wire covered with silk, and dipped in gum-swater to that he was not dead, but carried to faSry-land, there may be cured by attending to the proper position of the form the anthers. The stalk is then made of wire, to repose on flowers until his deep wounds waer healed, tongue, lips. &c., in the tbrmttion of each letter: the coated awith green paper, mnd fixed to the stamens and and that he would yet reappear, and, witit his mighty former is to be got over by continued practice in reading pistil, around which are attached the petals, and, sword, again lead them to victory over their enemies. aloud slowly and distinctly. lastly, the calyx. Binds are masde of cotton or glass bails The existence mind exploits of A. and of his pahadins. (Asat.) The skeletons is composed of a great nnmber covered withn camnbric of a proper color. The French the Knights of the Round Table, awhether they have of bones, which more all so adnmirably constructed, and excel in thre imeanufacture of these pretty frivoities. any real foundation, or are but a mere historical fable, with so luch affinity to each other, that the extremity Tils industry has been siccessfully nahturalized in the have been for ages the theme of minstrels and poets, of every bone is perfectly adjusted to the end of the U. States; and in New York ahone, over 2,000 girls are even down to the present day; for exanmple s of which bone with which it is connected; and this connection is enmployed in mnaling flowers. The coloring mrmtter, hnoawe may quote the famous romaunt of tine Mort d'Arthu/m; termed their articulation. The articulations are divided ever, ssed for these articles, is often nothing less thnaun amud the Idylls of h/ne K~ing, the latest work of the great into diarthroses, or niovable articulations, and synaorth/ro- thee deadly poison arsenic. Ioffmfan, and other chemlivillg poet Tennyson. ses, or inmnmovable. —See SoL tsaON. iets, have. shown thaot thue most terrible effects may A.r'thllursburgh, in New Ysr-k-, a post-office of Duch- (Bst.) See JOINT. spring from the use of these arsenical. compounds; end ess co. Articu la'tm, Aa-Ie'uLATbo AN!mALs, ft. ph. (Zoe~.) A it is to be hoped that their use wssi be speedily diaconArthu"r' seah an eminence in the vicinity of Edin- branch of the anim:le kinmgdomm, the species of which are tinned. ARTI ARTI ARTU 143 Artificial'ity, n. Tile quality or state of being arti- of tile ball they propel. Thus a gun which carries a 12-lb. A rt'less, a. Wanting art or skill. ficial; artificialness. shot, is termed a 12-pounder; one of 82 lbs., a 32-pounder; The high-shoed ploughman should he quit the land, Artifi'cially, adv. In an artificial manner. and so on. We first find mention of shells as a projec- Artless of stars, and of the moving sand." — Dryden. Artifi'acialaless, n Tie quality of being artificial. tile at the siege of Naples by Charles VIII., in 1435. -Simple; unaffected; as, "an artless tale."-Sincere; withArt',ilize, v. a. To give an appearance of art to; to make The howitzer, an improved form of mortar, was invented out guile or fraud; as, "artless maid." to seem artificial. - Webster. by Belidor, and first used at the siege of' Ath, in 1697. Art'lessly, adv. In an artless manner. Artiqllerist, n. One who manages artillery; one The carronade was first used about 1779. They take Art'lessness, n. Quality of being artless; want of art skilled in gunnery. their namne from having been first cast at the Carron or skill; absence of guile or fraud. Artil'Iery, n. [Fr. artillerie; from 0. Fr. artiller, to iron-works, in Scotland. Iron, or, as they now are termed, Artoear'isaaee, ArTOCAR'PADS, n.pl. (Bot.) Anorder make or form by art, to make implements or weapons: Congreve rockets, were invented by Sir William Con- of plants, alliance Urticales. —DIAG. Milky juice, large from Lat. ars, artis, art.] (Hil.) In the most appropriate greve, and were employed at the bombardment of Co- convolute stipules, solitary erect or suspended ariles, a application of the word, A. means the guns, mortars, hlow- penhagen. The Crimean war of 1854, and, afterward, straight exalbuminous embryo, and superior radicle. itzers, and other large pieces for discharging shot'end our own gigantic war, had brougiht the engines of A. to This order includes 23 genera and 54 species, all belongshell by the expansive force of gunpowder. In a more such a state of perfection, that it seemed almnost impos- ing to the tropics of both worlds. The artocarpads general sense, it denotes all kinds of engines of war, an- sible to go further in this way. At the present time, exude a milky acrid juice, the nettles a watery secretion. cient and modern, by which darts, stones, bullets, &c., nevertheless, the prevision of a more or less distant, but The celebrated Upas-tree, Antiaris toxicaria, named also were shot forth in battle. A. is divided into land A. still inevitable struggle between two great European Antjar-poison, is the most dangerous species. Extraorand marine -i. The tbormer is subdivided intofietd, coast, nations, stimulating the genius of inventors, gives in- dinary fabulous tales used to be told about this tree, garrison, and siege A. Field A. accompanies cavalry and cessant rise to new engines of such incredible powers of which is a native of the island of Java, and was said to infantry, or arsms any field-works that maybe thrown up; destruction, that they will probably cause a complete be so exceedingly poisonous, that no one could even coast, garrison, and siege A. consist of the heaviest guns revolution in the system of A., and military tactics in approach it without certain death. Notwithstanding that can be brought to bear in each particular case. The general. We shall describe, under their respective names, tihe exaggeration of these statements, there remains no term A. has, since the invention of gunpowder, been re- such of these new engines that are not kept as a secret doubt that the upas is a plant of extreme virulence. stricted to such large pieces of ordnansce as cannons, by the governments of the countries in which they origi- The stemn when wounded exudes a gum resin containing howitzers, mortars, and rockets; Ibut including, also, nated. (See especially, ARaiSTOaNO GUN; MACKAY GUN; strychnia, which, when introduced into the animal the troops required for their working, the carriages, DAIiLGOREN GUN; LANCASTER GrIN; PsaoeT GUN: RIos- economy, produces vomiting, purging, and finally death, ammunition, &c. Yet, in its broadest signification, the -NOGTON GUN; WnI'Ws(sOTH GUN; ORDNANCE; RIn1E; with tetanic convulsions. Even linen fabricated fromn term implies all kinds of missiles employed in warlore, SuELL, &c.) For the theory of A., see GUN\NERY. For its tough fibre is so acrid as to verify the story of the with the machines used in propelling them. The earliest a description of the existing mode of casting guns of shirt of Nessus; for it excites the most distressing itchof these military- engines were probably used for casting large calibre, see CANNoN. ing if insufficiently prepared. Tihe natives of Java and stones of enormous weight. In 2 Chron. xxvi. 15, we Artl1'lery Cogrpss. (Mlil.) When large balls of iron Borneo use it mixed up with the Capsicum, fruticosum, retd of Uzziah, that " he made in Jerusalem enugines came to be propelled to great distances by tihe irresist- and some other substances, to steep their arrows in. It invented by cunning men to be upon the towers and ible force of gunpowder, a great revolution gradually is said to act more powerfully when it is dried on the upon the bulwarks to shoot arrows and great stones took place in military tactics. A body of men were set arrows than when used moist. The most important withal." From the writings of Caesar, Cicero, Livy, apart to study the force and action of gunpowder, the plant of tihe A. is the Bread-Fruit, Artocarpus incisa; Seneca, and Tacitus, we gatsher, that the principal en- flight and range of projectiles, the weight and strength the massive heads into which its fruits are collected gines of A. of tihe Romnans were the batista or ballista, oft'cannon, and the manoeuvring of lleavy amasses of troops. representing the typical condition of the genera of this for casting stones, and the catapulta for propelling darts The French were the first to make these researches; after order. The Bread-Fruit tree, Fig. 205, is about the thickand arrows. A. does not seem to have been kinowrn in them, the English; and still later, the Germans. During ness of a man, and grows to the height of 40 feet in hot England earlier than the Norman invasion; but the the Thirty Years' War, an important step was talken in and damp places. The fruit is about the size of a mnelon, Normans appear to have introduced such machines, in Germany —that of including the artillerymen, who and the seeds are large nut-like bodies, which when the form of contrivances for disclharging arrows, at the were till then a sort of guild, as a component in the roasted are esuid to be as good as the best chestnuts. The battle of Hastings. Edward I. is said to have used en- regular army. Gustavus Adolphus in Sweden, Frederick fleshy receptacle, however, isthemostvaluablepartofthe gines at the siege of Stirling Castle, in 1303, throwing II. in Prussia, and Napoleon I. in France, all attached a fi'uit. It is as white as snow, and of the consistence of stones of 300 lbs. in weight. Altlhouigi it can be shown very high degree of importance to the artillery as an new bread, snad when roasted becomes excellent food, that the explosive force of gunpowder was understood arm of the service. After the great wars in the be- tasting like wheaten ibread mixed with Jerusalem artiiu the East much earlier thos tihe 12th century, the ginning of the present century, all the states of Eudate when it became Iuown to itoger Bocon; yet, it was rope formally recognized artillery as the third great. not until long afterward, that fire-arms superseded the branch of military service; and in many of them, as ancienut war-etgines we have hitherto inclnuded as A. Prance, Italy, and Russia, A. ranks before cavalry and Col. Chesney, in his "Observations on Fire-arcccs," thus infantry. The A. of the United States is divided as traces tihe introduction of the new foirm of A. into Eu- follows, acco-ding to its duties: - Heay or foot A. rope: - The MIoors, according to CondO, used A. against is that portion which takes charge of, and nanoeuSaragossa in 1118; and in 1132, a culverin of 4th calibre, vres the siege, sea-coast, and mountain A. Iight or named Salesoaice, was made. In 1157, when the Span- field A. is that portion which moanceuvres field-pieces lards took Niebla, the Moors defended themselves with with troops in the field. It is divided into horse A. machines which threw darts and stones by means of and mounted batteries. In horse A., the gunners, of fire; and, in 1157, Abd-el-Mume n, the Moorish king, cap- *ihich there are 7 to each piece, are mounted on horses, tured Mohadin, a fortified city near Bona, friom the Si- from which they have to dismount before attending to ciliane by the same means. In 1280, A. was used against the piece, the two extra men holding the horses of the Cordova, and in. 1306, or 130i, Ferdinand IV. took Gi- rest. In the mocunted batteries, formerly called foot A., brualtar from the Moors by its means. Iln-Hassan-ben-Bin, the gunners are on foot, and remain so during the maof Granada, mentions t'at guns were fadopted from the noeuvres of the battery, except when it is desired to move Ieoors, aid were used in Spain in the 1'2th century, and at a very rapid rate, when they are mounted on the am- that bulhls of iron were thrown by mneans of fire, in 1331. munition boxes. The horse A. was originally, and is Barbour, in his "Metrical Lif of Roberlt BBruce," says still, designed for service along with cavwlry, receiving that cannon or "crakys of war," as he terms them, were the lightest guns, which enables it to move at the same employed by Edwvard III. in his earliest campaign rate as the cavwlry, and to keep up with it for a con-, against the Scots in 1327. Du Cange asserts that cannon siderable tinme. In time of peace, a battery of field A. is were used by the French at the siege of Puy-Guillaume, to be composed of 4 pieces; in time of war, of 6 or 8. in 13:38; but Itapin, on the other hand, relates, that, so In peace, each battery will have 76 men and 44 horses; unacquainted were the French with these destructive in preparing for war, 100 men and 80 horses; and in war, engines, that four sinall cannons, used by Edward III. at 150 men and 110 horses. This supposes these batteries to Peg. 205. —AnToeARsus INCISA. the battle of Cressy, in 1346, contributed, as much by the be formed of pieces of the smallest calibre. For heavy (The Bread-Fruit Tree.) pieces, of course, these numilsers wouid have to be in- chskes A cloth ms made- from the fibres of the inner -4- ~creased. For the effective force of our A., see UNITED bark; the wood is used for making boats and building STATES (ARMiY Ou). houses; the male catkins serve as tinder; the leaves Ar-tiiery'-, Pcank of. (MAI.) That place in a camp, are used as towels, table-cloths, and to wrap provisions or the rear of an army, where the artillery is placed. in; asd the juice, for making bird-lime, a.d Soc filling The artillery is drawn up in lines, one of which is formned up the cracks of water-vessels. by the guns, thue others by the ammunition wagons, Artoear'pus, n. (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Artocarpontoons, &c.; and the whole is usually surrounded by pacer, q. v. ropes. The term park of artillery is also applied to the lArtois (ar-twa'), an ancient province of Prance, which entire complement of guns, wagons, caissons, &c., is now divided into the departments of tile Pas de Calais, -necessury for siege or field operatiosus. the Somme, and the Nord. It is from the name of this Artil'lery, Tr'ains of. (Mil.) A number of pieces of province that the word Artesian, as applied to wells, is ordnance mnounted on carariages, with all their furniture, derived. 2 &c., in marching order. -Before ascending the throne of France, Charles X. was Ar'ltisan, n. [Fr.; see AnT.] One trained to manual known under the name of Comte d'Arteis. o~ ~~~~~ o o dexterity; a mechanic; a handicraftsman. Ar'ton, in Maine, a township of Penobscot co. Alr'tist, n. [Fr. artiste; from Lat. ars, artis, art.] One Ar-ts'man, n. A man skilled in arts. (o.) who is skilled in the exercise of any of tihe liberal arts, lArt-Unolns, npl. (Fine Arts.) Institutions formed with such as painting, sculpture, music, &c.; the professor of the object of promoting a more liberal patronage of, and Fig. 204. —1. French cannon, (time of Charles VII., 1440.) The any liberal or mechanical art. The term is especially a livelier interest on the part of the general public im, the first one se~ed for icon Soils. rst ne one o f ted fmor ipero ar Chrles.lls.ed applied to those who follow painting and sculpture as a finearts. The o-iginalideaof A.-U. belongsto Prance. p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ieat. The origin: amll idea of A.-U.ero belongs o, France, the "Twelve Apostles, (Palace of the Invalides, Paris.) profession; the other A. being commonly designated by in the days of the first Napoleon. They were afterward a term taken from the art to which they are devoted; as, established in Belgium, and, 10 years later, were encoursurprise as the slamghter they created. to the success of a musician, a litterateur, &c. In early times, the expm-es- aged and adopted in Germany. The A.-U. of Maulines the day. The earliest cannon were clumsy and ill-con- sion was used to denote a proficient in the 7 liberal sits commenced its operations in 1812; that of Munich in trived machines, wider at the mouth than at the chain- which formed the principal course of study at the sniver- 1823. The eminent Alex. von Humboldt, who took great ber, and consisting genersally of a series of' iron bars sol- sities; viz., grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, nunsic, inte-est in these institutions, recusmended thuir adopde'red together lengthwise, and hooped about with iron geometry, and astronomy. By Parascelsus it is used to tion; and his advice nas follored in Leipzig, lireeden, rings. The projectiles were made of stone. Cannon signify a chemist, or rsather alchenmist. In son extended Berlin, Halberstadt, Bresiass, and otler cities and towns; were first cast in England in 1521; and in 1535, as Stows sense, the term ar-tist is frequeutly applied to a persoc and, in 1833, neacly every impoctant tun in Germany infor-ms us, "John Owen began to make brass ordnance, skilled in any art, as a hair-dresser, a cook, &c. In thuis could boast of its A.-U. Since then groups of associations, as cacnunons, culverises, and such-like." It was usual, case, artist is commonly written with the French spell- each including several towns, such as IIanover, Cssssel, abost this period, to apply to cannnon the names of cer- ing, autiste. Bruswicic, Gotha, Ialberstudt, Magdebsrg, and Halls, tain birds and beasts, in fancifnl allusion to their swift- As'tis'tie, Artis'tieaal, a. Pertaining om relating to have been formedfor the encouragessemt of works of the ness, or cruelty. Thus arose the terms falcon, falconet, the fine arts, or to an artist; conformable to art. highest class of art; and the isfluence of ibes mathetic culvesrin, sackes-, bosilis-, si-en, dragosn, &c. At the Aa.tis'tieally, eds'. In an artistic manner. associations in lpruving and refinin th neral public present day, cannon ase uamed according to the weight Ar'tib tty,, n. WorIks of art. (so.) taste, by the collection and distribution o1' modern works 144 ARYA ASAS ASAR of art, has been most powerful and beneficial. From ferent philologists to one of the three great fmunilie into — Also in a comparative sense, before as. Germany, A.- U.were introduced into Englanil,where they which the tongues of mankind are divided. The family " Sempronius is as brave a man as Cato."-Addison. were formed in the hope of offering to artistic genius and was also formerly called the Caucasian, and the Japhetic -Answering to such. talent a higher aim and purpose than mere imitation. family; but it is held by tie more scientific gramimmnaMany societies of this kind exist in this country, but they rians of the present time, that the A. is the most appro- "Is it not every man's interest, that there should hesuch a gov. are all, unhappily, of a local character. An Art-Union, priate technical term, inasmuch as A. was the name enor ef the world as designs our happiness, as would govern for our advantage?" —Tillotson. extending over the different States, with annual exhibi- adopted by those colonists who left their ancient home r advantage -Tillsn. tions in our principal cities by turns, and closing with a in India to settle upon the shores of Europe. There are -HIaving so to answer it; in a conditional sense. distribution for the pecuniary benefit of the artists rep- likewise two other great families of languages, known "As far as they carry light and conviction toeany other man's un. resented, would have an immense influence in encourag- respectively as the Semitic, and the Turanian, both of derstanding, so far, I hope, my labor maybe of use to him. —Locke. ing art. The periodical exhibitions of the works of our which will be treated of in their proper places. To deal As for, as to, with respect to.-As if, in the same mangreat artists would also tend to cultivate, tand extend here with the A. languages: —'The A. family of lan- ner that it would be if.-As well as, equally with.-As among the population of the U. States, a taste bfor the guages may, at the outset, be broadly classified into two though, as if. fine arts, and largely develop the artistic genius of the great divisions: The Southern division, containing two " These should be at first gently treated, as though we expected nation. great classes, the Indic and Iranic. The Indic branch an imposthumation.'"-Shaks. Art'vin, a town of Turkey in Asia, 35 m. from Batoum; comprises within itself, as living languages, the dialects As n. [Lat. s, copper or brass.] (Ati.) The Roman pop. about 7,000. of India, and the dialect of the Gypsies; as dead Ian- used this word in three Arlu, or Ar'oe Islands, (" The islands of the Casu- guages, the Praikrit and Pall, the modern Sanscrit, and different ways, vi., to arina trees,") a group of islands in the Indian ocean, the Vedic Sanscrit. The Iranic branch comprises, s liv- denote, 1, any unit lying to the S. and W. of New Guinea, between lat. 50 ing languages, the dialects of Persia, Afghanistan, Kurwhatever, considered 30' and 70 S. They number about 80, are very low, and distan, Bokhara, Armenia, Ossethi; and, as dead lan- w ve e as divisible; 2, the form a chain about 100 m. long, and 50 broad. They guages, the Parsi, Pehloi, the cuneiform inscriptions of it of weight, or are thicckly wooded, and swampy. The natives are mild Dsrius and Xerxes, the Zend, aid the old Arnenian pound (libra); 3, their and tractable, a few of them being Christians, cultivat- The Northern division of the A. family of language8 most ancient coin. In ing maize and rice, and principally living by fishing. contains 6 chief classes. 1. The Celtic has two branches, the first use of the Exp. Pearls, mother-of-pearl shells, birds of paradise, the Cymric and the Gaelic. To the Cymric belong and tripang. These islands are under the protection of the dialects of Wales and Brittany, and the Cornish, the ord, the pound, foot, the Dutch. Pop. 14,000. last being a dead language. To the Gaelic branch of jugerurocsextarius,were called as, when conAI'rUln, n. [Coptic aron, the name of the Egyptian the Celtic class belong the dialects of Scotland, Ireland, ra-distinguished from tra-distinguished fr'om species A. colocasia.] (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Aracece. and that of the Isle of Man, or Manx. 2. The Italic their divisions or fracThe dragon-root, or jack-in-the-pulpit, inhabitant of wet class embraces the dialects of Portugal, Spain, Provence, tions In fact, the woodlands, is common in the U. States. Its scdpe, 8-121 France, Italy, and Wallachia, as well as the dead lan- word was applied to high, is erect, round, embraced at the base by the long guages known its the Langue d'0c, Langue d'Oil, and the r:1 ~~~~~~~~~~~any integer; e.g. insheaths of the petioles. Fruit, a bunch of bright scarlet Oscan, Latin, and Umbrian. 3. The Illyric class con- n int ers Zn ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~heritances, interest, berries. The corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by tains the dialects of the Grisons and Albania. 4. The houses, funds, &C. houses, timds, &-c. drying, and is then valued as a carminative. The corms Hellenic class comprises the dialects spolken in Greece at Therefore, ex asse heles of the A. maculateum are macerated, steeped, and the the present time, together with the Doric, Eolic, Attic, signifies to nheris the powder obtained from them is eaten by country people and Ionic, the four latter being dead issguages. 5. The we The as, wtt 0 ~~~~~~whoe.e The as, whatin England under the nuane of Portlandl sage. They are Wendic class comprises within itself the living dialects ever unit it representuniversally cultivated in India, and knownl there under of Lithuaniat, Courland, and Livonia (Leltish), as well ed, was divided into the names of kuchoo and gaglee. as the old Prussian, which last is reckoned as a dead 12 parts, or ounces A_'rusn, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 46 in. N.E. of language; the living dialects of Belgium, Rtussia (Great, (usciac). The as (libra) Cliamer. Little, and White), Illyria (Slavonian, Croatian, Servian), corresponded nesrly Ar'undel, a town of England, in the co. of Sussex, 55 Poland, Bohemia (Slavakia), and Lusatia; in this class to the English pound. m. S.S.W. of London. There is here a magnificent baro- also are included the dead languages known as the T deadlanuaas lio~r asthe The as (coin) weighled nial castle of Norman origin, which forms the principal Ecclesiastical Slavonic, the old Bohemian, and the Pale- osiginally a pound, residence of the great family of Howard, dukes of bian. 6. The Teutonic class contains: the Itigh-Germnan and its value was Norfolk. Pop. 2,496. branch, in which are included the living dialects of then about 18 cents; Arunde'liin Bl]arbles, the name given to a collec- Germany, and the dead languages called the Middle High- but it wss gradually Pig. 206. tion of ancient sculptured marbles, discovered by Wil- German and Old Higlh-German; the Low-Gernman branch, reduced to of a pound, and even ower. The oldest liam Petty, who explored the ruins of Greece, at the ex- containing the living dialects of England, Holland, r ou a en o he o pense of, ndfrToaHoaderofAuewhform of as usually bore the figure of aus ox, a sheep, or penss of, and for Thomas Howard, sari of Arundel, who Friesland, and the north of Gerlmany (I'latt-Deutsch), other domestic animal (pecus), from wl hich it is usulivedin the time of James I. and Charles I., and devoted together with the Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Old Dutclh, Old ally supposed that the Latin word for money, pecrnia, a large portion of his fortune to the collection of monu- Frisian, and Old Saxon, the five latter being dead lan- is derived. The next and moot common form is that ments illustrative of the arts, and of the history, of gusages. The Scandinavisan bransch comprises the living whic has the two-faced hed of J on one sie, and r3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~which has the two-faced head of Jants on one side, and Greece and Rome. These marbles, named in honor of dialects of Denmark, Swveden, Norway, and Iceland, as the prow of a ship on the ether, as seei ir Fig. 206. their purchaser, arrived in England, in 1627. A part of also the dead language known as Old Norse. It may A'sa, son ef Abijah, aid third Iing of Judah. conspicuthis celebrated collection was afterward presented by now be asked — Why aire these great streams of lan- ons for his earnestness in supportilg tile worship of the grandson of the collector to the University of Ox- guage, rolling on through centuries, set down as converg- God and rooting out idoltr, d f the vigor and wiIn 1-1 ~~~~~~~~~~~God and rooting out idolatry, and tor the vigor and wisford, where they still remain. ing to one common source? To this question the great- dom of Iis government. le reigned Irom 955 to 914 n. c. Arundif'erous, a. [Lat. arundo, a reed, and fcro, to eat philologists of our day reply, that in all these han- Asaft'tida, or ASSAFm'TIos n. [Assa, s corruption of bear.] Producing reeds. guages and dialects, the common roots and the common ls, the uce of the plant aspitium, ad Lt.ftid, 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~laser, the juice of the plant laserpitium, an d Lat. feetidus, Arunndina'ceous, a, [Lat. arundinaceus.] Of or like organic type are deducible by nmeans of a comparison, fetid.] (Chioem. anid Ned.) A resinous gum, procured from reeds. and from a scrutiny of the laws of the human mind, of the root of plants of thi genus iePila, q. v. According Arl'udin'eous, a. [Lat. arundineus.] Abounding with our organs of speech and of hearing, as well as of the to Pelletier, A. is conposed of 65 psrts resin, 3-6 volatile reeds. laws of objects and phenomena. Yet, even if we attempt oil, 1944 gum, 1166 bassorin, asd 30 various salts. No Arun'do, n. [Lat., reed.] (Bat.) A gen. of plants, ord. to assert that all the dialects of the Indo-Gernmaiicn fa-nd Grasinaicece.-DzIA. Spikelets many-flowered; glumes 2, ily have diverged fi-om one comnmon type, how shall we garlic-ile odor ofAm can well loget ii. If exposed to awnle, be able to prove this to e the original language? It may garlic-like odor of A.- can well lorget it. If' exposed to awnless, lanceolate, unequal; lower flower perfect and be able to prove this to be teoigi language Ity the air, but particularly when heated, it will pernaked at the base; the others perfect, pedicellate; palm have been the language of conquerors which had pushed vade every apartsent of a house. Notwithstandimg unequal, the lower one mucronate, acuminate or slightly away and survived numerous previous idioms. All that this, it constitutes a favorite seasoning forfood with the awned. The species attain frequently a considerable we can say is, that in the A. languages, the only field in ihlabitants of tha East Indies. It is brought to us fmsize, and are found in many countries. The A.phragmites, which the scientific comparison of languages hss as yet Persia, in large irregular masses, composed of various the common reed, found in swamps and about ponds, been successfully prosecuted, the closest affinity has been little shining lumps, or grains, which ale pertly of a is a well-known species, the culms being largely em- discovered in the roots and in the inflections, those two whitish color, partly reddish, d partly of a vioet hue. whts oo.partly reddish, and partly ofta violet hue. ployed for thatching and other useful purposes. great tests of all infiecting languages. Did our space These masses are accountedthe best which areclear, of Aru'ra, n. [Gr. aroyra, arable land.] (Antiq.) A Greek permit, as extensive list of examples might be given in apale reddish color, and variegated with a great number measure of surface, 100 Egyptian cubits in every dirac- a tabular form, to prove the unmistakable family like- of elegant white tears. It is tse most poverful of all tion, or 21'904 English square feet. nessv which exists between the chief representatives of the fetid gums, and is a most valuable remedy. It is (Law.) Formerly a day's work at the plough. the great A. family of languages. We must, however, most comsonly employed in hysteria, aypohondriesis, Ar'uspex, n.; pl. ARUcsPIC.s. [Lat.] An aruspice. rest content by referring the reader to some of the most some symptoms of dyspepsia, flatulent colics, and in Ar'uspice, Hi-'osrpmc, n. [Lat. aruspex, from aries, a valuable authorities on this subject, viz., Sir W. Jones's nost of those diseases termed nervous, but its chief ue ram, anid speci, to view.] (Antiq.) The aruspices were Asiatic Researches; Fr. Schlegel's Ueber die Sprache und is derived from its anti-spasmodic effects; and it is Romian priests and prophets, who foretold events from Weisheit der Indies; A. W. Schlegel's Indische Bibliothek; thought to be the most powerful remedy we possess for observing the entrails of sacrificed animals. They ob- Max Miiller's Lectures on the Science of Lasguage, &c. those peculiar convulsive and spasmodic affections served, too, all the circumstances which accompanied or Aryt'enoid, a. [Gr. arytaina, a funnel, and eidos, wlich often recur in the first of these diseases, both happened during the sacrifice; e. g., the flame, the mode shape.] (Anat.) Applied to some parts, from their being taten into the stomach and in the way of enena. It is is which the animal behaved, the snoke. Their origin is funnel-shaped.-A. cartilage is the name of two carti- also recommended as an emnsagogue, anthelmistic, to be sought for in Etruria. They were introduced into lages of the larynx. aeti-sthmatic, and anodyne. Rome by Romulus, where they enjoyed their authority Arza'mna s, a town of Russia in Europe, gov. of Nijni- A'snph, son of Berechiah, as Levite, and one of the leaders till the time of the emperor Constantine, 337 A.D., who Novgorod, 62 m. from the latter city; pop. 5,097. of David's choir ( hr. vi. 9, xv. 17, xxv. 6, 9). Palms prohibited all soothsaying on pain of death. Their Arza'no, a town of S. Italy, near Naples. Flax and 1. and lxxiii.-lxxxiii. are attributed to him (Psalms); niumber, at that time, was 70; thseir chief priest was called hemp are largely cultivated in its environs. Pop. 5,171. and he was in after-times celebrated as a seer (Prop/hes), sumnMus aruspex, or magisterpublicus. -The name ofA. is Arzig'nasno, a town of N. Italy, prov. and 10 m. W. as well as a musical composer (2 C/sr. xxix. 30; Neh. xii. sometimes applied to any kind of soothsayer or prophet. of Vicenza. It produces good wine, and has cloth-mills, 46). The office appears to have remained hereditary in Arus'picy, n. (Antiq.) The art of the aruspices. It was dye and brick works. Pop. 7,700. his family, unless he was tile founder of a school of considered by the Romans so important at one time, that /]As, ado, and conj. [A.S. ase, from eall-swa; 0. Eng. als, poets and musical composers, who were called, afterhim, the senate decreed that a certain number of young also.] In the same or like msannes. "tse sons of Asaish," as the IIomeridme from Homer. Etruscans, belonging to the principal families in the "I live as I didI think as [ did, I love you as I did; but all these Asajshlp', St., a city of Great Britain, in N. Wales, co. of state, should alwnays be instructed in it. In later times, are to no purpose; the world will not live, Ihink, or love as Ido." Flint, 185 m. N.W. of London; pop. 3,849. however, their art fell into disrepute among well-edu- iswtfl.A'aphus, s. (Pal.) A gesus of fossil crustersa belongcated Romans; and Cicero relates a saying of Cato, that -Like; ims the same kind with; for example. ing to the Trlobister. The species are numerous, and are he wondered that one aluspice did not laugh when he "A simple idea is one uniform idea, as, sweet, bitter." —W'atts. most abund'emt in the lower paihesozoic strata. ('ig. 1606.) saw another. — In the state or character of another. Asnnrnabaer'c, n. See AsaxRum. Akl''ve, a river in Savoy, France, which, after a course of "Madam, were I as you, I'd take her counsel." —A. Phillips. A'osi, As'aroaae, as. (csi.) A subotaucs contained 45 miles, falls into the IRhone niear Geuievss. — While; at the silme time that, in the root of assrabecca (Asavem Eurpo2eum), which Ar'el7, ARvIL, ARVAL, in. [W. arwyl, fi-om wylo, to weep, "These haughty words Alecto's rage provoke, passes over in a crystalline form when the dry root is and ar, over.] A funeral. —A word only used in the And frighted Turnus trembled as she spoke." —Drycden. distilled with water. The crystasls belong to the mononorth of England. — It is used in a reciprocal sense, answering to as. clinic or oblique prismatic system, anid resemble camAfl'ynl, ID0-(aERM..NmC,' and IND0-EOUOPEAN, ~q~. "Assure ssttisgoodthathumannnatureshouidexist. so certain it phser in toasts and odor. A. melts sot 400 C., hegimm lo gssa'rae. (Philol.) T.idi~fferent names given by dir is. that theircularrevolauttins oplanetsdodeglareso(d." —Bontcey, boil at')50~, and usoy be shblimed in small quantity ASCE ASCE ASCH 145 bstween two watch-glasses. It is insoluble in water, mount, to climb; probably allied to WV. esgyn, to ascend, The seat of justice is at Donaldsonville, which is situated but dissolvesreadily in alcohol, ether, and essential oils. to mount, to rise.] To mount; to go or come up; to on Bayou La Fourche. Pop. about 12,000. Nitric acid converts A. into oxalic acid. It is dissolved rise; to arise; to soor; to become highier or more Aseen'siotcal9 a. IRelating to ascension or ascent. with red color by strong sulphuric acid. Porss. C201126 elevated. To go backiward in the order of time; as, " to (Astr and volatile. 64 at the 6th; 128 at the 7th; and so on. By this pro- "A rock.. inding with one ascent.-Miltsn. PFrn. Cm101_502-. gressive increase, a person has at the 25th generation -An eminence; acclivity; the rise of a hill. As'ben, a considerable lkingdom of Central Africa, be- 33,554,432 ascendants. But, as many of the ascendants "IThe country is diversified with depressed valleys and swelling tween Iezzoccin and Cashimc; Lat. about 200 N.; Lou. 70 of a person have descended from the same ancestor, the ascents." —Besntley. E. The sultan is said to r'nk next to that of Bornou lines which were branched reunite to the first common A ataee:.itn t s. a. [0. Fr. acerltener, from Lat. ad, and among the potentates of interior Africa. Its inhabitants ancestor, from whom the others descend; and this multi- ccercum, certain or sure.] To bring to clearness or ccsrare Tuaricks of the IKolluvi tribe; their numbers are plication, thus frequently interrupted by the common tainty, as the result of investigation; to determine; to unknown. ancestors, may be reduced to a few persons." establish; to become cognizannt ofi A. is also the name of the chief town of the above (Astrol.) A term applied to the first or strongest house t t eom coni n. "3IMoney differs from uncoined silver in this, that the quantity kingdomn. in tihe scheme of any person's nativity. Tihe A. is so f silver in errch piece is a scertrined by the stap."-oce. Afbes'tie, Asbeg'tine, a. Perta;ining to asbestos; called from containing the eastern point of the heroinconcbustible. scope, or the degree of the ecliptic rising on the horizon Ase tat'a;lsie, a. That may be ascertaned. Asbes'tifornn, a. ItLaving.the structure of asbestos. at the time of birth. This was imagined to exercise Aseem'taiacer,, c. One who ascertains. Asbresl'tes, a. Saue as asbestic. considerable influence on a person's life and career, ac- Asceertasi'ment, n. The act of ascertaining; deterAssesl'tcn s, Asbes1'teos, cc. (Mlf/ni) See AcmmVNT1US. cocrding to the supposed nature or power for good or evil nination by a settled rule or established standard. A s line, cc. [Gr. asbolos, coot.] (0/scum.) See WOOD- of the planet or sign of the ecliptic about to rise at that "The positive aecertalnment of its limits."-Bterke. Soo'r. time, and the relative position of these and other hea- Aseet'ic, a. [Fr. ascctique; Gr. askctos, from ascke, to As' nayr, in Illinois, a post-office of La Salle co. venly bodies to each other in all parts of the heavens at exercise.] Pertaining to ascetics or acceticisc; employed Asbiscry, in New Jersey, a post-village of Warren co., that inoenent. wholily in exercises of devotion and mortification; rein Mansfield township, about 40 m. N.N.W. of Trenton. sce t, a. Superior; predomiant; srpasin. cluse; austere; rigid. As'.calon, AScI'KELON, AS'KELON, one of the five cities "Christ outdoes Moses, and shows an ascendcant spirit above — c. One who retires from the world, and exercises himof the Philistines, on the Mediterranean, W.S.W. of Je- him." - Soct/S. self in acts of piety, devotion, and self-denial; a hermit; rusalem, on the main road firom Egypt through Gaza to -Above the horizon, a recluse; one extreonely rigid and austere in religious central Palestine. Very often mentioned in Scripture, ", Let him study the constellation or Pegasus, which was about things. A. rose to considerable importance in past biblical timnes. that time ascendtant."- Browon. Asaetlesn,, cc. [See ASCETIC.] State or practice of Near the town were the temple and sacred lake of Der- A.enelency, n. [Pr. ascendance.] Elevation or superi- ascetics.-Among tihe Greeks, the wvord A. was at first ceto, the Syrian Venus. A great victory was won here ority of position; governing or controlling influence or applied to those athletes and wrestlers who were accuesby the crusaders in 1099. The position of A. is naturally power; authority; sway; prevalence. tomned, by rigid abstinence from all sensual and onervatvery strong. Near the ruins of the city, stands now a As eand Stble, a. [Lat. aocendibilis.] That may be as- ing indulgences, to harden their bodies for the personal village of the same na-me. The eschalot or shallot, a dended. competition in the public games; but it soon came to kind of onion (Alliuem escalonicumec), wasfirstgrown there. A esansit'ciiag-, p. a. Rising; moving upward. bear a deflected, or secondary meaning. Among the Fig.. 207 is a copy of a, medal of A. representing the Sy- (Assrcn.) A. latitude, the iatitude of a planet when Stoics and Cynics, it became applied to that severe disrian Venus Derceto or Derketos. The dove is the in- moving toward tihe North pole. —A. or corthers-c node, cipline to which those persons subjected themselves, by signia of Venus; tihe ship implies her arising fiom tihe that part ol the orbit of a planet or other himvenly body mastering their passions and appetites for the sake of seat; thes staff is an ensign of command; and the branch in whichl it crosses tile ecliptic going n northwvard. —Hsttson. that ideal virtue sought for by them all. It was afteris a memorial of. the olive-branch brought by tihe dove (Math.) A. secies, a series in which each term is greater ward applied by the Christians to all who wrestled with to tihe great patriarch. thatn the preceding. Satan, with the world, and with the flesh, and tihus en_..<~___~ —~ ~1.;.ceccasloan, n. [Fr., from Lat. ascensio.] Act of ascend- deavored to exalt themselves by a severe course of pering; a rising or mounting upnward; —frequently applied sonal renunciation above this world, where they were to the visible elevation of Christ to heaven, celebrated strangers and sojourners. But the earliest ascetics we ___/____ ~ ~~1on Ascension Day, q. v. read of had an Eastern origin. The Brahminns, and other (Astron.) The light ascension of any heavenly body is sects in Asia, carried this practice to a monstrous extent, tihe are of tihe celestial equator intercepted between the even long before authentic history begins. The yegis -first point of Aries and the tmeridian or circle of declinma- nd faSkeers of the present time, the suicides in the tion passing through the first point of Aries measured sacred Ganges and under the awheels of the car of Jugon the equinoctial or celestial equator. It corresponds gernuut, are only a repetition, in a civilized age, of what ________~~~~~ avwitih longitude on the terrestrial globe; and as the position was done by their remote ancestors long anterior to any of any place on the earth is determined by its longitude authentic record we have of the country. The Buddhand latitude, so the position of any object in the heavens ists, who for the most part dwell considerably to the is determined byits A. and declination. (See DECLINATION.) E. of India, carried the principle of A. to an extreme _________ I - d The A. of any heavenly body is ascertained by the aid of height. They despised the world; lived a life of solitude a transit instrument and sidereal clock, the formier and beggary; mortified the flesh, and abstained from all showing its passage across the meridian, and the latter uncleanness. And sotheydo atthepresentday. In thi indicating the time when the passage takes place. The early centuries of Christianity, the adherents of the sidereal clock beats seconds, and is so constructed and comparatively new religion were more exemplary for Fpig. 207.- MEDAL OF ASCALON regulated, that the hour-hiand describes acomplete revolu- purity of morals than for the practice of ascetic severtion in 24 holurs from the time of the passage of any star ities. But, before long, in Egypt and elsewhere, they Aseansusa. (lMyth.) A son of ]Eneas and Creusa, who across the meridian to its return to the same point. The endeavored to escape firom the sinful world in which accompanied his father in his flight firom the burn- hands are set at Oh. Om. Os. when the first point of they lived, and by fasting and prayer sought for divine inm of Troy, and lnded in Italy. I-e ably supported Aries is on the meridian, and the time shown by the aid around the shores ot Lake Maretis, and in other 2Eneas in his war witlch the Latins, and succeeded him clock when any other celestial body passes the meridian parts of the Christian world. A. assumned a miore intelin the government of Latium. Iet afterwarcd built Alba, is therefore its A., or distance from the first point of Aries lectual shape among the Neo-Platonists of Egypt than to which he transferred his seat of gosvernment from in time; and if the time shown be nmultiplied by 15, the it has ever done in any other part of the world. Its Lavinium, and reigned there 38 years. His descendants distance in degrees, minutes, and seconds is obtained.- greatest names are'hiIlo the Jew, the father of tihe ruled over Alba for 420 years. Oblique ascension is the are of the celestial equator in- system, Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus, and Proclus, A&sc8ars, it.; pt. Ascan'IDEs. [Gr. askarizo, I jump.] tercepted betwveen tile first point of Aries and that point Philo has left us a history of it in his De Vitd Contern(Zeit.) Parasitic worms which inhabit the intestines of of the equator which rises at the same time with any plativd. Even in the 2d century of the Christian era aninmls. Theybelong to tie class Estozoa, q.v. One of heavenly body. - Ascessional dsTsrence is the difference we find societies of men and woncsn living together the commonest species, tile A. lumbricoides, which is between tihe right and oblique ascension of any object. under vows of continence. The tendency to outward very like the common earth-worm, is found frequently The terms oblique ascension and ascensional difference manifestation, and to inwaaru ancd spiritual life, began to in the intestines of men, and of horses, oxen, &c. They are old expressions, seldom used in the present day: the decline in Christian comnmunities. This gave rise to the have been often observed 15 inches in length, and they latter was chiefly applied to the sun, because the sun's chief manifestation of A., mnaiely, nionasticism. — The are frequently the cause of a severe disease, which has ascensional difference converted into time shows how essence of A. is to hold self-denial and suffering to be sometimes proved fatal. The mouth of this worm is only nmuch he rises before or after 6 o'clock. meritorious in the sight of God, in andi ftor itself, withformed for suction; hence it is unable to injure the A- see'sisa, a British island in the Atlantic ocean, off out regarding whether it promotes in any way the good coating of healthy intestines. In a very young state, the W. coast of Africa, 800 ut. from St. Helena. tat. 70 of others, or the improvement of'thi individual's own A. have never been found either in man or the other 26' N.; Lou. 120 24' W~. It is 8 m. long by 6 broad, and character. Ascetic practices have been mcodified in re, animals. Persons living in damp valleys are said to be is of volcanic origin, having a barren appearance. Its cent times; nevertheless, its spirit often shows itself as most liable to suffer from them. The A. versmicselac/s, climnate is very healthy. A. is a great coaling depot for still alive, even in Protestantism. In some religious or threadt-worm, is very common among young children. ships. Ita was discovered on Ascension Day, 1501; hence orders of the Catholic Church, as the Gas-emi/es, A. is It is white, and about half an inch long. It infests the its name. actually practised in its greatest severity. - See'G5oslower part of the intestines in great numbers. —Ses V a- A..eenraisoan, in ndiaccna, a post-office of Sullivan co: viCs, MONASTICISsaI. tC. ammece. Ascc~n~'sion~a, in Leusisiacca, us SE. parish, lying on both ( bAs ci, a town of Austria, in Bohemia, circ. of Elmbogeq, Ascese',ds,. cn. [Lat. ascende, from ad, and scan/do, to sides of the Mississippi, and partly subject to inundation. Maclf. Cottons, hosiery, woollens, &c. Pop. 8,178. VOL. I. — 19 * 146 ASCL ASPO ASHA Aschaffenburg, a city of Bavaria, circ. of Lower part warm and tropical regions, though there are many was never subdued by the Israelites. It sustained Mtirz, on the Main, 38 m. N.W. of Wiirzburg, on the natives of northern latitudes also. In general, they against Psanmmetichus a siege of 29 years, B.c. 630; was railroad to Frankfort-on-the-Main. It has a fine old have acrid, purgative, emetic, and diaphoretic proper- destroyed by the Maccabees (1 Mac. v. 68, x. 84), and Gothic church, containing the tombs of the Electors of ties. The milky juice is usually bitter and acrid, but restored by the Roinans,. c. 55. It is now an insignifiMayence. — Trade. Timber, wine, tobacco, and ship- occasionally it is bland, and is used as milk, as in the cant village, from which the sea is constantly receding. building. Pop. 10,481. case of Gymoems lactiferuos. Many of the species of the Aschersle'ben, a town of Prussia, provey. of Saxony, gen. Asclepias possess powerful medicinal properties. 14 in. E.S.E. of Quedlinburg. -oanf. Linens, woollens, The celebrated Hindoo medicine mudar is procured anid earthenware. Pop. 13,055. fronm several species of the gen. Calotropis. Tihe gen. As'ci, n. pl. [Lat., from Gr. askos, a pouch.] (Bet.) The Gs_-phocarpus furnishes the silk-plant of Madeira; aid spore-cases of certain lichens and fungi.. the gen. Periploca has fine and valuable species losr Asc'ians, Asci, ni. pA. [Gr. a, priv., and skin, shadow.] arbors and gardens. A term applied to those inhabitants of thile globe who at Asclepi'adces, the descendants of the god of medicine - certain times of the year have no shadow. Such aire the JEsculapius, by his sons Podalirins and Machaon, spread, inhabitants of the torrid zone, where the sun being twice together with the worship of the gocd, throughl Greece a year in its zenith - in other words, being perpendicular and Asia Minor. They fobrmed an order of Icriests, wsich to their heads — no projecting shadow is thrown. preserved the results of the medical experience acquired iI Ascid'iae, n. pl. [Gr. ascos, a bottle or pouch.] (Zobl.) in the temples as an hereditary secret, asid were thus, at A gen. of molluscous aninmals, ord. Yunicata. They ad- the same time, physicians, prophets, anid priests. They here by their base to rocks, shells, and other submarine lived in the temple of the god, and by exciting the isasubstances; they are nore or less gelatinous, and some ars aginations of tihe sick, prepared thems to receive healing esculent; they contract and dilate themselves alternately, dreams and divine apparitions; observed cas eilly the and have the power of squirting out the water they have course of the disease; applied, as it is believed, besides imbibed. Some of the A. are comnpound; different individ- the conjurations and charss usual in antiquity, eal uals being united together by a common stein, but each magnetic remedies, and noted down the results of their having its own heart, respiratory apparatus, and diges- practice. They were, accordingly, not only tile first tive system; and each fixed oil a footstalk that branches physicians known to us, but, in flct, the founders of from a common creeping stem, through which a-circu- scientific medicine, which proceeded from their society. lation takes place that connects themi all. The general At first, this order of priests was confined to tihe famsiyy structure of the individuals is the same in the single and of the Asclepiades, who kept their kfamily register with in tile composite animals, and may be understood from great care. Aristides celebrated themi by his eulogiurns the figure accompanying the art. ACEPHOLA, q. v. The at Smyrna. Hippocrates of Cos, the fobunder of scientific_____ cavity of the nmantle possesses teo orifices; by one of physic, derived his origin from it, asid the oath admin- Fig. 209.-ASDOUD, IN PALESTINE, (tile Ashdod of Scripture.) which, b, a current of water is continually entering, istered to the disciples of the order (jousjurandum Io i while by the other, a, it is as continually flowing out. pocratis) is preserved in his writings. Asel'i, or Asel'hlo, GAsPeR, a celebrated Italian phyThese orifices lead into a large chamber, the lining of Ascleptad'ic, a.: Relating to as asclepiad. n d. at Cemna, about 1581 D. 166. Iewscthn ndiscovrgeronh r.actCemoal veabs ou w51; he166 which, folded in various ways, constitutes the gills; and Asele'pias, n. [Fronm Esculapius, the god of mnedicine.] Ie s the discoerer of the lcten vesels to whi he at~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H a th Bo.Tie slwediscoverer ofpatod thleiduee, htalvssigedtls, fntinof coveingch chyl. es at the bottom of this chamber lies the stomach, e, and (Bt.) hesilwee sa eoplantsod.icpdccen s ed tie function of conveying the chyle. tis disthe intestinal canal, i, which ternminates near the aper- The A. incornata is a handsome shrub, found in wet covery, though now nniversally regarded by pihysiolotcre for the exit of the water. All these parts are coy- places in the U. States and Canada. Its stem is erect, gists as genuine asid impost ct wvs mnt genesally admitered with cilia, by the action of which a continual branching above, 3-4 feet high, with 2 ainry lines' un- ted as true until 15 or 20 years after it wee made. tsediastrue dugntl r2 ears of Pterh wite of Josep. stream is made to flow over the gills, and to enter the bels close, 2-6 together, at the top of the stem or As$enath, dauglftor of Potiplerab, wife of Joseph stomach; and the minute particles, which the water branches, and consisting of 10 to 20 small flowers; (Ge. xli. 12, 45), and nother of 9Tanasseh asd Epcraiu. brings with it, and which are adapted to serve as food, corolla deep purple, coronar pale; blossoming in July Asep'tie, a. Cr. a, priv., and seonmi, to putrefy.] Not ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ae'ia.[re retined and diepoiai, to putref)~.ti Not are retained and digested in the stomach. Even these The roots of A. curassavica, or bastard ipecacuan of ti lie to ptefction. animals, fixed to one spot during the early part of their West Indies, are emetic, and are frequently sold as'ses. e O. lives, and presenting but very slight indications of sen- -ipecacuanha. The roots of A. tuberoso, a species fbnd Asexuial, a. [Cr. a, priv., and Lat. sexualis, sexual.] sibility, possess a regular heart and system of vessels; in sandy fields in the U. States and Canacda, are famned That has no distinct sex. and these vessels form part of the stem, c, by which the for their diaphoretic qualities. The sap of A. syrioro Ash, it. [A.S. asc; ter. escce.] The English name of a compound species are connected. Both in the compound is recommended as an expectorant. It is white, and geCus of trees, which will he described under ite botanglnaeu oftreesS,whc will. They desried gnderallyborge, and solitary A., the young animal, when it first issues contains a considerable quantity of caoutchouc. They are enerlly re, firom the egg, has active power of locomnotion, being pro- nectaries or leaflets of the crown act as fly-traps. The hardy trees, and their wood is extensively used where vided with a large tadpole-like tail, by the aid of which seeds of this and soene other species are covered with strcngth and elasticityare required.-Asi Msnntain, it is propelled through the water. down, which is well adapted for stuffing mattresses and nother species of tree, gen. Pvucs, p. v. AselBidisn, cc. One ofthe ascidie. pillows. They are hence sonmetimnes called wild cotton- — The wood of the ash. Asei'itiun, n.; pl. AscmomA. (Bct.) A name given to plants. A good nmany of them are cultivated fibr their -a. Pertaining to the ash; made of ash. ani anomalous form of petioles constituting a hollow re- beauty. Their flowers have curious horned processes -e. a. To sprinkle with ashes. ceptacle, which is called a pitcher, as in the side-saddle added to the corolla. Ash, in Michigan, a township of Monroe co., 27 m. S.W. flower, Sarracenia pmsrpurea. - See SnrRcAENmL. As.'coli, a frontier town of the Papal States, in the Mr- by S. of Detroit; pop. about 2,520. csci'tes, n. [IGr. ookites; from asnoos, a battle.] (Aled.) ochos, Italy. It is a handsome place, well built and well JAshamed', a. [A.S. gescamian, ascamian, to be ashamed. A term used to denote abdominal dropsy, or dropsy in fortified. A. is the ancient Asculum Picenum, described See SHAME.] Affected by shame; abashed; put to the the belly. by Strabo as a place of ahlnost inaccessible strength. It blush. Asei4ic$', AseitiC al, a. Pertaining to ascites; drop- sustmined a memorable siege against the IRomans under This I have shadoed that you aces net be ashamed of that sical. Porlopey. Lat. 420 51' 21" N.; Lon. 130 25' 15" E. Po. haeo. -D yydeh Agcit'tioni, a, [Lat. asocitiets.]. Supplemental; addi- Ale8,120.d us'y, adv.'ascuntsy;o shyly. tional; not inherent; not original; ADSCITITIOUS, q. v. As'aCO il Sata'in a very ancient town of S. Italy, a count of Lango, in. fric be;traengthe r,'ivers Gab aoridr Cof ngo, inat. VAfrica,1 Ascel'piasi, it. (Anc. Poet.) The name of a species of in prov. of Capitanata, 13 in. E. by S. of Rovino. It wae beteen the rivers Gboon and Cogo, La. 1' 5 S.;ween. 1 6 1E A was discvere aonad CongLt 1~853, by verse, so called after Asclepiades of Tragilos, in Thrace, eoref that Pyrrhus encountered for a second timn ie the; Lo. 110 56' 38 E. A. s iscovere in 163, by a scholar of Isocrates. He wrote some tragedies, frag- Romnan legion, but with no decisive result to either side. Paul B. Du Chaillu,a celebrated French explorer, sho has mnents of which still remain. Tile verse consists of 4 feet, It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1400. Pop. 6,176. vritten a very interesting account of it. In the dense of which the 1st is a sporndee, the 2d, a choriambus, and A OscEacets, IeLELLAttCE, n. pl. [Cr. asios, a bag.] tropical forests of this and the adjoining countries was the 3d and 4th, dactyls, as in the folloing line fro (Bo.) A ord. of fu, or nushroons, alliance Pu, first seen the gorilla, an animal which is both thse aerH~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(I1)nlod ffni or uhomallce:I~~y~s Ihorace: producing the spores, often in sets of eight, in tubular gest and fiercest of the ape tribe. Ma0cs I nofca~s - iva 6dOTlt6 rglblas. sacs, swhich are called asci or thect. They are nearly Asl'anrtee', an extensive Icingdomn of W. Africa, lying Ai~~se~lepiada'~ces~,related to tics hsicetne They differ considerably, ascd along the Guinea coast, coimprising fronn 1T 37' to 100 N. Ascl~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Teylad'i-fer osieeby, Lat., and firom 40 48' W. to 1~ 10' E. Lon. being 20O mn. AcnLE'oIADS, n. pl. are Icencedivi ded into severaLl tribes. Somne are flocc- at and fom 40 4' W. to 1010'. o., beig 20 n. [fl5S~~~ee A~~somaetL~s. ~lent in appesanc, aid ither gro on ded anal su- ecually both in lengths and breadthc -Efl. Acrea, 70,000 [See ASCLE~PIAS. ] stnestthe rs gtrn&., ow on dh eade anma trees sq. _o. A stances, feateers, horns m c., or on tie leaves of trees or.. —Sqfcace. Mountainous, bunt with no elevated peaks (Bet.) An ord. of plants. alliance n d - herbaceous plants. Others are of fleshy conistece, sumets; and on tie N. of Lat. 7' to SO0 thie countryis e / onie grlathsrs are of a fleshy consistence, 1,,ti-ge nc4r syfummtile plain. The e.toLorAsweduabountr lantsle, alDIanceS G.some growing onil the ground or on decaying vegetable le Ain e e cie nes Iohnles. — DIAO. An s u s a c s idalpstainasmgth rmo 400 m. in length, a nd the Assinee,'re th e pri ncipal ri vers. tfiers and stigma con- substaeces mu tamp situ etions, assnsing the forn Tg solidated imito a col- pretty large cups, often raised on a stalk, such as the There are several lakes, which, in the summer season, umo. Theyareherbs species of pezizna; others growing underground, of a lo- enovefowti bnks.-i. Theetofix onth or sicrubs, alisost cl- bular form, solid and fleshy within, such as the truffle, of the yeir, from Octouer to Mcrbc, is excessive, but durways milky, and of- T A uses clbacreus, sing the renaindcr e it is so cool that fires are frequently ten twining. Leaves Ascril'labBle a, That which may be ascribed. desirnabtle. The coast is very unhealthy, especially to entire, opposite, lieav. Those pheasassnsareacibltthwgtotear.-ye.Europeans. The rainy and foggy season lasts from May cientlire of a psiei'ha a [oaSepe..acs c.oi bable to dthe weight-oftheair.'sBoyle. to October. From 7~20 N. Tat. to the coast, A. presents ing oilia in lieu of'Ascribe', v. a. [Lat. ascribo, from ad, to,and scribe, to one vast forest, whose trees have all the stupendous stipules. Flowers write.] To account for one thiing by another, as its chratervstics of s ican vegees tion, exemplified ceno stipules. A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~chaeractersetics of' African vegetation, exemplified ncear somewhat unbeled, cause or tile subject in which it recedes, or to which it the sea by the gigantic baobab, the cactus, nangsove, f~ascicled, or race-apetis - ~ietscicl~aed, or mce / \u " Tsthissneu sitej ead rcs.h and various kiinds of palm and cotton trees; and in the mose. Calyx 5 - di- "To this we may justly ascribe those jealousies ad encroach- interior the xliferous and viniferous pahns, the aloe. and vided, persistent. Co- ments, which render mankind uneasy to one another." —Rogers, the citron. The lands are generally coveped with jaloen eculla ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~issnoetaos Acrition,.cAtteci i Thle hands are generally covered evith jungale, rolla, monopetalous, Ase~'riplt ona, n. Act of ascribinG; the thing ascribed. and Guinea grass of enormous height and thickness. 5-lobed, wvith imbri- AscuLtney oaolsiutain, in T'crusnot, Windsor co. It The sugar-cane grows wild, and tobcucco, maize, dihourra, patedastivation. Sta- is but a huge mass of granite, affording from its summit yams, and rice, are puoduced in plenty. Fruits, as the mens 5, inserted into a splendid view of the Connecticut river. pineapple, orange, banana, cocoa, fig, papay, &c., flourish fhe base of the corel- Aseut'neyviile, in Yes-snont, a post-office of Windsor here in perfection, as also gums, arossmatic plants, dye Ia; anther s ordinarily co. und hard wvoods. —A. has a magnificent flc-a, and posstyell. Ova ries 2; sth scoAsey'~a'un, c. [Cr. a, priv., and skyes-s, roughness.] A sesses all the animals, reptiles, and insects peculiar to styles2; stigma o r- gen. of plants, ord. Hpypeu-icaceac. The St. Peter's-wort, tropical Affica. —Inhab. The natives ou the coast are menor to both styles..Acrux1-andrAe c, found in sanely woods, from N. Jersey to well made and muscular, and loss fnucbied with the Follicles 2; placenta Louisieana, has a stem about 1 fot high, thicklcy clothed characteristic features of the Africcun tySue than ticose in attachled to the sut- withlieaves; flowers pale-yellow, on very short pedicels, tice interior. The better classes of the vwomen are almost imre; seeds numerous, blossomimig in July. hianesdsome, and of Indian rather thman Negro physique. lnlbricated, pendu- As'anood, or AseDOOD, a sneall seeport of Palestine, on Both sexes are cleanly, and the upper orders evear a loes; albumen thin; tie Mediterranean, 35 m. W. of Jerusalem. It was the gas-ment resembling time Roumnn toga. The lower orders embryo straight; co- Fig. 208.- vEaIPmOCe sa n2~C.. As/udedl of Scripture, one of the five confederate cities are destitute of clothing, save a piece of clothc round the tyledons foliaceous. (1. Flower, natural size.) of tfie Philistines, and one of the seats of the worsicip loins. There are five orders into uhitch society is divided: The order includes of Dagon (1 SPma. v. 5). It occupied a comnmandiug the king, the caboceers, the gentry, the traders, simcd the 141 generic and 910 species, inhabiting for the most position on thei high-road firom Palestine to Egypt, anud staves. Potyganey is allowed, but only accessible to tb' ASHE ASHL ASHM 147 rich. Well-stoclked and well-managed markets are held above enumerated are not all equally essential to or- Ash'land, in Kesntucky, a post-village of Boyd co., on in the towns. The common drinlk is palm-wine. At ganized structures. Potassium, sodium, calcium, mag- the Ohio. their high festivals, the most brutal excesses and cruel- nesiuni, and iron, associated with phosphoric acid, suI- Ash'ltand, in.Maine, a township of Aroostook co.; pop. ties are practised, and hundreds of human victims are phuric acid, carbonic acid, silicic acid, and chlorine, are about 720. sacrificed in cold blood. Cannibalism is practised, but alnost always present, in greater or lesser quantity, in A-sh'land, in Massachusetts, a post-township of Middlenot avowed; and to complete their character, it must be the ashes of organized bodies, whether vegetable or ani- sex co., 24 m. from Boston; pop. about 1,850. observed that they are great thieves, and extraordinary meal; the other elements are of rare or doubtful occur- Ash'lalsd, in Michigan, a post-township of Newaygo lovers of etiquette. - Coe. Gold is the chief article of rence. In bone, the inorganic matter, consisting mainly co.; pop. about 370. export, and a good deal is done in ivory, dye and hard of phosphate of calciumn and carbonate, constitutes 2 to AsI'lianHid, in lMinnesota, a post-village of Dodge co., in woods. Slaves are exported when practicable. The Y4 of the entire mass. Phosphate of calcium occurs also A. township; pop. of township about 300. imports are principally arms, gunpowder, rum, to- in the ashes of the albccscinous principles. Phosphate of Ashk'land, in Mlississippi, a post-office of Monroe co. bacco, &c., and many kinds of European manufactured magnesium is abundant in the ash of wheat-grain; Ash'kIIand, in Missoesi. a post-village of Boone co., goods. The currency is gold, either in dust or small chloride of sodium is invariably present in the fluids of about 18 m. N. by W. of Jefferson City. lumps, but the cowrie-shells in use farther N. are not the animal body, and in the juices of plants. Carbonate Ash'land, in Nebraska, a post-office of Saunders co. unknown. - Gov. and Relig. The legislative power lies in of potassium fornins the greater part of wood-ash. Silica is -A village of Cass co., 3 m. S.W. of tihe Platte river. the king, an aristocracy of 4 persons, and an assembly scarcely ever absent fromi the ashes of organized bodies. Ash'llraed, in _New'olrkc, a post-township of Greene co., of caboceers, or captains. The religion of A. is Fetichism, The ashes of equisetaceous plants contsin 97 per cent. of 40 us. S. by W. of Albany; pop. about 1,500. but there are many indications of Molsacmnedanism. silica. Sulphur occurs to the acmount of atbont 1 per.Ash'land, in Ohio, a post-town, and capital of Ashland Language. 7 or 8 different languages are spoken within cent. int all the albuninoidal substances. Alumina has co., 85 m. N.N.E. of Columbus. It lies in a fine agricul60 m. of the coast. The only written language is the been fbund in considerable quantity in the juice of plants tural country, and possesses an active trade. The town Arabic; and the M1oslems, where found, are the only per- which exhibit an acid reaction, as Lycopodiu/s chascce- is well-built, and elegant. Pop. about 2,400. sons who can read and write. - Hist. The early history cyparissus. The presence of the other metals is mostly, Alshllatnd, in Pennsylvacin, a township of Clarion co.; of A. is obscure. In consequence of disputes with the perhaps, due to some peculiarity in the nutrition of the pop. about 880. PFantees, A. declared war against tihe English, in 1824, plant or animal in which they are found. -A post-town of Schuylkill co., 12 m. N.WV. of Pottsville; were defeated, and compelled to recognize the indepen- (Agric.) As the mineral constituents of plants are all pop. about 4,260. dence of the Fantees, and other tribes under British derived finomn the soil, and vary greatly in anmount and -A village of Wayne co., 170 m. N.E. of IHarrisburg. protection. Since then, the power of A. on the coast in composition, it will be easily understood that the ex- Ash'land, in Virginia, a post-village of Hlanover co., may be considered as at an end. amination of phcnt-ashes is of great imnportance with about 16 no. N.WV. of Richmond. Ash'apoco, in S. Carsolina, a small river in Colleton retference to agriculture. A plant will not grow on soil Ashlanel, in Wisconsin, a post-village and cap. of a district. It flows into the sea, and receives the nanme of deficient in the mineral substances which it requires; if co. of same name, on a bay of Lake Superior. Coosaw river at its mouth. phosphoric acid is deficient, wheat and other cereal AsIllaladn City, in Tennessee, apost-office of Cheatham Ash'away, in Phode Island, a post-office of Washing- grasses cannot form their seed in its normal amount; if co. ton co. there is a deficiency of silica, the straw will be weak; -A village of Wayne co., about 76 m. N.W. of Nashville. Asth'borough I, in Indiana, a post-village of Clay co., some plccts require abundance of alkali, others of lime, Ash'lantd Mills, in Oregon, a post-office of Jackson about 19 mn. E. by S. of Terre-Haute. &c. The examination of tihe ashes shows what particular co., in Ashland township. &shl'bosa ough, in N. Caroisna, cc post-village and cap. mineral substances the plaint requires, and consequently A]shlaar, ASH'LER, n. [It. asciare, to cut or hiew smooth of Randolph co., 78 m. N.W. of Fayetteville. There are what substances must ibe supplied to it artificially in the with an axe, from asce, an axe.] (Masonry.) The nanme cotton mills in the neighborhood. lbrln of nanure, if thicey are not already contained in the given to common or free-stones, as they come from the,Aslh'bourne, a borough and par. of England, Derby- soil. The preparation and analyses of ashes require quarry, of various sizes. - Also the facing or squared shire. At A., in 1644, the parliamientary troops defeBated very delicate manipulations, and ought to be intrusted stones on the front of a building. When the work is those of Charles I. -'op. of par. 5,445. only to an experienced chenist. smoothed or rubbed, so as to take out the marlrs of the Ash'bnrny, in Missouri, a post-village of Pike co.,on the (Volcanic s/shes.) This name is applied to the pul- tools by which the stones were cat, it is called plane A. Mississippi, 17 m. S.E. of Hannibal. verulent portion of the niatter thrown out by volcanoes. -- Toled A. is understood to be that, the surface of Ash'tbunirnham, in Massachusetts, a post.township of The ashes emitted by different eruptions of the same which is wrought in a regular msanner like parallel Worcester co., 55 mn. N.W. of Boston; pop. about 2,500. volcano, at different timues, exhibit great differences of flutes, and placed perpendicularly in the building; but Ash'llburanhan 11lepot, in Massachusetts, a post- structure and composition. It is sometimes dark-colored when the surfaces of the stones are cut with a broad village of Worcester co. or even black, and composed of earthy or soft particles, tool, without care or regularity, the work is said —to — Ashisarton, LORa (ALEXANDEIR BmmNGo), a London sometimes gray or white, and finely divided. In the be randoee-tooled; when wrought with a narrow tool, it merchant of considerable wealth, o.-1776. In 1834 he eruption of Vesuvius, A. D. 79, which overwhehlmed is said to be chiselled, or boasted; and when the surfaces became a member of Sir Robert Peel's cabinet, as Presi- Pompeii and Herculaneunm, the ashes was so fine and of the stones are cut with very narrow tools, the A. is dent of the Board of Trade, and Master of the Mint, and dry that it tookn exact casts of objects buried in it. It is said to be pointed; when tihe stones project from the was created Baron A. In 1841, he proceeded to America, this finely divided matter to which the term ashes is joints, the A. is said to be rusticated; in this kind, the and concluded with the U. States the famous treaty especially applied, the coarser varielies being generally faces may either have a smooth or broken surface. commonly called the A. Treaty, by which the frontier denominated volcanic sald; it somnetinces rises to a con- 2Ash/lraaing, and Ash'lerinig, n. (Arch. and.sfasonline between the State of Maine and Canada was settled. siderable height, and is then carried by the wind to great ry.) In Nicholson's Architectural Dictionary, the wvord By this treaty, seven-twelfths of the disputed ground, distances. V. A., when exnamined by the microscope, ashlaring is used to signify the operation of bedding the and the British settlement of Madawvaska, were given to appear to be conmposed of fragments of lava, slag, mica, slabs of stone employed for fi/cing brick or rubble walls; the U. States, and only five-twelfths of the ground to felspar, mnagnetic iron ore, angite, pumice, olivine, &c. and ashlerin/g, as a technical term in carpentry, for the Great Britain. D. 1848. It is therefore a niechanical mnixture of minerals and short pieces of upright quarteriing used in garrets to cut Ash'by, in Illinois, a village of Coles co. rocks abraded by trituration against each other. off the acute angle between the floor and the sloping _Asia/by, in Miassachucsetts, a thriving post-townshi p of As2be'ville, in Pennsylvania, a village of Lancaster rafters of the roof. Middlesex co., 50 mn. N.W. of Boston; pop. about 1,300. co. Asll/ey, LORDon. See SnAxFTESBURY. Ash'ly-tle-lla-Zoeache', a town of England, in the Asherville, in Alabama, and N. Carolina. See Ase- Ashl/ey, in Arkansas, a S.E. county, watered by Barco. of Leicester, 110 m. N.WV. by N. of London. In the VILLE. tholonmew bayou, Saline and Washita rivers. sArea, 870 vicinity are the ruins of Ashby Castle, in which Mary, Asla/field, in.fassacccsettts, a post-township of Frank- sq. min.; surfice generally level. Chief P-rod. Cotton, Queen of Scots, was once confined. Pop. 4,076. lin co., 40 no. N.W. of Springfield. It is a large place, Indian corn, tobacco. Cap. Fountain-Iihll. Pop. about Ashb'ysburgls, in Kentucky, a post-village of IHop- and the seat of considerable trade. Pop. about 1,500. 9,000. kins co. on Green river, 200 u. N.S.W. of Frankfort. Ash Fiat, in Arkansas, a post-office of tLawrence co. — A village of Carsol co. Aashtby's 1ills, in izdiana, a post-office of Mont- Ash/foad, a town and par. of England, co. of Kent, 47 Ashliaecy, in Illinois, a post-village and township of gomery co. n. E.S.E. of London; pop. 7,215. Washington co., 18 in. S.W. of Centralia. Ash CIareek, in Mississippi, a post-office of Oktibbeha Aslnlbfrtd, in Connecticut, a post-township of Windham Ash/ley, in Mlichigan, a post-office of Kent co. co. co. It is noted for its tanneries. Pop. about 1,500. Ash/ley, in.Missouri, a post-village and township of Asliattod, Azo'TUs, a city of the Philistines. See ASenDon. Ai'ifoei', in New York, a post-township of Cattaraugus Pike co.; pop. of township about 1,200. Ashe, in N. Carolina, a mountainous county, bordering co., 35 m. S.S.E. of Buffalo; pop. about 2,200. Ashaley, in Ohio, a post-village of Delaware co., 104 m. on Virginia and Tennessee; and situated between the Anl'foret', in Wisconsin, a post-township of Fond da S.W. of Cleveland; pop. about 600. Blue RItidge on the S.E. and Stone Mountain on the W. Lac co., 14 mn. S.S.E. of Fond du Lac; pop. about 2,100. AshB'ley, in South Carolina, a small river, which has Capital, Jefferson. Pop. about 8,400. Als Gela ove, in Illinois, a post-townshiip of Iroquois co., lately acquired a great importance. It takes rise in the Ashel'l, adv. [a and shelf.] (Naut.) On a shelf, or 65 m. EN.E. of Bloomington; pop. about 750. district of Cohleton, and flowing S.W. to Charleston, rock. -A township of Shelby co.; pop. about 1,200. forms with Cooper river the Charleston harbor. On the Aslnllen, a. Pertaining to ash; made of ash wood. As.h Grove, in Indiana, a post-office of Tippecanoe co. banks of this river and its tributary streanms, were found, Asht'ery, n. A place where ashes are kept; an ash- Ash Grove, in Missouri, a post-office of Greene co. in 1867 and 1868, very extensive deposits of phosphatic hole. A mianufactory of potash. Aship'pasn, in Wisconsin, a post-township of Dodge co., rocks or boulders, imbedded near the surface of the Ashll'es, n. pl. [A.S. asca; Goth. azgo; Ger. ascs/e; proba- 35 m. N.W. of Milwaukee, on Rock river; poep. about ground. These, when ground, are quite adapted to use bly allied to Gr. aza, aze, dryness, heat.] Tihe dry dust 1,970. as the main substratum of the fertilizers now couing so or remains of anything burned; the dust or loose earthy ALshira Lantl, a country of W. Africa, bordering on extensively into use; and hats already become so much particles produced by conmbustion. - The rensains of a Ashango Land, in Lat. 10 44' 22" S.; hon. 100 30' 34". in demand, that the citizens of Charleston rely on the human body;-used ic poetry, from the ancient practice Discovered in 1863 by Du Chaillu. Itsi inhabitants are trade as a very important means of restoring their conmof burning the dead. savages of the purest Negro type. mercial importance. e To great Lacrtes I bequeath Ash/heias;, one of the three sons of Gomer, son of Ashliey, in Utah, a lake of Iron co., about 25 i. long, A task of grief, his ornaments of death; Japhet (Gen. x. 3), i. e., one of the peoples or tribes be- and 10 broad. Lest, when the f.ates his royal ashes claim, longing to that part of tihe Japhetie division of the hu- A2sh'lyr Clty, in Aichi/can, a village of Maceomb co., on The Grecian matronis taint my spotless name, —Po~pet Ohsesses mrese asl my potie name.-Ppe. nman race which bears the nanme of Gomer. The original Lake St. Clair, with a Iharbor open to large vessels. -In common language, ashes is ever used in its plural site of tihe people of A. was in the neighborhood of Arome- Asls'ley Falls, in AlMssachuselts, a post-office of Berkform, but the singular, ash, seems generally adopted by itia (Jer. li. 27), and we may perhaps recognize the tribe shire co. modern chemists. of A. on the N. shore of Asia Minor, in the name of Lake Ash'ley's Fork, in Utah, a tributary of the Green (Chem.) When any part of an organized body, vegeta- Ascaneus, and in Europe in the name of Scand-ia, Scan- river of the Colorado. ble or animoal, is burned with finee access of airt, part of it dinavia. IKnobel rega;rds A. as a compound, Ash-kenaz, Ash'layvilla in Alassachusetts, a post-office of Hemp: is resolved into volatile conpounds, while the otler, i. e. the As-r ce, perihaps tie origin of the name Asia. - den co. and generally the smaller portion, is left as incomubmisti- V/si. Scith. -A village of Berlekhire co. ble residue or osh. This residue may contain the fol- Asl~a/knen, in tllccmss, a post-villhga of Iroquois co., 73 A ksh'nsolae, ELAS, a celebrated Emngli sh antiquary, n. lowing elements: —Basic. Potassium, sodlisn, calcium, i s.S. by W. fisom Chicago; pop0. of township about 750. 1617. On the restoratiom of Charles IT. he uses ippointe.i barium, iron, magnesium, manganese, eluminiure, cop- A a'ichsa ct, in Illnoisac a post-villtge of Cas co., 16 us. N. Windsor herald, and became one of then filst mnembere per, zinc. —Acid. Chlorine, bromine, iodine, phosphorus E. of Jacksonville. of the Royal Society. His psincicsi worvok is the Itistory (as phosphoric acid), sulphur (chiefly as sulphuric acid), I Aslnalaean l, in lndiana, a thriving village of Fayette co., of the Os-des- of the Gas-tes. P. 190.' silicon (se siliciC acid), carbon (as carbonic acid, and oc- 65 mi.. by S. of Indian;polii. Ash'eonoe, in l/nois, a post-office scf Colse co. ceshonally as cyanogen). These substances are the so-I-A poste-vilaig of Henry co., 3 m. E. hmy S. of Newcestle. Atsh/'ssna, JnonDs, an Amnerican philantircopis et, n. at called incorganic or mineral constituents of the vegetcsble I —A village oft Wabash co., 48 m. S.W. of Fort Wayne. Champlain, New York, 1794. In 1822, he,was commisor cnimaol structure; they are essential to its existence, I A111'tlinenst in eowa, a post-olfice of WXaspello co., 72 m. siglned to conduct a body of liberated N~!egso settlers to and are associated with thoe organic matter in certain S.Wi of iowa City, Liberia, and accordingly set sail for Cape sMontgersead. definite forms, not necessarily the saume as those which Ash klAsh l, in Kansas, a village of Davis co., on the Thle greatest difficulties in the way of the settlements they assume in the ash. The inorganic eonstituents iansis rives 7 n. S.W. of anhscltltten.. hld been overcome by the ta~euts and enrsgy of A., wheea 148 ASHV ASIA ASIA his health gave way, and lie was obliged to return to Ash'ville, in Nrot/h Carolina, a post-village and cap. of trated to Cambaln, where hlie resided for many years, Anierica. D. 1828. Buncomibe co., 255 m. W. of Raleigh. It has a bank, mnade niany converts, and even caused hiniself to be Ashore', adv. On shore; on the land. and is a flourishing place. Pop. about 1,050. made archbishop of that city. Another, Oderic of "The poor Euglishesau riding in the road, having all that he 2Ash-WediaiVesdl y is the name given to the first day Portenau, also describes a voyage niade to India, the brought thither ashore, would have been undone." —Raleiylh. of Lent, li'oin the iRoilan Catholic ceremony of strewing Oriental Archipelago, and China, and his return by way -To or at the shore. ashes on the head, as a sign of penitence. The ashes of' hibet. At the end of this century, Europe resounded "We may as bootless spend our vain command, used on this day are said to be those of the palms con- with the triumphs and conquests of Tiniour the Great; As send our precepts to the leviathan secrated on the Palm-Sunday before. The hshes are and Henry III., of Castile, sent two successive embassies To come ashore."-Shtaks. lirst consecrasted on the altar, then sprinkled with holy to the court of itse Tartar conclueror, the last of which (Naeut.) A ship is said to be ashore when she has run water. and afterward strewed on the heads of the was in 1403, under Clavijo, who sojourned at Samiarc and, upon the ground, or on the sea-coast, either by acci- priests and the assembled people, the officiating priest and has given us an interesting account of that monarch; dent or design, repeating the words, " Remebeibcr that thou art dust, and his court, and policy. In 1497, Vasco de Gamna doubled.Ash'lpetuiek' River, in Connecticut, a small river of shlt return to dust." The ceremnony is said to have been thie Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at Calicut in India. Connecticut, emptying into the Saugetuck. introduced into the Church by Pope Gregory the Grieat. The Portuguese foillowed hins, cnd in 20 years establishAsh Pbint, in Kansas, a post-village of Nemaha co., In the Church of Englangd, a comnuination service is -p- ed oirts and settlements in HIindostan, and the Malayan about 70 m. N.N.W. of Topeka. pointed to be read on this day, containing the curses de- islanhds, and even tried to get a footing in China. In the ash'lport, in Tennessee, a post-village of Lauderdale co., nouinced against impenitent sinners. 17th century, a body of- French missionaries, eminent on the Mississippi, 170 m. W.S.W. from Nashville. Ash-Wieedt, n. (Bet.) An herb of the tribe Aegelecidse, our their scientific acquirenients, obtained permission Aish Ridlge, in Illinois, a post-office of Msseac co. nanmed also goat-foot, herb-gerard, gout-weed, &c. to reside in Pekin, and made a survey of Chinat and the Ash Ritdge, in Ohio, a post-office of Brown co. Ash'woo1d, in Tennessee, a post-office of Maury co. acijacent countries. The maiterials thus collected were Ash'ruff, a town of Persia, pryov. of Mazunderan, 52 m. Ashtly, a. Belonging to ashes; hating the color of ashes; sent to'France anid arranged by D'Anville. In 1h36, W. of Asterabad. Near it are the ruins of the magnifi- pale; conmposed of ashes. Broughton, an English surgeon, found favor with Shah cent palace built by Shah Abbas, the greatest of the oft I have seen a timely partest ghost Jellan, the Great.aogul, or emperor of' Iindostan, who Persian monarchs. o0 ashly semblance, meagre, pale, and bloodless."-Shaks. gave Ihim the l privilege of free coninlerce throughout his.ash. Splrisrt;ag, in Texas, a post-office of [HIarrison co. 21t;Ash'y-spail, a. Pale as ashes. dominions, and promised to allow the same to slh the Ashitmbuia'/t, in Olio, a county settled in 1796, border-''Twixst crimson shame and anger, ashy-pae." ELnglish who should come to Bengal. Thifs was colning on Pennsylvania andu Lake Erie, andc watered by A'sia. [La.t. aned G. lsi; Pr. Asie; Ger. Asson; peerhclps ancicated to the English governor of Surat, a place Grand sind Comneaut rivers. Pid,, -hly, Indian corn, from Scr. ushar, aurore. See also ASIKEvNAZ.] Asia, thie where this peopl hiad aecy e ed a trding oats, butter, cheese, wool, and cattle. Cap. Jefferson largest of tile great divisions of the earth, the birthplace tactory. In consequence of this permnission, the English Pop. about 50,000. and cradle of the husuman mre, the nmother of naitions, re- conipany sent out bongtccmcd, imi 1t40, two ships to Pop. about 50,000. T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cmpny sent out from England, in 1t540, two ships to -A post-township of Ashtabula co. ligions, and states; of languages, arts, and sciences; rich Bengal, and thus tormned the nucleus of a vast com-A river of Ashtabula co., falling into Lalkce Erie. in all natural guits ind hiatoric memories; thie theatre roerce, which in course ot'f years led to the territorial conAshl'ttroth, or As'ThoTHa, plurals of Asua'oaT'rH; As'- of hunman progression in ancient times, and still exhib- quest and absorption of ceiarly thel whole of Biindostan. Tar-. The Ashto-eth worshipped by the Jews in times iting, in many pats, the saene characteristic traits which The soutlern part of 24. having thuns become kcnown, tihe when idolatry prevailed, was the principal femniale divin- distinguished it centuries ago, —presents to our study an discovery of that division of the continent N. of the Altai ity of the Phoenicians, as Baal was the principal male imcens e assemnblage of facts thact cannot be condensed -eas reserved for iussia, which country, about the mnidqivinity; and the plural Ashtaroth indicate probably in the space of a Iivw columnus. We, thereore, in offering de of thie 1th century, having conquered the Cossacks, different modifications of the divinity herself. Ash- belows generalizad suuneary of its geographictl history, engaged thIat hardy race to explore and coqcuer for her toreth is the Astart6 of the Greelks and Romans, and and principal divisions, hase to refer the reader for more the vast region of Siberia.'this was gradually done for is identified by ancient writers with the goddess Venuts miniute etails to tie various names of countries c ears, until 1639, when Dimietrei liopiloff reached (Aphrodlite). She is probably the same as the Isis of the contains, each in its alphabetical place in this work. the Gulf of Ochotsc. Another division marched to the;g'yptians, and closely connected with thie Asherah of I. HmTona. —The geographical knowledge ofA. mnay be Amnoor, but were driven back by the Chinese.'i he English Scripture; Ashtoreth being, according to Berthau, consdered s cenng wth its weten ones and )ll, cuding this ine, ere engagedin the attempt I zD considere~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ad 1asch couering wthits wetimw naern cuti h tempt the name of the goddess, and Asherah the name of her and with Greece, the cradle of our present civiization. to reach China iy way of the Arctic ocean; Middleton, imnsge or symsbol. In Scripture she is almnusost always Jtudda and Phsenicia are the quarters f rom which the ludson, Bcarentz, and other navigators, tried this pasajoined with Baal, and is called god, Scripture having no earliesat informnation comes, and this knowledge became sage, but none of themn reached beyond the Gulf' of particular word for expressing goddess. She was the extended in the 5th century.c. The conquests of Oby, to the E. of Nova Zembla. In 1640, however, Cosgoddess of the nmoon; her temnples generally accompanied sack expeditions sailed down the rivers Lena, Alaska, those of the smi, aumd while bloody sacrifices or humnan and Colimn; amid in 1646, they explored the extreme victims were offered to Baal, bread, liquors, and perfumes N.E_. peninsula of A., inhabited by the Tchutchis. Towere presented to Astarte6. She was also goddess of wasrd lhe end of the century, Behring discovered tilhe woods, and in groves consecrated to her, such lascivious- cost E. cape of A.; and, imi conjunlction with Tlcurikoff, macss was committed ats rendered her worship infammons. afterward made a voyage to America. Subsequent exCicero says, lib. iii. de Nat. Deonie, that their Astart peditions, as those of Wrangel, Beechey, Cook, Perouse, was the Syrian Venus, born at Tyre, and wife of Adonis; ind Broughton, did much to explore theE. boundary very different froc the Venus of Cyprus. On modals of Asiatic Russia, uand its connection with Jesso, Japan, site is represented in a longs habit; at other times with and China. The entire coast of A. has thius been exa short one; sometimes holding a large stick; soie- plo4d, and in a great mesure ossessed by Europeas. tinues she has a crown of rays; sometimes she is crowned Tii i~ ~f he detein of tiletlaya s has been surveyed, ad its with battlements, as the Venus of Ascalon. (See Fig. 207.) hi <4fF'eizcts determi/ i' h the ialayabet has been surveyxplored, and itsby In a medal of Csearea she is in a short dress, with a. Turner and Moorcroft, Caboel and Afghanistan by man's head in her right hand, and Sanchoniathon says Elphinstone. and Bokhara by Burnes and Wolff. Rusthat she was represented with a cow's head, or only with!~,t,. ~t~-jF'/sian embassies. sent overland to China, have crossed the Ihorns intended to represent tihe innar rays, as in Fig. Gureat Mongolian desert; as has also Pcllas, and Huna210, which is the copy of an ancient sculpture. boldt. Siberia, and the region of the Amoor, hais bet-'~ ~ ~ ____________ ~~ comn knowee to us by lhe adventurous researches of ___________________________:_-_:_ _ —.... ~~.,~~_~___~_~ Atkinson; and in Central A. the brothers 8chlagentweit, -________ —-_______________ ________in 1856, passed over tihe hiuenluen mountains, a feat nvert before attempted. An H-ungarian traveller, Ar__ ___~~~~~~~~~___z nminius Yanibtry, acconmplished, in 18063, a perilous - _= _________________________ __ ~_55 journey from Teheran through the wilds of the Turcomnan.. ___________________________~ -- ~ Oc ~-deserts to Samnarcand. Within tihe last few years, Russia Pug 211- v~iew a z etr, Icehas slowly, and with diiculty, achieved the conquest of _______________________the provinces of the Caucasus. Their brave inhabitants, - Alexander the Groeat, and, after Ihim, the Romans, did though subjugated by force of arms, ure still unsubdued much to arouse the spirit of discovery; but in this they in spirit; and, refusing to live under the yoke of the were surpassed by the Sarace!s or Arabs, who pene- conquerors, are incessantly emigrating into a region of _______ _ ctrated all over this continent, with the exception of Si- Eastern Turkey bounded by the Tigris and tile deserts'____ __________________ barie and thatregion bordering on tihe Arctic ocean. The of Central Persia; -which, owing to their industry, is latter was by them supposed to contain tihe castle of two rapidly improving. In another direction, Russia is also enormous giants, Gog and Magog, the search after which slowly, but successfully, extending her Southern Asian imnpelled the caliphs to send forth many exploratory ex- frontier, and is promising to be the rival of Great Bripeditions, one of which returned with a formidable ac- lain for the retention of the trade with China and C-ncount of this fortress. This fable was so implicitly be- tral Asia. In 1858, the Russianized Tartar, Valikhanoff, lieved at the time, that the castle figures conspicuously explored in disguise the region between the Russian in all the usaps of the middle ages. In Europe, the outpost Fort Verne and hashgar; and it is surmised crusades first drew attention to the Eastern wrorld, and that this nation is seeking gradually to extend lier terriintercourse was also created by an enibassy from the torial conquests even to the N.W. confines of British InPope being sent to the Mongols, who had invaded Europe dia. Finally, it may be said that there are still portions Pig. 210. — SAuTaRETe,; ASTARIIT. as far as Hungary and Silesia. About the same time, of the vast centre of this continent which are almost owing to the revival of commenerce anmong the maritime terra incognitse at the present day. Ash'ton, in Illinois, a post-office of Lee co. cities of Italy, two Venetian nobles of enterprising II. ToPoGRAnIY. —A. extenids fromu Lat. 10 20', and, Akshl'tonl, in lowa, a village of Manona co., 2 i. N. by spirit, named Polo, visited BTokhara, and from thence inclusive of tile archipelago of islands belouging to it, W. of Onawa; pop. about 100. Caumbalu, the court of Kublai, surnamed the Great Khan, from Lat. 10 19' S. to 780 N. Prnom W. to E. it occupies.Ash'ton, in MJissoi'i, a post-office of Clnarke co. who was'the inhteritor of thei conquests of Jenghis in f-rom 260 to 1900 E. Lon. The most northerly point of Ash'ton, in Ilennsylvanica, a village of Carbon co., 115 China and other countries. They a second time trar- the continent is Cape Sievere Vostotchnia, Lat. 780 25' m. N.E. of Harrisburg. It is largely engaged in coal- elled thromugh the Farther East, taking with them the N.; easterly, Cape Tschukotskoi-noss, 1900 E. Lon.; miniisng. son of one of them, Marco Polo (q. v.), to -whom man- southerly, Cape tomnaania, Let. 1 18' N.; and the most Ash'ton, in Bh/da Island, a post-ofice of Providence co. kind is indebted for the earliest worklt of travel known westerly, Csape Bcsba, in Natolis, 260 B. Lon. Its greatest Ash'ton, in TVisozsicen, a post-offict of Dane co. of ~1. Cat/iay, as N. China wsss then cmslled, with Cau~- length E. to W., from Behring's straits to the Dardanelles, Ash'ton-nnasil r-Ly.ne, a borough and parish of belu, its cip. (then modern Pekin), excited their wonder, msay be taken as 7,500 m.; its greatest breuadth, from England, in Lancashire, 187 m. N. by F. of London, and the latter surpassing in magnificence any city of Europe North-East cape in Siberia, to Cape Romania at the ex7 E. of Manchester. Mlanf. Extensive manufctures of at that timne. They afterwarad visited llacnp/, or S. Chuin, treme end of tice Malayan peninsula, at about 5,200 m. cotton, calicoes, ginghuamns, Ac. Pop. of parish, 71,181; wcrose cap., Q/ieseei, or the "Celestial City," is also de-.Area. Estimated to be aboutl7,805,146 sq. m., being over of borough, 36,864. scribed in glowing colors. Marco heard also of Xeievangps, 4 times the size of Europe. —Seas. A. is washed on the N. Aish' eloot, in 2Net flasstpsshre, a river fa~lling into the or Japan, as a rich insular empire, which the great khan by the Arctic sea; on the E. by the Pacific ocean, wshich Connecticut river. had beean unable to subdue. Returning, the travellers separates it firon the Ameerican continent; on the S. by thue — A post-office of Cheslhire co. passed through India and Syria to Trebizonde, and Indian ocean, which lies between it and Austal-aia; while Asi'villae, in Alabatma, a post-village and cap. of St. reached Venice ufter an absence of 24 yeccns. In the on the W. it is divided fiomn Africa by the Red sea and Clair co., 120 m. N. of Montgomery. This county is full beginning of the 14th century, Juan de Monte Corvino, a Gulf of Adan; and from Europe, by the Mediterranean t of bituminous cocl. P-p..atcout 270. Minorite friar, went on a religious mission, and psne- and ~Egoaan seas, the Dardanelles, the Black sea, and the ASIA ASIA ASIA 149 Ural mountains. The principal straits of A. are, Beh- Riosewodl, S'andal-wood. - FRUITS: Atmesd, Apple, be said to be cold in the N., wet and cold in the E., dry ring's, dividing it fron N. America; Corea, between Apricot, Banana, Banyan, Betel, Bignonia, Bread-fruit, and hot in the S.W., and wet and hot in thie S., where China and Japan; Formosa, separating that island from Cashew, Citron, Cocoa, Coffee, Date, Demon, Fig, Gucna, the year is divided only into two seasons, a wet and a China; Perouse, and Sangor in Japan; Malacca, between Guava, JaTeboo, Lemon, Lime, Mangosteen, Mulberry, dry. Here the monsoons blow firon April to Sept. front the island of Sumatra and the Malayan peninsula; Or Olive, Orange, Padanus, Peach, Pear, Flume, Poeegratei- the S.W., and firom Sept. to April firont the N.E. It is inuz, Bab-el-meandeb, the Dardanelles, and the Bospho- ate. Sioaddock, Tamarin Yin. Vie. Wtealnut. - SPICE-TREeS: fronm this peculiarity that they have received their nanme, rus or Strait of Constantinople. Of bays and gulfs, tie Cophor, Cassia, Cinstnoo;' Olove, Mace, 2eatseeg, &c. which, in the Malay language, signifies a season. The most remnarkable are the sea of Kara, and gulfs of Oby There are also several species which cannot be conven- suffocating siocosa sweeps the Syrian and Arabian desatnd Khatanslkaia, on the N.; all connected with the iently classed under either of the 4 foregoing heads, as erts, whilst typhoons carry their terrors across Persia, Arctic ocean. The seas of Anadyr, Kamtschatka, acd the chatmpaka, sealer, eand tanjeang, all flower-bearing and tile S.E. countries generally. In China every variety Okhotsk, on the N.E.; the sea of Japan, Gulf of Trl'tary, trees; the toukli, thefaung,, th tetallow-tree, the upas, the of climate is experienced, in accordance with the differand Yellow sea, on the E.; and the China sea, and Gulf nmost deadly of vegetable poisons; the cotton-Iree, and, ence of latitude in which it lies, and with other causes of Tonqeuit, on the S.E.; all connected with the Pacific. above all, the tea-plant. The other kinds of vegetation which combine to give it this character. Although its The gulfs of Sialm and Martaban, the Bay of Bengal, the are not less abundant. Grain of every kind is grown capital is in the same latitude as Naples, in winter it Arabian and IRed seas, and the gulfs of Cambay and with but little labor, and generally yields two crops an- has the atmosphlere of the N. of Europe, and in summer Catch, together with the Persian gulf, all formajunction nually. The leguminous plants are common, as, peas, the temperature of Egypt. with the Indian ocean. There are, besides, the Gulfs ofthe beans, lentils, and the less-known kinds of the lotus, VII. RacEs or MAN. - The natives proper of A. belong Levant, and Archipelago; and seas of Mlarmora, the EU- moolng, mEurles, itaeae, tour, oell, &c. A root called tat- to the three distinct types of the Caucasian, tile Mongoxine, and that of Azoff, atll associated with the Mediterra- chill supplies the place of the American potato; but this lian, and the Malay. The first of these faimilies coceenean.-Rivers. A. is, like America, a continent possessing last root, as well as the yamn, is abundantly cultivated, prises all the aboriginal inhabitants of the mountaino us rivers of the first magnitude. Of such are the Oby, the Yc- especially in Clhina and the E. peninsula of India. This region lying between the Black and Caspian seas, fronom nesei, andthe Lena,fiowing intothe Arcticocean. Enter- is also the native hoeno of the arrow-root, galanga, je- about 380 to 420 of N. Lat. It includes the mountaining the Pacific are tihe Amooror Saghalien, the Hoang-Ilo, lap, sarsaeparillae, deatura, anise, opiun, and other drugs. eers of the valleys of the Caucasus, as the Abasians, Yang-tse-Kiang, and the Cambodia; and falling into the The fields abound in flax, hemp, tobacco, and flowers of Lesghians, and Kisti; and, in the more level country Indian oceaen are the Irrawaddy, Brahmapootra, Ganges, every hue. Dye-plants are very numerous; the sugar- lying to the S. of the Caucasus, the Georgians, MingreGodavery, and the Indus. In the W., the Jihoun and cane grows luxuriantly, and many odoritferous gums are lians, and Armenians. The Caucasian family also comSihoun empty into the seaof Azoff. With the excep- met with. Lindley estimates the gross number of spetioenS of the Amazon and the Mississippi, tihe Oby has cies of the plants of A. to be 86,000. tihe largest basin of any river in the world. The lengths V. ZoOsLOGY. -A. is the natal country of all the more of some of these rivers are as follows: Yang-tse-Kiang, useful species of animals, excepting, perhapso the sheep. 2,880 mn.; Yecnesei, 2,800; Aeenor, 2,641; Lena, 2,400; From this continent came originally, the ox, horse, Oby, 2,000; IHoang-lo, 2,000; Indus, 1,700; Ganges, cacnel, goat, ass; toge ther with the whole race of do1,557; Brahmapootra, 1,500; Irrawaddy, 1,200. - Lakes. mestic poultry, excepting the turkey, which is a denizen A. possesses the largest inland like in the world, viz., of the New World. Of the ox-tribe, are the Asiatic, or the C;espian sea, covering an area of 140.000 sq. in.; the common ox (Bos Teaurus of Linneaus), the aurochs, tlhe other large lakes are Aral, Baikal, Van, acnd Balkash, buffalo, and the yakl. Among sheep, the argaeli is found and there are numerous smaller ones. - Mountains. The in Siberia and the northern countries. Of goats, the Anprincipal systems are those of the Himalayats, the Altai, gora goat, the'Thibet goat, and the ibex; and the dothee Tiian-shan, and the Kecenhsen. These generally reestic species, Capra hi/cus,e are tihe most noted vearerun parallel with the equator, and form the great cen- ties. The elk is common to Siberia and Mongolia. tral table-land of A., tie most extensive on the globe. Deer and antelopes are also found. Tile elephant, horse, The entire length of then Ilimalayan chain, from Assanm ass, and hlog, have their home in the forests and plains to the W. of the IHindoo-Coosh, is about 1,800 in., with of thiis continent; and the dziggetai, a creature intermelpeaks witich are the loftiest on earth. Anong these, diate in size between the horse and ass, still runs wild in Clhuoulari rises to nearly 24,000 feet above sea-level; the Asiatic deserts; like his congeners, he is gregarious, Comsanthan, to close on 25,000; Jamnobri and Nanda and like themn, too, his numbers seeme almost unlimited. Dewi to about 26,000 each; Dhawalagiri, to 27,600; and A simnilar remark will apply to the k]oulane, or wild ass. Kuuchinginga, the monarch of all monuntains, to 28,178 Two species of the rhinoceros are peculiar to Asia and the feet. Many of the passes of tllis range are above 15,000 Indian islands: the latter are distinguished by a double feet, while some reach even to as high as 18,000 and horn lilke the A. Africanus. Tropical A. possesses most - - 19,000 fbut above sea-level. On the N. of these mnountains, of the fiercer Carnivora: lions, tigers, leopards, black tihe perpetual snow-line is at 16,620 feet; on the S., panthees, ounces, ud tiger-cats, of the feline genus; 12,981. The Altai mountain system extends, under wolves, hyenas, and jackals, of the dog tribe. The lion various names, from the confilence of the Oby and Ir- is, however, becoming very rare in A.; he is now found4 tish, to E;est Cape: their whole length is about 5,000 It., only in the deserts of Mesopotamia, Persba, and India, tend their breadth varies from about 400 to 1,000. ThIe and perhaps in some parts of Clhina. The dog and fox, -/g. 213.- CAUCASIAT TYPE. Tlhetc-shan, or Celestial eoentains, have their rise ice in all thieir varieties, are common throughout this conTeatary, and, taking a course nearly along the 42d par- tinent. The smaller Carnivora also abound, as the mar- prises the independent Tartar tribes, Kurds, Druses, allel of N. Lat., terminate in the great desert of Gobi. tenlls, civets, nacegsousti or ichneumon, which attacks and Arabs, Persians, Itindoos, Afghans, &c. Tihe Mongolian,'TIheir highest summit is the Bogdo-O51a, a hluge snow- destroys the most dangerous serpents; bears, badgers, or 2d great aboriginal race, occupies all Thibet, Centrel clad elevation rising abruptly front a flat steppe, and gluttons, sea-otters, walruses, sceeis, &c. Tile ornithol- A., China, Japan, Mantchouria, and the country of the held as sacred by the Kalhucks. The Kceonluen meoan- ogy of A. is less rich than its mnnllamalogy. It includes Samoyedes. Finally, the Malay family have their habitains rutn nearly parallel with the Celestials, and also, eatgles, vultures, falcons, buzztards, with nearly all the tat in Siam, Malacca, tnd the islands of the Indian Arin some places, with the rangeo of the Hindoo-Cooshi. varieties of domestic and gace-lfowls. Song-birds are chipelago generally. They rise a little to the E. of the 100th deigree of E. Lon., very scarce. Anmong reptiles are the Pytihon and other VIII. POLITICAC L e IVISIOS, POPULATION, AND FsroEI.' and, under avariety of names, take acourse W. andN.W., venomeous serpents, alligators, lizards, turtles, &c. The POSSESSorNS, IN 1869. Compiled frome the latest and and skirting the Caspian and Black seas on the S., finally sea and rivers swvarm with fishl of all kincds. The insect- best authorities. terminate to the W. of thie latter. These are tile prine tribe is numerous throughlout the whole continent; and COJNTiIES, &C. POPULATION. cipel meountains, but other chains exist, vhich are com- the ravages of the locust ic Arabia, Syria, &c, are fars. paratively but little known. Volcanoes in active opera- more dreaded than the attacks of wild animnals. Clhinese empire,. abeout 453,500,000 tion are found in Icelind, the island of Jan Mayen, iand Japanese epire, " 37,000,000 in Ktntntschatka. Eatrthquakes are frequent, and occur Persian empire, s 10,000,000 at tinmes writh considerable violence. - Deserts, Steppes, - -- Kingdont of Siam, 6,000,000 Plateaux, ce. The principal portion of tihe great coun- - Annamn, or empire of Cochin-China, " 15,000,000 try known as Central A. is composed of vast deserts, Aifghanis..tan, ".10,000,000 called more generally steppes. Of these the nmost extene Beloocistan, - 600,000 sive is Gobi, or the Great Steppe, lying to the N. of the Indepeedent States and -Tribes Kuenluen mountains, on the W. between the latter ancd m-Arabs, Turoans, Uobse-ks, Tertarc Case Ara;bs, Tm'comans, Usbeckrs, Talrtar~s, Canthe Thian-he rae tn o th E bt i e casians, Malays, &c. - esteimated at 55,000,000 Altai. This is all ac sendy weste of vast and imeperfetectly eFonEr PossEssIons: known extent, The Gobi-shanmo Steppe or " Sacd sea, Geat itain British and Fatther Icl, exteleds aboet 1,200 mn. in length, and has ea widith of be- Ceylon, Straits Settlements, Hong tween 500 and 700. The country which is incltided between ___ Kong, Aden, Labuan, &c. 146,258,965 the two branches of the Kuenluen range, the Nan-shan, France: Settlements on coasts of' ialabar, and Bayan Kara mountains, is called Khoo-Khoo-noor, Coromandel, &-c. 227.063 fromn a lake of that name. This region is but little Cochin-China (Saigon), 97i116 1,206,170 known. The plateau of Yu-nan, which forms the most Russia: Siberia, Ural Provinces, Trans-f southerly portion of the great table-land of Eastern A., Caucasus, &c. 9,151,478 has an extremely diversified surface, comprising ceoun- Turkrey: Asia Minor (Natolia), 3Mesopot'tmins, in some places above the snow-line, and small mi, Kurdistan, Aabi Povinces valleys and plains. The great salt desert of Irak-Ajecee,!Syria, u A&c ra. about 16,383,000i in Persia, has a length of about 300 n., by a breadth of: Netherlns-EstIndiesJva, 210. —Islands. The principal are those of Japan, Sagha- S cmatra, Benca, &. 20,523,742 lien, Formosa, the Philippines, the islands of the Eastern Spain: Philippine Isles.... 4,319,269 or M3alay Archipelago, Ceylon, &c. Portugal: Goa, and Settlements in HindosIII. IcNERALs. —A. abounds in gold, and precious tan, an4t7m,1i5s stones in great variety; dieecnonds a-e found in Hindos- J _!t_ [iF China, Macso, K-c.. 152,882 tan, the Ural mountains, Borneo, Ceylon, &c.; gold in aIdin Achipsltyo,. 850, the Aita_ c'tain; sdl\cr in China, Ann.em, Asiatc itusoa, K-c.: tin in Beenca, and tie islands of the Malayan aschi- 786,420,000 pelsgo; copper, iron, and neercury in Japan, Chena TX. BeccocOrs.- The four pre-eminent relicione IIindostan, Ceylon, &c.; coal has been met with in;~~ creeds ruling oc this continent are, lBrahecceinism, ceo BcdhNortheern China, Bengal, and other localities; and salt ism, Mohanmedanism, and Christianity; but there exis very generally diffcused over the entice surface of the Fie. 212. ELEPOANT wTca cOWDou ist numerous other sects, macey of which are but little continent. (Froe Clajor Luard's "Views in India.") keovc. lieloslan is lie pricptel seat of tie religinee IV. BeTea. T-The following table will give a promi- VI. MI~ersooLo cv~. - Although A. is mostly within the of Breehma, and Budelhtis m reigns omnipotent over leernent view of tice more importeent botanical productions temperate zone, it is generally colder thlan might be ther India, Chincas, Japace, Mongolia, Thiibet, and tile of A.4-.FoesT Taens: Baosboo, Bircch, Ceestnut, Cf- supposed by the indicaetions of its Iletitude. In the cen- Corsa. Ic Independecet lartary, Afghcnist an, Beloochispress, Fir, Los-ch, Man~'reve, NMytle, Oan/, Pale, FPie, trCal N. anc E. parts the extlee s leoth of cold and icat tCanec, Persiae, and Arabia, IJoleecsm is ptrofess ed, as it is, Plelntain, Feena, FPesalr, 2hat',acnd Wt lleos.IIrto- are lelt.'lhe greet tClble-hnd is both lh'y and coil; but also, by the T'fart ers seed Teurks of Siberia and Tecrkey. wooss: Aloes, Bale-sosed, EBotey, IJeose-eeoos, Lie/oa, to give e getterael and compceleensive defieition, A. mcy In Asiletic IlussioLe, tend in some parts of Asiatic Turkey, 15-0 ASKA ASP ASPA Christianity, in the form of the Greek Church, prevails. Ask'er, sn. A petitioner; an inquirer. ing frons 3 to 5 feet in length. The effects of its poison Of late years, a new religion, termed Babisie (q. v.), has (Zoel.) An old nanie of the water-newt. Written also are niost deadly; but it is asserted that its bite is the become extensively diffused over Hindostan and many aslk. least painful of all the instruments of death, and that its countries of Central Asia; the superiority of whose te- Askew', adv. [Ger. schief, from schieben, to push, to poison has some affinity with opiunm, though less disanets will exert, it is believed, a powerful influence over shove; closely allied to askance.] With a wry look; greeable in its operation. The name AsP is also generthe civilization and fulture destinies of the Asiatic races. aside; obliquely; askant; contemptuously. ally given to Vcisera aspis, a native of S. Europe. - See Asi'ago, a town of N. Italy, 24 m. N. of Vicenza, cele- "Then take it, (ir, as it was writ, V~PERID.,p brated for its manufactures of straw hats. A. is the Nor look askew at what it saith; ASt alla'swsnols, n. [Or. aspalax, a mole, and soma, chief town of a district of 7 communiles, the people of There's not petitios in it.-Prior. a body.] (Physiol.) A genus of monsters in which there which speale a sort of bastard German; and they are As'kew, AN.Ne:, an English martyr, daughter of Sir W. is imnperfect development of the eyes. Also, a malformasupposed to descend from such of the ancient Cimbri Askew, a Lincolnshire knight, B. 1529; she was burned tion, in which the fissure and eventration extend chiefly that escaped after their great defeat by Marius, 101 B. c. at the stake, 1546, for maintaining the doctrines of the upon the lower part of the abdomen. - Duenglison. Pop. 5,574. Reformation. Site died with great serenity, and as she Asp]al'athlus, n. (Bit.) A gen. of plants, ord. tFabacece, Ali'sia 3inolr. See NATOLrA. said herself, "for her Lord and Master." tribe Lotece. Some tropical species yield a beautiful A'siana, a. Belonging or relating to Asia; Asiatic. As'kew, in Arkansas, a post-office of Phillips co. rose-colored wood. "The Asian churches." —ifiton.. Ask'ing,p. a. Requesting; petitioning; interrogating; Asparrage'me, n. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, ord. Liliinquiring. acea. - DIAG. Stem usually fully developed, or if not, A'siarch, n. [Lat. asiarcha; Gr. asiarcihes, from Asia, -n. The making of a request; a petition. the leaves are coriaceous and permanent. Asparagus, q. and archios, ruler.] In the time of pro-consular Asia, one As'koe, a small Danish island in the Belt; Lat. 540 54' v., is the principal genus of the tribe. of the chiefs or pontiffs who had the superintendence of N.; Lon. 110 29' E. AsflNr'a-Ise, ASPAAMnIDE, a. (Cicm.) A substance the public~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sl)'tl~']e gSARAMesE and rCem.) Ao yteiso spectanclest the public games and religious mysteries or spectacles. ir/Bkstlan, ASLA'Nl, or ASSELmA'NI. (Cmo.) A name given to which exists ready forned in common asparagus (A. The office of A. was annual, and subject to the approval the Dutch dollar, in most parts of the Levant. It is of o/icisseis), in the marsh-mntllotw, in potatoes, chestnuts, of the pro-consul for renewal. silver, but much alloyed, and is current for from 115 to Ac. The juice obtained from the young shoots of asparAsiat'i a, a Relating to Asia. 120 aspers. eagus, filtered and evaporated to a syrup, deposits, after. —m A native of Asia. Aslait', a. or adv. On a slant; on one side; obliquely; standing for some days, hard brittle crystals of A., which Asiat'ieism, n. Imitation of the Asiatic manner. not perpendicularly. may be purified by re-crystallization from water, and Asiatqc, or Eastern, Archipelago. See Aacnm- "There is a willow grows aslant a brook, belong to the trimetric system. They are inodorous, PELAGO; That shews his hoar leaves in the glassy stream."-Shaks. have but a slight taste, and are pernanent in the air. Asiatie Societses, Associations formed for investi- Asleep', adv. and a. In, or to sleep; sleeping; at rest. They dissolve in 11 parts of cold, and 4'44 parts of boilgating the lanemi g eegs, literature, history, and archaology "How many thousands of my poorest subjects ing vater; the solution has a slight acid reaction. A. of Asia. Some of these exist in Asia, others in Elurope, Are at this hour asleep / 0 gentle sleep, dissolves also in acids, and ii alkalies. Sp. gr. 1-519 at amnd in Anierica. The oldest society of this kind is the Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee I" —Shaks. 140 C. Fern. C4H8N203. Bataviaasch CGeioo!schap van Kunsten en Wetenschapen, -Figuratively, it is used for cead. Asparaginons, a. Belongimg to, or resenblimg, asfounded in Biatatvia, 1781. It was soon followed by the (N[aut.) Applied to the state of the sails when the wind paragus. A. of Calcutta, founded by Sir William Jones. Thie first is just strong enough to fill without shaking them. — Aspear'trgns, n. [Gr. asparagos; Lat. asporaguss Fr. volume df its proceedings was published in 1738, under Wo n-cester. as.] (Bt. and t.) genus ofplants, tbe A11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~asperge.] (Bet. and Herr.) A genus of plants, tribe -Asthe title of Asiatic Researchies, and was continued till Aslope', adv. and a. On slope; with leaning orinclina- poryca. The common A., A. qflcialis, concentrates 1836. Other kindred societies in India followed. The tion; obliquely; with declivity or descent. in itself tIe chief interest of tie genus. It is one of the first A. founded in Europe was the Socidti Asiatique of,, Set them not upright, but aslope, a reasonable depth under most delicate, extensively diffused, and ancien tly used Paris, iii 1822, whose published records, the Journal the ground."-Bacon. of culinary vegetebles. It is usually boiled and served Asialiquei still appear. In 1823, the Royal Asiatic Assnaranshaunsen, a village on the banks of the without idmixture, and eaten with butter and salt; or Society Of oeast Britain was founded, and in 1824 re- Rhine, below R iidesheim, in Nassau, celebrated for the the points of its shoots are cut into small pieces, and teived a royalcharter. It has also published an annual excellent wine produced on hills of blue slate in its served in me usainer similar to green peas. It has too volume of its transactions. In 1845, the German vicinity. The red kind of A. wine is the more valuable; delicate a flavor to be a mere ingredient in compound Deutsche.Morgenldndische GeseCllschaft was instituted at its color is peculiar. It retains its value only 3 or 4 culinary preparatins, or to admit,without detriment, of Leipzig, In 1842, an American Oriental society was years; after which it becomes worse every year, and almost any vegetable accompaniment. The plant is founded at Bestont ad, in 1852, at Constantinople, founded at Bstn; and, in 1852, at Constantinople, precipitates the whole of its red coloring matter. It is thought to be diuretic, and is extensively employed as appeared the Soci ti Asiatigque. difficult, but not impossible to transport it across the an alleviative of stone or gravel by the sedentary operaAside', adv. [a and side.] On side; to or on one side; Atlantic. tive classes of Paris. It was in high esteem as a delicate not straight or perpendicular. dAsmn-tog'raphy, n. [Gr. asnta, a son-, and grapho, esculent among the ancient Greeks and Romans, and "The hflaies were blown aside, yet shone they bright, to write.] The art of writing songs. (a.) it continues to be held in esteem by a large portion of Fann'd by the wind, and gave a ruffled light." —Dryden.itctnusobehlinsembyaareptonf and y the wind, and ease arfled it.-Drd. Asinmodee'ts, n. [Lat., firom Hieb. asch/iedai, the des- the modern civilized world. It was much praised by -Out of the right Way; to another part. olator, the destroying angel; probably the same as Cato and Columella, and is said to hatve been highly " He had no brother; which, though it be a comfortable thing ABADnnoN, q. v.] An evil spirit, ovhich in Tobit is repre- relished by Augustus Caesar. The plant usually grows to for kings to have, yet it draweth the subject's eyes a little aside." sented as loving Sara, the daughter of Raguel, and cansBacon. ing the death of seven husbands; but Tobias, instructed ~-Apart; at a soiall distance; separate from. by Rachel, having burned the heart and liver of a fish "He toek him aside fiom the multitude." —Mark vii. 33. on "the ashes of the perfumes," "the evil spirit fled into To lay aside. To put off; to put away. the utmost parts of Egypt, and the angel bound him." To set aside. To put by fobr a particular use. —(Law.) To (lbb. viii. 1 to 3.) Since the Talmnud calls A. "king of:/ annul: to make void; as, to set aside an award. the demons," some identify him with Beelzebub, and Asilildae, a. pZ. (Zoel.) A tribe of insects belonging to others with Azrael. the ord. Diptera. Thile gen. Asilus is the type of the Asa so' mas. See M'ccAnErs.7 tribe. They are very strong, predaceous insects, living As'naleres, a small village at few miles firom Paris, on upon live flies, humble-bees, and other insects, &c., which the Seinie, vwhere are some large pleasutre-gardens, much 3 they chase and soon kill. Their flight is strong, and frequented by the Parisians and visitors to the capital when on the wing they make a loud buzzing noise. of France. i They attack horses and cattle, and sometimes cause Asso k', a. In a state of soaking; soaking in water. them great annoyance and irritation. Aso'sies, i. [Gr., from ase, disgust, and odes.] (Aled,) A Asi'lins, n. See ASImn2E. fever accompanied with anxiety and nausea, Asimi'lna, n. See ANONA. Ats'si, a fortified town of N. Italy, on the Chiesa, 20 m. Asino'go, n. See AssINEGO. N.W. fl-om Mantua; pop. 5,760. Asinel'i, GERHARDO, and his brother, were two Bolog- As'll at fortified town of N. Italy, 19 m. W.N.W. of i nese architects of the 12th centsry. Among their wvorklis Treviso; pop. 4,950.. may be mentioned the tower of Bologna, and a leaning Aso'ensaza lag, a. [Gr. a, priv., and soma, a body.J With- tower, La Garizenda. out a botly: incorporeal. (o.) As'inine, a. [Lat. asininus, from, asinus, an ass.] Be- A, Asp'ie, n. [Lat. and Gr. aspis; etymol. uncertain.] longing to or resembling the ass. (ZoUl.) A species of venomous serpent, fan. VsPceidies Asi'1ttia n. [Gr., from a, priv., and sites, food.] (Med.) often mentioned both by Greek'md Ronsan writers (who, Abstilnnce ftomn food; wvant of appetite. firom the discrepancies in their accounts of it, appear to A.s'ius, an elegiac poet of Samos, who flourished in the have known several noxious reptiles under this name); 5th or 6th century B. c., and whose fragmentary poems but most especially celebrated as the instrument chosenhave beeb published by Dtinzer, (Cologne, 1840, 8vo.) by Cleopatra to put an end to her existence after the Ask, v. a. [A.S. ascian, acsian, or axian; probably friom asecan, to search, to seek out, to inquire.] To request; 2 to demnsand; to petition; to beg; to solicit; to entreat. "When thou dost ask me blessing, I'll kneel down, and ask ig. 215.- co PAIA (A oficinais.) thee forgiveness."-Shs. 215. C0 ASA S, (A. officinalis.) -To seek for by interrogation; to question. 1.i Stem with fruit. - 2. Flowers. - 3. Young shoot, natural size. "He asked the way to Chester."-Shaks. the height of about 4 feet, and blooms firom June till -To inquire of; to inteirogate. Angust. Each flower consists of a calyx of 6 deeply-cut "Sent priests.... to ash him, who art thou?" —John i. 19. segen- stens, one sht style, wit its -To require; to demand; to claim. stigma cut into 3 divisions, -and a gernoen; and the friuit, which becomes developed firom the last of these, is a IIAA hie nraver sd mucu~h dowry and gift." —GenL. xxxiv. 12. scarlet globular berry, containing in its 3 cells one or more Ask, v. n, To request or petition; to beg; generally caet eryrotsoscels eon ith for. peect seeds. The nnual shoots fort etsculent use rise firnomn the moots in the months of April till July, and are often "' If he asifor bread, will he give him a stone?"-Afatt. vii. 9. A obta in te hintSsmmahhy in ass i re oudi~~~~L~~~~~~ ~~obtained in winter, but usually in an imperfect conall-To make inquiry or seelt by request; sometimes with tion, by various processes of forcing. Two principal vafer, or after. rmieties are in cultivation, - the red-topped, with reddish"Ash for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk there- green, full, and close heads, -- and the green-topped, in-Per vi, 56. ov — ~s~T-: —-~ —~ —— = —- with green heads, not so close and plump ss those of the "Wherefore dest —i ebso sh eter y nae 1-on. xxii 12._red-topped. The successful and highly artistic modes of Askanc', Ask~]~ant', adiv. [Dut. schnins, away, ob- csltivating A., with the view to producing it in full perlique; prob.ably allied to It. scansare, to turn or slip fection, are too nunserous and complicatted to be even menaside.] Aoiry; sidewoys; obliquely; toward one corner - tioned here. The mode which is now in favor with the of the eye. Fig. 214. -T ueR AsP, (Naoja flroje.) best gardeners, is to sow carefully selected seed in spring, "At this, Acbhiies soil'd his furious eyes, once in seweral years for a single plantation; and when Fixed on the kiind askaoht."-Dryden. defeat of Morlk Antony. It is belivedl that the trime asp the plamits are one year, or at most two years old, to "Zelmare, keephno a coiintenanoe 0s0ance, as she understood is the serpent called by the Ariths Nst.a Hilje, of a green transplant them into Iseruanent beds; and to begin to him not..." —Sidney, color, nrited obliquely swith bsown beamnds, iasd misasuir- csmt off the aiinml-t shoots for esctlent use in thle 3d year ASPE AS PH ASPI 151 after transplantation. The seedbeds are tlsually 4 foeet ]ar, With trembling leaves-the Populus trentulae, genus As'lphodells s, ASIPHODEL, n. [Lat. asphodels; froi'm broad; the transplanted plants are generally in rows, at POPULUS, q. v. Gr. a, priv., and sphallo, to surpass; a flower not snurpassed the distance of 9 inches froom plant to plant, and of 12 or -a. Pertaining to, or resembling the aspen. in beauty.j (Bot.) A geuts of plants, tribe Antherice. even 18 incheso from rowe to row; and sometimes the "01sI had the monster seen those lily hads They are fine garden-plants5 native of S. Europe. The seeds are sown in the permanent beds, and merely Tremble like ascpe leaves tipoi a lutc. —,haks. king's spear, A. luteus5 is a plant of easy culture and thinned out to the proper distance. The soil in every Made of aspeb-sood. rapid increase. Stenm 3 ft. high, thickly invested with case is as nearly as possible a dry, sandy, light, mello ill. i Tnne, post-officew of les o. 3-cornered, hollow leaves. Flowers yellow, in a long Ats'pess~$I l ln~~s~,t otofieo ie o loam, trenched to the depth of 2y or 3 feet, and very pow- As'en a, i iio, post-ofice of Charlotte co. spike, reacing from the top almost to the bse of stem; erfully manured. A covering of dung or litter is laid A e in iinia, a post-office of Charlotte co. blossoming in June. - The white or blancling asphodel, over the beds in winter, to protect the plants from the Aslper, a coin current in Egypt, of which 80 form a A. ramcosus, is not so tail as the preceding, but has frost; and in spring this covering is raked off the plants iastre; in Morocco atnd Algiers, 180 belong o a sequin. larger, white flowrs. ancits planted A. ne Amer~i can w d~ue, ab~out ll/ cents. br lgp~e, i re c upytemnsote da and dug into the alleys,and the beds are stirred with a fork American values, about Centsi n order to supply the ma in order to increase absorption of heat and air, and the Aserg'ililfo'rm, a. (Bot.) Shaped as an aspergil- with nourishment. es of te dead infiltration and scent of moisture. Plants raised ac- Ite, or brush used to sprinkle holy water, as the stigmas rinfiltration tnd isenat of moisture. Plants rised yc- of most grasses. "By those happy soule, who dwell cording to this general method of culture will yield Aspergillqlrdiln, n. [L. Lat., from aspergo, to sprinkle; In yellow meads ci' ashohdel." — t~Ope, shoots in excellent condition froma the 5th to the 15th or Apr-llan L a. rmopms osrnl;I olwmasC ahdl Pje 1shoots in excellent; andithey f ma be ft orce at wee Fr. aspersoir and aspergis.] A kind of brush used in (Checm.) The bulbs of A. ramosus and other species al, 17th year after sowing; and they may be forced a wcel' nF""i radkpere. 7eting; adhyyfoeathe Catholic Church to sprinkle holy water. said to contain a fermentable substance from which alor two by warm coverings of dnysg upon the beds, or (Zbl.) The watering-pot shell, a genus of conchiferous cobol may be prepsred. According to Landerer, an extensively forced, but with the speedy death of the roots, or bivalve mollusca, fim. Gastrocheidtc. The animal celleut glue nsay be obtained from the bulbs of the samne by liftiig the plants, and placing them on dung or tan lives in a shelly tube, which is round, elongated, open species by washing them with water, drying theis thorAspb rltates, n. p. (.) Aspartic acid is monobasic. above, where the siphonal end is generally ornamented oughly in a stove, grinding them to coarse powder. and sthe forula oftes, its normal saltem.) As being C411M with a series of rmffles, but closed below with a convex mixing the powder withfwater. hei forms o ats norm s atei CHon it disc, which is perforated with numerous small holes, and Asphyx, As x, n. from a pr., ad py likewise forms basic salts or aspartates, the composition h aving a minute fissure. which is notveryclearly adout. A.ofthe having a noinute fissure. pulse; r. ssp/sxie.] (Pled.) A term which denotes that of shsich is not very clearly noade ont. Tue A. of the alkahi-etals sve soluble a rnd taste lio broth. lb Aspergiluh s, n. (Bet.) A gen. of fungi, ord. tiyp/hos y- state of body during lilf in which the pulsation of the acti-metals arsse nsoluble, and taste like broth. The ce/es. The A. glaucus is well known as producing the heart and arteries cannot,e perceived. In A., the action active and inactive A. agree in composition, and in most of thir proplesA dffllg onlyin smoluihity, crymsta blue mould of cheese. It is only common on cheese, of the lungs is suspenlded, and the blood no longer unof their properties, diffring only in solubility, crystal- lard, bread, &c.; but what is curious, it is found in the dergoes that purisying process so necessary to life. line form, and relation to polarized light. lungs and air cavities of birds. It gives a value to cheese, Hence the body becomes filled with inpure blood, the A ic' cid, obtatinned either by the decompositioe.) An and its color is often imitated by fraudulent dealest by powers of sensation and voluntanry motion are suspended, oasaais ie tel ne teifuneoomef acids or ete ytedcmoiin sticking brass pins into the cheese, the verdigris forned and, if the proper means of restoratio n are not rIesorted of asparagine, chiefly under the influence of acids or from the pins giving it the color of mould. to, death will specdily ensue. A. lmay be produced by alkalies, or by the aotton oh heat on bhe acid noalate, Asperi'o'liate, Aspeari'folios, a. [Lat. asper, various causes; as by whatever prevents the access of maleate, or funirate of atnmoniumn. The acids obtsinsed rough, andfoiumn, a leaf.] (Bet.) That has rough leaves. air to the hngs, as strangulaltion, drolvsisg, choking, by hifese tseo psoceses as identical in coniposition, f ut Asper'ity, n. [Fr. aspirit/; Lat. asperitas, fiom ascper, &c.; or whatever interfeies with the action of the nerves differ its Chiase rctiveons to poalrizd light, t.cd forner rough.] ltoughness of surface; ruggedness; unevenness. thCat erts concerned in respiration, as paralysis, culd, lbeimg opticnally actsve the latter imactive. A. acid crys- — Ilence, by analogy, roughness of sound or taste; - send stroke ol the sun or lightning, &c. It may also be protallizes in small crystels belonging to the monoclinic systensl. It diasolses tn ster, and mors easily inhydro- metaphorically, harshness and disagreeableness of feel- duccd by breathing an impure or a too rarefied atmsc~lohormc adin tiai.S. 166 16 uing, character, or nsanner; sharpness; sourness; morose- phere. "In cases of A.," Dr. Trall says, "atmospheric c hlo ric, and in nitric acid. fp. gr. 1 -26613- 1'662.n air is theonilly rncmedy. TIe patient should be placed in a 12'50 C. Fori,. 2C4t117N04. Asspearanons, a. [Gr. a, priv., and sperma, a seed.] current of fresh air, or fanned vigorously, and the tongue sptaLsia, a celebrtted G'recian courtesan, issued from (Bot.) Destitute of seeds. drawn forward. This last point is exceedingly issa itmily of some note in MIiletus, and was early distin- As'Bpe. n a small village of Austria, on the Danube, portent, and lives haive been lost by not properly aitgunished for her graces of' mind satd person. She came to, m vi about 2 m. from Vienna. Here, and in the neighboring tending to it. The tongue is paralyzed, and lies like a thens after the Pesin rnd by er bety and village of Esslingen, were fought the tremendous battles dead mechanical weight in the back part of the mouth, a~ccomnplishmients soon attracted the attention of the ladcconplishenorts soon attractced the atteltion of the of the 21st and 22d May, 1809, between the French grand closing the glottis and conmpletely excluding the atmosandis enofthatity.Sit ssga tefcin army commanded by Napoleon, and the Austrians under pheric air from the lungs. To favor the inclination of of Pericles, sho is said to have divorced his forsuer wife the chde in orderi to oarry her. Their union sas harmnontous othe Archduke Charles. The French, after this continn- the tongue forward, the patient should be turned on one in order to marry her. Their union was harmoui a ie ihtefc nlnin ousad he h a ous fighting, with vast loss to both sides, were obliged side, with the face inclining downward. When the pathroughout; lie preserved for her to the end of his life C tbrounhout; hi preserved fo i t h n rs to retreat, and occupy the island of Lobau. tient has been for a long time exposed to mephitic gases the same tenderness; she remained the confidante of h Asperse', v. a. [Lat. aspergo, aspersus, from ad, and or vapors, or subsergec, the restoration of the respirthe statesiman's schemes, and the sharer of his strug- spargo, to strew, to scatter; Gr. speiro, to sow.] To be- tory function can often be achieved as follows: Support g~les. Their house was the resort; of the wisdom and~sa~,t tet catr r ert o. l oATheinrse. O to e sool a phi sdop camnd sprinkle with ill words or bespatter with slander; to the patient in a sitting potture, carry the arns gradnuwit of Athens. Orators, poets, and philosophere came casusnniate; to befoul; to defy; to defame; to vilify. ally upward and outwasrd above the head, and then as to listen to the eloquence of A.; and in their con- sp rsr,. One o peres. grdually depress them do d and forward, -Asp)erts'er,.n. One who asperses. gradalydpestheonad and forward, the vereation, swhich turned upon the politics, literature, As "slotsra, n. The act of aspersing; a sprinkling whole to be performed 16 to 18timesper minute; during and msetaphysics of the ligo, they deferred to her author-, s and metaphsics of the e, they deferred to her uthor- upon;-calumny; defmation. the downward iotion an attendant should press firmly ity. Plato sahiys that she formed the biest speakers of her (Eccl. e ist.) The sprinkling with waster in the sacra- against the abdomiin al iuadsles. Tthe object is to imnitate time, and chief among them, Pericles himself. Tre sage ment of baptism. the respiratoi'y motionsits snearly as possible, by which tSocrates wi a frequent visitor at her saons, drawn fAssea.r'sive, adv. Tending to asperse; defaiatory; nmeans a sufficient quantity of air nmay be mnade to enter thither, it is insinuated, by the double attraction of slanderous; calumnious. the nlungs to reinvigorate the circulation of the blood, eloquence and beauty. Anaxagoras, Phidias, and Ale- q san eat. x rasPhidiasanoAh- Asser'.i-elly, adv. In an aspersive manner. and set the whole noachinery of liie in motion again. bliades, were also numbered among her admirers. The Asper'sry, a. Aspersive. (it.) The trangling is not csioned as comnly supenvy swhich assailed the adliniostration of Pericles was A!spe$lt', TIZrA'sO, a sculptor of Padua, B. in 1565. His posed by the seter of noxious gises or sapoms eltering unsparing in its attacks on his mistress. Jealousy of nspnin in its attacs on his mistress. Jealousy of other was the sister of Titian. A. was a pupil of San- the lungs, but by tlhe spasmodic closure of the glottis oroeigtners, and dislike of female influence, coisbined to sovino, and produced many beautiful works in marble to keep tlhen out."' — See DRowNINGe, STRANOGULATION, offend the prejudices of the mass. Her fearless specula- and bronze at Padua, Florence, and Pica. D, 1607. SUFFOCATION, &Ce tion aroused their superstitious zeal. She shared the sialt', Asa al'tan,. [Fr. aspal; r. as- As'pi,. [r. an asp.] A srpent; the asp,.. imupeachment, and narrowly escaped the fate of her, il.[ir aas]Asepn;t ap v inspeachsent, and narrowly escaped bthe fats of her phaltos; problably from a, privative, and sphalo, to slip; (Cookery.) A savory moeat-jelly mioulded int o airegular li-d Aaxaors. She was ccsed by ersippus of from its use as a cemnent in ancient buildings.] (Ali/o. and form, and containing portions of owl, gamne. fish, &c., disloyalty Cs the gods, end of introducing fr'ee swonsen C'ta).TeMnrfP disloeyalty to the gods, and of inptroducing free o women r- i/,,,.The Jiineral Pitch, a variety of bitumen arising usually with hard-boiled eggs and sliced pickles.into hr house to gratif the impure tastes of Pericles from the decomposition of vegetable matter. It is found /Webster. Itse simself pleased her casise trinsssphyantly, and A. seas ill most parts of the world, and is the principal coloring -(Oil qf), or oil of spike. See LAVArNDUIA. acquitted. She survived Pericles son-e years, and is reacuitted. Shve survived Poricsao soue Ayears, and is rc- nmatter of the dark indurated marl, or slhale, found in lAssiel}'Ulin, n. [Or. asp/iios., a little bIuclkler.] (Bet.) ported to hseve married an obscure Atheni~a, Lysicles, coal districts. It occurs frequently floating on the sur- A gen. of ferns, tribe P lypodcc. Thie fironds of the whomn she raised by her example and precept to be one selon sthe raised by her exampls and precept to be one face of springs. There is one such in the island of species A.fragrrans possess aromnatie and slightly bitter of thIcsleathers of Ctsc r1epublic.. Zante, which was at work in the time of Herodotus, and properties, and have been used as a substitute for tea. As'pe, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 16 m. W. of Alicante; continues so at the present time. Great quantities are Asi /l'ra, a. pl. [Cr. aspis, a shield, stsmc, tail.] (Pal.) pop. 7,903.. folund on the shores, or floating on the surface, of the A gen. of fossil star-fishes, so namied firon the bucklerAs/'peat, a. [Pr., from Let. aspectcs, from aspicits-ash, Dead sea, whence its name of Asphalti/es, or Asphaltic like arrtangenlent of the bony plates which protect the and specio, to look, to look at.] Look; air; appearance; clake. It is the produce also of the manufacture of coal- acis. Tshey are peculiar to the usiscteelkelk ofGermany, viee. gas, and has become of great use in Europe, in paving, and are closely related to the existing ophiura. "'They have the true aspectofa world lying in its rubbish." Burnet. and making roads and footpaths. It has the advantage As 1h515w11, in Nebraska,t post-village of Nensha co., -Countenance; look; visage. of being very easy to repair. - The mineral A. is a mix- on the Mlissouri river, 10 m. from Brownville..Yet had his aspect nothing of severe, ture of different hydrocarbons, part of which are oxy- As'pinwall (sometimes called CoLot), a flourishing But such a face as promised him sincere." —Dryden. genated. Ordinarily, its character is thus: Amorphous. sea-port of New Granada, in Central Amnerica, situate on -Point of view; position; situation. - Lustre resembling that of black pitch. Color black and the small island of Manzanilla, in Navy Bay, Gulf of " The setting sUn) brownish-blatck. Bituminous odor. Melts in ordinary Mexico. This town was founded in 1852 by the AnmeriSlowly descended; and with right aspect cases at 900 to 1000 C., and burns with a bright flame. can Company who formed the Isthmus of Panama RailAgainst the easters gale of Paradise Mostly or wholly soluble in oil of turpentine, and partly road, and nnamed A. in honor of Col. Aspinwall, one of Levell'd his ev'niag rays.-BNilton. in alcohol. The more solid lkinds graduate into the pit- the original pronmoters. It has been ceded to the (Arch.) The quarter of the heavens to which the front tasphalts, or mineral tar, and hseve through these a gradas- Company in perpeltuity by the Government of New of a building faces. Thus, a front to the north is said tion to petroleum. The fluid sorts change into the solid Granada..4. is the ternminus, On the Atlantic side, of thl to have a north aspect. by the loss of a vaporizable portion on exposure, and above-mentioned line, 48 mn. long, which terminates on (Astron. and Astrol.) A. is an old term, almost dis- also by a process' of oxidation, which consists, 1st, in a the S. at Panaman, on thePacific. This route, connecting used, and of interest only because it may be met with in loss of hydrogen; and, 2dly, in the oxygenation of a as it does the two great oceans, has been termed the old works of considerable value. It denotes the situa- portion of the mass.- CoGtp. The A. fionm different lo- highay of the world. A. isa ihantdsonme, well-built town, tion of the planets end stars with respect to each other. ceilities is very various in conmposition. Yet the true much resembling in its architectunsrl aspect a New There are five different aspects:- 1, sextihe aspect, when composition is not kmsown to any one of them. A. belongs England town, with its whitewashed iouses and green the planets or stars are 600 distant, and markred thus, *; to rocks of no particular age. The most abundant de- jalousies. There are 3 good hotels, the Howard, City, 2, the quartile or quadrate, when they are 900 distant, posits are superficial. But these are generally, if not and Aspiusall; a Protestant Episcopal Church, the marked fl; 3, trine, when 120~ distant, muarlred 5; 4, silwsrays, connected wit/h rock deposits containisig some only oine in Centrel Anmsrlca, and fine hospitals and opposition, when 1800 distant. marlred o9; and 5, con- kind of bituminols material, or vegetable remains. buildings belonging to the railroad depot. A beautiful junction, swhoen both are in tIce samoe degree, msarked 6, Aqsp/lsaIlt'. s. a. To cover with asplalt. drive, called the Paso Csc'al, winds around the island, Kephler added 8 more. It is to be observed that thsese Asjataala,'$ltie, a. Pertaining to asphalt, or containing it. which is about a mile in extent. There is a litgit-liouso aspects, being first introduced by astrologers, were dis- As-ah A'tii, n. (0/ses.) A black substance dissolved out on its point; but the harbor, thlough commodious, is qjite tinginished into be,.ssgs, utaeignaont, and ins/irs-esnt. of aspholt by oil of turpentine, insoluble in alcohol and open to the "norther," tltsmt scourge of the Mexicsan Aspee', sit, a. (Her.) Opposite to each otlher, as two ether. gulf. No fewer than 7 gresst lines of. matil-steamners besests or birds. A.. sn, I' i es, a]ke. Sosee Darn St^. either touch at A. direct, or nske it theis point of desAs/'pe, Asp, c,. [A.S cesjo; probably allied to Or. aspa,'rs, aplhlal'tias, cc. See Aspired,% Asoetrea.. tinsation via Pancea. These are, the Allaetic and Pa — to palpitate, to tremuble, to siniver.] A species of pop- Asplisodels, n. p/. See ANHEouiCEin. Ci-eC S.'. Co. anlid PaeCc Plait S.. CSo.s connecting New 152 ASQU ASS ASS York and the North Pacific ports; the Central Asmeri- Ass sn. [A.S. assa; Lat. asinus; Gr. ones; HIob. athonn caloge forbids us to covet, is Iis ass; the princes and can S. S. Co., connecting in a radius the Centlral Ameri- from the last syllable of which the Greek appears to lha ve rulers of Judah rode thereon, and Moses is said to have can ports; ties British Pacific S. IV. Co., -Regl llrsil S. been formed; Fr. ine.] Figuratively, a dull, heavy, stupid proscribed the use of' horses, because of their unsuitableS. Co., and Vest India asnd Pacific S. N. Co.; and lastly, fellow; a dolt. ness to the coestry; Deborah apostropeizes the great, the steamers of La Comnpagnie Genelrate T''rasssatElasiqae, (Zoi.) The common name of the Equis aslnus, a spe-'Ye who ride on white asses;' and in the story of Isaac's between St. Nazaire (France), the 7W. Indies, and A. - cies of well-known aninmals of the family Equidce. The sacrifice, the patriarch is described as rising early in the Poep. about 4,000. asinsss vldgaris is a most useful domestic quadruped, morning and'saddling his ass;' frosm Balaam's ass, Aslisr'last, ss. [Fr., frose Lat. aspirans, aspiring.] Osse whose good qualities are too generally undervalued by who saw the angel of the Lord, and stood still until his who aspires, breathes alter, or seeks with eagerness; a us in consequence of our possessing a more noble and master's eyes were opened to the celestial vision long candidate. powerful animal in the horse; but, as Bluffon remarks, apparent to the beast he so cruelly smote, to the ass's -a. Asitiring; ambitious. if the horse were unknown, and the care and attention foal whereon our Saviour rode into Jerusalemn in triumph, As'piatee v. a. [FIr. aspirier, froom Let. aspireo, aspi- whichl we lavish upon him were transferred to his huln- the aninmal most despised by nmodern civilization figures ratses. See Asepire. To pronounce with a beathin o le nd despised rival, both his physical and neoral rual- benignly. It was with the jewbone of an ass that Samfull emission of 1breath. ities would be developed to aim extent, which those per- son crushed his foes; and the evidence of prosperity of -e. n. rTo be proenomenced wilh full breceth. sons alone can fully estimate who have travelled throughl thie thirty sons of Jair of Gileadd, cited biy the sacred hisAs/jirate, a. Pronounrced withe e fell breath. Elesterm couetrees where both animals are equally valued. torian, is not only that they ruled that numeber of cities, — es. A letter to whose articuletion the force of a rough In hIis domesticated state, we observe no superior mearks but rode on as many asses. Homere compares Ajax to an breathinmg is given.- Worcestcr. of sagaciy; tet le les tie meeres of beingm patient, en- ass, in no degrading sense, as whoever has seen the wild (sreek GainE.) The spisitue asper, an accent pec.uliar during, and inoftfensive; temperate in his tfod, and by breed of the Syrian mountains can well understand. to he reer Ingn~emariec ths (),:ncl impl~tn: 5 no means delic'ate in thle chloice of it; eatin~g thistles andt How hanve the mighlty fatllen, even in1 the asinline realm! to the Greek language, marked thus ('), and importing no muams delie ste in tie eloiee of it; eating thsstlea acd t~~~~~;1anIlwhate the mgtfalette oevr wilchtit asi~ relacdogh!ob that tie letter over which it is pleced ought to 1)e a variety of coarse herbage whlich the horse reflises. In Once worshipped ca a sacred creature, cared for with exstromgly aspirated, that is, pronoheced as if an ii were les chOics of weter, Iowvc le s emibly nice, and qtisite nurtere, tie fevorite of nmonarch s, the free and prefixed. will drink only of that which is clear. Iis general ap- fleet deizen of mountain ainid desert, a gift for princes, As'pirdated, pi. a. Uttered with a strong emissios of pearasce, certainly, is Cvery uncoutlh; mad his well-known a grace of courts, and pride of households - the ass is breath;i; spleraets. voice, it mnust be confessed, is a smot discordalnt succes- nom tie deudge of neeidicants, tie butt of gaeeins, the Aispira$ tioi, n. [Fr.; Lat, aepiratis, frone as2pirs, us- sion of flats and sharps - a bray so hideous as to offend vagebond ofanimals, the coentcemned, belabored, overpiriatus.] A breathing or pastieg after; ect of aspiring; even the nost useusical ear. Ihe as is believed ho be burdened victli, and the synonym for imcbecility and eager pursuit or search after; ardent wish or desire fur; a descendant of the wild ass inhabiting the mountai n- obstinacy in the human species. Only in the Orient do amnebition to reach or attsain. ous deserts of Tartary, &c., (by some naturalis ts called some of his ancient honors linger; anid now and then, in A sain ispirod -e thueaiest as~irls actor eesi ie- te onager, and supposed to be identical with the P'er- Southern Europe, we catch gilnepses of the original "A soul inspired with the warmest aspiration~ after celestial beatitude."'- Wltts. laian lcoulan,) and celebr ted in sacred and profane his- glory of the tribe, or learn, on dizzy summit or dreary -Time pronueciation nf a latter witi a full essission of tory for the filery activity of its disposition, and the vwild, to appreciate thie patient, fregal, sure-footed cresbreati. ifleetness of its course. BuLt, in the state of degradatio n lure, who bears ius so safeBly where no other quadrupedi,. It is only a gut~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tuaaseiainbi~e, a ore keecblet ipelsce is eonly a guttural naspirion, i.., a more forcible impulse to which for so meany ages successive generations ihave could pick his cay without a stumble, or keep his pace of the breath from the lungs."-solder. been doomed, the ass has long since become proverbial without drooping. From Apuleius to Xsop, flom 8hliaksAspii'al'tor, a. (U/esa.) An rapparatus first dsvised by for stolid indifference to sulffring, and for uInconiquerable peare to La Fontaine, and feiom Sterne to Dickens, the BrIunnenr, obstinacy and stupidity. From the general resetmblance ass figures effectively in literature; peirhaps the animnal ~for dcer~z\- - ______________between the ass and the Ihorse, it might naturally enoughl kingdomi affords no creature mnore suggestive in authoring aI / fe ing a E ~ ~, ~ be supposed that they were very closely allied, acd that ship. Thee earliest romance of celebrity (A. D. 130) is the as~~~treaner of ose~oe Ioehad degenerated; they nare, however, perfectly dis- Golden Ass,' by the first-naiseed nwriter, a student of aimr tirough a ltutes orntlsr tinct; there is that inseemparablh line l-erawn, that barrier Platonic philosophy at Athens; this, as well as the vessel. The simplest form beteween theme, which NtNature provides ear the perfection'Asinus' of Lucan, saimeeed to satirize hypocrisy and tihe of it is a cy~indricel~ vessel ~and preservation of leer productions, — their nlutual off- Plrofiigacy of a priestly order, specious pretenders to the C (Fig 216), oh zin c or times spring, the mule, beingo- incapable of reprodiucing its kind. supernatural. Bishop Warburton acSrgues, in his'Divine,)late216, tofn hold wtinr, h ay pes~te, to l~old wa-ts~, ]iav- Tihe best breed of asses s i that originally derived froem Legation,' that its object was to contrast pagganism fatvorplnte stok hol niear, thebe- "nZ a cock~, A, ~e~ar ties hot- the hot and dry regions of Asi,; at present, perhaps, the ably with Christianity; others contend tlhat it is sugtn om eA,anea thre apetures hug, a tr netue best breed in Europe is the Spanislh; and very valuable gestive of human progress. This ancient allegory was toms, and three apers-tures C3 asses are still to be had in the southern portion of the the predecessor of countless fables, wherein tie ass plays lose wthe cork. B,, D, cnnethed asly on tsee top. B is connected Anmerican continent, where, dlurinrg the existence of the a conspicuous part. Many of them are current in proowithe to.he vessel thron Spanish dominion, the breed was very carielllyattended verbial philosoplhy; such as, tihe ass in the lion's skin, ewithite Ilovessel theroeughe chich te str-eanm of air is to. In truth, wherever proper attention has been ipaid between two bunedles of hay, with the cock and lion, whichi the str~eam of airr is to be dracn;'is for the to improve the breed by crossiug the finest specimens, with the old man, the dog, the horse, the shadow, relics, insertion of a, thermoue- is is rendered nearly if not quite equal to the horse lfor eating thistles, etc. La FIontlsine serves him up with tar; end D Dto pour ic water. most purposes of labor; while on hilly mand precipitous infinite variety, both of situation and moral lessons; le Thie vessel C being filled /roads ihe is decidedlyl better adapted from his general is the best lay-figure to drapelte with human absurdities, eviti catcr, the ~par~turesa F Ahiabits and forminatioun.'Nlie nemost conlmeon color of the the nmost apposite animnal whlereby to illustrate mortal with water, the apertures C l~and D closed, and the ~ass is a mounse-colored gray, wvith a black or biclacish fully. The fantasy of Sehakspeaere ficnds in an ass's imead acd B closed, ad te Fig. 216. — ASPIrATOR. strilie, extending along the spine to the tail, and crosset the most grotesque illusion of love's midsummer dream; cock A opened, the water by a simeilar stripe o-ver the shoulders. The female goes'Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, rins out; sand as air cien o0y' enter by the bent tisc E, ce-ith young eleven months, and seldom produces more While I thy amiable cheeks do coy, inserted into tile opening B, a stream of air is drawn than one foal at a timee; the teethi follow the same order And stick musk-roses en thy fair, large head, through the apparatus wvith which the other end of this of esipearance and renee-l ss these of the morse Asses' And kiss thy fair, large ears, my gentlejoy.' tu be is cosnnected, the volume of air thus drawn through seilki has been long celebrated for its sainstive projerties Tie stuns of paasion's recoil ie makes the consciousnes. being exactly equal to that of the water which runs out invalids suffering from debility of tie digestive and of being made'egregiously an ass;' and'write mes at C. Instead of the metal cylinder, a glass vessel mSay assimilative fnsctiong s nfmake usee of it weith great advan- down an ass' is thle adjuration of official obtuseness. be used, having a stop-cock at the lower part of its side. tage; and to those also who are cunsemeptive it is veoy The adjectives he applies to emonify the term are signifiAspire', v. S. [Fr. aspei-er, from Lat. aspiro, aspiratsss, generally reconmemeended. The wsildh ass (Equees hemionus), cant; thus we have a secure, a need, a virtuous, a tender, from ad, and spieo, to breathe.] To breathe or palt clleed 1-selan org/eie —irie by the Persians, staeds usch a Trojane, a valiant, an affectionate, and a preposterous after; to desire or pursue eagerly; to aim at what is ele- higher on its linibs than thee common ac; its legs re rass. In Parini's Anieeali partanti he is an important vated, great, noble, or difficult.-FloFollo wed by to or after. personage; and how the vivacious reiteration it the Bar "Aslolring to be gods, if angels fell,.ber of Seville h aunits the memorsy -' and a jscktass was A5spiriisg to be amgels, mnen rebel."-Pops. 7 your father h' Titania was enlamoecl rd of one, and Crassus "To aspire after immortality.."-Atterbury. is said to have laughed only once in his life, and that was -To rise; to tower; to soar. ait an ass eating thistles; wMhile in our day lie is the Al''M~~~y ow~~n breath still foments the firel~, ~central figere of Gueirazzi's elaborate political allegory. Which flames as high as fancy can ashire." — Waller.!:When the rhietorical gave place to the natural school of Whieh Cameo as One sho cane-enspire."sran. A Myp le on b n. One who aspires. tpoeety, in Britain, tand bards went bacd to the simple in As~pir'liag, a. Ambitious; lh,.ving an ardent desire to asirsession and the elemental in life, seeking to reveal AspIir'iinl~', a. Amebitious; leaving an aredent desire to * te ierc fImiirtig mnt loc iettehm ~5~1~}~[I to eminethe charms of familiar things and to show that the humriseiil, adv. In an asping manner. blest objects, regarded with sympathy and reverence, Asipi'ir efin y, adv. In an aspiring manner. had in theem some benign attraction; swhile Wordsworth Lr11111faiia'e~s, n. State of being amibitious; eager pi m s - ss, ~ St esat s of bei e0~ anebiti n us; sae ge s Ctook a p edlar or men idiot-boy for his hero, mand sang of desire to rise to eminence. ~~~~~desire,~ ~ heto rise to es~me~ic~eecce. -childhood and'the meanest thiing thait lives,' — ColeAs'pemenites, a. p1. [See ASPLa-ENIUM.1 (Pal.) A genus ridge thus apostrophized a young ass: of fossil ferns, containln0 a number of species, bearing a Por little fonl of a despised race, general resemblance to the recelIlt geInus Asplenium.'Politefaofadssdra, genoral resemblane ton the racetest gasus Apteneln I love the languid patience of thy face. Maost of tshem are found im the umines ouf Silesia. AceAnd oft with gentle hand I give thee bread, As 1e'mclitum, n. [Lat., from Gr. a, priv., and splen, the _ And clap thy rugged coat, and pat thy head. spleen; fron'om its sipposed mnedicinal virtues.] A genus __ Do those prophetic eyes anticipate, of ferns, tribe Polpodece. Its fructifications or sors are Meek child of misery, tny futurle fate? The Starving meal, and all the thousand aches, disposed in right lines along th~e under disc of the fiod h trvlgmn, nl ~ ietound.nhs diseosd in right lines alog te uder s f tie frond.Fig. 217. —WInt Ass oF PERSIA. Which paetient merit of tlhe unnworthy takes? A considerable number are described; several are natives of the U. Stetes. Tie danrf shleenwort, A. tsicho/nais, more slender, the fUrehSad is more arched, and it is alto- ahdrespon Byrn. ie Iis fierce sttackh on thee minsitrels is a very beautiful little fern, common on rocks and old gather nore sydetrica. The mane is cothe csposed of hi cc walls. Tihe wall-rue spleenweort, A. rttae m-seraria, lbund soft, dusky, woolly hair, about 3-4 inches long; the his satire, th at none in dry rocey places, is extremely small acid delicate. The color of the body is a fine silvery gray; the upper part in lofty numbers can surpass bird's-nest spleenwort, A. nidus, native of Java, grows of the face, the sides of the necl, and body are of a The bard who soars to clegize an ass.' oun the tops of trees, the leaves coming out in a circle, flaxen hue; and a broad brown stripe runs down thue Iow aptly, in the peerless romance of Cervantes, the and fonrming a kind of umbel, in the middle of which badc, from the manle to the tail, and crosses the shoul- ass pilays his part; though Don Quixote doubted if such birds melee their nests. ders, as in the conimo n ass. The leosslase inhabits ipasres an aneimsal were admissible in lknsighet-erraantry, to hins Aspo'ia'tiosol a. [Lat. asopstatie, from abs, from, and of Central Asia, aced migrates from northe to south, accord- eve owe the memoirsnable episode of'The Brayers;' and poesto, to carry.] (Law.) Ths ict of feloniously carryinsg ing to the season. Its flesh is held in hsigli esteem by Sancho's lament for Dapple is characteristic of theet una thing away. In all islarcenies, there must be boths the Tartars acd Persianes, who hunt it in pr-eference to aspirineg squire's selfish asffection; for, though he refuses talineg and a carrying aisay. all lkinds of gasme.-Since eve have alluded to the frequent thee Don's pecunialry consolation, and calls his deceased A ]paopo$i'aino, the helargest of the rivers of Greece, menttion of this interesting animnal by both sacred and ass the child of his bowels acd the joy of his children, rising in Albania, mend, after a course of 100 m., fallinsg pruoiene writers, we may properly concluide by qicoting tie true reason of his ostentatious eneentatiun comes into the Ioniacn sea, 15 m. firom Missolonglli. some passages of a witty nmsd humorous study of the mess, out at last, when he says,'Thou n vert the envy of my qalsqimim', adv. [Iut. sch/siete, a slope, wryness; hen- by Mr. H. T. Tucleemacn, in Putnama's Maegazine (Feb., neighbors, the relief of my' burdens, and hasfiy, the half dred with asr/aizce.] To tIse corner or angle of tfle eye; 1869): "' The ass is /ntimaistely associated with the Esst, of ny ealstceasce, for cih tie six-anci-tiiry minseotchiqcmeiy; tuevactl one sile, min icatriarc hal life. In tie scheidule of Abrse!aham's pos- ruis I eaerned evscry- day- by- thy ineaens, I have half Sup-'" single guide teasy direct tie way better than five hundred. w-eo sessionss, shen lee ecn t down into Egypt, shea-asses erarep orted esy- te ly. finily.' Tl'mss sas Sachto unchivari c snd hete cntraery vinees, or look asthepsint, or shug their Dyes.- nstraift. insge; sieiis h er pios le eureibr conoted nmog Ihepossssios of ur nlighbr th De- material in his g:riefi wthich, t~hm',,tir,r is h~,,,*;e..... ASSA ASSA ASSE 153 trast to that described in Sterne's chapter, in the' Sen- As-Sa'tsnaani, APU-s-AD-A3DUL-KErIs-IBJrN-ABI-BsaKR (Mil.) To take or carry by assault, signifies a sudden timental Journey' of the'Dead Ass,' so unwarrantably MeOnsAsIAo AT-TeMInI-AL-MEP WAZI, surnamed KAWWA- and determined onslaught on any strongly fortified satirized by Thackclray. -Nor has he (the ass) ltacked MUDDIN (" the pillar of the faith"), a celebrated Moslem place or position held by an enemy, by forces detailed eulogists among human observers. I L'Lane,' says George writer, author of a history of Bagdad, a history of Meru, for the express purpose. These troops are usually dividSand,'est sage et plain de raisonnements. No annimal and a work on Genealogy; B. at Meru, 1113; a. 1166O. ed into those who lead the attack, who are the stormers enjoys such constant health. iHo never blushes for his AIssamarB', n. [Lat. assare, to roast, and amarus; bitter.] or advance party; supports, or reserve party; and sharprace, but is proud thereof. iHe has not only to bear the (C'es.) This name was given by Reichenbach to the shooters, or covering party; and a fourth body, but rarely physical burdens imposed by man, but the morant weight peculiar bitter substance produced when gum, sugar, eisployed, who are termed thie foi-lo-i-lopee (q.v.). Some of his follies, of which fable makes him thile invariable starch, gluten, meat, bread, &c., are roasted in the air assaults are called "surprises;" as when a garrison, or victim. His two most ridiculed defects - long ears aid a till they turn brown. According to Reichenbachl, A. ilntrenched troops, are secretly and momentarily assailed, dissonant bray - are the provisions of Nature, whereby, is a yellow transparent solid; but according to Yilcker, which is nmost commonly effected by night. The forces in his native wilderness, he heard his enemies afar off, it is areddishli-yellow syrupy liquid, which does not solidify employed on this service are always provided with sealand gave shrill notice thereof to his distant comrades. - till it begins to decompose. It is extremely hygroscopic, ing-ladders, and all needful accessories for the undertak-' 11ow trusty, wlhen you coone to a steep, rocky place,' and dissolves in water in all proportions. Tlea aqueous iMg. - See Sami.. says a grateful traveller,'they put their steady little solution is neutral. Vfllcker assigns to A. the formula Assault', v. a. To assail; to fall upon by violence; feet exactly in the right spot, and carry you safe; but onil Cs4s11301; but it is doubtful whether the substance so to invalde; to charge; to storm. free roads nibble at grass, and amuse themselves, care- called is a definite compound, or has ever been obtained Assault'able, a. That may be assaulted. less of their riders,'-, philosophic proceeding that in the pure state. Ass allter', n. One who violently assaults another. shows donkey discrimination between business and plea- Asstinese', ts. sin. andpl. A native, or natives ofAssam. Assay', ii. [t1r. essai. See the verb.] Examination; sure, and the time and place for each.'L'Lne,' says Assa'lioosick, in Virginia, a P.O. of Southampton co. proof; trial; determination. -See EssaY. About, est moins d6igradc6 en Orient que chez nous. Les Ass'as, NICOLAs, CIEVALIeR D, a French oftficer, celebrated " This cannot be cnes d'aujourd' hui sent braves petites b~tes qui out le for an act of patriotism which cost him his life, was cap- By no assay of reasou.'Tis a pageant, pied sur, qui galopent an besoin et qui font dix lieues tain in the regiment of Auvergne when the French armly To keep us in frase gaze."-Shii. par jour lorsquil leur plait.' In other words, they are was stationed near Gueldres, in 1760. On the 15tlh Oct., -Determination of tile quantity of metal in an ore or alloy, capable, but capricious -a combination not rare aniong while engaged in reconnoitring, lie was taken prisoner kc., or of the quantity of gold or silver in coin or bulmuch higher animals."-It is necessary, we fear, to beg by a division of the enemy advanding to surprise the lion.- See ASSAYING. Mr. Tuckerm'an's indulgence for having so largely quoted French camp, and was threatened with death if a word -The substance to be assayed. from his very interesting and amusing study; but, being escaped him. I-He shouted, "A moi, Auvergne, voild les Z71 "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'The assays are charged into the cupels." —bUre, ourselves waerm advocates for tlse poor ass, ve were esisesisa!" amd was instantly struck dowvn. An amnual i The asssi a chargeS isis the cspchs."-Umis. unable to resist the temptation of asuvaiing us of the pension was allowed to his descendamts. -Real value; ascertained punity. —eresler. erudition of his able and witty breclhire on belhalf of As s''s1is, n. [Fr.; see AssASSuNS.] One who kills, or " of pearls and precious stones of great assay." —Spenser. this unjustly abused animnal. Indeed, so strong are the attempts to Ikill, by surprise or secret assault. (L.) Th proof or tria of the purity or fineness (Lawo.) The proof or trial of the purity or fineness prejudices against this lharmless and innocentbeast, that, "The Syrian king, who, to surprise of metls, prticly the precios metals gold a silfor centuries to come, it is but too probable that asinue One man, assisin-like, had levy'd war."-nihito. of the ti hsprecu tal od AmI will be considered by Ihis miaster nierely as a poor Assas' Sm to, v. a. To murder by surplisO or secret vae, by the method described under the word AssAYren. -Assay Office, is an estabhlishment or department in "morke," regardless of his patiemt drudgery and other assault; to waylay. To take by treachery; a meaisig which thi manipulations attending the essay of bullion sterling qualities. peculiar to Milton. stcrhsimmg quin ah hu fitieM xcs. peculiar to Msg syu odilton. and coins arinsare coduceted. Deppartments of this chiaracter As's~abet, iin M[as.aclmisets, a a post-village of Middlesaex "Such usage as your honourable lords,are attached to the national Mint and each of its branchco., 22 In. N. by W. of Boston. Afford me, sasssinated and bethry'd. " —Mim4on. es. - Boauvier. -A river of Worcester co., joining the Sudbnry at Concord. Assassissata'tiol n,. Act of iurdering by surprise or Assay', v. a. [Fr. scayer, from It. assagia-e, to taste, to A8/t8 cou~B or' KTss,'~a~ n. (Chleml.) The B3razilian name secret gssault. As'saeona, or Ussaeu, as. (Clinc.) The, Bracilian name secret assault, prove, to try; from L. Lat. exagium, a balance, ga kind of for the HLLtra brasilie sis Martius, a euphorbiaceous tree, Asss iiaa:ol. One who assassinates; an assa ssin. Assasstatr,. One o assassinates; n assass weight appointed as a standard, from Lat. exigo, to tihe bark and sal of which contain an acrid and very Assas'sisss, or ISuAILM, a sect of religious fanatics vho weigh, to cxamine, to measuro; L. Cr. cxagion, u evighpoisonous principle. The thiickened sap and the decoc- existed in the 10th and 12th centuries. They derived ing.] To exanine; to eeigh accurately; to try; to detion of the bark exert an emetic action, produce ulcerat- their name of A. originally firom their immoderate use termin the amount of a particular metal in an ore, ing pustules on the skrin, and are used as a remedy for of hasheesh, which produces an intense cerebral excite- alloy, or other metailie conpouud. elephantiasis. The natives also use them to prepare ment, often amounting to fury. Their founder and law- -v.. To attempt, try, or endeavor. (o.) See ESSAY. poisonous drinks, against which no antidote is known. — giver was Hassan-ben-Sabah, to whom the Orientals gave Ass5ye', or AsaYE', a tows of hlindostan, prov. of Bes-r, See HuaA. thile name of Sheikh-el-Jobelz, but who was better known in the Niam's doninions, 28 n. N. of Janls. It is Assailtedi, an Arabian biographer, and commenutator on in Europe as the Old.lfan of the Jfsoiuntaini: he was a fanous as being the spot ehere, on Sept. 23d, 1803, tis the Kioran; so named from his place of birth, Safadali, ewily impostor, who made fanatical and implicit slaves of Duke of Wellisgton, vith 4,500 troops (of ehich only in Syria; B. 1296; D. 1362. His name in full was KHSALI- hiis devotees, by imbuing them with a religion coni- 2,000 ware Britism), defeated the forces of Dowle t Rhow IBN-AYBeK AsU-s-DwAa SXunsHU-I)IN. pounded of that of the Christians, the Jews, the Magi, Sindia and the Eajah of Nagpoor, nsounting to 30.000 Assaflutltitla na. See ASArmr'oIDA. and the Mohamnlnedans. The principal article of their men. The Anglo-indian army's loss was 1,506 ien Assaguai, or AsusFGAI, n. [Sp. azagaya; Port. zagaya; belief was that the Holy Ghost rwas embodied in their Iilcd and wounded. It. zaetia; Ar. al-khazegah.] A weapon or instrument chief, and that his orders proceeded fromn the Deity, and Assay'er, a. One'ho assays metals.-A. Master is an of assault, in the form of a dart or javelin, used anmonmg were declarations of the Divine will. They believed officer of the aunt, aspsinted to datesmine the properthe Kaffirs of S. Africa, and other semi-barbarous nations. assassination to be meritorious when sanctioned by his tion of gold or silver in coin or bullion. Assa'i, (as-stt-e.) [It., enough, mnuch, very.] (MAus.) A command, and courted danger and death in the executionu Assay'in-,a n. [Fr. essapes, to try.] (sot.) A quantiterm denoting increase; as, adagio, slow; adagio-assai, of his orders. In the time of the crusades, they mus- tative analysis performed for the sake of discovering the very slow. tered to the number of 50,000. So great was the poeer amount of one particular constituent in a compound.Ass8a', a. A beverage used in Brazil.-See EUTERPaE. of the Sheikh, that the sovereigns of every quarter of The term is generally applied to tile detersinatios of Assail', v. a. [Fr. assaillir, from n Ltt. assilio —ad, and the globe secretly pensioned hims; and Philip Augustus, gold and silver in alloys of these netals; but it is also salio, to leap.] To spring, rush, or fall upon; to invade; king of F'rance, hearing that the Sheikh had ordered iis used to denote any process for determining the coinmerto attack; to assault. assassination, instituted a new body-guard, distinguished cial value of any substance by tie separation of its val" eSo when he saw his flasttering arts to fail, for their courage and activity, called sesfens d'armes, uable portios. Thus lichens and iidieo ae assyaed for With greedy force he'gan the fort' assail."-Faii':e Qiecene. who were armed with bows and arrows and brass clubs; their coloring matter, g;lls iad ole-banlk for their ten-To attack with argunsent; cusunre, or motives applied and he himself never ventured in public without a club in, nd ores for the itl. Th A. of gold and silver to the p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ssio~~~~~~~ni.pn, and ores tbr thleir~ metal1. T 2.o odadsle to the passions. oaded el with gold or iron. The IKnights Templars alone is generally performed by the process of cuping. "My gracious lord, here in the parliament s daredbid defiance to this terrible and subtle foe. Among Bone-ash is mixed with vater, mada into a little cup, and Lea us assail the family of York." —Siaks. their victims was Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat, who dried. This is called Chi cupel, and has the property of Assail'aile, a. That may be assailed. cas murdnered in the market-place at Tyre, in 1192, absombing oxides slen tiey are combined with oside of Ass.illanit, na. One cwho assails, attacks, or assaults. although some historians have attributed tile crime to lead in a estate of fusion. Silver is assayed by usixing -a. Attacking; assaulting or invadinsg. Riichard Coeur de Lion. For a long timae this fearful sect it with a certain quantity of lead, determined by thi Assail'er, a. An assailant. reigned in Persia, and on Mount Lebanon. Holagoe, or amount of impurity suspected to exist in the alloy. The A.ssatlf'nent, n. Attack; assault. (n.) I1tulaka, a Mogul Tartar, in 1254, dispossessed themn of mixture is melted in the ciupel in a current of air, until Ass0aiisse'snes$, n. [A French word, from Lat. ad, several of their strongholds; but it was not till some the whole of tie lead is converted into oxide, whiich and sanare, to nmaike healthy.] The act of rendering years after that they were completely extirpated by the dissolves the other impurities, and carries them down healthy, as by the draining of marshes, the disinfection Egyptian forces sent against them by the great sultan with it into the cupel, the silver being left behind in a of the air, Sc. - Dustayhisoa. Bibars. iune state. Silveralloys arc also assayed by dissolving Asssasossxsne'mest, n. A French word answering to Assault', n. [Fr. assaut, from 0. Fr. assault, from Lat. them in nitric acid, and precipitating the silver in the condiment. - Dunglison. assilio, assultues. See AssAIL.] An active and violent form of chloride by a standard solution of chloride of Ass'amn, a British province in the N.E. extremity of attack by words or deeds; a recourse to violence, sodium. This sethod is nos adopted in thi English, F'arther India, presidency of Bengal. It is bounded on "Her spirit had been invincible against all assaults of affee- French, and Belgian nints, as well as in those of the the N. by Bootan and Thibet, oni the E., S.E., and S. by tion. —Shaks. U. States. Gd is genay asyed y the process of Burmah, and on the W. by Bengal. Lat. from 250 40' "After some unhappy assaults upon the prerogative by the par- qaosttion. It is sixed ith thre ties its eight of to 280 17' N.; Lon. from 900 40' to 970 1' E. Au-ea, 21,805 liament."-Clarendon. sie-r, and nine tinss its weight of lea, and upetc as sq. m. —Dcsc. A. fonrms part of the grealt basin of the (Lawo.) Anattempt or offer, with force and violence, to mbiva ascnibd. Tihe e-hole of the inputif ies ead thus got above described. The whole ofthe inmpurities are thus g'ot Brahmsapootna, which flows through the centre of it. do a corporeal hurt to another; as by striking at him, id o andn alloy of siver and gold r ain. This Z rid of, and an alloy of silver and gold reniafins. This is Many other lesser rivers also irrigate its surface. The with or without a weapon. Assault does not alwaeys beate into tin pates, hich e thro into nitic n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~beaten into thin plates, which are thrown into nitric country is, in general, highly fertile, more particularly in necessarily imply a hitting or blow; because, in trespass cid, which dissolves out the silver, and leaves the gold thile dry season, when it is capable of high cultivation. for assault and battery, a man may be found guilty of intact. Th large aount of silver is ded to pvt Many stagnant lakes and swamnps are. interspersed over the assault, and acquitted of the battery. But every Iy patiocTh of that e atch existing in the gol fruet a great part of its surfie.a- Climate. Hot, unhealthy, battery includes an assault. If a person in anger lift up Becng grotected by it from the action of the acid, aid and earthqualkes frequently occurring. — Inhab. The or stretch forth his arm, and offer to strike anuotluer, on remaining undissolved. Assanmese are an idle and depraved race, inferior even to menace any one with any staff or weapon, it is an assault Assehe', t town of Belgium, prov. of S. Brabant, midthe Beusgalese. To them has bean ascribed the first inven- in law; and ift a man threaten to beat another person, vay between Brussels and Dandermonde; pop. 6,492. tion of gunpowder. - Retig. Formerly Buddhism, now or lie in wait to do'it, if the other is hindered in his busi- Asseerghesr'. AssanHRon, or AssEa, a town and forBrahmuanism. —Prod. The tea-plant is iudigenous, and its ness, and receive loss thereby, an action lies for the in- trees of Hiuudostssn, prey, of Candeish, cud pras. of Boisleaf bears a good ~epute both in Europe and America; jury. Any injury, however small, actually done to the bay. 215 in. F-N.E. of Surat; E~it. 210 28' N.; Eon. 70j gold, ivory, rice, musotard, amber, &c, ire also found. — person of a man, in an angry or revengefiul, or rude or 21' E. The town stands at the foot of the reck on shieb.Annf. Uninsportant. -- Divisionsand Towns. A. is die-id- insolent nmanner, as by spitting in Isis farce, or any way Cue fortress is sitated; Cle hatter is one of the streuiest ed into two provinces, Upper A. and Lowe- A., and these touching him in anger, or violently jostling him, is a fortifications in India, amd evis talcen iu 1803, and alterare again subdivided into smaller distsicts. Gowhati battery in the eye of the law. To lay hands gently upon ward in 1810, by the British, sho have since bald it. is the principal town; the others are Ghergong, and another, not in anger, is no foundation of an action of tres- p. about 2,100. Rungpone. - Pop. about 720,000. eHist. Im 1826, a part pass and assault; the defendant may justify his so loin0 Assens'ls age, a. [Fr.] A collection, concourse, mass, of A. was ceded to England at the termination of the in defence of his person or goods, or of his wife, father, or usoubar brqu~ht together, shetier of pamsons, ideas, Burmese c we-ir, but owing to the umsl-adiminisCtratio un of mother, or master, or for thenmaintenanc of justice. If or things. the remaining rajah, Great BEritain tooe possession of a muuaster tames inudecent liberties with a female schuolar,s Isis portion in 1838. Since the latter event this rountry weithout hier conasent, though she does not resist, it is an eaissitiage oe a guest nsSum ber cc peihoise ideas co space cc denr - has much improved. assault. tion." —Locke. VOL. i.- 20 154 ABSSE ASSI ASSI -The state of being assembled or brought together; the Assess'ament, n. The act of determining the value of The consequence was that they became of almost no act of assembling or forming in mass. a man's property or occupation for the purpose of levy- value, and, at length, in 1796, they were witlhdrawn from'With innoaence and meditation join'd ing a tax. - The act of determining the share of a tax to the currency. In soft assemblage, listen to my song."-Thomson, be paid by each individual. - The sum assessed or lev- Assigsat'tion, n. [Fr., from Lat. assignaio.] Tihe act Assemblage differs from assembly, in that the former led; a tax; a rate. - In New York, the act of hdjusting of assigning, as a particular name to a particular object; relates to persons, ideas, or things, in the abstract; while tihe shares of a contribution by several persons towvards designation. -An appointment to meet; used generally the latter is confined to a body of people brought together a common beneficial object according to thile benefit re- of love appointments. in one place, aind at one time, for one common object or ceived. (Law.) The same as ASSIoNMENT, q. V. specific purpose. (Law.) An A. of damages is the fixing of the amount Assignee', n. (Law.) A person appointed by another (Arch.) See JOINERY. of damages to which the prevailing party in a suit is en- to do any act or perform any business; also, a person Asse bn'ble, v. a. [Fr. assemsbler, from Lat. ad, and titled. who takes some right, title, or interest in things by an simul, together.] To bring, gather, or call together; to Asses'sor, n. [Lat., from assidere, to sit by.] One who assignment from an assignor. They are divided into: collect; to convene. sits by another as an assistant or adviser. A. by deed, as when a lessee of a term sells or assigns it "He wonders for what end you have assembled "Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears; to another; and A. by law, as, when property devolves Such troops of citizens to come to him." —Slhaks. And lives and crimes, with his assessors, hears." - Diryden. upon an executor without any specific appointment, tile —. na. To meet or come together; to convene. Or, as next in dignity. executor is A. by law to the testator.- Assignees, how"These men assembled, and found Daniel praying."-Daniel. "To his son, ever, are umore specially those persons in whom the propAssem'bled, p. a. Collected into a body; congregated. Th' assessor of his throne, he thus begun." -MHilton. erty of a bankrupt vests by virtue of their appointment. Assesn'bler, n. One who assembles. -One appointed to make assessments. — The "assessors of See ASSIGNMENT. Assesn'bly, as. [lFr. aeseablet.] A company of persons taxes," so named in the U. States, are comm-only terumed AssignIer, n. One who assigns or appoints. gathered together in one place br a coimmuon object; as surveyoprs in England. In this sense, A. derives from Assig'inment, a. Act of assigning; thie thing assigned; literary, social, political, and religious assemblies; a con- Assess. the appropriation of one thing to another thing or gregation; a meeting; a convocation; a convention. (Law.) A., in civil and Scotch law, are persons skilled person. They had heard, by fame, in law, selected to advise thle judges of the iniferior (Lae.) A transfer or making over to another of the Of this so noble and so fair assembly, courts. -This name is also applied in England to per- whole of any property, real or personal, in possession or This night to meet here." —/Shaks. sons chosen to assist the mayor and aldermen of corpo- in action, or of any estate or right therein. — A transfer (Ml/.) E) sound Ithe assembly. To beat a certain tattoo rations in matters relating to elections. by writing, as distinguished from one by delivery. - upon the drum, or sound a call upon the bugle, in order (Antiq.) As, among the Rtomans, the (:onsuls, prators, The transfer of the interest one has in lacads and teneto bring together scattered or detached troops. governors of provinces, and judges, were often imper- merats, and more particularly applied to the unexpired Political assemblies are those required by tile constitu- fectly acquainted with the law and bforms of procedure, residue of a term or estate tbr life or years. - Every detion and laws; for example, the general assembly, which A. were appointed to sit with them on the tribunal. mand connected with a right of property is assignable. includes tihe Senate and House of Representatives. The Their advice or aid was given during the proceedings, as Every estate and interest in lands and tenements may meeting of the electors of the President and Vice-Presi- well as at other times, but they never pronounced a ju- be assigned, as also every present and certain estate or dent of the U. States may also be called an assembly.- dicial sentence. interest in incorporal hereditamcents, even though the Popular assemblies are those where the people meet to Assesso'rial, a. Pertaining to assessors, or a court of interest be future. - The most extensive class of A. are deliberate upon their rights; these are guaranteed by the assessors. the general assignments in trust made by insolvenit constitution (U. S. Const., Amend., art. 1.)- Urnlawful as- As'sets, n. pl. [0. Fr. assetz; Fr. assez, enoughl, suffi- and other debtors for the discharge of their debts. In semnbly is the meeting of three or more persons to do an cient; signifying originally the property of a deceased most of the U. States these are regulated by statuunlawful act, althouglh tmey may not carry their pur- person, which is sufficient, in the hands of his executor tory enactmnents.- An instrument of A. nmust be of as pose into execution.-Bouviecr. and heir, for the payment of his debts and legacies.] All high a characteru as the instrument transferred; neverGeneral Assembly, in the Presbyterian Church, is the the stock in trade, cash, and all available property be- theless, a parol A. (usually written) may transfer a name given in Scotland, and in the U. States, to a su- longing to a merchant or company. deed, i thle deed be at the same time delivered. - The prems ecclesiastical court, which holds its meetings an- (Law.) Tihe property of a deceased person, which is proper technical and oeperative words of A4. are, "assign, trarisfer, a~nd set over;" liut 1 give, gra~nt, bargbain, alld nuatly, and 6cosistsof a certain number of ministers and charged with, and applicable to, the payment of his tslrand set over;' bu t "g ive, grant, bargain, amd ruling elders, delegated from the various presbyteries, debts and legacies. In tihe U. States, generally, by stat- sell," or any otmher words which show the intent of the according to the number of parishes contained in each. ute, all the property of the deceased, real and personal, partics to make a complete transfer, will worn an A.Assembly, Nationeal, (of'IYassce and Gemssaay.) See is liable for his debts. The wearing-apparel of widows During the continuance of the A., the assignee is liable NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. and minors is retained by themn, and is not assets. A osn all covenants running with the land, but mnay rid Assembly, Primary. See PRIsAlY ASSEIsBLIES. quarantine, i. e., forty days of food and clothing, is also himself of such continuing liability by transfer to a Assesn'bly-room, n. A public room for company. among the things reserved to a widow. miere beggar. —The assignee of a cause in action in a Ass'enede, a town of Belgium, prov. of E. Flanders, Assev'erate, v. a. [O. Fr. asceve'er; from Lat. assccero, couit of law uust brimg the action in time nae of tile and 13 m. N. of Glient. - Manf. Wool and cotton; dye- asseveratus, to assert earnestly; from ad, and severis assignom, in whose place he stands; and everything works, &c. p. 4,726. serious.] To declare, affirm, or assert witi solemmity or whmch might have been sown in defence against thoe Ass'ens, a seaport-town of Denmark, on the W. coast seriousness; to protest; to assure. assignor, may be used against the assignee. —Assignof Finen, an island on the Little Belt, 22 mn. S.W. of Assevera'tion, n. Positive affirmation or assertion; nmert,f Dower. The act by which the share of a widow Odensee; pop. about 4,000. solemn declaration. in her deceased huslsand's real estate is ascertained and Assent', n. [O.Fr., friom Lat. assensus, from assentier- Ass'head, n. [From ass, and head.] One slow of appre- set apart for her. ThIe A. may be made by the heir or ad, and sentic, to thiink.] Act of agreeing to anything. hension; a blockhead; a dolt, his guardian, or the devisee or other persons seized of Withnt the ta auseat r edge, "Wileehelpaabaanaex adathe lands subject to dower: otherwise it may be made.,Without he king'sassent orknowledge Will vou help an asshLead, and a coxcomb, and a knave, a, thinYou wrought to be a legate." —Shaks. faced knave, a gull? — Shaks. by the sheriff, after ait course of judicial proceedings. -Agreement of opinion; harmony of sentiment; concur- Asshr, the second son of Sm, and the under of The. should be made within forty days after the death rence; consent; accord; compliance. t A r epr of the husband, during which time the widow shall rethe Assyrian empire. p a e. "The evidence of God's own testimony, added unto the natural Assidl'eaess n. ph. The name assumed by a section of main in her husband's principal house. The sire of assent of reason concerning the certainty of them, doth not a little the orthodox Jews, as distinguished from the ell tinhe widow is usually one-third of all the real estate of comfort and confirm the same." —fooker. the orthodox Jewv, as distinguished fron the ielieniscomfort and contain the same.`-Hooker. Zn ~~~~~~which the husband has been seized during coverture. -In strictness, assent is to be distinguished fromn consent, ing faction. They appear to have existed as a party be- Assignment of Errors. In practice, the statement of the which denotes a willingness that somllething about to be z'fore the Maccabe'in rmsmn which denotes a willingnless Imat somnethimmg about to be 0ore ahe Maccabe~tn rising,,znd were probably bound by case ofr the plasintiff in error, setting forth the errors done, be done; acceptance, compliance with, or receipt of, some particular vow to the external observmance of tile complained of. - BouLvier. sossuthing offered; rato/icsti/sss, remdcering valid some- law. Franckel has shown that both the Essoaes nie tie Assignor', a. (Law.) One wmo makes an assignment. thing done without authority; and approval, an expres- Pharisees are sections of the A.; and tihat all three or- Assinilaili'ity, a. The quality of ieing asinmision of satisfaction with sosne act done for the benefit of ders are frequently spoken of under the same name. - lable. (a.) another besides the party approving. 1Vm. Ssmith. Assiin'ilable, a. That whichl mnaybe assimilated. Assent', v.n. To bee of the satme mid or opiion w iAsitl A'sdet, a. [From Lat. as, and sedere, to be seated.] Assim'iiate, v. a. [Fr. ass/niler; Lab. ass/il/t, assimito agree to; to acquiesce in; to yield to; to consent to (Med.) That which acconpanies or is conconmibnt.- hat/s, from ad, and similis, like or similar.] To saker to admit as true. Applied to the accessory synptomns and general phieno- ie or similar to to bring to lieness ith; to cause to admitas true. mena of disease. - Dunglison. ~~~~~~~like or similar to; to bring to a likeness with; to cause mena of slisease. - Dusgnison. And the Jews also assented, saying, that these things were so. asdsius to resemble; to turn to its own substance or nature by Acts xxiv. 9. f ssidnaide, n. Fr. tssiduit; Lat. asrcosita s, appsidcios, digestion. Ass n, nCompliance with the opinio~n of dligom ad, and sed-o, to sit.] Close or constant application; -v. i. To grow or become simnilar to; to be converted or another out of fatter or dissimlation. diligence; attention; perseverance; vatchful care. - turned into the substance of the body. Assnother, n. One wflt o assents. io.Assid't'nons, a. [Lat. assiduces.] Constant in applica- Assimia'tien,a n. Tihe state of being assimilated, or Assen'tient, a. Yielding assent. tion; unceasingly diligent; unwearied: persevering. becoming like something else; as, "to aspire to an asA enin a. ilnan Assied'iuosly, ado. With assiduity. san with od.(eca f Pet.)-The act or — n. One who assents; an assenter. Assid onness,. Quality of being assiduous; con- sh God." (Decay of Piety.)-The act or Assent'ingly, ado. In an assenting manner. slant or diligent aliltin psocess of converting anything to the nature or subAssen'tive, a. Giving assent. stance of another., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~Assien'to, n.[Sp. asiento, a treaty.] A term specially Asseo'Ia, a Semainole Indian chief. See OSCEOLA. t a ie. [p a, a treaty.] A term specially (Physiol.) The substances introduced into the animal Assert', v. a. [Lat. assern, assertumn, from ad, and sere to applied to atretyn between the Spanish govermnsent and economy are there emnployed to support the respiratory join, to knit.] To reiterate an opinion; to affirm; to SOe other nation, by which the forn, in consideration combustion (see RESPInATxION), and to the formation of maintain; to defend; to vindicate; to declare positively; of certain paynents, granted the latter a monopoly of the different parts of the body itself. Before being to bind a statement on to a thing; to declare plainly, as supplying the Spanish colonies in America with slaves adapted for nutrition, all substances must assume a to assort a rigit. from Afrmca. liquid or gaseous form; this is the object of digestion. Asser'tion, n. Act of asserting; positive declaration ssig', f. a. [Fr. ass/paer; Lsit. asoigne-ad, and s/ut There exist three modes of ingress for thIe nutritive or averment; affirmation. no, om sn, a mrk, ton, or sign.] To mar out; matter -the skin, the respiratory mucous nlembrane, Asser'tional, a. Containing assertion, to allot; to a.pporton. and the alimentary canal; but, of thle three, it is the Asser'tive a. Positive; dogmatical; peremptory. "The last day will assign to every one a station suitable to his intestinal or alimentary canal th sit is the great route by Asser'tively, aslv. Affirs'atively. character." -Addison. which the matter destined to assist in nutrition reaclhes Assert'or, n. One who asserts. -To fix; to specify; to determine; as, to assign a day for the interior of tihe body. - These nutritive elements are Asser'tory, a. Affirming; supporting; as, "the as- trial; to assign a counsel for a prisoner,;&c. at first mingled with the blood. This fluid, elaborated sertory oath." -To allege; to set fbrth as a reason. by processes not yet diecovered, beconses rich in all time Assess', v. a. [O.Fr. assessor, from session, name given (Law.) See AsSImNMe-sT. compound principles of which the tissues are, in their to the assembly of officers who adjusted taxes; from Assign', as. (Law.) An assignee. Now only used, in turn, formed; and it is out of tbis fluid that all the orLat. assideo, assessesa —ast, and sedeo, to sit.] To rate or deeds, in this phrase; "Heirs, administrators, and as- gans of the body draw the materissls fitted for their fix the proportion that every person hmas to pay ofmany par- sgpns." growth and support, esch choosing the molecules identicular tax. - To tax. - To adjust the shares of a contri- Assjgn able, a. That may be assigned. tical with its own natsre. It is t//is lhst act which coanbution by several persons toward a common beneficial Assignat, (cds'seen-pa,) n. [Fr., from Ltat. assignatacs, stitastes assimilation. Bmt nothing is known sis to the object according to the Isenefit received. - To fix the assigned.] The name of the paper currency issued by do- real nature of this act o' A., hosv it is brought out, hmow value of; to fix the amount of. - Boe/ieos. cree of the Nationasl Assembly of France, with the ap- effected. Such questions touch too nearly the very esAssess'able, a. That may be assessed. probation of the king, April 1st, 1790, and so called froum sence of tue p1rimciple of life, itself perfectly unknown Assessed', p. a. Charged with a certain sum; valued; the national property being assigned as security. At in its nature. One thing is certain, that in all animals set; fixed; ascertained. first 400,000,000 francs were issued; but, a few muonths possessing a nervous system, the influence which this Asses'sionary, a. Pertaining to assessors; as, "as- hater, 800,000,000 more were issued, ansi subsequment is- exercises over A. is distinct ond undeniable. — The assessionaasy court." sues increased the number to about 45,00t,000,009 francs. sisimilating ibrc~ p0osse sses ttse pr opeirty, especially in the ASSI ASSO ASSU 155 lower animals, of restoring parts which have been de- — To lend aid; to help; to contribute. As'sonant, a. Having a resemblance of sounds. stroyed; bones are reunited by bone after being broken,''She agreed to assist in the murder of her husband.'" - Broome. As'solanaint Rlhymes, n. pl. (Pros.) A term applied and even large portions of them which have been lost Assist'anee, n. [Fr.] Help; aid; support; succor. to a kind of verse common among the Spaniards and Ihave been restored. The limb of the lizard, when bro- Assist'ant, a. Helping; lending aid or support. Portuguese, where the vowels only are required to ken off, has grown again; a new foot has been repro- -cc. One who assists or aids; a helper; a supporter; an rhyme; as, ligera, cubierta, tierra. duced in crabs and spiders; in salamanders, a new eye auxiliary. Assort', v. a. [Fr. assortir, from Lat. ad, and sors, sortis, and portion of the head have been restored after the re- Assist'antly, adv. In a manner to give assistance. a lot.] To separate and distribute into classes or kinds, moval of time original parts by amputation. Finally, Assist'er, n. An assistant; a helper. "Chief aiders as things suited to one another; — generally applied to earth-worms and many other annelides can thus repro- and assisters." - Northi things, but sometimes to persons. To furnish with all duce a great part of the body. — Mloreover, various cir- Assist'ing, p. a. hielping; aiding; supporting, sorts; as, a well-assorted store. cunstances, which we have not the leisure to examine Assize','.; pt. Assrzes. [0. r. assize and assire; Fr. as- — v. n. To suit; to agree; to consort; to be in accordance. here, may modify the progress of the work of assimila- sises; from Lat. assideo — ad, and sedeo, to sit.] (Law.) Assort'inent, n. Act of asserting; a variety; a mass or tion, render it active, retard it, or change its direction. In the middle ages, this name was given in Franc and quantity of things assorted; as, an assortment of goods. It is in this way that in certain diseases we see nutrition other countries of Europe, to assemsbles or courts for the Assoiasii', ASSUAN, or ASSWAN, (anc. Syene,) a town to be almost entirely arrested, and that in others certain administration of justice to vassals and f reemen. After of Upper Egypt, oai thie E. bank of the Nile, near the tissues change their nature. It is also to be observed, Godfrey of Bouillon had taken Jerusalem, in 1099, he borders of Nubia, 110 m. S. of Thebes, in Lat. 250 4t 3O"' that this assimilative Labor does not take place with the adopted for his two courts of justice the ordinances estab- N., and Lon. 320 55' E. Few remains exist of the ancient same rapidity in all parts of the body: to be assured of lished in these assemblies; Ihence this remarkable col- city. The modern town is but a poor place, surrounded this, we have only to observe the changes in form often lection was styled Assizes of Jerusalem.n- After tile con- by sandy phlains. Dates form the principal object of brought about by the progress of age; for these changes quest of England, the term was introduced from Nor- traffic. depend chiefly on this, that certain parts increasee more mandy. It is still used to signify, 1, the sessions or sittings Assuage', v. a. [A.S. asweftan, to soothe; or O. Fr. rapidly than others. Thus, from tihe nmoment of birth of the judges of the superior law-courts, held periodically asso55age5, firom Lmst. suavis, sweet.] To soften; to allay; to the adult condition, the members of the body of msan in each county, for the purpose of administering civil to usitigate; to soothe; to calm. grow more rapidly than the trunk; wvhence it follows and criminal justice; 2, a statute for regulating weights,' Shalt I, t' assuage that, in general, this latter is a portion the less consid- imesures, or prices; 3, the ceight, measure, or price Their brutal rage, orable of the whole, as the growth is more prolonged. thu renuated. Timers are also aswize courts (cors das- The regal stem destroy? "-Dryden. thus re —ulated. There are also assize courts (coups W'as5 4 1 3 2 szses) in the judicial system of France, but they differ -v. n. To abate or subside. \;~~~~~~~~ ~; I essentially from the English assizes. They are held at "God made a wind to pass over fhe earth, and the waters as-'\~ ~: i~ I least once every three months in the capital of each suaged." —Gen. viii. 1. departmcent. They consist of a judge of the high court tsstlage'meyt n.t Mitigation; abatement. ~~~~~~~~~~\ i (corn' imperiale), of two judges of the local court (tribu- B ut all sy days in pining languor spend, [\ [ I~~ hal de prdmis'e instance); and of a jury consisting of Without hope of assiagememt or eeaese."-Spenee.,~ ~twelve jurors chosen by ballot from a list of the citizen- Assai g'er, n. One who assuages. electors in each department. The cours d'assises try all uAssnctla oinissaisr sn', in E. Canada, a lake in Let. 495'~: ~~~ ~criminal causes; the jury give their verdict, and the 22' N., Lon. 730 55 W.; 8 to 10 m. in length, and about 4 judges pronounce sentence. in breadth. Assize', v. a. To settle; to establish; to fix the weight, Assua'sive, a. [From assuage.] Softening; mitigating; measure, or price of commodities. tranquillizing. Assiz'er, n. An officer who, in England, lhas the care or " If in the breast tumultuous joys arise, inspection of weighsts and measures. - In Scotland, a ju- Musis her soft assvesive voice supplies."-Pepe. K''~~~~~~~~~... ryinan; — also spelt assisor or assizor. rycan; -- aiea spoel seesble an5ass2. ke b ra A'salmetude, n. [Lat. assuetudo.] Custom; habit; Ass'-ilke, a. Resenchllug anass. "Ass-U/ce brying. - habitual use. (e.) 7 ~,,j~ ~~~~~~~~~~Sidney. ______ ~~S/deepo. dAssiamenl', v. a. [Fr. assumer; Lat. assums, from ad, and Associab~illity, n. The quality of being associable; As ii'iy n. The qality of being assciable; sumo, to take.] To take to or upon one's self. associableness. Aso'cablle, a. That may be associated wi; sociable Spectre nd power, thy giving assue."-itn. I "'= —~~-~1~ f ~~companionable. -To take for granted; to suppose. 8 r ~ ~~~~~~~~~~companionable. 8;~;'~t Asso'eialbleness, n. Sociableness; associability. t' In every hypothesis, something is allowed to be assumed." Boyge.' Asso'ciate, v.a. [LFr. associer; Lat. associo —ad, and socio, -To arrogate; to claim or seize unjustly; to put on with sociatus, from socius, a companion.] To join in company a viev to deceive. 11 with, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate.- "Aessume a virtue, if you have it net."-Stahs. To combine; to unite in the same mass. -To apply to's on use; to appropriate. Language and fashion associate also affections."-Saedys. "His majesty might well assume the complaint and expression 9... —------ ~-v. n. To unite one's self with another or others; to keep of king David."-Clareendon..- ~~~~~~~~~company with; to nnite. 2sscncp a.Jnydtoo wvith; to unite. o f d e —v. n. To be arrogant; to claim more than is dclue. 10 -------- &sseaa e, a. Joined to or cith; conjoined; confede- Ass un'er, n. An arrogtant man; one who claims more rated; connected. than his due. -n. One joined or united with another; a companion; a Assrum'ing, p. a. Taking or disposed to take upon friend; a mate; a partner; a coadjutor. elf moe than s just; hughty; arrogant;preone's self more than is just; Magt;argn;po "Sole Eve, associate sole, to me, beyond sumptuous. Compare, above all living creatures dear."-Milton. /'ia~ed, p. a Unieol n copan or n i("His haughty looks, and his assuming air, Asso'eiatesl, p. a. United in company or in interest; The son of Isis could no longer bear."-Drgyden. " ~ ~~~~~~~~~ joined. oi. [F.] The process, and also the resul -n. Presumption; arrogance; as, a vain assuming., i ~Assoaia'tion, n. [Fr.] The process, anid alo theresult Assu-mp'sit, n. [Lat. assumpsit, he undertook, from 12 13 of bringing together into alliance or conspanionship. It assume, to take to one's self] (Law.) An undertaking, 3/ig. 21.ns sieA SA. is used of mental as well as of material things, and af either express or implied, to perforn a parol agreecent. Figi. 218.- DIGESTIVE APPSA1TUS IN IMaN. two or more.-A society or body of persons joined to- -An action to recever cocpensation in damages far thi I. CGullet. 8. Large intestine. gether for the support or furtherance of some object. — nonperformance of a pamot pronise; that is, a pranise, 2. Stomach. 9. Cscum. Union; connection; conjunction; consortship; compan- chether verbal or vritten, not contained in a deed S. Pancreas. 10. Appendix of the saest. ionship; alliance; familiarity; friendship; community; under seal. For breach of a promise of the latter 4. Pysorus. 11. Colon. 5. Liver. 12. Small intestine. membership; society; compauy.-Assoiations are us- riid, assumpsit will not lie; but the proper reedy is 6. Spleen. 13. Rectum. ally divided into two classes, accordingly as the imndi by action of covenant or debt. The commom law adapts 7. Gall-bladder. viduals who compose them iarve for their object tie at- the maxic, that a iere nude agreenent and undertukAssim'ilPative, a. Itaving power to assimilate; as, tainment of a spiritual end, or have in vie th firthe- g, ithout any qid pro qu, will not constitute a " an assimilative virtue."'ance of a mere material interest. These two clusses are binding contract. This maxii is commonly said to Assi sn/ilatory, a. That tends to produce assimila- again subdivided, as follows: The Ist embraces A. of a have been rroed io te civil la, wher e find tin s assimlilatory,.Ta ed toprodceans."m purely religious character, as Orders, Congregations, &c.haebiorwd omtecvlaweewefn tion; as, " assineilatory organs." purely religious character, as Order, C'sagseSttisas, 10. it laid down, that ellxnudo pacto non oritur actis; but this Assimse'go, n. [Port. asinego, a little ass.] An ass. - The 2d comprehends political A., as the Secrct Sec/st/cs, seems rather to have referred to agreenents without Herbert'. which have existed at all periods, and in all countries, certain formalities. What our lawc requires, in order to The 3d, those At. which have for their object the adAssi'ilsboine, a river of BritishifN. America, N.W. The 3d, those. hich have for their lect ti d- sustain a promise, is termed a consideratlion; and it must territory, flowing into the S. extremity of Lake Winni- vancement and cultivation of letters, arts, sciences, agri- e either a benefit to the party proising, or to se LI be either a~ benefit to the party promising, or to some peg. The Red river is its chief affluent, near the influx culture, or other industrial occupations; as, for instance, third person, in whom ie ttlies am interest; or detriment of which is the station Assiniboia. the "American Association for the Advanceiet qf Sci sustained by the party to vlom the promise is made, at Assin'ibonise, a fort on the Athabaska river, British ence." The 4th consists of those A4. which aim at the the mvquestof the party uaking it. The degreeofbenefit N. America; Lat. 540 20' N.; Lon. 1140 3' W. propagation of morality and humanity; as thie various detriment, or its relative proprtion to the thing Zn ~~~~~~~~~~~or detriment, or its relative proportion to the thing Assims'iboine Indlians, i trilbe of the great Sioux Telpranc Societies, and the Magde S t, th promised, is immaterial. A promise of remuneration br or Dakota family, who speak the language of most of the Society for the IPrevention of CS'Beely to Animals, &c. anactwclicl thi artyisboundto perfom, mspraise an act which tone party is bound to perfourm, as alronbise tribes found on the N. of the sources of the Mississippi. The 5th includes all the A. which may be tcrmed to a eior of extra pay for extraordinary exertion in exThey live entirely by the chase, and are quite uncivil- Benevolent, and which tend to alleviate and succor dis- lreme peril of the Bship, is void. The law regards such izod. They are estimnated to number about 4,000. tressed humanity. The second class of A. form two exertion as the sailor's previous duty; the consideraAssisie', a country of Africa, at the extremity of the sections: in the first are found those ceommercial and tion, therefore, for tihe promise, fails. A. are of two Gold Coast. In 1843, the French took possession of the industrial organizations which have for their object kinds, express and implied; the former are where the country, and founded a factory on the river Assinie or pecuniary gain; in the other, those A. or societies, ts contracts are actually made, in word or sriting; the Itboon. Free/dent and Gb-operative Soc/el/es, amid.l"su"rance latter are such a s the law implies firom the justice of the AS'sir-. 4~l iin..Akhsikti, a Persian poet of the 12th Com pan/es of all kinds. The latter class of A. may be case; as, for instance, if I employ an artificer to do any century, the contenporartry of Khaklani and Amiwari. said to include all forms of fellowship and co-operation vor for ce, tha obvious justice of my paying him it As'sir-ltldidtna -lJslntlni, a Persian poet of the 131th that tend to establish a certain homogenecbusness amid reasonable suns far that work, chen done, raises an iluplicentury. solidarity among men. cation, in the understanding of the law, of a promise on Aksss'eunkL Creek, in NVec Jersep, Burlington co. A!kssoaia'tio nal, a. Belonging to an association. —A my part to pay hiun. It falls into the Delacware river, above Burlington. word peculiar to America. Assump'tio ss, a. [Fr.; tat. sssumpt/o, franc assume, Ass'ish, a. Resembling an ass; stupid; as,'an assishs Asso'eiative, a. That has a tendency to association, assuvosplns.j Time act of assuming or taring anything to phrase." - Mrs. Coaden Clarke. or the faculty of being easily affected by sympathmy. ons's self -Tie suppositioi oh, or act of supposing hiyAssi'si, a town of Central Italy, 13 m. E.S.E. of Perugia. Assoil', v. a. [From Fr. sosuilles.] To soil; to stain. (o.) thing without ftrlther proof. Metastasio was born here. Pop. 14,154. A&s'sonanee, a. [Fe., from Lat. ad, to, and sonG, I Assi'sor,a n. In Scottish law, a juror. so"nd.] A term used In poetry end rhetoric to denote "These, by way of asseummption, under the two general proposisound. A ter usedin poery andr hetoic to enotetions, are intrinsically' and naturally good and bad." —ANorr'is. ASSiSt', v. a. [Fr. assistem; Ltct. assisto, from ad, and sis that the vords of a phrase or verse have the -sme sound to, to stand, to set, to place; from Gr. histemi.] To sup- or terminatiou,yetawithout making proper rhynme. This -The thing snuposed; a postulate. port; to aid; to help; to succor; to sustain. is comnmsonly a fault in English, but the Iotnans some- "Hold, says the stoitk, your assunuplion's wrong." —Drydetm. " Receive her in the Lor d.... assistiher in whatsoeverbusi- times useed it with elegaunce; as, "Mi/ites coneupam'avit, (Lop/c.) The uminor or secoud proposition in a catogorness she hath need." - Roan. xvi. 2. exe'eci/bes ormevit, ac/ese luustsevi/t." ical syllogism. It is somnetimes tlso applied to the1 con 156 ASSU ASTE ASTE sequence drawn from the propositions of which an argu- residence of Aristotle. Lealre says of the ruils here, are those designated ameelus, alpina, hysoplfoe'ius, pznement is composed. Thus we say, the premises are true, that "the whole gives, perhaps, a more perlect idea of tatus, acris, caneus,'igidus, linarfories, tenuijblius, dubut the A. is captious. a Greek city, than anywhere else exists." The modern mosis, ericoides, and conifolius. About 160 species, nearly (ELccl. tist.) The name of a festival celebrated by the village of Beirans is now contiguous to the site of A. all exotic. Roman Catholic and Greek Churches on the 15th of Au- As sage', v. a. An obsolete spelling of AssUAcoE, q. v. gust, in honor of the miraculous ascent of the Virgin As'sy-nt, in Scotlancd, a mountainous, moorish, and rugMary into heaven. ged parish, in S.W. Suthehlandshire; area, estimated at _A.sstinja1D$ toion, or Asusceio. See PARAGUAY. 100,000 acres. There are here a dozen mountains 3,000 to Ass~ussvalntitlo, a small island of the Pacific ocean, in 3,500 feet high; and among them, Suil Veinn, a perfect the Marianne archipelago; Lat. 190 450 N.; Lon. 1540 sugar-loaf, towering nearly 2,000 feet above a rugged 54' E. It is of volcanic formation, and but a poor, deso- table-7land of gneiss hills, 800 to 1,000 feet above the sea. late place. In Advreclk castle, on a promontory on the E. side of Assnnlp'tion, a village of Lower Canada, on a river Loch A., the famous Marqunis of Montrose was confined of the sanme name which joins the St. Lawrence 14 In. in 1650. Pop. about 3,000. N.N.E. of Montreal. A.ssyria, a former great kingdom of Asia, renowned in Assumanpltiosi, in Illinois, a post-village and township early hlistory. It probably derived its name fiom nAsshur, of Christian co.; pop. 950. tihe son of Shem (Gen. x. 22), who in later times was Assusup'tiost, in Louisiana, a parish in the S.E. of worshipped by the Assyrians as their chief god. A. was the state. situatetd on the Tigris, and had for its capital Ninevehe -A post-office of Assumption parish. q.v. Its boundaries differ greatly at different periods, Assumnp'tive, a. That is or may be assunmed. but it was generally regarded as comprising the whole (Her.) A. arms are those which are borne without a region betwees the Armenian mountals (Liel. 070 30') right to them. -The nasne of asseeeptive was also given on the N., and the country about Bagdad (Lat. 330 30') to arms assuned for a particular deed, with the approval on the S. The E. boundary was the high range of Zaof the sovereign and of the heralds. gros, or mountains of KIurdistan; the W. was, according Assutmp'tively, adv. By way of assumption. to some, the Mesopotamian desert; according to others, Astsunss inik, or As'sanisgink, Creek, illn New the Euphrates. The greater part of the region emnbraced Jersey, rises in Monmouth co., and runs N.W. and then in ancient A. is now nominally subject to the Turkish S.W. till it enters the Delaware at Trenton. sultan; and is peopled by Turks and Kurds, who both Assuranee, n. [Fr. See AssuttE.] Firm persuasion; profess Mohaeesmeedanissme, and by Christians, as Chalcertain expectation; full confidence or trust; freedom deaons, Nestoriass, Armenians, &c. The most famous from doubt. monarchs of A. were Ninus, and his widow and succes"A religious life gives the comfortable assurastce of God's sor, Seeiramis. In the tisee of Sardanapehlus, abost 717 favor."-Tillotsoe. B. C., Arbaces, governor of Media, conquered A. Herodo-G1round of confidence; sufficient reason for trust or be- tus fixes the duration of the Assyrian empire in Upper Peg. 220. —ASTE DU0MOSS. (New American rose-variety.) lief; certainty. Asia at 420 years. It was then divided into 3 kingdonms, A-.te'raeeMe, COMPOSITErs n. pl. (Bet.) An order of plants, "Whereof he hath given asseurance unto all men, in that he the Median, Assyrian, and Babylonian. Soon after, A. of the Campanales alliance. —DIAG. A 1-celled ovary, hath raised him from the dead."-Acts xvii. 31. revived to a resemblance of its formner splendor undes valvete corolla, syngenesious acthers, erect ovule, and -Firseness of mind; undousbtieg steadiness. - Spirit; Salmanassar, who made Nineveh his capital. About I606b no albumen. They are herbaceous plants or shrubs. intrepidity. B. c., Cyaxares, king of Media, formed an alliance with Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules, usually "With all the assurance innocence can bring, Nabopolassar, governor of Babylon, when they marched simples, but comnnonly msuch divided. Flowers (called Fearless without, because secure withiu."-Dryden. against Nineveh, and destroyed it. A. consequently be- florots) unisexual or hlermaphrodito, collected in dense -V:Want of modesty; impudence; as,'hlis assurance is came a Median province; and Babylon by the victories heads upon a connmmon receptacle, surrounde ed by all illintolerable." of Nebuchadnezzar was made apowerfuihl kingdom. About volucre. Bracts, wheln present, stationed at the base of -Insurance; but only applied to a contract of indemnity 550 B. c., the three kingdoms were concluered by Cyrus, the fiorets, and called healesm of the receptacle. Calyx for life contingencies. snd assexed to the Persian oempire. superior, indistinguishablele fi'om the ovary; its limb (Law.) Any instrument which confirms the title to Assyr'ia, in lichligan, a post-office of Barry co.; pop. either wanting or membranous, divided into bristles, an estate. In a general sense, the word ass'rance bont 1,140. palesoe, hairs, or feathers, called pappus. Corolla eoneincludes all legal evidences of the translation of prop- Assyr'ian, a. Belonging or relating to Assyria. petalous, superior, usually deciduous, either ligulate or erty, called conmsmon assurances, by which every inans — n. A nDtive or inhabitant of Assyria. funnel-slhaped. Stmens equatl in naumnber to the teeth of property is secured to hlim, and controversies, doubts, Ast, GEoso ANTON FeIEDRICII, an emninent Germnan phi- the corolla, and alter!o ate withl them; the anthers rcosend difficulties prevented and removed. lologist, e. at Gotha in 1778; D. at Munich in 1841. Pro- hering into a cylinder. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with a Assure', v.a. [Fr. assure,; from Lat. seccrsus, sure or fessor A. published various worlks on philosophy and single erect ovul; style senple stignecs 3; frsit, asnall, certa~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~in.Tog l e a firmc povulie; styletis u hsinalesti~ and friot, iprantwrsml, certain.] To give confidence by a firm proiise. osthetics, but lris latest and msost important Lonies are indehiscent, dry pericarp, crowned with the limb of the "So when he had assured them with many words that he would the sife and Weitings of Plats, published at Leipzig, in calyx; seed solitary, erect; emnbryo with'a taper inferior restore them withourthur.... —e lac. xii. 1816; and his complete edition, of the same author's radicle.-This order, one of the most natural and exten-To secure to another; to malse firm. worlks, published in 11 vols., 1819-32. sive fameilies of the vegetable kiingdton, is divided into "Those whose piety assures its favor to them." —oges. Astaia,. (Zos.) A crustacean of the gee. Astacus. three sub-orders-Tubilifjorce, Labiatifsore, Liglebfelove. -To make confident; to exempt fro m doubt or fear; to Astae'oiite, n. (Pal.) A fossil crustacean, resenmbling It includes 1,005 genera, and 9,000 species.-The uses to doubt or fear; t the lobster. which A. or toositpest have been applied are as numerconfer security. "And hesehywe heew, teewe assofhe coacth, sand shalssue actus, n. [Lat., fi'om Gr. astakos, a lobster or crab.] Ons as their forss. They will be noted under the name ear heaste beeoe moe-I1 Tfehes ii. th.tuh n shall 9ssure (Zo e.) A genus of long-tailed crustaceonus animnals, of of the principal genera. our hearts before him." —I JoM~L iii. 19. the Macreura group. Its distinguishing character is Aslte'ria, n. (Min.) See ASTERITE. (Lazlo.) To insure; to promrise to indemnlty for a loss' derived from the antennee, the two pairs of which are Astre'riael, n.pl. (Zoes.) A family of animnals belonging ~~~~~iutlSee INsno'outE.d;inserted in the same horizontal line. It includes the to the class Echinodereoata, an'd known by the name of Assured', p. a. Certain; indubitable; not doubted; lobster,'A. matinus, and the crayfish,.A. fuvialis.- See star-fishes or sea-stars, from the star-like foem wIich as, ",an assured experience." (Bacon.)-Certlain; not LOBSTER, and CRAvxrSsa. they all have nore os less They have a coriaceous skin, doubting; confideset. Astar'te, n. (Mytlh.) See AsOTAloTr. in which are implanted spines or tubercles. Their body "Young princes, close your hands, (Zosi.) A genus of shells. See CRAssINIDE. is expanded into arms of tihe same structure as itself. And your lips too; for I am welt aasured Astasive'a, n. (Zo'l.) A family of microscopic animals The under surface of these arms is marlred with gutters That I did so, when I was first alssur~'dc." — Shanks. That tI did so, when t was t aur.-Sa belonging to the class Infusoria. Their body is of a or grooves, radiating fiom the centre, and pierced with (LaA e.) Insured. spontaneously variable form, and they are insoluble in several rows of snmall holes, through which issue tentaAssur'edly, adv. Certainly; indubitably. a solution of caustic potash. cula, with expanded tips capable of contracting and AssurtedIness, n. State of befiag aissured; certainty. cvhe asue ore Ain:sures. c Ast t'tlie, a. [Gr. a, priv., and statikos, causing to stand; elongating thesnselves. By means of these filaments bAssurer, a. One who assures or msures. s. freom histemi, to make to stand, from obs. stao, to stand.] acting as suckers, the animals are enabled to walk; _&sstir'gency, n. The act of rising Up~ward. d y ar~. The act of rising ps(Eerd. lectro-e~agnetiseu.) Bseing unstable; being without their motion is, however, very slow. The animals beAssuir'~gent, a. [Lat. asslurgo, to rise up.] (Bot.) That polarity. - Applied to a compound galvanometer needle longing to this family vary mnch in form and structure. which rises up in a curve. -of great sensibility, composed of two parallel magnetic Most of the species have five rays or arms, but some Assulr'iangly, adv. In a way to create assurance. needles of nearly the same strength, affixed to the same lhave more, vsarying from eight to thirty. They have the As4s'usa, or Asses, an ancient city of Asia Minor, now in axis of suspension, and having their similar poles oppo-f~~: =;.~ ~~sitely directed, so as nearly to neutralize the mnagnetic _______;_ Ksfinfluence of the earth. - Lvering. _______'~-~ JII__ Astaty',ee adv. (oaut.) The position of an anclhor when, R during heaving, the cable forems an acute angle with the i surf7ace of the water. II _____ " arA e, n. [Gr. ostoiseess, a citty saying, from astp. the city.] (Bhet.) A genteel and pleasing irony; an ur-. bane cit. c Asteraba l', or ASTRAnAD', a city of Persia, cap. of t -5t4j/HI.__ _ le prov. of sane n nme, on the Gourgani; Lat. 360 50' N.;!~;;'~ ~, Lon. 530 231 E. Its bazaars are extensive, and sitnatio[~ cicr- -c picturesque, but it is a decaying place, and very unhealthy. Etstim. pop. 12,000 to 18,000....1 I HY......../?hup As'terl-acaautsuas, n. [Gor. aster, a star, axantha, a spine.] (Pal.) A. genus of fossil placoid fishes discovered in the Hlis and oolitic formations. - As'ter, a. [Gr., a star.] (Bet.) The Star-Wort, a genus of plants, ord. Astesacere, sub-ord. Tscbusifsrcw, tribe i2slesoidce. A great number of species are described fieom all parts of the worldve, thoughl aebout three-fifths of the eeess______________ ___________________'bee are fiBom North Asmerica. Several are handsoon, showy plants, such as the A. C/inecses, or China Aster, m cvhsch avas imported isete Brance from Chinn in tile gc~rl ig. 221. B sTeahs, (itant-eese.) 1728. lMiost of the species ranle as ornamaental plants; power of reproducing theses arms or portions of them, if and yet comparatively few sre cultivated in Bower-gao- they are accidentally brokeen off; and if an entire anne he dens. Most of the best known kinds have a rank and torn off wvith a small portion of the body attached to it, coarse appearance in the stem and leaves, and a some- other arms are reproduced, and ds fresh perfect anilnal is l;7ig. 2.n rACnePOteS OP A55U5. vwhat stairsng appearance in the Baowers; and yet, exceict formeOd. Their mouthe is always placed in the inferior mere brilliance of tint, several miglht advantageoss ly centre of the rays. They live chiefly on young shells, resins. It is 35 m. W.S.V. of M sount Ides, and was the cosepare with some of the pst vatrieties of tfle feslcioce- cresstacra, and other nest-ine aniemeals. They are ovipaIlirtlephesce of Cleanthes the Stoic, and, foo es while, the alile ciseeit-ecia. The species most cosumonly cultiveated ross, and their spaswn is seid to be venomous to the ASTE ASTI ASTR 157 touch, and poisonous to the animals which eat them. been filled by a large planet, Olbers threw out the con- Astiar', a. [A. S. on, and stir.] Stirring; active; in Their latrvme or young are different in appearance fionm jecture that these A. may be the fragments of a planet motion. the adult animal. They are ciliated, and move with once existing there, but which, in sonme mighty convul- As'toan, in Penesylvania, a township of Delaware co. great quickness by means of their vibrattile cilia, and sion, had burst asunder. Nor, perhaps, if one considers Astoiat'ied, pp. of the verb aslony. (o.) swim rapidly, rotating round their axis. The species are that inherence in all planets known to us, of the same Aston'ilis, v. a. [A. S. stuinin, to stun; Getr. staunen, numerous, and are arranged in a considerable number of disturbing powers which originate volcanoes and moun- to be astonished; Lat. attono, to thunder at, to stupefy distinct genera. III Asterias, or the typical star-fish, the tain masses in the earth, can the conjecture be rejected with sudden fear or wonder; O. Fr. estonner; Fr. etonner.] rays or arms are five in numeber, and they much exceed dpriori as entirely finciful. But a fittal dynanmical To strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, or wonmder; to in leiigth the diamieter of their disc. Several species are objection remains. If the groups are fragments arising amiaze; to surprise; to astound. - See AMAZE. found oi our coasts. In Astiropectes the backt of the from the bursting of one body, they would all, in the "Asisi'd at the ie, lie sd mad,';Aston~tish'd at the voice, he stood amaz'd, rays or arms are thinl and netted, and have numerous course of these revolutions, necessarily tend to return And all around with inward horror geaz'd."-Addison. tubercles at the junction of each of the little bones, to the period whein the primiary explosion took place. which are covered at their tips with many s mllli movable Laplace, oni the other hand, regarded them as an indi- Aso a'isaesiiy, adv. In an astonished manmer. spines. Tihe genera Pestaceros and GoCaiaster have thie cation that a primar y or large planet had never been Asto'aishing', p. a. Tendimng to astonish; very wonbody or skeleton formed of large roundish tubercles, the formed there, but that the ring of primary nebulous derful; saezing; surprising marvellous. skim between which is pierced with small holes, the first matter, out of which he imeagined every planet to have Atio'rlt'shiign y, adv. In a manner or degree to exi:aving a convex back and a triangular arm, the latter be- sprung, had rather resolved itself, in this place, into a cite amnazement. lmg flat above and beneath, with five broad, short rays multitude of small knots or aggregations. It cannot A ttB n'is iing'ne. 5, n. Of a nature to exciteastonishedged with larger pieces; Asterinn has tihe skeleton escape observation, however, that thlis group of A., mient. formed of compressed pieces, placed one over the other strange thsough it may seemn, may not, after all, occupy Asten'ishment,. State of being astonished; anlazelike the tiles of a house, and hlave always a thin miargin. an isolated piece even within our own system. Those nmeit; confusion of inid; wonder; great surprise. Tile species aire generally fiat and pentagular. Soume are showers of mneteors that sometimes illuimine the heavens. "She esteemed this as much above his wisdom, as astonisshment many-rayed. as well as those sparse but startling shooting-stars, are is beyond bare admiration."-Soutts. Aste'ria, s, n. [Gr. aster, a st ar.] (Zos1.) The star-fish. probasbly masses of bodies not unlike the A., only a step Astonriville, in Pennsylvansia, a mining village of LySee ASTERAsnE. lower down in progression fiom large globes to mere coing o., 1. N of ilia 1:1 Zn ~~~~~~coming co., IS im. N. of Williamsport. Aste'-iatetd, a. Radiated, as a star. dust. And then, thie zodiacal lighit, is not that still Aston'y, v. a. To astonish. (a.) Aste'rivia, n. (ZosU.) A getsnu of tihe ASTERIADt, q. V. nearer to dust - akcin, it may be, to the comnetic matter, s'or, in Ison, avillage of Bron so., on reen 7 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~As/otor, in WVisconsin, a village of Brown co., on Green As'ten-iis, n. [Gr. astes, a star.] A snark in the form a thing saree in space? It may, indeed, turn out that Bay. of a small star (*), placed over a word or sentence, to re- our leading planets of the solar system are only the ay JO JACOB, e. at Wsttsndo'f, in termany, in Aks'tor', JorJio,.at atnofiGermnyi fer thle reader to tile margin, or elsewhere, for an expla- usore visible parts; and that when we know our scheme 1703, nd egted to erica in 1 ere h - t, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1703, and emigrated to America in 178~4, where lie eranation, quotation, or the like. better, its simplicity will no longer be recognized. The bared in th fr trde, especially ith the Moha.s'tersisan, n. [Gr. aste,, a star.] (Astron.) A group of 99th, 100th, acnd 101st A. were discovered in 1868: the mst edians. Having gracuily acquired Considerable rcIndians. Having gradually acquiredi consideratble restars, a term formerly applied to the collection of any in France; the 2d by Mr. Watson, of Detroit, Michigan; Z, sources, lie conceived the idea of forming a fur company hemrreoly bodies forming an entire constellation, and and the 3d by Dr. Peters, of the observatory connected ouce, he concid the idea of frming a fur cpany sued instead of that expression. It is now taken to de- with HIamilton College, New YorI. —See every A. at its in opposition to the Hudson's Bay Company. His project received the sanctionl of Congress in 1809, and the note any small cluster of stars, whether forming part of alphabetical place. —See, also, SoLa SxsTen. jest received the sanctiom of Congress in 1809, msd th a constellation, or a distinct group. Aster'oiI'la n. (Zosil.) See ANTHOZOA. "Aerin Fur Company" omened operations t (Printing.) Three asterisks placed thus -*t for direct- Aste'roht'al, a. Pertaining to the asteroids. a capital of $1,000,000. Two expeditions, one by land, o-ad one by sea, which aers sent out to the shores of the ing attention to a passage. &steroi~l~e.-e, n. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, subing attentionto a pasuageAstarois'eEC us. ph. (Be.) A ttise, Pacific, hare been described by Washington Irving, in As'terite, Asretsrs, AsTE'giss, As'rsorcE, AsTrITe, n. order T'ubuliflorcme. —DIA. Heads radiate, rarely discoid. Pcific, have been described byshington Irving, in his "Astor~ia," and "Advcentur~~es o~f C~aptain ~Bonneville." (M/in.) The star-stone, or bastard opal, a vuriety of sap- Branches of the style more or less flattened and linear Aora," ad "Adenres f Captan Bnnele." Afort uvas erected an the Colunmbia river, uwhish, hourphire. This gem, when seen obliquely, emits a radiance equally pubescent above outside. Leaves mostly l- A fort ins erected on the ColumEis river, which, of which disappears in the direct light of the sun. ternate. Ase is its principal gen. ever, fell into th e hands of the English in the war of tente ster~ is its principal genus. 19k-s8erila', La. [A.S. a, atnd stear~12.] (Mar1~.) Any distance -FhotelpoB'epia, n. [GI~. aster, a st~lr, and I~is, 1812, and the whole project proved abortiv e. M eantime, -ster, a. [AS. a, and stean] (a.) Any distance Ast'is, n. [. aster, a star, nd, a sca] A. acquired immense wealth in the trade to China. At behind a ship, as opposed to a-head, which signifies be- (PL.) A genus of fossil fishes, IS to 20 ft. long, found in his death he bequeathed 4ids for establishing ann marnfore her; thus, if southi is a-head, or oil the line to which the old red sandstone, and related to the genus Amia. at h or lbry n n - the stemn is directed, north will be a-stern. It else signi- AsteoelIylilite, n. [tic. aster, a star, pllo, a leaft s, a public library of 100,000 vofies in or at the hinder part of a ship, or toward the and lit/ho, a stone.] (Pal.) The name given to fossil Asto'g-.a, a town of Spain, pray. of Leon; Lat. 42 27' hinder part; as, to go a-stern. exogenous plants of thie coal-measures. The species are N.; Lou. 50 10'. This place is very ncientn ws Aslt~~~eirold, n.; 11 N.; Lon. 611 101 W. This place is very ~~~~~~~~~~~~anciemit, land wars Ass'tem-ooie, us.; p.L ASTErOIDS. [Gr. aster, a star, and very numerous, but they are of doubtful affinity, and till formerly fortified. Pop. 5,189. eidos,ftorni, species.] (Astrohs) Astcroidls are a group of now their right place in the system has not been found. Asta'iia, in ilincis, a post-villnage and toanelship of Fulbodies or small phamets, singularly insignificant in size, Astilaeni'z, As'/thaeny, n. [Gr. astheneia, frons a, priv., to o., about 50. W.N.W. of Spingfied; pp. about that revolve around the sun in planetary orbits, betueen and thnos, strength.] (Mad.) Want of strength; debiity. 1520 about Mtars and Jupiter. The existence of a body or bodies -Dungliso/. Astoli'x-, in A/lsou-i, a pot-village of Wright co., 90 m. beutwveem thosse two plunets, seemied to be indicated by a Asthe'inae, a. Relating or belonging to asthenia. of Jeffron City. rsnweerksiose li/a plas. s Awelt einS.o efesn iy remarkable hiatus. (See Boes'S Law.) The celebrated Astlen ra, n. [Gr. asthema, laborious breathing; F. i, in Ne, a post-village of Queen's co., elbens, of Bremen, ventured to assert, that the applica- asth/ue.] (Med.) A disease of the lungs, characterized about'r, in New York city; p ost-village of 00uee.s co., tion of telescopes to the search for planets occupying by a difficulty of breathing, which comnes in paroxysms, Asto'sia, in Oregon a post-village and port of entry of that place wvould certainly be richly rewarded. Conse- accompanied by a wheezing noise and a feeling of tight- Clat'op so., about 10 n. frtom the e anlr nce of the Columnquently, cpom this suggestion, tCcres was discovered by iess across the chest. The fit occurs msst frequently bi ver. It s fonery an estb sied ept for tie l'iazzi ~ ~,,ofaer to, h is a ftlscnuy b/a river. It was formerly an established dep~t for the'Pizutzi, of Palermo, oil the first eay of this centuy; durinrin the night, sidlenly awacing the patient from fu n ~~~~~~~~~~~~fuar trade, and was named after Jolti J. Astor. 1'op~. Olbers himself, soon after detected Pallas and iesta, sileep, who is obliged to assume an upright posture to about 300. and lareding discovered.Tsso. Since then the number prevent suffocation, and to struggle and pant for breath s iaa' v.a. [a.S. astumdian; probably stlled to of A. has been increased successively to one hundred while the paroxysm continues, whiche is usually two or.r. est See ASTONI T ste dub wit and one; but thie probability is, thiat they count by three hours. Though a distressing, it is seldom, in itself, hundredsnd that they for m ztemor zone of small a fatal disease. Iisf e u n l'' amazement; to astonish. ~~hsunao~drm-edsc, and that tey fo sal disease. It is ftequently hereditary, or it may bodies occupying the placo, and iu so far pelormring the arise firom some affection of the respiratory organs. "These thoughts may startle well, hbut not astound functioul, li tihe systenl, of the large plahet which, ac- Among the other causes that may give rise to it, are, The virtuous mied, thn ever walis attended i By a strong siding champion, conscience."-Milton. cordiing to Bode's aun of dsltamnces, might lsave beem ex- ctdwelling in a moist or impure atmosphere, cold, indigespected in the locality. Believing it to be unimportant to tion, nmental anxiety. The paroxysms are generally Astoendl'inag, p. a. Tending to astonish. give a particular account of discovery, size, distance, &c., preceded by languor, fiatulency, headache, sickness, a Ast ndia'a menat, n. The act of astounding. (n.) of every one of these small bodies, that every year in- feeling of anxiety, and a sense of tightness and fullness Asta-.aha'l~. (Geeg.) See ASTERAMa n. crease in number, we limit this arts ic to the most inter- about the chest. Physicians usually distinguish three Ast-,ae'aee,'n ite, n. (Chsem.) A native sulphate of magesting informnationm relatingu to the character of the kinds of A.: the Ihumid, cdry, and spasemodic, according nesiusin and sodium, S04MhgNa2Ia0, occurring in white, system. The mean breadth of the zone or ring within as they are, or are not, attended with cough and expec- opaque, prismatic crystals, together with ordinary sulwhich the A. lie, is'957160 of the niean distance of the toration. During the paroxysms, gentle aperients, and phate of magnesium, ill the bitter-salt marshes on the earth from the sun, or about 91 millions of miles. But auti-spasmnodic muedicines are recommnended. A blister E. side of thie mouth of the Volga. in consequence of tile great eccentricity of several of thie on tile chest, bathing the feet in hot water, a cup of Ants octaa'. (Geog.) See ASTRAKHeN. orbits, some of these curious bodies can adventure nmuch hot coffee, or the smokeing of straumonium, are frequently A-stra ti'll us, adv. [From a, and straddle.] Astride with farther than that into sp tce. Thie inclination of the of use. To prevent the return of a paroxysm, the excit- the legs across a thing, or on different sides. orbits of several of the A. presents an extrlaordinary ing causes are to be avoided; the bowels Ieept gently kAsteav't, (Mlyth.,) daughter of Zeus and Themis, or of contrast witl anything that prevails in our solar system. open, the food to be light and nourishing, regular and Astraus and Aurora, was the Goddess of Justice, the Tihe greatest inclination known amnong the larger plan- moderate exercise taken, asd a change of climate or last of all the goddesses who left the earth when the ets is that of Mercury, being 70 0' 5'9"; when the incli- of situation to be tried. As regards this last, it has golden age had passed away, and men began to forge nation of that of Pallas s 34 42? 37!. But their devia- been found that some have been least subject to A4. in weapons and perpetrate acts of violence. She took her tions do not involve any deviation as to motion from the country, others in the centre of a town. place in heaven as the constellation Virgo in the zodiac. what the law of gravitation would indace us to expect. Astiman-at'tia, Asthinati'ial, a. Pertaining to, or — Greek art usually represents her wNith a pair of balAlthoiugh the ellipses are eccentricm and the inclination affected by asthma. ances in her ihand, and a crown of stars on her head. large, every one of these minute orbs obeys the three Akst]imant'ie, at. One affected with asthma. (Astron.) The 23d asteroid, discovered by IHencke at cardinal laws of Kepler, and so constitutes no exception Asthu mnat'iealts, ads. In an esthudtical manner. Driesen, in 1845. to tihe great harmonies of the solar system. From the Astti. a city of N. Italy, in Piedmont, 28 m. E.S.E. of (Zoe'l.) A genus of polyps, family Astcelmdc, q. v. observations of 31. Levertier it would appear that the Turin, on the railway to Genoa, is a fine and very ancient Atu$.a ea,' na.pl,. (Zeot.) A sub-order of polyps, order sunm total of the matter constituting the small planets city, and was burned by the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa Mcudreporaria. It contains polyps whichs are mostly lying between the mean distances of 22 and 3-19 firom the in 1154. From 1387 to 1529, it belonged to France; in compound by budding or fissiparity, with well-develop ed sun (that of the earth being 1), cannmot greatly, if at all, ex- the latter year it was ceded to the Emnperor Charles V., tentacles in multiples of six. It contains Lithophylidee, ceed one fourth of the mass of the earth. This restricted who made it over as a marriage doowry to the blouse Eusmillidce, Ctas'ypphsplldcw, pt/aidee, dAstwc/idae, Oculi/imass, buowever, is very considerable, being upwards of of Savoy. -- ianf. Silks and stuffs. The vineyareds idee, and Stploshoridces. 20 timoes greauter than the mass of our moon; and it fiurnish a celebrated white and red inue, called Vian Ast-se'iciae, a.-pl. (Zoel.) The Star-Coral, a family of doubtless includes within it imeultitudes of A. not yet d'Ashi, and resembling C/aempegne. The poet Alfieci ures polyps, smih-aeder Asplys'aaea (order Zoastha of Gti-y). discovered by the telescope. The contemplation of this born here in 1749. -_Psp. 29,236. - A. is the capital of a It belongs to the stony corals, and receives its nanne very curious group gives rise to singular reflections. province of the saene name bounded by the provinces of from the stuir-shaped discs which cover the upper surouow odd the notions of messes of small orbs, within Turin, Alba, Alessundria, and Casele. A. is hilly and pic- fcce. They are hamiller and sessile, and each disc is the paths so neatr thiat they omust often pass within sight turesque; soil, generally fertile. Pump. 125,335. seat of a polyp resembling the actinios in general form, ins the celestial spaces -lihee ships within hsail at sea! As'tiBle, un. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Saxzfra- having a single row of numerous arms, with tie mouths But whence caume they? What oceans tIis extraordinary paect, q. v. The species possess no known properties. ie the centre. The genus Astra'a is the principal one. exception to that general law which bes constituted the The A.japon/ca is cultivated as a garden ornamentm. A number of species are described inhabiting the wamrm solar sye tens for the most part an orderly arrangement of Astig'mntstis n.hus [Gr. a, priv., and stigma, a point.] regions of the globe. Some have time discs separate frons large orbs moving through spheres far apart from each (Med.) An affection of the eye characterized by a decided each other, leaving interstices between them; others other, and thus in all things independent? Reflecting on difference of refraction, in the different meridiounl planes have tIme starry discs contiguous. thie fact that they occupy the precise place which, in of the dioptric appsrnatus, and a consequent diminution A-'is-ta'ed,, n. [Gr. astragalts, a heel-bone.] (Arch.) A conformity with Flode's law of distances, ought to hlave of sharpness in vision. nmouldimg, the section of which is a complete semicircle, 158 ASTRW ASTI ASTR projecting from a perpendicular F_ that every object in the heavens possessed an animating sake of acquiring an insight into futurity as they im. diameter, so called from its re- spirit, as the human body possesses a soul. Inthemedi- agined. The history of the rise and progress of A. is semblance to the projection of oyval times the supposition arose that these spirits were nearly the same as that of astrnomy. Its decline may the heel of the human foot. It U dafi either fallen angels, or the souls of the dead, or spirits de- be dated firom the time of Coperniecns, who showed is principally used at the upper riving their origin from fire, whose location was the air. that the sun was the centre of our solar system, and ends and bases of the shafts of They were thought to exercise, an influence for good or not the earth, as it had been formerly supposed; and columns, and in the entablaturesF = evil on every memnber of the human race. Paracelsus although this is no argument against the truth of the of the Ionic, Corinthian, and and the old alchemists believed that every one had an science, yet the fact that all calculations with regard to Composite orders of architecture,. astral spirit peculiar to him. - See SPIRITsar. the motion of the heavenly bodies had hitherto been and also in Roman Doric. It is Astray', adv. [A.S. astrweged, strayed.] Out of the right based on erroneous suppositions, was mainly instrumeen~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(ctihLw)A srvtde,byo wich gr ain goroingIti the most simple of all mouldings, way or proper place. tel in disabusing the minds of men generally of any relibeing the only one that can pro- "Like one that had been led astray ance that they had previously placed on the deductions ject from a plane surlface with- Through the heav'ns' wide pathless way." —.iilton. derived from the exercise of the art. All astronomers, out the aid of a fillet. Its chief Astriet', v. a. [Lat. astringo, astrictus; from ad, and including Kepler litetself, up to his time, had been more use seems to be to bind the dif- stringo, to bind fast, to draw tight.] To bind fast; to or less infected witl tic idea that their science gave fe~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ren parsofcl ns inntd enwi1the thle poe ffrtlidgeaet t hat theirsine gabou ferent parts of columns tend en- confine; to contract; to make strait or close. the te power of fotling evets that were out tablatureg together, being gen-,, The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted, as they let the to happen; and remarkable instances have occurred of erally found at the junction of humeours pass." —Arbuthnot. tile verification of astrological predictions; but no one, the siaft of a column with tihe Asni~ta'i'tian, s. Act of binditg close together; con- upon reflection, carn assert in earnest that the aspect of tablatueres together, being gen- "Athielatidi prt Aeer tof beirelaxe cloaste toeasther; ecohn ohppn-edrnte~beitorcslav curdo capitatl and base. The Egyptians traction. the Iheavens at the time of birth can have the slightest sometimnes divided their columns (lied.) Action of an astringent substance on the ani- influence on a ren's character, disposition, and fortunes. into sections by clusters of A. meal economny. —Dunglison. The practice of A. was tniversal among the Oriental surrounding the shaft at inter- (Scottish Law.) A srvitude, by wi rin growing nations at a very early age; and altlhough its origin is vale. It is generally plain, but be carried to a particlr to involved in obscurity, it may probably be attributed to...... on certain lands must be carried to a particular mlill to sometinese carved to reptesent hel 3- be, groetnd. the Chaldeauns. The lindoos and Chinese have always reeds bound together with a rib- - Aotrcile, adv. [a and stride.] With the legs apart or attached the greatest tsportance to tt, and the Arabs ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tahon thlgeares, iprandcead of vaious Fin. 22h. A riabs bon, leaves, and beads of various ig. 22. across a thing. sedulously cultivated the art, as well as tile astronomers forms. DORIC CLUIN.etween tw who flourished in Egypt before and after the birth of "IT saw a place, where the Rhone is so straitened between two (Gunnery.) A moulding encir- 1. Astragal. —2. Scotia. — rocks, that a man may stand astride upon both at once." -Boyle. our Saviour, at which period it is considered to have been cling a cannon, about 6 incites 3. Torus.- 4. Plinth. stl' v.a. [Fr. astreindre; Lat. asino. introduced into western Europe. The Jews practised it from its mouth. ASTR1ueugeT bi. a.[t. tcostricdr; Lt. cnactrsg. Se after the return firom the captivity in Blabylon. It apAstrag'alhs, n. [Or. astragalos, a die.] (Anat) The S' To bind ft; to constrict; to contract pears that the Greeks were the only ancient nation that M~ ~ ~~~~adi. Aa. h Astr~,i'g'eney, n. Power of contracting; state of beankle-bone, or first bone of the foot, upon which the,. Power of contracting; stat ofb- gave no credence to the revelations of its profetssors. We ing astringent. tibia moves. It is so called frome being slhaped like the ig stringent proceed to give a brief sketch of the outlines of this sceidie used by the ancients in their gaces. "Acid, acrid, austere, and bitter substances, by their aestrin- ence, its leading principles, and mode of practice. The (Bet.) A very extensive and important genus of her- ge"cy, stimulat the fibres. - Arbuthnot. heavens above and below the horizon were divided by baceous pleuts, sub-order Paccpiiionaea ce. Most of the Asltaminlgeeat, a. Binding; contracting; strengthening. inmaginary circles, drawn through its N. and S. points, species are popularly called millk-vetch; and several — n. (Mled.) Tile name given to substances which contract into 12 equal parts, which were called the 12 houses of have a close resemblance to the well-known forage planrt and strengthen the animal fibres. They are admninis- heaven. They were numbered, in order, from the division sainfoin. An interesting species, known under the tered principally in cases of dysentery, diarrhoea, and in the E. immediattely below the horizon which contained name of Sloedish cffee, tile A. botlicus, is cultivated to a fluxes. Their general effects are manifested by greater the part of the hleavens about to rise into view. The considerable extent in Germany, and lhas been recois- firmness of the muscular fibres, greater rigidity of the lines of division were supposed to renmain immovable, so mended for field cultivation as a substitute for coffee. It blood-vessels and diminution of their calibre, and con- that every part of the heavens passed through each is a hardy trailing anntual, usually grows to the height traction of the exhaling secreting orifices, whereby they house successively once in 24 hours.- The term horoscope of about a foot, tned produces cream-colored flowers in check hemorrhage, and dntiminish exhalation and secre- was given to the point of the ecliptic about to rise. The Ist June and July. The mode of culture is precisely the tion. In the mouth they produce a styptic or astringent house was called the " ascendant;" it was the strongest, same as for the pea, only the pods are gathered as they taste. In moderate doses, they are catpable of producuing and also known as the hlouse oflife; the 2dc was the house ripen. Two-thirds are mixed with one-third of coffee- the same constitutional effects as tonics. A. may be di- of riches; the 3d, of bretltren; the 4th, of pa'rents and beans, and the two ingredients are roasted togethler, vided into two sections, the vegetable and mineral. The relatives; the 5th, of children; the 6th, of hecatlth; the preserved in well-corked bottles, or thoroughly closed vegetable A. owe their peculiar properties to the pres- 7th, of mearriage; the 8th, of death; the 9th, of religion; vases, and takren out as they are wanted to be ground. ence of tannin or tannil, which is found in all of them. the 10th, of dignities, (this house rankied next in imnporThe A. boslicts is probably the best substitute for coffee They differ only in the proportion of the latter principle, tance to the let;) the lth, of friends; the 12th, ofJfces. which has yet been tried, and is well worth experinmental and in the other ingredients with which it is associated. To each division one of the heavenly bodies was assigned cultivation in either the garden or the field. The A. The mineral A. have nothing in common but their pro- as its lord, who was tmost powerfil in his own house. lragacantha, popularly called goat's thorn, yields the perty of astringency. To the former belong oak-bark, The position of a planet in any house was its distance gum tragacanth of the drug-shops, and forms the type galls, kino, catechu, logwood, rhatany, geranium, tor- from the boundary circle, or cusp, of tihe house measurcd of one of several divisions of the A. genus. This species mentil, bistort, pomegranate-rind; to the latter, arlen, on tihe zodiac; and the part of the zodiac which chanced is an under-shrub, ralnks as a medicinal plant throughout the preparations of lead, zinc, and iron, and suiphulric to bie in each hlouse was a point which especitily demanded the East, and is called biy the Persians kfts, and by the acid. the attention of the astrologer in his consideration of Arabs kdtcd tid kusscbd. Tile A. Canadiensis, found Aste'in'gently, adv. In an astringent manner. the aspects of the various divisions. The relaetive position fron Canada to Florida, has a stem, bushy, 3 feet high, Aq'trite, n. (Miin.) See ASTrnITe. of the heavenly bodies in the different houses at any very leafy; flowers greenish-yellow, in short, dense Astroea rylrni, n. (Bot.) See CocOEos. particular muoment was called a /thece; and to cast the spikes. Astroag'nosy, n. [Gr. astron, star, and gnosis, knowi- nativity of any one was to form a phln of the heavens, _Astrea-ek'ieas, an extensive governmnent of European edge.] The science of the stars. (o.) in the manner above indicated, at the moment of birth. Russia, lying along the N.W. shore of the Caspian sea, Astr'og'rapay, n. [Gr. astron, and grapho, to describe.' Astromnelte@asoi'og y, cs. [Gr. astron, star, metere-s, and divided by the Volge into two nearly equal portions. A description of the stars. lofty, and logos, discourse.] The act of foretelling the Area, 63,237 sq. m. A. is one of the least important As'tr-sfteUs,.. pl. (Zoel.) A name applied by Milne- weather from the aspect of the moon and stars.-Ogilvie. provinces of the Russian empire. It consists anlmost en- Edwards to the Astraceidw, q. v. Act'omaneter, n. [Gr. astron, star, and vcietron, measure.] tirely of sandy steppes and saline lakes; but in the delta As'troiste, n. [Fr., from GOr. astron, star.] (lin.) A (Astron.) An instrument invented by Sir Jolhn Herschel of the ~olga, agriculture and gardening are successfully name of the ASTERITE, q. V. for comnparing the light of stars, one with another, in practised. The heats in sumnmer, and the frosts in win- (Pal.) A genus of petrified imadrepores, allied to the respect to intensity. ter, are equally extreme. Fisheries folrm the principal AsrceidcE. Astron'oine', n. One versed in astronomy. wealth of this government, and about 30,000 barrels of As' roll,' e, n. [Gr. astron, star, and lambanein, to take.] Astrono a'ie, JAstrozlomn'ieai, a. Pertailing' to cartviare are exported annually. The inhabitants are (As'son.) An instrument somewhat similar in purpose astronomy. mostly nomads, and include a variety of races. Pop. and construction to the armillary sphere; used by the Asroaismneiet'ally, adv. I n an stronomical nmanner. 515,238. old Greelk astronomers to take the altitude of the stars, 2Astrsoleoiay, nc. [Fr. astronoetic; Gr. astroc, star, and ASTR'ArA'HXAN, a city, and cap. of the above government, lies as its name implies. The A. of the astrologers were aomos, a law or rule.] The science whose object it is to oie the Volga, about 30 m. from its mouth; Lat. 460 20' merely a graduated circle, with sights attached, which discern flacts and laws concerning the distribution, mo531" N.; Lon. 470 55' E. This "Alexandria of the Scy- they used for the same purpose. It was simnilar to the tions, and nature of the heavenly bodies. Its origin is thian Nile," as it is sometimes called, consists of three instrument, so called, which vwas used for taking altitudes in far antiquity. The shepherd Cihaldeeans comneected, divisions: —the Kremlin, or citadel; tihe Bietogorod at sea before the invention of Hadley's sextant. Hipper- very early, the presence of certain constellltlons in tihe (white town); and the Slobodes, or suburbs. It lhas chus, an astronomer who flourished at Alexandria, in midnight sky, with the return of the seasons. We sleall crooked streets, with the houses nearly all built of wood. Egypt, about 150 s. c., is supposed to be the inventor of briefly distinguish here the chief steps of its progress. dianf Cottons, woollens, and sills; distilleries, tanner- the A. He was also the first who joined circular rings Of these, the first was that inmportant one whiich led to ies, &c. A. is the great entreplt of the trade with Per- together to represent the equator, the meridian, and the thie separation of the planets, as wandering orbs, from sia, tind the countries E. of the Caspian, which is princi- tropics; thus originating the aremillary sphere. About the the fixed stars. This was accomplished ine remote timees; pally cairried on by Armenian merchants. Its imports year 1500, the term waits used to signify It projection of and in Greece theories arose, with a view to take account in 1865 amounted to $1,087,440; and exports to $600,090. the circles of the sphere on a plane surface, which is now of the motions of the platlets. These theories were perA., besides being the residence of a Greek archbishop, called a phanisphere. - See PLANISPHEr.R. fected by the Alexandrian astronomers. Resting on tlhe possesses Moslem, Armenian, Ilindoo, and Protestant Ast'.olitlaolo'e-y, n. [Or. aciron, star, lithos, stone, notion that the apparent motions of the planets are real places of worship. Pop. 48,259. and logos, discourse.] The science of abrolites. motions, or, what is the same thing, tlhat the earth is at As'tral, a. [Lat. astrum; Gr. aster, a star.] Belonging to Astrol'oger, n. [Fr. astrologue; Lat. astcrologus; Gr. rest, and in the centre of all the motions of tile universe, the stars; starry. astrologos.] One versed in astrology. tile Greeks and Alexandrians rieared a complex itlt As'tralite, n. (C/iem.) A glass flux resembling aventu- Astrolog'ie, Astrolog'ical, a. Pertaining or re- most ingenious system, whose authority lasted until the rin, but containing crystals of a cuprous compound, lating to astrology. thimes of Copernicus and Galileo. Neither, in those early which by reflected light exhibits a dichroitic iridescence Astrolog'ically, adv. In the manner of astrology. days, were the apparent motions of the fixed stars overof dark-red and greenish-blue. To prepare it, a mixture lsta'ol'ogize, v.. To practise astrology. loolked: it is one claim of Hilypprchus to immortal honor, of 80 parts of silica, 120 lecad-oxide, 72 carbonate of soda, kAstrol'ogy, n. [Fr. asirologie; Lat. and Gr. astrologia; that he discovered that great apparent motion of tie and 18 anhydrous borax, is fused either with 24 parts of from Gr. astron, a star, anmd logos, a word or discourse.] celestial vault, whvich we designate as the precession o$' scale oxide of copper, or 1 part of scale oxide of iron. An expression meaning literally the doctrine or science the equcinoxes; (see Precusseoce.) As wes descend in astroThe mixture is fused in a hIessian crucible, at the heat of the stars, but especially taken to signify the art of nomicel history, not only does the distinction between of an ordinary air-furneecs, atnid left to cool slowly in foretelling future events, ancd the good or evil fortune planets and fixed stars become broader, but inroads aere the fureeace. The first mixture melts more easily than lilkely to befall any toman during his lifetime, from ties being made into each sphere, more and more successffl the second, end yields larger crystals. The dichicoitic aspect of the heavens and the relative position of the as years pass on. It wili suffice, in this genecracl articil, iridescence is particularly beautiful on cut and polished planets and other hesavenly bodies at the time of his thsat we refer to heads, under which, minute ieefbrnsatiec~, surfaces. birth. This art, which is commonly understoodi by the occupying as much space as we can devote to it, vwill be As'ts'eeIl Spirits, n. ph. Spirits that were supposed, by term A., is properly called jcediciat A.; for in the early found. — 1. T/es Sslar Systeme. The discoveries of Coperthose who studied demonology and witchcraft in the 15th ages of the world, A. included the science of astronomy, nicus revealed the cardinal fSct that thee earth is merely century, to holci the first place among demons and spir- as well as the art of mnaking predictions from the motions one planet, rolling with others around the sun. Several its of esil. The Chsaldmeans, and those who wreorshipped of tIe stars; the eaerly astronomers, or ratheir astrolo- questions imemediately arose, viz.: Firet, wl!et is the the stars and fire in the early ages of the world, believed gers, nriming astronomeical observations enetirely for tie character of the orbits therough which these planets ASTU ASYN ATAL 159 reuve? A question answered by the observations of squirrels, and the larger ground-birds. It plucks the of speech, in order to render the expression more lively Tyclho Brl'ahe, and the laws of Kepler; (see Kct:.ccR's birds very neatly, and tears them into pieces before it andi impressive. This is particularly the case when a L ws.) Next came the inquiry:-according to what eats them, but swallows the pieces entire. It is ex- series of actions, quickly following each other, is to be mechttnical or dynamical Iaws do these Ibodlies move? tremely destructive to gaine, darting tlihroughi the woods represented; e. g., in Virgil: What new forces do their motions reveal? A question after its prey with great imupetuosity. Thile goshawk, "Fertecito flamanis, date vela, imnpellite eremos." answvered by Sir Isaac Newton and his great successors. abiuidant in the torest districts of continental Europe, At, pit') [AS. et; Lat. od, to, at; O.1t-hler. oz.] A figure See AtrTRiCTIoN, FORCE, GRAVITAxITON, Lc'IUNA'IottEO. was leabrmerly used in colaiionl with thie falcon, gerfalcon, ill gratunnar which primarily denotes presence, niearness, The physical charaicteristics of tihe several constituents &c. in the once celebrated royal pasticie of alhconry; or direction towards. of the solar system next attracted attention. All thlat and it is said to be still used tby the emiperor of Chisa -Befere a place it denotes nearness; ai, one is at the has been ascertaine d oni this subject is exposed under in Isis huntiing exicrsionis. Tihe A. tricotpyilccs, or house efoe Ie is it. Z, ~~~~~~~~~~~house before lie is fit it. SOL-kl SYsvvSc ant under the special hIeads of the iasiIes goshawk of N. America. is nearly identical witl te vThis eastom continued among many to say their prayers at of the different planets, to which must be added AS'rE- iEuropean species, A. tcal bucbariuss fouitains." —Stiliinigfleet. Rm'iDs, CoMETS, METEoiEs, NnBUL.02. 2. TheI F ixed cStors. As l'ra, in Italyc, a imaritime village, at the mouth of ta -Beftre a word in relation to time it assumes coinciThat great and uUtftholmaloel cosupany of orbs lwhich we river of thile saie saocen, 40 us. fromm Rome. In its little dencc; co-existence wit; as, cc at the snae time." name the fixed staris —orbs of the class of our sun, nd i harbor, a, high tower is said to stand on thie site of tthgt it the very ita sign of cold affecn."-or. "W~e thought it at the very first a sign of cold affeetion." —Hooker. round each of which systemis ofplancts probably revolve vili, of Cicero, swhere he was sain by order of Antoncy, -In the stats of; deiotioig that thc evemt cconpacies sinterests its in various ways. First, is to tlheir distace. c. 43. Here also, in 1208, after the battle of Tacgliaor immediately succeeds tile raction of the cause; as, "at and distribeltios, see CONSTELLA.TIOS, PtARALLtX, NIN.BUI. COZzO, ConraCliMin, the last of the Hlohenstauffen iily, ec; " a;" at est." peace;" "at war;" "at rest." Secondly, as to their physicoc aspects, see TWINKLING, wvas betrayed. e'op. about 300. IFRaFuIN-O:Escc LuINES. Thirdly, as to their amppaeet Astis'r as, an amacient principality of Spain, no form- ch at the ight as Al in his heart dismay'd."-filton. smotion, see PtECESSION, NUTATION, and TRNS', ATtON OF inm thie prov. of Oviedo, and lying along thile Bay of "At ts touch, Sioc h s anctity hath lHeav'n giv'n his hand, THE SuN. Fourthly, as to their real smotion, see STRns Biscay, between 40 30' and 70 10'W. Long. It is bonnded They presentlty aicnd."-Shaks. (Mu PLrri.E), and STacs, (PRoPERi MovTto,T s or.)-3. The 3d oil the E. by Santanider, S. by Leon, and on the W. by — Before a superla tive adjctive it is used in appliction important division of A. may be tecrnid thie nsotrcomen- oGalitcia. Area, 3,686 sq. m. —Desc. Its surflce is mnch cotsrc ti as et t is uso pitio. to state or condition; as, at best, at the miost perlihlcion. tal. It retbers to thie manner by lwhich discovery of fiacts dliversified, htving on its S. border a chain of high t Conoador cny scan as to his acront toers. te p e not " Consider any main as to his personal powers, they aA'e riot is now successfully conducted. Infbormation on this umountain s which descend gradually toward the coast, great; for at greatest, they must still be limnited."-South. head will be found principally under CIRCLE, EqUATomcIL, along which are found tracts of fertile land. It is Before person; geerlly used i a ludicrous ses; — Before at person; generally used in a,ludicrous sense; TErLESCOPe. TRANsIT ITNSTRUMENT. -. Informaition relat- watered by numerous rivers, and possesses several scea- as to long to he at another. inc to Piractical Astronamy will be fouind under Cuco- ports as Aviles, Gijon, and Cudillero.-Ctlimate, generally 1 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sir Richard, longing to be at'era, NOMIETER, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE,NvA N\VIoATIONs SETANTu, il end humnid; except tibout the mountains, wheire it Stood aiting for the Earl of Chatham." TicE, &c. — The science of A. nmites the strictness of is frequently severe. — bied. and ind. Maize, esccanda, -Furnished, or supplied with. mathiematical reasoning esith i t exaltedl feeling fior the chestnuts, and a few firuits. Iron, copper, leaid, jet, sublime and beautiful; and fills the incid both witI con- a"tmoy, rnd nakne him, n aked, foil a m pn at arms." —Saks. anti mllonly, mrlarble, ands coal are found; anld thlere iosre n colisideralsle exportation of cattle and horses into the -iBefore a substantive;impi ng emloye nt or design. interior.-lManf. Trifling. The inhabitants are very But he, who wel enough kew hat, Before ihe spoke, he would be at, temperate, living mainly on fi0uits and unfermented Pretended not to apprehend."-Bmtler's Hmcdibras.'bread./-P'in. iTowns. Oviedo, Natvia, and thI sea-ports "The creatore's at his ditty work again."-Pope.,cefore imentioned. —Iop. 566,781. —A. ciay be called the -The place where any thing is, or is acted. cradle of the Spanislh nation. The Saracens, Ihaving absorbed the rest of Spain, could not accomplish the con- "To all you ladies now at land. W~e men at sea indite." —Lordt Bu2ck~hurst. quiest of this province, which elected Pelayo as king, in We men at se idie."-nord Bicnhro. 718, and whose successors became, in after-ages, the khings inciedicts cona eqsencu of aythie sCi of Leon. In 1388, A. was erected into a principality, nd "Impeae hnmnts at the prosecution ofthe House of Conmons." Hale. tbecame an appanage of the kings of Spain, whose heirs- -Frons; dependence on. iresumptive henceforward bore the title of Prince of "The worst authors might endeavor to please us, and in that Aostucrias. endeavor deserve something at our hands." —Pope. Astutte',. [Lat. astutus; astics, craft.] Sagacious; At all. In any manner; in any degree. shreswd; ingenious; wary; cuining; sly; crafty; pene- "Nothing more true than vwhat you once let fall: I ~ ~ ~~~ ii ~traticg. ilost women have no characters at all." —Pope.']iii Astsately, adv. Sihrewdly; sharply; subtly. Atfirst. Iu the first plcace; firstly. ~:cliowi~ iiiif U Astute'ness, n. Quality of being astute; shrewdness; At last. inallly; in the last place. OlotoioithhoTj loi~jo cunning. At once. All together; at thle same instant. Astyla$'es, the last Iing of the Medes, was a contempo- Atib l, n. [Sp., fron Ar at-tbl, te drum.] A kind -i~j Asyaes th.I., is drlun.] A kind of ~'-T-~ 2I0 ~rary of Alyttas, king of Lydia, whose daughter lie mar- tabor used by the Moors. r IirihlI~ ~~ cied; 7th century u. c. " Children shall beat cur atabals and drums." - Dryden. I ~io'(bIHsflt m gArqy'llar, a. [Gr. a, priv., and styles, a column.] (Arch.) Ataba'po, a river of S. America, in Venezuela; Lat 30 it' till'~Without columns or pilasters. 10' N.; Lon. 660 44' Wc. After a W. and N. course of Asaietilder, adv. [A.S. asundrian.] Apart; into parts; 140 m., it fdtlls into te.e Oinocoat San Fernando. Its separately; in a divided state. waters are clear, cool, and singularly pure. "Two indirect lies, tihe further that they are dr.awn out, the AtaaI'mla, a large district of Bolivia, lying alonig tilhe further they go msu.de'." —S.pe.ser. iacific ocean, between 21}20 and 25830 S. Lat. Tice I sy']lurln, n.; Eng. pl. AsY/LvUMS; Lat. pl. ASYLA. [Lat. greater part of its surface is an aridl desert, lbut toward 11 I 01111 oII I CW asyltci; Gr. asylon, from asylos, inviolable —from a, the N. there are fertile valleys. Cobija is its principal ~- -- ~'/'tt''-aOxil'l;l priv., and syal, tie right of seizure; Fr. asyle; Sp sud port. 0lj It. asilo.] A sanctuary, or place of refuge to vwhich h a ca'nctes, in S. America, a smtall seaport of Ecuador,'it crimlinals aight flee for safety, and fromi which it wVas 15 m. S.W. of Esmertldas. I considered the greatest impiety to take thena by force. Atas'ae nimte, n. (Mlin.) A muineral of orthorhonahbic form. Tise Israelitos by God's ossic tippointment set apart 6 Ad~catntine lustre-vitreous. Color, vsrious elitstds of'I cities as cities of refuge, to whsicic those guilty of any bright green, a little darker thsams eimeracld; ansd, somce________[~~ ~unpremeditated crime might flee and obtain protection. times, blacklsh-green. Streak, appole-green.'Translu1 The altar of burnt-offering was also considered as a place cenit. - Comp. Oxide of colpper 53'6, chloride of copper Iliica of refuge. Anong thi Greelts, Thebes and Athtens etch 30-2 (chlorine 16'0, copper 14'3), waltcer 16-2 = 100. This I-~~ dlllllllllll~ll~l~nII ii clatimed to hlave established the first A.; thait at Thebes by species was found originalliy in thie pro. of Atacama, in ll Cadiutns, thait at Athens by tihe descendants of Hiercules. Chili. It occurs ill different parts of S. America, Africa, \0 oialstuss c esitblished an A. at tome, between the two and Europe. - Dama. lo 0 11 groves oi tile Capitoline h-ill. The temples, altars, Ata-'han', n. See YATAGxIAx. staltues, and tombs of heroes werealso anciently regarded Atahusal'lla, the last INcA OF PERu, was thCe son of the as asylnms, the temples being held as the most sacred and 11th inca, u Iuanc Capac. hIts mother was of royal lininv'iolable refuge. Under Constantine the Great, all eage, and thirough herheinheritedithe kiitgdomi of Quito. chisrlches were made asylums; and by the younger Theo- With his elder trother Iluascar, who succeeded to the':~'~ —~i~~~~~....... ~ctdosius, the privilege was extended to all courts, gardens, throne of the incas in 1523, hie remained at peace for 5'oy.'22:. -- Ti,.LE:CcoPE AT C'cINt C isx.i walks. and houses belonging to the churches. In 681 years; but on his being summoned to acknowledge the (Apeirture of object-glass, 12 inches. Total lctngth, 17 feet.) the synod of Toledo extended the limits to 30 paces from dependency of his kingdom on that of Peru, ie prepared every clhurch. At length these A4. led to such abuses for war, entered the dominions of Ituascar with 30,000 fidence in itself, fironom its ability to caiculate wiith cer- that they were generally abolished. (See SA.ecTuac..)) men, defeated him in a pitched battle, and thrust him tainty the career of distant worlds; andi with at beconingc The termn A. is now applied to certain institutions whose into prison. Three years afterwards, Pizarro captmused humility in reflecting how sniall a palrt of the universe object is to alleviate the condition of the blind, deiaf cnd the island of Puna, and Hluascar, hearing in prison of lthe is our earth, and how brief its Iknown duration comspared dimcatb, lunattics, and the destitute. victorious stranger, sent ambassadors to Puna requestwith the immenease periods which enter into the calcula- Asky'hiasn, in Pecnnsylvania, a post-townshlip of Bradotrd inu assistance. The inca also proposed an interview tiocas of astronomcy.-fThe best miodern work on A. is co., on tile Susquehann a, 38 m. N.W. by N. of Vilkes- with tile Spaniard, and thus was brought about for Pithoat by Dehatubre, the ttstsoi/me ant thie 5s'aich, in nine bLarre; 3pop. about 1,500. zarro the long-desired opportunity of meddling in the tfquarto volumenos. Also, Sir John Iferschel's O/tlines. kAsyn'nietral, As4ymlnet'rieal, a. Wanting fists of Peru. By an lct of base treachery, he succeeded As'tro.seoe, n. [GCr. a~tros, a star,'and sceOe, to see.] symmsetry; incomimensutrable. (R.) in obtaining possession of the person of the inca. Ills Amn instrumsent out of use, consisting of two cones, on Asynst'arnetg'y, n. [Gr. a, priv., and symnmetria, sym- subsequent procedure was summary in the extrenme. which the constellations, with their stars, are delite'tted. metry.] Thie watnt of symmetry or proportion between Iluascar had been put to deathl by order of his brother, As'tro-th ols'ooiry, n. sGr. asto:,, a star, and theolc- thei parts of a thing. and now A. was declared guilty of treason to the Sptanish gia, theology.] Noiturul theology, fouunded oti thie obser- As'ymnptoe, so. [Cr. a, priv., syn, with, and ptoles, crown, and sentenced to be burnied alive, in 1533. TIce vation of thie celestial bcodies. apt to fi11l, firom piptd, peptdka, to fall.] (GesOte.) A lihe sentence was comniuted to strntugulation, in consideraAstrcta', adch. In a strutting manner. which approaches contilnually nearer and ncearer to some lion of his professing Christianity and receiving bapticm. "Inflated and mstm'ut with self-conceit.." —Cowper. curve, ewhose A. it is said to be, without ever meeting it. Atal~in'ta.. (Mhyth.) Daughter of Jasus and Clymene, As'tur1, n. [Fr. autlousr.] (Zoe'l.) The goshuawk and allies, It is a property appertaininn to the hyperbolic curve. — and celebrated for her skill in archery, was a nuttive of a genus of birds, fanily Fatconittct. Tice goshsawek is Itis only with regard to octhlcecnaical lines thitt tile prop- Arcaidil. She slew the Centiurs, Bhiccus and Iylmus, 21-23 inches in length; the till ond cem'e are blue; osition is true; and thie trcnth of it has to be conceived seho seere about to offer violence to her; sailed to Colcrown, btlock, bordered on ench side Icy a line of swhite, toy ian effort of pure reason, for it cannot be represeusted. chid with thie Argonauts, and was afterewards present at finely specklebd with it,lack; spper parts, slaitc, tinged See LINE. the chase of the Calydiontan botir, which she was the with brown; legs feasthicroot h:tlf-y iydowncc, cnl, with Asysna~t $'ie, Asymptolg'i a, a. Belonging_ or dc-st to sound; heuce Meletiger tiarded to her this the feet, yellow; the breast tctt1 bolly ewthite, with a relohting to asym'toto. i. e. apprroachintgu, evithiout ever prize.- Ano ther A., douglihtter of Schsoeneus, king of number of cwavy lines or bars of lShtck; tise tail long, of oceetin-. Scyroe, seas menoseoe lir her Iceteusty, and seiftiess hum an ash cotor, aucl ctossed with fiomr or five dttsky bars; Asys'tletowi. a. pO. Aeve'otr c. [r~. ap. pri'.. alid rscuciig. She requiredl eael of hues' lovers to rusd ars wings mtuch slioerter thain the at'l. T'ie gooshoawkr fre- sa/ndetos, bound togsether. from,.yzore3, ttclinol togethelsr.] witll Ier. tier adlussirer was to run befitre, udtrncmr ed, quents the deepo solit:.'oes tot itreats, preying upon hlares, (Rhel.) Thie omicission of the smachll contiectiuig particles ehile sie fotloeved linc vith a dtirt. If slcould clot 160 ATEL ATHA ATHA overtakie him, she was his own; but if he were outrun, or Marinconda (Pig. 224), is, on the contrary, very sloth- lake of N. America, about 200 m. long, and averaging 15 he was doomed to death, and his head to be set up at the ful, but of a gentle, timid, and melancholic temperament. ic. beoad. Fort Chippewayan. at its SW. ecd, lies in Lat. goal. Many had fallen victims in the attempt, when 5t8 42'N.; Lon. 1110 18' W. This lake receives a river of IHipponmenes, the soil of Mo5gareus, by the aid of Venus,. sidthe sauce nueie, and the Slave ricer flows thence ito overcame her. Tihe goddess gtcve him tlhree goldenl ap- - KGCreat Slave likre, lying about 170 m. to N.E. It is someples, which he threw behind him, one after the other, as, times called thie " Lake of the Mountains," irons the lie ran. A. stopped to pickr theml up, anid ippomenes rociy aspect of its nortlern banks. reached the goal before pier. Her ei imer reserve now' I;)! AtslaI tesess a. [Gr. a, priv., and thalaleos, a bridal gave place to such ungovernable passion, that the chaste bed.] (list.) Applied to liclleee vicose tlialisaice without Ceres, becoming offended, changed both the parties into sields or beds for tile spores.-.LBrone. lions, and compelled them froom that time to draw her Athallis, in 0/i, a post-office of Lawrence co. chsariot. A$tal'iall, daughter of Alhab, king of Israel, and wife Atalan'ta, n. (Astron.) The 38th of the asteroids, dis- of Jeboraec, kiceg of Juleah, wcs boen about 927,end D. covered by Golidschsiidt, in Paris, in 1855. ttabout 878 s. c. She wats a woman of abandonled characAtalay'a, in S. Amnerica, a town of Brazil, at the mouth tcr, tnd fecee of power: who, after tihe deale of her son of the Alagoas river, 15 min S.S. W. of Alagoas; peo2.. about Aicaziale. opened her ray te the tsrone by the ceceer 2,100. of 42 prieccs of the royal blood. She reigned 6 years; Atala'ya', in S. America, a fort of Brazil, on the Atlan- in the 7th, the high-priest Johoiada plaeed Joa1h, the o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n theAta-icie 7th, ties highe-priest 31ehcoisele placed Joeosh, ties tic, near tics mcouthc of ties Pepa river, 80 us. N.E. of tic, near the nlontll of the, Para river, 80 im. N.E1. of young son or Ahiaziah, on the throne ofhis father.'This Para. p.prince hadc been preserved ancd brought up secretly in Atalis'sa, in feces, a post-village of Muscatine co., 13 AtallslssR. in _Totva, a post-villageo of 1CMuscatine co., la'h11e temple by Jehosheba, the sister of Jorani Ind wife m. N.W. of Modscatins; pap. about 420. of Jehoiacda. A., attracted by tihe noise of the people, At'asl ana, n. See H IEToAN. who were crowding to the coronation of Joaslh, entered E~i~. ~-~ - T~ts u~zE vTI, 0' M11IIO NB.with thlem into thle tempyle. wvher1e the ceremony was Ataraipii', [the "devil's rock,"] a remnarkable granitic (Spider-2onkey.) ie nt ie tle e ie croner mountain of tBritish Guiana, of pyrnamidal foterm. It is SdeMeke ig te t tie toe se ig cereon going on. At the sight of thIe1 new king, surrounded. by wvooded for 350 feet from its base, froc which limit a Ate'lier., I. [Fr.] A wvorkshop; a studio; more espcci- priests, Levites, great oificers of the kincgdon, and the bare cone forms its summnit. ally applied to an artist's work-roomn. joyful people, she wevs beside hlerself; she tore her hailr, Atatr'lgatis. See DERCETOe. ATELIES NATIONAUX, or NATIONAL WORKeSHOPS (a-tel'-e-ai and cried out " Treason i" Jelhoiada ordered hler to be Ataseo'tsa, in'rexas, a S. county whose settlemsents hlave ncts-i-o-no), n. pl. (Elist.) Since the year 1845, it was the inmmediately led froce tile temple by the officers, and assumed somne imnportlance since 1803. A creelk of the custom in France, during severe winters, or in times of comnmanded that all who should offer to defend her seme name, running througeh tihe county, is renmarkable distress caused by stageation of trade, to open.temporary be slatin; and she was iut to death, at tle gate of her for the purity of its freestone water, fronm its sources worlkshops, in order to give employment to mecihanics who palace, eithout opposition. The altars of Baal, which to its dischacurg into the Rio Frio. The county is also were out of eorkl. These worslchops were called 1Atceiees she ihad erected, were thrown down, and the wvorlship watered by the streams Borego and San Miguel. Tile de Cehariti, until 1848, evhen the provisional government of the true God restored. (2 Kings xii. 13-18.) —0n this soil is generally sandy, and the tiniber-growrth is princi- of the republic reopened a vast number of these estab- story, Itacie has writter his best tragedy, ceccidered as pallypost-oak andlive-oak. Cap. Pleasanton. Polep about lishments under the name ofeA. They were under the the chef-dfusnee of lie French school of tragic poetry. 2,500. control of a department called "The Conmmittee of the Atisamnna a'ta, n. (Bt.) The spicknel, a genus of herAti.tvi', ATos', ATUI', and TIUAI', one of the Sandwich Government for the Workumen;" they were all, however, baceous plants, order,piacecc. The seed tnd roots of isles, about 2410 m. froin Ilawa.ii; Lat.i220 81 N.; Lon. badly organized, and failed calamitously. The principle the h. a'c osclin/ecm, or blacii nounitain parsley, ase aro1500 20' W. Area, about 700 sq. m. Pop. about 7,000. on which they wvere conducted was, that every vworkmuan ari e, and are considered attenuant t and aperient. Tho Ataunlllt', ATAUNT/r, a. [s and taunt.] (PYaut.) High or should have a living provided for him on a fixed scale. seeds of thie A. C'eteesis, or Cretan carrot, ace acrid ased tal; taunt; fulliy rigged, as tihe masts of a vessel. —All-a- Tile resuit was, that worknmen soon left private employers, aromatic. They have been used as carneicatives and taunto is wheni a vessel has all her light and topgallant and entered the national worklshops. The nunbers who dimeetics. masts and spars aloft.- Dana. flocked in soon became alarning. More than 100,000 A t!Raisinaratrini-e, n. (Cliee.) A crystalline fatty subAtax'it a, n. [Ge. a, priv., and taxis, order.] (Meld.) A neen enrolled tihemselves, and insubordination soon began stance obtained ficom the root Althaiaizta aueose inuei. term used to denote tihe state of disorder thalt character- to show itself. Danger was imineiccnt, and the National l/hrs. Co04Ii007. izes nervous fevers, and the nervous condition. - Deun- Asseeluly ordered tihe dissolution of the A.; an act which A2tana sia,, nc. (Bst.) A genus of ornamental, tender, ghison. became tihe pretext for the terrible insurrection which evergreen, shrubby plants, sub-order T'ebeleh/lorce. They ~Atax'ic, a. IIaving the characters of ataxia. ensanguined Paris in June, 1848. are of thes kind popularly ccalled eceelslicegs, sfi'om the Atlsa'ra, a territory and river of Nubia; the former ns itelslan, a. Relating to the atellant, q. v. durable natnure of their flowers; but they suffer sonme sometimes called tihe island of Meroe. Its surfice is At'Ill lat ll (]F'atiLn-e), (also styled Leedi Oecior Oscan depreciation n by shaering that namne eith the genera grcarocky and for the most part barren. The river A. joins Plcays.) (Draos. Lit.) A kiind of light initerlude between )/eecntism, and ontennao-isa. The naille A. is ci meses Greeek the Nile, and Ias a length of about 270 m. It is thes As- tragedy and comnedy, which in ancient Rome was not vsycn cyem of " everlasting," and literelly neeecs "decth - taboras of Plato and Strabo. performed by the regular company of actors, but by less." Upercards of 15 species of A. lave beecn introduced Athelllnfi;layltyg Bayeoa, in Lounsiaia, an outlet of fiee-born young Romans. This kind of play is said to fitom the Caps of Good Ilope, and 10 or 12 ore are Red river, at the N. extremity of Pointe Coupie parish. have origineted firom the ancient Atella, a city of the known to botanists. It flows a S. course, and enters the bay of the same cnanee Oscans, betweven Capua and Naples. The favorite char- Atinnaa'Sinai Crleed, n. (Eccl. tist.) A fornmulary in the Gulf of Mexico. Its length is about 250 m. cncd acters of the NMacches and Bucco of the P. A. meay be con- or conlfession of taith, said to have been dcrawn up iby is navigable for steanmboats. sideredl the origin of the modern Italian arlecchino (har- Athaneasius, bishop of Alexandriac, in the 4th century, At'char, s. A condiment used in India; formed of gar- lequin), and other characters of the seme stanmp. to justify hiescelf against the calumnies of his Ariani lie, gimger, mustard, and pinmento, pickled in vinegar.'cieslo. [Gr. ateles, imperfect.] In comeposition, dehective. enemies. That it was really composed by this fatlher At'ehce, n. (Cot.c) A Turklish coin; an AsPaR, q. V. A prefix found in manay compoued medical words, as secems more than doubtful; and modern divines generally Atech'isona, in Kansas, a N.I. county, bounded N. by atel-cardia, impoefect developmsent of the lip; atelo- concur in the opinion of Dr. Waterland, tlhat it was Missouri, and on tihe E. by the Missouri river. -Area. pir'osopia, icperifect developmieent t of the fatce, &c. written by Itilary, bishop of Arles, in thle Oth centuiry. about 400 sq. m.; soil, rich, and well wooded. The comety IA'Tna'is o, or A eancah', 9i. [It., intine.] (neeus.) A It is certainly very ancient; for it had become so humous is drained by Grasshopper and Stranger creels. Capitatl, simhilar signification erilith bat/tda, and, like that expres in the 6th celntury as to be commented upon, togetheee Atchison City. Pop. about 16,000. sion, seldom used but rwhen the regular mleasure has with thie Lords Prayer and Apostles' Creed, by Yenan-A. CITY, cap. of tihe above co., on the Missouri, 25 c. been designedly interrupted. When there has been some tius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers. It rwas not, hIowfrom Leavenworth; Lat. 390 34' N.; Lon. 95 10' Wt'. It short relaxation in the time, A. denotes that tihe per- ever, then styled the A. C, but simply the Coatelic Faith. is a picturesque and thriving place. Pop. about 4,50. former niust reterrn to the original degree of moeement. It is sapposed to have received the neme of Atlhanasius Atel'ison, icn Missouri, a county in N.W. part of thle Teen iso iiu'to>. [It., ic n equanl and just tsea.] (lets.) on account of its agreeing ewith his doctrines, and being State, with an area of about 700 sq. m. The Missouri Anexpressionegenerlllyappliedtothemannnerofperforor- e na excellent summasry of tile subjects of controversy divides it oil the W. fiom Nebraska; on the E. it is ing a steady, sound movement, a movensent less directedl betwreen him and the Arians. The true Ikey to the A.. boundedl biy the Nodaway. It is alsodrained bytheTarkeo to the feelings than to the judgmsent, ueore scientific than lies in the knowledge of the errors to whichl it was opand Nishnabatlonarivers. C6ap.Linden. Pop.in1870,8,445. impassioned. posed. The Salbellians considered the Father, Son, and Atclh'ison, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Washing- A'lfcslc_';n (the " place of fire"), a place on the peninsulh IHoly Spirit as one in person; this was "confouncding tile ton co. of Apsheron, on the W. coast of tdie Caspian sea. It is persons:"'the Arians considered theem as diflerine in Atchigson's Poinlt, in Texas, a post-office of Tarrant a goal of pilgrimnage for the Gtesbres, or Fire-worship- essence; this waser "dividing the substance;" and against Co. pens, who regard as sacred tihe fire wrhich is caused by these two e'ors was the creed originally firamed. This At'eo, in NiVew Jersey, a post-office of Camden co. the ignition of the naphtha with which the soil is alto- creed was used in France about the year 850; was reAte, (et.) One of the preterites of tihe verb EAT, q. v. gether inmpregnated. ceived in Spain about a hunde red years later, and ie GCerA'te, (le/th.,) daughter of Jupiter, and the goddess of Aies'sa, a lown of S. Italy, prov. of Chieti, 14 m. W. of many about the same time. It was both said and sung evil. She raised such jealousy and sedition in heacven Vasto d'Amceone. The birthptaces of the poet Cardone. in England in the 10th century; was commonly nsed in among the gods, that Jupiter dragged her away by the Pop. 11,518. Italy at the cxpiration of that century, and at Rome a hair, and banished her for ever fioen heaven. She then Aten'lehans, n. (Zo'l.) A genus of dung-eating, cole- little later. This creed is appointed to be read in tIlhe dwelt on earth, where she incited manlind to wicked- opterous insects, family 8carabidt/. Two species, Church of Englancd. - See C sDo. ness, and promoted discord anmong them. A. (scarabd us) sacer, and A. 1gyptofeam, were woe- Ati tinnnL'sintis, (commonly called the GE/AT,) one of the AVt'elee, a. [Fromn Gr. a, priv., and tbles, end.] (Nlin.) shipped by the ancient Egyptians. —Sec BEETLE, and nmost distinguished of the Greeki fathers, was a. at AlexNot having the regular forens of the genus; imnpe'fect. SckRAccTaus andria, probably in the year 296. Of his early'life and Ateles, n. [Gr., imperfect.] (Zo'l.) The spider-monkey, At'Fe, in /issouri, a post-office of Holt co. eduecation hardly anything is known. We only know a genus ofsapajous,'faimily y Cebidee, inhabiting S. America, At'$ ise, a townu of Egypt, cap. of a prov. of the same that hie was received inlto the ftamily ofAlexandeer, bishop and corresponding to the Secnopitheci of Asihea ancd the came, near the right bank offthe Nile, 42 m. S.S.1E. of of Alexacndria, and appointed his secretary. DBrinug tile C~lubi of Africa. They are remarkslable for their very Cairo. It is supposed to be on the site of the ancient session of the Counecil of Nice, ii. was the life and soul long tails, strongly prehensile and callous at the ex- Ap/eiroditopois. els tiet. pop. 4,000. of the party opposed to Arius; and hle so distinguished tremity, their very slender limbs, and for their anterior ARth. [Ir.] A prefix found in many geographical names himself there by his zeal and lability, that Alexander hands havingonly four fingers. They are generally mild, of places in Ireland, signifying a ford; as, At/eone proposed bhim as his successor in the See of Alexandria, timid, grave-looking, creatures. They live in troops ecu (" ford of the rcapids );.Atboy (" yellow ford"), &c. ccii office to which hie was appointed, A. 0. 328. He therelofty trees; and by means of their long prehensile tails, 4th, or Avei,, a toee of Belginm, prov. of tlainault, on upon 1aborecd to promote Christianityin Abyssinia until ewheich act as a fifth meumnber, they swing themcselves ftom the Dendec, 15 m. N. by Wa. of Mnas. It is a well-built A.D. 331, in which year Aricus regatined the fauvor of thie one tree to another with great facility. They are said and douneishing place. A/onf. Linen, woollen, cotton:Emperor Constantine, aced sought ce-adumission into the even to cross rivers in this manner. Mounting to the stuffs, hatds, and gloves. A4. eras for'tified by Vauban, Che'uch utAlexenderia. This wvs reuitsed byA., altheougih toi of the hlighest tree on the bank of the streaen, they and it les, since 18i5, been materially strengthenecd. the emperor heiunsel f issued an edict foe lhis admceisseon. attaech theenselves to each other in a chain, by their tamils. Pep. 10,125. A long end seeee struggl ensued, in erich A. ccen This chain is allowed to suing to and fro till it has ob- AtR'n, a dlring im postor under the Caliphl Mehsedy, or fuctec bee oem pact seth the ucinoet coeccags, celaucy, tained sufficient momentum to enable the last of the his predecessor, Al-mensuc. He taught thee doctrine of and resolution. All sorts of char'es were brooglht chain to catch hold of a branch on the opposite side. This the metempsychosis, and claeimeed to be hlicmself an incar- agacuct lien bet A hed us dm13 ly ic triucplcacetly done, it ascends to the top of the tree; the other eed of natio n of divinity. HIs lad lost one of Iis esycs, on cc- ehuleng tissu ie peesenee oh thee epee-or at Pseemthe chein is theen allowed to swing, and the wehole troop count of weirch he evlways wore a veil, for wiichd he re- methec in 33C I boldly couclented is Arian cccnsere is thus passed over. A. poseiscus, Queta or Coeite men- ceived the epithet of "Jlos/aeine." A. is thee hero of audi ex/oc te en Ceenelntee a teeiuoccy to his inns Itre', is very docunnn in the eoode of Suhinse and Brazil; Moors's "Veched Puoplet of Kisorassin," in La/l/a eoo/sh. cence, acd to isis eorthc. Subsequently, in 335, c council and is very intelligent, active, and gentle. A. Be/zebcth/, A~ht$ba'rskn, or ATnA'PEsco r, [Ind., swaoseeg,] a great heelel et T3ec pesisdeel over by Lusebius of Grsanre, lil; ATHE ATHE ATHE 161 determined enemy, acquitted A. of some of the charges Aktlieist, n. [Fr. athlisme; Gr. atheos, from a, priv, and kingdom of Greece, is situate on the W. side of the probrought against him, but referred others to the inves- Theos, God.] One who disbelieves in the existence of God. vince or nomarchie of Attica, about 4 m. from the Gulf of tigation of a committee, who obtained from the emperor Atheis'tic, Atheis'tical, a. Pertaining to atheism AEgina, in N. Lat. 370 58' 1"; E. Lon. 230 43' 54". The city an edict that A. be exiled to Treves, in Gaul. In 338, or atheists; impious; godless. is built on an abrupt eminence rising out of an extensive after the death of Constantine, his son, Constantine Atheis'ticatlly, adv. In an atheistic manner. plain bounded N. by mounts Pentelicus and Parnes; N.E. II., who had obtaned the western part of the empire, Atheis'ticalness, n. The qualityofbeingatheistical. by Mount Anchlesmus, E. by Mount Hymettus: and W. restored A. to iris See. Oi his return, his enemies re- A'theize, v.a. To render some one atheistic. by Lycabettus. During the revolntionary war, 1820-7, tlhe sumed their machinations, and having prejudiced the Athl'lel, Ad/el, Aithl'el. [From A.S. cedel; Ger. adel, city was laid in ruins; but when the seat ofgovernment mind of thile new emperor against A., they, in a noble.] A prefix in many Saxon names. So,,tEhelred was transferred thither, in 1834, its resurrection began. council held at Antioch, caused him to be superseded by is noble for counsel;:Ethelard, nioble genius; y.thel- It now contains several good streets, and soime fine pubPistus. Another council, however, convokedat Antioch, bert, eminently noble;,helward, a noble lprotector. in the emperor's presence, revoked this decision, con- Ath'elixn g,, XE~TH'e wG, Eri'EINti. The same as ADE- -... demned A.. and appointed Gregory, a native of Cappa- LINO, q. v. docia, bishop in his stead. On the publication of this Athl'elney (ISLE OF), a tract of England in the co. of edict at Alexandria, the most violent scenes occurred, Somerset. 7 m. SE. of Bridgewater, aid foimerly an is - anid A. fled to Rome, whbre he was protected by the land. Here Alfred the Great sought refuge during the emperor Constans. The influence of the latter was after- Danish invasion, and founded an abbey, about A.D. 858. R/' ward employed to induce his brother Constantins to Ath'elsttai, AD'ELSTAN,'TH'ELSTAN, or EAL'STAN, ast S 3 ~~~~ t' ~~At'elsad AIESTN JTtEdSAN d r /~LSTN an it/i/eL uei~~ restore A. to his See, and the Eastern potentate was at Anglo-Saxon king, the son and successor of Edward the ~~~~ ~ last induced to comply. The death of his patron Con- Elder, and grandson of Alfred the Great. B. 895, and, on... stans, and the energy with which A. after his return to Ildward'e death in 925, was chosen king by the people ~ Alexandria proceeded against the Arian party, brought of Marcia, and Wessex. Northumbria, Scotland, and the'e Cosstantius once more to their aid; and in the couicils British states of Cumberlasd, Wales, and Cornwall, acof Aries, and Milan, (A. D. 353, and A. D. 355,) the expulsion knowledged him as their superior lord, and his alliance = _ of A. was again decreed. A. escaped to the desert, and was courted by all the princes of Western Europe. Louis there remained nntil the death of Constantius, aid ac- IV. of France was protected by A. during the usurpacession of Julian, enabtledihim to return for a brief time. tion of Raoul, and recovered the throne by his aid. The Again incurring imperial resentment, the harassed pro- emperor Otho the Great married his sister Elgiva. In late once more escaped to the desert, where he stayed 937, Constantine of Scotland, and other princes, formed until the death of Julian. During the reign of Jovian, a league against A., who totally defeated thesl. He died _ and the earlier portion of that of Valens, A. enjoyed a at Gloucester, A.. 941. period of peace acnd influence; but, in 367, he was again Athen'wum, ATHENE'UM, a.; p. Lat. ATHENXA; pl. sent for a fifth time into exile, and again recalled, and Eng. AuTHENEUMS. [Lat.; from Gr. Athenaion, the tenmpleig. 22. - ATENS. with this his persecution ended. D. 2d May, A. 0. 373. of Minerva at Athens; from Athenai, Athens.] (Antiq.) With little in his outward appearance to command ad- A public place frequented by professors of thie liberal lic buildings. Its aspect is somewhat bizarre: European miration, A. was endowed with qualities of mind and arts, and where rhetoricians declaimed, and the poets shops elbow Eastern bazaars a Christian chapel is vis-hspirit which justly entitled him to be called great. To read aloud their works. At Athens these assemblies vie to a Turkish mosque, an ancient Grecian portico fnluch acuteness he added great depth and force of intel- first toolk place in the temple of Minerva, whence the opens on a modern residence, and so on. Its population, lect; his temper was earnest, constant, and fearless, and name. The A. at Rome'was founded upon the Capito- too, is more heterogeneous than that of any other place his moral life seems to have been blameless. His zeal for line Hill, by the Emperor Adrian. It was a school or col- of its size in Europe. A good road connects the city with truth was such as to overcome all considerations of self, legee, furnished with a complete staff of professors for the its harbor, the'iraus, distant 5 miles. Pop. 44,217.and make hini willing to endure toils, privations, amid several branches of study. Like its Athenian proto- The ancient city of A. considerably exceeded the modern dangers, rather than yield one tittle of what he believed types, this establishnment was frequented by the Roman in extent, and, unlike the latter, encircled the Acropolis. to be God's truth. 1lis name is identified chiefly with orators, poets, and other learned men, who there de- It was enclosed in a sort of peninsula formed by the the defence of thee doctrine of the Trinity, including that claimed their comipositions, the emperors themiselves confluence of the Cephisus and Ilyssus. At the time of the supreme divinity of Jesus Christ and of the IHoly frequently honoring tile assemblies by their presence. when A. had attained its greatest magnitude, it was Spirit; these doctrines he maintained against the At a subsequent period, another celebrated A. was surrounded by a wall surmounted at intervals by Arians, but his argusments have been found of equal erected at Lyons. These institntions, generally, appear strongly fortified towers. A. had three great harbors, avail, in more recent times, against tihe Socinians sand to have retained their high reputation until the 5th cen- the Piraeus, Munychia, and Phealerum. These ports Humanitarians; indeed it is remarkable how little the tury. At the present time, the term has been revived as formed a separate city larger than A. itself. The harbor learning, the reflection, and tile disputations of subse- a name for certain establishments connected with learn- of the Piraeus was a spacious basin embraced by two quent ages have been able to add to what the writings ing, as well as for clubs and libraries. It is also the ti- arms of rocky land which formed gigantic natural piers. of A. contain on this subject. The best edition of his tie of 3 weekly literary journmls, one published in Lon- Even now it is considered a safe port, and in former works is that published at Padua in 1774, in 4 vols. don, one in Paris, and one in Germany. times it constituted at once the harbor, arsenal, and dockfolio. Athenae'us, a Greelk grammarian, of Naucrates, Egypt, yard of A. At its zenith, A. contained about 10,000 Ath'anor, or Aca'nor, n. (Chiee.) A kind of fur- who wrote a worlk entitled 1lble-Talk of the Sophists. houses, (.ien. 1enin. iii. 36,14,) which were, for the greater nace, which has long since fillea into disuse. The long published by Casaubon, in 1657. part, mean habitations; and it was to its public edifices and tedious operations of the ancient chemists rendered Althenagoras, one of the Greek fathers, is the an- alone that its attractions were owing. Its population it a desirable requisite that their fires should be con- thor of two works, an Apoleogy for Christians, and a has been variously estimated at from 116,000 to 180,000. stantly supplied with fuel in proportion to the consump- treatise on the Resur'rection of the Dead. There is no The opulence, prosperity, and power of A. are fully portion. The A. furnace was peculiarly adapted to this pur- reliable information as to his history, but he is believed trayed by Thucydides, (lib. ii. 13.) The most striking pose. to have flourished about A. 0. 170. object of A. is the Acropolis,or old Cecropian fortress. Atl'har, AT'TAR, or OT'T,. n. The Indian name of the At&henaW'is. See EuDociA. (See AcaoPOLts.) The Acropolis alone formed the primivolatile oil of roses. - See ArcTAr OF ROSE. Athen'ian, a. Pertaining to Athens. tive city; it was founded by Cecrops, about anno 1556 A. Ath'boy, atown of Ireland, co. Mestlh, prov. ofLeinster,i -i. A native or inhabitant of Athenss. c. It was of the Doric order, and its central pediment 31 m. N.W. by W. of Dublin. It is an muscient place, Akthenodo'rus, the son of Agesander, a Greek sculp- was supported by 6 fluted marble columlne. On the right now in decay; but a good corn-msarket is still held. 1op. tor of the Rhodian school, who, with his fattier, and wing stood the Temple of Victory, and on the left was a in 1861, 2,241. Polydorus, executed the celebrated group of the Lao- building decorated with paintings by the pencil of PolyAltheismn, n. [Gr. a, without, Three, God.] (Theel.) A coon, the best specimen now extsant of the'dd stage of gaotus, of which Pausanias hems left us an account. But word of comparatively seodern invention as applied to sculpture in Greece, during which the highest display the chief glory of the Acropolis was the Parthenon, or that system of belief which professes to discard the of execution was successfilly coupled with the utmost Temple of Minerva. Dilapidated as it s, it stillretains an existence of a deity. Many persons, both in ancient pathoss of conception. A. is supposed to have lived air of inexpressible grandeurand sublimity; and it forms and modern times, and on very v:arious grounds, have about 220 0. c. at once the highest point in A., and the centre of the had the iname of atheist applied to them; but it iiaiy Acropolis; (see PARTHENON.) On the N.E. side of the justly be questioned whether any sane mian ever adopted Pasrthenon stood the Erectheium, a temple dedicated to such a principle. No doubt many men have repudiated the joint worship of Neptune and Minerva. Consideraaltogether' the ordinatry ideas of the Deity, both as to ble remains of this building still exist. In the modern,his character, and as to the methods of establishing the city of -A. itself there are still many monuments of anproof of his existence; and in a comparatively ignorant tiquity to be found. Of these the principal are 3 exquiage, or among a comparatively ignorant race of people, site Corinthian columns crowned bly architraves, the such persons would very likely be set down as atheists Teniple of the Winds, and the monument of Lysicrates, by those who did not understaend their peculiar tenets. / called by the modern Greeks the "lantern of DemostheAgain, sucud atheeists as those anong thi Greeht phiioso nes." Beneath the S. wall of the Acropolis, near its exphers, as Leucippus, Denmocritus, and Protagoras, who tremity, was situated the Athenian or Dionysiac theatre; cent mainily upon the assumption that they had ino Plato affirms that it was capable of containing 30,000 proper idea of such an existence, were not really so far persons. On thie N.E. side of the Acropolis stood the fiomi certain Christians as might be imagined. From Prytaseunm, where citizens who had rendered good serKant to Dr. Mansel, of Oxtbrd, philosophers like Sir vice to the state were maintained at.the public expense. William Hamilton have maintained wlht is commonly Opposite to the W. end of the Acropolis was the Areocalled speculative A.; but this, as is well known, is pagus, or " Hill of Mars," where stood the celebrated only a name invented by their opponents. who pro- court of the AREOPAooS, q. v. Ouside, the modern city fees to hold on by the dogmatic view of the existence of are the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Olympius; (see Deity, and who believe they cies deonseatrate his being. JUPITER?.) Not far from it is the temple of Theseus, built Everybody at all conversant with the question knows i by Cimnon, shortly after the battle of Salamis; (see THEthat no demonstration —no d priori proof-of such an sss.)-Athenian history did not assume a definite form existence is possible, inasmuch as no notion can be formed until A.c. 1556, when Cecrops, a native of Egypt, by of a higher generality than infinitude, to serve as the Ineasrying the daughter of Actwon, obtained the sovem'major premisie on which this alleged syllogism can rest. eighty. He collected the hitherto scattered inhabitants And hence, while no demonstration of such a being can L of Attica, divided them into tribes, and founded the be offered, ample speculative proof of his existence can Acropolis. Tue sovereignty descesuded in his flimily unbe inductively reached. Without doubt, vulgar preju- til X.C. 1068, when an aristocratical was substituted for die i has had mucl to do with the A. of mesany emnsisent P~ig. 205. MARBLE SNOUP Or cmE s.e0COON. the monarchical form of government, and the title of thiinkers, from Socrates downward; but thee French en- (Vatican, Rome.)' king" was exchanged for that of "archon." In A. c. cyclopedists of the 18th century made a boast of this 624, Draco was appointed lawgiver; and in 594, SoI6n creed; and vacinted it openly in thee streets, as well as Ath'enlry! a decayed town of Irelend. co. Galway. It was made archon. In 561. Pisistratuis assumed regal advocating it secretly in the closet. The remaerk of was once mnportant, and boasted of a university. Po-. powcer, and from this time the constitution of Solon was Lord Bacon was quite true, that, although a smoattering 1,283. gradually abesorbed into a pure democracy. With rapid of pehilosophy might lead a man into A., a deep draugbht Atlh'ens, [" City of Minerva," from Gr. AinV,, Minerva, strides the Persian monmarchy had been encroaching upon of it will -assuredly bring hint Iback to the belief in a God, or P'allas, the tutelary deity of the city.] One of the most Greece, and most of the Grecian -states, had already and in a Dicine Providence. —See MAsllEetAtmSe; PANTHE- famnous cities of antiquity, the chosent seat of literature, sworn fealty to Darius, when A. and Lacedsemon raised IJs. philosophy, and the arts, and thie capital of the modern the bannmir of defiance,-and the battle of Marathon (A. c. VOL. I. — 21 * 162 ATHE ATHI ATHW 490) at once achieved the liberty of Greece, and covered Ath'els, in Illinois, a post-village of Menard co., 12 m. Ath'is, a town of France, arrond. of Domfront, dep. of A. with glory. Then followed the invasion of Greece, N.N.W. of Springfield. Pop. about 470. Orne; pop. 4,768. the seizure and burning of A. and its citadel, the memo- -a village of Cook co., about 25 m. S.W. of Chicago. Atlh'lete, n. [Fr. alhl/te; Lat. utileta, ptl. atlltc; from rable battles of Salamis, Plat. a, and Mycale; and, lastly, -a village of St. Clair co., on the Kaskaskia river, 33 m. Gr. at/letes, from athlein, to contend for a prize, firom the defeat of the Persians. Among other consequences S.E. of St. Louis. athlon a prize.] One who competes for a prize in any that resulted to A. fronl the Persian invasion, was the Ath'ens, in li/va, a township of Ringgold co.; pop. abt. muscular contest; an exhibitor of gymnastic skill; a impetus given to its naval affairs. Themistocles caused 300. prize-fighter; a wrestler. (A. o. 479) a new and. more commodious harbor to be Ath'ens, in Kentucky, a post-village of Fayette co., 11 (Antiq.) A term applied to those persons who, among built at the Pirmeus, which in process of time was joined sm. S.E. of Lexington. the Greeks and Romnans, contended for prizes at the to the city by the celebrated " Long Walls." This pre- Atile'eis, in Louisiana, a post-village of Claiborne parish. public games, in boxing, wrestling, running, leaping, and caution gave A. the command of the sea, and raised her Ath'ens, in Maine, a post-township of Somerset co., 45 throwing the disc, or quoit. Unlike the Agonistes, who commercial and military mnarine to an unexampled pitch m. N. of Augusta, on a branch of the Kennebec river; only pursued gymnastic exercises as a means of improvof prosperity. Hier spirit hitherto had been decidedly pop. about 1,700. ing their health and bodily vigor, the athletes devoted martial; but her peaceful glories now followed, and out- Athtl'ens, in Michigan, a post-township of Calhoun co., their whole lives to preparing for the contests at the shone those of her victories and political ascendency. 20 m. S.W. of Marshall; pop. about 1,180. public games. For these they were trained with the After the terminattion of the Persian war, literature and Ath'ens, in Mlinnesota, a village of Dakota co., about 14 greatest care. They were constantly undergoing a tlse fine arts begotn to gravitate toward Athens as their mn. S. of St. Paul, and 3 m. W. of the Mississippi river. course of the most severe exercise, in a gymnasium set mAnst favored seat; for liere, luring thie age of Pericles, Ath'enms, in Mississippi, a village of Monroe co., 170 m apart for the purpose, under the superintendence of the above all other parts of Greece, genius and talents were N.E. of Jackson, in the centre of a fertile and prosperous gyntasiarch. -At first the A., when struggling for the fostered by an ample field of exertion, and by public country. prize, wore a girdle round-their loins; but afterward they sympathy and applause. It was during this age that Ath'enis, in Missouri, a post-village of Clarke co., 25 m. contended in anude state. Befbre commencing wrestling painting, sculpture, and architecture reached the high- from the month of tile Des Moines river. Here, during encounters, their bodies were covered with sand, that est degree of perfection; and that Greek poetry was en- the civil war, a severe skirmnish took place on the 5th of they might grasp each other the more firmly. In other riched witt a new kiind of composition, the Drama, August, 1801, the result of which was in favor of the games they were anointed with oil by the alipt-e. An which exhibited all tihe grace and vigor of the Athenian national arsmy. athlete who gained the prize at either of the 4 great pubimagination, together with the fiull compass and highest Athl'ens, in Nebraska, a post-office of Richardson co. lic games, viz., the Olymnpian, Isthmian, Nemnean, or Pyrefinements of the Attic language. The drama was in- Atlh'ens, in _New Yorc, a post-borough of Greene co., on thian, was received by thestate to whichthebelongedwith tdeed the branch of literature which peculiarly signalized the Hudson river, 29 m. below Albmany; pop. about 1,680. the greatest honors; he was absolved from the paynyment the age of Pericles; and tile intellectual character of the Ath'ens, in Ohio, a S.E. county, joining the Ohio river of taxes, and, often, his statue was set up in a public spot. Athenians is vividly po'trayed by the sublimely impats- to the E., and intersected by the Hockhocking river. A. were, it is stated, introduced from Greece into Rome, sioned strolkes of E;chlylus, the graceful and elegant The surface is hilly and well wooded, and the soil gen- by M. Fulvius, at the close of the Atolian war, 186 e. c. touches of Sophocles, the elaborate philosophy of Euri- erally fertile. Iron ore and coal abound, and the manu- Tisey speedily became highly popular; and under the pides, and the caustic raillery and moral power of Aris- flcture of salt is an important branch of industry. A-.ca, emperors, their contests were admired by the nation to tophanes. And tlhough time has effaced all traces of the about 430 sq. rn. Cap. Athens. po. about 30,000. a degree bordering upon passion. Under Nero, an enorpencil of Parrhasius, Z ssxis, and Apelles, posterity has -a post-township and village of the above county. The meous number of 4. lived in Rome, where they formed assigned them a pisce in tile temple of fame beside village, which is the cap. of the county and the seat of - a distinct corporation. The A. were an entirely difPhidias and Praxiteles, whose works are, even at the Ohio University, is 72 mu. S.E. of Columbus, and Ihas a ferent class from the GLADIATORS, q. V. present day, unrivalled for classical purity of design and pop. of about 1,800. Pop. of townshlip, about 3,500. Athletlic, a. Belonging to wrestling, boxing, running, perfection of execution. But theadvantages that flowed -a township of Harrison co.; psp. ablout 1,600. and other muscular exercises.-Strong; robust; vigorto A. from the alaministration of Pericles were not with- Athl'ens, in Pennsylvania, a township of Crawford co., ous. out alloy. The splendor which he introduced exhausted tabout 20 m. E.N.E. of Meadville; poep. about 1,450. Sciencedistinguishes a man of honor from one of those athletick the public revenues; and to supply deficiencies, recourse -a post-borough of Bradford co., on the Tioga river. It brutes, whom undeservedly we call heroes."-Dryden. wa.s lhad to rigot'ous imposts upon the allied states. is a flourishing place, witll a pop. of about 1,750. AtHtlet'ieally, acdv. In an athletic manner. flnce a spirit of disaffection was engendered; and Spar- Ath'ens, in Tennessee,a post-village, cip. of McMinn co.. AtlIlet'ieism, Ath'letism. n. The act of contendta, who had long viewed with jealousy the magnificence 55 us. N.E. of Dalton, and 154 in. E.N.E. of Nashville; ing in a public game; muscular strength. of her rival, seized the opportunity of fanning the dis- pop. about 738. Athtlone, an inland garrison-town of Ireland, in the cord into a lame. This broke forth in the Pelopon- Ath'ens, in Texas, a post-village, cap. of Henderson co., counties Westmeath and Rosconmmon, on the Shannon, soesian war, in which, after a struggle of 27 years, 220 m. N.E. of Austin city, and 20 m. E. of Trinity f'5 m. W. of Dublin. It carries on a considerable trade. the Spartatns were victorious, and the Athenians were river. In 1641, A. was besieged by thile Irish tarmy; and in 1089, obliged to submit to the dominion of the " Thirty Ty- Ath'ens, in Verseont, a post-township of Windhanm co., was taken by stormn by De Ginkell, (q. r.) During the rants." It was reserved, however, for the skill of Thra- 100 m. S. of Montpelier; pop. about 560. war with France, A. was strongly fortified. Pop. about sybalus (a. c. 403) to restore to A. its former constitu- Ath'ens, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Dodge co. 6,500. tion; a revolution which was effected with little effusion Athlensville, in Illinois, a post-village of Greene co. Ath'lone, EARL OF. See GmNKamLc (DE). of blood. A. now became the head of a confederacy At'$ensville, in Pennsylvania, a village of Delaware Athil lone, in Michigan, a post-office of Monroe co. numbering 75 cities; the -gEean isles were among her co., about 8 -nm. WV. of Philadelphia. Ath'ol, ATH'OLE, or ATHcu'L, a district of Scotland in colonies, L-acedsmon recognized her dominion of the Atheri'na, a. [Fromn Gr. ather, a spine.] (Zot.) A genus Perthshire. It is very picturesque and mountainous. sea, and she was once more, and without a rival, the first of fishes, order Acanthopterygii. Tlhey are very abun- The forest of A. comprises 100,000 acres, and belongs to of the Grecian communities. From this time began a dant in the Mediterranean, and form a considerable the Duke of A., head of the house of Murray. new era in th hIistory of A. Philip, king of Macedon, fishery there. They are salted and sold as sardines. Ath'ol, in.Massachttselts, a post-township of Worcester by dissimulation and bribery, contrived first to embroil They abound also on the coasts of S. America. co., about 65 m. W.N.W. of Boston; pop. about 3,130. the different states of Greece, and then to transmple upon Ather'manous, a. [Gr. a, priv., and t/erm-aino, to Ath'ol, in New York, a post-village and township of their independence. The Athenians, roused by tihe thuit- heat.] (iChem.) Opposed to diathermansus, and applied Warren co., about 60 m. N.N.W. of Albany; pip. of ders of Demostlhenes, msce a vigorous defence, (a. c. 338;) to substances which do not suffer radiant heat to pass township about 1,900. but the battle of Che-ronea annihilated the supremacy through them. Ath'ol Depot, in!eassac/husetts, a post-village (f Worof A. She ins-de repeated but unsuccessful efforts to re- Athero'mmm, n. [Gr., from athera, pap or pulp.] (ired.) cester co., 33 us. W. of Fitchburg. lease herself from 5i:cedonian thraldom, until A. c. 86, A tumnor formed by a cyst containing matter like pap or Ath'os (tMount), Aoaos-Ooos, or MONIrc-SAcToo, a fawhen Sylla pr-o:iaim -d her a tributary of Itome. But bouillie, or plaster. mnous mountain of Turkey in Europe, on a peninsula while A. thus sow every trace of her political existence Atherosn'atous, a. IIaving the nature of atheroma. projecting into the ZEgean sea between the gulfs of vanish, she rose to in empire scarcely less flattering, Atheropo'gon, n. [Gr. ather, chaff, and pogm, beard; Contesa and Monte-Santo; Lat. 400 10' N.; Lon. 240 20' to which Rome itself w:ns obliged to bow. Her conqumer- a characteristic term.] (Bet.) A geins of plants, order 30/ E. It rises abruptly filom the water to a height of ors looked to her as tie t tacher and arbiter of taste, Gramninacece. The name signifies a "bearded awn;" 6,349 ft. above sea-level, and in its lower parts ispovered philosophiy, and science: amtl all the Romans who were and alludes to one prominent character of the genus. with forests of pine, oak, cheslnut, &c.. above which ambitious of literory attaisnents, flocked to A. in order Though upwards of 15 species are known to botanists, towers a bare conical peak. A. has beten famous both to acquire them. Under Afrittan, (A. D. 117,) A. regained only one, Atheropogon apluloides, exists in the U. States. in ancientand modern times. Herodotus states tlhat thle mcod of her forcusr splendor. In 398, A. was talken and It is a hardy, half-beautiful perennial, grows 9 inches fleet of Mardonius, the Persian general, in attempting to sackedl by Alartic, king of the Goths, and after this high, and produces its apetalous flowers in August. double this mountain, wosreportedtohave lotmorethan dreadful visitation sank into inusignificance. We are in- Some botanists call it Ghloris curtiltedula; and others, 300 ships and 20,000 men. When Xerxes invaded Greece, deed told that the walls of A. were put into a state of Dinebta curtipendola. ihe determined to guard against the recurrence of a defence by Justinian; but fiom the time of this emperor, Atheroslperniaaee, n. pl. [Gr. ather. point, and similar disaster by cutting a canal across the peninsula a chasm of neatrly 7 centuries ensued in her Ihistory. A. sterma, seed.] (Bet.) An ord. of plants, alliance Mleni- of such dimensions as to admit of two triremes passing again emerged from her oblivion in the 13th century, spermaes. - DIAG. Anthers opening by recurred valves. abreast (Herod. lib. vii. s. 24): of which great work the under Baldwin and his crusaders, -at a time when it was They are trees, with leaves opposite, without bracts. traces still remain. In modern times, A. has been ocbesieged by a general of Theodore Lascaris, the Greel Calyx tubular, divided at the top into several segments. cupied from a remote period by a number of msonks of emperor. In 1427, it was taken by Sultan Mured; but Stamens numerous, in the bottom of the calyx, but the Greek Church, who live in a sort of fortified usonasWas afterwards recovered from the Turks by another arising fiom the orifice of the calyx in the staminate teries, in number about 20, of different degrees of ntmagibody of crusaders, under the Marquis of Montserrat, who flowers; anthers adnate; ovaries several; styles and tude and importance. These, with the farms or eseiochis besoitosed it on Otto de la toche, one of his followers. stigmas simple; seed solitary, erect; embryo minute. attached to them, occupy the whole peninsula; hence it For a coqsiderable time A. was governed by Otto and his erect, at' the base of soft. fleshy albumen. — This order has derived its modern name of Monte-Santo. These descendants, with the title of duke; but this family was includes but four species in three genera; Atherosperssa monasteries aire situated in positions of strikingly roafterwoards displaced by Walter do Brienne. The next and Doryphora, belonging to Australia; and Lasrelia, mnantic beauty. Some of them belong to Russians, others rmlers of A. wers th opnlent family Acciaoli of Florence, to Chili. The wood of Dotypesoa sassafras, called sas- to Bulgarians and Servians. Except tleproduce of their wiso possessed it till 1455, when it was taken by Omar, safras in Australias is said to smell like fennel. —The own litrms and vineyards, and the sale of crosses and a gemeral of X'ohamnltel IL, who incorporated it cosn- nuts of Laurelia are d(.tscrilbed as possessing the fragrance heads, they depend chiefly on the oblations of pilgrims, pletely with tihe TurkIish empire. In 1687, it was cap- of the nutmeg. - L. Athberospersa moschata is a very and on the alms collected by their brethren in other tured by the Venetians under Morosini, after a shlort beautifisl tree, attaining toa height of 150 feet; a decoc- parts. They pay an annual tribute to the Porte, and siege, during whisch the Parthenon, then in an almost tion of the bark is-used in the colonyas a substitute for admit no females upon the peninsula. Most of these perfect state, and the other bunildings of the Acropolis, tea. monasteries possess valuable MSS.; and they suffered were greatly damaged. After to short instermvol,. wets Ath'erstone, a town of England, in Warwickshire, severely fr-om the exactions of the Turks during the again taken by the Turks, under whose jurismdiction) it 1212 m. N. of Coventry; pop. about 4,000. Greek revolution. P.po. about 3,000. remnained until the treaty of Adrianopl e jn 1820, whest Ath'erstone, Enwin, an eminent English poet, n. at Athawrt', prep, [From a and thwas-t.] Across; from the new ktingdom of Greece wvs established, of which A. Nottingham, 1788. His prjncipal worlds are, T/te Last side to side; transverse. has since been the cepital. Days of Hercmslaneum (1821); Pfitl qf Vineveh, his great, "Execrable shape l Ath'elus, in A labaetst, a post-village, cap. of Limestone est woerk (1828-1847); and Sea-kings of England, pub- That dar'st, though grim and terrible, advance co., 151 m. N N.E. of Tuscaloosa, cnd 25 m. XV. by N. of lished in 1830. -vy mece.ted eceac athast y way.-filmoa. tHsatsville. Athterton, a township of England, in Lncaslhire. 7 m. (liar.) Across the line of a ship's course; as, "a Aths'ea, in At-kansas, a village of Izard co., on tise N. N.E. of Newton. It has extenssive collieries, iron-works, fleet was discovered standing atheoas-t our course," tlhat Irosnk s)f White river, 6 mu. N. by E. of Mount Olive. and cotton factories. Pop. about 7,000. is to say, steering across our wssy.-At/was-t-hasese is the Athi'ens, in Georgia, a post-town of Clarke co., on the Athirst', a.l [From a, and thiirst.] Thirsty; wanting situation of a ship when she is driven by thle wind, tide, Osonee river, 92 m. W.N.W. of Augusta, and 71 m. N. of drink. or other accident, across the stemu of another, whether Milledgeville. Tuiis is a prosperous place, and the cemntre "With scanty measure then supply their ford, they bear against or are at a short distance from each of a fine cotton-grosing country. Pop. about 4,000. And, when attires, restrain'em from the food." —Drmy'den.. other. —Athoart the fore-foot is a term usumally applied ATLA ATLA ATLA 163 to the flight of ait cannon-ball, as fired from one ship Atlan'tes,,. p1l. [l'rom Gr. Atlas.J (A.rcb.) A nae fully accomplished in 1851, and public attention, in Engacross the line of another's course. but ahead of her, as given by thie Greeks to itale land, was, in consequence, again directed to tilhe junction a signatl fbr the latter to bring to.-Ath/narl-ships sighi- figures nsed instead of columns of Great Britain and America by similar means of interties reaching across tlse vessel from side to side, or in or pilasters to support entab- communication. Newfbiundiland hadalready been united that direction. latures. The name was de- to the main-land of America bye submarine cable; and, — adv. Crossly; wrong; wrongfully. rived from the idea of tl in 1856, the Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed, "All athwvart there came "LAll athwart~l there came ~ bearing tile heavens on his with the design of laying a cable between St. John's, A post from Wales, loaden with heavy news." —Sthaks. shoulders. Tile Egyptiants were Newfoundland, and Valentia, in Ireland, along the bhot"The babby beats the nurse, and quite athwart goes all deco- it tihe habit of attachig clos- tom of tile Atlantic in its shallowest part, which had ~rau~m."-~~~-S/~aks. ~sal figures of this kind to the beet poisted out for tie purpose by Captain Mtaury, and Arutmy a tonorlno drpo fL e columns of their temples, wlhich called by him the Telegralphic Plaleau. Pecuniary as-, a town of Ireand, co. Kildare, aotprov. of einster, pobably suggested the use of sistance was guaranteed to the company by the respec011 the Barrow, 38 im. SW. of Dublin; pop. about 4,200. on! this~ B~asro, 38 1m. S.W,f 55Pbu. a 4200. ~then to the Greeks. TIhese tive governments of Great Britain and the United States; Athynltia, n. [Gr., from a, priv., and thymes, heart, n d At ge (.Ged.) Desfromrndeny; thea prostration ofspir- iha, figtres are sometimes called and both powers agreed to fisrnish ships for taking out ituragte. observable) Despn the. prostatihonly. of - Telanoseus or Persians. In the /the cable and placing it it its destited bed. After differits often observable in thMa esick.- Melancholy. Jla modern architecture of Italy, ent attempts made to accomplish this greatobject, which yA'ui, dnstsgister of J cis emar; Ds. 40 B. c By'' is A are frequently to be seen all terminated without practical result, the cable was yumnsest sister of Jutliusmesa;x.4 ~.B her first.?Gas ist Octusl shas the mohe of Octuavr ius supporting the entablature at last successfilly laid, when, on the 5th of August, hisband, Caius Octavius, she was the mother of Octvius a the enttance of it great 1866g it broke, about 88 in. from Heart's Content,in ~~~~~~~~~~~~~86 tboe bouilding. WrmHearn fenntcL fig Aumgustus. Aistbaia aotoBrzlintpr.ofSsPoon building. When femuale fig- Newfoundland. Nothing daunted, the operators in this a'i town of Brail, in the pro. of So Polo, on ures are made use of for the mighty scheme again set to work for the fonrth tise, and a river of the same name, 110 mn. S.S.E. of Santos. like purpose, they are termed on th2 July,187,thetelericjuncio wasatlast Atilt',adv. [AS. tealian, totilt.] n the mnner of like pupose, tey are erniedon the 28th July, 1867, the telegraphic junction was at last Ai;ilg~l, adv. [A.S. tea~ltiaa, to tilt.] In thle mannecr ofcrytds —eeCRAI/. A d [. l tt Ih ar caryatides. - See CARYwA'IDEtS. successfully achieved, and came into practical business ma tiller; with the actiom of ca tas aneaking a tisrust at Atlan'tie, a. [Gr. allantikes, use, as it has since remsained. In addition, the last exmitt antagonist. ail thitentagonist. rsfront Mount Atlas, the shores pedition recovered the lost cable of 1866; which has also Tho ranst 1t In the cithy Tours of which this ocean wtashes.] since been brought into active operation. The wires in Thou ran'st, atilt in honor of my love,-' And stol'st awsy the ladies' hearts of France." —Shalks. Pertaining to the Atlantic the U. States having been joined up for experiment from ocean. HIeart's Content to California, a message was sent from -In lt raised posture;s in the posture of a bar"el raised or The gilded car of day -Valentis, (Ireland,) at 7'21 A.M., Feb. 1, 1868, and tihe tilted behind, to inakle its contents 1un out. His glowing axle doth alley 2acknowledneient of its receipt wss received iin Valentia, "Such a man is always atilt: his favors come hardly from In the steep Atlantic stream." a 7ig. 227. ATLANTw Si n him." —Spectator. Milto. (Frm the aths at Pmpei at 723;'the hole operatton having occupied two minntes. The distance travelled was about 14,000 miles; A'tina, a town of S. Italy, prov. of Caserta, lying among -Relating to the giant Atlas, or to Mount Atlas. (o.) and the message arrived, saccordting to San Francisco some of the highest summits of the Apemnines, 12 mi. — m. The ATL.NTIC OrEixN, q. V. time, at 11-20 r. M. on Jan. 31, or the day preceding that S.1E. of Sore. It is principally notable fotr its Cyclopean Atlan'tic Ocean, s. [Gr. allantikeos pelagos, the sea on which it left England. A reduced tariff of rates was remsains. This is one of the oldest Italian cities, hav- beyonid Mount Atlas.] One of the great divisions of that issued by the company, Sept. 1, 1868. - The accompanying been, according to Virgil, a considerable place even watery expanse which covets more than three-fourths ing figure, in which the successive grtadetions its size in the days of the Trojan war. It was talken frome of the surface of the globe. It lies between the Old and represent the materials of the Samnites, B. c. 313, by the Romans. Poep. in 1862, the New worlds, washing the'E. shores of the Americas, which they are composed, 5,1-10. and the W. shores of Europe and Africa; extending gives a fisl idea of a deepAtit'lan, in Central Ammerica, a lake, town, and Volcano lengthwise from the Arctic to the Antarctic seas. Where sea cable. The upper and of Guatemala, 80 m. N.W. of Guatemnala. The town, narrowest, between Greenland and Norway, it is about smaller end is the annealed Santiago de Atitlan, is on the S. side of thie lake, which 930 m. across; but bietween N. Africa and Florida, lwhere steel wire centre, and the is 24 ni. long by 10 broad. The volcano of A. has an it attains its maxinmum breadth, the distance from shore next gradation showst the altitude of 12,500 feet. to shore exceeds 4,150 m. Area, about 25,000,000 sq. m. small copper wires spirally Atkhinson, in Illiois, a post-village and township of On one side of the equator the A. is called the N. Atlan- latid around it, forming a Htenry co., 30 m. E. of Rock Issand; pop. about 300. tic Ocean, and on the other, the S. Atlantic Ocean. Its conductor of great strenmgth Atk$'linson, it Miaine, a post-township of Piscataquis coasts are of unequal elevation, exhibiting in some and conductivity. This is Co., about 80 in. N.E. of Augusta; pop. 1,080. places immense banks to witlhin a few fathoms of the insulated With pure guttaAt'kinw on, in Aeew iHTampshiire, a post-township of surface, and in others siining to almeost immeasurable perchia, nine-Aixteenths of Rtockinghals m co., 35 m. S.S.E. of Concord; pop. about depths. - An important feature of the North Atlantic ati inch in diameter, laid on 660. is its connection with mediterranean, or close seas of great in three successivecoatitngs, a.t Isinsola Depot, in New Irtampelshire, ai post-office extent. Such ares the Baltic sea and the Mediterranean so as to insure perfect ittof tRockingham co. sea in the Old Continent, and Humdson's Bay and the Gulf sulation. The core thus At'iKinsssna's Hdills, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Mexico, with thIe Caribbean sea, in the New World. made is subjected to a test of Mifflin co. These seas doubtless form part of the Atlantic ocean; by a very sensitive galvanAt'kinsonville, in Indiana, a post-office of Owen co. but they cannot be considered as bays or gulfs, the con- omneter, so that there may Atlan'ta, n. (Zobl.) A genus of gasteropodous mol- nection between them and the Atlantic being effected by be no doubt of its perfecisces, with a very thin, transparent, fragile shell. The narrow straits, and not by an open sea; and, besides, tion. Then, to protect the animals swim on the surface of the ocean, and are some- they extend so ftr into the continents, that somne of them, covering of gutta-percha, a tinses found it great abundance far from land. They as the Mediterranean sea, afford a navigation of 3,000 coating of Manilla yarn,. 228iL.-DELP-SEA CABLE. swinm with great rapidity. geographical miles. — The greatest depth that hats been short spiral lay, is put on, Atlan'tan, in Geosrgiat, a fine city of Fulton co., about 7 discovered in the N. Atlantic is about 43/4 miles. The tem- and over this a second of Manilla yarn, long spiral lay, in. S.E. of Chattahoochee river, 101 m. N.W. of Macon, perature of the water is greater in the Northern than in is laid on in the reverse direction. The annealed steel 171 W. of Augustat, and 291 m. from Nashville. Being the Southiern hemisphere. In the seas north of the equa- wire weighs 330 pounds per mile; the copper wires, 475; the terminus of the principal railroads of the State, A. torial current, the thermometer indicates 80~ or 81l, the gutta-percha insulation, 475; and the outside prois a place of active trade, and a depot for the cotton and and S. of it, 770 and 780, at the time when the sun ap- tection, 750 pounds. The total wseight of one mile of the cereals of the surrounding country. A. was laid out in preaches the line. Thtis difference maiey, perhaps, be cable is, therefore, 2,030 pounds. 1845, and incolrporuated in 1t847, and has now become one satisftictorily accounted for by the sun's remaining an- Fnr.cn TELEGR.vtAP.-The French Atlantic Telegraph of the inost important places in the State. A. was nually 7 days longer to the N. titan to the S. of the Company, with the title of SocEitl dma Cable Transatstrongly fortified by the Confederates during the cam- equator. -According to Capt. Scoresby, thie spec. grav. laeztique Fran~ais (Limited), was brought out in 1868, p:aign of 1864, and was the scene of a great battle, of the sea-water near the coasts of Greenland varies be- The prospectus wvas issued in London and Paris, August foumght on thie 22d of July- of that year, between the tween 1'0259 and 1-0270. Between the tropics, it has 11, for a capitail of $6,000,000. The object of the company Ussion army commanded by Shermeanu, and the Con- been found 1'0300, and near the equator even 1-0578; but is, to establish and work a direct line of telegraph befl erates under General J. B. IIood. It was a san- this last statement is, with reason, regarded as doubtful. tween the European continent and the U. States, acgutsary action, the national loss being estimated at Winds. The A. is it parts subject to the pe-petlsal or cording to a concession obtained from the French gov3,722, of whom aboutn1,000 were prisoners, while Sherman trade winds, q. v.; in others, to the variable winds; and ernment, July 6,1868, by which a pledge is given that estimesated the Confederate loss "at full 8,000 met." along some of its coasts, between the tropics, the winds no similar concession shall be granited for 20 years fioem Among the Confederates killed was Gen. W. ft. T. Walker, are subject to a regular change according to the seasons; Sept. 1, 1869. The cable is to be laid in two sections; of Georgia. A second battle followed on the 28th, in or, in other words, monsoons, q. v., are there prevalent. the first from Brest, it France, to the Frencih island of which, after a desperate conflict, the Confederates were Principal currents. The current crossing the A. near St. Pierre, off Newfoundland; the second from St. worsated with a loss of about 5,000 men. The Union loss the line, is called the Equatorial Cus'rent, q. v., it runs Pierre either to New York direct, or to a point between didcl not exceed 600. On the first of Septemsber, the Con- from E. to W. The current which, in a direction froom Boston and New York, with a special line to the ]astfeierates evacuated A., and on the next day it was eu- W. to E., traverses the North A. between 360 and 440, named city, accordingly as it may, be sanctioned by heted by Sherman's corps. Pop. about 10,000.' bears the name of Gulf-Stream, q. v.: and that which Congress. Its length will be: Atian'ta, in Illinois, a post-village and township of runs in the samne direction, through the South A., between 1st section, from Brest to St. Pierre.............2,325 milese. Log;an co., 20 m. S.W. of Bloomington; pop. of village 300 and 400 S. Lat., is called the South A. Carrsent. Other 2d section, from St. Pierre to the U. States, bt, 722 miles. a!,)ut 1,550; of township, abumt 3,850. currents pass the shores of both continents between 400 Atlan'ta, it lowa, a post-village of Buchanan co., near N. Let. and 300 S. Lat. Along the Old Continent they 3,047 miles. the Wuapsipinicon river, about 58 m. W.S.W. from Du- run toward the equator; but on the shores of America, The manufacture of the cable has been carried on at lumque..they flow from the line toward the poles. These latter Greenwich. and the Great Easlemn steamship, lying at Atl;in'ta, in Louisiana, a post-office of Winn'parish. kinds of currents are intimately connected with the equa- Sheerness, hass been prepared for its reception. The first Atlan'ta, in Missouri, a village of Harrison co., about torial current: but very slightly, if at all. with the gulf- instalment of the ca.ble, 125 n. in length, was delivered 70 in. N.E. of St. Joseph. stream or the S. current. The trade-wind region is the at Sheerness in the end of Dec.,, 1868. The Great Eastern -A post-otffice of Mlacon co. saltest part of the A., it having been ascertained that is expected to sail in June, 1869, and the cable to'be Atlan'ta, in Ohio, a post-office of Pickaway co. the hIeaviest water in all this ocean is found between the laid during the summer. Atlan'ts City, in ida/o, a post-office of Altutrs co. pam-allels 170 N. and S. of the equstor. —See CALMS, tlant'tieville, in New Ysrl, a post-office of Suffolk Atlan'tal, a. (Anal.) Relating to the vertebra atlas. -'CottIRaNTS, DBnFT-CUaaZ~TS, GULr-WEsD, ICE. Ican~aseS, co. Atliarte'an, a. [LAt. attlauiteus; from Gr. atlas, atlas- SAaC.Asso SEA, SiA-WATER:, TaACKS (of vessels), &e. Atlantide s. is. p1. (Ast/o-n.) See PLEIADES. th/us, a giant.] Ressemblingt Atlas; gigantic. A. lan'tic Tel'egrapla, n. [Lat. atlasehicus; Gr. telos, Atlan'tis, (THE Neu,) the title of an allegorical fiction Atlani'tie, in N2ew Jersey, a county in the S.S.1E. part ta'm, distsant, and graphein, to wv-ite.] The success of vtiri- by Lord Bacon, and the namie of an island described ot' the State. Asea, 620 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. ous attempts to send messages by electric agency throug h therein as being plasced, like the Atlantis of early writers, by Little Egg Harbor river, S.E. Isy tite Atlantic oceasn, cscables lyintg under cus/ater, for sliort distainces, induced in the middle of the Atlantic ocean. anmd is intersected by Great Egg HIatrbor river. Its shores Professor Mores, of New Yornt, to suggest the possibility At'las. (MyIts.) One of the Titans, son of Iapeuis and are prolific of oyster-s and othier shell-fish. Soil, light ofnniting Gm-eat Britain and Americe by a submsarine Clymene. Jupiter, the conqueror of the Titmans, conansi sandy. Cap. Cape May Landing. Pop. about 16,500. cable, lmid from shore to shore throughouth the Atlantic demned him to bear the vaust of heaven; which fasble — A post-townshlip of Monmouth co.; pop. aluout 1,900. ocean. In 1845, Mm'. J. W. Brett registered an essocia- arose from his lofty statitre. By Pielone, the daughter Aital,'$tie Ca~)le. See ATLAN'-IC TELr~ARsPH. * tion, nader the nuanse of the Genes-al Oceanic T'eieqtaph of Ocetanus, he haul seven daughters, who, under the. Atla~n'tic City, in sN. Jersey, a post-viii. and fashliomna- Cunpay, to cam-ry oemt tse object ahuove mentioned, and name of Pleiades or At/antides, shone in the heavens. sise sea-itsuhhing resort of Atlantic co., mit thie S.E: termi- to connect England with the continent of Europe in According.to some, he was also the father of the ntis of theCamiden and Atlantic K.R.; puS. i 18710,1,052. vwtrious parts. The latter plart of his design wevs success- Htyad~s. 164 ATMO ATMO AT:iO At'las (Iolunt), an extensive and lofty chain of rectly representthelawof theatmosphere: for example, from bleeding at the nose, lips, and even eyes - a fact mountains in N.W. Africa, extending through the greater we cannot say that the average temperature of Quito, that would seem to indicate that the strength of the part of Barbary, from Tunis to Morocco; and dividing which is more than 9,000 feet above the sea-level, is thile blood-vessels has been adjusted with refbrence to'atthe latter countries, and Algeria, from the great south- average temperature of the air 9,000 feet above, and over, moespheric pressure.-In respect to its ibrmn, the A. may ern desert of Sahara. The mountains which form the the sea. The only observation worthyof any conifidence be considered as a spheroid, elevated to~the equator, on., boundary of the empire of Morocco are the highest is that of Gay-Lussac, taken during his celebrated ascent, account of the diurnal motion of the earth, and also of of the chain, one of thenm rising to an elevation of 6,729 at a height of 6,980 metres, or 7,634 yards, above the sea- tie great rarefaction of tile air by the sun's rays, which ft. above the sea. Our knowledge of the roads traversing level. The difference of temperature between air at the there exert a powerful influence.-For the general subthis mountain-system is very scanty. It is-believed that surhisce and at the height just mentioned was 4040 C., or ject of the A., as connected with the weather, see HYonly two passes, Bebawan and Belavin, exist between nearly 72Y/~ F. This, if the decrease of temperature be GROMETRY, MET'EOOLOGY, TEmPERATURE; and articles on the province of Suse and the country N. of the A. Far- uniform, gives a dilnminution of 10 F. for every 105 yards, particular subjects, its AURORA BOREALIS, DEW, EVApOther E., between 50 and 40 W. Lon., lies the great caravan or of 10 C. for every 173 metres of elevation. The fol- RATION, ELECTRICITY (ATMOSPHERIC), 1EAT, RAIN, WIND, route, by which the commerce between Fez in Morocco, lowing tatble was deduced by Itumboldt from various &c.-For the 4. as a mnedium of communication (taking and Timbuctoo, in Soudan, is carried on. It traverses observations. It will serve to show how far the teni- this word in its widest sense), see AEnoDYNAMIcs, AeROthe districts of Tafilet and Drah, and connects with the peratures of elevated regions on the earth agree with NAUTICS, BALLOON, SAIL, SoUND, VIBRATION, WINDMILL.great caravan road to Mecca. Copper, iron, lead, anti- those of thile same height in the atmlospher re, as deduced For its effects upon animal and vegetable life, see DE.mony, saltpetre, and rock-salt, are among the mineral from the preceding. Tie first column istheheight oftliN COiMPOSITION, RESPlRATION, VEGETATION; and, vice versd, productions of A. The inh;abitants are called Berbers land above the level of the sea; the second, the mean for the effects of the imponderable substances upon it, (q. v.).-A. gave its name to the Atlantic ocean. temperature at and near the equator; the third, the see ELECTRICITY, HEAT, REFRAC'ION. For instruments At las, n.; pL. ATLASES. [From the giant Atlas; perhaps satie in about 450 oflat. (-) means above, and (-) below used to measure its state, see BAROMETER, TuEIliEOMETrER, from IGr. a, euphonic, and tlenai, to bear.] (Anat.) The tile freezing point. EUDIOMETER, HYGROMETER, MANOMETER. For tile history name of the first vertebra. It differs from the other ver- Elevation Equator. Lat. 450. of atmospherical researches, see the following names: tebr-e in having its body small and thin, and its fora- in Yards. Mean Temp. Centig. Mean Temp. Centig. HEno, CTESIBIUS, GALILEO, TORRICELLI, PASCAL, BOYLE, men very large, being in form somewhat like a ring. It 0 + 270.5 - 120 -0 MA0ROiTE, PRIESTLEY, SCHEELL, BLACK, LAvOSI$:g, CAYis conlected above with the condyles of the occipital 1065 - 210'8 - 50'0 ENDISI-, &C. bone, and receives thle tooth-like process of the second 2131 +- 180 -4 - 00 -2 (Elect.) The name of A. is given to a certain mediumnl, cervical vertebra from below; the former admitting of 3197 + 140 -3 40 -8 or electrical influence, supposed to be diffused around an moving the head up and down, the latter, from side to 4265 +- 70 0o electrical body. side. 5328 + 10 -5 -Figuratively and morally, a pervading influence; as, an (Geog.) A name given to any number of maps col- atmosphere- of virtue. lected in the form of a volume, probably because old From the preceding table, it appears that at the equa- Atmospheric, Atmospher'ial, a. Pertainiig works of the kind had a figure of Atlas bearing the world tor, on tie average of 5328 yards, a rise of 205 yards to the atmosphere, or dependent on it; as, atmosphe-ric on his shoulders, engraved on the title-page. Boucher gve of 10 C. ut th is ore rapid i te engine (see ENoINe); atmospleric railway (see RAILWAY); ili:gines the ntame to be derived from the Germian allss, higher regions than in the lower. Fromn 0 to 2131 yards atmospheric tide (see TIne), &c. satin, because maps were printed on soft paper with a of elevation, an elevation of 234 yards produces a full of Atmospherology, in. [Gr. atisis, vapor, spfaira, glossy surface like satin. The name is also applied to 10; but from 3197 to 5328 yards, an elevation of 166 sphere, and logos, discourse.] A treaty or discourse on any folio vol. of engravings, illustrating a particular ytrds does the same. The argument in favor of the the atmosphere. subject. finite extent of the atmosphere, derived from the pro- Ato'ka, in Indian Territory, a poet-office of the Choctaw (Cot.) A kind of silk cloth klbricated in the West ceding, is as follows: If we suppose an elevation of 200 nation. lindies. yards to produce a fall of 10 F., it follows, that, at a'toll, Atollon, n. [A Maldive wold.] (Geog.) An At'la.4, in lllnois, a post-village of Pike co., 12 m. S.W. height of forty miles above the level of the sea, the tent- island of coral, consisting of a circular reef or rinug of of Pittsfield; )op. of townshtip about 1,20. perature of tile air must be 3500 F. below that of the cortl, surrounding a legoon of tie ocean. ot'las, in M ichi gan, ao townshiip of Lapeer co. sea, or certainly more than 3000 below the freezing-point. Atol'mia, n. [tr. a, priv., and obntt, confidence.] At'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~tmas, i. Gr a, pray., an towma,i onfidapernco.] -A post-township of Genesee co., about 10 m. S.E. of There is the strongest reason to suppose that no gas te (ied.) Want of confidence; discourageenent. A state of Flint; pip. about 1,770. know of would preserve its gaseous state at this low mind unfavorable to health, ad itjurious in disease. It At'las, in Ohio, a post-office of Belmont co. temperature, but would become liquid; and though no is the tntithesis of Emtofeia. - Dungelison. Akt Law, Wa legal term, meaning, according to the course gas has yet beet rendered liquid by reductiol of ten- At'opla, AD'OLPH, AT'AULP, or AD'sULPIm, tile first Iking of the common law; in the law. perature, yet several have been reduced to that state by of time Goths. He appears to have beenl a brother-in-law A1ix'co, a town of Mexico, state of Puebla, 20 nt. S. of cold and pressure united. - The pressure of the A. is one of Alaric, whom he joined during tie siege of Rome, Pueblo do loe Angelos, and situated in a fine and salu- of its most important properties. We owe the determi- with an army raised in Pannonia, and whom he sucbrious country. nation of the weight of our A. to an invaluable instru- ceeded. le defeated some, pretenders to tie empire, but Atmid'osope, n. (C/e.) An instrument invented by ment, ths Boeter. The action and nanagenent of as unable to take Massilia. In 414, he mniarried PlaciB:binet, to measure the rate of evaporation. this instrument are explained under BAROMETER; suifice dii, tie sister of the Emperor Honorius. He assumed the Atmolog'ieal, a. Relating or belonging to attoology. it here, that the corrected height of the mercurial column manniers of the Romans, and having conquered Spmin, At~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~manesof hlom'ans, a.d Rhating onur hedompgingoamooy Atanol'ogist, n. One wtho is versed in atmology. represents the height of an envelope of mercury, at asi assassinated at Barcelona in 415. Atintd'og-y, i. [Gm. atwsios, vapor, and lgos, discourse.] the temperature of 320 F., which would equal in weiglt At'em, so. [Fr. atomoe; Lat. alosisms; Gm. atomos, from a, Atava1~o-'y, n. [Gr. atnos, vapor, and logos, discoure. thle entire envelope of the earth. In so fkr as this ele(Pity.) That part of science which treats of the laws the eitire emvolope of the earth. In 50 6mm as this ole- priv., and reotnmo, to cut.] A particle of matter so small and phenonmena of aqueous vapor. ment goes, our actual A. might be supplanted by a that it cannot be cut, or divided into smaller particles; Atmnoin'eter, n. [Gr. atmos, vapor; mietron, a meas- liquitd mercurial ocean of the average depth of 29-97 the slallest component part of a body; anything exmure.] (Phy.) An instrument for measuring the quantity inches. A mnercuriatl columnn 29-97 inches in height, tremely small. of vwater evapormitedi mnder given citcumstanoacess. If it anmd 1 square inch in section, weighs 14'73 lbs.; which (Phms.) The term A. expresses tteotetically the smallwere not for the vamiety of causes which influence the giveus the equivalent height of a column of atmos- est particle of matter, which is believed to be incapable process of evaporation at the earth's surface, an A. pheic air of the same section. The word atmosphese s f division into pats. discussion li been crled on would be a simple instrument. A quantity of water, often employed to express this weight of pressure on a frol ancient tines relmtive to the finite or infinite divisiafter being weighed, would have to be exposed in a square inch of surface, so that when we speak, in bility of matter, and although the development of the measured vessel to the action of the atmosphere; the.Mechianics, of the pressure of steam on a boiler as amount- atonic theory wts supposed to give the strongest evidifference in weight, after the experiment, would give ing to three A., we mean a pressure of about 45 lbs. on deuce of its limited divisibility, yet it nay be fairly tile amount of evaporation. But, meteorological and the sure ich. The pressure on a sqar inch bein doubted whether the quetion can be d cided. The diother causes so affect vaporous exhalations at the sur- thus ascertained, we have merely to multiply it by the visibility of matter apparent to the naked eye, and asface of thle earth, that no accurate A. has hitherto been nnuber of square inches on tihe earth's surface to obtain certained by calculation, is almost beyond conception. constructed, the total weight of the A. It amounts to 11-67085 tril-'Thus, according to Kane, 0-01 of a cubic line of silver, At'mosphere, n. [Fr. ahamosph&'e; from Gr. ainos, lions of lbs., or about Tv id5 of the earth's mass. dissolved in nitric acid, will produce a distinct milkiness vapor, and sphaira, sphere.] (Phy.) The whole body of -It appears, from observation, that the height of the in 500 cubic inches of clear water containing a trace of air or other mixture of gases which envelops a planet. mercurial A. is not the same in all lattitudes, nor in any common salt, so that a particle of silver must be much We sh;all here devote ourselves exclusively to that which locality at all seasons, or at all hours of the day. Thie less than the billionth of a cubic line in size. It will give surrounids the earth, merely observing, theat we have pressure of the A. in the northern hemisphere increases a more tangible idea of a billion to say that a mani mnore or less reason to suppose that an A., in density as we recede from the equator, reaching a maximum at counting seconds by a watch day and night would recomparable to that of the earth, envelops the sun. 300 N. Lat., and decreasing fiom 300 to 650, where it again quire 31,675 years to arrive at thait number. Dr. T. Veisnu, Miars, Jupiter, and Saturn; but does not affect begins to rise. The greater height at 300 is said to be'ishomson has shown that the size of a particle of lead tile moon. (See these several names.)-The subject of the due to the accumulation of air at that latitude by the cannot amount to so much as the 888,490.000,000,000th A., treaeted in all its extent, would lead us much too far. action of the trade-winds, q. v. As the heat of the part of a cubic inch. The apparent infinite divisibility Its cihemical composition and weight have been already earth's surface increases the rarity of the air above it, of matter is more clearly shown in the minuteness of spoken of in the article Axa, and we shall confine our- and causes the air at the top of the heated column to living organized beings, millions of which would be reselves here to the description of its average state. The overflow, we wvould expect that, during the year, the quired to constitute a point visible to the naked eye; A. must be considered as a body of air revolving with the barometer woulld stand at a minimumn in summer, and a and they possess more or less comiplex systems, each part earth. This gives its several strata an increasing ve- maximum in winter. In reality, however, although the of which again is a portion of an organized structure, locity as we recede from the earth's axis. For instance, barometer is highest in midwinter, there is another which umay even consist of other complex parts. The at the equator, the air (if any), which is twice as distant maxiitum in midsunmer, malking thus two minima — mind is lost in attempting to conceive of a limit in difrom the centre of the earth as the surface, must revolve one in spring, the other in nutumn. This arises from visibility as long as materiality enters into the idea. - with double the actual velocity of the air at the surface. the part which watery vapor plays in the pressure of Tile namse nmolcuale is more properly applied to a particle This consideration shows positively that the A. which the atmaosphere. The heat of midsummer introduces of matter supposed to be made up of subordinate partireally accompanies and revolves with the earth, certain- into the air a large quantity of moisture, in the fonrm of cles. ly cannot extend in the smallest quantity above 20,000 elastic vapor, which, adding its pressure to that of the Atomech'anies, n. pZ. (Chent.) The name of a new sysmiles fioom the surface. For at that height the tendency dry air, raises what would otherwise be the minimum ten put forth by Gustave Hinrichs, of Copenhagen, withto recede from the centre, known by the name of centri- barometric column to a higher point than that at which in the last few years, and outlined in a book published in fugol f/bnce, would counterbalance the weight, or ten- it stands in spring and autumn. Similar causes affect 1867. It may be defined as chemistry considelred as medency of particles toward the earth, and at a higher dis- the pressure of the A. during the 24 hours of the day. chanics of the panatoms, or atoms of pantogen; the pantamnce woulmd overcome it entirely. But we are not there- There are two maxinma - one at 10f.. N., the other be- togen itself being time primary chemical principle, as fore to conclude that there must be air, more or less, tween 10 and 11 P. mu.; and tuvo miniian —at 4 A. SI. and 4 gravitation is the primary nmechtnical principle. Though revolving with the earth up to so great a height.:Forty p. ei. Very slight variations indicate thie existence of as yet in its imsffmcy, and only a first step in a boundless or fifty miles is supposed to be the limit which it at- atmospheric tidal waves; but this subject is still involved realm, it furnishes subjects for thought of great interest. taims. Tie strongest presumption in favor of such a in some obscul'ity. The pressure of the A. exercises a A conclusion is dm-awn, from the analogy betwseen the limited A. is derived from the rapid decrease of temper- most iumportant influence on tile orgenism of the hunman history of astronomay msnd that of chemistry, that there ature which takes place as we recede from the surface frame. A man ofordinary steiture 15 exposed to a pres- exists somue general principle which will transform modof the earth. The law of this decrease is emitirely un- sure of about 14 tons: bmut as the uir permeates the whole ern chemistly into a muechianics of the atoms, as astronknown to us; at lemist we can but guess at the form it body, and presses equaelly in all directions, no incon- onay has become a mechanics of the heavenly bodies. assumes in the higher regions of the mimss of air. To venience is found to result from it. Frons experiments As the basis of this celestial mechanics is but a hypothethis circumstance it is owing that all we can say of instituted by the brothers Weber in Germtany, it has sis, so a siunilar hypothesis may be pronounced with rethose regions must be little more than speculation, been ascertained that the heads of the thigh and larm gaud to the chemical atoms. Let us sutpose that the Near the earth, even at great elevations above the level bones are kept in their sockets by the pressure of the atoms of the:chemical elements differ only in regard to of the sea, we can'not say that observed temperatures cor- A.; and in balloon ascents the airronaut cit'en suffers quantity, that is, in regard to the neumber and selative ATOM ATOM ATAOM 165 position of the atoms of some one primary matter, just worlds will arise firom its destruction. Space is infinite, Elements. Symbol. Hydrogen= i. Oxygen- 100. as the planets differ only according to the number of material atoms are infinite, but the world is not infinite. Glucinum............. 697...... 87'12 pounds of ponderable matter th: y contain, and its dis- This, then, is not the only world, nor the only material Gold (Aurom).........Au......... 98'83.....1229'16 tribution around their axes. Since everything would be system, that exists. The cause that has produced this Hydrogen.............H......... 1...... 125 thus composed of this one primary matter, it is called visible system is competent to produce others; it has Ilmeenium.............II patogen, audits atoms panatoins.'his is an hypothesis; been acting perpetually from all eternity, and there are Indium...............In......... 35'9 but even universal gravitation is only an Ihypothesis; and other worlds and other systems of worlds existing around Iodine....................I....... 126'88......1585'99 as this hypothesis is the fundamental principle of thee- us." -During the most flourishing periods of the Greek Iridium.................Ir......... 98'56......1232'08 retical astronomy, so tihe hypothesis of pantogen ex- philosophy, this doctrine of matter consisting of an Iron (Ferrum)......... Fe......... 28'04...... 350.05 plains the numerical relations of the atomic weights, assemblage of indivisible particles seems to have kept Lanthanium..........La and gives a simple, comprehensive, because natural, clas- its ground under various modifications; the idea of one Lead (Plumtbuni)....Pb.........10357......1294'64 sification of the elements, so that the chemical, physical, elementary matter deriving its form and properties firom Lithium...............Li......... 6'53...... $1166 and morphological or crystallographic properties of the thIe shape and union of the particles coonposing it, is a Magnesium............Mg......... 12'65...... 158-14 elements and their combinations may be calculated just simplification of tihe doctrine of Anaxagoras. Manganese.......... Mn......... 27'57...... 344'68 as the orbit of a planet is calculated. The panatoms, or Atorn'fie Theory, n. (Chiem.) Every body is supposed Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg..100g10......1251'29 atoms of pantogen, are necessarily equal; they must be to consist of atomis of unknown size, form, and weight, Molybdenum.........Mo........ 47.69...... 596'1 considered as simple and material points, totally devoid which, being infinitely hard, cannot be further subdi- Nickel..................Ni......... 29'54...... 369.33 of all occult properties. When combined, they are at vided. The atoms of elements are simple, those of com- Niobium................Nb certain fixed distances firom each other. Three combined pounds are compound. No atom has ever been seen, Nitrogen..............N......... 14...... 175'06 necessarily form an equilateral triangle, as this is the even by thle most powerful microscopes, although parti- Osmium................Os......... 9941.....124262 only position of stable equilibrium of three equal mate- cles of bodies less than 1 of an inch in diameter Oxygen..................0......... 8...... 100' rial points. More panatoms combining herewith in the have been discerned by their aid; tle forms of atoms Palladium.............Pd........ 53.24...... 665147 same plane will contihue this geometrical law, thus are- therefore, unknown. Although tic actual size and Phosphorus.......P..P......... 3202...... 400'3 formning hexagons, &c., divisible into regular triangles. weight of the ultimate atoms of bodies cannot be ascer- Platinum.............. Pt......... 98'56......1232'08 According as the figures thus formed, or atomares, are tatined, it is easy to discover their relative size and Potassiumn(Kaliume) K......... 3896..... 487' composed of equilateral triangles or squares, the ele- weight. For instance, it is found by experiment thast lhodium.............. o......... 52'16...... 651'96 ments are divided into two orders, trigonoids or metal- 1 grain of hydrogen combines with 80 grains of bromoine llubidiumt...............Rb......... 85'36......1067' loids, and tetraygonoids or metals. According to the geo- to ufort t definite compound, and never in any other Ruthenium............Ru......... 5211...... 651'39 metrical outline of the atomare, these orders are subdi- proportion; it is therefore supposed that the nuoober of Selenium.............. Se......... 39'62...... 495-28 vided into genera; the species or elements correspond to atoms of each body is the same, but that the weight of Silicon..................Si......... 2136...... 267' given values of the variables expressing the geometrical each atom is as 1 to 80. This is borne out by the fact Silver (A rgentum)...Ag...108......1350' form of the genus. thatt bromine is exactly 80 times as hoeavy as hydrogen, Sodiumn (Natriunm)...Na......... 2297...... 287'17 Atoin'ic, iAton'lical, a. Pertaining to, or consisting a cubic inc of the one uniting with exactly 1 cubic inch Strontium..............St......... 43'84...... 648'02 of atonms; extremely minute. of thle other. The numbers 1 and 80, therefore, represent Sulphur................S......... 16...... 200'0 Atomn'ically, adv. In an atomnical manner; in accord- fthle weight of the atoms or the atomic weights of these Tantalumo (or Columbium) Ta.. anue with the atomic philosophy, bodies; and it follows that 81 is the atonmic weight of Tellurium...............Te......... 64.08..... 801'76 At'oni'eians, At'onnist, n. One who holds the doe- the conmpound formed by their union. These numbers Terbium................Tb trineo of the atomic philosophy. are also termed the chemical equivalent or combiningo Thallium...............T.......204' Atoun'ie Phlilosophy. Lemmcippus, a philosopher plroportion of these substances. All the other elements Thorium................Th........ 59'50...... 743586 of Abdera, who flourished about 450 B. c., is generally have their combining proportions or atomic weights, and Tin (Stannum)........Sn......... 58.82...... 735-29 regarded as thse original propounder of what has been are subject to the same laws as hydrogen and bromine. Titanium.............Ti........ 24'12...... 301'55 called the Atomoic P/hilosophy. It was adopted by De- It often happens that double, treble, and quadruple Tungsten(Wolfra )W........ 944...... 11833 mocritus, in his Cosmnogony, and afterwards by Epicurus, atoms of one element will unite with a single atom of Uranium...............U......... 600...... 75'00 to whom its celebrity is chiefly owing. The following another element to form a compound; for instance, the Vanadium..................... 68'46...... 855'84 account of this doctrine is taken from Dr. Good's Book following compounds of nitrogen and oxygen occur: - Yttrium................Y......... 32'2 of Nataure, and is a clear and concise sketch of the 14 grins; O, Zimnc.Em..........3..25......... 340...... 5 40659 theory contained in the writings of Epicurus and his Nitrgen, 14 8 Zirconium. Zr.. 3358. 41973 v,~~~~~ 1 16" followers:-" The A. P. of Epicurus, in its mere physictl " 14 " 24' Those elements with no numbers against them are as contemuplatioo, sllows of nothing but matter and space,'4 14 "' 32 " yet too rare in their occurremnce to have had their atomic whoich more equally iuflnite and munboumnded, wvhicho lovs ewhichly exsedally infinite and unbouiyandefod, ifferemt " 14 " " 40 " weight properly investigated. The above numbers, or equally existedt firom all eternity, and fromn different equivalents, as they are generally termmed for the sake comobitoations of whiich every visible form'is created. Here we find one atom of nitrogen uniting with a single, of shortness, a been deerined wit almost matheIn ~~~~~of shortness, have been determined with almost mathetiese elementary principles have no common property double, treble, quadruple, and quintuple atom of oxygen, nooctical accuracy by various choemists of celebrity. Wlhen withi each other; for whatever matter is, that'space is and never in any others proportion —as N15 to 08, or once mt standard was fixed on, it was easy to determine the reverse of; and whatever space is, matter is the N14 to 07, for excample. This is called the doctrie the equivalents of other elements, by uniting a definite controtry to. The actually solid parts of all bodies, of definite proportions, and is a consequence of the the- portion of the stiandard substance with that whose equivtherefore, are matter; their actual pores, space; and the ory of atoms of a constant size and weight laid down alent was sought, and weighing the result. Thus, 1 gr. pa;rts which are not, altogether solid, but an intermixture above. It was first put forth by John Dalton, of Man- of hydrogen was exploded with, say 13 of oxygen. A of solidity and pore, are space knd matter combined. chester. It has been said above, that the atoms of the certain portion of the oxygen united with the hydrogen Anterior to tihe formation of the universe, space and same body are of constant size; but it happens in sero- to fotbrm water, another portion remaining umcombilned. nmatter existed uncombined, orin their pure and elemen- ral cases that tihe atoms of different bodies are of differ- Om weighing the wafer, it was found to weigh 9 grains, tary state. Space, in its elementary state, is absolute ent sizes. Thus, though it is found that one cubic iinchl showing that the equivalent or combining proportion of and perfect void; nratter, in its elementary state, con- of hydrogen unites with one cubic inch of bromine, it oxygen was 8, which was further confirmed on weighing sifts of inconceivably minute seeds or atoms so small by no nmeans follows that equal volumes of carbon and the unconmbined oxygen. Analysis, as well as synthesis, tha;t the corpuscles of vapor, light, and hett are com- iron unite in chemical combination. There is great was also used to determine or confirm equivalents. 100 pounds of thesm; and so solid that they cannot possibly diversity in the relative sizes of elementary atoms, those grains of water were decomposed by voltaic electricity, be broken or abrmaded by any concussion or violenoce of carbon being only half the size of those of iron. The and the resulting oxygen add hydrogen weighed, the wh:atever. Every atomn is possessed of certain intrinsic weighlt of an atom of carbon would be 6, and that of an amounts being found to be, hydrogen 11111 grains, oxypowers of motion. Under the old school of Denmocritus, atom of iron would be 28; but the quantity of carbon gen 88'889 grains. The accuracy necessary in these dethe perpetual motions hence produced were of two would only takle up half the space of the quantity of terminations is so great, that the most enmincent chemists kinds: a descending motion, from the natural gravity iron. It has been found tloat bodies of the sanme comn- shrink from engaging in these researches, although there of the atoms; and a rebounding motion, from collision bitinig volune agree strongly in their properties. Iodine, are several elements —boron, forinstance —the equivalents and mutnmal cldash. Besides these two mnotions, Epicurus chlorine, and bromine are very similar in their reactions; of which are acknowledged to be niot quite correct. supposed that some atoms were occasionally possessed and there are severantl other groups of elements formed Atomn'ie Voluae is the relative size of the comof a third, by which, in some very small degree, they oml the same basis; (see AromIC VOLUME.) To sum up, bnluing proportions or atoms of bodies, just as atomic descended in an oblique or curvilinear direction, in this atomuic weight is the relative weighlt of the atoms of weight is the relative weight of their combinin properrespect resembling the oscillations of the magnetic bodies, or, which is the same thing, the proportion in tions or atoms. It is determined by dividing the atomic needle. These infinite groups of atoms, flying through which they unite. iReasoning on this theory, tables weight by the specific gravity. As the primciIpal reall time and space in different directions, and under have been constructed of the atomic weights of all the searches on atomic weights have been made in Germany, different laws, have interchangeably tried and exhibited elements; the atomic weights of compounds being evi- the oxygen standard is generally used in calculating every possible mode of rencontre, sometimes repelled dently the sum of the atonmic weights of their constitm-m them. As before stated (see A-rommc THEonR), substances from each dother by a concussion, and sometimes adher- ncuts. Hydrogen has been taken as the unitary body by fall into several well-marked groups, possessing analoing to each other from their own jagged or pointed con- certaini chemists, from being the lightest of all known gous properties, and giving isomorphous compounds. struction, or from tihe casual interstices which two or substances. Other chemists have taken 100 parts of The following table will be sufficient to show this fact:more connected atoms must produce, and which may be oxygen as the standard number. This latter arrangejust adapted to those of other figures, as globular, oval, ment, by increasing tie figures in each ummber, renders or square. Hence the origin of compound and visible it much less convenient to work with the second than Cobalt.............. 369............ 44............. 839 bodies; hence the origin of large masses of matter; with the first scale. Iron............... 350.............. 44.............. 795 hence, eveontully, the origin of the world itself. When Nickel............. 369.............. 44............. 839 these primary atoms are closely compacted, and but Atomic Weights, Combininqg Propsrtioes, or Ciemnical Iridim.mm........1232 57.............. 216 little vacuity or space lies between, they produce those Ei quivalents of the Elements. Osmim..m........1244......... 57........... 218 kinds of substance which we denoinate solids, s Elements. Symbol. Hydrogen=l1. Oxygen=100. Platinum........123............ 57.............. 21-6 stones anmd metals; when they are loose and disjointed, Alminisism.....Al......A... 13'672...... 170'9 Gold..........2....2458.............128............. 192 and a large quantity of space or vacuity is interposed, Antimony (Stibium)Sb........129.03......1612'9 Silver...............1350.............128.......... 1053 they exhibit bodies of lax texture, as wool, water, and Arsenic.................As......... 75...... 937'5 Tellurium........ 800..............128.............. 6'25 vapor. The world, thus generated, is perpetually sus- Barium...........B.....Ba........ 6864...... s858-03 Bromine...........1000..............320.............. 3-12 tained by the application of fresh tides of elementary Bismuthl................. Bi......... 212'86......2660'75 Chlorinem.... 443..............320.............. 1'38 atoms, flying with inconceivable rapidity through all Boron........;.......... B......... 10'9...... 136'2 Iodine............. 1587............320.;..... 4'95 the infinity of space, invisible froom their minuteness, amnd Bromine................ Br......... 79'97...... 999'62 It hoos been shown, by Kopp, that those elements which occupying the places of those that are as perpetually Codnimima.............. Cd......... 55'74. 696'76 are isomorphous possess the same atomic size. This is flying off. Yet nothing is eternal or immutablebut Cresiumc........c....... Cs.......133'......1605' true of numerous isomorphous compounds. Sulphate these elementary seeds or atoms themselves. The corn- Calcium................ Ca......... 20'12...... 251-31 of magnesia and sulphate of zinc crystallize in the same pound forms of matter are continually decomposing and Carbons................. C....... 6'...... 75' forms, and have the ssame atomic size; althmough the dissolving into their origimnal corpuscles. The world Cerium............... Ce....... 46'...... 575' atomic size of magnesium and zinc ase different. The itself is a compound, though not an organized being; Chlmorine.................C1........ 35'49...... 443-67 mysterious relations existing between the atomic volsustained and noorished, lilte organized beings, from Chromium n..o.n....... Cr........ 26-27...... 328-38 umes of different compounds and elements hlos lately the material pabmlsm thlat floats thorough the void of Cobalt.................... (o........ 29-49...... 368'65 received particular attention froma manychemists, great infinity. The world itself must, therefore, in the same Copper (Ctiproec).....Cu......... 31'65...... 395'6 light having been thrown on the subject by the researchmes mreanner, perish; it had a beginning, and it will have an Didymiumn.............D 48'...... 600- of Kopp, Schrader, Felhol, Playfair, atod Joule. — See end Its present erasis will lbe decompounded; it will Erbium..................E SPECrmoc VoLuirE. returon to its originmal, its elemnentary atomcs, ancd newo us Fluorine....... 19-...... 237'5 Atoen ic I~eight, n. p. (Ushem.) See ATOMIC TutEOR~. 166 ATON ATRA ATRO At'omism, a. [Fr. atomnisme.] The doctrine of the universaiy Ithown. He supposes the knowledge of the weice Written with rubrica, the word rubric came to be atomic philosophy. fact to be necessary to the formation of the Christian used for the civil law. So album, a white or whited taAt'omize, v. a. To make speculations respecting atoms. character, and its moral consequences to be a deeper ble, on which the aemtors' edicts were written, was used — v. a. To reduce to atoms. sense of the turpitude ot'f sin; whereas there might other- in a similar way. A person devoting himself to albuss Atomnol'og y, n. [Gr. atomos, atom, and logos, discourse.] wise be danger lest that should be lightly accounted of and rubrica, was a person devoting himself to the law. The doctrine of atoms. which appeared to have been lightly forgiven; and also Atra'ni, a small seaport of S. Italy, prov. of Principatro Aton'do y Anttl'Ion, Dol Issooo, a Spanish admi- a new and powerful motive to a love of the Suprenme Citra, on the Gulf of Salerno, near Amalfi; pop. about ral of the 16th century, represented to be the first Span- Being, supplying a remedy for that selfish principlewhich 2,200. lard who took possession of Calitfornia. With 2 ships might prevail, if the only motives to obedience were thile Atra'to, a river of S. America, in the repub. of New and 100 men, A. sailed from Chacala, Mexico. After hope of reward and the fear of punishment. - We have Granada1 dep. of Choco, which after a course of 200 nil es undergoing many privations, and fighting many battles endeavored to state the doctrine of the A. in such terms northerly, enters the Gulf of Darien. Small vessels can with the Indians, he made, in Oct., 1583. for thile large as may be accepted by all who accept the doctrine itself ascend it as far as Citara, 140 m. fronm its source. It is bay in 260 30' Lat., to which he gave tise name of St. on the authority of Scripture. - We have also without purposed to connect this river with that of the San Juan Bruno. iere he took ceremonial possessioin of the prov. qualification called the doctrine in question a doctrine and thus form a canal which will join tihe Atlantic andi of Lower California, in the namane of the Spanish govern- of the Christian religion; though we are well aware Pacific. Inment. thlat there are some whose views of the gospel dispensa- A'treus, (lyth.,) son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He and Atone', v. a. [at and one,as in Lat. ad, to, and unus, one; tion and interpretation of Scripture have led thenm, while his brother Thyestes murdered their half-brother Chryi.e., to be as one, to reconcile, which is the. primanry acoan- fully admitting the divine origin of Christianity, to reject sippus, fromn jealousy of the affection entertained for hi n ing of the word.] To stand as at substitute or ala equiv- as unscriptural the doctrine of the A. But our space by their falther. Thereupon, they fled to Eurystheus, alent for; to stand for; to make exiiation. being limited, we are obliged, with due deference to all with whose daughter, 1Erope, A. united himself, and, "The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood."-Popc. religious thinklers, to limit ourselves to the general belief. after the death of Ihis father-in-law, became king of My-v. a. To make reconciliation; to expiate; to satisfy, or Atolier, n. One who atones. cone. Thyestes, yielding to an anlawfal passion foi tie render satisfaction. Aton'ie, a. [Gr. a, priv., and tonos, tone.] (Ned.) Want- wife of his brother, dishonored his bed, and had two sons Or each atone his guilty love with nie-Pp g tone. by her. A., after thle discovery of this injury, banished hsubstitut lof soetls offered (Gram.) Unaccented. Thyestes with hIis sons. Thirsting for revenge, Thayestee Atone'mernt, n. A substitution of something offered, -n. (Med.) A medicine capable of allaying organic excite- conveyed away secretly a son of his brother, and instior of some personal suffering, itor sa penalty which would ment or irritation. - Dunglison. gated him to murder his own father. This design wsas otherwise be exacted; expiation; satisfaction; recon- (Gram.) An unaccented word. discovered, and the youth, whomn A. thought to be the ciliation. Aton'ling, p. a. Reconciling; makling amends or sais- son of his brother, was put to death. Too late did the "Surely it is not a sufficient atonement for the writers, that faction. nshappy father perceive his nsistake. A horrible revenge they process loyalty for the governmeut.,,-Swift. At'ony, n. [Gr. a, not, and tones, tone.] (Aied.) A term was smecessary to give him consolation. Ite pretended "He seeks to make atonement used to denote deficiency in power or tone; generally to be reconciled to Thyestes, and invited him, witih his Between she Duke of Glo'ster and your brathers."-Sak,. applied to muscular power. two sons, to a feast; and after he hlad caused the latter (Theol.) In theology, A. has respect to offences corn- Al'tooi, or At'oway, one of the largest of the Sand- to be secretly slain, he placed a dish made of their flesh misted againist the Deity; it is partly connected with wich Islands, in the South Pacific ocean. Area, 500 sq. before Thyestes, and, when he had finished eating, that of sacrifice, q. v.; but it is not identical with it; for m.; Lat. 210 57' N.; Lon. 1590 390 W. Pop. 55,000. brought the bones of his sons, and showed him, with a it is not certain thatall sacrifices had A. for their object; Atop'. [a and top.] Ois the top; at the top. scornful ssile, tile dreadful revenge which he had taken. and sacrifice, as commonly understood, was osly one'Atop whereof, but far more rich, appeared At this spectacle, the poets say, tihe sun turned backe in among other methods of A. - The practice of A. is re- The work as of a kingly palace-gate." - Milton. his course, in order not to throw light upon such a hiormiarkable for its antiquity and universality, proved by Atos'sa, daughter of Cyrus, 530 B. c.; was successively rible deed. the earliest records that h:tve come down to us of all married to Cambyses, Smerdis, one of thIe Magi, and, A'tri, or A'tria (anc. Atrium), a town of S. Italy, prov. nations, and by the testimony of ancient and modern Darius, son of Hydaspes, the last of whom she incited to of Terasmo, 5 m. from the Adriatic, on a steep mountain; travellers. Ii the oldest books of the Hebrew Scrip- invade Greece. -A poetical name given by lope, in his pap. about 11,000. tures, we have numerous instances of expiatory rites Moral Essays, to Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. Atri'~le. See AGaMEM0No. where A. is the prominent feature, occupying, in fact, a Atolqui'a, a seaport of Portugal, in the prov. of Estre- A-trlp', adv. (Nauct.) An anchor is said to be a-t-ip at the large portion of the four last books of tihe Pentateuch. madura, 42 m. N. by W. of Lisbon. moment it is drawn out of the ground in a perpendicuIn some cases the A. was made for a specific offence Atrabila'rian, Atrabilati rioxs, a. [Lat. ater, lar position. A top-sail is a-t-rip when it is just started (Lev. iv.; Nuns. xvi. 46); in others it hIasd reference to atra, blaclk; bilis, bile.] Melancholy; full of bile. from thle cap. a state of transgression, is especially in the case of the AtrablIa'riousness, n. The state of being melan- Atrilpsallda, a tows of S. Italy, prov. of Avellino, on the scaope-goat, on the day of expiation. (Lev. xvi.) —The choly. Sabbato; pop. 5,175. offender again either atoned by his own personal act, or Atrabil'iary, a. (Aled.) Melancholic; hypochondriac; Atrip'lex, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. Chenopodireceived the benefit of A. by the act of another. (Lev. iv.) fron tihe supposed predominance of an imaginary acrid aceca. Thie species A. hortonsis, Garden or Golden OraAt the earliest date to which we can carry our inquiries substance namsed catrabiis, said to be secreted by thIe pan- che, sparingly naturalized in cultivwted grounds, is an by means of the heathen records, we meet with the same creas or by the supra-rensal capsules. Hence the epithet annual plant; stenm erect, Iherbaceous, 3 ft. or more highl, notion of A. —The practice of general atonement among of A. was given to the renal capsules, arteries, nsd veins. with thick leaves of a uniform color on both sides; the heathen nations, whatever may have been its origin, Atrabillious, a. Melancholic or hypoclhondriac. flowers green, in terminal, interrupted racemes or spikes, imust have been greatly encouraged by a certain article Atra'gene, n. (Bet.) A gen of plants, tribe Clesartec. blossoming in July. It is sometimes cultivated as a potin the popular creed, which is probably expressed pretty The species whorl-leaved Vir- herb. -The species J(atula, Arenaria, Laciniata, and accurately by the saying put into the mouth of Solon by gin's Bower, Clematis verticillaris,.Alimus, are also tfbonund in our country. Herodotus, that "tthe Deity is altogether a jealous being, is a handsome climber, fountd in Al'trirm, n.; pl. ATImA. [Gr. aithrios, exposed to tIhe and fond of troubling the even course of affairs." - An highland woods in tie U. States. air.] (Arch.) The entrance-hiall and most splendid apairtinstance of A. meets us in the very opening of the Iliad. Stem ascending trees 15 ft. by ment of a Roman house. It consisted of a large covered Agamemnon having offended Apollo in the person of his means of its twisting petioles. court, with an opening in the centre of tihe roof, ternied priest, by refusing a ransom for his daughter, is not con- At each node is a whorl of four the comsplhviun, through which tihe rain-water descended tent with restitution, but proceeds to atone for his fault 3-tfoliate leaves, and 2 large pus- into a cistern let into the floor beneatlh. It was tihe byan offering, the purpose of which is declared by Ulys- ple flowers, blossomsing in May mnost highly decoratcd apartment in the wlole hourse. ses (11. i. 442): "Agamemo non sent ame to sacrifice a sacred and June. Upon tile walls were drawings representing ancivt hecatomb to Apollo in elehalf of the Danai, that we may Atrainel'tal, Atramen~appease the Sovereign God."-Among the.many other in- tous, a. Inky; black — as, an stances which will readily occur to at reader of tile an- atir.e.atous quality. - Swiaft. cient classics, the sacrifice of Iphigenia by her fatlher, Atrament,. [Lat.] g-'2'2. to appease the wrath of Diana, is distinguished by the (Antiquity.) This term was ap-'i a ct e vm0w~'xs Low~,m. remarkable circumstance of the substitution of dne vie- plied to any blatck coloring subtim for another by the offended goddess. - If we pursue stance, for whlatever purpose it mightbe used. The inks our inquiries through the accounts left us by the Greelk of the ancients seemi to hlave been more durable thian and Roman writers of the bartaross nations aith which our owv.; they were thicker and more unctuous, in sub- uia they were acquainted, from India to Britain, we shall stance and durability more resembling the ink now used find the same niotion and simnilarpractices of A. It showe by printers. As inkstasi vas discovered at Herculaneitself among the various tribes of Africa, the islanders of sm, containing ink as thick as oil, amd still usable for the South seas, and even that sost peculitr race, the writing. uig.230represents as inkastind foun atPomnatives of Australia, either in the shape of some offering, peii, and the mode of reading an ancient book. The anor sone outilation of the person. - It is all but univer- MINIMs sally acknowledged by the believers in revelation, that the Levitic A. were, in part ait least, typical of that one great sacrifice on which the Christian doctrine of the.: atonement is founded. The nature of this publication, does not allow us to consider this part of the subject at i length and in a manner suited to its importance. We can do little more than state whatt is understood by the Christisn when he speaks of the A. Ile does not consider man, according to the heathen notion already sme v,;. tioned, to be the object of a capricious and vengeful en- m A mity, but through a sinful nature,.and practices and affections conformable to that nature, to have comne into'''~ltmm state of alienation fromn God; in other words, he believes... _- t that God is just and holy, that mian has sinned, and must therefore be pumnished. This being his condition, lie ftm-s -___ —— _ —=__________I __I ther believes that the Divine Being, revealed to us under the title of the Son of God, interposed between the sentence and its execution, suffered in our stead, and atoned bys his death for our sin; that the immediate consequences IPt were, resmission of the original sentence, and restoration Iu to a state whicih is still probationary, but is which ma sytsolo ac I mtdents, sumsomaeed by bordsss fomnis d is made capable of a permanent reunion with Isis Maklceer. of elegant aratbesquses Evens time floors wvere fi-equently Thie believer in the doctrine of thle A. supposes that tie emiched asth paccuses exctted an sosast The ounes sacrifice uas necessary according to a low fixed in the of the house here received his morning visitors; end counsels of God (which law he also supposes to be reveasled Pg. 230. here the nsistress superintended time hbbors of her female to us) that sin usust be atoned for before it can be par- cients used imsks of various colors. Red ink, made of slaves, while engoaging in weaving or other occupations. doned; but he distinguishes between tie necessity of tie miniunm or vernmiion, was used for wvritin thie titles The temples also had atria, where the senators and eacrifice itself, and the further purpose of God in casusinsg and beginnings of books. So also was ink made of au- otsersonsetimes held seetiugs. it tb he pUblicly made, and providisig that it should be brica, "red ochre;" and because the Iheadings of lawos Atro'cious, a. [Fr. atrece; Lat. atrox, atrocis, from ATTA ATTA ATTA 167 ater, llack, dark, gloomy.] Extremely heinous, crimi- or soldier is said to be attached to any regiment or cam- he should be executed. But this A. does not take place nal. or cruel, enormous; flagitious; horrible; frightful. poiny with which he may have been ordered to do some until judgument is prollounced against him. It might be Atro'ciously, adv. In an atrocious manner. duty. - Worcester. by confession, as when the party pleaded guilty, or by Atro'eiousiiess, n. Quality of being atrocious. (Law.) To take or apprehend by commandment of a verdict, when he pleaded not guilty, and was fbund guilty Atro'eity, n. [Fr. atrociti.] Enormous wickedness; writ or precept. - See ATTACHIENTx. by the jury. There were, furmerly, by the English law, enormity; horrible cruelty. Attach'able. a. That may be attached. various forfeitures incident to A., such as incapacity to At'ropa, n. [Gr. atropos, inflexible; the name of one Attach,6 (dt-tish-ai',) n. [Fr.] (Diplom.) A name given inherit or transmit property; but A. is scarcely known of the'Parcso, q. v.] (Bet.) A genus of plants, order to certain young gentlemen who are attached to embas- at present in the laws of the U. States; at least the ternm Slanacece. -A. beltadonna, the Deadly Nightshade, is sies in the capacity of assistants, with a view to their is of very rare occurrence in our laws, though there are very common in Europe, and happily not naturalized in becoming familiar with the duties of the office, in order some disabilities consequent upon conviction of perjury, our country. All parts of the plant are narcotic, and to their afterwards holding diplomatic appointments in or any other crime which makes a mnian inhimous, such the berries, which are of a black shining color like black tihe public service.'sc incompetency to be a witness. cherries, are very attractive, often fatally so, to children. Attacheld', p. a. United; fastened by the bonds of in- Attain'nment, n. The act or power of attaining. It owes its poisonous quality to the presence of an alka- terest, firiendship, or love. "All things necessary for the attainment of eternal life." —Hooker. loid called atropine, which exists in the plant in combi- Attach'rnent, n. [Fr. attachemect.] State of being nation with malic acid. Belladonna is much used in attached; adherence; fidelity; unionorbondofaffection; -Acquisition; acquirement; accomplishment. medicine to allay pain and spasmodic action, &c., to tender regard. " They count it a great attainment to be able to talk much." - cause dilatation of the pupil, and as a prophylactic "IThe Jews are remarkable for an attachmest to their own G ie. ag:tinst scarlatina. country."-Adcdison. Attaint', v. a. [See ATTAINDER.] To disgrace; to cover At'ropacl, At'roponu, a. (Bet.) The same as OTHOr- -Thatt which fastens or binds one thing to another; as, with ignomliny. TFROPOUrS, Q.vb. the altachasseurs of a muscle. ~~'raR ~US~, q. vc. the atl~tae~c/hms~ena~ts of a muscle. II'For so exceeding shone his glistering ray, At'roptniel, p. a. Affected with atrophy; wasted away. -An adjunct attached to an instrument or machine; as That Phoebus' goldlen face it did attaint. - Faerie Queefte. At'rophy, n. [Fr. atrophie; L',t. and Gr. atrophia; the'olian altachcment, which is an A. to the pianoforte from Gr. a, priv., and trophe, nourishment.] (Med.) A whereby it may be converted into a wind instrument at i-To taint; to corrupt. ternm which denotes a wasting, from deficient nutriment, the will of the player; the same Ikeys that act upon the " My tender youth was never yet attaint either of a part, or of the whole body. In order to chords being so made as to operate, at the same time, or With any passion cf inflaming love. - Shaks. maintain a healthy state of the body, or of any of its separately, upon reeds through which air is forced friom (Law.) To find guilty of high treason or felony, and organs, a certain supply of nutrition is required t1 meet a bellows nmoved by the foot. - WYorcester. thereby subject to forfeiture of civil rights, and corrupthe waste that is consiltantly going on. When, from any (Law.) The taking into the custody of the law the tion of blood. - See ATTAINDER. cause, the supply of nutrition is not able to meet this person or property of one already before the court, or of Attaint', a. Convicted or attainted. (a.) waste, the natural dimensions of those parts are reduced. one whoin it is sought to bring before it. — A writ for -n. A stain; spot; taint. (o.) In a healthy condition of body, an exact balance is the accomplishment of this purpose. This is the more (Fcar'iery.) A blow or wound on the hinder feet of a m tintained between the waste and the supply; but in common meaning of the word.-A. ofpersons. A writ is- horse. every morbid condition this balatce is more or less dis- sued by a court of record, commanding tile sheriff to bring. (Law.) A writ at common law against a jury for a turbed, in consequence of which the whole body, or cer- before it a person who has been guilty of contempt of false verdict. It is obsolete in England, and has never tain parts of it, receive too little or too much nourish- court, either in neglect or abuse of its process or of sub- been adopted in practice in the U. States. nient. The first stcte, from whatever cause it arises, is ordinate powers. - A. of property. A writ issued at tile Attaint'ed, p. a. Stained; corrupted; disgraced by attermed atrophy; the latter, hypertr'phy. A. may thus institution or during the progress of an action, command- tainder. arise from a vast vwriety of causes. It may be occasioned ing the sheriff or other proper officer to attach thle prop- Attaint'ment,i n. The state of being attainted. by minerely withholding the necessary supply of nutritious erty, rights, credits, or effects of the defendant to sat- Attaint'ure, n. A staining or rendering infamous; food, without atny actual disease. Among the diseasses isfy the demands of the plaintiff. - The laws and prac- reproach; imputation. capable of producing A., the most common are those tice concerning the attachment vary in tihe different At'tal, At'tle, n. [From ADDLE, q. v.] (Mining.) Rubof the digestive organs, by which the aliment is talen States. —An A. ofprivilege, in English law, is a process bish or refuse consisting of broken roclk containing little up and prepared for assimilation. Disease of the organs by which a man, by virtue of his privilege, calls another or no ore. - Webster. of assimilation may produce A. as effectually as dis- to litigate in that court to which he himself belongs, Atta'la, in Mississippi, a central county, containing ease in the primary organs of digestion. A frequent and who has thle privilege to answer there. abtout 630 sq. m. It is bounded by the Big Bilack river instance of this is in consumption, when the lungs Attack', v.a. [Radically the same as attach; but as the on the W. The surface is undulating, and generally becomeso diseased as not to be able to receive a sufficient former became in Fr. attacher, mo the latter attaqzec-, from fertile. Cap. IKosciusko. Pop. about 13,500. quantity of air. A. m;ty result also from a want of the CELTIC tac, or nail, which, as it is regarded as an ob- Attal'aville, in Mississippi, a post-office of Attala co. ictivity in an organ, or in the whole body; so that when ject of striking, or a means of fastening, would suggest Attale'a, n. (Bet.) A genus of trees, ord. Ptalmaceee. the nutritive particles are conveyed to them in the blood, the ideas of attach or attaclk.] To come in contact with, They are found chiefly in the tropical parts of Amnerica, they have not power to appropriete a sufficient quantity forcibly or violetltly; to assault; to assail; to fall upon; where they occupy the richest soil and tihe hottest forests. of them. When the vital activity of an orgat is small, to make sin onset upon; to invade. — We maey attack They have in general lofty cylindrical simooth stems, but the nutritive particles are taken up slowly and lan- persons with weapons or words; opinions with the weap- there are some stemless species. The leaves are large guidly; while, the affinity existing between them being onS of controversy; or an army may attack a country and pinnate. The fruit has a dry fibrous husk, eniclosing a also weak, they are sooner removed by the process of or a city, nut with 3 cells and 3 seeds. Tihe leaves of souse species absorption than in health, and the parts thus circumn- -n. [Fr. attalue.] An assault; an onset; an invasion; are much used for thatching, and those of some are woven stanced are rapidly wisted. Hence, a due supply of ner- a charge; - opposed to defence. into hats, mats, &c. The nuts of A. excelsa and of A. vous stimulus is necessary to the vital activity of an -n. (Mil.) An advance upon an enemy, with a view of speciosa are burned to dry the India-rubber obtained from organ, while the cessation of action in any orman is inva- driving him fromn his position. It may be made either the Siphonia elastica, which acquires its black color riably followed by A. ThIe first change that takes plece upon an adverse army in the field, or upon a fortress. fronim their smolie. The leaf-stalks ofA. funifeSra, which in an atrophied orgin, from whatever cause, is diminu- In every age, the most experienced generals have gen- is found in'the southern maritime provinces of Brazil, tion of the quantity of blood smat to it; and next to erally preferred making an A., to protracting the war and is there called Piassaba, yield a filbre much used for this, and chiefly owing to it, is grester paleness of color. by tedious and indecisive manoeuvres, which harass and cordage. The ropes made of it are very strong, and exSubsequently, the organization becomes more completely dispirit their troops. The arney making the A., especially tremely durable in salt water. The fruit of A.funifera, changed, so that frequently all traces of its original con- if unexpected, possesses'mnanifest advantages over the known by the name of Coquilla nut, is as large as an osformation are lost, and, in some cases, it at last disap. enemy, which generally more than counterbalance evefi trich's head, and supplies a kind of vegetable ivory, used peatrs altogether. In all cases, A. arises fi'om the dimino- very considerable advantages on the other side. Hence, for malking umbrella-handles, &c. Thie fruit of A. camp.tion or perversioon of the vitbl energiso, generesly the an experienced general always chooses, if possible, to ta, the Pind6vw or Ind;sjd palmn, is of the size of a gooses fortier; tndI hInce, by excitiig the natural vital ener- keep his enemy on the defensive. The nature of the A. egg, and the Ikernels aire eatable. gies of an organ, we teed to remove A. In order to its depends upon the condition and position of the enemy, Attahins, the name of three Ikings of Pergamus, of whom cure, it is necessary to discover in what organ or orgnus upon the purpose of the war, upon the time, place, and there is nothing of historical importance to record. the deficiency or perversion exists. The discovery of other circumstances. Attasvlus, FLAVIUS Prescus, a Roman emperor, A.D. 409. this is often difficult, and the removal of it, when dis- (Med.) A sudden invasion or onset of a disease; a seiz- See ALARIC. covered, is often more difficult. ure. One attacked or affected with severe disease is often Attalus, lieutenant of Alexander the Great,- 330. c., At'ropie Acid, n. (Cse,.) Long volatile crystals, in said, in the U. States, to be taken doewn, or to be down -who so strongly resembled that monarch, that at a union with atropine, in the root of the Atropo bclladonza, with it. - Dunglison. distance one could not be distinguished from the other; obtained as atropate of ammonia in the liquid from Attack'able, a. That may be attacked. a circunmstance so opportune for Alexander, that he took which atropine is precipitated by ammonia. Attack'er, in. One who attacks. advaIntage of it in order to deceive the enenmy, or to conAt'ropine, ATRao'PIA, n. (Cecem.) A substance obtained Attak'apas, (at.tock'a-paw',) in Louisiana, an Indian ceal the execution of a project. from the root of Atropa belladodnna, in white silky prisms, name, meaning men-eaters, applied commonly to a ilarge Attain', an extensive town of W. Africea, on the Old without smell, with a bitterish taste; soluble in 500 cold, tract of ground including several parishes in the S. of Calabar river; Last. 60 37' N.; Lon. 90 5' E. and 30 parts boiling water, and in 8 parts of cold alcohol. the State. It is a rich country, producing large quanti- Attapul'gus, in Georgia, a post-office of Decatur co. It is strongly aikesline in its action. Extract of bella- ties of sugar and molasses which are shipped at Franlalin, Attar'aem, a river of Asia, in British India,'lTenasserim donna is much used to dilate the pupils in affections of in St. Mary's parish. This appellation is purely local, prov., having its rise in the mountains on the borders of the eye. Fire'. C31lI23NO5. and the name A. is generally omitted on the nmaps. Siam. After a course of 90 m. it falls into the Gulf of At'ropos. [Gr. inex,,able.] (Vytlh.) One of the ParcT, Attakeml'bo, one of the Feejee Islands. Lat. 180 25' Martaban. daughters of Nox and Erebus. According to the deriva- S.; Lon. 1790 0' W. At'tar, FEnID-UD-DIN, a Persian poet, was a. at Kihorastion of her name, she is inexorable, and her duty among Attailn', v. a. [0. Fr. attaindre; Lat. attlingc,. from ad, san, in 1119, and D. in 1202. His poetry was much adthile three sisters is to cut the thread of life, without any and tango, to touch; Fin. atteindre.] To reach so as to mired, especially for the profound knowledge which he regard to sex, age, or quality. get hold of; to come to; to gain; to get or procure; to displayed in it of the doctrines of the Scfis. At'rypa, n. (PaL.) A genus of fossil brachiopsd or accomplish; to obtain. It implies sustained effort, or At'tar (or OtTo) of Roses, (0I, oF ReSEs,) n. pl. lamp-shells, closely resemnbling Terebeatula. Of the 179 at least movement, in uniform direction. (Chem.) An essential oil obtained from the petals of described species, 100 are Silurian, 56 Devonian, 22 Car- "Canaan he now attains; I see his tents three species of rose, viz.: Rosa centifolia, moschata, and boniferous, and I Permian. Pitch'd above Sichem."-Milton, damascena. The rose-gardens at Ghlazeepore in India At'sion, in N Jew Te,-sey, a village of Galloway township, -v. n. To come in contact with; to come to, or arrive at. have long been famed for the production of this precious Burlington co, 28 m. U.S.E. of Camden. "Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high; I cannot lu Tiess gardens are lagfils, planled in row — A river, partly dividing Atlantic and Burlington coune- attaihon uto it." —Psalm cxxxix. 6. of small rose-bushes. Tht blossons, which unfold in the ties, and utsititug with Little Egg H/arbor river. ~ morning, are all gathered before noon, and their petals Atta, n. (Zetl.) The visiting-ant; a genes of ants. Attainiabi'lity, Attain'abieness, a. The s tate are at once treensferred to clay stills, and distilled with Aff~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rqality (ofi. bhe vsing antt a uinofable. See Faawtcmn. or quahity of hem0m attainable, twice their weight of water, The rose-water which Attac'ca. [It., from attaca'e, totie.] (Muos.) An expree- Attain'able, a. That may be attained. comes over is placed ln shallow vessels covered with moist sion signitying that a passage is to follow anotlier im- Attain'der, n. [From O. Fr. altainarac; radically the muslin to exclude dust, and exposed all night to the cool meedlately; e. g., aotacco alltgro. same as ATTAIN, q.v.] Taint; blemish; sully on character. Iii thi morning tme thin fins of oil which has calAttach', e. a. [Fr. aotacheFim; It. attacare; allied to Esg. "So smooth he daub'd his vice with shew of virtue, lected on the top is carefilly swept off with a feather and tack, and Lat. tango, tago, to toucho.] To affix; to annex; se liv'd trem alt ohtmioeer ef sampect.'-.Stmati. iransferred to a smmsll phial. This process is repeated to cause to adhere; to fasten or fix to. - It is also used (Low.) It is, by the common lasw, the corruption ofblood, neorning after morning, till nearly the whole of the oil is mf the bonds of love, friendship, or interest. or stain consequent sipon a person's being atdjadged separated from the water. ileber says that about 20,000 "The great and rich depend on those whom their power or guilty of a capital offemnce, in which case the islaw set a roses are required to yield a rupee weight (170 grains) their wealth attackes to them." —Rogers. note of infamy upon hime, and put him out of its protec- of A.; stnd this quaentity is weorthl $50. A. is mlso imported (Mil.) To place or appeoint by authority; asaan officer tion, takitig no further concern aboust him, except if fraom Smyrna etimid Comestesnetimtople; but it rarely, if ever, !68 ATTE ATTE ATTI arrives in this coun- 1L "But, thy relation now! for I attend, At'tergee, or AMI'MERSiEE, a lake of Europe, in Upper ~~try pure. It ios~~ corn- Pleas'd with thy words. —Milton. Austria, 40 m. S.W. of Linz, about 12 m. long by 3 broad. -T o wait; to be oear at ha..d, or within reach or call. The river Ager flows fisom its N. end. with saermaceti', The charge thereof unto a covetous sprite ttest v.a. [Fr. attester; Lat. attestari-ad, and testari, with spermaceti a, 4111~~~~~~~11'~Co......d ed was,..ho otlby did attend Attes and a volatile oil, C amanded w ai, who tierehy dtd attend to bear witness, fronm testis, witness.] To bear witness anhich appears to \/And warity wsited."-FactEe Quccnc. to; to confirm; to certify; to affirm to be true, genuine, be derived fi'om one be derived fros one Attend'ance, n. [0. Fr.] The act of attending, or being or real; as, to attest a signature. or more species of Iin vaiting 01; service. Many particular facts are recorded in Holy Writ,'attested by Anwhics alld risn, think the duke willt not be spoke withal." —haks. -To give proof or evidence of; to manifest; as, Athens which is called oil of g~inger-grass, or of ginger-grass, or attests its former supremacy in letters. oil o Atendance.i~~~"~~~ none s-hal pesne h ted, norein; train.; escort. ~~~~~~oil of geranium. -T~~,'Attendance none shall need, nor train." —titos. -To invoke as conscious; to call to witness. oil of geranium."' " ~'-~~ 2 -Attention; regard; application of mind. Pure A. of rose,,Gie-Attention; regatrd; application of mind.'"Tte sacred streams which heaven's imperial state ctrefly dsilive \yeand presents the best guide to the constellation. There Aure'Ilian, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the auretia. is no satisfactory account of the mythology of this figure. -n. An amnateur collector and breeder of insects. It is said to have been the Horus of the Egyptians; Aire'lian, Lucius Do.ts Tsvs VALERIUS AUsLv.IANvS. A among the Greelks, the human figure is by different Roman emperor, the son of a peasant, was ~. in Pannonia, // ~I! writers called Erichthonius, Bellerophon, Hippolytus, A. D. 212. He entered the ranks of the Roman army, "&c.; while the goat is Amalthiea, the foster-mother of and is said to have killed with his own hand nearly 1,000 Jupiter. But this explanation is even more unsatistfacmen in a single campaign against the Sarmatians. Ite Fig. 240.- AURICULs URSI, (Th/e Bear's Ear.) tory than most others, owing to the want of apparent rapidly rose to eminence, and in 257 obtained a signal connection between the figures of the group. The whole victory over the Goths in Illyricum, for which he was small evergreen, herbaceous plant, which, though so number of visible stars in A. is 66. This constellation made consul, and styled by Valerian, the "liberator of common as to be seen in every cottage-garden, is always is on the meridian at 9 o'clock on the 24th of January. Illyria and restorer of Gaul." In 209, A. was commander- a universal favorite. The number of varieties is almost Airi'gal,. Of, or belonging to a carriage or charin-chief of the hlomnan cavalry. On the death of Clan- infinite. Every year, since the date of their cultivation hot. (R.) dims II., in 270, he ascended the imperial throne. He de- by artificial process, appears to have produced new vari- Auriga'tion, n. [From auriga.] Act of driving clarlivered Italy froms the German barbarians, and conquered eties differing from one another, especially in the shape, hots. (R.) Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, in 273. After these victories size, andc color of the flowers. Miller, whom all old flor- Aulrign'y. (Geog.) See ALDERNEY. he devoted himself to tihe improvement of Rome, and ists still regard as an oracle, states, as the characters of A' rilac, (o-recyak,) a town of France, cap, of dep. the reformation of public morails. A. next led an expe- a good A., that the stem of the flower should be lofty Cantal, on the Jordane, 147 m. E. of Bordeaux.'Thoughl dition against Persia, but the harshness of his chasrcter and strong, that the footstalk of the flower should be well built, it is gloomy and disagreeable. Aflaos Paper, caused a conspiracy to be formed by his officers against shlort, and the umbel regular and close, —that the pipe lace, and tapestry. Pop. 12,593. him, and he was assassinated in Thrace, in 275 A. D. pr nsck of each flower should be short, and the flowers Auriol, (s's —ole,) a town of Frsnce, dsp. Bouches-dmAure'lius Antoni'nus. See Minecus AuRuLrus. large, regularly spread, and disinclinable to cup, - that Rh(ne, on the Veoune, 15 m. E.N.E. of Marseilles. It Aure'lius, VIcTo SEXTUS, a Latin historian of the 4th thi colors be very bright and well mixed, - that the eye has manif. of wool and tapestry, and valuable coal and century, who was governor of Patnnonia under the Em- of thie flower be large, round, and of a good white or copper mines are in the neighborhood. Pop. 5,427. peror Julian, and consul with Valentinian. His only yellow, — and that the tube or neck be not too wide. Auriphryg'i.-te, a. [Lat. aces-se, gold, amd L. Lot. authentic work extant is De Ccesaribus, containing the The flowers appear in April or May, and, when tolerably phrgiare, to deck with embroidery.] Laced, passebiographies of the emperors from Augustus to Constan- well assorted as to colors, have a most joyous appearance mented, or embroidered with gold. (R.) tine. in the little flower-plots of the cottage, or the small Auripigmen'tur, a. (Mia.) See ORPascmNT. Aure'lius, in Michigan, a post-township of Ingham co, flower-gardens of the farrmery, —more so, to our taste, Au'riscalp, a. [From Lot. auris, ear, and scalpere, to on Grand River, about 80 m. N.W. by W. of Detroit, and tlhan when they fill beds or stages in the most luxurious scraps.] (Sig.) An esrpiclr, q. v. 12 S. of Lansing; pop. about 1,440. modes of horticulture. The A. is easily propagated by Au'risepe, a. [From Lot. auris, and skopeo, I view.] Aure'lius, in NVew York, a post-township of Cayuga co., lifting it in the first week of every August, cutting it (Sssi.) Au instrument for exploring the ear. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(,g.Aninstrumetw for trebverticlsetornsgo the rotand 170 m. W. by N. of Albany, on the N. end of Cayuga Lake; into two or three by vertical sections of the root, and Au'rist, n. [Lat. aunis, the ear.] (Surg.) One who studpop. abouit 3,034. transplanting the parts into good garden soil, enriched ies, and professes to curs, diseases of the ear. Aure'lius, in Ohio, a township of Washington co., about with tolerably strong and well-rolled manure. Propaga- Au'rited, a. See AURICULATE. 15 i. N. of Marietta; pop. about 1,000. tion from seed is requisite of course, for new varieties; A rocepao, a. Gr. aron, gold, and kehal, 15 ni. N. of Marietta; pop~~~~about 1,000.. A~uroeeph'alons, a. [Gr. anton, gold, and keeohali, Aure'ola, n. [Lat., of the color of gold; Fr. aureole.] but it is so troublesome and tedious as to be a proper head.] (Zoiil.) Having a golden-colored head. (PLaint.) The glory with which ancient painters encircled employmet for oly the amateur, or the regular practi- Au'rochs, a. [Lat. usus, a bison; Ger. ochs, an ox.] the bodies of tihe Holy Family, saints, martyrs, and con- cal gardener A. is a natsve of Switzerlmnd. (Zodl.) The Escropesis Bison ariscs. - See BuFFALO. fessors, in their pictures. When encircling only thehead, Auric'qular, a. [Fr. auriculaire; Lat. acuricularis.] Aurocy'anide, n. (Checo.) A compound of the cyanit is usually termed a Nimbus, q. v. Pertaining to the ear; belonging to the sense of hearing; ide of gold and a hasic oxide. Au'reus, or Denarius Aureus. [Lat.] (Numis.) as, auricu lar nerves. A r]o'ra, n.; pA. Lat. Auslo'at; pl. Eng. AuoneAs. [Lat., ThestandardgoldcoinofRoome,which, accordingto Pliny, -Spoken, told, or whispered in the ear; private; secret; from Gr. aucios, golden, asd o-a, hour.] The dawning was first coined 62 years after the earliest silver coinage, confidential; as, man auricular confession. light before sunrise; daybreak; the morning. thact is, in n. C. 207. Tite lowest dlenomnination was the -Known to, or perceived by, the sense of hearing; recog- (Myth) [Gr. Pos.] Daughter of Hyperion and Thia, and scrrspulum, which wsas made equal to twenty sestertii. nized by tice ear; as, auericuldar proof. sister of Sol and Luna. She was one of the ancient godThe value of the A., according to the present worth of "And by an auricular assurance have your satisfaetion."-Shaks. desses of the race of the Titans, but retained her rank gold, is about $5.28; but its current value in Rome was -Traditional; known by report. among the later race of gods. To the Titan Astrveus, son different, since the relative values of gold and silver were of Crius, she bore the Winds, Zephyrus, Boreas, and Nonot the sane is ancient times that they are now. The "'Ul tadins, and feigned tutimnis.-Bac. ns, the Morning-Star, and the Constellstions. She rises A. passed for 25 denarii; therefore taking the denarius (Anat.) That whichbelongstothe ear; more especially from the ocean, drawn by the celestial horses Lampus as 17 cents, the aueus was worth about $4.42. Alexan- applied to the external ear. —A. arteries, veins, oand an Phlaton, and with rosy fingers raises the veil of der Sever-us coined piecesof one-half and one-third of the nerves. They are numerous, but their description would night, shedding light upon the world, until she flies from aureus, called sesaissis, and tremissis; after which time be useless to tis general reader. - A.f~ngeac is the little the splendor of day. Among the mortals whose beauty the A. was caslled solidus. finger, so called because, owing to its size, it can be more captivated the goddess, poets mention Orion, Tithonus, Au'rie Ae'id, Te.oxmn)s or GOLs. (Chiecc.) It is prepared readily introduced into the useatus auditoriuss. and Cephlsius. fronm the solution of gold in Aqua regia, and has no prac- — n. (Zob'l.) The tuft of feathers around the orifice of the 2A!ro'ra, a name common to several islands. 1. One of tical inmportance. Posse. AnuO. ears of birds. — W;rcesteu. the Society Islasnds in the S. Pacific. Pcop. 350. Lat. 150 Au'rleh, ca town of Prussia, in Hanover, cap. of W. Autic'nuatr Confession. See CONFESSION. 50' S.; Lon. 1480 11/ W. —2. One of the New Hebrides. Friesland, and 15 m. N.E. o5 Eniden. The town is the iAurie'ularly, adv. In an auricular manner; pri- Lat. 140 56' S.; Ion. 1680 6' E.-3. One in the Red Sea, seat of the provincial government, and has a Protestant vately; secretly. inhsabited by Bedouins; Lot. 250 30' N.; Lon. 86~ 20' N. consistory, &c. Pop. 5,101. Aurie'uiate, AuCUc'ucLiTED, a. (Rot.) A term applied Auro'ra, in Alabama, a post-village of Baine co. Aurichalvcite, a. [From Gr. oses, a mountain, and to a leaf having two small ear-like lobes at the base. Anro'rs, in ill., a city of Kane co., on Fox Rives-, 40 m. chalicos, copper.] (Min.) iA rinieral of acirular crystals. The leaf of the woody nightshade (Solanucem sDulcamara) W. by S of Chicago; Lict. 41h47' N., Lon. 8ff 23' W. /rx. Lustre pearly; color, palesgi'een, verdigris-green; some- is an example.. Principally grain, wool, and pork. Pop. in 1t70, 11,210. AURU AUSO AUST 177 4uro'ra, in Indiana, a post-town of Dearborn co., on Buder; S. by Bejapoor; and on the W. by the Indian by Gratian in 379. His poetical talents were highly es. the Ohio, 86 m. S.E. of Indianapolis, and 25 m. W. of Cin- ocean. - StLface. Irregular, and mountainous toward teemed during his life, (as indeed he is among tile best cinnati. Pop. about 3,500. the W., where the Ghants attain a considerable height. writers of that late era;) and tihe Emperor Theodosius Aslro'ra, in iowa, a post-village of Keokuk co., about That part of 4. E. of the Western Ghauts is a table-land wished to obtain the same return of flattery Irons him 27 m. E.N.E. of Oskaloosa. at a general elevation of 1,800 ft. above sea-level; it which Augustus received from Horace and Virgil. But A!tonra, in Kansas, a village of Osage co., about 45 m. abounds with natural fortresses and strongholds. There his style is vicious and full of conceits, and his subjects S. by W. of Lawrence. are no rivers of any size. —Clin. Admirably adapted for generally too trifling to retain any interest. Atsoo'ra, in _lentuclcy, a post-village of Marshall co. the production of European fruits, which come to greater A s'ltpical, a. Pertaining to auspices. (a.) Asas'o'ra, in Maine, a post-township of Hancock co., perfection here than in any other part of India. The A'spicate, v. a. [Lat. auspicare-auspex, a bird-seer, about 106 um. E.N.E. of Augusta; pop. about 330. inhabitants are chiefly Mahrattas, but A. is thinly and specere, spicere, to view.] To give a favorable turn,Aur'ou'la, in Minnesota, a township of Steel co., 55 mu. S. peopled, and the Moliammnedans are to the Hindoos only to in comnmencing; - a sense taken ifrom the Roman pracS.W. of Red Wing; pop. about 184. as 1 to 20. —Chiefcities. Bombay, Aurungabad, Poonah, tice of performing the ausapicium, or inspection of birds, Auroaoa, in Ncevada, a town, cap. of Esmeralda co., and Soolapoor. Many remarkable antiquities exist in before they undertook any important business.- Webster. about 100 m. S.E. of Carson City, 7,450 feet above the level this province, as the temples and caves at Salsette, Ele- Auas'picatory, a. Of, or having relation to, auspices. of the sea; pop. about 4,000. - See ESMERALDA. phanta, Ellora, &c. A. was formerly called Ahmednuggur, Au'spice, n. [Fr. auspice; Lat. auspicinm, from auspex-.Auro''ra, in New l-ork, a post-village of Ledyard town- and afterwards Dowletabad, firom the cities so named avis, a bird, and specie, to observe.] Omens drawn from ship, Cayuga co., on the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 170 min. being in turn its capitals, under two dynasties, previ- observing the actions of birds; augury.- See AUGURy. W. of Albany; pop. about 980. ously to A. D. 1635: at which period Shal Jehan finally -Favorable appearance; patronage; protection; fortune; -A township of Erie co.; pop. about 2,900. conquered and annexed it to the Mogul empire. A. used generally in the plural; as, under happy auspices. -A village of the above township, on CasZenove creek; becoming eventually the favorite residence of Aurung- Ajxtspi'cial, a. Pertaining to auspices; relating to pop. about 2,400. zebe, thus acquired its present appellation. prognostics. (R.) Auro'ra, in Ohio, a post-township of Portage co., about AURUeAn AnD, a city of the Deccan, cap. of the above prov., Ausdpi'cious, a. Having or bringing auspices, or 25 m. S.E. of Cleveland; pop. about 830. within the dominions of the Nizamr, on a tributary of omens of success; favorable} fbrtunate; propitious; lAuro'ra, in Texas, a village of Jefferson co., on the W. the Godavery, 275 m. S.W. of Iyderabad, 180 m. E.N.E. of prosperous; happy; as, an auspicioes day. side of S&bine Lake, about 70 m. N.E. of Galveston. Bombay, and 140 mn. N.E. of Poonah. It is an ancient and Auispi'ciously, adv. Happily; prosperously; favorlAurolria,l in Wisconsin, a post-township of Washisgrton imposing city, and contains the royal palace of Aurung- ably; propitiously. county. zebe and many other fine arclhitectural remains of his Auspi'eiousness, a. State or quality of being an-(Formerly SACRAMENTO,) a township of Waunshara co.; dynasty. A. is now occupied by a British garrison. Pop. spicions; a state of fir pronmise; prosperity. pop. about 520. estimated at 60,000. Auassa, Au'sA, or HAW.'SA, formerly an important town Aaro'ra Austra'lis, n. [Lat., southern daybreak.] Anruns gzebe, (aw-rung-zeeb',) known as the GREAT of E. Africa, in the country of Adel, 85 m. S.W. of Zeyla, (Ply.) A phenomenon corresponding to the Aurora Bo- MOGUL, or Emperor of Hindostan, n. 22. Oct., 1618. He on the Straits of Bab-el-Maandeb. The learned sheiks of realis, q. v., but arising in the southern hemisphere. was the son of Shah Jehan, and properly named Mo- the Mudailto tribes reside here. Pop. 6,000. Auro'r-a ]3or'ea'lis, n. [Lat., northern- daybreak.] hammed, but received from his grandfather that of A. Aus'tell, St. See AUSTLE, ST. (Ply.) A singular and most beautiful phenomenon, con ( Ornament of the Throne"), by which he is known to Ass'ten, JANE, a popular English novelist, n. in Haemp sisting of mellow lights variously colored, which dart, at history. After deposing and imprisoning his fatheer, and shire, 1775. Her principal works, as Sense and Sensibilcertain seasons, from all parts of the horizon, and gen- putting his brothers to death, A., in 1658, was crowned ity, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield/ P'ark, and Emma, erally rather brighter toward the west. By-and-by, this sole monarch of the great Mogul empire. His longreign present the delineation of character of every-day Eng. dim mass assumes the form of a circular segment, rest- was more remiarkable for its internal policy than for its lish domestic life. ID. 1817. ing at each end on the horizon; the higher part of it outwvard events. In some respects it may be compared Aus'tea, in Western Virginia, a post-office of Preston co, being surrounded by a white light, sometimes resolving to tihe reign of Louis XIV. of France. Both reigns were Aus'ter, n. [Lat. auster, the soutl; a dry, hot, south itself into one or two distinct luminous arcs. Then be- of unusual duration, and of unquestionable brilliancy. wind.] The south wind. gin those well-known beams and shoots of light of di- A. carried on many wars, conquered Golconda and Austere', a. [Fr. ausuere; Gr. austiros, from atse, az, vers colors, originating in the obscure segments, which ___ _-_ —-_-::_ ___...... to dry, or parch up; Lat. austerus.] Making the tongue they break usp into bright patches, as if the whole of them dry and rough; contracting or affecting the tongue; were thrown into a sort of palpitation. When the A. is ex- _ _ rough; acrid; sor to the taste; with astringency to the tensive, these beams, although constantly shifting, con- palate. verge toward the zenith, where a centre, or superb auroral _ "Th' austere and pen'drous juices they sublime."-Blackmore. crown, is formed. As the phenenoenon di mainishes in inten- _ —Severe; harsh; stern; rigid; - in application to manner sity, the jets continue, but the crown shifts, and it seems - tof judging, acting, living; as, an austere monk. to be sormietimes on one side of the sky, sometimes on the "Au'stere Saturnius. say other. At length these movements cease; the lightis with- "From whence this wrath? or who controls thy sway? " —Pope, drawn nearer and nearer to the western horizon; the ob- Atee', ad. n an austere or rigid anner. ~':=-~~~~~___ ~~~ ~.. ~2J~ -~ ~5~ —- ~ JAuster'elly, adv. In an austere or rigid manner. scure segment, as it also diminishes, becomes luminous; yc a l and finally, every trace of it disappears. Fig. 242 rep- O prity, an place, ad iusterele talk resents one of the most extraordinary appearances of.` — ~ F~ *~'..-,_filton. borealis. No theory or hypothesis which has com- 1 Austere'ness, n. Acerbity; rouglhness; acridity of __ __' T__._ —_ —- -, iser. taste. — ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ri - -Severity or harshness of manner; austerity; as, "Th'............._________ /d austoereness of my life." —Shaks. Auster'ity, n. [Fr. anust/iil; Lat. austseritus.] Au_________________~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m stercness; severity of manners or life; strictness of dism - - - _-' — -___________:~:'-~ ~. -~ ~/~f~~ -:~-':~ — ~" - --— ~~-~ ~-cip'ins; rigor. 7'/"?']"'ji:~"}?iiii':?'\es - "Let not austerity breed servile fear." —LordRoscommon. _______ii~~~ i~~Yii~~ I~ ~ ~~AvUs'terlitz, a snmall town of Moravia, on the Littawa, ig. 243.-TBS INS GOLCON. 13 m. S.E. of Briinn; pop. 3,671. In the vicinity, on Dec. 2, 1805, was fought the famous battle that bears its Beejapoor, and subjugated the Mahrattas. The Mussul- name, between the French army of 80,000 men, cornmaas of India still regard lhim as the greatest of their mended by Napoleon, and the combined Russian and sovereigns. A. died at Ahmiednuggur, in the Deccan, Austrian armies, numbering 84,000, under their respec21st Feb., 1707, master of 21 provinces, and of a revenue tive emperors; in which the former achieved asignal vic~~- ~ ~-~ -- -of about $200,000,000. tory. According to Alison, the allies lust 30,000 in killed, -__5M5~~~ ~~e~~c ~-~ An Sauble, or AIx Sa'lle, in Illinois, a township of wounded, and prisoners, and the French, 12,000. The batGrundy co.; ope. about 1,020. tie was followed by an armistice, the terms of which Fig. 242.- vAURtOA BOREnALIS. Au Sable, or Aux Sauble, Michi gan, a post-town. were dictated by Napoleon; and immediately after, on the ship and village of Josco co. The village is situate on 26th of December, by the treaty of Presburg, which manded general acceptation, has yet been suggested for Lake Michigan, at the mouth of a river of the sanme disastrously affected Austria. The battle of A. is somethe explanation of the A. B. What is known is this:- name. Pop. about 210. times called the Battle of the TIhree.Emperosrs.-Ses the direction of the auroral jets or'oys, and the position Au Sa'ble, in New York, a river of Essex co., which PRESBUaG, NAPOLEON, &C. of the crown, have a connection with the magnetic me- enters Lake Champlain about 15 m. 8. of Plattsburg. Aus'terlitz, in Michigan, a post-village of Kent co., ridtlian; and the Aurora produces great magnetic pertur- -A township of Clinton co.; pop. about 3,870. on Grand River, about 10 m. N.N.E. of Grand Rapids, bation. Thereforo it seems evident that the theatre of A-tu Sa'ble Forlks, in New York, a small post-village and 178 W. by N. of Detroit. its action is the atmosphere; and that the agent to which in Jay township, Essex co., on Au Sable river, about 128 Aus'terlitz, in Ness York, a post-village and township its development is due, is electricity, influenced in some m. N. of Albany. of Columbia co., 31 m. S.S.E. of Albany; pop. about 2,280, unascertained manner by terrestrial magnetism.- Ac- Aus'cultate, v. a. [Fr. ausculter; Lat. auscultare, to Aus'tin, St. See AUGUSTINE. cording to Mr. Otto Struve, the spectrum of the A. B. listen.] To practise auscultation. Aus'tin, in Arkansas, a village of Prairie co. consists of one line, so that the light is monochromatic. Akascultaaltieian, n. [Fr.; Lat. auscultatio, act of listen- Aus'tin, in Illinois, a post-village of Cook co. The line falls near the margin of the yellow and green, ing.] (Mied.) A neode of appreciating the different sounds Auns'ttn, in Indiana, a post-village of Scott co., 33 m. about the position 1,259, on Kirchhoff's map. which can be heard in the chest, especially in diseases S. of Columbus. Aurolra Cen'tre, in Mlinsesota, a village of Steele of the heart, lungs, &c. A., when done by application of hAus'tin, in Iowa. a village of Fremont co., about 8 m. co., 27 m. S. by E. of Faribault. the ear to the chlest, is termed immnediate A. It receives E. of the Missouri River. Auro'ral, a. Belonging to, or resembling the aurora, the name of enediate A. when performed by the aid of Aus'tin. in Michigan, a post-village of Oakland co. or aurora borealis. the instrument called a stethoscope, one extremity of -A township of Sanilac co., near Lake Michigan; pop. 2Au'o'rs 21Iills, in Oregon, a post-village of Marion co., which is applied to the ear, and the other to the chest about 360. about 30 um. N.N.E. of Salem. of the patient.-Dunglison. kAus'tin, in Minnesota, a post-township of Mower co., Auro'raville, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Wan- Auscult-ittor, n. One who practises auascultation. containing Austin, the county seat. shlara co., 16 m. E. by S. of Wantomna. Ausculttatotry, a. Belonging, or having relation to -A flourishing post-village, cap. of Mower co., on Red A siro-telh'h rit, n. (Mmn.) An oee of tellurium, con- auscultation.- Duglison. Cedar river, 90 m. S. of St. Paul, and 40 m. S.W. of taining gold and silver.-Dana. Auso'nitas. [Lat. Ausones.] (Hist.) An ancient people Rochester; pe~p. about 600. Jkauruian, n. [Lat.] Gold. This name was applied by of the Italian peninsula, who appear to have been a Auns'tii, in.Mississippi, a post-village, cap. of Tunoca alchemeists and chemists to many substances resemblineg branch of the great Oscan nation. According to Niebuhr, co., on the Mississippi, about 50 m. S.W. of Mempheis. gold in color or virtues. The most celebrated wavs.aee- the Ausones and the Aurunci are identical. Susessa Au- Aus'tiss, in Missouri, a village of Atchison co. ruse potabule, or gold dissolved and mixed with oil of runca, near the liris, was in the centre of the country -A post-village of Cass co., about 50 m. S.S.E. of Kansas rosemara-y, to be druernk, and esteemed asover-eign remedy which tiey occupied. Cales (Livy, viii. 16), Ausona, City. foe- curing all diseases. Minturns, and Vescia, were Ausonian cities. Akus'tin, in N~evada, a mining town, cap. of Lander co., A o'ueeeeefu/eueiseaess. See FULMnINATE. AUse'sOasl, DECIrUS MxAGNos, son of a pheysician of aboust 160 m. E. of Virginia City, at the E. base of tie Auruaaa'ota,-el, [The "Place of the Throne,"] a large Bordeaux, wacs born in tie beginning of the 4th century. Toiyalbe Mountain; pop. 2.800. malitiems prov. of the Decan in Hindostan, compiisedl He devoted himself to the cultivation of letters. In A iku~s'ftiu, in Tennessee, a village of Wilson co. partly in the British presidency of Bengal, and partly A. 0. 369, his reputation caused him to be selected by thee Aus'tin, in Texas, a county in the S.E. part of the State. in the Nizam's dominions; pmincipally between 180 and Emperor Va.lentinian as tutor to his son Graltan. In Au-ea, 950 sq. m. The Brazos river flows through the 210 N. Lat., and 730 and 770 E. Lou. Bounded om the N. A. D. 377, he was appointed plratorisne pu-eefect of Itrly, comnty, which is also watered by the Bernard, East, West, by the prev. of Gujerat, Candetch, and Bereer; F. by and of the Gauls in thee following year, aeed made consul Middle, and Mill creeks. The soil is fertile toward the VOL. I. — 23 * 178 AUST AUST AUST N., but sandy in the S. Prod. Cattle and sheep, butter, expanse. It is on the S. and E. coast-land that the best as the phsasanat gnd partridge, have become acclimatized. poultry, t&c. Hlogs are raised in large quantities, and soil, and most picturesque scenery, are lbund. In these Of reptiles, thie muost formidable are the alligator, aboundilimost without cost, owing to the abundance of ifeed. portions of the continent are situate those extensive pas- ing iu thle N.; many kinds of serpents, more or less Cap. Bellville. Pop. about 6,500. ture-lands, called downs, which are somewhat equivalent venoulous, as the dinamond snake, the black, gray, brown, AUS'TIN, capital of Texas, and seat of justice of Travis co., to the American prairies;t on these grassy plains thou- yellow, and whip snakles;; and scorpions, centipedes, and on the Colorado river, about 230 Sm. W.N.W. of Galveston. sands upon thousands of cattle and sheep are reared; tarantulas. Fish is found in great plenty all along the It is a picturesque city, rapidly increasing in wealth and while the rivet-bottons, mgain, have an unsurpassed rich- coasts. Clis. The climate is, in gen eral, dry and healthy, population, The capitol, situated upon an eminence, is ness of soil aind vegetation yielding abundant crops of except during the wintber rains, which are of but brief a line Texas-soarble structure. fTliers tare 7 churches, grains and fruits. All these best lands of A. are already duration. Excessive droughts are, as before stated, the and 18 schools, pop. about 7,000. taken up by settlers!; the continent has three-quarters prevailing drawbaclk to thie prosperity of the country. Aus'tin blurgi,]! ill Ohio, it post-village and township the area of Europe, but it is doubtful if.. will ever be lPrd. Sheep-larming is the staple inidustry of A., and is of Ashtabula co., 50 m. E.N..1 of Cleveland, and 10 from able to support a dense population throughout even half coiducted on the nost gigantic scale, some squatters Ashtabula Harbor on talke Erie; pop. about 1,440. her limits. iThe central partt of A., to the extent, perhaps, owning as many as 500,000 sheep. As a necessary result, Aus~'ltin's itlls, iil T'ennessee, a P.O. of llawkins co. of half the entire continent, lies too far N. for winter wool brue theleadingarticleof export. Wheat,maize, Aus'tintownti, in Ohio, a township of MaLIhouling co.; rains, too far S. for tpnical set seasons, and in these vast and the coitnsoner cereals; fruits, tobacco, flax, sugar, pop.:bout 1,800. solitudes agriculture may be pronounced impossible, and &c., are also extensively cultivated. — M3in. The great disAsus'tinville, in Missouri, a post-village of Livingston even sheep-fartuing diticult. Once in a while, a heavy coeries of gold in New S. Wales, in 1850, and in Vicco., 140 mu. N.W. of Jefferson City. winter rain talls in the interior; grass springs up, tilhe toria. in 1852, have eclipsed all other mining operations. A us'tinville, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Brad- gullies are filled, the up-country squatters make their The quantity exported between tile years 1851 and 1865, ford co., about IS m. S. by W. front Elmira, in New York. bfortunes, and all goes on prosperously lor a tinme. Two asmounted to 32,272,792 oz. Tin, lead, and copper also Aus'tiniville, in Virginia, a village of Wythe co., 15 or thrlee years of drought then follow, and all the more abound; the Burra-Burra mines yielding annually large ni. E.S.E. of Wytheville. enterprising squatters are ruined; with a gain, however, returns of the latter metal. Coal, slate, potter's clay, and Aus'tle, St., or AusTEL4, ST., a town and parish of Corn- sometinmes, of a few thousand square umiles of country to statuary-marbiles are also found in quantities. -Inlsab. wall, England, 13 us. from Truro. Pop. about 11,000. In civilization.-Mounuains. The Australian Alps, or War- The aborigines are of the Papuasl Negro race; of a deep the neighborhood are eyteosive tin and copper mines. ragongs, the Blue Mountatins, and the Liverpool Range, coffee-color; nomad character; disgustingin theirhabits; Aus'tral, a. [Fr.; Lat. australis-au ster, tle south.] form the principal mountain-chain. This system extends and blindly superstitious, believisg in a kind of FetiSouthern; lying in, or belonging to the soutl. from Wilson's Promontory on the S., and ternminates at chism represented by two wooden deities, named loyan Austral Signs. (Astsat.) An expression applied to Cape York, on Torres Straits. Tihe culminating point of (good), and Peteoey (bad), respectively. Like other savthe last 6 signs of the zodiac, viz.: tihe autumnal signs the Blue Mountains is Mount York, an altitude of 3,292 ages, they are frequently at war among themselves, Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius; and the winter signs feet albove the sea. The loftiest summits of the LiverCapricornus, Aquarius, and Pisces; because they lie to pool Riange are computed at from 4,000 to 7,000 ft., while the south of the equinoctial. Mount Kosciuskio, iii the Australian Alps, attains a nimax4ustralsq'sia, (" Southern Asia,") a term used by most inium elevation of 0,500 ft., commanding a coO/p d'oil of modern geograplhers to denote the archipe!lago of islands 7,000 sq. in. of country. Ons the S. coast, are the Australying between 350 N. and 560 S. Lat., and between 940 lian Grasipians, connecting with the Australian Pyreand 1050 E. Lon.; the entire extent of wlhich is estimated nees, which, starting from Portland Bay, and skirting to be not much less than Europe, and forms the fifth the coast, take a course to the N., and ultimately form a great division of the globe. This termi, however, is said, junction with the Australi:m Alps. In the S., still by some, to be both politically meaningless, and geograph- another mountain-chain is lbund, which, rising at Cape ically incorrect. It is used in Great Britain to express Jervis, advances N., and becomies lost in the depression her antipodean possessions in the aggregate. In this of Lake Torrens. Among these mountains are traced sense it comsprises Australia (or New Hollaud), Tasma- many evidences of an extinct volcanic system.-Rivers. nia (or Van IDiemsen's Land), New Zetlasid, New Britain, Of these, the most noticeable are the Murray, which New Ireland, the Solomon Islands, &c. In the colo- great stream receives the Darling, Castlereagh, Peel, - nies themselves, the name A. is almost unknown, or Macquarie, Bogan, Lachlan, and Murrumbidgee. The when used, is intended to embrace Australia and Tas- extent of the basin drained by this fluvial system is not usania, rather than Australia and New Zealand. The accurately known. Falling into the Pacific on the E. latter islands are as fir apart from each othler as England are the Hunter and Itawkesbury rivers; the Blackwood and IMassachusetts; and the distance friom Wellington, and Glenelg empty into it on the S.; while on the W., N. Z., to Sydney, (opposite ports,) is as great as thait fron embouching into the Indian ocean, are the Swan and the African to Brazil. A. tornso one of the three divisions of Canning, aith time Adelaimde, the Liverpool, and the Al.iwhat is termed Oceanica; the other two being Polypesia, gator rivers on the N. —Lakes. The largest inland sheet gnd Malaysia, or the Malay group of islands. For a of water is Lake Torrens in the S., which is estimated to general designation tle British have adopted A ustralasia; have an entire length of 400 m., with an average breadth tihe French, Oceanica; and tile Germans, Assstralia.- of from 15 to 20. In the dry season, however, this lalke The first tiscoysry sads by tEilropeans it this quatrtesr is little better than a salt-marsh. Lakes Victoria and of tile globe was tihat of Papua (q. v.), by the Portuguese, Dasbeling may also be mentioned; the first, traversed in 151l; and the first settlement that of the English, in by the Burray river, being also in the S.; and She latter, 1787. (discovered in 1843,) in the W. division of the continent.;-, Australtasian, a. Pertaining to Australasia. Bet. Our knowledge of the flora of A. is, as yet, circmne -. s-n. A native, or an inhabtital!t of Australasia. scribed. Parts in thie W. and S. may be found teemimng 4.ustra'iia, (the "Southern region,") formerly called with a luxuriant and even gigantic vegetation, forming, NJEW itOILLAB p. The largest island in he, world; so large, in places, bowers of almost tropical density of growth, indeed, that it may be very properly ternmed a continent. and beauty of efflorescence. The finest ornament of the, a —a [t lies to tle S. of Asia, between the Indian and Pacific Australian forest is the fern-tree, (see fig. on p. 19,)which, oceans; and is bounded on the N. by Torres Straits, the when it has reached a seight of 15 to 20 feet, tbrowe out t ~ - -- Sea of Timnor, and the Papuas, or islands of New Guinea; in every direction gigantic leaves measuring 4 to 5 feet. on the E. by tSle S. Pacific; on the S. by Bass's Strait, On tre E. and N. shores, where the vegetation is more Tasmnania, and the S. Pacific; and on the W. by the In- Indiap-lik, She palm flo urish es it jnxtaposition with the dian oceam. A. lies between 100 39P and 300 1il' S. LaS. rarer exan!p!es of the tropical arboretumn. It is affirmed and extends firom 1130 5' to 1530 16' E. Lon. Its average that one-eighth of all the known species of vegetables tig. 245. - NAsTIV AUTTtrALAN. length and breadth may be estimated at 1,800 and 1,700 are peculiar to A. - ZoS1. The wild anineals of the Aus- though they shrink from encounteing even the smallest r tralian con~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tinenth arey srnot siom nuerouse ase they salrestc.u. respectively, Area, estimated at about 3,000,000 sq. tralian continent are not so numerous as they are pecu- nunlber of Europeans. Their weapons are, mostly, the us. The continent of A. is divided into 5 different states liar: such as the kangaroo, wombat, dingo or wild dog, spear, ssaga, d the bomea (q. v.), a weapon or territories, all belonging to Great Britain, — viz., S. and the ornithorhynchus, which is one of the most re- of an entirely unique character. These natives are de-.Australia, TW. Austfialia (or Swan River), Queensland (or markable animals in existence, being aquatic in its habits, creasing sl number; and will, withoutenoubti repidly ereasieg mine numnbes; and wvill, without dotabt, rapidly Moreton Bay), 2Yew South Wales, and Victoria. - F'ollowMor~ton pay), New PantS~ Ibales, and tietseoia. - Follow- become extinct in the course of a few years, before the ing out the plan laid down in our treatment of Asia (q. v.), steady dvance of the Europn races. The cloization sleady adwa-ce of the European races. The colonization we.re.qestthereader's referencetotlioseseveral divisions rq hec'f ec tof A. vas been extreniely rapid. In 1830, her population (as Sissy shall appear iu their due places), for such geo, was under 40,000; in 1860 it numbered 1,500,000; nevergraphical and physical peculiarities of configuration as;~_Y~/K-252 ~gra~phical and phys~ica~l ps~e~uliaritis~ ot com~ficuratan as ~: theless, it is questionable how far the progress will conmay belong to them; contenting ousselves here with a e. itherto, th colonists have not ade so nich tinue. Hitherto, the colonists have not made so much panoramic view of the continent ia its concrete form. — psnorasnicview of the continent in aites conessteso as they should have done of the country that is within TOPOGRaePH. A. possesses a coast-line of 8,000 m., wahich - toe 7 their reach. Small as are the populated portions of A., forms a great series of promontories, the chief of which when compared with the corresponding divisions of the are, on the N., Campee Losndonderry, Bougasnville, Cobusg, United States, this country, nevertheless, is a vast one. and Arnhem; N,E., York; E., Melville, Bedford, Town- The part of Queens/ind already settled is 5 times larger shsrid, Capricorn, Byron, lsawke, and Howe, S., Wilsoh's Uron~sontuary, CaesOw, Nortmlse ombssl~end, Walusogn.mr~~ythan Great Britain. South A. and West A. are each of promontory, Capes 0tway, Northumberland, Willough- them nearly as large as British India, while Victoria is'% psit he nearly as lhmrgs as British India, while Victoria is by, Jervis, and Radstock; and ol the W., Capes Leeuwin, only She 34th part of the continent; but of these colonies Naturaliste, Preston, and N.W. Cape. Notwithstanding Naturylists, Preston, h osd N.f. Caps. Notwithstandging the greatest part is desert, and,owing principally to the ihss snyi excellent haarbors foiAd ont its coasts, great svwant of water, the inner part of the country seems abinudentsttions of the sea are in A. not numerous. Of such sohutehy unfit for cultivation. torohly and intellectsally, the principal are the Gulfs of Carpentarittand Cambridge,, ~~solutely unfit for cultivation. Morally and intellectually, thle principal are thle GulI~: of Carpentar~ia andc Cambridge, a 1 vns.i hiig ieauei pign p on the N., and Spencer's Gulf on the S. The first has a atalleventsA.ishriving. Aliteratureisspringingup, and a national character is being grafted on the good breadth of 400 niles, and penetrates inland for a distance and a layer of eggs. Within the last few years, hares Enaglish stock.-Relfqion. Of the religious aspect of A. of nearly 700, while the last-named is in no part wider and rabbits have been introduced from Europe; and the little seed be said. WesleSyanisi, Catholicism, and Presthan 80, nor extends inland further than about 180 m. latter, especially, has become so acclimatized, that its byterianism, are stronie r than all other osrms of belief, Stlark's Bayon the W., and Iarvey's on the E.,are of much fecundity has got to be, at the present time, a serious snol the general mingling of conflicting races extends to smaller dimensions.-Slraits. That of Torres, on the N., nuisance to the farming interest of the country. The the religions edifices of this laud. In Melbourne clone separates thils continent from She island of Nea Guinea; domestic breeds of animals are mnuch the same as those may be seen in close proximity to one onother thle graceo!n the S., Bass's Strait intervenes between it and Tas- of Europe and America; sheep is, par excelfessce, the fish Wesleyan church, the Chinese Joss-house, sntd the maLnia —Dsce. The interior of Shale vast country has been staple stock, producing annually vast quantities of the Catholic cathiedral. In A., the admixture of blood is as onlly palrtially explored, and therefore eannut be fully finest wool. The Alpaca has been introduced, and may yet small. In S. Australia, where it is most to be found, and sceurabthy described. It is, so far, nudes-stood to prove a valuable addition to the ovine wealth of the col- the Catholics and Wesleyanms divide between them the furus on imnuense plain, conepused nealuly of sandy and onists. The birds of A. are as peculiar, almnost, as some preponderance of inhabitants. The Church of England, s~tony deserts, with here stud tmers an uceis, or patel of of the oubmals. Among them are the emnu (or Austra- or Anglicanism, is naturally strongest in New S. Wales, veg'etation. Captain Stort, avho, in 1845, explored it as ian ostrich), the black swan. and a kind of thrush known schere the colonists are most exclusively of English exfar as Lat. 250 331 5., and ton.1380 E., describes th coustmy as the lauyh/sigyjackas.u. The bird of paradise abonnds tramction. - Ccne. In 1866, the total value of the exports as a concatenation ofsaudc-hills, ofa fiery med color; which in the N., and rivalling it in gorgeous plumeage are the of A. amounted to $134.133,895; and the imports to were finally lost in a stonsy desert of ssemiimgly boundless rifle-bird, the lyre-bird, and the ring-oriole. G(ame-birds, $134,514,9(45. V'le vatlue of th'e gold exported to Great AUST AUST AUST 179 Britain from A., for the years1863-1867, was $131,732,545. land and Bavaria. Its length from Lake Constance to the lynx. The chamqis, red and fallow deera wild boars, Railways. Tihe paucity of railroad accomniodation in the E. ifrontier of Transylvania is about 850 in., and its anid many varieties of feathered game, are objects of A. is almost incredible. There are but some 400 min. of breadth (exclusive of Dalmatia), firom the S. border of the chase. Herds of small wild horses former!sly ranged lines laid down in all the continent; far less than the Croatia to the most N. point of Bohemia, about 492 min. - in Hungary. The golden eagle inhabits Siavonia, and amount possessed by the infant State of Wisconsin.- Area, 227,234 sq. m. — DIvesoNs. This empire is divided other large species are found in the Rhetian and Noric The extravagant cost of tile lines in Victoria have into 19 provinces, the area of which, and total popula- Alps. - Bet. and Veg. Prod. All kinds of cereal and culseemingly deterred the colorists fromi completing thieir tion, according to the latest sources of infornmation, is tivated grasses, vines, flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, saffron, railway-system. $50,000,000 were tlhere spent on 200 shown in the following table. D)educted fronm the state- galls, and an immense variety of iruits, &c. [he forests m. of road, through an easy country, and at no cost ment are tihe Loinbardo-Venetian provinces ceded to are of vast extent and great value. Beech, pine, larch, for land. Tihe U. States have made nearly 40,000 mn. Italy in 1859 and 1866. alder, and oaks of gigantic size abound. —Inhab. The of railroad for less than $1,500,000,000; Canada con- Austrian empire naturally comprises a greater variety of structed her 2,009 so. for $100,000,000, or 10 times as Poncs Arai Pp n Cptl. races, religions, and lasnguages, than, perhaps, any other much railway as Victoria for only twice tihe monoey. rete. en PO. Ceapitas. of the great divisions of Europe. Of the first, we may much railmy as Victoia for ony t~lice te money t rovinces' -Hs'TonRY. The first authentic knowledge of A. was -— n mention Germans, Bohemians, Moravians, Slavacks, acquired in 1606, from Torres, a Spanish voyager, who, GERMAN MONAeRcv: Magyars, Poles, Russians, Slavonians, Croats, Servians, passing through the strait that now bears his inane, dis- (Cis-leithan countries.) Bulgarians, Italians, inclusive of Latins and Hiauls, covered the N. part of tlhe continent. The Dutch con- Austria (Lower)....... 7,23 1,945,800 VIENNA. Easter-Ronans, Jews, and Gypsies. Thi state religiou tinned to be tile chief explorers hor the next 40 years, Austria (Uppler)....... 4,378 716,072 Lintz. is the Roman Catholic, but there are, besides, vast numand between 1612 and 1644, Tasmsan completed the dis- Salzburg.................. 2,615 146,930 Salzburg. bers who profess the doctrines of thIe Greelk and United covery of a large portion of the A. coast, together with Stvria.................... 8,194 1,280,196 GrItz. Greek churches, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Unitarianism, Van DIiemien's Lad, or, as it is now very properly termedd Carinthia................ 3,78 54 340,202 Klagenfurt. Judaism, &c. Tile Germuan, Slavonic, and Hungarian Tasmansia. The Dutch gave to different sections of their Carniola............ 3,645 468,918 Laybach. (or Magyar), are the r.in.g lenguiges, each with their newly found country the names of Carpentasria, De Littorale, or Coast- distinct sub-languages or dialects. The most advanced Witt's Land, Arnhem's Land, &c. It was late before land; (Gcertz, Gra- of tile populations are those of thle German provinces the English people entered on the path of Australasian disca, Istria, and while the Dalmatians stand on the lowest footing of discovery; but when they did, they followed it with TIrieste)............. 2,916 557,366 Trieste. civilization in Europe. - Gov. The form of government characteristic energy. Dampier, between 1684 and 1690, Tyrol and Vorarlberg 10,689 873,316 Innsbruck. is that of a constitutional monarchy, the bases of which explored and completed a survey of the W. and N.W. Bohemia.18,044 5,059,125 Prague. are: 1. The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. (1734.) coasts. Wallis, Carteret, and Cook succeeded to his ex- Moravia.................. 8,112 1983324 ) Briin. 2. The Pragmatic Sainction of Francis I. (1804.) 3. The ploiatorial career, and the latter, in 1770, traced the Silesia..................... 1,879 683,408 Diploma of Oct. 20, 1860, by virtue of which tilhe Emwhole E. coast of tihe continent. In 1788, the British Galicia.................... 28,546 5,004,568 Lenberg. peror (or Kaiser) admits to participation in power the established a colony at Sydney, and also a penal settle- Bukowina............... 3,815 501,038 Czernowitz. Provincial Estates and the Council of the Enmpire. The ment. During successive years, new discoveries in A. Dalmatia........... 4,668 437,788 Zara. succession is regulated by primogeniture, with preferwere made by quite a host of explorers, as Bass, Fliu- KINGDOs oF HsUNGAn: ence of males to females. The coronation of the Emders, Oxley, Kiing, Sturt, Mitchell, Grey, Eyre, Landor, (Trans-leithaiscounztries) peror is prescribed by the Pragmamtic Sanction of 1804. Leichhardt, and Roe. On the 8th of May, 1851, HIar- Hungary......... 8,285 10,567,590 Pesth. The Council of the Empire (Reichsrath) is conmposed of greaves discovered the existence of gold in Ophir, snear Croatia and Slavoniai 7,035 941,630 Agramn. tiwo legislative chambers: 1. The Lords, consisting of Bathurst, in the colony of Victoria. The local govern- Transylvania..2.... 0,041 2,052,292 Klausenuburg. the imperial princes, 62 hereditary nobles, the archbishmenut claimed the right of search lbr the precious metal Border States, or Mil- ops and prince-bishops, and lords nominated for life by on behalf of the crown on the 17th; and, before two itary frontier......... 12,453 1,111,014 Temesvar. the Emperor, to tihe number of 47; and, 2. Thle Chaindays had elapsed, the Ophir diggings had a population ber of Rtepresentatives, chosen by the Provincial Diets, of 600 miners. I)r..Kerr, in one day, July 14th, discov- Total................. 227,34 34,670,57 which are annual assemblies elected by those who pay a ered a cwt. of gold, and at the end of 1857, the total certain amount of direct taxes. The coronation of the value of the article derived fromn A. had amounted to GENERAL DESC. - The enmpire of A. exhibits every vari- Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary is prescribed $330,677,420. During tihe years 1855-'62, this continent ety of surface; and tihe geographical features and plys- by the decision of the Diet of 1791. The Diet is divided was further explored by Gregory, Stuart, Burke, WillIs, ical characteristics of the many countries comprised into two chambers —that of the Magnates (princes, and McKinley, twvo of whom, Stuart and McKinley, suc- within its limits are so various and individually peculiar, bishops, and barons of the realm), and that of the Ilepceeded, in 1862, in traversing, with great difficulty and that we shall here but group together the more salient'esentatives (delegates from the towns and rural disprivation, the entire continent fromnt S. to N. In 1864, features of their natural appearance as a whole. By tricts). Electors must possess a revenue of 105 florins, the colonists obtained firom the Englishi government the referring the reader to the several divisions and states or be in possession of certain privileges. Following the abolition of tihe penal system as regarded the transpor- as they will appear under their alphabetical heads in events of 1866, a new convention was made with Huntation of convicts to their country. In 1865, tihe nucleus this work, we shall better present a more intelligi- gary on tihe following basis: The two ihalves of the ensof a new settlemoent, called Somerset, was formied near ble and succinct account of their special topograph- pire separated by the river Leitha, to have only in cornCape Yorlk, in N. Australia, on the shores of Torres ical attributes. -- Mountains. The principal mountain mon their foreign affairs, army, and a portion of their Straits: and on the 24th Oct., 1866, an Inter-colonial Ex- systemns are: 1. The I1ercyno-Carpathian chain, which financial arrangements. Each to have its respoosiblo hibition of Arts and Industry was inaugurated at Mel- divides the regions of the German Ocean and Baltic Sea ministry for its own affairs. The conmmon interests of bourne. - Pop. Estimated at 1,500,000, exclusive of the from those of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Ris- the empire are considered by delegations, composed of aborigines, whose numbers are uncertain. - Much inter- ing in Switzerland, this range traverses the Vorarlberg 60 representatives of the Hungarian Diet, and 60 of the esting inibformation concerning A. will be found in J. E. and Bavaria to the N.E. frontier of Bohesnia, where it Austrian Reichsrath. The law of Dec. 21, 1867, hlas Tenison Wood's History qf the Discovery and Exploration throws out an offshoot called thie EIrzgebirge, stretching Imodified tlo law of Feb. 26, 1861, relative to the conipoof Australia, London, 1865; and in C. Wentworth Dilke's into the latter country, and into Saxony. Proceeding sition of the Reichsrath. The Chamber of RepresentaGreater Britain, London, 1868. - See NEW SOUT' W.ALES, S.W., this chain runs, under the name of thle Bomeswias tives is now composed of 206 nembers, viz.: Bohenmia 54, QUSENSL.AND, SouTr AusriALIA, VIOoRIA, WEST Aus- Forest, nearly to the Danube, where, dividing Moravia Danlmatia 8, Galicia and Cracovia 38, Lower Austria 18, TatAIA, &c. fromn Bohemia, it sends out a branch into Silesia, called Upper Austria 10, Salzburg 3, Styria 13, Carinthia 5, A_&stra'lia, in Mhlississippi, a post-office of Bolivar co. the Riesengebirge. The central Carpathians extend Carniola 6, Bulkowina 5, Moravia 22, Silesia 6, Tyrol 10, Auistraim'iasi, a. Pertaining to Australia. through Hungary as far as the sources of thie Save and Vorarlberg 2, Istria 2, Gcertz and Gradisca 2, Trieste 2. -a. A native or denizen of Australia. Dniester, and their eastern link covers N.E. Hungary, The responsibility of nministers for acts committed in the Ans"t'is lize, v. n. To tend toward tihe south, as one the Bukowine, and Transylvania. 2. The second umoun- discharge of their official functions was established for pole of a magnet. — Worcester. tain range, covering a larger tract of country, and pos- the first time by a bill which passed the Reichsruth in Austra'usia, (thein "East Kingdom.") The name given, sessing more elevated sJunmits than the Carpathian July, 1867, and received the sanction of thie Enmperor. - nuder the Merovingians, to the eastern possessions of chain, divides the region of the Mediterranean from that Finances. By the Budget of 1868, the graind total of tihe Franks, emsbracing Lorraine, Belgium, and the right of the Black Sea; it stretches in three chains from the Revenue for the empire of Austria was: 317,336,591 fl. bankl of the Rhine. These districts, thickly inhabtited frontiers of Switzerland and Italy, which, through the ($158,668,295); Expenditure, 322,892,490fl. ($161,446,245); by Franks, and forming the connection with the German Tyrol, run nearly parallel to each other. Its sumit ts, Deficit, 5,555,909 fl. ($2,777,954). For the kingdomn of mother-counntry, were of great importance at tihe time above the line of 8,000 feet, are covered with eternal Hungary: Receipts, 115,915,800 fl. ($57,957,900); Expenof the rise of tihe Frankish power. A. was allotted to snow. The central chain tmkeo a N.E. direction thlrough diture, 121,232,800 fl. ($60,616,400); Deficit, 5,317,000 fi. Thierry I. on the death of his father Clovis I., A. D. 511. Styri, ito Hugary; the northern covers Northern Ty- (,658,500). Total of the National Debt at the end of Siegbert I. transferred the capital firom Rheims to Metz, rol and the greater portion of Austria Proper; the 1867, 3,025,315,896 florins, or $1,512,657,948. By the in 561. It was united to Neustria by Clotaire II. in southern strilkes out froms S. Tyrol into Italy, and pass- terms of an agreement come to in 1868, by the delega613, and separated from it by Dagobert I. in 622. Charles ing through Illyria and Croatia, joins the Ballkan in tions and the governments of the Cis-leithan and TransMartel annexed it to hIis dominions in 737. Carloman Bosnia. Three important branches spring fromnthe lat- leithan parts of the empire, Hungary has to pay 30 per received A. on the death of Charles MIartel in 741, and ter chain, one of which, called the Bakeony Forest, pen- cent. towavrd the payment of a certain portion of the Charlemagne annexed it to his empire in 772. From etrates IHungary; a 2d divides the region of the Drave national debt of Austria. This portion, representing this time the division of the Franlkish kingdonm into A. from the valley of the Save; and the 3d, stretching loans by which Hungary is believed to have benefited, and Neustria lost its political importance. along the Adriatic through Dalmatia, forms the range was fixed at the annual contribution of $15,170,000, repAus'utria (Areh{tueitsy of'), or, as it is frequently called Montenegro, from its black color. — Valleys and resenting both interest and sinking fuind of an approxitortned, the "HIereditary States," forms thIe two prov- Plains. The chief valleys are situated in the S. provin- mate capital of $250,000,000.-Arny and Nauy. Is 1868, inces called, respectively, UPPER AUSTaRIA, and LowvER ces, principally in Tyrol, Salzburg, Styria, and Illyria. the state of the regular armny was organized as follows: AusTRIA, belonging to the Austrian empire. It is bound- Large plains are also found forming the basins of the Peace footing. War footing. ed N. by Bohemia and Moravia; E. by Hungary; S. by principal rivers, as those of Vienna, the two great plains Infantry153,00,44 Styria and Carinthia; and W. by Bavaria and Salzburg. of Hungary, and the plain of the Vistula in Galicia.- Cavalry39,229 42,705 9 ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~Cavalry,...39,229 42,705 The river Enns divides tihe two provinces into wvhich A. Rivers and Lalces. The more noticeable rivers are those Artillery, and other troops, 43,072 105,019 ia divided,:Lnd which have an area of f1,612 scl. m. A. ~~~Artillery, and teltr troops, 43,072 105,019 is divided, and which have an area of 11,612 sq. in. A. of the Danube, with its numerous affluents; the Oder, (or Austria Proper) has a fertile soil, and is for the most Vistula, Dniester, anid Adige. The lhine bounds the Total 23,001 56,1 part well cultivated, yielding excellent crops of wheat, extreme W. frontier of the empire for a small portion oats, and barley. It also possesses large forests and of its course. The principal lakes are those of Atter- But, on Nov. 12th, of the same year, the Reichsrith vineyards, the latter producing annually about 25,000,000 Gmiinden or Traiun, lIallstadt, and Augsee, Monelsee, adopted a bill fixing the standmng war-strepngth at gallons of wine. - Min. Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, and the Neusiedler and Balaton lakces in Upper Huu- 800,000 men. By the terms of thie Compromise" come alum, arrsneic, tnd graphite. - iMl.anf Woollens, cottons, gary.- Odm. Four distinct climuates are found within to between Austria and Hungary, the military forces of asnd tebrics of flax. - Ohief Towns. Vienna (the capital of the limits of this empire. The air is for the most part the whole empire are divided into the Linethe Landthe emnpire), Lintz, asnd Wiener-Neustadt. Piop. 2,666,872. clear ind salubrious, but the heatms of summner and the wehr (or nmilitia), and the Landlstuinymin. Thes regimente of u~s'trita (1Em llia'e of), one of time lmargest, most pop- colds of svinter are both in extremes. Heavy rains occur the Line are under the control of the Mminister of War of ulous, and important of the States of Europe, situated in Tyrol amtl Vorarlberg, while, on the other hand, the empire, snd the Landwehr undes that of the Ausin the central and southern portions of that continent, Hunairi anry Dalmtie oifteu sfifer firom excessive trian tad Ilungarian noinisters ot swsr A hAis 24tranid forming, with the exception of a narrow strip of drought. —Nat. Pod. P. and hiMin. Gold and silver, iron, tresses of the 1st and 2d ranlk; of Which Poha, ons territory alosg thie E. coast of the Adriatic, a solid and coal, salt, titmin, tellurium, precious stones; about 100 Adriatic, is the chief naval fortress and ars'enmi qif the einicompact mmss. It extends from mbout 420 to 510 N. Lat., kinds of marble; quartz, and porcelain clays. A. pos- pine. The navy consists of 39 steani line-of-battle ships, mind from 80 30' to 26~ 306 E. Lon.; is bounded on the sossos many fanmous mineral springs, tis thuose of Carls- fr~igates, corvettes, &c.; forming m total of 639 guns, and N. by Prussia and Russian Poland; on the E. by Russia bad, Toplitz, Marienbad, &c.-Zob'l. All the conmmon do- 11,730 horse-power; and also 20 smsiling-vessels of war of and Moldavia; on the S. by Tumrkey, the Adriatic sea, mestic atnimals are indigenous. The brown bear roams different classes, carrying a total of 145 guns. This navy and the kingdomn of Italy; and on the W. by Switzer- in the Aips and the Carpathians, along with the wolf and is manned by 440 officers and cadets, and 13,991 seamen 180 AUST AUTE AUTH and marines. - Com. Nearly two-thirds of the commerce suit of which, after the battle of Solferino, was the ces- ioliire avec ses Amnis, ou le Souper d Auteuil. - While of the enpire is carried on with Germany; next to sion by A. of her Lombard provinces to Italy, by the the physician Gendron was in possession of this house, which thd chief share is absorbed by Turkey. — Exp. treaty of Villafranca, July 11th. - A full account of the he was visited by his friend Voltaire, who wrote the folGrain and flour, hemp, tallow, beads, oil, quicksilver, causes and events of the war of 1866, between A4. on the lowing inscription for it: - Sous le noea de Boileau ces wool, &c. Imp. The principal are cotton, woollen, and lieux virent Iorace; Escculape y parait sous celui de Genother manufactured goods. Value of imports in 1867: dron. Madame Helvetius, finally, occupied it. Her even276,000,000 fl. ($188,000,000); exports, 405,000,000 fl. ing parties here were celebrated. All who were dis($202,500,000). Of these figures, tile U. States received tinguished in the walks of literature or of active life, (during the fiscal year ending June 30. 1867), $510,841 were always welcome, whether French or foreigners. (gold value); and shipped and re-exported to thie value All were without restraint. Her society was therefore of $191,938 (currency). During the same period, 5,431 called La Sociti libre des goY'stes. In 1798 or 1799, Bonatons of shipping entered this country from Austrian parte here became acquainted with several men of ports, and 3,015 cleared outwards. The commercial ma- liberal minds, and often used to walk with the celerinfle of A. consisted, in 1865, of 9,643 vessels, forming an brated owner in her garden. She soon perceived his aggregate of 331,287 tons, and manned by 33,977 seamen. soaring ambition, and said to him one day with a smile, There is an important navigation company established "Vous ne vous doutez pas cmbien on peat t-ouver de at Trieste (tie principal seaport of the empire), which bonheur dans trois arpents de terre." carries on regular inter-communication between this Aulthen'tic, JAutlhenl'tical, a. [Fr. authentique, empire and the chief ports of the Adriatic, Turkey, from Gr. authentikos, from autleent-es, auto-entes, one who Egypt, the Levant, and Greece. This company, known as does anything with his own hand.] Having a genuine "Austrian Lloyds," possessed, in 1865, a fleet of 74 steam- original or authority; having the author or authority ers, of 12,500 h.-p. — Bail'oads. A. possesses about 18 clearly ascertained;-applied to things; as, an authenti, lines of railroads, the total receipts of which, in 1868, document. amounted to 130,000,000 fl., ($65,000,000,) an increase of' She joy'd th' authentick news to hear, 20 per cent. on 1867. In 1868, also, not less than 80,000- Of what she guess'd before with jealous fear."-Cwley. 000 fl., or $40,000,000, were subscribed for the construc- -Not counterfeit; of approved authority; trustworthy; tion of new lines.- -IIsTo a~. Noncum, bordering on1 genuine; true; warranted; as, an authentic writer. Pannonia, and made a Roman province B. c. 15, was the But censure's to be understood original seat of the Austrian empire. The two provinces The authentick mark of the elect." —Swift. of Noricum and Pannonia consisted of the extensive ter- Authentic Act. (L An act which has been exeritories between the Inn, the Save, and the Danube. / Anthientic Act. (Lasw.) An act which has been exeritories between the Inn, the Save, and the Danube. Mncuted before a notary or other public officer authorized During the decline of the Roman empire, Noricum was to execute such functions, or wlich is testified to by a overrun by various barbarian tribes, and one of these, the Fig. 246. -. public seal, or has ee rendered publicby the authority Avari, having penerated into Bavaria was defeated and eg 246 Kosspublic- public sealsorehanbeendrenderedlpubicyyttheaauthorit Avari, having penetrated into Bavaria, was defeated and of a competent magistrate, or which is certified as being driven across the Raal by Charlemagne, in 791 and 796. one hand, and Prussia and Italy on the other, is given in a true copy of a public register. - Bouviee. A colony was placed in the territory from which they other articles; (see, principally, PRUssIA, SAnoWA, Cus- Authen'tically, ade. In an authentic manner; hayhad been driven, and it was called the Eastern Mark, or TozZA, &c.) It is therefore only needfnl to remark here ing the genuine authority. Ostreich, whence its present name. On the division of that the great results arising ron that war have been, A e ia. Authenticity;the quality of Authen'tiealness, n. Authenticity; the quality of the empire, in 843, it was annexed to Bavaria. The the preponderance of Prussia as a German power; the being autheItic. (a.) Hungarians took it in 900, but it was wrested from them restoration of Venetia to Italy; a thorough reconcilia- A (then'tieate, v. a. To render authentic. by Otho I. in 955. Leopold I., grandson of Adalbert of tion of A. with Hungary; and the constitutional auton- -To prove authentic; to establish by ascertaining the real Bamberg, was made Margrave of Austria in 984; and omy of the two monarchies of the united empire. or original author or authority; as, to thnticate a or original author or authority; as, to authenticate a one of his successors, Leopold III., obtaining Bavaria in Chronological Table of the Sovereigqns of Austria, (House book. 1139, the two provinces were again united. Frederick I., of Hapsburg.) Auttientica'tion, n. Act ofauthenticating; confir(Barbarossa,) adding to it the province west of the Enns, DUKES US A. maion. erected it into a separate duchy in 1156, and bestowed it (Law.) Acts done ith a view of causing an intruupon Henry IX., who had previously resigned his for- 1276. Rodolph I. 1365. Albert III., and Leo- ( ) e vitaiew n nmtmer duchy of Bavaria. The extinction of the male branch 1282. odolph II., and Al- pold II. ment to be known and identified. Under the Convtitoof the ducal line in 1246 oas the beginning of a long bert I. 1386. Albert III. (alone.) tion of te U. States, Congress has power to provide a anarchy, which ended, on Nov. 25,1276, by the resigna- 1290. Albert I. (alone.) 1395. AlbertIV,,WilliamI mtod of athenticting copies of the records of Stat tion of Ottocar II., in favor of Rodolph of Hapsburg, from 1308. Frederick I., and Leo- and Leopold III. with a view to their production as evidence in other whom is derived the power of the great House of Haps- pod I. 1404. Albert V., empe- Stites. - Boie. -[See FoREGN JUDGMENT; REcoRDs. burg, which ha ever since ruled Austria. In 1307, the 1326. Frederickl I. (alone.) Germany in 1438, by the Authentic'ity, a. [Fr. authenticiti.] Quality or state Swiss revolted, and after a lengteenef contest achieved 1330. Albert II., and Otto. title of Albert II of being authetic, or of resting upon proper authority. their independence. The marriage, 18th Aug., 1477, of 1339. Albert II. (alone.) 1439. Ladislaus Posthumus -Genuineness; the quality of being of genuine originality. Maximilian, son of the Emperor Frederick III., with 1358. Rodolph II. (IV.) 1458. Frederick lII.. Albert Authen'tie s, or AUTaENTICA, n. (Hist. of Law.) A barMary, datughrter and heiress of Cha~rles the Bold, the last I a Sgsud ars ti eso f h vcl f sinn o barous Latin version of the Novellvi of Justinian; so Mary, dghe and heiress of Chrles th Bold, the last VI., and Sigismund. called by early writers on the civil law, fiom its being a Duke of Burgundy, brought to the House of Austria all ARCBDUKES OF AUSTRIA, AND EMPERORS OF GERMANY. literal translation from the oriinal Greek. - Ducange. the rich inheritance of the latter in the Low Countries, 1493. Maximilian I. 1705. Joseph I. Au'thor, n. [Lat. auctor, from augeo, auclus, to inFranche CoertS, and Artois. Another marriage opened 1519. Charlesl."theFifth." 1711. Charles II. crease; Fr. auleur.] One who increases, promotes, or furto the House of Austria the succession to the Spanish 1556. Ferdinand I. 1740. Maria Theresa. thers anything; one who produces, creates, or brings monarchy, including its vast possessions in Italy and the 1564. Maximilian II. into being; the first beginner, framer, inventor, or r~~e Reuse of.ffcpelueg-Lcrrainte. o being; the first beginner, framer, inventoc, or New World. An Ferdinand I, having marred, in 1521,House of Haposburg. Lorraine. New World. And Ferdinand I., having married, in 1521, 1576. Rodolph II. (V.) mover; the efficient cause of a-thing; hle to whom anyAnne, sister of Louis, King of Hungary and Bohemia, 1611. Matthias. 1780. Joseph II. thing oves its original. succeeded, on the death of the latter at the battle of 1619. Ferdinand II. 1790. Leopold II. "Thus king Latinus, in the third degree, Mohacz, in 1526, to these States. Charles V., the most 1637. Ferdinand III. 1792. Francis I. Had Saturn author of his family." — Dryden. powerful monarch of this Imperial Hiouse, concluded, an 1657. Leopold I. — The writer or composer of a book or original work, as 1522, a treaty with his brother Ferdinand, by which he assgned to bet the bhereditary possessions of the family EMPERORS OP AUSTRIA. distinguished from a translator or conmpiler. assigned to him the hereditary possessions of the family in Germany. The great power and amlbition of the prin- 1804. Aug. 11, Francis I. cated the imperi1al crown " In him an author's luckless lot behold, ces of this race excited a well-founded alarm among the resigned the title of Em- of Germany. Condemued to make the books he once had sold. - Byron. other European powers. For a lengthened period the peror of Germany, and 1835. Ferdinand IV. Au'thoress, n. A female author. - Indifferently used; whole politics of Europe, its alliances, and its wars, had assumed that of Emperor 1848. Dec. 2d, Francis Jo- author being as commonly applied to a female writer, as little other object than the humbling of the Austrian of Austria. - Asg. 6th, seph I. to a male. power. This was the motive of the Thirty Years' War, 1806, he formally abdi- Aunthol'risl, a. Pertaining or belonging to an author. terminated by the treaty of Westphalia, in 1648, which Ausltria, (House of.) See AvsnTRIA. (n.) secured the independence of the different States of the Aus'tria, (Lower and UEpper.) See AUSTRIA, Au'ltllGorism, n. Authorship. (i.) Germanic empire, and the free exercise of the Protestant ARCoDUCHY or. Authorxiltative, a. Having due authority; so estabreligion. In 1699, the Turks were finally expelled from Ausetrian, a. [Ger. Oesterreich, Eastern kingdom.] Per- lished or expressed as to demand credit or acceptance. Hungary; and the genius of Prince Eugene gave the taining to Austria. "I dare not give them the authoritative title of aphorisms." Austrians an ascendency over the Ottomans, which they — sn. A native, or an inhabitant of Austria. Sir Henry Wottos. have ever since preserved. On the 20th Oct., 1740, the Aus'$tromaney, n. [Lat. duster, and Gr. manteia, -Positive; peremptory; dictatorial; having an air or show male line of the House of Hapsburg terminated by the prophecy.] Soothsaying, or predicting events from a of authority. death of the Emperor Charles VI., whose only daughlter, study of the winds. "The mock authoritative manner of the one." - Suwift. Maria Theresa (q. v.), gave her hand to Duke Francis I., A utanveur'ry, or AUTANCURAY, a seaport of British Author'it.atively, adv. In an authoritative manner. of Tuscany, of the House of Lorraine; who thereby be- India, in the presidency of Madras, 11. m. E. of Ramnad. m, Till it be received, and authoritaltively engrafted into the law came the founder of the present dynasty of Hapsburg- Autaa'gta, in Alabama, a creek entering Alabama of England," - Sir Fatthew Hale. Lorraine. Shortly after the accession of Maria Theresa river from the N. about 12 m. W. of Montgomery. Auithor'itativeness, n. The quality of being auand her consort, Frederick the Great, of Prussia, seized -A county bounded S. and E. by Alabanma and Coosa thoritative; acting by authority. upon the greater part of Silesia. The recovery of this rivers, and also drained by Autauga and Mulberry creeks. Aluthor'ity, n. [Fr. autoriti; Lat. auctoritas, from province was the principal object of. A. and her allies in Surface, generally hilly; soil, fertile; capital, Kingston; auclor.] The quality of a person, or thing, by which he, the Seven Years' War. Silesia was, however, finally pop. about 1,800. or it, promotes anything; legal power; rule; sway; ceded to Prussia, 5th Feb., 1763. Joseph II. afterwards Autau'gaville, in Alabama, a P.O. of Antauga co. right; as, the authority of a parent over a child. acquired Galicia from Poland, and Bukowina from Tur- AuteuLil, (5-tweelt,) formerly a small town of France, "But man, proud man, key. It would be unnecessary, even if our limits ad- at the entrance of the Wood of Boulogne, near Paris, has Drest in a little brief authority." - Shlaks. mittrd of it, to detail the fluctuations of the Austrian been included, for some years past, in the boundary of -Government; body of men in power; persons in compower from the breaking out of the French revolution, the French capital. Men of literary reputation have mand; — chiefly used in the plural; as, the state authorin 1789, to the downfall of Napoleon I., in 1815. Suffice often resided there. The country-seat of the poet Boileau ities. it, that, on the establishment of the Confederation of the is still shown, where thebeaux esprits of France often ban- "I know, my lord, Rhine, in 1806, Francis I. laid down the dignity of queted. On a certain occasion, heated with wine at a sup- if law, asuthorily, and power deny not, German emperor, held by his family for 500 years, and per, Racine, Molilre, and Boileau complained of the de- Ii will ge hard with pssr Antonio. - Shals. assumed the title of "Kaiser," or Emperor of Austria. generacy of the age, and lamented their misfortune in -Influence of character or office; mental or moral supertAt the close of the great European struggle, in 1815, A. having been born at such a period. All agreed to plunge ority; credit. was left as powerful as ever, the loss of the Low Coun- into the neighboring Seine, and the dower of the French "But authority arising from opinion, is in those that govern." tries being fully compensated for by the acquisition of writers were already on their way to the river, when the Sir 15'. Tempol. the Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venice. In the thought struck Molilre, that such an act, by such men, — Testimony; witness; warrant. revolutionary period of 1848-9, Hungary, aroused by the ought not to be performed in the darkness of night. " Dost thou expect th' authority of their voices whose silent will eloquence and energy of Kossuth, (Fig. 246,) made a de- His companions stopped, found he was in the right, and condemns them? "- - Been Jonsoun. termined but unsuccessful attempt to recover its inde- agreed to drown themselves at daybreak, after drinking — Precedent; official declaration, opinion, or saying worthy pendence. In 1859, a short but sanguinary and decisive the remainder of their wine. The ingenious Andrieux of being cited as a precedent; also a book containing war broke out between A. and France and Italy; the re- brought this anecdote upon the stage in the piece them, or the name of its author. AUTO AUTO AUVE 181 An'uthorizable, a. Having warrant; possessing an- are usually developed from distinct and independent Astioph'oby, n. Fear of one's self; apprehension of thority. centres; as in the case of the different parts or elements egotism. (R.) Authoriza'tt ol, n,. [Fr. autorisation.] Establishment that form a vertebra. - Dtenglison. Autoph'ony, is. [Fr. autophonie, from Gr. auto, and by authority; the act of giving legal power or authority. Au'tograoph, n. [Fr. autographe; Gr. autos, one's self, phone, voice.] (Meed.) An auscultatory sign, which conBut fr their dmissi d recepti, and auhorizi i and graph-d, writing.] A person's own handwriting; an sists in noting the character of the observer's own voice, this kingdom." - Sir Matthew Hale. original manuscript or signature, as opposed to an ape- while he spealks with his head placed close to the patient's Autioize. a. [Fr. aorir.] To give authority to graph or copy.-Autographs, particularly of celebrated chest. Tie voice, it is alleged, is then modified by tile 1ato empower; v.to g5~ive a right to act.'v ato persons, have in recent times become of eager pursuit, condition of the subjacent organs. -DDunglison. and form a distinct branch of literary trade. In general, Au/'opsyr, n. [Fr. autopsie; Gr. autopsia, from autos, "Deaf to complaints, they wait upon the ill, the value of an A. depends upon the eminence of the one's self, and opsis, sight.] Personal observation. - ApTill some safe crisis acehorize their skill.'"-Drydcen. individual, the scarcity of specimens of his handwriting, plied to the knowledge which one acquires by ocular -To make legal; to legalize. and the contents of the writing. An original Bible, in the observation, in contradistinction to that which is com" YoPurself first made that title which I claim, handwriting of Wickliffe, the early Reformer, was sold in municated to him by the accounts of others. First bid me love. and authoriz'd my flame." —Dryden. London, in March 1869, for $5,000. Lithography has been (Med.) Autopsia cacdaverica, attentive examination very useful in affording thie means of making fac-similes after death,-practised for the purpose of investigating -To establish by authority. of autographs. Among the best works of this class are, the causes and seat of an affection of which a person may "IAuthorized in a nation by custom and use." - Sir W. Temple. "Autographs of Royal, Noble, Learned, and Remarkable have died, or for medico-legal purposes; called, also, Ex-To accredit; to countenance; to support; as, to author- Personages coinspicuous it English History from the Reign ainination post-mortem. ize a report. of Richard 11. to that of Charles II.," by John Gough Autothe'ism, n. (Theol.) The doctrine of God's selfAu'thoried, p. a. Having authority; supported by Niclhols, folio, 1829; "Iconographie des Hosemres COldbrss," existence. (t.) authority. 3 vols., Paris, 1828-30, and Stpplente, 1839; "A4uto- Autreifos-acqnlitn. [Fr.,formerly acquitted.] (Law.) Aul'tlhorless, a. W`ithout an autlor or authority. graphen Prachl-Albsum zur 200-jlshrigen GediichtnissJeicie A plea made by a defendant indicted for a crilme or misAu'thoriy, a. Pertatiningor belonging to ace uthor.(a.) des WVestflischen Friedensschllusses," folio, Leipzig, 1848. demeanor, that hle has formerly been tried and acquitted Au'thorshijs, o. Quality or state of being an author. Lavater believed that the character of an individual was of the same offence. As'lto, is a prefix which enters into the composition of shown by his handwriting; and of late years persons.Autrefbis-convict, n. [Fr., formerly convicted.] A plea many Englise words derived from the Greek pronoun hlave professed to be able to determine characters in this made by a defendant indicted for a crime or misdemeanor, autos, self; as autocat, aetobiogrcaphg. In some cases it way. There are, however, generally so many circuim- that he has formerly been tried and convicted of the is applied to the subject, as autocrat, automaton; in oth- stances that have an influence in forming one's handwrit- same. -The Constitution of the U. States, Amend. Art. ers, to the object, as autobiography, autocratic; andsome- ing, that it is but seldom that it can afford much insight 5, provides that no person shall be subject for the same times it denotes ai mere reference to the subject, as aet- into character. offence to be put twice in jeopardy of life or limb. - Boulochthon. Thesedifferencesof meaning sometimesleadto Aitograph'ic, Auetgrapls'ieal, a. Pertaining vier. ambiguity; as in autograph, which means either a mes- or relating to an autograph, or to autography. Au'tiur n, n. [Fr. astomne; Lat. aulumnus, from aucchine that writes of itself, or a writing, done by one's Aaatog'raphy, n. [Fr. autographlie.] An autograph; tus, from augeo, to increase.] The name given to the fill own hand. the science of autography; one's own handwriting. of the year, or that one of the four seasons in which the Autobiog'wrapher, n. One who writes his own life -A process in lithography bywhich a writing or drawing fruits of the earth are gathered in. Astronomically or biography. is transferred from paper to stone, so that the stone in a speaking, it is the period during which the sun is passing Autobiog-raph'ic, iAutobtograph'ical, a. Per- manner becomes its own writer. from the autumnal equinox to the vinter solstice, (from taming to, or conlainicg atobiography. hkAutol/yeus, (Myth.) a son of Mercury, by Chione, a 23d Sept. to 21st Dec.) The inhabitants of the southern "Traitso, or cothen au tobsghic y. daughter of Deedalion, and one of the Argonauts. His hemisphere have spring, when those of the northern Traits of the atoiographic sort." - C. exploits as a thief have been greatly celebrated. lie have autumn. Autobiograph'ieally, adv. In the way or style of stole the flocks of his neighbors,and nmingled them with Autusnunal, a. [Fr. automnat; Lat. autumnalis.] Beautobiography. his own, after he had chancged their marks. ie ap- longing, or peculiar to autumn; produced in autumn; Autobiog'raphist, n. An autobiographer. (R.) propriated some of those of Sisyphus son of Eolus; but as, autumnal firuits. Autobiog'raphy, n. [Gr. autos, one's self, and biog- Sisyphus knew his own by a mark which he had made -In the third stage of life; past the grand climacteric. raphy, from Gr. bids, life, and graphs, to write.] Biog- under their feet, which piece of cleverness greatly "N'o spring or summer's beauty hath such grace, raphy, or memoirs of one's life, written by one's self. pleased Autolycus. As I have seen in one autumnal face." —Dosne. Autocar'pons, a. [Gr. autos, and caspos, fruit.] (Bet.) Aiutom'alite, or Aestoan'olite, n. (Min.) See GAH- — n. A plant that flowers in autumn. Applied to a fruit not adhering to the calyx; superior.- NIxt. Autuias, (5'tu'n,) a city of France, dep. Shone-et-Loire, Sidney. Aultomallta. See AUToMaToN Fr uRsEs. on thle Arroux, 43 nM. S.W. of Dijon, on the railroad to Autoch'thon, n.; pl. AUTOCHITHONES. [Lat. autochthon; istos/l'atslU,- a. Automatic. (it.) Severs. It is picturesquely situated, but the city has Gr. autochthon, from the land itself-froom autos, self, and Avi'to aItth, n. [Gr. autontathies, from autos, self, and generally a mean appearance. The church of St. Martin, chthdn, gen. chthonis, earth, land.] One who is supposed mathcins, veanthanSin, to learn.] A self-taught person. (u.) built by Queen Brunehaut, and containing her tomb, to spring from theland he inhabits; an aboriginal; a na- Automat'ic, Automat'ical, a. [Fr. automatique.j furnishes a variety of architectural styles. A. has emanf. tive. Several ancient nations assumed this name, to in- Belonging to an automaton; self-acting or moving; as, of cotton-velvet, hosiery, and coarse stuffs. A. is one of dicate the antiquity of their origin; e.g. the Athenians. an automatic operation. the most ancient French cities, and was made a Roman — That which is derivable from, or original to, a particular -Not depending on the will; self-regulating or adjusting, colony by Augustus, from whom it derived its old name country. as certain machines; carried on by such lmachines. of Augustodsunum. It still presents many fine Roman Autocht!hou'ic, Autoch'thonous, a. Aborigi- Automatic Actions. (Psychol.) A term applied to cer- remains. Pop. 12,976.-Prince de Talleyrand (q. v.) was nal; native. tain muscular movements which are influenced simply bishop of A. at the commencement of the French Autoc'racy, n. [Fr. autocratic; Gr. autos, self, and by sensation, and not by the will, as winkling. revolution. The Abbe Roquette, whom Molihre is said kratos, power.] A form of government in which the Automsnatls i, n. The power ofself-motion; automatic to have taklen for a model, was also one of its bishops. sovereign exercises uncontrolled power, uniting in himn- action. lence the following epigram: - self the legislative and executive pouvwers of the State. Altoel'ratoln n.; pl. Lat. AUTOMATA; pl. Eng. AUToc- Roquette dans son temps, Talleyrand, dans le ntreRussia, and almost all the Eastern states, have this form ATONS. [Fr. automate: Gr. automates —autos, self, and PIureut les 6vSques d'Autun; of government. smaS, to move; Lat. auuomatum.] A self-moving machine, Tartuffe est le portrait de l'un; (Philos.) A term used by Kant to denote the mastery or one which moves by invisible machinery; a self-regu- Ah I si Aholi6re cut connu l'autre I of the reason over the rebellious propensities. lating machine; ingenious mechanical toys. The Chinese Anvei.gsse, (o-vairn',) an ancient and central province (Pled.) Independent force; action of the vital principle, long ago contrived to impart motion to puppets by means of France, now divided into the dep. of Puy-de-DSme, and or of the instinctive powers, towards the preservation of of quicksilver; and several specimens of A. constructed Cantal. — Between the Allier and the upper course of the individual.-Dsenglison. by the Greeks are mentioned by different authors. The the Dordogne and the Lot, A. rises into a highland reAu'toerat, ni. [Fr. autocrate; Gr. autokrats, autokra- wooden pigeon made by Archytas of Tarentum, about gion, having Bourbonnais, Limousin, and Rouergue, as tSr, from autos, self, and kratos, strength; ckratdis, to be B. c. 400, though it could fly, was not able to resume its terraces of descent into the western plains, while on the strong, to govern.] A person vested with absolute inde- flight when it had once settled. In tile 13th century, east it joins the Cevennes and the southern highlands. pendent power; a sovereign who rules despotically. The Albertus MlIagnus is said, after 30 years' labor, to have Not only do the cone and dome-like shapes of the sumtitle was first given by the Athenians to a commander- constructed a spealking head, which so frightened Thomas mits betray a volcanic formation, but also the great in-chief vested with undisputed powers, and not liable, Aquinas that he shattered it to pieces. These accounts, masses of basalt and trachyte that break through the lilke others, to be called to account at the expiration of his however, lilkeo that of John Miiller's, or Molitor's (Regio- crust of granite and gneiss, render it probable that this oflice. The title was afterwards assumed by the By- mentanus), artificial eagle, which it is alleged flew to was a chief focus of plutonic action. Among the sumzantine emperors, and at the present time the emperor meet Maximilian on his arrival at Nuremberg, 7th June, mits that have apparently been at one time volcanoes, of Russia uses it, as A4. of all the Russias. 1470, more than 20 years before lee ascended the throne, the most remarkable are Cantal (6,093), Mont d'Or -A person invested with unlimited power, which renders are not supported by satisfactory evidence. Beckmann (6,188), Puy-de-DSme (4,806), and Parion; the latter, adhis actions unaccountable; as, "The autocrat of the has no doubt that in the 14th and following centuries joining Puy-de-Dnme, is basin-shaped on the top, and one breatkfast-table."- Holntes. several A. were made. The Emperor Charles V., during of the finest specimens of an ancient and extinct volcaAutocrat'ic, Autocrata'icaI, a. Pertaining to au- his cloister life, amnused himself with contrivances of this no: all are now covered with verdure. A. falls naturally tocracy; absolute. kind. Vauscanson exhibited at Paris, in 1738, a flute- into two divisions - Upper A., to the south, and Lower Asutocrat'i eally, adv. In an autocratic mianner. player sitting, who performed 12 tunes; another that A., to the north; in which last the valley of Limagne, Asit.oes-lnatice, Aitoe'rnatlix, n. A fenmale sov- played upon a shepherd's pipe and a drum at the same on the left bank of the Allier, is distinguished for extraorereign who is autocratic or absolute; as, the autocratrix time; and a duck that imitated all the motions of the dinary fertility. The lava-colored plateaux are desert; Catherine. living animal. Du Moulin, in 1752, produced similar A. but the pulverized volcanic earths that cover the slopes Autone'rator, n. An autocrat. (n.) The "Anthropoglossus," an automaton speakcing and sing- and valleys form a rich and fruitful soil, as is shown by As'ttocrzatship, n. Quality or office of an autocrat; ing machine, in the shape of a human head, was exhibited the crops of grain, garden produce, fine fluits, wine, autocracy. at St. James' Hall, London, during the winter of 1864-5; abundance of chestnuts in the south, and of walnuts in Au'to dI F6, [Pg.,] or Au'to de ]Fd, [Sp.,] n.; pl. and another, called the Sphynxi at the Egyptian Hall, the north, as well as by extensive thriving forests, along AU'Tos Da F. [" Act of Faith," from Lat. actus, act, and London, in 1865-6. with flax and hemp fields, and meadow lands, in the./i-des, faith.] (Eccl. Hist.) This was, in certain Cattholic Autonom'asy, n. [Gr. autos. self, and onmtasia, firom poorer districts. Agriculture is in a rather neglected countries, a solemne day formerly held apart by the In- onomea, name.] A word of conimmon or general significa- condition; but the breeding of cattle, especially of mules, quisition for the punishment of heretics, and the abso- tion, used for the name of a particular thing. is well managed. A. produces iron, lead, copper, antilustion of accused persons found innocent. Thousands of iutsoslom'ic, a. Possessing, odipertaining to autonomy, mony, and coal, and is rich in mineral springs. -- The persons perished in this manner in Spain, Portugal, and or the power of self-governiment. country derived its name from the Acerai, who long detheir colonies. It was institted in Spain in 1556, and Auton'omy, a. [Fr. aeltonostie; Gr. autonomia, firom fended their fastnesses against Ceesar, as later against tile first instance occurred in 1560, at Vallhdolid. An autos, self; and heomos, law.] (Politics.) That form of the Gothel, Burgundians, and Franks, with whom they at A. was held at Lisbon so late as the 20th Sept., 1761, government in which the citizens of a State make their last coalesced.- The Auvergnese are a highland people, when Gabriel M~Ialagrida, an old man of 70, was burned own laws and maseage their own public affairs. The rude in thesir neafnuers, poor, ignorant1 but at the same alive for his supposed heretical notions; 54 other persons term A.is principally used to designate the characteristics time honest and kind. They live by cattle-keeping and also suffered at the same time. A nun was burned at of the political condition of ancient Greece, where every agriculture; and by going to Paris as laborers. Domestic Seville, 7th Nov., 1781. - See INqoUssTnore. city or town community claimed the right of independent manufactires, therefore, remain confined to weaving, Autoge'neai, Autssg'enoses, a. [Gr. autogfnlus, sovereign action. tanning, and paper-making. A. lias, however, produced from autos, self, and gintain, gigoisthai; Lat. genese, (Philos.) This term was used by Kant to denote the distinguished men. It was the native place of statesmen, giguere, to bring forth.] Self-generatinmg. sovereignty of reason over all our actions, as opposed to and warriors of the 15th and 16th centuries; and also of (Anat.) Relating or a ppertatining to spontaneous gen- heteronoupy, in which our actions are directed by motives the Arnauld family, so distinguished in the history of eratien. Applied by Mr. Owen to parts or elements that or desires contrary to the dictattes of reason. Port-Royal and of Jansenism. In more recent times, 182 AVA AVAIR AVEL Lafayette and Polignac may be named. Chief towns, Avail', v. a, [Fr. valoir, from Lat. valeo, to be strong.] incursiois into Italy, where they combated the Franks Clermont and Aurillac. To be strong for; to be serviceable or efficacious to; to and Lombards; and extended, finally, their dominion AuvtRGNE', COUNTS AND DAUPHINS OF. This title was, be profitable or beneficial to; to profit;-used reflexively over the Sclavonians dwelling on the Danube and northabout the middle of the 8th century, conferred onl Blartn- with of before the thing used; as, let me avail mnyself waed, as well as over te Bulgarians on the Black Sea. din, who served the Duke Waifre in his opposition to of his chance. At length, these various nations confederated against Pepin le Bref, founder of the Carlovingian dynasty.- "Then shall they seek t' avail themselves of names, placesi the A., and, in 640, drove thenm out of Dalmatia. ConThe name figures through a great part of early French and titles." —filton. fined to Pannonia, they were subjugated by Charlemagne history. -To assist, promote, or aid; to benefit. in 796, and were afterwards nearly extirpated by the AUVERoNE', LATOUR D'. See LATOUR D'AUVERONE. "Of Jove on high Dodona's holy hill, Moravians and Petscheneges. After 827 they disappeared Autx-Cayes, a seaport of the W. Indies, in the island What means might best his safe return avail " —Pope. fromn history. of Hayti, on its S. coast, 92 in. W.S.W. of Port-au-Prince. -v. i. To have power or efficacy; to be of use or advan- Avarl'es, AwAnES, or OAR, a town, and political division It was one of the most flourishing towns in the Haytien tage; to answer the purpose; as, this method will not of the prov. of Leghistan, in the Caucasus, under nomirepublic, until within the last year, (1868,) during which avail. nalsubjection to Russia. Area, 2,287 sq. m. Itssurface it has, in common with the other parts of the island, suf- "lNor can my strength avail, unless, by thee is wild and mountatilous, and its inhabitants are all fered from the anarchy ot'civil war. Endu'd with force, I gain the victory." —Dryden. nonad and predttory tibes, vho live by plunder and the Auxerre, (5kes-air',) the anc. Antissiorurunt, a town Aivail', n. Profit; advantage; use; benefit; service. chase. Pop. of the provey. about 25,000. of France, cap. of dep. of the Yonne, on the Yonne river, "For all that else did come were sure to fail; Av'ariee, n. [Fr. avarice; Lat. avarrilia, from avarus, 95 us. S.E. of Paris. It is pleasantly seated on a hill, but Yet would he further none but for avail." —Spoenser. aveo, to strive after, to covet; front Gr. ad, aun, to blow, is generally a gloomy and ill-built place. The cathedral -pl. Proceeds; profits; as, the avails of their own indus- to breathe.] An eager paniting after; covetousness; greediis one of the finest Gothic edifices in France. - Mlanof try. - Stoddard. ness; cupidity; inordinate desire for procuring and hoardCalicoes, woollens, hosiery, earthenware, &c.; and it has AvailaBil'ity, n. Quality or state of being available; ing up wealth. a considerable trade in wines, of which good descriptions state of suitability to a certain purpose. "So for a good, old, gentlemnanly vice, are produced in its vicinity. Pop. 16,151. Avaiallabe, a. [0. Fr. available.] That one may avail I think I must put up with avcarice." —Byron. Auxet'ic, a. [Gr. auxetikos.] Increasing; amplifying; one's self of; profitable; advantageous. AvariCiesoss, a. [Fr. avaricieutx.] Covetous; greedy of enlarging. -Having efficacy; able or sufficient to effect the object; gain; niggardly; sordid; insatiably desirous of wealth. Auxilliar, A xillia'ry, a. [Fr. atxiliaire; Lat. aux- valid. "ILuxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful."-Shaks. iliaris, froms atuxilium, from augeo, to increase, to "Drake put one of his men to death, having no authority nor Avai'lieieously, adv. In an avaricious manner; covstrengthen.] Augmenting; strengthening; helping; aid- commission available." —Sir I'. Raleigh. etously. ing; subsidiary; as, an auxiliary force. Avaialblceness, n. State or quality of being atvailable. Avarifeiousnsess, n. Quality of being avaricious; And from his brother of the seas he craves, -Competent power; legal force; validity. avarice; an immolderate lust for gain. To help him withl auxiliary waves." - Dryden. Avatil[ablly, adv. In an available manner; validly; Avarie', n. (French llar. Law.) The loss and damago ~Auxiliarly, adv. By way of help or auxiliary. profitably. suffered in the course of navigation; - tis same as the Auxil'lary, n.; pZ. AUXILtAarIs. A helper; an assist- Aval', n. [Fr.] (Law.) In French, and in Canadian law, Eng. AVER, AOE, q.v. ant; a confederate in an enterprise; used in the plural an aval is in act of suretysihip, or guarantee on a prom- Avasi, Ava'isi, in Japan. See AwAnrS. a onfdrtein an usissory note. Avst, [.S. arAorertotoo generally to denote foreign troops in the service of a issoy note. Avast, n. [A.S.] (Ma.) An order to stop or pause in any nation engaged in war. Avall Island. See BAHREIN. exercise or operation; thus seamen use the phrase ToiAvalanche, (cav-a-ldnsh/',) n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. avales, "lavast heaviosg," to desist firom drawing in the cable "There are, indeed, a sort of underling auxiliaries to the diffi- t m1 e of! awork~, calleed commentatorsandtic -Pope. to descend; lDt. vallen; A.S. feallen, afeallan, to fall.] or hawser by means of the capstan. ~y of a work, called commentators and critit~s."~ - Pop~e. A large body of snow or ice descending fromn the preci,- Aa r/ n. [Skr. avatdra, a descent, or the act of de(Graem.) Auixiliary verbs are distinguished from other itous slopes of a high mountain into the valley below. scending.] (Hiodoo Mlythl.) A termi applied to the incarverbs in the following way: Verbs express the notions Avalanches generally result firom the partial melting of nations of the Hindoo deities, or their appearance, in of action; auxiliary verbs, though they originally ex- the snow in spring. The earth, wvarned by the sun's some manifest shape, upon earth. It appears that the pressed notions of action, only express'elatottios of action, rays, melts the under layer, and thus destroys the adhe- doctrine of the Avatars belongs to a comparatively when considered as auxiliary verbs, and are accordingly sion of the mass to its surface. The least agitation of recent period. Those portions of the Vedas or sacred employed, in connection with other verbs, to give to them the air will sometimes cause the fall of an A.; and for writings of the Hindoos, to which, firom the style and certain relations called by gratmmarians tense, mood, and this reason, experienced Alpine travellers generally pre- structure of their language, the highest antiquity may voice. The modern languages, and our own more partic- serve strict silence when in the neighborhood of danger- with safety be attributed, inculcate tihe worship of ularly, abound in such forms, as, have, be, can, do, must, ous masses of snow. In Switzerland, avalanches are elements and deified natural powvers, but do not allude shall, will; in French; avoir and 8tre; in Italian, avere common, and sometimes destroy entire villages. Four to those apparently more spiritualized deities that reand essere; in Spanish, haber and estar. kinds of avalanches are distinguished.-A drift,A. con- quire to be invested with a bodily frame to operate in the (Math.) Auxiliary quantity is a quatntity introduced sists of loose and powdery snow, set in motion by a material world. The number of the Avatars mentioned for the purpose of simplifying some mathematical opera- strong wind; a rollitng A. is that produced by a detached in the Puranas, or legendary poenis of thie Hindoos, is tion. The practice of employing A. quantities in solving mass of snow rolling down the steep, and licking up the groups of operations, is often of great utility. snow over which it passes; a sliding A. consists of an (Anat.) Auxiliary muscles are those which concur in the immense m ass which has lost its adhesion to the surface stnme movement. Some anatomists have applied the term through partial meltimng; hostly, a glacial A. is that to several ligaments, as well as to the fleshy fibres, made up of masses of frozen snow, aind ice, from the which hantg from the sacrospinalis muscle. - Dunglison. higher regions of the mountain. Au'xis, n. (ZoS'l.) A fish belonging to the Scanmtberide Av'alanolte, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Vernon co. or Mackierel family, found in the Mediterranean. Alvalon. (Lit.) In mediaeval romances, A. is the name Auxonne', a fortified town of France, dep. Cbte d'Or, of an island in the ocean, possessing a castle of loadom the Saone, 18 m. E.S.E. of Dijon. —Manuf. Cloth, stone. It is most fully described in the old French roserges, and muslins. Pop. 7,597. Imance of Ogier le Danois.-A., as the abode of King Auzosia, in Louisiana. a post-office of Claiborne par. Arthur, the old British hiero, is generally identified writh Auzont, (,)-zoo,) ADRaemN, a French mathematician; in- what is called the "Isle of Glastonbury," in Somersetventor of the micrometer, which is still in use among shire, England. astronomneer s to measure the apparent diameter of celes- Av'alon, or Ava&llon, (avea-long,) (anc. Aballo.) A tial bodies. Ile was the first who thought of applying handsome, and ancient town of France, dep. Yonne, cap. the telescope to the astronomical quadrant. D. 1691. of an arrond. on the Cousin, 25 m. S.S.E. of Auxerre. Alva, a fortified city of Burnmah, in Farther India, and Pop. 5,847. formerly the capital of the Burnmese empire. It is seated Akvalon, a large peninsula of Newfoundland, in its S.E. on the Irrawaddy, 300 m. N. of Rangoon, in Lat. 210 51[ part, betweeti Trinity Bay on the N., and Placentia'Bay N.; Lon. 950 58' 10" E. A. consists of an outer and an on the S. Fig. 247. — TRIMrEnT, (the Trinity of the Tedas.) inner city, each surrounded by walls. The inner is al- A'valol n, in Maryland, avillage of Baltimnore co., on the (From Mloore's "L Hindco Pantheon.'") most entirely occupied by the royal palace and its gar- Patapsco river, about 10 m. W.S.W. of Baltimiore. dens. The houses are generally mere hiuts, thatched A'la]los, a noble Neapolitan family of Spanish o'igin, very great. Those of Vishnu alone, who is distinguished With grass. The markets are supplied with British anid of whom we maention: -- A., FERINAND D', Mar'quis de by the character of Preservoeo in thie Triimlrti, or triad of Chinese manufactures, but there is comparatively only a _Pescara; B. at Naples in 1490. Ile served with distinc- the principal IIindoo deities, aire stated to be endless. ineare trade carried on. In 1839, A. was almost entirely tion in the army of Chiarles V., andwas taken prisoner by The principal are Mi'vSYA, RIMA, KaRISNA, and BuDlDA, diestroyed by an earthquake, since which event the seat the French at the battle of Ravennam, in 1512. Ile be- q. v. See also MANU, TRIMORTI, VISiHNU, &c. of government has been transferred to IMandalay. Pop. gtiled the housw of caiptivity by writing a Dialotgue on Avat'cha, or AVATcHnKA, (a-vat'cha,) a spacious bay of about 30,000. Love, which he dedicated to his wife, the beautiful and Asiatic Russia, in Kanimtschatka, on its E. coast, intowhich A'va, in Japan. See AwA. accomplishled Vittoria Colonmta. Ite soon recovered his the rivers Avatcha and Paratonuka empty. Lat. 520 51' A'va, im Illinois, a post-office of Jackson co. liberty, and subsequently displayed extraordinary ability N.; Lon. 1580 49' E. There is also a volcanic mountain Alva, in New York, a post-village and township of Oneida in the wars of Charles V. The honor of the battles of of the samne name here, which burst into eruption in co., 50 m. N.E. of Syracuse; pop. 1,510. Biocca and Pavia swere due to A. alone; hlie was severely 1827; its height is 9,000 ft.-Here, also, stands a town A'~vt, in Ohio, a post-office of Noble co. wounded in the latter engagement, and died in conse- formerly called A., and now PETmOPAULOVSKI, q. V. A'va, AR'vA, or CA'viA, an intoxicating liquor used by the quence, 1525. Avausatt', interj. [Fr. avant, before, firom avancer, to South-Sea Islanders. In Tahiti, the use of it is said to Avant, (t-voqg',) a French preposition answering to our advance; from Lat. ab, from, and ante, before.] Go forhave swept away many of the inhtbitants. In the Toi- before. It is found in many Frenchi compound words; ward! depart! begone! — used in a sense of contempt ga Islands it is prepared and drunk on every festival; as, avant-gofit, fore-taste, pregustation; avant-propos, or abhorrence. and in the Feejee Islands the preparation of the king's preliminary matter, preface. "Conscience avaunt b Richard's himself agaiu."-Shaks. morning drink of A. is one of the most solemn and ir- Avant-Courier, (f-vsg'-7c5o'reer,) n. [Fr. avant-con- Ave'bury, or ABURY, a village of England, in Wiltshire, portant duties of the courtiers. The use of A. was for- reur.] A messenger sent inadvance of a person, or con- 29 m. fromi Salisbury. In the vicinity are floond some bidden in the Sandwich Islands some years ago. The pany of persons, to announce his, or their approach. of the largest Druidical temples, crom!echs, and barrows liquor is prepared by a very disgusting process from the Avant'-Gualrd, n. [Fr. avant-garde.] (Mil.) The van, in Europe. root of the intoxicating long-pepper shrub, the Macro- or advanced body of an army. —See VtANGUAD. Aveiro, (a-vai-ero,) a seaport of Portugal, proe. of piper methysticum. The root, either fresh or dried, hav- Akvan'tura.ine, a. (Mmn.) See AvsNxURNEm. Beira, 34 m. N.N.W. of Coimbra. Lat. 400 38' 24/ N.; in0 been scraped clean and cut into smaoll pieces, is Avar'es, or Akvarai. (Hist.) The natne of a Mon- Lot. 80 37' 54t' W. Thie harbor is full of shifting sands. handed to the A.-makers, who at once commence to chew golioon race that, about 100 years after the Bulgarians, Pop. 5,340. it with great formality. The pulp obtooined by the made their appearance in Europe, in the countries about Avei's'o, a town of Brazil, proe. of Para, on the Tapajos, chewers, who are required to have good teeth and clean the lon and Volga. Theyhsave been surmised tobe the 79 m. SE. of Santarem. Let. 30 28' 5.; Lou. 550 25 N. umouthis, is thrown into a bowl and mixed with cold Aorsi, or Actorsi, of Strabo. A portion of them re- A'velghemu, a town of Belgimmm, proy. W. Flanders, on water. After this mess hais stood for a little while, the maineid at the Caucasus, while another pom'tion of them, the Scheldt, 9 m. E.S.E. of Comrtrait; pop. 4,981. liquor is stifained from the chewed fibre thiouglh cocoa- about the middle of the 6tim cemo tory, passed on to the Ban- Avella, (a-tlgea,) (amnc. Abella,) a town of S. Italy, proy. nut hdsks; and is then ready for use. Profeosso John- ube, and settled in Bacioo. Here they served in Jmstini- Avetlino, 5 m. N.E. of Nola, in a charming situation, stoma, in describing the prepaoration of A., suggests that an's army, assisted the Lombhards to destroy the kingdom commanding a viw of Naples. Pop. 6,127. the salivai mooy produce a chemical chamnge in the ingre- of the Gepide, and groadually conquered, toward the end Av'ellasne, no. [Fr. aveline; Lat. arel/atna, a filbert-nut.] dients of the root, and that the intoxicating properties of the 6th century, under the powerful Kihan Bojan, the (Her.) The naome given to a peculiar forcu of cross, contof the liqumor msay dipend, in some measure, on such region of Pannonia. Afterwards they conmquered Dal- poseoi of 4 hsoazel-nuts or filberts enclosed in their po-richamngs. So s MAcaoPm~c. matia; devastated Germany as far as Thurimgia; nmade sperminmm or shell. AVEIN AVER AVER 1 83 Avellino, (a-vl-e'no5) a town of S. Italy, ptov. Prin- ripe, its grains are eiclosed in hard, hairy, brown husks, The reason of the tiling is clear i cipato Ultra. Mancuo. Paper, woollens, macaroni, &c. from tie back of which rises a stout bent and twisted Would Jove the naked truth saver."-Ptior, A. suffered severely from earthquakles in 1691 and 1731. awn; usually twvo such husks grow together, and sepa- (Law.) To at~ooch; to verify; to offer to teiify. -a Near this place is the Val di Guzzano, where the Samn rate from the stalk by a deep oblique scar. Taking the See AVERMENT. nites gained a victory over tihe Ronmans, 321 B. c. Pop. scar for the head of an insect, the husks, with their long Av'eracge, n, [0. Fl. average; Fr. moyenne, L. Lat. about 16,500. stiff brown hairs, resemble its body, and the two bent averaizsto, the service whichl a vassal or tenant Was A've Mari'a, n. [Lat. Hail, Miary!] (Ecci. ist.) A awns represent its legs. In this state, fishermen use a bound to render to his lord With his avesia, or hotses, prayer of the Roman Catholic Charchl to the Virgin smaller but neatrly allied species, called havers (A. fa- oxen, ctarriages. Avera signifies generally goods, posMary, so called firom the Words With which it commences, tua), instead of artificial flies, for catching trout; When sessionis, m0oney, from Fr. avoir; hrom Lat. habesre, to It is also called Angelica Salutatio, or the Angelic Salu- the animal oat is ripe, it tolls out of its glumes, and in have:] A mean propottion, inedial sum or quantity, tation; these words being the beginniiing of the salutation wa-m dry weather may be seen rolling and turning made out of unequal suils or proportions as, A pays which the angel addressed to Mary, when he announced about on its long ungainly legse as they twist up in con- 25 dollars, B 50, and C 75, forming a total sum of 150, to her that she was to be the mother of the Saviour. Tile sequence of their hygrometrical quality. It necessarily of Wvhich the ave'age is 50, invocation was first used by the priests during mass on advances as it turns over, because the long stiff hairs;-Any general estimate or Oledial statement, formed from the 4th Sunday after Advent, by an ordinance of Gregory upon its body catch against every little projecting point a comparison of diverse specific cases. I. With the extended worship of the Virgin since the on the surface of the soil and prevent its retreat. No- (Com.) The medial figure of prices of the same kiind 11th century, the A. has come to be a lay pfayer nearly thing can be more curious than to see tihe path of a garden- of goods in the principal nlarkLets. equal in use with the Pater-Noster, and was sanctioned walk covered with these things tumsbling and sprawling (Mar. Law.) [ir. avcasie.] Damage sustained by goods in as such atthe end of the 12th century. In the first half about in different directions, until their avwns are so transportation; 10o0ney contributed by those concerned, of the 1.6th century, the prayer came generally to receive, twisted that they coon twist no further. They theln re- in proportion to their respective interests, to make as a conclusion to the earlier formula, the words, " Holy mIain quiet till the dews fall, or they are moistened by a good a specific loss; contribution to a general loss. — diary, mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the shower, when they rapidly ulntwist and run about with See AVERAGE Boon, BOTTOMRY, GENERAL AVERAGE, GENhour of our death. Aemsa." - John XXII., in 1326, or- rtnewed activity, as if they were anxlous to got out of ERAL CONTRIBUT'iON, JEcTTSON, MARINE INSURANCE, PETTY dained that every Catholic should, at the ringing of' the the way of the wet. The animated oat is a native of AveRAGE, PRIMAcr, PARTIAL Loss, PARTIcULAR AVERAOEZ, bells, morning, noon, and night, repeat 3 Aves, which Barbary, and is only cultivated as a curiosity. SALVAGE Loss, ScAWOoIsT1INESS, TOTAL LOSs, WEAR AND prayer is called Angelus. The Aves are reckoned by the Avena'ceoois, a. Belonging to, or resemnbling, oats, TEAR, &C. small beads of the rosary, which are hence called Ae Avesactles, (a-vanzh,,) (auc. Avesticzsm,) a town of AlVerage, a. Medial; coutaining a mean proportion; iarias, while the large beads are used in the Pqxter Nas- Switzerland. canton of Vand, I8 m, of Berne, A. was for- as, an average harvest. ters.-As in Italy, according to the division of tinme peca- merly the capital of the Itelvetii, and afterwards a flour- (Corn.) According to the laws and customs of average; liar to the country, the close of the 24th hour coincides ishing Rtomann colony, destroyed by the SIuns in 447. as, the loss must be made good by average contribution. always with sundown.- when the bells call pious per- B'p. about 1,500. Avetrage, v.a. To find the mean of unequal sums or sons to prayer,-it wvas usual, and it is even now very coin- Avein'klale, in Scotland, See AVONDALE. quantities; to reduce to a medium. moll to say, at Ave Maria, instead of at 214: o'clock. To Ave'anee, sn. pl. (Bet.) A tribe of plants, order Groami- -To divide a sum in a given proportion among a nunmber; this customn Byron alludes in these fine lines: nacecw. - CHAR. Infiorescence poaniculate. Splikclets soli- as, to average a loss. "Ase Mala Ic blessed be the hour I tary, fsw-flowered. Glunmes and palem of similar lexture. -v. i. To form a mean or medial sum or quantity; as, The time, the clime, the spot where I so oft Upper flowers generally pedicellate, with awn-like pro- these spars average ten feet in length. Have felt that moment inits fullest power cesses or abortive rudiments between the upper and the LVer.age Atljuaster or STATER, n. (Mar'. Law.) A Sink o'er the earth so beautiful and soft, lower ones. Upper pilea with two keels. lvesa is the person employed to adjust all clainms for loss or damage While swung the deep boll in tile distast tower, principal genus of this tribe, arising fromn marine insurance risks, and whose duty it Or the faint dying day-hymn stole aloft, And not a breath crept through the rosy air, Avenge', v. a. [Fr. yenger; Lat. vindicare, from viv- is to prepare a judicial statement of the same, as an imAnd yet the forest-leaves seea'd stirr'd with pray'r. dica, to assert authority or power.] To take or inflict partial decision on the conflicting interests at stalke. Don Juano Canto Iii, vengeance on; to take satisfaction for an injury by pun- Av'erage Boutd.s, n. (Cont.) A deed or instrumnent Aven', (Loce,) in Scotland, a lake in the county of Banff, ishillg the offender; to vindicate; to defend; to punish; dravn op by a public notary, and subscribed to sy the surrounded by the great nmountains of Cairngormn, and as, to avenge a wrong. persons concerned in a case of general average, whereby Ben-Macdhui. "Till Jove, no longer patient, took his time they agree to refer it for adjustment to an average stater hAvon', or bAvon', a noome comnon to sanome English T' 0w05ge with thunder your audacious crime." — Dryden. or adjuster. The latter will decide what proportion of and Scottish rivers. - See AvON. Avengedanenit, n. Punishment on a wrong-doer; sat- the general loss shall attach to the pro raid value of A2ve'ra, n. (tot.) The Oats, a genus of plants, order isfaction for injury. (R.) each individual interest involved. Graminaceme, including the genus Arrhenatherumo of "That he might work th' ovengemeot for his shame." - Soenser. A1l'verasb]torol, BATTLE OF. See AvERvBOROUoH. Palis. - CHAR. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, glunso 2, loose Avonger, a. One vho avenges Or vindicates; a vindi- Averlest, a town of the Netherlands, prsv. of OverPall. - CRg. Sikeets2-5-lowred glues, lose ve~get n. One who avenges or~ vindicates; a vindli- yssel, 21 m. E.N.E. of Karopen; poop. about 4,000. and memnbranaceous, sub-equal, longer than the flow- cater. yse, 21 m. E.N.E. of Kape; op. about 4,000. ers; paleee 2, mostly hairy at base, the lower one "TTime, fle segeser, unto thee I lift A'verill, in Versoont, atosnship of Essex co., 35 m. N. hifid, with a tvisted or bent asm at the back. The liy hands, and eyes, and heart, and crave of thee a gift." —Byron. by E. of Guildhall; pop. about 15. common oat, A. sativa, is that which is most gener- Avenger of Blood. See BLOOD, AVENGEa OF. Aver'rnent, s. [0. Fr. avesessent; L. Lat. aerassenally cultivated for the use of man; like most other ce- Ave'ine, a. (hm.) The csein of th oat-se (e- tun.] That which is averred; affirmnlation; positive asreal plasts, its na- n sativa). sertion. tive country is un- Av'en4r, or AVENER, n. [0. Fr. avennier, fi-om avene, -Verification; substantiation by evidence. known. It is said to fronm Lat. avena,s oats.] An officer belonging to the royal 1"For avermel of the continusace of some estate."-Bacon. have been first dis- stables, whose duty it was to provide oats for the horses. (Law.) In pleading, a positive statement of facts, covered in the is- Av'enso n. (Bot.) See Gvuam. as opposed to an argumenltaltive or inferential one. land ofJuan Fermiaon-. Av~'nttaile, Av'oent,-ille, n. [0. Fr. arentail; N. There must be an A. of every substantive material fact dez. — The Tartar- Fr. ventail, from Lat. ventus, wind.] Tile movable part on which the party relies, so that it may be replied to ian oat, A. orienta-. of a helanet in front; the ventail. by an opposite party. - Bosuvier. lis, is considered a /1 Av'esnttine, a. Pertaining to Mons Avoentinus, one of the Aver'nian, a. Pertaining to Averno or Avernus. distinct species, on 7 hills of ancient Rome. - See RtOME. Aver~no, (a-vairqzo.) [Lat. avernus, without a bird.] account of its moae Aventlure, so. [Fr. aventure.] ( O. Law.) A mischance A lake in the neighborhood of Naples, about 2i2 m. N.W. compact and one- /(,~ whereby a nman's deathl is occasioned without feilotly; as of Puzzuoli, and near the coast of Baie, the waters of sidedl panicle, and of w vhen he is drowned or burnt, or has fallen fronl the roof which were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds both its florets hay- of a building. ever visited its banks. The ancients muade it the entranlce ing a beard; it is, / Aven'turine, n. [Fr.] (dion.) A variety of quartz, of a of hell, by which Ulysses and Sneas descended Into the however, doubtful if $ brownish-red color, due to spangles of mica. A success- lower regions. In the time of Virgil, a communication it can be regarded as fil imitation of this mineral was accidentally discovered between it and the neighboring Lucrine lalke was made anything more than at Venice during the Middle Ages, by a workman who by Agrippa; but, in 1538, the latter was filled by a vola variety of A. sati- let some copper filings fall into colored glass in a state canic eruption, when Monte Nuovo rose in its place, va.-The naked oat,.. of fusion. This process, imasproved by Fremy and Cle- rendering the Averno again a separate lake. On its A. nuda, so called mandot, vwas superseded in 1865 by Pelouze, who obtained banks, instead of pestilential marshes, are now beautibecause its grain is, beautifal specinens of A. by fusing sand, carbonate of ful gardens and vineyards. The grotto of tile Cunmeean loose in the husk, is soda, carbonate of lime, and bichromnate of potash, sibyl is still to be seen here. - It may be observed, that found wild in nmany.Av'euuone, n. [Fr., fronm ci, to, and venir, to come; Lat. all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offenparts of Europe andi ad, and venio, to come.] Ama opening, entrance, or pas- sive to the smell, Were indiscriminately called Averna. by some is thonghlt sage, by which anything may be introduced. The term AXverrhno'a, s. [From aveso-hoes.] (Bat.) A gen. of to be a mere degeR- is also used in landscape-gardening, in order to distin- plants, order Oxalidacece. It consists of two species, eration of the coin 4 guish the path leading firom some other roadc, and fornm- both of whicb form small trees in the East Indies. Thley mon oat. Itsgrai ing the direct approacli to a house. Any broad walk or are remarkable for their leaves, which are pinnatedl, is small and not u~QIV — 2i road, bordereS on either side by trees, is also called an possessing, In a slight degree, the kind of irritability muich esteemed. - A. In thie latter case, the trees may be eitlher in rows or fosund in the sensitive plant; iand for their fleshy oval The Chinese oat. 4. o 01 thoe sides, o ill clumps at some distanCe fronm one an- fruits with five thiclk longitudinal wings. - In the CarOhinensis, is 0anot e Vothler. Tlhe trees mostly used in England for avenues amabola (A. aciambola), the leaves are smooth, the flowspecies, the grain of are the English ein, the limle, the horse-chestnut, the ers of a violet purple, and the fruit about the size of a which is loose in the common chestnut, and the beech. — A broad, straight goose's egg; it is of a pale yellow color, and is said to be husk; it is said to street is also called an A. in most of the principal cities agreeably acid in the East Indies. -The other species, have been procuredl of the U. States; as Fifth Avenue in New York. called the Blimbing (A. bilimbi), has downy leaves, and by the Russians, Aven'za oaa or, to give his complete name, ABu-MERWAN- fruit resenmbling a small cucumber. The latter is infrom the north of MeoHAniaIto-B N-A A1DALMALEC —BEN-Z0HAR. An Arabian tensely acid, and cannot be eaten raw. It is pickled or China, along wvithl physician of the 12th century, born at Seville, in Spain, candied, or a syrup is obtained from it by boiling with their tea. Thisspe- where his father practised medicine. He became emni- sugar, and its juice is found an excellent agent for recies is the most pro- R ent in his profession, travelled nmouch, and passed mnoving iron-moulds or othler spots from linen. To the ductive of all the throuoh mtny adventtires, among which was a long ira- Malays it answers thie same purposes as the citron, the known kinds, every prisonsrent at SeVille. Ie had the care of an hospital, gooseberry, the caper, and the cucunmber of Europe. flower producino Fig. 248.- AT qNtk OR]EtNTALiS, and composed a wovrk entitled At UTheiser, containing a Aveo.rrso'es, or AVERRO'Et. [Corrupted from EBN or from three to firo (Oat of Tartary.) compendium of madical practice, and including mnany IaN RosutP or RUSeD.] A fasous Arabian philosopher grains, which are fiocts and observations not fosnd in preceding writers, and physician, B. 1120. He succeeded his faother in the large and of exceelInt quality. It is. howevesr, said to whicla were probaobly the result of his own experience. chief magistrcy of Cordova, capital of the Moorish dobe difficult to harv est, on acicount of the grains not ad- He died It Morocco, isa 1169. The report of his having minions in Spain, was afterwards nominated chiefjudge heriag to the husks, but being vesy easily shiheen out. lived to the age of 135 is probably an error arising from in Morocco, and having there appointed deputies to his It is known in E5.gh1mnd under the name of Avenacea.fa- his having been contounded wvith his son, of the same office, he returned to Spain. The liberality of his opin-'ina. Besides the spleies cultivoted for the grain which name and profession, wvlo lived at Morocco, and wvas the ions, however, cansed him to be persecuted by the more they yield, there is another that deserves to be noticed, author of a treatise on the regimen of health. orthodox iMosleons, and he was imprisoned; but after doon account of its remarokabl e hygrometricol action. Aveon",v.a. [Fr. acvres, from Lot. veans, true.] To declare ing penoonce and naaking recantation, he was liberated. A. This plsknt. the animated oat of gardeners, A. siesilis, is to be true; to affirm confidently; to declare positively; greatly admired Aristotle, and his commentaries on the somewhlt like the common oat when young; but when to assert. writingo of that philosopher procured for him the title 184 AVER AVIG AVOC of the Comsmentator. Of the personal character of A. At'very's Gores, in Vermont, the name given to tracts cardinals, resided at A. till 1409. A. and its territory almost nothing is known. Renan says, with perfect of land granted to Samuel Avery in 1791. One of these remained the property of the Holy See until 1797, when truth, that neither by his studiesl nor his character doss forms the township of Avery Gore, in Franklin co., about it was incorporated with France. Pop. 40,447. he appear to have departed much firom the type of the 45 m. N. by W. of Montpelier. " learned Mussulman." He knew what the others knew: A'ves, plural of Avis. for medicine, Galen; for philosophy, Aristotle, or his Aves, (si'vee,) or BIRD TSLANDS, a small group of islands translators; for astronomyj the Albagest. Like every of the W'. Indies, in the Lesser Antilles, belonging to Mohammedan,'he cultivated jurisyprudence; and, like Holland. Lat. 150 30' N.; Lon. 630 15' W. The islands every distinguished Arabian, he was devoted to poetry. are named from the vast numbers of birds frequenting M I. D. at Morocco, 1198. them. They are inhabited by a few fisherInen only. Averrun'c(ate, AvERUN'CATE, v. a. [O. Fr. averron- Avesnes, (a-vain',) a fortified town of France, dep. of quelr; Lat. ab, and eruncare, to wsed out.] To root up; Nerd, 50 in. S.E. of Lille. It is ill-built and dull. The to tear up by the roots. (R.) cathedral has a spire 300 feet high. here is made the "Unless by providential wit, cheese of Marclles. Pop. about 4,000. Or force, we aversuncate it-Bz tler, A'vestad, a town of Sweden, on the Dal. 35 m. S.E. of Averrunca'torn'c. See AVERUNcATOR. Falun. Hlere are extensive copper-smelting acd iron i) Aversa, (a-vair'sa,) a town of Italy, in the Terra di works. Lat. 6007/ N.; Lon. 1609/ E. Lavoro, 8 miles from Naples. It is situate in a very fine Aveyiron, (a-vai-rsong',) a dep. of France, separated from: - plain, covered with vineyards and orange trees, and is a the Mediterranean by the dep. of HIerault, between N. sort of nursery for the artists and artisans of the king- Lat. 430 41 30", and 440 55' 25"; and E. Lon. 10 50' 15",dom. Its sweetmeats are in great repute in Naples. and 30 26'. Area, 882,171 hectares. A. is one of the This place had formerly a castle, vhich served for an most mountainous dep. of France, a branch of the Ceoccasional palatial residence of the kings of Naples; it vennespassing through it. aoil, fertileinthe valleys, but was replaced by a convent, in which Andreas of Hun- agriculture still in a ibackward state. Sheep are numergary, the husband of Queen Joanna I., was strangled, in ous. At Roquefort, the famous cheese known by that PSeptember, 1345. Pp. 16,827. name, is made. The coal and iron mines of A. are among September, 1345~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~c. - reamn Averse', a. [Lat. aversus, from averto —ab, and verto, the most important in France..Manf. Cotton, hosiery, to turn.] Having a repugnance of mind to; having a hats, leather, &c. —Principal Towns. Rhodez (cap. of feeling of disinclination, dislike, ill-will, hatred, or loath- the dep.), Milhau, Villefranche, Espalion, and St. Aiffrique. ing towards; unfavorably inclined to. P'op. 400,070. This dep. talkes its name from tihe river Fig. 250.-'PALACE OF TIIE POPES. " Averse alike to flatter, or offend, Aveyron, which rises near Severac-le-Chhteau, and after (Avignon.) Not free from faults, nor yet too vain to mend."-Pope. a course of 90 m. falls into the Tarn, below Montauban. verse', adv. In a bacAward manner; with aversion; vezza'no, a town of S. Italy, provey. Aquila, about 1 m. Avila, (a-ve'ta,) a province of Spain, in Old Castile, Averse'ly, adv. In a backward manner; with aversion; ir'h Cnteof take peninsul. Ahrea is 91 cstle heebningt from Lake Fucino. There is a castle here belonging to snear the centre of the peninsula. Area, 4,917 sq. m. uiwillingly. roLoak fai. s 4,927. Desc. Level in the N., and mountainous in the S.Averse'ness, n. Quality of being averse; repugnance theAvia'no a t own of N. Italy, 30 m.. of ine, nea ivers. The Alberche, Adja, and several smaller or opposition of mind; dislike; unwillingness; back- M o, a town of N. Italy, 30.. of Udine, near res. -Prod. Grapes, a.ulberes and other s isits, mnrdness. I\I~~~~onte Cavrtllo; pop, about 5,000. ~~~~streams. -- ~'ro. Gtrapes, mulber~ries, and other tim~its, ward 11ess. wardness. Monte Cavallo; pop. about 5,000. ~~~~~~~and the usual corealia. A great many sheep, pigs, and Aver'sion, n. [Fr. aversion Lat. aversio.] A turning A'viary, n. [Lat. aviarium, from avis, a bird.] A build- aosd the usual cerealia. A gret masy sheep, pigs, and away from; rganc of mind; dislie; ill-ill; atred; ing or enclosure for keeping birds. A bird-cage is an A, horned cattle are reared. - in. Not pletifl; ut silaway fom; repugnance of mind; dislike; ill-will; hatred; on a small scale. ver, copper, lead, iron, and coal are found and partially antipathy; disinclination; reluctance; disgust. Avien a (corruption of IN SINA,) the most cee- wroght.-Maf Linen, silk, cloth, paper, earthenwrogr. -a/Liensik, cohpwapler, a earthen-P~u 3300'He died of the slow fever call'd the tertian, brated of Arabian physicians, and the greatest Eastern ware, hardware, and leather. Pop. 133,000. A~nd left his widow to her own aversfo~t."-Byrorn. And left hs wdw t her wn verio.-Byrn. philosopher of that race. B. at Afschena, in Bokhara, AvI'LA, cap. of the above province, on the Adaja, 64 m. -Contrariety or antagonisn of nature; applied to inans- 980 A. D. In his 22d year ihe composed his great work W.N.W. of Madrid. It was formerly a flourishing place. mate Esubstances. the Canon of Medicine, which carried his name through POp. 6,970. -The cause or object of aversion or dislike. Europe as well as Asia, and sustained his reputation for AVi'la, JUAN DE, a celebrated Spanish preacher, corn"For which they were the aversion of the gentlemen of the several centuries. He settled at Hamadan in Persia, at monly called the "Apostle of Andalusia," was n. at Almolong robe." - Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. which court he was made vizier, and there composed his davar del Campo in 1500. Ils missionary labors in An(M.ed.) Extreme repugnance for anything whatever, greatest production, the "AI-Sche/i2."' D. 1037. —The dalusia aers prosected with untiring zeal and singular It is also, in Therapeutics, a synonynm of revulsion or de- philosophy of A. was the Peripatetic, although several success, until le arrived at the age of 50, when, with a rivation; meaning the action of medicines which turn elements are found in it which Aristotle would have die- vorn-out constitstion, he was obliged to desist. B. 1569. the afflux of fluids from one organ, and direct them to owned. He certainly inclined towards the Pantheism His Cartas Espirituaesoe (" Spiritual Letters ") have been others. peculiar to the East. He also held firmly by the person- translated into most European languages. Aver'sively, adv. With aversion; in a reverse direc- ality of the humcan soul, and its indestructibility apart Avi'la y Zrsni'ga, Lucs DE, a Spanish historian and tion. from tise body. History must award to A. thie iserit of diplomatist, who was ambassador to the courtt of popes Avert', v. a. [Lat. averto —ab, and verto, to turn.] To having first exphlined to modern times the nature of the Paul IV. and Pius IV., and afterwards followed Charles V. turn from; to turn aside or away from; to keep off or Stagyrite philosophy. into Germany. He commanded the cavalry alt the siege prevent. Avi'e-alla, n. (Zei/l.) A genus of molluscs, fain. Ac/cu- of Metz, and published, after his return to Spain, an ac" Thro' threaten'd lands they wild destruction throw, lilc, q. v. count of Charles' wars in Germany, in the years 1546 Till ardent prayer averts the public woe.-Prior. Aviaula'ria, n. (Bet.) Aname ofthe gen.PoLYco- and 1547. ~-e~. i. To teu~rmsn ~ away. (a~.) n~uc, q. v. B ~Avii'la, in Indiana, a post-village of Noble co., 24 m. -v. i. To turn away. (n.) i~~~~~~~~uM, q. v. ~~N. by W. of Fort Wayne. -' By averting them from their company."-Governiesnt of the Aviea'lidre, n, pl. (PEARtL-OsTER FArMILY.) (Zoel.) A NA by W. of Fort Wan e. Tongue. family of the order Lame llibranchiates, embracing aceph- 7vila, in Missocri, a post-village of Jasper co. Avert'er, nt. One who, or that which averts. aloeus molluscs which have the valves unequal and very A vim, or A'VITES, (Scrip.) were descensdants of Canaan, Av'ertin, n. [Fr., from Lat. avertere, to turn away.] oblique. They inhabit tropical and temperate seas, and (Gen. x. 17,) vho occupied a portion of the coast of Palestine from Gaza towards the river of Egypt, but were (Med.) A disease of the icsind, which renders the satient yield the mother-o'-pearl acid tha Oriental pearls, so xpilestin from Gsasa towards the yiver sth Egypt, but aers obstinate and furious. - Also a disease in sheep, like the highly prized. There are about 100 living and 600 fossil xpelled and los destroyed by the invading Philisvertigo. species. - See PARL. tines or Caph torim, before the time of Moses(Deut. ii.23). Averunea'tor, cc. [See AVERRUNCATE.] (aort.) An in- Av'd, a. [Fr. acids Let. avidus, from odes, to long.] Some yet remained in tihe time ofJoshua (Josh. xiii. 3). strument fbr pruningfromn G)reedy; eager; appetitive. They were idolaters, worshipping Nibhaz sand Tartak, the ground, trees, whose Avi'suotisly, adv. Eagerly; greedily; insatiably. and are probably the same aith the Hivites. branches are beyond t~~ddg, n aiB@ 11~ we~Paa'a i ~t, f~m tebn ~~bram~ches are beyond a Aw~vieldity, n. [Fr. aviditd; Lat. aviditas; frnom avceo, to A vin'eulo n satrimosnii. [Leat., from the bon reach; it operates by desire eagerly, to covet.] An esger desire for something; of matrimoy.] A Latin sentece xpreig dissolution of the marriage relation, or a total divorce, means of a level moved greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; desire; as, to sthe marriage l. AVES. elation, ort., a total divorce.) See. bya cord and pulley. An seize with avidity. A'vlsn.;pi. Aln. [Lapt.,abird.] (ZoC't.) See Ico.. A,. of large size cuts off Avi-a'atO, n. See ALLIGtATORt PEAR. 0i.Sofprnied A. of latrge size csts oil A8vlgatco, cc. See Arc~oAbTo PsaR. bAv'~istoii, in Illinois, a post-village of Clinton co., about easily branches of an inch Avigliaan, (a-veel'ye-a-na,) a town of N. Italy, prov. 80 m. of Springfield. and a half in diameter. of'furin, 14 in. WV. of Turin. Maanf. Cotton and sillk. Avi'tus, MARCaS M cctcS, an emperor of the West. He ~This~ A. is sa~le used for Pa~p. ais~out 4,06~0. was of a Gaulish family in Auvergne, and gained the gatheringfinefruitswhich.AvigI'lano, a town of S. Italy, provey. Potenza, 11 m. favor of Constactits, tse colleague of Hosorius, end of when cut fall into a bas- N.N.W. of the latter city. In 1824, a great land-slip de- Thodoric, Ing of tie Visigaths. hs served aita disket attached to the in- stroyed msuch of the town. The surrounding country tiction under a tine, became prefect of Gaul, nd construment when used for produces the finest oxen in Italy. Pop. 16,770. eluded a reivoreble treaty aith thi Goths. lie afterthis purpose. Avig'n'on-Berry,n. [From te city Avignon.] (them.) wards retired into private lie ntil tho invasion of A.'very, in Illinois, a post- The common name of the fruit of the Rhamrnus infoec- Attil, a hen e induced the Goths to join the tnemps village of Jo. Daviess co. torius, sazati/is, and amygdalinus. It is a small berry, against the comson enemy. A. was proclaimed emperor Alvery, in Iowa, a village bitter, astringent, and of a yellowish-green color. It is n 455 tool for his colae Macianus, and. the year of Monroe co., about 100 used by dyers and painters for coloring yello folowing. m. W.N.W. of Keokluk. Avigalonm, (a-veen'yong,) (anc. Avenis.) A celebrated A'viz, (ORnDER OFr,) an institution created in 1147, by -A township of Hancock city of France, cap. of thle dsp. of Vnaucluse, on the left Alphosso I., the focader of the Portuguese monarcsy, co.; pop. about 120. 1 bank of the Rhone, 76 min. N.N.W. of Marseilles, on the and raised by him, in 1162, to the rasl of en ecclesiesiand oraied by him, n 162 too thlel prasnk ofl an eclsias A'very, in Michigan, a railway to Paris. A.was for a long time the residence of tical order of chivalry. Te nigts were then ald tical order of Ehvoa,"y btto hekight weresn titein c12ied village of Berrien co., 19 [ -the popes, and accordingly filled with convents, churches, Knihts of Evor, miles E.N.E. of Michigan &c., many of wchich are now in decay. It is situated i from their gallant defence of tse fortress of Avis against City. a fine plain, and is surrounded by high walls, flanked the Moors. The order awas changed from an ecclesiastiA'very, in Missouri, a vii- with numerous towers. Thepromenades alongthe walls, c to a civil instittion i 1789. Tln of Potug lage on the line dividing and the quays along the river, are both very fine. The Phelps and Marnes coun- streets are, in general, narrow and gloomy. The ancient -Av'lona, in Turlcey in Europe. See AUtoNA. ties, about 10 m. N.N.E. Fig. 249. - AV P.N5AT0R. palace of the popes stanisds on the declivity of a rock. Av~O'e, or Ov0cA, a beautiful valley and river of Ireof Rolla. It is a Gothic building of different periods, and of vast lnd, near Glendaleugh, us the co. XTicllov, and eelszA'verysbor'ough, in Noecth Carolina, a village of extent, and now serves as a prison, nmilitary dep~t, and brated as being the scene syhich gave rise to one of the Cumberland co., on Cape Fear river, 40i m. S. of Raleigh. barracks. The cathedral church of Natre Dame des finest of Mooce's riad Atadica: On the 16th March, 1865, a battle was fought here be- Dons is very ancient, as is also the spire of the Church "Sweet vale of Aveca a how calm could I rest, tween the Union troops (four divisions) under General of the Cordeliers. The latter chursch contained the In thy besem of shade with ths friends I love beut, &c. Slocum, and the Confederates estimated sat 20,000 men, tomb of "Laura," immortalised by Petrarch. — Alanf A.vo'ea, in Alabama, a village of Lawrence co. under Hlardee; after a severe action, the latter retreated Sille stuffs and velvets, woollen and cotton fabrics, &c. - Avo'ca, in Illinais, a village asnd township of Livingston with a loss of about 500 killed and wounded; the Union A. existed before the Roeman invasion, and afterward co., on the S. Forlc of Vermilion River, distant N.E. loss was about equal. ibecame a Roman colony. In 1309, Clement V. trens- from Springfield 98 miles, and from Pontiac 10 m. S.E. -A post-office of l-farnett co. ferred thither the abode of the popes, wavho continued to Pop. about 900. A'very's Creekl, in North Carolina, a village of reside here till 1377, when they returned to Rome; but Avo'ca, in Missoac?-i, a poest-village of Jefferson co., about BhUncombe co. two schismatical popes, or popes elected by the French 14 m. W.S.W. of the Mississippi. AVON AVUL AW AY 185 Avo'a, in Nebraslca, a post-village of Cass co. efficacy of their waters, and the beauty of the surround- Avual'sion, n. [Lat. avulsio, from avellere, to tear away.] Avo'ca, in New Yorkc, a post-village and township of ing country. There are three sulphuro-saline, and one A pulling or tearing from or asunder; a rending, or Steuben co., on Conlhocton Creelk, 225 m. W. by S. of iodine, springs. Pop. of township in 1870, 3,038. forcible separation. A piece or fragment torn off. Albany; pop. about 2,260. Akvon, in Ohio. a post-township of Lorain co., about 20 (Law.) Lands torn off by an inundation or current Avo'ca, in Wisconsin, a village of Fond du Lac co., 80 m. m.i E. by S. of Cleveland; pop. about 2,170. from property to which they originally belonged, and N.E. of Madison, A'von, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Lebanon co. gained to the estate of another; or, where a river changes -A post-village of Iowa co., 43 m. W. by N. of Madison. A'vor Centre, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Rock co. its course, and, instead of continuing to flow between Avoca'do Pearr, an. (Bet.) The fruit of the.ersea gra- A'vola laie, a lar. of Scotland, in the county of Lanark. two properties, cuts off part of one and joins it to the tissiama. - See PERSEA. Area, 40,000 acres. At the battle of Drumclog, fought other property. The property of the part thus separated Av'ocat, n. The French name for an ADVOCATE, q. v. near this place, Ist June, 1679, Grahame of Claverhouse, continues to belong to the original proprietor, in which See also BARREAU. the famous Viscount Dundee, was defeated by the forces respect A. differs from alluvion, q. v. Avoca'tioii, n. [Lat. avocatio, from avoco —ab, and ve- of the Scottish Covenant. A graphic description of this Avunsceular, a. [From Lat. avutculus, uncle.] Of, or co, to call.] A calling aside or away from; as, "The avo- battle is found in Sir Walter Scott's Old MIortality. pertaining to an uncle. —T'haceray. cations of our senses." — Glanville. Avonelale, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Chester Aw~ait', v. a. [a and wait. See WAIT.] To be on the -Business, engagement, or employment which calls one co., 38 in. W.S.W. of Philadelphia. watch, &c.; to watch for; to wait for; to look for or exaside, or which demands time and attention. A'von Lake, in Ohio, a post-village of Lorain co. pect; to observe. "By the secular cares and avocations which accompany mar- AvF'oset, or /1v'ocet,.L [Fr. avocette.] (Zoel.) The com- "Even as the wretch, condemn'd to lose his life, riage. — Aaterbury. mon name of the.Recirvirostra, a genus of birds, famnily Awaits the falling of the murd'ring knife."-Fairfax. JAv'oelt, Avlooette, n. (Zob'l.) See AvosET. Recurvirostride. The A., whose great singularity is in -To be in store for; to attend upon. Avoid', v. a. [f r. rviter; Lat. evitare.] To separate or the formn of its bill, is aquatic, the shores of the ocean "An eternity of torments awaits the object of his displeasure." go away from; to shun; to escape from; to eschew. being its favorite haunts. It is about 18 inches in Rogers. "The wisdom of pleasing God, by doing what he commands, and Awake', v. a. [A.S. awacian, ecacian, or weccan. - See avoiding what he forbids." - Tillotson. WAKE.] To rouse friom sleep; to awaken. -To annul; to set aside; to make void. " Take heed, (Lawo.) To render void. Mew yeosu awake our sleeping sword of war.-Shaks. -v. i. (Lasl) To become vacant, void, or empty. —AyliF'e. -To put into action; to rouse from a state of torpor, inAvoidablle, a. That may be avoided; liable to be an- action, or stupor. nulled; susceptible to vacation. "Nor mote my shell awake the weary Nine "The charters were not avoidable for the king's nonage." —Hale. To grace so plain a tale - this lowly lay of mine." —Byron. Avoid'ance, n. Act of avoiding; shunning of a person:___ _ — v.i. To break from sleep; to wake; to be in a state or thing. ~ _ of vigilance; to revive, or be aroused from a state of inaction or torpor. — The state of bein- vacant; used specifically in an eccle-acinotopr siastical sense; as, "Avoidance of St. Peter's chair." \'"- "Alack, I am afraid they have awak'd, -The act of annulling; the course whereby anything is And'tis not donen - Saks. drained off. -Awake', a. Not sleeping; in a state of vigilance or "F..... ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ action. For avoidances and drainings of water, where there is too ction. much, we shall speak of." -Bacon. "But wide awake she was."- Byron. (Lew.o ) A makling void, useless, or empty..Awak'en, v. a. and i. To awake; to rouse firom sleep or Avoid'er, n. One who avoids or shuns. —Any person Pig. 251. - AMERICAN AvOsETr. torpor. Used generally in a moral or religious sense. who carries a thing away, or the vessel in which things "Their consciences are thoroughly awakened."-Tillotson. are carried away. - Johnson. length; very erect, and has legs unusually long for its Awak'ener, n. He who, or that which, awalkens. Avoid'less, a. Inevitable; that which cannot be size. The bill of the Recurvirostra avocetta, or co0nmon Awak'ening, p. a. Awalking; rousing from sleep or avoided. A., a species widely diffused through the temnperate torlpor. That avoidcess ruin in which the whole empire would be in- climates of Europe and Asia, is 3Y iniches in length, — n. Act of awaking; most frequently used to denote a volved." —Decsis. turns up like a hIoop, and is flat, thin, sharp, anid flexible. restoring to a sense of religion. Avoirdupois', or AVERDUPOIs', n. [Fr. avoir dupoids, The American A. (R. Amsericana) has the bill less re- Awak'ening ly, ado. In a manner to awaken. to have weight.] (Coon.) The name given to the system curved, but its habits are similar to those of the common Awakenment n Ai awalening, or rousing. (a.) of weights used both in England and the U. States, for A. The plumage, in both species, is black,and white, Awant'ing, a. iWanting; missing.- Sir Walter Scott. genelral commerce. The ounce contains 437Y2 grains, the tail consisting of twelve white ifeathers; the legs are Award', v.a. [Prov. swad; F. radr; It. garwhereas the ounce in both troy and apothecaries' of a fine blue color, nakred and well calculated for wad- dare, to look at, to look upon.] To look at; to consider; weilghts, contains 480 grains. There is but one grain ing, the feet are palmated, but not so much adapted for to give by sentence orjudicial determination; to assign which was, or may be taken as, a common unit in conn- swimnming as for suppolrting the bird upon the mud. It by sentence. paring the three systems of weights used in Great Bri- feeds on worms, &c., which it scoops out of the mud with iA pund that ame merchant's esh is thne; tain. The value of the grain is set forth by Act of Par- its bill; and it lays two eggs, which are greenish, spotted The court awards it, and the law doth give it." —thaks. liament in the following words: — "A cubic inch of with brown and blaclk. distilled waler, weighed in air by brass weights, at the Avouch', v. a. [0. Fr. voucher; Fr. avoner; Lat. advo- -v. i. To make an,award; to judge; to determine. temperature of 62~ of Pa/hrenheit's thersaslmeter, the Fa- care - ad, and voco, to call.] "Th' unwise atOarad to lodge it in the tow'rs, _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(Or~iginally, to call upon An off'ring sacred." —Po2~e's Od~yssey.'osmelet being at 30 inches, is equal to 252 grains and feudal lord to defend a tenant's right when impugned;'ring acrd"-Pe's Odysey. 458.000 parts ofa grains." The pound A. containlls 7,000 to acknowledge, as a tenant, the right of the lord.) To Award', n. [Lat. awarda, awarduns; O. Fr. agarda, such grains. The lowest term in A. weight is the drachm, avow; to vouch; to affirm; to warrant; to defend or from 4 garder, to keep, preserve, to be gusrded or which contains 27.1 grains. The drachm is, however, sel- maintain; to acknowledge; to confess to be; to tale as kept; so called because it is imposed on the parties to 32 be observed or kept by them. — Spelvian Gloss.] (Law.) dom, if evbr, used now, small weights being expressed one's own. l s (a either in grains or in fractions of the ounce. The fol- " They boldly avosuched that themselves only had the truth." The judgment or decision of arbitrators o referees, on a lowing table displays the comparative values of the dif- Hooer. matter submitted to themn-The writing containoinge ferent denomninations in A. weight: Avouieh'able, a. That may be avouched; capable of such judgment. -An A. is a final and conclusive judgOunces. Pounds. Quarters. Cwts. Ton. being vouched for. (a.) ment between the parties on all the mattels referred by ~16 -= 1A~voh'~er, a. A person who avouclea. the submission. It transfers propelrty as much as the 448 = 2 1 v', v.a. Frn. ers; Lt. vot m-vovre, to vo. To verdict of a jury, and will prevent the operation of the 448 = 28 ~~~~~~~~Avow', v. a. [Fr. avoere; Lat. vetun —revere, to vow.] To statute of linmitations. - It may be enforced by an action 1,792 112 = 4 Idnsit; 1 declare str"ongl or openly; sto actnowledge or cit law, which is the only remnedy for disobedienice when 35,840 = 2,240 = 80 = 20 =1 confess frasnlcly; 00, he avouecd his crinse. The 840 usual cnrtis ar af 0ss= I"Then bledhsothr'dflamedeow'dandhold.-Tlsa ie submission is not mode a rule of conrt, and no statThe usual contractions are as follows: —ounce, oz.; ute provides a special mode of enforcenment. Under a quarter, qr.; pounnd, lb.; hundred-weight, cwt. (Law.) To aclknowledge the commission of an act, tand rule of court, an A. may be enforced by the court issuing Avo'la, or Au'la, a seaport of Sicily, prov. of Syra- claim that it "as done with right.-Bouvier. execution upon it as if it were a verdict of a jury, or by cuse, 12 in. S.W. of Syracuse. It is a clean and well-built yAvev'al]e, a. That may be avowed. attachment for contenmpt.- A court has no power to town, prettily situated, and has a large trade. Pop. 11,324. jAvowabiy, adv. In an avowable manner. alter or amend an award; but may recommnit to the Avolaltion, n. [L. Lat. avolatio.] The act of flying Avow'al, n. An avowing; ar open declaration; it frank referee, in some cases. —An A. may not be disturbed, away; flight. (a.) Z acktowledgment as, "The avowal of such principles."- except for very cogent reasons. It can be put aside for, Hindering the avolation of the favillous particles."-Browne. Hme. enmiscenduct, corruption, or irregularity of the arbitrator, Avow'anee, a. Tue act of avowing; avowal. wiicl has, or uay have, injnred one of the parties; for A'von, the name of several English and Scottish rivers. Avow'ant, n. (Law.) One who nreites an avowry. which hast, or mayi attempt, injuredg to folloone of the parties; porWe imay nmention of these that A. which rises in North- Avow'edry, adv. In aic open manner; with franik at- not on tac lris of thip A.; for unceftlonty or Inconsistamptonshire, and flows into the Severn at Tewlkesbury, knowledgment. ency; for tcc e coediag his authority by to arbitntor; after a course of 100 m. On its banks is Stratford-on- ency; for ai exceeding his authority by the arbitrator; e1s"Wilmot could not avowedly have excepted against thc ether." vhen it is hot final and conclusive, withont reserve; Avon, (q. v.,) the birthplace and abode of the immortal Lard Caedo. when it is aot final and conclusive, without reserve; Shalispeare, who has hence been styled the,, Bard when it is a nullity; when i a p arty or witness has been Sll ee, who has hence been stled the Bad of Avowee', n. [Fr. avoued.] One who has a right of pre- atalt, or s mae a mstke; or when the aritrtor Avon." atfault, or has made a mistake; or when the arbitrator A'von, a river of W. Australiasentation to a benefice; a patron of a livilg; an ad- aclcknowledges that he has made a mistaike or error in his 3k/~ori~ a river of W;. Australia, in Swan River Colony, oe S Avvs N cion ~1i?. which, after a N.W. course, joins the Swan River at vowe Ao owsdecision. - Bouvier. Northram. AwV,. A person rho lvow.' n. A person who awards; one who assigns A'voaa, in Connecticut, a post-township of Hartford co., 9 " Virgil makes sEneas a bold avweaT of his own virtues."-Dryden. by sentence or judicial decision; a judge. nm. W. by N. firom Hartford; pop. in 1870, 987. Avowi'ry, n. [0. Fr. avourie; L. Lat. advocaria.] (Law.) Aware', a. [A.S. gasarian, to tame care; from warian, A'voln, in Jllinois, a post-township of Fulton co.; pop. The answer of a defendant in an action of replevin to beware, to guard, to ward off. See WARE.] On guard; about 720. brought to recover property talken in distress, in which on the watch; vigilant; cautious; insbrned; apprised; -A village of Kane co., about 48 nm. W. of Chicago. he acknowledges the takling, and, setting forth the cause conscious; made accquainted. -A township of Lalre co.; pop. about 1,400. thereof, claimss a right in himself orihis wife to do so. "Ere I was aware. I had left myself nothing but the name of a A'von, in Iowa, a post-village of P'olk co., on the right Avoyel'les, in Loeisiana, a parish at t.e nouth of the hing.-Sir P. Sidney. banik of the Des Moines river, about 8 m. fromn Des Red River. Asea, about 800 sq. m. It is bounded E. by Awat'sTka, AvAT'tCA, or AVATCcs'aK, a bay in the S.E. Moines City. Red River and the Atchafalaya, and N.E. by the Saline part of Kanmtsctlathlcs, affording the best hasrbor on the Ae/von, in Kansas, a townshsip of Coffey co.; pop. abt. 625. Bayou. The E. part is periodically inundated, but the coaet. On it sire the towns of Awaltsta and PetropauA'von, in Maine, a post-township of Franklin co., on W. consists of fertile prairies. Cap. Marksville. Pop. lovski, at tice latter of which it receives the waters of Sandy River, 40 m. N.W. of Augusta; pop. about 960. abonnt 14,000. Avatcha River. A'voei, in Michigaa, a township of Oakcland co.; pop. Avraneises, (as'sasszt),) (ant. lagena,) a town of Away', adv. [A. S. aweg; fi-om a, from, and wceg, way.] about 2,120. Francs, dep. Mnche, cap. of an arrond., 32 In. S.S.W. of Out of the way; absent; gone; at a distance; in a state A'von, in Minnesota, a village of Dodge co., about 35 m. St. LO, and 3 m. from the sea. This is a very ancient of absence. W. by N. of Rochester. town. Its cathedrol, consecrated in 1121, is now in -Used toimply adepartun'e, or going from; in motion fora. A'vou, in Missoursi, s post-village of St. Genevieve co., ruins. In it, in 1172, H-lenry II. of England did pensnce, "Aweay, old man; give me thy hand; away; about 15 m. S.W. of Mississippi river. and received absolution for the murder of A'Beckett. King Lear hath lot."-Sinks. A/vOn, in New York, a post-village of Avon township, Pop. 9,397. — By degrees; in continuance. Livingston co., beautifully situate on the E. banic of the Avulsel', a. [Lat. avntsuo - avelkl-e, to tear off, from "Summer suns roll unperceiv'd aweay." —Pojse. Genesee river, 18 m. from Rochester. Near this place ab, a, from, off, snd vellere, to pluck.] Pulled off; torn — On the way; on the road. are celebrated mineral springs, nmuch resorted to for the from. "Sir Valentine, whither awcay so fast? " —Shaks. VOL. I. —24 186 AWNI AXIO AXLE -Used in an exclamatory sense; depart; begone. tie poop-deck which extends forward from the bulkhead There has been much dispute as to what proposition is "Away, ye gay landscapes, ye gardens of roses I "-Byron. of the cabis. to be regarded as absolutely first in all husasi knowledge. -Out of one's own hands; as, to transfer away. Awn'less, a. Without an awn or beard. Some have considered ss such the position it's issyos-To throw a tsing oft iso a triffing usanner. rAwei'y, a. Having awnss; full of beard. sible for a thisy to be asd not to be at the sanse tise; "It concerns every man who will not trifle away his soul." kAwoke'. The preterite and past-participle ofAWAKE, q. v. otsers, Whatever is, is; others,.verythissg eithe/s o O is Tillotson. Aworkl'l, AWORK'ING, adv. [a and work.] At work is, not; otlers, tise principle of,se susicient season We Away with, as applied to a person or thing, signifies or iinto; a state of working or action. (o.) cannot regard any tiny as ts-e seit/out proofs, os any to take binsa, or it, wcay. Awry', a. or adv. [A.S. writhan, to writhe.] Writhed, ttingfalsecagainst establishted proqf. All these positions "'If you dare tsink ef deserving osr charms, turned, or twisted towatrd one side; distorted; crooked; are fundamental truths.'They all have this in conmon, Away wits your sheephooks, and take to your arms."-Dryden. asquint; with oblique vision; as, her head-dress is awry. that we casnot help regulystisg our thoughts, in the To ssakcrie acway will, to kill; to remove; to deotroy. "With jealous eyes has looked awry." —Sir J.. Denham. judgment of truth, confobrmably to them. They are tall To tlrotw away, to throw out of one's reach, so as to lose. -Perversely;necessarily believed to e true. May principles, how— Pervcrsely; deviatinlg fromt rig~ht r~eason. Awe, n. [A.S. aga, eye; probably allied to Gr. a-ge, won- "All a, and whi ied it to the most ry course of ever, are esteemed, by one class of men, self-evident, "All awry, and which w?'ied it to the m~ost wry course of all." wihaohr~l o tmt hr a eetec der, fraom ayaeai, to wonder, to te astonise ed.] Fear;,~? > ~de. which another will not admnit. There can never, thererer, from agantai, to wonder, to be asto lev. Fercr; Ax, P. Sidney. fore, exist perfect uniformity in human r easoning. dread; terror; fe~tr, or dread, mingled w~ith reverence or freitpr'c nfriyi ua ~aoi g ndread; terror; fear, or dreat, neiegled witl vrecrAx, a town of France, dep. of Aribge, 20 in. friom Foix. Thereis only one science whiich starts tfros axioms acisubmeission. It is nmuch resorted to on account of its sulphurous knowledged by all mankind, and which, therefore, is of ",It was awe without amazement, and dread without distrac- springs, the temperature of which varies from 770 to enerl chrt thn s othr - vi., mathetion."-Sauth- 16211 of Fahrenheit. -Po. about 2,500. ~a more general character than any other —viz., mathe~~~~~tion."~-Soo~ ~1620 of Fahrenheit. _Pop. about 2,kOO. matics. But about somec principles of every other sci-v. a. To strilke with fear and reverence; to influence by Ax'al, a. The same as AXeLc. (R.) ence, which are generally considered axioes, gresit doubts fear, terror, or respect. Axxajaea-tl, or Axsyattca ctzlivi, emperor of the Az- have existed. Thus it is regarded as an axion of noral "lHeav'n that placed this island to give lw, toees or ancient Mexicans, who flourished in the Itth p hilosophy, that'hese exists a distiction, in Ihe nastre To hbalssc Europe, and her states to usse.'-Walter. century. lie was the tither of tihe faenous M3ontezusmc, of tfinys, between ssoral xodss aesd esil. This cinsnot be Awe, (LocH,) a lake ofScotland, in Argyleshire,IS 1i. N.W. and was himself one of the greatest msonarchs of his poved, but it is genrally adaitted; eid il our eoci, of Inverary. It is 23 in. 1wig, by 3 broad. On one of its, ~proved, but it is generally admitted; and all our social, of Inverary. It is 23 se. long, by 3 broad. On one of its race, having subdued many nations, and added 37 prov- political and reyi-ious relstiocs are regslated ey this many islands stansi thee magnificent ruins of Kilchsrn inces to his empire. D. 1477., frprinciple; yet there have existed men of acute sinids, Caste, r cosetrs to bsrosAel ortress of the, (akcs,) n. (Often, but, we believe, incorrectly, written who ohave disavowed this A. altogether, and mnade ilnteret bells, Earls of Breadollbane. In allusion to the vast ter- Ax in the U. States.) [A.S.. wx, eax, acas; Gr. axi-ni, tis solo rule of conduct. It has always been a great ritorial possessions of this family, extending over a tract probably from agnumi, ax, to brealk.] An iron instru- question in Peilosopoy whether these axioms ore insate, of country for 100 miles, there is a saying in the High- mient generally used with both hands in hewing timber or drawn f-om expetieece. lands —" It is fa/r cryto Loch Awe." This lhke receives and chopping wood. It consists of a head with an arch- (Mast.) Sone of the sost useful of the sxions emthe river Urchan; and at its N.W. extremity rises the ing edge, and a handle. There are several forms of the ployed in nmthematical reasoning are these: 1. A whole great mountsain of Ben Crumshan, 3,670 feet in height. A., tihe two principal being the broad A. fbr hewving, and is greater than any of its parts.-2. A whole is equal to Al-wea'ry,a. [Prefix a, and wueary, q.v.] Weary. (o. the narrow A. for cutting and rough-hewing. The tle sun of all its part.-3. Tshings which are eeul to and R.) he only said, atchet is a snaller form of the A., and is used with one equal things are equal to each other.-4. Thilngs which I am -weary-I woud tht were dad I -Tennys. Iand. The Pranks in their expeditioe into Italy, in the are like parts of equal things are equal to each othler.A-weath'er, a. [A. S.] (amr.) A term sigsifying that tilth century, nmde use of an A. with a large lade. This 5. If equals be multiplied or divided by the same quanl~~~~~~~~~~~~~w~~~t el~/hre, n.d [A. S.] (ar. A wterm, si~gniyn thatd was termed francisca. The principal weapons of this liy, the p rodu cts or quotients will be equal. —6. If the situation of the heln is to the weather side of thle wains were feisca hp. Theodcsrqe piple ose t a e ill bthe eqoal.-6. It spekind were the fapser A., tse broad/ A., ued thee double A. equals be added to equale, the sums will be equal.-7. If ship, in contradistinction to a-lee. A-weigh'i, cads. (Neat.) Toigtepstion o anchor The pole A. and the adze A. were varieties of these. The equals be subtracted Iross equals, the remainders will be ein adv. (Nau) Noing theposition of an chor, Lochaber A. was used in Scotland in the 16th century. equ.1-8. The lilie poters of eqssls are eqsal. when just loosened from the ground, and hanging verti- _n axis. (R.) See Axis. theegroundosdhsgigv -Anl axis. (Rt.) See Axis. Axiommit'ic, Axiomai'ieal, a. Pertaining to an tally in ties waters a-trip. Axe, v. a. and i. Vulgarly used for to ask; to inquire, or axiom. Awe'some, a. Fearful or appalling; respectful; capa- in quie of. o a l atv te us of axins. n inquire of. A~~~~~~~~~~xiomntttqcally,, adv. By the use of axiomis. ble of iespiring awe; as, ause aesosssc heisg. " The king axed alter your erace's welfare."-Pegge. Axis, (aks'is,) n.; ptl Axs, (, aksoez.) [Lat.; Fr. axe; A.S. Awe'-.struekl, a. Impressed or struckc with awe. Aw'fsl, a. Fuilh of awe; that strikes or fills with awe, Axe'-forn, Axe'-sha]ieei, a. (Bot.) Dolabriform; tx, ea; GO axon, a- axle probably fromi a9, to drive tersor, or dread; dreodful; tertrible; solelen. "iha having a resemnblance to an axe or hatchet. or imnpel; Skr. achsha.] This word presents a variety of "th or dreed, moreadsful; theribletir Ax'elses, or Ax'et eiel T'ott, a powerful Danish forimns of acceptations, inasmuch as it is used in all Fairest resemblance orf thy akertsir I`-Hilton. family who flourished in the latter half of the 15th cen- sciences, fiom each of whlich it derives a more or less — D ret testtb e; uly;c unsighty; uskedfin a vulgarsense -etestole; ugl; unigtly; used in a vulgr sese; tury, and the members of which figured in the wars of precise signification, according as thle science is in itself Deas, an ble;g nigty sdfati ug lsseat. Christian I. and John IV. of Densearlk; an(d Karl Ksnutsen, more or less exact. Nevertlheless, whatever may be aw'slly, n awf /s Iha e a ssful neasner; appselsnslvely. and Eric the Pomeranian, kings of Sweden. Peter A. the use to which this teem is applied, it resolves always, Avfliess. ss. sality or state of beisner g apehsifvl. y was the head of the faslily. Of Ihis 9 sons, the eldest, to a certain point, the psrinciple of its origin, (an axle.) It "Night heightens the u. fsiaet or thte plsbei-gAddisf. Olaf, made himself master of Gothland; the 2d, Iver, may thus be generally defined as a line which traverses ll N t heigesh anwhlem of itherlal."Adim retained that posiession, and became a corsair; tile 3d, the ce3 tre of any object. Awhile', a/dv. [a, and white, time or interval.] A tine; EEric, was governor of Stockholm; and the 4th, Aage, (Geoon. and 1ech.) XWhen used by itself, A. generally a space of tisce; for sossue tines; for a short tisse. became a Danish councillor of state. means either an A. of Rlotation, or of Symmetry. An A. "The wary fiend Axe'-stone, nr. (Min.) A green variety ofjaode found in ofrotation, or rcvolution, is tlhe l ine about which a body Stood on the brink of hell, and look'd awhsie."-Paradise Lost. Axe'-stone, n. (Min.) A green variety of judo found in New Zealand, and on the banks of the Amazons, and used turns; an A. of symmetry is aline on both sides of which Awk, a. [Properly equivalent to left; e. g., on the by the natives for making hatchets. the parts of the body are disposed in the same imnnner, left hand; abbreviated from 0. Eng. ga/c; Fr. gauche.] Ax'holme, (ISLE OF,) a fertile district of England, in so that to whatever distance it extends in one direction Awkward; clumsy; odd; out of order. (t.) the county of Lincoln, insulated by the rivers Trent, fronm the A., it extends as far in the direction exactly "And professors ringing as awk as the bells to give notice of Idle, and Don. It contains 47,800 acres. Pop. abt. 13,000. opposite. Or, if perpendiculars to the A. be drawn the conflagration."-LVEstratoss Axlial, a. Pertaining, or having resemblance to, ac axis. from all points and in all directions through the body, Awk'warj,' a. [0. Eng. awkc, odd, clumsy, awkw s ard, Ax'ially, adv. In relation to, or in ta line with, an axis.' the whole of each perptlsidicular which is within the unhhandy, and A.S. woeard, towards.] Inclined to tile left Alxiferous, a. [Lat. axis, and ferre, to bear.] (Bot.) linmits of the body will be bisected by tile axis. Such hanid; wanting dexterity; unhansdy; inexpert; clumsy. Applied to plants which have an axis or stem. is the middle line of a cone, any diameter of a sphere, "So true, that he was aswkward at a trick." —Dryden.!Axll, Axil'la, n. [Lat. axilla, the armpit; Ft. aisselle.] the line drawnsi throi'gh the middle of the opposite fices -Inelegant; ungraceful in eocnner; ungoinly. (Anat.) The cavity under the upper part of the arnm, of't cube, &c. "They are judged of by their handsome or awkwatrd way of ex- called the arm-pit. It is covered with Ihair, contains (Aste'ov.) hhe A. of the world is thle imaginary line pressing themselves in it."-Locke. mnuch areolar membrane, lynmphaticganglions, important druawv thrllougi its two poles seid its cenlletr.-A. f{' the -Perverse; untoward; difficult to mcnage or control;.- vessels and nerves, and numerous sebaceous follicles, eqssator, ecliptic, horizon, &c., is a straight line passing used vulgarly; ats, an awckward customner. furnishing an odorous secretion.-Dunglison. through its centre s nd perpendicular to its plane. Awk'warllly, adv. In so rude or bungling manner; (Bot.) The angle formned by the branch and stem of (Phys.) Thei word is used i n ilnsy different senses. badly; inelegantly. a plant, or by the leaf with either, on the upper side. The A. of a lens is an inmaginary line joining the centres 1"Asekssardly gay, and oddly merry; Axl'ile, a. (Bot.) Belonging to the axis. of the two opposite surfaces of thie gltss. The A. of a Her scarf pale pink, her head-knot cherry."-Prior. Ax'llar, a. Sasse as AXIILARY. telescope, or snicroscope, is a right line which passes AwkI'lGwardness, so. Stats or quality of being asvk- Ax'illarsy, a. (Anet.) Of or belonging to the axilla; as, through the centres of all the lenises in the tube. The ward; want of grace or dexterity. the axillary arteries, nerves, or veins. A. of the eye, or visual A., is the right line passing Awl, n. [A.S. (el; eor. a/l; Ff. oil.] A pointed iron (Bot.) Belonging to or growing in the axil; as, an ax- through the centres of the pupil and crystalline lens.instrument for piercinsg small holes in leet;her or sood. illary bud. The axes oJ' a crystal are imaginary lines about which Aw'less, a. [Froms asee and less.] Wanting reverence; 2Ax'lmI, a town of V. Afrtica, on the Guinea coast, 73 mn. the plaes are syseesuetrically rrianged. The A. of tovoid of respectful fesor. W. of Cape Coast Castle. A. was talken by the Portu- tation is the line aronid wbhich a body turnss wheni re"The awless lion could not wage the fight." —Shaks. "'Tue ushess lisa couid aol walre Ohs Igist.' —S/ksst guese in 1642, and restored to thie Buetch (its origisnal volrieg. Tihe A. of oscillation is 0 line passing througha -Without the oer of ausin reverence, or eciting. possessors) by the tre.aty of Westphalia. The Dutch the point about which an oscillating body —a penduluiem, — Without the power of causing reverence, or excitingawe.hve griohr.Lt.4c5 N;o.2~1t. " i ythavee a garrison here. Lat. 440 52' N.; Lone. 20 14 W. for instance —mc akes its vibrations. "Insultieng tyrnny beginsds t hrnjut "-Shu. Ax'inite, na. [Fromn Gr. axine, an axe.] (Min.) A tri- (Bot.) The term A. is applied to the central part, botlh Upon the infiocent and awlelss throne." —Sh~aks. clinic mineral, so named from the resemblance of its above and below ground, around which the whiole plant Awli-sshapeti, a. Having the salpe of an eal. crystals to an axe. Sp. gr. 3271. Strealk white; lustre mnay be said to be arranged. The stem is clled the (Bot.) Naxrrow and terete, or ne~;rly so, and tapering t(Bet.) Narrota and erete, or theJ ery so, and taporisg vitreous; commnonly splendent; very fragile; transpar- ascending A.; the root, the descending A. toa point, as thee leases of the Jsir. ent, often translucent. It is chiefly composed of silica, (Crystal.) The hypothetic lines connecting the oppoAwl'-wort, so. (B5ot.) The coimmon nmene of the aquattic alumina, lime, and peroxide of iron. en. it n melts into a site sides of a crystal. plants Sbuaria aquatic, from its awl-shaped leaves. green glass, ic becomes blck i the oxidizing fie (nat.) The scod ertebra of the neck. See SUBULARIA. gen#RS hc eoe lcri h sdiig lle ~s~~~~~ee StUBULt~ARIA. Axiom, (aks i-om,) n. [Fr. axiomee; Gr. axioesa, from s Axis, a. (Zb'ol.) The Cervus Axis, a species of Indian Awiun, Aiiimn, s. (Com..) See AANi. Zaxio-5, to deem worthy of; to assume.] (Philos.) Auni- deer, of which there are three varieties. 1. The Cbomssosn Awn, se. [Icel. ygn; Ban. cawse; Ss. agn.; A.S. eg7y/ vcrsal proposition, which the understanding must per- Axis is about the size of a fallow-deer, and of a lightGr. ach-~t~, chaff.] Theft which comes off the surfame of' Vip nhfls qQo q7-i P -- T. i --,f 1+ Or. ac/s-es/, eaf.] That which comes off the surface ol,ceive to be true as soon as it Iperceives the meaning of red color. Its body es beautifully marlked with whita anytlsin0; 5 scale or husle; the heard ef corn or grass the wouss tlosgh it cannot be proved, becasse it is im- spots; its horns are slender and troi-brlked. It is extremnely Ai~vn'inmg, a. [Losv 0. haoseluny, from haven,a, siselter~, 05~ possible to make it plainer. It is therefore called a se/f- docile, and possesses the sense of smeeling in an exquisite place of sleelter', sith ise.y annexed.] A ~overing of case essident terset/. To theses propositions belong, indis- degree. Though it is a native of the banks of the oanges, sos spisad over the doche of i vessel, or other rttsfloss hett-tlt those so sich the sueject and predice-te are it appears to besor the temperate clinmetes without injury. pltots, us a shelter fr~on the sesotleer. either the same, or are only expressed iu different words, 2. Ihe Great Axis. This animal, native of Borneo and "' Of these boards C neade an eenins/ oser me.."-Dfeloe. esince we cannot think a thing is really diffesrent from Ceylon, is about thee height of a horse, and of a reds/ishAwn'ing, n. [Ooth. h/lpan, to cover.] (far.) A can- itself; for instancee A is A; Bvery qeasstity is ike itoself; brown color. The horns are tiifurcoted, thick, strong, opy of caonvas os tarpauelin spread over a boat or a A t/oing is liote itself; A thoing cannot, at tee sasme tise, te, and isugged. 3. The Lesser A0is is't greegarious animal, ship's s/ecd, us to protection to all on boaord against too ansd scot be; &c. To axioms tbelong also propositiosca ol iihabiting Java, Ceyloss Borneo Ac It is hunted vit' greait solar treaet, or to preserve the deck. The A. is pen-'which the predicate expiesses only some idet sbicle amtir, this sport affordisg thee highest diversiou, and the erally supported by a range of light posts, called stass- enters necessarily into our conception of thee subject. flesh being esteemeed excelleit. chinoos, erected ulong both sides of the ship; in the middle Steclh is the proposition, A te'iasegle htas thf/ee sides, bee mo Ale, Ale-tree, (eis'l, a/s' tree) a. [A. S. to, axis.] it is esippoertect ly t cnomnplication of small cords called' tlhs subject, trisngle, cannot be conceived otherwis se thleoi Ihe shealt or pole on which a wh ieel turns, or which c'oce's-Jfot. This stimne is also applied to thiet part of three-sided. All reasoning must start fromo,xioms. drives or imepel s the wheels ofa vehisle. AYE AYMO AYUN 187 Ax'le-box, n. The journal-box of an axle, more espe- Aye, n.; pl. Ayes. An affirmative: one who votes in the exclusive subject of some of these. A novel, entitled cially a railway axle. - Webster. affirmative; as, "the ayes have it." This expression is Los Quatre Fils Aymon, by Iluon de Villeneuve, a Ax'lel, a. Furnished with an axle or axles; principally more particularly applied to the voting of the members French poet of the age of Philip Augustus, details very used in composition, as, "agate-axled car." - Warton. of the English HLouse of Cominons, whose affirmative minutely their exploits. Finally, Ariosto conferred a Ax'le-g'itarda, n. See JAW. voices are called "Ayes;" their negatives,' "~oes." In poetical immortality on the family by the publication of Ax'olotl, n. [Mexican.] (Zoel.) See SIREDON. the U. States Congress, the demonstration by votes bears his Eolasnd, in which Renaud, the bravest of the four Ax soto'erioe s, a. (isoin.) A term applied to minerals the correlative denominations of " Iea," and "'ay." brothers, plays continually the most distinguished part. cleavable in the direction of their axis. Aye'-g'aeeii, n. (Bet.) The House-leek, Semlpervivum Ayo'las, JUAN D', a Spanish adventurer, B. about 1480. Axusn. (rtks'ui.,) or AxoAs, (anc. Auxume.) The an- arboe-cum. - See SErMPERVIVUs. Accompanying Don Pedro de Mendoza in the discovery cient capital of Abyssinia, in the pryov. of Tigr6. It is Ayers'buasrgt, in Kansas, a post-vill., cap. of Ottawa co. of the river La Plata, he occupied Buehos Ayres with a situate about 85 m. from Antalo, but few remains now Ayer's XliH, in Pennsytlvania, apost-office of Potter co. number of Spaniards, Germans, and Flemings, and was exist of its former importance. A fine obelisk is still A/yes''vilHle, iin Missouri, a post-office of Putnam co. named governor of the settlement. In an expedition up seen here. Adrdis, on Aunesley Bay, in the Red Sea, was Aye's'ville, in North Carolina, a P.O. of Stokes co. the La Plata, A. was informed tby Gonzales Riomera, a anciently the port of A., and a great mart for the trade Ayers'ville, in Ohio, a post-office of Defiance co. Portuguese survivor of Sebastian Cabot's expedition, thbat of Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, &c., more especially in slaves. Ayeslas, (ai-'sha,) or AixA, one of the wives of Mo- a rich country was to be found in the interior, and he A. was founded about B.c. 650. Justinian formed an alli- hammed, the daughter of Abu-Beker, the first caliph, and accordingly set out with 400 men to explore the Paraance with the Auxumites, A. D. 535. Gibbon is of opin- successor to the prophet. She was only 9 years of age guay. ie toolk possession of Lanipere, and named it ion that the Auxumnites, or Abyssiniains, as ie calls them, when she married her husband. The latter loved A. "Assumption," remaining there for 6 months on friendly were a colony of Arabs, and there can be no doubt that deeply, although she bore him no issue; and he died inI ternms with the Caries Indians. I-le then penetrated S0 the Arab element is blended with the Ethiopian in their her armns. After the death of the prophet, she became leagues further into the country of the Payagoes, and is composition. They were converted to Christianity in the venerated by the Moslems, who styled hier "Meother of the supposed to have been murdered by them. 4th century; and in its defence caine into collision with Fa/ithful." A., tfter an eventful life, D. in the 58th year Ayol'ra, a town of Spain, on a river of the same name, the Moslems, who deprived themn of their possessions and of the Hiegira, 677 A. D., aged 67. in theprov. of Valenicia, 52 m. S.W. of Valencia; pop,5,840. destroyed their commerce. The C/hronicles of Axum, a Ay'ish Bayou, in Texas, a small streanm of San Angus- Ayotei'tani, a village of Mexico, dep. of Jalisco, 120 us. kind of history of Abyssinia, a copy of which the travel- tin co., intersecting it ifrom N. to S., and emptying into S.W. of Guadalaxara. ler Bruce brought to Englsand in 1744, are deposited in a the Angelina river. eAyot'la, a town of Mexico, 20 m. E. of the city of Mexico. Christian church in A., built abtout 1657. A. was made a Ayle, i. [0. Eng. ayel,aiel; O.. Frayle; Fr. ayel, aieul; Ay'olbites, or AYyvurres, the Saracenic dynasty bishopric about 330, and Frumnentis was the first bishop. Lat. avolu.ro alus, grandfather.] (0. ang. Law.) A grand- founded by Saladin, which in Egypt supplanted the FatlAy, Aye, (ca,) ade. [Sw., Ger., and Dan. ja; A.S. ja; lather. —See BEsAYLE. mite caliphs, about A. D. 1171. Several of the descendFr. oui, perhaps allied to Lat. aio, I say.] Yes; yea; a Ayles'bury, a borough and par. of England, in the co. ants of Saladin, known as A., afterwards ruled in Egypt, word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a of Buckingham, 38 m. N.W. of London. It is a flourish- Syria, Armenia, and Arabia Felix. In the 13th century question; indeed. ing town, situate in thecentre of the celebrated Vale of their power was destroyed by the Masmelukes. "What sayest thou? Wilt thou be of our consort? Aylesbsury, one of the richest pasture and dairy districts 2Ayr, (air,) a river of Scotland, which rises on the borders Say ay, and be the captain ofr us all? " - Shaks. in the kingdoma. A. is celebrated lor its ducks, of which of Lanarkshire, and after flowing W. for 30 in. empties Ay, or Ai, (ai,) a town of Fra-nce, dep. of Marne. 15 m. S. vast nm-numlers are sent to the London markets. Pop. 6,784. into the Frith of Clyde, and forms the harbor of Ayr. of Rtheims; pop. 3,486. It is lfmons for its wine, the best Ayles'orl d, a town and par. of England, in the co. of This river is celebrated in the poems of Robert Burns, of the vins suousseux of Champagne. Dr. Henderson says, Kent, 3 m. from iMlaidstone. In its vicinity is the re- the Scottish Anacreon. thast, "It is unquestionably an exquisite liquor, being markable monsiment called Kit's Coty House, a hind of AYe, a county of Scotland, bounded N. by Renfrew, E. lighter and sweeter than the Sillery, and accompanied Druidical cromlech of which the origin is obscure, and by the counties of Lanark and Dumfries, S.E. by those by a delicate flavor and aroma, somewhat analogous to much contested amnong antiquaries. of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown, and W. by the Irish that of the pine-apple. That which merely creams on Channel and Frith of Clyde. e, 650,156 acres. It is tse surface (dc..i cieusse.sx) is preferred to the full froth- divided into the 3 districts of Carrick, Kyle, and Cunninging (gra~nd mousseux) wine," (HIistory~ of }Vtin~es, p. 1540) - - - [ ut s3dstit f arcKya ~ -~.:~ ~g I~ng (gr~and mstes~x) wine," (fl/story of Wises, p. 1~54.) ham. Soil, fertile, and producing excellent grain-crops. Ayateuleho, (a-ya-koo'cho,) a prov. of S. Peru, betwveen...._ — ____ —_-_ _ -.... This county is especially fanmous for its breed of milch Lat. 120 and 160 S., and Lon. 720 and 760 WV., bomscunded ________cows. Iron and coal are abundant, and exported in great Ln. by0 Ju nn, 6 E. b u, an d Lon. the and W6~., by thed ~ —''-'~=-~-'~~ —— ~~=~= N. by Junin, E. by Cizco, and on the S. and W. by the qmantities. Prin. towns. Kilmsarnock, Ayr, Ardrossan, Ammdes. - B t/ee. area, 33,280 sq. m. - /s/ief s/ivers, the _ Largs, Mauchline, 3laybole, and Irvine.. Pop. abt. 220,000. Apurimac, with its many tributaries. — Towns. Hua- - - AYR, a seaport and borough of Scotland, amnd cap. of the manga, (the capital,) IHuancavelica, and Ayacucho. At above co. is 65 us. S.W. of Edinburgh, and 30 S.S.W. of the latter place, the combined Colombians and Peruvi- Glasgow. It is a fine and prosperous town. alof. Cotans utterly defeated the Spanish forces, 9th Dec., 1824, and ton and carpets; iron foundries and tanneries are also so put an end to Spanish rule on the American continent. in full work. There is here a splendid monunseit to the A'yahIi, a. [Hindoo; Sp. aye, a governess, ayo, a tutor, Scottish hero Wallace, conisisting of a tower 115 feet It. aja, ajo.] In India. the nane given to a waiting-maid high. Near Alloway Kirk, is still seen the cottage in or to ia nurse having the charge of children. In the lat- which the poet Burns was born. (See AIOWAY.) A. is a ter capacity they are singularly remarkable for their fi- i /[ very ancient borough, and possesses a good and comdelity of attachiment to tihe youthful objects of their care. m niodious harbor, with an extensive coasting-trade. Pop. Ayala, (a-ya'ls,) PEDRo LOPEZ DE, a Spanish chroani- about 22,500. cltier, B. in Murctia, 1332. He was talken prisoner by the Ayr, in Pein /nesota, a post-office of Goodhue co. Black Prince, at the battle of Najera in 1367, and sent to Ayr, in Pennsylvania, a township of Fulton co.; op. England. After his release he became councillor to, about 1,250. Henry of Trastamasra. A. died in 1407. His works gave a Ay'rao, a town of Brazil, prov. of Pare, 110 m. N.W. of markned impulse to Spanish literature, and his History p [/Rio Negro. of Castile is one of the most valuable records that have _ Ayr, (POINT OF,) the N. promontory of the Isle of Man, in the Iriesh Sea: Let. 540 24' 59".Ln ~ V5"W come down to us fron the Middle Ages. Pug 253. - KIT'S COTY HOUSE, (a Drui-ical Crof lech.) in the Irish SeaN: Lt. 540 24. j9" N.; Lou. 40 21' 595" W. Ayatmonte, (a'ya-euon'tai,) a fortified town of Spain, There is a lighthouse here with a revolving light in its prov. of Seville, on the E. side of the embouchure of the Ay'lett's, in Virginia, a post-village of King William's lantern, 106 feet above the sea. Guadiana, 25 m. of Huelva. Lat. 370 13' N.; Lon. 70 19' co. on the Mattspony river, 25 m. N.E. of Richmond. Ay'rer, JAcoB, next to Hans Sachs the most prolific and 15" W. Pop. 6,497. Ayl'mer, JoMN, an English prelate, who was tutor to important Geriman dramatic writer of the 16th century. Ayant Cause, n. [Fr., concerned in the cause.] (Law.) Lady Jane Grey. On the accession of Mary, hlie was forced His history is involved in obscurity; but it is known A French legus term, used in Louisiana. It signifies one to leave his country, but found a quiet retreat asmid the that ihe was a citizen of Ntirnberg in 1594, and a proto whom a right his been assigned, either by will, gift, beautiful scenery of Zurich. When Queen Elizabeth curator in tihe courts of law. It was not till after his sale, bill of exchange, or the like; an assignee.- An came to the throne, he returned to England; and in 1576 death, in 1605, that a collection of his pieces was pubayant cause differs fironom an heir who acquires the right was made bishop of London. He aois a very diligent lished, consisting of 66 tragedies, comedies, and carnival by inheritance. prelate, and severe against the Puritalns, for which he plays (Ntirnib. 1618.) A. has the samne garrulous breadth Ayasalouk', in Asia Minor. See Erpresus. hais been severely censured by their writers; but it is of dialogue as lHains Sachs, but is inferior to him in wit Aye'-Aye', n.; pl. AYv.-AYEs. (Zecl.) The Ohei/-omys said that he was learned in the languages, a deep divine; and humor. Mtladagascariensis, a sin- and a ready disputant. B. in Norfolk, 1521; Di. at Fulham, Ay'r'y, n. A hawk's nest. See AraiE. gular quadruped (which 1594. An instance of the humor with which this prelate Ays eue, or Aysecoe gh, (ais'cu,) SIR GEonoRGE, an Engin soue descriptions has roused an inattentive audience while preaching, is given lish admiral in the service of the Commonwealth, and been confounded with S by Wood. "When his auditory grew dull and inatten- Charles II. Hie captured Barbadoes in 1651, and in 1658 the Ai, or Sloth, whose tive, he would, with some pretty and unexpected conceit, entered the service of the King of Sweden. Returning habits it somewhat re- move theim to attention. Amonig the rest was- hie read to England, hecommanded in the battles fought against sembles.) It is placed by a long text ii Iebrev; whereupos all seened to listen the Dutch; anid in the attack on Yam Tromp, lost his Cuvier in the order Ro-'whamst would come after such strange words, as if they ship, and was taken prisoner to Holland. His after fate dentia, but other natu- hash talken it for some conjuration; but ihe showed their is unknown. ralists have classed it filly, that, when he spake English, whereby they might Aytla'ya, n. (Zoe6.) The Pochards, a gen. of ducks, subwith the Monkley tribe, be instructed and edified, they neglected and hearkened fatmily Anatince. It comprises two American species: from the hand-like struc- not to it; and now when hlie read Itebrew, which they the lRed-IHead, A. Ansmericana, and the Canvas-Back, A. ture of its hinder feet. understood no word of, they seemed careful and atten- vallisneria. It is a native of Mada- tive." Ay'ton, or Ay'toun, SIR ROBET, an English poet, B. gascar; it burrows un- I Ayl'mer, a ilake of British N. America, about 80 mn. N. 1570. He was employed both by James I. and Charles I. der the ground, is very. of the N.E. end of Great Slave Lake. Its length is about Burns founded his famous song of Auld Lang Syne upon slothful, and is alto- ~ 50 min.; its breadth, 30. one of A.'s poems. D. 1638. gether a nocturnal ani- \Ay'lmer., a post-town of Lower Canada, cap. of Ottawa Ay'teun, WILLAMs EDMONSTOuNE, D.C.L., an eminent mal. It has large fat 5. co., on Chaudi~re Lalre, 8 m. from Ottawa; pop. abt. 1,500. English poet and dramatist, B. at Edinburgh in 1813. Itie ears, like those of a bat, st Aylt1 er, a post-village of Uipper Canada, co. of Middle- was called to the Scottish bar in 1840, and in 1845 was and a tail resembling a sex, 137 m. W.S.W. of Toronto, and 30 m. friom London. appointed Professor of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres iu sqsuirrel's; but its most.Fig. 252. —AYe-A ue. tY Le! intertj. Used instead of Ah/usesc-mIn Spessish, Ay the University of Edinburlgh. lIe was for years one of distinguishing peculiar- di sril/ as, "Ay di mi, Espaefa!I" the snost brilliant contributors to "Blachkwood's Magaity is the middle tos or finger of the fore-foot, the two / y'maen, the sirname of four brothers, called respec- zine;" but his fume rests chiefly on his celebrated poems, last joints of which are very long, slender, and destitute tively Alard, Richard, Guiscard, and Renasud, sons of Ay- the Lays of the Scottis/u (Can'aliers, and Bsthwell. These of hair. It measures about eighteen inches from the mon or Haimon, Count of Dordogne, s~ho figure ansong have the true ring of the old martial spirit of his counnose to the tail; and its general color is a pale ferrugi- the most illustrious heroes of the cisivalric poetry of the try, and have gone through edition after edition. A. was nons brown, mixed with gray. Middle Ages; but their historic existence must be con- also, in conjunction withm Theodore Martin, one of the Aye, ado. [A.S. oa, a, or awa; Gr. aes. ever, forever; sidered problematical, as the deeds attributed to them authors of the ismomis Bon Guoat/ier Ballads, aind also of allied to aian, a lifetime, an age, eternity; Let. cowesas.] possess in so large a measure a miracslous character..Fis-ssilian, a Spasmcodic Ts-agedy, in which he ably satirAlways; ever; continually; for an iridefinite time. Their career belosigs to the cycle of marvels of which ized the modern spasmodic school of poetry. D. Aug. Fom aye, always; eternaslly; for ever. Charlemagne is the central point, snd their adventures 4, 1865.'The seem, thosugh inside iii imis, surutves for eye; furnished rich umsaterial to the romantic narratives of Ayuss'tamien' te, is. p1. [Sp. from njuntar, to join.] And, though it hath begianing, sees no end. - Dasaies. Itualy in tie 15th anmd 16th centuries, sand,in fact, were the (Pest.) A naume given in Spain and Spanish America to 188 AZAL AZIM AZO R the corporations or municipal bodies of their cities, native of China, and produces flowers of a carmine color. tercepted between the meridian or circle through the towns, and villages. This has ever been the most cher- The Indian and the Shining species are propagated from zenith of the place and the poles, and a circle through ished and carefully preserved institution of the Spanish cuttings in peat and loam, and all the other species are the zenith, the nadir, and the given body. The altitnudle people, and its existence may be traced to the earliest propagated from layers, or by the dividing of the root. of the body is measured along this circle, upwards from period of their history. The young shoots selected for layers must be slit and the nearest point where it meets the horizon. Itis eviAyu'thia, in Siam. See YUTrIA. laid down. in the same manner as the layers of carna- dent, that, when we have given the altitude and A. of a Azad'erinse, n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the root tions: when the layers have struck good root, they may star at any given moment, we shall be able to point out of the Malea azadirachta, which is useful in fevers, and be removed into the nursery, and planted in lines at a its exact position in the sky.-A. Circles are those which forms a crystalline salt with sulphuric acid. nsmall distance from each other, there to stand during at extend from zenith to nadir, cutting the horizon at right Aza'lea, n.; pl. AZALEAS. [Gr. azaleos, dry, in allusion to least one year preparatory to final planting. The best angles, or those in which all the points have the same its growing in dry places.] (Bet.) A genus of plants, season for layering is autumn. After a plant has stood Azimuth.-For A. Compass and.A. Dial, see CosltASs and tribe Rlhododendrece, consisting of shrubs remarkable during a few years, it throws up many stems, and some SUN-DIAL. for the beauty and fragrance of their flowers, on which of these may easily be taken off with a portion of root Aziulnu'thal, a. Relating to the azimuth. account they are geiierally cultivated. By somne botanists, at each, and planted either in the nursery ground, or in Azinecourt', in France. See ACINCOUIoT. the genus is esteemed the same as Rhododendron; and places where they are to remain. All the A. love a dry kAz!me.riguintme, (az'eeer-i-goonj',) an inland town of it must be confessed that it is difficult to point out any situation, and they are most at home in a soil of peat iindostan, in the British presidency and prov. of Bengal, positive character, except the thin and generally decidu- tand loam or sandy peat. beyond the Brahliiapootra, in the district of Syllhet, 55 ons leaves, by which the A. may be distinguished from Azaz/lia, in Indiana, a post-village of Bartholomew co., m. N.E. of Dacca; Lat. 240 331 N.; Lon. 910 51 E. the Rhododendron. It will, however, be more conform- onI the E. fork of White River, 51 m. S.S.E. of Indianapolis. Azo'benzide, n. (Cheme.) A red oil, solidifying to a able to popular usage if we speak of them apart; uand Azaslnor, a fortified seaport of Morocco, on the Atlan- crystalline mass; obtained at the close of the distillation as the subject is of general interest, we shall do so at tic, 122 m. N.N.W. of Morocco; at the mouth of the of nitrobenzole with water, iron filings, and acetic acid. some length.-The species are not very numerous; but river Morbeya, 8 m. N.E. of Mazagan. Lat. 330 17' 37" Foras. C12TN. the varieties have of late years been so exceedingly mul- N.; Lon. 80 15' W. Pop. about 2,000. Azobenzoid'ine, n. (Chem.) Colorless, transparent, tiplied, and rendered so excessively intricate, as to be Aza'ni, an ancient city of Phrygia, on the Edrenos, oblique crystals; nearly insoluble in alcohol, and little almost bewildering. No fancy ornamental shrub has (Rhyndacus.) The small modern village of Tjandere- soluble in ether. Obtained by acting for some time in been more profusely kaleidoscoped by the recent and IIissar, 22 mn. W. by S. of Kutalch, is built on its ruins. distilled bitter almonds with ammonia. b-rm. CsH1ie NM. powerful appliances of scientific culture. The Clamlly The latter, which are very fine, consist of two bridges Azobenzoilide, n. (Clem.) White powder or plates, species, A. viscosa, formerly called the white A., and of connected by a superb quay, with a temple and a theatre, obtained by heating oil of bitter almonds with amnimnia, which we have about 100 varieties, is a native of N. the latter being 232 ft. in diameter. and treating the brown viscid mass formed with alcohol America, and is found in rocky woods from Canada to Aza'ra, DON FELIX DE, a Spanish author and traveller, and ether. This compound rensains: Formu. C28ttieN,N2. Georgia. From its root rise several slender brown stems B. 1746. His work entitled Descripcion y Historia del Azobe azoyle', us. (Cheme.) White tasteless powder; to the height of about 4 feet. Its leaves are spear-shaped, Paraguay, y del Rio de la Plata, was published at Mad- soluble in 100 boiling alcohol; insoluble in water; obnarrow at the base, rough in thle border, and grow in rid, in 2 vols., 1847. It is considered in authority on the tatined by adding to crude oil of bitter almonds ani equal clusters. Its flowers come out between the leaves, and natural history of Paraguay, and of tile countries on the volume of caustic ammonia, and allowing it to stand for terminate the branches; they diffuse an agreeable ira- Plate. D. 1811. a mnonth; a yellow resinous mass results. Boilinug ether grance; they closely resemble in their forie the flowers Azari'alh, a king of Judah (2 KIings xv. 1-7), also called takes up hydrobenzamide. and leaves azobenzoyle and of the honeysuckle, each having a tube of nearly aim Uzzia/ (2 Chrm. xxvi.) Hie began to reign at t16 years of some azotide of benzoyle, which is separated by boiling inch in length, divided at the top into 5 segments, 2 of age, B. c. 806. The first part of his reign was prosperous alcohol. Funm. C421115N2. which are reflexed; they are white, with a yellowish and happy; but afterwardspresumning to offer incense in A'zof, Az'oFF, Az'ovs, or Az'ov, (SEA OF,) (anc. Palus exterior in the normal plant, but are red in two of the the Temple, hle was smitten with leprosy, and continued a MIeotis,) mn inland sea in the S.E. quarter of Europe. It varieties, and variegated in seome others. andi they bloom leper till his death (2 C/hr. xxvi. 16-23).-This name was communicates by the narrow sea of Yenikcal6 (anc. Bosin July.-The Naked Flowered species, A4. nudljor'a, lfor- very common among the Jews, and was borne by maney phorus Cimmerius), with the N.E. angle of the Black merly called the Red A., is also a native of N. America, who are briefly referred to in Scripture. Sea, and is everywhere else surrounded by the Russian and is widely spread over forests throughout the U. States. Az'arole, n. [Fr. azerole.] (Bot.) The Cratcegus azarolus, territories. It is of very irregular shape, its greatest About 50 varieties are known. Its stems rise, and its a shrub of the genus CRMaaus, q. v. length being about 235 m. firom N.E. to S.W., with a flowers are formed like those of the preceding species; Azeoi'tia, a town of Spain, prov. of Biscay, 20 m. fronm maximum breadth of 110. Area, 14,000 sq. m. Where its leaves are oval, smooth, and entire. and are placed Tolosa. Pop. about 4,000. deepest, it has about 7 fathoms water. A. teens with alternately on the bramnches; and its flowers appear in Aze'glio, MAssiito TAPARELLT, MARQUIS D', an Italian fish, the trade in which is both extensive and valuable. May and June, are produced in clusters on long, nalked author, artist, diplomatist, and statesman, n. at Turtis, The navigation opens early in April, and terminates at footstalks, from the sides of the branches, and are red 1801, was thie descendant of an ancient and noble Pied- the end of Nov. During the rest of the year it isicein the normal plant, but exhibit the various hues of montese family. At the age of fourteen he was excom- bound. The coasting trade of this sea has nearly trebled pink, scarlet, blush, and even white in the several vari- municated for an assault upon his teacher, who was an itself since the Crimean war. During this war, A. was eties.- The Marigold-like species, A. calendulacea, about ecclesiastic. In 816h he accompanied Iis father to Rome, the scene of some important naval operations. An allied 4 feet high, and with twelve varieties, produce severally and there occupied his time principally with painting expedition, 15,000 strong, composed of English, French, yellow, orange, saffron-colored, or red flowers in May and music. Hie was already favorably iknown as a and Turkish troops of all arms, with 5 batteries of artiland June. —The Pontic species, A. pentica, is a native painter, when, in 1830, he went to Milan, married the lery, arrived off Kertch, on the 24th May, 1855. The of Turkey, is 6 feet high, and has about 10 varieties. daughter of Manzoni, the great novelist, and wrote sev- Russians blew up their fortifications on both sides of the It produces yellow, white, and copper-colored flowers, eral romances. The earliest of these was Ettore Fieos- Straits, destroyed 3 steamers, and several heavy-arimed some ii May and June, and others from March till May. mosca, published in 1833, which, conceived in the style vessels, and large quantities of ammunition, provisions, The Canescent species, A. canescens, grows to the height of Manzoni, and full of patriotic sentiments, was re- and stores. The chief Russian positions were captured, of 3 feet, and produces red flowvers. The Arborescent, ceived with great enthusiasm. His next romance, VNic- a small garrison was left at Kertch and Yenikal6, and the A. arborescens, produces red flowers in July, and attains cold di Lapi, published eight years afterwards, became expedition returned to Sebastopol on the 12th June. — a height of 10 to 20 feet. The Showy species, A. speciosa, equally popular, and is esteemed, by Italian critics, the See PUTRID SEA. has been multiplied into a number of varieties, most of best historical novel in any language. Deeply imebued A'zor, a town of Russia in Europe, prov. of Elkaterinoswhich carry red, scarlet, or orange-colored flowers. All with the spirit of Italian nationality, in 1842 A. aban- lar, near the N.E. extremeity of the above sea, to which the preceding species are hardy and deciduous, and, ex- doned his favorite pursuits, and with his friends Balbo it gives its name, and about 20 m. from the mouth of the cepting the Pontic, are natives of N, America. But the and Gioberti he made a tour through the provinces Don. It is tihe anc. Tanais, a Greek colony mentioned by Indian species, A. indica, is an evergreen, and a native of Italy, awakening the revolutionary spirit whiclh Strabo. In the Middle Ages it was called Tana by the of China, and requires, in temperate countries, a green- troubled thie last years of Gregory XVI. After the revo- Genoese, and received its present name fromn the Turks, house culture. -The Chinese species, A. sinesis, is also lution of 1848 he supported the cause of the king of Pied- who took possession of it in 1474. A. has been in the mont, and, at the head of the Papal troops, fought possession of Russia since 1774. The sand and mud of, against time Austriams at Vicenza, where he ws...vo.n.ded. the river having obstructed its port, the trade of A. has In 1849, Victor Eeumanuel appointed him president of the been transferred to Tagaurog, and it is now but a poor cabinet of ministers, an office he undertoolt solely out of place. It was bombarded by an allied French and Enghove for his king and country, and which he resigned in hish squadroe in 185t. Pop. about 1,500.'~Iy 1852 to his political adversary Count Cavour. In 1859, Azo'e, a. [Gr. a, priv., and zoa, life.] Destitute of or-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~na hoe unetorhskin an country, gandwichhreindn lishsuarnin15. _o.aot15 \I,,- ~~~ ~~after the peace of Villafianca, he undertoolt a confden- ganic life. The azoic period of thIe geologists is that bet!hi~ f] ~~tial mission as ambassador-extraordinary to England; fore any living being appeared. and was afterwards appointed governor of the city of Azo'leic Acid. (Chees.) An oily fluid, insoluble in Milan. His failing health, his love of art, and sonie dif- water; soluble in boiling nitric acid, and re-precipitated.y 6t/IP1/II~q~ll ferences of opinion wvith his colleagues, caused him, how- by water. Obtained from the oily substance which swims ever, to withdraw finallyfrom public life. B. Jam. 15, 1866. al/er the treatment of olive oil with nitric acid, by boil/Azekah, (And. Geog.) a town of Judah, lying in the ing with alcoholic sulphuric acid. Form-. C13H1304. ~ 7~i' l /4oI low hand, near Socoh. (Jos. xv. 35). Between A. and Azoiit'mine, m. (Chem.) A dark-red substance, which Socoh the Philistines encamped before the battle in is the principal coloring matter of the litmus. It differs vwhich Goliath was Ikilled (1 Sase. xvii. 1). It was forti- from orc6ine byits insolubilityin alcohol. aorms. C18IHI10 fled by Rehoboam (2 Chr. xi. 9), was still standing at the NO10. invasion of Nebuchadnezzar (,ler. xxxiv. 7), and was re-!Azol/la, n. [Gr. azoe, to malke dry, and ollymi, to kill; occupied by the Jaws alter the captivity (Ne/s. xi. 30). as the plants speedily die when taken from the water.] The site of A. is possibly found at Tell-zakcarsFya, a hill (Bot.) A genus of plants, ord. Marsileace. The species C~ ~.q~'! ~.... ~ near Ain-shems (Beth-Shemnesh). A. Caroliniasna is a small plant, resembling some of the Azerbijan', in Persia. See ADERBEITZAN. mosses, floating in still or sluggish waters; found in the A'zer-ue. See AznEr. Northern and Western States. Its leaves are arrtnged in Azeve'do.-Contin'ho, IMARCOS, a Brazilian traveller, two rows upon the rhizona, imbricated, spreading, fleshy; B. in the 16th century. Ile wase an intrepid explorer of tilme floating ones reddish underneath. illl ~the virgin solitudes of Brazil; and, in 1596, is said to Azoodyna'lnia., n. [Gr. a, priv., zoO, life, and dyhave discovered the famous emerald nmine, during an ex- namis, strength.] Privation or diminution of the vital / /a padition known under the namee of Jor~nada des Esuee- powers.;?~cr~~~~~~~~uldos. B. in the aerh1~y part of the 17th century. hAzores, (T8he,) (di-zares',) or WCESTERN ISLANDs, an ar-!jill ~dAz'ilm-E -dI-DowIah-Bahadloor,, the last titular chipelago of nine islands, belonging to Portugal, from Nabob of the Carunatic, in Hindostai; B. 1770; D. 13th Aug., which it is about 100 m. distant, occupying a line of 1819. about 100 leagues from E.S.E. to W.S.W., between 360 Azimglnghur, (a'zim-gu r',) an inland town of Hindos- 59, and 390 44' N. Lat., and 310 7' and 250 10' W. Lon. tan, in time British presidency of Bengal, prov. of Allusha- It is divided into 3 subordinate groups, forming a superbad, cap. of a district of its own name; 40 m. N.N.E. of ficies of 715 sq. m. The 1st, lying at the W.N.W. exBenares, in 26~ 6'N. Lat.; Lon. 830 10'. Cotton stuffs are tremity of the archipelago, includes Flores and Corvo; largely fabricated here. A. was ceded to the English by the 2d, or central, Fayal, Pico, St. George, Graciosa, and Pe~ig. 254. - AZALEA INIdA. thee Nabob of Ouda, in 1801. Terceira; and the 3d, at the E.S.E. extreuity, St. Mia tender evergreen, and produces yellow flowers. An- Azikmuth, n. [Ar. As-saent; fioom al, the, and sani, cal's, (tha largest of the ehole,) and St. Mary's. Thee other, and a mimore recently introduced species, which has wasy, road, path, tract, country, quarter.] (Asrol-n.) The name (llhos dos Acoses) is said to be derived from the been called Danielsiana, is also an evergreen, and a A. of a body is an arc neasusued on the horizon, in- vast number of hawks, (falco esilvuss,) called by the AZZA BAAS BABB 189 natives aesor, by which they were frequented at the period name for nitrogen. Nitrogen was so called from being Awzll'lne Acid, AZULMINE. (Chem.) Ablack substance of their discovery. These islands seem to be of compare- destructive to life; but as numerous other gases have proceeding from the spostaneons decomposition of cy tively recent formation. Their general aspect is pictu- the same properties, the word has been almost given up anogen ii water. According to others, it is composed resque and bold, presenting for the most part an irregu- by English chemists, except in such words as azolized, of 2 cyanogen+IHO. lar succession of isolated, conical, or acuminated hills, azobenzole, &c. The French, however, still use A., azo- Azun (Val d'), (a'zu(r)n), a lovely valley in the S. of with table-lands rising from 2,000 to 5,000 ft. in height. tique, azotate, &c., for nitrogen, nitric acid, and nitrate. France, termed the.Eden of the Pyrenees, reaching the The former are separated by valleys, and the latter by tre- See NITROGEN. base of the Pic du Midi, and crossing by an important mendons chasms or ravines. The whole alre bounded by Az'otea, n. [Sp.] (Arch.) The name given to the flat road into Spain. magnificent natural precipices rising abruptly from the roof which characterizes the house-tops in Mexican and Azure, (czszhur or Z'zhur,) a. [Fr. azur, from Ar. azrak, sea. The Peak of Pico, about 7,000 ft. above the sea, is Spanish-American cities. or Per. azruk, blue.] Of a light clear blue; sky-colored; Azot'ie, and Azo'touss Acids. (Cliem.) Synonyms cerulean. ____: — ~_~__~ ~ of NITRic and NITaous ACIDs, q. v. -n. The fine blue color of the sky. - See SKY. ________ _.Az otite, n. (Chem.) A NrRITE, q. v. -Poetically, the sky itself; the blue vault above. Az'otize, v. a. To impregnate with azote, or nitrogen. (Paint.) A sky-colored blue, a color made of lapisAz'otized bodies. (Chemin.) Substances containing lazuli, called ultranmarine, and held in great estimation _____~ u- nitrogen. by painters. - See ULTRAMARINE. Azpeytia, or AZPEITIA, (ath-pi'te-a,) a walled town of (Her.) The blue color represented in engravings by Spain, prov. of Guipuscoa, 15 min. S.W. of San Sebastian. lines drawn horizontally on the escutcheon, and parallel Manf. Iron utensils, and shoes. Jasper quarries lie in to the chief, as seen in the escutcheon of the house of the vicinity. About a mile from A. was born Ignatius Bourbon, which occupies the centre of the armorial esLoyola, the founder of the Jesuits, or Order of Jesus. cutcheon of Spain, in fig. 193. —Azure signifies justice, _Pop. about 5,000. perseverance, and vigilance. French heralds rank this IAzfrael, a. The name given to the Angel of Death by color before gules. the Mohammedans. Az'ure, v. a. To color blue. Az'rek, (BAHR-EL,) or the BLUe Riven, the principal Az'ured. p. a. Colored blue; as, "The pure azured stream of Abyssinia, which, after a winding course heaven." I ______....__ through Abyssinia and Sennear, falls into the Nile above Az'ure Spar, n. (Min.) See LAZULITE. Gerri. _Az'urine, a. Azure. "Dark azurine." - Hackcluyt. Az'talan, in Wisconsin, a post-village and township of Az'urite, n. (Min.) A monoclinic mineral, lustre vitJefferson co., on Rock River, 50 us. W. of Milwaukee; reous, almost adamantine. Color. Various shades of pep. abont 1,200. izure-blue, passing into Berlin-blue. Streak, blue Az'tecs, n. pl. The name of a formerly great American lighter than the color. Transparent, subtranslucent. Pig. 255. -PEAK OF PICO. nation, whose earliest location was Aztlan, a country to Conchoidal fracture, brittle. Found in the U. States. the N. of the Gulf of California, where they were flour- Comp. Carbonic acid 2506, oxide of copper 69'2, water the highest summit in these islands. When seen from a ishing in 1160. In 1196, they migrated to Tula, removed 5-2 = 100. — Dana. distance at sea, it appears lilke an isolated cone in the firom thence to Zumpanco, about 1216, and eventually Az'ygos, Az'ygous, a. [Gr. a, priv., and zygos, a midst of the ocean. The A. are subject to severe earth- settled on a group of islands to the S. of Lake Tezcuco. yoke; i.e., that has no fellow.] (Ant.) A term applied quakes, but the climate is, on the whole, excellent. The The A. were reduced to slavery by the Colhuans in 1314, to several single muscles, veins, bones, &c.; as the A. finest oranges and fruits are produced, as well as all sorts and moving to the W. of the lake, founded Tenochtitlan, uwvsce, a muscle inserted into the tips of tihe uvula, the of cereals, sugar-canes, coffee, tobacco, &c. Industry and their capital (on the site of which the city of Mexico use of which is to raise the uvula upwards and forwards, agriculture are, however, but little practised, owing now stands), in 1325. They were assailed by the Span- and to shortens it; and the A. vein, situated im the right partly to the indolence, as well as ignorance, of the na- lards under Cortez in 1519, and subjugated. Humboldt cavity of thi thorax, upon the dorsal vertebra. It retives. The principal exports are oranges, wine, brandy, considered that, in the 15th century, they had by con- ceives the blood from the vertebral, intercostal, bron&c. The A. are governed by a Portuguese viceroy, quest acquired over 60,000 sq. mni. of territory. They chial, pericardial, mnd diaphiragmatic veins, and evacuates whose seat of government is at Angra, in Terceira, al- were highly superstitious, and worshipped quite a nnm- it into the vena cava superior. though Ponte Delgada, in St. Michael's, is the principal ber of deities, despite the progress they had made in the Az'yme, Azyl'eus, n. [Gr. azymos, without ferment, town. Thechiefportof the A.isFayal. Pop.343,572. arts, as evidenced by representations of their paintings, unleavened.] (Eccl. ltist.) A term much used in the The A. are said to have been discovered about 1430; and and their architectural and sculptural monuments. They violent controversies between the Roman and Greek in 1448 they were taken form-mal possession of by Prince also cultivated oratory and poetry, but used hieroglyph- Catholics, the former of whom contend that the bread, Henry of Portugal. Alphonso V. gave them, in 1466, to ice to record their annals. Montezuma II., who reigned in the mass, ought to be azymus; a very important his sister, the Duchess of Burgundy, and they were then firom 1502 to 1520, is believed to have been the last of matter indeed! colonized by the Dutch. In 1580, they were surrendered their monarchs. - O0ur space forbids an exposition in this Az'ymite, n. [Fr. azymite.] (Eccl. list.) One of a to Spain. The English, under the Earl of Essex and Sir work of the historical remains, and art-antiquities of Christian sect who administered the Encharist with unWalter Raleigh, failed in an attempt to capture them in this peculiarly interesting people; but the reader will leavened bread. 1597. In 1640, they reverted to Portugal, in whose pos- find most diffuse and elaborately illustrated details of Az'ymous, a. Unleavened; unfermented.-DDunglison. session they remain. their widely civilized existence in the following works, See AzysIE. Azo'rian, n. A native or an inhabitant of the Azores, the best which have yet appeared on the subject, viz.: Az.zah. (Anc. Geog.) The same as GAZA, q. V. or Western Islands. Lord Kingsborough's On the Antiquities of Mexico, Azzano (Castel d'), (ath-acno,) a village of N. Italy, -a. Pertaining to the Azores, or to their inhabitants. (London, 1834); and IIumboldt's Histoire Politique du 5 m. friom Verona, where, in May, 1799, the French deAz'ote, n. [Gr. a, not, and zoi, life.] (C/mems.) The old Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne. feated the Austrians. B. The second letter andfirst consonant in the English, temple and altars of B. were chiefly built on the tops of was fulfilled in the extermination of the family two and in all languages derived from the Hebrew or hills under trees, and on the roofs of houses. The vwor- years after his own death.'hPoenician alphabet. It is formed in the voice by ship of Baal gave employment to a numerous priesthood, Bab, a. See BinIss. a stray and quiche expression of tse breath, and a sudden who burned incense, sacrificed children, danced round Ba'ba, a Turkish word signifying father, originating, like opening of the lips; it is therefore called a labial. It the altar, and if their prayers were not speedily heard, omr word papm, in the fist efforts of children to speai. readily interchanges with the letters of the same organ, cut themselves with knives and lancets till the blood In Persia and Turkey, it is prefixed as a title of honor to principally with v; as, habere, Latin, avere, Italian. In gushed out upon them. Through all the Phoenician colo- the names of ecclesiastics of distinction, especially of Spain, and the parts of France bordering on Spain, the nims we find traces of the worship of this god, in names, such as devote themselves to an ascetic life; it is often letter b will be often found in words which, in the kin- as Asdru-bal, Ilanni-bal, &c., and in inscriptions; nor affixed in courtesy, also, to the names of other persons, dred Ianguages, prefer the v;-and withlp, an interchange need we hesitate to regard the Babylonian Bel or Bel/is as All-Babe. - C0hamb. Cycl. of which the pronunciation of the English language by as identical to B., though perhaps under some modified Ba'ba, CAPE, (in Turklish, BabS-Bournou,) is the Cape Leesome of the natives of Saxony presents sufficient exam- form. The same perplexity occurs respecting the con- tum of the Greeks. It is a rocky bold headland of Anaples. -B is often used as an abbreviation for Bachelor; nection of this god with the heavenly bodies, as in re- tolia, north-west of the northern extremity of the Gulf as B.A., Bachelor of Arts; B. D., Bachelor of Divinity, gard to Ashtoreth. The more comnon opinion has been;i of Adramati, the ancient Adramyttium, and between the &c.; and for before, as, B. C., Before Christ.- B, as ia that B. is the sun; and that, under this name, this lu- islands of Lesbos (now Mitylens) and Tenedos, which numeral among the Romamns, stood for 300; with a dash minary received divine honors. We find the worship of preserves its ancient name. The cape, which is scarcely over it, for 3,000; and with a sort of accent under it, 200. B. established among the Moabites in the time of Moses, twelve miles distant from thie northern extremity of Among the Greeks and Hebrews, B signified 2.-In (Noum. xxii. 41,) and through these nations the Israelites Lesbos, is in 390 30' N. Lat., and 26e E. Lon. —A small chronology, B stands for onb of the Domimmical letters.- were seduced to the worship of this god, under the par- town, called by the same name, and sometimes St. In chemistry, B is the symbol of the metal Boron. ticular name of Baal-peer (Num. xxv. 3-10; Deat. iv. 3). Mary's, stands on a shelving point of Cape Baba, imme(Alus.) B is the seventh note in the natural diatonic Notwithstanding the tearful punishment which their diately above the sea. scale of C (or C major), answering to the SI of the idolatry then brought upon them, the succeeding gener- B]aba-Dagh, (ba'ba-da,) a town of European Turkey, Italians and French. In harmony it is called the major ations returned often to the worship of B. 99 m. from Silistria. It has several mosques, and a conseventh. Bb stands for B fiat, the tone or half-tone, or Baal'bec. See BALBEC. siderable trade through the port of Kara Kerman, an semi-tone lower than B. - In Germany it always signi- ]Ba'alism, n. Worship or adoration of Baal or of idols; outlet of Lake Rassein, on the Black Sea. Pup. 10,000. fies B flat, B natural there taking the name of B. idolatry. (R.) Bab'bage, CHARLES,'. K. I., an eminent English maBaa, (bii) n. The cry or bleating of sheep. Baai'-peor. [Heb., Lord of opening.] (Myth.) One of thematician and mechanical inventor; B. 26th Dec., 1792. -v. i. To cry or bleat like sheep. the names under which the Jews worshipped Baal. The The laborious calculations necessary in constructing ta"' Or like a, iamb whose dues away is set narrative (Nua. xxv.) seems clearly to show that this bles of logarithms, early called his attention to the value He trebles baas for help, buh none can get." —Sidvley. form of Badl-worship was connected with licentious of any invention which should substitute for mental rites. B. P. was identified by the Rabbis and early calculation the more precise principle of mechanism. Baad 2'sed, BOTSTEn, or BAsTAD, (bad'stecd,) a seaport Fathers, with Priapus, the god of procreation. He commenced observations mand experiments on this town of Sweden, prey. of Schonen; Lat. 560 28' N.; Ba'alzebumb. See BeELZEmiUB. subject, and made a tour to the continent of Europe, Leon. 120 45' E. BEa'arei n. (Naut.) A sort of sea-vessel or transport-ship. with the view of studying the various pieces of mechB]aagoe, (bae'o,) two small islands of Denmsark, in the ]I]L'a, son of Ahijah, and commander of the armies anrism employed in the arts. On his retnrn he pubBaltic; Lat. 540 56' N.; Leon. 12 3' E. of Nadacb, leing of Israel. lIe leilled his master trescher- lashed his Econmuy q/f Maan~factiure acsd Machiiner y. BaaI, (bai'aI.) [Heb., lord, master, possessor.] (Myth.) ouely at time siege of Cibbethon, and usurped the keing- This wovork Bamuqui, the French economist, has described The supreme male divinity of the Phoenicians and Car- dom a. c. 953, which hie possessed 23 years. Re exter- as a hymn to mnachminemy. In 1828, B. was appointed thaginians. The cruel worship of Baal, together with minated the whole race of Jeroboam, as had been pre- Professor of Mlathematics at Cambridge University. In that of Ashtoreth, was frequently introduced among the dieted; but by his bad conduct and idolatry incurred 1833, he introduced his calculating machine, which was Israelites, especially at Samaria. The plural Baalim wis GCod's indignation, (1 Kings xv-xvi. 1-7,12.) Cod sent him at once adapted both to calculating and printing, and its applied to different modifications of the divinity. The a warning by the mouth of Jehu the prophet; which value may be better estimated from the fact, that a table 190 BABE BABI BABI of logarithms of all natural numbers, ranging from 1 te a solid pile of brickc, 37 feet high by 25 in breadth, dimin- months, at tile close of which, on 24th May, 1797, B. and 100,000, was produced, firee from error, by its agency. B. ishing in thickness to the top, which is brolken and ir- ] arthl, a fellow-conspirator, were condemned to death; is a member of nea;rly all the learned societies of Europe regular, and rent by a large fissuie extending through a upon sentence being pronounced, however, they stabbed and America. I-His great work, already referred to, has third of its height. It is perforated by small square themselves in the very presence of the judges, and, likre been translated into most European languages, and has holes disposed in rhomboids. The fine burnt bricks of Robespierre, were dragged in an expiring state to the been reprinted in the U. States. B. was one of the which it is built have inscriptions on them, and so scaffold, 25th May, 1797. founders of the Royal Astronomical Society, and of the excellent is the cement, which appeurs to be. lime- Bitl-bery, n. Finery to please a babe.-Sidney. British Association for the Advancement of Science. mortar, that it is nearly impossible to extractone whole. labia'n a, n. (Bet.) A genus of Cape plants, order lBabahoyo, (ba'ba-hoiyo,) a town of S. America, in Thlie other parts of the summit of this hill are occupied lridacece. It derives its singular name fromi Babianec, Ecuador, 20 nm. N. of Guayaquil, on the Ceracol. by immense fragments of brickwork of no determinate by which the Dutch colonists cccll these plants, because ab-al t.-tIlse-Bow'sterc n. (o'astmnes.) Ass old Eng- figure, lying tumbled together ctd converted into solid their round subterranean stems are greedily eaten by lish dance, which somewhat resembles the cushion- vitrified masses, tihe layers of briick being perfectly dis- baboons. It differs from Gladiolus in its round, leatherdance, q. v., scve that a bolster, as the name indicates, cernible. These ruins stand on a prodigious mound, the coated seeds, and in the flowers having the tube of 1xia; supplies tihe place of the pillow. It is still danced in whole of which is itself a ruin, chcannelled by the weather, and from Ixia in their having the irregular limb, of Scotland, and is always the winding up at "Kirns," and and strewed with fiagments of black stone, sand-stone, Gladiolus. Fourteen or fifteen species are kniown, amnong other merry-maklings, as, in England, is Sir Roger De and marble. In the eastern part, layers of unburnt which are some of the handsodmest of the Cape bulbous Coverley, that well Iknown country-dance. brickli, but no reeds, are to e seeni. On the north side may plants, as they are commonly, though incorrectly, called. Bab'bitt-met'al, n. A soft alloy of copper, zinc, and be seen traces of building exactly similar to the brick Bab'illar.d, n. (Zebt.) The French naooe of the Babtin, used for the bestrings of jourinals, &c., to diminish pile. At the foot of the mounid, a step may be traced bler.-See T'mALINE. the fi'iction. It takes its name from the inventor. — sct'rcely elevated above the plain, exceeding in extent, Babille'mevit, n. [From ba-ba, the earliest infantile Whebster. by several feet each way, the true or measured base.- attempt at tallcing, - babbling.] Loquacity. Bab'ble, v.i. [Fr. babiller; Du. babbelen; from Hieb. Ba- See BABYLON, NFmUCmHADNEZZAR, TONGUES (CONFUSeON OF). lBab'iie IleJaulic, or REeSPUBLICA BINEPSES. (Hist.) bel, confusion.] To talk confisedly, indistinctly, or unin- Bab-el-3l1asl]eb, (bai'bel-mean'deb.) [Ar., the "Gate of The name of a so-called society established in Poland in telligibly, lilike the prattling of a child. Tears."] The name of the straits by which the Red Sea or the 14th century. It was founded hey a noble named "My babblihng praise, I repeat no more." -Prior. Arabian Gulf is joined to the Bay of Aden nrd the ndicm Psomka, belonging to the court of Sigismund, in concert -To talk irrationally, or inconsiderately; to prate idly; Ocean. It is formed by two projecting angles of tihe with Peter Cassovims, bailiff of Lublin. Its characto talk much; to tell secrets; to utter thoughtlessly. Asiatic and African continents, or, more precisely, the teristics extended to Germany, where it was denominated "There is more danger in a reserved and silent friend, than in two angles of Arabia and Abyssinia. Front the Arabian V/e Order or Society qf Fools. — See Foots, GDERn OF. a noisy babbling enecy." -L'_Estrange. shores a cape of moderate height projects, which is ]Btablingtosn, ANTHONY: an English gentleman who was -To give a nmurmuring sound; as the noise of water rip- called likewise Cape Bab-el-Mandeb. Opposite Cape B., distinguished by his attachment to the cause of the unpling over etones. the coast of Abyssinia may be distant upwards of 15 or fortunate Mary, Queen of Scots. He was a wealthy -v. a. To prate; to utter. 16 miles, and here both continents approach nearest one landed proprietor in Derbyshire, and a zealous Roman " Let the silent sanctuary show, another and forme the straits. Withiin the straits, but Catholic. Having in conjunction with others entered What from the babbling schools we may not know." -P-rior. much nearer to the Arabian shores, is the island of into a conspiracy for the liberation of Mary, and the as— n. Idle tclk; senseless prattle. Peroin. Tihe strait to thie E. of this islctnd is called the sassination of Queeni Elizabeth, hlie was arrested, tried,'I With evoleys of etersal babble, Little Strait, and thuct to the WV. of it the Large Strait. found guilty, and finally executed, on the 20th Sept., And clamour more unsanswerable." -Butlle,'s Hiudibras. The Little Strait, four miles wide, is nmost frequented by 1586. BaBb'haflement, n. Idle talk; unoceccning words; sene vessels on no other account but because its moderate lBa-b'iengtonite, n. (Min.) A triclinic mineral; lustre lees chatter. (a.) depth allows anchorage, if circumstances renderit neces- vitreous; color darlk, greenish-black; faintly transIn"Deluded all this while with. rcgged notions and aumbleomenc sary. The depth here vucies from nine to fourteen fath- cent; firacture imperfectly couchoidal; sp. gr. 3'35-3'37; Mricto. omne. TIshe island of Perinm is rolcy anid low, with a gentle omcnp. Silica 50-1, sesquioxide of iron 11-1, protoxide of Baitbier, n. One who bcabtbles; an idle talker; am irra- declivity front the middle toward the extremities. It is iron 10-0, protoxidle of man ganese 7'-4, lime 21'4 - 100. tionalpm-oter;a teller of sermets, barren and uninhabited. On the S.W. side it has an Bn.B. it fuses at 2-7 to a black magnetic globule. In the "Whld prtler tm topreioufscchetns opening into an excellent harbor or cove, which affords U. States it is said to coat crystals of felspar, at Gouvere hold our time too precious to be spent.ith suh a shelter against nerly every wind, and a good anchorage neur, St. Lawrence co., N. Y. — aca. (Zeotl.) See TIMALMNE. in from four to six or seven fathoms w;ter. This island BIl b'isan,n. TIe name of a new religion sprumng up in Bab'eock Ulqill, in Yew York, a post-vill. of, Oneida co. is from four to five miiles long. The Large Strait is fi-om Western Asia within the last few years, and which, having Bab'cock's Gnrove, in 1lliczois, a post-office of Du nine to ten miles wide, and to the soucth of it, near the taken considerable hold of the sors intelligest of the Page co. coast of Africa, are eight small islands, or rather rocks, Persian people, has further developed itself in other Babe, a. [Swed. and Goth. babo; W. baban; Syr. babia.] called the Bigct Drol/eh. Ic the muicidt of the strait, no countries of the East. Its tenets are spreading day by An infant; a child of either sex who is able to say ba-ba, soundings are found with a hunumcdrec fathoms of line. day over Turkey and India. Its pure morality, and tilhe orpe-pa, father; a baby. The Eight Brothers are of moderate height, rockry and antagonism it offers to the enervated doctrines of "The babe had all that infant care beguiles, butrren. Cape Bab-el-Mandeb (120 40' N. Lut.) projects a Mohammedanism, are worthy of attracting attention. Ans early knew h is sother in her scilesi." -Dryde. great way from the moin land, which here is low, so Speaking for ourselves, we believe that Bhbism will Ba'bel, n. [Heb., confusion.] Confusion of sounds; in- that when seen from a distance it has the appearance of eventually supersede the doctrine of the IKoran, anud termixture or disorder of lingual utterances; as, "Lon- anl island. It riises to no great hieight, but is rocriy sand largely contribute to the future civilization of the East. don is a perfect Babel." scraggy on its southern side, and extremely bitrren. Babism is not Christianity, certainly, but it may, perTowna eOF. The name of a lofty tower, only men- Babelthihaap, (bai'bel-thuC'ap.) The largest of the haps, be considered a great step towards it; and it is tioned once in Scripture (Gen. xi. 4-9), and then as heslew Islands, in the Pacific; circuif. about 50 e.; Lat. froinom this dual point of view, thict we give to the history incomplete. Muchcontroversyhasbeen excited respect- 70 30' N.; Lon. 1340 40' E. of a religion, till now comparatively unknown in ing. its exact position. It is now generally believed Ba'ber, (or "'Ieri TiGER,") the historical surnsame of our country, a more extended space than is accorded that Babylon was built upon the site of the tower, which ZEHI-mnED-DIN-Mio AMMED, the conqueror of Idindostan to those other theological matters with which almost was afterwards finished and consecrated to the worship and founder of the so-called Mogul dyntsty. B. was of every one is, or easily may be made, acquainted.- -In of Delus. The stupendous and surprising mass of ruins nmixed Turkish and Mongol origin, being descended filom 1843 there lived at Shiraz, in Persia, a young man, situated about 6 m. S.W. of IHillah, called by the Arabs Timour thile Great on the father's side, arod from Genghis about 18 years of age, named Mirza-Ali-Mohiamnnied. DcBirs-cnN rocd, an-d by the Jevws lVebuch/adnazzai-' Pricson KhanRs on the mother's. In feeling, as in personal clharac- His parents possessed some fortune, and from after is supposed to be the ruins of Babel's Tower. The Bits- teistices, he was a Tartar (1Tuurk), and often in hIis mnemoirs events it is supposed that MIirza-Ali was not brought up Nimroud is a mound of an oblong form, the total circum- speals nmost contemptuously of Mong-ols or Moguls. Yet without education. While still very young, he underIindoo ignorance has designiated the throne which he took a pilgrimage to Mecca, in which holy city it is prob_____________;~-~ ________ —_ — established in India, as that ofthec Great Mogul (Mongol). able that his mind first gave room to religious impres____ -` —____ T~ Butber was. onleth Feb., 183, cndclattheageof12, n Ihis sions inconsistent with the orthodox Mohammiedan ______________ -;i_~~~-~~~ -father's demth, ascended the insecure throne of Ferghansa faith, and where lie also conceived the design of supplantin Turlkestan; soon after he nwas attacked on all sides by ing it by the substitution of another and more progreshis uncles cnd other neighboring princes, which obliged sive religion. On his return, he commuini cated the par____L-`_ —-— ~- __=i i _ Jhim, in his turn, to assumee the aggreiessive. Accordingly, ticulars of his pilgrimage, and also a first commentary on at the age of 15, B. seized on Satmarcand, the capital of the Soureat of the KIoran, called Joseph, to a select assemTimour, but while thus engaged, a revolution at home bly of persons at Shiraz. An immense impression was:............ — _ _ —__.... -deprived hic of his sovereignty. After n many years of as thereby created, and throngs of literary and religious adventurous and romantic career, hlie ra ised an army, people crowded to ea.r the discourises of Ali-Moham..ed. entered Hindostatin, and was met by TIbralhim the rul- In these he did not directly attack the doctrines of Islam-.. _ —-:.s-=-. -.~- ins sultan of that country. The two ci'ices fought the ism, but founded his themes generally on the sad, irre-"battle of Paniput, which decidedl thie fate of India, on the ligious, and deplorable condition of humanity at large, 21st April, 1526. B., witI his armyI of 12,000 men, corn- Certain allusions, however, tdroitly introduced here and pletely overthrew that of Ibraihim, numberin g 100,000, there in his declamations,-whichwere sovagiely broachand entered Delhi in triumplh. Difficultiels and fresh ed as not to disturb and irritate religious prejucdices on the foes had still to be encountered and mastered, but in the one hand, while they flattered self-esteem on the other,battle of Smckri, in Feb., 1527, B. utterly defeated the caused his teachings to assume an increasing attractive-.~:; —~- _ ~opposing Itindoo princes, aned then proclaimed himself ness. Day by day new hearers came, and went away padlishah or emperor of IHindostan. After a rule of 4 adherents to the new religious system. His fame spread yeas, he mD. near Agra, on 26th Dec., 1530.-B. was a all over Persia. The profoundly solemn and impressive _-_ — man of noble character, simsple in his Ihabits, and a ]over nature of these scenes moved all who took part thereip, of nature and of literature. His Memoirs, writtemn by and even those Mussulmans most biigoted in their own himself, were translated by Leyden and Erskine, and faith, spolke of them with a uind of awe. They unanipublished in London in 1826. mously confessed that the eloquence of Ali-Mohammed lBa benf, or Ba'bRceuf, (ba'buf,) FsAN91o~s NOEL, a was both brilliant and convincing, and such as to be' French writer and political theorist, B. at St. Quentin, but faintly realized by those who had not listened to it, 1764. He was one of the earliest and fiercest partisans of Ali-Mohammed now assumed a religious title of apostlethe first French revolution, and defended and propagated ship. tIe declared enimself to be the Bd~b, i. e. the door, its most incendiary principles in ajoournal called Le Fi-ibiecn by which it was alone possible to reach the presence of due Peuple, founded in 1794, in which he wrote under the God. Later on, le assunsed another title, but to the hetpseudonsym of" Caius-Gracchus," taking for his motto thes erodox he is only ksnown by his former one. The ortho. ~;z~J~- maxim of Rousseau, thhat "the end of society is the public dox Mussulmans, at the instigation of the clergy, were. good." In this publication he promulgated the doctrines disposed to put a sumnsury end to the propagation of:_ of absolute equality, which he soon after endeavored to Bibism; but upon reflection, the Shah, feariug to excite reduce to practice. In Mom-ch, 1796. B. and his clique s an insurrection, and, perhi ps,. in himself secretly favorformed themselves into a secret coinmittee of the Socidf inhg the new doctrine, adopted a temporizing policy, I(sisposed so to Babel a Tener) Idu Pautheon, a society supposed to number about 16,000 Converts then prodigiously increased, and the B~b, upon fet ence of swehich is 762 yards. At tIme eastern side it is members. Plans were sbrmed by this body to seize Paris, giving a more explicit account of himself, affirmed that cloven by a deep fuurrow, and is not simore than 50 or 60 which might probably have been successful, but beihng lie wsn-mi not thie Beb, as he had at first believed, or, in feet high; but at the western side it rises in a conical betrayed by one of their number, the chief leaders were otlher words, thle dom' to the knowledge and presence of figuuie to the elevation of 198 feet, and on its summit is arrested and brought to trial, This trial lasted for 3 Go-d, but that he was the Foint, in e, the generator of BABI BABI BABI 191truth, a divine apparition, an embodied manifestation Seyd-IIoussein, too weak for such a martyrdom, fell upon state to which the Christian, both clerical and secular, of omnipotence; and it was as the "Point" that his his knees and supplicated for pardon. IIe was command- has been reduced in Persia, it would be desirable for the followers bestowed on him the name of IIezret-b-Alh, or ed to curse the Bib, and hle cursed him accordingly. lie honor of the faith which he stains, to see him disappear Sublisae Highlzess. —Moullah Houssein-Mohammed-the was required to spit in tbe face of his master, and he altogether from that country. -The rapid expansion of most venerated of the 18 disciples of the young prophet, obediently spat; alter which he was set free. The other Bibism is certainly an extraordinary fitct, and it appears and to whom his adversaries themselves accord the poe- disciple, being both young and rich, it was believed that the more so if we consider, that, in the first Bib's lifesession of vast knowledge and great energy of character it would be easy to obtain from him a renunciation of time, very many of the professors of the new religion, -was seiit to Ispahlan, and afterwards to Kashan, where his heresy; but even the sight of his wife and young even among its most convinced and devoted sectaries, he made nmany converts. The Bib (wve will follow the childrem, who were broughit before hi1m, did not shake never personally knew their prophet, and do not seem giving this title to Ali-Mohamumed, according to the com- his courage, and he only requested to die before his to have conceived it of vital importance to receive his mon use), also sent out two other missionaries in differ- master. The two martyrs were then suspended at some instructions orally. The success of Btbism must thereent directions. The first of these was Iladji Mohammed- feet off the gronnd by cords passed beneath their a'ms, fore be loolked for in a study of its doctrines, and their Ali-Balfouroushy, esteemed as a saint among the Bibists, and in the presence of an immense mnob they were fired cocmparative superiority over Mohammedanism. — In and who was certainly a very learned man, equally re- at by the soldiers. The disciple was killed instanta- 1848, Ali Molhainmmed, the Bieb, digested his tenets in a markable for his purity of life and devotional character. neously, but the Bib remained untouched. The cord boolk to which he gave the name of Biyyan (the ExposiThe second missionary sent forth was a woman, perhaps which sustained himm in tihe air was cut by a ball; he tion), that is to say, an elucidation of all that it is inthe most interesting personification of the new religion. dropped on his feet, and instinctively commenced to flee, portent to know. It is from this work that we shall She was named originally Zerryn Tadj, the "Crown of but he was pursued, and mortally stabbed without ut- endeavor to give a succinct idea, or -ationale, of the Gold," but she is known under the surnames of Gour- tering a groan, A.. 1850. — Instead of their chief's theory of Bibismn, setting aside all its mystical forms, ret-Oul-Ayn, the Comsolalionm of the /ces, and Hezret- - death discouraging the Bibists, it, on the contrary, ex- adapted to Oriental taste, but which possess no interest Taherih, Her Highness the Pure. Hadji MIoullah, her asperated them to suchi a pitch that they have ever since for us. -" Tliere is but one God, immutable, etemnal; He father, was a distinguished legist, and had married her become irreconcilable enemies to the Persian dynasty. is without a fellow." This is the Muissulman formulai, but at an early age to her cousin Moullah. Both Mussulmans An assembly of the leaders of the sect was held at Te- with a different meaning. By it the Moslems underand Bibists agree in extolling the extraordinary beauty heran, and a new Bib, the actual chief of Baiisme, was stand that Christ is not God, and that the divine essence, of this young female, and it seecms icecontestable that not elected, so to spettki, but recognized as such froel concentrated in itself, is an absolute unity; whereas, her mind and character were even more remarkable than exterior signs and certain moral faculties, which in him Bilbism mceans only that there are not two distinct Gods; her personal charms. It was in the bosonm of her own gave a divine indication of his right to the succession and it is easy to see that it conceives divine unity as a family that she first heard the Bib and his doctrines of the Bib. He, like his predecessor, was also a yocng thing very different from a self-concentrated individuahlspoken of. She opened a correspondence with him, and man, being a youth of 16, named Mirza-Yahara, son of ity. God is essentially Creator because He is the Life, bevery speedily becamne the confidante and advocate of all Mirza Bouzong-Noury, Vizier ofIman-Werdy-Miirza. gov- cause He expands it, and that the only method of expandhis ideas. She espoused publicly the new faiith she had ernor of Teheran. HeI-I took the title of" IHezret-6-Ezel," ing litfe is to create. All the attributes of excellence that awakened to, and spoke, not only against polygamy, but or Eternal Hig/zess. After his nomination, lie left the we may imeagine belong to God; but, in the act of creating, also against the use of the veil, appearing at the same capital, and went firo town to town to escape fromm the He makes use of only seven of them, viz., strength, time in public places with an uncovered face, to the severity of the government, and adjured his bllowers power, volition, action, condescension, glory, and revgreat scandal of her relatives and of all true Moslems; to attempt no new insurrection, declartug autlhorita- elation. Gomd eaey, at His will, either partially or but, on the other hand, evolking the applause of the nu- tively that the time fobr engaging with material arms wholly communicatte Ills attributes without dimincmmerous people who participated ic her religious enthu- was not yet come. In 1852, men attempt ty three Bibists tion of His divinity, but that which emanates from siastn, and whose numbers had been greatly augmented to assassinate tihe Shah, led the way to necw arrests, and Him cannot convey the smallest portion of the divine by her own example. At last, tired out by the impor- consequent penalties of deatlh. Anoong the persons emanation; and this is the differenc between CGod aend tunities of her father and her husband, she quitted her thus arrested was Gourret-oul-Ayn, the Ctmonsoiation of His creature. But the creature, who is not God, from home, and consecrated herself entirely to the apostolic the Eyes. Being of high rank, she was treated, at first, notpossessing thee plenitude of His attributes, and, above duties whiclh the Bib hadconfided to her. Afterthis, her with some consideration, and conducted to the governor's all, that of expansion, is not, nevertheless, entirely septheological fitme became greatly increased, and such was house, who gave her into the custody of his wife. A arete from God, frone whlom he came, hecause-" there is the estimate she had formed of her own impersonifica- few days afterwards she was conducted to Niaveran, and nothing out of lime,"-and God says Himself, "In truth, tion, that one day, it is said, the Moullah Mohammed- in presence of the princes, great officers of state, pris- 0 my creature, thou art Myself!" and further, "all Ali-Balfouroushy having turned himself towards the oners, and the general public, she was asked with gentle- that which has the namne of a thing is a part of the Mohamsecedan Kiblal/ (see this name), for praying, Gour- ness and courtesy, to declare that she did not belong to creation, and there is nothing intermediate between ret-oul-Ayn took him by the arm and said to him, "No! the new sect. But, instead of complying with this re- that thing and Me;" so themt all vwhich exists, all possessit is I whom you ought to worship; I am the Kiblahl! " quest, she broke into an eloquent profession of feith to ing a shape, all that bears a name, is in God, emanated The purity of this singular woman was never ddubted, God, and to the Bab. Shlie was sent back to Teheran, and from Him, but inferior to Him, less powerful and less even by the mcost ieenatic of the Moslems. - The death having been veiled aegainst her will, she was placed upon complete, a mere accidental being that has position only of the sovereign, Mlohamnmed Shah, was an inauspicious a pile of straw in order to be burned alive; but, before in time and space. "At the day of the last judgment event for the B~bists. Ilis successor, Nasreddin Shah, firing the fineral pile, the executioner suffocated her so everything will lIe annihilated, save the divine nature." seemed at once inclined to extirpate the new religion; completely withi her own garments, that her corpse only That is to say, all the imperfections resulting firom the and, contrary to the counsel of the Bib, some of his was left to be consumne d. All the other prisoners, men, fiect of emacnation, or separation, although but tempofollowers rose in insurrection against the Persian govern- womnen, and children, went to execution with equal rary, frome the pure essence, —acnd it is in this that we ment. The suppression of this revolt severely taxed the courage, sineging, aemid the inconceivable toriment of a must loolk for the causes of wrong-doing in this world,power of the executive, but in thie end it was crushed, torture heightened wvith the utmost cruelty, —" In truth, shall disappear in the day of the last judgnment, and attended with all the treachery acd cruelty so chiarac- we belong to God, and we go back to him." - This sac- God will draw unto Him all that which is firom Him. - teristic of Eastern countries. Bihbism, however, more rificiaLl day gave to Babismi more secret adherents than FI'roc this brief analysis, it results that the God of Bhbthabn survived this blow; it sprung up into new and re- a long period of doctrinal teaching would lhave done. iso is not a new personification of the Almighty, but doubled life, and the number of its followers so increased Since the events of 1852, Biabism has, every day, made rather the God of the Chald an and Alexandrian schools that Persia became full of them. Convinced that the immnense progress; but now, in obedience to the comn- of philosophy, of the Mystics, tand, in short, of all the cause of this evil was the Bab himsell, as being the ae- maud of their present chiei, the Bibists conceal their varieties of Oriental religious speculation. He is not thor of the new doctrines which had occasioned such religious faith, deny it on occasion, acnd whlen it becomes the God of the Pentateuch, but He is veritably the God discord throughout the empire, the government resolved necessary, are ready to declare that tihe Bib was a myth of the Gemara and the Talmud; not IHtin that Islamismn to get rid of him, although he had kept himself aloof and an impostor. This systematic dissimulation, how- has endeavored to define from its deductions frone Mofrom the insurrection, and it was impossible to find the ever, is perhaps fraught with more alarm to the govern- ses and Christ; but, undoubtedly, I-e is the God of all smallest proof of its haveing met with either his incite- ment than an open revolt would excite. In the latter the philosophers, and critics produced by the Islamitic mect or approval. The Bib was accordingly lodeded in case, it would be possible to count its enemies, and con- schools. Bibism has done nothing nore than draw prison, where he endured hiis captivity with the courage front them. As it is, it sees, it knows, it can realize — this God out of past obscurity, and restore and present of a inartyr, spending his hours in prayer or meditation. nothing. The executive dares not malke inquiries, fear- Him. But theis has been performed in a manner not His tranquillity of cincd was unalterable. All who up- ing to find more parties immplicated than it coulc wrell wanting in amplitude and strength. The Bib did not proached hlin wvere vanquished, in spite of themselves, deal with, and, still more, perhaps discover them in assert that he was introducing a new conception of the by the ineffable charm of his face, his manner, and his places where it would rather not. The prevailing opinion Divinity, as the only trmte one, nor that he was able to conversation. Even his very guards were not quite is, that the Bibists are numerous in all grades of society, give a full and entire definition of the Creator. He said exempt from this weakness. IIe knew his death to be and in all the religious sects of the empire, excepting that he, himselfe was a new step to the Iknowledge of near, andI spolke of it frequently as of an idea that was the Nossayrys and the Christians. The educcated and the divine nature; that all prophets have said more not only famciliar, but welcome to him. After a confine- upper classes, and those skilled in the literature and than their predecessors were entitled to do; that his ment of 18 months, hle was, shackled with chains, and sciences of the country, are nmore particularly suspected. mission Was to be more complete and extended than that surrounded by a strong escort, conducted to Tabriz, The quiescence of tihe new sect is but apparent. Its of Mohammed, who had been more irealistic in his aposthere to appear before the Chief Minister of State, to- professors write considerably, and their works, which tleship than Jesus, who, in his time, had surpassed all gether with two of his disciples, who had voluntarily are widely but secretly circulated, are read w'ith avidity his predecessors. But the Bib adds, that we ought not shared Ihis imprisonmnent, Seyd Iloussein and Moullah and gusto, and furnislh new polemical weapons against to flatter ourselves with the idea of a possible advanceMohanmmeed-Ali, the Ilatter belonging to a famnily of rich the Moslem. Again, the "Eternal lighness," and those ment into the knowledge of God; for I-e will riemain and honored merchants in Tabriz. When before his apostles who have survived the original Bib, follow out unknowvn till the day of the last judgment. Consejudges, the Bie waes interrogated by one of them respect- their programme with zealous perseverance, and are quently, to devote one's life to this chimera, is not the sng the traditions of the Prophet and of the Imaums, continually making many converts. Latterly, the su- aim that man ought to propose to himself. To obey and accoring to the evidence of spectators, triumphantly prenie chief, when solicited to inaugurate a fresh and God, to love Him, to aspire to Him: these thimgs are refuted both the arguments of his adversary, and the overt struggle, is reported to have answered, as before, thiose which he oughlt to do, instead of trying to peneexposition of the cardinal principles of the Moslem that the time was not yet come. - Thus, we have pre- trate into mysteries inconsistent with his humnan state. creed, as there discussed. Prom this it would appear seated to us the bona-fide existence of a new religion, God will never ask for an account of our endeavors at that the Royal Commission came off second best in the founded by a mere youth, which, in a space of- five knowledge in that nmtter; therefore, it behoves man encounter. They, at all events, deemed it injudicious to years (1847 -1852) has become disseminated throughout to direct his mind and moral strength to other and more enter into further controversy, which might be danger- Persia, and acquired innumerable votaries. In 5 years, firuitful subjects. That which is unveiled of futurity is oue; and as the Bib refcsed,- when proposed to hio, to a nation of firom 10 to 12 millions of people, occupying enough for thIe want of every period. Now-and this is return to the faith of Islam, they announced to him a territory which anciently owned a population of 50 one of the most original features of the new creed-the that he was about to die. In Persia, the carrying out millions, me nation without newspapers, the great propa- Bib, while being the prophet for this time, and all-poeof a capital sentence does not involven much delay or geaceda of modern ideas, —which has not yet a postael sey- erful as he may be, is, in reality, only a heart, mend not ceremony. But, in this instance, the policy of the exec- tern, nor even a good public road, - has been permeated the whole of the actual prophetizing entity. TIhe cabalstive was directed to the talcing away of hiis life openly, through all its parts by the spirit of a religiocs belief, istic number of BSbisse is 19; and the nnity of the in order to gain the important step of convincing the w'ichl has in all places nimnerous partisans among the prophecy requires 19 personal maenifestations, of which public of hsis veritable deatle, and thereby cutting down otrthodox clergy, the nich and learned of the layImein, the the Bi~b is the Pofnt. These 18 msnifestatiocs, which, any pretext for agitation. The Bib and his two disci- most limeatic Mloslemes, time sofis, ancd the philosophers; and withs the Bib, will constitute the prophetic nuember, are pies were, accordingly, strongly ironed, and conducted lastly, as a reemarkable, seined, lperhaeps, ti unique alict, eve n not inferior to limee, because ceo relationes of seuperiority on foot throughe all the streets of the town to the place Jews in great numobers have been inspireel by the new and inferiority exist in thee nature of God; but they halve of execution. The Moslems, masters of the day, thronged revelation. The only two religious denominitionn that other and lesser things to -eccosoplishi; whereesre hefis the the streets, abusing the prisoneers both by reviling and hbeve till meow kept themselves apart fi'oM the genmerel Point, i. e. the centre, apex, or light of tlhe new prophstriking them aboect thee head and face, and when m nmovemenet, are the Nossaycys, a sect comnposed of time ecy. Now, what is the effect produced by deaeths ameng5 stone, fiung by a boy, struck the Bib on one of his fellow- mosot igneorant class of the people; and the Christiamns, of the members possessing in common the pinophetic anflauf.eters, soldiers and mob, alike, burst out launghing. whom it wocid be better not to speak. In the abject tus? It is this; The Bib suffers martyidom, wheinepou 192 BABO BABY BABY the essence of prophecy departing from him is trans- finement may have endured. As he advances in age, all Bb'aylona. (Anc. Geog.) The chief city of Babylonia, q. fused into the spirit of one of the remaining prophets, his worst qualities become more strongly developed, and v., onil the Euphrates, and on the site of which the modwho therefore, in his turn, becomes the "Point," and so the expression of his physiognomy bears ample testimony ern town of Hillah occupies a small part. Its original preserves the unity intact. After the death of the first Bhb to the fierceness and brutality of his disposition. The foundation is described under the word BABEL. With the power of the Point, in the unity of 19, was transmitted common Baboon, C. papio, is a native of the coast of this coincided many ancient traditions, while some to the Etecrnat Highness. - We now come to the last im- Guinea, and is the one msost commonly exhibited by itin- speakl of Semiramis as the founder, and others of Nebuportent feature of Bhbism, which is, that the Bab, and the erantshowmen. Its appearance is at once grotesque and chadnezzar. These accounts may all be reconciled, by unity of which he is the Point, do not, in themselves, formidable; its nervous limbs and compressed form indi- supposing that Semiramis rebuilt the ancient city, and constitute a definite revelation; and the founder of cate great force and agility; the anterior parts especially that Nebuchadnezzar afterwards greatly enlarged and Bibism has been very anxious to make this clearly being extremely strong and muscular. It is of a uniform adorned it. Herodotus, who visited B., says it was the known. The Biyyan, being tihe Holy Book par excel- yellowish-brown color, with a shade of light red upon most celebrated city of Assyria. The kings of the country lence, ought necessarily to be constituted in the divine the head, shoulders, and extremities; the face, ears, and made it their residence after the destruction of Nineveh. number; or, in other words, in the number 19. There- hands naked, and entirely black. The cheeks are con- The city, situated in a great plain, was of a square form, fore, on this principle, it is divided into 19 distinct uni- siderably swollen below the eyes; after which the face each side 120 stadia in length, which makes the circuit ties or chapters, which are again sub-divided, each into contracts suddenly, which gives the nose the appearance 480 stadia. It was so magnificent that none could be 19 paragraphs. Of these 19 unities, 11 only have been of having been broken by a violent blow. It is furnished compared with it. It was, moreover, encompassed with written by the Bdb, the 8 remaining being left for the with whiskers, which have a backward direction, but do a wide ditch, deep, and full of water. Besides this true and great revelator, who will complete the doctrine, not conceal the ears. While young, this Baboon is gentle there was a wall, 50 royal cubits thick, and 200 high. and to whom the Bab is, what John the Baptist was to and familiar; but as it approaches adult age, it displays As soon as the earth was dug out to form the ditch, Christ. The Bb's own doctrine is merely transitional, all the repulsive manner, and the ferocity and intractabil- it was made into bricks, which were burnt in furserving to prepare men for what will come later; it ity common to the rest of its kind. The Mandrill, or varie- naces. Hot bitumen was used to cement thiem together, opens the way, it is tentative, but it is not conclusive. gated Baboon, C. maimon, is the most remarkable of the and at every thirty layers of bricks a layer of reeds was For instance, the Bflb abolishes the Kiblah, or mode of whole genus for brilliancy and variety of color, while for placed. The sides of the ditch were first built in thlis turning to a certain point of the horizon, adopted by size it is unequalled by any other baboon, its height when manner, and then the walls above them; and upon the both Moslems and Jews, when praying; and it can standing upright being upwards of five feet. The limbs edges of the wall they erected buildings, with only one be surmised that neither Mecca nor Jerusalem have are large and muscular, the body thiick and robust; the chamber, each opposite the other, between which there any particular devotional attraction for the B.bists. head large, face long, scarcely any forehead, and the snout was space enough left for a chariot with four Ihorses. But he does not substitute a new Kibleh in place of ending abruptly; tihe eyes small and deeply sunk in the In the wall there were a hundred gates made of brass, the one he has abolished, and declares that in this mat- head; the cheek-bones enormously swollen, and marked as well as the jambs and lintels. The Euphrates runs ter hle has nothing to command, it being a question through the city, and divides it into two parts. Each which the future revelator will himself decide upon. — wall bforms an elbow, or angle on tihe river, at which Marriage is considered by Ali Mohammed as a thing of point a wall of baked bricks commences, and the two the highest importance, not from the Molhamenedan sides of the river mare lined with them. TIlhe houses were point of view, which considers it merely with regard to built of three and four stories. The streets were straight, the propagation of descendants, but taking a loftier and intersected by others which opened on the river. sight, the reformer's aim is to constitute inily ties, the Opposite the end of the streets small gates of brass were great desideratum of Asiatic society, where they exist formed in the walls which lined the river. By these only in exceptional cases. Upon a man being first gates there was a descent to the river, and thiere were married, the BIb will tolerate his taeking a second as many gates as there were transverse streets. The witfe, but hle does not urge or command the so doing; on external wall served for defence; there was also an the contrary, such is his manifest repugnance to polyg-'internal wall which was not less strong, but narrower. amy, that BfLbists hesitate to use the toleration permit- B. was taken by Tiglath-Pileser I., of Assyria, about B. c. ted them concerning a duality of wives. Concubinage 110, and by Cyrus, about B. c. 550 (538, according to the is absolutely forbidden. The B~b has talken anotiher best authorities). During the present century, many enstep toward civilizing the East, by forbidding divorce, terprising travellers, among whom may be mentioned which is the greatest social disease of the Persian people. Rich, Ker, Porter, Layard, Frazer, Chesney, Botta, Loftus, The fiacility for discarding a wife at any moment, and and Rawlinson, have, by their explorations among the under the most trifling pretext, has done even more than - ruins of the ancient city, thrown considerable light upon polygamy for degrading women, and has so depraved ig. 257. MANDRIL, (Cnoce maimon.) the history of B. - See BABYLONIA, and BABYLONIAN society as to make a true and lasting union almost an ARI7.rITECTURE. See also HANGaIN (GARDENS. impossibility. It is, indeed, in Persia, a rare occurrence with several deep furrows of violet-blue, purple, and scar- Bab'ylon, in New York-, a thriving village of Suffolk to find a woman of 22 to 21 years of age, who has not let; and the nmuzzle and lips large and protuberant. The co., near South Bay, 35 m. from New York city. It has already had two or three husbands. — To conclude, what hair of the forehead and temples rises in a remarkiable two churches and two schools. It is much resorted is little less important is, that the Bib has forbidden manner into a pointed form, which gives the head a tri- to by New-Yorkers during summer. Pop. about 2,200. thee use of the veil, which isolates women from the angular appearance; and a small pointed orange-yellow 1Babylosnia, the history ofthe Babylonian and Assyrian amenitices of social life, and covers an existence of in- beard adorns the chin. Round the back of the neck the empires is much blended together. These empires, trigue, indecorum, and disorder. hair is long, and inclines forward, somewhat in the nman- whether distinct or united, possessed in very early tinmes BAb'ist, n. A follower of the doctrines of the "Bkb." ner of a wreatlh. On the loins the slkin is almost bare two vast cities: Babylon on the Euphrates, and Ninevehl A devotee of BiBssM, q. v. and of a violet-blue color, gradually altering into a bright on the Tigris. The country on the Tigris was called Bab'lalh, n. (0hem.) The brown fruit or seed of the Mi- blood-red, which is more conspicuous on the hinder parts, Assyria; that on the Euphrates, Babylonia; and the mesa Arabica, or M. cinerea, from India and Senegal. It where it surrounds the tail, which is very short, and large intervening space was commonly termed Meesopotacontains gallic and tannic acids, and is used in calico print- generally carried erect. In most of its habits the Man- mia, or "between theerivers;" and this, together with B., ingtogivedifferentshadesofbrownwithan alum mordant. drill resembles the other Baboons, especially in its grow- seemed to be what is meant in Scripture by the land of Baboon', n. [Fr. babouin; It. babuino.] (Zoel.) The ing more morose as it advances in age, and in becoming Shinar. The Rev. G. Rawlinson classes it fourth of "the common name of the Cynocephalus, a genus of quadru- offensively libidinous. — The Derrias, C. hamadryas, in- five great monarchies of the East," and from his valuable mana which forms the last link that unites the Simiadcw habits the mountains of Arabia and Abyssinia, and was work, published in 1865, the following chronology has with quadrupeds; comprising a large, fierce, and formi- probably the species known to the ancients, and scUlp- been compiled. —. c. 1723, Babylon is conquered by the dable race gf animals, who, though they in a slight degree tured on Egyptian monuments. It measures upward of Assyrians;-1150-1130, Nebuchadnezzar I., king of Babypartalke of the human conformation,as seemein the orang- 4 feet when standing erect. The face is extrenmely long, lon, leads two expeditions into Assyria during the reign outang, &c., are in their habits, propensities, and dispo- and of a dirty flesh-color, with a lighter ring surround- of Asshur-ries-ilim; -880, tihe Assyrian monarch Asshursitions the very reverse of gentleness and docility. In ing the eyes. The general color of the hair is a mixture idanni-pal invades B. and rebuilds the city of Diyaleh;Apes and other quadrumana which have the head and face of light green and cinereous. While young, it is gentle 850, Shalmaneser II. of Assyria enters the capital and round, the nose is fiat, and the nostrils are situated about and playful, but as soon as it has arrived att manture age, establishles his sovereignty over tihe native king; — 750, half-way between the mouth and the eyes; but in the B. it becomes sulky and malicious. -- The Chacma, or Pig- about the middle of the 8th cent. s. c., B. regained its this organ is prolonged uniformly with the jeaws, and the faced baboon, C. porcarius, nearly equal in size, and much independence, but was split up into numerous petty nostrils open at the end of it, exactly as in the dog. In superior in strength, to a common mastiff, inhabits the States;-747, Nabonassar establishes his authority in short, the most distinctive percmliarity of the genus is the mountains in the neighborhood of the Cape of Good Hope, Babylon; —625, Nabopolassar, viceroy of B., revolts from marked resemblance which the head and face of these associates in families more or less numerous, and oc- Assyria, and establishes an independent empire;- 598, animals bear to a large dog. They have, moreover, long casionally levies contributions on the gardens of Cape Nebuchadnezzar invades Palestine, besieges Tyre, and and truncate muzzles, cheek pouches, tails, and sharp Town, which it performs in a very adroit and regular conquers Jehoiachin, king of Judah, whom he carries claws. Yet, notwithstandning this close approximation manner. — There are several other species which our away captive (2 Kings xxiv. 1-7); —539, Cyrus king of to the shape of the dog's head, the form and position of limits forbid us to more than merely mention; as, the Persia invades B., defeats Nabonadius, who seeks refeugs the eyes. combined with the similarity of the arms and Drill, the Wood-baboon, the Pigtail, the Cr'ested, the Yel- in Borsippa, leaving Babylon under the government of hands, give to these creatures a resemblance to humanity low, the Civereeous, &c. his son, Belshazzar; -- 538, (or, according to some, 550.) as striking as it is humbling and disgusting. - Possess- Babisyanes, (ba-boo'ya-nes,) or MADJcos IDeA ISLANDS, Cyrus having turned the waters of the Euphrates from ing strength, furnished with dangerous natural weapons, a number of islands lying about 30 m. N. of Luzon, and their course, enters Babylon during a religious festival, and being wild, restless, and inpetuous, this animal, in generally considered the most northern of the Philip- and massacres Belshazzar and a large number of the inits native haunts, proves itself to be one of the most for- pines. They are subject to the Loo-Choo islands; aggre- habitants. B. is annexed to the Persian empire.-The midable of the savage race; nor can it be restrained, even gate pop. about 12,000. Lat. 180 58' to 190 42' N.; Lon. archaeological remains of Babylon, excepting those of when in confinement, any longer than coercion is con- 1210 15' to 1220 51 E. their architecture, are butfew in number, and ofa nature tineed; allowed to have its own will, its savage nature Ba'by, n. A little babe; an infant or young child of that tends to throw but little light upon the man anners gains the ascendency, and its actions are gratuitously either sex; — synonymous with BABE, q. v. and customs of a people thlsat once hield predominant cruel, mischievous, and destructive. But there is nothing "The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart sway among the nations of the East. From the wvnt so revolting as their lascivious habits, which they in- Goes all decorum."-Shaks. of stones for building, few monumental records remais dulge to such a degree that it is unsafe and highly im- -A doll; a small image or effigy of an infant, for girls to to the present day, with the exception of those that lie proper for females to visit exhibitions of animals where play with. buried in the ruined masses of mouldering briclrwork these beasts formea part of the number. In their native "And it was the part of children to fall out about babies. " —Bacon. that represent the stately palaces and temples of the haunts they subsist on roots and berries, and partly on - a. Like a baby, or young child; pertaining to an infant. past. Brickis have been discovered bearing names and eggs, insects, and scorpions; but in cultivated districts -v. a. To treat or caress like a young child. inscriptions, and carved writings on tablets and circular they maklre incursions into the fields and gardens, where Ba'byhlood, n- State of being me baby. pillars, in cuneiform, or wedge-shaped characters, wlhich, they commit the greatest depredations on the fruit and Ba'by.house, a. A place for children's dolls and dolls' when deciphered, afford scanty landmarlrs of the history graien. They congregate in troops, and are bold and skil- furniture.. of the dynasty during a long series of years. From these ful in their predatory excuesions, maintaining their Ba'bylsil, a. Like a baby; childish. inscriptions, it hlas been ascertained that the Babylonians ground even agaeinst ilarge parties of men; aemd it is re- BalEE yis' tneqs,, n. The char-acteristic quality of a belonged to the Semitic group of nations, speaklincg marlked th}et "a troop of them will sommetimes forum a baby: childishness. an Aramaaic dialect which meuch resembled the Syriac. long chain, extending from the vicinity of their ordi- Ba'by-isees, n. State of being babyish; babyhood. (a.) The Babylonians, lire the Assyrians, attained a high nary hlabitaetion to time garden or field which they happen Ba'by-jimnipee., me. A frame and seat suspended feo-c degree of civilization, which broughlt about their ruin, to be engaged in plundering, and that the produce of the ceiling by some elastic medium, and so disposed that by inducing habits of pride, effeminacy, and luxury. The their theft is pitched fi-om hand to hand, till it reaches a baby umay be secured in it, and allowed to jump up government was conducted by viceroys, called satraps. its destination in the mountains." The B. can never be and down. It is so constructed as to render the child's They carried on an extensive trade by land and sea, and said to be thoroughly tamed, how long soever his con- falling an impossibility. Babylon itself was famous for the manufacture of richly BABY BACC BACC 193 dyed cloths and carpets. They were an idolatrous people, of the same genus. Its food is vegetable, and its flesh, Baccha'ris, n. [From Bacchus P its fragrance reseuschiefly worshipping BaaI, and the goddess Baaltis, whose according to travellers, is superior to dairy-fed pork. bling that of wine.] A gorites were similar to those performed in honor of As- nus of the ord. Asterace. tarte, the goddess of the Phoenicians. The Chaldeanis They are shrubby plants formed a; separate section of the nation, resembling the with alternate leaves Levites among the Jews; and to this body belonged the and white flowers. The especial care of education and religion.-See BGD.D. Groundsel-tree, B. halimiBalbylonia n, (bcb-e-lo'ne-an,) a. Pertaining to Bab- rolla, (Fig. 260,) is a large ylon or Babylonia. rambling shrub, found B. AncmrTEcTuan. The ruins of Babylon do not show from Maryland to Florida, any examnple of one entire building. Architectural com- on the sea-coast; height 8 binations, with all their details, as in Egyptian, Grecian, to 10 feet. Its white flow-ss and IRonan architecture, cannot therefore be ascertained. ers, which blossom in The great Temple of Belus, (see BABEL,) as described in Sept., have a tint of purgeneral termsby Herodotus, would haveapyramidkil form, ple, and resemble those anid would be similar, in souse respects, to the IIindoo of the groundsel, but are tonple at Tanjore, and the great Mexican temples, which, larger. It grows in any in the opinion of Mr. Maurice, are copies of the Temple common soil that is tolerof Belus.-Buttress es and pilasters were conmponent parts -_~ — -- ably dry, and forms a of B. bllildirngs, which were sometimes decorated with l - --— ~ —-'-"-~ large, loose-headed, roniclhes; thile edifices generally were of bricks, either dried Fi'g. 259.- BAYROUSSA, (Horned Hog of Java.) bust-looking bush. in the sun, or burned iii a lrilni or furnace. Tiles were also Bac'chic, Bach'cli-, painted and glazed for the purpose of decorating build-,lblysy ip, n. The state or condition of a baby. cal, a. [Lat. bacchicus.] ings, and a very fine sort of brick was employed to case Ba'c BAcK, n, [Fr. bac, a ferry-boat; Du. ba,, tmay, bowl.] Relating to Bacchus; used thick walls built of comnmon bricks or rubbish. These A large tub or vessel into which the weort, &c. is drawn generally to denote joviai bricks were impressed with characters. The claty of which for the purpose of coolinig, straining, mixing, &c. It has intoxication; drunken they were formed appears to have been mixed up with different names, according to its position mind use; as, revelry. chopped straw or reeds. When bhaked or dry, they were usnder-baclc, jack-back, spirit-back, wash-back. —Ure. Bacclhi'des, a general laid in lhot bitumen, sometimes in clay-mortar, and some- -A broad, fiat-bottomed boat, or barge, employed for con- of I)emetrius Soter, and timies also in a fine lime-morta;tr. In the bridge over the veying horses, cattle, carriages, &c. over a ferry; it is governor of MesopotaEuphrates, the ruins of which are extant, hewn stones hauled froim one side to the other by means of a rope miic, who lived in the 2d Fig. 260.-n. iSALikIrOLIA. were employed for the piers, and were firmly connected stretched across. half of the second century (Groundsel-trce.) with iron and lead. They had no idea of constructing a Ba'ca, n. [Heb., weeping, lamentation.] (Scrip.) A valley B. c. He invaded Judeea, coffer-dam; cand, therefore, to lay the foundations of the somewhere in Palestine, through which tihe exiled Psalm- for the purpose of reinstating Alcimeus in the priestpiers, Nitocris turned the course of the river aind laid ist sees in a vision the pilgrimns passing in their march hood; and Judas Maccabeums having attacked hini with the lied dry. Om the piers, rectangular beams of wood toward the samctuary of Jehovah it Zion. (Ps. lxxxiv. 6.) inferior forces, perished in the contest; B., however, was were placed horizontally. It does not appear, from the Ba'cale'r, a town of Yucatanm, Central America, 80 m. forced by Jonathan to quit Judmea. examinations of those modern travellers who have taken from Bclize: eop. about 5,000, chiefly Indians. Bacehus, (bck'ous.) [Lat.; Gr. Dionysos.] (My/ih.) The the greatest pains to ascertain the faict, that the Baby- Bac'alhqoe an island off the S.E. coast ofNewfoundland; god of wine, born of a mortal mother, yet one of tihe imlonians understood the principle of the arch. That their Lat. 480 9' N.; Lon. 520 52' W. It is high, about 4 mn. mortal gods. The common story of the birth of Bacchus, edifices were highly decorcted, there can be no doubt. long, and 30 broad, and about 1 im. from the main- his mother Seniele's ftaml wish, his imprisonment in tihe Thie palace wcs surrounded by three vast walls, the ex- laend. thigh of his father Jupiter, and the various adventures ternal wall being 60 stadia in circumference, the second lBae'ea, n. [Lat.] (Bet.) The technical name by which attributed to hinm, are too well known to need descrijp40, and the third 30 stbdia, which DiJodorus inforns us botanists distinguish the fruit, commonly called a berry. tion; and it would take up more space than the natire were ornamented with amnim'ids in reliel, resembling life, The term, nevertheless, is restricted to those fruits only of this work allows, to discuss the inferences drawn from richly painted in their natural colors on the bricks of which have m thin skrin, are pulpy internally, and have the old traditions by modern mythologists. These hewhich they were composed, and afterwards burnt in. several seeds finally lying loose in the pulpy mass; such ductions, and especially the description of the nmystical (Diod. Sic. lib. ii.) Stattues were also eemployed. Secmi- are the gooseberry, currant, grape, potato-fruit, &c. character of B. as distinguished from his worship as the ranmis, (about 2,000 ye;ars n. c.,) is said to have made a When a fruit has only a fleshy rind, without any internal god of wine, may be seen fully developed by Creuzer tunnel umder the Euphrates. This tunnel, according to pulpiness, as in the Capsicum, it is not called a berry, but (Symi bolik, Theil III., pp. 83, 266; pp. 319-3C6,) whose theDiodorus, (whose amithority is but limited,) was made as a berried capsule. ory, however, of the Indian origin of the B'[cchlic richs, a vaulted passtge, nit by digging under the bed of the BMccalau'a. eate, n. [Fr. baccalaureat; N. Lat. bacca- though mabundantly ingenious, does not appear to be egriver, bmt by tu-ning its course. It served as a communi- latcreatscs, from baccalaurcus, a bacheleor of arts, firomn Lat. tablished by sufficient external evidence'. T'he outherp cation between one palace and the other, which were bacca lauri, bay-berry, from the custom of a bachelor coast of Thrace seems to hmve been the original seat of built, atccording to the same authority, at each end of beigcrownevd weiti a garland of bay-berries.] The degree this religion, and it was thence introduced into Greece the bridge -After the temple of Belus, the most inter- of B. A. or Bachelor of Arts, the first or lowest academ- shortly after the colonization by the AEolians of the esting part of the ruine of Bctbylon is thie mound of thIe ical degree conferred by universities in the United States, Asiatic coast of the Hellespont. The admission of the Kasr, suiposed t, bie tihe site of the great palace of Ne- England, and France. identity of Osiris and DIionysus by Plutarch and other bucihadnezzar. It is an irregular square of about 700 -a. Pertmining or relating to a Bachelor of Arts. mythological theorists, as well as Herodotus's simple Baccara, (ba'ka-ra,) n. [Fr.] (Games.) A French game statement of the assertions of the Egyptian priests to of cards which somewhat resembles lansquenet. It offers that effect, is no proof of tile common origin of the worno intricacies, and its only interest depends on the money ship of this divinity in Egypt and Greece; but there is at stake. At the head of i long table, divided into 2 prlts no doubt that certain modifications of the Dionysiac rites by a line drawn lengthwise, a person, who is called the took place after tile commencement of thIe intercourse b:emnker, sits with several packs of cards in his hecds. of the Ionians with the Egyptians.-The worship of _______________,__ Theplayers, or, moreproperly speaking, thebetters, stand Bacchus is intimately connected with that of Demeter; around. The banker draws cards, putting one for thee under tile name oflacchus lie was worshipped along with ~ q,,~:::,_~:,=:~;=~ ~ bettors on the right, another lbr himself on the left; that goddess at Eheusis, (see DEMETER.) Virgil invokes and the party wins whose card or cards bring 9 points, them together (Gero.gics, i. 5) as the lights of the ummi~ ~ ~~~~"-~~~~~~C~ ~or the nearest number to it; each party having, of courise, verse. According to thIe Egyptians, they evere the joinit the privilege of calling for supplementary cards to im- rulers of the world below, (Herod. ii. 123.) Pindar ce:lls prove his number. Dionysus "tihe compamnion of Demeter," and in it calnco lBac'carat, a town of France, dep. of Meurthe, 15 m. he is represented sitting by the goddess in a chariot froin Luneville; pop/. 4,216. drawn by male and female centaurs. — On the form and B-ea'telate, a. [Lat. baccatus, from Lat. bacca, berry.] dress of Bacchus almost all tile ancient testimonies have (Bot.) Having a pulpy nature like a berry. been collected by F. G. Schln in an ingenious dissertmkFcg. 25s. Ebac'cated, a. Having mnany berries. tion on tihe costume of the chcharacters in the Baccrce of NO1tTIi FACE OF THIE KASa en PALACE OF NEoUCuADNEZZAa. B[lac'C[leBanal, Baccmitana'lian, v. [Lat. Baccrhus; Euripides. From these it appears that hlie was represented tr~~~~~~ ~~~~~ r. com Ricthe'so Meof,ire won Babylon.)i tFrom Rich's Memoir on Babylon.i Gr. Bacchis, the god of wine.] Ose Iso indulges ii as a young man with an effeminate face, long blonde drunlhen revels; a drunkard; a bacchant. hair, a fillet or an ivy craown on his head, a long purple yards each way, and apparently chiefly formed of the -a. Revelling in intemperate d hrinking; riotous; noisy. robe, and a nebris, (deer-skin,) and with a thyrsus in his old palace-platform, on which are still standing certain Batchana'lianly, adv. In the nmanner of bac- hand. Many of his nunmerous appellationms maybe seen in portions of the ancient palace or "Kasr." Thie walls are chanals. the Index to lTacmsmmutlh, p. 570, and in Ovid Met. lib. iv. of pale yellow burnt bricks of excellent quality, laid in Bae'csanals, Baechanarliaa, n. pl. (Myth.) Feasts init. His attendants were thie Bacchantes, the Lennr, the fine lime cement. No plan of the palace is to be made held in honor of Bacchus, and said biy Herodlotus to have Ndiades and Nymmphs, the Thyades, the Miliniallones, the out from thIe existing rematins, which are tossed in ap- been of Egyptian origin, (see DIoxYsia;) these, as prac- Tityri, Pan, Silenus, the Fauns, amnd the Satyrs, q. v. pmtrent confusion on the hiimhest point of tihe mound. tised at Rome and ii other parts of Italy, led to sunch Bacchy'Iides, a Greelk lyric poet, a native of Julis, a B;lbylon'ic, Babylon'ical, a. Pertaining to Baby- abuses, that they were suppressed by a decree of tihe town on the ishand of Cos. lie was a cousin of the still ion; or after the fitshion of Babyloni a. senate, B. c. 186. This decree, engraved upon a birazen nore ficmous lyric poet Simonides. with whom he mr-Tucdnultuous; disorderly. table, was discovered at Bari in 1640, and is preserved in rosined for some time at the court of Hiero in Sicily. lIe Bahybylo'mcish, a. Relcting to Babylon. the imperial collection at Vienuna. travelled also in the Peloponnesus. I-e is said to havr B. CAPTIVITY. This captivity, fbretodlidy Isaiah (xxxix. Bacchant', n. [lat. baccrrans, p.pr. of baccbari, to cele- been a rival of Pindar. ie flourished about 470.c. I lis 6). and Jeremiiahi (xxv. 9-11), lasted from u. c. 588 to n.c. brats the festival of Bacchus.] A priest of Bacchus. fiagments are given by Schneidwein and Bergh in tl1eim 636. It commenced utider Jehoiakimm (2 Ch/ron. xxxvi. -A bacchanal; a reveller: a drunkard. collection. 9,10), and terminated with the decree issued by Cyrus, Bacchante', n. [Fr.] A priestess of Bacchus. -A fe- B1aceif'e.eous, a. [Lat. bacciferm-,bacca, a berry, aol grannting permission to the Israelites to return to their male bacclhanal../ero, to produce.] That produces berliee; berry-beam'ing. country. The JeI s wesre not ini a state of intoleralme n Bacc hantes, (b/c -cn'tes,). p. [Lat.] (Myth.) Prifest- eI' Ac'cio ner'a Po.'ta, or FaA BARTOLOMME0 niE SN servilude durissg this period, but maeny of thenm rose to esses of Bacchus, represented at the celebr-ation of theie Maxco, calledt also simply In. PRATR, (" the Friar,") one offices of high st;mndidign andI lmonior in time court of Balny- orgies as almost nsked. with garlaands of ivy, a thyrsus, of the greamtest of thee Cdem/tnte Cents school of pmsintimcg, in ion, us may be lecarned from the histories of Daniel, Es- and dishevelled hair. Their looks are whild, tnd, utterineg Italy, was n. at Sevigncamo, in Tusccnny, in 1469. Early ther. Mnrdcei. ciind,ithdlirs. —Se BABeYtONIA, JEIUSALEsm. frantic cm-ies, they clash various musical instrunientm to- shoeing a tendency to art, ie stuilic-d the works of LeoBabSylonite, ma. The arrow-headet or cuneiform Baicy- gether. Thlney are also called T/hyades and Mensa/es. nardo di Vinci, atmd in conjunction witeh his friend Mcriuonih chs',tcrters of inscription. Bacehigl3lo. se, (bat'kee/-ye'o-cnai,) a navigable river of otto Alertinelli, lie exmcutstei Isis celcebrated fiesco, T/me Babyroe'sta~, m. (Zosl.) The Scs babro ssaais isa spe- Upper Italy, rising in ~icenza. and, mcfter a course of' 55 Last Jud,.tgeot. A'terewrncds he becamne the fimiend of cies of wild hog whichm inhabits time woods of Jcvta, Ce!e- min., ficdling into the lasgoons of Venice. Savoniaroiet, (q. in.,) whiose fnitCe lie nctrerrowly escaped sharbes, &c. It is sometimes called tIme tsorned/ h/g, fi-om the B]eaeale s,, mind Big'tals, two celebrated gladiatoms ing. iHe themi enteredi updon cc imnonestic life, and becasne great length amid curved torm of its upper tusks, wvhich of equal age asich strength; eshence the proverbin to ex- a Dominican friccr at raite,, wherhmoe Ic minssumied the name pierce through thee upper lip and grow upward and bhck- press equmeeity, Bilh/smis csntddi Bauchimese. of /it' Barteldainedee. s While here lie fbommei a close and ward lilte the horns of the Itusninantiml. It h:ts been lBacchliu.m, nm.; pT. h~ccusmm. [Lat.; Cr. baccermi-,s.] lanstinig fiiemidship with thie guest ct painter Itafaelue. In likewise called the Stag-boar, from its more slender pro- (Thros.) A fbot composed of a sh8oit syllable auch wo t 5ed 11 B. visited Rome, snuc on his return, resuming hi8 portions and lonner limbs compasred with other species hlong ones; as In cvcri. -. brush, he pr-oduced souse of his greatest worhks, amomg VOL. r. —25 *. 194 BACH BACK BACK which we may mention the St. Marc, (now in the gal- Bach'elort's Retreat, in South Carolina, a post-office against the field, or the other horses entered in a race, lery at Florence,) and the MXdonna della.Aiseericordia of' Pickens district. who are termed (in the language of the turf) outsiders; (at Lucca.) D. 1517. Bach'g-rove, in Iowa, a post-office of Wright co. or, vice versa, to bet upon the field against the ifavorite, BacclSioechi, or BAcIo'ccHI, FrELx PASCAL, Prince of Bach/'nan, JoHN, D.D., LL.D., a distinguished American or any one or more horses. Ptiombino and Lucca, a. in Corsica in 1762. He was of naturalist, B. in Duchess co., New York, in 1790. lie -v. i. To move or to back; as, "the horse refuses to baclk." noble blood, but poor, and entered the army at an early was the assistant of Audubon in his great work on Back, SiR GEORGE, D.C.L., F.. S., an English navigaage. In 1797, he married Marie Elise Bonaparte, sister American Ornithology. Dr. B. has been pastor of the tor, a. 1796. In 1818 he was selected to accompany Capof' the great Napoleon, the latter being at the time gen- German Lutheran church in Charleston for about fifty tains Beechey and Buchan, and Sir John Franklin, on eral-in-chief of the army in Italy. Napoleon, though dis- years, and has published, on the denomination with the first modern voyage of discovery beyond Spitzbergen. pleased at the alliance, nevertheless allowed B. to share which he has been so long conniected, some works of In 1819, hlie again joined Franklin in the expedition fryom the rising fortunes of the family. After obtaining the great value. Hudson's Bay to the E. of the Coppermine River. In highest military rank, he was given the principalities of Bach'man, in Ohio, a post-office of Montgomery co. 1833, he commanded an expedition in search of Sir John Piombino and Lucca, and was crowned with his wife on Bach'manr's HiHls, in Mdaryland, a post-office of Ross, and published an account of it. In 1836-7, he pro10th July, 1805.'Shortly afterwards, they separated. B. Carroll co. ceeded in H.M.S. "Terror" with a view of prosecuting remained a general, and Elise, as sister of the emperor, Bacilla'rime, npt. [Lat. bacillus, a little staff.] (Bot.) discovery in the Arctic seas from Regent's Cape to Cape assunmed the state of a princess, and was made Grand See DIATOMIA. Turn-again, but was unsuccessful, and returned alfter Duchess of Tuscany. B. afterwards retired to Germany, Bacio'ecEhi. See BACCIOCHI. suffering severe privations. Of this voyage he has writand in 1831 was allotted a revenue of 100,000 crowns, eBack, n. [A. S. bac, bies; Icel., Swed. and L. Ger. bakc; ten a clear, elegant, and interesting narrative, published with the title of a prince of the IIoly Roman empire. D. Dan. bag; 0. H. Ger. bache, back, cheek.] The part of the in 1838. at Bologna, 28th April, 1841. His wife died in 1820. human body which is behind; the hinder part of man; Back'bite, v. a. and n. To bite at the back; to speak Baccivo'reus, a. [Lat. bacca, a berry, and eoro, to in animals, the upper part, which in quadrupeds is a evil of a person behind his back; to calumniate, slander, eat.] Eating or subsisting on berries. ridge, or revile the absent. Bach, and ]Pachu. [Ger., brook, rivulet.] An affix used in " Part following enter, part remain without, "Use his men well, Davy, for they are arrant knaves, and will many German geographical names. as Auerbach (" brook And mount on others backs, in hopes to share."-Dryden. backbite." —Shaks. of the meadow"), Anspach ("situated at the stream"). -A broad high ridge; as, "(mountains) their broad, bare Back'biter, n. A slanderer of persons behind their Bach, JOHN SEBAS tIA'N, an eminent German musical backs upheave."- Milton. backs; a traducer; calumniator; detractor; defamer; composer, n. at Eisenach, 21st March, 1685. In 1708, -The outward or upper part of a body or thing, as opposed maligner. he became chef d'orchestre to the Dluke of Saxe-Weimar. to the inner or lower part; as, the back of the hand (op- Back'bitingly, adv. With secret calumny; slanderHe is said to have been equal to Handel in his execu- posed to the palm); the baclk of the body (opposed to the ous. tion on the organ, and his compositions are works of the stomach); the back of a hand-rail, &c. Back'boaard, n. [Back and board.] (Aaut.) A board highest excellence. D. at Leipzig, 13th July, 1750. —IIis "Methought Love, pitying me, when he saw this, placed across the stern-sheets of ta boat, as a support for the sons, Charles and John, were also celebrated as perform- Gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss."-Donne. passengers' baclks.-A board fixed to the edge of a waterers and composers; and so fertile in musical talent was -The rear; the part opposed to the front; the hinder part wheel, to hinder the water from running off the floats the B. family, that 59 members of it have been men- of anything; as, the back of a house; the back of a book. or paddles into the cavity of the wheel. — A board used tioned as distinguished musicians. -The place behind; the part opposite to, or most remote in ladies' seminaries, or boarding-schools, and attached to Bach'arach, a walled town of Prussia, prov. of the from; that which fronts the actor or speaker, or the part the back of a pupil, in order to ensure erectness to the Rhine, on the left bankl of that river, 25 m. S.S.E. of out of sight; as, the back of a mountain. figure. -A part of a lathe. Coblentz, on the railway fromCologne to Mayence. The -The thicker and stronger part of a cutting instrunment Back'.bond, n. (Law.) A bond of indemnification best wine produced lhere is known as " Muskaleller." or tool, opposed to the edge; as the back of a knife.-See given to a surety. — Bouvier. - (Scotch Law.) A deed, Pop. about 2,000. Boc. which, in conjunction with an absolute disposition, conBachau'mont, FRANqots LE COoIGNEUX D0, a French -a. In the rear; remote from; as, the back woods; —back- stitutes a trust. It expresses the unature of the right literateur, a. in 1621; was clerk of the council to the ward in movement; as, back action. actually held by a person to whom the disposition is parliament of Paris. He was one of the most brilliant Back, adv. [A. S. on beec.] To the place left, or from made. It is equivalent to the English deed of Declaration epigrammatists of an age when epigrams were at their which one came. of Trust. highest value, and served equally the purposes of states- "Back to thy native island mightst thou sail, Back'bone, n. The bone of the back. or the spine. — men and of wits. In the war of the Fironde, B. found And leave half heard the melancholy tale." —Pope. Figuratively, moral principle; steadfastness; stability frequent occasion to exercise his wit in epigrams against -To return to a former state, condition, or station; as, to of purpose or condition. the court. After the troubles were past, he devoted go back to prison. Baek'-chain, n. A chain that passes over a cart sadhimself to pleasure and to poetry. Similarity of taste "I've been surprised in an unguarded hour, die to support the shafts. and character produced an intimate friendship between But must not now go back."-Addison. B]ack Craeek, in Indiana, flowing into Guthrie's Creek him and La Chapelle, and they conmposed, in common, -Baclkward; by reverse movementt; free from contact; as, in Lawrence co. that charmning account of a journey, which met with so to roll back a stone.-Behind; not coming forward; in a Back Creek, in Vi-rginia. Taking rise in Frederick much favor amoun the friends of light and sportive state of hinderance or restraint. co., it'runs N.E. and enters the Potomac, about 10 m. N. poetry. D. 1702. "Constrain the glebe, keep backthe hurtfuel weed."-Blackmore. of Martinsburg. Bache', ALEXANDER DALLAS, a distinguished American -Towards things or times past; remote from the present. Back Creek Valley, in Virginia, a post-office of hydrographer, a. in Philadelphia, 19th July, 1806. Hle Frederick co. "I had always a curiosity to look back into the sources of duated at West Poimt in 1821, and in 1828 was a- I hod a s agurisitg s looti bck into the t ak-tdoor, n. A door on the back part of a building; pointed Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry ting Bipurne a private passage; an indirect way. in the University of Philadelphia. In 1836, lie was nomi- -Again; in return; as, to give back the umbrella.."-tt y. hated the first President of Girard College, and made "Take and give back, and their dispatch, With such a smooth, discreet, and stable bearing."-Skaik3. Backed', a. Having a back; used in composition in a a trip through Europe in the interests of that institution. In 1843 he was appointed superintendent of the -In wilhdra'il; as, to draw back from an agreommunt. conpound sense, as, hncsip-backed. 9 _~~~~~~~~~-In withdrawal; as, to draw back from an agreement. cmon esahm-akd "'n Init83ed Stats C pointe Suprvy"wintma e cnsdentoftedZ " United States Coast Survey," which msay be considered Back, v. a. To get upon the back of; to mount. "Sharp-headed, barrel-bellied, broadly-back'd."-Dryden. as' his creation. This important institution ha~s sent "That roan shall he my throne Backher, n. One who backs or supports another in a as Isis creathois. This important institution hotos eseut. ne WellacIswillupbackshimottr it-han cotsaraaudraig forthe manuy accurate muaps, not only of thus configuratione forth many accurate maps, not only of the confi. gurations Well, I will back him strait." —Shaks. contest or an undertaking. of the coasts, but also of the soundings of every harbor -To place upon the back. (N.) (Arch.) A narrow slate laid on the back of a broad, and channel as yet utilized. When finished, the coast "Great Jupiter, upon his eagle back'd, appear'd to nme."-Shaks. square-headed slate, where they begin to diminish in survey, with which the name of Bache is so intimately -To breakl a horse, or train him to bear a burden on his width. - Brande. connected, will take its place as a model that should be back. (N.) Baeker'guns ge, (ba'ker-yoonj',) adistrictof IHindostan, imitated by every maritime nation. Nominated presi- "Direct us how to back the wingdd horse; pre of Benal in dent of the National Acadenmy of Sciences in 1863, Dr. Favor his flight, and moderate his course."-Lord Rsscommon. the Sunderbunds and the mouths of the rivers Gangos Bache died in Newport, 17th February, 1867. -To maintain; to strengthen; to support; to defend. and Brahmapootra. Area, 3,796 sq. m. Estimatedjbop. Baech'elorl, a. [O. Fr. bachelie-, a young man; bache-, Call you tht bakg of your friends a pgue psuch 734,000. It is nostly covered with jungle, and iafested lette, a young womnan; probably from W. bachgen, a boy, backing / give me them that will face me. -Shaks. with royal tigers; grow- a good deal of rice, and is fre.'2' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~quently inundated. a child, from bach, little.] Ini its primitive sense, it -To put or force bacikward; to cause to recede or retreat; quea tly inundated. means a man who has not been married; and in all as, to back a team. Baekgam'mon, a. [0. Eng. baggamon, from W. bach, its various senses, it seems to include the idea of youth or -To furnish with a baclk or binding; to make a back for; little, and canmmawn, caamoels, combat, fight, from camp, immlaturity, except when it has the word old prefixed. as, to back a boolk. - To back out, or back down, to with- a circle, Ibat, game, or, according to Strutt, A. S. bac, -One who has taken, at a college or university, the first draw fi-om, or shirk a promise or eicagenent back, ardgageen, agame.] (Gasgs.) An ingenious gtme I of ~~~bchandaen, plgayed.y ]w pGaers.o ns witngenious n g degree in the liberal arts and sciences, or the first degree To back a wager, to second a person i bt orager; of chance, played by two persons, with l blacl nd 15 ~~o back a woryer, to secowhie pices o penon aboardor tale dvidedinto arts in the particular study to which he devotes himself to talke shares in a wager laid between other parties. white pieces or meo, on a board or table divided into parts, This degree or honor is called the baccalaureate, q.v. At Factions, and fa'ring this or tother sid, whe reon are 24 black and white spaces called points, by Oxford and at Cambridge, to attain the degree of B. of Their wagers back their wishes."-Dryden. A Arts, a person must have studied there four years; after To back uop, to sustain, support, help, become responthree mIore, he may become Master of Arts; and at the sible for; as, to back up a friend. Its American synonoym end of another series of seven,. of Divinity. In the U. is, to "see him c t ahrough." States, B. of Arts is a degree commonly conferred on (ts aut.) i back an anchor, to carry out a small an- students who have completed the course of study estab- chor, thead of the large one, in order to support the latter. lished in the several colleges of this country. To back astern, to reverse the action of the oars in row- 1 1 (Kn'ghthood.) An ancient denomination gi: n to such ing, contrary to moving ahead, so as to impel a boat as had not a sufficient number of vassals to carry their stern foremost. - To back andf/ll, an operation generally banner; or to such knights-bannerets as were not of age performed in narrow rivers, by keeping the ship in the to display their own banner; or, to young catvaliers, little middle of the stream, and then advancing ahead from more than initiated to arms; or, in a very honorable one shore and moving backwards from the opposite shore. sense, to him who had overcome his antagonist in a To back the oars, to manage the oars in a direction contournament. - Knighls-Bachelors. The lowest rank of trary to the usual method, so that the boat shall move knights, whose title was not hereditary. These are the with her stern forward. — ib back the sails, to arrange knights of modern days. them in a situation that will occ'sion the vessel to retreat, — Among the Livery companies of the city of London, a or to move astern, in consequence of the tide or current term applied to ot person not yet admitted a measmmber of being in her favor, and the wind contrary, but light.-1 the Livery, but who is amiaspirant for that position. Back the main-topsail! the command to brace that sail Bach'eleulriha o, Bacl'eloris m,, so. The state of a in such a manner, thest the wind mnay exert its force x/ bachelor; t'achelorshoip. against the fore-path of this sail, and, toy thus laying it ]EBacht'elea.'s It][al]l, a. The place or house kept by a mbaclk, materially retard the vessel's course. bachelor. (Law.) lb Sac!,: a wad'rant, signifies for a justice of the Bacia'clealrs ]t-a][]U, in V':., a P.O. of Pittsylvatnia co. petce, or other muagistrate, in the county in which a Pig. 261.- BACRGA.MMON-BOAkD. Batcs'e]oeemshliPn. SDtate or condition of being t,ch- watrrant is to be executed, to counter-sign or indorse casting dice alternately from little boxes, with one of elor, or one wlao has taken Iris first denree in a college such warrant, as issued in another county, to apprehend which each player is provided. The trrangecment of the or university. an offender. board and pieces will be Hore readily understood by refer"Her mother; living yet. cn testify, (Sport.) To back a hoase, or thefie/ld, in horse-racing, to ence to the accompaenying diagram, in which the men are She was ohe frst.fruit of my bachelorshia."-Shake. lay the odds, in betting, upon a certain horse or favorite, set in readiness to commence the game; the player using BACK BACK BACO 1 the black men being seated at the upper end of the board, Back'side, s. The back or hinder part of a thing, or of mills the right to flood the adjoining lands, if neoesat A, and the one using the white pieces; at B. It is the of an animal.-The rear of a house, as the yard or sary for the working of their mills, subject only to such object of the player at A to get all his men into the sec- ground behind it. damages as shall be ascertained by the particular process tion of the tables on his left hand, or "home," as it is Back'sight, n. (Land Surveying.) The first reading prescribed, which process is substituted for all other juY:echnically called, and " bear" or renmove them from the of the levelling staff, taken from any position of the dicial remedies. These statutes, however, confer no auboard in accordance with the numbers indicated by the levelling instrument, all other readings being called thority to flow back upon existing mills. - -Bouve r.. successive castings of the dice, befbre his adversary can foresights. - Webster. Backwoods'niau, n.; pl. BacKwooDsnsatN. The name dto the same, after getting his pieces into the section on Back's ]Laid, in British North America, a region given in the U. States to an inhabitant of the backwoods his right. The dice are cubes, spotted on the sides from around the Arctic Circle, between Lon. 950 and 1080 W., or back settlements, i. e., of a country newly settled. one to six; and, as they are thrown together, any conm- explored by Sir George Back, in 1831. Back'worm, n. A disease among hawks. - See Fm-,)ination of two numbers can be thrown, from two aces Backslide', v. i. To slide back or backwards; to fall LANDERS. so two sixes. The terms for the numbers on the dice are away; to depart from; to apostatize; to relapse from Back'-wound. v. a. To wound or pierce privately aits follows: —l, ace; 2, deuce; 3, tr6 or tray; 4, quatre; one's faith. from behind one's back. 5, cinque; 6, seize. If doublets are thrown, or similar Backslid'er, n. One who slides or shuffles back, es- Backlyard, n. A yard behind a house. numbers on each die, double the number of points are pecially fri'om religious principles or professions. An Bacolorl, a town of the island of Luzon, in the Philipreckoned. Thus, if two cinques be thrown, twenty points apostate; renegade; recreant; abjurer. pines, about 38 m. N.W. of Manilla. It was thie capital of are counted. The points on the board are counted firomn Backslid'igness, n. The state or condition of the Philippines during tile British invasion in 1762. one to six in each of the bfour sections respectively, each backsliding. Pop. about 10,000. player commencing from the point in the table opposite Back's River, in British N. America, rising in Sussex Ba'con, it. [A. S. bacat, to bake; O. Ger. bachan, to to him, on which twvo men are seen to be placed in the Lalke, N. of Lake Aylmner, flows N. and N.E. through a roast, to cook; -or Dut. bake, swine.] Salted and dried right of the diagram. Thus the player using the white sandy region, traverses Lakes Pelly and Garry, and pork, made from the sides and belly of a pig; while bamen counts from the point marked X, and his adversary empties into a bay supposed to be the S.W. part of con-hams are the hind-legs cured. A large quantity is using the black pieces froms the point marked Y. Two Boothis Gulf, in Lat. 670 7' 311" N., Lon. 910 39t 4511 W. exported from thi, U. States into Europe. - For the mode men can be advanced at once, one for each number turned Back'-staff, n. (Astron.) An instrument used before of curing, see HAMs. For its properties as an article of up on the dice; or one man may be moved forward as the invention of the quadrant and sextant, for taking food and importance in trade, see PORaK. many points as the numbers on the dice amount to taken the sun's altitude at sea, and so called firom the back of To save one's bacon. A vulgarism, implying the pretogether. When any point is covered by two of an op- the observer being turned to the sun while making thle serving one's self from hurt or harin; supposed to have ponent's men, the player cannot put any of his upon that observation. It was invented by Captain John Davis, a originated from the care taken of this article of provipoint; but if one only be there, which constitutes what Welsh mariner, about the year 1690. sion by thie housewives of the olden time, to secure it is called a blot, that man may be removed and placed on ]Back'stairs, n. pl. Stairs in the back part of a house; from being plundered by the soldiers on the march. the centre ledge of tihe board, and the point occupied. private stairs. o father I my sorrow will scarce save my bacon; This man must be entered o05 any vacant point in the Backstays, (bdk-stais.) n. pl. (Naut.) Long ropes For'twas not that I murder'd, but that I was taken." - Prior. "home" section of the tables belonging to the opponent extending from the top mniastheads to the starboard and of the player whose man has been taken up, provided port sides of the ship, their use bei0g to second the COUNT ST. ALBAN's) one of the grandest mes in thethe number turned up on either die corresponds with efforts of the shrouds in supporting the masts. They annals of England, and oe of thi gretest men ever that point, and must then be brought roundl from the are usually distinguished into breast-back stays and commencement like the men on the ace-points in either after-backt stays, the intent of the first being to sustain Iroduced by any country or in any age. B. in London, table. To win a hit is to remove all your men from the the mast when the ship sails upon a wind; the secomd 22d Jan., 1561, he was a son of Sir Nicsolas Bscon Lord table before your adversary has removed iis: this counts to en e her to carry sail when the wind is frter aft. Keeper of the Gret Seal; ad nephew of this great Cecil, to nabe hr t carysai whn te wndis ctrhernft Lord Burleigrh. Nothing is kinown of his early educeone. To win a gastson, which counts two, is to remove (Printing.) A leather strap serving to check the car- Lord Burleigh. Nothing is kow. oh his early education. H1aving, however, parents of a superior order, — all your men before your adversary has brought all of riage of a printing-press. ti ihuev prns a ser d ehis home; all if yo ur men are entirely removed while a father distinguished both as a lawyer and a stateshis home; and if your mesn ure entirely removed while Back'-stone, n. (Prov. Eng.) See GIRDLE. man, nd a other gifted with uncoon abiiie, and man, and a mother gifted with uncommon abilities, and your antagonist has one riemaining in your home section Back'stop, Baeck'stopper, n. (Sporss.) In criclket: eminent for her learning aid piety, —B. wis placed of the table, you win a backgalmmon, which counts three. one who stands at a short distance behind the wicket- fvorbly, from the first, br the brmtion of a learned -Trick-track, or French trictrac, is a game resembling keeper, and stops the ball when bowled over the wiclket. a fo hert, t rmt eired and a virtuous character. In his 13th year, he entered baclkgamsnon. Eit;Back'stopping, s. (Sports.) Ths act or duty of a Trinity College, Cambridge, and was placed under the Back'groundl, n. Ground in the rear or behind; in backstopper. contradistinction to the.front. Basck-str.eam, n. A current flowing up-stream. tition of Dr. Whitgift, wfterdardgnrcebishop of Canterbury. H~ere he studied with diligence and success. (Paint.) The space behind a portrait, or group of fig- Backs'ville, in Minnesota, a post-office of Brown co. leaving Cuembridge, lie entered Gagy's eo an student ures. - Worcester. Back'sword, n. A sword having a back; a sword with OnlaiCmbdeleetrdGysIisatun -A place of obscurity or shade; a secluded situation. one sharp edge. of la. In complince with a custom then prevailing among the higher classes of society, to go abroad to study Rack'hasnde d, a. With the hand turned backward; -In England, a term used to denote a fencing-stick with t tiuio a sser of oer oni B et T Lcn o-l i r v ethe institutions and manners of other countries, B. went as, a backhanded blow.-Obique; indirect; reversed; a basket-handle, used in rustic games of slkill. in the suite of Sir Amyas Paulet, the English ambassa. as, a backhanded suggestion. - Turned back, or inclining (Fencing.) A game or play with the backsword;- dor to the court of Frsnce. In thit country he busied to the left; as, backhanded letters. most commonly called single-stick. himself in collecting information on the characters and -adv. With the hand moved backward; as, to strike back- Bfack'war's, Back'waerdls, adv. With the back resources of the different European powers. This reha~nded. fowr ri dac;at nl alw?rresources of the different Europeatn powers. This r~ehanded. forwvard or in advance; as, to wahlek~ bac/kward. search resulted in his work Of the State of lfurope, writBack'house, n. A building or office behlind the chief -Towards the back; as, to throw the arms backward. t by i whe only nineteen, nd hic i esteemed or front building; specifically, a privy or wuster-closet. "In leaping with weights, the arms are first tast backwards a basterpiece of inductive pover. On his father's eath, "Their backhouses, of more necessary than cleanly service." and then forwards." — Bacon. s ere uci oea On fl hisel, in 1579, he returned to En(lhmd, to find himself, as B~Backr'Bnhysen, I ~AIUPE C sea. -With the bathe downward; on the batheHSN the youngest son, unprovided for; upon which he de~Back'~huyse~n, s. See BAXH'N. Then darting fire from her mnligeant eves, termined to work his uwn way at the bar, and to which, Back'ing', n. (Maunege.) Tihe operation of breaking-in She east him backwasud as he strove to rise." - Dryden. a you ng ho rse for the saddle. — Gilbert. a youimmg house for this saddle. - &'ilbtrl. -Tovards the past; in relation to time or events. (Bookbinding.) The mode of preparing the back of a Th book with glue, &c., in order to receive and attach the There is no argument to that which looks uacisuaeds.' - Sourl. cover. -Reflexively; by way of reflection. Back'iang-up, n. See B.ACK-STOPPING.' For the mind can be backward cast upon herself." -Davies. B.aek'-laslh, n. (Mech.) The term applied to the reat- -From a better to a worse state. tion produced by irregularity of velocity resulting from The work went ackwasrd, and thu mere he strove a want of uniformity in the moving power upon each T' advance the suit, the farther from her love." - Dryden. other of a puir of wheels. - Nicholson. - Back'-leaning, a. That inclines towatrd the hinider -Perversely; in a contrary manner or order. part. " I never yet saw man, Back'.-light, u. A light which is reflected on the hinder But she would spell him backward.'" - Shaks. part. ]]Baek'ward, a. Averse; reluctant; unwilling; dilaiBackl'-lianing, n. (Arch.) See SAsn-FRAME. tory; hesitating. ]Back'n.-a g, a town of S. Germuany, in the kingdom of "All things are ready if our minds be so: Wtirtemberg, 16 mn. N.E. of Stuttgart. Malnf. Wool- Perish the man whose mind is backward now I" -/Shaks. lens and leather. Pop. about 4,000. — Dull; sluggish; slow of apprehension; inapt. Back'-paintiag, n. (Pacit.) The method of painting It often falls out, that the backward learner makes amends mezzotinto prints, pasted on glass, with oil colors. another way." -- South. Back'-piece, or Back'-plate, ii. (Mit.) The piece -That which loiters behind others; lats; behindhand in of armior which covers tihe back. time; as, backcward in growth. "The morning that he was to joia battle, his armorer put on his -Already past suid gone. lack-piece before, and his breaut-plate behind."-t'amuden. "And flies unconsciouss o'er each backward year."- Byron. Fig. 262. Back'-pressnre, n. (Steam-Engineering.) The resist- Back'wardness, n. Tendency to hold back; specific (From a bronze medal, British Museum.) ance of the atmosphere or waste steami to the piston. - or habitual slowness; shyness; reluctance; hesitation; Webster. sunwillingness; repugnance. accordingly, he was called on the 27th June, 1582. His Back'-res, eh.) Th nme givn to a gide, Bn'wate,. Water keptbc k, asinastream orreser- practice soon became considerable; in 15S6, he was a wlhich, being affixed to the slide-rest of a lathe, is bi-ougiht voir, by some obstacle or obstruction, as a dam or lock. beicher; and at 28, counsel-extraordiiary to Queen into contact with the work, to hold it firm in turning. — Water flung back by the gyrations of a water-wheel. Elizabeth. Although conneted with the all-poerf yrations f a waterElizabeth. Although connected with the allpoefi Back.'-rsoon, n. A room behind the front room, or in (Aquatics.) An expression signifying water thrown family of the Cecils, they did little or nothing for his tihe bacle art of the house. back, when rowing, by the action of the oar. advancement, which was brought about partly by his own Back'-~reroe, c. (Naut.) A rope leading from the masr- (Law.) The water which is turned back, by a dam intrinsic energy and merits, and partly through the friendtingale inbosrd; a gob-line. - Dana. erected in a stream below, upon the wheel of a mill ship of the Earl of Essex, the ill-fated favorite of Elizallack River, in Ndew H1ampshire, a small stream, which,.1_.,.1 -- a iver, in New aisire, a small stream, which, bove, so as to retard its revolution. Every riparian pro- beth. In 1592, B. entered Parliament, where he took risisig in the N.E. past of the Stuste, falls hose the Pis- prietor is entitled to the benefit of the water in its natu- the popular side. In 1596 appeared his Essays or Councatsquss. ral state. Another such proprietor has no right to alter sels, Civil and Mloeral, and shortly afterwards, his MaxBEackihs, ci. pt. Ansong curriere and leather dealers, ~ the level of the water, either where it enters or where it irs of Law. He was at this period in great pecuniary kisid or quality of leather selected fros Mthe strongest leaves his property. If he claims either to throw the distress, and was twice arrested for debt. His lnfelicesu aind thickest ox-hides. water back above, or to diminish the quantity which is Mslemoriac Elizaboth/e.Anglic Reginat was mulso written Beck~'set, a. Set uspen in thme rear. to descend below, he must, in order to maintain his about this time, although it was not published until Bat/seem with Phar. st's whale sswer."-A8nderssn. claim, either prove an actual grant or license from the after his death. On the accession of James I., the pros— n. A check to the progress of anything; a reIapse. (Scot- proprietors affected by his operation, or an uninterrupted pects of B. brightened. He had paid assiduous court to tish.) enjoyment for twenty years. If he cannot maintain his some of the Scottish favorites of time monarch, and Ba;ck'shish, Bac,-k'sheesls, n. [Per. bak/is/bise, claim in either of these ways, he is liable to an action on obtained his rewvard. 0u the 23ud July, 1603, he was from bak/sic/idan, to give.] A term used in Turleey, the case for damages in favor of the injured party, or to knighted. Ibis public conduct in the House of Conmnons, Egypt, India, and the East generally, to signify a pres- a suit in equity for an injunction to rests-in his unlaw- at this time, comimanded the admiration of both the seut, or gratuity of money; a donation of alms; a gift to ful use of the vater. —In Massachusetts,, and some other couurt and the people. In 1605, he brought out The sersuasts, &e. of the States, Acts have been passed giving to the owners Advancemnesnt of Learning, and in 1607 was appointod 196 BACO BiiACT fADA Solicitor-General. He now had his share of the profes- lively genius, and ready wit, indulging in the latter very on the banks of rivers. They are rather small trees, sional "loaves and fishes," and further augmented his frieely even on the bench. On one occasion, it is said, a never exceeding twenty feet in height, and thile stems increasing wealth by marrying a rich city heiress. culprit craved mercy of him on the plea of kindred, are slender, about the thickness of a man's thumb. His next work, The Wisdom'It the Antients, was pub- alleging, that, as the judge's name was Bacon, and his They are of a very dense structure, and form very solid, lished in 1610. In 1613, he became Attorney-General, (the prisoner's) Rog, they were too closely allied to be hard, black canes, known in commerce as the canes of and on the 7th March, 1617r he was made Lord Keeper separated; on which the judge retorted-" You and I Tlobago. The sterns and leaf-stalks are covered with of the Great Seal. Notwithstanding frequent differences cannot be kindred unless you be hanged, for Hog is not long, sharp, flat spines as black as ebony; and as these with the king and the court party, B. continued to ad- Blacon until it be well Hanged." -- By his second wife, B. palns frequently grow in dense patches, they thus Iorm vance, and on the 4th Jan., 1618, he achieved the summit was father of the famous Francis, Lord Bacon, q. v. D. impassable thickets. B. acanthocaspa, a native of the of his ambition in being appointed Lord High Chancel- Feb. 20, 1579. forests near Bahia, yields an extremely tough thread, lor of England. On the lthl July, in the same year, he Ba'con, IROGER, sometimes called FriAR BACON, an emi- firom which the natives manufacture strong nets. The took his seat among tile peers as Lord Baconii of Yerulaln, nent English monk, scholar, and philosopher, B. at fri'uits of some species are made, by the inhabitants of and was further created, in 1620, Viscount St. Alban's. Ilchester, 1214, and educated at Oxford, and Paris, where the places where they grow, into a sweet sort of wine. In the latter year he produced the masterpiece of his he obtained the degree of D. D. On his return to Eng- Baes-Badroghier, (baks-ba-dro'ger,) a district of S. natured genius, the Novam Organos Scientiarum, a land lie became a brother of the Franciscan Order, and Hungary, in the circle beyond the Danube; area, 3,625 work on which he had labored for many years. B.'s devoted himinself principally to chemistry, natural philos- sq. m. Desc. At some seasons it is almost a morass; but glory had now cuhninated; his career henceforward be- ophy, and mathematics; and so ardently did lie pursue fertile, and producing abundance of tobacco, wheat, and came tarnished with infamy. He was accused, before these sciences, that he spent nearly the whole of his wine. t'op. 500,000. tile Hiouse of Lords, of having received money for grants fortune in books and experiments. The discoveries lie Bactrias'na, or Bac'tria. (Anc. Geg.) This ancient of offices and privileges under the seal of State. He was made, and his consequent fame, excited thile envy anti State, cap. Bactra, situated between Persia and India, unable to justify himself, and desiring to avoid the mor- malice of hils brethren of the order. They caused it to be and bounded on the N. by thie Oxus, varied at different tification of a trial, confessed his misdemeanors, and circulated aind believed that B. owed his profound learn- periods in extent. It was the seat of powerfnl and inthrew himself on the mercy of the peers, beseeching ins and skill to smagic, and commerce with evil spirits. dependent princes, until, being subdued by Ninus, it bethem to limit his punishment to the loss of the high He was, accordingly, forbidden to lecture in the uni- came a Persian satrapy. It was conquered by Alexiander office which he had dishonored. After he had, by an ex- versity, imprisoned in a cell, denied to Ihis friends, and the Great, n. c. 329. B. is now a dependency of the plicit confession, acknowledged the truth of almost all even deprived of food.'~hile uundergoing this persecn- Khanat of Bokhara, under the name of BALKH, q. v. the charges brought against him, notwithstanding the tion, he received a request from the Pope's legate, then BaEc'lule, a. [Fr. bascule] (Foortif.) See IBASCULE. intercession of the king, and the interest which they in Elngland, for a copy of his works, which B. at first de- Biac'ulite, n. [Fr.; fronm Lat. baculum, baculus, a little themselves took in one of their most distinguished merm- clined to accede to; but when the legate was subse- staff.] (Pal.) A genus of fossil cephalopodous mollusca. bers, time Lords sentenced him to pay a fine of ~40,000 quently called to the papal chair under the name of The shells are straight, many-chsambered, conical, and (an enormous sumi in those days), and to be imprisoned Clement IV., hie collected his writings into a volume, in their internal structure resemble the.lhssorsites, q. v. in the Tower of London during the royal pleasure. He entitled Opus 3lIajss, or the "Greater Work," and sent From their prevwlence in the chalk of Normandy, that was also declared forever incapable of place or employ- it to his Holiness, lwho promised him his protection. On rock has been termed tie "bsaculite limestone." ment, and forbidden to sit in Parliament or to appear the death of that Pope, B. was suijected to renewed Baculomn'letry, n. [Lat. baculum, baculus, staff, and within the verge of the court. This severe sentence was persecutions. His works were prohibited, and lie was Gr. ameton, measure.] The act of measuring distance or doubtless just; yet it must be allowed, that he was himself bodily incarcerated for a period of 10 years. On altitude by a staff or staffs. actuated neither by avarice nor corruption of lheart, but being released, lie retired to Oxford, where he a. 1292.- Bad, a. [Goth. baodh, badh; Pers. bad; Ar. bud, probthat his errors are rather to be attributed to a weakness Hallam says that the mind of B. was strangely com- ably allied to Iteb. abad, to perish, to cause to perish or of character, which was abused by others. Traits of pounded of ahlnost prophetic gleams of the future course destroy.] Ill; evil; depraved; not good; injurious; hurtgenerosity and independence, which his life also displays, of science, and the best principles of tihe inductive phi- ful; vicious; vile; wicked; wanting good qualities show clearly that he knew and vawued virtue. Hle was losophy. with a more than usual credulity in the super- whether in man or things; unwholesome or corrupt, unfaithful to it because he had not sufficient firmness to stition of his own times. However this may be, he was whether physically or morally; as, a bad heart, a bua refuse the unjust demands of others. He was confined certainly possessed of one of the most comprehensive intention, acd water, a bad road, bad of a fever, &c. for a short time in the Tower, and then discharged. lie minds of any man of his time. Bishop Bale mentions Bad, Bade, the past tense of BID, q. v. afterwards received a partial commutation of his sen- about 80 treatises written by him; and Dr. Jebb, who Bad, pl. BAD'EN, the German name for bath, baths. It tence, in so far as it related to his admittance to the edited his Opus Mlajius, classes his writings under the is found in rnny geographical naues of German places, court. He was summoned to attend Parliament before heads of granmar, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, as Carlsbad (" Charles's bath "), Badenhausen (-' bathhe died; but the remainder of his days were spent optics, geography, astronomy, chronology, chemistry, house"), &c. chiefly in scientific pursuits, and the society of the magic, medicine, logic, ethics, theology, philology, &c. Bad'aca, or VADAKAT, the second city of Susiana, an friends which adversity had left him. Such pursuits B. is by some considered as the inventor of the telescope, ancient province of Persia, was stormed and taken by were his consolation, sand at last caused hiis death. The the air-pumnp, the diving-bell, thie camera-obscure, sod Sennacierib,kin ofAssyria,about. c.695. Autigonus father of experimental philosophy was the martyr of an of gunpowder-the composition of which is expressly retired thither after his defeat by Eumenes, B. c. 31;. experiment. Tile retort which lie was using burst, and mentioned in his treatise Be Nudlitate ltagica. His ac- B3adagry, (bi-dcag'ry.) in Africa, a town on the Bight parts of it struck his head and stomach; and, from the quaintance with astronomy and geography was very ex- of Benin, 315 min. friom Cape-Coast Castle, Let. 60 24' l"N,, effects which followed, he died on the 9th April, 1626, in tensive and accurate. Ie detected the errors in the cal- Lon. 20 53f 15i W. his 66th year. In his will were the words, "Mgy name and endar, and suggested the reformation in it, which was, Badlajos, or Badajoz, (bad'a-lhs,) (anc. Paz Auelno,sry 1 leave to foreign nations, and to my own country-. long afterwards, adopted by Pope Gregory XIII. gusta,) a strongly fortified town of Spain, cap. of Estreamen, after some time be passed over." The accomplish- Ba'con, in Ohio, a post-office of Coshocton co. madura, near the frontier of Portugal, at tihe conflduence ments of B. were unrivalled in his day, and his chirac- [B.a'con Creek, in Kentucky, a village of Hart co. of the itivillas and the Guadiana, 198 m. S.W. of Madrid, ter displayed the phenomnenon of great originality com- Ba'con H11I1, in Neew Iork, a village of Saratoga co and 135 E. of Lisbon. It is a considerable place, with bined with a most extensive range of acquirements. Baeo'niain, a. Pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his narrow and crooked, but well-paved and clean streets. He was a poet and an orator, a lawyer and a statesman. philosophical system. Ianf. Soap and coarse cloths; it has also tanneries and In the philosophy of experiment and of observwtion hie Blaec'tris, n. [Gr. bactron, a staff or cane.] (Bot.) A dye-works, and does an extensive (and mostly contraband) wa-s pre-eminent. The metaphysical and the physical trade with Portugal. - B. is very ancient, having been were both congenial to his genius. His great mnerit un- a large city under the Rtomans. It has always been redoubtedly consists in the systematic method which he, \arded as a military post of the highest importance. laid down for prosecuting philosophical investigation;,r' During the Peninsular War, it was taken by tile French and hris services in this department cannot easily be VI under Marshal Soult, on tie 10th Jan., 1811. After the overrated. At the present day, those especially whlo capture of Olivenza (April 16, 1811), Wellington caused busy themselves with physical pursuits would ofter ds B.to beinvested; but, as Soult approached to its succor, well to recur to the severe and rigorous prin-ciples of kie was obliged to raise the siege, May 14. After the Ibatthe Organon. The mind of B. was poetical; his works ties of Fuentes d'0nor and Albufera, B. was besieged a abound in imagery. It is true that small wits have. second time, May 25; but, after several unsuccessful aitridiculed all his poetical pretensions, because in his ver- ticks, Wellington again rmised the siege, June 16, 1811. sion of tile Psalms he says that "man's life hangs on After tihe cauture of Ciudad-Rodrigo (Jan. 19, 1813), Welbrittle pins," and speaks of lington commnenced the third siege, March 17, with 16,000 "The great Leviathan mA( i e /'sren, and, on the 6th of April, took the city by storm, That makes the seas to seeth like boiling pan." -/f/ - after a san guinary conflict. The garrison, together with Still we find in B.'s verses many vigorous lines, and some tie coomamder, teneral Philippon, were mude prisoners. ~~~pas-ia~ges ~ofgreat ~beauty. Them nl~erits ~of ~B.a ~ora, Tile besiegers lost nearly 5,000 men killed and wounded. and the effects of his eloquence, were, in the opinion ofAt B., th June, 1801, was concluded etween ain and prissages of reat beauty. he nierits o B. i55 runs instein, ~'At B., 6th June, 1801, was concluded bcta-een Spain and Portug-al a treaty of peace, by which Portugal agreed to Ben Jonson, - the most competent critic of his age, and Ptug a treaty of pece, by wi Pougal gee to confiemed by the testinmony of Francis Ostborne,-un- shut its harbors against the English; and Spain restored doubtedly not equalled in Ihis own time. Pope in oneurs I her conquests, excepting Olivernza.-Ip. 25,129. caustic line describes 13. as - Badlakshan, or BUDUKSA,, (ba-dak'slan) a district of Central Asia, comprising a portion of the Koondooz And Gbthe says of lhim,- Ile drew a sponge over the.... dominions. It contains cliffs of lapis lazuli, which are And Gdthre says of ~iri, -" Its drs "'w a spong:e over:. - - peculiar to this region, and ruby mines. Bivers. The table of Ihuman knowledge." Thie greater part of B.'s the Brkhan, d several other streams. The Z5~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~l -::z'- _.. Baakshan, and several other streams. The works were written in English, but some were writte nabit ae Tdjihs and Mohmeds, ad speak in habitants a re T adjihis and M oh atn, nedalns, a,,d speak in Latin, and others were translatedinto that langnuge ll __ the Persianlanguage. Let. between mr%0 and a0 N.;Lon. Tihe latest collection ot tile wvorks of B. is that editedn 690 ad E. between 690 and 75~ E. and pblishled in Ls.ondlon, 1865. - For as account ofio, SSO-OSA, (bada-lole-o,) an Itli Badralobcchio, SZsTo-ROSX, (ba'da-lok'e-o,) a~n Italialn Ba,-icon's philosopiical systeus, see INDUCTrVE Par11ose-':';- painter and engraver, held in considerable estimation, IB.F'con, SmR NICHOr. AS, Lor d Kee~per of the Gr~eat Igeal of %, > ~~ [ 5 ~~. ~ ~ especialily asadrausghstsmnan. His wnorks are to be Ibund hina'cnc, Smutt Nncaer~sLosct Keeper of the Great Se&al ofae:i - f Nin Bologna, Modena, and Parma. B. 1581; D. 1647. Engtand, a. at Chislelhurst in 1510. Afterbeifn-educat Badalo'na, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 6 m. N.E. of at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. he studied law at rcelon; pop. about 10,000. Gray's Inn, Lonudon, ins which he became so eminent asBareoapp.bot1 0 to be appointed Attorney of the Court of Wards. On \g Ba'd'rayana-Acha'rya, a celebrated Ilindoo philosopher and Ibmunder of time Ved&ntin school. lie was tire accession of Qumeen Ehiznsinstir, he! arms inside s Pris the author of a series of aphoriserrs, entitled Brahma-'sucourncilor and Lord Keeper of the Greaet SerR. Inn every tas, or rpeiririka-Misseinssi, ou wInd the celebirted political crisis, his priuhdenic e appea/rs to have preservedc.~ ~~~~~~~~~~Lhankara-Ac hfiry aL wrote a commentary in the 8th Cellhim feom harm, while he made it his dmuty to hold him- t / in a dryc wrotary ith 8th cntuy. B. is identified by Hindon writers withr Krishuorself sloof fr-onr army pohitiensi pruety. Whiners the qmseen I'. aipeyfna, called the "Vyfisa," or compiler, to ahhoni visited him at his new mansionr at Redgrave, in Suffolk, ip i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ aS r~e azttributedl the original compll-ilaltion of the Vedas, and s'he observed, in ull'uision to his corpulence, that he had the rsmthoesip of thu B/rogacsdgitoi, mind this greater bsil't his house too little for him. "Not so, mnadame, " prt of the 18 Prascrnas. Of these, tire Vedas cannot have answered he; "bhit your Majesty has made me too big Pig. 263. —B. CTnIS ACANTnIOCARPAe fdr my hous~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e."Ien comptiled later than the 7 th cenltu~ry n. c., while the for my house." B. was a wise and lesrned, rather thuan genuss of trees, order P'aluaneco natives of thie inter-trop- 1.ts~sgavad-gitI belongs to tie istesusturry of nin screanud a gregt man; he had, unqoestionably, untiring diligence, ical parts of S. America, growing ins muiisy is' ices a - sh ersehiest of thi Porfras to the Psi centuy. Thia BADE BADG BADI 197 ascription, though clearlyabsurd, Is sufficient to prove the once every two years. The ministers are responsible for spoctive cognizances; such as the lion of Judah, the antiquity of B., and the high esteem in which he was their actions, both to the legislature and to every indi- wolf of Benjamin, and the serpent of Dan. The eagle was held. The Veddntin-Sitras are probalbly all that hlie has vidual citizen who may choose to lodge complainits the badge of the empire of Rome, and in modern limes a claim to. They were written before tue Misudnsd-Su - against them before the Oberhq/tqericht, or Superior Tri- the regal bird has been adopted by imperial dynasties, tras of Zaimini, and therefore belong, probably, to the bunal, of the country.-Fisa nce. The budget lor 1867 and also by our republic, as their distinctive emblem. 3d or 4th century a. c., although Weber places B. in the was estimated as follows: — Ilevenue, 17,095,008 fl. ($8, -The white horse, now borne in the royal arms 4th or 5th century. 547,504.) Expenditure, 16,025,132 fl. ($8,012,566.) Excess of Hanover, was the badge of the Saxons; the raven, Bad'aumy, a strongly fortified placeofHindostan, prov. of Revenue, 1,069,956t fl. or $534,978. The civil list of the that of the Northnmen and Danes. The white rose was of Beejapoor, in the British presidency of Bombay, 55 m. Grand-Duke is fixed at 752,490 fl., or $376,245. The pub- the badge of the House of York; the red rose, that of the N.E. of Darwar; Lat. 150 55/ N.; Lon. 750 49' E. lic debt on Ist Jan., 1867, amounted to 124,440,433 fl., (or rival House of Lancaster. Thile badge of England isa ried Bad Axe', in Wisconsin, the former name of the co. 262,220,216.)-Army. The arsoy is formed by conscription; and white rose, with the royal crown; that of Scotland, of VERNo N, q. v. substitutionis, hlowever, allowed. It consists, ofInlntry, a thistle and crown; that of Ireland, a harp and sham-A post-village of Vernon co., 40 m. N.N.E. of Prairie du 10,907; Cavalry, 1,870; Artillery, 2,077; Staff, &c. 65; rock, along with the crown. The serving-men belonging Chien. total, 14,919 nien, with 38 guns. On a war-looting, it is to noble houses usually wore their master's crest or iBad JAxe' tRiver, in lVisconsin, enters the Mississippi augmsented to 20,722 men, with 5,209 horses, and 57 guns. badge embroidered on the left arm of the blue jerkin or in Vernon co. Railways. All the railways are State property, giving a body-coat, that was commonly worn in former mdays inBad/dish, a. Not very good; comparatively bad. (n.) dividend on the capital expended, of above 6 per cent. stead of the particolored liveries of modern tinmes. s He wrote baddisi verses." —Jeffrey. Their receipts, in 1867, amounted to 14,912,605 fl. ($7,456, (Law.) A mnark or sign, worn on the dress of some Ba'den, (GOraNOD-DUo cIY OF,) ill S. Germany, is bounded 302;) expenditure, to 11,096,666 fl. ($5,548,333.)-1li.'tory. persons, or placed upon certain things, for the purpose on the S. by the Lake of Constance; on the W. by the B. was miade a margraviate about 1130, by Ilermann 1I., of designation. Some public officers, as watchmnen, poRhine, on the N. by Hesse and BmLvaria, antd on the E. by grandson of Berthold, Landgrave of Brisgau; his father, licemen, and the like, are required to wear bamdges, that Wtirtemiberg and Prussia. It lies between Lat. 470 3:' Hernimnn I., halving previously acquired it by marriage. they may be readily known. It is used figsuratively when and 490 47' N. Area, 5,901 sq. m. Its lengtlih is about Iii 1288, it was divided asmong the 4 sons of Rodolph I., ~ we say, possession of personal property by the seller is 150 m. from N. to S., and its breadth nearly 115. but in 1353 was reunited into a single state. In 1527, a badge of fraud. -Bosvier. DivissmNs. The grand-duchy is divided into 4 circles, it was again divided; this time, into Baden-Baden, and Badge, v. a. To distinguish or mark, as with a badge. the atrea of which, and population, is is follows - Baden-Dulhmlch. In 1533, Protestantism was established. Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood." -Staks. In 1771, Baden-Baden and Baden-Dorlach were reunited Badge'less, a. hhsving no bmdge. Circles. Area in Po. f Tons. and in 1806, the title of Grand-Duke was given to the Badg'er, a. [Probmbly from W. bsedd, a boar, amd Eg. sq. m. i Tos. Msargrave Charles Frederick by Napoleon I. In1815, it daiar, the earth; - earth-hog.] (Zo6l.) Tie bsdger, joined the allies oagainst Napoleon. Aug. 22d, 1818, a Malels Taxoss, is a crInivorous qssdruped, iihabiting Lake (Constiance).... 1,303 198,160 Constatnce. representtative constitution was granted. With the Grand- most parts of Europe, Asia, amd North America. It is Upper Rhitllme..o 1,654 345,913 Freibsrg. Dluke Ludvwig, who D. in 1830, the "legitimate" lines of generslly regarded os a solitiry, stspid animal, thit M1iddle Rthine....... 1,633 469.782 CArarsr~uHZ. - ~~~~~~~the, ancient princes came to an end, and the reigninig M~iddle Itisiser... 1.633 469,782 CAatsaune. the anient prissces canoe to an end, and the reigmisg seeks refuge in the most sequestered places, and shuns ~Lower E~hise... 1,314 355,436 Mannheim. fianily of IBavasria, the next of kin, werle on the point of' the light of dsoy. It has very short legs and a broad fiat - ~~~~taking possession of the country, when Leopold I., of Tota-lI....... 5,Y 904 - -9' toskisg peseaoion of the co1s6ts9, when Leopold I., off- body; the head is long and pointed, the eyes smsall, and 1391spring of a morganstic marriage of Karl riederich, tse the tail remarkably short. Its prevailing color is a kind __________________- ______-precedin0 Grand-Dulke, with a Madamie vomn Geyersbes-g, of mottled gray; the foce is white. and along each side DEsc. In surface it is exceedingly varied; the E. half of cirne forward, and, proclaiming himself Grand-dukie, of te head runs o midl ind of blc, incudthe Lake Circle from the Rhine to the Wtirtemberg Iron- was sustained by the general assent of the people. Ba- ig the eyes and ears. Will its poees-fol claws, it clming the eyes and ears. With its powerful claws, it contier is entirely occupied bIy a mountainous tract extend- varia threatened war, but fisnally submitted, annd on Sept. structs a deep amd comoodious imrrow; and as it coning frois S. to N., under the denomisations cof the Schwarz- 5, 1856, Fredericlk I., the present Grand-Duke, succeed- tinues to bury itself, it throws the earth behind it to a waeld, or'"Bhack Forest," and Odenwald; while the ed quietly to his fither. gre.t distance, ahd tisss forms for itselfa long -inding western hall; extending tfrom the fall of these mountains Ba'den, or, as it is commonly called, BADEN-BADBN, to sole endiig i s roousd apartient st the bottom, which to the Rhine, is partly an undulating, but mostly t level distinguish it from the wateringplace of the same nane is well lined wih dry grass and say. This retr-at it country. —Mountains. The Schwarzswald-of gneiss and near Vicenna, a town of the above Grand-duchy, and fa- seldom qsits till nigst, when it steals from its subtlerragraoiteiformation —whosehighest summnit is the Fehldberg, mons fbr its hot baths, is romantically situated in the neous abodeforthepurposeofprocuring food. Itlives 4,650 feet above sea-level, is s range extending from the Middle Rhine Circle, 24 m. S.S.W. of Carlsruhie. It was Rhine through B. into Wiirtemberg, and presents a series formerly the constant residnce of the sovereigns of Baof plaiteoux, covered with extensive forests, enbosomed den, and the Grand-duke still usually passes tihe summer in which are found villoges at an elevation of 4000 leet. inl villa here. The mineral springs were well-lknown The Odenwtld is a grmnitic mass whose main elevation to the Rosmons, who planted a colony Iere, amd give it is the Kootzenbuckel, 2,180 feet in Iheight, and lies in B.; the name of Civitas Aurelia Aqumensis. The springs, 13 in tbut the greater psi-S of ths chaim belosigs to the Grand- ssumnbes-, burst out of the rocics at the foot of the csstle Duchy of Hesse. Like the Schwarzwald, these heigihts terrace. The hottest temperature of them is 540 Reaufi lI-steeply towards the Rhine, and along the foot of the o mur; the coldest, 370 A handlsome building, in the form range the Bergstrasse, from Heidelberg to Frnlkfort, a of a temple, is erected over the Urspruesg, as the princiroad celebrated for picturesque scenery, has ibeen carried, pal spring is called. The wsater is conveyed by pipes to The other moutntain-ranges, of lesser extent and cleva- the vsorious hotels, in which there are numerous baths, tion, are the Kaiserstuhl, the itanden, and the Heiligen- very luxuriously appointed. B. B. is one of the most berg.-Rieers. The priicipal are the thinsi, with its trit- besntifully situated of the German "spas,"' surpassing utaries the Wiebach, the Wiesen, the Elz, the Kinzig, even, in this respect, the Bsrunnens of Nassau. The surthe Murg, and its chief affluent, the Neckar. The Maine rounding country is distinguished by a pleasing and roand the Danube have their sources in this country. — maisntic wildness, asd is, ss it were, a prelude to the Alps. Lakes. Constance, the Ilnen See, the Tittisee, the Mum- July and Aug. are the season when the baths are most melsee, &c.-Clim. The climate in the mountainous dis- frequented; but visitors, to the aninual number of from tricts is very severe, the snow lying ii some situations 12,000 to 20,000, come and go fiom May to Oct. Among Peg7. 264. -AMnRICAN BADGER. for the greaoter part of the year; but in the valleys of the handsome buildings here, the fConversations-Haus is chiefly on roots. fruits, insects, and frogs. It is about the ithine, the MIaine, and the Neckar, the temperature conspicuous. Formerly, this place had great notoriety 2Y feet long. Tse feiale produces 3 or 4 young at a is isid aind genial, permitting the culture of vines, chest- as being a focus for gambling on the largest scale, but it time. The flesh of the B. is reckoned it delicacy, and nuts, anod even almonds. The country is everywhere is understood thtot a recent edict has prohibited its fur- may be cured into hams and bacon. The skin, when healthy.-So il and Prod. The soil is generally highly ther continuance. Pop. 8,b07 dressed with thSe hair on, is impervious to rain, and fertile; corn is cultivated witlh great success, and also Bat'desn, often called BADEN Boo WiIEN, (Baden sear Vi- consequently makes excellent covers for travellingtobtacco, hemp, flax, and potatoes; vineysords abound, anmd enna,) a town and celetbrated "spa" of Lower Austria, trunks, &c., while the hlirs or bristles are oade into between tile vines, the choicest fruits, tas the peach, apri- on an affluent of the Danube, 13 m. S.S.W. of Vienna. brushes for painters. The American species is a sloow and cot, walnut, plum, and cherry, are produced. Thile forests In the summer it is usually friequenited by about 3,000 timid animml; it takes to the first emrth it meets with, send annually large quantities of excellent fir and oak visitors, among whom are generally the emperor and when pursued, and, burrowing in the sanld, is soon out timber down the ithine.-Min. Mining is carried on with other members of the imperial lamily. The baths were of the reach of danger. While the ground is covered partial success. Silver, copper, iron, manganese, salt, known to the Romans as A4que Cotice. Tue waters, ac- with snow, it seldomi ventures fronm its hole, but passes coal, alum, vitriol, and sulpihur are the principal mineral cording to the analysis of Volta, contain sulphate and the severe winter months in a semi-torpid state. productions. Upwards of 60 mineral springs are found muriate of soda, sulphate and carbonate of lime and (Eng. Law.) [From Fr. baggage; or A. S. bygon, to in this Duchy. Tile thermal waters of Baden are those magnesia, sulphate of alumiina, nod considerable quanti- buy; or L. Lat. bajulus, a carrier.] A person who buys which are the best known and the most used ifor medi- ties of carbonic and hydrosulphuric acid gases. Their corn or victuals in one place, and carries them to ancinal purposes. — Religion. The census of 1861 showed temperature varies from 880 to 980 Fahr. -B. possesses other to sell and make a profit by them. 896,683 lRomnan Catholics, 445,593 Protestants, 1,221 Meon-i many fine buildings, and is generally s beautiful and att- B3ad'ger', o. a. To follow up or pusue owith great eagernonites, 1,701 otherChristias Dissenters, and2l,09J Jews. tractive spot. Pop. about 4,700. ness, as the badger is hunted; to pester or worry; totesase; The ecclesiasticl affsirs of the Rooman Catholic Church Ba'deri, a walled town of Switzerland, cait. Aargau, on to persecute. are under the supreme coutrol of the Archbishop of Frei- the left bank of the Limmat, 15 in. N.E. of Aarau. It is ],Bad'ger, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Portage co., 15 burg, who is appointed by the Pope, and quite indepen- celebrated for its hot baths, known to the IRomans under m.uS.E. of Stanton;pop. about 150. dent of the Granid-Ducsl government. Frequent disputes the nanme of Thermwo Helvetice. The water in the hottest Bade'ger-legged, a. Htvihnglegs of an nnuequol length, and conflicts betveen Rome snd the Badish ministry of them has a temperature of 370 iteaumur. Pop. 3,476. as tile badger has been popularly supposed to have. have been the result of this anomalous position. The Ba'den, in Iowa, s post-office of Keokuk co.,' His body crooked all over, big-bellied, badger legged, and his management of thile Lutheran Church is under a council Ba'den, in Missouri, a post-office of St. louis co. complexion swarthy. —L'Estrange. of 7 persons, called the Oberkirchenrath, which is nomni- Ba'den, in Pennsylvania. a post-village of Beaver co., on Bael'ger1S1tate, n. A title popularly given to the State nated by the (lirsid-Duke. Education is compulsory, and the Ohio river, 21 O. N.W. of Pittsburg. of 1Wisconsin. parents are constrained by strictly enforced penalties to Bi]ta'deo-Ba/den, in Illinois, a post-office of Bond co. ] t]li'a, (ba'de-a,) a town of Itly, prov. of lPolesina, on send theiir children to school. It is prohibited also to Ba]dge, (badj,) n. [A; S. beag, a garland, a necklace; the Adige, 16 m. Wv. by N. of Rovigo; pop. 5,467. employ children in factories, until they have comspleted Ftr. bague, a ring.] (l:r.) A co-nisz-ce or nmark of dis- Badia]'ga, n. [Russ. bodyaga.] A kind of sponge, comtheir 11th year. In 1861, there was one school fb- every tinction, assuimied or cmiferred by ot state or sovereign. mon in the N. of E-mrope, the povder of which is applied 530 of the population. The Unsiversity of IHeidelberg To the latter class belong the various insigniso of the to the marlrs of briiseato remove their livid appearance. has a tficulty for Lutlserann, and F'reiburg one fbr nomsan orders of Bnighithiood of iEuropiean countries, conferred Its iotume is not understocod. Catholic theologico studensts. —Agric. As the chief wealth by their respective monarchs, snd all emblems of honor- ]B['diaas,, ]nBadinrt ifera, n. (Boot.) See Ir.Lscsos. of the State springs fromn agriculture, barley, miaize, soble distinction, such;is medals, ribbons, and crosses, Badig'eon, n. [Fr.] (Asch.) A miixture of plaster and wheat, potootoes, flitx, hemp, and tobacco are cultivaoted given by a state Inr militsary prowess, o- services ren- free-itone, well sifted, anmd grouosmd together-; it is used to a considerable extent, amid vast numbers of sheep,ani derad to the state by a person eminent in so civil ca- by statuaries to fill up the smoll hoIles, and repair the decattle are reared. T~he wines of Kioigenbes-gem, ansi etiemth- pocity. Under the former class nisaoy be reclkoned the fects in stones of whsichl their workc is musde. The term heimuer, arenmuchsadmired. — Marf. Ribbon-weaving, straow- different crests and distinctive be,-rings mossmoed by ns- is solso used byjoiners, fbr as composition of saow-dnst and plait, wooden ornsomonts, paper, clocks, wootches, organs, tiens, tribes, ond fimnilies, in early omhd issediwsvol his- strong glue, with which the chasms of theis- work are and musicosl boxes. —Gio. The cosnstitutions of B. vests tory. (" Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge." —Shahcs.) filled. Joiners lilkewise use for this pnrpose a mixture the executive power in the Grand-Duke, snd thie legisl;- - ishe earliest msention of hisroldic 1o,-dges is to be of whiting and glue. When this is used, the filhing-in tive nuthority in a House of Parliament, coiisisting of foumid in the Bimle, in which each of the twelve tribes should remain till quite hard, otherwise, when it is two Chamisbeirs, which have to be called together at letast of the chihlslien of Israel are spolken of under their re- planed or smoothed off, it will shirink below the surface. 198 BAG TBAGD BAGN Badinage, (bl'di-nazh,) n. [Fr. from badin, a jester.] "We saw a young fellow riding toward us full gallop, with a in 1233 by the caliph Mostanser, and long the most Light or playful discourse; trifling talk; inoffensive bob-wig and black silken bag tied to it."-Addison. celebrated seminary in the East, still exists; but quanraillery; banter. (Con.) A certain quantity of a commodity put iito tim motateus! It is converted iito a khan orcaravansera, " When you find your antagonist beginning to grow warm, put a sack, such as it is customary to take to market; as, a and its old kitchen into the custom-house! (Niebuhr.) an end to the dispute by some genteel badinage."-Chestlerfteld. bag of hops, or corn. Nothing remains of the old pallce of the caliphs. B BFlad'ito, in CJolorado, a post-village of Hnerfano co. (Scrip.) (Deut. xxv. 13; Luke xii. 33; 2 Kings xii. 10.) was, until recently, a great emporium of trade. and was Hade'iy, aode. In a bad msanner; not well; unokilfully; Eastern money was often sealed up in bags containing the resort of merchants from all parts of the East. Of grievously; imperfectly. a certalin sum, for which they passed current while the late years, however, thei trade of the cityhas declined, i'ess,. Te state of bein bad; evil;want of good seal remained unbroken. owing, principally, to the intability of the government to qualities, either natural or moral; depravity. (Mil.) Bags filled with sand or earth are used in field- repress the attacks and exactions of the Arabs. The "I did not see how the badness of the weather could be the fortification or other defensive works. - See SAND-BAGS. natives rank among the ugliest people in the Tu-kish''I did not see how the b~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~adtiesrn aong tim uglesthe people intheTuks king's foult." —Addtiso. Bag,.. a. To put into a bag; as, to bag game. -To empire. - B. wvais founded by Al-lMansor (q. v.) A. D. 763, kingadolas't a town of S. Italy, prov. of Calabria Ul - capture, seize, or entrap; as, to bag an army. — To load out of the ruins of ancient Clesiphon. It was greatly lI a tow of Italy, a pr of Calbria Ultrawith bags. enlarged and adorned by Haroun-al-Raschid. It continsb m. S. of l atanezarogon a hill near the sea; pop. 4, 47 " Like a bee bagg'd with his honeyed venom, ned to flourish and to be the metropolis of learning and Rtad River, in Michigan, a stream of Saginaw co., which He brings it to your hive." —Drydca. the arts until lob. 20, 1258, when it was captured, after fitlls into the Shiawassee. Bae'ca, a town of Spain. See BAEZA. -V. i. To belly out, or swell like a full bag. a siege of two months, by the Mongols, when Mostasem, BaeIer, JoatoNn CofisTpaN Feex, a distinguished Ger- "They drain two hbagging udders every day."-Dryden. the last of the Abassides caliphs, was put to death. Ti]t;~]]lr, JOHANN CHRISTIAN FELIX, a distinguished Germtan historian and philologist. B. at Darmstadt, 13th Bagasse, (ba-gcs',) n. [Sp. bagazo.] The refuse of the moor the Great sacked the city July 23, 1401, erecting June, 1798. He was Professor of Classic Literature in sugar-cane left after the expression of the saccharine on its ruins a pyramid of 90,000 hluman heads. Its Tarthe University of IHeidelberg, and in 1845 was appointed juice. It is used as fuel in heating the boilers and pans tar rulers returned, but were expelled in 1417, by Kara Director of the Philological Seminary. His principal in the sugar-manufactory. Zoussouf. His deecendants were, it 1477, replaced works atre his edition of Herodotuas, published in 1832-3 Bagatelle', n. [Fr., from bagute, a trifle; from Litt. by Usum Cassim, who was followed by the Suflte dyat Leipzig; a History of Roman LiteratuLre, of which the bacca, a berry.] A trifle; a thing of little or no impor- nasty, of Persiat origin, in 1516. The possession of B. 3d edition vvas published at Cusloruhe in 1844, azci a lance, was long contested by the Persians and the Turks, and vorc ton Rwittans-Cbristio T/ieotegy publishedat in 18437', Heaps of hair, rings and cypher'd seals; among the nunterous sieges it sustained may be menBael'l-fire,. See BALE-FIRE. Rtich trifles, serious bagatelels."-Prsior. tioned those of 1534, when it was captured by Solyman E'a, a. Cstra iiana,) a ton of Spain, prov of (Games.) A game somewhat resembling billiards. A the Magnificent; of 1590, when talken by Abbas the Cordova, 23a. SE.ofCosrdovinaa,) o toweo Spainela. Larg Codova, 23 m. S.E. of Cordov, on the arbella. Lrg bagatelle-table is usually about 7 feet long and 21 inches Great; of 1638, when it was talken by Amurath IV., aalt mines are in o the neighborhood. Pop. of town and broad; it is lined with cloth, and a game is performed on 30,000 people being then ruthlessly massacred; and of suok mnesar intheneghbrhod.Pop. of tovvn anid ~district, 1i~2,707~. ~it with balls and a cue or mace. The balls are snmall 1740, when Nadir Shall was repulsed by Achmet, who,Baepeaadi (b26'ai-pai'dc,) a tovn and district of Brazil, ivory spheres, tand the sport consists in striling one or rendered the pashalic independeint of the Porte. Pop. 180 m. W.N.W. of t to J naneiro; pop. of district abt. 9,000. more into holes at one end of the board. To perform about 90,000, principally Arabs and Turks. B1er', Kl ArL ERNsT JOni, a dis.tingished iussic n nato0- this and other feats, sone skill and experience are re- Bag'dad, in ]Centucky, a post-village of Shelby co., 13 m. rtelish,. in Esthonia, on d7th Feb., i s79 Educated at quired, and tie sport is faitr from unamusing in a cheer- W.N.W. of Franklfrt. ralist, B. in Esthonia, on 17th Feb., 179Z: Educated at q Dorpat, and in Germany. His chief worics are Epistsla ful parlor circle. Bag'dad, in /bnicssee, apust-village of Smith co. e Oci Macliue et Hsieinis Genesi, (eipzig 1827) BBagate, n. pl. (rist.) An appellation given to the Bag'dad, in Texas, a post-village of Williamson co. ~Uebsr~ dtieEietwiclcsgec sis ter IThise, ("On tl epasants of Gaul who rebelled against the Romans, A. D. Baggage, n. [Fr. bagage, from 0. Fr. bagues, jewels, LUeber die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, (" On the 1 Developental Histry of Animals," 1828;) and, nte- 286. Their work was executed with fire and sword. goods, stuff.] Luggage, as the trunks, valises, carpetDevelopmental History of Animals," 1828;) and, Lrntel'. suchttngen iibcr dire Entwickeluccngogeschihte der Fische, "They asserted," says Gibbon, " the natural rights of bags, boxes, &c., containing the clothing and personal ("On ktie Development of Fishes,") publlished in 1835. man, but they asserted those rights vlith the most say- effects of a traveller. In England, these articles are usuHe has since made valuable scientific investigfations in age cruelty." For some time they obtained the ascen- ally termed luggage;. in the U. States, baggage. Nova Zemnbla. dency, but were eventually subdued by Maximian. The (Mil.) The whole furniture belonging to an army; Baeza, or B]aeca, (ba-ai'tha.) (anc. Beatia,) a city of term was subsequently applied to other rebels.-See that is, the camp-equipage, tents, clothiug, and other Spain, prov. of Jaen, 20 m. N.Ei. of Jaen. It is at town of PEASANT WAR. necessaries. The soldier of ancient times was always great antiquity, and wats the residence of several Moorish! great amitiquity, autd was the residence of severedl Moorish IBagladaL n important province, pashialic, or eyalet of heavily laden; and, in this respect, the ancient and roodkings, frnom whom it was wrested A. 0. 1237. -It was tie Turkey in Asia, of triangular form, stretching N.W. ern systems present a strilking contrast to each other. birthpluce of Ile 11,000 virgins vho, vith St. Ureult from the bottom of the Persian Gulf in about 300 to 380 The modern soldier is freed fromt every unnecessary enwere, according to the le-end, slaughtered by the Huns were, useordiseg to the legend, slaughtered by kite Hans N. Lot., and lyingt betwveen 400 and 480 E. Lon., having cumbrance; wuagons are attached to each battalion for it Cologse. - Near this ton, the yoner Scipo van- W. and S. the Euplhrates and the Arabian desert; E., conveying the baggage, and no private soldier is allowed -iqol-ie.-hear thisdrtban, the youge Scipio 1v,8nqiied lsdrcbuol, o.. 208. PuKp. 12,817. uzistan, Mount Zagros, and the Persian prov. of to carry anything except what his knapsack and other Bae'zato cf S. Aerc, n Ecuador, on the Coca Azerbijan; N.W., the pashalic of Diarbekr and on the accoutrements can hold. river, 90 n. EtSoE. of QAeuito. iEcdrothC N., Armenia anRd the territories of the Kurdish chief of (Law.) Such articles of apparel, ornamtenit, &c., as are river s, 90'so nuito. [Per.baftJulamerilk. This immense tract extends over an area of of daily use for travellers, for convenience, comtort, or ]l],af/fettas, ]af'tas, n. [Per. bart, woven, wrought.] (C,,i.) An Isidit cotton cloth, or platin tmuslin. about 100,000 sq. m., and comprises the whole of the an- recreation. It isobvious that the term B. must compreBaflm, WILLIA, ton English nalgator, i. 1584. His cient Babyltmia and Chaldcda, and the greater part of bend an almost infinite nunmber and variety of articles; eaf'fini, WILLIAM, an l i n-ish naveigntor, it. 1584. His ty lie is enveloped in obscurity. In 16t2, lie made ssyria Proper and Susiana. Except where itis bound- but it has been held not to include specie beyond whiat evoyogie ts attempt te discover the N.W. passage to Ceina ed on the W. by the Euphrates, the province is traversed the traveller might fairly expect to require for his exvoand io its vtoy is e othe ae psacoest anda.in its whole extent by this great river and its rival the penses and necessary purchases for himself atnd family. and Incour of this voyage lie wotedn account, and in in t the cone-se of it todopted a method of deteretiting the Tigris, and somne smaller rivers. It is naturally divided It is well established that merchandise which one carlorgitude tt sea, by observations made on Ihe heavenly into 3 portions, viz.: Ist. The country between the Arat- ries in a trunk without the Ikrnowledge of the carrier is bodies. In 1613, lee nade avoyage to Greenland, and in bian desert and the Euphrates; 2d, that between the not protected as B., and if lost without any express 1615, in cotmpany wvith Bylot, made another. The next latter and the Tigris, the MAlesopotamia of the Ancients; fault of the carrier, hle is riot liable. But if a carrier yer he totted s pilot to tte latter, and, July 6th, eixcov- and, 3d, the country to the E. of the Tigris. That por- lknows that merchandise is included among B., and does yere th large aseittoe thlatthasnc b hdisnon tion of Mesopotamia S. of the city of Bagdad is now not object, he is liable to the same extent as for other ered the lar-e inland sea that has since borne his nanme. Ir 161, its joined the English expedition, vhich, acting called Irak Arabi, and that to the N. of Bagdad, Alge- goods taken in the due course of his business. - Bouvier. in concert with the Persians, was intended to eject the zirah, or the island. The soil and aspect of the country See CArrEr. Portuguese from the Persian Gulf, where, at the siege differ widely in different parts. The tract lying between -[From Provenqal bagasse; Per. baga, a strumpet.] A of Kisnuis, at small. fort neor Ormuz, he was killed, 16~ the two great rivers, one of the richest, best cultivated, strumpet; a low worthless vwoman; a canep-ibllower - all Bay, or Sea, alrge expnse - of ocean lying and most populous coun tries of thle ancient world, is now, A playful, saucy womanl. betweensBay oreenand an lare exandse of oceand lyihNg between Greenland atd the londs or islands on the N. in most parts, an absolute desert. The bankls of the Bag'gagae.master, in. A person employed to takl of Hudsron's Boy. On tile N. it is entered by Snitlh Euphrates and Tigris, once so prolific, are now for the care of baggage upon a railway tratin. (American.) Soumd from the Polar Sea; on the S. by Davis' Strtit bgreater part covered with impenetrable brushwood,while IBag'gara, n. (Naut.) A two-masted Arab boat used for fron the Atlantic ocean; and on the W. by Jones' and the interior, once irrigated by innumerable canals, is both conmmercial and piratical purposes about the MalaLancaister Sounds fsom the Arctic ocean. It wvts die- now destitute of either inhabitants or vegetation. The bar coast and in the Red Sea. It is generally a fast-sailcovered in 1615, by Baffie, q.v.; Lat. extending from 680 climate is hot, but cool in winter, and the simoorc is ing craft of from 200 to 250 tons burden. - Webster. to 780 N., Loss. from 550 to 800 E. prevalent. It wvould be easy, were the government less Biag'gesea, JENS, distinguished both as a Danish and a BaF'fle, v. a. [0. Fr. beer; It. befaire, to jeer, to banter. proverbial for imbecility and ignorance, to restore to this German poet; B. at CMrsbr, in Zealand, Feb. 15, 1764. Etysitol. unsettled.] To play the fool wvith; to frustraote. country some portion of its ancient prosperity. Few He left his native country in 1780, and travelled over thi It hoe a frequnsetntive frce, that, f hamely, of repeuated regions are blest with a finer soil, or are capable of being greater part of Europe. At Paris, he witnessed the outshilftsl countertcuion. It foleosvt, from the natluo of r cultivated with less labor. Excellent crops of cereals brealk of the revolution; at Berne, he married a grandskiliul counteraction. It follows, from the nature of skcill, to be versatile, which demands versatility of are raised; and tobacco, cotton, hemp, and flax are also daughter of the great Albrecht von Haller. In 1811, he counteraction. It is applied both to persons and their cultivated; dates, especially, are an object of much was appointed Professor of Danish literature at Kiel efforts or designs. To mock; to defeat; to perplex; to p1 efforts or designs. To mock; to defeat; to perplex; to attentit, their excellence approutching the quality of the university, which he resigned in 1814. D. at Hamnburg, estop; to mar; to counteract; to foil; to bulek; to neu- Arabian fruit. The mountatins in the E. and N. are 3d Oct., 1826. His chief German works are, Parlhenais, eosto; tma;tconeattofi tobl;tnu-covered with vast forests of oalks which produce the best oder die Alpenreise, an idyllic epos in hexameters; Adam The art that aes Timeralize.nnic claim." —owpe. gall-nuts brought from the East. Wild animals are und Eva, odor die Geschichte des S-itiidenfalls, a humorThe~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ n Eadrt that bafeschTime'ds tyrdt~anns~ caihm.-owpr- - Theart th~at befe Time's tyrannic im."-h ser common, and game and poultry abound. The present ous epic, (1826.) Among his Danish writings, his lyrics (Jgaut.) A baffling wind signifies a wind thait is con(Naunt.) chanbaing wo inie apoin t the population consists of Turks, Arabs, Kurds, Turcomans, and mock-heroic poems rankl highest; his Cobiisce Forstantly chning about fro oe point to another. Armenians, and Jevws, and probably number in the ag- taellinger (" Comic Tales") are, however, much admired. — n. A defeat by artifice, shifts, or turns. (R.) ~ -n. defeat by rtific, shifts, or turns. (.) gregate about 1:300,000. B. is only nominally subject to His complete Danish works were published at Copenha"It is the skill of the disputant that keeps off a baffle." —South. the Porte; the interior being governed by seini-indepen- gen, in 12 vols., 1827-1832; his Gerniamn, at Leipzig, in Baf'fler, n. One who baffles. dent Arab and Kurdish sheiks who frequently wage inter- 5 vols., 1836. periesce, tgreat ef spculatin."-Gv. of Tongue. necine war. They, honwever, pay a certain tribute to the Bag'ging, n. The cloth or materials for bags. The act Sultan, and are bound to furnish the pasha with a con- of putting into bags. Ba-f'filingly, adv. In a baffling manner. tingent of troops when needed. (Agric.) A process in husbandry by which wheat, &c. lBaf'imngminess, n. Quality or state of baffling. BAO'DAD, a famous city of Turkey in Asia, long the cap. of is reaped with a sickle, or sharp-hoolked instrument. Bag, n. [A.S. belg, a bulge, a bag, the belly: Gael. bang, the Caliphate,, and now of the above prov., is seated on Bag'gy, a. Resembling a bag; loose like a bag; as, a a bag, the woomb, the belly.] That which bellies out the Tigris; Lot. 330 19' 40"l N.; Lon. 440 24' 45" E. It baggy pair of pants or trousers. bulges out; a stck; a pouch; a purse, to hold or convey stands on both batnks of the river, which is here about ]Bag'neina s n. A commnercial traveller who is employed anything; as-, a bag of meal, or of gold. 620 ft. across. It is walled rousnd and flanked at regue- to solicit orders for manufactures, goods, &c. —Equiva" Once, we confess, beneath the patriot's cloak, lar distances by towers, which were built by the ear- lent to druemnmer, as used in the U. States. From the eraek'd bag the dropping guinea spoke." —Pope. lier caliphs. The city is meanly built, with streets so Bag'raa avaiv'bso, a town of Central Italy, prov. of nar-ow Ilethat where two horsemen meet they can barely Ravenna, on the Sino, 12 m. W. of Ravenna. Large quansubstance; as, the bag of poison atttached to the mouth pass each other. Few of the ancient buildings remain, tities of henup are raised in the vicisity. Pep. 14,879. but these few are far superior in elegance and solidity BaRgn'a Lou'lIa, or BANOALUKA, a town of European to the more modern structures. Of the former, the Turkcey, in Bosnia, cap. of a sundjah, 30 m. S. of Gra"Sing on, sing on, for I can ne'er be cloy'd; most worthy of notice are, t~he gate of the Talisman, a" dislca. Splendid horses are bred in thie town and neighSo may thy cowu their hardened begs diotend.' —Dusdon. lofty mniniaret built in 785; the tomb of Zobeide, the borhood. sop. about 7,700. — Specifically, an ornamental silken purse tied to men's mostbeloved of the wives of the great Haroun-al-Raschid. Bagn'~ara, a town and sea-port of S. Italy, prov. of hair behind, or to a wig. The fiemous Madressa uhfestonssroi, or college founded Reggio, and 16 m. N.E. of that city. It has a large trade BAGP BAHA BAHA 199 in Muscat wine produced in its vicinity. B. is supposed islands they long possessed. In Rome, at the time of deepest water on any part of this banlk is thirty feet, to be the Portus Orestis of the ancients. Pop. 9,390. Advent, the peasants of the mountains play on the bag- but the patches of coral rock and dry sand are innulagnbres de Bigor.'e, (ban'yair de be-gert,) a pipe before the images of the Virgin. In France, where merable. These banks rise almost perpendicularly from town of France, dep. of Hautes Pyrenees, at the foot of it is called musetle, it is the ltvorite instrument of the an unfathomable depth of water, and are fbrmied of the Pyrenees Mountains, 13 mn. from Tarbes, 465 m. S.S. Auvergnats. The music is very simple, and yet sweet; coral, with an accumulation of shells and calcareous W. of Paris; Lat. 430 3' N.; Lon. 00 8 Ei. Thiis town, and every traveller remembers it with delight. The sand. The character of the islands is generally long situated near the beginning of the valley of Campan, on earliest representation of this instrument occurs in a and narrow, low, and covered with a light sandy soil, the river Adour, is the,resort of those who seek for terra-cotta discovered at Tarsus, and supposed to date their figure and suritce throughout being nearly the health and pleasure. It owes its attractions to the from B. c. 209. It was known to the Rtomans, and prob- same. At the greatest depth yet reached by digging, beauty of its situation and the celebrity of its medicinal ably to the Greeks, and appears in a bas-relief of a Per- nothing has been found but catlcareous rock, with an waters. There are about 70 baths, the temperature of sian concert of the 6th century, A. D. intermixture of shells.-The soil is mostly light or sandy, which varies from 900 to 1350Fahr. The waters are clear,'Bag''pipert n. One who plays on a bagpipe. — The but is here and there spotted with patches of good land, without any particular taste, and aperient and tonic. Queen of Great Britain, and the heads of the principal producing cotton, Indian corn, pine-apples, and vegetaThe annual visitors are estimated at 15,000. Pop. 9,086. Scottish families of rank, have piper in their respective bles. In general, the B. are ill supplied with freslh B]tgnl'Fres de Lugon, (loo-zong',) a town of Prance, households. water; but this is found, however, by digging wells in dep. of Hatute-Garofne, in a valley of the Pyrenees Bagra'ltion, PETERP, PRINcE, a Russian general, B. 1762. the rocks to the depth of the sea-level. — Climate. SaluMountains. 75 m. S.S.W. of Toulouse, 513 m. S. by W. of He served as colonel in Italy and Switzerland under the brious. Tilhe more northern islands, during the winter Paris. There are here celebrated sulphurous thermal celebrated Stuwarrow, by whom he was held in high es- months, are rendered cool and agreeable by thle N.W. springs and a splendid bathing establishment. The wa- timnetion. On April 10, 1799, he captur ed Brescia. On breeze that blows from off the continent of America; ters are diuretic, and of great efficacy in cutaneous dis- his return to Russia, both B. and Suwarrow loll into the more southern are hotter throughout the year, being eases. Their snell is like that of rotten eggs, and they disgrace with the Czar Paul I.; but under that monarch's low, barren, and rocky. -The area of the whole is 3,021 appear to have been used by the Romans. The view of successor, hle was reinstated in his rank, and commanded sq. m. - Tile velocity of thle Gulf Stream is at its maxithe summit of Maladetta, in the Spanish territory, and the advance-gnard of the Austro-Russian sarmy led by meum between the B. and the Flolrida shore, running at the cascades formed by the mnountain torrents, give Kutusoff, under whom he perforni ed prodigies of valor. thle rate of 5 to 6 mn. an hour. - Coent. In 1866 the imports great interest to the surrounding country. Pop. 3,582. As lieutenant-general, B. cossnncded the adasnce-guard amounted to $1,613,111, and the exports to $1,308,380. BRanes',n.pl. [Fr., probably from BGxtNIo, q. v.] The at Austerlitz under the Prince of Lichtenstein, and in Pop. 35,287, of whlom 29,287 are colored persons.-See namne applied in France to those prisons in whiclh are the subsequent campaigns fully sustained his high repu- NAssAu, NEw PROVIDENCE, &c. lodged and enforced to hard labor persons who comlnit tation. tie took part in the camnpaign of 1812, but was BAHn',a CHANNEL, the ncacme sometimes gi.ven to the Gulf offences aemounting to specific crimes, and who are con- inortally wounded at the battle of Mojaisk, and D. the of Pelosrida, the narrow sea between the coast of America demned to the Tracvaux publics, q. v., a penalty forneerly same year. and thle B. Islands, 135 m. long, and 46 broad. called Galres, or "Galleys." There were three establish- Baglreef, n. (Naut.) In the English navy, a fourth or iBallar, or B3eqitar, an inland prov. of I-Iindostan, ments of this class in France, viz., at Brest, Roclhefort, and lower reef. presidency of Bengsal, and one of the largest and most iceToulon. That of Brest has been abolished, and that of Bfag'sho$ Sand, n. (Geol.) A series of lower ter- portent under the British dominion. It lies chiefly ieRochefort considerably reduced; so that the establish- tiary tbeds consistincg chiefly of light yellow sands repos tween 220 and 270 Lat. N., and 830 and 870 Lon. E.; heavment at Toulon may be considered the only bagne at pres- ing on the London clay. It corresponds to the BIACtriLES- ing ot the N. Nepalci, W. Oude, Alleahabad, anid part of ent existing in France. The convicts, for a tinme not ex- OnAm BEn, q. v. Gundwana; S. tlhe latter prov., and on the E. Bengal. ceeding 5 or 6 years, are kept there; those condoemned Bagae$te, (ba-gqt',) n. [Fr., a little road.] (Arch.) Area, 53,744 sq. m. The Ganges runs a course of 200 m. for a longer time are transported to COyenne or to New A small astragel nouhlding, sometimes carved and en- through the provey. from W. to E., dividing it into two Cacedonia. Nevertheless, the average convict-popula- ticdied with pearls, ribbons, laurels, &c. When the B. nearly equal parts. The climate is temperate, and frosts tion in the Bagne of Toulon is upwards of 4,000. is thus enriched, it is celled dcherlet, and when unorna- are rare, but during the cold seasons tile thermnmeter Bagnes-le-Chnable. (bancse(-)shabl,) a parish and niented, bead. often ranges from 350 to 700 Fahr. in thecourse of thlie day, village of Switzerland,casnton of Valcis, 7 nm. from Mar- ]Ba'sltncot', a subdivision of the district of Darwar, in ansong the hills; and the wirnds are very bracing to Eurotigny. They are situate in the valley of Bagne, 2,706 Hindostan, prov. Beejapore, and presidency of Bonmbay, pean constitutions. Agriculture, coenmerce, and nmanufeet above the sea. In 1818, the river Drause being comprising the pergusnahs Bagulcot, and Badanmy. lkctureshave always been ina comparatively flourishing blocked up with ice, a lake was formed; and when it B. is 54 n m. long by 44 broad, with an area of about state in this prov.; partly fromn its central position, and burst, the torrent swept awcay 400 cottages, and 34 lives 1,230 sq.,n. It is:e fertile country, but badly watered, easy internal commlunications, and through being a were lost. Pop. of parish, 9,o000. and formerly belonged to the Mahrattas, who transferred thoroughtfre for tihe trade of Bengal with the Upper Bag'.-net, n. (Sport.) A net shaped like a bag, used in it to the English in 1818. Pop. about 100,000. Provinces; and paurtly frotom its firuitfulness and natural fishing. BAULCO'rc, a town, and cap. of the above district, and of a fitness for tillage. Hiere, however, as well as in Bengal, Bagnio, (btcnyo,) en. [It., from Lat. balneutm, a bath or pergunnah. It is the residence of the principal mer- only about one-third part is supposed to be under bathing-place.] This word vwas applied by the Euro- chants and bankers. Pop. about 9,000. cultivation. Opium, a staple commodity of tihe prov., is pesans trading with the Levant, to the prisons in which clBa'gur, an inland division of Hindoatan, lying between perhais the best produced in India. Indigo, sugar-cane, were shut up for the night the slaves or convicts who thle prov. of lMalwsc and Gujerat, in about 240 N. Lat., betel, tobacco, and grain of all kinds are largely cultiwere made to work in the docks, and at other public and 740 E. Lon. It is a Ihilly country, antd mostly coy- vated.-B. is divided ilto 8 districts or collectorates, viz., works, in Constantinople, Algiers, andother cities of Tur- ered with thiclk low jungles of telak, black-wood, &c. It Behar, Blhaugulpore, Dhurrumnpore, Ramgur, Shalhabad, key or Barbary. -From it the French have taken their is badly watered, and generally unhealthy. The popu- Sarun,Tirhoot, and Patna. The chief cityis Patna. The word Bagne, applied to a convict prison. -In England, lction consists of Bheels and Meenas, under various city of Gaya was the birthplace of Buddha, but no Budthe term. was formerly used for a bathing-establishme nt, petty chiefs. Pc-ri. towns. Doongs rpooz asnd Banswarra. dhists now remain in the prov. The natives have a fine and also for a house of ill-fiane. iBa, intesj. Pah b - An exclamation expressing disgust, physical appearance, but are inferior to their Bengal "I have knows two instances or malignant fevers produced by contempt, or ironical surprise implying disbelief. neighbors in cleanliness and domestic economy. In the the hot air of a cgnio."-Aruthsst. Bahal'a Creek, in Mississippi, enters Pearl River in S. parts, agriculture is wholly carried on by slaves; and B:agnolensia-us, or Biaiolen'siasn, n. p1. (ecl. Laurence co. incny of these consist of individuals who, by a practice Hist.) A Manichman sect, so called frosi Bagnols, ic lBala'la,, in Mississippi, a village of Copiab co., 50 m. S. peculiar to this provey., mortgage their labor until able to Languedoc, where they arose in the Sth century. - An- of Jackson. redeem a debt; a smaller part of the pop. are Molarmother sect, bearing the same name, a branch of the Ca- Baha'mas, or [uca'!yo Islands, in the V. Indies, uedans. Thiis prov. is supposed to have anciently formned thari, arose in Provence during the 12th century. t chain of islanids stretching in a N.W. direction filom two independent sovereignties-thact of Mathili in the Bagnoli, (ban'yo-le,) a town of S. Italy, prov. of Sannio, the N. side of Ssc Domingo to the coast of E. Florida, N., and Magadha in the S.; and distinct languages con9 in. S.W. of Trivento. Pop. about 5,000. and belonging to the British. Lat. fiom 210 23' to 270 tinue to be spolken in them. It was acquired by the Bag'nlolo a town of S. Italy, prov. Principato Ultra, 50 N.; I Lioni. 700 30 to 790 5/ W. It is coinposed of in- English, from Cossin Ali, in 1765. Pup. abt. 9,000,000. on the declivity of Monte Calvello, 3 m. S.W. of San nucerable roclks, islets (called keys), and islands, of' BEahlar, a district, or zillah, occupying the central part Angelo de Lombardi. Pop. about 5,200. which not mnore than 12 or 14 are inhlabited: these are of the above prov.; area, 5,255 sq. mn.; 29rin. towns, Bagnols, (ban'yols,) a town of France, dep. Gard, cap. Now Providence, Turk's Island, Eleuthera, Exumas, Hie- Beahar and Gaya; pop. about 3,000,000. of a canton near the Ceze, 25 m. N.N.E. of Nismes; bor Island, Crookued Island, Long Island, St. Salvador, B]ahaa', or Barre, n. [Ar. bahdr, firom bahare, to Pop. 5,561. Caicos, Watling's Island, Rium Key, and Heneagua, Great charge with a load.] (Cocn.) An East Indian weight, Bagolino, (ba'po-le'no,) a town of N. Italy, prov. of Bahalmc acid Lucayo, now called Absco. St. Salvador, ranging from 223 to 625 lbs., it varying considerably acBrescia, on the Caffsro, 24 m. N.N.E. of Brescia. It has called by the Indians Guanaheni, was tihe first hcnd cording to the locality in which it is used. manufactures of iron and steel. Pop. 4,345. fallen in with by Columbus on his first voyage in 1492. — Ba'halr, [Skr. vihar, a monastery of Buddhists,] a decayBag'pipe, n. (3Music.) A wind instrument of high anti- When the Bahamas were first discovered, they were peo- ing town of Hindostan, in the district of the same name; quityanlong the northern nations. and which hals so long pled by a numerous, mild, and happy race of Indians. Lat. 250 13' N.; Lon. 850 35' E.; 35 m. S.E. of Patna. been a favorite with the satives of Scotland, that it may Hlowever, as the islands produced co gold, the Spaniards Pop. about 30,000. be considered as their did not fobrn any settlements on them, but carried the Bah'aritles, sn. pl. (Hist.) The first Mameluke dynasty national instrument. natives over to Hispaniola to work the mines, or act as that reigned ic Egypt, were descended froin Turks sold It consists of two prin- divers in the pearl-fisheries of Cumania, andi thus, in to slavery by the Tartars. They began to reign in 1244, cipal parts: the first about 14 years, the whole race became entirely extinct. and the last Sultan of the race was expelled by the comprises a leather' - The Bahamas remained uninhabited till the year 1629, Blorgies or Circassisans, the 2d MIanelllike dycnasty of bag which receives when New Providence was settled by the English, wlho Egypt, in 1381, after having reigned 137 years. —See and holds the wind held it till 1641, and were then expelled by the Span- BoEssu.eS. conveyed to it by a lards, who destroyed the colony, but made no attempt Bahlawulpoor,o orDoADoo TRA,(bawl'peoor,)aterritory small tube, furnished to settle there thecselves. It was again colunized by of Hidostai, betveen Let. 280 md 30 N., sd Len. 700 with a valve, to prevent the English in 1666, and conitinued in their hands till and 740 E.; having N. Ptsnjssb; E. the Bicanere territory the wind fi-om return- 1703, when a combtined force of French and Spaniards (Rajpootaca); S. and S.W. Jaysulmere and Scinde. Its ing. Ties second part.si destroyed Nasssau, and obliged the inhabitants to seek N.W boundary is for the most part formed by the Sutlej of the instrument con- refuge by flight. Sone, however, who remained, were river.'The banks of this river are everywhlere fertile, sists of three pipes: rendered desperate by their recent sulferings, and the but the rest of the territory toward the E. is a mere thegreatpipeor-drone; place becamec a rendezvous for pirates, who became so desert. The inhiabitants are chiefly Juts and Beloochees, a smaller pipe, which notorious, and conmmitted such depredations in the ad- who profess Mohammedanism. They are fair and handemits the wind at the jascent seas, that the British deternmined to suppress sonce races, ncd apparently in a better condition thlnc bottom; and a third them, and re-settle the colony. This took place in 1718, some of their neighbors. Pein. townsc. Bahawulpoor, with a reed, through and shortly afterwac-ds settlements were formed on some Ahmedpoor (residence of the chief), Julalpoor, Seedpool-, which itis blown. Thee of the othler islands; Nassau itself (the town of New and Ooch. B. was taken fi-om tie Moguls by the Perwind is forced into the Providence) was fortified in 1740. Providence was takesi sclns, and after tile death of Nadir Shale, belonged to pipes by compressine by the Aneericans in 1776, who abbandoned it shortly Cscbul, to which keinegdom he eas tributary as long as the the bag under the arm, afterswards. In 1781, sell the B. crete reduced by the monarschy lasted.'bhe thiree lasct rulers have beets nearly while the notes are reg- Spaniards, and were Ibrmally ceded in 1783 to the Eng- indepenplenit; but the political power of the coutiy has ulsited, as in a flute or lish, in whose possession, ailong with the other islands, been broken by the Sikhss, and the rscjalh of the PusjSisub hautboy, by stoppinlg they have since remaisIed. —Nassau is thie caspital, aced the only spcaced it on cosidition of receiving an annual pcecuand opening the holes, F.ig. 265.- ITALICN ]AOrIPE. residence of the governor. - The principel islands are niary tribsute. which sre eight in number, with the ends of the fingers. situated on those remarkable fiats called the Bahasmaues B~HAW7vULtrOs tie antc. cap. of the above territory, miear It is not kcsnown when the bagpipe first found its ec-sy Baneks, of which the Great Banck (lyinig at the westerc the Sutlej river, 320 m. W.S.W. of lDelhi, Lat. 290 31' N., into Scotlacnd, but it is probablihe that the Norwerecians extremity of the archipelago) occupies an extent of 300 Lon. 720 10' B., sat the junction of the road leaiding froco and Danes first introduced it into the hiebrides, wlhich miles in length N.W. aced S.B., and 80 in breadth; the Buombay esnd calcuttal to Cabul. Peop. unkouwn. 200 BAIE BA3 IL BAIL Bahia, (ba-he'a.) [Pg. and Sp., "Bay."] A maritime prov. several feet below the surface, pavements of streets, foun- free or liberate from custody, as an offender, on security of Brazil, on theE. coast, extending firom about 90 to 15~ dations of houses, and masses of walls may still be descried. for his reappearance.- To deliver goods in charge. 45' S. Lat. ILt derives its name from Bahia de Tsdos os Earthquakes and other natural convulsions have also (Nasut.) To free firom waeter; as, to bail aboat. Santos, or All Saints' Bay, q.v., and is bounded N. by the largely contributed to the destruction of B, of which Bail'able, a. That may be bailed; that mInay be set at provinces of Sergipe and Pernambuco (from the latter of only a small portion of the ruins now remains. liberty by hail or sureties; — used of persons. which it is divided by the fio San Francisco); on the Baibout, or Baibur'cdi, (anc. VarTullia,) a town of "Hie's bailable, I'm sure." —Ford. S. by Porto Seguro and Minas Graes; on the W. by Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of Erzeroum, on the — That admits of bail; as, a bailable offence. Pernambuco, — though still separated by the Rio San TchorolKhi. 62 m. W. by N. of E1rzeroum; pop. abt. 4,000. Bail'-bosnd, n. (Law.) A bond given by a prisoner and Francisco, -and on the E. by the ocean. Its estimated Bai'erslbroin, a village of WUiirtemberg, in the Black his surety for his reappearance when called upon. lengtlh is about 480 m., and its breadth from 150 to 200. Forest, 40 m. W.N.W. of Stuttgart; pop. 4,626 Bailee', n. [0. Fr. bail/.] (Law.) Onetowhom goods Area, 127,9ll sq. mn. Tihe province is divided into three [Bai'kal, (Lake,) sometimes called the Sviatr'te More are bailed; thile party to whom personal property is decomreas;viz., Bablie, Jacobinn, and lhoes.-Desc. Three (" Holy Sea,") a lake of Siberia, in the govt. of Irkutk, livered under a contract of bailment. — See BAILMkNT. mountain ranges traverse this prov. from S.W. to N.E.; between 510 and 560 N. Lat., and 1030 and 1100 E. Lon. Bail'er. The same as BAILOR, 9. v. viz., the Serras Cincora, Giboya, and Itabayana. Tihe Its greatest length in a N.N.E. and S.S.W. directioIn is Ba i'ley, c. [L. Lat. ballium.] In England, originally, a Serra, de Montequevia forms the chief ridge in the in- nearly 400 m., and its extreme breadth about 60. It is court witein a fortress; now, soaetimes applied to a terior. Bays and inlets abound along the coast, among of very unequal depth. It is situated in a mountainous prisos or court of justice; as, the Old Bailey in London; which the most noticeable is All Saints' Bay. The Rio country, and receives several considerable rivers, while tie New Builcy in Mnclester.-Oxf. Gloss. San Francisco is the principal river. - Soil and Prod. its surplus water is carried off by the Angera, an affluent 2ariey. PcHILIP JAiES, (baile,) as Eeglish poet, i. at B. possesses a soil admirably adapted to the culture of of the Yenesei. The fisheries are very valuable; great Nottinghs, 1816. His "1Festus, publisled in 1830, wes the sugar-cane, and also of tobacco. The sugar it pro- hi-lly successfsl. He has siice publisced tie Angel duces lbears al high character for its excellent quality, ild, te ystic, te Age, &c., but ss, otithstadWo~=4- Srld, the Mystic, the.Age, &c., but 1,P.stus, notwithstandwhich is sufficiently evidenced by the fact that B. ex- ing the peculiarity of masy of the sentieents with which ports more of this article of consumption tihan the rest t i disfigred, remains his best or. it is disfigured, remains his best work. of Brazil all put together. In cotton, B. has already iey H lw, in Pesylva, a postoffic of BatIlly ]-[ol][ow~ in.Pennsylvania, a post-office of become a fosrmidable rival to Pernambuco. It also pro- Luzerus co. duces superior rice; coffee (excelled, however, by that Bi'eysb rg in ennsEania. a village of erry co., of Rio do Janeiro); and Brazil-wood, equal to that of on te Juniata river, 23 m. N.N.W. of Herrisburg. Pernam buco. Pop. Free, about 1,400,000. ai'esbrg, in Virinia,, a village of Sry co., Baiqleysbllrg, in Virginia,, a village of Storry co., BAsl'A, or SAN SALVADOR, the cap. of the above prove., aot 0. S..E. of ichmond. about 50 mn. S.S.E. of Richmond. immniediately within Cape San Antonio, which forms the Bailey's Creek, in Missouri, a P. 0. of Osage co. sight or E. side of All Saints' Bay. Lab. 130 0' 30" S.; Lon. 380 30' W. It was founded about 1549, by Tomas oor co., on Lae Mchian. ~, Door co., on Lakre Michigan. de Souza, the first captain-general of Brazil, and was, i a leys, i ra, post-officof eon co ]]ailley's lHill, in Florida, a post-office of Leon co. until 1763, the capital of the colony. But though nowstoffice of Belmont co.,ii i; 7 ~ai~'ley's,~ils~, in Ohio, a post-office of Belmont c~o. inferior to Rio de Janeiro (the present capital), in popeu- ailytown, i Indiana, village of Porter c., 1 m. lation and commcercial inmportance, B. is still one of theeily w N. hey W. of Valpaorso. largest and most inmportant cities of S. America, and as N.= —-- -'_ in Wo llinois, a pt-oce of e co. abo.....t~ 180,00...... ~ —-' ~ "~-/t~ Bai'leyville, in Illinois, a post-office of 0ale co. respects thle number and beauty of its public buildings, ton ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~Bailleyville, in 31aine, a post-township of Washington it ranksc first amosng the citic s Efths eupie. tsp 4 — co., 80 m. E.N.E. of Bangor, on the St. Croix river; pp. abouit 180,000. about 450. Bahi'a Blan'ca, ae inlet of tihe Atlantic, on the E. _ Baibe, n. [Scottish.] A municipal officer in Scotland, coast of S. Ainerica, 360 in. S.W. of Bueiios Ayres. espbuding to an alderman ingland; as " B.ilie correspon ding to an alderman in England; us "Bailie Bahi'a Hioin'da, a large and well-shieltered seaport Nicol Javie. - Sir alter ctt. r:1 N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~licol Jarvie." — Sir WTalter Scott. of the island of Cuba, on its N. coast, 60 m. W.S.W. of' \ __ Bail-eboro _gh, (bai'ie-bur'o,) a market-town and Htavana. parish of Irelan'd, standing at the head of thle BlackwaIleevana. Bahr, (bile,) the Arabic word for the sea, a lake, or a terih of Irelnd, tco. din at the head of te lcw5,827. large river, appears as a component part of manay properriver, co. Cava;. 5,827. __________ 1 lBail'if'f, n. [Fr. bailli, firmerly an inferior jndge; from snames in Eastern geography: Bahr-al-Kolzum, "the Sea'' - -_ _ _ _ Lat. ballivas, bagalus, a governor, tutor, or superintendof Kol ziin," i. e. the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea, especially,- - ~ —---- ~~ iof Kerzts," i. e. thee t Arahia Gulf or ined es, especiteslly, ~,_ _ _- ent.] In England, a suibordinate offcer,or depin ty, to whomn its north-western extremity (te Sinus Heroospolites); authority or jurisdiction is delegated or delivered by the ~Ba/se~ L~~t, "the ~ ~Lake of Lot," ~ i~. e. thee Lacose ~ Asphssheriff of a city or county, to maele arrests, collect fines, tites, or Dead Sea, in Syria; Bahr-el-Abiad, " the White sumon urie, &c.; a deputy ieiff-An nder-stesumn juries, &c.; a deputy sheriff. —An under-stewRiver," and Bahr-el-Azrak, "tthe BIlue River." The ard or overseer, who has charge of an estate, superindiminutive of Bahr is Boheirah, or Boheirat, "a small Pig. 266. - A vIew oN L Krec BAIKAL, (Eastern Sibe'ia.) tends all husbandry operations, and who sometimes collake," -which is likewise found occasionally in maps or hects the rents due to the land-owner.-Tsere ass also books of tsevels reltating to tise geography of the East numbes of seals ars talen also stieseon and salmon; B. of forests, and those to whom the Queen's castles are as Booheirat [lbariyah, "the Lake of Tiberias." It hes passedinto thePtgs c aeudrt e ern grand object of the fishery is thee ease sot of committed; as, the B.. or Constaeble of Dover Castle. but the grand object of the fishery is the mntul, a sort of passed into the Portuguese antu nage under the fosud 1 e herring (Salmosautumnalis, vel Eigratorisus) talken in vast Bai'liwick, n. [Bail; sead A. S. evic; Fr. bailliage.] Albufeira, ":a reservoir, a tank, a lagoon; " and into Th exteiitorlimitofabailiff~sjuiisdiction,orautlol-ity. numbers (about 3,600,000 pounds annually) in Aug. and The extet or limit of a bailifs jurisdiction, or uthoity. the Spenish needer theetwoforss.Abuefee'anusd Absul/era, Sept., when it ascends the rivers. The most singular fish Bailleul, (bai'ys(r)l,) a town of France, dep. Nord, 16 iss thee sauce sense. The prefixed ci in thsse words istohsBitc in the sAal sense. The prefixed el n these wordesis I belonging to the B. is the golomynka (Cadllyio.imus Baa- m. W.N.W. of Lille, on the railway to Dunklerque.the Araic defiite article; and it is a general remark calecsis) from 4 to 6 inches in length, and so very fat lManf. Cotton cloth, lace, paper, &c. Pop. about 11,000. thalt the letter h of mancy Areshic words thcat hesve been that it melts before the fire like butter. The surface of Bail'lie, JOANNA, a distinguished English poetess, n. received into the Spanish and Portuguese languages, has rbeen chang-ted iSeh ihadP~uretof.'nu s h the lake is firozen over from Nov. to the end of April or 1762. In 1798, she published her first work, called A bae changed into.f. the beginning of May. Series qf Plays. Others followed in rapid succession. Balia.,el.,biore (baco-mo -lyallbe-~dc,) Ar., "White Bail, n. [0. Fr. bailler, from Fr. bail, a giving over or In 1810, her romantic play, the PFamily Legend, was Ricer,"] more coNILoE. ly ceeled Aesan Resents, 9. E. granting; It. balia, power, authority; Lat. bajeeise, a acted in Edinbubrgh, Mrs. Siddons talrcing the principal See alsoAr, "Ble iver."ge NeLE. besrer, one who bears authority.] (Law.) The delivery female part. In 1836 appeared her series of Plays on the Bair'-el-As'reo k. [ArSAD., "Blue River."] C see NIE. o of a person to another for Ikeeping, used in reference Passioss. In addition, she produced many poemsofench ]B[]ale're]il, or AVAb ISLANDS, a grosup conesisting of one to one arrested, or cosmmitted to prison, upon either excellence. e. at Hamepstead, near London, 23d F'eb., 1851. large and several smaller islands, in thle Persian Gulf, subgs cd several sler islands, in tic Persis Gulf s a civil or crismins: process; and he is said to be bailed, B:ail'lie, MATTcEw, I. D., brothler of the preceding, and ject to the Ieaumu of Muscat, in a bay near the Arabian when he is delivered to another, wiho becomes his surety one of the most distinguished anatomists and patholoshore, letwveen Lat. 250 45d send 260 16' N., used Lou.'5Osh5o1r, b etween Laat. 25~ 4520 ar and ~1.and eLon. 50~ o in bonds, (to a greater or less amount, iaccording to the gists of his time; a. 1761. In 1810, he was appointed ed 500 20' W.-The principal are ced hren or amount of the deman d for which he is sued, or the heinsous- physician to George III., and in 1820, President of the Aval, Arzad, Maharzag (residence of the Bey), and Tama- ness of the crime with which hle is charged,) for his sp- Royal College of Physicians. D. 23d Sept., 1823, and was hoy. - The first is considerably larger than the others, pearance at court to talie his trial. Bail is either consmon buried in Westminster Abbey, where a fise monunment being 27 m. long and 10 broad; it lies about 15 m. fr-om l h omrb teeing 27 m. lonoc g9 and f bro ad;shirlesc abouth toin of or specia; the former being merely fictitious, whereby has been erected to his memory. B.'s greatest work, The the coast, 90 miles frlom Bushire, and has the town of nominal sureties, as John Doe send Richard Roe, are Morbid Anatosmy qf the Hacman Body, appeared in 1795. Memama for its capital. It produces whet nd dtes, feigned to be answerable for the defendant's appearance Baillon, n. [Fr.] (Su.) An instrument used for and other fruits. Its peerl fiscery io the cost productive at the court to which he is cited. Special bail is that of heesping the mouth of a patient open, during an operain the world, its annual value being from $500,000 to an actual surety. The laws of the U. States, and of the tion. - Craig. 1,000,000. - Pop. of the whohe gosoup about 60,000, coms- several States, allow of bail to be given in all civil pro- Bail.lot, PeanRI, the most celebrated of modern French posed of a miixed breed between the Persians and Arabs vioiists, was. at ss, in 171. In 133 he pbished but possessing more of the idolence and unning of the cesses, whatever may be the amount of damages which violinists, was. at Passy, in 1771. In 1833 he published tforeser thango of thei bolcd franccues of tce latter. the defenudant may be called upon to answer in the suit; his Art des Violin, which conveys the whole principles IBrimer t( ha fa mo rianewutei -pl of th e of ancitter. nt and the jealousy of personal liberty, so congenial to the of the French school of violin-plasyin,, and has amalgaBaiae,(bai'ie,) afiemous marine wterior -plo e of ancient American institutions, lhas introduced a provision into mated into a complete style its vwrious excellences. D. Itly, was seated on the W. hore of the Bay of Nples, ome of the constitutions, that excessive bail shall not at Paris, 1842. 8 m. W. of that city, and 2Y/2 mn. N. of Cape Misenuni. us. XV. of Ihet city, and 21i m. N. of Cape Mise iay case, be demanded; unsd when the defendant, or Bailly, JEAN SYLVATN, (bai'ye,) a distinguished French It was indebted for it is rise and celebrity to a vwtriety of pearty charged with a crime, for which he is arrested, astronomer, n. at Paris, 1736. In 17'6, hle published a circumstances, to the softness of its climaste, the beauty considers the bail demnanded to be excessive, he may, by worl on the satellites of Jupiter. IHis historico-scientific of its situatioen,- habeas corpus, or other processor application, according worlks, especially his History of Indiaen Astronomy, are Nullus in orbe sinus Baihs prelucet amcenis," - to the provisions of the laws under which he is arrested, full of learning and ingenious disquisition, and written have tle bondreduced to a reasonable amnount. In respsect with great elegance. In 1777, he published his Lllerv the abundance of its hot springs, which gave to tihe Ro- to bail, the act of Congress, 1789, c. 20, s. 33, psrovidees, os the Origin qfthe Sciences; and in 1799, his.Allantis of seens, who were passionately sbnd of the bath, the op- thlat, "upon all arrests, in crimisnal cases, bail shall lee Plato. In 1784, he was elected a member of the Acad6portunity of indulging in that luxury in every form de- admnitted, except where the punishment may be death, mie Franqaise; and in the following year, of the Acad& sirable. B. seems to heave come into flhehion pieviously isi which case it shall not be admitted, except by the su- mie des Inscriptions. lie entered eagerly into thee pots, or about the nera of Lucullus, who had a splendid villec peeme or circusit coun't, or by a justice of the supresne litical discussions of his country, and was chosen Presihere, so had, also, Cesar, Pompsey, and Augustus; and it court, or a judge of thee district court, who shall exercise dent of the first Naetioseal Assembly. In June, 1789, he continued to increase in popularitey, and to be a favorite their discretion therein." The laws of the severel States presided at that meeting of the deputies at the Tennisresort of thi emperors andof the adffleent voluptuaries of are generally equivaelent, or suebstantially so, to this Act court, when sell took oath not to dissolve until they had Rome till the eruption of the barbarians under Theodoric of Congress, on thie subject of bail. The paerty bailed is prepared a new constitution for France. In the followvthe Goth. The town seas built originally on the enarrow considered to be in the custody of his bail or sureties, ing month he was made mayor of Paris, lut soon lost his strip of grouned between the hills and the ssa; but as awho may seize and deliver him up to the court, and thus popularity, owing to tile liberal sentiments which he this space was of vseey limited dimensions, after B. because discharge themselves firont their responsibility. expressed towards the royal fetumily, need Isis enforcing a fashionahle resort, the foundations of its streets and (Gaeees.) The top-piece whioh crosses the wiciket, in obedience to the laws. In consequeuc e of this, he rte lealaces were proljectd into th1e bay itself. Thiis is alluded the gasme of cricket. signed Isis office in 1701, and sought that pheilosophical to by Horace. No soosner, heowever, had olulence been — Thee handle of a hkettle or similar utensil. - A division retirement for walich lie wras so mnuch more suited. In withcdrwaw n from it, than the sea gradually resumed its between thee stalls of a stasble; eas, "a swinging bail." - thee eangscuin ary period waleich followed, he was approole domain:; esoles and buttresses were tohrn asunder, In Esncland, a certain boundaery within a forest. h lentseds, snd after a seemn;ary process. condesseseed to be swasheel aewasy, cs tumbled:heiadlong into the deelb, wcheere. -a. a. To deliver over'to'the control of a surety; to set gusillotinsed. liee was. uccordinegy; executed Nov. 11, BAIN BAIT BAKE 201 1793. - When on the scaffold, the demeanor of this phi- it is principally used for evaporating or for distilling -To give a portion of food and drink to a beast upon the losopher is said to have been perfectly tranquil. "You volatile and aromatic substances. When sand is sub- road; as, to bait a horse. tremble, Bailly," said one of his enemies to him. "My stituted for boiling water, this apparatus is called a -v. i. To stop and take a hasty refreshment during a friend, it is with cold," was the caln reply. sand-bath, and when boiling water is employed, it is journey. Bai[Inment, n. [O. Fr. bailler, to deliver.] (Law.) The called a vapor-bath. "In all our journey from London to his house, we did not ro delivery of a thing to another to keep, either for the use Bajins. [Fr., The baths.] A smial1 town of France, dep. much us bait at a Whig isa." Addison. of the bailor, or person delivering, or for that of the Vosges, 13 no. S.W. of Epinal. There are mineral waters Bait, v. a. [Goth. beitan, to bite, to prick, to incite; 0. Fr bailee, or person to whom it is delivered. A bailment here which are nmuch resorted to from the 13th of June abetter; Fr. battoe, to beat.] To provoke and harass by always supposes the subject to be delivered only for a to the 15th of September. They are said to be saline inciting dogs to attack; to harass; to attack with vielimited timue, at the expirmation of which it enust be re- and thernal; others, however, deny them any medicinal lence; as, to bait a bull with dogs. delivered to the bailer; and the material inquiries, in properties whatever. "Who seeming sorely chbfdd at his band, cases of bailment, relate to the degree of responsibility Baihs.ild.uiont-d'l"r, a village of France, dep. As chiaid hoar, om cruel dogs do isit.'-Fage-ie Queese. of the bailee in regard to the safe-keeping and re-delivery Puy-de-Dbme, 20 m. W. of Issoire. It is celebr'ated for —. i. [Fr. batfre de l'aile, or des adies, to flap or flutter.] of the subject of the bailment. This responsibility will its mineral waters, and principally for the magnificent To clap the wings; to flutter as if to fly; or to hover, depend, in some degree, upon the contract on which the scenery of the surrounding mountains. as a hawk over her prey; to itaket an offer of flying. bailment is made. If a thing is delivered to the bailee to Bair'am, n. [Turk. batrdes, beirase; Pems. bayriiam.] "All plum'd like ostridges, that wittl the wind keep, without any advantage or use to himself, or any The name of the only two festivals anenally celebrated Baited like eagles having lately bhth'd.' —Slaks. compensation, but merely lbr the benefit of the bailsr, by the Turks and other Mohammedan nations. The Baiiting, n. The act of furnishing a bait; a refreshhe is answerable only for gross negligence; but if the first is also called Id-aZ-Fit', i.e. "the festival of the ment on a journey. bailment is for the mutual benefit of both parties, the interruption," clluding to the breaking of the universal Bait'ing Iliollow, in New York, a post-village of Sufthin0 must be kept with the ordinary and usual care fast which is rigorously observed during the month Ja- Iblk co., 221 m. S.S.E. of Albany. which a prudent man takes of his own goods; but if it madhan or Ramazan. It commences from the moment Bai'tool, a fortified town and district of British India, be delivered for the benefit of the bailee only, he must when the new moon of the moith Shewal becomes visi- presid. of Bengal, 5001. fron Ellichpoor. Areaof district, exercise strict care in keeping it, and will be answerable ble, the appearance of which, as marking the terneins- 990 sq. in. Pop. 93,441. for slight negligence. A special agreement is made in tion of four weeks of abstinence and restraint, is looked Baize, (bdz,) n. [Sp. bejita, probably from Baica, where many cases of borrowing or hiring, specifying the risks for amid watched with great eagerness. At Constantinople it wvas first made.] A coarse woollen stcff, with sa long assumned by the borrower or hirer; and, in such case, it is announced by the discharge of guns at the seraglio nap. It is sometimees frizzed on one side. It is without his obligations will be determined by his stipulations. upon the sea-shore, and by the sounding of drums and wale and is wrought on a loom, like flannel. Pledging and letting for hire are species of bailnent. - trumpets in all public places of the city. This festival Bajfi, (ba'zha,) or BAs, a town of Hungary, co. Baecs, See LImN. ought, properly, to last but one day; but the rejoicings near the Danube, 20 m. N. by W. of Zambor; pop. 20,087. Bail'or, n. (Law.) Ite who bails a thing to another. are generally continued lbr two days more. The second Bajada-de-Santa-Jqages entering into this sa from nthe Cattegat: the Sound, number,wers thepublic baths. But this accuracy of dic\ the Great Belt, and the Little Belt; of these the most lion is neglected by many of the subsequent writers fequntd is the Sound. - By a treaty concluded bejtj ~ ~ ~~~hv c onideral y raied its bttom, aond. B greaduly locu esalhe?-mmr mean, properly, warm springs, or baths of warm tween Russia and Sweden, at St. Petersburg, March 9, water, but were afterwards applied to thi structures in 1750, to which Beimmrk acceded 17th March, 1700, these wnhich the baths were placed, and which aere both hot nations agreed to asaintain a fleet to preserve the Sieuanmd cold. - See Tnc:mm. trality of the B. S. for purposes of comdierco. Bal'otade, a. See BALLOTADE. m Baltutskol', in Russia. See BALTIc PORT. Bai'sa, or Bal'za, a. [Sp. and Pg.] (M1ar.) A kind of (cP Baltimo'ra, n. (Bat.) A gen. ofplants, ord. AST.nACEaM. fishing-craft employed on the WT. coast of S. Amemica.\ Bal'timore, CECIL CALVERT, LOan, founder of the cohBlthe Gre, CtX BelrEt, n,anoudthle Blt of thes th ost Bal'sam, n. [Gr. balsason; Heb. baal, lord, and shemen ony of Maryland. Iis father, George, first Lord Baltioil.] (Chem. aind led.) The name given to aloet every more, held important offices under James I., and oboily or resinous substance exuding from trees; but now tined fron that monarch extensive grants of land in used scientifically to denote a vegetable pi-oduct containu- Imelamnd and Newfoundiand. Becoming a Roman Cathoing either beozoic or cminamic acid, The tmue hinlssos are lic, he was deprived of his offices, and induced to s/eek a uuch used in niedicise om account of their stimulhatimsg,!sphere of action in founding across the Atlantic a colony, expectorant, and tonic properties. The usost imsportant which should be governed on the principles of religious are the balsams of Pea and Tolu, beahoin, solid styrlac, toleration. For this purpose he turned his attention to or sterns, and liquid styrax. (See these different words.) a.il? a settlenent in Nevfoundland; but that country having All these substances are very fragrant. They vary much fiallen into the hands of the French, lie induced Charles in their consistence. Thus benzoin is solid, hard, and I. to mike a grant to him of the tract of country which britte; Peruvian ballotAm is fluid; and Tolu is inter- now forms the Stats of Maryland. It died, iowever, in usdiate, being ma vary soft and readily fusibhe solid. ] 176, before the chartem was made out, afd it was, thereCopaiba, commonly called balsam copaibo, is not a trum fore, drawn up im the name of iis son Cecil. - See MARYinalsan, but belongs to the class of olSo-resins. The LAND. sixturas, n wh[ch oils enter, are comm.ony icluded sBylve..ia, on thin W. side of Cahe sapeake y, r sep ortedunder the head of basams. Thus t he piepraton kmicsn o foi anther 2. theaci f the same; sor i nn Arundel co. on the S. and S. by the Patpsoin xv~~ii~~b n~lyg~ et srross; 4. thae urine fruitre; btn. the senem aR teie gact of bursing sand s balomm of sulphur, used as an application to fouh memleriag its email 6. a seed- 2. the same cpc tresdveriobt ci river, and flewm eundlard. co. on ae R an.t. Gulcers, consists sibsply of flowers of sumiphur and olive-oil. the wlunpowder river. As-e, 700 sq. so. Although gener(moh.) See BALSAMonACa~, and Fmu. two geosra, hmmspatiens (or Bntsnmina), and indiofcem-n allc hilly mnd rugged, this county has a fertile soil, and, in Baxlsasn'tion, si. The act or operation of making subdividei into 110 species. The B. are distinguished a commercial ponl cif view, it is one of the miostconsideraahalsamic fron thi order Geraandc ccl, principnslly by txeir miany- h[s in the Union. In it, the Baltimore and Ohio. and Basram'ic a. [Fr, balamiquide. Anythingwhics one seeded fruit sod unsymmetrical flowers. the Philadelphia and Baltinor railroads terysinatg.tle properties of a bmmlsam. Balsamndene'dro n, so. vr. bagsenin, mnd deadran, Pin-ad. Wheat, oats, Iidian corn, butter, heel; amd pork. - Bal~sam'c, Balsama'icai, e. Itavin5 the qualities a tree.] A genus of Oriental tress. ord. Amyridocec~. The fisiesals. Iron, copth er, granite, ghesiss, horubende, and of batlsam; unctuous; soft; mitigating; mild; had, and species are natives of the East, and arofremarhcahilefor the liiiestone.-Massf. Woolhens mnd cottons, iron mnd brass rebdere then oily and balsamic"-A-bimthnat. odoriferous gum-reisins which exude from their trunkrs. articles, arthenwevre, and chemicals. fup. Toweontown. Bmdlsae'iealty, ada. In a balermic monnem. B. nilyps-ha, a usinlll tree. growing in the northe-eastern Pop. about 400,000. Bapsamiferous, a. [cLat. bIsasmsisy and felse, to parts of Africa, and in the adjoinina parts of Arabia, is B CALtmie, city mimud Inert of euitmy if tis above county, b r.] Affording or producing balsam, believed to be the principal, if not the only source of the and one of thefous great Eastemn cities ef the U. Stales. VOL. I. —27 INsET mwsl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~,l~ o.,in trylnaconybreignPn 210 BALT BALT B3AMB is imposingly situated upon the Patapsco river, 12 m. from see MARYLAND. -There are 24 banks, 13 of which are Balt'scehik, or Bialdlik, a town of Turkey in Euits entrance into the Chesapeake Bay, and about 200 m., by national, and 5 for savings; 7 fire-engines, and 2 hook rope, 18 in. N.E. of Varna, on the Black Sea. In its these waters, from the sea. Lat. 390 19' N.; Lon. 760 44' and ladder companies. Of hotels there are 44, among neighborhood are the ruins of 1oami, to which the poet WV.; 38 in. N.E. of Washington, and 98 W.S.W. of Phila- which two are of the firstclass, viz., the City Hotel, or Ovid was banished. delphia. Built, as it is, upon hill-slopes and terraces, the Barnum's, and the Eutaw House. - Commerce. B. is ad- Balsue, JEAN i)E LA, (ba'loo,) a Frenchman, who, by his appearance of B. is extremely picturesque. The streets, mirably situated for commerce, and is a place of great servility and art, obtained the see of Angers, and, by his some of which are of considerable width, are 767 in nuni- wealth and trade. It is the best market fbr tobacco in intrigues, induced Paul II. to give him a cardinal's hat. ber, and for the most part placed at right angles to each the U. States, and one of the greatest flour markets in Ile engaged in a secret correspondence with the dukes other. The houses are-chiefly of brick; many of them the world. Durinig the fiscal year, 1867, 558 vessels, ton- of Burgundy and lBcrri, disclosing all the secrets of the being handsomei, and some even splendid. The principal nage 203,618, (of which, 296 American, tons 119,190; and state, which, being discovered by Louis XI., he was impart of the city is divided from the portions styled Old 262 foreign, tons 84,428,) entered the port of B.; and 467 prisoned eleveni years in an iron cage, which hle himself, Town and Fell's Point by a small river called Jones' PFalls, vessels, tonnage 176,521, cleared therefrom, (of which, it is said, had invented. On regaining his liberty, lihe over which are erected elegant bridges, and is built 196 American, tons 83,768; and 271 foreign, tons 72,753.) went to Rome, and working on the weakness of the Pops,, round a basin which forms one of the securest harbors During the same year, the quantities alld values of ex- was sent to France as legate by Sixtus IV. B. eloout in the United States, and is capable of containing 2,000 ports by sea, for the principal articles of trade, were as 1420; D. 1491. sail of merchant-ships. The entrance to this harbor, follows: Bark for tanning, $33,295. Bread and biscuit, Balu' Island, in the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Martaban, whlich is little more than a pistol-shot in width, is de- lbs. 1,253,859; $96,245. Indian corn, bush. 769,604; at the entrance to the Salween river, separating Siam fended by a fort. At common tides the water rises five or $845,823; Indian meal, lbs. 48,727; $252,957. Wheat from Burmah. It is 17 m. in length, by 8 in breadth. six feet, and the harbor is at all thimes deep enough, flour, lbs. 141,781; $1,710,953. Coal, tons 22,961; $137,- Lat. from 160 14' to 160 31' N. through the greater part of its extent, to receive ships 558. Raw cotton, lbs. 3,525,011; $1,157,616. Manufac- Bal'uster, n. [Fr. balustre; It. balaustro; Lat. bdlatsof large burden, but only small vessels can go quite up tured cotton, yds. 551,273; $112,914. Lumber, $283,485. tiuea, the flower of the pomegranate.] (Alrc/.) A small to the town. - B., called the "Monumental City," asserts Wood and staves, $516,676; Tallow, lbs. 336,987; $09,001. column or pilaster used for balustrades, and so namned her claim to the distinction by the many remarkable Oil-cake, lbs. 5,515,013; $130,089. Coal-oil, galls. 141,- from being originally adorned with flowers aued figures. monuments she possesses. The Washingtons Monumuent 064; $58,421. Lard-oil, galls. 24,244; $22,257. Petroleumn, An illustration of a B. may be seen in Fig. 272. is a lofty structure of marble, with a base 50 ft. square, crude or refined, galls. 2,531,548; $888,719. Bacon and Bal'ustered, a. Possessing balusters. (n.) and 23 high, on which a columnn, 1765/2 feet perpen- hams, lbs. 610,748 $99,985. Beef, lbs. 221,735; $29,575. Balu'strade, n. [Fr. balustrade.] (Arsch.) Arangeof dicular, supports a statue of Washington, 16 feet in lButter, lbs. 156,438: $39,918. Cheese, lbs. 199.135; small columns called balusters, supportinga cornice, used height. The Battle 31onument, situated in Monument $30,544. Lard, lbs. 2,099,095;.373,457. Oysters, $71,003. as a parapet, or as a screen, to conceal the whole or a Porkli, lbs. 1,476,384; $202,376. Manufactured tobacco, part of the roof. It is also sometimes used as a decoralbs. 191,883; $46,720. Leaf tobacco, lbs. 42,761,845; $3,- tion for finishing a building. B. are employed in para438,709.- History. This city was hounded in 1729, re- pets; oil the margins of stairs; before windows; to enceived the name of B. in 1745 from Lord Baltimore, q. v., close terraces, or balconies, by way of security (see Fig. and became the shire-town of the co. of the same name 272); or sometimes to separate one place from anin 1768. Its first newspaper, the Mfaryland Journal acdi other. Baltimore Advcertiser, a weekly, was broughlt out on the Balval'so, a town of S. Italy, prov. Basilicata, 15 m. W. 20th Aug., 1773. In 1780, B. was made a port of entry. of Potenza; pop. about 4,250. The charter of incorporation was granted 31st Dec., 1790. Balzac, (bal'zak,) HONORfI DE, a celebrated Frencli nov- A formidable attack was made on this city on elist, ]e. at Tours in 1799. Be comnmenced his literary the 13th and 14th of September, 1814, by the British, career by writing articles for tihejournals. The first of under General Ross. On the 13th, the battle at North his works that attracted the attention of the public was Point was fought; and on the 14th, Fort McHenry /2'ie'ehyiology qf Marriage, a -work full of originality wvas bombarded. The enemy was repulsed, and General andl piquant observation. He then fbrmieed the bold conRoss slain.-Pop. about 355,000. ception of depicting the natural history of society as it B al'timnore, in California, a town on the Mercede river, existed in his own day in France. Endowed with a ric h eadjacent to the boundary between Tuolumne and Marl- inmagination, and marvellous sagacity for seizing the posa counties. peculiarities of chlaracter, he pursued his course of study'" — e ~ ~ ~ If ] Bal'timnore, in Illinois, a village of Jo. Daviess co., 10 during 20 years of indefatigable industry, and gave to in. E.N.E. of Galena. the world an immense number of compositions to'whicl ]Bal'timnore, in Iowa, a township of IHenry co.; pop. he has given the collective name of The Coeedg ufHuabout 1,000. sean Life. Some of hIis novels, as La Peau de Chagrin,' Bal'timnore, in Oio, a prosperous post-village of Lib- Euginie Grandet, Le HIre Gorieot, Le Medecin de (iuuerty township, Fairfield co., 24 m. SE. of Colunebus; pop. payne, Les Parents Panvres, &c., are admiralfe studies ebout 900. of the sadder passiomes of hussanity. Fir less popuelar ~g-iJS Ih -1 Bal'titnore, in 3Michigan, a post-township of Barry co., than Alexander Dunmas, B. ranks nevertheless far above 40 m. W.S.W. of Lansing; op. about 800. him in the appreciation of all the true lovers of serious Bal'timnore, in Vermont, a township of Windsor co. literature. Sis works have been tranislated intod all the Bal'4inore, a small seaport of Ireland, co. Cork, on a European languages. Diversely judged in England, he bay of the same namne, near Cape Clear Island, 46 m. has been received more favorably in Geremany, where the W.S.W. of Corkli; pop. about 200. name of B. is held in such estimiation that new editions Baltimaore I-lusdredl, in Delaware, a division of of his productions are succeeding one another nearly Puig. 2 8. -BATTLE aMONUMENT. Sussex co.; pop. about 3,000. every year. He died in 1037, ifrom disease of the Bal'tianore Oriole, or GOLDEN ROBIN, n. (Zoiil.) A heart. Square, is a fine facial marble column, on which are in- specie of birds, fein. Icteridce. This beautiful bird, native Bal'zcza, JEAN Louis GUFZ or, a French writer, n. 1574. scribed the namoes of those who fell in the dfence of the of N. America, east of the Mississippi, is 7Y/ inches long; He gained great popularity by his "Letters," which city, Sept. 13 and 14, 1814. Among the nunmerous its color is black, with thile rump, upper tail-coverts, ]es- were first published in 1624. At the close oft life, B.. who public beuildings, we may mention, the Exchange, 240 ft. ser wing-coverts, the termninal portion of all but two tail- had indulged in all the elegancies of a dissipated court, in length, 143 in depth, and 3 stories high albove the feathers, and the under parts, orange-red; the edges of the became very devout, had apartments fitted up for him b.)asement; it is situatedl in Gay Street, and contains the quills, and a band across the tips of the greater coverts, in a convent, uand bestowed considerable sunis on the Custonm-House, Merclhants' Iank, and the city Post-Office; whlite. That of the feuiale is much duller; the black of poor. D. 1655. the Court-House, on Monumeent Square; the U. S. Court- the head and backt beinig replaced by browniseh-yellow. Bal'lzarisue, n. [Fr.] A fabric of light texture, comIIouse, corner of North and Fayette streets; thee Mary- Its song consists of few notes, but these are loud, full, posed of mixed worsted and cotton, used foIbr ladies' land Institute on Baltimore Street. The Roman Cath- and mellow. It constructs a very marvellous nest on dresses. olic Cathedral, the Episcopsl Grace-Clhurch, and the the tulip trees, on Bamn, a. A vulgarism, (probably derived firom the term Unitarian Church, are also conspicuous and beautiful whose leaves and flow- baniboozle,) denoting a cheat, deception, fraud, or inepoedifices. - B. is splendidly provided with educational and ers lie seeks the cater- sition; as, "plying them with all manner of baons."literary institutions. Thie principal are, the University pillars and beetles Prof. Wilson. of Maryland, founded in 1807 as the Medical College, which constitute his -v. a. To cheat: to play a trick upon; to cozen. and chartered in 1812 under its present title; St. principal food. When Basnes, Baenp. [Probably from A.S. bease, a tree or beam.] Mary's College, incorporated in 1806; Loyola College; the tihe comes for pre- When prefixed to the namne of a place, it usually implies BaltimoreCollege, which is the school of letters of the paring it, the male it to have been, originally, wooded; as, ]Bactborough, University, &c. The Athenmum, corner of St. Paul and picks up a fiament Bampton. - Gibson. Sarautoga streets, is occupied by the Maryland Itistorical of the Tillandsiausne- Baen'ba, a prov. of the kingdom of Congo, in W. AfSociety, by the Mercantile Library Association, and the oides and attaches it rica, extending upwards of 200 m. into the interior. It Baltimore Library respectively provided with large and by its two extremsities is considered one of the richest districts in Congo, commodiousreading-roomss. The Peabody Institute, with to two neighlboring having mines of silver, lead, iron, copper, and salt. its extensive library, and collection of paintings, is one branches. Soon after, Lat. 70 2' S.; Lon. 130 52' E. of the principal attractions of the city. Altogether, B. the femnale comes, in- Fig. 279. — ALTr-MORE ORIOLE. Bn3amba'lio, n. [Gr. banbaiveo, I speak inarticulately.] possesses 3 high schools; 1 State nornmal school; 20 moale, spects his work, and (Med.) One who stamnmers or lisps. or uitters inarticulate and 20 female grammar schools; 26 m;leo, and 23 female pltcees another fibre across thlat of her companion. Thus sounds. According to Kraus, one who speaks as if he primary schools; 8 evening schools; and 10 colored by their alternaete lebors a net is formed, which soon had pap in his mouth; or as if his tongue were paraschools; total, 121. —22 daily or weekly nmewspapers assumes the shape of a nest, and as it advances towards lyzed.- Dunglison. are published in B. —The number of chuerches is 176, its completion, the affection of the tender couple seems Broambalra, an rncient city of Hindostan, in Scinde, divided aseong the different denominations as follows: to increase. The tissue is so loose as to allow the air to now in ruins; Lat. 240 46/ N.; Lore. 670 50' E. Protestant Episcopes, 19, colored, 1; Presbyterian, 15, pass through its meshes, and as the parents know tlat Bambarra, (bam-bar'ra,)' lasrge send powerful kingcolored, 1; Roman Catholic, 21, colored, 1; Methodist the excessive heat of summer would incommode their dom of N.W. Central Africa. bounded on the N. by LuEpiscopal, 35, colored, 11; Methodist Episcopal South, young, they suspend their nest so as to catch the cooler damrar and Beeroo; W.by Kaarta end lensding; E. by 9; Independent MIetheodist, 2; Methodist Protestant, 8; breeze of the north-east when breeding in Louisiana:s Timetnuctooe and Baedeo; anmd use the S. hiy Kong andl MaGennsan Refarmed, 5; Baeptist, 6, colored, 2; Christian wheile in more teEnper.te regions, such as Pennsylvwia mane. Lat. tetween 120 and 550 22' N.; Lon. between Ch nurch, 2; Evangelical Lutheran Church, 10; Evangeli- arnd Ne w York, they alwvays give it a souithern exposure, 150 E. and 50 20' W. Its greatest length is altout 400 m.; * cal Association, 2; Independent Church, 2; Friends', 3; eand tabs care to line it with wool or cotton. Tlheir breadth, 300..Area. Esttimated at about 50,009 sq. m. Universalist, 1; Unitarian, 1; Swedenborgian, 3; Jevish meovements are umncommonely graceffsl; their soseg is DBse. T'his country is genereally fertile, and is traversed synagogues, 9; United Brethren, 6. Tlhere ire, elso, of swveet. They migrate in winter towards more soutslirly by the Niger, (here called the Joliba.) The butter and Masoneic lodges and chapters, 33; Independent Order of regions, Mexico or Brazil, and return after the equinox cotton trees, the baobab, tamsearind, date, and oil-palm Odd Fellows' lodges, 31,encampments, 5: Improved Ormils- to the United States. ase indigenous; and maize, mesillet, rice, and cassava of Red Men, tribes, 11; U. Ancient Order of Druidsi'~ $Bnltiuao'rtte, n. (Mmln.) A mineral, found near Bal- yield two crops aunnnaelly. The imnheabitants have made groves, 4; Sons of Temperance divisions, 6; and Caedets timore. It is allied to serpentine; grayish-green, coin- considerable progress ime agricultural aerts, as well as in of Temperance sections, 8. —B. contains 3 hospitasls; I siating of longitudinal fibres, somewhsat resembling as- those of civil life. Manf. Le'stheer. iron, and gold or* Asylum for Aged Woseen; 1 Home for the Frienedless; bestos; lustre silky. naments, and various kIinds of dyed fabrics. A consider5 orphan asylums; 2 almshouses; 6 dispensaries; amid B.- Bl$iss'glasa, a par. and town of Ireland, co. Wichklows, able trade is carried on withe Timbuctoo and Guinea. 10 cemete-ies. There are 420 physicians; 88 dentists, on the Slsney, 34 m. S.W. of Dublin; pop. of par. about Ezp. Iron, grain, ivory, slaves, and cloths. ismp. Arms, and 364 attorneys-at-lsaw. - For the State Penitentiary, 2,800; of town, 1,514. hardware, cotton goods, and salt. hief towns. Sego, BAMB BANA BANC 211 Sansanding, and Yamina. Pop. estimated at 2,000,000, the bamboo is applied. Bambusa arundinaceae is per- Baalal'na, n. (Bet.) The common inanme of the genus chiefly pagans. haps the most common species. It sometimes covers MUSA, q. v. Banlberg, (baqa'bairg,) a fortified city of Bavaria, immense spaces forming a dense jungle, and rising occa- ]Bananal', or SANTA ANNA, an island of Brazil, formed circ. Upper Franconia, on the Regnitz, 33 m. N. of Nu- sionally to the height of forty or fifty feet. It is at by the river Araguay, in the prov. of iMatto-Grosso. Its remberg. It is a fine aned ancient city, possessing many length is 200 ni.; breadth, 35. It is covered with dense noble public buildings, conspicuous among which is the forests, and has in its middle an extensive lake. Soil Byzantine Cathledral, built in 1004. Manf. Gloves, jew- fertile. -- The name of several small villages in Brazil. elry, porcelain, &c. This city was surrendered to, and /BaLnat, BORDER, STATE, or MILITARY FioNT'IER, at provpillaged by, the Prussians, May 16-17, 1759. It was ince of the Austrian empire, in Hungary, bounded W. by again talken in 1763. Pop. 26,128. the Theiss, S. by the Danube, E. by the line of mnounaamtn'berg, in South Carollirs, a post-village of Barn- tains which separates Hungtiry fro' Wallachh a and tamenswhiche separates ilHungary t1'ns Walaschia and well district. Transylvania N. by the Maros. Area, 12,453 sq. m. Bamn'berg, in Wi'sconsin, a'post-office of Sheboygan co. )Desc. Mountainous in the E. and swampy in the W. Baianbi'no, n. [It. baba.] (Painting.) An art-phrase ____ Rivers. The Tenmes, Alt-bega, and the Karusch. Fr'od. signifacti o the inant Chist, asrepresntedi a Maize, wheat, other grains, and cotton. Silkworms are swaddling-clothes, and tended by angels, in many of the reared, and the cattle and hlorses are held in high estimaaltar-pieces of Roman Catholic churches. At Rome, in _ ltion. Minerals. iron and copper in themountain regioss, the church of the "Ara Coeli," may be seen one of the and some gold has been discovered. The mineral springs finest examples, the Santissimo Bambino, which is of of Mehadia are in great repute. Chief town. Tenmesvar. carved wood, painted, and profusely adorned with trin- Pop. 1,111,014.- Formerly, Banat was a name given to kets and gems. The carving is said to have been the any district or territory under a ban, q. v. It is now work of aFrauciscaie friar, and wroughlt fiom the wood of sapplied solely to this province, although it has no ban. a tree on Mount Olivet, whither he Ihad made a pilgrim- {'" ~ Banawararn, (begna-warc —anm,) a town of Hlindostan, age; while the picture itself is attributed to St. Lulke. in Mysore, 06 se. from Seringapeatam; Lat. 1E5 24' N.; This B. is supposed to have wondetrful efficacy in tie / Lon. 760 13' E. healing of the sick, esnd is accordingly much revered by Banpa'ba ridge, a fourishing town of Ireland, is the to. devotees of the Roman Catholic religion. The festival Down, ose the Bann, 23 m. S.W. of Belfast; pop. 5,062. of the B. at Epiphany is celebrated by vast numbers of PFig. 280. - AnBoo00, (B. spinosa.) Ban'bulry, a fine and flourishing town of England, inl persons who flock into Rtome from the country districts a. Section of the stem. Oxiordshire, 69 m. N.W. of London. It is especially with oblations to its shrine. once majestic andl elegant, and imnpresses upon the tra- noted for its cakes. _pop. about 4,800. Bamboe'ci, ANTONiO, an eeinsent Italian sculptor, n. yeller the peculiar e aslpect of a tropical region. In the Banes, (bcn,) or BANCO. [Fr., a bench.] (Hist. of Law.) 1368. He is chiefly remarkable for his magnificent joints of the steses an opaque white selestance, beconming A tribunal or judgment-seat. IHence, Bancus regieme, or tombs; amiong the finest of which are that of Cardinal opaline when wetted, and composed of silica, is found, Queen's Benclh; and Bancus coemmeunicum placitorixeo, Minutolo, (the object of Boccaccio's praise,) of Cardinal called Tabasheer. Tie seeds are sometimes used instead Common Beinch, or Commnon Pleas. In England, the Carbone, and above all, the Aldemareschi Mausoleum. of rice, and a tolerably good bread is niade of them. It judges of the three superior courts of common law sit in B. stands as the linkl between Ciccione and Aniello grows very rapidly, but does not bear fruit or grain till basnc, or banco; that is, on the bench of their respective Fiore; and, together with these, is one of the greatest it is twenty-five years old. courts at Westminster, during term-time, for the purpose glories of the Neapolitan school of sculpture during the asa i'an, in Cabul See BAUMEAN. of adjudicating on causes that have been referred to them 15th century. D. at Naples, 1435. Ba'nslniakoo, a town of Bambarra, in Central Afirica, from the inferior courts, and where the law is in dispute. BamboeC ie, (bae-bochl'e-o,) a celebrated Italian on the Niger; Lat. 120 50' N.; Lon. 50 48' W. iBalsca, (baenks,) an island of the E. or Indian Archipainter, whose real name was PETERx vAN LAca; but Baatpoor'a, ai town of Hindostan, prov. of Malwah, in pelago, belonging to the Ist or W. division, lying off the who is better known by the nickname of B., oxi account Rtejpootana, on the Rewa River, 1,344 feet above sea-level, N.E. coast of Surnatra, between Lat. 10 30' and 3" 8' S.. of his deformity. B. at Laerden, 1613; hle lived at Rome and 50 se. from Kiotah. Lat. 240 31' N.; Lon. 750 t E. Lons. between 1050 9' and 1060 5i' E.; length, fiioni N.W. for several years, and painted inns, farriers' shops, esdl Tihe town and adjacent territory formerly were a part to S.E., 135 nm.; average breadth. 35. Acrea, 3,568 sq. us. cattle with great effect. His style is soft, and his touchi of IHolkar's dloninions. Pop. estimated at 20,000. Its smest reearekable features are the tin-mines, about delicate, with great transparency of coloring. D. 1673. Bass,n. [Fr. bae, proclamantion, proscription; A.S. bao- 4,000 tons of tin being annually exported, mainly to Bamboo', n. (Bet.) See B.noUSA. nan, abannan, to command, to proclatim; Tent, anid Chlina and Javma, for re-exportation to Europe. B. was -v. a. To administer a flogging with a bamboo. Sclav. ban, a governor, a prince.] This word is bfound discovered by the English in 1710, and was ceded to their Bamnboo'zle, i. a. Vulgarly used in the sense of to de- in many of the mnodern hinguages of Europe in various East India Company by the Sultan of Paleml ban g, ill ceive; to cozen; to practise mean tricks upon. senses. But as the idea of'publication' or'proclaess- 5810. In 1814, the English ceded the ishmland to IIolland.'- After Nick had bamboozled about the money, John aslled for tion' runs through them all, it is probable that it is the Peo1). 54,339. counters."-Arbuthnot.. ancient word ban still preserved in the Gaelic and thie Bale'ca, (STnAIs or,) separating the islands of Banca and Basnboo'zler, n. A trickstex; a cheat; a cozener. modern Welsh in the siml)le sense of proclaiming or Sumatra, ranges from 8 to 20 m. broad. " There are a set of fellows they cal banterers and bamboozle-s, peublishing, as in banlss, q. v. -As a part of conexon e B0asscallan, (ban'kal-en,) a fortified town on the W. that play such tricks."-Arbuthnot. speech, the word is now so rarely used that it is put into side of the island of Madura, Indian Archipehlago. Lat. Bas'blboarothg, a coast-town and prov. of England, some glossaries of provincial or archaic words, as if' it 70 2' S.; Loun. 1120 45C E. It is a large and populous in Northumberland, 17 m. S.E. of Berwick-on-Tweed. were obsolete, or confined to some particular districts or place, and the residence of the sultan of the island. There is here a magnificent feudal castle, which is ic particular classes. Yet, both as a substentive and a Baneo, (bti/'ko,) n. [It., a balnk.] (Cbonm.) This term, good preservation. It is said to have been built in 548, verb, it is found in some of our best writers, —among the formerly applied to the standard money in which a bankl andil rebuilt in 1070. Pop. about 4,600. poets, Spenser, Marlowe, and Shakspeare; and among held its tranesactions, as distinguished from the current Bainlbouk, (bac'booic,) a kingdom of Central Africa, prose-writers, Knolles and Hooker,-in the sense of curs- money of thie place, is now chiefly applied to the money lying between the rivers Senegal and Gaiubia, and en- ing, or denouncing woe and mischief against an offender. in which the Hainburg banelk keeps its accounts, which closed by the upper courses of the rivers Falerne anid When a grant of land was made for a religious purpose, is not represented by any coinage. The Hamburg Mark Senegal. Lat. between 12/02 and 14/20 N.; Lon. be- the transaction was proclaimed with certain cerenmonies. B. is to the current mnark as 20 to 10. Sweden has also tween 103/ and 12 i/A W. In form it is nearly a paral- and curses were denounced against any one ewho should a peculiar banli-money, 8 dollars B. being equal to 3 dollelogram, 140 m. in length, and 100 in width; and is hereafter violate the deed. Persons who escaped firom lars specie. Genoa had at one time a bankl standard, and supposed to have an area of about 14,000 sq. m. —Dsc. justice, or who opposed themselves to the sentence of the present current mnoney being different i'ose that, is The surfnce is mountaieious, but, onil the whole, well the Church, were also sometinmes banned. In Germany, still called JfItore barnc, outside the banek. watered and fertilo. —Prod. Maize, millet, cotton, and persons or cities who opposed tlhemselves to tile generael launcoor'ale, in Hindostan. See ]URDnWAN. immense water-encilems. It abeuails with leguiminous voice of the Confederation, were, by some public act, Bm'elnrof't, AARON, tither of the nmeore celebrated George plants, and the lower landsd. -hic:h are exposed to the placed under the ban of the empire. In F'rance, i Bmancroft, q. v., was boen at Reading, Mass.,in 1755. lor inundations of the rivers, yield large crops of the finest feIbdal times, the barons who held their lands direct from 60 years he labored as a clergyman, first in Novwa Scotia, rice. —C~,e. Perhlaps the most unhealthy on the face of the kinig, when sumnmoned to attend him in time of war, and at a later period at Worcester. His best-lknown the gloele, iand uninhabitabl e bly Europeans.-Mins. Gold were called the ban, and the tenants of the secondary worlk is a Life of George Washington; blut lee published, in abullanlcmc, which is given to the MIonrs in exchemnge rank, tile arriire-ban. -cIn the Sclavonic tonegues, B. or ot various times. numerous addresses and sernlons, Of for salt. The niatives are a fierce IMamdinclieo rsace, and Banns (probabtly it conetraction of toe Illyric word Bogan, his See-rens on the Doctr'ines of the Gospel, Johns Adams quite backward in civiliz:ttion. Iu the 15ith century Lord) was me title given to some of thie military chiefs said, that he "never read a volumne of sexrmsoxns better this country was occupied by the Portts`dsee. During who sgurd e the eastern boundanries of the IHungtgr ian adapted to the age or country is which it wias written." the last century it waits visited by Mungo Parki and Major kingdomx, and was Iherefore synonymous with thIe Ger- D. in 1840. Houghton. Pop. unknown. s11me Jarkglrlgaf, or Margrave. Within hiss own territory, Ban'c'oft, Goe E, sim ensient American histonien, Bamnbu'sa, n. [Skr. ban buh,.] (Bot.) The Baeemboo, a or B coat, the B. exercised an influence similar to esas born at Woi-cester, Msse.,in 1800. Hegraduated at genus of plants, ord. Geraertiacece. A nnmmebier of species thaet of the Palatine in Ilungary, and only inferior to Harvard College. I-e then travelled in Europe, and are keown, all giga-ntic, tree-like, branching grasses, that o' a Iking. In the 16th century, the various banate studied at Gittingen mnd Berlin'; and, in 1820, had conneatives of India, the isles of Sumidaj and tropical Amxer- were formed into the United Banat of Dalmatia and ferred upon hiim the diploma of Ph. D. After nmaking ica. The stems aer hollow, joinited, hard externally, anid Croatia. In 1723, it was made entirely subordinate to thee "graend tommr," he returned to America in 1822. He coeated with flint. The bamlboo is one of the mnost valu- the supreme government of IIlngary; and during the was originally destined for the pulpit, but a love bfor lite able and usefusl plhnts which the Author of natuse has reign of Maria Theresa, the Ban was aclknowledlged to erature proved the stronger attraction. For a bx'ief bestowedon the n:mtives of the countries where it grows. be the 3d dignity of the Iluxngrianr kingdom. )During period he held the post of Greekl Professor in Harvtard Wherever strength and elasticityaro required in comnbi- the disturbances in Vienna and Itungary, ill 1848, the College. After publishiin g a volume of poems, and a nation witlhe lighetness, there the baemboo is availhble. 13Ban Jellachich, q. v., rendered important services to the translation of Feeree's Reflections en tic Politics of AnIHouses are made ald rscol'ed with theme, sand cell sorts of Austrian emperor. cient Greece, Dr. B. devoted himself to the duties of an incarpentry work ire prepared from their stems. Cut (sil,) A proclamation by beat of drum, requiring structor of youth, opening a greatpublic school at Northinto lengths, and the partitions at the joints knocked strict observmnce of discipline, either for declaring a anmpton, to which le attracted a very emninent staff of out, they form durable vwatec-pipes, or if the pahrtition new officer, or for pumxishing an offender. - Webshcr. professors from Germany. The intervals saved iriom is left, excellent bueckets are msnade for holdinx uveater. (Coon.) A description of fine muslin fabricated in the professional duties were devoted to superintending sand Matsts of vessels, lance-shafts, Icows and ans-o's, with East Indies. publishing a traxnslation of HRerre's Hiistoreies mef thle the qhlver for receiving them, eallring sticks and smuok- — ve a. To curse; to anathematize; to execrat. States of Antiquity, aced tue Political Syalee of Lmsr.e ilug-pipes are readily prepared, and by notching their'".. wherein he cursed and banned the Christians.' —Keollee. asl its Colonies. Between the years 1834 and 1855, B.'s sides the Malays mnaeke wonderfully light scaling-ladders, Massagganpiliy, (ba'na-gan-pii'e,) a village of HIindos- great work. T'ie History of thie United States, was puheeasily conveyed whe re heavier machines could not be tan, ini the Dalag'hn aut territory, 70 m. fioom Cuddapah. hished, in which the sumbject was treated in the spirit of treocesported. A grove.of these gx antic grasses es-hesum It is faomous for its diainond mines. Lat. 140 28' N.; that advanced criticisue eshic h has refommed the style of covered with spinees, as several of the species are, such lons. 790 N. modern historical namrestivve. It placed its autheor at as B. spinesa, form stockades imnpeneetrablee without the Bssuisg-Is'er, a town and parish of Ireland, King's co., once amomg the gm-eat es-ritems of the age. I 1840 he mxii of aLrtillery. Thee ymxn5 shoots, as tlsey spume~ f'r~ox on thee 8iiremonno, 68 m. W.S.W. of Dublin; pop. of town, was appointed minister to Greast Britain, and there rethe earth, make me tender seed good esculent vegetable, aobosut,.000, sided unetil 1849. Dr. B. leas also contributed to the sonid thsey are also used as a pickle. Most of the paper Banag'is'er, a parish of Ireland, co. Londonderry, and Nsstim Aeeece-ican Reuiew, axed isiartcles thereiron weme secanufactesred ir Chilna is-made fi-om the leaves bruised 16 ni frlom that city; pop. about 5,500. published at New York in 1855, under the title of xlnd Crushed in water, and of the fibres, baskets are made B!asalbsfar,, (ba'nal-boo'far,) a toen of Spain, im Miscellanies, Essays, and Reviews. In 1867, B. was apmnetd a duraoble material prepared for weaving into mats, Mj-tjorcac, one of thee Balenric Isleands, 10 m. N.W. of inteel niniotexi to fle Pi-nesiax Court. wimedoow —blinds, sened even tfle sails of bohits It would Pahlames. Fine xmarlehe-quariies aexe close to the tower. Ii"uuns'roft, in Georgia, as villhtge of FraEnklin co., 110 m. lee difitqcxlt to enumercates tflee varoious purposes to which Posp. aboest 3,5it0. NW. stf Augusta. 212 BAND BAND BAND lBanctroft, in Iowa, a N.N.W. county, bordering on Bandage, (band'age,)n. [Fr.] (Surg.) Any fillet, roller, the chin, till they meet on the top of the head, where Minnesota, with an at-ea of 450 sq. t. It is watered by or swath of linen, cotton, or flannel, used for supporting they are again to he twisted, taken back, and the ends the Mankato river and its affluents. a limb, retaining a dressing, or keeping in position thile tied beneath the chin; or they may be brought back, Ban'croft, in Maine, a post-township of Aroostook co.; edges of a wound. The use of a bandage is to comnpress and secured in a bow on the top of the head.-A doublepop. about 360. blood-vessels, correctdeformities, nniTewounds,keep freic- headed bandage of extremely narrow dimensions is someBanieroft, in Massachuselts, a village of Berkshire co. tured bones in their proper situation, &c. A b:ndage, of times used for securing dressings on the fingers, ad shown Ban'croft, in Minnesota, a post-township of Freeborn whatever material it may be mnade, should be strong, and in Fig. 282, B, the terminal ends being used as strings co., 45 min. S.E. of Mankato, with a village of the same of sufficient elasticity to support the parts to which it name on Shell Rock River; pop. about 600. is applied, without becoming relaxed or loose; and suf- T B!an'leroft, in Missouri, a post-village of Daviess co. ficiently supple and soft to fold wvvith ease and neatness, Band, n. [A.S. banda, from bindan, to hind; Sansk. and yet yield without relaxation to the natural expanbundae; Fr. bande.] That which binds, ties, or fastens; sionofthelimb. Ahandagsshonldhewithoutseamorsela tie; a fillet; a cord; a bielt. vage, and have smooth, unravelled edges. B. are divid"You shall find the hand, that seems to tie their friendship to- ed into simple and compound. A sinmple B. is a long, nar- gether, will be the very strangler of their amity." —Shaks. row piece of muslin, linen, or flannel, of lengths varying -M8~eaus of restraint or union between persons. (o.) friom three to nine yards, and of a width from 2 to 6 inches. Here's eight that must take hands, A comspousnd B. is that which has one, two, or more pieces To join in Hymen's bands."-Shaks. sewn. together; the most serviceable and frequently used -A company of soldiers; a body of musicians, or of per- is called the T'bandage, and is composed of one horizontal /-l sons united for any purpose. linib, and a perpendicular one meeting it in the centre, "Strait the three bends prepare, in arms to join, where itis joined by a few stitches, forming afigure rudely Each band the number of the sacred Nine." —Pope. resembling a T. We will describe the peculiarities and (Bet.) One of the spaces between the elevated lines modes of application of the B. in most general domestic or ribs, of the fruit of umbelliferous plaots. - Loudoel. use. — 1. The single-headed roller, of linen, which, being (Mehl.) A belt com:umntsicating motionfrom one pulley rolled up from one end firmly, is denominated a roller,A to another. - See PoULLEt. the rolled part being called the head, and the loose end Fig. 23. (Arch.) A fiat moulding, with a vertical face slightly the tail. —To apply this bandage properly, the head of to secure the whole. —Great difficulty is sometimes projecting beyond the vertical or curved face of any the roller is to be held in the right hand, and only so experienced in securely fistening the end of a bandage, moulding or parts of an edifice to which it is attached. mnch sinrolled as is necessary for the commencement of pins being often very objectionable; with the doubleIt is very extensively employed in edifices, and is used the application. —In all cases of applying a bandage to headed roller it is easy enough to make a how; so equally apparently to bind parts of buildings together, as in the the leg, (Fig. 282, A,) or the arm, covering must begin is it with the single-headed bandage, if the final end of bands which are employed to bind the triglyphs of a either at the foot or the hand, so as to compress the whole the roller is split with the scissors into two ribbons, a Doric architrave. This moulding is most frequently limb alike. Thisfactmustbeboune in mindwhileputting twist given to both, and one carried below and then tied used in the basenent story of a building, where it on the roller, for if unevenly applied, the part, when un- with the other; by this means a safe and secure termibecomes a bold and striking feature. It is for the most swathed, will appear ip creases of swollen and contracted nation can always be effected. part plain, though sometimes enriched. The term band ridges. Taking the tail in the fingers of the left hand, Band'age, v. a. To bind with a bandage or fillet. and bandelet, little band, is often applied to what is more and spreading it across the foot, and making a careful Ban'dagist, n. One who makes bandages, more parproperly speaking afillet. The band is, howvever, broader beginning by passing the roller a few times over the top ticularly for hernia.-l)unglison. in proportion than the fillet. This mouldintg is also em- Banda'la, n. (Bet.) The fibreusedin the manufacture ployed to encircle the shafts of columns. A plain band of the white Manilla rope. is often placed in both public and private buildings,'B Bandana, Bandanna, (ban-ds~nna,) n. [Sp. baneither on or nearly on the samne level with the floors, as daoa, fronl bandao, a lhandkerchief woven of bast.] if the original intention had been to finish the pr-ject- (Aloof.) A process invented by M. Kehlin, of Mfihling ends of the floors with a fiat board. hausen, in 1810, for printing calico, in which white or Band, v. a. To bind together; to tie. ( colored spots are produced on a dark ground.-The method "With wings unfledged, his eyes were bandcd over." —Dryden. employed, which is said by sene to have had its origin -To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. A e,\\1V\\t$I I///~%'t in India, is as follows: —The pattern desired is cut out "Some of the boys banded themselves as for the major, and in two sheets of ead, hich are placed at e top and others for the King." —Carew. bottom of a pile of handkerchiefs, mostly dyed with -v. n. To unite in a band; to associate; to confederite. Turkey-red. Bleaching-liquid is then forced, by means Ban'da, or BANDAIIs.o toen of Isindostoni, prov. of Alls- of a powerful Bramah-press, through the perforations in hahad, cap. of diset of S. Bundleclimd, SO m. W. of Alla- A.oj - tihe top sheet of lead, through the pile of handkerchiefs, habad. Lat. 250 50' N., Lon. 80 20' E. It is a conoidera- i and out of ths perforations in the lover sheet. The blo place, and has an extenasiv~e trm~adeo muin cotton. bleaching liquor in its course discharges the color from Bnanrdt~, or NUTMEO ISLANDS, a grloulp of 12 simall ishmnds, Ban'da, or NUTaiEo JeIS-eNS a gioup of 12 sm oh islands, the cloth and lesoves the pattern. - B. handkerchiefs are belonging to the 3d or E. division of the Malay archli- Kg. 82 not no so fashionable as Iheywere at one time; hut M. pelago, and owned by thle Dutch; the principal, Banda Koachlino process is vsluable in sany otler ways. Neira, lying in 40 300 S. Lat. aind 1300 E. Lon., 120 m. and under the hollow of the tfiot, making each fold, or Band'box, n. A slight paper-box for holding bands, Ei.S.E. of Amboyna. Lantost, the largest of the islands, revolution cover a third of the lorss's circle,. the basndage caps, bonnets, &c. is only 8. m. lolng, and 3 broad. They are all high and is to be carried round tihe hIeel, and so on to the leg. As "With empty band-box she delights to range, of volcanic oriin; one of them, Goonun Api, contains a the lisb increases in size, the bandage must be miade to And feigns a distant errand from thile'Change." —Gay. of volcanic orion n f t h, GonugA, contains a!! volcano, 2,500 ft. above the sea, which is continually fold back on itself by a double of the cloth, the fingers of Bandeau, (bcdn'do,) n.; pl. BArNDEAsXx (bdn'doz.) [Fr.] the opposite hand being placed on the limb at the point A narrow fillet or band, used as a head-dress; a mode of _______________._ where the turn is to be made, as shown in the above cut. wearing the hair by ladies. -_ ":': —:"~:~'~'= __ —-' ~ In this manner the bandage is to be carried up the limb, Ban'ded, a. (Hea.) It is said of a wheatsheaf, bundle ______________ - the roller being passed from hand to hand, as the situa- of arrows, or of any otlher charge, when tied together - tion of the part 1requires tse change. The tightest part with a band of different color friom the charge itself..... ___ ____ of a bandage should be at the commencement, with so Ttsus a golden wheatsheaf tied with a red band would be __ —-?._ ____~....*- ~ gradual slackening as it proceeds.-The next most useful thus expressed in heraldic terms; a garb or banded gules. application of this roller is as in Fig. 283, A, where it is Ban'del1, EResT Vo0, a celebrated German sculptor, n. applieol for injuries to the eye or orbit, or for wounds 1800, in Anspach. His first remarkable production was to the upper part of the cheek. The dressing having a marble figure of Charity, which occupied the artist ________ been applied, and a compress placed over all, the tail about ten years. It exhibits great chasteness of design, of the bandage (b) is to be spread on the temple of and a minute carefulness of execution. Among his best the side affected, carried across the forehead and round portrait busts, in which he excels, is that of Maximnilian, ____'~~ 4~ "- -~:~ ~ -the temples, above the ears, but between each and the king of Bavaria, (1832.) In 1842, B. executed a bust of head, for two or three turns; a fold is then to be made the poet Grabbe, and a marble statue, as large as life, of in the bandage behind the ear of the unaffected side, and Thusnelda, wife of Hermann. there pinned to tihe previous circles. - The bandage (a) is B]and'elet, n. (Arch.) See BAnD. ______ __________ - then to bebrought obliquely down over the forehead, past Bandello, MATTEO, (ban-dail'e,) an Italian Doninican the angle of the nose, across the cheek and compress; monk, B. about 1480, who wrote some lively novelle or round the back of the head, over two-thirds of the pre- tales after the manner of Boccaccio. He accompanied vious oblique fold, and in the same manner three courses Francis I. to France; was made bishop of Agen in 1550, of thile bandage are to be taken over the eye or wound, and D. 1561. Fig. 281. - -ooNUNO API when a second double of tihe roller is to be made over Bande-noire, (band-noawo'.) [Fr., "IBlack-band."] the first, and, like that, pined to the bandage below. (Hist.) The name given to societies of speculators emittingsmolre, and sometimes flame. Clinate, injurious The roller is now to be carried once or twice round the formed during the first French revolution for the purto strangers; the W. monsoon brings rain and storms in temples and head, the end of the roller doubled under, chasing of ecclesiastical property, and residences of the Dec., and earthquakos occur from Oct. to April. Soil, and neatly fastened on the forehead with three sisall nobility which were for sale at that time. These they chiefly a rich black mould. Four of the larger and cen- pins. -2. The double-headed rollerl consists of a slip of pulled down, and sold the materials; and hence received tral islands arealmost entirely appropriated to the growth muslin, equally rolled up from either end to the centre in their opprobrious name. of nutmegs, their cultsvation in the other islands being two heads. Its length depends upon thepurpose to which Banal'der, s. A person who bands with others. prohibited. The inlhobitaots consist mostly of Papuan it is to be put.-For clean-cut wounds of the thigh or Bande'ra, a S. central co. of Tkxas; area, 10,000 sq. nm. Negroes, Chinese, and Dutch. Sago and cocoa form the leg, to support the muscles, and keep the parts in appo- The Medina River flows through it, and also Hondo chief vegetable food. The imports are provisions for the sition or connection, both ends of the bandage are to be Creek. Pop. about 500. —Its cap., Bandera City, is a hIuropeans, piece-goods, cutlery, and iron fi'om Batavia; unrolled for about a quarter of a yard; this being passed post-village on the Medina itiver, 45 m. W.N.W. of San sa0go, salted deer, &c., firoos Cera;m: peaorls, bird's-nests, belowv the limb, and a head held in either hand, the band- Antonio. tortoise-shell, and slaves for the Dutch and Chinese mer- age is brought up on each side, the right-hand heed car- BRanderole, (bcdt'drol,) so. [Fr.; Sp. bnsdesa,; It. banchants, from Aru. Chief export. Nuitnmegs. The seat of ried to the left, and the left to the right side, and each, diiea, banner.] (Mil.) Any little flag or pennon atgovt. is at the fortified toswn of Bande Neira, where with a moderoote amount of pressure, laid smoothly, and teched to a spear, and also thse fringed flag hanging from there is a good harbor. - A Portuguese, Antonio Ab- slightly overlapping, in an oblique direction, each other. the straight trumnpet used by casvalry, or thsaot one soundreus, discovered these islands in 1512. In 1524 thie In thsis manner repeating each double foldand beginning ed, in feudal times, before the heralds wsese making any Portuguese, in 1589 the Dutch, amod in 1810 the English, the bandaging a few inches below the wound, and termi- proclamation. successively possessed thselnsehves of them. In 1814 they nating as mssnch above it, the roller is brought to a con- (les-.) A little streamer or ribbon attached to ibs were restored to the Isutch. elusion, and tied in a bow.-When the injury is in thie shaft of a crozier, aond fblding over it like a label. Bmtn'da Oriental. See Ucure.sY. head, on the temple (.Fig. 283, B), the wound having been (Asch.) The ribbon-moulding used to receive names Ban'da, SEA oF, a space of sea in the Easterin Archi- dressed, the double-headed roller (b) is to be carried from or inscriptions in buildings of the Renaissance period. pelago, bounded by the islands of Booroo ansd Cerum on the opposite temple, and brought round to the wound (a),I Btand'l-fishs n. (Zos1.) A genus of acanthopterygious the N.; Timur, and the Serawattee Islands on thie S.; on the top of which the meeting rollers are twisted, as fishes. They are so thin and flat in proportion to their Larat, Laut, and other isles on the E.; and the sea of shown in the cut, and one head (c) taken over thie top of length, that they had been formerly named Fcenia or Flores on the W. the head, the other (c) carried down the cheolt and under Ribbon-fish. BANG BANG BANI 213 Bandicoot, (bstn'di-koot,) n. (Zoel.) The common by a blow; Icel. banga, to strike, to knock.] To beat; to liberality, and just arrived at completion. There are name or' the genus PERAMELES, q. v. thump; to handle roughly; to treat with violence. two large and excellent public libraries, - the "MerBandinelli, (banede-nelle,) BARTOLsMAssE0, or BAccIo, "He....put it into his servants' hands to fence with, and bang cantile," containing 9,000 vols., and that of the "Meone of the greatest sculptors of Italy, B. at Florence in one another." — Locke. chanics' Association," 3,000.- Ships of from 1,200 to 1487. But iforhis deep-rootedjealousy of Michael Angelo, -Vulgarly, to surpass; to excel; as, that man bangs all. 1,400 tons come up to tile city with full cargoes; and this artist, by his undoubted genius, would have attained — n. A blow with a club; a heavy blow. more lumber is exported thence than from any other even a greater and more durable fame. His group of "With maay a stiff thwack, many a bang, port in New England, the annual quantity averaging Hercules and Cacus is considered by many to be his Hard crab-tree and old iron rang." - Hucdibras. 220,000,000 ft. The railroads that connect this city with masterpiece, though in the bas-relief representing the -A drug. See BANOUE. the West, are the Maine Central, Portland and KenneDescent fsoom the Cross, now at Milan, he has fully Bang, a town of Hindostan, prov. of Malwa, in Scindia, bec, and the Grand Trunk lines. The European and equalled, if not surpassed, even his great rival. D. 1559. 82 in. S.W. of 0ozein, and 145 m. N.E. of Surat. It is North American Railroad has its S. terminus in this Bland'ing-plane, n. (Carp.) A plane used for cut- remarlkable for its cave temples of Buddhic origin, about city, and runs N.E. to Winu, a distance of about 60 m., ting out grooves, and inlaying strings and bands in both 314 m. S. of the town. from which place it will reach the E. boundary of the straight and circular work. - Ogilvie. Ban'gall, in New York, a post-office of Duchess co. State and connect with the British Colonial Railroad Bandit, (bcti'dit,) n.; 2p. BANDITS, BxoDITTI. [It. ban- Bang'alore, a fortified town of Hindostan, prov. of terminating at Halifax, Nova Scotia. This will, probadito, from bandire, to banish.] Literally, one proclaimed Mysore; Lat. 120 57' N., Lon. 770 38' E.; 60 m. N.E. of bly, be soon the route of European travel by way of as banned or banished; hence, one who is at war with Seringapatam. It is built on a table-land, 3,000 ft. above Halifax, thus dispensing with the voyage thence to New civilized society; an outlaw; a brigand; a highwayman; the sea, and is so salubrious, that Europeans often resort York, - a voyage of 1,000 m. along a rough and dangera robber, to it for the benefit of their health. The palace of Tippoo ous coast.-B. was first settled in 17 69, incorporated as a "No bandit fierce, no tyrant mad with pride."-Pope. Saib, here, is a striking building in the Saracenic style. town, in Feb., 1795, and as a city, Feb., 1834. Pop. 18,500. Ban'dle, so. [Jr. banntlasss, a csbit, from bann, ameas- B. is' generally a large and well-built place, and the Blans'gor, in Michigan, a post-township of Van Buren sire, asd lasil, hand, aris.] A Imeasure of length, in neighborhood is prolific of the finest firuits. —Manf. co., 30 m. W. of Kalamazoo; pop. about 800. Ireland, of a dimension of two feet. Silk and cotton fabrics. Most of the inhabitants are -A village and township of Bay co., on Saginaw Bay; Balndoleer', n. [Fr. bandcoulire; Sp. bandoeler.] (Mil.) Hindoos. Pop. estimated at 70,000. B. was founded by PO of tonhip, aout 1,100. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p p. of township, about 1,100. Beibre the invention of the cartridge, q. v., soldiers' mus- IHyder All, and captured by the British under Lord -A village of Oakland co., 7 u. N. of Pontiac. kets were provided with matchlockls, a very slow and Cornwallis, in 1791. Ban'gor, in Ncw York, a post-towiship of Franklin ineffective contrivance for firing. The muslketeers were Ban'ghy, sn. A sort of bamboo pole to be carried on a co., 160 i. N. by W. of Albasy; pop. about 3,000. furnished with gunpowder in small cylindrical boxes person's shoulder, with abasket suspended at each end.- Ban'gor', in Pennssylvania, a village of York co., 24 m. made of wood, tin, or leather, each containing sufficient Wercester. S. of Lancaster. for one charge. Twelve of these little boxes were fixed Bang'ing, a. Extensive; huge; great; a vulgarism, Baln'lgor, in Wisconsin, a post-village and township of to a belt called a bandoleer, worn over the left shoulder. implying, surpassing or exceeding in size. La Crosse o., on the La Crosee tiver, 15 m. E.N.E. of The noise they made, when agitated by the wind, but Ban'gle, n. A ring (usually of gold) worn by the na- La Crosse; pp. of township, about 1,000. more especially the danger of all taking fire from the tives of India, Africa, &c., upon their arms and ankles. Bang-pa-soe, a considerable town of Siam, on the match-cord, occasioned their disuse about the year 1640. Bana'gle-ear, n. A term applied to the ear of a horse, Bang-pa-kung river, near its mouth, 39 m. E.S.E. of Ban'doline, n. (Per'f.) A glutinous pomade, used to when loose and hanging, like that of a dog Bangkok; Lat. 130 30' N.; Lon. 1010 11' E. It is popufix or retain ladies' hair when dressed in bauds. - A good Ban'gkok, or Ban'kok, the capital city of the king- louns, is stockaded, and considered a place of defencs B. may be readily prepared by dissolving I oz. tragacanth dom of Siam. It stands on a swamnpy tract on both sides against the Aniamese. in 10 oz. alcohol and 30 oz. welter; and after letting it of the river Menam, in Lat. 130 40' N., Lon. 1010 10' E., Bangue', or Bang, n. A narcotic and intoxicating stand for two days, straining the mucilage and perfum- and 15. N. of' the Gulf of Stam. B. consists of 3 psrts, opiate. See HASHISH. ing it with some drops of essence of lemon. viz., the palace, the town proper, and the floating town. Banian', n. [Sansk. pan, to sell, panyna, salable, basik, Ban'dolon, n. [Sp.j (Mes.) The name given, in Mex- The first contains, besides the royal residence and its merchant.] A general name given in India to a merico and other Spanish-speaking countries, to a stringed gardens, muany temsples and shops. The town proper chant, more particularly to the great merchants of the musical instrument, closely resembling the guitar. W. provinces at Bombay, Surat, Cambay, &c., who carry Ban'd.on, or BAnooN-BanioE, a town of Ireland, co. 5~ on an extensive caravan trade with the interior of Asia, ~Cork~, 14 m. S.W. of Cork; pop. bout 6,700. -It is situ- even to the borders of Asiatic Russia and China. MerCorlc, 1 in. SW.of Cori; pep. ebosit 0,00. - I is situ __ __________________________candle__escantil iestablihments nfdIndianBanians erettobb ated on a river of the same name that the poet Spenser cntle establishments of Indin Bnns are to be has celebrated as ____ ~ --— ~- ____________ found in almost every important commercied city in Asia. The Banians form a particular caste in Indis, and B dThe pleasant Bandon, crorned by many a wood." are distinct fron the Braline, Cutlery, snd Wyse, the three-stringed inu[Sices instrument.] (Alasr.) A stiinged three other castes. The nanle B. was at first given by three-stringed musical instrument.] (Mus.) A stringed Muia isr enrsmlnalu.Europeans to all the Hindoos, they being the class with adusicrol instru. Seent, resembling a lute. which they had the most frequent intercourse; and Bamady'ol, n. [rbaSeerBANobE n.oALCc. benatthehence the term was used in contradistinction to Moham1Basn'~ly, s. [Fr. bander, to bend.] A club bent at the m n' redan. The Batninnls are vm'~y strict in the observance lower part for striking a ball at play. -A play at ball With suchve p r fr srkn a al a pes.- A pa atblub. of the fasts prescribed by their religion, and in refusing with such a clsub. toetfls o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~to eat flesh. — v. a. To beat or toss to and fro, as withea bandy. to1~ eatI flesh -e. a. To beat or toss to and fm as wills a bandy. i -A morning-gown or wsrapper, resembling that worn by "And like a ball bandy'd,'twixt pride and wit the Baniane. Rather than yield, both sides the prize will quit."-Denlsam. - - — The Indian fig-tree. See BANYAN. -To give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. lBanian' Days, ne. pl1. (Nsaut.) A cant term used by "Do yeou bandy looks with me, you rascal? " —Shaks. sailors to denote those days on which they have no meat -To toss about; to agitate. served out to themn; derived from the practice of the "This hath Seen so bandied amongst us."-Locke. sBiniane, who never eat flesh. -v. n. To contend, as at some game, in which each one Ba'nias, a toan of Palestine, situated at the foot of a strives to drive the bait his own way. __ branch of Anti-Libanus, now called Jebel Heish, the "oid set nprndeeagainsi:and, Mount ttermono of Scripture, which was the northern:'Could set up grandee against grandee, Tou s qu gander time away, and bandey."-Hardbras. L —-—,:-_2 - ~ boundary of the children of Israel, and the Paneinum of Toan'yleg, n. sqla. benderieaa, ato aend. - crooks ed Iegba. the Romnans. Bahias is supposed to be on or near the Ban'dy-leg, so. [Fm'r. bander, to bed.] A crooked loeg, site of the Ban of the Jews. Its name was changed to generally used of a leg that curves inwards. Fig. 284. - vw oF BANGKOK. Cosarea Philippi, by Philip the Tetrarch, son of Ierod; Your bandy~-leg, or crooked nose.'" —Swift. le nbt ak ftervr ihiswoe n "Nor nm kes ascruple to expose lies on both banks of thse river, avillitst wooden and the for me r part of the name was in honor of the ErmYour ad-leg, or crooked nose."-St. palm-roofed houses built on piles driven into the mud; peror Tiberius, to which Philip added his own by way Ban'dy.-leggedl', a. Having crooked legs. each house being provided with a boat. The floating of distinguishing it from the Cmsarea on the sea-coast. "The Eshiopians had a one-eyed, bandyglegged prince."-Collier. town consists of a number of bamsboo-rafts, bearing rows'The modern village contains only about 150 houses, Bane, so. [A.S. bana; Icel. buna, to slay.] Thsset whtic' of 8 or 10 houses each, with a platform in front, onil which mostly inhabited by Turks; it is a dependency on the causes death, destruction, ruin, or mischief: that wiich the wares for sale are exposed; most of the trade is thus town of Hasbeya, about tventy milei to the north, whose poisons or renders poisonous. conducted on the river, on which, itis believed, one-half of Emir nominates the Sheikh. It stands on a triangular"False reilgion is in its nature, the greatest bane and destrua- the population resides. There are lmany Buddhlic tem- shaped piece ofground esclosed by the riser of Banias and tion to governmsent in the world."-South. plea; the principal of which is 200 ft. high, and con- the Jordan, and is backed by the mountains, at the foot -Destruction; ruin; poison; mischiefi tns 1,500 statues of Buddha. The trade of B. is prob- of which, to the N.E. of the village, the river of Banias -e to mepisn death and life, eably more extensive than that of any other emporium takes its rise, in a spacious cavern beneath a precipitous mSed Y deeth nod ifs. usin the East not occupied by Europeans. - c'xp. Sugar, 3Iy bane and antidote, are both before me." —Addiso?,. black-pepper, stick-hac, sapan-wood, ivory, and hides. __;. -A disease ie sheep, more commonly called the rot. Ioep. Chinese manufitctures and produce, and British and Baneberry, (beins'bes —e,) ns. (Bot.) See Acx-Ax. Indian piece-goods. IHalf of the inhabitants are Chinese. Bane'ful, a. Full of bane; pernicious; poisonous; de- Pop. estimated at 300,000. structive. Ban'gor, a city of England, in N. Wales, co. of Carmar- - "The smiguty woif is Sanefuml to the fold, vone, at the entrance of the Menai Straits,' 238 s. N.W. Storms to the wvheat, to buds the bitter cold." — Dryden. ofLoidon,andbeautifullysituated. Tso m. distait is the Basne'tf~ully, adv. Perniciously; destructively. famous Aenai Suspension Bridge, and at little farithlqr, Bane'fusslness, is. Qualdity of being pernicious, or the Britannia lTubular Bridge; both marvels of engibaneful. neering skill. Pop. about 7,000. Bane'la, in Mississippi, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Ban'gor, a seaport town of Ireland, co. Down, on the on the Yallolusha River, 132 im. N. by E. of Jackson. S. shore of Carribkfergus Bay, 12 m. E.N.E. of Belfast. Large quantities of cotton are raised in the neighborhood. B. is a sea-bathing resort. Pop. about 3,000. __lo Bane'wort, n. (Bet.) The Atropa Belladonna. —See Ban'gor, in Uahtfornia, a post-village of Butte co., 14 __ATRoA.. S.S.E. of Oroville. Banif, or Blers', a maritime co. of Scotland, having N. Ban'gob, in Indiana, a township of Elkhartt co.; poep. the Frith of Moray, S.E. the co. of Aberdeen, and W. about 750. those of Elgin mmnd Inverness. Area, 686 sq. m. Supe- Ban'goi', in IOsbCa, a post-village and township of Mar- wi ew,s onoros.face, mostly rugged and mountainous. Soil, tolerably shall co., 50 m. N.N.E. of Des Moines; p]op. about 700. fertile. Purod. Principally seats, agriculture being back- ]hBa-n'goet, in Maine, a flourishing city, and cap. of Pe- Fig. 285. - sPsIuN OP ONIAS asVxs. ward. Rock crystals, and topazes or cairngorms, are nobscot co., on the W. banul of Penobscot River, at the (Palestine.) found in the nmouintains. Pop. 65,136. head of tidedl water, and thie limit of ship nuavigation; rocd. This spring was formerly considered as the source:BANFF, a royal bsmrgh, and cap. of ebove county, on the about 23 m. N.E. of Boston. Lot. 400 45' N.; Lon. 680 of the Jordan. At some distance farther ip the mounW. bank of the I)everon, near its entrance into thle Mo- 470 E. It stands upnon an area of 36 sq. m., and is the tain, however, in a green and secluded dell, there is a ray Fmrith; Lat. 540 400 18" N.; Lon. 20 31' 30"t W.; pop. second city of the State both as regards wealth and very remarkable pond, circular in its form, and filled 7,459. populaetion. B. possesses many fine public buildings, with clear and pellucid water. It has been known from Blan'Field, is Wisconsin, a village of Grant co., on the asemolng which nae the Bamneor Tleologicalh Senminary, the earliest tinmes by the name of Phiala, or "The Wisconsin Hiver. the Custoim-House, Post-Office, eleven churches, and Bowl," and there is an immemorial tradition, that the Bang, v. a. [Swed and Goth. bang, the sound produced the Orphans' Home, a fine building erected by private fountain at Banias is supplied from this little lake, as 214 BANK BANK BANK its reservoir. Joseplhus says, that, to prove the fact, some ceived on deposit, or in payment of notes or bills, father, is called irgcntariu. s (Suct. Aug. c. 3), and Mescurious explorers of the locality put chaff into the lake, all the bank-notes issued by the different banks of the sasins (ibid. c. 4.fin.). There was also a class of moneyand then watching below, they saw it come out at the city, and also those of thle neighboring county banks lenders of an inferior description, called Mcumvularioli. fountain. In recent times, another streani has been ex- which have provided for the redemption of their notes The latter were also a sort of bankers or dealers in plored, which originates at a point far higher up the in the city, as the banks of Jersey City, Brooklyn, &c. money, who combined with their dealings thle business mountiain, and descending through a long ravine, it They also receive checks drawn on the city banks. of assayers, for which purpose they were appointed to joins the Jordan below Banias, and brings a greater sup- This description of currency is, therefore, said to be estimate the goodness or value of money, as to its weight, ply of water than that which domes from the cavern bankable or current, to distinguish it from the notes of fineness of metal, and intrinsic worth. Tile Argectarsii fountains. - See JoRDAN. distant banks, which are said to be sncurrent. — The introduced one of the greatest conveniences in bankingBan'im, JoeN, a popular Irish novelist, D. at Kilkenny, term is also sonmetimes applied to promissory notes and that of making payments by means of checks or writApril 3, 1798. His priicipal works are, the Tales by the bills of exchange in high credit, thereby denoting that ten orders, called praescriptioves or attribultiones.- DrO'Hara Family; the COroppy; thie Mayor of Windfap, they are discountable by the banks. — Bouvier. ing the Middle Ages, when commerce was but little de&c. As a man of genius, B. holds a high place in Eng- Ban] k Aceount, n. (Cor.) A fundl which merchants, vyeloped, there was little field for banhlng operations; lish literature. He was the founder of that school of traders, and others have deposited into the commnon but the business was first established in Europe by thile Irish novelists( which ieuch resenbles thi modern ro- capital of some banmk, to be drawn out by checks firom Lombard Jews in Italy, A. n. 808, of whom0 somec settled nmantic French school of LEugene Sue ancd Dunmas. D. 1842. time to time, according to tIhe owner's or depositor's re- in Lombard Street, London, where many bankers still Bxsxi'ish, v. a. [Fr. bascsir, fromn L. Lat. boani~re. - See quiremnents. - The statement of the amount deposited have their places of business. It seems to have been BkN.] To declare to be banned, expelled, or exiled; to and drawn, which is kept in duplicate, or in the deposp- revived in Florence during the early part of thie twelfth condemn or compel one to leave one's country; to exile. tor's bankl-book, and the other in the books of the bank. century. Front the success that attended tile conencer" Banish plump Jack, and banish all the world." — Shacs. Bouv'ier. cial enterprises of the Florentines, that city becacme the -To drive awacy; to expel; to compel to depart. Banhk'-book, n. (Co,'.) A book showing the debit and centre of the money transactions of every cominercial Bais business, edss sorrow, credit of a customer's account with a bauk, and in which country of Europe, and her merchants and bankers To the gods belongs tos-morrow." —Cowey. the bank officials niake the niecessary entries. accunmlated great wealthi. At ose time Florenico is soid To~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t thae had 8 balnkst-ers; ndwe'- fin tht ete.en 14 Ban'isher, n. One who banishes; lie that forces anothler Ba]ank-eret'e it, n. (Cone.) Accommodation allowed to a to hive lid SO bankers; aid we fid that between 1430 frocm. hits country. peroon. on proper security given to a bank, to draw upon and 1433, 76 bankers at Florence lent the State 4,865,000 Baani'ishmentt, n. [Fr. banissement.] A punishment in- it foir money to a certain anmount agreed upon. gold floins.-The earliest public bcak ii modern Ecmops flicted upon real or supposed offenders, bIy compelling Bankler, n. [Fr. banquier.] One who keeps a bank; wcs that of Vence founde in 1137. It originncld in lce them to quit a city, place, or country for a specified a person who traffics in money, negotiates bills of ex- financial difficulties of the State, which, in order to experiod of time or for life. B., from being long obsolete in change, &c.- One who is the custodian of money held trcite itself had recourse to a forced loan ifom the citEngnd, has never been itduced ito t American in trust, to be refuneded to the owner as occasion mcay re- izens, promising theim interest at the rate of four per Elaws. - See nxevc, OSbn Ancdsa, TaAN toteA merOc. quire. - See BANKING. cent. The stock was made transferable, and a body of lawn'iste, n. -eEXLA corruption of BaLNsOET, q.. -A covering for a seat in the form of a cushion. comnmissioners, called thie Canmera deg/c Ibmaesliti, or Bra'ister, in AVigorrapa, a river o Ahich rises in the S of (Mar.) A vessel employed in the Newfoundland cod- Chamber of Loans, was appointed to manage the transfer fish eries. of stock and the payment of interest. This is believed Pittsylvania co., and flowing S.E. enters the Dan Itiver fisheries of sock and th payment of interest This is belieed about 10 m. fo ti village of Baitr. It is avi- (Masonry.) A stone bench used by masons in cutting to be the earliest instance on record of the tunding sysbfo vlatex ofB sout their work. tem, and thie first example in any country of a perniagable to M~(eadsville by bateaux. galble to M~eadoville by Bateaux. ~~anker' s otean. (('eta.) A promissory note given noent nationccl debt. This Chcanmber of Loans, as origi-A village of Halicixx co., now capital of said co., under Banker's ote n. on.) A promissory note givenThiCa e of the name of HtLIF'x CoUnR-HIIoUse, q. V. by a private banker, or bankiing institution, not incorpo- nally instituted for the purpose of managing the public,:ic.njer'nmassini (bca'jr-tCdLs-int,) an extensive terri- rated; but resembling a bank-notes in all other respects. debt, could scarcely be called a bank; and it does not tory lying on tIhe S.E. part of the island of ]lorneo. — Bnak'et, n. (Brickclayivg.) A piece of wood onwhich appear ho have ccrried on anything like a banking buit.0nlnadbt1ba-B r bricks are cut. - Br/tenohn. ness for several centuries. VYenice being the contre of I~~~ct. 350 m. long, a~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~nd enbol rmous comerce, foein cinsallyinaey flat, though intersected by a racnge of m-eoucntainer unl Bnk'-fence, ci. A fence, or ha-ha, formed of a bank an enornous coreceerce, foreign coins, usually in a veiy flat, though intrsected by a rage of mountains un- of earth. -worn or clipped condition, were in circulation, to the ning from N. to S. Where cultivation exists, the soil is of earth. aore or clipped comdition, wore in circuation, to this extremely fertile, throwing up a luxuriant vegetation of Bank'h k. A term used in some parts of En- great iconvio of merchants; ad hce the State grot beauty and variety. - i. The anjer n it land to express a large baited fish-hook attached by a had recourse to thee expedient of authori-zing the Chambeautyand'varavetyhicl aRvaters theavestern poraiot; line to the bank of a streamc, &c. ber of Loans to receive coins of all sorts, and to pay for tributary, the Nagara, which water the western portion; IIaki-~a eogn %o odce y ak tribut aory, thef~o Nagast~~~~~~~re~amupi Bmsnk'ais1tg, a. Belonging to, or conducted by, a bank; them in notes an account correspondicg to the real and several large streams, plentifully irrigating the east~erct~.-Fd. Cotton, rice, ~vax, beuzoin, pepher, dra~goce, banking operations. amount of bullion deposited. These notes promised to blood, and rattans. — Min. Gold, iron, coal; and somee -n. The business or employment of a banker. —The pay the bearer on decuand a definite quantity of bullioc blrgoe and due dianonds are folnd.-,ir ca Swords, gnouse- vague notices which are found in ancient history, both of the. proper fineness.'The bank, however, does not pistols, acd iother arms. These are finished in thee d os sacred and profane, connected with dealings in money seemii to have discounted bills on its own account. Its pitlsabdothrarm.thee arye ofinworkmanshp t he deorationson elaborate style of wrorkucaciship, the decorations con- as a separate business, appear to warrantt the belief that only advantage was to save the wear and tear of the sisting of gold, silaer, and copper.-Pop. estimated ht banking, in the sense wherein it is now understood, was coiniage, and to insure a uniform standard in mercantile 120,000, mostly Mohlaaanaedcns. B. is goverced by a but little known or practised in very remcote periods. Ic transactions. Its notes always bore a premium as comSultan, who is absolute so foar as his People are con- times when nations were chiefly engaged in pastoral or pared to the current money of thIe city and it contincerned, but is to a certain extent subject to the Diutchi agricultural pursuits, the trade of banking wvould hardly ued to exist until the fall of the republic in 1797. - who for upwarcds of a century haave had a lhctory in thee( suggest itself to anybody as a profitable calling; and About 1350, the Cloth-Merchants of Barcelona, then a capital. - iuntil, in the progress of a community toward civilization, wealthy body, added the business of banking to their BANJERnAss IN, the capital of tice above territory, Lat 30 the extent of its commercial dealings had become very other commeercial pursuits; and in 1401 a public bank 32' S., Len. 1140 42' Ef., cbout 15 ic. froc tics mouth of' considerable, none would be led to give their attention was opened by the magistrates of the city, which Spianthe Banjer, wlhere it debnuchies into the Sea of Jacva. to the occupation of facilitating the money operations ish writers claim as being thile first real batnk, in the Oc acccount of tihe iundastions of the river, the houses of theret of the nercantile community. It is probacble modern sense of the term. It received deposits, for are built on piles of wood, at an elevation of three feet that the necessity for some such arrangement wvould be whicl the public property of the city was ledced -11( above the ground, acd cocncsunicctel waith each other by first experienced in consequence of the different weights discounted the bills of mierchants; but it does niot alpeaimeans of plaches. RMaey of the houses oire bluilt upon and degrees of fineness of the coined money and bullion that it issued notes or used checks. Almost at lce rafts, -ith their fronts turnted towards the river, and awhich would pass in the course of business between same time with the Bank of Barcelona, that of St. George, exposing goods fora; ahes on aret-dys te r merchants of different nations. The principal occupa- at Genoa, was instituted. It was planned in 1345, but forms the "great highwaay," on avicih all tie necessaries tion of the money-changers mentioned by St. Matthew, was not fully estcblishedl and it operation till 1407. Like ibrm th "grat ighays"on hichallthenecessaries of life are purchased tt tsese floaticigy mwarts. he towai by whoLm the sacredness of the Jewish Temple was in- the Bank of Venice, it originated in the exigencies of is in every respect a floating aggregate of houses, ahiere vaded, was doubtless that of purchasing the coins of one the State. Thie republic had beconme indlebted in large there are no sreets, or crriage or horses, its whole country, and paying for them in those of their own or sniums to a number of the citizens, and at length the tbusiness being entirely tarriaed o by htoher commtsuc-. of any other people, according to thie wants and conven- whole was consolidated into one capital stock, to be cation. or 1 BANJOR, ienco of their custonmers. It is lilkewise probable that mianaged as a bank, under the direction of eight protecBcn'o, n. ssEl. [From bnleroj. (Mlccc.) A favocite they exercised other functions proper to the character tors, chosen annually by the stockholders. This bank Binentriecont of the colored peopie. It hots a head terl hO of bankers, by taking in and lending out money, for was pillaged by the Austrians in 1746, and never recovneck hikeo the.e guitar, a body lile a tcansoacrn cud live awhich they either allowed or charged interest (Matthew ered its former prosperity. - Money matters in England stri kegas-hich are iplayedron aith the afiuis aced hands.-v xxv. 27). Little, however, is kInown with certainty re- were for some time regulated by the Royal Exchangers, stringrs which are playedon with the fingers and hands. — Ioore. a.[F.garding the nature of the money dealings of the ancienlt ibut their calling fell into disuse muntil revived by Charles Bank3~~,100re.~~~~ a A b;.n SBt A Jews. In the time of Demosthenes, banhking operations I. in 1627. The royal cimit in the Tower of London was ecouedn, pl or rndg ofS earc t. bnoSeBEc.] Avwere carried ou to a great extent in Athens. They ex- used as a banlk of deposit unitil Charles I., by a forced mound, pile, or ridge of earth, eecrido oagetetn nAhn. hr x Thpiey, ct rip ge han cathe. cichanged toreign moneys, received deposits at interest, loan, in 1638, destroyed its credit. The Goldsmiths' "They cast up a bank against the city." —2 Sam. xx. 15. n Z -The groundrsiang from theide ofa ri, lo. cid gave loans. The banklers were generally of low Company, of London, undertook privwte balnking in -The ground rising from the side of a river, lae, c. origin, such as freedmen and aliens; but they frequently 1645, but on the closing of the Exchequer, in 1672, their an embankmnent. rose to great wealth and eminence. One Pasior, a tranusactions terminated. Sir.Josiah Child, of Ileet "Ye banks and braes o' bonnie Doon."-Burns. manumitted slave, is frequently mentioned by Demos- Street, London, was the first regular lictncker, and he -A rising ground in the sea; a shoal; a shelf of sand; as, thenes and contempora-ry orators, and more than once commenced business soon aftero 1660: a business which the Bahama banks. was the state indebted to his liberality. tie was a man is still in flourishing existencce.- The cBank of Anmster-A bench of rowers in a galley, or the bench they sit of undoubted integrity, and his fi-iendships and connec- dam was established im 160., like that of Venice, to upon. tions extended through the whole of Greece. The Athe- remedy the inconvenience trising friom the great quau"Plac'd on their banks, the lusty Trojans sweep nian bankers are supposed to have been the first who tity of clipped and worn foreign coin thait was in circuNeptune's smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep." —Wauller. invented the system of discounts, that is, of retaining lation. It received coins of all sorts at their aseight in (Pr~nting.) A kind of table used in printing-offices. the profits at the time of making the advance. The first bullion, and after dedaucting a small percentage for the (Carpentry.) A long piece of timber about 6 in. square. mention that occurs of banking at Rome is in the year expenses of coinage andci general managecment, gave credit (Law.) The bench of justice. - See IBA:\C. 352 B. c., when, the plebeians being in great distress, the for the remainder. It was enacted that ccll bills of 600 (Cosn.) [Fr. banque.] A place for the deposit of money. state appointed certain persons to lend out the public guilders ($262) pnid upwards-after wards reduced to An institution, generally incorporated, authorized to re- money on security, and this system -was adopted from 300 —should be paid in banlk-money. It professed to ceive deposits of money, to lend moiey, and to issue time to time, for a limited period, in times of monetary lend out no part of its deposits, and to possess bullion to promissory notes, —usutlly known by the name of distress throughout the republican period. Besides the full amount of the credits given in its boolks; but bank-notes, - or to perforlbr socce one or more of these these, there were three principal classes of bankers cit when the French took possession of Amsterdacm,, in 1796, functions. — Boyeior. Rome: the Negociatores, who lent money upon interest it was discovered that the bank had lent nacorly $5,000,000 — v. a. To raise a mcound or dike; to enclose, defend, or to tice inhabitants of the provinces, by which mceans tothe States of Holland and Friesland; and this caused its fortify with a bank; to embankle. they were enabled to realize c hampger profit, as they weore ruin. In 1814, a new bacnkl waams establishlech, called the Bankc "Amid the cliffs not limited thcere by accy laws.'flee privsete becnkhers, of the Netherlaneds. The ianla iff Ilttburgg wass founded And burning sands, that /ank the shrmubby vales."-/ —shomisom. Argentarii, with wshoen icndiciducals opened accounts, atid in 1619, upon the same principles as that of Amsterdamn, -v. n. To deposit money in a banhk; to carry on the icur- by whose intervention moncey wass paid. They attccllded and has continued hi flourishc. The Bainkl of Stockeholm suit of banking.. in particular to thie paymients of Rooman citizens livinig a was founded in 1668, ancd is renmarhkable as being the first, Bankablde, a. (Conm.) A term applied to banlk-bills or in the provinces, as they might become due at Bomes. accordincg to Law mad Iulinc, that invented bankl-notes banlk-notes, chceclts, and other secnrities for mocley, The oeotsarii, who were the bankers of the repulilic, ancd in Europe (the Chinese having the credit of having been which are received as cash by the baunhs in those places were created for the purpose of abating usury. Uncder the first to invent bamnkhe-ncctes, in A. e. 807).- From heat where time word is used. Thus, the bankls of New-Yorlk the emperors, tice taso waoc-ds Ac-egtcr/cii and Mensaoii bias been ahieamdy said, it esill be seen that the ternm city, proeio us tto the issue of nationec currency, re- we-re used witheat distimetion. Thus, C. Octaviusi, the Blzat/ is capplied to establishmicentis ancmd monetary tans BANK BANK BANN 215 actions of very different kinds. Banks are usually di- discount, dividends, and commissions, which exceeds the Banks, a N.E. county of Georgia, with an estimated vided into three classes, as they are merely for tie cus- amount of the expenses. A great saving is also effected area of 280 sq. m. It is intersected by the sources of tody or issue of money, or for both. The first class, or by the use of notes and checks, or wear and teas, and Broad River. Surface, uneven. Soil, tolerably fertile. the Banks of Deposit, are, strictly speaking, those early upon the coinage of the country. Generally, in the U. Cap. Homer. Pop. abt. 5.000. banks which received money or valuables for custody, States, the banker performs the duties of cash-keeper to fB'lanks, in Minnesota, a post-village of Faribault co. and kept them in their coffers till called for; but his depositors, mLaking all their money payments beyond Banks, in Pennsylvaniae a township of Carbon co., 10 now tihe term is generally applied to those estab- their small dcaily expenditure, and receiving the uconey m. N.W. of Mauch Chunk; pop. about 3,000. lishments that receive money from their customers, payable to them. The merchant, by sending all the 1Bank'sia, rn. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. Proteacee. und lend it out to others at a higher rate of interest. bills due to him to Ihis banker, to be presented, and They are very abundant in Australia, where they are Bankcs qf Issue are those that issue their own notes for noted if not duly paid, is saved a great amount of trouble, called Honeysuckle tires. The genus has been named in circulation; but as they likewise receive deposits, the and the risk of malking mistakes in the presentation of Ihonor of Sir Joseph Banks. term is generally applied to what forms tihe third class the bills, the banker being always liable fbr any iistatkes lBank's islani[d, of British N. America, lies in the Paof the division. Were the duties of banks limited to the that may be committed through him. But it is in the cific Ocean, in Lat. 530 20' N., Lon. 1300 W. safe custody of money, they would still be of immense use that the banler makes of the money that is intrusted Blank's Land, in British N. America, lying in the advantage to the public. Every one who has the care to him that he may be of chief benefit to society, in Arctic Ocean, Lat. 740 N., Lon. 1160 W., 70 m. S.W. of of large sums of money knows tihe anxiety that attends his loans, discounts, and cash credits. It is here that he Melville Island. their custody, and the riskcs to whlich they are subjected; requires to exercise his greatest ability and skill, so that BankS-stosck, n. A share or shares held in the capiand hence the value of a place of security in which to he may be the means of furthering the prosperity of the tal or joint-stock funds of a bank. lodge them. This gave rise to the first formation of country, by aiding honest industry, and exposing rogues ]Baskls'ton, in Illinois, a post-village of Saline co., 65 public banks. But, were the money merely to lie idly and reckless speculators. -- See ENGLAND (BANKI OF); m. N.E. of Cairo. in the coffers of the bank, it is evident that the depositor FRANCE (BANK OF); JOINer STOCK BANKS; SA. coNGs-BANKS; Banks'ton, in Iowa, a post-village of Dubuque co. would not only not receive any interest upon it, but UNITED STA'ES NAT'IONAL BANKs. [anles'tors. in Mi.si.snsc, a village of Choctaw co. would have to pay for the trouble and expense of keep- Bank-note, BANK-BILL, n. A pronmissory note payable Banks'ville, in Connecticut, a post-village of Fairfield ing it; while the money thus kept was so much drawn on demand, to the bearer, made and issued by a person co., 60 m. S.W. of IIartford. from tihe trading capital of the country. The advan- or persons acting as tlbankers cand authorized by law to Bansliefe, n. [Fr., from ban, jurisdiction, and lieee, tages of combining a system of lending money with that issue such notes. - For many purposes they are not league; Ger. bannmeile.] The territory without the walls, of receiving it soon became apparent; and banks were looked upon as common promissory notes, and as such but within the legal limits of a town or city.-Brande. established for the purpose of both receiving and lending mere evidences of debt, or security for money. In the Baenn, (UPPER and LowER,) two rivers in the N. of Iremone y; the interest received on the sums being con- ordinary transactions of business they are recognized by land; the first, or Upper, rising in the Mourne Mounsidered sufficient to cover all expense connected with its general consent as cash. - The business of issuing thIem n ains, and falling into Lough Neagleh. The Lower rises management, or the risk of losing it. By this means, being regulated by law, a certain credit attaches to then,, in Lough Beg, and falls into the Irish Sea 5 nm. below numerous snmahl sums of money, which would have re- that renders them a convenient substitute for money.- Coleraine. mained unproductive in the hands of individuals, are Bouvier. Ban'n ack City, is Mntontana Territory. See BANNOCK collected into large sums in the htands of the bankers, Bank'rul;pt, n. [Fr. banqseroute; from bacqsue, and CrITY. who employ it in granting flacilities to trade and con- Lat. ruptus —rumpo, to breakl.] (Law.) A trader who Bannalee, (banla'r-lec,) a town of France, cap. of a merce, and in this way increase the productive capital of secretes himself or does certain othler acts, tending to de- cant. in dep. Finistlre, 9 m. N.W. of Quimper; pop. the nation. Thus a million of money, in place of lying feat or delay his creditors. -A person who ihas done, or abt. 5,000. useless in smeall sums in the ihands of the owners, or in suffered to be done, some act declared by law to be acn 1Ban'ser, cc. [Ger.; Fr. banniire; It. bandiera; Sp. one large sum in the coffers of a b;mnl, is lent out to in- act of bankruptcy.-Anterior to the Act of July 31,1868, bacdcera. Froe Celt. bacd, a band.] Apiece of drapery crease the ccapital of manufitctm'ers and trasders; and in the English law, the B. must be a trader; but in the attached to the upper part of a pole or staff, generally thus the world is made one million richer, or at least is American law the distinction between a B. and sn insol- hanging loose, but sometimes fixed in a sligit framesaved from being one million poorer. Besides the money vent was never generally regarded, and was expressly worlk of wood. In this sense, B. is a generic ternm, inwhich a banker receives in deposits froin his customers, abrogated by the Act of Congress, Aug. 19, 1841. —For eluding many varieties, such as a standard, ensign, he must be possessed of a certain capital of his own, in the American law on B., see INSoLVENT. pennon, flag, &c. The size and form are but accidents. order to carry on business; and to insure confidence in (Estg. Law.) The numerous anterior statutes relating In fact, it has been made to assume all the varieties of hiis stability; for no one would lend money to a banlker to banlkruptcy have been consolidated by the B. Law which so simple a frame-workl is susceptible. Wihen if lie knew th;at he was possessed of no capital. The in- Consolidation Act, (1849;) and this has been amended banners are displayed at the same time by persons of turest derived front this capital forms part of the profits by tihe 15 and 16 Vict., c. 77, by the Bankruptcy Act, 1854, different classes, the size has often borne relation to the of the banler, but it is evident that the profit in this and 31 and 32 Vict., c. 104, of July 31, 1868. These four respective ranlk of the parties. - The drapery of a bancase is not the same as that which he derives fron trading acts embody the actual law applicable directly to bank- ner is usually made of the most costly stuffs - velvet with the capital of others; in other words, that the in- rupts and to their estates. or silke-but the mnaterial most commonly used is a terest is not greater than if he had lent out his money (&cols. Law.) By tihe Scottish system, ccs modified in kind of soft silke called taffeta. Sometimes it is quite in any other way equally safe, and involving the same 1783, the managem nent of tihe estate is given to the crcd- plain, and of a uniform color; but they are often amount of trouble. The deposits over and above a cer- itors upon sequestration, and it is only where they rn- richly ornamnented with tassels and fringes, and genertain sum which he must have at hand to meet daily quire the aid of the court, or an appeal is taken from ally there is wrought upon them some figure or device claims, he advances in various ways as loans. Tihe best their determination s, that resort is Ihad to judicial pro- which has reference to the person, the community, or and safest mode of employing such funds is considered ceedings. By recent amendments of the law, (1856,) the the nation by wrihom the banner is raised, or to the to be in the discounting of good mercantile bills of ex- remedy is extended to apply to every class of debtors. purpose or occasion of its being displayed. B. are of clenge; that is, bills representing bont-fide transactions There is also a remedy given the debtor to obtain a dis- very early origin. We read of themn constantly in the of trade and commerce. A banker sometimes nalkes charge fromn liability of the person, upon relinquishing Old Testament, as in.wnum. ii. 2. —The inilitary standadvances upon the deposit of government securities, ihis property. ardd of tie tonmans were essentially different fron the railway debentures, bills of liding, doclk warrants, ancid (JE-sench Law.) The Bankrupt Law of 1838 declares that flags, colors, and ensigns of modern warfare. They soichi like; but, except the government t securities, the all traders who stop payment are in a state of insolvency. were carvings in metal or wood; the eagle, or sonme othiers are generally avoided icyprudent banlers. Loans l'Traders are required immediately to register the fact other figure, elevated at the end of a tall lance or pole. ace csueally divided icnto shlorst loans and dead loans, the lthat they have stopped payment at the Tribmunal of Comr- The forms of them are known to us by the representaformer hitving a fixed time for their repayment, tihe latter merce, and file their balance-sheet; and a decree of in- tions of them on medals, or the comnion coinage of nmo fixed time. Loans of the latter class are generally solvency is declared by the tribunal upon the trader's that people. The Persian standard described by Xenoavoided. Advances upon deeds, except in agnicultural declaration or an application of the creditors. Prior phon (Ahab. i. 10) was a golden or gilded eagle, raised districts, are always objectionable. If depositors have voluntary conveyances anti mortgages, pledges, &c., for on a spear or pole. When Constantine the Great was the power of deman ding tihe amount of their deposits of antecedent debts, are void, and all subsequent deeds to on the eve of a battle with Maxentius, we are told that any kind fronom the banler, while hle usually makles his those having notice are voidable. - Bouver.. a luminous standard appeared to hinm in the sky with a advansces for a fixed or definite pieriod, it is evident that Bcssaak'rssst, a. Hiaving committed acts of bankruptcy; cross upon it, and this inscription: "l]n hoc signo vinhe custc alwsays have on hand, uninvested, a considerable unable to pay just debts; failing in trade; in debt be- ceS - By this sigm thon shalt conquer;" and that this secc to meet such claims. The amount necessary for yond tihe power of payment. omen so encouraged Constantine and his soldiers, that this purpose may generally be pretty nearly estimated. The king's grown bankrupt lilke a broken man." - Shaks. on the next day they gained a great victory. — Alfred It depends upon a number of circumstances; as the state -v. a. To brealk or fail in trade; to makee insolvent. the Great captured the celebrated Danish banner called of the money-market, the amount and nature of the "We cast off the care of all future thrift, because we are al- the "Raven," i 878.- WhenWademar I of ema deposits, the average amount of daily payments, and the ready bankrupted." - Hammond. was engaged in a great battle with the Livonians in like. If a banker is at liberty to issue bank-notes to a Bank'rupltcy, n. (Law.) The state or condition of a the year 1219, it is said that a sacred banner fell from certain amount, it is evident that the profit derived there- bankrupt. - See INSOLVENCY. heaven into tihe midst of his army, and so revived the firom is equal to the interest upon the difference between Banks, SiR JOSEPH, F. R. S., a distinguished cultivator courage of Ihis troops that they gained a complete victhe average amount in circulation and the amount of of natural science, B. in London, 1743. In 1766 hie made tory over tic Livcnians; and, in memory of the event, specie required to be kept on hand to meet them, less a scientific visit to Newfoundland and Labrador. In Waldemar instituted an order of knighthood called the thi expense of tiheir manuulcture. If, however, a banker 1768, he accompanied Capt. Cook in his voyage round Dannebrog, or tihe "Strength of the Danes," and which were obliged to keep dead stock or bullion equal to the the world, and brought home large botanical collections. Is still the principal order in Denmark. The great impost settill t the bannl~l rer in thenmark.dle Agreat isa amount of his notes in circulation, he could make no In 1772, he visited Iceland. In 1777, B. was elected portc ttce to the banner i the Middle Ages is profit. But for a bankler in good credit it is considered President of the Royal Society, and, in 1802, a member not to be wondered at, when we consider that it was a that a 4th or a 5th part of this sum is usually sufficient. of the French Institute. D. Aug. 19, 1820. HIis library kind of connecting-linke between the military and the Besides serving as places for the safe custody of money, and herbarium he bequeathed to the British Museum. clergy; it \vscs a religious symbol applied to a military and allowing interest on deposits, banks are of great use Banlks, NATHANIEL PItENTISS, an American statesman, purpose, and this was the feeling which animated the in a safe and rapid transference of money from one place B. at Boston, Jan. 20, 1816. In 1849 he was elected to Crusaders and Templars in their great struggle against to another. A debtor in Philaedelplhia, or Baltimore, pays the Massachusetts House of Representatives, of which, in the enemies of Christianity. The contest was then beto his banker there the sum which he wishes to convey 1851, he became Speaker. In 1853 he was president of tween the Crescent and the Cross-between Christ and to his creditor in New York. The banlker, for a small the convention appointed to revise the constitution of Mahomet. The Knights Templars hacd aB. called Beaucommission, furnishes him with a draft or letter of credit the State. In Dec., 1854, B. was elected Spelaker of the scant, simply divided into black and white; the white for the amount, to be ptaid by a bansler in New York, IHouse of Representatives at Washington, and, in 1857, portion symbolizing peace to their friends, the black from whom the creditor, on presenting the draft, receives becacme Governcor of Mass achusetts. On the outbreak of portion evil to their enemies, acel thceir dreaded warthe amount. Thus, then, the disposable uceans of a the civil war, he was appointed to a command in the Uniom cry was "Beaudcut I n the moncstsniee, B. were bank are: 1. The amount of paid-cp capital. 2. The army with the rank of major-general, and stationed in kept for festivals and great commemorlations. In modamount of money lodged by customers. 3. The amount the Shenandoah Valley, Ya., from which, in Feb., 1862, em days, baners are carried in the procedsions attendof notes in circulation. 4. The amount of money in he was expelled with severe loss by tice Confederate img the festivals of the RLoman Catholic Church; they course of transmission, that is, money received for the General "Stonewall Jackson." On the 9th Ang., 1862, are also used as a part of the insignia of friendly sopurpose of being repaid in some distant place at a fucture B., then subordinate to General Pope, fougeht and won cieties and benevolent clubs, ec.- The relation which time. These means are employed: 1. In discounting the battle of Cedar Mountain. In Dec. of time sanme yeas B. bear to other kinds of flags, in their forms and uses, bills. 2. In advances of money in the form of cash cred- he succeeded Butler at New Orleans, condumcted severeal will be explained under BANDBErOLE; COLORS, (REoIits, loans, or overdrawen accounts. 3: In the purchases important operations in the Mississippi Valley, and cap- ENTAL;) [ENSIGN; FLAo; GUIDON; GONFALON; PENof government snd other securities. 4. A part retained tured Port Iludson, July 8, 1863. Its eves afterevards NANT; PENNON; STANDBA, &C. See also OnIcLsAscsE, and in the safe to meet current demands. Of these four ways employed in Texas, and again in New Orleans. iRetumrn- UNcoN JACK. of employing capital, three are productive, and one, ing North, B. evas, in 1865, elected representactive frosc (lice-.) Banner displayed is a B. open ancd flying. namely tIce last. unproductive. The profits are that por- Massa chusett s to the 39th Concgress, and in Nov., 1866, ]Baern'naer, in Ihisois, at township of Fulton co.; pop. tion of tlie totel receipts of a bank, including interest, was re-electod to the 40th Congress. about 1,250. 216 BANT BAPT BAPT Ban'uner, in Mississippi, a post-office of Calhoun co. ]lan'terer, so. One who banters another; a pleasant before Christ, and every converted heathen was not only BanI'ner, inl Kansas, a post-office of Jackson co. railer; a jolker. circumcised, but also washed,'as a symbol of his enBan'ner, in Wiscosin, a village of Fond du Lac co. "What opinion have these religious banterers of the divine trance into the new religion, purified from the stains of his Ban'ner City, in Idaho, a hining village of Bois6e powet? " -- L'Estrange. former life. From this B. of proselytes, however, that of co., 35 m. N.N.E. of Idaho city. Bant'ling, n. [Swed. and Goth. pant, a pledge; Icel- St. John differed, because he baptized Jews also, as a symBan'nered, a. Furnished with, or bearing banners. pantr; Ger. p.fand, and ling, an image, an image-pledge.] bol of the necessity of perfect purification firom sin. Je"Shield the strong foes, and rake the bansered shore." —Barlow. A young child; an infant. Most frequently used in the sus himself was baptized by John. Christ neverbaptized, Ban'neret, e. [Fr. dimin. of banner.] A rank be- sense of illegitimacy. but directed his disciples to administer this rite to the contween that of knight and baron; a knight creafed on "They seldom let the bantling roar, verts, using the following words: " Go ye, therefore, and the field of battle. - See KNIGHT-BANNERET. In basket, at a neighbour's door." -Prior. teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the FiaBan'nerol, n. Same as BANDEROLE, q. V. 1Ban'try, a seaport town of Ireland, co. Cork, at the ex- ther, and of the Son, and of the H-oly Ghost, (Malutt. xxviii. Ban'nerville, in Pennsylvania, a village of Snyder co. tremity of a bay of the same name, 43 m. W. by S. of 19.) In the time of the apostles, the form of tile B. was Ban'nock,,. [Gael. bonnoch; Ir. boimneog.] A cake Cork; pop. about 2,700. very simple. The person to be baptized was dipped in a made of barley, oat, rye, or peats meal, baked on a gir- Ban'try Bay, a large inlet of the Atlantic, in the S.W. river or vessel-with the words which Clriot had ordered, die, or circular iron plate, over the fire; it is a favorite extremity of Ireland, co. Cork, between Crow Point on and to express more fully his change of ciaracim', goner1article of food in Scotland, and is used also in the N. the N. and Sheep's Head on the S. This is one of the ally adopted a new name. The Greek Church retained this coeunties-of En-land. finest and most capacious harbors in Europe, being about custom; but the Western Church adopted, in the 13th Bananoeokbtrsn, (bdns'ok-burn,) a flourishing town of 25 m. long by from 4 to 6 broad, and Ilaving safeanchor- century, the mode of baptism by sprinkling, which has Scotland, co. Stirling, on the Bannock, 3 m. S.S.E. of age for the largest vessels. Possessing no considerable been continued by the Protestants. the Baptists (q. v.) Stirling. MAanuf. Carpets, woollens, and tartans. Pop. town on its shores, it is, however, but little resorted to by only excepted. The introduction of this mode of baptism abt. 2,600. Near it was fought, 24th June, 1314, the shipping. was owing to the great imconvenience which arose from great battle between the English, under Edward II Ban'ya, NAGY. See NAGT BANIA. the immersion of the whole body in the northern cliand the Scots, under Robert Bruce, which ended in the Banyan' ~lree, n. (Bot.) The Picas indica, a species mates of Europe. The custom of sprinkling thrice, in total defeat of the former. The loss of the English was of the gen. Iicus, q. v. It is regarded as a sacred tree the administration of the rite, spread with the diffusion estimated at 300000 mun, and that of the Scots at abt. by the Hlindoos. Its branches produce long shoots, or of the doctrine of the Trinity. In the first centuries of 8,000. This decisive victory secured the independence atrial roots, which descend to tile ground and penetrate the Christian tera, when, generally speaking, adults only of Scotland, andestablished Robert Bruce oil the thlrone. the soil; so that, in course of time, a single tree becomes joined the new sect, the converted (Catechumens, q. v.) At Sauchie Burn, aboet 1 mu. fromo B., James III. of a vast umbrageous tent, supported by numerous columns. were diligently instructed; the power of this sacrament Scotland was defeated by his onmi son, afterwards No fewer thaln 350 stems, each equalling in bulk the to procure perfect remission of sins was taught, and Sames IV. trunk of a large oak, and more than 3,000 smaller ones, while some converts delayed their baptism from a feeling Ban'noek City, iln Montana Terrsitory, a post-village have been counted in one example, covering a space of sinfulness not yet removed, others did the same from cap. of Beaver Head co., about 45 miles W. of Virginlia sufficient to contain 7,000 persons. the wish to gratify corrupt desiresa little longer, and to City. have their sine forgiven all at once. But the doctrine of Banlnock-fiuilio~~e, n. A Scotticism for the turbot. ~St. Augustine, that the unbaptized were irrevocably Banns, n.pl. [See BAN.] (Eng. Law.) A public notice dmned, chan this delay into aste, and inde the ~-~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~1'~~ bptism of children generali. [[he death of a martyr, or proclamation, made in a church, of the names and ptism of childre general. Th deth of a martyr, designations of persons ambout to be married; the ob ject " - however, who perished while yet a catechumen, was acbeing that those who have objections to the marriage, counted equally eflfctumal for salvation with baptism. may have an opI,or~tunity of stating them. The proclamsLm-iayliave-anopp~omltunity ofstaitioigthen-. Theproclania- This was called baptismia sanguinis, (baptism of blood.) tion must be made oni three successive Sundays during W a hen, in the 5th century, Christianity became more the time of the celebration of public worship.- See MAR- firmly established, and the fear of the relapse of ChrisRimAoz.,. tian proselytes into their formier faith, which had so Bainsqueta, (bcdtn7cliet,) n. [Fr. banqueit, from banque, a iin often occurred in the period of persecution, diiinished, bank, a bench, a table.] A repast; a feast; a sumptuous the baptism of children became still more general, and ~feast or emitertainment; ams~yt~iing delightful.~ - inmis now the common custom of Christians, with the ox(Arch.) [Fr. banquette.] The footway of a bridge, when cono th tits s s scr n, ception of the Bapytists. — As baptism is a sacrament, raised above the carriagre-way. - Gwilt. raised above the carriage-way. - Gwilt. ~ and considered by the Catholics so very efficacious, the (Alan.) A small rod-shaped pamt of the bridle under the IRoman Chuiirch has strictly prohibited the re-baptism of eye of the horse. - Bailey. baptized heretics, on their conversion to Catholicism. eye. a. To treat w\ith a feast or sumptuous entertainmeat. NAnti-Trinitarians, only, are to be baptized again. Pro"' They were banqueted by the way." —Haywoard. Pig. 2S6. - BNTAN TREE. testants, of course, ackinowledge the validity of the ap-v. n. To fare sumsptuommsly; to regale one's self with good The fruit of the banyan is of a rich scarlet color, and tism of other Protestant sects, as well as of that of the eating and drinking; to feast. about the size of a cherry; it is eaten by the iolys, Catholic Chrc. Theoman Gree Catholics con"The mind shall banquet, though the body pine."-Shaks. which live with birds and enormous bats in the thick bor- secto the water of baptism, but Protestants do not. haugnn'qu~~ Evr, efn theughnuce the stofbranches. Thebunrliis apowerful tonic, andis niich Even in the ancient church, every person, when bapfeastsnqueter, n. or provides a ferson who banquets; one who used by the findoo physicians. The white glutimous tized, was attended by a Ciristian friend of the ui1me sex, feasts, or provides a feast. juice of the tree is used to relieve toothache, as anp- ho became responsible for the faith of the ne Chriso span cquetingos house or plc ooe,. w An apartment, plication to the soles of the feet when inflamed, and for tian, promsed to tak care of his spirital welfare. or spacious room or place, in which banquets are held. making birdlime. Ficus elastica, also a niative of India, Thi forn still remains, though the promise is not very At the walk's end behold, how raised on high yields an inferior kind of caomtchouc. P sycawoorus strictly complied with in most cases. After baptism in A banquet-house salutes the southern sky." —Dryden. the Sycamore-fig, is said to have yielded th wood from Catholic Church, the bytized person receives milk til~~~~~~~~~~~~~te SCathol-ic huc, i t hae baptized phersoon fr e c i e s l B1anquette, (ban-lket',)n. [Fr.] (Port.) Asteporsmal which mummy-cases wmere ade. and honey, as a symbol of his spiritual youth; and the terrace of earth constructed along the inner side of a Ba, yBs. s ur-mer~ a town of France, dep. Pyr.nSes- spiritual privileges which he acquires as a Christian are parapet, for musketeers to stand upon when the parapet Orientales, with a fishing-port on the Mediterranean, all indicated by symbols; thus the salt of wisdom is is too high to fire over. It is usually made about 4 feet near the frontier of Spain. The celebrated wines of Gre- given, the garment of innocence is put on, &c. The wide, and raised to within 4/2 feet of the crest of the nache and Rancio are produced here. Pop. 1,676. Catholic Church acknowledges three kinds of baptism, piarapet. BalObab, ADANSONIA, s. (Bot.) A genus of plants, ord. that of water, fire, and blood, (baptisma luominis,famoiBanl'quo, a fanimous Scottish thane, D. about 1050. Ill Sterculiaecce..Adansonia digitata, the baobab-tree, is ns, sanguinis.) The first is the common one; the conjunction with Mlacbeth, cousin of Duncan the king, the typical species. This is remarkable for its enormous second is perfect love of God, connected with a sincers he obtained a victory over the Danes, who had landed on size, anid for its extraordinary longevity. One specimen and ardent desire to be baptized; the third is the marthe Scottish coast. Macbeth, shortly afterwards, viT- has been found to have a trunk nearly 100 feet in cir- tyrdom oh a catechimen for the Christian faith. All lently dlethroned Duncan, and caused him to be secretly cumniference; and thie age of this gigantic vegetable is three are equtal in their effect. The Roman Chlurch acassassinated. B., though not an accomplice, was a wit- probably many thousanid years. The leafofthe baobab knowledges, that all persons not baptized are damned, mess of the crime; and being consequently regarded by is digitate, branched into finger-like leaflets; hence its evn infants: but it does not state what they are to sufMacbeth with fear and suspicion, the latter invited him specific name. The fruit, commonly kinown as monkley- fec; for even St. Augustine, the sternest and severest and his son to supper, and hired assassins to attack them bread or Ethiopian sour-gourd, is a large oval capsule, preacher of this doctrine, deerned it hard that those who on their return home during the darkness of night. B. containing a starchy pulp, havin, a slightly acid flavor, had not yet shined should be damned for eternity in conwas slain, but the youth made ii escape. Shalkspeare which forms a wholesome and agreeable article of fbod. sequence of the sin of Adam; and he thinlks that their has interwoven this transaction wio: the theme of his Mixed with water, it makles an acid drink, which is suffering will be slight. Some scholastic theologians celebrated tragedy of Maccbeth. highly estedined as a specific in putrid and pestilential hive thought that the pain tiey were to endure would Ban'shee, or BENSHIE, n. [Gael. beanshith, a::iry, from fevers, and is also employed by the Egyptian doctors in consist in separation from God. The Jansenists believed Gael. and Ir. bean, a woman, and Gael. sith; Ir. sighidh, dysentery. The leaves have astringent properties; and, in the total damnation of infints not baptized. Dante, tfairy.] A supernaural being, supposed by the Irish when dried and powdered, they hbrm the condiment who so strictly adhered to the dogmnas of his church, but peasantry to give niotice to a family of the speedy death called laZo, which the Africans mix with their daily food always retained his sensibility to the feelings of humanof some of its members, by wailing a mournful air under as a preventive of excessive perspiration. The baru is ity, gives, in the 4th canto of his imferno, a place to all the windows of the house.- Webster. said to be febrifugal, and its fibres are used, by the Afti- virtuous heothens, and infints not baptized, separate Ban'tam, an old and decayed towvn of the islandofJava, cain tribes living im the districts where the baobab flour- from the other part of hell: and it is easily seen with and, until of late years, one of the most famous trading ishes, for the manufacture of cordage and various articles wiat reluctance he placed then there. - The Friends marts in the Farther East, beloilginig to the Dutch. Lat. of dress. (Quakers) reject all outward B. 60 1' 42" S.; Loun. 1060 10 42" E. Its bay, formerly a B3aPisia, (baf'i-a,) n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. Faba- alastP$ls' mal, a. [Fr. baptismal.] Pertaining to baptism. groat rendezvous of Eiropean shipping, is now choked cece. The species B. nitida yields the dye-wood known "When we undertake the baptismal vow." - Hammond. up by coral reefs. The Dutch abtandoned it in 1817 for in commerce as bar-wood or cam-wood. Baptis'mally, adv. In a baptismal manner. the more elevated station of Sirang, or Ceram, 7 m. in- Baph'ometus, n. The name of the image which the Bgap'tist,.n. [Lat. baptista.] One who baptizes. — John, land. Knights-Tenmplars were charged with worshipping, when the forerunner of Christ.-One of the sect of BAPTISmS, q. v. Ban'tatn, n. (Zobl.) A variety of the common domestic the order was suppressed by Philip IV. of France. It is Bap'tistery, n. [Gr. baptisterion, a large basin or fowl, originally brought from the East Indies, and sup- probably a corruption of "Mahomnet," and the charge bath.] (Arch.) A large building designed for the adposed to derive its nonle fioom time above town. It is re- may have arisen from the circumstance that some of the ministration of baptism. Ini early ages, baptism was markable for its smoall size, being only about 1 pound in Templars had gone over to the Moslem faith. performed by immersion, ond the place used for the purweight, and for a disposition more courageous and pug- BapLtisia, n. -(Bet.) A genus of plants, order Fabacecw. pose was a pond or streaim; bhut in the middle of the 3d nacious than even that of a game-cock. The Wild Indigo, B. tincttoria, found in dmy soil in all the century, distinct or insulated houses were erected for the Bta'ntta~m, in Ohio, a post-village of Clermont co. States, is a plant with a bluish-green foliage; stem very ceremony. The B. was an octagon or circular building, Ban'tam Falls, in Conunecticut, a post-office of Litch- bushy, about 2 feet high; 6 to 12 or more flowers in each covered with a cupola roof, anid odjacent to the church, field co. raceme; petals yellow; legume about as large as a pea, but not forming a part of it. The most ancient B. is that Ban'ter, v. a. [Probably from aFr. badiner, to be frolic- on a long stipe, mostly 1-seeded. This plant is used me- of S. Giovanni in Fonte. at Rome, said to haove beemi some; to play or joke with.] To joke or jest with; to dicinally; the root and herbage being stated to possess erected by Constantine the Great. The most celebrated play upon; to rally, antiseptic, sub-astringent, cathartic, and emetic proper- are those of Florence and Pisa. This last (see Fhig. 169), Shall wee, eries one, permit ties. It yields a blue dye, resembling, but infbrior to, is circular; its diameter is 116 feet; the walls are 8 ft. His lewd romances, and his bannt'ring wit." —Tate. INmo, q. e. high, and the hmmilding is raiised on 3 steps, aInd sur—. A joking or jesting; raillery; pleasantsay; good- Bap'tifsm, n. [Fr. baptmn&e; Gr. baptismos, a dipping.] mounted by a odomse in the shape ouf a pear. This dome, humored sarcasm; as, "Part banter, part affection." — ('heel.) A sacrament acktnowledged by almrost all the which is covered smith he~td, is imtersetted by long lines Tennyson. Christian churches. B. was usual with the Jews even of very prominent fretworki, teriiimiatingg in another BAPT PBAR BARB 217 dome, above which is the statue of St. John. The pro- J. M. Cramp, published in Philadelphia, by the American mon time, in three-eighth time, &c.-Double bars mark a portions of the interior are admirable; 8 granite col- Baptist Publication Society. conclusion. They are likewise placed at the end of each umns, placed between 4 piers, decorated with pilasters, Bap'tist.town. in New Jersey, a post-village of Ring- strain; and if accompanied by dots, they indicate that are arranged round the basement story; these support a wood township, in the W. part of IIunterdon co., 8 m. the part next the side on which the dots appear is to be 2d order of piers, similarly arranged, on which rests the W. by N. of Flemington. repeated. dome. In the middle of the B. is alarge octagonal basin Bap'tist Val'ley, in Virginia, a village of Tazewell (PhyS. Geog.) A bank opposite the mouth of a river of marble, raised on 3 steps. - The most remarkable fea- county. which obstructs or bars the entrance of vessels. The tures of the B. of Florence are the bas-reliefs of its three Baptiz'able, a. Susceptible of being baptized. (r.) B. is formed where the rush of the stream is arrested by magnificent bronze doors, executed by Andrea of Pisa, Baptize', v. a. [Gr. baptizs; from bapt5, to dip in water.] the water of the sea, as the mud and sand suspended and Lorenzo Gthiberti.- See FONT. To immerse; to dip under water; to sprinkle with in tihe river-water are thus allowed to be deposited. It Baptist'ie, 1Baptist'ical, a. Pertaining or relating water; to administer the sacrament of baptism to. is thus that deltas are formed at the mouths of rivers. to baptism. Baptize'nlent, n. The act of baptism. (R.) (Com.) A lump, ingot, or wedge, as of gold or silver, Baptist'ieally, ado. In a baptistical manner. LBaptiz'er, e. tie who baptizes, or administers the sa- from mines, cast in a rough mould and unwrought.B]ap'tists, n. pi. (Ecot. Hist.) The name generically ap- crament of baptism. The termn Bar is also used in African traffic, for a deplied to several Protestant sects, who deny the validity Bar, n. [A.S. beorgan, to protect, to defend, to fortify, nomination of price; payment being formerly made to of infant baptism, and require immersion after the ex- to secure; W. bar, a bar or bolt; Fr. barre; It. bamrra.] negroes almost wholly in bars of iron. ample of John the Baptist. With regard to the sub- That which guards, defends, or secures; a long piece of (Farriery.) Ths uppef part of the gums of a horse, jects, they consider that baptism ought not to be ad- wood or metal; a cross-beam used for security. - An between the tusks and grinders, to which the bit is apministered to children nor infants at all, nor to adults obstacle, obstruction, or barrier; anything which hin- plied.- A portion of the hoof of a borse. - Johnsn. in general, but to those only who profess repentance ders or prevents. Bar, v. a. To fasten, secure, or defend with a bar or and faith. This they defend frona the language of "'Fatal accidents have set bars.-To linsder, obstruct, or prevent; as, the statute Scripture, "Repent, and be baptized," &c., and from the A most unhappy bar between your friendship." -Rowe. bars my right. existence of catechumens in the ancient churches, who -Any tribunal, as, the bar of public opinion. -An en- "IWhen law can do no right, were instructed before they were baptized. They are closed place within the lower apartne of a tavern, Let it be lawful that law can bare no wroug.- Shas. closed plac~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e wtin the lowful arthat ofw aa taveo rn,.-,gas sometimes called Anti-pcedobOaptists, to express their hotel, or coffee-house, where liquors are vended andi -To except; to prohibit; to shut out. variance firom those who defend infant baptism, and served out to customers. " But shut from ev'ry shore, and barr'd from ev'ry ceast." Dryden. who are called P'Edobaptists. Tihe peculiar sentiments (Law.) 1. In a court of justice, an inclosure made -To cross with one or more lines or stripes. of this denomination have spread so mruch amnong other with, a strong partition of timber, 3 or 4 feet high, with Bar, a town of European Russia, govt. of Podolin, 48 m. sects, that we find B. equally among Calvinists and Ar- the view of preventing the persons engaged in the bus- N.f oghilev. It is famous in ois Iistory om te minians, Trinitarians, and Unitarians. The B. of all ness of the court from being incommoded by the pulics. confedertion establics.e there in li68, tis toulaelri and descriptions adopt tihe Independent or Congregational The term is also applied to the benches where the advo- cnerainetblie t i 168byPlsia other Polish nobles hostile to Russia. flop. about 8,000. form of church government, and all their ecclesiastical cates are seated; because, anciently, there was a bar Bthe consideroble town of tlimostaim irov. of B8h0r, assemblies disclaim any right to interfere with the con- to separate pleaders from attorneys and others. Those r, a U S ~~~~~~~on the S. bank of the Ganges, 18 m. N.E. of Bahar; Lat. cerns of individual churches. The meetings of the who, as advocates or counsellors, appeared as speakers o 18. N.. of Bar; Lt. \r~O,, adocaes r cnnsllos, tppnre asspezlrrs 25~ 28~' N.; Leal. 85~ 46~ E. members of different congregations are held for the in court, were said to be " called to the bar," that is, Bar, n Indiana, a township oDaviess co.; po. at. 2,200. purpose of mutual advice, and not for the general gov- called to appear in presence of the court, as barristers, Bar, in b'bndiana, a noted robber in Christ's time, who was2,200. erminent of the whole body. The Particular B. of Eng- or persons wlho stay or attend at the bar of court. Bprioneda anoiting derth for the crimes of sedition land, the B. of Scotland and Ireland, the Associated B. IIence, the word was applied to the persons who were so and murder. It was a custom of the Roman government, of America, and some of the Seventh-day Baptists, are called, and the advocates were, as a class, called the bar. fbr the sake of conciliating the Jews, to release one JewCalvinistic. The other classes are Arminian, or at least In the U. States, since attorneys as well as counsellors ish prisoner, whou they rigst choose, at tie yearly not Calvinistic. All, except some of the Christian So- appear in court to conduct causes, tie members of the Passover. Pilate desired thus to release Jesus, but the ciety, are Trinitarians. The Free-will B., thIe Chrlistian legal profession, generally, are called the bar. -2. Pris- Jes dended B. (lt. xx. 1-2.) Society, and somne of the General B. of England, admit oners being brought for trial to the bar of the criminal B'ab, in Wise sis, a post-village, cap of Suk co., Barlaboo, in Wisconsin, a post-village, cap. of Sauk co., ofopencommunion: the other bodies decline communion courts, the practice arose of calling them the "pris- ou a river of the seeme nemIIse, 40 ll. N.N.W. of Madison. with any Christians but B. The principal divisions oners at the bar;" i. e., standing at thIe bar to plead to It is a prosperous place. Pep. about 2,800. are the Particular B., who adopt the doctrine of par- tihe indictmient. -3. The term bar is similarly applied, Baraguay d'Hillies, (bar'a-gai deel'jai-s,) ticular election. The General B., who profess the in the houses of the English Parliament, to the breast- AcL, COU, a mss ofnce, s nt Paris, 1795. P ~~~~~~~~ACHILLE, COUNT, a. marshalI of France, was B. ait Paris, 1795. doctrine of universal redemption. The Associated or high partition which divides from the body of the re- In 1830 he toole pert in tre expeditios tu Algeria, in Regsdar B. of Amnerica, tihe most uimerons denoinins- spective houses a space nsear the door, beyond which which his success ageinst the Arats gained him the contion, who are Congregationalists in church government. none but the members and clerks are admitted. To fidemce of Louis lshiippe's governmeint, wln created him The Disciples, who reject all symbols of faitll except these bars witnesses and persons who have been ordered a lieutenant-gener-es. Iie was, in 1836, ippoisted to the the Bible. The Scveath-day B., or Sabbatarians, who into custody for breaclhes of privilege are brought; and command of tre usilitery schoIol of St. Cyr. ins 841, 1si observe the seventh day of the week. The Free-wil counsel stand there when admitted to Iplead befors tie was mate govemnoi-gecsmrl of Algerie. On the fill of B., who profess the doctrine of free salvation. And the respective houses. The Commons go to the bas of tIe Louis Philippe in tie revolstion of 1848, tle trovisional Tunkers, who are distinguished for their simplicity of House of Lords, to hear the Queen's speech at the opes- Govern-ent appointed him to the commend of the nildress and manners, and for wearing beards. At an early ing and close of a session. — 4. Pleas in bar, or pereup- itary division of Besanqon. Ile replaced C-hengareier is period of the Rtefoirmation, the subject of infant baptism tory pleas, are founded on some Inatter tending to in- the comudend oh the esiineN oh Paris, and comcurree is tlme was discussed. The Anabtplists(q. v.) are not, however, peach the right of action itself, and their effect, conse- accoplismet the co dtatn te 2 o e., 1851. o ~~~~~~~~~~accomplishment of thecovp d'etat on the 2d of'Dec.ilS51. to be confounded with the B., by whom their principles quently, is to defeat the plaintiff's claim altogether. In the wer with lissi in 1854 B. was cnmmnder-inwere expressly disclaimed. The persecution of dis- Pleas in bar are subject to various divisions. For, first, chief of tie Baltic expedition, and for his services resenters, in the reignS of Elizabeth, gave rise to the foun- they comprise tihe class of general issues, which are de- ied the digty o n of Franc, and lae w In ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ceived the dig'nity of marshal of France, and later was dation of the first regular church of this sect, though nials (expressed in a particular form by ancient prece- nominated a senmtor He took an active part in hes their principles had prevailed much earlier. We may dent) of the whole matter in the declaration, or, at least, casmpaign of 1859, when France leagued with Sardinia date the first public acknowledgment of the B. as dis- of the principal fact upon which it is founded; while t free lty from Austa d ination. to free Italy from Austrian domination. tinct from tie Anabaptists, fron their petition to par- all other pleas in bar are distinguished by the term of Baarahat', a town of Hindostan, cap. of the rajah of liamnent in 162). In 1623, they are described as carrying special pleas. All these pleas are governed by particular Guirel, 48 m. W.N.W. of Serinagur. an external appearance of holiness, as denying the doc- rules of practice; as they involve mlch legal teclhnicality Baraitche', a town aind district of IHindostan, provey. of trines of predestination, reprobation, &c. It is there- and nicety, they are generally d-rawn by pleaders or Osde, 50 i. N.E. of Luclnov; Lat. 270 33' N.; Lou. 810 fore probable that the B. of that time were General B. barristers. In criminal pleading, a special plea in bar 30 E. The distiict is relh-wooded, fertile, and well cul- The B. hlave diffused their principles extensively in goes to the merits of the indictment, and gives a reasos tivated. Meny of tie old Petan race imhabit this district. Great Britain and N. America; many of their ministers why the prisoner ought to be discharged from tse pros- Ba'-ak, the principel river of Cacsar, in Farther India. have done good service to the cause of science and litera- ecution. lThey are principally of four kinds: a former It umites wvith the Brahnmapootra, 43 m. from Dacca. ture, and both as preachers and writers, have taken a acquittal; a former conviction; a former attainder; or Ba's.ak, the son of Abinoeam, tribe of Naphtali. God position of eminence in society. - Next to the Mora- a pardon. (See AUTREFOIS ACQUIT, AUTREFOIS CONVICT, sumomoned him, by means of Deborah the prophetess, to vians, the B. were earliest in the field of missions. They CoNVICT, ATTAINDER.)- 5. In contracts, the term bar is release Iss:ael from the yoke of Jabin, king of Canaan. have been honored to plant churches in many parts of applied to an obstacle or opposition. Thus, relationslhip B. gallered 10,000 meu, aus the song of Beborel and continental India, in Ceylon, in the Bahamas, the West within the prolhibited degrees, or the fact that a persoe Barak (Judg. v.) chronicles their Vitolry. Indies, Afriica, andChina. No missionasry band has arisen is already married, is a bar to marriage. Bar.alip'ton, n. (Logic.) An imperfect syllogism, in any denomination, within the century, who have sur- (11er.) One of the nine honorable charges or figurees consisting of two universals mud one particular affirnsapassed the agents of the Baptist Missionary Society in placed upon the field or escutcheon, called ordiries, ti prposition. - C'abbe. ardent zeal, patient perseverance, and invincible forti- and consisting of two lines Baran'o AMABLE PaSEi Bu., ARON D-,a 11 a ~~~~~~~~Baran'tAALPRSE BRUGIERE, BARON D)E, a tude, in carrying out their Lord's commission to preach drawn across the field. It French historhan and statesman, and a member of the the gospel to every creature. The names of Carey, Marsh- differs from the fess in this: French Academy, was B. at Riorm,in 1782. In 1805, he beman, Ward, Knibb, and Judson, will be had in grateful the fess occupies a third camine auditor to the Council of Stte. In 1809, he pubremiembramica by all succeeding generations; and their part of the field, and is con- lished, anonymously, a work on T/he Litesatu-e of footsteps are now being trod by a long list of mnissiona- fined to the centre; whereas -1-ance dosing the Bsqhteenth Century, Elics excited the ries of all evangelical persuasions. - Ir the U. States, the bar contains only a fifth,... enhusiesm of Madame de Stath, and called forth the the first institution of the B. was at Providence, R. I., is not limited to any pamt, eulogium of Gllie. In 1822 appeared from his, pen in 1639. Their first college was founded in 1764, and and is never borne singly. T/e Comusns asd i/he A-istscracy, sad subsequently his their first seminary in 1820. - The latest statistics of B., It has tuo diminutives the greatest rork, Tie Hislory of the Dukes of Burgundy, of the several denominations in our country, are as fol- closet, which is half te f House of Vals, from 1364 to 1477, ich s L' ~~~r; i~ of the House of Valoi.%, froml~ 1364 to 1477i, which hlas lows: width of the bar, and the placed him among the first of the French historians Assoc. Church. Tot. num. basrule or bar-ulet, which is of the day. In 1851, lie published a History of lie NaRsgeldar Baptists....................609 13,83,55 1,109,926 half thae widtl of the closet. tional Conventlion, &c., and in 1859, a Life of MMatihieu Pmree-eill Baptists............... 150 1,279 1,214 Of the closet, there m.y be s.. D. 1867. Gena-ral Baptists, (sonme of their fives in one field, as in fig. 287 Barata'ria Bay, in tie S.E. part of Lssisiana, exassociations have united, in ut the barrulet ca tending N. fom the Gulf of Mexico, between par1868, with the Flree-will B.)..... 8 47 breny cops........ 1868, rvttner-rvhB.).84,73 borne only in couples. Bats- ishes of Jefferson and Plsaquemine. This bay is about.4Afi-MiLssise Baptists......... 180 1,80 0 105,000 gemeltes are so called when P,'g. 287.- ARMORItIL EN- 15 m. long by 6 wide. It, mned the lagoons branching eS'ix-P,~i-isiple Baptists-.... 18 3.000 they stand in couples. Whie n sIGNS o0r Saxo0.v out of it, were rendered notorious mabout the years 1810-12'eeveath-Day Bap3tists......,., 4 68 7,038 the shield contains a nummben as being both the head-querters and rendezvous of the Chsurch of God, (Winebrenne- of bars of smetell amnd colot mlternate, of even number, thaut celebrated Lafitte and his buccasneers. rinns)-............... 10 360 32,000 is called bairmy of so many pieces; as, tearry of six eugeesle Barb, n. [Fr. berbe; OF. bes-bare; Lat. basba,a Disci~ples, (Canaphehlites) -::::::::: 5,000 500,000 aind gules. beard.] A beard, or that which resembles it, or grows Tmuoiers:......... ~,,~~~~~~~ 200 20,000 (dime..) A perpendicumlar line dirwn through the st 1ff in place of it. Mennonites.........36.......... 36,280 q. v., dividinmg em piece of mmsic into certain "The barbel is so called hy reason of the barb or wattles at his equsal portions or meethesms s, mm order to render msh, sr snter his chaps." - Isaac W5alton. For the history of the several sects of B., consult tha its execuition more easy. The term bar is — The jags or points which stand backward in an arrow, History of all Beligions, by W. Burder, revised by Joel also applied to the qmuatity contained in any * dart, fish-brool, &c.; a spine. Parleer; published ima 1 vol. by F. W. Gets & Co., Pinhla- such portion; thus, we say a bar of two mindelphia, 1865; - and tire excehitut Baptist Histosy, by Dr. irns, of six quavers, &c.; and a bar in com- The shining barb spper ibnove the wound-Pope. VOL. I.- 28', INSET 218 BARB BARB BARB (Bet.) pl. Applied to the hairs forked at the apex, the outlet of a city, having a double wall with towers. the Moors, and thus an extensive tract on the north of with the divisions of the fork hooked, or curved back at Figure 289 represents the strongly embattled gate or Africa obtained the name of Barbary. (See BARBARY.) the point.- Lindley. barbacan, which, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, pr In modern language, B. means a savage; a man in his (Mil.) The armor of defence worn in ancient times tected the entrance from Southwark to Old London rode ad uncivilized state; also, a cruel, brutal, savage by horses, (Fig. 288.) It was generally constructed of Bridge, and was usually garnished with traitors' heads man; one without mercy or humanity. leather, and studded with spikes of iron. - The accou- in "rich abundance." -a. Belonging to savages; rude; uncivilized; cruel; intrements and housings worn by horses in a tourna- hunain; as, barbariean treatment. nimu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ent. Barbar'le, a. [Lat. barbaricus.} Of, or from, any barInent. I~~~~~~i,.''-~~~~~ —~~~-~~ —~~-~ ~ ~~~~brous nation.ll -[Co n t r ac t ed Onation. from Barbary.] - o "The eastern front was glorious to behold, With diamond flaming and barbarick gold." —Pope. (zoijl.) A noble breed of horses, -— Resembling, or relating to, an uncivilized person or reared by the 1 t a people; rude; barbarous. Moors of BatrMoore of Bar. Barlsibarisiin, n. [Fr. barbarisme; Gr. barbarismos.] bary and Mo- Un State or quality of barbarians; ignorance; rudeness; sa~vagery. rocco, and intro- savagery. duced into Spain / Hi "Divers great mosnrehDies have risen from barbarism to ivility, during their dominion in therat ~o ~.~ -— An act of inhumanity; cruelty; barbarity. (a.) ininion in that I country, where, hountrywevere, it hs -An impurity of style or language; mn immmpropriety of however, it has " i~:~ -- speech, aniagomisleic to time true idiomnatic qimality. been suffered n7 Barbvaryity, n. The state or manners of a barbarian; savagery; cruelty; ferocioushess; inhumanity. toeatgenerate'~!~ greatly since` -. "And they did treat him with all the... barbarity imagi. their expulsion. nahie.-Lord Clarendem. The noble.-race'.C "h Bar'barize, v. n. To become barbarous. (a.) of Barbary' -"The Reman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of horses, which _Fq. 288.- HORsE-ARMOR OF MAXI- Trajan."-De Quincey. we commsonly MILIAN OF GERMANY. (1500.) — To adopt or make use of a foreign or barbarous form call barbs, are of rare occurrence even in their own of speech. country, where the tyranny of the governors holds out /ig. 289.- THE GATE OF OLD LONDON BRIDGE. -v. a. [Fr. barbarizer.] To mnake barbarous. ino inducement to private individuals to rear an animal (Copied from isscher's View in 1579.) "Hideous changes have barrized France."-Burke. of which they may be deprived without scruple or com- Baibafroe FRAhcEsco, one of the most distinguished pensation by the first man in power who happens to Barba'dian, n. (Geog.) An inhabitant of, or anything Italian a'thors of the 15th century, n. at Venice, 1398. fancy it; it is only among the wild nomadic tribes of pertaining to, Barbadoes. He became successively senator, governor of Vicenza, amthedesert, whose roving habits and inhospitable country Barbladoes, or BARBADOS, the most E, of the Ca- bassador to Pope Martin V., general in chief at Brescia, place them beyond the control of the ordinary powers ribbee Islands, in the W. Indies; 21 m. long, by 14 and headed many embassies to Florence, to the emperor of the state, that this breed exists in perfection. The broad. Area,-166 sq. m., or 106,470 acres, most of which Sigismund, and to many other sovereigns; which prove commnon horse of Barbary is a very inferior animal, is under cultivation. Desc. The island lies low, andits that he was as skilful in diplomacy as he was versed in which, if originally derived from the same source ats thie surface is generally undulating, with the soil rich and literature. His eloquence was something marvellous, noble race of barbs, has greatly degenerated. In the fertile, producing great quantities of sugar, the staple and many tinmes he harangued the senate, and the troops beauty and symmetry of their forms, howvever, even the product of the colony. Bridgetown, the capital, is in at Brescia; thus inducing the state and tihe army to delatter are far from excelling. Their valuable qualities. Lat. 130 5' N., Loi. 590 41C W. B. has no mountains of fend for 3 years the walls of that besieged city against and in these they are perhaps unequalled by any other any great elevation, the loftiest being Mount Hillaby, the superior forces of the Duke of Milan. Ilis best breed in existence, are, —unrivalled speed, surprising 1,145 ft. above sea-level. Prod. Sugar, cotton, arrow- work is: On the Choice of a Wife, and tihe Duties of bottom, abstinence, patience, and endurance under fa- root, aloes, and ginger. Towns. Besides the capital be- Wo4nen, printed in Paris, in 1515. D. 1454. tigue, and gentleness of temper. The head of the B. is fore mentioned, Speights Town, Charhestown, and St. Barbarossa, (barlba-rosesa,) AROODJE, or HARUDJ, large and clumsy, the neck short and thick, the chest James. Com. The exports in 1866 amounted to $6,234,- styled Barbarossa, from his red beard, iwas tile soei of a broad and powerful, yet the body and legs aire so long1 220; imports, $4,940,410. The U. States have, next to Greek, at Mitylene, and by profession a corsair chief. and slender as to resemble those of a greyhound, and Great Britain, the greatest share of the trade of the col- In 1516, hlie assisted Selim, king of Algiers, in driving form aperfect contrast to the rest of the aniumal. But the ony, exporting to it bread-stuffs, rice, lumber, and shin- the Spaniards out of that country, and having taken MIoors do not regard the external appearance of their gles. This island is the residence of tihe governor- possession of tihe capital, put Solin to death, and horses so much as their temper, speed, and capability to general of all the British Windward Islands. - B. was Imounted tihe throne himfself. D. 1518. endure fatigue; and the animals which possess these discovered by the Portuguese at tihe close of the 15th B., KnAmIEDnmN, also styled Barbarossa, brother and sucvaluable qualities are cherished with m;ll thie kindness century, and the English established a settlement here cessor of the preceding, surrendesred the sovereignty and attention that;ire bestowed on children. Their in 1624. Pop. 152,727. of Algiers to Selim I., Sultan of Turkey, in exchange mode of treatment is very different front that practised Barbadoes Cherry. See MALPxnrCmA. folr a force of 2,000 janissaries and the title of Dey. He in our country. They are very early accustomed to the Barbadoes Gooseberry. See PERESKIA. was afterwards appointed capitaan pasla or high admisaddle, are mounted at two years old, and have their Barbadoes Tar. See BITUMEN. ral of the Turkish fleet, amid conquered Tunis, which wmus manes and tails cropped till the age of six, under thie Bar'bara, St., who suffered mnartyrdom at Nicomedia, retaken in 1535, by the EJnmperor Charles V. In 1538,.he supposition that it adds to their strength and bottomn. in Bithynia, about 236, or, accordiing to other accounts, gained a victory over the imperial fleet under the comAfter this period they are never dressed, nor are their at Heliopolis, in Egypt, about 303, was of good birth, mmand of Andreas Doria, in thie bay of Ambracii. D. 1546. manes and tails combed; if dirty, they are washed in thie aand well educated by her father, Dioscorus. To avoid Barbaros'sa, see FREDERImc I.. EmmtoRE OF GERMANY. next streami, and some Moors are even said to be offended disturbance in her studies, lie had a tower built for her, Bar'barons, a. [Lat. baibarbars.] In a state of barby Europeans patting their horses with the palm of the where she spent hem youth in the deepest solitude. barism; ignorant; uncivilized; rude. hand, from an apprehension of its injuring their coat. While in this retirement, she was led, through Origen, "Thou art a Rman; be not barbarous."-Shaks. They are never castrated, nor have the Moors the bad as is said, to embrace Christianity. Her father, afmnatic -Cruel; inhuman; brutal. taste to seek to improve upon nature by cropping the heathen, learning his daughter's conversion, and fail- ears and tails of their horses, as is practised by some ing to induce her to renounce Christ, delivered her up LoBfew days.' nations; a Mussulman will neither mutilate nor sell to the governor, Martianus, to be dealt with by the Bar'barsly, ad. In the manner of b rin; the skin of "the beast of the Prophet," the noblest of law. Mmrtianus, struck with the intelligence and beauty l savage, cruel, ad.or inhu tih manner of rbarian; animals. The horses alone are used for the saddle, the of the saidem, attempted first by arguments to maln n er. mares being kept for breeding. Walking and galloping her relinquish Christianity, and when that failed, had "We barbarously call them blest, Z5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Whie sarealiusg cofrbealk themr bl es'et"-pest. are the only paces which these animals are allowed to recourse to the imost exquisite tortures. At last the While swelling coffers brea their owners' rest" —Stepsey. practise; and it is even considered vulgar to trot or blinded father offered himself to strike off his daugh- Bar'barousness, i. Quality or condition of being casiter. Generally speaking, the Moors avoid givinig ter's head. Scarcely was the deed done, when he was barbarous; barbarism. their horses violent exercise, or overheating themi, ex- struck with lightning. Hence St. B. is to this day Barbaroux, (bar'b.-roo,) CHARLES JEAN MAnse, B. at cept upon extraordinary occasions; and aisonig tihe prayed to in storms. For the same reason, she is the Marseilles, Mar. 6,1767. He early distinguishled himself desert tribes, it is only in their cavalry exercises, such patron saint of artillery, and her image was at one time at the bar of his native city, tind establishing a journal as throwing the lance, &c., that their speed is at ull put frequently placed on arsenals, powder-magazines, &c.- called the Marseitlaise Observer, ably supported therein forth. On these occasions, however, they are not The powder-room in a French ship of war is to this day the revolutionary cause. Inm 1792, hlie was deputy for the spared, and it is surprising with what rapidity and pre- called Sauinte-Barbe. - St. B.'s day is the 4th December. departmeent of tihe Rhone, and joined the Girmidin party. cision they perform the different evolutions. These, in- Barbara., is. (Logic.) The first mode of the first figure lIe it was, who, when the revolution seemedl in danger deed, are not so complicated as the tactics of more of syllogisms. A syllogism in B. is one whereof all the frorn the veto of the king, wrote passionately to Marcivilized nations, but they are much more severe upon propositions are universal and affirmative: the middle seilles for 600 men "Ivwho knew how to die"; which the cattle, and would soon break down the best of our term being the subject in the first proposition, and the 600 men came to Paris, bringing Rouget de Lisle with European breeds.-B. is also the name of a dun or black- attribute or predicate in tile second. them, who composed the Alarseillaise Imymn on the colored pigeon, originally brought from Barbary. ]Barbare'a, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, ord. Brassi- miarch. To the last, B. was mt brave;but unsuccessful Barb, v. a. To furnish with barbs, as an arrow, &c.- cace'e. The Winter-cress, B. vulgaris, found in old fields opponent of Robespierre, and finally, in 1793, hlie esTo put armor on a horse; to furnish a horse with ar- and brook-sides in the U. States, has a stem furrowed, caped to the coast in the neighborhood of Bordeaux. ruer. 1 to 2 feet long, branching above; leaves dark-green Here, in 1794, he was arrested, when, filing to accom"On barbed steeds they rode, in proud array. shining, on clasping petioles; yellow flowers, in May, plish suicide, he was, while half dead, guillotined at Thick as the college of the bees in May." —Drydea. on terminal racemes. Bordeaux, on the 25th of June of the same yeamr. With Barbacena, (bar'ba-sai'na,) a town of Brazil, provey. Barba'rian, n. [Lat. barbarus, from Gr. barbares, no great gifts of statecraft, he was one of the few levof Minas Geraes, 125 m. from Rio Janeiro; pop. of town strange to Greek blood, manners, or language.] (Hist,) able characters of the French revolutionary period. and district, 12,000. This term was employed by the Greeks in a negative BlPar'lbary, time name usually given in modern tissies to Barbacoas, (bar'ba-ko'as,) a city of Quito, in the pro- sense, and denoted all persons who were not Greeks. that portion of N. Afi-icaz which comprises thie various vince of Esmeraldas, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, At the same time, as the Greekus made much greater ad- countries between the W. frontier of Egypt and the At120 miles from Quito. Lat. 1~42e S.; Lon. 780 8/ W. - 2. vances in civilization, and were much superior in natu- lantic on the one hand, and the N. border of the Sahara, A town of South America, in the province of Venezuela, ral capacity to their neigyhbors, the word in question or Greaut Desert, assd the Mediterranean, on the other; at time source of the Tucuyo. - 3. A village in the sanme obtain edan accessory sense of inferiority both in culti- or between 250 E. mnd 100 W. Lon., and 300 to 370 N. bat. province, E. of Lake Maracaibo. vation and in native fiuculty. At first the Romans were It consequsently includes within its limits the empire of Bar'bacan, Bartbican, n. [Fr. barbacane; L. Lat. included among the bazrbarians; then barbari signified Moruocco and Fez, the French Algeria, and the governbarbacana, fromo Ar. bunoj, a wall, rampart, toemer.] (Fort.) all who were not Romans or Greeks. In the Mlimddle ments of Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. Undertshe Roman shoIn anicient fortification, a B. was ass advanced work, Ages,.after the fall of the Western esmpirc, it was applied nminion it was divided into Masntitania Tiingitana, corrcwhich fi'equest ly covered the draw —bridge at the en- to the Teutonic races who overrasn the cosuntries of' west- spendingto Morocco aid Fez; Maus-itania Cesarieusies, to trance of a castle; or, with regard to cities, a tower or ern Europe, who did not consider it as a term of re- Algiers; A4fsica Pro~psia, to Tunis: and CGyrenaica and thie outworlk placed at any imsportant point of thie surround- preach, since they adopted it themselves, and used it in Regqia Syrtica, to Tripoli. Its extent usay be taken at ing walls. - Time term is likewise applied to an aperture their own codes of law as an appellation of the Ger- frosu 650,000 to 700,000 sq. m.; and its population is vamade in the wall of a fortress to fire through upon an mans as opposed to the Romnans. At a later period it rionsly estimated at from 10,000,000 to 14,000,000. Some enemy. Also, to a fort at the entmrincue of a brifdge, or was applied, but probagbly froms another derivt~tion, to derive tIme name B. from barbanris, (s 5'i BARBARIAN;) b-nit BARB BARB BARGC 219 it appears to have been derived from the name of its (Farriery.) Knotsof superfluous fieshinthe mouthof of through the embrasures, to give them a freer scope ancient inhabitants, usually styled Berbers or Kabyles, a horse; barbles. - Johnson. by swivelling around into different directions. and should therefore, in strictness, be called Berbery. Bar'bellate, a. [Lat. barba, a beard.] (Bet.) Beset Barbezieux, (bar'beh-se-uh',) a town of France, dep. The Arabs call it Maghreb, or the" Region of the West;" with short and stiff hairs, like the pappus of Liatris spi- Charente, cap. of an arrond., 21 m. S.W. of Angonl~me. but though this name correctly points out its situation in cata, &c. It is well built, and has some manufactures.. The charegard to Arabia, it would be incorrect if used by Euro- Barbel'lulate, a. (Bet.) A diminutive of BARBEL- pOns truffis of B. are highly esteemed. Pop. 4,265. pe;ans. It might properly be called the Region of Atlas, LATE, q. v. Bar'bican, n. (Fort.) See BARBAcAN. i nasmuch as it includes the whole of that great mountain Barb-1S[arbois, (barb'marb-waw,) FRAN'oIs, COUNT Bar'bier, AUGUSTE, a French poet, born at Lorient, chain, with its numerous ramifications. This designa- AND MAnQUIS Ds, a French diplomatist and literateur, B. 1805. He made himself known by a little volume of tion has, in fact, been given to it by some geographers. 1745. He filled many highs offices of state under Louis poetry, entitled lambes. Those verses, published after Anciently, this part of Africa was distinguished as being XVI., Napoleon, Louis XVIII.. and Charles X., and during the revolution of 1830, were remarkable for their energy, the seat of Carthage-that great commercial republic a part of the reign of Louis Philippe; He was the an- and accepted as a true expression of the popular feeling that waged a lengthened, doubtful, and desperate contest thor of Complot d'Arnold et de Sir Henri Clinton costre at that time. After this splendid effort, B. failed in everywith Romne herself for the empire of the world. After the les Etats Unis d'Amerique, &c. D. 1837. thing he attempted. He is enmphatically the mauu of one fall of Carthage, it formed an inmportant division of thue ]Bar'ber, n. [Fr. barbier, from Lat. barba, a beard; book; but such as he is, he will be renmembered when Roman empire. B. had many large and flourishing cities, Ger. barbier; Pers. barbr.] One who shaves beards, and the manufacturers of whole libraries will sleep unnoticedl and was long regarded as the principal granary of ltome. dresses hair. in the shroud of obscurity. lie was elected member of After being overrun by the Northern barbarians, it was B Ry whose decrees, our sinful souls to save, the French Academy in May, 1869. subdued by the Saracens; and under their sway acquired No Sunday tankarda foam, no barbe6rs shave."-Byron. Bar'biton, n. [Gr.] (Mfus.) A musical instrument of a lustre and reputation scarcely inferior to that of the (Hist.) The occuption of barer is an institutio of ancient Greece, resemsbling a lyre. most brilli;ant period of its ancient history. But the Sar- civilized life, and is ouy known among those auious Bar'ble, n. See BARBEL. acenic governments in B. losing their vigor, the entire that havviized li, ade a certaiis oly knowress in civig thsizatio. is arbo'sa, EDOARDO, B. at Lisbon in1480. He travelled that have marde a certaini progress in civiliza~tioni. It is country gradually sunk into the lowest state of barbar- all through India, visited the Molucca Islands, and was ism and degradation. A landifL of Turks and renegades referred to by the prophet Ezekiel; "and toup, son of Magellan's conupanion and historiographer in his circunmIsm nd dgraatio. A ~Lnfnl f Tulrsand enegdes man, takre thee a baLr~ber~'s razor, and cause it to pass upon acquired the control of its finest provinces, and subjected t ehead and pon thy beard." (Ezek. v..) We do sut navigation of the globe. He was murdered by the uathem to the mostbrut.l and evolting despotism. Being thine tives of the island oft' Zebu in the year 1521. unable to contessd opeuly retvohigespotesmo EBoeun read of B. at Rome till ubout the year 454 of the city; Bar'lbotine, n. (Chees.) A vegetable product from the they had recourse to a s ithe the powers of Emurope, but there, as elsewhere, whens once introiduced, they be- Levant and India, cousisting of wax, bitter extract ing; whic, though often partially abated, was not en- Car e men of great notoriety, and their shops were the earthy lnd guluy matter. tirely suppressedtill thus conquest of Algiers by the Iresort of all the loungers and newsnmonrgers in the city. Bar'bour, JouuN, uu enminent Scottish poet, o. about Hience they are alluded to by Horace as most accurately Brbu'Jna mnn ctihpen bu Trench. -B. has fir more of usl European than of an f.ti they are all uded to by Horace as uost accurately 1316. Ie is now principelly remembered for his work African chuaracter. ing to its beiung pervaded by thus uninformed in all the minute history both of families and entitled The Book of thle Gestes (if King Robert theBruce. African character. Owing to its beinlg pervYaded by the o h tt.Bti al ieteoeain fte D 35 t~~~~~~~~o the stte Butnealyies, the operations of the great chain of Atlas, it has every diversity of surface, B. were not coBtine, as rl to shuviog, rair-drns o t. 1 B. were unot confined, as now, to shaving, hunir-dressing, I.19. and is remarlkably well watered. The sclimate is excel- ndBar'bour, in Alabama, an E.S.E. county, having all lent; and it produces all the grains and fruits of S. nds oo ig a olue erain area of 825 sq. m. On the E. it is bounded by the ChatEurope in the greatest perfection. In ancient tiumes its sewounds, blood-letting, and ott er surgictl operations tahoochee river (navigable for steamers), and it is also Euroe Inthe reatst prfecion.In acien tile It seems that in all countries the art of surgery and thet vilird Eurfce, itl fertility was such as to be almost proverbial: (" Frunmeiiti art ha hand in hacud. Ths lithe of B.-chi- watered by Pea River. It las a varied surface, with art of shaving went hand in hand. The title of B-chiquantum mnetit Africa." Her. Sat., lib. ii. sat. 3.)- Thle rurgeonor B-surgeon, was generally appli to brbes. a generally fertile soil, here and there covered with furaeon, or B.-surgeon, was generally appplie to barbeos. site of the famous gardens of the Hesperides was origi- pine forests. Cap. Clayton. Pup. about 33,000. The B. of London were first incorporated by Edward IV. nally placed in Barca; but they were carried further W. in 1461, and at that tice were the only perons Wo C- A post-offe of Choctaw co. as the Greeks became better acquainted with the coast, tised surgery. The barbers and the surgeons were sep- Barlbour, in W. Virginia, a northern county. Area, and with the riches and capabilities of the country. — 330 sq. m. It is traversed by Tygart's Valley River, an arated, and made two distinct corporations; in France, See ALGERIA; ATLAS (MOUNT); B RCA; ltaRs; CR- in the time of Loui XIV., and in Engd in. The offshoot of th Monougahela, and also by Buchana _HAGE; FEZ; M0ROCCi; TRIPOLI; TUNIS, &C. 4 Te River and Elk Creek. Surface, generally mountainous. TRACE; FEZ Menecce;Taueo~u; C~uS, &c.sign of the B.coirur goosisted of a sildpoefu'ouu Bar'bary, n. A Barbary horse. -See BaRB. B.-chirurgeon Stid Soil, fertile, with excellent pastures. It was formued in B]ar'bary Ape, n. (ZoUl.) Se MAGOT. which was suspended a basin; thu fillet round the pole 1843 from the counties of Harrison, Lewis, and Randolph. Barba'stio, a town of Spain, prov. Aron, on the indicating the ribad or bandagoe twisted roud the r Cap. Philippi. op. about 8,000. previous to blood-ettiug, and the bsi thu vessel for river Vero, 28 m. S.E. of Iuesca; pop. 6,476. previnus th blood-letti and the basbn the vessel for Bar'bour's Mills, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of receiving the blood. This sign has b~een generally reBar'bate, a. [Lat. barbatus, from barbs, a beard.] (Bot.) taned by the modern B. In our country, nevertheless, Lycoming co. iBearded; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hair.tandbth oenB InoroutyneeteesI rbusvleinnina SeBAESVL. BearIded;bearing tufts, spots, or hises of hair, it is only occasionally that the basin may be seen hlang- Bar'boursville, in Indiana. See BARBERSv LLE.:~,r'lbated, a. Possessing barbed points. Bartbated, a. Possessing barbed points. ahe charaboursville, in Kenuteucky, a post-village, cap. of Barl.bau ld, ANNA LETITIA, an English authoress, sister iilgatthedoorofanoldbai-ber's'shop. The haracterof' Knox co., on the Cumberland River, 122 in. E., -R. or Baraud, ANNA L A, an Eghisu authores, siter the B. is amusingly illustrated in one of the tales of the Knox co., on the Cumberlaud Iiver, 122 u. E.S.E. of of Dr. John Aikin, q. v., B. 1743. She was the writer of ]Arabian Nights Entertaiments, and hus leen imnortal- Frankfort. Coal and iron are abundant in the neigh-.Arab~ian _Aiahis.Entertainsnents, and hats b~een immlortal, oho.rZ.a~u30 many poetical works and hymns which have enjoyed ized by Beaunarchais, Mozart, and Rossini, uder th borhood. Pop. about 300. wide reputation. As u writer of bIooks for children she muaiue of iliguoo. Bar'boursville, in New York, a village of Delaware was very popular; D. 9th Mar., 1824. Her life has been ar'ber, v. a To shave beurds and dress hair co., about 30 mn. E. of Binghamnton. written by Lucy Aikin, q. v., and prefixed to the collec- Bar'boursville, in Virginia, a village of Greene co., tion of the Works ofA. L. Barbauld, 2 vol., London, 1825. "Our courteous Antony, 76 nm. N.W. of Richmnuond. Barlbazan, ARNAULD GOUILHE.. SIRu DE, a French cap- Being arb'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast.-Slaks. Bar'loursville, in W. Virginia, a village, cap. of tain, who was distinguished by Charles VI. with the title Bar'ber, in Minnesota, u post-office of Faribault co. Cabell co., on the Guyandotte river, 7 m. from its conof Chevalier Sans Reproche, and by Charles VIII. with Bar'ber-ehirurga eon, n. See BARBEuI. fluence with the Ohio, and 352 W.N.W. of Richmond. that of Restaurateur du Royaurae et de la Couronne de Bar'tberry-tree, a. (Bet.) See BERuEIIIuS. Pop. 428. France; n. aboutthe endofthe 14thcentury. Heearned Bar'ber's, in Cealifornia, a village of Sutter co., about Barbuda, (bar-boo'da,) one of the Caribbean islands in the former of his titles while yet young, by his success- 18 mn. W.N.W. of Marysville. the West Indies, belonging to the Leeward group; Lat. fsul defence of the national honor in a combat fought in Bar'ber's Mills, in Indiana, a post-office of Wells co. 170 33' N.; Lon. 610 43' W. Ext. 15 miles long and 1404, between six French and six English knights, before Bar'ber-sur'geon, n. One whlo joins the practice of 8broad. AArea,about75 sq. m. Desc. Low,level, well the castle of Montendre; and the latter designation he surgery to the trade of a barber; a low practitioner of covered with woods, and generally fertile. Prod. Cotton; acquired by his extraordinary exertions on the side of surgery. - See BARBERt. corn, pepper, and tobacco. Pop. 1,600. the Dauphin, at a time when the cause of native royalty, Bar'bersville, or BAR'BOURSVILLE, in Indiana, a post- Bar'bFile, n. [Lat. barbula, from barba, a beard.] A powerless in presence of the Anglo-Burgundian league, village of Jefferson co., 14 m. N.N.E. of Madison. very minute barb or beard. boasted few adherents. He was killed at Bullegneville, Barbbs, (bar'bai,) ARMAND, a French politician and Barby, (bar'be,) a town of Prussian Saxony, on the in 1432. revolutionist, B. in the islsnd of Guadaloupe, in 1809. Elbe, 14 m. fronm Magdeburg. Pop. 7,211. Barbe, n. See BARB. At an early age he was brought to France, and in 1830 Bar'ea, a country of Barbary, on the S. coast of the Bar'becue, n. [From Fr. barbe-d-queue, i. e. from snout wvent to Paris to attend the law classes, where he had an Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egypt, ancd folrming to tail.] An ox, sheep, hlog, or othler large animual roasteth opportunity of manifesting hispolitical opinions at that the E. division of the regency of Tripoli; Lat. between entire. —A large entertainment assembled in the open period of public excitement. He had inherited some 265 and 330 N.; Lon. between 200 and 250E. Ext. about air, at which whole animals are roasted and eaten, along fortune from his father, and he thus had ample leisure 500 m. from N. to S., with a breadth of about 400 fioom with other viands. to devote his attention to the formation of secret societies. E. to W. Desc. Fornmerly this country was believed to -v. a. To dress and roast an animal whole; which is per- During the whole reign of Louis Philippe he was con- be nothing more than a barren desert, inlhabited only by formed by splitting the carcass through to the backbone, stantly engaged in conspiracies. In consequence of an wandering Arabs; but it is now fotund to coutain much and then laying it fiat upon a large gridiron, raised about unsuccessful attenmpt to overthrow the government, hlie excellent pasturage, more especially in the N. anld E. two feet over a charcoal fire. was condemned to death, a sentence which was coun- The vegetable productions are the palm, the pine, the Oldfield, with more than harpy throat endued, minuted to perpetual confinement. The revolution of 1848 date, the olive, and the fig. There are, properly slpenkCries,' Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued.' -Pope. restored B. to liberty. He then founded a club, which ing, no rivers, but only streams, which are quite dry in took his sname, in which the doctrines of socialism were the hot season, and generally lost in the sands of theu Barbed,p.a. [SeeBARB.] Jaggedwithhooksorpoint:s; superadded to republicanism. The name of "Barbls" Libyan desert. Pop. estimated about 1,000,000. Lat. armued as a war-horse. sounded in the ears of the people like the tocsin against between 260 and 330 N.; Lon. between 200 and 250 E.Bar'bel, n. [Fr. barbel; Dut. barbeel, from Lat. barbi, a monarchy and the bourgeoisie. After the insurrection This country was the seat of the ancient five Greek beard.] (Zoel.) The Barbus vulgaris, a fieshu-wate'r of May, 1849, B. was sentenced to "deportation." In cities, Arsinoe, Barca, Berenice, Appollonia, and Cyrene; uualacopterygious fish, usually frequenting the deep and 1854, he was again set at liberty, and left France a vol- all of which have passed into decay, save Berenice,which still parts of rivers, swimming with great strength andul untary exile. He now resides in Holland. is now called Beugazia. rapidity, and living not only on aquatic plants, worms, Barbe'sieux, LouIs FRAreois LE TELLuER, MAsquiS DE, Bar'cardlle, n. [Fr. barcarolle, from It. barcaruolo, a &c., but occasionally by preying on small fishes. It is nminister of Louis XIV., B. at Paris, 1668. As a states- boatman.] (Mus.) A song or melody sung by the gondosaid to receive its name from the barbs or wattles at- sian lhe was not without tulents, but he allowed himself liers of Venice. Though these airs are comuposed for the tached about its mouth, by which appendages it is readily to be engrossed by his pleasures, to the neglect of public common people, and often by tihe gondoliers themselves, distinguished. The section of its body forms an elongat- business. D, 1701. yet they so abound in melody, thut there is not a musied ellipse; its scales are small, its head smooth; its eyes Bar'bet, n. [Fr.] (Zobl.) The French name for the cian in all Itahy who does not pique himself on knowing large and contiguous to the nostrils, and the lateral line POODLE DOG, q. v. —A faimsily of birds, order Scansores,or and being able to sing some of them. The words of straight and nearly parallel to the back. Its pectoral Climbers, including thue genera Bucco, Pagonias, und Ta- these B. are commonly more than natural, partaking of fins are of a pale brown color; its ventral and anal, matia. They are distinguished by their large conical the alunguatsge emuployed in the conversation of those who tipped with yellow; the tail is slightly bifurcated, and beakt, and by being beareled'(whence the name) with five sing thulens; biut such as like a faithful representatiomn of of a deep purple, and the general color of the scales is tufts of stiff bristles, directed forwards. They inmlsabit thue msanners of a people, and have any tuste for the Vepale gold, edged with black on the back and sides, and Java, Sum atra, &c., and flutter sbout in all positions ous netinn ditalect, bueconme passionately folbud ttoth of the silvery-white on the lusly. The dorsal fin is armsed with thle truncks sod am uomong the brsrcnches of trees, in seasrch puoetry anmd suusuic of these popular songs. yLa Bionedissa mt strong serrated spine, with which it sometises inflicts of insects or their harvae, on which they feed. The plu- in Ondoletta, smth 0 Pescator dell' etude, sure pleasng dangerous wounds on the hands of the fishermsen, and mage of some of the species is very brilliant. specinuuuuss of this species of stung. - See Go.nDJLER. does considerable damage to their miets. It is sometimes — A genums of Aesss, q. vs. - piece of insurunuental music for a guitar, corusposed in found to weI-gh from 9 to 20 poumue, ud to meassmrs 3 1~Baribette, (bar-bet',) n. [Fr.] (Fort.) An earthen ter- imitation otf u gondolier's song. feet in length. The flesh of the B. is very coarse and race inside the parapet of a rasmpart, servimng as a plat- Bareelo'na, a city and seaport of Spasin, on the Mediunsavory; the fish, consequently, is held in little esti- forum Tbr heatvy guns; it has such an elevation thlat the teri'ancun, cap. of the prov. of Catalonius, on the edge of a mation, excdpt as affording sport for the angler. g uns may be fired over the crest of the poraapet instead fruitfilm plain btween the rivers Besos and Llobregat, at 220 BARC BARD BARE the foot of Monjouich (Alon JoAvis), 315 m. E.NE. of emissaries, who travelled over all the provinces of the poetry in keeping alive the ideas of military valor and Madrid, and 194 N.E. of Valencia. It is divided into Roman empire. When all was ready, B. solemnly an- of ancient glory among the people, Edward I. is said to nearly two equal parts by a large strait called the Rarn- nounced himself as king and Messiah, and seized by sur- have collected all the Welsh bards, and caused them to bla, and has for its principal edifice a cathedral, which prise on many fortified places. All who refused to sub- be hanged, by martial law, as stirrers up of sedition. On occupies the highest part of the old town. The harbor, mit to him, particularly the Christians, were put to death. this incident is founded Gray's well-known ode, Ths though very spacious, is difficult of entrance. There are When the great success which at first attended his enter- Bard. We, however, find them existing at a much later academnies for jurisprudence, practical medicine, natural prise became known, great numbers of Jews, from all period, but confining themselves to the humble task of philosophy, history, the fine arts, and several libraries, parts of the world, hastened to join his standard; and compiling private genealogies. But little is known of one of which is rich in MSS. of Catalonia and Aragon. so formidable did this revolt become, that Julius Severus, the music and measures of the bards; their prosody deCom. B. is distinguished from any other Spanish town general of the armies of the Emperor Adrian, and one pended much on alliteration; their instruments were the by the active and enterprising spirit of its inhabitants; of the greatest captains of the age, was compelled to act harp, the pipe, and the crwth, or lute. The bardic instiits commerce is extensive, and carried on with all modern with extreme caution, and to content himself with sur- tution of the Irish bears a strong affinity to that of the improvements. Manf. Leather, lace, silks, woollens, prising such detached bodies of the enemy as happened Welsh. The genealogical sonnets of the Irish bards are cottons, and jewelry. Lp. Iron, copper, arms, cork, to be off their guard. Soon, however, the superior dis- still the chief foundations of the ancient history of Iresilks, soap, paper, ribbons, laces, hats, shell-fruit, and cipline of the Romnans prevailed. The Jewish army, shut land. Their songs are strongly markedl with the traces brandies. Imp. Timber, hides, horns, wax, stock-fish, Up in the fortress of Bethar, succumbed under fistigue of Scaldic imagination, wlhich still appears among the hemp, sugar, coffee, cocoa, and other colonial goods. and famine; B. perished miserably, and all his followers "tale-tellers," a sort of poetical historians, supposed to Let. 410 2' 44" N.; Lon. 20 9' 57" E. The foundation of were massacred or reduced to slavery. From this period be the descendants of the bards. There was, also, evidently this ancient city is assigned by tradition to as early a may be dated the entire dispersion of the race of Israel a connection of the Welsh with Armorica. Hence, in period as 400 years before the building of Rome. IHamil- over the face offthe earth. Tlhis war cost thIe conquerors the early French romances, we often find thle scene laid car Barcas, the Carthaginian, is said to have restored much blood. It lasted i'or 5 years, and did not terminate in Wales; and on the other hand, many fictions have it a. a. 235; and from hiu it received the name of Bar- till the year 136. passed from the Troubadours into the tales of the Welsh. cies. The Carthaginians were expelled s. c. 206; and it Blsr'"eom, n. [It. barcone, from barca, a bark.] A vessel In thie Highlands of Scotland, there are considerable belonged to Rome from s. c. 146 until A. D. 411, when it built to carry fireight, much used in the Mediterranean. remains of many of the compositions of their old bards was taken by the Goths. The Moors captured it in 718, Bard, as. [Gael. bard; W. bardd, a priest, aphilosopher, still preserved, the most celebrated of which are the anmd Chmarlhecagne in 801. In 1137 it was annexed to a teacher; more especially a poet, fiomm bar, the top, the poems of Ossian, q. v. Many of the finest old bardic Aragon. It became a great centre of commerce in the summit.] The iiame under which were known the poets remains may be found in the Mabi, ogion of Lady C. 15th century; and the first bank of exchange and de- of the Celtic tribes, who, in battle, raised the war-cry, Guest, (London, 1850.)- See EISTEDDFOD. posit in Europe was established here in 1401. B. has and in peace saig the exploits of their heroes, celebrated -In modern parlance; a poet. since that period sustained several sieges. The. French the attributes of their gods, and chronicled the history "Nor know we when to spare, or where to strike, took it oni the 7th Aug., 1697; it was restored by the of their nation. Originally spread over the greater part Our bards and censors are so much alike."-Byron. treaty of Ryswiclk, and again taken oni the 9th Oct., 1705; of western Europe, they seem to have been the heralds, -[Fr. barde; Icel. bardi, a shield.] (Antiq.) A horse's by the Earl of Peterborough on the 13th Sept., 1706; and the priests, and the lawgivers of the free barbhrians, who defensive armor. by the Duke of Berwick, after a long siege, 12th Sept., first occupied its ancient forests, until, by the gradual (Cookery.) A strip of bacon used in larding meat while 1714. The French captured it oni their invasion of Spain, progress of southern civilization and despotism, they roasting. 28th Feb., 1808. An insurrection occurred here on the were driven baclk into the fatstnesses of Wales, Ireland, Bard, SAMUEL, an Americane physician, D. at Philadelphia, 13th Nov., 1842, and the city surrendered 3d Dec., 1842, and Scotland, where the last echoes of their harps have on Ist April, 1742. He studied medicine at london and after a bombardment by the regent Gen. Espartero. long since died away. Their early history is uncertain. Edinburgh, where he received his M.D). degree in 1765. Pop., including the suburb of Barceloneta, 202,165. IDiodorus (Lib. v. 31.) tells us, tlhat the Celts had bards, On his return to his native country, he founded at New Bareelo'na, in New York, a post-village of Westfield who sang to musical instruments: and Strabo (Lib. iv.) York a school of medicine, a public library, and a hostownship, Chautauqua co., on Lake Erie, at the mouth testifies that they were treated with respect approaching pital for the use of the pupils. Among the latter was of Chautauqua Creek, 57 m. S.W. of Buffalo. to veneration. The passage of Tacitus (Germ. 7.) is a the illustrious Washington. In 1813, hle was nominated Barcelo'nma, New, a seaport of Venezuela, S. Amer- doubtful reading. Heyne does not venture to decide President of the College of Surgeons at New Yorlk. D. ica, at the mouth of the Neveri, about 2 min. fironm the Carib- whether it is barditus, as some who explain it to mean 24th May, 1821. bean Sea. Lat. 100 10' N.; Lon. 640 47' W. It is neither bue-d's sonp, maintain; or baritus, which, according to Barelash, n. [Fr. bardache; It. bardascia, from Ar. bachandsomely nor agreeably constructed, and the great Adelung, is the true reading, and signifies merely wear- dadj, a slave, captive.] Aboy kept for an unnatural purnumber of hogs which are fed in the city also con tribute cry. The first Welsh bards, of whom anything is extant, pose. — Webster. to engender filth and disease. Its chief exports are are Taliesin, Aneurin, and Llywarch, of the 6th century; Bard'ed, a. (Antiq.) Wearing defensive armor: as horses and cattle. Pop. about 16,000. but their language is imperfectly understood. From the barded horses. - Tollinshed. Barcelone'ta, a town of Venezuela, S. America, on days of these monarchs of the bards, we have nothintg (Her.) Richly caparisoned; as, "barded, and richly the Paraguay, 100 mn. S.S.E. of Angostura. further till the middle of the 10th century, when the trapped." - Stow. Bar'clay, ALExANDEn, an Englislh poet of the 15th cen- reputation of the order was increased under the auspices Bardesa,-nists, (bar-de'sa-nists,) n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A tury, chiefly known by his famous poem, iThe Shyp of of Howel Dda. A code of laws was framed by that prince, Christian sect which flourished in Mesopotamia, from FSolys of the Worlde, partly a translation, and partly ain to regulate their duties and fix their privileges. They A. D. 161 to 180. They were the followers of Bardesasees, imitation of the German Narrenschitf, by Brandt. It is were distributed into three classes, with a fixed allow- of Edessa, who at one time advocated the tenets of Yalonly interesting as showing the manners and customs of ance; degrees of rankwere established, andprize-contests entinus, the Egyptian, though he afterwards abjured thie times satirized. instituted. Their order was frequently honored by the them. Mosheim contends against this view, declaring Batrelay, RoasERT, a. at Gordonstown, Scotland, 1648. admission of princes, among whom was Llewellyn, last that Bardesanes admitted two principles, like the ManlHe early adopted tihe doctrines of Quaklerism, joined the king of Wales. The Welsh, kept in awe as they were by, chinans. His followers denied the Incarnation and the Society, andl became very zealous in propagating as well thie tomats, harassed by the Saxons, and eternally jeal- Besurrection, and continued to exist as late as the 5th as defeuding their tenets in England, and on the conti- cen tury. necnt of Europe. In 1676, lie visited Holland and Gr- d'i a. elonging, or relating to bs, or their many, where lie becuame acquainted with Elizabeth, Prin- Ietgy. cess Palatine of the Rhine, who continued to be a warm "' Bardigllone, n. (Choem.) A blue variety of anhydrous friend to B. and his co-religionists ever after. In the sulphate of lime, used for orinamientul purposes. same year lee published his celebrated "Apology," under arcd'ish, a. That which pertains to, or is composed the title of'Theologice Vesre Christians Apologia, 4to ~!sioiby, a bard or bards; as, bardieli impostures." - ldec. Amsaterdam. It was translated into English by himself Bardism,. ardic science; the learning and maxims and published in 10678. It has gone through many' of bards. editions, and been translated into neost of the European ardin n. A little or inferior rd. (.) e (l.; iff ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bard'ling~ n. A little or inferior bard. (R.) languages. Written with nmch ability, with clearness - Bard eiph, in Ilinois, a post-village of McDonomgh of reasoning and pes-spicuity of expression, it also shows -"~ co., 67 m. N.E. of Quincy. great ingesmity in the advocacy of unpopuliar opinion. ard'sey, a small island of N. Wales, in the Irish Sea, In 1677i he again visited Holland, in comlpany with Wil- {{[iiiii;t ]adsyasm i s l n f N aein h e r i hea In 1677 le againe visited Holland, in company with Wi uDnear the N. point of Cardigan Bay, co. Carnarvon. Lat. lidl Poilu and0 George Fox. In 1682, lie was appointed 520 451 N., Lon. 40 461W. It is accessible only on the ~govermin~or of New Jer~sey, with~lc erty of appoimit~tine~g aS.E. side, where there is a small, well-sheltered harbor deputy. Timat colony lie never visited. D. 1600. VI\ for small vessels. It owes its present namefrom having Bar'elay, in Iowa, a post-township of Black Hawk co., been the last refuge of the Welsh bards. 7 m. E. of Waterloo; pop. about 450..Bards'town, or HBairds'tow,he in Kentucky, a poetBar'elay, in Ilenznsylvania, a post-village of Bradford ~'-'~ ~ /~ t~!it. l Bld'ono trs';winetccapsBar'cl. y, in S.W. o syTowania, a post-vidalae of Bradford dai' town and cap. of Nelson co., 40 m. S.E. of Louisville, co., 16 nm. S.W. of To w Sndem. and 50 m. S.W. of Frankfort. It is a handsome and prosBar'clayans, n. pl. (ecl.T Hist.) See BEREANS. perous place. Pop. about 700. Bar'clay de'Folly, 3imICI:;, )PRINCE, a celebratedpeosla.Pp.but70 Bards'town Junction, in Klentucky, a post-office Russian mititary commander, of Scottish descent, n. in /of Bullitt co. Livomia in 1750. lie comumenced his military career in Bare, a. [A. S. bar or bee; Icel. ber; Heb. bar, to open, the campaigns against the Turks, the Swedes, and the to make evident.] Naked; without clothes or covering; Poles. He was woundled iat Eyiau, when he was made as, a bare expanse. - Uncovered out of respect; as, barelieutenant-general. In March, 1808, he surprised the headed. Swedes at Umea, by a motion or two days over the lee! ~Swedes at Umea, by a ~ mnn~~arche of two days over the ice:~ ~"Though the lords used to be covered whilst the commons which covered the Gulf of Bothnia. HIe was made gov- were bare." —Lod Clarendon. ernor-general of Finland, and in 1809, appointed minister — Plain; simple; without ornament; unpolished. (a.) of war. Hle was author of the plan of operations which " Yet was their manners then but bare and plain." — Spessr. was followed with signal advantage by the Russian army in the campaign of 1812. After the battle of Bautzen, -,Poor; empty; unfurnished]; indigect. 26th May, 1813, B. was appointed commander-in-chief "Even from a bare treasury." — Dryden. of the Prusso-Russian army; and under him Wittgen- — Threadbare; much worn. stoin commanded ties Russians; Biticheer the Prussians; For it appears by their bare liveries, that the y live by your and the Grand-Duke Conmstasntine the Imperial Guard. br wsrd." —$ats. On the day the allies enteresdParis he was created general- Mere; unacconpanied; emcee. field-marshal. I). 181X.. field-nearshush. D. 1815.tl~ -c~~~o~ir.' Et was a bare petition of a state Bar'elanysville, in N~ou-th Cau-oNiua, a post-office ofToeewmthyadpihd.-lts Hnrnett co. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~To one whom they had punished." —,ghaks. Hamnett co. B]arcok'Ihela, or B \ItcOt'ECAs, (" Son of a star,") a -FRaw; excoriated; as, a baSe wound. 6tmous Jewish imnpostor, whose real naumcewas ScaoN, - — n. Substance; surface; body. (a.) and who lived in tie 2d century A. D. After the destruc- ons of the attacks, the encroachments, and the neighbor- e —. a. To lay open; to strip off a covering; to malke naked. lion of Jerssale m by Titus, the Jews, at different periods, hood of aliens, were, on this account, attached to their " The turtle on the bared branch, sought to regain their independence; and B., seeing his Celtic manners. This situation and these circumstancee Laneots the wosada thassaum dhdhasach.'-imeeneer. conutrymen still impatient of the Roman yoke, resolved inspired them with a proud and obstinate determination B-Ire, the old preterite of bear; now written boee-c to attempt their ensancipation. With this view he sought to maintain a national distinction, and preserve their Bas e'bone, n. [From bare and bone.] One so lean that to sound the dispositions of Isis co-religiosmists of E0gyl.t. ancient usages, among whhich the bardic profession was so the hbomnes appear; a thiin, itteinuated person. Mlos,potafmia, Grm-ece, Italy, and Gaul, and sent forth eciinenmt.. Sensible of thee influence of their tinaditionel "m users comes lean Jack, here comes barehone." —,Slalms. BARF BARI BARK 221 Batre'bone, or BARnBONE, PRAISE-GOD, at member of Barfleur,' (bar'tur,) a small town of France, dep. of referred to by Horace, "Bari mcenia piscosi" (Sat. i. 5.). the legislative body assembled by Cromwell in 1653, La Manche, 15 m. from Cherbourg. It is now a place of In more modern times it fell successively into the possesafter the dissolution of the Long Parliament. The royal- little importance, but it is notesworthy as being the port sion of the Saracens and Normans. ists facetiously distinguished him by calling the conven- from whence it is believed that AWilliasn the Conqueror Ba[rigazzo, (bar'e-gats'o,) a village of N. Italy, prov. tion Barebone's Parliamenet. At the time when General set out on his invasion of Engl]and. - The cape of B., 18 of Lunigiana, in the neighborhood of which natural Monk was in London, B. headed the mnob who presented m. E. of Cherbonig, hals a lighthouse 271 feet high. fires issue firomnthe soil, a phenomenon similar tothat of a petition to parliamnent, against the recall of Charles II. Bar'-a,' a town of N. Italy, prov. Coni, 28 i. S.S.W. of Piietramale, q. v. - It is said that there were three brothers of this famlily, T.isrin; pop. 4,290. Barile, (bar'e-lai,) a town of S. Italy, 3 m. from Malfi; each of whom had a sentence to his name, viz: " Praise- ]Bar'-a,' a town of Central Italy, prov. of Lucca, near the pop. about 4,000. God Barebone;" "Chsrist-came-into-the-world-to-save Serchio, 16 min. N. of Lucca. TherIe are fine quarries of ]aariila, (ba-ril'ha,) n. [Sp.] (Ohee.) The name given Barebone," and "If-Christ-had-not-died-thou-hadst-been- jasper ii its vicinity. Pop. 8,569. to coimmercial alkalies, formerly imported from Alicante, damned Barebone.'" The parent of this hopeful fanmily ]Batr',gain n. [Fr. ibarg-igner, to hliggle; It. bargagnare, Malagsa, &c. It is the ash of the Salsola and other seacould scarcely have carried his fanaticism further in to cavil, to contend; from L. Lat. barcaniars, to make plants. It was much used in soap manufacture, but is christening his children. or start difficulties, from barca, the goods which a ship now a lmost entirely superseded by the carbonaute of soda BRare'boned, a. So lean that the bones are visible, brings into port.] A conitest or wranglinig; a contest obtained from common salt. Barefaced, a. With the face bare or uncovered. between buyer and seller; a firm and secure agreement Barlillet, in. [Fr.] A small cask, or something like "Your French crowns have no hair at all, and then you'will or contract between parties. one; a little barrel. play barefaced. —Shlaks. " Giv e me but my price for the other two, and you shall even Br]'uflljug ALEXATNu Et. See AsHBURtON. -Shameless; impudent; glaring. have that into thie bargain." - L'Estruange. Bar'ing, in Mlaine, a post-township of Washington co., " It is most certain, that barefacecl bawdry is the poorest pre- -A stipulation; an agreement of any kind; a thing bought on thi S. side of tis St. Croix river, 150 m. N.E. by E. tence to wit imaginable." — Dryden. andt sold. of Augusta. HBarelfacedly, ads. Openly; shamefully; without re- "I uia sorry for thy misfortune; however, we must make the Bar'-iron, is. (Metal.) Iron wrought into malleable bars. serve or disguise. best of abad bargain." - Arbuthsnot. ]rll'itilone, BAnRTO,0, n. (Muus.) See BARYTONE. Though only same prsfligste wretches owa it too barefacedly.i — A gainful or lucrative transaction. - By usage. the word Barium, (bair'i-sm,) n. [Gr. barus, heavy.] (Chem.) Locke. B. has come to be taken for such tran.sactions n; aire fi- A silver-white metal, inferior in lustre to cast-iron; sySiB8are'facednl ess, n. Effroonteiry; assuruance; aucdacity. vorable to the buyer; otherwise the terim is qualified as bol, Ba; atomic weighf, 68-5; sp. gray,. about 4. It melts ]Rar.eq'iot, a. With the feet bare; having on neither Baree'f'ot&, a. With~ the feet bars; huiving on noitluer ("a bad baurgaine." below redness, aind is not volatile at a red leat; it is ~shoes nor s~tockisi~gs. (Law.) Bargain and Sale. A contract or bargain by ductile and nmalleable, and deconmposes water rapidly. s(Ecl. Hist.) As sppellation given to certaiin monks the owner of land, ii considerattion of money, or its It may be formed by voltaic decomposition ifrom thli and nuns, who abstaippl frost ie ring any covering oks equivalent, paid, to sell land to another person, called anhydrous chloride. Owing to the difficulty with which and nuns, orwho, absteain ofrsoes wearin ony coerngdals. the feet, or who, instead of shoes, wear osly sandals. the bargainee, whereupos a ease arises ie favor of the it is prepared, little is known of its properties. It is the They do not constitute seprate order in the omn latter, to whom the seisin is transferred by force of thie metallic base of the alkaline earth baryta. It forms two Ctheyd oti Cuconstiut e Ito seaae fornde in tiher gRoande Cathoic Church, but re to be fou s hihr ge of statute of uses. All things, for the most p:art, that may oxides-the protoxide, BaO, and the peroxide, BaO2; asceticsCurh among motof the ornders of Cameighes, grado ascetics among nost of e orders of Crseite, i- be granted by any deed m:eey be granted by bargrain and the former only forms salt. cisceians, Amgustines, Cofpuchies, &odr. oCreltsale, tnrd an estate may be created in fee, for lits or for Chlloride ofB. is made by dissolving carbonate of baryta Bsarages, (bAu -rij',) a village csf Francs, dep. Iutes yea. It is a very comimon form of conveyance in the in hydrochloric acid, evaporating and crystallizing. It Bartnges, on-di, ith vi-ontie of Frain.Iiscelebr autedo Pyrbudes, on this frontier of Spain. It is celebrated for U. States. is a colorless salt, crystallizing in fiat four-sided tables, its suiphurous and th-ermal watters, thi hseast of whiceh Bar'gain, v. i. To higgle; to inmakte a contract or agree- and dissolving is three parts of sold and two parts of varies from 730 to 1200 F. These highly esteemed spas vari~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~entiom'30t.L0'.Teehg~fesemdsa hot water. Its solution forms the usual test for sulare greatly celebrated for their efficacy in all scrofulons "The thrifty state will bargain ere they fight." - Dryden. phuric acid, which it indicates by forming a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. /'erin. BaC1 +2Aq. diseases, tumors, cutaneous eruptions, rheumatisims, con- — v. a. To transfer anything for it consideration. cipitate nsolb in nitheic acid. ersin. BaCl+2Aq. tractions of the nmuscles or tendons, chronic wounds, or Bargainee', n. [0. Fr. bargaigeui.] (Law.) The party Pce uoe onB. The peroxide or binoxide of barium is indolent ulcers. in a contract who receives, or agrees to receive, the uh used n ch istry, it beig prone to give up its - Z, ~~~~second equivalent of oxygen to carbon, phosphorus, BarBges, n. (Coln.) The name given, from the above property sold. - Blackstone. secod equivalent of oxyge to carbon, phosporu village, (though, in reality, the seat of manuficture is at Bar'gainer, Bargainrir', n. (Law.) Onewhe makes ron, d metals, t red het. ence its use in r11 7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ing rare peroxides of certain meta-Is. It is formed by Bagnbres de Bigorre,) to mixed tissues adapted for wo- a bargain. or contracts with another. - Jcobs. g rare peroxides of certain metals. It is lmed by passing oxygen over anhydrous baryta at a red heat, or men's dresses. B. are usually a mixture of silk and Bartgaintown, in New Jersey, a post-village and pot sig oxyen over nhdrous bayta t a ed eat, or 11by heating to redness a mixture of equal parts of chltworsted; an inferior kind being composed of cotton and of entry, in the S.E. of Atlantic co., 55 m. S.S.E. of b heating to rdness mixture of equl parts of chlor5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rate of potash. and pure baryta. The chloride of potasworsted. They vwsy in color, and are sometimes light in Camden. rate of potshi and pure baryta. The chloride of potanstint, with printed patterns. All are of a slight fabric for B]large, (baje,) n. [Fr. bar-ge; ut. bargie, radically the in is washed out, and the hydted binolde remains Esummer wear. The best are still mnanufactured in France. same as bck.] (Mfae.) A vessel or boit of pleasure or hind in the fs of hit powder. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~suannera weark. (M'. BArvesus. ee orba fpevasureo Ba reginc, GLAIRINE, ZOOGEwNE, PLOMBIERINE,?z. (Chem.) state; usually decorated, as, the barge of the Lord lMayor Bar's, s. [an bSeake ELsr. bark; AS. bea, to proA gelatinous organic deposit at the hot wells of Barbges, of London. and other pletes, destitute apparently of organization. II"Plac'd in the gilded barge, tect, to defbnld.] (Bt.) The external coating of an exand therefore pobby prodced by the action of wt Proud with the burden of so sweet a charge.".- oaller. ogenons or dicotyledonous stems and its branches. It is and therefore probatbly produced by the action of water on plants. It imparts a flesh-broth flavor and odor to -A large boat used by the commander of a vessel of war. distinguished from the rind or false bark of an endogethe water, which is much prized, and is sometimes imi- "'When S had taken my barge and gone ashore." - Raligh. mies or of sn acrogenous sten, by its mode of growth, tated by adding animal gelatine to the sulphur-baths -A fist-bottonsed roomy boat for the conveylnce of goods. and by the ease with which it may be separated from where B. is deficient. See BOAT. the wood beneath. The bark, presents three distinct Bare'-gnawn, a. Eaten bare. hB~arge-ea-PB~ rd, n. (A ic/s.) A term apphhed to iuiclined layers, independently of the epidermis which is common Bare,-guawn, a. Eaten bare. ] i Barge'-boar'd, n. (Arch.) A term applied to inclined t t ihohretra at ftepat hs "By treason's tooth bare-giccuw and cankerbit." -,Shaks. projecting bouards placed at thi'gable of ut building, and to it, aihe other extertin parts of the ptait. These Bare'-haded, a. Wit the hauds bse. hiding the horizontal timbers of the roof, as in fig. 291. thre lyer, poceedg fom ii outrds, are knnown as the liber, or inner bark; the celhiuar envelope, Bare'headed, a. With the head uncovered, whether or green layer; and the suberous, or corky layer. Some out of respect or any other cause. botanists atpply to these three layers, respectively, the ": Next, before the chariot went two men bare-headed." - Bacon. Greek terms, eolcesehsewni, mesophlceuas, and epip/laeum. Bare'headedness, n. State or condition of being Thie bark is connected organically with the wood by bareheaded. Beabns of tile medullary rays and camibiums-layer. (See ]Barefily, (ba-riqle,) a district of British India, forming STESa.) It develops in an opposite direction to that of a portion of KRohilcund, having the Kumaons hills on thei the wood; for while the latter increases by additions to N., the Ganges on the WV., a portion of Oude on the E. / the outer surface, the bark increases by additions to the and S., arid Furrucklabad, Alig-hur, and Moradabad on inner. Each layer of the bark grows separately; the the N. and W. Lat. between 250 and 290 N. Area, 2,937 two outer layers, constituting the cellular system of the sq. m. P02p 1,143,657., bark, rarely continue to grow after a f'ew years, but beBAREILLY. capital of the above district, stands on an affiu- come ulead struictues on the surflace of the tree. The ('di of the Ganges, 118 I. froln Agra. Lat. 280 231 N., inner barllk, however, continues to grow throughout the Lon. 790 16' E. It has several mosques, a strong quad- hlif of thi iidividual, by the sddition. of annual layers resugular citadel, a great number of Persihe.. asid IIindoo: I l oni its inier surfisce fr'om the cambium layer of thie wood. schools, an English college, and is thie head-quarters of a In some trees, the oak for example, up to a certain age, civil establishment and circuit court. Pop. 65,796. thse liber layers may be readily observed. (See LUnER.) Bares-'legged, a. With the legsh bars. Thie outer layers of the bark, from the distention to Bare'ly, adv. Nakedly; poorly; imerely; scarcely. which they are exposed by the growth of the wood be"IHa barely named the street, promis'd the wine, Pi. 291. -DARSE-BOASD. neath, generally become cracked in various directions, But his kind wife gave me the very sign. -Dosnne. Barge'-coupllles, n.pl. (Arch.) Two beams mortised andl give a rugged look to the trunk, as in the elm and Bare' Ilinta in N~eo Yoik, a peala in th. art d tenoned together for strengthening the building. colrkl-oaklr. In some trees, however, as the beech, the Barte' Highandsl, in Ne Orkapak ngte co.prtZ of the Ilighleands, in Orange co. The term is not much used. btark lwavys remaeinrs smooth, owing partly to the small a ~rne'-cked a. With the necle bars~, nuasd, or ex- Bsa'-cetarse, so. (A-chi.) Thdat part of the tiling development of cellular layers, and partly to the great 13~arel-.aeelkedl, a. With the neck bare, naked, or ex- l~~'e-ore. (Ac.Vhtp9' ftetln posed. vwiichi projects over the gable of a building, and is maide distensibility of the layers. There tare several kinds of B]are'ness, n. State of being bare; nakedness; lean- up below wvith miortar. barh which enter largely into comnerce; heiig used for hess; poverty; defect of clothes. ness; poverty; defect of cloth~les. B]ro'e~, n. The man who manages or steers a processes in thus sarts, or for nuedicines. These will be You ary eave or thorns to prick rsle, iarge. Ifound noticed ii separate articles, undler thie botanical Aad meet as wlt au Sos-cao.' - Barge'-naster, n. The proprietor or owner of a names of the genera which include the plants producing And mock us with our beretess." - Shaks. barge, who carries goods for hire. them. Bar'entz, or IBaRnTs, WILLI.Ais, a celelbrated Dutch pi- BaIr'ge rsville, ins Indliana, a post-office of Johnson co. (Med.) Though the rinds of many trees and plants are lot and navigator of the 16ith censtury, who iadtle several Bar'-gown, us. In Englehnd, the gown worn by a bar- used in medicine, all of them possessinig more or less voyages towardl the North Pole, and discovered the Isles rister, or member of the bar. tonic properties, the word B. is mow alnost exclusively of Spitzbergen. Ilinself and crew were thu first Euro- Bar'lIhan, lRscasi- Hutciu-s, better knovn by his literary confined to that of the Cinchona tree, or Peruvian bask, peanswho wintered in the Polar regions. D. 1597. pseudonymes of "Tuouixs INaOLDSBY," se. at Casnterbury, and its active principle, quanine. — The medicinal action Bare'poles, a. (Neuct.) Applied to a ship lying to, 175S. Ie was appointed a muinor canon of St. Paul's, Loss- of all B. is neearly sinsilar, thousgh some fBw have a spewithlout any sail set whatever, in a gale of wind; gener- don, in 1821. B. wves the author of the fasmouss Iegqolt/sby cial action of their own.'T'a-oken generally, however, ally speaking, in consequonce of iseing on a leo-shoore. Legends, a series of burlesque poems, which have obttineed they act as tonics, astringents, intiseptics, and stomachBare'-pnmn,, n. A pussp for drawing liquor out of a issmense popularity. He also publishe d it novel called ics, whuile the Peruvian B. is, in addition,a febrifugeof thi cask or other receptacle.- 6sabbe. My C(busin Nichosas. D. 1845. highsest order, especialsly so in ill fevers characterized by Bare'-ribised, a. Lean. - Sha ss. Bar'lsamlsville, in Virgi nia, a viih. of New Kent co. periotlicities of sction: hence its grest efficacy in initerBas.es'ville, in Ohio, a village of Monroe co. Ba'ri, (ance. Bar-iuums,) a fortified seapoat amid city of S. riittent and remittent fevers, gansgrene, typhoid fevers, Bare'ville, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Lancaster Itelly, cap. of ia prey. of the seame netme, oni thee Adriaitic. and all useuretlgic affections.- See CINCBONA, PEUWvIAN county. 50 m. N.N.W. of Tesarentsum; Lot. 410 7' 52" N.; Lon. 160 BUe, QUiNiNE, &C. Baire'-worn, a. Worn to a condition ofbareness. 53' 2" E. It is e mesmn and ill-built place, witha narrow -o. a. To stri-p off bark. Bar'-fee, n. (EBsg. Lauc.) A fee tssken by the sheriff, and dirty streets. Alanf Cotton, glass, silk, heats, soaip, " The severest penalties ought to be put upon tart-'ing any tres time out of mind, fbr every prisoner who is acquitted. &c. The port, which is encumbereds with seand, oily that is not felled." -Sir F. Temple. ]Bn.&'[ield, in As-kansas, a village of Mississippi co. admits small vessels. B. is a very ancient city. It is — To cover or enclose with bask. 222 BARK B ARL BARN Barlk, n. The peculiar noise made by a dog, wolf, &c. Bacor'ls'siites, n. pl. (Eccl. Rist.) A religious sect comrn- Bar'blow, Jots, an American poet, s. at Reading, Conn., -v. a. To make tile noise of dogs, when they threaten or posed of the followers of Barlaam, a native of Calabria, in 1755. In 1787, his reputation was established by the pursue. and a monk of the order of St. Basil; who, in the con- publication of his greatest poem,'IThe Vision of ColUrn"In vain the herdman calls him back again, troversy between tihe Greelk and Latin churches, after bus, which he dedicated to Louis XVI. of France. In The dogs stand off afar, and bark in vain." - Cowley. supporting the cause of the latter, became an advocate the following year he visited Englaud, whence he crossed -To clamor at; to vociferously importune; to pursue of the former. He brought a complaint before the Pa- to Paris, attracted by the news of the revolution; there with reproaches. triarch of Constantinople, against the tenets of the Hesy- hlie remained for two years, attached to the Girondist "You dare patronage chistce, or "Quietists," the name given to the monks of party. Ic 1795, he was appointed Anmerican consul at The envious barking of your saucy tongue The envinss hyarkio g or yer saucy tangos Mount Athos. The cause was tried, and the monks ac- Algiers, where he negotiated a treaty with the governAgainst my lord! — Shaks. quitted, in 1337. In 1339, Ilarlaam was the Emperor's ment, as well as with those of Tunis and Tripoli. Oin a,. [Fr. basque; L Lat bat;Icel. bar, a lht ambassador to the Pope, at Avignon, bfor a union of thie his return to the U. States, in 1808, lie published an enboat or skiff.] (Naut.) A general name applied to two churches. The old controversy was afterwards rie- larged edition of his first work, andi re-namned it the ay small sailing-craft, baige, &c. - Specifically applied newed, and to such a pitch did it proceed, that a council Coluambiad. In 1811, he was lappointed minister-plenito a vessel carrying three iaasts, but without a mizzen- was held at Constantinople, 11th June, 1341, in whichi potentiary to tihe French government. D. near Cracow, topsail; that is to say, haviiog her fore and icaii-nasts the monks, with Palamos at their Ihead, were victorious. in Poland, 12tlh Dec., 1812. rigged as a ship, and cer mizzen as a schooner. III this The B. were condemned by subsequent councils, and Bar'low, PETER, F.R.s., a distinguished English phlyrestricted sense it is imore properly wi'itten baque. 1Barlaaim himself is said to have once more joined the sicist and mathematician, n. at Norwich in 1776. Ie Latins. He D. about 1348. was Professor of Mathemnatics in the Royal Military B ar'le-u.U c, or BAR-SUR-OR.NAIN, a town of France, Acadenmy at Woolwich for a period of 40 years. In 1823, cap. of dep. of Meuse, on tihe Ornain, 128 im. E. of Paris. he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in IUi one of the churches is the celebrated moinument of 1825 received firomn it tile Copley medal for hiis researches RIen6 de Chalons, Prince of Orange, by 1ichier, pupil in mnagnetism. In 1829, Ice was admitted a member of of Michael Angelo. — Aavf. Yain, cotton stuffs, hosiery, tihe rench Institute. Ils greatest work is the Mathe&c. Its confitures de groseilles ar'e lighly esteemed. osatical and Philosophiccal Dictionary, which at the presPPop. 16,414. ent time is very scarce and of great value. He was also Barle'ria, n. (Bot.) A genus of tropical plants, order tthe author of an elaborate work on the Machiney and -Acaaithacta. lanefactua'cs qf Great Britain, (1837); of a treatise on Baaslet'ta, a fortified seaport town of S. Italy, proy. thie Force and Rapidity of Locomotives, (1838); and of!; ~~\K~jY/d8~~~k~Caserta, on the Adriatic. 34 m. N.W. of Bari; Lat. 410 ain Essay on Magnetic Attraction, one of the first works ____~ ~~i~ ~19' 265" N., Lon. 160 18' 10" E. It is a large and well- in which the phenomena of magnetism were distinctly built city, possesses a fine cathedral and many hand- enunciated. D. 1864. some public buildings. It carries on a considerable Bar'llow, in Ohio, a post-township of Washington co., PFig. 292. -A ecronQUE. trade with, other ports of tihe Adriatic, and tihe Ionian about 12 um. W. of Marietta; pop. abt. 1,450. Islands.-Exp. Wine, oil, salt, skins, corn, &c. -Pop. Barrn, s. [A. S. beosrma; Ger. barme: L. DB. barsm; Ba'rkal, or JE'BELn BA'RKAL. A sing ilar isand-stone sock abbout 29,000. probably allied to Lat. fermentum.] Yeast; the scum in Nubia, situated in Lat. 180 31' N., and Lon. 310 46' Ei., Bar'ley, so. [W. barlys- bara, bread. and /lye, a plant; rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fernmentabout a mile from the right bank of the Nile. It is A.S. bere: ete. bar, corn, grain.] (Bet.) Thile cominmon ing. -See YeAsT. quite isolated, perpendicular on the side facing the nsame of tihe genus Iounu)Euu, q. v. Bar'macide, Bgar'mecide, a. (See BARMECIDES.) river, and very steep on all. It is about two nmiles in Barl'ley-blra d, cc. (Zou1.) A name societinmes given A term used to imply ain imaginary or fictitious entercircumference at the base, and 400 feet in height, its to tihe siskin, to the nightingale, and to the green- tainment; derived firom thei well-known story in the summit forming a pretty broad plateau. Between it fisnch. Arabian. NV'ights' Entertainments. —"A Basrmacide feast." and the river are the remains of some magnificent Barley-brake, Bar'ley-break, n. (Gases.) The T/ackeray. temples, the two principal ones being known as the namie of a popular pastime, very common in England in Bar'-maid, n. A maid or woman who tends a bar or Typhonium, and the Great Temple, one of the largest the time of Jacmes I., and awhich is frequently referred to refreshment-counter; as, "a bouncing ba'rmaid."- WTashmonumental ruins of Nubia. The ancient city of Na- by old writers. It was played by six persons, three of each ington Irviog. pata is supposed to have been situated in the vicinity. sex, who were fornied into couples. A piece of ground Bar'-onaaster, n. [Ger. bergmeister, mountain-master.] Biar lk'-bed, n. (Gardening.) A hot-bed, formed-beneath was then divided into three parts, the centre oine being In England, thie name given to an otficer in mining disof tanner's bark. -Booth. called hell. One of the couples was stationed in this tricts. Barl'-beetle, BARu-cAYERa, n. (ZobT.) See SCoLYTIDu. hell, and their effort was to catclh either of the other Barmaeciles, (bairnme-cides.) (Hist.) An illustrious and XYsrPHAGo. couples in crossing from the one side to the other, when family of Khorassani, the romance of whose history is Bark'-bossnd, a. With the barlk too adhesive or close, the couple caught had to take up their place in the cen- equally faumiliar to Europeans and Americans in the as is sometimes seen in trees. tre. The couple in the centre were bound to keep to- I.soucsand and One Nights, (" Arabian Nights' EnterBlark Caulk} MiH ls, in Kentucs/y, a post-office of gether; but the others, when hard pressed, might sever. acinients,") and to Orientals in the pages of their hisWhitley co. When all had been taken, the game was ended; and the torians and poets; and who flourished at tihe court of the tBarlk'er, n. Any person who barks or makes an unrea- last couple taken was said to be in hell, their punish- first Abassides Caliphs. Barme, or Barrmek, the founsorable clamor or noise. mient appearing to have consisted is kissing' each other. der of the family, transmitted the honors conferred on "o But they are rather enemies of my fame than me, these bark- Games of a simnilar kiind, more or less modified, ire still him by the Caliph Abd-al-Malik to his son Khalid, and ers."- Ben Jonson. practised by young persons both in England and Scot- fuom him they passed to his son Yahia, who, becosming — uOne who barks or strips trees of their bark. land. tutor to the ftimous Haroun-al-Raschid, acquired an in-In England, the name is sometimes given to a person Bar'leyeorn, n. A grain of barley.-The third piart fluenne over that prince; which, with HIaroun's personal who stands at shop-doors to solicit the custom of pas- of an inch in length; hence the origin of the measure afifction for the ftmily, carried his sons, Fadl, or Fazl, sers-by. called a barleycoirn. - Sir John Barleypcorc, a jocular Gia;ffar, Mohammed, and Mousa. to the highest dignities Bar'ker, in New Yor/k, a township of Broome co.; name given in England and Scotlcnd to strong ce or of the court. The virtues and nmunificence of the B. pop. about 1,300. beer which is made firom barley. This is the subject of were, for i long period, displayed under favor of HaBarker's Hill, n. (Mech.) (So called from the name a ftamous old ballad bearing its name. roun, as well as to the admiration of his subjects; but of the inventor.) An early form of vertical recoil water- "Inspiring, bold John Barleycorn, one of the brothers, Giaffar, having at last become an wheel, invented in the 17th century, in which the water Wihat dangers thou canst make us scorn! "-Burns. object of suspicion to the cruel cnisd treacherous Caliph, moves the wheel from wvhiclh it issues by its reaction or Bar'ley-mow, n. The place whee reaped tansly is Yahlia and his sons were suddealy seized, Giaffar becounter-pressure as it issues from the orifices. — Webste.r. headed, and the others condemned to perpetual imprisgathered and stowed tog~ethler. Bar'kelrsvil e, in New Yorke, a post-offico of Sara- onmenut. The year 802 is assigned'rs the date of this tog co.' Whenever by yon barley. mow pass, tragedy. C, Before my eyes will trip the tidy lass."` —Gay. Bqar'kerville, in Massachucsetts, a thriving village of ore y emes will trip the tidy las."- y.'en, in Germany. See ELBERFELD. Pittsfield township, Berkehire co., 20 m. N.W. of Spring- Bar'ley-sa g'ar, n. Sugar boiled till it is brittle, Beae Mills. in Maine, a post-office of York co. field. (formerly with a decoction of barley,) and candied.- B.sr'zirluoUthi, or AEc'M.eAw, a sea-port and bathing flarkl'ery, a. A tan-house. - Booth. McCulloch. resort of England, in N. Wales, co. Merioneth, 55 min. W. Basr'kes'dale. in Viirginia, a post-office of Halifiax co. BIarley-water, n. (Med.) This nmedicinal drinlk is of Shrewsbury. Its situction is most picturesque, and BLarl'-$'alled, a. With the bark galled or excoriated, made iofrom the pearl-barley, and may be either taleic it is nauch resorted to by summer tourists. Pop. 8,407. as by thorns. in its simple form, when cold, or fiavored with some of ~Barml'y, a. Containing barmi or yeast. Barkllham'steal, in Connecticut, a post-townshlip of the substances given below. As there is some art re- "1And their cold stomachs with crown'd goblets cheer Litchfield co., 20 in. N.W. of Hartford. It is at pros- quired in mnaking barley-water properly, the following OG windy cider, and of bsarmy beer." - Dryden. perous place, and noted for its hardware manufactures. mode may be adopted with advantage. Take of- Barn, so. [A. S. berern-bers, barley, corn, and ern, or JPop. about 1,500. Clean pearl-barley.................2 ounces. ern, a close place or repository.] (Agric.) A building in nBarkliing-, a town and par. of Engicnd, co. of Essex, Cold water.......... 4Y/2pints. which agricultural produce is stored, to protect.it trom on the Roding, 8 m. E. of London; pop. 12,215. Pour half a pint of the water on the barley in a sauce- the weather, anid keep it in satety. In all countries Bark'ing-bil.d, n. See CaEcuC.u. pcn, and simmncer slowly for ten minutes; pour off all the wherethe clinatte does not perlinit the grain to be threshed Blark'ing-irons, n. pl. Instruments used for barlking liquor remaining, and add the four pints of water to tihe in the field and immcediately put into a grcanary, it is trees. softened barley, and boil slowly till the quantity is re- neccessary to protect it fromo tihe weather; and the uost Bark~'less, a. Destitute of, or without, bark. duced to one-half; strain into a large jug. ini which one olbvious method is. to Ihave capacious buildings for thant Barlk'ley, in Indiana, a township of Jasper co.; pop. or two slices of a leunon have been placed, with a few icurpose. AccordinglIy, all well appointed farms haIve cLsbout 843. slumps of sugar. When cold, and properly stirred, a one or more of these buildings, which are often msccde Barkl'-louse, a.; p7. BUrn,'-u-cE. (Zoll.) A species of cupful may be taken repeatedly. The juice of'; few of such dimensions as to be capable of containing tile Aphis, that infests the bark of trees.- See ApHaS. oranges, with an ounce or two of bruised sugar-candy, whole produce of the farm, whether hsay, grain, ors straw. Barlk.'ok, MALEK:-AL-DiHAeam-Anu-SAID, a Mameluke Sul- or a quarter of a pound of tamarinds, mcay be substi- A gsreat saving mnay be effected, by the mode of stacktnm of Egypt, and founder of the Circassian or Borgite tuted for the lemon, and when sufficiently minxsd by ing hay and grain in the open air, protected only by dynasty. He wrested the throneo from the last of the stirring, the whole is to be again strained, to keep isck a slight covering of thatch. In consequnc te of this Baharites, or Tartars, about 1382. In tihe early part the seeds, twigs, and stones, and, accordling to the afl- practice, barns may be made of smaller dimensisons, of his reign of 17 years, he was harassed by manysosedi- n ment for which it is used, a wineglassful of tihe clciskf and their psrincipal use' is to contain the grain in the tions and incursions; but was hates' distinguislhed as a given every one or four houors. In inflauunmatoryy sic- straaw wahich is intocided to hoe thcresihed out imnicedipatron of the arts and letters. eases, or cases of bleeding fromc the lungs or stomac.li a itcly; scc ticat if thee Pairn is capable of containing a B]arlk/-pit, n. A pit filled with bark acnd wvate'r. in wviich bcetter focrm of barley-water is miade by idding to thee thrceshing-floor, scnd as muuci grain in the sheaf cas is hides are steeped in tanning. —Bcct/h. two pints of boiled liquid Ilounce of simiple syrcp, and cuaully phut ic a single stcaclk, it answers all the purposes Bark.' River, in Wisconsin, rishug in Wasihington co., 1/ draclhmcs of the red elixiir of vitriol (see DRINtS); of a larger bsarci; and thus the expense of tshe hicruc enters Rock River in Jefferson co. while in cases of cough, or affectioucs of tice chest, a buildings is greatly dimincishsed. —T'he shalse anud ecsn-A post-office of Jefferson co. cool, relaxing drasught, acting on thie vessels of tice struction of a comcumoic bcanrn iare too well known to roBark'l-stove, n. A glazed structure for keceping tropical thtroctt acid chest, is produced by adding 1 drachm ofi qucire a particular deosscriptionc. Wi, shcall thereflre oncly piacnts, having a bed of tanner's barmk, or other ferment- powdered nitre to each pint of barley-wamter, acid a' table- give some idea of c very useful building, long since used in able matter which produces a moist hecat. - Braside. spoonflul taken every hour or two. Barley-water', made as Hollanid, and perhaps not generally knowni n our country. Bgavr'ton, in Jllisseis, a village of Saline co., S m. S.W. above, in which 2 ounces of gum-arocisic have been die- The Dutch bsrs'n (Pg. 293) consists of a roof supported by of Raleigh. solved, aid a dracihmn of nitre added, mcikes ccci admira- strong poles lilte masts, A A, on which it can be raised or Barlk'y, a. Consisting of, or containing brtoai. ble drink in all affections of the bladder, and ic cases of loamerere at will. The usuicl loruc is that of a pentagon; "Joy so ecrings the tasky Sengors of the elm."-Shaks. strangury. thcepoles are at the angles, and kiept uprighct by.mesaus BARN BARN BARN 223 of a strong sill on a brick foundation, and pieces, B, converted Jew in the 2d century, and seems to have from I to 4 broad. It forms the embouchure of Tom's, acting as spurs, framed into tie poles. The roof is light been addressed to the unconverted Jews. It is divided Metetecunk, and Forked rivers, and Kettle and Cedar and covered with thatch. At each angle is a strong into two parts. Ill the lst part the wiiter shows the un- creeks. block of wood, with a round hole in it sufficient to let the profitableness of the old law, and the necessity of the in- Bar'nerville, in New lork-, a post-office of Scoharie co. poles pass through; these blocks are kept at any desired carnation and death of Christ. lIe cites and explains B arnes, ALtERT, an American divine and commentator height by means of iron or wooden pins passed through allegorically certain passages relating to thle ceremonies oil thle Scriptures, was born near thle village of Ptome, holes made in the poles, and on which the blocks rest. To and precepts of the law of Moses, applying themn to Christ Oneida co., N. Y., on the Ist of Dec., 1798. He graduated and his law. Thie 2d part is a moral instruction, uncder at Iltncilton College in 1820, studied theology at Princethe notion of two ways, - tihe wy ojf light, under whichi ton, was ordained to the work of tihe ministry, and, in A. A is given a summary of wlhat a Christian is to do that he 1825, was installed pastor of the First Presbyterian may be happy forever; and thle eway /' dac?'kness, with CLIhurch in Morristown, N. J. From this place hie was the different kinds of persons who shall be forever cast translferred, in 1530, to tihe ministerial charge of tihe out of the kingdomn of God. First Presbyteriau Church in Plhiladelphia, an office GosPE.L OF ST. B. (.Thesl.) An apocryphal work also as- which lie continued to hold until compelled to relinquish cribed to B. It relates tihe history of Christ very differ- it, by a permanent disorder of the eyes, in 1867. He ently firom the Evangelists, anid is believed to be a lbr- has been widely known as an eloquent and successful gery of some nominatlChristians, and afterwatrds altered preachler, but, in particular, as thie author of' Votes, cand interpolated by the Mohlanmedacs, thle better to Critical, Explanatory, and Pr actical, oc all the books serve their purpose. It corresponsds with those traditiocs of tihe New'Testament, and on the Prophecies of Isaicahl whichi Mohammed followed in the Koran. and Daniel, and the Book of Job, in tihe Old. These mBarnasbee, ct. A name of the insect LASDY-BIRD, q. v. workis have been so generally adopted as text-books in ]Bs-sr'nm bites, n. pl. (Eccl. Ilst.) The namie of a reli- Bible-classes and Sunday-schools, that More than 400,000 gious order lbunded at Milan, in 1530, by three persois, copies of the Notes on the NVew Testacment Ihave been sold itamied Antonio Maria Zacharias, Bartolosctceo Ferra- if the United States, and an almost equal number, it is rius, and Jacopo Antonio Morigia. It was approved by supposed, in Great Britain. They have sceell translated Clement VII. in 1533, and confirmed by Paul III. in 155. into lbreign languages, —into French, Welshl —and, par- They were called regular clerks of St. Paul, firom their tially at least, into some of tihe dialects of the Oriental assiduous study of his Epistles, recommended to thest nasctions. Mr. Barnes has also contributed to tihe press by thieir first master, and are said to have received tihe a variety of sermons, addresses, essays, reviews, &c.; a iiacme of Barnabites, given them in 1535, fioom tihe Church work upon slavery, in which the Biblical ar-gument for of' St. Barnabas, at Mlilan. They spread through Italy that institition is examinedl with ability and fairness, cand Germany, and were invited into France by ienrcy cand a iTreatise on the ELvidecces of Christianity in the IV. in 1608, to be employed in the mission of B1carn. Nineteenth Centucry, containing the substance of a course Thley are now to be Ibunsd only in some parts of Austria. of lectures delivered at the Union Theological Seminary, EB''anaele, cc. [Fr. baccnac/ce; froin Lct. jietna, a sea- N. Y., ic tics-winter of' 1560. His Cecsncentary en the ______________ imuscle; Gael. baicrneca/, a limpet.] A shellfishl. See Book of Psalccs, which cppeared in 1869, lie announced, BALANUS, and ACORN-SHELL.-A species of wild goose. from age acd failing vision, to tIe the close of his long B —~ ~~~~/ ~See BeNACLE.labors in the department of religiocs literature, to which ________ / ~~ —-p. (earriery.) An instrument consisting of two hie has devoted so much time acnd stucly. It is a sillbranches, joined at one end with a hinge, to put uponit gular circumcstance, that all tile "Notes" referred to, horse's nose, to confine him fobr slhoeing, bleeding, or amounting to some 15 or 20 volumes, and requiring, of X I /,t ~~~dressing; a horse-twi(cher. necessity, avast degree of research iancd patient industry, \_____________ — p1. A cant wovrd, selld in England, for ait pair of spec- have been written before nine o'cloclk in the morning, ~ —-— q-~- -~1~~ ~tacles; probably because, as tihey were once smade, thiey to avoid trespassing upon the daily professional pursuits clasped the nose in thie nmacer of the B., or hoirse- of the author, -a menmorable instance of what one man.Fig. 293. ODUTCtO BARN twitcher. cacn accomplish, by system, resolution, and ass earniest raise tihe roof, a small ja-ck is used, an instrument welll Bar'snard, HENRY, LL.n., all Amnerican vwriter, n. at purpose. D. 1870. known by its use sin raisinst Iheavcy acgscns wicess the Hartfobrd, Conn., in 1811. He gracduatedat Yale College, t'Barnes, DAME JULIANA, Abbess of the Benedictine MIonwheels are talken off. This is placed on an iron pin at andi became chiefly itnown by ie labocious efforts ccscl aetery of Sopixell, cear St. Alandn's, Engiland. Sit some distance below the root and tihe corners are raised many publications in behalf of the public-sclcoolsystccc. flourished in the 15th century, and eras lie author of gradually, one after tihe other, at opposite angles, the His School Architecture, Normal Schtools in the Uccited a celebrated work entitled T1/e Boke if St. Alban's, front pins being moved each tice,sit hole icigher. T lhe chief States, andcl Ecucation aid Eimploymeect fitr Chilcdren i/n its having been printed in that cmonastery in 1486. It use of tihe Dutch barn, whiclh is susceptile of grect i- actories, are acisug tics best known of gis worne, is a learsced trebtiss on hawkfiing, Icunting, ccd coatprovercent, is to contain htay, whiclh, without obstacle B]ar'nardi, in A/aine, a township of Piscataqunis co., 85 armor, and is now of extremse rarity and value. to the circulation of ai-, masy be protected from the wet, cc. N.N.E. firom Augusta; pop. about 250.. Barnes, IROETi, a learned divine, and one of tile earliest in any small quantity, as soon as made; the roof bein Btlar'nat r, i iN lichicgan, a post-office of Ennmett co. preachess and oartyrs of the Euglish teformation. ile raised as the qutantity increases, and gradually lowere Bl~arnaret, ic n rt'-tonit, a 1)ost-towneshcip of Windoor co., xas chiaplai to Henry VlII., cud being accused of as it is taken off for the cattle, which is always from the 35 In. S. of Moentpelier, andi drasined by several affluents heresy, iis life xas placed inc jeopsrdy. Ile, however, top. of White River; po). about 1,800. escaped to Gerniany, where ice became a disciple of LutBarn, n. A young clhild;-a provincial word in England. Bar'nar~{[ Castle, a town of England, co. of Durcan, ther and hia theology. Oc is return to England, he See BAIRN. on tihe Tees, 22-7 ic. N.W. of I,ondoin, clcd 2 in. S.W. of was again prosecuted for his religious opinions, snd, B3ar'nabab s, St., ("1 Son of Consol ation,") or Josec, a curhialn. Tihe toewn is smasll, but picturesquely situated without a trial, was burned at the stake, in Smithfield, disciple of Jesus, and a companion of the Apostle Paul. on a hiigih hiill oveelrhaiging the Tees. Alanf. Carpets, London, on the 30th of July, 1540. Of his works, the He was a Levite, scud a native of tIhe isle of Cyprus, and is tlhreatd,,c. 1Pop. 4.900. Confessiem at the Stake was translated by Luther, and said to have sold all his property, and laid the price of ]Barlnard'ds, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Arm- circulated throughout Germany. it at tihe feet of the atpostles, (A cts iv. 36, 37.) Wihen Psaul strong co.'Barnmes, WILLIAM, o.D., a learned English philologist and came to Jerusalem, three years after Ihis conversion. abtouct Bar'nasrdlsville, in Tennessee, a post-villagein Roatne divine, B. 1810. He is the author of A Philological GramA. D. 38. B. isntroduced hini to thle other apostles, (Acts co., 130 m. E. by S. of Nashville. cccac, grounded scpsn Esnglis/, ect fiircccd ocica a contix. 26, 27.) Five years afterwards, the Church at Jerusa- sBar'na! l, scIc mining town of Asiatic Russia, in Sibesria, parison of c9oos- t/as Sixty Languages: beingc a Intrcolent bein inforimed of the progress of the gospel at gov. of Tobolsk, circ. of Tomskl, on the river Oby, near dusction to the Science of Grammar-s of ull Languages, Anctioch, sent B. thithler, who beheld with great joy the the Altai mountains; Let. 590 20' N., Lon. 830 26' E., especially English, Lactiu, and Greek; An Acigl,-Saxon wonders of the gprace of God, (Acts xi. 20, 24.) He after- Large quantities of gold and silver are smelted here, Delectus; Notes on Ancicert Britain aid the Britorts, cC. wards went to Taresus, to seek Paul and bring him to which are obtained froiom mines in the neighbolrhood. Barnes, in Ohio, ac post-otice of Richland co. Antioch, where they dwelt together two years, and great Iuop. about 12,000. Barcees'borlogh, ill Nsew Jersey, a village of Glou]lucbers were converted. They left Antioch A. n. 45, to Biarvnave, (bac-'nehv,) ANTOINE PIERRE JoSEPst MARIE, cestcr co., 7 cs. S. by W. of Woodbury. convey alms from this Church to that of Jerusalem,.,nd a distinguished French orator, and a zealous adherlcent Btar'nes' Corners, in New York, a post-office of soon returned, briuging with them John anid Mark, and early victim of the revolution, was B. at GreCotile, Lewis co. (Acts xi. 28, 30; xii. 25.) While they were at Antioch, 1761. le was the son of a rich pro-cureua%. I-e was Co ssa.cs' Cross IRoa~s, in Atlabama, c post-office of the Holy Ghost directed thst they should be set apart for chosen a deputy of the tiers-itat to the assembly of the liale co. thiose labtors to which lie had appointed themc; viz., the states-general, and showed himself an open enemsy to Barnes' Store, in Mississippi, a post-office of Tishplanting of new chu-ches among the Gentiles. Thiey the court. The constituent assembly appoinited lissc emingo co. then visited Cyprus, ans some cities of Asia Misor, (Acts their president, Jan., 1791. After tice flighit o thle kiing, hie Barnes view, in Missoucri, a village of Clark co., about xv. 2-14,) and after three years absence returncedl to An- wxi a slmost the oslly one xeio reatci ned cius. Ite de- 2 in. E. of Wyaconda River. tioch. In A. 5. 50, ice and Pasci weres appointed delegates i fended Lalhyette against thie clhtrgie of being privy to Barlntrenrvilie, in Georgia, a prosperous post-village of from the Syrian clhurchles to consult the apostles and this step, and, after the arrest of tihe royal lfamily, was Pike co., 40 m. N.W. of Macon, and 18 frtis, Grifflin. elders at Jerusalem, respecting certain questions raised sent, with Petion and Latour-Maubourg, to meet them, Bar'lness'ville, in Kansas, a post-village of Bourbon co. by Jewish zealots; and they returned after having ob- and to conduct them to Paris. The sight of their mis- Barnes' vilie, icn Alarylacd, a post-villalge of Monttained the judgnient of tihe brethren of Jerusalem. At fortunes, and the proflnaction of the roycl dignity, gomecry co.,:;8 cc. N.W. of Waslhington, ancd 4 E. of tihe Antioch, B. was led to dissimulation by Peter, and was, seenmed to have made a profound impression onI his mind. Potosmac river. in consequence, reproved Ity P~ul. While preparing for He treated his captives with the respect due to their B rarnes'ville, in Alissouri, a post-office of Clinton co. a second missionary tour, Paul and B. having a dispute rank and misfortunes, and fr-om this mioment a visible B]trnestville, in Ohio, a post-village of Belhmc, nt co., relative to Mark, Barnabas's nephew, they separated, change in ihis principles was observed. -He defended the 50 in. E. of Zanesville; pop. about 1,400. Paul going to Asia, and Barnabas with Markl to Cyprus. inviolability of the royal person, and painted tihe fatal ]BarHraes'ville, iunPennsylvanica, a post-oflice of Schuyl(Acts xiii. 15; Gal. ii. 13.) Nothing is known of hIis subse- disasters which threatened the state; but from this kill co. quent history. When he gave all his estates to Christ, mnoment his influence continually declined, and he was Barnesville, in Virginia, a post-office of Ccharlotto he gave himiself also, as his life of generous self-devotion entirely given sip by the revolutionary pasty. Whess county. and missionary toil clearly shows. He weas a beloved the correspondence of tice court fell into the hacncds of Barshei, (CHIPmINc,) icc Ecngittcd. See CclsceN-e BAR NtE'.. fellow-laborer xith Paul, somewhaut as Melbcncthon was the victorious party, Aug. 10, 1792, thesy pretecded to Barn'e$, in Pennsyltatica, a townesliip of Forest co. withc Liuthcr. —Tlhe festival of St. Barnubuas is celebrated have found documents which showed hicim to have been B1]ar'net, in Vermeont, a post-townsslhip of Cacledonsiac co., in the Roman Catholic Church on the Ilth of June. secretly connected with it, and hie was guillotined Nov. asbout 20 m. E. by N. of Montpelier, at lice csticlutiemo Es-STLe Os Sr. B. (Theoe.) Titis apocryphtl epistle lays 29, 1793. of the Passumpsic and Conncecticut; ~ops.c aliout 23,400. greater claim to canonical authority than most of the ][Barn'egat, in Nese Fork, a villlage of Duchess co., on Bar-'net, in /lhtnois, a towensicip of Do VWitt co.; loip. other uncredited weiti ngs5. It is cited by CIemeos Alex- the Huldson river, 4 m. from Poughkeepsie. cobuut 1.000. andr-inus, Origen, Esusebius, and Jerome, who adimait it to Bar'neg-at, in New Jersey, a post-town of Union town- ]Bar'nletlt's ]lll1s, in Vi/cginia, a village of FaIcquier be the worxc of Barcnaobas, but declare that it ought not ship, in the S. of Ocean co., on Double Creek, 1 m. from co., on tice Rappaihannock, 91 m. N. by W. of ltichlccsoscel. to be esteemed of the same authority as the canonical Barnegat Bay, and 14 S. of Tom's River. This place is B]arneveldt, (bac-n'vett,) JAN VAN OLDEN, Granucc Pusworks. It is published by Archbishop Waloe emong his largely interested in navigation, and the coasting trade sionscry of Itisliand, c. in 1549. Ite itsad scarcely reachicd translations of tice woc-ks of the Apostolical Fatthere, in to the south of the U. States. _Pop. about 700. hiis 20th yescr when he wxis calledl to the office of counthe preiminary dissertation to whcich he gtiees the argu- Bar'negat Bay, in _Nrew Jersey, on the I. confine of cilior and penscioscry of Itotterdamuc;; cand sucdx was tice ments adduced to prove it to be the work of St. B. It is, Ocean co., reaches N. from Besnegat Inlet to the on- opinion even thess estertaitsisio of isis emcinent abilities however, genesally believed to have been written by some trance of Metetecunk river, and is about 23 m. long, and and integr-ity, thlat he wxs allowlced an important slcsro 224 BARN BARO BARO in the management of those transactions with France becomtngpinchbeck-brown. —Com p. Sulphur30'5, copper engraved by Agostino Carracci, and -to be found in the and England, by which the United Provinces sought to 48'2, iron 21'3. 100. n.e. it gives sulphurous flames, former gallery Borghese; the Descent from the Cross, at maintain themselves against Spain, whose yoke they and fuses easily to a magnetic globule. It occurs in N. Perugia, and a burying piece, engraved by Sideler. had just thrown off. His conduct in the high office of Carolina with other copper ores, at Barnhardt's land, D. 1612. Grand Pensionary of Holland and W. Friesland, which &c., and in California. - Dana. ]Ba'roche, PIEaRE JULES, a French statesman, B. at he afterwards filled, not only secured the independence, Barn'halrts Hills, in Pennsylvania, a post-village Paris, 1802. He was called to the bar in 1823, and soon but restored the trade and improved the finances of the of lButler co. acquired professional distinction. In 1847, he was electUnited Provinces. After the election of Maurice of Barns'borough, in -N. Jersey, a P.O. of Gloucester co. ed member of the Chamber of Deputies for the dep. of Nassau to the dignity of Stadtholder, B. became the Barns'ley, a town of England, in the W. Riding of the Charente-Inf6rieure, where lie steadily opposed the minchampion of popular liberties, and opposed with deter- co. of York, on the Dearne, 155 m. N.W. by N. of London, istry of Guizot. tIe signed the.Acte d'Accusation, rnination the ambitious designs of the new prince. He 34 m. S.W. of York, and 9 S. of Wakefield. It is a thriv- drawn up by Odillon Barrot, on the 23d Feb., 1848, in was so far successfil as to have a truce of 12 years con- ing and busy place, situate in the centre of a large min- which they were accused of violating the rights of citicluded with Spain, in opposition to the views of the ing district. Manf. Linens and steel-wares. Pop. 20,017. zens, and of systematic corruption. In May of the Stadtholder; and such was the popularity of that mes- Barn'stable, in Massachusetts, the most E. county of same year, B. was appointed Procuresr-G&n6ral of the sure, that he must have had the advantage over his rivals, the State, possessing an area of about 290 sq. m. It in- court of Paris, in which office he used repressive meaif their respective claims had colle to be submitted to eludes the peninsula of Cape Cod, and a number of sures against the Democratic press, aend conducted variany assembly of the States; but about this time, the islands. Soil generally light and sandy. Large quanti- ous state prosecutions with an energy and ability which fanaticism of two sects, the Arminians and the Gom- ties of salt are extracted here from the sea-water. Cap. made hifn an object of intense dislike to the radical arists, raged throughout Holland, and the Grand Pen- Barnstable. pop. in1870,32,791. party. On the 2d Dec., 1851, B. was nominated Presisionary was involved in the ruin of the former. After BARNS'rABLE, a port of entry and cap. of the above co. It dent of the Council of State; a position in which he exthe condemnation of the Arminians by the Synod of is seated on the S. side of a bay of the sante name, hibited much ability, tact, and capacity for work, cornDfort, B. was adjudged to death as a traitor and heretic, opening on Cape Cod Bay, 65 us. S.E. of Boston, and 28 bined with firmness of character. lie has subsequently by 26 deputies named by Maurice. The sentence was S.E from Plymouth. On the bar at tile entrance to thle filled the offices of Minister of Foreign Affairs (1860), carried into effect in 1619. bay there is a depth of water of from 6 to 7 fbet. B. is and that of Minister of Justice since (1863). B. was Eartney, JosnuA, an American commodore, u. at Balti- extensively busied in shipping transactions and the fish- made a Senator in 1864. more, 1759. Being one of fourteen children, lie entered eries, and possesses a large number of vessels, princi- Baroco, (ba-rdko,) n. (Logic.) The name given to a on board a pilot-boat when only 11 years of age. When pally coasters. Pop. in 1870, 4,791. somewhat strange syllogistic mode of reasoning. A syllothe American provinces came to an open rupture with Barnl'staple, a seaport-town of England, co. Devon, gisan in bareco has the first proposition universal and England, B. adopted the national cause, and was ap- oit tie Taw, 172 m. W. by S. of London. B. possesses a affirmative; but the second and third, particular and pointed master's mate on a sloop of war called the Her- large shipping-trade. Pop. about 4,000. negative, the middle term being the predicate in the net, which was sent forthwith to the Bahama Islands, to Barn'stead, in Ness Hamnpshire, a post-townsvip of first two propositions; as BA, every man is a biped; Ro, seize upon some warlike stores which had been collected Belknap co., 15 ut. N.E. of Concord. Pop. about 2,300. every animal is not at biped; co, therefore, every animal there; which object was successfully accomplished. Oss Bssriilston, or BARN'ecO. CORNERs, a village and town- is not a maia. his return from this expedition, he joined a small squad- ship of Lower Canada, in Stanstead co., 14 m. E. of Baro'~la, an inland dist. of Hindostan, prey. of Gujerat, ron of row-galleys employed in the Delaware, and so Stanstead. between Lat. 210 23' and 220 46' N., and Lou. 730 12' signalized himself by his bravery and good conduct, as BtAu"srnun, PHINEAs TAYLOR, a well-known American arsd 740 8' E. Area, abt. 12,000 sq. m. This is a fine, to obtain, when scarcely seventeen, the commission of showman, who has acquired the sobriquet, by his own fertile, and picturesque corrtry. Prod. Cereals, sugar, lieutenant in the United States navy, After this, Lieu- admission, of "Prince of Humbugs," was e. at Bethel, tobacco, flax, oil, opium, cotton, helnp, and fruits. The tenant Barney was for some time constantly employed Conn., in 1810. He early miartifested an aversion to work numerous villages appear more in the European style on board small vessels of war, and exhibited great zeal of the ordinssry kind. After an unsuccessful attempt in than the Indian. eInsab. More than half are Coolies; and activity in tire performsance of his duty. Isn the the ntewvspaper line, he took a share in the management the wilder tracts are peopled by Bheels; the remainder course offour years he was twice taken by the English and of a strolling theatre. Subsequently lee obtained pos- of the population are a race of Rajpoots, Hindoo Banexchanged; and in 1780, whsen not yet twenty-one years session of ten old negress, whoso proprietors represented iens, and a few Mohammedans around Baroda city. of age, he had married, and was again in active service her sas having been the nurse of George Washington; Fromn 1802, B. was snder British protection, until 1820, on board the United States ship Saratoga. This vessel she was said to be 160 years of age. B. adopted the when it was restored to the Guicowar. Pop. abt. 150,000. captured several British vessels; and Barney, being placed story, and by means of his tact as a showman, and by BAIODA, a walled city, cap. of the above dist., and of thei as prize-master on board one of these, which was in an dint of the most astonishing "ssmartness," he induced Giicowar's dofisinions, and the seat of a British resialmost sinking condition, was again captured by an thousands in every city in the U. States to flock to see dent, with a body of troops; Lat. 220 21' N., Lon. 730 English 74-gunship, and sent as a prisoner to England. the early guardian of the great Liberator. On the other 23' E; 45 m. N.N.W. of Baroach, and 230 from Bombay. Hiaving escaped from the prison in which lee was con- side of the Atlantic, pathetic pictures were drawn by the In the vicinity are many gardens and groves, the latter fitsed, ausd having spent some weeks it London, he em- anti-slavery orators of tile degradation thus cast on the adorned with the remains of Mohammedan mosques barked for Ostend, visited France ausd Spain, and reached meismory of tie great General of the Republic. After the and tombs. Pop. abt. 110,000. his horn in March, 1782. He wes imsmediately appoineted death of his old negress, B. bought the American Mu- Brstr'ograplh, n. [Gr. bares, weight, and graphein, to to command a small ship of war, one of a squadron seum in New York, aurd soon brought it into high repute write.] (3Mteor.) An instrument for recording autofitted out for the protection of trade in the Delaware. and prosperity. His next great "card" was General matically the variations of atmospheric pressure.-Jo/nWhile thus employed, Barney was attacked by two ships Tom Thulsb; but his most enterprising speculation was son. anid a brig belonging to the British navy, and by a corn- the engagement of Jenny Lind for a series of concerts Barolko, re. (Logic.) See BARoco. bissation of stratagem and bravery, succeeded in cap- in the U. States, Canada, and Cuba, by which he claimed Bariolite, n. (Miin.) See W nTnR.l. turing and securing one of the ships. For this gallant to hisave netted $350,000. On his return to the U. States, Barol'ogy, n. [Gr. bares, weight, ausd logos, discourse.] action he received the thanks of the legislature of Penn- lee was elected president of a bank, became largely in- The science of weight or gravity. (a.) sylvania, accompanied by a gold-hilted sword; and his terested in real estate in Bridgeport ausd its vicinity, and Barolnaclhonm'eter, n. [Gr. bares, weight, makros, prize being fitted out arid commissioned in the Americans promoted agriculture and thrifty enterprise generally, length, and metrose, a measure.] An instrument for navy, he received the command. Commodore Barney with all the zeal of a public-spirited and benevolent citi- measuring thre length and weight of a new-born infant. was afterwards sent with despatches to Dr. Franklin at zen. In 1855, lee published his Autobiography, a candid Barom'eter, n. [Fr. baroetire; Gr. bares, weight, Paris, and returned to America with a British passport, and amusing relation of the innumerable artifices by and metlon, measure.] (Meteor.) A measure of weiglht. bearing despatches which. announced the signing of pre- which lee attained his notoriety. In 1856 his fortune Specifically, use instrument for measuring the weight liminary articles of peace between England and America. becamese impaired by disastrous business complications, or pressure of the atmosphere, and indicating the At this time, the commodore was onlytwenty-five years and in 1857-8 he gave lectures in London, and some of changes of pressure. - Tie B. is one of the most imporof agOe, and the public having no further occasion for the provincial cities of England, on his methods of ob- t'mt instruments of meteorology, its object being to his services, lie embarked in commercial speculations rtaining notoriety as a stepping-stone to making money, measure the weight of the ssuperincussbent columin eJ air, connected twith the sea, but was unsuccessful. In the &c.; drawing crowded audiences, and replenishing his and so to enable the inquirer to note it s variations. In course of these pursuits, he visited France in 1794, ausd treasury. lHe is now living in comparative retirement, common estimation, this instrument is a aeeather-glass, in the following year received a commission as captain reposing on his laurels.-In 1868 lee was an unsuccessful prognosticating the occurrence of rain, &c., &c.-It does in the French navy. IHe afterwards obtained the rank candidate to Congress for Connecticut., not, however, give any direct indication, except the one of chef-de-divisiosr, and served as commander of tite Brirnunm, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Adams co. unow specified: the probabilities of rain, &c., are inferFrench squadron in the West Indies. On his retnrn to Bar'rsnrnton, in Jiisseuri, a post-office of Cameden co. ences only, and dependent for their degree of accuracy France, he resigned his commission, and received the Barra'well, in,South Carolina, a S.W. district, bordering on the mode by which very imperfect meteorological grant of a pension for life, which, however, he would on the Savannah River, which divides it from Georgia; theories have been able to connect the other phenonever touch. Returning home, he again engaged, with area, 1,550 sq. us. It is drained by S. Edisto River, and meesa of the atmosphere with its weight. - The invenno better success than before, in Comln-sercial under- also by thee head-waters of' the Salkehatchie. Stueface, tion of the B. was, in some degree, owing to an acci, takings, mnd after a time retired to the cultivation of a hilly. Soil, fertile abort the river-bottomss. Cap. Barn- dent. Some workmen, employed by the Duke of Florfarm. When the war between England and America well Court-House. Peop. about 32,000. ence to prepare a sucking-pump for a deep well, found, broke out in 1812, Barney immsediately fitted out a pri- BARNWELL, or BARNWELL COURT-HousE, a post-village, and to their surprise, that, notwithstanding the utmost care vateer, in which he made some valuiable prizes, and was cap. of the above district, near the Salkehatchie River, in forming and fitting the valves and piston, the water shortly afterwards appointed by his government to the 55 m. S.S.W. of Columbia. It lies ire a flourishing cot- would not rise higher than 18 palms, or about 32 Eng. command of a flotilla, to be employed for the protection ton country, and has a considerable trade. ft. For an explanation of this unexpected difficulty, of Chesapeake B-y. This duty he performed success- ]Barn'-yard, n. A yard close to, or surroiunding, a barn. they applied to the illustrious Galileo, then passing the fully against a British force numerically superior to his -a. Anything belonging to ac barn-yard, as ae barn-yard evening of his life at his villa near Arcetri; but this own. While engaged ir tthis service, Commodore Bar- fowl. philosopher was not yet prepared with the true answer. ney, finding thlat a British expedition had lended, and Baro.tach, or Broa'tch, (BAusooSnA,) a maritime dist. In that age, the doctrine of a plenusm was sn axioms in was in full march for Washington, left his flotilla in of Hiendostan, in the British prey. of Gujerat, presidency philosophy; and the ascent of water in the barrel of the charge of his lieutenant, and joined the land forces of Bombay, chiefly between Lat. 210 25' and 220 20' N., pump was universally ascribed to nature's horror of a with 400 of his men. The hostile forces met at Bladens- and Lon. 720 50' and 730 23r E.; having N. Kairalt dist., vacuum. Galileo, either fearing to encounter further burg, but the conflict twas carried on, as far as the E. Baroda, S. Surat, end W. the Gulf of Cambay. Area, persecutions by propounding opinions set variance with Americans were concerned, by Barney only and his 1,600 sq. m. Cotton is the principal product. Three- the prejudices of the times, or pre-oceupied by the presailors. They stood their ground against fearful odds, fourths of the population,re Hindoos; the rest Moharr- vailing metaphorical modrles of expression, evaded the until their ammunition was exhausted, when the corn- moedans. Pop. about 250,000. difficulty by saying thert ilee power of nature to overmodors wets ob liged to order a retreat. In with- drawing, BAno-e, (ares. Barygaza, "weter of wealth,") cup. of the some a vacun wsm- linte, and did not exceed the he fell from tweaknuess caused by a wournd in the thighs, above district, ten she N. bamnk of the Nerhudda, 25 ma. pressure of ae coluseto of setter 32 ft. in height. That and was fonetd in thitl siteuation by the enemy, by wvhom frorm its usouth; Lat. 21~ 46' N.; Lou. 730 14' E. Town he was himself little saetisfied trifle thais explanastion, is he true treated wriths kindnsess, and curried in a litter to poor used reeass; streets narrowv atd dirty; climate Itot evident frrom thee circutmsotance., thast, previously to his tire toswn of Blladensbrrrg. The corporation of Washing- and usnheaelthsy. Cost. Cotton, grain, and seeds. B. were death, wrhish hsappened seons aefter, 1642, lee earnsestly reton voted hire a esword. After a short naission in Eu- taeeee try storm lay the Britisha, in 1772. _Pop. aht. 25,600. commsended Ihis pupil, lormicelli, to rundertakle flee inrope, lee returned tee this counetry, and 0. in Pittsburg, Bl]au'.oc'cio, or B~aroz~zi, Feoseuso0, a famouse paienter vestigation of the seubject, whichsl the infirmrities of adDee. 1, 1818; evety honor true paid to his memonry. B. of ties Ronsan school, a. at Urbino, flourisheed in tire 16th vanced age no loneger permritted hitn to prosecuste. Torwas a remarktably haendsome man, are able, thorough century. Memegs censures hire for alwvays representing niselhi, suspecting the truse casuse of the suspension of seaman, and a nmost aseste used spirited officer. objects us if thesyswere seen in the air, hetwveen taransipar- ties twater, namely, thes wveighet of the utmeosplhere, hapBlarri'ha~reltite, n. (Min.) A comiract massive miner-al. seed cloruds, used for endeavorineg to makce the moat oipio- pily consceived ftse idea of trying tire experinment tvith Lmmstre metallic. Color brronze-yellowv, streak grayish- site colors haermoenize mserely by means eof the light. He neerceery. lie perceived, thaet, if the tweight of the atblack, slightly sheining. Fracteere conshoidal, unseven. is not free from maenneriesm. Among htis beet works errs moesphiere forms a sounterpoise to a colurmn of waeter of Brittle. Tarnishes easily, givinsg pavonine tints, or the flipgmt of.,'neas, or lire Conflagration sf Trey, 32 ft., it musut also couneterpoise a colemnt of mercury of BARO BARO BARO 225 about 28 inches in height, the weight of mercury being phon. The variations in this are only half as great as made; but it seems doubtful if, by any means whatever, about 14 tinces greater than that of water. Having, ac- in the cistern B.; for the tube being of the same width it can be preserved for a considerable length of time in cordingly, procured a glass tube, of about 3 ft. in length throughout, a diminution of the column, mne, amountLig this state. The most carefully constructed B. are liable and 54 inct in diameter, hermetically sealed at one end, to one inch, will be marked by a fall of half an inch at to a slow and gradual deterioration, by the intrusion of he filled it with mercury; and covering the open end em, and a rise of half an inch at ic. This inconvenience air, which has been supposed to insinuate itself between with tile finger, he imumerged it in an open vessel con- may, however, be remedied by having the lower branch the metal and the tube, and not through the mercury. taining mercury. Oic bringing the tube to the vertical blown into a wide bulb; but as it is very difficult to pro- To obviate this inconvenience, Prof. Ianiell conceived position, and removincg the finger, the mercury instantly cure the bulb to be thrown into a perfectly reghlar the ingenious idea of fixing to the open end of the tube sanik, leaving a vacuum at the top of the tube, and after shape, this enlargement of the bulb is found to give rise to of the cistern B. a substance having a greater affinity making several oscillations, stood in the tube at the inaccuracies. Fig. 294,3, is the WhceelBarometec, proposed than glass to mercury. "I caused," says lie, "a small, height of about 28 inches above the surface of that tic by Hooke. A small weight floats on the surface of the thin plate of platinum to be made, about the third of an the vessel. On covering the mercury in the vessel witlc mercury in a siphon, which is very nearly counterpoised inch in length, and of the diameter of the glass tube; a portion of water, and raising the tube till the lower by another weight, connected with the former by a this was carefully welded to its open end, so that the B. end came into contact with the water, the mercury all string passing over a pulley,'p. When the mercuryrises tube terminated in a ring of platinum. The tube was ran out, and the water rushed up to the top of the tube. at n, the exterior weight descends and turns the pulley. filled and boiled as usual, and the infiltration of air This experiment, called after its author the Torricellian An'index attached to the axle of the pulley shows on was completely prevented by the adhesion of the merex-ericcent, demonstrated that the mercury was sus- a dial, the quantity of revolution. This B., though very cury, both to tice exterior and interior surficce of the tained in tice tube, and the water in the barrel of the commonly met with, is a mere toy, and indicates neither platinum guard. I have no doubt that a miere ring of pump, by exactly the same counterpoise, whatever the the absolute height of the mercurial column, nor its wire welded, or even cemented upon thle exterior surnature of it mcight be. Torricelli died shortly after, in variations, witic sufficient accuracy to be of the sligictest itee of the glass, which would be a much easier cand less the flower of his age, without completing his great dis- use for any philosophical purpose whatever. Even as a expensive operation, would be a sufficient protection, covery; but the fameu of his experiment was soon car- weather-glass, it is the worst of all the commcon. forims as the slightest line of perfect contact mccst effectually tied into other countries, and the subject engaged the of the B.- It has been proposed to enlarge the scale, by arrest the passage of the ir.-In all baromnetric observwattention of the most eminent philosophers; among inclining the upper part of the tube so as to form a con- tions there are, in general, two essential corrections to others the celebrated Pascal. After a variety of inge- siderable angle withlthe perpendicular. By this contriv — be made, one for the capiilbsrity or depression of lite nious experiments ois the subject, all of which tended to ance the scale is increased in the proportion of radius moercury in the tube, and the other for temperature. establish the pressure of the atmosphere, it at length to the co-sine of the an-gle of inclination; but the friction Pure mercury in a glass tube always assumes a convex occurred to Pascal, that, if the mercurial column was on the sides of' the tube is greatly increased, and it is surface. The following are the corrections for tubes really supported by atmcospheric pressure, it must be very difficult to determine the exact plane of the top of of different diameters, according to the theory of Mr. affected by the weighit of the superincumbent mass of the column, which requires to be read off on a vertical Toony. air, and consequently be diminished at considerable ele- scale. This construction is easily conceived without a vations. In order to verify this conjecture, he recusted dbcgramc- We shall notice twso other forms of the beIcnches. Inches. Inches. Inches. his brother-in-law, Perier, to try the experiment on the rometer, proposed with a different view from that of -10 -1403 -40 -013 Pay de Ddme, a lofty conical mountain. At the foot of enlarging the scale. Ptg. 294, 4, is a modification of the In t, ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~-15' 0863' 45' 0112 the momntain, Perier filled two tubes, and observed the siphon barometer, proposed by Gay-Lussac. It differs -0'2 0581'50' 0083 mercury in each to stand at precisely the sauce height, from the common form ic this respect, that, after the.! 25 -0407 -60 -0044 nearly 28 English inches. Leaving one of them under tube has been filled, tice short branch is hermetically 070 -0023 ~~~~~~~~n -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3o' 0292' 7'02 the care of a person to watch its rise and fall, he car- closed at the top, and the communication with the at- -35 -0211 -so 0012 ried the other to the top of tIle mountain; and on re- rosphere takes place through a small capillary hole, pealing the experiment tIcere, the mercury stood at the drilled laterally through the tube at o, so fine, that, These corrections, which must always be applied to cisheigiht of only 24'7 English inches. At two intermse- though it admits the sir to pass freely, it prevents the tern B., show that wide tubes ought to be preferred; in diate stations in his descent, the muercury was observed passage of tice mercury. The B. is thus rendered very fact, when the diameter of the tube exceeds half an inch, successively to rise, and at the foot of the mountain it convenient for carriage; but notwithstanding the promis- they may be safely omnitted. In siphon B. having both stood at exactly the same height in the tube as at first. ing appearance of tise B., it has been found, particularly branches of the same diameter, tice depression is equal This experiment was decisive; the result of it was comn- ic travelling, that a portion of air cwill frequently in- at both ends; consequently the effect is destroyed, and muMiccted to Pascal at P'cris, who, after confirmuing it sinuate itself thirouglc tics moercuiry. Ic order to prevent mo correction is reqmired. This is a considerable advasby similar observations made successively on the ground, the possibility of the accident, acc ingeccious modifica- tage; for notwithstanding the most elaborate calculaand at the top of a glass-house, and the belfry of a lion has been made. It consists in causing the part of tions, somne uncertainty must always remain witll regard church, proposed the B. as an instrument for measur- the tube to terminate in a very fine point, and to pei- to the exact amount of the capillary repulsion. - The ing the height of mountains, or the relative altitude etrate to some depth into the other part, c o, to which it correction for the temperature, which is the most inaof places above the surface of the earth.- The B. had is joined at s, in the muanner represented in Fig. 294, 5. portant, depends on the expansion of the mercury, and been but a short timce invented, before it was observed Noow if ae air-bubble from the end, o, which communi- the expansion of the scale on which tIle divisions are that the height of the mercurial column is subject cates with the atmcosphere, should find its way througic marked. If we mmle a- theI eiglht of tie tlermccometer to variations connected in somne way with the changes the bemmt capillary tube, it will pass along thle sides of in degrees above the freezilng-point, x — the fractional of weather. But the variations are confined within ac the bulging part, an-d instead of penetrating to the part of its bulk which mercury expands for one degree limited range, scarcely exceeding three inches im all, and vacuum at a, will be arrested at c, whence it is easily of heat on Fahrenheit's scale, y - the fractional part of often, for mnany days together, do not exceed a few hun- expelled by reversing the barometer. -BNone of the its length by which the scale increases, h = the observed dredlis of an insch. It therefore was considered desir- contrivances which have been described for increasing height of the B.; then the height which would have able to render these ciniute oscillations more apparent, the range of the oscillations, have been found to succeed been observed, had the thermuometerstood at tle freezingby increasing their range; and, accordingly, of the nu- well in practice. It is found to be decidedly better to point, is h-Ic a (x - y). - The expansion of mercury in merous forms which the B. has received, or wchich have apply minute divisions than to attincinpt to enlarge the part of its bulk is'0001001. The scale is generally of been suggested, tie greater part have been proposed scale; accordingly, experimenters now adhere to one or some mixed mcetal of which the expansion is not very with a view to this purpose. The most remarkable or other of the two ancient forms, thei cistern barometer well ascertained; supposing it to be equal to that of.seful constructions are the following, the descriptions and the siphion barometer. The height of tle column copper, the expansion would be.0000096; therefore it of which will be readily understood, with the assistance of in the siphon barometer is conveniently measured by will be sufficiently accurate to neglect the temperature the diagrams: Fig. 294, 4, is the Cistern Barometer, and is means of a movable scale attached to the ftame which of the scale, and assume that of the mercury to be -0001. merely the inverted tube of Torricelli, already described. supports tice tube; by mseans of a tangent screw, the Hence the following practical rule for reducing an obThe tube must be about 31 inches long. When placed scale is raised or lowered till its zero coincides exactly served height to tlce corresponding height at the tensin the cistern, the mercury sinks till the columnc between with the surface of the mercury in the lower branch; perature of the freezing-point; "subtract the 10,000th the two surfaces, ccl and n, just counterbalances the pres- and with the assistance of a vernier, tice height can be part of the observed altitude for every degree of Fcasr. sure of the air. The space above thei mercury, am, is, read off to the hundredth or two hundredth of an inch, above 32." Suppose the thermometer 540 and the B. 30 or ought to be, a perfect vacuum, or only filled with the with sufficient precisioin. Tice scaie of the cistern ba- inches, the correction will be (54-32) X 30 X -001=-'066, vapor of mercury. In tiis B., as the diacmecster of the cis- rometer is usually fixed, and the bottom of the cistern to be subtracted from 30 inches. In order to fiud the tern is generally much greater than that of tice tube, is raised or lowered by a screw, till the surficce of the value of this correction, a thermometer must be attached alcuost the whole effect of the rise or fall is perceived in mercury icc it coimscides with tie zero of the scale; but to the barometer and observed at the same time. Cause the variation of the upper surface at m. For, supposing the scale may be movable, and its zero brought to coin- of the va?'iati s of the B. - Various theories have been the section of the cistern 20 times greater than. that of ride with the surface of the mercury in the basin, as in proposed to account for those frequent atmospherical the tube, and that the height of the column, m e, suffers the former case. In order to determine when this coim- changes which cause the rise and fall o, ties B., but nons a dimninution of one inch, it is evident that, as all the cidence takes place, various expedients may be had re- of them can be regarded as very satllactory. Whatever mercury which goes out of the tInle passes into sthe cis- course to. The most usual is to place on the surface of tends to increase or diminish the vertical pressure will tern, when it ficls at cc it must rise at n, but less in pro- the mercury cc float carrying a vertical needle, some obviously cause the B. to rise or ftill: bmmt the vertical portion as the section of the cistern exceeds that of the point oic which answers to a fixed point on the scale, pressure may be increased eiticer by an iniflux of winds tbie. In the case supposed, therefore, the alteration of and the coincidence obtains when the two points are and the accunmulation of air at any place, or by a diminunthe level at i will be 20 tintes greater than at n; that brought into the same level. Another contrivance to tion of the elasticity of the atmosphere. The presence is to say, there will be a fal of 20-21 of an inch at ms, and effect the same purpose was employed by Fortin, a cele- of heat or of moisture msaugments the elasticity, and conbrated French artist. An ivory needle is attached to the sequently reduces the weight of the vertical column. 7 2 3 4 6 scale, pointing downwards, and having its point exactly Bmuring the prevalence of northerly and easterly winds a, a1 in the same level with the zero of the scale. Tice image the B. stands high, the elasticity being dimcinished by of the needle is clearly reflected from the surface of the the cold. But the real difficulty consists in explaining Tm ucercury in the cisterc, and the cistern is raised or low- why the variations of the B. should be greater in the - ered till the point of the needle and its image precisely high catcitudes than between thi tropics, acnd why they coincide.-In order to construct a good barometer, it is shoild exceed in all cases the quantities which calculaindispensably necessary that the mercury be perfectly lion miighlt assign. The only mode, perhaps, of remcovC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ fr'ee from impurnities, scud carefully pucrged of air -this ing thcs difficulty is to take incto concsideractiinic ltce consis obtained by boiling it. Tics particles of acir and mnsois- parative slowness cvith cvhichc accy force is propag.ated lure which clincg obstinately to the sides of the lube, lhroucglh tics vast body of lice atmmosphsere. An inequality muist also be expelled by lseat; thce mercury msust thcen may continue to accuimulate iii one spot before the counibe introduced slowly and continuously in a hot state, terbalencing influcence of the distanct portions of the a~riaci Ii I ~~~~~~and whcile the tube continues hot. Illis importanct that influence can arrive to modify the result. In the higher Ithe diameter of the tubs be not very smsall; for it is latitudes, the narrow circle of air may be considered as d ~~~ H found ~~~~~that the mercucry msoves with niors freedom in mc in some measure insulated fi'om thie expcanded ocean of Htubs of considerable wvidlh, the ossillations followving atmosphere; and hence, perhcaps, thce cariatoicns of the 1in~~~ ~ ~ j l~~ce atmospheric cheanges cwith more prousplitude thanc B. arc coincentrated thsere, ancd swrelled beyond the dims in ne f sallr dmscnsine;besdeswhih, her is proportion.~ -Usec of thetBasrometer.'lie B. is an inFsg. 294. lees disturbance from cacpillary attraction. The interior strumcint of grecit imnportancse in astroninmcy, ite indicadiameter should in every case exceed one-fourthl of an lions forming an essential elenment in determsining tics a ricse of 1-21 of -cn inch at n.-Fcg. 204, 2, me the Siphon inch. — The value of tics B. as a scientific instrument amount of atmospheric refr'action. It is also, on accountl fiainometer, whchll cwas also proposed icy Toccmselli, as depencds on thcs purity of the mcercury, and the total ex- of its appliccationc to the measuremenct of acltitudes. indisbecng more concveniecnt thcn the focuses. It is imerely cluoion of atmospheric air. By proper care, it is, per- pensalile in all researchces connected cwith the climuate. a lube hermetically sealed at the upper enin, having the haps, possible to expel every particle of air fr-ons tics The purpose fom wyhish illis most commconly sought after, lower, oc open end, bent upwards sn thce form of a si- mercury end the linterior of the lube, when the B. is is to progncosticate the state of the cweather. On laisd VOL I.- 29INF* 226 BARQ BARO BARO this is perhaps the least important of its applications, inches in diameter, this surface gives for its product a quises were introduced, and placed above the earls, and but the case is widely different at sea. -No certain rules pressure of about 73 lbs. on the vase; though from many viscounts also set above the barons. In Germany, the can be laid down for prognosticating the state of the causes this amount of atmospheric pressure is consider- ancient barons of tile enspire were the immediate vasweather from the B. The following are probably of as ably reduced. In order to ascertain the actual weight sals of the crown. They appeared in the imperial court general application as any thatcanbe given. Itisalways produced by the atmosphere upon the surface of tile and diet, and belonged to the high nobility. But these to be remembered that what the B. actually shows is the vacuum-vase, recourse was had to an experiment afford- ancient feudatories were early elevated to the rank of present pressure of the atmosphere; and that its vari- ing positive demonstration. The hoolk of a steelyard, counts or princes. The modern barons only form a rank ations correspond to atmospherical changes which have or spring weighing machine, was attached to the upper of lower nobility after the counts. - In England, B. is already taken place, the effects of which may follow their part of the vase by the pin K, and, on being pulled up the lowest grade of rankl in the House of Lords. The cause at a greater or less interval.- 1. After a contin- to the point parallel to the top of the vase, showed tihe coronation robesof a B. differfrom thoseoftheotherpeers uance of dry weather, if the B. begins to fall slowly and weight of 44 lbs.; whiclh is, therefore, proved to be the "in having but two rows of spots on the mantle; and the steadily, rain will certainly ensue; but if the fine weather force by which the lever C is kept on its fulcrums, B B, parliamentary robes, in having but two guards of white has been of long duration, the mercury may fall for two and on the top of the spring S.-It is hoped that the fur, with rows of gold lace. The right of wearing a coreor three days before any perceptible change takes place, principle of the aneroid has, firom the foregoing explana- net wis first conferred on B. by Charles II. It is adorined and the more time elapses before the rain comes, the tions, been made sufficiently intelligible; and, if'so, it will with 6 pearls, set at eqmial distances, of which 4 are longer the wet weather is likely to last. — 2. Conversely, be an easy taski to describe tie remainder of the mech- usually shown. A B. is styled " Right Honorable," and if alter a great deal of wet weather, with the B. below anism. We will now refer to tihe perspective drawing his children enjoy the prefix of "Ilonorable."-In Engits mean height, the mercury begins to rise steadily and of the interior of the machine: - ) D, vacuum-vase; land, too, tihe four puisne judges of the Court of ]ixslowly, fine weather will come, though two or three wet C C, lever, to the end of which is attached a vertical sod, chequer bear the title of baron, ind the chiefjudge that of days may first elapse; and the fine weather will be more 1, which merely serves to connect the lever, CC, with Lord Chief Baron of the EExchequer. They are addresssd permanent in proportion to the length of time that passes the levers 2 and 3. These levers are connected by a as "'My Lord," but have no seat in the Hoeuse of Lords, before the perceptible change takes place. -3. On either bow-piece, 4. The two square-headed screws at e b unless by being previously made a member of the peerof the two foregoing suppositions, if the change immedi- admit, by screwing or unscrewing them, such an alter- age.-Barons of the Cinque Ports. Formerly mienmbers ately ensues on tile motion of the mercury, the change ation of the distance of leverage, as to allow tile hand of the House of Commons, elected, two fcr each, by the will not be permanent. —4. If the B. rises slowly and of the aneroid to move over a space corresponding with seven Cinque Ports, q. v. steadily for two days together or more, fine weather will the scale of a staindard mercu-ial barometer. To tihe end Baron and Femmvse. (Law.) A terns used in the old come, though for those two days it may rain incessantly, of the lever, 3, is attached a light rod, terminating with English law-books for husband andl wife. and the reverse; but if the B. rises for two days or more a piece of fine watch-chain, which is attached to a small Baron of beef. (Cookery.) Two sirloinms of beef joined during rain, mnd then on the appearanc e of fine weather roller. On the axis of this roller the hand of the aneroid together bIy a part of the backbone. begins to flll again, that fine weather will be very tran- is firmly fixed, and kIept in its position by means of a Bmuron, MICHAEL, (ba'rong,) a French comedian, M. 1653, sient, and vice ve-rsc. - 5. A sudden fall of the B. in tie flat spiral spring, the outer coil of which is seen attached and long attached to Molibre's company. For nearly 30 spring orautunn indicates wind; in tihe summer, during C years hlie played with the greatest success, and retired very hot weather, a thunderstorm may be expected; in from the stage, in 1691, without any apparent reason. winter, a sudden fall, after frost of soime continuance, in- - In 1720, however, hie again returned, and was received dicates a change of winid, with thaw and rain; but in a with immense enthusiasm, playing, with great success, continued frost, a rise of the umercury inidicates approach- even the most youthfsl parts. In 1729 lie was taleen ill, ing snow. — 6. No rapid fluctuations of the B: are to be while on the boards, and died shortly after. Althoungh interpreted as indicating either dry or wet weather of his merit in his profession was very great, yet his any continuance; it is only the slow, steady, and con- vanity was equal. This will appear from a saying of tinued rise or fall that is to be attended to in this respect. his, "That once in a century we might see a Caesar, but 7. A rise of the mercury late in the autumno, after a long that 2,000 years were not sufficient to produce a Baron;" continuance of wet and windy weather, generally indi- and he was about to refuse the pension granted him by cates a change of wind to the northern quarters, and the Louis XIV., because the order lbr it was worded, "Pay approach of firost. - There are many forms of the mercu- to the within-named Michael Boyrnn, called Baron," &c. rial B., but they are all modifications of the siphon and li e wrote also some plays, printed ii 3 volumes after Isis cistern, therefore scientifically nnimportant.-After the death. description and appliances of the mercurial B., we now Bal.oonage, n. [Fr. baronnage.] (Her.) The whole body propose to describe, after Mr. James W. Queen, the Aner- of barons or peers. - The dignity or estate of a baron.oid B., a new instrument, lately invented by M. Viti, of The land from which a baron derives his title. Paris, tfor ascertaining the variations of the atmosphere Barloness, n. (Hier.) A baron's wife or lady. without the use of any liquid. Its action depends on the A Baruonet, n. (T1er.) Literally, "a little baron;" speeffect produced by the pressure of the atmosphere on mt cifically, a dignity or degree of honor next below a baron, metallic box, from wifich the air has been exhausted and ig 29 ANERO OE aind above a kniight. They bear the prefix "Sir" before then hermetically sealed. An index, traversing adial, to the axis. This fiat spiral spring, which is always in their name, and the term Bart. (contraction of baronet) records thechanges in the weiiht orpress-re of the atmos- a state of tension, maintains a pressure against the force as a postfix; as, "Sir Walter Scott, Lart.;" their wvives phlere on a given surface-we will sippose a square inch. of the levers, and keeps the hand of the aneroid in are styled Lady, or Dame. This dignity differs from Thoulgh ifor pus'ely scientific purposes tihe aneroid is at obedience to the indications of the vacuum-vase. Were that of a knight, inasmuch as the title is hereditary, present far removed fi-om competitiion with thie mercurial it not for this spring, the hand, /, would remain station- while that of the latter ranlk exists only for one perB., it nevertheless has some advantaiges in its extreme ary at the point to which it had been propelled. son's lifetime. The order of B. was instituted, or, as sensibility and its portability. Much has been urged Ba'nomet'ric, Baromet'rical, a. Pertaining or sonme assert, adopted, because the title existed previously against its variations from temperature; ina range firom relating to the barometer. in Ireland, by J anmes I., in 1611. The rank of B. exists 2i0o to 80~, these seldom exceed a tenth of an inch; and Baroenmet'rically, adv. By means of a barometer. but in Great Britain. It is the lowest of the hereditaury it imust be borne in mind, that, if the mercurial B. be Baomnet'rograph, n. [Gr. bareos, weight, mtelton, titles; but a B. has nio robes, coronet, or distinctive badge subjected to the same range, it will ibe equally affected; measure, and graphein, to write.] An instrument for whatever, except in the case of Scottish B., who, iu 1623, only ii the latter case the cause of the variation is satis- self-inscribing, upon paper, the variations of atmospheric were granted the privilege of wearing an orange riband fiactrily established, and its exact amount for every de- pressure, obtained from niminute to minute. In this new- and badge. gree of temperature accurately determined. From the ly invented contrivance, the records are continuous and il Ba'onetage, n. The collective body of baronets. circumstanc of gas being (perhaps for the first time) commparable, and are produced by the variations of the Btarlonety, it. The condition or raink of a baronet. introduced into an instrument, with a view to effect a - asteroid basometer. The pressure of the atmosphere atf- Baronial, a. Pertaining to a baron. correction for variable teimperatures, and from its being fects four imetallic boxes, having their upper and under Baronius, CESAR, (bS-sosne-as,) an Italian cardinal, ian invisible agent, a short exphlanmtion may be required faces undulated; a vacuum is made in each of them sep- n. 1538. He was elected Superior-General of the order in verification of its being adequate to produce the results arately, and they are attached together in one series, so of the Oratory in 1583, and became librarian of the Vatiasserted. Even at the present time, nio table has been that for an equivalent of pressure the movement is foiur can and confessor of Clement VIII. I-ls great work calculated in order to show the loss sustained by elastic times greater than it is for one box only. A very strong is the Annales Ecclesiastici, in 12 vols. folio: a wvork of bodies when in a state of tension. ierlhaps no instru- flat steel spring acts upon the barometric boxes in ans immnense research, which occupied him 30 years, and ment, although made for the express poirpose, could ex- opposite direction to the atmospheric pressure. This has passed through many editions. D. 1607. Ihisit an experiment more satisfactory for thi proof of spring controls the indicating lever by means of a con- Barons' War. (Hist.) The name given to an interthis point than the aneroid. We are enabled to use it hector, which receives the action from the extremity of necine war in England, which originated in the refusal as a pyrometer'y applying the heat of a lighted taper the spring, and communicates it to the lever at, a point of Henry 1i1. to ratify the statutes enacted at Oxford, to thile spring S, (Fig. 235,) without communicating that very close to its axis, whence it follows that a considera- in the "Mad Parliament," June 11, 1258. The matters' heat to the vwcuum vase. A table of direct expansion ble multiplication of movements is tihe result. The inL was referred to the arbitration of Louis IX. of France, would cause us to conclude that, ais the spring S would, dications of the movements of the lever are registered who decided, at a council held at Amiens, that tihe oe beinig heated, become lollger, it would raise the lever, in the following simple manner: a cylinder is revolved statutes should be annulled 23d Jan., 1264. The barons, C, higher; but the experisment above adverted to pro- by the regular movement of an ordinary pendulum time- with Simon De-Montfort. at their head, took up arms, duces acontrary result, (for the spring, S, losing its elas- piece; it makes a complete revolution in one week, and and totally defeated the kiing at Lewes, May 14th. A tic power through heat, is forced down by the atmos- carries a glazed paper, which has been smoked black by parliament asseimbled at London, 20th Jan., 1265. Dispheric pressure on the vwcsumn-vase,) and proves that means of a candle. At the extremity of a lever is a very putes arose among tie barons, and a second great battle the loss of elastic force is greater than that of direct ex- fine spring, pointed at the end, which rests upon the was fought at Evesham, 4th Aug., in the same year, in pension. The hand of the aneroid indicates this, by cylinder and traces a white line upon the blaclk ground. which the king was victorious, and De Montfort shain.. moving toward the right, or "Set Fair." We might At the end of each weelk the paper is changed for a fresh The barons, who continued to oppose the royal authority, further suppose that an increase of heat, expanding thie one, the old one being prevented firom having its record took refuge in Kenilworth Castle, but were compelled metal of which the vaesmumis-vase waes made, would pro- destroyedbybeingcoatedwithm varnish. Thebarometrical by famine to surrender, in Nov., 1266. The war was portionately increase its capacity; whereas, the contrary arrangement of this instrument is far less liable to error still carried on, and Prince Edward (afterwards Edward is actually the case; —a conclusion which is proved by than the ordinary aneroid, where so mnsny movements I.) reduced the island of Ely, their last stronghold, 25th heatings the vacuumi-vase alone. It must be admitted and accessories are required to translate the changes of July, 1269. that the metal diaiphragms have become both larger and the barometric box to the indicating needle on the face Bar'tony, a. [Fr. baronnie.] The lordship, honor, or weaker by an incsrease of temperature, whence the of the instrument. fee of a baron. A territorial division in Ireland, synoimcapacity of the vacuusn-vwse would be rendered greater; ]Ba.r'ometz, n. (Bst.) See CmBovsuom. ymous with the English huendtsed, rape, or wapentas/.ke; but it must be also remembered, that the atmospheeric ]B!ar'on, n. [Fr. baron; A. S. baron, beorn: O. Fr. hemr; and the U. -States cossnty. pressure on the surfatces, ammounting to a force of lbs., ProvenaSl, baee.] (Hem.) In the feudal system of the B]r'oseope, a. [Fr. bas-sscs e, from Gr. bases, weigl:t, brings the upper and lower diaphragms, thus weaknlced Middle Ages, thie title B., derived from the Latin raree, and solepein, to view.] iAn instrument to show thie by heat, closer togetheir, so that the cavity of the vacuum- wvhiich signifies a man, and, sometimes, a ser-vant, was weight of the atmosphere; a barometer; a weathervase has in fact become smaller. This brings us to the given, at first, to the immediate tenant of any superior. glass. subject of compensation accomplished by gas. On the In old records, the citizens of London are so styled. Tihe Baroscops'ic, Barosjop'ical,, a. Belonging to, capacity of the v'acuumn-vase being dimimished by hieat, famnily of Montmom-ency, in France, called themselves, or deterumined by, the baroscope. as has been just shown, the gas contained withmin it is, ps-emies-s barons de la C6hrs'stient/. This name was intro- Bar.osel'enite~, n. [Gr. bares, weight, and selene, insby the same cause, expanded; and resisting the compress- duced by William the Conqueror into Enghsmud, frone Nor- tre.] (Min.) A native sulphate of baryta, or heavy spar. ing force ofthie atmospheric weight upon the dhiaphragmns, mandy, and used to sighify as immediate vassal of the HBaros'sna, a. (But.) A gen. of plants, ord. 3/sutaceca. keeps them separated at a due distance, and effects the crown, vho had a seat and vote in time royal court and The leaves of several species, such as B. crenata, crenucompensation. — The atumospheric pressuie being atbost tribunals, and, subsequently, in thee house muf peers. It lata, and ser-satifosia, are used in medicine for their amr10 lbs. to the square inch, and the vacuum-vase being 2/i was the second rank of nobility, until dukes and mar- mattic, stimulant, antispasmodic, and diuretic properties. BARR BARR BARR 227 The plants yielding them are natives of the Cape of elected president of the Convention, and, in that capacity, ably fertile soil. Sulphur and salt springs are numerGood Hope, and are known in commerce as Buchu- declared Paris in a state of siege, when the assembly was ous throughout the county. Cap. Glasgow. Pop. abt. leaves. _They contain a peculiar bitter principle called attacked by the populace. Afterwards, when the Con- 21,000. Diosmin or Barosmin, and a powerfully scented vola- vention was assailed, Bonaparte, by B.'s advice, was ap- Blar'ren, is Tennessee, a post-village of Williamson co. tile oil. pointed to command the artillery; and that general, on Bar'ren, or Big Barren River, in lTennessee, Bar'ouelle, (ba-r55sh',) n. [Fr. barouche Ger. brurt- thle 13th Venddmiaire (Oct. 5,1795), decisively repressed rises in Smith and Jackson counties, in the N. of the sche: Lat. birotus —bis, double, and rota, a wheel.] the royalist movement. For his services, B. was now State. Traversing Kentucky, it takes a course W. and Originally, a two-wheeled carriage; now used to denote named one of the Directory, and took a prominent part N.W. until it enters Greene River (after a course of 100 a four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top and seats, in the changes which that body underwent until Napo- m.) in the N.W. end of Warren co. It is navigable for as in a coach. leon's coup d'dtat on the 18th Bruansire (Nov. 9, 1799), steamers up to Bowling (Green, a distance of 30 nm. Barouehet, (ba-r55-sha!,) n. A description of light which effectually overthrew the power of B. and his col- Bar'ren Creek Spring.s, in Maryland, a postbarouche. leagues, His life, from this date, was, generally speak- office of Somerset co. B][ro]'Z1i, JAMEs. See VIGNoLA. ing, one of retirement. He died in Paris, 1820. Napo- Ba.'re'sem Hill, in Pennsylvania, a village of MontBar'-lpost, is. A post placed in the ground to hold leon said of himn: "The passion with which he spolke gonemry co. thle bars of an entrance into a field. would mnake one imagine he was a resolute, determined Bar'.en island, an island in the Bay of Bengpil, E. Barque, n. (Lsut.) See BAtiK. man; but he was not so, - lie had no decided opinion of the Andaman islands, with a volcanic nmountain, Btarquesimneto, (bar'Icais-e-mai'to,) a town of South on any subject connected with government." 1,848 feet high, which is frequently in eruption. America, in Venezuela, 92 m. W.S.W. of Valencia, and Bar'ratolr, n. [O. Fr. birat, deceit, cozenage; lcel. ba90 m. N.E. of Truxillo. Lat. 90 55' N.; Lon. 690 25/ ratta, acontest.] An encourageroflitigation or law-suits; W. In 1807, it contained 15,000 inhabitants; but it a wrangler. suffered severely friom the terrible earthquake of 1812, "To turn barratoer in thy old days, a stirrer-up of quarrels ------ - _ which scarcely left a house entire, and buried 1,500 amongst thy ueighbours." — Arlbuthnot.'people in the ruins. Pop. about 11,000. (Mearit.) A ship-master who is guilty of fraud in the Barr, in Indiana, a township of Daviess co.; pop. about management of a ship, to the injury of his owners and 3,000 underwriters; one who makes away with a ship. Bar'ra, ni. (Con.) A Portuguese measure of length (Scots Late.) A judge who accepts a bribe for uttering _ less than a yard. - -Hanilton. judgmient. Bar'ra, one of the Itebrides islands on the N.W. coast Bar'ratrons, a. (Law.) Tainted with barratry. of Scotland, beitng the most S. of the outer Hebrides, or Bar'ratrously, adv. (Law.) In a barratrous method. group forming what is called the Long Island; pop. Bar'ratry, n [Fr. baSartterie.] (Law.) The offence of' __ - ____ __ about 2,000.- See ItasDE s. frequenictly inciting and stirring up suits and quarrels, Bar'rs-a, a town of S. Italy, 3 m. frono Naples, aid filled either by law or otherwise; the punishment for which is with villas belonging to the residents of that city; pop. fide and inprisotnment. 8,t93. ((Mtar. Law.) An unlawful or fraudulent act, or very:_::____ Barsraboo', or Baraboo', in Wisconsin, a river gross and culpable negligence, of the master or tnarinera rising in the N.W. portion of Sauk co., and falling into of a vessel in violation of their duty, and directly prejuthe Wisconusin River, a short distance below Portage dicial to the owner. - Boucvier. city. Basrrs, n. [Fr., a bar.] (Med.) A projection or prolongCa- Ba-lraboo', iso Wisconsin, a post-township of Sauk co.; tion of the symphysis pubis;- a deformity rendering' pop. about 1,697. delivery difcult, W Bar'raeant, n. [Fr. barracan, or bourncac; L, Lat. Baarre, in Massachusetts, a post-township of Worcester. barracanus; Ar. barralciln.] (COt.) A strong thick co., 55 m. W. of Boston, drained by tihe Ware River. It stuff resembling camlet, used for exterior clothing. is it prosperous place, possessisg importatt cotton and ~Bar'raek, it. [Fr. baraquc; ohs. tGael. barruacsad, a woollen manufatctures, &c. Pop. about 3,500. lut or bsott, from barracs, top branches of trees.) A Barre, io New Yes-k, a towneship of Orleans co., 44 m. cabin, booth, or hut; specifically, a building for lod0- N.E. of Buffalo; pop. about 5,100. ing soldiers, especially when in garrison. (Chiefly used Barse, in Pennsylvania, a township of Huntingdon co.; in the plural.) pop. about 1,500..-In the U. States, this name is applied to the Dutch barn gBasre, in Vertnont, a post-township of Washington co., or out-building, with. a movable roof, for storing hay 6 om. S. by E. of Montpelier, and watered by affluents of or grain. - See Iaf.N. the Onion River; pop. about 2,200. B ar'racsk-miaste-r, in. A title given in England to Barre, or Bar'see, in Wisconsin, a township of La the superintendent of soldiers' lodgings. Crosse co., about 7 mi. N.E. of La Crosse; pop. abt. 1.300. Barraekisoor', a seat of the British governor-gen- Baarre Centre, in Netsw sork, a post-village of Barre 29 BARrEN SL eral of India, anda military cantonment, in a beautiful township, Orleans co., 254 m. W. by N. of Albany. Bar'as'uen Pla in, in Tennessee, a village of Robertson and healthy spot, on the i. bank of thle la ooahly, 16 m. Barre Forge,'in PIennsylvania, a post-office of Hunt- co., 32 m. from Nashville. N. of Calcutta. There is here a noble parkt, four miles ingdon co. Bar're Plains, in Massachusetts, a village of Worin circumference, laid out in tlom/Enropean style, with Ba'rrse I[ills, in W}isconsin, a village of La Crosse co. cester co. gardens, an aviary, and a menagerie. Barre'ais, a town of HIindostan, prov. Gujerat, cap. of Bar'renly, adv. Unfruitfully; utnproductively. Bar'racksville, in V. Virginia, a post-village of a small independent principality, 75 mn. E.N.E. of Cam- Bar'renness, st. The state or quality of being barMarion co., 70 in. S.E. of Wheeling, on the Baltimore bay; Lat. 220 41' N.; Lon. 740 E. ran, unprolific, or unfruitfiul; want of offspring; withand Ohio railroad; pop. about 300. Basrr'eau', ni. [Fr.] (French Law.) The name given to out the power of procreation. Bar'raelade, n. [Du. bear; 0. Du. ebar, naked, bare, the class of advocates, admitted to plead at the bar. "I pray'd fot children, and thought barrenness and plead, garment, i. e. cloths undressed or without a The B. of Paris selects every year from among its mer- In wedlock a reproach. — Milton. nap.] (Co,,.) A home-made woollen blanket without boers ait council, and a president called bitoennier, whiclh -Scantiness; lack of matter; want of resources; incanap.- Webster. are the ruling spirits of the corporation. The rules are pacity. Barracooes', n. [Sp. batrace.] A dep3t or warehouse established bythe vote of the council and enforced by it, " Though the accidents are not the same, which would have for slaves, or an enclosed yard tbr the keeping of slaves under the control of the presiding officer. The rules af- argued him of a total barrenness of invention." - Drydlens. before shipment. (Used principally on the W. coast of fecting the French advocates are very strict, and not -Defect or poverty of emotion, feeling, or sensibility. Afrtica.) 0- easily evaded. Not only swindling, or any other crimi- ",The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and sometimes feel Barracon'ta, n. (Zob'l.) A large species of pike, inhab- nal act, is punished, but every unprofessional and illegal a barrenness of devotion." - Bishop Taylor. iting the W. India sals. — O,'ag. action is severely dealt with. Hence an advocate who Bar'ren-spir'ited, a. Having a poor spirit. Bar'Irage, it. (Coa.) A linen stuff interwoven with indulges in any commercial speculation would incur Barr'en-wort, n. (Bet.) The popular name of the worsted flowers. the penlty of a public admonition, or exclusion. The genus EPIooenuM, q. v. Bar'l-andite, n. (Min.) A spheroidal mineral, concen- title a dignity of the member of the council of the Bar'set, or Bar'veut-cap, n. [Fr. barrette; It. bes- tric in structure. Lustre between vitreous tand greasy. order of advocates is held in high esteem, and is the aim -etta; L. Lat. barretuin.] (Mit.) A kind of cap, or headColor pale-bluish, reddiish, greenish, or yellowish-gray. of the most talented and ambitious lawyers. piece, formerly worn by soldiers. - Sitr V. Scott. Streakyellowish tobloislh-white. Translucent to opaque. Barreges'. See BAinGEs. Bas'sretsville. in Geo)rgia, a village of Lumpkin co., Coep. Phosphoric acid 40 63, aluasina 12-61, sesquioxide Bar'sel, n. [W. and Fr. baril; It. barile; Sp. barroil; 110 n. N.N.W of Milledgeville. of iron 26-16, water 20'60 = 100. B.B. splits open and Gael. baraill, from W. bar, a bar, it rail.] A round Bar'rett, in Pennsylvania, a township of Monroe co.; becomes darker in color; moistened with sulphuric acid, wooden caskl protected or secured by bars or hoops.-The pop. abt. 700. the flame bluish-green. It is soluble in hot muriatic quantity which a barrel holds. - Of wine measure, thei Bar'rett, in Kansas, a post-village of Marshall co. acid. It is found in Bohemia. English barrel contains 312 gallons; of beer measure, Barsrett's St.ation, in Missourti, a post-office of St. Bar'ras, PAUL FRmANO0s JEAN NICoLAS, CouNo' Dc, n. 36; of ale, 32: and of vinegar, 34 gallons. Louis co. in Provence, 1755, of an ancient family, served as -Anything long and hlollow; a cylinder; a tube; as the Ban-'re tsvllle, in West Virginia, a village of IHampsecond lieutenant in the regliment of Languedoc until barrel of a gun. oshire co. 1775. Hie malde, about this time, a voyage to the Isle-de- Barrel of a Boiler. (MacI.) The cylindrical part of a Basrre'v~lle, in Illinois, a post-village of Mctenry co., France, the governor of which was one of his relations, boiler which contains the flues. 40 ot. N.W. of Chicago. and entered into the garrison of Pondicherroy. On his Barrel of the Ear. (Anat.) See TYMPANUM. Ba'r'rsi, or Bar'sry, GIRALDUS. See GtIRALDUS CAMreturn, he gave himself up to gambling and women, and Bar'rel, v. a. To put in a barrel; to pack in a barrel. BRENSIS. dissipated his fortune. The revolution broke out. lie Bart'rel-bel'lied, a. Having a large belly. Bars-ricale, (bcd-ri-rkaid',) u. [Fr. baorricade, from barre, immediately showed himself an opponent of the court, Bar'sel-bulk, n. (Coin.) A measure used in esti- a b'.r.] That whicih bars out, blocks up. obstructs, or tand had a seat in the tiers-6tat, while his brother was mating capacity, as of a vessel for freight; equal to 5 defends. sitting in that of the nobility. July 14, 1789, he took cubic feet.-Simmonds. " There must be such a barricade as would greatly annoy, or part in the attache upon the Bastille, and Aug. 10, 1792, ]Bar'rel-ol.'gan, at. (Mus.) The consmon hanmd-or- absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere." —Derham. upon the Tuileries. In 1792 he was elected a member gan, containing a barrel with pins, whose revolution (Mil.) A hastily constructed fortification, made of of the National Convention, tntd voted for the uncondi- opens the ley-valves, antd produces the music. — Webster. chevaux-defs-ise, trees, earth, stones, &c., in order to obtional death of Louis XVI. lie was sent, in 1793, to the Bart'sen, a. [Goth. oboiran, ounbearing; 0. Fr. Se,- struct the progress of an enemy. south of France, and commanded the leftvwiog of the ra-igne, brehaigne, unfruitful; from Celt. brah, a spout, (Mar.) A strong woroden railing, fixed on stanchions, besieging army under Dugommier, stnd it was here that and anc, without.] Not bearing; unfiruitful; unprolific; extending across the front of the quartet —dacd of a ship lie first met Napoleon Bonaoparte, tlsen captain of artil- applied to animals and plants. - Unproductive; ste-hlea; of war, during a naval engagement. A B. is sometimes lery.. Tie patriotic reputation of B. was so well estab- as, a barrent country, a barreno ground. - Scanty; duoll; strengthened vith a lining of Isammoclks, &c., confined lished, that he and Pr~ron wet- the only representatives ounmoaning; as, barren reveries, bar-ren ignorance. in a close rope-netting, to serveas a screen against iunssot denounced Cby the popular societies. Robespierre, BHar'sen, n; p1. BAa'eumNs. A term applied in the W. ketry. however, was no friend of his, and often wished to arrest -and S. of the U. States to elevated lands or plains on -, (Mtist.) Barricades, constructed of the first materials him. B., Iknowing this, became one of the principal which grow small trees, but not timnber; as pine-bSar- that came to hand, were used in popular insurrections actors of the 9th Thiermidor, and put himself at the head s'ens, oak-barorens. They are not necessarily sterile, but during the Middle Ages. Paris has obtained notoriety of the troops which surrounded Robespierre at the Itgtel often very fertile. - Picker-insg. as the city in whichs they have been most frequently - de Ville. In 1795 he was named one of the "Committee Bar's-ens, in Indiana, a post-village of Harrison co. employed. In 1358, its streets were barricaded against of Pubilic Safety," and became a great enemy to the ]Biarn'.en, in Kentucky, a S. county, with an areai of abt. thie Dauphin. The first "Battle of the Barricades" took membeus of the Mountain. In February, 1795, he was 100 sq. m. Sutrface, undulating and hilly, with- a toler- place on the entry of the Bukee of Guise into Pamis, 12th 228 BARKt BARR BART May, 1588. —It was followed, during the war of the one occasion at court, he met the witty, but profane, Lord Yet we ought not to ascribe to her the evils of which she Fronde, by another contest of a somewhat similar char- Rochester, q. v., who thus banteringly accosted him, was only the instirumnent in the hands of intriguing connacter, 26th Aug., 1648, when Anne of Austria ordered "Doctor, I ani yours to my shoe-tie.' B. seeing his drift, sellers. She herself loved pleasure more than intrigue. the arrest of three popular members of the Parliament.- ceremoniously returned his salute with, "M11y lord, I am After the death of the king, she was banished to an atbIn July, 1830, the elder branch of the Bourbons, and in yours to the ground." Rochester replied, "Doctor, I am bey near Meaux, and, afterwards, received pernission to Feb., 1848, the Orleans branch of the same family, were yours to the centre;" which was capped by B. with, reside in her beautiful paivilion near Marli. She lived driven from the French throne, after a struggle at the " My lord, I am yours to the antipodes." Upon which quietly, during the revolution, until Robespierre's dobarricades. General Cavaignac, in defence of the Pro- Rochester, disdaining to be foiled by a musty old piece miinion. But her riches, and liher connection with the visioiia Government, waged. a fearful contest with the of divinity, as he used to call B., exclaimed, "Doctor, I Brissotists, caused her ruin. She weas placed at the bar insurgents, who had erected barricades, 23d, 24th, 25th, amn yours to the lowest pit of h-l." On which, B., turn- of the revolutionary tribumud, condemnined to deathl, and and 28th June, 1848, in which he was at length victo- ing on his heel, retorted, "IThere, my lord, I leave you." executed, Deceember 6, 1793. rious. The killed and wounded aiiounted to 15,000, - Not only as a mathematician, but as a divine, B. ranks ]Bar.ry, in Illinois, a post-village and township of Pike and albout 8,000 of the rebels were taken prisoniers. among the first of England's worthies. Amiong his co., 83 us. W. of Springfield, and about 10 fivonm the MisNapoleon III. has now widened the streets of Paris, and works, we may mention Lectiones Ma/thematice, which sissippi; pop. about 2,600. taken otherc precautions to prevent the recurrence of are esteemed as perfect models in thile hands of those ]Bar'ry, in Maryland, a post-office of Frederick co. such events.-Barricades have also been erected, during who are attached to sound geometrical reasoning. The B]i]'i'y, in Michigan, a S. W. central county of the State. popular outbreaks, at Benlii, Vienna, and other cities on best edition of his theological wornks is that published Area, 576 sq. mi. It is watered by the Tlhornapple River, the continent of Europe. at London, in 8 vols. Svo. 1830. D. 1677. and by Fall and Muddy creelks. S'usrface, diversified, Barricade', v. a. To temporarily fortify a place or pas- Bar~r'ow, SIR JoHN, LL.D., Ra.S., an einisent English an- - and rolling; presenting many small lakes, prairies, and sage; to stop up an avenue; to obstruct; to secure. thor aind traveller, B. 1764. I-is principa l works sre, f'ra- belts of forest timber. Soil, fertile. Ca.i- Hastings. Pop. "Now all the pavement sounds with trampling feet, vels inr South Africa; Traels in China i; and oyauyes sf in 1870,22,070. And the mixt hurry barricades the street."- Gay. Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions. B. in -A township of the above co. Barricad'er, n. A person who erects a barricade. 1849. -A village of Jacksonc so., on Sandstone Creek, 82 m. W. Bar'rie, in Upper Canada, a flourishing town, cap. of Bar'row, n. [A.S. bcrcwe, firom beran, to bear, to carry.] of Detroit, and 6 fronm Jackison. Simcoe co., on a branch of Lake Simcoe, 60 nm. N.N.W. A small vehicle which bears or carries a lad; a small hand Bar'try, a S.S.W. co. of Missouri, tounchina Arkansas, has of Toronto; pop. about 000. or wheel carriage; as, a hand-ba'rrow, a wheel-barrow. an area of 703 sq. m. Rivers. White and King's rivers, Barrier, (bcrr'ri-er,) n. [Fr. barriire; from barre, a (Salt Mlanuf.) A wichker case into which the salt is put and Flat Creeki. Sumsface, hilly, and interspersed with bar.] (Fort.) A sort of palisade, or stockade, to fence in to drain. — Krennet. forest and iprairie, with a generally productive soil. any place, and obstruct the assaults of an enemy; a -n. [Skr. bar2h/a, wardha, a hog.] A hog, more particu- Limestone is abundant, and lead-minfes exist. Cap. Caussbarricade. larly one that is castrated. ville. Pop. in 1870, 10,37i3. "Safe in the love of hear'n, an ocean flows -n. [A.S. beorg, beor'/, from besuran, to shelter, to kceep, -A post-village of Clay co., 17 m. N.W'. of Independence. Aroundour realm, a barrier from the foes."-Pope. to preserve.] A hill or hillock; a small mountain; a tBarl'ry, in Ohio, a post-village of Cuyahoga co., 15 us. -A fortress, or other strong place, erected on the frontier place of defenca or refuge; a ihep; a sepulchral mound. E.S.E. of Cleveland. of a country. (Archceol.) A name given to large artificial umounds of Bar'ry, in Pennsylvania, a post-townshmip of Schuylkill "The Queen is guarantee of the Dutch, having possession of earth raised over tihe graves of warriors, and men of rie- co., 8 mn. N.W. of Pottsvileo; pu. about 1,200. the barrier." —Swift. nown, in bygone ages. Barrows sre considered to be the ]Barl'rytoss, in Alabama,. a village of'Choctaw co., 133 — That which bars, obstructs, defesds; any defence or most ancient sepulchral monuments in the world. - See m. S. by W. of' Tuscaloos mand near time Tounbigbee River. impediment to approach or attack. — A bar to denote a'TumnULUS. It was formnerly the cap. of WVashilngton co. limit, or line of separation of any place; a boundary. lBlar'rowdale, in South Carolina, a village of Fairfield B]ar'rytown, iln Vew fIorks', a post-village and station "Prisners to tihe pillar bound, district, 25 m. N. of Columbia. on Hludson Rliver Railroad, in Dutchess co., 50 m. S. of At either barrier plac'd."- DOryden. Bar]'row's Straits, in British N. America, forms the Albamny. gBar'rier Gate, the gate which closes the opening connecting channel between Baffin's Bay onil thie E, nmd Bar'ryviltle, in Iowa, a post-office of Dehstware co. through a ban'rier. the Polar Sea on the W. It lies in a direction parallel to Bar'ryviule, in Michigan, a post-office of Barry co. Bar'rier Reef, (TimE GayrkT,) a very remarkable and tile equator, between Lat. 730 45' and 740 40' N., and is Bar'lryville, in New York, a post-village of Sullivan dangerous coral-reef, extending like a sea-wall, or ram- considered to terminate at Wellington Channel, in Lon. co., 107 m. fromn New York city. part, for 1200 miles along the N. and E. coast of Aus- 910 47' W.; the mouth in Baffin's Bay being nearly on Bar'lryviile, in Ohio, a post-village of Stark co., 130 il. tralia, and lying at an average distance of 60 miles from tihe 80th meridian. It is therefore abont 200 m. in length N.E. of Columbus. the land. A few openings and passages occur, here and foiom E. to W., and between 60 and 70 in. in average ]Bars, n. ph. (Alnege.) The upper part of the gums, bethere, along the dangerous continuity; but the naviga- width. Both shores are brokien by a great numnber of ill- tween the tusks and grinders, which bear'no teethl, ind tion through these openings is very, hazardsous, though, lets; that of the Prince Rtegent, on tire S., is of very to which the bit is applied, and by its friction the horse once inside the reef, the water is calm, mnus tihe passage considerable extent. It was found by Sir James RIoss to is governed. perfectly clear. This coral-chain has been very disas- terminate in a great gulf, called by him Boothia. The Bar'sabas JosEPs. surnamed the "Just," wvas one of trous to thie mariner, and much property and many water of this strait is very deep, tile soundill's firequent- Christ's early disciples, and probably one of the severity. lives have been lost on its sharp obstructions. ly giving upwards of 200 fathoms, andc very often no lie was one of the two candidates nominated to fill tihe Bar'riers, (BATTLE OF THE,) was fought under the walls bottom can be found. vicancy left by Judas Iscariot in the apostleship. (Ac/s i.) of Paris, 30thi March, 1814, when the allied army, after Bar'rul et, n. (Her.) The fourth part of a bar. Bar'sac, a village of France, dep. Gironde, on the Gaan obstinate contest, gained a victory which led to the eBarr's Storoe, in linois, a P. 0. of Mitcoupinl co. ronne, 21 m. S.E. of Bordeaux. It is famous for its white capitulation of Paris, and the abdication of Napoleon I. Bar'lry, Bar'ruly, n. (Iemr.) The division of the fieli wines; they are of the same class, and sell for about Bar'r'isg-otit, n. An act of boyishmrebellion in schools, or charge by horizontal lines, as in Fuiq. 287. -Barms.- the same price as those of Sauterne. I'op. 3,284. wherein the school-room doors are barred or closed bendy is when the shield is divided into Ibur, six, or more Barsa'siaiass, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) See SMreDULITrrS. igmainst a schoolmaster or usher. uarse, it. (Zoil.) See BAss. Bar',rinagto'a, in illinois, a post-township of Cook co., ar'-shoe, n. (Farriery.) A kind of horse-shoe, haRv35 m. N.W. of Chicago; pop. about 1,600. Iiiiing a bar across tihe usual opening at the heel, to protect BHar'rinagtoira. in New Hamsipshmire, a post-township of... a tender frog from injury. - Gardner. Straffiorid co., 30 m. E. of Concord; pnop. about 2,400. ]Bar'-shot, n. (Mi.) A double-headed shot, omesisting Bar'rin-.'ton, inn New Yom/k, a post-towrnship of Yates - u,'uu of a bar cvith a huif ball, or rouns] head at esmell sum, umoed, co., oil Croolked Lale, 54 m. S.E. of Rochester; pop. abt. principally, in naval warfare for destroying the Inmussts, 1,000.t [ 11(~': spanrs, and rigging ofa'm enemy's shlip. Bar'risngton, in Rhode Island, a post-township of a... lr-sur.' -uaule, (bar'soor-obe,) a town of France, dep. Bristol co., 8 in. S.E. of Providence, and watered by;g. 237. Aube, cap. of an iarrond, on.the river Aube, 28 m. E.,f Pahuner's River; pop. in 1870, 1,111. Troyes. It is pleasantly situited, but an ill-built town. Bar,'-risgtsson Cenatre, in Rhode Island, a post-office equal parts, by diagonal lines, the teincture of which it Narf. Cotton, serges, andi hosiery. The neighboring of Bristol co. consists being varied interchangeably, (Fig. 297, 1.)- vineyards produce excellent white and red wines. Aim Barlrini-to'siia, n. (But.) A genus of plants, ord. Bar- Barry-pily is when the shield is divided by diagonal obstinate battle took place here on the 24th May, 1814, iringtoniacece, consisting of small trees conspicuous for lines, the colors being interchanged, (Fig. 297, 2.) between the French under Mortier, and the Allies under their beauty. B. speciosa, the Moordilla, a native of Bar'ry, SIn CHARLES, R.A., an eminent English archi- Prince Schvwartzenberg, ending in the repulse of the Ceylon, ihas dtrk, glossy leaves, and white flowers deli- teot, B. 1795. His principal work is thle building of the latter. Pop. 5,199. cutely tiuted with crinmson. Houses of Parliament, in London. This building hism ex- B ar-sur-Seine, (barssoor-saio,) a town of France, dep. ]Barrii.gtonsiaeewe, (bsli-rirg-to-ni-ai'se-e,) an order cited much controversy, and, also, hostile criticisn. of Aube, 18 ill. from nTroycs. NMaif. Wine and Ibrandy. of plants, alli anc e Gressales. This small order, inchud- But whatever differences of opinion mnsy exist as to its Pop. 3,311. A severe engagensen t took place Iere on ing only 28 species divided in 10 genera, so much re- want of originality, or nmonotony of design, the great tihe 25th May, 1814, between Napoleon I. and tihe Allies. sembles thie Myritacx, q. v., that some botanists place beauty of this magnificent pile is unquestionable. D. Baa't, JEAN, a celebrated French seaman, B. at Dunthem in this rlast order. Thle fruit of the Carega arborea 1860. kerque, 1650. His flather was a seamnan, and was killed in is edible'; while that of thie Gustava brazilirana is emnetic, Bar'ry, JA-mis, a distinguished English painter, B. 1741. at naval action. Jean, yet a boy, left home and went to and produces an intoxicating effect upon fish. After holding for 15 years the professorship of the Royal Holland, where he served under the celebrated Admiral Bar'rister, n. [From Bin, q. v.j In England, an advo- Academy, he was expelled in consequence of disputes de Ruyter, and became a thorough seaman. (reit courcate or counsellor-at-law, who has been iadnmitted to with the members. His principal work is a series of pic- age, activity, and bodily strength, gave hinm tile snupefiplead at the bar. The privilege of conferring thie rank tures painted in the Adelphi for the Society of Arts. ority over most of his comrades. When Louis XIV. deor degree of barrister-at-law is exclusively enjoyed by lThey represent Orpheus subduing the IThracians; A cleared war against Holland in 1672, B. refused the offers the Inns of Court, which are the Inner Temnple, tile Greek Harvest-Hoine; Victors at Olympia; Triumnph of made to retain him in the Dutch service, and retnrlmed Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. The thine Thanes, &c. D. in poverty, 1806. to Dunkerque. He there entered on board a privateer, possession of this rank (or of the higher degree of se- Bar'ry, MARse JEANNE Go:AanD DE VAUBERNIER, COUNTr- which was very successful in its cruise, and nmuch of the jeant) constitutes an indispensable qualification for Ess nu, the famous mnistress of Louis XV., Iing of France, success was attributed to B. ItHis share of tihe prizes practising. In the U. States, the degree of B., though and daughter of a commissioner of the customs at Vai- hmaving brought him a considerable sum of miondy, lie not formally abolished, has for a long time fallen into conleurs, by the name of GoCmard de Tlanbermi'er, was born fitted out m sloop, with two guns and thirly-ixu mnn, disuse. in 1744, and, after the deaith of lier father, entered the aind having met a Dutch msan-of wevr in, time Texdi, hie Bar'ritt's ]][iIi, in Kansas, a post-office of Wilson co. service of au miliner at Paris; afterwards lsshonged to the boarded, took, and bhiouglmt her incto mmltn er hi sqine. lie Bar'rot, ODILLON. See ODILLON IiARROT. establishiment of the notorious Gourdarn, whevne she was next joined several speculators whlo fitted out a ten-gun ]Bar'row, a river of Ireland, and, next to the Shannon, kcnown by the namen of Mlle. Lange, unS burecanme the mis- ship, und gave him the commanis of it. Being equally the most important in that island. It rises in the Slieve- tress of tine Count du Barry, who built migih hopes upon successful in this crunise, he wis intrnusted wsithi tIe combloom Mountains, in Queen's co., and alter a course of hem' charms. tHe managed to muae her knowvn to the miud of a small squisrbnon of five ships, wuithi wvhich he about 90 m., falls into the estuary' of Waterford harbor, king, and she soon tooni the place of the Marchioness de did great injury to the Dutch, tfisinig bothm their iner, of which it forms the right arm. It is navigable for Pompadour. The king deemed it necessary to find lier a chantmen and thueir anisrmes vessels; aumd among others large ships as far as New Roess, and for barges up to husband, umnd she fell to the lot of thre Count Jeaun du thinty-six gun firigate, wvhich, after n a desperate fight, he Athy, 60 m. from the sea. Barry, abrother of tle one above mentioned. TIhe Count- carried into Dunkerque e His name now became kinown Ba] r'~row, IsAAc, D.D., s.a.s. An eminent English mu- ees Su Barry was now publicly introduced at Court. She at court, anid Louis XI~. sent him a gold medal and thematician and divine, e. 1630. In 1760, he was aeup soon governed sll France; caused the ruin of time Dukee chamin, with the mankc of liesutenant in the royal navy, pointed Master of Trinity College, in Cambridge Uni- de Choiseub, whose haughty spsirit would not bend before In thie ear against Spain, B. had time conmmand of a fi-i. versity, on which occasion William III. said that he bier; promoted the Dunhe d'Aiguillon. and assisted him gate in the Mediterranean, and made manyprizes. Wbhet had given that office to the most learned msan in Eng- to tale revenge on the pmmrliaimeent, which was, in 1771, the war brolce out between France and England in 1689, land. B. was noted for his wit, as well as learning. On driven from Paris, and aftemewards entirely suppressed. B. and the Chevalier de Forbin comnianded two ships of BART BART BART 229 ar; and while they were escorting a fleet of merchant- crossed into Asia, and in 1848, returning to Berlin, he ceived the French embassy in solemn silence. -For the men, they were attacked by two English frigates. published an account of his L'xploratory Expedition to causes which produced this massacre, see CONDO, GUIsE, After a desperate fight, the two French ships were taken the (oasts of the Alediterranean in 1845-1847. In 1849, HUGUENOTS. and carried into Plymouth. Bart and Forbin escaped he joined the expedition fitted out by the English gov- Barthol'onew, St., one of the lesser N. Caribbean soon after by filing the bars of the window of their prison; ermnent to explore Central Africa. The expedition was Islands in the W. Indies, belonging to Sweden, 30 m. N. and, with the connivance of the surgeon, who was a absent 4 years, during which B. travelled 12,000 miles. of St. Kitts; Let. 170 551 35" N.; Lon. 620 50' W. It is Frenclnian, and of two cabin-boys, who waited on them, On his return, in 1855, he drew up a narrative of his of an oblong form, its greatest length being from E. to they obtained a boat, in which they crossed over the journey under the title of Travels and Discoveries in North W., and contains about 25 sq. m. It is abundantly ferCleinal to France. On their return, the king made and Central Africa, published in Germany in 1855, and tile, producing sugar, cotton, tobacco, and indigo; but uthen both captains. In 1690, B. took the command of a in England in 1857. This work is one of the most im- it has no springs nor fresh water of any sort, except such forty-ug ship, and joined the Brest fleet under Admiral portant contributions to modern geographical science, as is supplied by the rain. Being surrounded by rocks do Tourville; he contributed materially to the advantage and the researches it records have placed B. among the and shoals, it is difficult of access; but its harbor, La obtajied by the French, off Dieppe, over the English and most illustrious of the geographical explorers of our Carenage, on the W. side of the island, is safe and comDutels allied squadrons, on the 10th July. The fbllowing times. roodious. Contiguous to the harbor is the principal year, B. obtained from the Minister of Marine the coin- BarthIlemy, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE, (bar-tai'le-sse,) a town, Gustavia. This island was settled by the French inand of a squadron of small vessels, which he had recom- French poet, was a. at Marseilles, 1796. He first acquired in 1648, and ceded by them to the Swedes in 1784. iaended to be fitted out at Dunkerque, as better calcu- reputation by a satirical poem again~t the Capuchins. Barthol'omew, in.4rkar sas, a P.O. of Drew co. lated to do injury to the enemy. H:[e sailed out of Dun- His powers of satire frequently brought him in contact -A township ii Jefferson co.; pop. about 150. kesque, passing through the English blockading squad- with the government of the restoration; and the revolu- Barthol'omeiv, in Isdiana, a S.E. central county; roms, amd went into the North Sea, where he made neumer- tion of July, 1830, found him in prison. Restored to area, 400 sq. m. It is watered by the Driftwood Fork of ous prizes; he landed also on the coast of Scotland, where liberty, he sang the victory of the people, along with White River, and by Flat Rock and Clifty creeks. Its N. lie plundered several villages. After the defeat of the M. Miry, in a poem dedicated to the Parisians-L'In- surface is hilly, but in the other parts level, with a ferFreutcn at the battle of La Ha-ogue, at which he was not surrection, which lbecame very popular. The later effu- tile soil. Cap. Columbus. Pop. about 32,000. present, B. sailed from Dunkerque with three frigates, sions of the poet's genius are war-songs celebrating the Barthlolloneew, a bayou of Louisiana and Arkansas, mide a descent om the English coast near Newcastle, and victories in the Criimea. As a writer, B. is held by his which, rising in Jefferson co., in the latter State, tal-es a pinmudred asd burnt some villates. On his return home- French admirers to exhibit the vehemence of Juvenal, S. course into Louisiana, and empties into the Washita, wamd, lie fell in with a Dutch fleet of mierchantmen under the bitterness of Gilbert, and the causticity of Boileau. at Washita city, in Morvhouse parish. It is navigable comvoy of several men-of'war. se mnade straight for the Barth elaeny, JEAN JACQUES, the author of T/me 1eav- for 250 m. mdmiral's sheip, according to his custom, but was repulsed; els of.Anacharsis h/e Ysounger, was born at Cassis, Barthollnmew-tide, n. The time of the festival he, hovever, succeeded imi talking mamy of the merchant- France, 1716. lie received his education at Marseilles, of St. Bartholomew, August 2d4th. vessels. In 1695 lee attacked another Dutch fleet unmder and oml its completion was admitted into the Society of Basr'thol'olnites, n. pl. (zcl. Jh;t.) This religious.ear-Admir.l VTries, boarded the admoiral's ship and took Jesuits, and applied himself with success to the study order of St. Basil, driven from Armienia in 1290, owing her, after hi;ving mortally wounded the admiral himself not only of classical, but Oriemtal literature. Disgusted to the cruelties committed eupon them by the Sultan of witl his own hand. This was one of the most desperate with his compamions, lie left the Jesuits, became a secular Egypt, formed an estabishment at Genoa in 1307. They fights in which B. was ever engaged. By this victory abb6, and arrived at Paris, where his erudition emades obtained a second house at Parnma ihi 1318, and afterlie recovered from the Dutch a fleet of 300 vessels laden him many frieids. Il 1747, lie was elected a meember wards spread to other towns of Italy. They assumied with corn from the Baltic, and bound to France, which of the Academy of Inscriptions; and, is 1753, keeper- the habit of St. Doominic, and eventlosely followed the country was then suffering under a severe dearth. A in-chief of the royal medals. In 1788, lee published the rule of St. Augustine, which was confirmed to them by medal was struck to commemnoe'urte this event, and Louis great work above mentioned; and in the following year Innocent VI., in 1856. The B. gradually decreased in XtV. granted letters of mobility to B. and his descendants. the French Academy opened her doors to the learned mimbers, and were suppressed by Innocent X., in 1650. Ine 167 B. was commissioned to talke to Poland the Prioce delineator of the Greek characters and monum ents. Ba.lrtiln. or PAneToANE, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Naof Conti, one of the candidates for thie Polish crowvl, During the reign of terror he was arrested amid imrpms- tolia, near the mouth of the river of the saene namme vacant by the death of Johb Sobieski; but the Elector oned, but released after a few hours' detention, the (anc..Part/enius), on the Black Sea; Lat. 410;3' 52" N.; of Saxony vas proclaimed King of Poland before the Jacobins themselves being ashamred of the atrocity of Lon. 320 14' E. lop. about 12,000. Pimceof Conti's arrival. The peace of iyswick, his 5,07, such ame act. Oim the 25th of April, 1795, he died at the ait'utizani, n. [It. tertesca; 0. Eng. brattice, fromrGer. havin peut amn end to the war, B. retired to live with his ripe age of 79, passing from this world as ('umly as li e brett, a plank or board.] (Arc/.) A fence or parapet fiemmatily. He D. at Dunkerque, 1702. He was one of the lived in it; only two hours before his death tie was readd of boards; specifically, a small round ovcrhanging turboldest and mostsuccessful seamen that France has ever ing Horace in company with his nephmew. ret, (Fig. 274,) with a balistraria or very narrow produced. He was rough in his imuammers aemd illiterate, Btt'thdtemy-Saint. -Iiilaire, JULES D,, an emi- window; generally projecting from the amngle of a but clever, indefttigable, and fraenk in his disposition. nent French philosopher and member of the Insmitute, square tower, ome the corner of the gable of a building, it eldest son, Framnois, became a vice-admiral, and died em. in Paris, Aug. 19, 1805. In 1838 he was appointed to and supported on a corbel or bracket. In forneer thmnes, us 5755. the chair of Greek and Latin lhilosophy in the College its chief use, when thrown out near the top of a tower, B-irt, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of Lancaster co., of France, and was mamede a umemuber of the Academy of seems to heave been for the psurpose of enablit g any 14 mu. S.F. of Laticaster; pip. tbout 1,900. the Moral and Political Sciences. In 1 eb., 1848, he be- one ovi guard to keep a look-out on persons approachBmr'rteiisteisi, mu towvm of Prussia, prov. F. Prussia, on cameo onme of the cheiefs of time Repubulicans pamrty in time ilug time castle, from a place of'simelter or safety; or, when thee Ails, 31 mis. S. S,. of K~tisigsberg; pops. 5,164. Conomstituent Assemluly. Afttr thee comup d'elat oh the 2d placed over or near a gateway, for defensive purposes. Bitr'ter. n. [0. Fr. barator; It. barattase.] Traffimu icy of Dec., 1852, aned the dossvtmfsh o~tihe parliameentary Bart'lett, JOmHN RUSSELL., an Anmerican ethesologist, exchuungeo of comeonodities; a, -truckeimng. - B. is tise cx- systemu, he refused to take thee oauth oh allegimnee to Ilee traveller, and autheor, B. at Pro-vidence, It. I., on the choammgimg of one, commoeodity directly for aneothmer, wviths- emnepire, misse reeigised home professorship mine the Colsegs of 23d Oct., 1505. Il~e asas educated at La-ville Academy, out thee eseploymemot of mneusiy or ally other neediumomi of. Franmce, but svms re-appointed us 1862. 11's iriscipal N. Y.,',and imn Camoada. He passed some time in comnexchauoes. This is thee usual mode of exchmunge asciomg svorhe mre, Ptliticuec d'Ammslste (Parsms 1848); La Logoipue niercial pursuits, then engaged in time boole-trade, and sueva-e or uncivilized races, and it is iesieoueai d'Arietete, tramslaeted into French for the first time devoted himself to historical and ethmmological studies. adopted by civilized nations iso tradlimi wnitli. smeva-es; (1839-44). B. hissing of late years devoted isis miesmd to In conjunuction a-ills Albert Gallatin lee foummded the theus the traders wvith the North-Ammmerhcau Inedhuns pier- a stusdy of time religions of Indsia amid the Ea.st, lies pmo- Anmerican Fthenological Society," of ashide his wnas dmase skeins by bartering guns, powvder, axes, and thee duced De Ved-es (t-854), Due Bnmedd/mssme, (18e5); amid also the secretary. Imn 1850, B. asas appointed, by liks. The term seenes to be derived fromo tlies Italhian Le, Bmidho, ei seu Religione (1866). President Taylor, U. S. conmnissioner to survey the word bainattare, wvhichn signeifies to cheat sin svell as to Bartholoss-iaw, (buum-t/iut'e-inmin,) St., this apostle, is boundary limme betaveeme this coumutry amed Mexico, in barter. A, syatessa of B. caen only exist iii thee eminhiest probasbly lime sasinee pers on, as ANat/ianaet, moesmtiomncu, in conformity awithe the treaty of Guadaloupe H-idaslgo. cosmmuercial state of a people; for as connmmercial inter- thee Gospel oh St. Johnmi ais ass inpright Israelite, auod one H-e,,accordingly, organized a lamges corps of engimmeers, comsrse extends, the necessity of a standard of value he- of time first dinscihnhdo of Jesus. Thee derivation of his and asith theen sailed fromme Newv Tore in Aug. of lbs, conses appiarent, moot omely to facilitate operations, but to mimle and descenst mrom this fiamely of ties Ptolenieis, is same year. Landing on thi schores of' Texas, lee fitted prevent that species of over-reachimig, wvhichs necessarhly fatuloume He is said tus loses' tmsughet Christianeity hum thee out his expedition, awhich, imicluedin~g time officers, assistaettends B. The exchaunges of a civihizeul people aunon~r soutie of Auabia, mud to hatve carried timers the Gospel ants and escort, numobered neore thaum 300 noen Wvitim theioseives, or avith. other countries, are priimcipushhy of St. Mtin tthew, in time Itebrew av sguage, accordineg to this party B. traversed the veust regions of prairie and carried on by mnossn of bills of exchangeo: so that thee Emusebmiun Chrysootomn neentions thwat lee preaicheed in desert betaseen thee Gulf of Mexico amid time Pacific. In victual nmoney paynment in a country by no meutns rep- Armnemsua ansi Natolma, and us later weriter of legends sumy3s conumection with this survey, he explored a large portion resents the asseoumit of its couesnnerciah. transactions. In that his smuffeired crueifixiom ust Albaniua Pyiss (nos er]c- of Texas, Ne-s Mexico, &c. His visriouc journeys exsomoan parts of Englaind, pasrticulasrly in time uesinimmg din- benvt), mn Perosma Thee auncienet chords head sue aipocryphal tended over a distanlce of 5,000 us., anud occupied neam-ly tricts, wvuegs are pueid in aerticlhee of comesusuphtioms imesteasi gospel hseermusm hems -susie, of svhicho nothhing hums teems 3 years. Thee reesults, embraciing obse~rvamtiomes in astroms-'of oneuy; and this is termned " truckieu g," from time preseirved. lime Cstisolic Church celebrates a feast imi onoy, physics, end natural leistory, vecre published first in Frenclh wvord tine, wvhich signifies barter. It is, hoowever, heis hounor on time 24thi of August. 1854, and afterwsards, in a, noore extended forni, in 1857-8, hhllegal. Bartholloivnew, St., (MiSSACas, OF.) Ius 1572, in thee at the expense of the Anmerican government. B.'s pub-Time theing given in exchange. reigmi oh Ciiaives IX. aniumy of' ties primecipal Frenechm iicieml worles are, A Dictionsaryi of Asuericanisms, Sen, -si. i. To cheat or weranegle in bargaining; to exchummge; Protestantasi suee imovited to Paris, under a solemnes pheilge cubicle liac teen translated into Dutch; T/me Progrcss Of to traffic by exchasnging one conemodity for another, of saflety, on this occaesion of' thee mesarriage of ties timing Et/soelegy, lSvo; Rems/nisccnces of' Altert Getlatim; "As it they scornad tn evade and bnarter, of Navasinu, afterwvards Iteury IT., with the French Icing-'s Peresonal Ncaraiv~~ite of Explorationis cud Incicdents ins By giviag or byleakinig quarter."-Hdmdfibrs. sister. Though doonseme to destrunctioum, they svere re- /Txans, New M1exice, Cbtufoi-sia, &c., 2 v-ohs., Sco; Official -v. a. To give one thing for anothoer in commnerce. ceiveu avith carenses, lnaded vithm honors, amid treated for Despatches ond Corrs-m-c denduce, &c. seven nmonths wvith esvery possible nmarke of coinrtesy mund B~art'lett, XymrumAseu HtEINtv~, a-n eminent Englisim artist To those who at the market-rael, confidemnce. In time umidct of their securirhy, the wavrrmamt and author, im. ivi -Lovidom, 26th March, 1809. Re pubCan Server honor for eiinaini.'-Preior. for themir destiunction seas issused by their sovereign, on iished (1.844-1855) ninny fine illustrated winorhes, of avhicum B~ar'terer, a. One wvho barters. w'hose wom d they had relied; and in obedience to it, the follossimeg are the more noticeable: WJa~lks about Bart'fa, or Bart'feltl, a toswn of Itinumgury, co. Sauosech, their coumotrymnen, their fellose-citizens and companions, Jerusalemie; Forty Days jim time Detest;'1/e Nile-Beat; ous the'lope, at thee foot of time Cusupuithitmn Mountainos, imibrued their umamnds mine their blood. This hoorrible bushels- T/he Overlamnd Route; 1-5ctures from 8/eihiy; T/se Pilgigs ms 15 m. N.N.E. of Zehen. Lat. 490 10' 10' N.; Lon. 210 18' ery began on the 241b of August, being St. B.'s day, Fathoms; Jes-usahemin Revisited, &c. B. 12th Sept., 1855. 51' F. Pop. 5,850. oahuh dtetaooion0dymrthn1,0 Ba'etnIwaps-office of Frensont co. Barthus. (Fse. Bg.) A helte for cttleoftnwhu atnm thee utnwot foloin err vs or, enaglenthnaneed00 Ba-rt'lett, in 0/mis, a poet-vlaeoWshntnd. 230 BARU BARY BASA greatest works are the bas-relief of Cleobis and Biton; Bar'walde, or BARIENWALD, (" Forest of the Bears,") Viol da Ganlba, invented in 1700, but now entirely dis~ the group called Charity (his masterpiece); and the a town of Prussia, prov. of Brandenburg, on a lake, 32 used. -See VIOL IA GAMBA. statue of Faith in God. D. L50. un. N. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder; pop. 4,416. Bar'ytone, Bar'itene, n. [Fr. baryton; Gr. ba rys, Bartoloineo in Galdo, St., a town of S. Italy, Bar'-way, n. A passage into a field conmposed of bars heavy, grave, and tones, tone, sound.] (Mius.) A grave, prov. Foggia, 27 m. W.S.W. of Foggia; pop. 8,796. made to take out of the posts. - Hatliwel. deep sound, or male voice. Specifically, a tone of the Bar'to in, n. [A. S. boretun, courtyard, enclosure.] The Bariwood, n. See BAPHIA. voice, the compass of which lies between the bass and demesne lands of a manor.-The manor itself-The out- Bary'ta, BARYTES, OXIDEs OF BARIUi, n. [Gr. barns, tenor. It is the lowest but one of the six registers into houses of a manor-house. (o.) heavy.] (Chmer.) A grayish-white'porous alkaline which the human voice is divided, and is the commonest Bar'ton, ELIZABETH, commonly called the Holy Maid of earth, discovered by Scheele in 1774. Sp. grav. about kind of male voice. The mezzo-soprano, or middle teKent, was used as an instrument, by the Catholics and 4'00. Its taste is harsh, and more caustic than lime, male voice, corresponds with it, an octave higher. adherents of Queen Catharine, to excite the English acting on the stomach as a violent poison. It turns (Greek Gram.) A word which has no accent mnarked nation against the proposed divorce of IHenry VIII. vegetable blues green, and is a non-conductor of elec- on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. firom his first wife, and the apprehended separation of tricity. B.B. it fuses, and penetrates the charcoal, an Webster. the English Church from Rome, with which the kiing effect probably occasioned by the presence of water, as -a. (Mus.) Pertaining to, or noting, a grave, deep sound, then threatened the Pope. Her delirium, in a violent it has since been found, when annhydrous, to fuse only or male voice. nervous illness, was made use of by the parson of Alding- by the strongest heat of a forge. When sulphuric or Bary'tum, n. (Mlin.) See BAnIumus. ton, Richard Masters, and by a canon of Canterbury chlorohydric acid is poured on baryta, it becomes red-hot. Bas, or Batz, a small island in the English Channel, benamed Bockling, to persuade her that she was a pro- When water is poured on it, baryta is slaked like quick- longing to France, and situated offthe N. coast of the dep. phetess inspired by God, and destined to prevent this lime with the evolution of heat; the mass becomes of linistire; length 3m.,breadthabout 2. Ithas a lighitundertaking of the king. Her revelations, published white and swells; if more water is added, so as to dilute house, in Lat. 480 45' N., and Lon. 40 121 W. Pop. 1,276. and distributed by the monk Deering, produced such a it completely, the lbaryta crystallizes, on cooling, as a Basaiti, (ba'sa-e-te,) MARCO DEL FRIUL, an early Venefermentation among the people, that Henry ordered hydrate (BaOlIO), and it then absorbs carbonic acid tian painter, who flourished in tihe 15th and 16th centhe apprehension and examination of Elizabeth and from the air, and must, therefore, be preserved in closely turies. He was a good colorist, and in some respects her accomplices before the Star Chamber. After they stoppered bottles. It dissolves in 20 parts of water, was the rival of Giovanni Bellini. His Christ in the had there confessed the imposture, they were condemned forming baryta-water, much used as a chemical re- Garden, and Calling of St. Peter and Mt. Andrew. are to make a public confession, and to imprisonment; and, agent. Boiling water dissolves half its weight of ha- his finest pictures; bothl of them are now in the Academy when it was found that the party of the queen were ryta, and deposes, on cooling, four or six-sided prismatic of Fine Arts at Venice. D. 1519. laboring to make them retract their confession, they crystals, containing 10 equivwlents of water. Form. BaO. Ba'sal, a. Pertaining to the base; constituting the base. were adjudged guilty of high treason, for a conspiracy Stlts of B. —I. They are generally wiite or colorless, Basal Plane. (Crystallog.) One piarallelto the lateral against the king, and executed, April 30, 1534. and crystalline. 2. The soluble salts of baryta give a or horizontal axis. Bar'ton, in Alabama, a post-office of Colbert co. white precipitate by sulphuric acid and alkaline sul- Basalt', n. [Fr. basalte; Lat. basalles; Ethiop basal, Bar'ton, in Indiana, a township of Gibson co.; pop. phates, insoluble in nitric acid. 3. Amnmonia does not iron.] (Geol. and JMin.) A close-grained, hard, black, or about 1,150. precipitate baryta, while soda and potash do. 4. Yel- dark-brown rock, of igneous origin, occurring both in Bar'ton, in Maryland, a post-olffice of Alleghany co. low prussiate gives no precipitate. 5. The soluble salts the trap and the volcaneic series; sp. grav. 2'87 to 3-. Bar'ton, in Michigan, a towndmip of Newaygo co.; of baryta are poisonous. 6. B.B. salts of baryta com- It is one of the dolorites or augitic lavas, and consists spop. about 100. municate a green tinge to the flame. 7. Sulphate of essentially of augite and felspar, the former being in Bar'ton, in Missouri, a coiunty in the W.S.W. part of lime in solution precipitattes baryta salts immediately. excess. It often contains crystals of the olive-green tihe State, close upon Kansas. Areea, 600 sq. m. The 8. Chromate of potash precipitates alkaline, and neu- mineral olivine, grains of Imagnetic iron, and other North Fork of Spring River, and a branch of the Little tral solutions of salts of barium, yellow; insoluble in bodies. Masses of basalt are frequently found divided Osage River, water this county, tim surface of which is alkalies and acetic acid; while no precipitate occurs into columns or prisms, with three, five, or more sides. mnostly prairie. It is well timibered, and possesses coal with strontium and lime salts.. That this columnar structure is the result of contracand limestone. Cap. Lamar. Fop. in 1870, 5,820. Hyldrous Chiloride of B. Spec. grav. 3'049 (Karsten). tion on consolidation, is shown by the prisms usually Bar'ton, in New York, a post-township of Tioga co., Commonly colorless tables, referable to the righthaving a village of the same name, 25 in. E.S.E. of prismatic system. Taste, pungent and disagreeable; ___: Elmira; pop. about 5,100. poisonous; not altered in the air, decrepitating on Bar'ton, in Texas, a post-office of Anderson co. being heated, but not liquefying; by ignition it fuses, Bar'ton, in V'ermont, a post-township of Orleans co., but does not decompos. Fornt. BaC2HO. The an/y40 m. N.E. of Montpelier, watered by Barton River; drous chloride, which results from igniting the hydrate, pop. about 1,900. is a white mass, with a sp. grav. of 83-70 to 4'15. When Bar'ton. in tVisconsin, a post-village of Washington heated in contact with steam, it gives out chlorohydric - co., on Milwaukee River, 3 m. N. of West Bend; pop. of acid, and becomes alkaline. F2orm. laCl. It may be township, about 2,00 ). prepared by dissolving the native or artificial carbonato e --' Bar'ton Creek, in Tennessee, a P. 0. of Dickson co. of baryta in chlorohydric acid, and crystallizing. It is Barsto'nla, s. (Bot.) SeeR MNTzELIm. principally used for testing and precipitating suilphuric Barto'nia, in nlirana, a post-office of Randolph co., acid is solutions. 8 mu. S.E. of Winchester, the county seat. Car-bonate of B., found native as Witherite. It is used - Barton La[nding, in VFersoot, a prosperous post- as the source of nesny baryta salts. It is a dense white. village of Orleans Co., Barton township. powder, falling as -A precipitate when a soluble carlon- Bar'ton-orn-Il- [in'ber, a town of England, co. ate is added to a solution of baryta salt. It is nearly Lincolm, oe tie S. side of the Humnber; pop. 4,276. insoluble in water, but dissolves readily in -cetic, simtmci Bar"toi-on-lllr'well, a townlship of England, co. hydrochloric, and several other acids. For,,. BaOCO2. ___ Lancaster, 7 m. from MaInchlester, on the Irwell. Manf. Nitrate f B. is formed by dissolving the carbonate of Flax. Collieries abound here. Pop. abt. 12,000. baryta in very dilute nitric acid, and evaporating and " -__Bar'ton River, in Fee-reont, a small stream of 0r- crystallizing. It forms white, translucent octahedra., Pi. 298. THE ISLE OF STAFFA leans co., falling into Lake Memphremagog. which are anhydrous. It is soluble in 8 parts of cold Bar'ton's Creek, in 7Tennessee, a streamn flowing into and 3 parts of boiling water. It is used principally in being at right angles to the greatest extension of the the Cumberland river, in the S. part of Montgomery co. the preparation of baryta, for chemical purposes, and mass, - that is to say, being vertical in an horizontal Bar'tonsville, in Pennsylvania, a, post-offic of Mon- for detecting acids in analysis. Form. BaONO. bed, and horizontal in a vertical dyke, -proving that ose co. Sulphate ef B., Heavy Spar, Barytine, is an ortho- the fissuring commenced at thle cooling surfaces, and Bsr'tonnsville, in Vermont, a post-village of Windham rhomnbic mineral. Lustre vitreous, inciining to resinous; struck thence directly toward the centre of the mass. c,., 95 mee.N.W. of Montpelier, and 43 S.E. of Rutland. sometimes pearly. Streak white, color white; also in- Sometimes it is found that the two sets of prisms thus B;ar'ton Village, in Vermont, a prosperous village of dclining to yellow, gray, blue, red or brown, dark brown. originating at each surface did not exactly fit when Oiqeans co', Barton township, 43 m. N.E. of Montpelier. Transparent to translucent; opaque. Sometimes fetid, they met in the centre. At other timess however, the Bstr'tonville, in Alabama, a post-office of Walker co. when rubbed. Optic-axial plane branchy-diagonal. Sp. prisms proceed uninterruptedly from side to side, the Bar'ow, in Goorgia, a post-office of Jefferson co. gray. 4-44. It occurs in nature amorphous, and artifi- two sets either having coalesced, or one surface having Bitr'tram, JoaiN, an eminent American botanist, n. in cially in a white powder; 1 part is soluble in 43,000 cooled before the other, and given rise to divisions that Chester co., Penn., in 1701. He formed a Botanic gar- parts cold water (Kirwan); oil of vitriol dissolves it by were carried right across the mass. In addition to decn near Philadelphia, said to have been the first estab- boiling, but it is again precipitated on the addition of these prismatic joints, other irregular joints, more or lishlnent of the kind in the U. States; and so intimate water (ciethering). When Iheated, it decrepitetes from less nearly at right angles to the prisms, also occur; an acquaintance had hle with the vegetable Ikingdom, the conversion of hygroscopic water between its plates and in very regular columnar basalt the columns are that Linnmus pronounced him "the greatest natural into steam. s.n. it fuses into ain opaque white globule articulated, or separated, at regular or irregular interbotanist in the world." D. 1777. — a temperature of 350 Wedgwood being required. vals, into short blockls, by divisions, which are someBar'traan, WILIimA, a son of the preceding, was also a When made into a paste with flour and water, and ig- times quite flat. and sometimes curved into concave and distinguished naturalist. At the request of Dr. Fother- nited, it phosphoresces in the dark, from the sulplhide convex surfaces, fbrmeing an approach to-the ball-andgill, he travelled throughl the Carolinas, Florida, and formed by heat probably again uniting with oxygen, socket joint. The origin of this structure is explained Georgia, for the purpose of makling researches in natu- and becoming sulphate. An Italian shoemaker, namied by the celebrated observations of Gregory Watt. If ral history, and transmittedl to his emtployer in London Vincenzo Casciarolo, first observed that the Bologna a mass of basalt be melted in a furnace and allowed to the valuable collections and drawings which he had stone (found at the foot of Mount Paterno), a variety of cool again, the following results are observed: —If a msade. His Asserican Ornithology may be considered Iheavy spar, when ignited, became lunimous in the dark small part be removed and allowed to cool quickly, I the precursor of Audubon's and Wilsoni's invaluable (Lesmery). Sulphate of barytes is found along with ga- kind of slag-like glass is obtained, not differing in apworks. D. 1823. lena in the graywacke formations, atmd lilkewise in the pearance from obsidian; if it cool in larger mass, and Bar'trainville, in Ohio, a post-office of Lawrence co. coal series, and in the old red sandstone conglonmeration. more slowly, it returns to its original stony state. DurBart'ville, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Lancaster co. It is used to mix with whiite lead in painting, but is of ing the cooling, small globules make their appearBarn, n. See S.t(ucnaus. no valce, as it is transparent, and thus injures the white ance, which increase by the successive formation of Barich, (bniaruk,) was the disciple and amanmensis lead. To render it fit for this purpose, it is ground by external concentric coats, like those of an onion; and df the prophet Jeremiah, and the book of his name; millstones, and then by stones and water, into a fine the simultaneous obliteration of the previously formed subjoined to thei. canon of the Old Testament. has been powder. The powder is digested in sulphuric acid in internal coats, so that, ultimately, a number of solid reckloned part of Jeremiah's prophecy, and is often cited iron pots, with the application of heat to remove iron. balls are formed. As these balls continue to increase by the ancient fathers as stch. It is said, in thse preface The sulphuric acid is washed out by water and decamta- in size, their external costs at length totsch, and then to the book. to have been wvitten by B. at Babylon, by tion, sand the powder dried into cakes, like magnesia, over they nutmally compress each othcer. Now in a layer the apcpointment of the icing and the Jews, and in their ai flue. It is frequently mixed with ochre, chromeryellow, of equal-sized balls, each ball is touched ley exactly six name; thiat it was afterwards read to them for their op- &c., according to the color required. Form. BaOS03. others, and if all be squeezed together by an equal probation, and then sent to Jerumsalem, with a collection B'arytf'ie, a. Relating to baryta. force acting in every direction, each ball nill necessarily of money, to Joaechim the high-priest, and to all the Barytoeal'eite, em. (Min.) A monoclinic mineral. be converted into a regular hexagon. The same result people. The Jews rejected this boole, because it did not Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinoms. Color white, will also follow from an equal expansive force acting appecar to have been written in Hebrew; nor is it in the grayish, greenish, or yellowish. Streak white. Trans- froom the centre of each ball, or frot-s the tendency to catelogne of sacred boolks given us by Origen, Hilary, parent-translucent. Fracture uneven. Co'mccp. Carboms- indefinite enlar~gement in their concemntric coats. Thus, Rufinus, and others. St. Cyril of Jerusalem, however, ate of,baryta, 66-3, carbonate of lime, 33-'7100. each spheroidl masss, tndser favorable circumstances, and the Laodicean Cossncil, held in 364, mention B. It is fotund in England, in the sub-car-boniferous or will assume tce form of ci short hexagonal pillar. If aimnong thie canonical boolks of Scripture, and join it mountain limestone. there are many layers of balls, each ball resting directly ~with the prophecy of Jeremiah. Bar'yton, n, (Mus.) An instrument similar to the and centrically oms the one below it, a long column o0 BAS BASC BAS ASE 231 these hexagoeial joints will be formed, and the top and tered the ministry of the MCethodist piscopal Church more important though less striking departments of the bottom of eachl joint will be flat, convex, or concave, in 1813, and after various professional appointments was, science. Tie fact that the alkaloids or organic bases conaccording to variations in the amount and direction of through the influence of Henry Clay, elected chaplain tain nitrogen in small quantity, had early attracted the the pressure at the ends of the columns. There is no to Congress. In 1827, B. was appointed President of attention of chemists. Berzelius supposed that they apparent reason why, in a cooling mass of basalt, the Madison Cell., Uniontown, Penn., but resigned in 1829, might be conjugate compounds of ammonia, with an balls should be arranged so that their centres should be when he became agent of the American Colonization organic body; methylamine (C2NH5), for example, he in straig-ht lines, and that the hexagonal joints should Society. In 1832 he was elected Professor of Moral Sci- would lhave considered a compound of an organic body, form straight continuous pillars, rather than separate ence and Belles-Lettres in Augusta Coil., Ky. In 1838, C112H with N }13, or ammosnia. Liebig, on the other hand, discontinuous pavements. This, however, is probably B. had conferred on him the degree of D).D. In 1839, he conceived that these bases were all formed on the type the result of tihe simultaneous tendency of the mass to became president of' Louisiana Coll.; and, subsequently, or model of ammonia (NH3), in which the third atom of split into prisms on consolidation. The pillars of basalt of the Transylvania University, Ky. In the general hydrogen vwas capable of being replaced by an organic are usually firom six to eighteen inches in diameter, and conference of' 1844, when the separation between the substance; that atom being removable under various vary in length feom five or six to 100 or 150 feet. Ba- Methodist churches North and South occurred, he drew' circumstances; whence it may be viewed as an amide of salt is rarely, if ever, found as an underlying rock, but up the protest ofthe Southern members against the ac- hydrogen lJH.N l-t). Agreeably to this view, methylamine generally occurs as a dyke or as an overlying mass. tion of the conference as regarded slave-holding, and in will meet be CetIt,NtH, but Nt-t5,C2tt3, or amm onia, inl The most celebrated plateau of basalt is that in the the next year was a memn ber of the convention of Louis- which thle thirdl teom of hydrogen is replaced by nmethyl, a north-east of Ireland, covering almnost the whole county ville by which the organization of the Southern Epis- gas which case be isolated by another process. This idea of Antrim. This entire mass is 300 or 400 feet in thick- copal Church was agreed upon, and was the author of has been fully confirmed by further researches; and it has ness, and 50 mniles long by 30 wide. The basalt occurs the report disseminated by that body. In 1846 he was been shown that an infinite series of alkaloids or organic in three or four sheets, in many places beautifully col- appointed editor of the Soetthern Methodist Quarterly bases may be artificially formed upon the mnodels of amumnnar, and interstratified with beds of volcanic ash, or Revies. In 1850, hle was elected bishop. His prin- menioniue (NHI4), acmmonia (NH3), emside (Nit2), iside "ochre," as it is called. One of the columnar beds dips cipal works are, Leclures oem Infidelity; Lectures anCd Es- (NH), aend nitryle, Nx3, where the whole of the hydrogell gradually into the sea on the north coast, and is known says on Aloraat Science, &c. A collection of his Posthu- is replaced by organic substances. — In the artificial us the Giant's Causeway. Many of the Hebrides, or moaes it{rks, edited by Rev. T. N. Ralstoon, was published preparation of nieny alkaloids the general principles are Western Isles, of Scotland, are almost wholly composed at Nashville, 1855, in 2 vols. Svo. as follows:- 1. Certain of them are produced by the of trap rocks. Of these, Staffa is the nmost celebrated, Bas'cona, in Ohio, a post-village of Seneca co., 45 m. S. action of nammonia on an organic body, frequently an on account of a deep chasme or recess situated in a snag- by E. of Toledo. oil; oil of mustard witha ammonia becomes thiosinnanificent group of vertical columnar basalt, (Fiq. 299,) Bas'ellle, n. [Fr.] The arrangement of the counter- mine; others of this class are urea, fhrfuvrine, fucusine, poise in bascule bridges. - Webster. anmarine, neelamine, asnmiline, lophine, aniline. 2. Al-'j~ Illm ~ l~BBas'cule Bridge, n. A kind of drawbridge, with al kaloids fornmed by reduction by sulphuretted hydrogen; counterpoise, swinging up and down, and usually with aniline, toluidine, naphlthalidine. 3. By distillation with a pit behind it, in which the counterpoise falls or rises potash; quinoleine, aniline, conisine, nicotine. 4. By dry as the bridge rises or falls. - Siemenseds. distillation of organicsbodies; aniline, picoline, petinine, Base, (baiss,) a. [Fr. bas, low; It. basso; Lat. bassus; Gr. nicotine, lophince. 5. By decomcposition of a nitrogenbathys, deep.] Deep or grave in sound. Generally written ous acid, aniline. 6. Removal of sulphur firnom a sulBhss, q.v. plhuretted salkaloid, as sinnnamine, from tliiosinnamine. — Low in place, degree, or station; of humble birth; lowly. 7. Itemoval of sulphur from sem essential oil, as sinapo- Though poor in fortune, of celestial race; line from oil of ceustard. 8. Alteration of natural alkaAnd he commits the crime who calls him base."-Dryden. loids by oxidation, as narcogenine, from narcotine. ~Illegitimate by birth; born out of wedlock. (Dyeing.) A substance used as a mordant, i.e., that has -leiiae"Why bastard? wherefore tase "- Seaks. an affinity for both the cloth and the coloring-mnatter. (Math.) Thle base of a figure, m-eans, properly, its lower I__Low in value or esteen; esually applied to netals. (Mat/s.) Thee boss of a figecr seaus, prsperly, its lower line, if it be a plane figure, or its lowest surface if it bea! A guinea is pure gold, if it has nothing but gold in it, without solid. in tigononletr ic al opera tions, the base is a line or baser met "-Walls, ~~solid. Ice trigonocsetricali opessetions, thee bass is a liisee any alloy or baser metaM." —Watts. carefully measured between two points readily accessi— Without dignity of sentiment; mean, vile, worthless, ble, from which, by measuring angles alone afterwards, ___-~-~j P. cdespicable, disingenuous. we inay obtain the length of lines not observed, Upon I "Base is the slave who pays." —Shaks. the accuracy of the measurenment of the base depends, — Unclassical; unrefined; as, "Base Latin." - Feller. therefore, tihe value of the whole series of operations.1 Basec n. [Fr.; Lat. basis; Or. basis, frnom bain5, to step.] What is called the base-line, in measuring the length of That on which one steps; foot; bottomr; foundation.- a degree of latitude, is time length marlked off between The place from which racing or tilting is started; the the points, the inclination between the verticals at which ~ g'f~~~JI Ioal. is to be answered. 1111~11f I i (Gamzs.) An old rustic play, called also, in England, (Zoel.) That part or extremity of anything by which __________________________________ _prison-bars, and p-rioner's-base. it is attached to atnother of higher value or signification. Fig. 299. — FrNGAL'5 CsVE.. (Arch.) That part of a column on which the shaft is Dana. (Viewed from within.) placed, consisting generally, in the five orders of archi- (Mlil.) Base of Opecrations, or Basis. A term in tactics, tecture, of a square plinth and mouldings, formed of first introduced into military language by Henry von and which has been produced by the incessant action tori, scotim, and astragals (see Fig. 222), in various com- Biilow, who labored to reduce war to mathematical of the surge on the base of the cliff. The Isle of Staffa binations, between the plinth and the bottom of the principles, and to give more certain rules to the comitself is a complete mass of columnar basalt, (Fig. 298.) shaft. The height of the whole base, including plinth mander. By basis, lie understands a tract of country It is intersected by one deep gorge, which divides the and mouldings, is about half the diameter of the shaft well protected by folrtresses, and from which the operahigher and more celebrated colunmnar portion from the at its lowest or broadest end. The Greek-Doric column tions of the army proceed. The line upon which these other divisions of the island. The arrangement of the is the only form of pillar that has no base. In Gothic operations are executed he calls line of operation; the basaltic columns in Fingal's Cave was long regarded architecture, the base became higher and more varied fortresses frome which the operations begin, the seubject; as the masonry of a race of giants. The vaulted arch in form than in examples of orders of the classic period. the point to be first carried, the object. Btilow thought presents a singularly rich and varied effect; in some (Bet.) The part opposed to the apex; as, "the base of a magazines indispensable; the security of the line of opeplaces it is comuposed of the ends of portions of basaltic leaf." -- Ogilvie. ration againsSt all attaclks from th'e side seemed to him pillars, resecebling a tessellated marble pavement; in (Cheem.) A term usually applied to those bodies which lilkewise indispensable; and he laid down the principle, others, of the rough surface of the naked rock; while are capable of uniting with acids to form salts, and are that both the lines, drawn firom the ends of the basis to in many, stalactites mingle with thi pillars in the re- replaced by other bases. For example, aummonia(Nit), the object, ought to meet there in a right or an obtuse cesses. and add, by the contrast of their colors, to the when neutralized by sulphuric acid (H 0803), constitutes angle, the last being preferable. This theory has been pictorial effect, which is still further heightened by the the base of the salt sulphate of ammneonia (NHlsSO3IO). acted on, more or less, by generals in all ages, and its ever varying reflected light thrown from the surfiece of When we add to this salt caustic potash (KO), the sniell neglect has generally been attended with suffering and the water that fills the bottom of the cave. The depth of anmmonia is evident; in other words, the base amneo- defeat. It may be nevertheless objected that Napoleon of the water is nine feet, and a boat can therefore reach nia is replaced by the base potash, and instead of the I. owed his greatest glory to campaigns in which he entihe extremity of the cave in tolerably calen weather; salt sulphate of ammonia, we have now formed sulphate tirely disregarded the basis; as those of 1805 and 1809, but when the boisterous gales of that northern clime of potash (KOS.0). The term base, in this case, is used against Austria, and his previous campaigns in Italy; drive into the cavern, the agitbted waves dashing and instead of the older term alkali, a name which only ap- but one single great and decisive battle lost would have breaking against the rocky sides, and their roar echolmng plies to certain bases. But each of the bases and acids punished severely his neglect of this principle. And, with increased power from the roof, it presects to the possesses likewise a base. Instead, however, of employ- moreover, there is one rule still more important than eye and ear such a scene of grandeur as bids defiance to ing this expression in such instances, it is now usual to those of tactics —to act according to the circumstances eny description. speak of the radical or root of a base or acid. Hence and the character of the enemy, and to bring on decisive Basalt'ic, a. [Fr. basaltique.] Pertaining to basalt; we have basic anti acid radicals. In ammnonia, nitrogen results by energetic measures, rather than to moulder formed of, or containing, basalt. is the radidal of that base. or basic radical; and in sul- away in inaction. Basal'tiformn, a. Columnar; in the form of basalt. phuric acids, sulphur is the radical of that acid, or acid [Base, v. a. To place on a basis; to found; —to lay the Basal'tine, a. (hfin.) A column of basalt. - Kisrwan. radical. Some bodies are both base and acid formers, base or foundation. Ba'sais. n. See BAsIL. hence they have been sometimes termed amphigene Base'-ball, n. (Games.) An athletic game, derived from Bass'anite, n. [Fr.; Lat. basanites, lapis; Or. basanos, bodies, (both formers.) These are oxygen, sulphur, se- the English game of rounders, nmuch plaeyed throughout tile touchstone.] (Me:n.) A grayish-black species of schis- lenium, and tellurium; and the salts formned by them are the U. States, and generally preferred to cricket. A tose hornblende, called also Lydian-stone. It is com- thence called amphide salts. A basic or sub-salt is a com- D.B. ground should be a level area off ine turf about 600 posed principally of silica, occurs in beds, in trap- pound consisting of an acid and a base, in which the feet in length by 400 in lsreadth, at one end of which a rock, &c., and owes its color to carbon, according to base preponderates over tihe acid. Thus, corrosive sub- square of 90 feet is marlked out. An iron plate is fixed tHumboldt; sp. gray. 2'58 to 2'64. It is used for testing limate consists of 1 atomn chlorine and 1 atom mercury at the home base, or lower angle of tihe square; while thie purity of gold. The gold is rubbed on the stone, (HgC1), and is an equisalt, or neutral salt; while calomnel canvas bags filled with sawdust, and attached to posts and the mark is touched witlh aqsafortis. The amount consists of 2 atons mercury send 1 atom chlorine (HgIC1), sunk in the, ground, indicate tie other angles. Nine of copper contained in the gold may be easily guessed and is a sub-salt, or basic salt, or disall. - Bases are divis- players constitute a side, one side taeking tiee ttat and the at by the chaenge of color the streak undergoes. ible into inorganic and ogagnic bases. The inorganic other the field. The bsrtsmsean staends at thee home base, Bas-bles, (bit-bledo,) n. [Fr.] A lady of literary taestes bases consist of oetalltic bases and oxymetallic bases. having the pitcher opposite to lhim, at the distance of 45 or acquirements; a blue-stocking. Thus, in chloride of potassiumn (KCI), potassium is the feet, and the catcher behind. A 1)laeyer is also stationed Bas-chevalier, (bit-shee'a-l&'i,) n. [Fr.] A knight of metallic base; while in sulphate of potash (K(O,S03) the at or near each of the 3 caenvas beags, known as ties 1st, inferior rank to a kenight banneret. base is an oxymetallic one, viz. potash. - Organic Bases. 2d, and 3d baeses, and which mere respectively oe the right, Baschlkirs. See BAScaHeIS. A class of organic substances, many of them exist- opposite to, and on the left of the blatesmuan. Besides Bas'cinet, Bas'inet, Basqnet, n. [0. Fr. bassinet, ing ready formed in plants, which, lilee inorganic oxyme- these, there is a short field lehind the pitcher, and a from bassin, a basin.] An ancient light, basin-shaped tallic bases, unite with acids, form salts, and are capable right, centre, and left fields at a considerable distance in helhet, worn generally without a visor. - See tHnLcMz. of being replaced by other bases, particularly the inor- the rear of the 2eh base, waith duty of catchinig or stoppinog 1aBssco, in Iiltois, a post-office of Hancock co. ganic bases. From the circumstance that many organic the balls and retuerning theec te the pitclcer or to the Bas'cobel, in Geosrgia, a village of Jacckson co., 80 m. bases have recently been formed artificially in the labo- baseman. A captain, salne is generlely the catchser, osN.. of Milledgeville. ratory, they have excited a good deal of attention, and signs the plaeces oe' the plamyer's on his side. and directs the Bal,'~COrnl, HENRY BUDLEMAN, ).D., an eminent American perhnaps younger chenmists hlave been too much carried game. When thee batsman hans strucl the ball, or hlas author and divine, s, at Haetcocek N.Y., 1796. He en- away with the novelty of the subject to the neglect of struck at and missed the betll 3 tinCss, he starts for the 232 BASH BASI B ASI first base, and is succeeded by player after player until Bashan, (bg'shan.) (Anc. Geog.) A rich, hilly district, was afterwards used to denote large buildings, erected in 3 are put out, when the side occupying the field take their lying E. of the Jordan, and between the mountains of Rome and other cities of the Roman empire, for the adplaces at the bat, and in like manner play their innings. Hermon on the N., and those of Gilead and Aemoon on ministration of justice. They also served the purpose When he succeeds in reaching the home base, untouched the S. The country takes its name ('- fat," "fruitful") of an exchange, in which merchants transacted their by a ball in (not thrown from) the hands of an adversary, friom its soft and sandy soil. It is celebrated in. Scrip- business, being generally built in the immediate neighand after successively touching the Ist, 2d, and 3d bases, ture for its stately oaks, fine breeds of cattle, and rich borhood of the forum. The following was the method of he is entitled to score one run. Nine innings are played pasturage. Modern travellers describe the country as construction generally adopted. A large central space, on each side, and the party making the greatest number still aboundisg with verdant and fertile meadows, val- about twice or three times as long as it was wide, was of runs wins the game. The bat in common use is a leys traversed by refreshing streams, hills crowned with surrounded with columns, on which a roof, called the round stick, of ash or other bard wood, or of white pine forests, and lpastures offering an abundance to the flocks testudo, was supported. On either side of this space or willow, from 30 to 40 inches in length, and fromu 2 to that wander through them. B. was assigned, after the porticos were added, covered with a roof sloping from'22 inches in thickness at the lower end, whence it ta- conquest of Og and his people, to the half-tribe of Ma- the colunms of the testudo, and supported on the outer pers gradually to the handle. Players adopt different nassehi. From B. came the Greek name Batancea, in side by another row of smaller columns, at a distance styles of batting, some holding the bat inclined over the umodern Arabic El-Bottein. But thisilatter only included of about one-third of the breadth of the central space shoulder, and others hitting from below as in cricket, its S. part. The ancient B. covered the Roman pro- from those that held the main roof; a wall was afterwhile many attempt modifications of either method. - vinces named Gaulonites, Trachonites, Auranites, Bata- wards substituted fbr the outer columns of the portico, Tile game above described is commonly known as the ns, and Ituroea. to afford shelter to those within the building. The perNew York gaume, and differs in several particulars from Bashsaw', n. See PASHA. tico was divided into two parts by a floor, the tipper that called Massachusetts game, which is generally Bashlee, Bashi, or Bataases Is lands, a cluster part forming a gallery for the accommodation of those played in New England. In the latter, the batsman belonging to the E. Archipelago, 5th division, lying due who were looking on at what was passing below, or stands in the muiddle of one of the sides ofe a square of Gt N. of Luzon (Philippines), between Lat. 200 and 210 N. perhaps for the exposure of comimmodities for sale, or for feet, the 4 angles of which are marked by 4 stakes repre- They are rocky, and 5 in number, with 4 small islets. carrying on somem handicraft trade. There was a vestisenting the bases, the 1st base being oem his right, and the D)ampier visited them, and called the largest Grafton bule, or large porch, at one end, and at the other a tri4th or homme base on hims left. The ball is thrown, not Isle; it is about 13 leagues in circuit. and has good bunal for the administration of justice, with a semicirpitecmed or tossed by the throwes, who stands 35 feet in anclmorage on the W. side. It produces fine yams, sugar- cular recess, or apse, for the judge's seat, with cmalcifront of the batsmuamn, and a player is put out if the ball cane, plantains, and vegetables; besides hogs and goats dica, or chambers, for the use of the judge, counsel, &c., fronm the stroke of his bat is caught without having first in plenty. Good water is fosund in abundance close to on either side of it. Basilimca were unknown in Rome touched the ground, or, technically speaking, "eos the the beach. Gold in considerable quantities is washed until about B. c. 200. The best example we have of the fly," by an adversary, if 3 balls are struck at and missed down by the torrents in the Bashee Island, cwhich the old B. or hall of justice, is that at Pompeii, built on the and caught each tiime by the catcher, or if while running natives cwork into a thick Aire and wear as an orna- S.W. side of the forum. It is to Constantine that the the bases lie is struck by the ball thrown by an adversary. ment. Iron is the favorite msedium of exchange. The first Christian churches, known by the namm e of B., are The putting a player out by striking him with the ball, natives are civil, inoffensive, and sociable. Time Spanish to be referred. They bore a very complete resemblance which wcas the practice in the original gamue of base- governor resides oem Grafton Island. ]oep. unknown. to the antique B., both in plan and proportion; but ball, was discarded in revising the New York game, on Bashl'fulc a. [Fr. baisser, to lower, to be ashamed.1 the cruciform, emblematic of Christianity, soon operated account of the severe accidents which sometimes resulted. Downcast; having a demure look; in a shy or shame~- to the mnost essential changes in their shape. The inBoth games, when properly played, require close atten- fitaced manner; sheepish. terseection of the crossing aisles produced a centre, tion, courage, and activity, and are admirably adapted to " Our author anxious for his fame to-night, which it was natural to enlarge and make principal in invigorate the frause, as cwell as to afford an agreeable and And bashful in his first attempt to write."-Addison. the composition; and the invention of domes, supported manly pastime to boys or men. They are not less skil- Bash'fuilly, mdv. Modestly; in a shy or sheepish man- on pendentives, enabled the architects to give size and fully constructed than cricket, which has long been con- ner. dignity to the centre, without interrupting the vista of eidered the most scientific of all games played with the bat Bash'lfulness, n. The quality of being bashful; shiamie- the aisles. The church of St. Sophia, at Constantinestud ball, and by manyare considered to have an advantage facedness; excessive modesty. ple, was the first examuple of this form. Its best points over the latter in respect to the greater rapidity with "Such looks, such bashfubness, might well adorn were copied in the 10th century, by the Venetians, in which the innings alternate, and the opportunities en- The cheeks of youths that are more nobly born."- Dryden. the church of St. Mark. This is the first in Italy which joyed by each side for a temporary rest from the labors Basisti Baz'eoks, n. pl. (Milit.) A body of irregular was constructed cwith a dome supported oe pendentives; of fielding. - The dress of a base-ball player should con- troops in the service of the Turkish Sultan. They are and it is also this which first gave the idea, which has sist of~hight flannel shirt and trousers, a flannel cap with principally of Asiatic races, and formed a contingent of been imitated in St. Peter's, at Rome, of accompanying a projecting visor of white enamelled leather, and can- the Turkish army during the Russian War, 1853-56. vmts shoes with spike soles. -Am. Cycl. As light cavalry they are considered excellent, far surBase'-bormi, a. Born out of wedlock; born of low par- passing the Cossacks in courmage and powers of endurentage; vile; mean. ance. Dr. Wilhiams t1. Russell, in describing these "wild nButsee thy base-born child, thy babe of shame, cavaliers," says: "It would have been difficult to find Who, left by thee, upon our parish came." - Gay. more picturesque-looking scoundrels if the world was Base'-coarat, n. [Fr. basse-cour.] The lower court; the piced for thein fron Sounds to Mexico. Many of them back-yard; the farm-yard. were splendid-hooking fellows, with fine sinewy legs,'My lord, in the base-court he doth attend, beautifully proportioned muscular arms, and noble, To speak with you." - Staks. well-set heads of the true Caucasian mould; others Base'-fee,na. (Law.) A fee which has a qualification cwere hideous negroes from Nubia, or lean, malignantannexed to it, and which mnst be deterinsimed cwhemever looking Arabs, with sinister eyes and hungry aspect; the annexed qualification requires. - ~Bouvier. timeamsssxd qutliicaion equres - Bmmoer.and some cvere dirty Maraibout'fanatics from Mecca, usBas'el, ims Switzerland. See BASLE. ffamsed. by the influence of their hadji, or pilgrimage." Base Lake, in Michigan, a P. O. of Washitenaw co. Bash'lkirs, Basch'kirs, or Bash'keers, a TarBaselless, a. Without a base; having no Ibundation or tar tribe of Russia, where they occupy a portion of the i, _ _ iii"il govts. of Oremiburg, Perm, and'iatka. These people iji l Bas'elice, a town of S. Italy, prov. Benevento, cap. of a are in Asia generally tailed Jstiuks or Jstiuks, and cant., 21 m. SN. of Canspo-Basso; _pop. 4,958. they live principally in tents, and oem the produce of the. T.. Base'-line, n. (Pcssp.) A line drawn at the extremity chase, troubling themselves but little with agriculture, of the principal visual ray, and perpendicular to it except in cinter, chics tiey pass in their villages. It is inl their territory that the rich gold and platina (Ssmrecyisog.) A principal line, nisasured writh time greaitest mitisexisitim inteyrritrytlatithedrichgoldndp platiioxsa precision, on which a triangle or a series of triaingles m e minesl aexit Theyd uneiiary serviean ato gpard taxes nIlay be constructed, whereby othier positions may be defrontier. Their number is about 200,000, of whomn i termined. 70,000 are enrolled on the same footing as the Cossacks Basel'la, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. Basellacea, q.v. ofthe__on_ Basella'eern, n. pl. (Bet.) An order of plants, alliance of thye, on. Cin.SeBAYE Ficoidales. Dom~osms. Distinct sepals, no petals, fruit Bas'hYle, n. (Clmest.) See BiStrer. enclosed in a membranous or succulent calyx, a single SeBS.Z i.3O-HRHO T AK VNC. encloseda us cartl stabanourect oned.- sc entr caly, a igie Bas'ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or servinga a base. h ag.500 c e-acurcm Ait (vler dcc) solitary carpel, and an erect seed. —Thmey are climbimn g, SeBAE herbaceous, or shrubby plants, somewhat succulent. Bas'ifer, n. (Cmes.) That which converts into a sai th This small order, including 12 species in 4 genera, closely fiable base. in doimes, to give it a pyramidical effect. - Modern B. exresembles the Scanudent Chenopeds, from awhich it bas ]Bas'ify, v. a. (C/em.) To convert into a salifiable ist in Italy, which are applied, as the ancient were, to beenseparasthe pcaneniipmmly enaoumint frof theicohed ith base. civil purposes. The most celebrated is that at Vicenza, calyx, which scarcely opens. The species are all tropical. calx. rhih sanchyopes. imespeie af al trpicl asil, (befz'il,) Emperor of the East. See BAsmIus. after the design of Pahlmmdio, and tailed if.Pa/zoo della Base'ly, ad. In a base omanner; meanly; dishonorably. Bas'il, n. [Ger. bigel, from biogen, to bend, to curve, Ragione. In England the bewn Hall, and in France -In bastardy; illegitimately. - to inflect.] (Carp.) The slope or angle of a joiner's the Palais de JTmstice, correspond, in some respects, to Ba!e'meni, a. u( tool or instrument. the modern Italian Basilic. - Base ment, b. m r. soubassegnent.] (Arch.) The lowest — v. a. To grind or ferm the edge of a tool to an angle. Basilie, Basii'al, a. [Lat. basiltrus.] In tie story of a building, formning the base of a private house — vin.[. ba s i i;I. b s lc;fo r aiioBslia, [a.bs~cs] h or public edifice. Bas'il, n. [Fr. basilic; It. bst/ice; from Gr. basiichsh, cmather ofa chords, cmthedral, or othem public building. Base-minded, a. Of a low spirit or mimd; mean. royal, from basileus, a king.] (Bet.) See Oc~nmuw. (Anat.) Pertaining to certain parts, which the ancients Base'ness,?s. The quality of being base; lowness of Bas'il, n. [A corruption from Eng. basan.] The skdn supposed to have an important fction in the nomal mind; worthlessness; meanness. of a sheep after being tanned. economy. "Such is the power of that sweet passion, Bas'il. in Ohio, a village of Liberty township, Fairfield Basilic vein.-A large vein of the arm proper, running Times it all sordid basemess doth expol."-Spenser. co., 12 m. N. by W. of Lancaster. along the inecer side of the arm, and lying directly over Bas'ilar, Bas!ilary, a. [Fr. basilaire; from Lat. the humeral artery. The voedian basilic is a short -Of inferior value; as, " t'he baseness of his mtal-"Swift- basis.] Situated at, or belonging to, the base.-(Anat.) branch vein, running obliquely across the top of the -Bastardy; illegitimacy of' birth. -atry Whgiis y of births. us The namue given to several parts, which seem to serve fore-arm, in the bend of the elbow-joint, and joining as bases to others, as the sacrum.-BDmog/lisoo. the great basilic in the same manner that the median Wih- bae ith b aens? bat-d I"-h~s w'it tam 5 ith essoss hea rdy? -tats Bail'ian,'~ em. /p/. (Ecc/. Hiet.) The mname of an or- cephalic joins the cephalic on thme minutes- side of the armo. — Depthm of sound; min, "time bascaess or trebleness of tenses." den of nmoinks, hounded by Basil, surnnamned time Greast, F~or the illustration of timese four veins, see figure to Bas'onet.SeBsmc. Bisihop of Cwesarea, A.D0. 370. He hmad metir-ed in 358 article Binczmceo. ]~a~~tenet, n. See B~~~sc~. into a desert in Ponstus, and timers emetted a mmonosstery. Basii'iea, ma. (Law.) A collection or digest of thm B~ase'-pl[ate, ma. Time fousndation-plate oif heavy ma- He afterweards instituted serem-al other establishments, Coo-pus Jmtsis of Justiniano, translated fm'omm time original chuimery, as of the steans-engine; the bed-plate.- lVcale.. placing them nisder rules of Isis 0cc-s creation. This Latis into the Greeke languiaige, uinder thme superiintendBase'-li~'ig, a. (Mit,) A projecting bamsd of metal ad- order cras introduced into the Western Chusrchm in 1057,.ence of the Greekc emperors of Constantinople, and joining time base of a breech-engine. and was reformed by Pope Gregory XIII., in 1560. It Chiefly of Basil, or Itasilins I., whose s-sign commenced ]Base'-slpis"ited, a. Of inferior ceourage; conmteimptible; is eaid to hsave fiurnimsihed 14 popes, 1,805 bishopo, 3,010 A. 0. 857, asmd einded in 886. umean; cowardly. abbots, and 11,085 omartyrs. It likecrise boasts of son- Blasi/i'ien, a.- Basi lital; belonging to, on resembhimmg0 B,-se'-strin~', a. The strine of an instrumemnt wrhich eral enmperors, kings, mind princes, wise eumbraced its a basilica. pioduces the locwest note.- Wetbs/cu. rule.-See BlAaIL, ST.BsieaanS.Ily SePoez. B~ase'-vi'sol, BAss-vwoL a. (Mass.) See VIOtOeCtLtO. Basil'ie, Basil'iea. mm.; p/. BAsILsts, on BAomSLc E. [Gr. B~asil~iess, so. [Gr. basili/cos, royal.] (P/mar.) The B,'ansoa'sC,'ap, in A/abaona, a poet-office of Morgancto. basi/i-i-i, froim basoiti/os, royal, fi'om busi/eus, a icing.] ianamie setonetimmnes gicen to anm ointment, composed of 5 Ba'sha'n, in Alabaoma, a post-office of Meige to. Originally, a term applied to the palace of a'kimsg. It parts resin, 8 parts lard, and 2 pants yellow wrax. It is BASI BASI BASL 233 much used as a stimulant dressing to blistered surfaces, flying lizard. This process is capable of being either Ba'sin farbor, in Vermseont, a village and port of Adwith a view to lkeep up the discharge; and as a vehicle dilated or contracted at the pleasure of the animal; and dison co., on Lake Champlain, 20 m. S. of Burlington. for other stimulating substances, such as savin and can- the occiput, or hind part of the head, is elevated into a Ba/sin ][tliob, in. Missouri, a village of Johnson co., tharides, or Spanish flies. In the Pharmacopoeia it is very conspicuous pointed hood or hollow crest. Not- 115 in. W. by N. of Jefferson city. called ceratiss resince. It was formerly prepared with withstanding its formidable appearance, however, the Basioeeratocihonsdroglossusi c. [From Lat. bayellow wax, pitch, resin, and olive-oil, and was hence Basilisk is a perfectly harmless reptile, residing princi- sis, and Gr. keras, cornute, chondrosE, cartilage, and glossa, named uycjuestucsa tetrapharmsaceum, "the ointment with pally among trees, where it feeds on insects, &c. The tongue.] (Anat.) The same as YOGLOSSUS, p. v. four drcgs." general color of this animal is a pale cinereous brown, Basiocea'rtoglossi]Os, n. (Anslt.) A name given to Basilld'ians, ct. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) The name of a slightly varied on the back and sides with different a part of the hyoglossus, which is inserted into the correligious sect founded by Basilides, a Gnostic of Alex- shades of brown and blue, and silvery white on the ner of the os hyoides and base of the tongue. - Dunglison. andria, who died A. D. 130. The two great dogmas belly. It is possessed of great activity, and from its Blasioces'tr'slsn, a. [From Lat. basis, and Gr.,estra, which formed the ground-work of his system were those peculiar structure can adapt itself to the watery ele- a dart.] (Sura.) An instrument invented by Mesler, for of emanation and dualism. He held that the unre- ment without inconvenience. It is most common in opening tie head of the foetus in utero. voaled God evolved out of himself the several attri-, the tropical parts of South America. Ba'sis, n; pl. BASES. [Lat. bacsis; Gr. basis, from baino, butes which express the idea of absolute perfection, Basill'ss I., or BAsIL, THE MAICEDONIAN, Emperor of to step, to go.] That on which one steps, treads, or being the intellectual powers, the mind, the reason, the tihe East, was of low origin, but obtained emaployment stands; foot or bottom; foundation; that on which anythinking powers, wisdom, might, and, lastly, the moral at the court of the Emperor Michael III., became his thing rests. attributes. These seven powers, which he regarded as chamberlain, murdered his rival Bardas, was associated "Paradise....must have the compass of the whole earth living, self-subsistent, and ever active, together with in the enmpire, then murdered Michael, and succeeded for a lasis and foundation." — Sir Wteer Raleigh. the primal ground out of which they were evolved, hicn in 867. Though he had risen by a series of crimes, -Support of anything; groundwork or first principle. constituted the first ogdoad, or octave, the root of all he governed wisely, made many reforms in the admin- "Build me thy fortune upon the basis of valour,"- Shake. existence. Each of these spiritual essences proceeded istration and in the army, and compiled a body of laws -The chief component part of anything. to evolve out of itself continually nunmberless gradations called the Basilica, which, augmente d by his son and (Ches. acd A2ct.) See BAss. of existences, each lower one being still the impression, successor, Leo the Philosopher, were in force till the (Gram.) In prosody, the smallest trochaic rhythm. the antitype, of the immediate higher one. As he had in fall of the emnpire. B. deprived Photius of the See of Basis'ity, c2. (Clhem.) The state or quality of being a base. his system seven homogeneous natures in each grade- Constantinople, and restored Ignatius; but on the death Blasis'olute, a. (Bot.) Prolonged at the base, as certain tion of the spiritual world, so he is said to have held of the latter lie recalled Photius. He successfully leaves. - Wright. that there. were 365 such regions or gradations of the carried on war with the Saracens. D. 886. Bas'is t, n. (Mess.) A bass-singer; one who takes the spiritual world, answering to the days of the year. Basil'lis IL, EaPsEaa Oa cuss E as, was son of Ro- bass. (a.) One grand idea of this system was, that; in different de- menus II., and with his brother, Constantine, was first Basi, v. i. [From the root of BAKE; Scot. belk, to warm; grees, and under different forms of application, one law associated in tihe empireby John Zicnisces, and succeeded Sw. and Goth. ba/,a, or vasa.] To lie in warmth or in the pervades all stages and kinds of existence; and that him in 976. ills long reign was a series of wars with sun; to be exposed to genial heat; to enjoy ease and everything, fromn the highest to the lowest, is governed his rivals, Bardas, Sclernus, and Phocas, wvitlh the Sara- prosperity. by a single law. How he accounted for the existence cens, and with the Bulgarians. In 1014, after a great'Though asn unusual fit of love, or duty, of evil does not seem clear; but he held that every- victory over the latter, having 15,000 prisoners, he had Had made him lately hask in his bride's beauty." — Byron. where, as rust deposits itself on the surface of iron, 99 out of every 100 deprived of their eyes, and thus sent -v. a. To warm by continued exposure to heat, or to the darkness and death cleave to the fallen seeds of light hiome. This horrible cruelty caused the death of Samuel, sun's rays; to warnm with genial heat. and life, —the evil to the good, the ungodlilke to the king of the Bulgarians. The war ended in 1019, by the Unloek'd in covers, let her freely run godlike - without, however, the original essence being complete conquest of Bulgaria. D, 1025. To range thy courts, and bask before the sun," — Tickell. thereby destroyed. Tihe whole course of this present Bas'li, Qihi of.a) (CTem.) An aromatic, ethereal oil, dis- Baskasegas River, in laine, rising in a -ke of world he considers as intended for such an end; that tilled from the root of the Ocymus, basilichu. It de- tihe same name, embouchies into the Matawramkea g. the godlike may be cleansed from all inmpurities, and posits a stearoptene in 4-sided pyramids. Very soluble Bas'lket, it. [W. basged, or basgawd, from basg, a netrestored to their original purity. He considered the in hot water, it is again deposited in cooling. Its alco- ting or plaitilg, as of twigs or splinters, from asg, a development of the huansn race as a process of purifi- holic solution reddens vegetable blues. Sulphuric acid piece split off, a splinter.] A domestic vessel made of cation, which was to lbe perfected by Christianity. His turns it red. Pencm. C20HO2206. twigs, rushles, splinters, &c., interwoven.- The contents great aim was to lead men to consider the whole uni- Bssiiossai''us, n. (Pal.) See ZEUGLODON. of a basket; as, a basket of,strawberries. verse as one temple of God. Faith in the justice and Bas'il, St., surnaemed TuE GREAT, bishop of Ceesarea, (Arch.) The vase of the Corinthian capitaI.- Gwilt. goodness of God rose in his mind above everything in Cappadocia, where he was B. about 326. IIe was (Mil.) A gabion. See GasorN. else; and when he was perplexed with difficulties, his studying at Athens in 355, and there became the friend _-v. a. To put icc a basket. - Cobper. last words ever were, " I will say anything sooner' than of Gregory, afterwards bishop of Nazianzero. After ex- Bas'ket-hilt. n. The hilt of a broadsword or other doubt the goodness of Providence." Tile development tensive travels, B. retired to the desert of Pontus, and weapon, wrought in the form of basket-work, as a proof this system led Basilides and his followers into there founded an order of monks. He succeeded Ense- tection for tihe land. many erroneous opinions, particularly with respect to bius in the See of Cresarea in 370, and by his opposition "Their beef they often in their morions stew'd, the character and mission of Christ, whom lie did not to Arian doctrines greatly offended the Enmperor Valens. And in their basket-hilts their bev'rsage brew'd." - King. regard as the Redeemer; and held that he differed from His constitution being nmuch impaired by the austerities Bas'ket-hit tel, a. With a hilt of basket-vwork. other men only in degree, and, like the rest, himself of a monastic life, he D. 380. -See BASILIANS. Baslketry, it. Baskets in general; a collection of basstood in need of redemption. Bas'il-weed, as. (Bet.) See CALAMINTHA, and CLN0o- kets. Basil'ikoan Do'ron, or ROYAL GIFT, 7a. (Lit.) The PODIUM5. Baskisag Rtidge, in News Jersey, a post-village in the name of a treatise coruposed by James I. of England, Ba'sin, orBASON, a. [Fr. bassin; Ger. becaen, from biepen, N.E. part of Somerset co.,about 40 m. N.N.E. of Trenton. and published at Edinburgh in 1599, and at London in to bend, curve, or inflect.] A hollow vessel or dish of Baskting-sharkc, n (Zobl.) A species of fish, of the 1604. It is divided into three books, and contains pre- circular form, used for various household purposes. Squatidce or Shark fanily; the Sun-fish of the Irish. See cepts on tile art of government, addressed by the king "Let me attend him with a silver basin, SQUALIDE' to his son, Prince Henry. This work is now but a lite- Full of rose-water, and bestrewed with flowers."- Shaks. as'lrd, and BrsEARD, a. (Ait.) A short sword or rary curiosity. -Anything hollow or concave resembling a basin; a pond; dagger worn in tihe 15th century. It was a mark of Basilisells. See ZENo, (EsMPEeort.) a small bay; an outer dock for shipping. gentility, and was carried in fiont of the girdle. UBasilislk, (bas'i-isk,) n. [Pr. basilic; Let. basiiicus; " The spacious basins arching rocks enclose, [ Basile, BAS'Ee, or BALs, a N.W. csanton of Switzerland, Gr. basitiskos, from basileus, a king.] The cockatrice, a A sure deifence from ev'ry storm that blows."- Pole. and the 11 th in the Confederation, lying between 470 fabulous serpent, with a white spot on its head resera- (Arts and A/naf) A vessel used by glass-mlakers for 25' and 470 37' N. Let.; having on the N. France and bling a royal diadem. It was supposed by the ancients fonring concave glasses. - An iron mould used by hat- Baden; W. France and Soleure; S, the latter canton to lhave been able to kill with its breath or sight only. ters. - The scale of a balance, &c. and Berne; and on the E. Argovia. Its shape is very According to Galen, its color inclined to yellow, and it (Phys. Geog.) It is applied to any collection of water, irregular; greatest length 24 m.; breadth from 13 to 17. had three snall eminences on its head. Elien says, as seas, lakes, and rivers; and comprehends, in every Area, 184 sq. m. The Jura chain runs through the that its poison is so penetrating as to kill the largest case, all the countries which are drained by the waters country; its surface displaying, accordingly, monntains serpents with its vapor only; and that it will kill a nsan which run into such sea, lake, or river. -The term is and villeys, with a level tract in the vicinity of the city by merely biting the end of his stick. ThIe sound of its still more frequently applied to the drainage of a river; of Basle. The most elevated mountain is the Hauenhissing is enoughi to frighten away all other kinds of as, "The basin of the Mississippi." The character of a stein (about 3,000 ft.), over which there is an excellent serpents. According to Pliny, the B. is able to kill all country, its climate, soil, and productions, frequently and much frequented new road, leading firom Basle to those who look upon it. It was also called a cokatrmce, change from thile basin of one river to that of another; Aarau and Zurich. -.Rivers. The Rhine and Birse.from the belief that it was generated from a cock's egg and when in the basin of one river such changes are. Mhic. Mild. — Prod. Corn and wine. —Malnf. Ribbons, brooded Upon by a serpent. All these details are put observed to occur, the formation of the basin commonly taffetas, silk thread, &c. This canton belonged in Roman forth by Matthiolus, Galen, Bioscoridos, Pliny, and Era- presents some point or place where the change begins to timnes to the territory of the Rauraci. In the Middle sistratus. The absurdity of all the statements has, since be sensible, and may consequently be indicated wvith A ges it formed part of the Burgundian empire, till 1026, that tinle, been thoroughly exposed. some degree of certainty. Therefore, the true basis of awthem it was possessed by the Gernman emperor, Conrad (Zob'l.) The animal onw recognized by the name of B. the geographical knowledge of a country, is the study II. B. assisted the Swiss in tihe Burgundian war, and is a reptile, family _Ignauidre, of a very singular shape, of the different basins intowhich it is divided, was admitted a mnember of the Confederation in 1501. (3laa.) Tse basin f a dock is a place where the water Pop. of canton, 46,476. is confined by double flood-gates, or a caisson, and thereby BASLE, one of the chief cities of Switzerland, and cap. of prevented from running out at ebb-tide. The use of it the above canton; Lat. 470 30' 36" N.; Lon. 70 35' E.; is to contain ships either before they enter, or after they 35 m. N.W. of Berne. It lies on both sides of time Rhine; come out of the dock in which they are repaired. B. that division of the S. being called Great, and that on, also implies some part of a haven which opens fi'om a the N. Little B.; they communicate by a bridge 6500 ft. narrow channel into a spacious receptacle for shipping. long. The city presents to the visitor a peculiar mix(Geol.) Any dipping or disposition of strata toward ture of the gayety of a French, with the sombre Gothic a common centre, which has resulted from the upheaval air of a German, town. The cathedral, built in 1319, and subsidence of the earth's crust. The tertiary forma- on the spot where tihe Roman emperor Valentinian tions often occupy limited areas, and fill up the basins originally erected the tronmm foirtress called Basiliss, of the older strata; hence the use of such phrases as contains the tombs of (Ecaolsmsnpaelius, Erasmus, and time London basin,.Paris basics, a coal-basin, or coal-fields, Ac. Esmlsress Anne, consort of Rlodolplh of llapsburg. There ~Ba'sined, a. Enclosed in a basin. is here a gymnasium, schools, a public library and beBas inet, as. Same as bascinet, q. v. tenic garden, and many literary and scientific societies. Ba'sing, a parish of England, icc Hampshire, 2 m.from la. is time richest tovn icc Switzerlasnd. escd its immhimbixBa singstoke. During time Civil War, its smaggnificesnt tants are indussrious end avell educated. —~aacf. Ribcastle, isuilt by Willisem Palnlet, first Marquis of Wimm- bons, silks, gloves, stockings, &c. Fop. 41.719. B. was chester, Lord Treesurer to Qumeen Elizableth, ars Iheroi- the birthphtce of IHolbein, Ersasmus, and Bernoccilli. cally defended tar two years ty John, the fifthe maer quis, This ancient city was muled during the Middle Ages by against the Parliamentary troops. On the l4thi Oct., a bishop, who was a prince of the Gernman empire. It Ftp. 301. - 5A51t5K, (BasitiisucS mEittratsecS.) 16i5, it was at last taken by storm by Cromwnaell, who, was taken by Rtodolph of Hapsburg in 1267. Im 1392 it being distinguished by a long and broad wing-like pro- after plundering it of its rich treasures of art, burned became a free imperial city, which was, with the amdjoinc. cess or expansion along the back and upper part of the it to thee ground. Popt. of par. about 2,000. ing territory, admitted into the Swiss Confederation ils tail, sl0d furnished at certain distances awitha interval Ba'singstoke, a town and par. of Etsglend, in Hamp- 1501, when the bishops were expelled. A council was radii analogous to those in the wings of the draco, or shire, 45 m. W.S.W. of London; pop. 5,134. held here in Oct., 1061. The 18th General Council, VOL. I. -30 I INSETL 234 BASN 3ASS BASS transferred from Pavia to Sienna, and from Sienna to theologian and historian, a. at Rouen, in 1653, where he effects of those chords in accompaniment. The bass is B,, assembled 23d July, 1431, and was concluded 16th became pastor in 1676. On tile revocation of the Edict that part of a concert which is the most heard, which May, 1543. Its chief objects were the union of the Greelk of Nantes, hlie took refuge in Holland, became pastor at consists of the grtvest and largest sounds. or which is and Latin Churches, and a general reformation of the Rotterdam, and afterwards, at the Hague, enjoyed tile played on the longest pipes or strings of a common inCatholic Church. The University of B. was founded by friendship of the Grand Pensionary Heinsius, and was strument, or on instruments larger than common for a papal bull of Pins II. in 1459. Treaties of peace were employed in several political negotiations. The most the purpose. - See CONTRA-BASSO. concluded here between France and Prussia, April 5 and esteemed of his numerous works are, La Communion Bass, a. (Mlus.) Low: deep; base.- Johnson. May 17; between France and Spain. July 22; and be- Saints; Hisloire de la Religion des Eglises riefoerme s; -v. a. To sound in a deep tone. (o.) tween FraLncs and Hesse-Cassel, Aug 28, 1795. The Antiquilis Judaiques, &c. D. 1723. "That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronounc'd French seized the city in 1798. Bas'nettsville, in West Virginia, a village of The name of Prosper; it did bass my trespass." —Shaks.'B., Council of. Announced at the Council of Constance, Marion co. Bass, in California, a village of Shasta co., on the it was convoked by Pope Martin V., and his successor, Basque Preovinces, (bask,) [Sp. VTascongadas Pro- Sacramento River, 10 m. N.E. of Slhasta. Eugenius IV. It commenced its sittings, Dec. 14, 1431, vincias,] a territory of Spain, comprising the three prov. Bass, or Bass Rock, a rocky islet of Scotland, in under the presidency of the cardinal legate Juliano of Biscay, Alava, and Guipuzcoa, bounded N. by the Bay the Frith of Forth, off the coast of Iladdingtonshire. Caesarini of St. Angelo. The objects of its deliberations of Biscay, E. by Navarre, S. by the prov. of Logroflo, and It is ot a circular form, about 300 ft. in diameter, and were to extirpate heresies, (that of the Hiussites in par- W. by Burgos and Santander. Lat. between 420 251 and 400 ft. high. It overhangs the sea in lofty precipices, ticular,) to unite all Christian nations under the Catho- 430 28' N.; Lon. 1~ 44' and 30 25' W. Area, 2,971 sq. ni. _ __ lic Church, to put a stop to wars between Christian Desc. Mountainous and picturesque; tile hills being princes, and to reform the Church. But its first steps generally covered to their summits with arboraceons towards a peaceable reconciliation with the Hussites, vegetation. Its pastures are rich, soil fruitful, and agriagainst whom Juliano had unsuccessfully published a culture flourishing. Prod. Cereals, fruits, and flax. crusade, were displeasing to the Pope, who authorized Many sheep are reared. min. Iron, tin, coppes, nirthe cardinal leg;ate to dissolve the council. That body Ible, &c. inhlab. The Basques are a brave and primi- -: —_ opposed the pretensions of the Pope, with severe anl- tive race, much attached to music and daucinug, and Inadversions on Ihis deceitful conduct, and his neglect eminently suited to that mode of guerilla warfare, by of the welfare of the Church; and, notwithstanding his which they have so long preserved their independence. repeated orders to remove to Italy, continued its de- Humboldt supposes them to be the descendants of the liberations under the protection of the Enmperor Sigis- ancient Iberians, and they are believed to have, at dif mund, of the German princes, and of France. In order fereut periods, held all Spain under their sway. Their to secure itself against the attacks of Eugenius IV., it language has no aiialogy with any other living tongue, re-enacted the decrees of the Council of Constance con- and is believed to have been, in renmote a-es, in use over cerning the power of a general council, (in matters of the whole of the Iberian penissula.- The Basques faith, of schism, and of reformation,) to command the were subdued by the Goths, about A. D. 485. GuipuzPope, as well 5s all Christendom, and to punish the dis- con and Alava were united to CastiIe in the 13th cenobedience of the clergy, and even of the Pope, by virtue tury, and Biscay was annexed to Castile, by Peter the Fog 302 -- es ROCK. of its judicial character as the representative of the Cruel, in the 14th. Chief towns. Bilba6, San Sebastian, which at tlheir bases are perforated into vast excavaUniversal Church. It likewvise pronounced all the doings and Vittoria. pop. 454,817. —There is ilso in France tions and caverns. Great numbers of Solan geese reand remnonstrances of the Pope against its proceedings of a territory which was formerly called the "Basque sort to it for breeding. Lat. 560 3' N.; Lon. 20 35' W.no force, and began a formal process against him, after country," but which is now comprised in the dep. Basses After the revolution of 1688, a few desperate adherents of he had issued a bull for its dissolution; required him, Ppyr6n6es. - See ALAVA; BiscAY; GuisuzcoA. the Stuart cause scaled this rock; which held out the term after term, to appear before its tribunal, and exer- Basque, a. Pertaining to the Basque provinces, their longest of ny place in Britain for James II. cised, as much as possible, the papal prerogatives in people or langusge. Bass, GEneRE, an English discoverer, whose name has France'and Germany. Meanwhile, it concluded, in the Basque, BAsQUINa, (baskic, bas-kj'na,) n. A part of a been given to the strait which separates Tasmania from nause of the Church, a peace with the IHussites, and woman's dress, resembling a jacket with s short skirt Australasia. Ite was a surgeon in the English navy, then proceeded to the reformation of the clergy, by or- attached to it, as worn by the women of the Basque and went to New South Wales, in company with the daining tliot the clergymnen who ssaintained conicubines, provinces, whence it, doubtless, derived its name. celebrated Flinders, 7 years after the colony was founded. aond the prelates who received money for permitting it, Basqui'ai, is. See BAsQue. Having in the two previous years made several surveyshould be punished; that the annartes, the sums paid for Bas'quish, a. Rela ting to the Basque provinces; basque. ing voyages along the S. coast, B. was, in 1797, sent out the pallia, &c., should be regarded as sinmonitcal, and Bas'ra, in Asiatic Turkey. See BAssoRA. on a voyage of discovery in a little whale-boat with only should not, under any pretext, be demanded or paid in Bas-relief', n. (Scul/p.) See Basso-RELIeVO. 6 of a crew. Though provisioned for only 6 weeks, B. future; that the divine service, the mass, and the ca- Bass, n. (Zoet.) The Labrax, a genus ofacanthopterygious persevered in his expedition for 77 days, and having nonicil hours should be regularly observed by the clergy fishes, distinguished from Perca by scaly opercula ter- sailed 600 m., returned to Port Jackson with the news of csnch class; that the Feast of Fools, and all irreverent minating in two spines,-and by a rough tongue. The that Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land) was not part of the celebrations customary in the Church about Christmas, striped B., L. Lineatus, is a salt-water fish, which Australian continent, but a separate island. The disshould be abolished. In the 23d session, (March 25, keeps near the land, ascending fresh-water streams in covery was confirmned in 1798, when B. and Fhisiders 1436,) the form of election, the confession of faith, and Spring, to breed. Itis from 1to 4 feet long, brown above, made a voyage in company. tile olhicial oath of each pope, by which he bound him- silvery benesoth, and is very common on the coast of New Bassa. See PASHA. self to obey the decrees of the council, and the annual England. Soume specimens weigli 75 pounds each. It Bassaiso, (bas-sa'no,) a walled town of N. Italy, prov. repetition of tile same, were provided for; all prefer- readily bites at the hook, and is taken in large quantities of Vicenza. on the Brenta, 17 m. N.N.E. of Vicenzas, and isent of the relations of a pope was forbidden, and the with the seine. 21 N. by W. of Padua. It is well built, andi seated in a college of cardiiatls was limited to 24 prelates and doc- (Bet.) [Teut. bast; A. S. bcest.j A name of the Lime- fine salubrious country. Manuf. Silk, straw hats, &c. tors of all nations, who should be elected by the free tree, Tilia Americana.-See TILIA. On 8th Sept., 1796, the Austrian general Wiirmser was votes of the college, should be entitled to half of the -A hassock or mat made of the inner bark of the linden- defeated here by the French under Marshals Massena revenueso of the States of the Church, should watch over tree, rushes, sedge, flags, &c., interwoven. See BAST. and Augereau. Pop. 14,411. the Pope, and always sign his bulls. General councils Bass, BASE, Basso, n. [It. basso.] (aus.) The base in Bassa'no, JACOPO, or JACOPO DA PONTE, an Italian had always been objects of aversion to the popes, and music; the lowest part in the harmony of a musical painter, B. at Bassano, in 1510. In early life lie went often been prevented -by them from assembling, on ac- composition. The bass is, with sound musicians, the to Venice, where he studied the great works of Parmecount of their limitations of the papal power; and the most important of all the parts; it is indeed the foun- giano, Titian, and Bonifazio. IIe spent the rest of' his proceedings of the Council of Basle must have exasper- dation of harmony, the support of the whole super- life at his native place. His first productions had much ated, to the highest degree, an obstinate man lilke Eu- structure of the composition. The word bass is techni- grandeur of conception cnd excellence of color, but he genius IV. Hle continually remonstrated with the sov- cally used in various ways, as thorough bass, fundamental afterwards painted in a coarser and lower style. He ereigns against the decrees of the council, which, in its bass, groundd bass, figulredl bass, &c. A figured bass is a treated even sacred subjects with a vulgar familiarity. turn, decreed hIis suspension from the papal chair, in the bass with figures written over or under each note, to in- B. worked rapidly, and his paintings are very numerous. 31st session, (Jan. 24, 1438.) The removal of Eugenius, dicate the accompanying harmonies. The term figured There are 3 of them in the National Gallery, London. however, seemed so impracticoble, that some prelates, bass is used as synonymous with figurative bass, meaning D. 1592. who till then had been the boldest and most influential a buss not confined to the plain canto-fermb style, but Bassa'nlio, HUGUES BEERNARD MARET DUBKE DE, a celespeakers in the council, left Basle; yet, after violent de- moving with more freedom, and with a melody of its brated French publicist eand statesman, B. at Dijon, bates, (May 16, 1439,) the council declared Eugenius, on own, for instance, the bass in Bach's arrangement of 1763. On the first outburst of the French revolution account of his obstinate disobedience of its decrees, a "Old Hundred." — Fundamiental bass is that bass which he enthusiastically embraced its principles, published heretic, and formally deposed him, in the folloswing ses- forms the tone or natural foundation of the incumbent the Bulletin de l'Assemblte, aind soon safter was appointed sion, as guilty of simony, perjury, violation of the laws harmony, and from which, as a lawful source, that har- editor of the Moniteur. He becseme acquainted with of the Church, and bad administration in his office. At monoy is derived. To explain this by example: If the Bonaparte, and was made by him chef de division in this session, the 34th, (June 25, 1439,) only two of the harniony consists of the common chord of C, C will be the ministry of foreign affairs. In 1792 he was sent to Spanish and Italian members were present; but the its fundanmental bass, because from that note the her- England, ostensibly to secure the neutrality of the president adopted a spirited and effectual method Ibr mouy is deduced; and if, while that harmony is con- British government, but in reality to hoodwink that obtaining the decree. ie ordered the holy relics, which tinued, the bass be changed to any other note, it ceases government until the moment should arrive at which existed in Basle, to be placed in the seats of the absent to be fundamental, because it is no longer the note from it could be efficiently assailed. But the English minister bishops, and produced such a strong excitement in the which that harmony results, and is calculated. Ground of that day was too clear-sighted even for French diplocouncil, which still consisted of 400, for the most part bass is used sometimes as synonymnous with fendaomen- macy. Both Maret and the French ambassador, ChauveFrench and German prelates, priests, and doctors, that tal bass, and sometimes as a bass which starts with some lin, were peremptorily ordered out of England; and the it unanimously consented to the deposition of Eugenius. subject of its own, and continues to be repeated through- former, soon alter his return home, was sent as ambasNotwVithstanding the plague then raging in Basle, which out the movement, while the upper part or parts of the sador to Naples, but was captured on his way thither continually diminished its number, it proceeded, in a composition pursue a separate air, and supply the her- by the Austrians, and detained as prisoner till 1795. regulsor conclave, (Nov. 17 of the same year,) to elect mony. This kind of bass was greatly in fashion about Maret toolsk an active part in the intrigues set on foot for the Duke Anmadeus of Savoy to the papal chair. F'elix half a century ago, but has for sonme time been rejected, the overthrow of the Directory, and when the establishV.-which was the name hlie adopted —was acknowl-' as an unnatural restraint upon the imagination, and ment of the Consulate crowned tile success of these inedged by only a few princes. The chief powers, France productive of a monotonous melody. Thorosu gh bass is triguss, he was made secretary to the council of state. and Giermasny, assented to the decrees of the council for thie art by which harmony is superadded to any pro- Subsequently he was private secretary to Napoleon, to the reformeation of the Cliurch, but they chose to re- posed bass, and includes the fundamentsl rules of coin- whose dictation, it is said, not a few of the articles in main neutral in the contest with Eugenius. The coun- position. This branch of musical science is twofold — the Ao'niteur were wsritten. In 1811, Maret was created cil, thus deserted by its protectors, gradually declined. theoretical and practical. Theoretical thorough bass Duke de Bassano, and appointed Minister of Foreign It held a last session in 1443, at Lausanne, where some comprehesids the knowledge of the connection and dis- Affaoirs; and in 1812 he conducted and signed the treaties prelates remnined together until 1449, when, after the position of all the several chords, harmonious and dis- between France, Austriao, and Prussia, preparatory to death of Eugemnius and the resignation of Felix V., they sonant, and includes all the established laws by which the i:otsl expedition to Russia. When the emperor was accepted thee amnesty offered them by Nicholas V. The they are formed and regulated. Practical thorougho sent to Elba, in 1814, B. retired from public life; but decrees of the Council of B. are admuitted into none of the bass is conversant with the manner of taking the sev- imneoedisotely after Napoleon's return he joined him, and Romsn archives. Had its just and suitable decrees for eral chords ous an inistrument, as prescribed by the figures was very nearly being taklen prisoner at Waterloo. On thie refoirmaition of the papal government, and clerical dis- placed over, or under, the bass part of a composition, the emnperor's finlisc overthrow, the Duke was banishied cipline of thie Chmurch, been executed, the ItReforuration and supposes a familiar acquaintance with the powers of from Fr-ance, but at the revolution of July, 1830, he of Luther would hlave, perhaps, never occurred. these figures, a facility in tslking the chords they indi- waos recsalled, and restored to all his honors. In 1838 Bas'nage de B]eau'val, JAclUE~s, an eminent French cate, and judgment in the various applic'ations and he 5w0s mnade esMinister of the Interior, and President of BASS BASS BASS 235 the Council, but the ministry of which he formed a part of the prison, in such a manner as to cover the victim tations and corn-fields. The houses of the city are mostly survived only three days. D. 1839. with blood. On the 18th Aug., 1849, a little before dawn, built of clay, faced with burnt brick, and the streets are Basse, n. (Zobl.) See BAss. B. was taken to a deserted field adjoining the cemetery both irregular and unclean. — Com. B. is the principal Basse-Chantante. (bds'shan-t1ing,) n. [Fr.] (Musa.) of Bologna, to be shot. He was pale but firm; and emporium of the empire for Eastern commodities, and has, The higher of tilhe two basses in a score, partaking of while the soldiers were taking aim, he said, "I die in- necessarily, an extensive trade.-Imp. Silk, muslin, linen, more melody, and performed by the violoncello. nocent —I die lbr liberty —I forgive my murderers. gold and silver stuffs, cloth, metals, sandal-wood, and Bas'sein, a seaport of Hindostan, prov. of Aurunga- Viva Jesu I viva Maria! viva " —but the word "Italia" indigo; pearls firom Bahlrein, and coffee from Mocha; bad; separated firomn Salsette by a narrow channel, and was lost, stifled by the bullets of the Croats. His fruits and the precious metals from Persia; spices from about 20 m. N. of Bombay. Lat. 190 20' N.; Lon. 720560 mother heard of her son's fate without a tear. Three Java; and European goods from various ports. - Exp. E. It was ceded to the English by the Peishwa in 1862. times she repeated his name, and then expired.- B. was The precious metals, copper, dates, gall-nuts, raw silk, Bas'sein, a British seaport town of Burmah, on the left the author of a work on The Church after the Image of gold fringe; and horses to India. Caravans convey bank of the Birman river (the right branch of the Ira- Christ, and an unfinished poem called, Constantine, or goods to Aleppo and Bagdad, whence they are sent on waddy); Lat. 160 49' N.; Lon. 940 45' E.; 100 m. W. of the Triumeph of the Cross. His talents were universal. to Constantinople. - Pop. Estimated- at 50,000.- This Rangoon, and 360 S.S.W. of Ave. Pop. about 5,000. He was an accomplish'ed musician and composer, wrote city was founded by Omar A. D. 636, and captured during Bas'set, or Basset', n. [Fr. bassette; It. bassetta, his own language in remarkable perfection, and was a the revolt against All, by Telbha and Zobeir, aided by fronm basso, low.] (Gantes.) A ganie at cards, played perfect master of Greek, Latin, English, and French. Ayesha, the widow of the prophet, in 658. The Saracens somewhat similar to thile modern faro. It is of Venetian He was equally remarkable for his personal beauty, and were dispossessed of it by the Turks in 701. On the 16th invention, and was formerly much played in France. his eloquence as an improvisatore, while his memory April, 1776, it was taken by the Persians, and recovered Louis XIV. issued some very severe decrees against was so prodigious, that he is said to lhave been capable by the Turks in 1778. it, after which B. was played under the name of of reciting the whole of Dante's Divina Conmnedia. Bassol'ra, in Missouri, a village of Franlklin co., on tile "opour et centre." Biassia, (bts'si-a,) n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Missouri, 50 m. W. of St. Louis. "Some dress, some dance, some play; not to forget Sapotacece. The species are trees;, natives of tropical or Bas'sora, (Gulm,) s. (Cheme.) A gum of a yellowishYour piquet parties, and your dear basset." —aRowe. sub-tropical regions. They are remarkable for their white color, obtained from the Acacia leucophlcea and B. is played as follows: —The banker deals the cards in fleshy flowers and oily seeds. In India, the fatty oils other species of the same genus. It consists essentially pairs, and each paenter, or player, has a livret of 13 cards, procured from the ripe kernels of B. latifolia, the of water, 21'89; ash, 5'6; arabin, 11'2; bassorin, 61'31. from which he selects one or more, and stakles on them. Madhluca-tree, and B. loegisfoia, the Elloopa-tree, are Sp. gray. 1'3591. It is intermediate in its transparency The principle of the game depends upon the correspond- made use of for burning in laeeps, for culinary purposes, between gum-arabic and gum tragacanth. B. CG. is not ing card in the balnker's paclk turning up in an odd or an for making soap, and, nmedicinally, for external applicas- used in medicine. even place. When a player wins, hle may either talke tions in cutaneous affections. The fleshy flowers and Bas'so-relie'vo, (BAS-ra.ELEe,) a. [It. basso, low, and his money or go on, rislking his stalke and gains. The firuits are used as food, and from the former an alcoholic relievo, relief; Fr. bas-relief.] (Sculp.) Low relief; a term first time this is done it is called pareoli, or "double;" liquor is distilled. The wood of B. tongefolia and other applied to that class of sculptures whose figures do not the second time, sert et le va, "seven and it goes;" the species is very hard and durable. The Shesa or Galain stand out far from the ground or plane on which they third time, quinze et le va, "fifteen, &c. -" the fourth tine, butter, which forms an important article of internal are formed. It differs from alto-relievo (hligh-relief), in trente et le va, "thirty-one, &c.;" and on the fifth risk, conmmerce in Central Africa, is thought by some to be that the latter is that in which the grosser parts are soixante et le va, "sixty-three, &c." In all cases the the produce of a species of bassia. only attached, while the smaller parts are free; and firom odds are greatly in favor of the banlker; it is 1'023 to 1 1Bas'sic Acid, n. (Chem.) A crystalline, fatty acid, ex- msezzo-relievo (mean-relief), which is a term used for a against the player.winning ten successive games. tracted from the fat of Bassis latifolia and Cocculus in- kind of composition between the two. B.-R. was by the Bas'set, n. (Gcol.) Tlhe emergence of strata at the sur- dicus. Fusing point, 1590. Forest. C36H3604. Greeks denominated anaglypta, (Pliny lib. 33, c. 11.) The face; the outcrop. - Lyell. B]as'sinet, it. [Fr.] A lkind of hooded wicker-baslet, most ancient and most simple lkind of basso-relievos -v. i. (Geol.) To crop out or upward so as to appe;ar at socnewhat resembling a cradle, in which infnuts are used by the Egyptians, were cut by recessing the grounds the surface; as, a vein of coal bassets. placed for repose. as much as the projection of the figures, so that the sur-a. (Geol.) Inclined upward; as, the basset edge of Bass Lake, in Minnesota, a post-office of Faribault co. rounding surfaces, by forming a kind of border, both strata. - Lyell. Bas'so. n. [It.] (Mes.) A bass-singer. See BAss. Basseterre, (bas'tair,) a town of the island of St. Basso-profsundo is the chief singer of deep bass, in!iliii~~~~~~~~ai Kitt's, in the W. Indies, belonging to Great Britain. L:tt. oratorio or opera smusic, -&c. b 170 17' 30" N.; Lon. 62~ 42' W. It is situate on the S Bas'sock, n. A mat.- The same a BASS, q.. side of the island, at the mouth of a river opening into Bassom.pierre, (ba'ssom-pD'air,) Fra.eOS DE, Mara bay ceelled Basseterre Roads. shal of France, one of the most distinguished and most Basse'terre, a seaport and cap. of tie island of Gems- amiable men of the courts of henry IV. and Louis daloupe, in the W. Indies, belonging to the Frenchl. It XIII., was born in 1579, in Lorraine, and descended possesses no proper harbor, but has an open roadstead. from a branch of the family ofCleves. After travelling. It is the residence of the governor. Pop. about 5,000. through Italy, he appeared at the court of Henry IV., J Bas'set-horn, os. [Fr. Cos Atnglais; It. corno di bas- wlhere his taste for splendor, play, and gallantry made setto.] (Mus.) A musical instrument, now but seldom him conspicuous in the feasts and sports of the capital. Y used. Its tone is sweet and mellifluous, and in solo In 1602, he made his first canipaign against the Duke of passages it is capable of producing very striking effects. Savoy, and fought with equal distinction, in the follow- <, I In form it resembles a large hautboy, a little bent at the ing year, in the imperial army, against the Turis. His top. Its real compass comprises the notes contained love of France soon called him back. In 1622, Louis i between F bass and B sit., except the note F sharp, XIII. appointed him marshal of France, and became so which is deficient. As the player of the haithoy gener- cuch attached to him, that Luynes, the declaredl favorally takes this instrument, the part for it is usually its, alarnied at his growing influence, insisted upon his scored a fifth higher than its real pitch. removal from the court, leaving him the option to aciBas'seting, n. (Geol.) The upward direction of a vein cept either an embassy, or the chief command of an in a mine, or of a stratum.- Whewell. army, or the office of a governor. B. decided upon an IBassette', te. [Fr.] A game at cards. (See BxossET.)-A - embassy, and occupied this post successively in Spain, small bass-viol. Switzerland, and England. After his return, he entered Basset'to, n. [It., Counter-tenor.] (iMucs.) A small bass- again into the military service, and was present at the viol; a tenor instrumenet. sieges of Rochelle and Montaeuban. Cardinal de RicheBlas'sett's Creek, in Alabama, takes a S.W. course lieu, who soon after obtained entire control of the Iking through Clark co., into Tombigbee River. and the country, feared the,boldness of B. and his selBas'sett's Station, in Wisconsis, a post-office of cret connection with the house of Lorraine; whose Kenosha co. machinations served him as a pretext for sending B., in Bass'-horn, n. (klus.) See BAssooN. 1631, to the Bastille, from which he was not released till Bassi, Uoo, (bas'se,) a Barnabito mnonkl, and distinguished 1643, after the death of the cardinal. During his deten- Fig. 304. PRoW or A WAR-GALLEY Italian patriot, n. at Cento, in the Roman States, i11804, tion, le occupied hisself with writing his memoirs, and (Basso-relieve, from the column of Trajan, Rome.) of an Italian tither and Greek mother. He was imuch the history of his embassies, whlicih shed much light on threw a shade upon the figures and defended them from distinguished ancong the brethren for his extraordinary the events of that time. D). 1646. injury, which they were liable to, as the granite out of learning and ttalents; while the purity of his life, tihe Bassoon, (bds-soon',) na. [Fr. basson, which they were cut was of a very brittle nalture; by this goodness of his heart, and his eloquence as a preacher, froen bas, low, grave; It. basso.] (Mus.) means much labor was saved in the execution. The made him the idol of the people. The liberality of his A wind instrument which serves for a Egyptians also employed B.-R. without any surrounding political opinions, however, and the boldness of his ser- bass; it is made of wood, and played border, all the figures being raised from the same, naked. mons, rendered him obnoxious to the papal court, and by mieans of a bent mouth-piece and The B.-R.'s found in the excavations of the Indian he was sent into a sort of exile in Sicily, from which he reed. It is believed to have been first temples bear a strong resemblance to those of the Egyponly returned on the accession of Pins IX., in 1846. On introduced into use by Handel, as an tians, but are inferior in point of proportion, the heads the breaking out of the Lomebard revolution in 1848, aid to the hautboy, which it so closely being too large. TIhe Persians employed the B.-R. in bodies of volunteers hastened from Rome to aid their resembles in tone as to make it the their architectural decorations, as may be seen in the fellow-countrynmen in their struggle against the Aus- natural bass of that instrument. The palace of Persepolis, and in theroyal tombs. The Greelks trians. B. was among the first who weent to Treviso, comepass of the B. extends from double excelled in the execution of B.-R., as is sufficiently eviwhere hle greatly distinguished himself by his valor in B fiat up to B flat in alt., 3 Octaves; denced by the sculpture in the pediments and friezes of battle, and his untiring services in tihe hospitals. On inclhding all the intermediate semi- the Parthenon, the temples of Theseus, Minerva, &c. The the capitulation of Treviso, B. wvent to Venice, where tones except B natural. When the basso-relievos of the Romans were, perlaps, at first conle fought in the ranlks against her Austrian besiegers. B. ascends very high, the notes are fined to their tombs. They never attained a just knowlThence he vent to Rome, and joieed Garibealdi's legion generally written in the tenor clef.- edge, or taste, of the art of sculpture. Their best works as chaplain, but took part in every engagement, and in- The bass-horn is a modification of this were executed by Grecian artists, and are chiefly to be spired even that intrepid band with greater ardtor, ihy instrument, nmuch lower and stronger found in the triumphal arches, which are richly charged hlis fiery enthusiasm ine battle, and the tender and in its tones. with hasso-relievos. The art attained its greatest perwomanly devotion with which he tended the wounded Bassoon'ist, a. A player or per- feetion in the reign of Augustus, and was greatly on the and the dying. On thle fall of Rome, B. was one of those former on the bassoon. decline inthe days of Constantine. Thee basso-relievos of who followed General Garibasldi when he made a laest Bas'sora, BAs'aA, BUs'ssRA, or Bus'- the column of Trajan (see Fig. 304) are mnagnificent attempt to fight his way to Venice, which still held out IAR, (bas'o-ca.) [Ar., a margin.] A city specimens of the ancient art. Among the famous modagainst the Austrians. The little banmd was, however, of Asiatic Turkey, in the pashalic of ern B-I. are those of Bndurli, Ghiberti, Iucca della dispersed and cut up by Austriean troops, and Garibaldi Bagdad;the most eastern place of note Rnobbia, Puget, Canova, Thorwaldsen, Flaxman, David himself escaped with great difficulty. B3. was taken in the Turkish dominions, and the prin- Fig. 303. (dAngers), &c. - See Auco-IEVO, and RsIt. prisoner, carried to Bologna, and condemned to death. cipal port of the Persian Gulf, on the ]~aSA0N. Bas'sorinora. ((em.) A peculiar erindiple existing The ecclesiastical authorities of Bologna, far from op- S.W. beank of the Euphrates, or, as it is ic guse-bassora, gum-tragacanthe, and gum-leeteeree. It posing the sentence, merely stipulated, with refined here called, the Shat-ul-At-ab, (" River of the Arabs,") 70 is colorless, semi-transparent, insipid, inoeloroucs, and cruelty, that, previous to the execution of tlse sentence, m. from its mouth, and 45 below its junction vith the amorphous; tough, and not easily pulverized; insolublsle thee crown of B.'s head ated the imeside of his halncds, on Tigris, 270 m. S.E. of Bagdad, and 220 W.N.W. of Bu- in water, but swelling up, and becoming lute jelly; iccwhich the oil of consecration heed been poured on the shire. Lat. 30029'305N.;Lon. 47o34'15O E. The walls, solcble in alcolol. It is ohtained by exhessimeg gsmoccasion of his tasking ordlers, shoeld be flayed. This which are wabshed by the river, are about 7 m. in circuoc- bessora, or tragacanth, with cold wetter; B. remains in barbarous order was accordingly executed in the chapel forence, withiin which space are extensive date-tree plan- a gelatinous form. Ibtosm. CeeHetOte. 236 BPAST BAST BAST Bass's Strait, the name given to the strait separating to convict one of being a bastard; to stigmatize with ized his humanity by inspecting the registers of the B., S. Australia from Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land. It bastardy. and by liberating many prisoners. Among them was is so called from Mr. Bass, an English naval surgeon, -To beget an illegitimate child. an old man nanmed Latude, who had languished in conwho explored it in 1798, in an opes boat. Where nar- " Had the maidenliest star in the firmament twinkled on my finement for 47 years. Thes benignant Louis hiad to atone rowest, it is about 105 m. across, and is much encumbered bastardizing." - Shaks. for the crimes of his ancestors, and the demolition of with islands and coral reefs, requiring careful navigation. Bashtardy, n. The state of being a bastard; illegitimacy, the B., which was one of the first signs of the firthThe prevailing winds are from ithe W. The tide rises "No more of bastardy in heirs of crowns." - Pope. coming tempest of the Revolution, was hailed with equal firom 8 to 12 ft., running at from 12 to 312 um. an hour. Bastar'nlle, n. pl. (Hist.) A powerful tribe, of Sarma- surprise and joy by every well-wisher to freedom throughlaass'-vi'ol, n. (Mus.) See VIOLONCELL,. tian origin, who first appear in history during the reign out the civilizedworld. On the 14th July, 1789, upwar&s Nass'-woo(l, n. (Bet.) See TILIA. of Perseus in Macedon, B. c. 178-168, to whose army they of 12,000 citizens, chiefly of the lowest classes, armed Bast, n. [A. S. bcest; Ger. and Du. bast.] The inner bark contributed 20,000 mercenaries. Having encroached upon with whatever camie to hand, and headed by the grenadier of the lime-tree; mnatting or cordage made out of this Roman territory, they were driven across the Danube by guards, summoned thie detested fortress to surrender. M. material. -A hassock or thick mat. -See BAss. M. Crassus, B. c. 30, and ultinmately settled between the de Launay, the govermor, feigned compliance with their Bas$1ta! intej. [It.] (Mus.) Hold I enough! stop! An rivers Dniester and Dnieper. demands, and then suddenly opened fixe upon them. expression used by the leader or conductor of an orcies- Baste, (bsst,) v. a. [0. Fr. bastonner, from baston, bdlton, Then arose the cry of vengeatce. Thi people fiocked to trY, or band of music, to stop anrty performer. a stick or club.] To beat with a stick or cudgel. the scene of action. Cannom were brosglt to bear Bas'tardi, n. [Fr. bdtard; W. basdardd, basu, to lower, " Quoth she, I grant it is in vain, against the walls, and the place was carried by storm. and tarrid, an issue, a budding or sprouting; Arm. bas- For one that's basted to feel pain." - Hudibras. The first act of the exasperated citizens was to set free tard.J A lower base shoot or offspring; a child begotten -To rub meat, while roasting, withl a piece of lacon, fat, the prisoners; the next, So nassacre governor atd gar. and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate child. or butter, at the end of a stick; to pour dripping fat 01 risoa. Directly aftr tliis nemoretde evect,the niucici(Hist. and Law.) The Rlomnans distinguished twro kinds gravy over a joint of meat at the fire to ieep it from pality of Paris gave oeders that the B. should be razed of natural children - nothi, the issue of concubiteage, and burning or undue scorching. to the ground; and nothing now remains of this formispsurii, the children of prostitutes; the forneer could in- "Sir, I think the meat wants what I have, a basting." - Shaks. dable instrument of tyratny but the retributive page of herit from the mother, and were entitled to support history, and the site on which the fortress stood, on fromt the father; the latter had no claims whatever to Baste, (best,) v. e. [Sp. bastedw; It. baste, probably flom vwhich a large column has beens erected to the nmemory support. Is non habet patreme, cui patesn cot popeestes. The Fe bas?, for bestir, ho bsild, to frans, to put together.] of the heroes of the Revolution of July, 1830. - See supp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~T u ogehr the pis Iof hab garment, bypael est~lig htpe~ Athenians treated all'B. wvith extreme rigor. By the To he together the pieces of e garmieel by slight pCC. CAcaaE (LETTRE DE). parattory stitching; to sew with long stitches; to sew sinde', ati'. [P. sto d, f laws Of Solon they were denied the rights of citizenship. Baslinutde% Bastina'doe n. [Fr. bastonvade, f-om lasr of olonSiss wer daiied heLIght fctznhi sleghtly. To brand or merit a shesep wills seer, &c.- Used beaten, GUess, a eticic or clubs.] A sound hseatieeg Nvitis a What rendered these regulations more severe was, that slightly.- To brd or mk a sheep with tr, &c. — Used not only the issue of concubinage and adultery, but all n so prts of Engstick or cudgel; the blows given with a sticik. chiildren whose psarests were not both Athlenians, were ]Bastia, (bas'le-a,) (asnc. Meantinues,) a fortified seaport children whose parents were not both Athenians, were 11 ~~~~~~~~And all those harsh and rugged sounds considt~~~ed ~L~, at Athe~s. ttown of. Corsica, caip. of an arr~ond. on its E. coast, witl~ n l h-s as n rg~dsu considered B. at Athens. Thus Themistocles, whosea, cp. of an arrod. o its E. coast, wit- Of bastinados, cuts, and wounds." —Hudibras. in 23 m. of its N.E. extremity; Lat. 4r2~ 431 N\.: Lon. 9~ mother was a native of IHalicarnassus, uwas deened a B. 2 e of its N.E. extreity; Lat. 420 43 N Len. 90 In the strict sense of the term, the punishment of the The condition of B. has been different in different peri- 2 E h harbor is. consists in the infliction of blows on the soles of the Maul. Soap, leather, liquors, and wax. Pop. 21,234. ods of modern history. Amniong the Goths and Frls, anf Sop leather, liquorsth and wax.. 21,24. feetwith thic stick. Tirle s and iRussia are the only 113 ~~~~Bess tat FREmasate a Frees' poitical ec'mit fetwtB.tii tet.Taeaaitusaar heol they were permitted to inherit from the fathler. Wil- ia,, e pota eco nist,. European countries in which thisi mode of punishment Bayonne, 1801. He was onle of the first leaders of the Ss liam the Conqueror, natural son of Robert I., Dulke of i sonne, 1801. He was oee of tie first leaders of tea i senctioned by law, ead in both countries it is earried NormandyI, teed of Anlette, dauglstsr of a fadrrier of F.- fieeh-trade agitation in France, and published, after a S Normandy,,aiid of Arlette, damgnter of a farrier of F- visit to England, a translation of the speeches of the to a most unjustifiable extent, the sufferers being fireiaise, inherited his father's dominions. I-e called him- Laquently maimed and injured for a considerable period, self a illebnus, cognaomento Batalrdus. The celebrated s nglish Anti-Con Law agitators, with an introductory i-t' ot br life. In Russia, the instrument of torture is a ahccount of Cobden eWillt c sisue. Afsteswardots Be edited the Dunois-styled himself, in his letters, the Bastard (f O- accounvy whip called the Knout, q. v. Tthe B. is a common leans. In Spain, B. have always been capable of inher- French journal founded for thepropagation of firee-trade v pshe t J a v h isac n doetriuss. lea 1848-9,y le *avaay s i -rttsb~tmnre dido Ikind of psnishment in Cleina, as well as in Persia and doctrines. In 1848-9, lie, was successively member of iting. The bastardy of Isenry of Trastansare did nIot neiero all Eastern countries where Mohammedanism prevails; prevent Ihis accession to the throne of Castile. In France, the constituent and the legislative aessemnblies. Hisprin- blows being ordered by the Koran for many minor the Code Civil thus fixes their rights: If the father or cipal work is entitled Ifarmseonies Ecsonsoiques. D. 1850. ofrences. mother leave legitimate descendants, the B. is entitled Bas'tidie, JULES, a French author and journalist, n. at -v. a. To beat with a stickt or cudgel; to inflict the punto one-third of the portion he vwould have inhlerited had Paris, 180. I entered upon the legal profession, and ishent of th bastiade he been a lawful child; if She fether o' mother die with- tool an active part is tihe oppositioen to the RestoratioA. old Lewis." - Arbuthnot. out descendaents, but lesve asceesdants. or brotlhers or Tlaking part in the disturbances of the 5th and 6th June, Ad ith it begn t ns d Leis." - h. sisters, thees eitied to oe-hf of such ortion 1832, hie was obliged to seek an asylum in England. In Bast'inag, n. A sripping; as, "a basting of meat." - if ties fteleer or easotlasm hesva no sesehdants nor desecend- is asnc he was condemned to deoath, paef csntsmace; oAct of beating with a stick. —Act of sewing with long if he i~ter r mthe lave no ascendantsmor descend- hsasneb a odme odah a otnae ants, nfor bmothleer or sisters, le is entitled So thres ubet on his return to France, two years afterwards, he un- stitches. - Worcester'..ants, nor brothers- nor sisters, lie is entitled to three staili enseavlaeo ika o qeacrters of stch a pertion; sted if thie fathier or mother derwent his trial, and awas acquitted. lFor several years Bas'tihnville, in Tens sse a village of Hickman c.br basleave no relations within the degrees of succession, lie is tir, to build, to erect, to rear.] (Fort.) A large mass of heae o rlshioasavilen lesdages ofsuessioa, eais ho then edited lies "Aetisnal." Ont the 6th Mlay, 1848, Bas~tion, a. [I'm.; Sp. bastiona, fronm Fr. bdtis, for besentitled to the whole property. These regulations do he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs; a post in t o bsd r se fortAlg o o apply to te issue of an icestuous ordulterous which he was continued till the 10th Dec., by his firiend, ea'th o asonry raised up efoe, or stadig t from, cotanecion. ccording to ohe ancient cuustors, thee as- Gen. Cavaignac. IIe is the author of nmany political, a rampart; a bulwark. — It is formed of two faces, two tare'ds of kings, aclnowledged by their fisthers, were philosophical, and scientific works; among them a treat-d fkns cnwede yterftes w re ise on J'ublic Education in France, a History of the princes; those of princes were gentlemen. - By the com- is on bi tin in ae, a His f te mon w of EngFe, a child born after marriage, how- nch Religious Wers, and a work enltitled, The French mon lacy of En lan,i a hl onafter marriage, hoaw- \ ever soon, is legitimate, or at least he is presumed to b Beepesbic nad Italy, Brussels, 1858. so; for one born in wedlocek, and long enougis after the Bastille', n. [0. Fr. bastille, fotbrtress, from bastir, bdtir, marriage to admnit of the period of gestation, esay still be to build.] In its oigial see, a ood toer or - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~tbul.In taicts porarinly used se, wrare woda tower; aor tifr-' z proved illegitimaate, in case of absence and non-access ofily sed e; a tower; fortific11 no~~~~~~~~~tio. In England, this -name is sometimes given to a the husband, and under some other circumstances. Ac- iou. In E as, this nLLe is soetimes give to a cording to the common law, a B. is not the heir of any-Se STss. one; and, on the other hand, his only heirs are his chil- Btstile,(bas-teell,) THE. (Hist.) A former state-prison of dren bornd n vedloclte, and their descendaalits, Accord- France, sinmilar to the Tower of London, and commenced dlg to the Romaen lac, one born out of wedlocl misght in the reign of Charles V., 1370, by IIugh D'Aubriot, X be iegitinated by snbsequent marriage and ack..nowl- wdd be hsitieatsdby ssteequan mariageand cknovi- layor of Paris. It avas not coesapheted until 1383, and' edglent of his parents. In 1236, the English prelates as afterards poved ad steg ned u Z5~~~~~~~~~~~~a afewrsimrvdandsrnghnedrnsc proposed the introduction of the Roman law, in this re- manner, that it becatne one of the strongest fortresses Fig. 306, BASTION. speted, into England, to which the nobility made the cels- of the kind in Eerope. The discipline ant thi police fl,and todn e hnted reply, N s leges Angli esutase, ("We are regulations of this once famots and all-dreaded prison, agoges eju ion of he o faces nwilhing to chrengo Ihe lacs of ngl andr") This Wele aers of the strictest lIind; and the secrecy eaintaimed forms the salient angle of the B., and the faces, together iof ths civil lac as beets dopted in iany of E " the Ue as to the persoes coafined in it, cusseed it for centuries with the flanks, form the p.ules, or shoulders. They ofStantes. Inoisiia, s it ra doptu d in many t hreg d vithsngedelings of nd horror re ovsrious kinds, sold, holow, regUlar,&c. asto bhe rewrdedwit confined fein it, cawused horror. aetriesmd f of the civil la-v, awhich is thi basis of their code. lThe Once withins its waells, iope seemed left belwind. The level ofo the pl entf ey filtled up s th eaeth o ul p so sithe S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tfnaofthis. gunLusint wase hourlloa bastontd s pr rule, that an aste-nuptial child is legitimated by the noblest, equally as the meaiest of the laend, wee lianbled aet ierorle ththoria hounod.R subseqmsent nmarriage of his pasents, metd by being c- ta So te ae sted'seed conveyed ho it, unekmnownc to thseir hare the cteor level srith the ordenary ground. Regheeoavedged ley his father, has bssn eterafted into the friends, unconscious of the offence imputed to thene.ned!ai bestions are those which heee their facee, flacls, he., knOwledged by his father, has been en-rafted into the in due proportion. A weanil-bstion, on ipasleseet, hias n w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~oit] bsions arentiey foriflawead jusic witheartha ap torder laws of Pecensylvania, Vermont, Ohio, Geera, India a tleoutn fom o and justc ote tha a order Alabansa, Missouci, MIississippi, Maryland, Kretley fos theeir inclceeation, terued a lettre de cschet, signed only one face and one flatel. A double bhstion is isere and Tennesuee. itny of lie Sietas, M s N. Caolita, ky by the monarch or one of the secretaries oh state. These one bastioa is rsised within and tpon the plane of glu e, Ohio, Indiana, Mfsscheesette, Missourio lentaicyr orders were sometietuc given on tie request of a favorite another eastion. A flet bastion is one beilt in thee midelle Tennessee, andn LousiMnac, provide that islegitinate n hul courtier os of a roysd mistress, with hltns for nmnes to f the curtain or wall connecting the two angles of a Tenowesseead Lyohisiaa prvdfhtilgtmatchel-raat Ahcase bastin isoenrf intoic theehae dres shasell be the heirs of the mether, with the limifa- be filled up as they chose. ience, they too frequeetly rampart. A conrposedg basion is one iq a which les sides fiend, howe insiou f of the iterior polygon are unequal; thus nSt oi the, d lion, however, in somamo of this States, to this ease _____ gorges also uneqsueual.. A bastion is calhed deforeded or her having no legitimate children. ________imregeshan, whet the fices, fiesmas, &c. rar not in symisetlawsE o f= P rennslvani, whermnthfae, fOhio, Gc ae otga Inianasm (Suges BRfsesing.) An infewio' qutaity of soft brohn rical proportio; and a cut bastion, or bastion ccith cr sugar, obtained from the corcenteation d iato of syrups thenat, hs have alreadytgiven sugar by several hearings -A large- tenairlle, is one whose snaient anger has been cut off, aind have already gMren suger by sevrsal boiseage. - A laren- has, instead, am angle opening inawrde, with tao points sized mould, in which sugar is drained. - Use. outward. oebastioned, a. Fortified with a bpstion; provided with -A heind ~~~~~~~~~~ofrswetrpnsh wieree hin suscodelBstimuesla Fotiied avith aeqbastin povidedfavoith flavoo. r bastions. B hast nou a. Illegiticw ate; born ost of n droyak; astrs, witm playnsg at qaesdil e. bastard chaild. - Specs-omes; not genuine; false; tephlie,o E~ Bs'tonP, ce. [0. Fr. bestsn; Fr. bditsa; L. Rat. baste.] to things that leave an epDp(?es-et, but not s~eat, genuin Le- ~ (Her1.) See BATeN.ness..'i ___________ - ~ Brss'tresof in Lshisiasea, a posl-vhiwage, and cap. of More"treec'n te iangu go, that salt Iseese Lltin, house pesish, on the Boayn Bartholomer, 300 sea. N. by Xfliet steles like hisses fin'ons a Cemasat moath." - By~ren..K'W. of diatoms Rosege. The ba.you is n~avig~alels as far as (Pr~ieetinzg.) Abb~escial~edl, as Ihe half-tithe on hiss pas tithe place. Poep. about 600. preceding the~~~~~~~~~b ful illsd of as booe-Behster fenethe. Ao fieut of a description fl betweenf the roughe-st and thlee leeed Peg 305 - yms B3A5TtLLE;. (Parise) HBas~tr~op, in iP as, a central county, containing an aerea it tion, howeverin someofthe Stathes, tod thle aseoud of oe890 sq. m. IS is traversed by the n Colorado. Surcht. - Webster. became thisinsteuments of mere caprecs, os malevolent foes diversified; and soil, fertile. Thisl en.. cass semed (Bs'tardRe, u. a. To dniermins to be a bastard. l prssions and aevenge Amotig the celelesated persons mften Sefeon de Bastiop, a Mexicarn. (p. Bastiop. Pop. " Ste livsd Is see tee twe sans..-tastreseded in their hlsed." smairenaisle, hmis n h meesoned Voltange arho aas con- aubout 8,000. Basses fined Sor neadhy a yeam on sshceon of heming thee anethor y-A thriving pest-villeege, cap. of -his-bove en einate oar eBastard B ar. (Her.) See BTON. of sste-es arhacins had evean tange cosrt offepce When the the left bang of the Colorado, 35 m. EwSE. of Aposint ~Ba'trardiz~e, a. a. To make or prove to be a bastns d, csnfos tunete Louts XVI. aoemded tIme thinness has sigmal- City, and 141 NaW. of Mitagrda. tio. abrout 1,300. PBAT BATA BATC 237 Bas'tross, or Bs'r ness, in Pennsylvania, a post-town- consutime a vast number of insects. In dull weather, no a wholesome and highly nutritious article of food. Next ship of Lycoming co., 8 in. S.W. of Williamsport. matter though it be the middle of summniner, thile flitter- to maize, the sweet potato is the principal food of the Bastlwick, JOHN, an English physician and political mouse keeps within doors as though it were mid-winter. poorer classes in our S. States. - This is the potato of the writer, D. 1593. He studied at Cambridge, travelled all The Long-eared bat, (Plecotsus auritas,) like the flitter- old E nglish botanists, of Shakspeare, and their contemover Europe, and finally settled at Colchester as a phy- mouse, is also commonly found in the vicinity of build- poraries, the Solanuin tstberosuir then being unknown. sician. In 1637, he was condemned by the Star Chamber ings. It is the most elegant of the bats, and certainly the The stem is round, hispid, prostrate, creeping, sending for his books against the Roman Church, viz., Eleuchucs most easily tamed, learning to come at a whistle, and out scattered, oblong tubers which are purplish without. Papisnsi, and A lVew Litansy; and was, like Prynne aind taklie flies firom one's hand. The ears are very long and Flowers large, purple or white. - Thhe cultivation of B. Burton, his fellow-prisoners, sentenced to pay a heavy transparent; when the animal is sleeping, they are con- is very easy; it is readily propagated by tubers, or by cutfine, to be set in the pillory, have his ears cut off, his cealed under the wings, while the inner lobe of the ear tinge of the steii, requires little attention, and soon procheeks and forehead branded, and be imprisoned for life, still projects, giving the creature the appearance of pos- duces its tubers. The leaves are sometimes used as a He was sent to Scilly, and kept there till released by the sessing short slender ears. The Mouse-colored bat, (V. boiled vegetable. Long Parliament, when he had a reward of $25,000 emtusinus,) the Long-eared bat, (Plecotus auritus,) and the Bat'able, a. [A.S. bate, contention.] (Contracted from allowed him lbr his sufferings. D. about 1650. Great bat, (V. noctula,) ialso count as very common. The DEBATABLE.) Disputable; debatable. IBasyle, (bts'il,) n. [Gr. basis, base, and uel, wood.] IHorse-shoe bat (R1inolophus) resembles tile common "Batable ground seems to be the ground heretofore in.question, ((laies.) The metallic radical of a salt. Thus, the base bats in its general habits, but is even more nocturnal whether it beonged Egand Scotand, ying betweenboth whether it~ belonged to England or Scotlatnd, lying betwveen' both of sulphate of soda is soda, or oxide of sodium, and the being satisfied with nothin short of absolute darkness kidms. - Coll. basyle is sodiasm. - Wsrcester. for its place of retreat. The animal derives its name Blatait'las, a seaport town of the Philippines, island Bats'ylous, a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of from the possession, above its nose, of a singular leaf-like of Luzon, and cap. of a province of the same name. Lat. basyle. — Graham. menmbranous appendage, shaped somiewhat like a horse- 130 451 N.; Lon. 1210 5' E. Pop. 18,215. Bat, na. [A.S. bat, from beatan, to beat.] A heavy stick. shoe. The horse-shoe bats are abundantly distributed Batardeau, (bat-r4-dm',) it. [Fr.] A coffer-dam.Specifically, an oblong, flat, two-sided piect oft wood, with overc the warmer regions of the earth, but the great and Braande. a htandle, used for strikitng the bsalh in the game of cricket. little horse-shoe bat are found also ii temnperate coum- (Ril.) A wall built across a ditch or fortification, with " A handsome bat he held, tries. The largest of these two measures two and a half a sluice-gate by which the height of water in the ditch On which he leaned, as one far in eld."-Spensesr. inches in length, while the lesser is one of the smallest on both sides of thie wall may be regulated.- Webster. (Mining.) Shiale, or bitumisstots shale. - K;isrwan. species of the order. The most terrible of all the bats Bllatavia, (brt-tai've-a,) a seaport and city of Java, cap. M-A shiet of ottoma prepared fror fitlinig quilts; battinw -. is the one that has earned for itself the title of Vampyre, of that island, the seat of gov. of the Dutch possessions Websteeto otnpeae. fr!igutbtn (Phyllostoma spectrum.) See VAsteYvE. - The skeleton of in the E., and the principal emporium of the E. ArchliWebster. a ~~~~~~~~~~B., represented in _Fig. 308, shows the relation of the -A piece of a brick, one-half of its length. - Gwilt a.., represented in Pig. 308, shows the ushation of the pelago, on an extensive bay on the N.W. coast of the -v. d. To nana-e a bat; to play with a bat. -bones of a bat's wing to the bones of the human arim island. Lat. 60 8' S.; Lon. 1060 50' E. It is built in a'Bat, a. [cot. bal, bascde; Si and fots. nattbaca-itt and hand; or to the ordinary bones of the anterior ex- marshy situation, at the nmoutll of the Jaccatra river, night, and bactaz, probaibly for S.acna, to wake.] (Zstt.) tremities in quadrupeds which have fingers or toes, and presents much of the appearance of a Dutch town, The coiiandon nama for ail fmoatue of thi faintly Cheip- This relation is described under the word WiNo, q. v. being intersected by canals bordered with trees, after the fashion of Holland. The city is generally spacious tera, or Bats. The singular animals which come under and ell built. Th harbor affords good horage for this denomination, were long considered as~partaking so and well built. The harbor affords good anchorage for this denomination, were long considered is pazrtakiing so vessels, for ships of foiom 300 to 500 tons. Cont. B. is much of the character of birds with that of quadclru- the dept for the produce of all t-e Butch colonies in peds, that it was thought difficult to assign to tien a the East, inchmding spices fron the Moluncas; coffee and distinct station in the system of nature. Such doubts, pepper fro Celes and Sumat; gold-dust and dihowever, have long since yielded to scientific investiga- pee from Ceee n uara gl-utadi thou; thseh anatomical ~a~nd intest~isal structure~ their > -monds from Borneo; tin from Basnca; aid tortoise-shell, lion; theft anatomical and intestinal structures, their bees'-wax, and dye-woods from Tim er and TTumbawa. viviparous nature, their hair, &c., entitling them to be viviparous nature, their hair, &c., entitling theni to be ~Originally, no Dutch ship was suffered to proceed homeranked as quadrupeds. Still, it is not to be denied, that (varc without first touching here. any junt is from their peculiar conformatibn is admlirably calculated for, a a and Siain forn hly trgded thither; but sincek the China a, d Siam formerly traded thither; but simce the the exercise of considerable powers of flight. The air, indeed, is their home: throughs this they ismove wviths K p establishment of thie British at Singapore, their trade indeed, is their hole: through this they nllove with gratrpiiy stdauhgratapsrnteae wiehui -Iwith Beatavia has gretly decreased. Time manufactures, great rapidity, antd with great tapparent ease, wheeling as those of leather, lime, earthenware, sugar, and arin every direction in search of their insect prey, and ac tarss of this C unar; thi asg the 1t abrupt evolutions tosecureit.Arack, are mostly in the hands of the Chinese; their camperforming the most asbtrupt evolutions to secure it.n pAn srong, or peculiar quarter, is the chief seat of bustle and remark, indeed, hot less true thans trite, has been often activity; and the trade of the city, except in the articles made, that, in their mode of flight, B. tear a very stroig 5 uonopohized by Europeans, is vhohly in their hands. monopolized by Europeans, is wholly in their hands. resembhmnce to swallows; exercising the same purpose reseenbhance to sivallowva; exercisimig this sausse purpose Many of them a re wealthy; they are governed by their in the economy of nature, in restraining thie multipli- oin laiv and magistrates. The English element is very own laws and magfistrates. The English element is very cation of the crepuscular and nocturnal insects, as thi poierful here anong thie mercantile interest. p. swallows do in regard to thie diurnal. Their senses of Estitated at 140,000, of vhich about 82,000 are Javasmielling, feeling, and hemriig ace avonderfusly acute. nese, 30,000 Chinese, and the remainder Europeans, and Its niany genera the nose is furnished withi a meumbranIn matny generao the mose is fdeinished with ua mebyvi other races.-A factory was established at the village of nous foliation of the most delicate structure, by which Jaccatra, by t he Dutch, in 1612, and upon its site the the sense of smelling is greatly refined; the ears also town of B. was founded in 1619. are, in many kinds, expanded, and capable of being tvnoB w fni 9. ]Batltoiih, in Illinois, a post-village and township of folded down; while their ample wings, and the membra- Baav co., in Fox niver, 35 m. TW. of Chicago; pop. nous tissules of the ear and nose,are so abundantlysupplied Kms c, ofp of township abt. 2,000. with nerves, as to enable them, even should they be de- B, in owa, a village ofJeffern co., 12. W. prived of sight, to pursue uninterruptedly their aSrial a iiJ course, avoiding every obstacle, and passing adroitly - of Fairfield. through thenarrowvest apertures. On thei approach of cold Bata'via, in Micligan, a pot-to ship of Branch., wNeather the B. hybernates, and in preparing for this state Fig. 308.- SKELETON Or A BAT.. W. of Coldwater; pp. abt. 1,600. ataL'via, in New York, a post-township of Genesee co.; of life-ess inactivity, it seems rmather te select a place Bat, or TIC'At, n. (Cos.) A Siamese silver coin, equal to pop. abt. 4 Y500. whesre it may remain safe froms misolesation, than wlmOre 12,800 cowries, wveighing 236 gr. troy, and worth about -A post-village in the above township, cap. of Genese0 it may be commodiously lodged. At an earlier or later 75 cesnts. co., on Tonawgnda Cree, 3a in. E. by N. of cufa.lo; Gee period of autumn, they retreat, generally in large con- Bata'tas, n. [Sp. batata.] (Bet.) A genus of plants. abt. 4,000. grgtosof vacuous species tosgethem, to the most us o sslalcre- aaa]ab.400 aregatiohns of various species together, to the most re-::d. Convolvulacece. The most important species is B. Bata'via, in Ohio, a post-village of a townslhip of the tired places, as under the roofs of' houses and churches, edu/as, the sweet potato, a native of the East Indies, same name in Clermont co., of which it is the capital. in caverns, in the hollows of trees, and similar situa- imut now cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical coun- It lies in the E. Fork of Little Miami River, 21 m. E. of tions, where they suspend themselves by their hinder tioneavs, wie the u they usead twnrselves by they Iode tries for its tubers, which, when roasted or boiled, form Cincinnati, and 100 S.W. of Columbus. Pop. of townhlaws, with the head downwarvs. d Here they crowd ship, about 3,600. together, holding not only by the surface of the walls -A tosiship of Geaug. n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-A township of Geauga, co. of their retreat, but by each other, one crowding over an- Baa'avian, a. An inhabitait or oative of Batavia, or other so closely, that it appears scarcely possible foir such olland. -numbers to occupy so small a space. The Common bat, or Hlad nubsurs to~oceupy ~so smnll a spa~ce. The Commonbatl -0-A native or inhoaMit'mt of BBatavia, in the island of Java. feitter-mouse, (V. pipestreluls,) is frequently met with inPertaiig or relating to Batavia, or its people. ~ _~-L —-~~-~ —-~ ~~~9 —I —— i~~ — ~ J — a. (Gee#~.) Per~taininlg or relating to Batalvia, or its ____________~-~~-~~~- ~~ ~1B~lRata'vii, BATAVIANs, n. p1. (Hist.) A people of ancient Germany, who inhabited that part of the European continent now known as Holland, but then called 5Batavorum Issusla, from an island at the mouth of the Rhine. Tacitus commnends their bravery. When GerAI~~ ~ manicus was about to invade Germany froom the sea, he made their island the rendezvous of his fleet. Being subjected by the Romanus, they served them with such courage and fidelity, as to obtain the title of their friends:~i~ m~!and brethren. They were exempted front tributes and -*' ._!l- in 1805, and tire new title wses recognized by all tlie Upper Palatinate,... 4,138 490,689 etlisbon.._,K Europeasn powers at the Csengress of Vienna. In 1848, Upper Frsnconia,... 2,226 538,451 Bsayreuth. time discreditable conduct sof Kting Louis, who became inMiddle Frainconia,... 2,798 52q0,167 Nurenelserg. _ftuated swithr the notorious Lola Montez, casrsed his subLoower Franconia,... 3,313 601,410 Wiirzburb. ~ jects to take up arms; when, after a short conflict with Smrabiaz,............ 3,858 584,320 Augsburg. Fis. 318. - na.vwitN PEAsANT5. the soldiery, in wchich they were successful, he was, on hMarchc 21, forced to resign his sceptre in favor of his 29,426 4,881,263 berg end niirth, opened in 1835.? Manners. TIme Ba- eon Maximilan Joseph II., whso died March 10,1864, varians, though all Gernmans, differ essentiblly in chasac- and was succeeded by his son, tlie actusal king, Louis II.. 244 BAY BAYA BAYE descendant, in the female line, of the ancient counts of Bay, n. [Fr. baie; A. S. bie, a teenning, bending.] (Phys. those who were designed for the profession of arms, B., Wittelsbach, whonm we have seen ruling in B. in 1180; Geog.) A bending or curving of the shore; an armni, or at 13 years old, was placed as a page in the house of the Bava'rian, n. [Yr. Barvarien.] An inhabitant of, or broad inlet of the sea; a small gulf; as the splendid Bay Duke of Savoy, where he remained for five years. On anything relating to, Bavaria. of Naples, partly seen in Fig. 152. The accompanying il- the completion of his eighteenth year he entered upon Blav'aroy, n. [Fr. Bavarois, Bavarian.] A kind of lustration represents the small but charming bay called the actual duties of a soldier. The first battle at which cloak or surtout. (o.) Durdle, or Barn-door Cove, in the Isle of Purbeck, on the hlie lought was that of Fornovo, in 1494, under the baeeBave, n. [Fr.] (Med.) Frothy, thick, viscid saliva, English coast. —It is remarkable for a natural perforation ner of Charles VIII. Two horses were killed nder hiei issuing from the mouth. The term is also applied to ___ in that field; and lie himself performed feats that prothe frothy liquid which flows from the mouth of rabid cured him the approbation of all who beheld him. Sevanimals. - Dsnglison. ral years after this he was engaged in the Italian wars Baveux, Baveuse, a. (Med.) An epithet, occasion- of Louis XII., when, on one occasion, it is said that he ally applied by the French to the spongy flesh of a held a bridge over the Garigliano, single-handed, against wound, which suppurates, and exhibits but little ten- 200 Spaniards, and enabled the main body of the French dency to heal. - Dunglison. to make good their retreat. In 1513 he fought at the fa~Bav'6in7, n. [Gael. and Ir. babasn, a tuft or tassel.] A moes battle of the Spurs, in Picardy, wherehisvalorsaved fagot of brush or fire-wood; a piece of waste wood. the disgrace of the whole French army. In this field, He's mounted on a hazel bavin, also, fought Henry VIII. of England, then a young man, A cropp'd malignant baker gave him." - Huidibrcas. but commanding in person the English forces. On this (Min.) In some parts of England, a term used for an occasion B. surrendered to an English knight, but was inferior description of limestone. soon exchanged. In the battle of Mariguano, fought Bav'ingt$oe, in Pennasylvania, a post-village of Wash- September 13, 1515, B. displayed his usual prowess; ington co. _________ _ and in 1522 he defended Mezihres, a frontier town of Bavinss and Tgevius, (bai'se-us, sie'e-us.) (Lit) France, against the Count of Nassau, with a force of Two stupid and malevolent poets, in the age of Augus- 35,000 men, assisted by powerful artillery. B. was as tus, who attacked the superior talents of contemporary conspicuous for military skill as for bravery; yet being writers, and have therefore become immortalized by the unfitted for, or disdaining, the arts of the courtier, hae satire and ridicule which they drew upon themselves. was never appointed to the commaand of armies, or enBaw'bee, n. See BAUBEE. trusted with the conduct of a campaign. Nevertheless, Bav'lule, s. See BAUnBL. - ein momnents of danger and difficulty, he was always Baw'cocke n. LO. Fr. tous/e, bold, and cock.] A fine looked up to for advice. His death was of a piece with fellow. (o.) his heroic life. In 1524, he served under Admiral Ban"Why, how now, my tawcock? how dosi thou, huck?" - Shaks. nivet in Italy against the Imperialists under the Constable de Bourbon, and at the passage of the Sesia reBawdl, n. [Goth. baud, to accommodate, to make even, st ceived his mortal wound. He refused to be carried off smooth, straight. In 0. Fr., baude is bold, insolent, im F Pbktesied hsaying h ould He ten, fo te firstdtime pudenut; W. how, dirt, filth, bamddgai, a bass fellow.] pudent; W. baw, dirt0, filth, bawd(In, a base fellow.] Fig. 320. -BAY OF DURDLE, (Isle of Purbeck.) tie field, sayingl he would not then, for the first time, A procurer or procuress; a pimp; a lewd person; — usu- 1. Vertical Portland oalite. turn his back on the enemy. Reclining at the feot of ally applied to females. 2. Vertical strata of chalk and flint. a tree, he still urged on his comrades, kissed the cross of -v. e. To procure; to provide for lewd purposes. oarhyfmebytewvsiapjcincagf his sword-hilt, and confessed himself to his esquire. The or archway, formed by the waves in a projecting crag of constable coming up was affected at the sight, and the Bawdl.illy, adv. Lewdly; obscenely. tile nearly vertical Portland o'lite, which bounds ths E noble B., with alost his last breatheis said to have Bawd'iness, n. Obscenity; lewdness. cape of the bay. This arch is large enough to admit the uttered the rebuke, " It is not me you should mourn BawdVr.ielk, n. See BALDRICK. passage of a boat with the sails up. The W. side of the or t reb it int you o d ur aBawdlry,~. [i. Eng. bawdery; 0. Fr. baoeci. h a scmoe o etclsrt fcakad f, ut yourself fighting agai nst your king and your B-awsiry, c'. [0. Eaeg. bawhcihy; O.diFd. bauderielf] The wrbay is composed of vertical strata of chalk and flint,and country, after which he died. His life was written by practice of bawds. - Obscene or unchaste language, or is called Bat's Corner. his "loyal serviteur," or secretary,and has passed practices. - Illicit intercourse. "Here in a royal bed the waters sleep; through many editions. Rawi'y, as. Obscene; unchaste; filthy; —generally ap- When tir'd at sea, within this bay they creep." —Dryden, hoBaylar.~, n. [O. Fr. bayart.] A bay horse, often, howplied to languagei. (Lawo.) A pond-head, or a pond formed by a dam for ever, applied to any horse; and especially, in the old roBawdly-likouse, n, A place of ill-farne. RSaw'y~ l ous a. A place of~ill-fanse~. the purpose of driving mill-wheels. - Blount. mancas, to Rinaldo's famous blind steed. cans the eae lately shut up the tawdy-houees, or does hi (Arch.) The open space insa window included between Baylard, in Ohio, a post-village of Columbiana co., 00 Baws-ehtt malaya tax spas sic B"A-Beisss. the mullions, otherwise called a day or light. - Also the m. S.S.E. of Cleveland, and 12 m. S. of Alliance; pop. 592. fawl-,os e, A. See BAT-nroSEat quadrangular space between the principal ribs of a ]Bayard Taylor'. See TAYLOR. -Bawl, c. i. [A. S. behlatn; Swed. bbhla; Icel. boutoe, to groined roof, across which the diagonal ribs are extended; Bay'zid, or BAJAZID, (ba/a-aid,) a walled city of bellow as an ox; Lat. balare, to bleat.] To bellow; to or the spaces between the principal divisions of a timber- Armenia, cap. of a sandjak, 65 m. N.N.E. of Van, and shout; to clamor, roof. The term is also applied to that part of a building 32 S.S.W. of Mount Ararat. Lat. 390 24' N.; Lon. 440 "And tawl, and hiss, and d-n her into fame." — Smiot. situated between two buttresses. -The bay of a barn, is 26' E. It stands on the declivity of a high hill, at the -To cry loudly, as a froward or hurt child. that part situate between thie threshing-floor and the end top of which is the citadel. Besides 3 mosques and 2 "A child was bawling, and a woman chiding it." -L'tstrange. of the building, used for depositing tile refuse hay or the churches, it contains the monastery of Karu Kilesea, Bawl, v. a. To proclaim as a public crier; as, "boawled corn previous to threshing. celebrated for the beauty of its architecture and internal about by common hawkers." -- Swift. (oaut.) Sicle bay, is that portion of the upper deck of grandeur. Pop. about 5,000. fawl, A. A loud, continued cry, as of a child. a vessel of war set apart for the reception of sick persons; Bay'/berry, n. (Bot.) See MYRICA. Bawl'er, n. One who bawls or shouts. it is usually situated in the bows of the ship.. Bayberry Ttallow, n. A whitish wax, called also Baw~ in]V W, n. The act of crying out; the loud crying Bay, n. [Fr. baie, from Lat. bacca, a berry, the laurel- Alyrtle wax, which covers the fruit of the Bayberry, of a child. berry.] (Bot.) Formerly, a berry, especially of the laurel. MIyrica cerifera, from which it is separated by means of Baw'rel, n. [It. barletta, a tree-falcon.] (Sports.) Ass Now only applied to the laurel-tree. - See LARUSr. — boiling water. old name for a species of hawk of large size, used for the Used in the plural, it signifies an honorary garland or Bay City, in Illinois, a post-office of Pope co. sport of hawking. crown originally made of laurel branches. fay City, in Michigan, a post-villege and cap. of Bay B:,w'sina, and Baw o'soa, n. A badger. "The patriot's honors and the poet's bays." —Trumbtl. co., on the E. bank of the Saginaw River, about 6 m. Bax'$etr, RICHtARD, a celebrated English nonconformist (Local U S.) A tract of land covered with by-trees. (w.) from its entrance, and 112 m. N.N.W. of Detroit. A preacher and theological writer, a. in Shropshire, 1615. flay, n. [From O. Fr. abbayer, to bark at; It. baiare, to large trade in lumber is transacted here. Pop. abt. 2.000. He early entered the Church, and taking sides with the bark as a dog.] A barking at; hence, to keep at bagy, Bay City, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Pierce co., on Parliamentary party, becsame chaplain to one of the denotes to keep at barking, to keep in check, to ward ofif Lake Pepin, 7 m. below Red Wing. regisments of the Commonrwealth, accompanying the an attack, to keep an enemy from cloing in; the bark Bayed, a. [From BAY.] Having bays, as a building. troops upon all their expeditions, sned though not par- of a dog when his prey has made a stand. Bayeux, (bai'5,) a town of France, dep. Calvados, cap. ticipating in actual combat, he witnessed most of the "Fair Liberty, pursued and meant prey of an arrond., 17 m. W. by N. of Caen. This is a very bloodshed of the civil war. It was while so employed To lawless power, here turned, and stood at bas." —Drnham. ancient city, with narrow and crooked streets, and a that he wrote his first book, the Saint's Best. The -v.i. [0. Fr. abbayer; It. baiare, formed front the sound.] magnificent Gothic cathedral. In the old episcopal Restoration and the Act of Confornmity drove B. into re- To bark, as a dog at his game. palace, now the 1IStel de Ville, is preserved the famous tirement, and shut hinim out of thae pulpit; during which "And all the while she stood upon the ground. Boyeux ihpcestry. /anf. Table linen, calicoes, serges, time, and till religious animosity haed sufficiently abated The wakeful dogs did never cease to bay." —Farie Quseeae. eats, &c. Pop. 10,439. to allow him to resume his clerical fsnctions, he wrote -To immerse; to bathe. (o) Bayeux T'ape.try, n. (Fise Arts.) This celebrated his second book, The Call. But, either his republican "He feeds upon the cooling shade, and taes roll of linen cloth or canvas, 214 feet in length and 20 opinions were still offensively prominent, or his enemnies His sweaty forehead in the breathing wind."-Spanser. inches wide, contains, in 72 distinct compartments, took advantage of his public preaching to denounce -v. a To bark at; to follow with barking. a representation, in embroidery, of the events of the him; for, after enduring much persecution, he, then 70 "' at t to wth ark Norman invasion of England, fron Harold's leave-taking n 11 ~~~~~~~~~'Tis sweet to hear the watch-dog's honest bark years old, was brought before Judge Jeffreys, who Bfydeapee hdo hea loe as wedraw ne ar h o f Edward the Confessor, on his departure for Nor Bay deep-mouthed welcome as we dI'aw Ilear home. "-Byron. abused him in court, and fined him ~500, with imprisonment till paid. B. was a prolific writer, a large portion Bay, in Illinois, a township of Pope co. of his works being polemical and now little read. His IBay, in Michigan, a N.E. county, area 750 sq. m. Sagi- most popular books are thae Saint's L'ccr/osting Sect; naw Bay is on its E. border, and it is watered by the Dying Tehoughts; and Call to the Unconverted. His theo- Saanin, Saginw, and Rifle riers. Sce. Even, logical views are set forth in the Aitelhodus Th/eologie, and heavily wooded. Soil, fertile. Cai. Bay City. Pop. and Cathohic Theology; and he has left an account of. about 17,000. the principal passages of his life in the Be/iquiw Beet- Baya lere', a. [Fr.; fi-om Porto. bai/edeira, a fensale ]I]yadre~'e, n. [Fr.; from Portu. bailadpira, a female teiarnce. i. Dec. 8, 1691. dancer.] A name originally given by the Portnguese to textne'ri aus, a. p1. (Ecl. Hist.) A term a pplied to the singing and dancing girls of lindostan. They are of those who adhered to the theological tenets of R. Baxter, tvo kindo, - those who are employed as priestesses in the twop ki~nds,~those who goabotte empoutye as pietessiner tse Which were, - Ist, that, though Christ died in a special temples, andthosewhogoaboutthecountryasitineranta. sense for th e elect, yet h e also died in a general sense fior The brmer class celebrate with song and dance tie fes- N all; 2d, The rejection of the dogma of reprolcation; 3d, tiwfis of the gods; the latter are employed -y tlm That it is possible even for saints to fall aweey frone saving; grandees of India to amuse and cheer them at teeir beengrace. - There never eaisted a separate denosnination or que. - Sea AtamA, and NAUrco. sect known by Baxter's name, Ceut his opinions huve tceen flay0 rsl, P.eIERnE DU TERRAIL, SEIoltEUn no, (baslyas-,) embraced by a nuhmber of greaet and good men, anmong the Bsn Chevalier sans peur et sans s'eproche, "Goodc Fig. 321. —BATTLE OF HASTINGS. whom were Dr. Isalcs Watts and Dr. Philip Doddridge. Knight without fear and reproach," and from whom is (Bayeux Tapestry.) B~axt$e ia n,, a. Pertainisg-, or' ratiug to, Baxter, p. v derived the proverbial saying, —" B rave as Bayard," BaxterS'p~.icgw, in Kansas, a P. O of Cherokee co. was a., 1476, of an anecient and noble French famnily of mandy, to the battle of Hastings. It contains the fig]Bay, a, [Fr. bai; Leat. hgdiaos; Or. bal;o; Copt. hai, a palm Dauphlind. He early displayed the indomitable resolo- ures of 623 men, 202 horses, 55 dogs, 505 animals of branch of a reddish color.] Red or reddish: of a reddish- tion, courage, military skill, and chivalrous generosity, various lcinds not hitherto enumerated, 37 buildings, 41 brown; inclining to a chestnut color Generally used continence, and honor, which made him the model ofe ships and boats, and 49 trees, — in all, 1,512 figures. These with respect to hc.rses. eknighthood, and caused his sovereign, Francis I., to covet are all executed by the needle, and are believed to have' ~ His crolor grey as an honor the ceremony of being dubbed a knight icy been the handiwork of Matilda, the queen of Williamn For beauty dappled, or tie brighteat bay." —Dryden. his hands. As was thepractice in the 15th century with thee Conqueror, and by her pr'esented to the Cathtedrat BAYO BAYS BAZO 245 of Bayeux. Montfiucon caused researches to be made the most terrible manoeuvres of infantry troops. The oration of sialt-water on the shore, or on the margin of that ended in the discovery of the tapestry in 1728; it sword-bayonet is a more modern invention, and, when salt marshes, and of a much stronger quality than that narrowly escaped destruction during the frenzy of the detached from the gun, call be used as a weapon by of the domestic crystals. first French Revolution, and Napoleon I. had it con- itself. With respect to its different parts, the blade is Bay's Bottom, in Otio, a post-office of Gallia co. veyed to Paris in 1803, where it was kept some time and shown at 1; 2 is the hilt; the guard and ring are marked Bay Shore, in iVew Yorkl a village of Long Island, 1 exhibited. This piece of tapestry is exceedingly valu- 3; 4 is the spring which secures the sword to the rifle m. from Fire Island Bay; pop. about 800. able, both as a work of art of the period refBrred to, anl or musket; and the scabbard of the weapon is shown Bay Side, in New Yorkc, a post-office of Queen's co. as correctly representing the costume of the tinme. It at 5. The first victory secured by a charge of the B. B1ay Sprivngs, in Mississippi, a P.O. of Tishemingo co. has been engraved, and several works upon the subject was that of Landen in 1693. Bay State, n. A title popularly given to the State of have been published. (Mach.) A pin which plays in and out of holes made Massachusetts. Bay'tiels, in Wisconsin, a N. co., bordering on Lake to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or disen- Bay'town, in Minnesota, a township and village of Superior. Area, abt. 1,000 sq. m. Its cap, of same name, gage parts of the machinery. - Nicholson. Washington co., on lake St. Croix, 16 ne. E.N.E. of St. has a pop. of abt. 350. Ba ytoset, v. a. To stab or prod with a bayonet. - To Paul, and 4 from Stillwater; pop. about 550. Bayffield, a post-village of Upper Canada, in Huron drive before or compel by the bayonet; as, "To bayonet Ba.y'.tree, n. (Bot.) The Laserus inobiis, an evergreen co., on Lake Huron, 70 m. W. of Toronto; pop. abt. 500. us into submission." - Burke. of S. Europe and N. Africa, a wreath from which has Bay ITil, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Walworth co Bayoane, (bai-yon',) a strongly fortified seaport of been from time immemnorial the symrbolical crown of B]ay unllsIdred, in Maryland, a post-office of Talbot co. France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, cap. of an arrond. at the poets and warriors. The word rendered "bay-tree" in BSayt'ing, n. The barkring of a dog. - Hall. confluence of the Neve with the Adour, 3 in. from the Psa. xxxvii. 35, seems to mean siemply a native tree, Bay Islands, a small group in the Bay of Honduras, embouchure of the latter, and 58 W.N.W. of Pan. B. green and vigorous. about 150 miles to the south-east of Belize, embracing is a first-class fortress; the citadel, one of the finest Bay View, in 3'aryland, a post-office of Cecil co. only 25' of Lat., and 10 15' of Lon. Thle cluster was works of Vauban, commands the town and harbor; and, Bay View, in Virginsa, a P. O. of Northampton co. proclaimed a British colony in 1852. The chief island recently, the fortifications hasve been still further aug- Bay Ville, in illinois, a village of Pike co., 5 m. N.E. is Ruatan (q. v.); and the others of any consequence are mented and strengthened. It is a well-built town, with of tlhe Mississippi. Bonacca, Utila, Burburet, Helena, and Morat. superb quays and promenades. A mint is established Bayc'-wi/cldow,' n. (Arch.) A window which projects Bayl'donite, n. (Min.) A mineral that occurs in mi- here.-Macf. Chocolate, liqueurs, glass, sugar, &c. outward, so as to form a kind of bay or recess within an nuts mamnmillary concretions, with a drusy surface. Tihere are also extensive yards fer the building of ships apartment. It may project Structure often somewhat reticulated. Lustre strong of war and merchlant-vessels. The hasss of B. have outwards from tile wall either resinous. Color grass-green to blackish-green. Streak long enjoyed a high celebrity. It is the seat of an ex- in a rectangular, polygonal, or ___-_ siskin to apple-green. Subtranslucent. Fracture sub- tensive contraband trade with Spains. The militasry semi-circular form, which Iat- = conchoidal, uneven. Comp. Arsenic acid 31'6, oxide of weapon called the bayonet takes its nmeane frois this tcr has often been incorrectly _,!~ copper 32'8, oxide of lead 30'7, water 4'9 - 100. - Dana. city, where it is said to have been first invented and termed a bow-window. WinBayle, (bai',) PIEaRE, the celebrated author of the His- brought into use during the siege of 1523. Though flows of this kind are very i.~ torical and Critical Dictionary, a. 1657, at Caria, France. often besieged, B. has never been talken; and hence its common in the perpendicular He was brought up a Protestant, but having been sent, motto, ".Ncunquam Polluta." It was invested by the style. Fine examples of themfor the completion of his education, to the university of British, 24th Feb., 1814; who sustained considerable loss may be seen. Toulouse, he there embraced the Roman Catholic faith. from a sortie mades by the garrison. Pop. 27,512. Bay'-yarn. The sanme as woolRenouncing this soon afterwards, he repaired to study at BAYoNNE CONFERNCEN, a conference was held at B. in June, len yarn. - 0 Cambers. the great seat of Calvinismn, Geneva. He obtained the 1565, between Charles IX. of France, the queen-mother, Ba'za, a town of Spain, prov. of " __ appointment of Professor of Philosophy at Sedan, and Catherine de Medicis, Elizabeth Queen of Spain, and the Granada, 54 mu. E. by N. of that on the suppression of the Protestant university there Duke of Alva, envoy of Philip II., to arrange plans for city. Lat. 370 30' N.; Lon. 20 Fig. 323. — BAY-wINDow. by Louis XIV., in 1681, was chosen Professor of Philos- the repression of tis IHuguenots. It is generally be- 50' W. The inhabitants are en- (From Haddon Hall, Eng.) ophy and History at Rotterdam. In 1684, he began to lieved that the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (q. v.) tirely dependent on agriculpublish his Nouveilles de la, Rpubliquee des Lettres, and to was determined upon at this meeting. ture. It was talken fronm the Moors, after a long siege, pour forth a series of writings, all more or less tinged BAYONNE, (T REAry OF,) a treaty of peace agreed to, 4th in 1489. Pop. 8,002. with that spirit of scepticism which evidenced itself in May, 1808, and signed on the next day, between Napoleon B azlar, Ba zar, (ba-zar',) a. [Pers. bclzs/r, market.] his changes of religion, and which reached its highest I. and Charles IV. King of Spain. The latter resigned (Sometimes called BEzEsSTEEN.) An exclhange; a marketexpression in his Dictionary. His intense and persever- his kingdom, and Napoleon I. engaged to maintain its place; a place where goods are exposed to sale.- B. is a ing application to study ripened in him the seeds of integrity, and to preserve the Roman Catholic religion, term originally derived firom the Arabic, and literally consumption, hereditary in his family. D. 1706.- Few His som Ferdinand VII. confirmed the cession, 10th May. signifies the sale or exchange of goods. Amesong the writers have attained more celebrity in their own time Bayolnne', in New Jersey, a post-office of Hudson co. Turks and Persians it is exclusively applied to a marketthan B., or have more commanded the attention of the Bayou, (bi/c6,) n. [Fr. boyau, a gut, or long and narrow place, whether open or covered, where goods are sold, learned who came after himi. He confessed his universal place.] A stream which is the outlet of a swamp near and where merchants meet for the transaction of busiPyrrhonism, and said to Cardinal de Polignac: "I nam tihe sea. Applied in Louisiana, and neighboring States, ness. The bazaar of Teuris (or Tabriz) in Persia is the most truly a Protestant, for I protest against all systems to the creeks in the lowlands lying on the Gulf of most extensive im the world, and that of Khan Khaliel, and sects."'Mexico. at Cairo, which occupies the site of the tombs of the Btay'len, or BAILEN, a town of Spain, pryov. of Jaen, at By/'oau Barbary, in Louisiana, a post-office of Liv- caliphs, contaeins some valuable records. It was built in the foot of the Sierra Morena, 22 es. N. of Jaen. It ingston parish. 1292. The B. at Ispahan is, perhaps, tIhe most nmagnificommands the road leadisg from Castile into Andalusia, ]Baty'ou Chicot, in Loucisiana, a post-office of St. Lan- cent one in the East. Adrianople and Constantinople and derives its celebrity Irom the events which took dry parish. have each large bazaars. The last-mentioned was built place in its vicinity leading to the Capitulation of Bay- lBay'oou Chieot, in Louisiana, a village of Calcasien in 1462. —The name has of late years been adopted in len, signed 20th June, 1808, when General Dupont, and par., about 75 m. N.W. of Baton Rouge. many European and American cities, and is applied to about 20,000 French troops under his command, surren- Bay'on Chitito, in Louisiana and Mississippi. See places for the sale of fancy goods, &c. dered to the Spaniards on condition of their being con- CuITTo BAYOU. Bazaar', in Kansas, a pcst-office of Chase co. veyed to France by the Spanish government; but the Bay'oau Goula, in Louisiana, a post-office of Iberville Bazaine', FANgoiss AcnHLLE, a marshal of France, B. latter stipulation was not carried into effect. The in- parish. 1811. Entering the army in 1831, he served' in Africa, capacity of ]upont was mainly instrumental in bringing Bay'ou Sara, in Louisiana, a prosperous villago of and in 1836 received the grand Cross of the Legion of about this result, which inspired the Spaniards with W. Feliciane par., on the MIississippi, 1tS5 m. fious New Honor, on the field of battle. In 1837, he was engaged confidence, and was always regarded Iby Napoleon as Orleans. Here are shipped the cotton and graiu pro- in the campaigns in Spain between the Royal cause and the principal source of the French disasters in the Pen- duce of the adjacent country. During the Civil War, that of the Carlists, andc returned to Algeria in 1839. On, inssula. Pop. 8,614. this place was almost entirely destroyed by a Union the outbrea.lk of tihe Ioussian war, in 1853, B. was given Baylqey, RIcaHADo, an eminent American physician, squadron under Admiral Porter, which, on passing up the command of a brigade of infantry, and during the was B. in Conn. in 1745. After completing his profes- the river, was fired upon by guerillas. Pop. about 600. siege of Sebastopol was honoreebly mentioned in the desional education in London, he settled in New York. In Bay'otl State, n. A tenrm frequently applied to the spatches of Marshals Canrobert and Pelissier. As gen1792, he was appointed professor of anatomy in Colun- State of Mississippi. eral of division, he subsequently commanded the French bis College, where lie acquired great celebrity. In Bay'ou Teehe, in Louisiana. An expedition was di- portion of the allied expedition which reduced Kinburn. 1793, he published his work on Yellow Fever, wherein rected against Brashear City on this bayou during the In 1862, he took a command in the French army occuhe proved it to be a local malady. D. 1801. Civil War, 15th Jan., 1863, when the Confederate gunboat pying Mexico, and succeeded Marcshal Forey in the chief Bay'lor, a N. county of Texas, with an area of 900 sq. "Cotton" was destroyed by the Union forces, and their command in 1863. His political conduct in Mexico has m. It is watered by the Brazos and Big Wasbita rivers. land batteries silenced. beene severely censured in France. Baynes'ville, in Virginia, a post-office of Westmore- Bay'ou Tunica, in Louisiana, a post-office of W. Fe- Baz'laeiette, JosEPH W~ILLIAM, a distinguished English land co. liciana parish. civil engineer, D. 1819. In 1848 he was appointed enBayonet, (bai'o-net,) n. [Fr. baion- Bay Place, in Arkcansas, a village of Poinsett co. gineser to the London Sewerage Commission, when he nette, so called because first made at 4 Bayisoor, (Vaypoora,) a seaport tawee of Hinelostan, dessiged and constructed 500 miles of sewer for the RugBayonne, France.] (Mlil.) A short, pryov. Malabar, 7 m. S. of Calicut. Lat. 110 10' N., Lon. lislh nmetropolis. Being appointed Engineer-in-Chief to pointed, broad dagger or spear, fix- 2 750 52' E. the Metropolitan Board of W'orks, he, in 1867, comied at the end of a musket, rifle, or Bay'port, in Plorida. a village, and cap. of Hermando menced the wonderful Main Drainage Works of the any similar weapon. Military in- co., seated on the Gulf of Mexico, 170 a. S.S.E. of Talla- capital. iHe first introduced sub-ways for carrying the structions, issued to the French hassee. gas and water pipes, and teiegraph-wires under the new army in 1646-7, contain the earliest B. B1ay'port, in Wisconsin, a township of Ashlalnd co., on mnetropolitan thoroughflaes, to prevent the breaking up notice of this weapon. In 1671, it Latke Superior; pop. about 300. of pavements and the obstruction of traffic. B. is the was introduced generally into the -Bay Ridage, in New York, a post-office of Kings co. constructor of the great Thsnames Embankment. F]rench army, and called bayonet- ~ Bay River, in North Carolinia, a P. 0. of Craven co. Ba'z s, a town of France, dep. Gironde, cap. of an ari-manche. From official docu- Bay'.rum, SPIRITUS Myncic, n. A spirit obtained by rsnd., on a rock, 33 nm. S.S.E. of Bordeaux. Its ancient ments it appears tihat, in 1682, the 1 distilling the leaves of 3iyrcia acris. cathedral is a remarktable monument of Gothic archiB. was inserted into the harrel Bayl.euth', a city of Beavwria, cap. of circ. Upper Fran- tecture. Malf. Saltpetre, leather, &c. B. is the native of the musket. Tile plug-bayonet conia, on the Red-Maines 26 os. E. of Baomberg. Lbt. 490 slces of the poet Ausonius, whco flourished in tie 4thc was used in Engltand until 1690, 57' N.; Lon. 110 40' E. It is a fine and erell-built, tetc, century, and wes also, for a leng'thened period, thie reslafter which deete the socket-bay- of late years, a somewhat dull place. About 2 m. to thee dnece of the Du(kes of Gascony. The Coountry around onct was introduced. It super- E. is the Hermitage, with its gardens, terraces, and paerk, weas long known as the Bazadocs. _Pop, 5,010. seded the pike, act/ was doubtless formerly the residence of the celebrated Margravine of Bazeteta, in O/io,o post-townshsp of Trenmbuli co., talken froam the sceeyne's feather, B., sister of Frederick the Great, and authoress of the about 6 m. N.E. of Warren; pvopo about 1,600. called also swan's featheec, invented well-known Mereaics. Manf. Porcelain, pipe-heeads, lin- B]azoche, or BAscrne, (lea-'se/') n. (tiist.) The styduring the reign of James I. This c ens, cottons, &c. Peep. 20,053.- B. formerly constituted mesology of this French teIm is rmthern doucbttful, but evas a long, thin, ralpier blade, the cap. of en independent principality- fife Maregraviate most writers agree in consiedecing it as a berleesqe trancswhich ithe musketeer, after dis- of Bayreuth, which on the deaeth of the last Meregrave, in lation'of the Latin word baslica, a r0oy0l palace. When charging his piece, fixed into the 1791, became merged into Prussia. In 1810, Napoleone juestice was admsinistered in thec royal p:lace 01 the French muzzle. The B., as an offensive I. transferred B. to Bavyerei, in wvhose possession it re- kings; the judges, advocates, procucrtors, esne olleers weapon, hseeS been of great impen- mains. "Jean Paul" (Richter) wa-es born here. whi we/% connectedwitsh this department, were termeed tance in nmodern warftre; and thse B] y,-~ BXYZE, n. A coarse kiss/d of woollen cloth. See cle/scs de ha basoche. Afterwadds, whese the administreebayonet-charge, in wchiic h every cece- Fig. 322. B cze. flion of justtitC be caens a separa.te dsepasrtoment, a distinction thinks tflet it excels, is oneC of swcol-oAYo.'se. ]1oy'-~allt, n. (Cons.) A salt obtained by a natural evap- tisoe was mieads between ehose nobleseen o who ilammecd the 246 BEAC BEAD BEAL royal train, and were called courtiers, and those con- Peloponnesus by signals of this kind. In England, the worship, the punishmnent of petty offenders in the parish nected with the court of justice, who were called Clercs beacons were formerly piles of fagot-wood, but after- stocks, &c. de la Bazoche, or Basochiats. But as the term bazoche wards poles were erected, to which iron pots were at- " Thou rascal beadle hold thy bloody hand." - Shaks. implied thel having a king, a mock one was appointed, tached, filled w-ith pitch and other combustibles. In- Bea'(deghip, n. Tie office or function of a beadle. who had his officers of state, court, atnd other parapher- telligence was quickly conveyed in this manner; and Bead'-proof, a. A term applied to spirituous and nalia of royalty. In the beginlning of the 14th century, the beacons on the border between England and Scot- alcoholic liquors of such a degree of prool; that, when Philippe le Bel conferred otn this community certain im- land were always carefully watched. These iron bea- shaken, a series of beads or bubbles will remain for portant privileges. Henry III. suppressed the title of cons were often erected on church-towers, and one is some time on the surface. king, and conferred the rights and privileges attached still to be seen on the tower of the parish church of Bea'-r.oll, n. Among Roman Catholics, a list or cateto that office on the chancellor. Still the bazoche con- Hadley, near London. logue of persons to be prayed for, and numbered on tile tinued to exist as a body, and retained its pomp and its (Mar.) An erection placed at the entrance of a bar, beads of a chaplet. (o.) forms. It met twice a week, and heard and decided all river, or harbor, to indicate dangerous navigation, as Beadsl'naan, BEDESMAN, n. A man employed in prayprocesses and debates that arose anmong the clerks. At sunken rocks, sand banks, &c. It is generally in the ing; generally in praying for another. public festivals the Basochians tookc a prominent place; form of a pole secured by chains to the rock on which it Far I will be thy beadsman,Valentine.'-Shaks. and at the carnival they united themselves to the prince is placed, with a large ball formed of iron hoops at the of fools, and tool part in the acting of low flarces and top. Vessels anchored in certain places, exllibiting lights Bhadvitnol, e. A cutting tent used in turning, &c., having an edge curved so as to makre beads or beading. — mysteries. In their turn they acted a lkind of satirical at night, are called floating-beacons or fioating-lights. - Ogilvie. morality, in which they took great liberties in railing at See LmGHT-HOUSE. Bead're,. (Bt.) The M a edaac. See MLA. BaSe~a~'-tree, n2. (.Bet.) The 1Mdia azxedarach1. See 3~I~TA. tile vices of the age, andl in insulting thle favorites of -A term used in some parts of England to denote a high Beagle, (bJtgl,) n. [Probably fron Celt. beagor bige; W. fortune. This naturally producedt great outcry against hill. - Anything which gives notice of danger; as, bach,little; r. pig; 0. Eng. begele.] (Sports.) A small them, and at length, in 1540, they were entirely sup- "TThe beacon of the wise." - Shaks. hond or unting-dog forerly much used in couing pressed. -v. a. To afford light, as a beacon; to light up. ha nd mr re a for pe er n ecesp Bdel'lia, n. [Gr. bdahlo, to suck.] (ZoeT.) A genus of Bea'lcor, in Iowa, a post-office of Mahlaska co. hres, and mor remable forperseverance than d. Blaine, inthe EncyclojucediaoftluralSloorts, says: "1There animals, class Annelida, and family Hirudinidce, or Bea'conage, n. Fees or dues paid for the use and areneinthe Enseveepadiv f Rural soafe, says: "Tmere aeevemn now several varieties of beag-les, but formerly leeches. They are found in the fresh waters of Egypt, maintenance of a beacon. there appear to hve been several tore frome the deepthere appear to have been several more, from the deepand a species was known to Herodotus, who asserted Bea/con i'alls, in Connecticut, a post-oflice of New flewed diminuteve type of the old soutbere hound, to the that it was found parasitic upon the crocodile. Haven co. fleet and elegant oxhound begle to wi eay be Bclell'llimn, n. (C/hen.) A kind of gum-resin, the pro- Bea'con-fsre, n. A signal-fire. See BEACON. added the pgmy breed called lapdog beagles Beagles duce of an unlrnown plant. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~added the pig~my breed called lapdog beatgles. Beagles duce of an uniknown plant. It is solid, brittle, of a deep Bea'con a Is il, in New York, a summit of the High- were formerly distinguished by the rougl and the smooth. brown color, of an acrid and bitter taste, and sweet lands, in Dutchess co., 1,476 ft. above sea-level. The rough wire-haired or termiec beagle is now seldon odor. It was much vaunted by the ancients, but is now Boea'conless a. Without a beacon. met wth, though it was a hady and altogether a emn little used. The resin consists of C40H3106. ~~~~~~~~met with, though it was a hardy and altogether a vermin - little used. The resin consists of C40Ha06. The gum Bea'consifel, a town of England, co. of Bucks, 24 m. consists of resin 59, gum 9'2, mucilage 3016, vol. oil 1-2. W. by N. of London. In the church-yard here lie the. See BALSAmoDENDR0N, remains of Edmund Burke and Edmund Waller. Pop.'_... Bdellossieter, (del-ldo'e-ter,) n. [tr. bdella, leech, and about 2,000. metrpn, measure.] (Meld.) A cupping-glass, to which are Bead, (bide,) a. [From A. S. bead, gebed, a prayer.] A attached a scarificator and an exhausting syringe. It little perforated ball of glass, ivory, or other substance, - is used as a substitute for the leech. - Dunglison. wor n by women necllaces, head-dresses, &c.; and used ". Be, v. i. [A. S. beon; Oael. bed, living, alive; W. bu, a also in the ornamentation of purses, slippers, and a being; Gic. bios, life; Sansk. beu.j To exist; to have variety of fancy articles. —Beads strung on a thread actual existence. (the French clhapelet), are used among Roman Catholics "To be, centents his natural deaire; for reciting the prayers forming the devotion called the He asks no angel's wing, nor seraplh's fire." - Pope. RosAnY, q. v. -To have sensations; to be made to be; to become; to (Ind.) Tee nanufacture of beads is carried on priuciremain. (Used as an auxiliary.) pally in the small island of Murano, near Venice, and at ig. 325 - ALE " Be what thou hop'st to be, or what thou art." - Shats. Birmingham, England. Glass tubes, of different colors, To let be, to not meddle with; to leave intact or on- are first drawn out to various sizes; they are thenm loving breed, and very strongly formed. The Northtouched; to let atone. - " Let be, said he, my prey." - chipped into small cylindrical pieces, which are put into country B. is a nimble and vigorous hound; he pursues Dryden. a mixture of sand and charcoal, and stirred about until the hare with impetuosity, giving lher no time to double; e, a prefix uch used in composition, a ofte con- the holes in them are filled; they are then placed in a and should the scent lie high, he will with ease run down veying intensive power; as, becharm, bedeck. — We — pan heated to a dull redness, and stirred about till they two brace before noon." cester. tassume a rounded form from their edges becoming par- Beak, n. [Du. bek; A. S. piic, fiom the root pik, a point; Bea,. [Probaby fro Icel. akki, a anl.] (e.) tially melted. When cool, the sand and charcoal, which Fr. bec; It. becco; Fr. bikos.] (Zoel.) The bill of a bird. A shelving tract of sand or shingle washed by the sea have prevented them front collapsing, is cleared out. See BILL. or a fresh-water lake, interspersed between the water Bugle-beads are simply cylinders of glass 4 or 5 times (Bot.) A hard, short point, lilke the beak of a bird. and the land on which vegetation grows. The sea-beach their diameter in length, which are cut from a long (Naut.) Beak, or Beak-head, a small platform at the is the space between low and Ihigh water marke, particu- tube, and used without any further preparation. Beads fore-part of the upper deck of a ship, generally placed is~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fr-ato the sppaer bewenk low an ship, watermark, plarcBeads larly that part of it which is washed by the waves; and are also made of various hard seeds by drilling a hlole at the same height from the dece as the port-sills-In the beach of a lake lies between the highest and o16west through their centre. They are also turned from coral, the ancient gatleys, a B. was a painted.piere of wood, water-marks of its ordinary level.- Raised beaches are ivory, bone, amber, and hard woods. Beads of all einds stroegly ironed acd fastened to the prow (see Fig. 326), banlks of sand and shingle, with shells, found following are much used as articles of commerce in trading with for piercing an enemy's vessel. the bays and recesses of the coast, at various heights savage nations, by whom they are much sought after (Fnrriery.) A little shoe, at the toe, about an inch above the existing beach or sea-margin. These give for purposes of ornament. They were anciently much long, turned up and fastened in upon the fore-part of the evidence of either elevation of the land, or depression used as ornaments, and are, at least, as old as the hoof. — Johnson. of the ocean, and point to times when sea and land Egyptians. (rch/.) A little pendent fillet, lefton the edge of the stood at these successive levels. -A small pip or piece of metal on a fowling-piece or other larmier, which forms a canal behind, for preventing the — v. a. To run or drive upon a beach; used generally in fire-arm, whereby to take aim; hence the expression water from running down the lower end Jf tie cornice. the sense of a ship, to avoid sinking. "Ito draw a bead," — i. e. take aim. Tile Beak-head noulding is a moulding frequent in NorWBelach'-cosnber, a. A word used in the U. States to (-Arch.) A moulding of a circular section, stuck on the man architecture, consisting of ornaments of a peculiar signify a long wave, or roller of the ocean, that combs edge of a piece of stuff, by a plane of the same name. B. over a beach. are of two kinds, one of which is flush with the surface, - Beach Creek, in Pennsylvania, a township of Clinton and the other raised; the former is called a quick-bead, co.; pop. about 850. and the latter a cock-bead. - Bead and Butt work is a Beached, (bitcht,) a. Exposed to the waves; stranded; driven or placed on a beach; as, "the ship is beached." -Having a beach; possessing a beach for a border. "' Timon hath made his everlasting mansion Upon the beached verge of the salt flood." - Shats. Beach'-flea, n. (Zo6.) See SAND-FLEA. Beach Haven, in Pennzsylvania, a post-village of Luzerne co., on the N. branch of the Susquehanna River, Fig. 32. BEA-HEAD OULDING. 27 m. E.N.E. of Deanville. Beach Pond, in IPeensylvagia, a post-office of Wayne character, placed at meguhar intervals ona single mouldcounty. ieg. Theornm-enets ay be described as grotesque heads, Beach RisTge, in New York, a post-office of Niagara co. some apparently of aninals, and some approaching the Beach'villse, in Upper Gasseda, a post-village of Oxford lahuman force, but atll invariably terminating in a pointed Beach'ville, in pper Canada, a post-village ofxford mouth, ad rarely similar in le same moulding. co., 22 m. N.E. of London. Beach'y, a. Having a beach or becles..-Anything ending in a point like a beak, pile, or peak;'Thecteethe girdle a tesc oc eanhs as the spout of a drinking-vessel, a neck of land, &c. The beachy girdle of the ocean -In England, a vulgarism used to signily a polite-magisToo wide for Neptune's hips." trate; as, "A'Becktt, the beak." - Thseea. B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~taeae~' ]l-eas, abol promotor o the Sta~." Tucast of Eegland, of Suea ssex a bold pro 50044ntory on the S. coast of Beak, v. a. (Sports.). To take hold with the beak, in England, co. of Sussex. Lat. 50~ 44' 24" N.; Lon. 00 cockfighting~.- T~right 13' r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ock figheting. - We'ig/ht 131 E. It is formed of chalky white cliffs, that project Fig. 324. — BEAD AND BUTT WORK. Beaked, (bikt,) a. Having a beak; ending in apoint like perpendicularly over the beach - whence it derives its a betk. name - to the height of 564 feet. A light-leouse of the piece of fiaming having the panels flush with the fram- "And question'd every gust of rugged winds, first class was erected, in 1828, on the summit of the ing, and stuck or run upon the two edges, which have That blows from off each beaked promontory."-Milton. cliff to the. of the l.ead, 285 feet above sea-level, and the grain of the wood in their direcin. (Z.) Rostrate; furnished wit a process I abe. caverns have besn cut in the cliffs, between the Head (C/ern.) A bubble rising to the surface of spirituous taving a long beae-lee cunthe, lts snue insecls. and Cucknore h-aven, in thee view of affording places liquors: — feormerly the word, used in the plural, was (Hee.) The same as ARnaEt, q. v. of refuge to mariucems svrecheed on this dangerous coast. applied to glass globules numbered according to their Be,- k'er, n. [Ger. becher, froom biegen, to curve, to inBeacoss, (bi'ko,) a. [A. S. beacts; IV. p/geeaun, from specific gravities, and serving for trying the strength of flect; Scots. bicker.] A large drinkieg-cup or glass; so pig, a piles.] A signal-flu's; a bale-firs; a light placed spirituous liquors. - Opicvie. named from forneerly hlaviog a spout in the Inmuc of a on an eminence to annotunce the approach of an enemy, -c. a. To decorate or distingucish with beads. bird's beak. and arouse up the countnry. B/ecsd-hHOnse,. SeeBaoE-atosa" And into pikes and musketeers "No flaming beacoss cast their blaze afar, Beadle, (bi'dt,) a. [A. S. bpdel, itom the root of bid; Stampt beakers, cups, and porringers."-fHudibt'as. The drsadtah ehenal et iuevastve v-er." Gay. beodan.] A messenger or crier of a court, who bids. lBeak'-tnea.O, cc. (Naect.) See BEAK. -Beacon-fires are of great antiquity, being referred to in orders, or cites persons to appear eend answer before it. Bl@e- tk'-iros, n. A bicheern; an hi-on tool ending in a Scripture (Jereen. vi. 1), and were used by the Greeks and — A petty officer in a university. - See BEDEL. poicet, used by blacksmiths. - Ash. Romans. The intelligence of the capture of Troy is — An inmefrior functionary, employed in church and pars- Boael~]t n. [A. S. byle; It. bolla.] (A/ed.) A pimple, pusrepresented by.Eschylus as having been conveyed to the chiel duties; as, the maintenance of order during divinee tule, or other small inflammnnatory eruption. BEAM BEAN BEAN 247 Beal, v. i. To ripen matter; to gather or come to a Beas,'y, a. Radiant; shining; emitting beams or rays. most effectual way to prevent any disease from attacking head, as an eruption. "All-seeing sun I the plants in their growth, is to have the ground in good Beale, LIONEL, M.D., F. R. S., a distinguished English Hide. hide in shameful night thy beamsy head." —Smits. heart, and well tilled. The principaln use of beans is to physician. and author, a. 1828, professor of Physiology -Resembling a beam in size and weight, feed horses, for which purpose they are admirably and Anatomy in King's College, London, editor of The "'His double-biting axe and beamy sear." —Dryden. adapted, and far more nourishing than oats. They Archives of Mcdicine, and the author of The Microscope -Having horns or antlers. should be bruised or split in a mill, and given to horses in its Application to Practical Medicisoe, The Anatomsy of B3eaa, n. [A. S. bean; W. ffaen, a single bean, from mixed with hay and straw cut into chaff; this will enthe Liver, The Anatomy of lMan, &c., &c. ifa, that which is enveloped or covered, as beaus.] sure proper mastication and prevent that thickening of Beatle, in Pennsylvania, a township of Juniatea co. (Agric.) A well-known vegetable, largely cultivated thle wind, as it is called, caused by indigestion, which Beale'tosa, in Virginia, a post-village of Fauquier co., both in field and garden, as a highly nutritious aliment makes beans alone not so well adapted for the food of hunt20 m. S.W. of Manassas Junction. for man, and a food for horses. All the varieties are ers and race-horses. Great quantities of beans are conBealls'ville, in 3iarylasnd, a P. 0. of Montgomery co. wholesome and nutritive, but the two species the most sumed in fattening hogs, to whom they are given whole Beails'vile, in Ohio, a post-village of Monroe co., 110 generally in use as aliment are the Vicia or -Pba vulga- at first, and afterwards ground into mneal. Bacon hogs m. E. of Columbus; pop. about 3,850. ris, called also coffee bean and Windsor bean, and the imay be fattened entirely on beans and bean-umea; but as B]eatlls'ville, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Wash-.Phaseolss vulgaris, known under the names of French this food makes the flesh very firm, it is not so well adapted ington co., 28 nm S. of Pittsburg. bean, haricot, pole-bean, kidney-bean, and string-bean. fbr delicate porkers. Bean-meal given to oxen soon makes Beal's Bar, in California, a village of Sacramento co., Their scientific characters will be described under the them fat, and the meat is far better than when oil-cake about 20 m. E.N.E. of Sacramento city. names of the genera VtcA and PHASEOLUS. We here con- is used for that purpose; mixed with water and given Beals'ville, in Arkansas, a village of Desha co. sider them only in an agricultural point of view. - The as a drink to cows, it greatly increases their milk. A Bteamlt, n. [A. S. beamt, a beam, a tree; Get. bauere; Du. cFaba vwlgaris, or common bean, of which there are sev- small quantity of beans is generally mixed with new boosm.] (Arch.) A long and large piece of timber, into -eral varieties, bears a pod containing several oblong wheat when ground to flour; the millers pretend that which the feet of the principal rafters, king-posts, &c. are rounded seeds, which are used in the soft young state soft wheat will not grind well without beans, and they frarmed; intended also to tie the walls of the building for the table, and in thie hard dry state for domestic ani- generally contrive that there shall be no deficiency in together; contra-distinguished from those used in the usals chiefly, either whole or ground into meal. In some the necessary proportion. Thus a quantity of beans is floors, which are called girders, and those which are places, bean-meal is mixed with other useal in mualking converted into what is considered as wheaten flour.used to support the fronts of houses, which are called coarse bread; or the beaos are boiled into a mess with The Phaseolt vwsgaris or French bean is universally breast-sussmers. fat meat, in which state they are very palatable and nu- cultivated, not only for the mature fruit, but for its ten(Naut.) The beams of a ship are strong thick pieces tritious. The most common varieties of garden-beans der and succulent pod, being one of the most esteemed of timber, stretching across the ship fromt side to side to are the Windsor, the Toker, the long-pod, and the Ma- vegetables for the table. Thie varieties are innumerable, support the decks and retatin the sides together. The zagan, all productive and palatable. In the field the differing slightly in their qualities; they may be divided ssain-beasm is next the main-mast. The greatest beam tick-bean, the common horse-bean, and the small Dutch into two distinct kiinds, the, dwarf and climbing; the of all is called the mid-ship beam. When a ship in- or HIeligoland bean, are preferred, being hardy as well former are the earlier, the latter the more productive. clines so mnuch to one side that her beams approach to a as productive. The long pod is usually sown in the F'rench beans are much less hardy than the common vertical position, she is said to be on her beam-ends. In field, the Mazngan and broad Windsor beas seldom. - beans; a very slight degree of frost will destroy them the measurement of a ship, the tersn beam is used to There is no plant in which the transformation of the entirely. Tise early sorts are therefore sown in sheltered signify.breadth at the wvales. (See TONNAGE.)- Ill naval cotyledons into seed-leaves is more readily traced than situations, and occasionally protected by glass framnes or affairs, "on tile starboard beam" signifies any point out in the bean. If a bean is planted in usoist earth, or mats. The climbing beans require the support of sticks at sea whichs, viewed from the stern, is at a right angle soaked in water, in a moderate temperature, the cotyle- or wires, round whichl they twine as they grow, with with the keel, and upon the starboard or right side of dons will swell and soon burst the skin which envelops this peculiarity, that the coils turn round the support the ship. In like manner, " on the larboard-beam" sig- them, separating into two lobes, which open like the from the right to the left, contrary to the growth of nifies on the larboard, port, or left side; on the" weather- shells of an oyster. In the part which forms the joint some indigenous twisting plants, which turn from the beams" signifies that side of the vessel which is towards an oblong body will appear, which is the embryo stem left to the right, following the apparent diurnal motion the wind. of the plant. This increases rapidly in the eatrth, and of the sun. The best soil for French beans is a rich mel-The shlank or oblong part of an anchior. (See Fiq. 121.) pushes a root downwards, and a stem upwards, which low loam, rather light than otherwise; but, provided (Agric.) The main part of a plough, to which tise latter carries the lobes with it till they rise above the the ground be well stirred, they will grow in any soil. handles, colter, &c. are secured, and to the end of which ground, when they expand, and are transformed into They may be planted in rows, the dwarf sorts at two and are attached the oxen or horses that draw it. seed-leaves. As soon as the seed swells by imbibing a half or three feet distance: the runners at four feet. (dMech.) A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, moisture, the oxygen, which is always present in the As soon as the stems begin to rise tabove the seed-leaves, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, atmosphere and in water, acts upon the farinaceouns sub- the intervals should be well hoed with the horse-hoe, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; stance in the seed, and takes a portion of carbon from and thise rows by hand. The scarifier or grubber may be one being called the fore-beam, the other the back-beam. it, producing carbonic acid, which is absorbed by the used to loosen the soil; and when they are somewhat adW'ebster. surrounding plants, or flies off in the state of gas; by this vanced in growth, the runners may have sticks to climb (Steams Eng.) The main lever of a steam-engine, which, loss the remaining substance becomes a usild fluid upon. A row of turnips may be sown between every through the piston-rod at the end and the connecting emulsion, analogous to the milk of animals. which, two rows of beans; or cabbages may be planted for catrod at the other, commnunicates motion frosu the piston being taken up by the minute vessels of tihe radicle, the. The crop mlay be harvested as soon as the lower to the crank, by turning upon a centtre. nourishes and increases themn. In proportion as the pods are quite dry and the seeds hard, iand threshed -A collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or farina, in the lobes is gradually exhausted, new vessels like other beans. The seeds, when raw, have a bitter other luminous body.- Webster. appear through the substance of the lobes, conveying thse taste, and are rather tough under the teeth, which makes "The evening beam that smiles the clouds away, newly formed juice fronm every part of them into thie root animnals refsse to eat them in that state; but when And tints to-morrow with prophetic ray." —Byron. and stem, and, at lhst, the cotyledons are transformsed boiled, they becomne soft and pleastant. Oxen and pigs -Figuratively, that which illumes; as a beam from the into seed-leaves. The fibres of the roots are by titis time eat them readily. They contain, atccording to Elinhot; sun. completely formed, and their extremities, called sposgi- 84 per cent. of nutritive matter, of which 50 is pure -Any large piece of timber or metal, more long than oles, from their appearance when closely examined, have farina, the rest gluten and mucilage; they are consethick in proportion. - The part of a balance which sus- acquired the power of absorbing nourishment fi-om the quently superior to every other grain or pulse cultivated, tains the scales, (A, C, B, Fig. 268.) soil. The stem is then considerably tadvmnced in growtlh, in point of nourishment; and when it is taken into -ThIe horn of a stag, which bears the antlers, royal, and having put forth new leaves of a different forrm from the account that they remain in the grotesd only frcsm May top. - Buchanan. seed-leaves; these last, having now performed their part, to September, and that a crop of cabbages or turnips is "And taught the woods to echo to the stream wvither and soon fall off; it' they are removed before this growing in the intervals at the sasse tinme, it will appear His dreadful chatllenge and his clashing beamt." —Denramr. period, the plant, having lost its nurse, languishes and that the cultivation of this pulse on a large scale might dies. Tihe bean at this stage of its growth requires par- add greatly to the resources of agriculture. -Thfrome pc~otle oarriag e or ciariot, dividing the horses ticular attention. If the soil is rich and well prepared. (died.) When young, all the varieties of the bean are fromeachoeard andseied-wihit will grow rapidly and luxuriantly, and be soon out of equally good and wholesome. In wveak stomachs, they tns heard, sad seized with ral fear, reach of insects or weeds, and capable of resisting the are able to produce flatulence, but When eaten with Foro'd from the beam her brother's charioteer." — Dryent. ea,. To send fort, as beams; toeit,-folowed varying influences of the atmosphere; but if the soil is moderation and with a due proportion of animal food, useuall,. To send fortyh, as beams; toemit, — followed poor and parched, and the supply of nutritive juices is they prove highly beneficial, in consequence of thie usually byeforth. scanty, the plant will soon show wealkness and disease, amount of starch and gluten they contain. -,a. a. To emit beams or raiyls of light; to shine. and the only way to prevent a total failureof thee crop, ean Bla ssoea, in Indiana, ai township of Monroe co. "Norah hath a beaming eye, is to supply by art the deficiency of nature. In very -A post-office of Brown co. But no one knows on whom i[ beamethc." —Agoore. ut as ane ben on whaom it bamt.-for. poor soils, manure may be applied in a liquid state, or as ]Bealn Bllossomi Creek, in lediana, rising in Brown Beaml'lbirl,, n. (Zobl.) See FLP-cArC1at. a top-dressing; inthose which are not; exhausted, tillage co., and entering theN.forkofWhiteliver,in Monroe co. Beam'-coonpass, n. See Ce.AIPss. alone will enable the roots to spread, and give thesm a Bean-easper, n. (Bst.) See ZYGOPHrYLLUM. JBeamed, (bitsesd,) a. [From beam, the horn of a stag.] vwider range to seektheir food in. The soil best adapted BI eal'-.co, n. A small vessel used in Portuguese rivers. Having all its antlers put forth, as thie head of a stag. for beans is a rich strong loam, such as produces good It is sharp lbrward, having its stem bent above into a Beam'-engine, n. A steam-engine which communi- wheat. In such a soil the produce is sometimes fifty or great curve. cates motion by the top of the piston-rod, being con- sixty bushels per acre, but an average crop, on moderate Bean Creek, in Ohio. See TIFFIN'S IvEr. nected with a beam or lever moving on a central pivot, land, is about half that quantity. On very rich land, Bean'-.liy, n. A beautiful blunish-bleacki fly, firequently the other end of the beam being in similar connection beans have produced extraordinary crops, by being sown found on bean-flowers; produced: by si maggot called with the crank of the driving-wheel. In the direct-ac- broadcast and very thicic, the stems being drawn up to a Alida. - Encyc. Brit. tion engine no beam is used, the piston working the great height in favorable seasons. When the beans Bean'.goose, n. (ZoBl.) a wild goose, Anses Segetum. crank. have pushed their stems, and the proper leaves appear Bean's Corners, in dlaine, a P. 0. of Franlklin co. Beanm'-feat!her, n. A long feather in the wing of a above the seed-leaves, the intervals should be carefully Beanas Station, in Tennessee, a post-village of Gtranhawk. - Booth. hoed. The diseases to which beans are subject are, the ger co., 226 m. E. of Nashville, and 2 fitom tile Gap of Beam'-il]ingt, n. (Arch.) The building of masonry, mildew, which is a minute fungus that grows on the Clinch Mountain. There are mineral springs here. On or brick-work, from the level of the under edges of the stems of leaves, and is caused by cold fogs and frequent the 14th Dec., 1863, a conflict took place near Bean's Stabeams to that of their upper edges. B. F. occurs either sudden variations of weather; and the blacki dolphin, an tion, between the Confederates under General Longstreet between joists, or floor-beams, or in filling up the tri- insect of the aphis tribe, which appears first in thile formt and a body of National cavalry under Shiackleford, Wolangular space between the top of the wall-plate of the of a honey-dew on the tops of thie plants. For the sail- ford, Graham, and Foster. The contest was somewh;it roof and the lowevr edges of the rafters, or even to the dew no remedy or preventaitive hsas yet been fomsnd. sanguinary, Shackleford, wvho was in chief command of under surfaces of the boarding or lath, for slates, tiles, Whienever it has attacked the plants generally, befbre the Union troops, losing about 200 men. Longstreet's or tlhmttching. tise pods are filled, the best method is to cut down the loss, it was computed, was much greater. Thee contest (i/stat.) The portion of a cargo which is stored be- crop in its green state; and if it cannot be consumed in was indecisive. The Nationals were pushed back nearly tweesn the beams. the farm-yard, to plough it into the ground, where it a mile, bst Longstreet being unable to follow up his Bloeunf'n, a. That emits beams; bright; radiant. will decay rapidly, and be an excellent manuring for the advantage, fell back toward Bull's Gap. B am'ilssg, p. a.' Bright; resplendent. smcceding crop of wheat. If allowed to stand, the crop Bt~ean-King's" ]'estvlw a social rite principally ob]Beani'les s, a. Giving forth no beams or rays of light. will not only be unpmrostuctive, but the weeds will infest served in France, frost which country it would seem to BIe5sn'ie;t, a. A small ray or beam of light. the ground, and spoil the evheat-cmp by their seeds and have been transplanted to Germany. On the evening of Bearms'viiie, in Ohio, a post-village of Darle co., 9S roots, which will remlanin in the soil. WvVhenever tise Tweltlth Day', (q. v.,) or, as tihe Germnans call it, (in allusion m. TV. of Columsibuis. tops of the beans begin to be moist and clammy to the to the legend, thiat the wise men of the East whoo camsse Boea' lh[e, in Up7ser Osetnda,, a post-villa.e of Lin- touch, it is the forerunner of the aphis. They should tisen to wofehlip Chsrist were three kings,) Three Kings' Day, coln co., 22 m. E.S.E. of HIaneilton; pop. abt. 630. ble itmmediately cut off, and this, if done in time, may (Dreilc/nigs-yTcg,) comepanies assemble to spend a few Be:amLl'4 e, n. (Bot.) Thei Py#rs-asi as. See Pyavs. save thie crop'from tine ravages of the insects; but the hours in mirthlful relaxation. A large cake is bmsked, 248 BEAR B]EAR BEAR with a bean hidden somewhere in it. The cake is then the land. To steer a vessel towards the land. - To bear 4. The Grizzly Bear, Ursus horibilis. This species individed into pieces, each person present receiving one, off frsom the land. To steer a ship firom the land, lest she habits the Rocky Mountains of America, and the hills and whoever obtains the piece with the bean is king for should accidentally run aground while under sail. —To dipping into tihe tracts of Oregon and Brit. Columbia; the year. In this capacity, he holds a mock conrt, and bear down upon the enemy. To have the advantage of the and is, of all the tribe, the most savage and ferocious, receives the homage of the company, who also amuse wind; or being to windward, to approach the enemnly by the most dreadful in size and strength, and the most themselves with other diversions. Tlhe Bean King, how- sailing large or from the wind. terrible in ferocity of nature. The lbrce of his hug is ever, is compelled to pay fbr his dignity, for he has to lb bear back. To retreat. - To bear 2p. To have enormous, and it is asserted that no animal it could give an entertainment on the next Twelfth Night, that fortitude; not to sink, faint, or fail; to be firm; to grasp could outlive the deadly compression of its vicean opportunity may be afforded to choose another king. be supported; as, to bear up under pain. "It shows a like grip. 5. The Malay, or Asiatic Bear, Ursus labiatus. In France, this custom was at an earlier period so coin- greatness of soul that they bear up against the storms The Asiatic or long-lipped bear is a native of the mounmon, that even the court indulged in it, although the of fortune." Broomne. - lb bear upon or against. To tainous parts of India, and feeds on white ants, rice, Church, in the 17th c., exerted itself zealously for its lean upon or against. —To bear upon. To act upon; honey, the palm fruit, berries, &c. This species is tinmid suppression. The opinion that the B. KJ. F. owes its ori- as, to bring a ship's broadside to bear upon a fort. - lb and inoffensive, burrows in the ground, and lives in pairs gill to the Romnan Saturnalia, when even the children, bear up to. To tend, or move towards; as, "Sometimes together with their cubs, which, when alarmed, leap partaking in the universal glee, were wont to elect a bearing up to one another." Boyle. - b b ear with. To upon their parents' backs, and keep firm hold while the king, is not destitute of probability. - Cheamb. Lncyc. endure anything unpleasant; to forbear to resent or dam and sire jog off at a heavy trot to a place of safety. Bean'town, in ]Maryland, a post-office of Charles co. punish; to be indulgent to. 6. The Syrian Bear, Ursus Syriacus. The she-bears Bear, (br,) v. a. [A.S. beran, beeran; Goth. bairan; "Bear with me, then, if lawrful whet I ask." -Milton,. which came out of the woods, "and tare forty and two" Lat. feero; Gr. pheri, from the root ber; Sanskr. bhiri.] Bear, n. [A. S. bera; Ger. bdr; Du. beer.] A well-known of the sockers of Elisha (2 Kisgs ii. 24), are probably To carry; support; sustain; uphold; as, to bear a burden. quadruped, constituting the genus Us-sus, in the family the first bears on record. This species closely resembles And makes us rather bear those ills we have, Ue'sida. There are several species of bears. Of all the the Ursus arctos. Than fly to others that we know not of."e- Shaks. Carnivora they are the most omnivorous in their diet, (.A.st'on.) See URSA. -To convey; conduct; bring; carry; remove. some of them living almost entirely upon vegetable (eaut.) A square piece of wood, made heavy by pieces "My message to the ghost of Priam bear; food, and nearly all being capable of supporting them- of iron attached to it, for cleaning a ship's deck. —Ogilvie. Tell him a new Achilles sent thee there." - Dryies. selves upon it; even the miost carnivorous of them, (Coam.) A term used on the Stock Exchange, and ap-To carry as a mark of authority, distinction, or dignity. hoever, i seldo ttac man, unless provoked to do pied to one who having sold stock or scares which he 1-1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~le oonwhowee, waill seldo attock orn unesharoked whic do " And thus he bore without abuse so by aggression, or strongly incited by hunger; but does not possess, is anxious that such securities should The grand old name of gentleman." — Tennyson. when attced, they prove themelves very foridabe decline in vaclue, so that he may be enabled to buy at a wh~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ecln n attuced, sothahe my proe tenablves verby fta -To have or possess mentally; to carry in the mind; to opponents. They have six incisor and two canine teeth profit. The term is said to derive its origin from tie cherish; as love, hate. in each jaw, twelve meolars in the upper and fourteen story of the man who sold the bear-skin before he had " Darah, the eldest, bears a generous mind, in the lower jaw; pendactyle, or five-toed feet, armed killed the bear. - See BeARiSH; BUTL, &c. But to implacable revenge inclined." - Dryden. with strong claws, but which, not being retractile, are Bear, BIG BEAR, or BERE; n. [A. S. bere, barley.] A -To endure; suffer; undergo; tolerate; pernit without more calculated for digging and climbing, than foibr tear- species of barley distinguished by having six rows in resentment; as, to bears an affront. ing prey. For the mnost part, bears are unsocial animals, the ear; winter, or square barley.'But now I'll bear no more, nor here remain, frequenting the recesses of mountains and caverns, and Bear, or Bere Island, a rocky island off the W. If there be law or lawyers in all Spain." - Byron. the depths of the Ibrests. During the winter they lay coast of Ireland, co. Cork, 13 m. W. of Bantry, in Bantry -To be answerable or responsible; as, to bear the blame, up in caves and hollowv trees, passing that inclement Bcy. cost, &c. season almost without food, and in a comparatively dor- Bear, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Richland co. "0 more than madmen! you yourselves shall bear mant state. In Europe, Asia, and America, bears are Bear, Bere. [A. S. beer.] (Bot.) See ItoRDoEUM. The guilt of blood and sacrilegious war." - Dryden. pretty xwidely diffused, but in Africa they are more Bear'able, a. That can be borne or endured; tolerable. -To show or exhibit; to advance or bring forward; to re- rarely found. In the Alpine regions the bearisbrown; Bearably, adv. In a bearable manner. late; as, to bear evidence. in some other parts of Europe, black; and in some parts Bear'-baiting, n. The sport of baiting bears wvith -To maintain; to carry on, or keep up. of Norwvay it has been seen of a gray color, and even dogs. It was formerly so favorite an amusement in "Far as the breeze can oear, the billows feam, perfectly white. Bears are reported to be very fond of England, that Queen Elizabeth did not consider it unSurvey our empire, and behold our home." -- Byero. honey, in search of which they will climb trees, in order befitting her sex or rank to attend these rude entertain-To admit, or be capable of; to suffer or sustain without to get at the nests of wild bees; for, notwithstanding ments. violence or change. Ihis awkward form, the bear is an expert climber. In Bear'-berry, n. (Bet.) See ARnCsSTAPHYLOS. "To bear is to conquer our fate." - Campbell. Russia, the skins of bears are among the most useful as Bear' Branch, in Indiana, a post-office of Ohio co. -To behave; to conduct; to depot one's self; to act in well as comfoibrtable articles of winter apparel; and in Bear' Branch, in Norths Carolina, a post-office of -T~o behave; to conduct; to deport one's self; to act in ihonc. any character; as, he bears himself like a hero, many other northern countries they are made into beds, Richmond co. coverlets, caps, and gloves. Genierally, bear-skins are Bear Camp River, in _Aew Hanmpshire, rising in ASo get the start o the mastic orld, used for the shamnmer-cloths of cahriages, for pistol- the E. part of the State, and falling into Ossipee Lake. a-To supply xith; to afford; to attend. holsters, &c., and the leather prepared fiom them is used Bear'-cloth, BEARIN-CLOT, n. A cloth for covering a ispy faithf do salhoar ho c pnyd.for many purposes, as harness, &c., where strength is newr-born child, when taken to church for baptism. is fithful dog shall bear him company."- Pope. requisite. - The six principal species of the genus are: Bear' Creek, in Alabama, a streamn flovwing through -To produce or bring forth; to give birth to; as, to bear 1. The lrown Bear of Europe, the Urosus arctos, which Franklin co., and entering the Tennessee liver, near fruit, to bear children. belongs to cold regions, and lives on a veuriety of animal the N.W. linits of the State, between the Alabama and "The same AEneas, whom fair Venus bore and vegetable substances. In the autumn, xvlen tie Miesissippi border. To fmd Anchises on th' d hanimal is very fat and in full condition, he retires to Bear Creeek, in Georgia, a post-office of Henry co. To ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~nmli veary fat hand.i fullut. codion help retires asitaneo To beae a hand. (Naul.) To help; render assistance; go caves or holes in the rocks, where hle hybernates, coming Bear Creek, in illinois, a township of IHancock co.; to work; as, "Bear a haud there! " Tob bear of. To forth in ths spring, gaunt, lean, and almost reduced to pop. about 1,400. keep from reproach; to restrain. - (Naut.) To hold at a a skleleton. The brown bear is remarkable for its sa- -A township of Gallatin co. distance; to ikeep clsar from contact with anythinsg; as, gacity, and also for its ferocity, and becomes especially -A post-office of Greene co. to bear off a boat. — lb bear the bell. See BEARING THE sanguinary as it advances in age. 2. The White, or Bear Creek, in Indiana, a post-township of Jay co.; BELLt, and BELL. Polar Bear, f/sus marsititsns.u This species is only found pop. about 1,400. lb bear a body. (Painting.) A color is said to bear a in very high northern latitudes, along the borders of Bear Creek, in Iowa, Jaclkson co., empties into the body in painting, when it is capable of bein ground so the Arctic Ocea and uson's Bay, but does not x- Makoqueta River. fine, and mixing vith the oil so entirely, as to seem only ted either to Sibera, Kamtscstka, or the islands be- Bear Creek, in Kentucky. It rises in Grayson co., in a very thick oil of the same color. - Johnson. tween Asia and America. It is uniformly white, attains the W. central part of the State, and flowing S.W., enters fir bear~ down. To crushi down by force; to overthrow; To bear deowem. To crush down by force; to overthrow; fa great size, is very powerful, ferocious, and daring. It Greene River, in the E. of Butler co. to demolish; as, " borne down by the flying." -Sir W. is an excellent diver and swimmer, and as much at honme -A post-office of Cumberland co. Scott. in the water as on the ice or land. Though, like the Bear Creek, in Michigan, Lenawee co., embouching To bear hard; To importunate; to press or urge; as, family generally, capable of living on vegetable diet, it into Raisin River. "TThough he bear me hard." - Ben Jonsom. is, from geographical situation, the most exclusively -A townshlip of Emmet co.; pop. about 300. To beas out. To support, maintain, or defend to the last. carnivorous of all the bear tribe, and feeds on seals, the Bear Creek, in Missouri, a village of Cedar co. "I hope your warrant will bear out the deed." - Ssats. cubs of whales, neorse, and the carcasses of whales from Bear Creek, in Pennsylvania, in Armstrong co., To bear through. To conduct, or manage. which the whalers have cut out the blubber, and to where it joins the Alleghany River. " My hope is reach which they have been kinown to swvim more than 20 -A post-office of Luzerne co. So to bear through, and out, the consulship." - Ben Jonson. miles from shore. 3. The Black Bear of America, Ursus Bear Creek, in Tlennessee, a post-office of Roane co. To bear up. To keep from sinking, falling, or being dis- Aser-icanus. This species is distinguished by its color, Bear Creekl, in Wisconsint, a township of Sauk co.; heartened; to support. and a peculiar concave facial outline; he is found in pop. about 800.'But still bee eqp and steer mountains and forests, from the Isthmus of Panama to -A township of Pepin co., watered by Red Cedar River; Right onward." —;ifiltoi. the north of Canada, and subsists, in a great measure, on Pop. about 300. To bear date. To be dated, as a letter.-To bear a price. berries and vegetable substances, though it preys also -A post-township of Wampace co., 8 m. W. of Green To have a certain value or price. on small animals and insects, which it hunts for with Bay; op. about 300. Bear, v. i. To suffer, as with pain. (a.) great perseverance, turning over stones and trnk-s of Bear Creek, (Great,) in Upper Canada, ariver which' They bore as heroes, but they felt as men." — Pope. Irees in its search after this part of its diet. It is also flovs SW., amd enters Lake St. Chair on the N.W. Beard, (beerd,) n. [A.S. beard, from bear: Fr. barbe.] -To be patient; to endure. (a.) The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts "I canaot, cannot bear;'tis past,'tis done." -Drydes. of the face in men, and sometineo, though ra.rely, im -To be fruitful; to be productive; — opposed to barrenness. women. Its growth is the distinctive sign of manhood. "SMelons on teds of ice are taught t r, The fashion of the beard ias ved greatly at different And, strangers to the sun, yet ripen hero." -- Granville.'h faho'/~'~:: th ~.~ —_~~ _~ ~lid ~et t ifrn ~~~And, strangers to the sun, yet ripen here." - Granvile. atimes and in different countries. The earliest notice of -To press; used before on or upon. attention to its growth, is probably in Leviticus, where " These men bear hard on the suspected party, pursue her close ( —\ \the lawgiver of the Jews (ch. xix. 27) says, " thou shalt through. atl her windings." - Addison. \- not mar the corners of thy beard." The Hebrews re -To take effect; to succeed; as, "Hie should want to,, gareed a thin, scanty beard as a great detformity; while bring all our matters to bear." - Guaedien. b,'ealong, Pil, floving beard eas esteened the noblest or(Neat.) To be situated as to the point of the compas'T nament of personal beauty and digimity. A nean's sor evith regerd to another object; coo, the 1land bears VsW;J// was lodged, as it evere, iii his h~eard. To insult it by by S. I'~ - aj - woe-doe-act was the groosestindignily; to take it reopect-To refer to; to relate;n-with seith, upon, or against. fuhhy in the right iand and riios it, wee.a oode of ex"The sides bearing one against the othier." - Bishop Burnee. pressing high esteem and love permitted only to the -— To renderor rarry news or intelligence. (at.) mis"~' \~ nearest friends. To neglect, tear, or cut it, indicated To bear agains't. To advance forward or approach fore - ~~ ~.~ W ~ the deepest grief; wvile to be deprived of it was a attack. mark of servility and infamy. These facts explain "As a lion, bounding in his way, Fig. 327; — SIRIAN BEAR. many passages of Scripture; as the gross insult oniered W~ith force aug~osated he rs ugay~ic his pe-sy." - Ds-ydn. very fond of young corn, and, like all the tribe, pys- to David's ambn;ssadors, (2 Sam. x. 6-14;) the zealous (Nasot.) lb teasr ucp or away. To change the course of a sionately addicted to hocey, which it obtains by climb- indignation of Nehemisaha; the treachery of Joas, ansi, ship, in order to macale her run befbre the ainmd after sail- ing the trees and robbingg the hives of the wild bee. perhaps, of Judais, &c. Generally speakling, the growth itng for some time upon a side ovindd.- To bear in with The black bearnever attacks mane excexpt in self-defence. of the beacrd was cultivated among the nations of the BEAR BEAR BEAR 249 East, although it must be observed that most of the "No man so potent breathes upon the ground, in anything, or gains the prize in any contest, is said to Egyptian figures in the ancient paintings are without But I will beard him." —Shaks. bear away thie bell from the rest of the competitors. beards. The ancient Indian philosophers, called Gym- -To oppose or defy to the face; to set at open defiance. The phrase originated from a custom in vogue in the nosophists, were solicitous to have long beards, which "And dar'st thou then 17th century, of giving a little bell of gold or silver to were considered symbolical of wisdom. The Assyrians To beard the lion in his den, the winner of a horse-race. and Persians also prided themselves on the length of The Douglos iu his hall? "-Sir W. Scot. Bearish, (bdr'ish,) a. Partaking of the qualities of a their beards; and St. Chrysostom informs us that tile Beard'ed, a. Having a beard, as a man. bear; sulky in temper; boorish in manner. kings of Persia had their beards interwoven or matted "But woe awaits a country when (eom.) A term used on the Stock Exchange to express She sees the tears of bear'deel men."' —Sir IF. ~Scott. with gold thread. The figures on the Babylonian cylin- She sees the tears bearded m."-Sir. Sc. a nman's opinion that prices will fall. ders are usually represented with beards. Aaron Iill, -Barbate; having stiff hairs or awns, as a beard. Bear Island, on the S.W. coast of Ireland, at the in his Account of the Ottoman Empire, draws this dis- ". Flew o'er the field, nor hurt the bearded grain." —Dryden. entrance of Bantry Bay, sheltering the harbor of Bear. tinction between the Persians and the Turks: "The -Barbed or jagged. haven, considered the finest in Ireland. It is 6 m. long, Persians never shave the hair upon the upper lip, but "Thou should'st have pull'd the secret from my breast, by 1)/ broad. cult and trim the beard upon their chin, according to the Torn out the bearded steel to give me rest." - Drydes. Bear Islands, in the Northern Ocean, 315 m. S. of Caps various forms their several fancies lead them to make Bear'den, in Missouri, a village of Gentry co., 80 m. N. South, in Spitzbergen; Lat. 740 30' N.; Lon. 200 E. choice of; whereas, the Turks preserve with care a very by E. of Independence. Bear Islansds, three islands in James' Bay. Lon. 800 long and spreading beard, esteeming the deficiency of Beardl.-grass, rn. (Bet.) The Andropogon nutans, a 50'; Lat. between 540 24' and 540 46' N. that respected ornament a shameful mark of servile species of herb, genus Andreoeg n, q. v. Bear' Islands, a group in the N. Polar Sea, off the N.E. slavery." The slaves in the seraglio are shaved as a B[eard'less, a. Without a beard; not having arrived at coast of Siberia, between Lat. 700 and 700 30' N., and mark of servitude. Among the Greeks, and especially manhood. Lon. 1640 and 1680 E. among the Greek philosophers, this ornament was held (Bet.) Having no awn; as, beardless wheat. Bear Islands, the name of several small islands, in high estimation. Atheneus tells us that the Greeks Beard'lessness, n. State or quality of having no lying off the coast of Maine and N. Carolina. wore the beard until the time of Alexander the Great, beard. Bear Lake, in Michigan, a post-office of Manistee co. who ordered his Macedonian soldiery to shave it off, Beard's Bltiff, in Alabama, a village of Marshall co. ]Bear Lake, in Pennsylvania, a post-office ofWarren co. lest the growth of it might give a ready handle to their Beard's Creek, in Georgia, rising in Tatnall co., and Bear Lake (Great), in British N. America, between enemies in battle. Socrates and Plato were honored flowing S. through Liberty co. into the Altamaha River. Lat. 650 and 670 N., and Lon. 1170 and 1230 W. Its area with the distinction of "bearded master" by their pu- Bearer's Station, in Kentucky, a P.O. of Oldham co. is about 14,000 sq. mn., and it is 230 feet above the sea. pils; and the origin of the proverb, e/c pagon oi sophoi, Beardsa. owin, in illinois, a flomurishing post-town, and It is irregularly shaped, frozen over fromo December to (wvise men fi'om their beards,) arose from this class of cap. of Cass co., on the lilinois River, 50 m. W.N.W. of June, and discharges its waters into the Mackenzie, by wise men among tihe Greeks indulging always in this Springfield; pop. 4,776. Bear River. ornament. The Romans wore the B. until the 5th con- Beards'tows, in Tennessee, a post-village of Perry co., Bear Lake H]ills, in Michigan, a post-office of Van tury, A. U. c., when Publius Ticinus Menu brought over on Buffalo River, 98 m. S.W. of Nashville. Buren co. a colony of barbers fi'om Sicily to exercise their profes- Beard'-tongue, n. (Bet.) See PENsSTEMON. Bear'-like, a. Resembling a bear. - Shaks. sion on the Roman chins. Augustus, and the Roman Bearer, (ber'ir,) n. One whobears, sustains, carries, or Bear'mont, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Schuylkill co. emperors till tIadrian, shaved their B.; and Plutarch supports. Bear lM[ountain, in Pennsylvania, near the N.E. says that Hadrian allowed his to grow to hide the scars "Forgive the bearer of unhappy news."-Dryden. part of Dauphin co. Near it is the great Bear Valley on his face. All the imperial personages after Hadrian Specifically, a pll-barr; one who assists in supporting coal basin. The mountain stands 750 feet above Bear grew their B. It was custonmary, on the assumption of -pecifically, l-arer; on who assists in supporting Creek, which flows at its foot. the toga viirilis among the Roman youth, to consecrate a (coffin wAren brg carried to at grave. bo i an, (bei'arn,) an ancient province of France, conthe first-fruits of their beards to sone deity. Homer and (Arch.) A prop, or anything that supports a body in stituting the dep. of Basses Pyrenies, q. v. The capital th~~~~~~~~~~~~~aypae; aistfq f wall, potrs t, s t r u t, & cy. In guterlg, Virgil, Chrysippus and Pliny the younger, Plutarch any place as a wll, post, strut, &. In guttering, was Pa, the birthplace of Henry IV. B. was included bearers are short pieces of timber for supporting the and Strabo, Diodorus and Juvenal, Perseus and Pru- bare in the country of the Aquitani, according to the threedentius, all celebrate this ornament on the ces of (Law.) One o presents a check, draft, or other order fold division of Gaul laid down by Julius Coesar in the persons distinguished for the length or whiteness of for the payement of noney. - If a bill or note be made beginning of his bommentaries. It was subjugated by their beards. The most curious story of Iong B. is payable to bearer, it will pas by deliver only, -without the Romang, and upon the downfll of their empire the Roman~, and upon thse downfall of theeir empire that of a Middle-Age personage-John Mayo, the indorsement; and whoever fairly acquires a right to it came into the hands of the Goths, from whom it was thatof MidleAgeperonag -Jhn ayothe payble o bare, i wil pss b deivey olywitout came into the hands of the Gothes, from whom it w-as bearded by pre-eminence, who was an exceedingly ment; an woe air ac r ag toi wrested by the Franks under Clovis. It was, however, tall man, and nevertheless, when he untied his beard, y rintai an action against the drer or acceptor. subsequently lost by the Franks, but caime again into it flowed down upon the ground; and the Emperor (Hot.) A tree or plant yielding produce. their possession in the time of Charlemagne. In 820, Charles V. is said to have been greatly amused by the "Re-pruneapriaots,....fortheyoung baromles Louis le Debonnaire, son of Charlenegn e, conferred the wind making it fly in the faces of the lords of his court.Evln viecutof16rolthsnofheDkofGcny wind making it fly in the faces of the lords of his court.'"sRe-prune epricots,....for the young bearers commonly perish." Evelyn. vice-county of Biarn on the son of the Duke of Gascony, The Lombards (or Longbeardls), the early French, the and it continued in the possession of his ttmily till ancient Britons, tuod the Anglo-Saxons after they con- Beer'field, in Ohio, a township of Perry co.; pop. about 1134. By failure of the male line of his posterity it quered Britain, all nourished the growth of their B.s 1,250. passed into other families, as those of the Viscounts of with peculiar care. The English clergy, by-and-by, (see Bear'-fly, n. (Zoh'l.) An insect. - Bacon. Gaveret, the Monfades, who were among the chief Knight's Historyy of Englancld, vol. i. pp. 136 and 165,) Bear Gap, in _Pennsylvania, a post-office of Northum- nobles of Catalonia, and the Counts of Poix. Tlhese last probably in imitation of those of Western Europe, be- berland co. acquired possession of the district of Bigorre, and intergan to shave the B., and until the time of William the Bear'-gardea, n. A place in which bears were for- married with the royal family of Navarre. By this inNorman, the whole of whose army shaved the beard, merly kept for the sport of baiting.-A name snoetimes termarriage the kingdom of Navarre, the principality there prevailed a bearded class and a shaven chtss, in givemn, in modern parlance, to a rude, noisy, turbulent of B., and the counties of Foix and Bigorre, came into short, a laity and a clergy in England. When Duke Wil- assenbly. (f.) the hands of one possessor. On the failure of heirs nmale liam conquered England, hle insisted rigorously upon car- Bear Grove, in Iowa, a post-office of Guthrie co. they were conveyed by marriage into the family of rying out the Normnan custom of shaving; and he thus Bear'herd, n. A person who tends bears. D'Albret, and augmented by the inheritance of that constrained many of the high-spirited Britons rather to "I wil even take sixpence in earnest of the bearserd, and family. Of this family sprang Henry IV., who inherited abandon their country than their whiskers. But by- lead his pe into hell-Sa the country of B. and Lower Navarre, and, as it seems, and-by they got the advantage of their ruthless con- Bearing, (bair'ing,) n. Supporting; carrying; sustain- of oixwitl the tite of King of varre; but the 9 n ~~~~~~~~~~of Foix, with the title of King of Navarre; but the querors; and the higher classes indulged in the mnous- ing. Specifically, the manner in which one conducts country of Upper Navarre, south of the Pyrenees, had tache, or the entire B., from the reign of Edward III. one's self; deportment; mien; gesture; behavior. been wrested from his great-grandfather by the ambidown to the 17th century. The 1B. now gradually de- " That is Claudio; I know him by his bear'ing."-Shaks. tion of Ferdinand V., Ring of Aragor. Om the accesclined, and the court of Charles I. was the last in which -Act of giving birth; producing fruit; as, a tree in full sion of Henry to the throne of France, B. was united even a small one was cherishled, After the restoration bearing. with France, snd has continued to be so united ever of Charles II., mustachios or whiskers continued, but -Relation, tendency, influence; used with respect to the since. It was one of the provinces which enjoyed the the rest of the fiace was shaved; and in a short time the situation of an object or anything having connection privilege of a local House of Assembly of the nobility, process of shaving the entire fice became universal. with it, or to be influenced by it. clergy, and commons. The B. went out of fashion in France in the reign of "The bearings of this observation lays in the application on Bea'1n, Cape, a promontory in the dep. Pyriniee Louis XIII., and in Spain when Philip V. ascended the it." —Dickens. Orientales, France; Lat. 420 31V N.; Lon. 30 7' 30" E. throne. In Russia, this fashion continued till the time (Arch.) The arch or span of a beam, rafter, or other Height of lighthouse, 751 feet above thIe level of the sea. of Peter the Great, who compelled the nobility to part piece of timber, or the unsupported distance between its Bear River, in California, rises in the N. of the State, with these ornaments, sometimes by laying a heavy points of support. - Gwilt. on the Sierra Nevada, and empties itself into Feather tax upon them, and at others by ordering those he found (Her.) See ARzAORIAL BE]ARINGS. River, 31 m. below lMMarysville. with beards to have them pulled up by the roots, or (Mlar.) An arch in the sky intercepted between the Bear River, in Michigan, a post-office of Emmett co. shaved with a blunt razor, which drew the skin after it, nearest meridian and any distant object, either discovered Bear, or Utah River, a stream in Utah Territory, and by these means scarce a beard was left in the king- by the eye and referred to a point on the compass, or which rises near Lat. 410 N., Lon. 1110 W., and flowing dom at his death; but such a veneration had this resulting from sinical proportion. It is also used to mark N.N.W. and S.W., falls into the Great Salt Lake, after a people for these ensigns of gravity, that many of them the situation of any distant object in connection with a course of about 400 m. casreully preserved their beards in their cabinets, to be ship's position. Sailors often take thle bearings of another ] Bears'-breech, n. A vulgar name, sometimes used buried with them, imagining, perhaps, that they should ship, or some object on shore, to save themselves the in books on architecture, for plants of the genus Acanmake but an odd figure in the grave with their naked trouble of referring to the compass. t1us, q. V. chins. At the present time, the Jews, and the Arabs, (Mach.) That part of a shaft or axle which is in con- Bear"'s-ear, n. (Bat.) See AUamRUA. constant to their ancient customs, continue to let the en- tact with the supports. Bear's-ear san'iele, n. (Bet.) See CoRTITsA. tire B. grow,when mourning, for at period of 30 days. "By (Hart.) The act of producing fruit. Bear's-foot, n. (Bet.) A feetid variety of the hellethe B. of Aaron," or "By the B. of the Prophet," is Bear'ing-eloth, n: See BEAR-CLoTo. bore, and, like all the members of that faimily, an acrid looked on as the most solemn oath of a Jew or Moham- Bear'ing-.notes, n. pil. (rlus.) In the tuning of vegetable poison. - See HILLEBORE. medan. Among almost all civilized nations, the ten- keyed instruments, harps, &c., bearing-notes signify Bear's-grease, n. The grease or oil of the bear. It dency is to let the B. grow, though in a way suggested those notes between which the most erroneous or highly- was long supposed that the fat of the Polar bear was by the taste of the individual. tempered fifth is situated, on which, also, the wolf is singularly efficacious in promoting the growth of the (Zeal.) The gills of oysters and other bivalve mol- said to be thrown. Many tuners begiel at C and tune human hIair. But now it is known that the vegetable luscs. upwards, through thee progression of fifths, C, G, D, A, oils are far supemior to the animal oils, for encouraging (-Bot.) Prickles or bristles growing on a plant; as the E, B, Gb, Db, and Ab, and then stop, and again at C, the the growth of, and strengthening the hair. See BALD-. awn of a grain, octave above the former note, snd tune doowmwards NESS. (Farriery.) The part of aI horse, underneath the lower through the fifths F, Bb, and Eb, and thecs the mesulting Bear'-skin, n. The skin or fierry covering of a bear. - jaw and above the chin, against which the curb of a fifth Ab Rb produces bearing-notes, owing to eacch fifth A thick woollen cloth for overcoats. bridle bears. having been made more or less flat thean the systemn of (Mi/.) Tlhe names commonly given to the shakos or (Astron.) Applied to the rays emitted by a cometin the twelve notes will bear, the least sum of all thieir errors head-coverings (neade of beasr-skin), worc by the Footdirection in which it moves, in distinction from the tail, or temperaments being the diaschsmsa. Sonse tuners Guards of the Household Brigade of the British armny; or rays from behincd. - Fr'ancis. are in the habit of throwing thleir wolf itoes the fifth also worn by the Grenadier regiments of tie French and (Archery.) The barb of an arrow. Ab, bb, and others into that of Ib, Gb; wlhiche last, as otheer Europeaen troops. (Printing.) That part of a type which is between the hoeing nearest to the middle of the whole preogressiomn of Bea~rs'vihe, in New Yor'/k, a poat-soffice of Ulster co. shoulder of the shank ased the face. - Brancte. fifthes, seems its sost appropriate place, foir general use. 3iBeas'vihle, in Ohio, a village of Monroe co.; pop. Beard, v. a. To take oc' pull by the tesard; to seize or Bear'ing tlhe Belll, a phsrase conveyiceg the idea of sbout 1,200. pluck the beard, in contempt or aenger. excelling in aesy art or pursuit. lie that Itakes the lead Beartown, in PennsyElvania, a P. O. of Lancaster so. VOL. I.- 32 250 BEAT BEAT BEAT ]Bear Valley, in California, a post-village of Manri- -To move in a pulsatory manner; to throb. nity. Applications for the honor of beatification are genposa co., about 10 m. from Mariposa. There are in the "But on and up, where nature's heart erally made by the friends or relations of the deceased, or county several rich gold-mines, and in the town some Beats strongamid the hills." -Monckton.lfitnes. by the brethren of the religious order of which he was a quartz mills. Pop. about 550. -To dash, or come at with violence. member; evidence of Iis conduct atd merits io collected, I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ember; u'levJ n idzenoc, aP.O of T~lbLhis co. nduc and mef~e acnri~tsis~ o co~~litls pecat~ed, Be'ar Valley, in Minnesota, a P. 0. of Wabashaw co. "As they are more or less able to resist the impressions of the ad laid before a congregtio of crdinls and prelates; Bear Valley, in Pennsylvania, see BEAR MOUNTAIN. water that beats against them." - Addison. and counsel is employed by the atpplicants, while another Bear VallBey, in Wiscoensin, a P. 0. of Richland co. - ait fc t bsn tto r dutcounsel opposes the petition and endeavors to find flaws Bear Wallow, in Neot/h Caria, a post-office of -T p fltuate; be in agitation o doubt in the evidence. This latter office is perforaned by a Henderson co. "And hear the heart beat with the lose it granted." - Byron. legal officer of the Roman See, who has been nicknamed Bear'.ward, n. A keeper of bears. (Naut.) See BEATING..Advocatus Diaboii, "the devil's advocate," as he per"The bear-woard leads but one brute." - L'a'strange. (Sport.) To run one way and then another, wlen forms what is cossidered an ungracious part, by opposBeas, (be-as,) the anc. Hlphasis, one of the great rivers hunting a stag. ing the admission of a candidate into the category of of the Punjab, rising near ths Ritanika Pass, in the Hima- To beat about. To search in various ways; to try to find. thle saints. layas, 13,200 feet above the sea, and joining the Sutlej To find an honest man, I beat about." - Pope. B]eatify, (bj-at'i-fl,) v. a. [Lat. beatu.c, and facio.] To at Endressa, 30 m. firom Umritsir; Lat. 320 34' N.; Lon. To beat up fo. To o about to enlist soldiers for t ke appy; to bless witl celesticl ecjoynrents. (Thceot.) In tlce Ronman Catholic Chcurchc. to declare by 77~ 12t E. army; as, to beat up for recruits. - o beat upoz. To re- (Theol.) In the Roman Catholic ChurchT to declare by 7701E.army; w, ts beat ~up fo~ rocrnits. — [lb beat upc. To re- a public act, that a person is blessed, but not canonized, Beas'ley's Fork, in Ohio, a post-office of Adams co. iterate; to enforce by repetition. after death. Beast, (b5st,) n. [O. Fr. beste; Frt. bite; Ir. biast; Du. Beat, n. A stroke; a striking; a blow; as, "He, with a ng, n t of triing, giving, or laing on rebeest; Lat. bestia, probably from Gael. bee, living; W. careless beat." Dryden. —A pulsation; a succession of t s ctstikn gvn oraion byw.] Any four-footed animal useful for labor, sport, strokes. peated blows; chastisemnt by blos; corrction. or food. Any irrational animal as opposed to man.':And oh that quening of th hart, that boat - Byo Playwright, convict of public wrongs to men, or F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ates private htalings, and htgins again." — Boil.Jonson. "He is like the beasts that perish." - Ps. xlix. 12. 20. Takes private beatings, and begins again. - Bcn onson. — A round or course frequently perambulated and trod- -Pulsation or throbbing with regularity. -Figuratively, a man debased by sensual indulgence, ap- den; as, a policeman's beat. petites, &c. -A place of hit resort. ".... and the fever o the world "Modea's charms were there, Circean feasts, plc.) [Fr. battent.] A transient grace or ornament ave hung upon the beatcings of my heart." - Wordsworth. With howls that tarn'd cuamourdc youths to beasts " —Drydeea Aa. F.bteen. mith bos that turn'd enamour'd youths to beasts W-Drydeg. in the performance of a note, denoting that a kind of (Araut.) In navigation, the manceuvre of sailing against (Games.) A game at cards resembling Ioo. — Wr'zght.! shake is to be made by beginning with the half-tone be- the wind by tacking, or makting tacks, in a zigzag clirecBeastin gs, n. pl. See BEgETINoS. C Beastilgs, a. Debased; brutal; resembling. low the given note, and quickly repeating the given tion; as, beating up a river. ~east'lk, a. Like a beast: brutal.note and that: on the contrary, the shake-mark tr is (Afus.) See BEATINGS. -- Beating time, that motion of Beeast'like, a. Like a beast; brutal. effected by beginning on the note above the given one the hand or foot used by performers themselves, or some f3Beast'lint ess, n. State or quality of being beastly, (whether a half or whole tone distant), and repeating person presiding over the concert, to specify, mark, and brutality; coarseness; filthiness; obscenity. the given note and it alternately. The turn differs from regulate the measure of the movements. If the time be "'That thoir own mother loathed their beasrtifess."- Speiser. both these in using the notes above and below the given common or equal, the beating is also equal; as, down, Beast'ly, a. Having the nature or form of a beast or one. When, therefore, a whole tone lies below any note left, up, right, or one down and one up; if the ticte be beasts. marked for a beat, an accidental sharp is supposed to be triple or unequal, the beiating is also unequal; as, down, "Beastly divinities, and droves of gods." - Prior. on the lower note, except that A is seldom thus left, up, &c. -Filthy; bestial; obscene; brutish; against the nature sharpened in a beat. The beat is therefore the reverse Beat$/i'g s, or Besats. n. pl. (laus.) This namne, always and attributes of man. of the shake (but without the turn), and is generally at used in this sense in the plural, expresses the pulsations, Beat, (bit,) v. a. (Imp. BEAT; p.p. BEAT, BSETEN.) [Fr. the distance of a semitone below; and all the notes, ex- throbbings, or beatings, resulting from the joint vibrabattre, to strike, to beat, from the root bat, probably cepting C and F, require the note below to be sharpened tion of two sounds of the same strength and nearly tihe formed from the sound; A. S. beatan.] To strike with for the beat. The seat upon B natural, however, is same pitch; that is, of two sounds differing but little, if repeated blows. seldom with A sharp, on account of the great harshness at all, in intensity, and which are alhnost, but not ox"Some have been beaten till they know arising from the vicinity of the semi-tone B C. In some actly, in unison. When two organ-pipes, or two strings What wood a cudgel's of by t'blow." - udibras. cases of regular accent it is recommended not to make sounded together, are nearly, but not exactly, of the -To bruise, break, or pound; to pulverize or comrnminute; the beat with the semi-tone, unless particularly so same pitch, i. e., are not in perfect tune, they produce as, to beat hemp. - To hammer out, to forge, to extend markled. throbbings that may be compared to the rapid beating or enlarge in surface by beating. Beat qf Drum. See Dnts. of the pulse; and to these, Sauveur, the discoverer of the "1Nestor furnished the gold, and he beat it into leaves."- Broome. Heat, a. A vulgarisnm, expressing the sense of being phenomenon, applied the term battements, or B., which -To range over ground, or scour in pursuit of game; as, utterly fatigued; tired; overspent with exertion; as, has since been adopted by all writers on the subject. Dr. ~~to beat the stubble. ~~"he is dead beat." Smith has, in his Harsonoics, entered fully into the sub-,,Togte b e ueat theistubble. f i l "Together let us boat this ample Cield, Beat, Beaten, a. Made smooth by hammering or ject ofB., and foundled thereon his well-known systemn of Try what the open, what the covert yield." - Pope. pressing; worn by continued use. tesperament. In his ninth proposition he says, tlhat "if -To tread; to make a path by marking it withl feet-tracks. "What makes you, sir, uo late abroad a consonance of tvo sounds be uniform without any B. "While I this unexampled task essa Without a guide, and this no beaten road?" - Dryden. or undulations, the times of the single vibrations of its While I this unexampled task essay,1Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way." - Blackmoreo. -Become trite or coummon by repetition or frequent use; sounds have a perfect ratio; but if it beats or undulates, — To thresh; to loosen from the husk by repeated blows. asb a beaten idea. the ratio of the vibration differs a little from a perfect -To thresh; to loosen fromatheohuskobyarepeated blows.ktis, a beaten idea. "She gleaned in the field, and boat out that she had gleaned." Beater, n. One who beatsorstikes. ratio, more or less, ccodi as the bets re quicker or suth ii. 17, -An implement in plastering, used by laborers for slower." His experiment in demonstration of tcis is To beat ot: To drive back; to repel. — To beat out of tempering or incorporatting the lime, sand, and hair to- practical, easy, acd satisfactory. "Change," says Dr. a thing. To give it up; to relinquish anything. gether, when nkig mortar. Sith, "te first strig of violocelo for aother bo as thick as the second. Then screw up the first string, "He cannot bet it out of his head, but that it was a ardinal Beatific, Beatifieal, (bi-a-tif'ik,) a. [Fr. biatifique; a thic as the second Te screw up te first strig, who picked his pocket." - Addison. Lat. beatus, happy r bles, nd ci, to mke Tat and, while it approaches gradually to a unison with the who picked his pocket."- Addison.Lat. beatus, happy or blessed, and./bcio, to make.] That To beat the dust. (Mlanege.) To take in too little ground has the power to make lappy or blessed, second, the two sounds will be heard to beat very quick at first, then slower and slower, till at last they make a with his fore-legs, as a horse. To perform his curvets "Than aught divine or holy else enjoy'd uniforc consotstce without any B. or undulttioics. At too precipitately or too low. Webster. - To beat up. In vision bealtiftc." — Bfilo. this j cture, eiter of e strings sruck lone, by the this juncture, either of the strings sitruckr alone, by the To attaclk suddenly; to mcke an irruption upoc a place; B]eatifically, (bf-a-tif'ik-al-li,) adv. In such a man- bow or finger, will excite large and regular vibrations in to alarm, disturb. ner as to perfect happiness. thle other, plainly visible; which show that the tinces of ".Without making the leastimpression upon the enemyby beat- ]Beatiflllcatioa, (bi-a-tif'i-k'shon,) n. A makinghtppy their single vibration are eqeal." For the vibratitg ing up his quarters." — Lord Clarendon. i7 u~p his qua~rters."- Lord Ctsdon. or blessed; act of beatifying; as, "The beatificatieon of inotion of a musical string puts other strings in motion, To beat the wing. To move with a fluttering motion. his spirit." - Bishlop [7hylor. whose tension and quantity of matter dispose their viTo beat lise. (Mus.) To regulate time iln music by the (Theol.) An act by which the Pope permits a Servus brations to keep time with the pulses of air propagated motion of the hand or foot. To strike, brush, or dash Dei, i. e., an individual who died in good repute as a vir- firom tihe string that is struck; a phenomenon explained against or on, as wind or water. tuous and holy man, to be worshipped, and his image to by Galileo, who observes, that a heavy pendulum may "With tempests beal, and to the winds a scorn." Iord Roscommon. be placed on thle altar within the limits of some diocese, be put in motion by the least breath of the mouth, pro-To svercome; to subdus; to defeat, as in a contest' to province, or town, or within the houses of the religious vided tihe puffs be often repeated, and Ikeep time exactly va~nq~uish; to conq~uer. order to which the deceased belonged; defining at the with the vibrations of the pendulum, "Alter the tenuse that; u beten may be said c rsame time the peculiar mode of worship allowed, by sion," continues Dr. Smith, in pursuing his experiment, To lie in honour's trucklebed." — udibras. prayers, masses, &c., until Ithe time when he may be duly " of either string a very little, and the sounds of the two — To harass in oeor tor es, o rpee. canonized as a saint, The distinction betw-een beatificat- will beat again. But now the motioni of one string -To harass; to over-labor; to depress, or perplex. tion and canonization is this: the first is a mere per- struck alone makes the other only start, exciting no "So W~hackum beat his dirty brains Ts Wha hsum beat bis dirtyfame and gains. udibras. ission to honor and wvorship in some particular district, regular vibrations in it; a plain proof that the vibrations ancd the object of this veneration is styled Beatus; can- of the strings are not isochronous. Ancid while the (Mil.) To beat an alarm. To give notice of sudden oniozation is an injunction to venerate the object of it as sounds of both are drawn out with an even bow, not danger by beat of drumn. — To beat the general. See o danger by bet of drul.- o beat tae general. See saint, Sanctus, acknowledged by the whole Church. only an audible but a visible beating and irregularity is G-'NERAL.-TO beat to arnis. To bring soldiers togetlher, Originally, it was the bishop of the diocese who allowed observable in the vibrations, though in the former case when dispersed, by beat of drum. — For other applica- the veneration or worship of deceased individuals whom the vibrations were ficee and unifomn. Now measure the lions of this verb to military drums, see ASSEMBLYv; CALL; Ihe deemed worthy of it, and when the worship extended length of either string between the mint and bridge, and CHuAIADE; CHARGE; GENERAL; LONG-ROLL; MARCH; PAR- to other dioceses, and by degrees to the Church in gen- when the strings are perfect unisons, mark, at a distance LEY; IkETREAT; REVEILcE; ROGUEa's MARccu;'TATToo; eral, " with the consent, tacit or expressed, of the supreime of one-third of that length from the nut, one string with TROOP, &c. - To beat back. To drive by violence; to cot- pontiff," then the worship, which was before that of sins- a speck of ink. Then place the edge of the nail oil tihe pel to retire. pie beatification, acquired the character of canonization. specik, or very near it, and press tihe string, when, oni Twice have I sallied, and was twice beat back." — Dryden. But when, in after-times, the question both of beatifica- sotnding the renaining tvo-thirds with the other stritg To be beat out. To be exhausted by labor or fatigue.- tion and canonization w'as referred to the Roman See, open, a uniform consonance of fifths will be heard, tihe To beat down. To brealk or batter down: to destroy, as the pontiffs, in granting the first, always made the dis- single vibrations of which have the perfect ratio of 3 to a wall. To press doown or flatten, as standing corn by tinction: "dumnmodo propter pr,-emissa canonizatls, ant 2. But on moving the tnail a little downwards or utbad weather. To depress; to crush by repeated opposi- ccnonizata, non censeatur." (Benedicti XIV., Opera, wards, that ratio will ie increased or diminished; and in tion. vol. i. de Sb'es'oruetm Dei Beato~ficati'moe.) In the saume both cases the imipecrfect fifths will beat quicker or "Our warriors propagating the French language, at the same chatpter, Benecdict XIV. determines the regulations as to slower, accordingly as that perfect ratio is more or less time they are beating down their power." - A ddison. the proceedicgs, evidence, &c., to be gone through pre- altered. - The B. furnish a very accurate mode of deter-To sink or lessen in vaelue or price. vioeus to granting the writ of beatification. It may be mining the proportional irequency of vibrations, when " Beats doue the price. and threatens still to buy." — Drydo - granted to two classes of individuals, martyrs and con- the absolute frequency of one of tIlem is known; or the fessors. After beatification hlas been obtaeined, a new absolute fi'equency of both, when their proportion is To beat into. To teach by repeated instruction; to in- suit and firesh evidence of sanctity are required in order kunowcn; for the B. are usually slow enough to be reckstil; as, to beat into his Icead. -- To beat Ihe hoof. To to obtain the canonization of the same individual, and onted, although the vibrations themselves can never be walk on foot; to pedcstrianize. Vuilgarly, to pad /he a particular office is set apart for him. The ceremony of distinguished. Thus, if one sound consists of 100 vibrahco'qf. casnonization is very expensive, and thierefoie is not per- tious icc a second, and produces with another acuter — v. i. To knock, or strike repeatedly. icibnted vsery frequently. It is only sihnce the pontificate of sound La single beat icc esery second, it is obvious that "' And pulpit, drum ecclesiastick, Alexander VII. that tile ceremony of beatification has the second sound must consist of' 10t vibrations ic a secWas beat with fist instead of a stick." - HBcdibras. been performed in St. Peter's church, with gr'eat soleni- end. - Icc tuning unisons, as in the case of two or more BEAU BEAU BEAU 251 pipes, or strings, the operator is guided by B. Till the B eaun'fort, an inland district of the W. division of the some trade in wine. Iop. 2,618.-B. is the name of 24 unison is perfect, more or less of beating will be heard, Cape Colony, S. Africa; area about 13,000 sq. m. It is other small towns in France. as the sounds more or less approach each other. "When chiefly used for pasturage. Pop. 7,826. Its capital, of Beaullielu, S~1BASTIEN DE PONTAULT DE, a celebrated the unison is complete," observes Sir John Herschel, the same name, is onl the Gamka, 363 m. E. of Cape French military engineer, and marshal of France under " no B. are heard; when very defective, the B. have the Town. Louis XIV.; was the author of Views and.Plans of the effect of a rattle of a very unpleasant kind. The com- Beeuls'fort, in Missouri, a post-village of Franklin co., Battles and Sieges of Louis XV. ID. 1674. plete absence of B. affords the best means of attaining about 56 mu. W.S.W. of St. Louis. Beaulniel, JEAN PIERRE, BARON BE, an Austrian genby trial a perfect harmony. B. will also be heard when Beauifost, in North Carolina, an E. county, bordering eral, B. 1725. I-Ie was actively engaged as an artillery other concords, as fifths, are imperfectly adjusted. (Her- on Pamrlico Sound, at the entrance to Pamlico river, officer during the Seven Years' war, and in 1792 comschet o0 SOUND.) which divides it. SurLface, level; soil, poor and sandy. manded the Austrians against the forces whom tilhe Beatitudle, (b-at'i-t~td,) s. [Fr. biatitude; Lat. beati- Cap. Washington. Pop. about 15,500. French republic sent imto the Netherlands, and gaine tudo, firom beatus, from bes, to bless, to malke happy.] -A port of entry and cap. of Carteret co., at the entrance several victories over them. In 1796 ihe was commanderBlessedness; felicity; happiness of heaven. of Newport River, and near the sea, 168 m. E.S.E. of in-chiefin Italy, and his army was routed in several "IThe end of... all men's aim, is beatitude." -Ks~eneh Digby. Raleigh, and 11 N.W. of Cape Lookout. fTrade. Impor- conflicts with General Bonaparte, whose famne was then taut in turpentine, resin, &c. Fort Macon debfends the beginning to dawn. D. 1820. -A declaration of heavenly blessdness ade by Christ in harbor, and a light-house is erected on Cape Lookout. Beaumarcehais, PIERRE AUGUSTIN, BARON DE, (bdthe Sermon on the Mount. Pop. about 1,800. mar'shay,) B. at Paris in 1732. IIe was a man of sjngn(Theol.) In the Roman Catholic Church, beatification. Beatifort, in South Carolina, a S. district of that State, lar versatility of talent, being by turns politician, artist, Beatl'on, D.avID, Cardinal Archbishop of St. Andrew's, B. bordering on the Atlanmtic, and on the savasnahl River, dramatist, and merchant. - His father was a watch1494. HIe became Abbot of Arbroath in 1525, Lord Privy which separates it from Georgia. Area, 1,540 sq. mi. It maker, and brought up his son to the same profession, Seal 3 years later, was sent on several missions to France, is bounded on the N.E. by the Combahee River, and in- in which young Beauimarchais showed considerable skiill. received a Cardinal's hat in 1538, and in the following tersected by the Coosawliatchie, Broad, and Coosaw I-e was also remarkably fond of music, and attained year became primate. On the death of James V., he, by rivers, which empty into the sea by two main channels. great proficiency in playing on the harp and the guitar. craft and determination, secured to himself the chief Soil, sandy and rmarshy. Susface, generally leveS Piod. B. played before the daughters of Louis XV., who, power in church and state, being named Lord High Rice, cotton. Indian corn, &c. Pop. about 42,000. being pleased with his musical skill, admitted him to Chancellor of Scotland, and papal Legate. Ile opposed -A delightfuil city and port of entry of the above district, their concerts, and afterwards to their parties. He an alliance with En-land, and especially distinguished an alliance with England, and especialy istinuished situated on a small inlet, called Port Royal River, about now appeared at Versailles in a rich court-dress, which himself as a persecutor of the reformers. The trial and 50 mn. from Charleston and 16 from the sea. It possesses offended a haughty nobleman, who, meeting himn one day buruing of George Wisoiaurt for heresy took place under a good harbor, std vessels drawing 16 ft. of water can in one of the galleries, asked him abruptly to look at a his direction, and, a short tisme afterwards, B. was assas- safely cross the bar. B. is the summer residence of tie valuable watch that he wore, which was out of order. sinated at St. Andrew's, in May, 1546. With lis death, more aristocratic portion of S. Carolina society. —On Nov. B. excused hinmselfl by saying that his hand was very church tyranny cane to aim end in Scotland. 9, 1861, it was entered, and its arms and munitions of war unsteady; the other insisting, B. took the watch and Beat'riee, n. See DANTE. seized by General Sherman, without the least resistance, dropped it on the floor, simply observing, "I told you Beat'riee, in Nebraska, a post-office of Gago co. there being on that day but one white man in town. so." Notwithstanding this event, he continued to enjoy Beat'tie, Jkmzs, anit Esglish poet, is 1735. Ile was pro- Beaufot$ Bay, in Alaska, on the Arctic Ocean; Lat. the patronage of the court, which gave him the opporfesoor of moral philosophy in the university of Aberdeem. 700 N.; Lon. 1420 W. tunity of becoming connected with some of the Fermiers In 1771 he visited London, where he became on terms Beaugeaney, a town of Prance, dep. Loiret, on the Giniraux and great contractors. It was his ill forof friendship with Johnson and Reynolds. His principa of friendship with Johnsond nolds. i pricial Loire, 1 m. S.W. of Orleans, on the railway from Paris tune to be involved in several law-suits, some of which worlcs are,'P/e Minsislei, and time Essay ore Trurth. ID. 10d. Oi~l works are, T stel, and the Essay on D. 1803. to Tours. This is a very aincient town, and occupies a made great noise in the world, and gained considerable I~e,-~~qtlses Foa.(], in.No~'th Carolina, a post-office of orit cneuc f h mis padg f nBeattie's i/ort, in North Gerolina, a post-office of conspicuous place in the history, and civil, foreign, and notoriety il consequence of the memoirs or pleadings of Lincoln co. religious wars of France. It fell successively into the the case, which B. wrote and published. These pleadBeat'tie's Prailrie, in Missouri, a vill. of Benton co. hands of the Ruins, Saxons, Normans, and English; but ings, which show considerable skill and oratorical power, Befat'tyvilie, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Owsley co. it suffered most during the religious wars of the 16th are inserted in the collection of his works. But Ihis faume Beatlyestovwn, in.Lew Jersey, a village of Warren co., B5neat'yestoiam, in ITret wn Je-sey, avillagef Warren Co., century. clanf. Cloth, wool, &c. Pop. 5,557. as a writer rests on his plays, and chiefly on the two, 41 no. from Trer ettomo Vigna o ainc.Beanuishartnais, (bo-h/r-'nai,) the name of a noble Le Barbie de Seville, and Le 3Mariage de Figaro, which Beaty's tlilnl.s, in We-st Virginia, a P O. of Momaion co. French family, of which the following are historical per- are generally too well known, both as plays and Beast, (be,) n.; p1. Bea x, (bOa.) [Pr.; fron Lot. belt d ss, sonages:- as operas, to require any particular notice here. Thos fair, beautrifl, hamndsome.] One uwho is fond of fine dress; B., ALEXANDRE, VICOsITE DE. B. at Martinique, 1760. character of'"Figaro" was a happy invention, and the a fine, gay man; a fop; a gallant; a lover. a fine, gy n; a fop; a gallant; a over. Ie served under Rochambeau in the war of American other principal characters, in both plays, are drawn with "Where none admire,'tis useless to excel, Independence. On his afterwards taking up his resi- great skill. The Mlariage de Figaro alone produced to Where none are beax.'tie vain to he a helle." - Lyttelton. dence in France, he was elected a deputy to the States B. 80,000 franc. Ite wrote a third play, Le _/ise Cou-This term is specially applied to one who pays too much General, where hlie espoused the democratic or liberal pable, which may be considered as a sequel to the other attention to his dress and personal appearance; satiri- party, became president of the National Assembly, and two, but is inferior to them in umanyrespects, and obcally hie has been described as being "1a woman in every- played a conspicuous part in the Revolution. B. served jectionable in a moral point of view. Ie also wrote thing but the sex, -a man in nothing except the sex." with distinction in the French army, but became ulti- -Esgenie, and Les Deux Asais. The subject of tihe first Beaucaire, (bo'lcair,) a town of Prance, fdep. Gard, cap. mately a victim to. tile revolutionary tribunal just pre- is taken from an adventure which occurred to his own of a cant., on the right bank of the Rhone, opposite to vious to the fill of Robespierre, in 1794. His widow, sister, and which he relates in his memoirs. Githe has Tarascon, 14 m. E. of Nimes. Lat. 430 48' 32" N.; Lon. Josephine Tascher de la Pageaie, became the first wife treated the same sublject in his dranama of Clavigo. At 40 38' 50"' E. Its chief consequence and celebrity is de- of Napoleon I. - See JOSEPRINE, (EMPrEnSS.) the beginning of the American War of Independence, rived firom its fair, which commences on the 22d, and B., FRAN9OIS, MARQUIS DE, elder brother of the pre- B. entered into a speculation for supplying the Colends on the 28th July. This was formerly the great- ceding, B. 1756. He was a major-general in the French onies with arms, ammunition, &c.; he lost several vesest of all European fairs, and though much fallen off, it army, protested against the unlawful treatment in a sels, three of which were taken in one day by the Engis still attended by a vast concourse of people, not fi'om letter to the president of the National Assembly, and on lish cruisers in coming out of the river of Borldeaux, France only, but also from Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Bonaparte becoming First Consul, recommended him to but the greater number arrived in America, and B. enSpain, and the Levant. Almost every sort of article, restore the sceptre to the House of Bourbon. He was riched himself by these enterprises. Among other specuwhether of convenience or luxury, is there to be met in afterwards aunbassador to Spain, but fell into disgrace lations he engaged to supply Paris with water and with the town. It is said that the influx ofvisitors still amounts with Napoleon, and was banished. lie returned to Paris fire-engines. When the.French revolution broke out, B. to nearly 100,000, and that the business done here ex- after the Restoration, and D. 1819. showed himself favorable to the popular cause, and enceeds 150,000,000 francs, but both these estimates are B., EUGnNE DE, Viceroy of Italy, and a Prince of the tered into speculations to supply corn, muskets, &c. probably exaggerated. The accommodttions in the town French Empire, son of Alexandre de B. and Josephine; But his activity in that critical period exposed him to and at Tarnscon, not being sufficient for the great and B. in Paris in 1781. After his mother's marriage to Na- suspicion; he was accused and acquitted, then accused sudden influx of strangers to the "fair," large num- poleon, he, in 1796, became aide-de-canmp to the latter, again, and being obliged to run away, he escaped to Engbers of them are lodged in tents and other erections in and served with distinction in the campaigns of Italy land and afterwards to Gernmany. Hie returned to PFrance the meadows alokUig the Rhone, where the fair is held. and Egypt. B. was wounded at Acre, contributed to the after the fall of Robespierre, and then entered into a All bills due at this fair are presented on the 27th, and victory of IMarengo, was created Prince of the Empire new speculation in salt, by which he lost a large sum. if not met, protested on the 28th. A tribunal, instituted in 1805, and Viceroy of Italy. In 1806, Ieo nmarried the He died in May, 1799. B. had considerable talent and lbr the purpose, takes cognizance of, andt immedittely Princess Amalie Augusta, of Bavaria; and in the same other good qualities, but he was very vain and fond of settles, all disputes that grow out of transactions at the year was adopted by the Emperor as his son, and ap- distinction. He undertook an edition of all tihe works fair. Detachinents from the garrisons of Nimes and pointed governor of Lombardy and Venice. He served of Voltaire, of whonm he was a great admirer: but the Tarascon assist in keeping order, and everything is con- in the campaign of 1809, defeated the Austrians at Raab, edition, notwithstanding all his pains and great exducted with the greatest regularity. The prefect of the and distinguished himself at Wagram. His military pense, proved very indifferent, both as to correctness dep. is always present, and entertains the leading ner- talents were particularly evinced in the retreat from and execution. His complete works were published at chants. The communication between B. and Tarascon Moscow, and in the following campaigns of 1813-14. Paris, in I vol. 8vo., 1809: used to be kept up by a bridge of' boats, but this has been To B. may be mainly ascribed the victory of Lthtzen. Beatumaris, (b5-mor'ris,) a seaport and picturesque replaced by a handsome suspension bridge of a total of After the fall of Napoleon, he retired to Munich, was bathing resort of England, in N. Wales, co. of Anglesey, 441 metres, or nearly a mile. Pop. 10,498. allowed, by the Treaty of Fontainebleau and the Con- at the entrance of the Menai Straits, 4 m. N.N.E. of the Beaucoup, (bo-koop',) in Illinois, a village of Washing- gress of Vienna, to retain his extensive possessions in Menai Bridge. Pop. 2,813. ton co. Italy, and toolk Ihis place, as Duke of Leuchtenberg Beaa.-monde, (b5-vodnd,) n. [Fr. beau, fine, and msonde, Beaucouep, in Louisiana, a small bayou of Caldwell among the Bavarian nobles. His children subsequently world.] The fashionable world; people of politeness, parish, flowing into Bayou Castor. ranked as members of the imperial family of Russia. gayety and fashion. Beaufet, (b'Sfet.) Same ans BuFFET, q.v. D. Feb. 21, 1824. Be]aumont, FRANciS, (bo'omong,) a celebrated English Beautlii, (biffin.) (Bot.) See BiFFIN. B., HoRTENSC EUGENIE DE. See IHORTENSE, (QUEEN OF dramatic poet, and the friend and contemporary of ShaksBeatu'tordl, in Minnesota, apost-office of Blue Earth co. HOLLAND.) peare and Ben Jonson; B. 1586. Itic studied at Oxford, Beaufort, (bosfort,) FRANIO0s DE VENO6IE, DUKE DM. Beatselarnois, (bS/har-noi,) in Lower Canada, a W. and, in conjunction with his friend and collaborator, See VEN8iME. county, bounded on the S by New York, and on the Fletcher, was author of nearly 50 plays. They were both ]eautfort', IHIENR, Cardinal, and bishop of Winchester, N.W. by the St. Lawrence. Area, 717 sq. m It is admurable delineators of human nature, and, in their lifewas the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and watered by the Chateaugay River, mind some smaller timne, their dramas were preferred even to those of half-brother to Henry IV. IIe was made lbishop in 1404, streanos. P'osd. Wool, oats, and dairy produce. Pop0. Shsakspeare, whom they made their model. Their works and held the office of chancellor several times. B. re- abt. 41,223. have descended to posterity under the twin-title of anceived the red hat of a cardinal, and was created pampal -A post-village of the above co., on Lake St. Louis, 33 m. thorship of "Beaumont and Fletcher." ID. 1616, and legate in 1425. IIe acqmmuired immense wealth, lent large S.WV. of Montreal; pop. abt. 1,000. was buried in Wrestmin ster Abbey. The best edition sunis to Henry V. and Henry VI., founded the famous B]eau-ite']1, (bo-i-di'al.) [Pr.] An imaginary stand- of the writings of B. and F. is that of the Rev. A. Dyce, IHospital of St. Cross at Winchester, and D. 1447. ard -of absolute perfection, as conceived in the mind.- (London, 1834.) See FLETCHEItR, JOHN. ]Beaufort5', MAROARET, Countess of Richnoondi and Der- See IDEAL BEAUTY. B3eau'mont, GUSTAVE AUGUSTE LA BONNINIbRE DE, a by, and mother of Henry VII. of England; B. 1441. She e ms'ish, (bi'ish,) a. Like a beau; foppish; fine. (a.) French publicist and general author, and Member of founded St. John's College, amnd Christ's College, Caim- Beaujest, (bozh-os(s)e',) a town of France, dep. Rhone, the Institute; r. 1802. He early entered upon the legal bridge, and instituted there the Lady Margaret Psofes- cap. of a can. on thie Ardiere, 30 m. N.N.W. of Lyons. It profession, and, in 1831, was sent with De Tocqumville to sorsh/ip of Divinity. D. 1509. is the entrepht of all the products exchanged between study the penitentiary system of the United States. Beaufor,', or BEZUFRaT —E-V aiVnLLb, a town of Prance, the Saone and Loire. Pap. 4,392. lIe was elected deputy in 1839, and, in 1848, Vice-Presidep. Maine et Loire, near thie Conesnon, 16 m. E. of Beastlieaa, (bole-yns(o)e',) a town of France, dep. Correzo, dent of the Constituent Assembly. He was subseAngers. aunf. Canvas and coarse linen. Pop. 5,786. cap. of a cant. on the Dordogne, 22 m. 8. of Tulle. It has quently ambassador to Lmodon and Vienna. B. first 252 BEAU BEAU BEAU became known as a writer by his publishing, in conjnnc- some, fine, lovely; an assemblage of graces, or propor- origin of a class of pleasures different in kind from all tion with M. de Tocqueville, Trait6 du Systime P6niten- tion of parts, which pleases the senses, particularly the the others we know. If there was nothing originally tiaire aux atats- Unis et de son application d le France, eye or the ear; symmetry or harmony of parts; elegance; and intrinsically pleasing or beautiful, the associating (1833.) Among his other works may be named, Marie, grace; loveliness; fairness; gracefulness. -By modern principle would have no materials on which it could ous I'Esclavageauxe tats-UUnis, (1835,)-a work somewhat acceptation, beauty expresses, in the higher sense, the operate. This origin of the feeling of beauty appears similar to "Uncle Tom's Cabin;" and L'Irlande sociale, character of what is naturally, personally, or artistically to us to consist in the pleasure derived from the contempolitique, et religieuse, (1839.) exquisite or fair. The word beauty was first applied to plation of colors, and is such that the mind dwells on it Beaumn onts,( b3"ssong',) in Texas, apost-village and cap. objects perceptible by the sight; and by an easy tran- with pleasure. tienee the form of the antelope, the swan, of Jefferson co., on the Neches River, about 30 m. from sition, it has been extended to objects perceptible by the or the tiger, is considered beautiful, because we take its mouth, and 300 from Austin City. sense of hearing; as when we speak of beautiful music, a a satisfaction in contemplating the movements which Beaumont', in Lower Canada, a village of Bellechasse beautiful tune, voice, &c. The instances of words which those forms are admirably fitted to produce; but the co., on the St. Lawrence, 9 mn. E. by N. of Quebec. properly signify an impression on one sense being used form of the pig's snout is not considered beautiful, beBeaumonlt'.le-Losnagne, a town of France, dep. to signify an impression on another sense are very nu- cause the mind flies with disgust from the filthy purTarn et Garonne, cap. cant., on the Gimone, 21 m. S.W. merous; thus we sometimes pass from the sight to the poses for which that animal employs it. So, likewise, of Montauban. Masf. Coarse cloths, hats, and leather. touch, as when we speak of lightness or heaviness of we call the outward forn of the arie, legs, neck, cc. Pop. 5,027.- B. is thie name of a vast nunmber of other form and of color; from the touch to the hearing, as a of the human figure, beautiful, when their form is suited small towns in France. sharp, piercing, thrilling, penetrating, or heavy sound; to their respective uses; but no one finds any beauty in Beausne, (bSns',) a town of France, dep. C0te d'Or, cap. from the touch to the smell, as a pungent smell; from the form of the humnan stomach, or intestines or liver, of an arrond., 20 m. S.S.W. of Dijon. There is a mag- the touch to the sight, as harsh and soft coloring; from though equally well fitted for their several ends, because nificent hospital here, founded in 1444, and endowed by the hearing to the sight, as monotony of color, tone of they suggest the notion of processes which men do not Nicholas Rollin, chancellor to Philip, Duke of Burgundy. a picture, harmony of colors; from the taste to the sight, willingly contemplate. Perhaps, in strictness, it might It is a fine town, with manufactures of cloth, cutlery, as mellow coloring; from the taste to the hearing, as be thought that the simple emotion derived from the leather, &c. The principal celebrity of B., however, is sweet music. This proneness to transfer words from one color of objects, is alone properly entitled to be considderived from its being the centre of the trade in the object of sense to another does not, however, explain ered as the feeling of beauty; and that the beauty of wine that bearts its nane; that is, the best of the second why the term beauty should be extended only to agree- forme in any object, derived firom a sense of its fitness to growths of Burgundy. Bsp. 11,790. able sounds, and not to agreeable tastes or odors. That, its end, is only a pleasing association, allied indeed to Beralne, FLoRIMOIND, a French mathematician, B. at however, there is a closer affinity between the percep- the feeling of beauty by a close analogy, but still disBlois, 1601. His labors and discoveries contributed tions of sight and hearing than between those of sight tinct from it. This question (which in tact is nmerely greatly to the improvement of the modern analytical and any other sense, it is not difficult to perceive; and verbal), we have not sufficient space to discuss at length: geometry first introduced by his tfriend, Descartes. B. the fact may be satisfactorily attributed to the following nevertheless, it appears to us that all ages and nations may be regarded as tihe proper founder of the Integral causes: —1. Thepicturesque effect whichi custom, inmany have agreed in speaking of the beauty of form, as well Calculus, as he first endeavored to deduce the nature of instances, gives to sounds; as when a tune calls up the as of color, and that we are justified in considering as curved lines from the properties of their tangents. D. image of a person's home or the haunts of his childhood. included in the feeling of beauty those emotions which 1652. 2. The expessive power of sounds, as in the case of tihe are susceptible of analysis, as well as those which are Beaun-plead'er, n. [0. Fr. beau-plaider.] (Eng. Law.) human voice, when the expression of the countenance not. —A certain degree of cultivation is necessary to This word, which literally signifies fair-pleading, was corresponds with the tones of the voice and the meaning the perception of beauty. Savage nations appear to be nevertheless formnerly applied to a fine imposed for bad of the words which it utters. 3. The significant power nearly or quite destitute of any notion of it, in the. pleading. The flue of Beau-pleader was set at the will of of sounds, in consequence of conventional speech. In this works both of nature and art, or at least their admira. the judge of the court, and reduced to certainty by con- way they every moment present pictures to the imagina- tion, as in children, is confined to gaudy and shining sent, and annually paid. tion; and we apply to the description as to the thing trinkets, and ornaments of the person. The practice of Beeauprean, (bpSrdyo,) a town of France, dep. Maine- described (with hardly any consciousness of speaking tattooing, however, is doubtless founded on notions of et-Loire, cap. arrond., on thei Evre, 28 m. S.W. of Angers. figuratively) such words as lively, glowing, splendid, lu- beauty, more mistaken even than those which formerly In 1793, the Vendeans obtained, near this town, a con- mineous, pictureesque. To these considerations should be led the ladies of Europe to cover their hair with powder plete victory over the Republicans under General Ligon- added, as a cause conspiring powerfully to the same end, and pomatum; or, as it seems now to be the growing nier. Pop. 4,203. the intimate association which in our apprehension is fashion, to disguise the natural beauty of their hair with LBeauregard, (bsdreglr,) PETERa GUSTAVEs TousSAINT, formed between the eye and the ear, as the great inlets yellowish, red, or golden preparations. In the lower an American Confederate general, n. in Louisiana, 1821. of our acquired knowledge, as the only mnedia by which orders of civilized nations. the same indifference to In 1834, lie entered the Military Academy at West different minds can comimunicate together, and as the beauty may be generally observed, in proportion to their Point, where lie graduated in 1838, receiving a com- organs by which we receive frons the materialworld the coarseness and ignorance. The early development of mission in the United States Artillery, from which two classes of pleasures which, while they surpass all the the sense of beauty among the Greeks, which is so strikhe was transferred to the Engineers. Having distin- rest in variety and duration, are the most completely ingly shown both in their mythology and poetry, and in guished himself during the Mexic;an campaign, ih removed from the grossness of animal indulgence, and their works of art, is a proof of their early culture and which he was twice wounded, he was highly spoken of the most nearly allied to the enjoymients of the intellect. of their great superiority, even in a half savag'e state, to in Gemn. Scott's despatches for his gallamtry during this The unconsciousness we have in both these senses of any the barbarous nations by which they were surrounded. contest. In 1853, B. was appointed, as captain of engi- local impression on our bodily frasmie may perhaps help Another thing essential to the perception of beauty, is neers, to the duty of surveying the coast fortifications, to explain the peculiar facility with which their percep- sensibility of mind, arising fi'om the development of the and, later, became Superintendent of the Ac demy at tions blend themselves with other pleasures of a rank social affections, and the cultivation of the benevolent West Point. In 1861, having resigned his hisuiission still nobler and more refined. — But although the epithet feelings. The custom, prevalent in some countries, of in the U. States army, and joined that of the Southern beautiful is never applied to the perceptions of any sense planting flowers on graves, and of offering nosegays to Confederacy, he inaugurated the Civil War by the bom- except those of seeing and hearing, yet it is extended to the images of saints or of the Virgin, is a mark at once bardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, April the results of some intellectual processes, as when we of a feeling of beauty and of sensibility of mind. On 12. lie also successfully commanded the Confederate speak of a beautiful chain of reasoning, a beautiful poem, the other hand, persons of a sour, phlegmatic, morose, army at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1881. For this a beautiful metaphor, a beautiful language, a beautiful and nmisanthlropic temperament, are little alive to the service he was made a general. B. was second in com- machine, a beautiful contrivance of nature, &c. When beauty of outward objects or works of art. It was, mand at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and in the the word beauty is thus employed, it is merely a vague doubtless, from a sense of the incompatibility of a feelfollowing year successfilly defended Charleston against term of praise, and is nearly synonymous with admirable. ing for beauty, with absence of all social and benevolent the combined naval and military forces of the Nationals, The word beauty is often applied to a syllogism or a prob- sympathies, that Milton represents the Devil as insenduring a siege, which for heroism and tenacity of pur- lem; but then it means clearness, point, or precision, or sible to the beauties of Paradise: pose, on both sides, must ever occupy a prominent place whatever else be thie characteristic excellence of that to "The Fiend in history. After the capture of Richmond, and the whiclh it is applied. As the effect of beauty in visible Saw undelighted alldelight, all kind collapse of tihe Confederacy, hie surrendered to Gen. objects is to produce admiration, all beautiful objects are Of living creatures, new to sight and strange." Sherman, in April, 1865. Since the termination of the also admirable; and thience it was an easy step to apply As on the one hand, all the antisocial passions, as anger, war, General B. has devoted himself to civil and indus- the epithet beautiful to things which produce admira- jealousy, envy, fear, &c., are inconsistent with the pertrial pursuits. tion, although this feeling did not arise fromnt the cause ception of beauty; so the social passions sharpen and Beaurepaire, (bawr'pair,) the name of several can- which produces it in tihe contemplation of visible objects. facilitate it, as love anid pity, which, as Dryden says, tons and smiall towns of France. Similar transfers may be observed in other words; thus "6melts the mind to love." HIence, loveliness in the humanu Deanship, (bs'ship,) n. Quality or character of being tihe word law properly signifies a general command race is intimately connected with beauty, as the desire a beau. given by one intelligent being to another; but because of sex is heightened and stimulated by the beauty of -(In a burlesque manner,) a beau; as, "What his beau- the efect of such a command is to produce an uniformity form, color, and expression; but it is not identical with ship says." - Dryden. of conduct in the persons to whom it is addressed, the it, for lovers are often not only blind to the defects of Beauteous, (b1'tl-us,)a. Beautiful; fair; handsome; term law has been extended to those operations of na- their mistresses, but sometimes even admire them on elegant in form; pleasing to the siglht. ture in which an uniformity of phenomena prevails, that very account; whence love is proverbially said to be "Prostrate the beauteous ruin lies." - William Pitt, although the cause of the uniformity is altogether dif- blind. A third requisite to the perception of beauty is Beau'teously, adv. In a bearnteous sanner. ferent. - In the following remarks on the nature and serenity and cheelfilness of Tmind, and the absence of Beauteouss!ess, (bz'te-us-nes,) n. The statet or quality causes of beauty, we shall limit ourselves to the original overpowering care or affliction, which engrosses the ficof being beauteous; beseuty. and appropriate meaning of the word in question, viz., ulties and prevents them from taking pleasure in thes'"From less virtue and less teauteousness, the beauty of visible objects. The beauty of visible oh- relations of outward objects. This inconsistency is well The gentiles framed their gods and goddesses," - Donne. jects consists of two parts,viz., the beauty of color and illustrated by the reflections of Hamlet, when he is opBeau'tifier, n. One who, or that which, makes or the beauty offform, which, although closely connected pressed with a sense of the painful task imposed upon renders beautiful. with each other, arise from different sources, and from him by his father's spirit (Act II. sc. 2.)- On the relaBeauftlaful, a. Full of beauty; lovely; fair; handsome; sources of a different character, inasmuch as the one tion of the beauty of outward objects to the beauty of elegant; hiving taile qualities that covfstitute beauty. appears to be, in most cases, a simple emotion, and there- works of art, we can only observe, that of the three arts leAnd both were young, and one was beat mtitful. t-Byrea. fore an ultinmate fact, of which no explsuation can be of design, viz., architecture, sculpture, and painting, the SeBAndY Sehwreyaeadse a if. given, while the other is apleasure derived from associa- two last are purely representative arts, while the first See BEAU TY tion, which is susceptible of analysis. There cannot, in alone creates objects which have a use beyond the minere B~eauttfifullyg, adv. In a beautiful manner. eau i by adegre, Ind beautiful our opinion, be any doubt that certain colors, and cer- gratification of the taste. The beauty of buildings there"mFine by degrees, and beautifully less." —Priou'. tain arrangements of colors, are naturelly, and in the-m- hloe belongs to the chass of objects which we have been Beau'tifu~lsess, n. Beauty; quality or state of being selves, pleasing to the eye. Children are observed to above examining; while the beauty of pictures and statbeamtiful. take delight in brilliant colors before they have hearned ues, though closely connected with the same rssnge of Beau'ti~y, os. a. [Beauty, and Lat. faio, to muake.] To to connect any agreeable ideas with them. The amselogy ideas, yet forms a class aepart, and requires the consideraumake or render beautiful; to adorn; to grrace; to deck; of the other senses would, ci priori, lead to this conclu- tion of additional elemients peculisar to itself. These are to embellish. sion: for as there are certain odors, tastes, and soumuds derived in great measum'e fromss the capabilities of the "And the one serves to heighten and beautify the other." which are naturally pleasing or displeasing to the nose, respective arts, as dependent on the materials which Attcrbis'y. the tongue, and the ear, so it may be presumed that they work with and the effects which they are thus able — v. i. To become beautiful; to advance in beauty. there are certaimn colors, and combinations of colors, to produce. There are many objects beautiful in nature'It must be aprespect pleasing to God himself, to see his crea- which are naturally pleasing or displeasing to thei eye. which cannot Ise repreesented with advantalge by the thon nor ever beautifying in his eyes." —Addison. Although one branch of beseuty is entirely foundesd (sn painter or sculptor; on the other hand, there are many Beau' $iess, a. Without, or destitute of beauty. association, the feeling of beauty cannot be derived ircera obsjects disagreeable imn nature which sare besmutifiul in a Beauty, (bd2'ty,) n. [Er. beauti, from beau, belle; Lhat. aessociaetion alone. It is the province of associatioms to picture, because a ipicture is an absstraction, a represenbellus, contracted from benalas, from beeseC, boeeus, bea:o ti- impart to one thing the agreeable or disagreeable efftct tsstissm of time color and outlinee of an object. withiout any ful, good, pleausant.]' The quality of being pretty, hiamid-: of another; lout association can never account for the of those accomupsenying circummstarnces whuich in the B3EAV BEA BEAV 253 reality may cause disgust to the other senses, and thus mutual benefit, and of attaining, by dint of numbers, of the birch, the plane, &c. When the frost is very prevent the mind from enjoying that pleasure which it those advantages which each, in a state of solitude, severe, the hunters sometimes break large holes in might otherwise derive through the organ of sight alone. seems unfitted to possess; fbr, if we view the B. only in the ice; and, on the B. resorting to these apertures to Hence those things in nature which are peculiarly fitted the light of an individual, and unconnected withs others breathe the fresh air, they either kill them with their to be subjects for the painter, are properly said to have of its kind, we shall find that many other quadrupeds hatchets, or cover the holes with large substantial nets. picturesque beauty, as those forms and postures which excel it in cunning, and almost all in the powers of an- This being done, they undermine and subvert the whole would appear to most advantage in marble, might, as has noyance and defence. When kept in a state of solitude fabric; when the B., expecting to make their escape in been truly remarked, be said to have scalpturesque or domestic tameness, it appears calm and indifferent to the usual way, fly with precipitation to the water, and, beauty. There are certain general characteristics of all about it; without attachments or antipathies; and rushing to the opening, fall directly into the net. The these two arts, as, that, while painting best represents never seeking to gain the favor of man, nor aiming to of- B. is pursued both for its fur, and for the sake of a expression, sculpture best represents character; and fend him. Few sulbjects in natural history have more peculiar odoriferous secretion, termed castor or castoreum, while painting embraces a vast variety of subjects, attracted the attention of travellers, or have been more q. v., which is contained in two little bags, the inguinal sculpture confines itself almost exclusively to the human minutely described by naturalists, than the instinctive glands, each about the size of a hlien's egg. The fur was figure and some of the nobler animals, which maybe here building operations of the B., and they have accord- formerly a most important article of commerce; but pointed out; but to determine the peculiar provinces of ingly had attributed to them powers so marvellous, as the animals have in recent times been exterminated these two arts, respectively, requires a separate investi- to render ridiculous that which, if regarded merely from so many extensive tracts which they once inhabgation, with reference not to the general subject of as a high species of animal instinct, could not fail ited, that it is now far less considerable than it was half beauty, but to the capabilities and advantages of each, to command universal admiration. The situation of a century ago. To this may be added, that the present and would be materially assisted by a knowledge of those the B.-houses is various. Where the B. are numer- custom of using silk and other materials in lieu of B. mechanical processes and mysteries of art which the ous, they are found to inhabit lakes, ponds, and rivers, fur in the manuficture of hats, has wonderfully lesprofessed sculptor or painter can themselves alone pos- as well as those ntarrow creeks which connect the nu- sened the demand for it, as well as reduced the price. sess. - See ESTHETICS; EI)AL JBAUTv; SUBLIMITY. merons lakes of North America; but the two latter The foregoing account relates to the American beaver. Be,-u'ty-]eamixhw, ai. Diffusing beauty; radiant are generally chosen by them, when the depth of water The European species does not boast of such architectuwith beauty. and other circumstances are suitable, as they have ral habits, but lives in burrows along the banks of the l3eau'Ity-spot, n. A patch, or spot, placed on the face then the advantage of a current to convey wood and Rhone, thg Danube, the Weser, and other large northern to direct the eye to some other feature, or to heighten other necessaries to their habitations, and because, rivers; yet, from some of the descriptions which have the beauty of the whole. in general, they are more difficult to be taken than been given of it, it may be inferred that, considering Beau'ty-wati'iing, a. Declining in beauty. those that are built in standing water. They always the material within its reach, its instinctive skill is Beauvatis, (bo-vai',) an ancienit city of France, cap. select those parts that have such a depth of water not greatly intferior to that which dwells on this side of dep. Oise, on the Therain, 42 us. N. by W. of Paris; Lat. as will resist the frost in winter, and prevent it the Atlantic. 490 26t' 7" N.; Lon. 20 5' E.; on a branch line of the rail- from freezing to the bottom. The B. that build their Bea/ver, n. and a. The fur of tilhe beaver; a hat made way from Paris to Boulogne. it is a large, but ill-built houses in small rivers, or creelrs, in which the water is of its fur; —or, adjectively, anything made of the fur of city. Had the cathedral been finished on its original liable to be drained off when the back supplies are the beaver; as, a beaver hat. plan, it would have been the finest Gothic edifice in dried up by the frost, are wonderfully taught by instinct Beal'ver, s. [0. Fr. bevire, for beuveur, drinker; fronm It. France, but the choir only is complete. The church of to provide against that evil by making a dam quite bevere, from Lat. bibere, to drink.] (Mil.) The part of a St. Stephen, erected in 997, is celebrated for its fine across the river, at a convenient distance from their helmet that covered the lower part of the face, and painuted glass windows. Masf. Cloths, linens, and flan- houses. The B.-dams differ in shape according to the which, raised up or let down, enabled the wearer to drink. nels. B. existed under the Romans, and was held by nature of the place in which they are built. If the "I saw young Harry with his beaver up." - Shaks. the Normans and the English, from the latter of whom water in the river, or creelk, have but little motion, the The B. was often taken for the helmet itself. it was wrested in the 15th century. In 1477, it was dam is almost straight; but where the current is more Bea'ver, it Illinois, a township of Iroquois co.; pop. besieged by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, rapid, it is always nmade with a considerable curve, con- about 1,000. and though without a garrison, the citizens, led on by vex towards the stream. The tmaterials made use of Bea'ver, in Indiana, a township of Jasper co. the famous heroine Jeanne Hachette, repelled the enemy. are drift-wood, green willows, birch, and poplars, if -A township of Pulaski co.; pop. about 500. An annual festival is still celebrated in hIonor of this they can be got; also mud and stones, intermixed in such iBea'velr, in Iowa, a township of Butler co.; pop. about event. Pop. 16,889. a manner as must evidently contribute to the strength 800. Beaux-esjsa'lts, (bcze-ez-prgz',) n. pl. A French com- of the dam; but there is no other order or method ob- -A township of Guthrie co.; pop. about 200. pound word applied to men of wit or genius. It is now served in the dams, except that of the work being carried -A township of Polk co.; pop. about 500. somewhat antiquated, and is almost invariably used in an on with a regular sweep, and all the parts being made Bea'ver, in Minnesota, a township of Fillmore co.; pop ironical sense. of equal strength. In places which have been long about 450. Bealver, (bs'vsr,) n. [A. S. bcafer; Dan. beeves; Sw. firequented by B. undisturbed, their dams, by frequent -A post-village of Winona co., on Whitewater River. and Goth. bcfwet; Lat.fiber, fromfibra, the edge or bankl repairing, become a solid banki, capable of resisting a about 22 m. W.N.W. of Winona. of a river.] (Zob'l.) The common name of the genus great force both of water and ice; and as the willow, Bea'ver, in Missouri, a post-office of Douglas co. Castor, family Sciuridce. There are but two species, the poplar, and birch generally take root and shoot up, they iBea'ver, in Ohip, a township of Columbiana co. European B., Castor fiber, and the American B., Castor by degrees form a kind of regular planted hedge. The -A township of Mahoning co.; pep. about 2,500. Canadiensis, so much alike that the description of the B.-houses are built of the same materials as their dams, -A township of Noble co.; pop. about 2,200. one may be applied to the other indiscriminately. The and are always proportioned in size to the number of -A post-township of Pike co., 25 m. S.S.E. of Chillicothe; B. may be readily distinguished from every other quad- inhabitants, which seldom exceeds 4 old, and 6 or 8 pop. about 900. ruped by its broad, horizontally flattened tail, which is young ones. Instead of order or regulation being oh- Bea'ver, in Pennsylvania, a co. in the W. part of the served in rearing their houses, they are of a much ruder State, on the frontier of Ohio. As-ea, 650 sq. m. It is structure than their dams; for, notwithstanding the watered by the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. Sjsetface, unsagacity of these animuals, it has never been observed dulating, with a rich soil. Bituminous coal and limethat they aim at any other convenience in their houses, stone are largely found. Cap. Beaver. Pop. about than to have a dry place to lie on; and there they 44.000. usually eat thieir food, which they occasionally take -A flourishing and fine post-town, cap. of the above co., out of the water. It frequently happens that some of situated on the Ohio, 28 si. N. of Pittsburg, and 230 W. the larger houses are found to have one or more parti- of Harrisburg; pop. about 1,200. tions, if they deserve that appellation, but it is no more -A township of Clarion co.; pop. about 1,700. than a part of the main building left by the sagacity of -A township of Crawford co.; pop. about 1,300. i~' -~~~~ii~~~~~~ the B. to support the roof. On such occasions, it is com- -A township of Columbia co.; pop. about 1,100. mnon for those different apartments, as some are pleased -A township of Jefferson co.; pop. about 1,000. -/ — ~. ~~t ~~~~ ~ ~to call them, to have no communication with each other -A township of Snyder co., 40 m. N.N.W. of Harrisburg; but by water; so that, in fact, they may be called double pop. about 2,200. ~~~i~~ p i..i~bts or treble houses, rather than different apartments of Bea'ver, in lexas, a post-office of Anderson co. S s \~~i~.>'the sante house. So far are the B. from driving stakes -Bea'ver, in Utah, a large co. in the S. part of that terriinto the ground when building their houses, that they tory, bordering on Nevada and Colorado, and drained by ____ _____ lay most of the wood crosswise, and nearly horizontal, Beaver River. The central part is mountainous, and the and without tiny other order than that of leaving a hol- soil generally sterile. Lead is found in the co. Cap. r_~____;- - ~ low or cavity in the middle. When any unnecessary Beaver. Pop. about 950. branches project inward, they cut themi off with their -A post-village, cap. of the above co. It is situated on teeth, and throw them in among the rest, to prevent Beaver River in a valley surrounded by mountains, in Pig. 328. AMERICAN BEAVER. the mud from falling through thereof. It is a mistaken which lead, iron, and copper are abundant. (Castor Ganadiensis.) notion that the wood-work is first completed and then Bea'ver, in Washington Territory, a post-village of plastered; for the whole of their houses, as well as their Thurston co., 6 us. S. of Olympia. of a nearly oval form, but rises into a slight convexity damns, are from the foundation one mass of mud and Bea'ver Bay, in Minnesota, apost-vill., cap. ofLake co. on its upper surftce, and is covered with scales. The hind wood, mixed with stones, if they can be procured. The Beanver Brook, in New York, a post-office of Sullifeet are webbed, and together with the tail, which acts mud is always taken from the edge of the bank, or the van co. as a rudder, serve to propel it through the water with bottom of the creek or pond near the door of the house; Bea'ver Centre, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of considerable facility. It is about three feet long, exclu- and, though their fore-paws are so small, yet it is held Crawford co. sive of the tail, which is one foot more; its color is a close up between them under their throat; thus they Bealver City, in Indiana, a post-office of Newton co. deep chestnut, the hair very fine, smooth, and glossy; carry both mud and stones, while they always drag the Bea'ver Creek, in Alabama, Marengo co., emptying but it occasionally varies, anrid is sometinmes found per- wood withi their teeth. It is a great piece of policy in into the Tombigbee River. — Another, entering the Alafectly black. The incisor teeth are very large and hard; these animnals to cover the outside of their houses every bama River in Wilcox co. so hard, indeed, that they were used by the N. Asserican fall witI fresh mud, and as late as possible in the ai- -A post-office of Dale co. Indians to cut bone tand to flshion thisir horn-tipped tnumn, even when the firosts become pretty severe, as Iby Bea'ver Creek, in Colorado Territory, a post-office of spears, till they were superseded by the introduction of this means it soon freezes as hard as a stone, and pre- Fremont co. iron tools from Europe. e)f all quasdrupods the B. is vents their common enemy, the wolverine, from dis- Bea~ver Creek, in Illinois, a post-office of Bond co., considered as possessing the greatest degree of natural turbing them during the winter; and as they are fire- 80 m. S. of Springfield. or instinctive sagacity in constructing its habitationms quently seen to walki over their work, and sometimes B~ea'ver Creekl, in Indiana, a creek entering White prmeparing, in concert with others of its own species, a to give a flap with thieir tail, particuslarly when plung- River in Martin co. kind of arched cawvrns or domues, supported by u fousnda- ing into the water, this has, without doubt, given rise e2a ver Creek, in Iowa, rises in Boone co., and ention of strong pillars, and lined or plastered internally to thie vwlgar opinion that they use their tails as a ters the Des Moines Itiver, in Polk co. - A tributary of with a degree of nesatness tund accusracy uneqalalled by trowvel, seith which thsy plistered their houses; whereas Iowa River, emptying issto the latter, near Marengo, in the art of any other quadruped. But it should seem, that flapping of the tail is no usore thaon a custom which Iowa co. however, that the architectsure of the B. is nowshsere so they always preserve, even when they becomentame and Iiea'ver' CJreek, in Mlaryland, a post-office of Washconspicuous as in the northern parts of America. Tie domestic, and more particularly so when:they are ington co. favorite resorts of the B. ure retired, watery, and woody startled. In the more nortsern climates, the habita- ~ea'ver 1Creek, in.M[ichiygan, Lenawee co., a creek situations. In such places they assemoble to the num- tions of these animals are finished in August, or early flowing into Raisin River, near Adrians. her of some hundreds; living, as it were, in families, and in September, when they begin to lay in their stores. — A post-office of Gratiot co. building their arched recepstacles. From this we may During the summer months thsey regale themselves on B ~e, r'er Cr'eek, in Missoeuri, a creek entering White perceive to what a degree animals, unassisted either by the choicest fruits and plants the country asffords; Rives is Taney co., a little below Forsyth. - Little Bealanguage or reason, are capable of concurring for their but in winter they subsist prinucipally on the wood ver Creek enters the above iii the.same county. 254 BECA BECK BECO Beaver Creek, in Ohio, flows into the Maumee, in Becalm, (be-kta',) v. a. To make calm or quiet; to confine a spar or another rope; a handle made of rope Wood co. - Another falls into Lake Erie, in Lorain co. still; to appease. in a circular form. - Dana. -A township is Greene co., about 10 m. W.N.W. of Xenia;'"Perhaps prosperity becalmed his breast; -A spade f'or digging turf. pop. about 2,800. Perhaps the wind just shifted from the east."-Pope. BeCakJ'et, (ST. THOeciAs A',) Archbishop of Canterbury, Bea'ver Creek, in South Carolina, a creek entering -To keep from motion, as a ship when without wind. was the son of a London merchlant, his mother being a into Congaree Rives, in the S.E. of Lexington District. A msan becalbed at sea." - Locke. convert from Mohammedanisma. B. 1119, and studied Bea'ver Crossing, in Nrebraska, a post-office of Sew- Berelaln'ing, n. A calm at sea. at Oxford and Bologna. After having entered the ard co. Rees ane', imp. of BEcoME, q. v. Church, Hienry II., in 1158, made B. his chancellor, and Boa'ver Dain, in Indiana, a post-village of Kosciusko Be'casn, or Bekan, a parish of Ireland, co. Mayo, in in 1162 he was appointed to the primacy. He now laid co., about 14 m. S.W. of Warsaw. tihe barony of Costello; pop. about 5,000. aside all pomp and luxury, and led a life of monastic B~eav'er Dasi, in Kentucky, a post-office of Ohio co. Becanre ro', in Lower Canada, a village of Nicolet co., austerity. In the controversy which immediately arose, Bea'ver Darn, in Neorth Carolina, a P. 0. of Union co. at the union of the Becancour River with the St. Law- respecting the linits of civil and ecclesiastical authority, Bea'ver Bar, in Ohio, a post-village of Alien co., abt. rence, 80 m. S.W. of Quebec. B. asserted against the king the independence of the 10 us. N.E. of Lima. Because, (bj-k(cz,) conj. [A. S. be for by, and cause.] Church, and refused to sign the "Constitutions of ClarBea'ver Bain, in WVisconsin, a flourishing post-village By cause; for this cause that; on this account that; for endon." By a council or parliament, held at Northand township of Dodge co., on Beaver Dam Creek, about the cause or reason next explained. ampton, in 1164, B. was condemned and suspended from 45 m.N.E. of Madison. Thiere are here msanylictories and Because of, (prep.) On account of; by reason of. his office. He escaped, in disguise, to France, where lhe mills, and also the Wayland University.Pop. in 1870.3,207. "S Such as lengthens fibres without breaking, because of the obtained the protection of its kiing. In response to his Beaver D1am Creek, in Georgia, rising in Burke state of accretion." - A-rbuthnot. excommunication of the clergy who signed the" Conco., and entering Briar Creek near Jaclksonborough. — ]Beceabune-a, n. [Lat. beccabunga; L. Ger. beclce- stitutions," and some of the king's officers, the lking. Another in Elbert co., flows S.E. into the Savasnnah bunge.] See BtooaKLME. in 1166, banished all the relations of B., and forbade all River, about 20. nm. E. of Ellerton. Beecc mafn, DosINsco, (bek-ka-foo'me,) an Italian shop- communication with him. War with France followed. BIeaver Darn Creek, in Michigan, flows into the herd, s. at Siena, 1484, who became one of the best Peace was made in 1169, between Henry and Louis, and Shiawassee River, in Saginaw co. painters of the Sienese school. His St. Sebastian is two papal legates, Gratian and Vivian, were sent by Beaver BDam Depo t, in Viragintia, a post-office of one of the finest pictures in the Borghese Palace, Rome. Pope Alexander III., to settle the dispute with B. The Hanover co., 40 to. NiE. sf Richsaondd. B. 1549. conference took place in France, but was friitless, the B]eaver Damn River, in Wisconsin, rises in Fox BecCeea'ria, CESARE BONESANA, iMaaQUIS OF, an Italian legates resolutely siding with their co-ecclesiastic. In Lake, Dodge co., and flows into Rock River. political philosopher, B. at Milan, 1735. lie is chiefly 1170, a meeting took place between the king and the Bea'ver Darns, in Maryland, a village of Queen known as author of the celebrated'Treatise on Crimes Archbishop at Fretteville, where they were professedly Anne co. and Punishments, which first appeared in 1764, and ad- reconciled, and B. returned to Canterbury. He at once Bea'ver Bainss, in New Yorkc, a P. 0. of Schuyler co. vocated great reforms in criminal legislation. It passed published the Pope's sentence of suspension against the Bea'ver IF allis, in Minnesota, a vill., cap. of Reanville co. through 6 editions in the first two years, and was soon Archbishop of York, and other prelates, who had Bea'ver FaIlls, in New York, a post-office of Lewis co. read all over Europe. It brouglht, however, a stormn of crowned Prince Henry. The king's angry expressions. Bea'ver IF Halls, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Beavesr co. persecution on the author, who was protected by the on learning this, induced four of his barons (Richard Beavear aIead Valley, in Montana, a mining dis- Austrian governor of Milan, and umade professor of Po- Brito, Reginald Fitzurse, Hugh de Mlorville, and Win. trict in the S.W. part of the territory, a few as. S.E. of litical Philosophy. D. 1793. Tracy) to go immediately to Canterbury; and after unthe Rocky Mountains. lBecct'ari, in Pennsylvania, a townslhip of Clearfield successfully remonstrating with B., they followed him Bealver Islandes, a group near the N. end of Lakle co., 16 an. S. of Clearfield; pop. abt. 1,400. into the cathedral, and murdered him on the steps of Michigan, between 450 30' and 460 50' N. Lat., and about Bee'eles, a town of England, co. Suffoilk, on the Wave- the altar, 31st Dec. 1170. The king denied all share in 850 30' W. Lon.- Big Beaver, the principal one, has an ney, 95 m. N.E. of London, and 13 S.E. of Yarmouth. this deed and was absolved; tut in 1174 hs did penance area of about 40 sq. m. Malting is the principal industry. Pop. 4,648. at the murdered prelate's tomb. B. was canonized by Bea've~r Kill, is Nesw York, a P. 0. of Sullivan co. B]ee e Cui.Llelr, (bee' di kwit'yaisr,) a. [Fr.] (Sura.) Alexander III. His remains were, in 1220, translated Bea'ver Lk e, in Indiana, is situated in Jasper co., An instrument used for the extraction of bIalls. It con- to a splendid shrine, which attracted crowds of piland is thle largest of the lakes in that State, covering sists of an iron rod, 7 or 8 inches long, having at one grims, and was loaded with rich offerings. This ins1,600 acres. extremity a small cavity, into which the ball is received mense treasure was seized by Henry VIII., and the Bca'ves IfAck, in Kentucky, a post-office of Boone co. to be drawn outwards. shrine destroyed in 1538. Bea'ver lNTeao(lws, in Pennsylvania, a post-village Bee Fin, n. (Zoet.) The common French name for Bee k'et, in Massachusetts, a post-township of Berkshire of Carbon co., 11 us. from Mauch Chunk, and about 100 different species of birds of the wvarbler family. co., 135 m. WV. by S. of Boston; pop. about 2,000. N.W. of Philadelphia; the neighborhood abounds in rich Bechsarnel, (bshl'a-nel,) n. [Fr. btihanmele; Ger. be- Beeklet Centre, in.Massachusetis, a post-office of coal mines. chamel.] (Cookery.) A kind of fine, white broth or Berkshire co. Bea'ver Pond, in South Carolina, a post-office of sauce, thickened with creanm.- Webster. Beck'e sviR[le, in Alabama, a small village of TallaLexington District. Beei-ance', v.aa. [From be and chance.] To befall; to poosa co. 4Bealver-rat, n. Tha musk-rat, happen to. - Beekett's Store, in Ohio, a P. 0. of Piclkaway co. Bea'ver Ridge, in Tennessee, a P. 0. of Knox co. "All happiness bechance to thee at Milan.' —Siaks. Beek'ird, WILLIAMs, an English author, n. in London, Bea'ver River, in Minnesota, a tovwnship of Renvile IBeehanee', adv. By accident; by chance; fortuitously. 1760. He was the eon of a wealthy London uerclant, co.; pep. about 150. Becasitn's', v. a. To ciharn; to captivate. swas inoculated wvith a passion for architecture and the Bea'ver River, in Nese Hampshirse, a river rising in Behe she ic er,, (bdss' de mdr'.) [Pr.] (Zoil.) See fine arts, and, in erecting the once famous Fonthill Abbey, Rockingham co., in the S.E. part of the State, and fall- HOLOTcUatA. spent in a very few years the sum of $1,365,000. An ing into the Mierrimac, near Lowell. Becher, Joii JOACHnM, (bek'er,) an eninent Gernan excellent scholar, and possessed of a fine taste in almost Bea'ver River, in NVew York, rises in Herlkimer co., chemist, B. at Speier, 1625; author of the first theory of es-sy branch of art, la collected in his "1Abbey" one of in the N.E. of the State, and falls into Black River, in chemistry. He was of a roving disposition, residing the finest and most extensive libraries in Europe, and Lewis co. for some time at Vienna, and assisting in a variety of hi pictures and objects of vtu were almost unequalled. Bea'ver Rivesr, in Pennsylvania, a river formed by manufactures; and afterwards at Haarlem, where he His vast expenditure, and the loss of a large portion of the anion of the MIahoning and Shenango, in the W. invented a machine for throwing silk. D. 1682. His his West India property, rendered it necessary to sell part of the State; flows S. into the Ohio, near the town principal works are, Physic Su'sbterranea, Institutiones iismansion, which, with all its rich and rare contents, of Beaver. Chymicce, and E/fistolce 0hymicce. of Beaver. Cirspmica, asad ~itstlae Ohymica. was sold in 1822. On this occasion, the catalogues Bealver Springs, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of BZcis iss3, JOHN MATTHEW, (bek'stine) a celebrated alase brought the sum of $36,000. But his chief claim Snyder co. German ornithologist, who, intended for the Church, re- to remembrance rests sn his Orieatal ronance of lathek. Bea'verteen, n. (Masf.) A kind of fustian made of linquished theology for natural history; and, in 1785 B. was also the author of ansy other works, and D. coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. - Simmonds. was made professor of the Botanic Institute of Salz- 1844. Bea'verton, in Alabamsa, a post-office of Jones co. mann, at Schnepfenthlal. In 1791 he proposed to the Beck'ley, in TWest Virginia, a village, capital of Raleigh lBea'vereon, in Illinois, a village of Boone co., about Duke of Gotha to create a forest-school; but not meet- co., about 50 m. S.E. of Clharleston, and 10 mu. W. of 12 m. N.E. of Rockfotbrd. ing with success, he resolved to establishl one, at his own New River. Bea'vnton, in Upper- Canada, a post-village of York cost, at Kernnote, near Walterhausen. He afterwarde Beek'leysvlle, in Masyland, a post-office of Baltico., on Lalke Sinrcoe, at the entrance of Beaverton River, published a journal devoted to iorest science, called more co. 75 in. N. by E. of Toronto; pop. about 200. Diana; and in 1800 offered his services to the Duke of Beck'san~ n, JOHANN ANTTO', a German author, B. 1739. Bea'vertown, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Soy- Saxe-Meiningen, who gave him the direction of a bo- He was a professor at GCttingen, and his principal woark, der co., about 14 m. S.W. of New Berlin. tanic academsy, newly founded at Dreissacker. B. at the History of Discoveres aad Inventions, las obtained Bea'ver Valley, in Alabama, a post-office of St. Walterhausen, 1757; D. 1822.- Bechstein's whole life a ide celetrity.. 1811. Clair co. was spent in enriching natural history with most in- Belk'on, v. i. To makle a sign to another by nodding, Bea'ver Valley, in Delaware, a P. 0. of New Castle co. portant observations. He published many valuablie winking, or a motion of the hand or finger, &c. Bea'ver Valley, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Co- works, of which may be named, Germaana Natural His-, I see a hand you cannot see, lumbi co. torsy, Porest Erttosmology, Complete Course of Psorest Sci- Which beckons ne away. - TickeZs. Bea'vervilie, in rlnois, a post-office of Iroquois co. ence, and the Natural History of Cage-birds, which latter -v. a. To nod or makle a significant sign to another. Bea'vrin,'s Gaulci], in Montana, a mining district or has been translated into English, and has passed "With this his distant friends he beckons near. camp, some m. N. of Virginia City. through sevenal editions. Provoes their duty and prevents their fear. - D1ryden. Bebeerine, n. (Chemu.) A white, bitter powder, ob- Beeatelsville, (bek'telz-vil,) in Pennsylvania, a post- Beck'eoa, n. A beck; a nod; a sign made withlout atnined by the same process as quinine, from the bebeeru. office of Berks co. speaking; as, "At thi first bee/on."-Lord Baling-'orm. Css38I2106. — The sulphate, occurring in the fobrm eeek, us. [A.S. becc; Icel. beckr.] A small stream or brolke. (a.) of shining scales, is used in medicine as a tonic and feb- brook. This word enters into the comnposition of the Becli's Cree k, in Illinois, a post-office of Shelby co. rifuge. names of many English places; as Welbeck, Sandbeck, &c. Beiasseniciak, (bec'she-rik,) two towns of Iiungary, Bebeern, n. (Bat.) See NccxsNDn A. The German word bach has the same signification, and the Great and the Little, standing on the river Theiss; Bebllitna', v. a. To blind. - Gascoigne. in like manner forms part of the names of various places; the former 45 m. from Temesoar, and the latter 10; pop. ]eblubib'ereid, a. [From be and blubber.] Foul orl as Griesbach. of the former, 15,317. swelled with weelping. - North. -[A. S. beacen, beam.] A sign or signal with the hand or Beek'ls i-Ills, in Indiana, a post-office of WashingBecaileo, (bie'a-fsikos,) n.; pl. BECArFIcoEs. [it. becca- head; a nod; implying a command or call. ton co. fico, from beccare, to' Quips. and crsns. and wanton witess, Beck's hhil, in Pennsylvania, a post-offce of Washpack, and cficc, a fig; Nods, and beckh end svresthad smiles." —~filton... g.on co. Sp. becafsgo; Fr. bec- — u. i. To make a sign with the heaed or hand; to nod. -q eelkq a'. h, ton. in Indiausa, a P. 0. of Hamilton co. Figue.e (Zeit.) ahe' -v. a. To notify by a motion of thelheador hand, amount- seel ais', v. a. To cloud; to obscure; to darken; to Pig-easter, Sylv~z~ian 1r~o- uing to a call or comnanad. overshad-ow. tensis, a small bird of ]BeeI, ANsTcONoT. See BeEKE. a eea ie, (be-kum',) as. i. (leap. aecAse; pp. BC0OanE.) the wavrblher fenmisly. Beaer The name of several Germans known as [A. S. beansan —be and cumeanr; Ger. -kommen.] To come It is an inhabitant of writers, pests, mnsicians, painters, &c., bat wvhose bi- to, or come to be; to enter into some state or condition; the sonthern part of - ographies do not call for eny special notice. to be; to be made; to be changed to. Europe, sand princa Bela'e r, in Mlinnsesota, a co. in thie W.N.W. of the "So the least faults, if esixed with fairest deed, pally of the island of:- State. Aa-ea, abt. 1400 sq. m. The Buffalo Siver, the Of future ill become the fatal seed." - -Prior. Cyprus. It is highaly Red River of the North, and other stmoller streamss, Re becme of. To se the fate of; to be the end of; to prized by gounr-ands Pie. 329. -nEcArntc. drain it. Surface, hilly. Pop. abt. 800. be the subsequent, or final condition of. for the delicacy of its (,Sytvia hortcarsais.) Ieci'e ravihie, in Pecansyleaa'saias, a P. O. of Berlts co. Peraleed with hhaahts, what wauld became flavor. 13e ak'c$, as. (Naut.) A pioes of raps placed so as to Of me, and all mankind." - Mfilton. BED BEDA BEDF 255 ~~EIDF 255 -v. a. To go or enter intoe; to suit or be suitable to; to The Jews only laid off their sandals and outer garments Bedaub', v. a. To daub over; to besmear; to soil with lbe appropriate to; to befit; to accord with; to add grace at night. - Il our country, as in Europe, the modern bed anything thick or dirty. to; to be worthy of. is a case or sack of ticking, filled with chaff, wool, feath- "Pgale, pale as ashes, all bedaub'd in blood."- Shake. "She.. bowed low, that her right well became, ers, or any other soft material, and placed upon a raised Bedaz'zle, v. a. To dazzle greatly; to confound the And added grace unto her excellence." - Fairie Queene. wooden or iron framework, which is called the bedstead. sight by too strong a light; to make dim by lustre. ]Beeonss'ing, a. That pleases by propriety or fitness; (Hygiene.) Few people, perhaps, give sufficient heed "IMy mistaken eyes, fit; suitable; appropriate; befitting; comnely; graceful. to the fact, that, out of the allotted term of man's life - That have been so bedazzled by the sun." — Shake. "To make up my delight the threescore and ten years of the Scripture,-Tw'ENTY- Bedeaz'zlaligly, adv. In such a manner as to bedazzle, No odd becoming graces." - Sir J. Snuckling. THREE YEARS, at least, are passed in oblivion, in a state Bled'-bul., n. (Zoel.) See BUG. Becosi'isngly, adv. After a becoming or proper of unconscious sleep, stretched lethargically in bed, not Bed'-chair, n. A chair for the sick, with a movable manner. only wasting the oil of life in unprofitable repose, but, back, to sustain them while sitting up in bed.- Webster. ]Becoin'ingness, n. Congruity; state or quality of by excess of inaction, weakening the fiame, and impair- ]Bed-c. hanber', n. An apartment or chamber for a being fit, appropriate, or becoming. ing it for the responsible duties it is left to perform. bed, or for sleep and repose. Becquerel, (bekcier-ell,) ANTOINE CASAR, an eneinent That the bed is the necessary vehicle for tilhe great natmm- Lords of the B. are officers of the English Royal HouseFrench physician, and nmember of the Institute; B. ral medicine of life, —sleep, —no one will deny. It is hold under the Groom of thle Stole. (See GRooM.) TIhe 1788. In early life he served in the French army in against the abuse of the bed that the few remarks we Lords of the B. consist usually of the prime nobility of Spain as an officer of Engineers. In 1815, he resigned have to make are advanced,-against the manner in England. Their high office — an object of great amabihis commission as "chef de bataillon " of the Engineers, which it is made to minister to luxurious ease, and en- tion, from the access it gives to the person of the sorerandi devoted himhself to scientific pursuits. In 1829, B. courage indolent and enervating habits, and the wanton eign - is performed by ladies called Ladies of the Bedbecame Professor of Physics in the Museum of Natural sacrifice of time to which the bed ministers from being chamber, and Bed-chammber Women, in the reign of a History. Hehas been a voluminous writeron chemistry made so sensually soft and tempting. Were our beds queen. Queen Victoria has eight Ladies of the Bed-chamand electricity, and his industry in the collecting of more simply fashioned, and made of articles more con- her, and three extra; and eight Bed-chamaber Women, facts is very remmarlkable. His principal works are, ducive to health, the hours now wasted in idleness or and one extra. In 1839, Sir RobertlPeel, on forming a new Traiti de t'Electriciti et du Magngtisme (Paris, 1834-40); sleep would be most materially abridged, and beneficially ministry, madet the unusual request to be permitted to Trait6 d'Electro-Ohimie; Trait e de Physique a pliquie improved. The modern bed of luxury is so near in all change the ladies of the bed-chanmber, a request which a la Chemie et aux Sciences Naturelles; Eltments de Pihy- its features to the couch of Morpheus, as fabled by the hle said circumstancesjustified. This being declined, he sique terrestre et de Meteorologie (1847); and T7raiti de Roman poet, that, with its downy feathers, deep and resigned his premiership. 1'Electricitiet die Magnitismne (1855). He invented a new sweeping curtains, it seems less the instrument to bodily Bed'eloite es, n. pl. Coverlets, blankets, sheets, &c., psychometer in 1866. rest and repose than the courted residence of profound ibr a bed. Becrip'ple, v. a. To cripple; to lame; to maim. (a.) oblivion. As a general rule, feather beds are more hurt- "' And in his sleep does little harm, save to his bedclothes about Bee'tive, a parish in Ireland. in the co. Heath. Here ful than beneficial, by absorbing all the animal impu- him." - Shaks. are the ruins of a fine abbey, built in 1146. rities given off by the body in sleep, and afterwards re- Bed'der, Bedet'ter, n. The nether stone of an oilBed, n. [A. S. bed; Icel. bed; Du. bedde; Ger. bett. Ely- turning them to the sleeper; and when it is remembered mill. - Johnsom. mology uncertain.] Something to rest or sleep oil; a how many years a feather bed is used before its feathers Bel'diaug, n. [A. S. bedding, bedimmg.] A bed and its conch; an article of furniture to sleep or rest on. are cleaned and purified, it seems a marvel that more furniture; a bedl; the materials of a bed, whether lir "Oh! a miglhty large bed! bigger by half than the great bed injurious effects are not the consequence. The bed man or beast. at Ware." - -'arquhar. should stand with the head to tie wall, in the centre of "Arcite return'd, and as in honour tied -Lawful cohabitation; marital connection. the room, raised two feet fronm the floor; the bottom His foe with bedding, and with food supply'd."-Dryden. "George, the eldest son of this second bed." - Lord Clarendon. should be made of laths instead of ticking, as admitting (Geol.) The state or position of beds and layers. Dana. -A paint of earth in a garden, slightly banked or raised a fleer circulation; a couple of mattresses, the top one ]Bed'dingoem, in Maiine, a township of Washlington above the surrounding level. made of horse-hair and cotton, or wool, or instead, what co., about 38 mn. E. by N. of Bangor; pop. abt. 200. Herbs will be tenderer and fairer, if you take them out of beds." is better, the French spring umattress, will be found more Bede, or BEDA, (bSue,) surnanmeed the "VENERABLE," an Baecom. conducive to health and rest than a feather or down English monkl and ecclesiastical historian, B. at Durham, -The channel of a river, or of any volume of water. bed. The curtains should never be close drawn round 673. He was ordained priest about 703, and had already "Down sunk a hollow abottom, broad, and deep, the entire bed, and the top of the bed should be open. obtained a wide reputation for learning and piety. His Capacionus bed of wsaters." -- Slton. Children, as a rule, should never sleep on feather beds, whole life was spent quietly in his monastery at Yarrow, -The superficial earthwork, or ballast of a raivway. - or be closely surrounded by curtains. For the invalid, devoted to study and writing. His most important work Gwilt. numerous contrivances have been invented, in the shape is the Ecclesiastical Hlistory of England, published about To be brought to bed. To be delivered of a child; often of beds in which both air and water have been employed 734, and highly esteemed as one of the most trustworthy used wito the particle of; as, "lshe was bm'ought to bed of as a sustaining medium; of the latter, one of the most sources of early English history. It was written in a datiughter." useful is made by filling a series of cylinders of vulcan- Latin, and was translated into English by Alfred the ized India rubber (like bolsters) with water, and con- Great. The earliest printed edition appeared in 1474. ~'Ton months atter Flormlhpe' d ow TeAnd was ough after alorime hppen'd to wed, fining them together by cords, which, with a sheet and Ie also wrote, among other works, a Chronicle from the And was brou26ghtt in a, laudable manner to bed." — Prior.e To make tie bed. To p tte ner is ted ri blanmket over all, makes a light, elastic bed, which has Creation to A.D. 725, and he completed a Saxon transTo tae he oput the bed- in order altar it ha the advantage of accommodating itself to every motion lation of the Gospel of St. John oni tle day hie died, 26th bkeephshous used.. datee.n alm l"ik of the patient's body. - See REST, and SLEEP. May, 735. His remains lie in Dumrham Cathedral, and I eep hi house... and make te ed. addo all mysel." Sa. (Geol.) A layer; a stratum. —See STAxTUao. his church, at Yarrow, was restored in 1866. To put to bed. To deliver of a child. (Gunnery.) See MORTAR-BED. Bedeck', v.a. To deck; to adorn; to grace. (list.) In early ages it was the practice of manklind (Masonry.) The beds of a stone are the two surfaces' That so bedeck'd, ornate, and gay." — Ailton. to stretch themselves upon the skins of animals, whvich which generally intersect the face of the work in horiwas the custom of the Greeks and Romans, and of the zontal lines, or in lines nearly so; the higher surface is Bedegutar, (bed'e-gds',) n. [Per. bdddwas'dah.] An exancient Britons before the Roman invasion; after which called the upper-bed, and the lower the under-bed. In cieseofce, which mreaes its appearance on different ps event, the skins, spread for this purpose on the floors of tihe general run of walling, they are the two surfaces eme of wild oses, and which is roduced by tie pntapartments, were changed for heath and rushes; eanmd, in lt cylindrical lure of a small insect, Gynips rosce. It is lightly aswhich are placed level in the building. - In cylindrical tringent, and was formerly employed as ac lithontriptic the course of time, the introduction of agriculture sup- vaulting, the beds of a stone are those two surfaces ringe, and was formerly eployed as a ithontriptic plied the more civilized of the English with the greater whilch intersect the intrados of the vault, in lines parallel and vemlifuge. comfort and convenience of straw beds. The beds at the to the axis of the cylinder. - In conical vaulting, with Bede'-lhoause, n. [A. S. bead, prayer, and house.] An inns of this period were filled with the soft down of an horizontal axis, they are those two surfaces, which, if ucs-homse; a dwelling-house formerly set apart for mereeds, and those of the Roman patricians with fealthers. produced, would intersect the axis of the cone. - The higious persons dwelling near the church, in which tIhe In Wales, as late as the end of the 12th century, the bed of a slate is the lower side placed inm contiguity with fuder was interred, ad for whos soul they were ebeds of the humbler class were stuffed with rushes. and the boarding or the rafters. — A bed-mnoulding is that ired to pry- itn. quiede1(j',n [LLtobd~u. pray. —ceroton. straw was used il the royal chambers of England at the portion of a cornice which is situated immediatelybelow Beldei, (bid'l,) n. [L. Lat. bedellus.] An officer of a nuiclose of the 13th. Beds appear to have been the chief the corona. veity, whose fucions resemble those of a marshal in domestic treasures in England dmring the l4tl century, (Meci.) The foundation, or solid and fixed pait of a heading processions of dignitaries, students, &c. This (M~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ech. ih coufnedation Oxor sld and Cabidged paivrsities and were considered of sufficient importance to be named machine upon which the working parts are fastened; tEn is ofined to Oxford and Cambridge universities, in the wills of the sovereigns and tie chief nobility. as, "the bed of a lathe;" "1the bed of an engine.' England. Anne, Countess of Pembroke, for instance, im 1367, gave Worceste. Bel lmy,. The limit or extent ofa bedel's fhmnrtions. to hler daught er a bed, "with the furniture of her father's (Law.) The channel of a stream; the part between Bealies'm.n n, n. A prayer-man; a man who prays ibr arms." Edward, the Black Prince, bequeathed to his the bans von by the reular flow of te ater. l To throw into utter disorder confessor, Sir Robert de Walshanm, a large bed of red Froer bed and board. See DIvoRcE. aBed evil, (be-devl,) v. a. To throw n o utter ti order camoran, with his arms embroidered at each corner; ed, v. a. To lay in a place of rest or security; as, to Td ofsion, as if by the gency of eorruvil spi V'it.ht. while to another frietnd he left another bed of camora, bed a stone. - poil or corrupt. - i t'iglt. powdered with blue eagles; and, in 1385, his widow gave " r t a tiev'iled a. Thrown into utter disorder or con";Let coarse bold hands from slimy nest, uin 17, fu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ision. "to my dear soil, the Iking, my new bed of red velvet, The bedded fish in banks outwrest.' -- Donne. eit embroidered with ostrich featlhers of silver, and heads To sow or plant: to lay in any hollow place. Bedevilled... worse than St. Barthlomew." - Sen. of leopards of gold, with boughs and leaves issuing out -To lay in horizontal order; to stratify. Bedlewv (be-dla',) v. a. To moisten, as if with dew; to of their mouths." -The great chamber was often used "Your bedded hairs, like life in excrements, moisten gently. as a sleeping-room by night and a reception-room by Start up, and stand on end." —Shaks. "Bedew her pasture's grass with English blood." - Shaks. day. Slaow, in his Decorations of the Miiddle Ages, gives the interior of a chamber in which Isabella of Bavaria -v. i. To go to bed; to cohabit with; to use thle same bed Bedew'er,, n. Any one who, or anything which, bedews. receives from Christine of Pisa her volume of poemns. with; to occupy a bed. B aed1fellow, a. One who lies with another in the same The queen is seated on a couch covered with a stuff in l They have married me bed; a bed-companion. red and gold, and there is a bed in the room furnished I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her."- Shaks. " Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows." - Shaks. with the same nmaterial, to which are attached three ]elsa. See BEDE. B]ed'fosr, JOSHN, DUKE OF, Regent of France, was the shields of arms. The wails of the chamber were either ]e~ blble, a. a. To moisten; to sprinkle or wet with third son of Henry IV. of England; B. 1390. lie was hung with tapestry or painted with historical subjects. meoistlre. created Constable of England in 1403, and sent to succor I1n the East, the bed was anciently, and is still, a divan, "Sedabbled with the dew, and torn with briars." — Staks. Hamrflemr in 1416. In 1422, Charles VI. of France died, or broand low step around the sides of a room, like a low!~es'' a, n. A name applied to the sacred books of send long years of war followed between the rival clmtimsofa, whichm answered the purpose of a salo by dtiy for tile Bnmddhists in Bmmrmmah. — MAalcobn. ants for the crown, Charles VII. and Itenry VI. B. sereclinnog, and ofa bed bymnighmt for sleeping', (Eod. vimi. 3; ille -"g' e, v. a. To beneire; to soil clothes by letting cured the alliance of the Duhkes of Burgngdy and edrit2 aXin. iv. 5-7.) Sometimes it was raised several steps theme sweep the ground in wralking.-Jo/eoson. taRmy, and obtained a long series of military successes. above the floor, (2 Kiiags i.4; Psalms cxxxii. 3.) It was ] ie aea'~Fa, (bed'anm-ytt,) a town of France, dep. lIe- Tihe tide turned at tile siege of Orlemns, wrlhich was raised covered very differently, and with more or less ornamnent, mault, on the Orb, 20 m. N. of Beziers. It is neat and biy Joan of Ars. The Duoke of Brittany had previously according to the rank of the owner of the homso. Tihe well-beuilt, and is one of the most industrioms towns of abandoned the English cause; thme Dmmke of Bmrgmmndy poorC had leut a simple mattress or shceep's-sin; or ea its size in France. nlanf. Cloth, stuffs, Imosiery, bats, did thee same in 1435; and B. died at Rouen, Sept., 1435. cloak or blanket, which also answered to wmap them- paper, soap, &c. Pop. 9,995. ] ee'fort!, JoHNe RUSSELL, DonE Om, n. 0., distinguished selves in by day, (Exod. xxii. 27; Demt. xxiv. 13.) I[ence B ae aqeam, v. a. T'o obscure; to darken. for his princely patronage of letters, time fine arts, and it was easy for the persons whom Jesus healed, to take Be a15'',a'. a. To bespatter; to bernire by throwing every branch of social industry; n. 1766. He was versed up their bed and welk, (Ma'k ii. 9-11) Bedstedads, how- dirt upon; to oe7 t with wetter trow n upon. min literature, fond of sciemce, nd a passionate lover of ever, ereme not unlknoown, theiug h unlike toie c!' 0o:klern "'Timat all the standers-by had wet their cheeks, a egriculture; to the improvement of which he devoted tiuces. (Sae Deat. iii. 11; 1 5,5m. x;.x. 15;.u,,Lesi Vm. 4.) Like trees bedgm/'d with r'ia. — S aks. years of his life, and the expenditure of vast suamss of 256 BEDI BEDO BEE money. B., who was father of the celebrated living Beditm', v. a. To make dim; to obscure or darken. without resistance. Notwithstanding this, even the statesman, Lord John (now Earl) Rnussell, D. 1839. "I have bedimnm'd predatory Bedouins hold the rites of hospitality sacred; Bed'ford, an inland co. of England, having N. and The noontide sun." - Shaks. and the most defenceless enemy is sure of their protecN.W. the counties of Huntingdon and Northampton; S. Bedizen, (be-di'zn,) v. a. [Be and dizen. Of uncertain tion if they have once allowed him shelter. But the Hertford; E. Huntingdon, and Cambridge; and W. etymology.] To dress over-much; to adorn gaudily; to Bedouin considers every one his enemy who is not his Buckingham and Northampton. Area, 295,582 acres, deck showily. brother, kinsman, or ally. Ever careful of his own of which about 250,000 are arable, meadow and pasture. II "Remnants of tapestried hangings.. with which he had be- safety, he attacks no camp or caravan unless sure of his Surface, diversified; soil, fertile. Prod. Cereals and dizened his tatters."- Sir Walter Scott. superiority. To a determined resistance he yields, and beans, anc large quantities of vegetables for the London Bed'lam, n. [Corrupted from Bethlehemn.] The name of saves himself by speedy flight. A terror to neighboring markets. Prin. towns. Bedford, Biggleswade, Leighton, an hospital for lunatics, in St. George's Fields, London, nations, the rapacious Bedouin lives in a state of constant Buzzard, Luton, and Iunstable. This county was part originally founded in 1545, in the buildings of a roll- watchfulness, -poor, ignorant, wild, rude, but free and of the Saxon kingdom of Murcia. Pop. 148,791. glenous house, called Bethlehem, of which it retained the proud of his liberty. He is remarkable for a temperance BED'FOrD, a borough and cap. of above co., on the Ouse, name. The name is often applied in England, in a gen- in diet amounting almost to abstinence. His mode of 45 min. N.N.W. of London. Malanf. Straw-plaiting. —John oral sense, to any mad-house or lunatic asylum; also to life has undergone little change since the time of Moses, Bunyan was imprisoned, from 1660 till 1672, in the jail a madman, a lunatic, a dweller in Bedlam; and, adjec- (B. c. 1571-1451,) and Mohammed, (A. D. 570-632,) but here; and in it he wrote the first portion of the Pil- tively, to anything belonging to a mad-house; as, "A since the conquest of Northern Africa in the 7th century, grim's Progress. Pop. 14,753. bedlam beggar." - Shaks. the Bedouin has enjoyed a wider field for rapine, which Bed'ford, in Illinois, a post-village of Pike co., on the Bed'lamite, n. An inhabitant of a madhouse; a mad- extends from Arabia to the Atlantic Ocean. Illinois River, about 54 m. S.E. of Quincy. man. ]Bed'-pan,s n. A necessary utensil for the service of a -A village of Henderson co. " In these poor bedlamites thyself survey, bed-ridden person. Bed'ferd, in Indiana, a flourishing post-village, and Thyself less innocently mad than they." - Fitzgerald. Bed'-pieee, Bed-plate, n. (Macch.) The foundationcap. of Lawrence co., situated on an elevation, 3 m. from Bed'maker, n. A person who maklres beds. A term plate of an engine, a lathe, &c. - Ogilvie. the E. fork of White River, and 75 m. S.S.W. of Indian- used principally at the English universities of Oxford Bed'post, n. A post at the corner of a bed. apolis. and Cambridge. Bed'presser, n. A heavy, lazy fellow. - Shaks. fRed'ford, in Iowa, a post-village of Taylor co., watered " I was deeply in love with my bedmaker, upon which I was rus- Bedrag'gle, v. a. [be and draggle.] To soil in the dirt, by the river Hundred and Two, about 100 m. S.W. of Des ticated forever." - Spectator. as garments, &c. Moines. Pop. about 600. Bed'mar, ALFONSO DE LA CUEVA, MARQUIS OF, Cardinal "Poor Patty Blount, no more be seen Bed'ford, in Kentucky, a post-village, cap. of Trimble Bishop of Oviedo, an eminent Spanish diplomatist; B. Bedraggled in my walks so green." - Swift. co., about 40 m. from Frankfort, and 6 from the Ohio 1572. He was sent ambassador to the republic of Venice ]Beal'ench', v. a. To drench; to soak with water; to River. Pop. about 400. by Philip III., in 1607, and, in 16(i18, he took part with wet through. Bed'ford, in Massachusetts, a prosperous post-township Don Pedro of Toledo, governor of Milan, and the Duke Bet'rid, Bedrid'den, a. [A. S. bedrida.] Confined of Middlesex co., on Concord River, 14 mn. N.W. of d'0ssuna, then Viceroy of Naples, in a conspiracy to to the bed by age or infirmity. Boston. Near the village are mineral springs, with good overthrow the republic of Venice, by firing the arsenal, "Lies he not bedrid? " —Shaks. accommodations for visitors. Pop. about 1.000. pillaging the mint and the treasury of St. Mark, and Bed'right, Bn'RIaE, a. The privilege of the marriageB]ed'ford, in Michigan, apost-township of Calhoun co.; massacring the Doge and senators. The plot failed, bed. pop. about 1,550. and many Frenchmen and Spaniards were arrested and "Whose vows are that no bedrite shall be paid -A township of Monroe co.; pop. about 1,600. executed. B. was allowed to retire. He was created Till symen's torch be lighted." - Shaks. Bed'for.d, in Minnesota, a village of Wright co., on the cardinal in 1622, was afterwards Spanish governor of the Bed'roon, n. A sleeping apartment; a lodging-room. Mississippi River, about 33 m. N.W. of St. Anthony. Netherlands, made himself detested by the Flemings, Bedrop', v. a. To sprinkle, as with drops. Bed'ford, in Missouri, a post-village of Livingston co., and retired to Rome, where he D. 1655. Bed'-side, n. The side of the bed. on Grand River, about 85 m. E. by S. of St. Joseph. Bed'mianstear, in New Jersey, a township of Somerset Bed'-site, it. A place set apart in a room for a bed. Bed'ford, in New Hanpshlire, a post-township of Hills- co.; pop. about 2,500. Bed'staff, s. A wooden pin formerly used to stick in borough co., abt. 201m. S. by E. ofConcord; pop. abt. 1,400. Bed'minster, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of the sides of a bedstead, to hold the clothes in a fixed Bed'ford, in Ohio, a post-village and township in Cuya- Bucks co., 35 m. N. of Philadelphia; pop. about 2,800. position. hoga co., on the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Pop. Bed'moulding, n. (A-ch.) See BED. "Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff." - Ben Jolsors. about 1,400. Bednore, (bedlnoer,) a town of Hindostan, cap. of a diet. Bed'stead, s. A f-ame for supporting a bed. -A township of Meigs co.; pop. about 1,900. of Mysore; Lat. 130 50' N.; Lon. 750 6' E.; 150 m. N.W. Chimneys with scorn rejecting smoke; -A township in Coshocton co.; pop. about 1,600. of Seringapatam, and 360 m. W.N.W. of Madras. It is Stools, tables, chairs, and edtealds hroke." - Swift. Bed'ford, in 2New York, a village of Saranac township, situated on one of the best roads in the W. Ghauts, Bed'-steps, n.pl. Steps for mounting an unusually Clinton co., on the Saranac river, 140 nm. N. of Albany; which leads from Mangalore. When Hyder All took it, high bed. pop. 372. in 1763, it was said to be 8 m. in circumference, and it Bed'-strw,', n. Straw used for beds. Bed'ford, in New York, a village and railroad station afforded him considerable plunder. In 1783, it was taken (Bot.) The Gaiun rerum, used formerly to fill beds of King's co., on the Long Island railroad, 5 m. S.E. of by the English, who, in the following year, were dis- with straw. See GALIUM. New York. lodged by Tippoo Saib. It has no manufactures, but Bed'swerver, n. One who is false to the marriageBed'ford, in New York, a thriving post-village of West- possesses an increasing trade. bed; one who swerves from sis proper bed. chester co., 125 m. S. by E. of Albany. Bed of Justice, [Fr., Lit de Justice.] (Hist.) Literally, "She's a ledoeerver, even as had as those Bed'ford, in Pennsylvania, a S. county bordering on the seat or throne upon which the king of France was That vulgars give the boldest titles to." - Shas. Maaryland; area, about 1,000 sq. m. It is intersected by accustomed to sit when personally present at parlia- Bed'-iek, n. A case of linen or cotton cloth, used for numerous streams, among which is the Raystone, a ments. From this original mneaning, the expression contaeining the feathers, or othoer material, that constibranch of the Juniata river. The surface is mountain- came, in course of time, to denote a solemn proceeding tutes a bed. ous, being traversed by many ridges of the Alleghany resorted to by the monarch, in order to carry some Beed'-time, n. The hour of going to rest; the usual range. The soil is mostly unfit for cultivation, but B. measure against the will of tihe parliament. A bed of Ir! rich in Iron ore, and mine of stone coal ~tl~e exten- time of retiring to sleep. is rich in iron ore, and mines of stone coal are exten- justice was a solemn session of the king in the parli- " would it wer ed-time, a, and all well." - Saks. sively worked. Capital, Bedford. Po. about 39,000. mont, for the purpose of registering or proemulgatioeg Bedel.Oe', v. a. To duck in water; to inmerse. -A post-borough, cap. of the above county, in a town- edicts as ordinances. According to the principle of the Bedung',, v. a. To duckver, or manure; to immerse. ship of same name; 104 m. W.S.W. of Harrisburg, and old French constitution, the authority of the parliament, B e(Lst, v.a. To cover, or manure with dung. a few miles E. of the chief elevations of the Alleghany being derived entirely from the crown, ceased when the Bedus$', v.a. To sprinkle or cover with dust. Mountains. Pop. of township, about 2,600; of village, king was present; and consequently all ordinances en- Bedlward, adv. Toward bed. about 1,450. — About 1 m. from the town are the rolled at a bed of justice were acts of the royal will, and A merr as hen o nptil day was don. aboat 1,450.-About ly 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~As merry as when our nuptial day was done, celebrated saline and sulphurons springs. The princi- of more aethenticity and effect than decisions of par- And tapers burnt to becdward."- Shaks. pal, the Mineral or Anderson's Sp-ring, contains carbonic liament. The ceremony of holding a bed of justice was Becwari', v. a. To stunt; to hinder in growth; to acid, sulphate of magnesia, chlorides of calcium and so- as follows: —The king was seated on the throne, and make little. dium, and catrbonate of iron, but not in large quantities; covered; the princes of the blood-royal, the peers, and Bed'-worlk, n. Work done in bed; work performed hence, the main action of the water is diuretic. At some all the several chambers were present. The marshals without manual toil. distance fromn the springs, there is a chealybeate water; of France, the chancellor, and the other great officers "They call this bedwork, mapp'ry, closet war."-Shakt. and about 10 m. S.W. of B., at Milliken's Cove, a strong of state, stood near the throne, around the king. The Bedye,', v. a. To dye or stain. sulphurons spring. The climate of B. is agreeable, and chancellor, or, in his absence, the keeper of the seals, Bee, n. [A. S. beo, probably from bWan, byan, to inhabit, the springs are much resorted to. declared the object of the session, and the persons to dwell; Du. bye; Lat. apis; Fr. abeille.] (Zoel'.) The Bed'ford, in Tennessee, a central co., area about 550 sq. present then deliberated upon it. The chancellor then generic name of a family of Hymenopterous insects, for m. The surface is undulating, and the soil, extensively collected the opinions of the assembly, proceeding in the classification of which, see APIDa. - Of all the incultivated, is fertile, and watered by Duck River. Cap. the order of their rankl; and afterwards declared the sect tribe, none have more justly excited the attention Shelbyville. Pop. about 23,000. determination of the king in the following words: "Le and admiration of mankind than the Bee; and yet, alIBed'ford, in Vireginia, a county bounded N.E. by the roi, en sose lit de justice, a ordosni et ordonne qu'il sera though it has engaged the study of naturalists for two James River, S.W. by the Staunton River, and N.WV. by procil d l'enregistremnent des letties sur lesqutelles on d thousand years, we still occasionally find, in the economy the Blue Ridge Mountains. Here are the splendid Pealks dilibre-." Tihe last bed of justice was assembledl by Louis of this social and industrious little animal, some obscurely of Otter (see Fig. 159), 420 feet above the sea. The XVI., at Versailles, on the 6th of August, 1788, at the known or unelucidated fact, which is thought worthy of county is highly picturesque and productive. Capitol, commencement of the French Revolution, and was in- the labors of those who devote their time and abilities Liberty. Pop. about 23,000. tended to enforce upon the parliament of Paris the tothepursuitandadvancemnentofthisinterestingbranch B]ed'fo'rd, in Lower Canada, a post-village of Missisquoi adoption of the obnoxious taxes, whiich had been pre- of natural science. - The most important species is the co., about 45 m. S.E. of Montreal. viously proposed by Calonne, at the Assembly of No- HONEY BEE, or HvE BE, Apis mnellifica, so long celebrated Bed'ford Island, a coral reef, enclosing a lagoon, in tables. for its wonderful polity, the neatness and precision with tihe S. Pacific, Lat. 210 8' 30" S.; Lon. 1360 38' W. Bledouins, BsEDOWsENS, n. pl., (bid'oo-een.) [Fr. bidou- which it constructs its cells, and the diligence with which Bed'ford Level, an E. district of England, comprising in; Ar. bed wi, rural, dwelling in the desert, from badd, it provides during the warmth of summer a supply of about 450,000 acres of what is called the "Fen" country, to lead a nomadic life.] Numerous and warlike tribes of food for the support of the hive during the rigors of the in the counties of Cambridge (including the whole of Arabs, who dwell in the deserts of Arabia, Egypt, and succeeding winter. In its natural state, the lioney-Bee the Isle of Ely), Suffolk, Norfolk, luntingdon, No'th- N. Africa. They are supposed to be the descendants of generally constructs its nests in hollow trees; but so ampton, and Lincoln. It was a mere waste of fen and Ishmael the "'wild man," whose " hand was against every universally is it now domesticated that we rarely find it ma'sh, until the time of Charles I., when. in 1634, a chsar- man, and every man's hand against him," (Gen. xvi. 12,) otherwise than hived in ocer country, where they have ter was granted to Francis, Earl of Bedford, who under- a. c. 1920. The Bedouins live at a distance from cities been probably imported eaorly from Eueope. -Itoney toohk to drain the level, on condition of being allowed and villages, in faemilies under sheikhs, or in tribes under and wax are the two valuable articles of commerce for 95,000 acres of the reclaitised land. Re accomplisheed emirs. Their dwellings are huts, tents, ruins, and cav- which we are indebted to tihis nsefel insect. Now, if we the undertakling at an enormous expense, need it now ems. With theit' herds and their beasts of burden, whiche examesine the structure of thee common mBee, ths first reforms one of the most fertile and graimn-productive dis- carry what little property they possess, they wander in mearkatle part which presents itself is the priboscis, tricts in the kingdomn. search of fresh water and pasture. They are goosl hoerse- (Pig. 331,) an instrument serving to extract honey from B]~ed'f r!;t$atial, in New Yos'k, a post-office of nee, and generally lend of hunting.'T]he more peaceful flowers; it is not formed lilts thast of other flies, in tlist Westchester co. tribes exchange horses and fat cattle for erns and cloth shieape of a teebe by which the fluid is tobe sucked up, Be~'sas, in Texas, a post-office of Grimes co. with neighlboring nations. Other hordes are open rote- but ratther lilts a tonguee, to alap it up. When thus lappesd Beeii'he, (be;-dct',) a. a. [A.S. dihtan, to set in order.] hers; and it is dangerous to travel thr'oegeh their coun- out of the emectary, it is conweyed to the crop or hotneyTo array or deck withi ornaments or finery; to adoen; try wsithoumt a gueard or a passport, which the different bag; where it undergoes but little altemation, ated is to decorate. I chiefs sell. Terrible encounters have bees the conse- tralnsfereed or disgorged into the cells destined to receive "The maiden, fine bedight, his love retains." - Gfay. quence of travellers refsesing to part with their property it. While the Bee is busy in extracting the sweets of BEE BEE BEE 257 the flowers, it becomes covered with the farina or pollen weapon, if the bee did not poison the wound. The sharp- brolken into one, the edges polished, and the sides of the anthers; this pollen it wipes off with the brushes pointed sheath first enters, and this being followed by smoothed and rounded, a single egg being allowed to reof its legs, collects every particle together, and kneads the barbed darts, the venomous fluid is speedily injected. main at the bottom. When this'egg hatches, the magit into two little masses, which it lodges on the broad Sometimes the sheath sticks fast in the flesh, anti is left got is fed with a peculiarly nutritive food, called royal behind; but the death of the bee invariably follows.- bee-bread, which is never given to any maggots, but Having examined the bee singly, we now proceed to an such as are to produce queens. Work is now resumed inquiry into its habits as a member of asocial community. over the whole hive, and goes on as briskly as before; Viewed in this light, we behold an animal active, vigilant, on the sixteenth day the egg produces a queen, whose laborious, and disinterested; subject to regulations, and appearance is hailed with every demonstration of deperfectly submissive. All its provisions are laid up lbr light, and who at once assumes sovereignty over the the community; and all its arts are employed in build- hive. When, under ordinary circumstances, a young ing a cell, designed for the benefit of posterity. -A bee- queen emerges from the chrysalis, the old one frequently hive contains three kinds of individuals,-a queen, drones, quits the hive, heading the first swarm for the season, and workers; the queen is a female, and not only the and flying to some neighboring resting-place, is observed ruler, but in great part the mother of the community; by the owner, captured, placed under a new hive, and a the drones are umales, and the workers are abortive fe- new colony is immediately commenced. Before a swarm males. The sole office of the queen appears to be the leaves the hive, sure indications are given of the inlaying of eggs, and this occupies her almost incessantly, tended movement; the workers leave their various ocas a single one only is deposited in each cell, thius cans- cupations and collect in groups, especially near the ing her to be in continual motion; she is slow and ma- door of the hive, as though in consultation on the im2~~~~~~~~ ~~~jestic in her movements, and differs from the workers in portant event about to take place. - As the summer adbeing larger, having a longer body, shorter wings, and a vances, many queens are hatched, but the workers do curved sting. The queen is accompanied by a guard of not allow them instant liberty, as severe battles would twelve workers, an office which is taken in turn, but take place between them and the reigning queen, in never intermitted; in whatever direction she wishes to which one would be killed; the workers, therefore, travel, these guards clear the way before her, always with make a small hole in the ceiling of the royal cell, the utmost courtesyturning their fiaces towards her; and through which the captive queen thrusts her tongue, when she rests from her labors, approaching ler with and receives food from the workers. In this state of humility, licking her face, mouth, and eyes, and appear- confinement the young queen utters a low querulous ing to fondle her withl their antennse. - The drones are all note, which has been compared to singing. When the males; they are smaller than the queen, but larger than reigning, or newly created queen, finds one of these capthe workers; they live on tihe hloney of flowers, but tives, she uses every effort to tear open the cell and debring none home, and are wholly useless, except as being stroy hler rival. To prevent this, the workers often inthe fathers of the future progeny; when this office is terpose, pulling her away by the legs and wings; to this accomplished, they are destroyed by the workers. A she submits for a short time, when, uttering a peculiar buzzing commences in the hive, the drones and the cry, called lier voice of sovereignty, she commands inworkers sally forth together, grapple each other in the stent attention and obedience, and is at once freed frons air, hug and scuffle for a minute, during which operation her assailants. The cocoons spun by the maggots of the stings of the workers are plunged into the sides of the workers and drones completely envelop the chrythe drones, who, overpowered by the poison, almost in- sales; but that spun by the maggot of the queen apstantly die. - The workiers are the smallest bees in the pears imperfect, covering only the upper end of the hive, and by far the most mnumerous; they hlave a longer chrysalis. It has been supposed that they are thus delip for sucking honey than either of the others; their signedly exposed to the attacks of other queens, and thighs are f'urnished with a brush for the reception of the their destruction, before emerging, facilitated. When Fig. 330. - HoNEY-BEE. pollen of flowvers, and their sting is straight. The work- the chrysalis of the queen is about to change to a per-.e neter, e warer; 3 She female, or queen. ers do the entire work of the community; thiey build the feet insect, the bees make the cover of the cell thinner 1.~~~~Themam~e, emor dre~ne cells, guard the hive and the queen, collect and store the by gnawing away part of the wax; and with so much surface of the tibia of each hind leg, where a series of honey, elaborate the wax, ifeed the young, kill the drones, nicety do they perform this operation, that the cover elastic hairs over-arches a concavity, and acts as a sort &c. The average numnber of these three kinds of bees at last becomes pellucid, owing to its extreme thinness. of lid or covering, (d, Fgq. 331.) Thus employed, the in a hive is, one queen, 2,000 drones, and 20,000 workers. -The combs of a bee-hive comprise a congeries of Bee flies from flower to flower, increasing its store of The eggs are long, slightly curved, and of a bluish color; hexagonal cells, built by the bees as a receptacle for honey, and adding to its stock of kneaded pollen, which when laid, they are covered with a glutinous matter, honey, and for the nurseries of their young; each comb is called bee-bread. The abdomen is divided into six an- which instantly dries, attaching them to the bottom of in a hive is composed of two ranges of cells, backed nulations or rings, which are capable of being contracted the cell. —For eleven months the queen lays only work- against each other. The base or partition between this or extended at pleasure; and the insect is internally fur- ers' eggs; afterwards, those which produce drones; as double row of cells is so disposed as to form a pyranished with a honey-bag, a venom-bag, and a sting. The soon as this change has taken place, the workers begin midical cavity at the bottom of each. There is a conhoney-bag, which is as transparent as crystal, contains to construct royal cells, in which, without discontinuing tinned series of these double combs in every well-filled the honey which tine bee has brushed from the flowers, to lay the drones' eggs, the queen deposits here and there, hive-the spaces between them being just sufficient to the greatest part of which is carried to the hive, and about once in three days, an egg which is destined to allow two bees, one on the surface of each comb, to pass poured into the cells of the honeycomb, while the re- produce a queen. The workers' eggs hatch in a few without touching. Each cell is hexagonal, the six sides mainder serves for the bee's own nourishment. Wax is days, and produce little white maggots, which immedi- being perfectly equal. This figure ensures the greatest a peculiar secretion in little cells beneath the scales of ately open their moutlhs to be fed; these the workers possible economy of material and space; the outer edges the abdomen. It is from honey that the wax, by some attend to with untiring assiduity; in six days each mng- of the cells are slightly thickened, in order to gain internal process, is elaborated. The wax oozes out be- got fills up its cell; it is then roofed in by the workers, strength; thee same part is also covered with a beautiful tween the abdominal rings, in the form of little lamines; spins a silken cocoon, and becomes a chrysalis; and on varnish, which is supposed to give additional strength. the twenty-first day it comes forth a perBfect bee. The The construction of several combs is generally going on drones emerge on the twenty-fifth day, and the queens at the same time; no sooner is the foundation of one on the sixteenth. — When the queen-bee has an inclina- laid, with a few rows of cells attached to it, than a secIsb~~~~~~~~ ~tion to deposit her eggs, she goes forth, accompanied by ond and a third are founded on each side, parallel to the six or eight working bees as a guard, whose stomachs first, and so on till the hive is filled -the combs which a'e filled witllh honey. She is very deliberate in her mo- were commenced first being always in the most advanced O~~~ ~ ~tions, and seems to proceed with great caution. She first state, and therefore the first completed. The design looks into a cell, and if she finds it perfectly empty, she of every comb is skietched out, and the first rudiments draws up lier long body, inserts her tail into the cell, laid by a single bee. This foundress-bee forms a block and deposits an egg. In this way she slowly proceeds out of a rough mass of wax, drawn partly from its own till she has dropped ten. or twelve eggs, when, perhaps resources, but principally from those of other bees, feeling exhausted, she is fedl by one of the attendan t bees, which furnish wax from small sacs, in which it has been vwho have surrounded her all the time. This is done secreted, that are situated between the segments of the by the bee ejecting the honey from its stomach into the body of the bee; taking out the plates of wax with their mouth of the queen. When this has been done, the bee hind-feet, and carrying it with their fore-feet to their rI~~ ~~~~goes away, and another takles its place. The operation mouths, where it is moistened, masticated, and rendered of laying her eggs again goes on, and is succeeded by the soft and ductile. The foundress-bee determines the relasame mode of feeding,-the attendant bees frequently tive position of the combs, and their distance from each touching the antennse of the queen with their own. other, the foundations which she marks serving as When tie operation of laying the eggs is completed- guides to the ulterior labors of the wax-workinig bees, and it generally occupies some time —the queen retires and of those who build the cells, giving them the adto that part of the hive which is most filled with bees. vantage of the margins and angles already formed. The During her progress, the surface of the conb is very nmass of wax prepared by the assistants is applied by the little intruded upon, and the space seems purposely to be foundress-bee to the roof or bottom of the hive, and left unoccupied. Some few of the cells, however, in a thus a slightly double convex mass is formed; when of brood-comb, are passed over by the queen, and after- sufficient size, a cell is sculptured on one side of it by wards filled either with honey or fntrina. These serve the bees, who relieve one another in the labor. At the as deposits of food, firomn which the neighboring brood back, and on each side of this first cell, two others are nmay be fed more readily, as such cells are never covered sketched out and excavated. By this proceeding the aC with wax. -It has been already stated, that the queen, foundations of two cells are laid, tie line betwixt them Feyi~t~ 331. C~for nea'ly a year, lays no eggs that are destined to pro- corresponding with the centre of the opposite cells. As F. proboscis of the hive-bee. dince queens; it therefore follows, that, if any evil befall the comb extends, the first excavations are rendered a. Prrebects afthe5 hive-bee,.eprprnia c. The tongue. her, the hive is left without a queen. It sonmetimes hap- deeper and broader; and when a pyramidal base is finb. The hinder-leg of the worker-bhe. pens that she dies, or is taken away by the owner of the ished, the bees build up walls from its edges, so as to d. The part on which the ponen is carried, hive, to observe the result. For twelve hours, little no- complete what may be called the prismatic part of the nseaguifiesea tice is taken of the loss; it appears not to be kenown, cell. Tine cells intended for the drones are considerably it is then worked with the mnouth, and keneaded with sa- annd the workers labor as usnal. After that period, a larger and more substa~ntinli thann those for the workers,!iva that it uay acquire the requisite degree of ductility hubibub conmnences; work is abandoned; tine whole and being formed subsequently, they usually appear for the constrnuction of the comb, which is finished with hive is in an nproar; every bee traverses the hive at nearer the bottom of the concbs. Last of all are built a substance called propolas, a glntinous or gummy resin- randomn, and with tine most evident want of purpose. the royal cells for the queens. Of these tliere are usuoes matter procured fi'oem the buds of certain trees. —The This state of annarchy sometimes continues for two days; ally thiree or four, somnetines tees or twelve in a hive, sting is composed of three plarts; namely, the sheaeth, then the bees gather in clusters of a dozen or so, as attached completely to the central part, bumt not unfreand two extremely ansall and penetrating darts, each of thnough engaged inn consultation, tie result of which quently to tine edge of the comb. The form of the royal which is furnished with several points, or barbs, which, seems to be a fixed resoluntiomn to supply her loss. A few cells is an oblong sphneroid, tapering gradually downrankling in tine wound, render the sting more painful, of the workers repair to the cells in which are deposited wands, and hnaving the exterior full of holes. The mouth This instrument, howevenr, would prove bht a feeble tine eggs of tile workers; thriee of tlese cells are quickly of the cell, whicle is always at the bottom, remains open VOL. i. — 33 INS~~EZ\ 258 BEEC BEEF BEEM until the maggot is ready for transformation, and it is ville, 1838-1841, and that of pastor at Salem Street (/ygiene.) Beef is one of the most nutritious articles then closed like the rest. When the queen has emerged, Church, Boston, from 1846 to 1856. lIe was, in 1864, in the class of animal food, and, though less easily dithe cell in which she was reared is destroyed, and its pastor of a chorch at Galesburg, Ill. He is the author of gestible than mutton, it is, in cases of great debility, and place is supplied by a range of common cells. The Baptism, its fiporlsadd Modes; The Conjlictof Ayes, &c. where, from impoverished blood, the vital powers are site of this range may be always traced by that part nBeechl'e', IIaRMET. See STowE. very slow, preferable to every other kind of fleshl-creating of the comb being thicker than the rest, and forming a Beech'l'r, IIENaY WARD, an emIninent American author sliment. As mutton is prelferable, as an article of food. kind of knot. The common breeding-cells of drones and divine, yet another scion of a highly gifted family, for the early and later periods of life, beef is the most and workers are occasionally made the depositories of B. in 1813, at Litchfield, Conn. lie graduated at Am- suitable for youth and middle age, both because it rehoney; but the cells are never sufficiently cleansed to herst College in 1834, and studied theology under his quires more nmastication in the eating, and also for its preserve the honey undeteriorated. The finest honey father, D)r. Lyman Beecher, at Lane Semninary. I-Io first possessing more lasting and sustaining properties; for, is stored in new cells constructed for the purpose of settled as a Presbyterian minister at Laurenceburg, Ind., being slower of digestion, it remains longer in the receiving it, their form precisely resembling that of the in 1837, removed in 1839 to Indianapolis, and became stomach as a supporting agent. - See FOOD. common breeding-cells. These honey-cells vary in size, Pastor of the Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., an or- -a. Consisting of the flesh of black-cattle or neat-cattle; being larger or smaller according to the productiveness ganized body of worshippers calling themselves " Ortho- i. e., of the ox, bull, or cow. of the sources from which the bees are collecting, and dox Congregational Believers," in 1847. In 1850 he pub- Beef'-eater, n. A hearty, well-fed person; - so called according to the season. It is remarkable that all ant- lished Lectures to Yeung Men, and Induestry and Idle- ifrom the nutritive properties of beef. mals which have been long under the protection of eess; in 1855, The Star Papers, a series of' articles con- -[0. Fr. buffetier, fronm buffet, a side-board.] A name popman seem to lose a part of their natural sagacity. In tribeuted to the "New York Independent," and, in 1858, ularly given in EEngland to the "Yeomen of the Guard," those countries where thie bees are wild, and unprotect- a second series of the samne. Life Th'loughts, 25,000 copies attached to the court of the English sovereigns. Differed by man, they are always sure to build their waxen of which were sold soon after publication, appeared in ences of opinion exist as to the origin of this term; but it cells in the hollows of trees; but with us they appear 1858. As a prealche r, Mr. Beeclher is said to have the is generally believed to be derived fronm the French improvident in their choice, and the first green branch largest and wealthiest unifornm congregation in the U. bueftiec, from their waiting at the royal table on great which stops their flight, is deemed sufficient for their States, and le is also very popular as a public lecturer. occasions. They were first constituted by Henry VII. abode. It does not even appear that the queen chooses In April, 1865, Mr. Beecher was requested by the U. in 1485, and have continued as a royal institution, and the place where they are to alight; for numbers of the States government to deliver an oration at Fort Sumnter, with nearly the same costume, to tile present day. swarms, when they conceive a predilection for any par- Charleston, on the anniversary of its fall, and the resus- (Zogl.) See BUroaGA. ticular branch, spontaneously settle on it; others fol- citation upon it of the national flag. His last workl, Beefing, n. A term used, in some parts of England, to low their example, and at last the queen herself, finding Norwood, was issued in 1868, and a complete edition of denote a bullock sufliciently fat to be slaughtered. the majority of the swarm convened together, conde- B.'s Sermons was published in New Yorlk, May, 1869. lee'1-flowes, n. (B1t.) See OPHnrs. scends to place herself among thec. The queen being Beeeh'er, LYMAN, D.D., an American divine and miscel- Beef-steak, n. A steak or collop of beef broiled, or settled, the rest Of the swami soon flock around her, laneous writer, distinguished not only for his own per- for broiling. and in about a quarter of an hour the whole body seems sonal merits, but as the father of the gifted subjects of Beef-steak Clitb. The name of a convivial and to be perfectly at rest. Whene a hive sends out several the five preceding notices, was B. at New Haven, Conn., social club, foundedl in London during the reign of Queen swarms in a year, the first is always the best, as well as in 1775. After being educated at Yale, he studied the- Anne. It was limited to 60 menmbers, consisting of the the most numerous; for, having the greatest part of the ology under the auspices of President Dwighlt, and, in most eminent statesmen, wits, artists, and men of letters summer before them, they have the more time for mak- 1798, was ordained and settled at East Hampton, Long of the period. It flourished until the year 1867, when ing wax and honey, and consequently their labors are Island. He removed to Litchfield, Conn., in 1810, wiere it became extinct. During its existence of upwards of the most valuable to their proprietor. Though the he remained till 1826; during whichl period of time he 150 years, it comprised on its roll of membership many swarm is principally mnade up of the younger bees, those was engaged in the promotion and furtherance of many of the most illustrious names in English history and litof all ages generally compose the number of emigrants; works tending to religion and education. In the last- erature. At its meetings, tile club invariably dined and as a single hive sometimes contains upwards of named year, hle became Pastor of the 1Ianover Street off beef-stealks, and each member wore at his button-hole 40,000 inhabitants, such a vast body may well be sup- Church, and remained so until 1832, when he became a silver gridiron attached to a silk ribbon. posed to work with great expedition. -Much might lbe President of the Lane Theological Seminary at Cincin- B]eef'-tea, n. (Med.) An infusion of beef, much used in said before exhausting the interesting and instructive nati. This appointment hie resigned in 1812, and retired debilitaeting maladies, and during convalescence. It may study of the bee. We have in this article endeavored to Boston, and eventually to Broolklyn, where he D. 10th be made as follows: tale 2/2 pounds of lean beef; cut it to point out those features of their social life that are Jan., 1863. IIis chief writings consist of sermons aiid in small pieces, and place it in three parts of water in an generally accepted by authority, settingaside other and addresses, and a work on Political Atheism. A collec- earthen pipkin; let this sinmm er, but sever boil, until tile even marvellous facts, which do not appear, however, tion of his literary labors was published in Boston, in liquor is condensed to l/ pints; then strain carefully. to be based on sufficient evidence. As regards the do- 1852. Ilis Autobiography and Corbrespondence, edited by It ought to be entirely free from fat or grease. nestic management of bees, we refer to the excellent hlis son, Rev. IH. W. Beecher, in 2 vols., was published in Beef-wood1, n. See CASUARmNA. article on this subject, found in ilackenzie's Book of New York, in 1864-5. Bee'-gard.less, n. An enclosure to kieep hives of bees in. Receipts in Useful and Domestic Ai-s, published by T. Beech'ey, FI.'REDEsniCc WILLIAct, an Arctic explorer and B1ee'-gllae, n. See PROPOLIS. Ellwood Zell, Philadelphia, 1867. author, ee. in London, 1796. He entered the navy early Beehive, (bBqtIne,) n. [Bee, and A.S. eyfe, house.] A ease Bee, n. A body or gathering of persons, who, through in life, and in 1818-19 took part in the great Arctic ex- or box in which bees are kept. They are usually made mere benevolence, meet at one time and unite in doing peditions under Sir John Franklin and Sir Edward of straw or wood. The former substance is still preferred a job of work, or contributlng articles of necessity for Palrry. In 1821 he surveyed the N. coast of Africa. In by some, the honey being liable to melt in wooden hives the benefit of a newly settled person or family. [Canada 1825 he commanded in another Polar expedition, and during hot weather. Glass hives, or hives with glass and U. States.] the results of this voyage, which lasted three years, doors or windows, so as to observe the motions of the (Mless.) A combination of reeds, connected with the were published under the title of Narralive of a Voyage bees, are now nmuch used, while ic Greece and Turkey the mouthpiece of an oboe, and other similar wind instru- to the Pacujic and Behring's Steraits, to CoIperate withl fle hives are principally made of earthenware. The shape ments. - Webster, Bolar E'xpedition in 1825-8; and largely contributed to of a B. is not of much consequence, but it is considered -pl. (Neut.) Pieces of plank bolted to the outer end of the progress of geographical enterprise and physical of importance to have the hive so constructed as to be a ship's bowsprit, to reeve the foretopmast-stays through. science. In 1856, hle was elected President of the Royal enlarged above or below at pleasure. B. should always Danu. Geographical Society. D. 1856. be situoated in the neighborhood of flowers. Iloney Bee, in Texas, a S. county, watered by the streams Aran- Beech Fork, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Washington co. made from hleather-flowers is much esteemed in Scotsas, Blanco, Medio, Papelota, and Chilteplin. Area, abt. Beech'-agl, se. An excrescence on the leaf of a beech, land; and when the season of the heather-bloom comes 1,000. Soil, light, sandy, and generally poor. Cap. Bee- which conettins the maggot of a fly. -As/h. on, a large number of hives are removed to the moors ville. Pop. about 850. Beech G5rove, in Jndiana, a post-office of Rush co., and hlills. In Egypt, hives are renmoved from place to Bee'be Plaiss, in Vermsont, a P. 0. of Orleans co. about 35 in. E. by S. of Indianapolis. place on the Nile in barges, in order to reach the places Bee'be Springs, in Atabaea, a P. 0. of Beine co. B]ecli Grove, in Teunessee, a post-office of Coffee co. where particular flowers are in season. B. are usually Bieel-bird, n. (Zt'l.) See FLY-cATCHER. Beecht T1iUl, in WTest Virginia, a P. O. of Mason co. about eighteen inches above the ground, and are genBee Brasech, in Arkansas, aP. 0. of Van Buren co. Beech Laendl, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Washington co. erally protected wvith a shed or straw hood, to protect the Beee'-bread, n. [bee and bread.] A brown, bitter sub- Beech LaSiand, in Ohio, a post-office of Lickiing co. bees firom the rain. stance, the pollen of flowers collected by bees, as food Beechl'-nstsst, n. The fruit or nuts of the beechl-tree. 1Beelhive-house, u. (Arch.) A term applied to small, for their young. - WVebster. Beecch'-oil, t. The expressed oil of the mast of the round, stone huts which are found in Ireland. They are Beech, n. [A. S. bece, boc; Ger. buic:e; Lat..fagus; Gr. beeclh. very rudely built, and are supposed to be the relics of phgoss, from phag6, to eat.j (B1t.) A forest-tree, genus Beech Sprliet-, in T-ir-inia, a post-office of Lee co. the most ancient arclhitecture of the island. The doors FAGUS, q. v. Beeach'-tree, n. The beech. have flat tops, acd are wider down below thaen above, as Beech, in Missouri, a post-office of Dunlhin co. Beech'wood, in Wisconsin, a P. 0. of Sheboygan co. in the buildings of Egypt. Whlen a B.-t. is found alone, Beech Creei, in Pennsylvania, a post-townshlip of Beech Wtoods, in Arkaesas, a P. 0. of Newton co. it is mostly near the site of an ancient oratory. This Clinton co.; pop. about 1,200. Beeclh'y, ct. Made of beech. favors the notion that they were the dwellings of the Beechen, (bitch'n,) a. Pertaining to the beech; con- Beechy llire, in Iediana, a post-village of Union co. priests. When two or three 1.-H. are clustered together, sisting of the wood or bark of the beech. Be eCreek, in llinois, a post-office of Pike co. they are usually connected by a passage, and are often Beech'er, CATHEINaNE ESTeitc, an American authoress, Bee Cqeelk, in Missouri, a village of Platt co., 35 ni. underground, resembling the Picts' houses, or earth and eldest daughter of Dr. Lyman Beecher, Bs. 1800. For N.W. of Independence. huts, found oil tihe north-east coast of Britain. Ruins of 10 years she was directress ofa ladies' seminary at Hart- Beedeir, a hlarge prov. of Hindostan, in the Deccan; B.-H. exist in the western islands of Scotland. ford, Conn., during which time she published a Mfanual chiefly betwveen Lat. 170 and 200 N., having on the N. Beekh'snsai, in New York, a post-township ofDitcheess of Arithmeetic and a series of elementary books of in- Aurungabad and Berar; E. IHyderabad and Gundwana; S. co., 14 n. S.1E. of Poughlkeepsie, wvatered by Fishkill struction in Theology, and flIental and Moral Philosophy. IHyderabad, and W. Beejapoor and Aurungatbad; it is in- Creek. Pop. about 1,800. In 1832, she removed with lher father to Cincinnati, and eluded in the Nizaece's dominions, and divided into 7 dis- Beek'spnantown, or Beek'mans, in New Yori,', a for two years acted as principal of an institution devoted tricts. It is hilly but not meountainous, and watered by post-village and township of Clinton co., on the WV. shore to female instruction in that city. Being compelled by many rivers, of which the Manjet and Godavery are the of Lalke Champlain, near Plattsburg. Pup. of township,. failing health to resign this labor, Miss B. devised a chief, and is generally fertile. It is but thinly peopled, about 3,800. plan for the promotion of feBmale Christianu education, the Hindoos being to the Mohlaminedans as three to one; B]eeld, Bileld, is. A term used, in some parts of Engthrough a National Board, wi th normal schools and con- before the conquest by the latter it was comparatively land and Scotland, to denote a place of refuge or protecpetent teachers. The completion of this scheme has populous. Three languages, the Telinga, Mahratta, and tion. been the object of her life, and for its promotion she Canarese, are spoken. The hIhamenee dynasty reigned Bee'lera Stiation, in Virginia, a P. O. of Marshall co. has written, among other works, Doenestic Service; Duty here after the Moheaceicedase conquest, tnd fixed on ]Bee'-lhiee, n. A straight line drawn from one place to of A-muerican Women to theiec bountotyg; Treatise os Due- the city of Beeder as the capital. The Mloguls conquered anothes, lilce the course of a bee's flight. isestic ~Economy; Physiology ausd Calisthenics (1856); it at the end of the 17th, and the Nizacme early in the Beel'zst eb, (" The Prince of thee Devils," Matt. xli. and somuon So. nse applied to Beigion (1857). 18the century, whose successors now holul it. 24.) (Sceipt.) This name is derived from Baal-zebub, Beels'er,, tUnALES, an American divine, brother of the BInEEDFsi, a fortified city,:eeued cap. of thee above prov., 13 m. an idolatrous deity among the Ekronites, signifying preceding, and pastor of a church at Newrask, N. J., is N.W. of HIyderabad, cnd 325 E.S.E. of Bombay. It pos- loed of flies, fly-baal, fly-god; whose office was to protect the eZothbor of thee Incacrunationu, or Pectoures of t/e V'i-yin sesses some fine architectural remains, and'wus formerly hueis s-orhippers friom being toseonled by the gnats tnd and her Suen (18409); Peuo Pictur-es of the Bible (1851), &c. tcemous for its teustcagyee sare. flies, wiitlls whiche that region was infested. It is someBeech'er, Ee'wuvA, o.D., an American divine tind po- Bee'-ectter, a. (Zol1.) The Merops apiaster, a bird that tisees sritten Beel-zebhue, which signifies, probacbly, the lemical writer, and elder brother of the precedincg, was feeds upon bees. See MesPoDEn dung-god. The Jews seem to have applied this appellaa. in 1804, and graduated at Yale in 1822, in which uni- Beef, s. [Pr. bzusf; Leet. bos, bovis; Gr. bcus, probably tion to Satan, as being the author of all the pollutions versity he wtas appointed tutor in 1825. He filled the fl-om boski, to feed.] The flesh of an ox, bull, oem cow. - and abuominations of idol-worship. office of pastor at Park Street Chapel, Boston, from 1826 Tie plural, BE VES, is applied to oxen, bulls, and cows, Bee'-snaster, n. One who keeps bees. to 1831; that of President'of Illinois Col16ge, Jackeson- when it for food.' Bee'meiviiee, in New fee-sey, a P. 0. of Sussex: o. BEER BEES BEFO 259 Bee'lnol, n. (Jfus.) See BEMOL. the manufiacture of bitter ale. Adulteration of beer has (Med.) Wax is a principal ingredient in many phar. Bee'-moth, n. (Zodl.) See WAX-MOsT. of late become so systemiatized, that there are men who maceutical preparations, entering into nearly all the Beein, (bin.) [A. S. beon.] The past participle of the make a regular trade of beer-doctoring. Among the kinds of ointments and plasters, and some few of the verb to be. hundreds of ingredients used for this purpose may be cerates, in the Pharmacopoeia. Its active principle is Beesr, n. [A. S. beer, bere, barley; Ger. bier; Fr. bigre. reckoned quassia, gentian, and wormnwood, to give bitter- attributed to the white, crystalline substance called See ALE.] A fermented liquor which has not undergone ness; ginger, orange-peel, and caraway, to impart pun- cerise. There are two kinds of B.- TV. in the shops, the the process of distillation, prepared from any of the gency; alum and blue vitriol, to enable the beer to pre- natural yellow ceraflava, and tihe white cera elba. The cereals, as wheat, beans, peas, &c., but chiefly firom bar- serve a frothy head; cocculus indicus, nux votics, and latter is obtained by bleaching the former. ley flavored with hops and other bitter ingredients. tobacco, to intoxicate; and salt, to promote tlhirst. Tihe Beet, n. [Du. biet; Get. beete; Lat. beta.] (Bet.) The The constituents of all the varieties of the B., ale, porter, natives of Abyssinia, and many tribes of Africa, brew common name of the genus BETA, q. V. &c., are the same, differing only in the quantity of water, beer frotm millet-seed, and also from the seeds of the Beet'hoveln, LUDWIG VON, one of the greatest musical or in color, from the malt being utore or less charred in Pea abyssinica. Millet-seed is also used as a source of composers of modern times, was B. at Bonn, Germany, the kiln-drying.-Nearly all seeds contain a large quan- brewing beer, by the inhabitants of the lower Ilinslaya, in 1770. His genius was very early displayed, and his tity of starch; and when they begin to germuinate, a the Crim Tartars, and the natives of Sikkim. Long musical education was begun by his father, and continued peculiar nitrogenous substance, called diasltase, is formed. before the landing of the Spanish in South America, by the court organist who introduced him to the works This product, acting as a ferment, converts the starch the Indians brewed muaize-beer, or chica; it is still made of Sebastian Bach and Handel. He soon attenmpted coninto sugar.' This process is called malting, and the sub- by thens, anid has a bright yellow color, and an agree- position, and showed wonderful facility in improvisation. sequent partial conversion of the sugar into alcohol is able acid taste. -Of all the kinds of beer, LAGER, q. v., About 1790, ihe settled at Vienna, where Mozart quickily called brewing. Trhe two processes are intimately con- is decidedly the favorite one in most of oiir States. recognsized his marvellous powers. When about40 years nected together. In malting, tihe barley is first placed Under this name, therefore, B. will be examined as an ar- of age, he was attacked with deafiess, which became in a large tanks or trough, and water is then run in, until tidcle of diet. - See also ALE; CoorPe; PORTER; STOUT; total, and lasted through life. He became, gradually, there is sufficient to cover the grain. The barley thIen StaRUCE-'eeS, &c. the victim of morbid irritability, and hopeless melanabsorbs the water, and swells up; the amount of water Beers, [Heb., "a'aWell."] (Script.) A station of the He- choly, ending in confirmed hypochondria, and, finally, absorbed showingy the excellence of the barley. After brews in Moetb, where God gave them water. dropsy and delirium. He continued to conpose, however, remaining in tile trough for about forty hours, the Beeb'hlseoom, or Bln'moom, (Virab/tsumi, the "land of long after he had ceased to hear himself play, and rewater is drained off, and the grain is thrown out on the heroes.") A dist. of Hindostan, British presidency of ceived homage and honors dnom all parts of Europe. D., floor, It lies itn a heap, or couch, as it is catlled, for Bengal, lying chiefly between Lat. 230 25' and 24~ 25' unmarried, at Vienna, in March, 1827. The works of B. twenty-six hours. During this time more of the super- N., and Lon. 860 and 8SO E.: having N. the dist. of Bhau- are ver-y numerous, and in every variety of style-orchesfluous water draSins away, and the gratin rises about ten gulpoor, E. Moorshedabad and Nuddea; S. Burdwan anrd tral, chimnber-music, pianoforte, and vocal music. Among degrees in temperature. This is caused by the incipient the Jungle Mehals; and W. Ramgur. Area, 3,870 sq. min. the most celebrated tare the opera of Fidelis; the oratogermination of the barley. A primitive stem and little It is Ihilly, covered with jungle, andt but thinly inhabited. rio of the Mount of Olives; the cantata Adelaide; Sinrootlets begin to appear. This process is technically Prod. Coal, iron, rice, sugar, and silk. Prins. towns. fonia Eroica, (Heroic Symnphony); Sicfonia Pastorale called sweating; and as soon as tihe temperature rises Soory, Nagore, Serampoor. Pop. abt. 1,000,000. (Pastoral Symphony); Concerto in C Minor; Sonata high enough, the partial germination is stopped by a Beer Cr'eek, in Indciana, Jay co., flows into the We- IPathitiquse; and Sonata with/ Funeral March. YVast process calledflooring. The warm grain is spread along bash River. power, intense passion, and infinite tenderness are manulthe floor to a depth of 15 inches, and is repeatedly turned Beer'-lhoue se, n. A house or tavern wherein beer is fested in all his compositions, which abound no less in and re-turned with spades over a larger space, until the sold; an ale-house. sweetest melodies than in grand and complicated herlayer is only six inches deep. After undergoing this Bee Ridge, in Mlissouri, a post-office of Knox co. monies. IHis Life lhas been written by Schlosser, Von process, in which the radicles attain their greatest Beers, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of'Alleghtny co. Seyfried, and others; and an English translation of his length, the grain is removed to a dryingukiln, sund sub- Beer'sheba, (be'er-she'ba,) [Heb., the "Well of the Letters, by Lady Wallace, was published in 1866. A mitted to various degrees of heat, according to the Oath."] (Anc. Geog.) A city at the S. extremity of the statue of B., by Hiilmiel, was erected at Bonn, in 1845. quality of malt required. During the heating, the corn- Holy Land, 28 us. S.W. of Hebron. Few paieces have Bee'tle, (bitl,) n. [A. S. betl, or bytl, from beaten, to ings, or shoots, drop off; they amre afterwards separated been noticed in history during so many centuries as beat; firomi bat.] An instrumnent to beat with. Specififrom the grain by wire sieves. (See MALT.) The differ- Beer-sheba. Abraham called that pltace Beer-sheba, be- tally, t heavy wooden instrument resembling a mallet ent varieties of malt, known under the namnes of pale, cause there they sw-are both of them, when he made a or rasonter used to drive stones into pavements, &c. amsber, and tbrown, can be produced from tihe same kind covenant with Abimelech. And Abraham planted a "They are as shards, and he their beetle." —Shaks. of barley by varying the heat of the drying-kiln. Pale grove in Beer-sheba, and called there on thei name of -n. [A. S. bitel, probablyfrom bitan, to bite.] (Zobil.) This mrlt is produced at thie proper temperature; amber malt the Lord, the everlasting God. (Gen. xxi.14,31.) About termo is commonly used to designate those insects which is slightly scorched; and brown malt is scorched to the. c. 1804, Abisielech went to Isaac from Gerar, and they are covered bya strong horny substance; the abdominal full extent that the kiln will permit. Pale, amber, or sware one to another; and it came to pass the same day, part of the body being protected by two sheaths nrder brown malt is selected according as the beer is to be that Isaac's servants came and told himi concerning the which thi wings are folded. Hence the term is s-nonpale ale, brown ale, or porter. Before 1730 the ordinary well which they had digged, and said unto him, we have ymous with CoroPTEr.nA, q. V. malt liquors in London were ale, beer, and toopenny. found water. And he called it Sheba; therefore the -v. a. To use the instrumssent called a beetle. It was a coimmon custom to call for a tankard of three name of the city is Beer-sheba unto this day. (Gen. xxvi. -v. i. Tojut; to be prominent; to ihang over. threads, — meaning in equal mrixture of three kinds of 23, 33.) The town that afterwards rose here was first Each eetlig rampart, and each tower sime.-Wrdswt. "LEach b~eetling rampart, and each tower sublime." — Wo~rdswortl~. nmalt liquor. This was very troublesome to the publican; assigned to Judah, and then to Simeon. Helre Samuel and a brewer named Harwood invented a beverage established his sons as judges. It was a seat of idoletty B1ee'tlehbrw, n. An overhanging or prominent brow. which united the flavors of beer, ale, and twopenny. It in the time of Uzziah. After the captivity, it was re- EBee'tre-browe1 1, a. Having prominent brows. was called entir-e, or the entire butt; and as it was a peopled bythe Jews, and continued a large village many Enquire for the eete- d crti.-Sft. healthy, nourishing liquor, very suitable for porters and centuries after the coming of Christ. Dr. Robinson Bee'$tle-heatd, n. A stupid, obtuse fellow. working-men, it received the name of postes. In brew- found its site at Bir-es-Seba, on the border of the great Bee'tle-hea-ded, a. Having a head like a beetle; ing, the minalt undergoes six processes: 1. the grinding; desert south of Casnaan —the ruins of a small straggling stupid; obtuse. 2. the mashing, or infusing with hot water; 3. the boil- city, and two deep stone wells of excellent water, sur- "A beetle-headed, flap-ear'd knave."-Skaks. ing of the worts witIs hops; 4. the cooling; 5. the fer- rounded by stone troughs, and bearing the marks of Beetle'-s$oek, n. The handle of a beetle. menting; 6. tihe clearing, storing, &c. In the first pro- great antiquity. Beet'ling, n. (Mal.f) A process applied to cotton cess the dried malt is ground into a course powder. Beers'ville, in Indiana; a village of Knox co., on the shirting, in which tihe yarn is so treated as to give the When grounl into fine powder, it is liable to coagulate Western lbrk of White River., cloth a hard appearance, in imitation of linen. It was into Iheaps, while undergoing thi second operation, Beerly, a. Of, or resembling beer; bemnused by beer; first employed upon linen shirting. A number of woodnatmtely, the mucshing with hot wuster. Tihisis conducted as, hie is a beesy customer. en stampers, placed in a row, strikel upon the cloth as it in a large receiver, called a mash-tun, made with wooden Bees, (St.) Ifieadi, a promontory on the N.W. coast of passes under them, producing the effect required. staves and hoops. Water previously Iheated to 1600 England, being the most W. point of the county of Cunr- Bee'town, in Wiscoszsis, a post-village and township Fahr., in a copper, is run into this minashi-tun, and the berlend, about 3 us. S. of Whitehaven. Lat. 540 30' 55" of Grant co., 21 in. S.S.E. of Prairie du Clien; pep. 1,846. crushed malt is shalken into it until there is sufficient to N.; Lon. 30 37' 24" W. There is a light-house here, 333 Beet'race, in Iowa, a post-office of Appanoose co. absorb the whole of the water, when thoroughly stirred feet above the sea. Beet'-tratiish, Beet'-rave, n. [Fr. betterave.] The up, either with long poles or with stirrers worked by Beesha, (be'sha,) n. (Bat.) A genus of plants, order red beet, Beta vulgaris. See BETA. machinery. Diastase, which was slightly formed during Graminacee, nearly allied to the Bamboo, but differing Beet'-r.oot, n. See Sucat. the process of fermentation, is at this period of the pro- from it in having the seed enclosed in a fleslhy pericarp. Beeves', s. pl. See BEEF. Cess again developed, and the starch contained in the Two species are Mnown, both natives of the E. Indies. B]ee'ville, in Texas, a post-village, cap. of Bee co. grain is rapidll); converted into grapes sugar. As the Beesley's IPoiant, intvezs Jersey. a post-office of Cape sfBeihil', v. a. [A. S. bejfallan.] To fall to; to happen temperature of the water filis to 1400 Fahr., a finesh May co. to; to occur to. supply of water, at 1900 Fahr., is aidded to the mixtu'e; i;Bees'kow, a town of Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on -v. i. To happen; to come to pass. after remauining from two to three hours on the inalt, the Spree, 18 nm. S.W. of Frankfort-on-the-0der..Manf. "Whatever chance befall:the water, which assumes a very sweet taste, is run off Cloth, linen, beer, leather, &c. Pop. 4,704.'Tis better to have lov'd, and lost, into a vessel called an usderbac/c. This running is Bee]son, im Indiana, a post-office of Wayne co. Than never to have loved at all." —ennyson. ternsed the first mash, and the tun is filled up with a Bee Spring, in Kentuckcy, a P. 0. of Edmonson co. Beifrol. See BeLFRY. fresh supply of hot water, called the second mash; these Beest'isngs, (also, but incorrectly, written BIESTINcs.) )Beit', v. a., [be andfit.] To fit; to suit; to be suitable; two mashes are afterswards run together, The mixed [A. S. beosting, bysting; Ger. beest; Du. biest.] The first to become. fluids in the underbaclr are called the sweet weots. In milk yielded by a cow after calving.'t Blind is his love, and best befits the dark."-Shaks. order to brew a definite quality of beer, it is necessary Bees-.wax, (biz'waks,) n. (Chenm.) Itis now generally ]efilttalg, p. a. Fit; suitable; becoming. that the brewer should prepare his worts in a regular admitted that this useful substance, obtained firom the Belflat'te', v. a. To flatter much, or to an undue extent. manner. Tue quantity of. sacclharine mnuatter present is honeycomb after the expression of the honey, is a true Beflowler, v. a. To scatter or rain over wite flowers, ascertained by means of an instrumnent called a saccha- animal secretion; for bees feed on sugar only, and con- or witlh pustules, &c.-Hobbes. roeseter, similar in principle to the hydrometer. (See tinue to deposit it in large quantities. At ordinary tern- Befoani', v. a. To foamn over; to cover with foam. (a.) SUccu.aeouETERa. ) When the sweet worts are reduced to peratures, B.-lV. is a tough solid yellow substance, hav- ]Befoggedl, (be-fcgd',) a. To be involved in a fog. the proper strength, they are pumped up from the un- ing a specific gravity of 0-96, and fusing at about 1450. Befool, v. a. To fool; to infatuate; to delude. derback into a covered boiler, when they are boiled for When exposed to the air in thin slices, it becomes' Mien efool themselves infinitely."-Soutl. souse time, together with a certain quantity of hsops. bleusched; bht nitric acid is generl-usly employed for this Before', pue-p. [A. S. be/rla, or bc.fcrau.] Nesar the When the boiling is complets, the hops are drained off, purpose. Chlorine cannot be used for this purpose, as fore pert; in front of; as, to stand befemc the fire. and the boiled wort is set to cool in large shallow pans it is eliminated in sumffocsting' fumes of hsydrochloric acid or vats, and is then ready tor fermentation. For this nhen the wax is burned. Wax consists chemictlly of i cio ptar o,'L Beore them. in cloud and pillar of fire." Ty, iltolL. purpose, the vort is riun into fersenting-vwts, a certutin nsyricine, insoluble in boiling alcohlol; cerine, a cnystal- -I advance of; previous to; anterior to. quamtity of yeast being added. Whhen fermentation has line substance slightly dissolved by l,oiling alcohol; - and proceeded sufficiently lar, it is stopped iby sklimming off ceroleine, which is dissolved in cold alcohol. The pro- "Be/ire this tresuise can hecems of ste.' - Puest. tise surface fuoth, until thi beer stops working. The cess fbrbleschintg vax is simple but tedious. The wax -In preference to; prior to; superior to, in dignity, orbeer is now russ into vats, or casuled into caskcs, and is cut in pieces, melted, and sgitated witis a smasll por- der, &c.; as, "The eldest son is before the younger in nothing remains to complete the operation but the fining tion of very dilute sulphuric acid, whichs facilitates the succession." In presence of; in sight of; face to face. process, which is effected by adding to the beer a solu- separation of imspurities. When perfectly clean and "See we famm be/ore shesin tion of isinglass dissolved ins acid beer. There is hardly bright, it is sliced by a cutting-muclstne isto very thin Prostrate we odore thee." - Dryden. a substusnce sold which is more firequently adultemrated sheets, and exposed to lihltt anel air for eight or ten -In the power of; otinig the riglt of choice. than beer. Large qtuantities of qutassia are annually neeks, during which time it is setoelted once or twice. — " And oll the year, be/o~re thee for delight." -. Drdjulen. imported for no other purpose thian to replace hops in See CANDLES; YSSETABhLE WAX. Bef/oe the beamus. (Nesael As-c/s.) Au arc of the horizgy 260 BEGG BEGO BEGT comprehended between a line which crosses a ship's Beg'garly, adv. Meanly; indigently; despicably. participle of go.] Get you gone! go hence! Away I Delength at right angles, and some object at a distance "Hath he revealed, that it is his delight to dwell beggarly?" part! before it; or between the line of the beam and that Hooker. "Begonel dull Care, I prithee begone from me." point of the compass which the stem points to. Beggar my Neiglnbor, n. (Games.) An easy game Musical Companioe, 1687. Before the wind. (Naut.) In the direction of the wind, at cards, played chiefly by children. The whole pack is Begonia, (bego'ni-a,) n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, order so as to be impelled by its full force. - Worcester. dealt out to two players, and the cards are held with the Begoniacece. The species are natives of tropical regions, Before', adv. Further onward; in front; on the fore backs upward; each player then turns up a single card but many are now cultivated in all countries as ornapart. in turn. When you play an ace, your adversary must mental plants. The leaves are oblique or unequal, (more "And that which was before, came after." - Butler. give you four cards; three for a king, two for a queen, developed on one side of the midrib than on the other,) -In time preceding; sooner than; hitherto. and one for a knave; and when the requisite number and are often richly tinged with crimson. The flowers "You tell me, mother, what I knew before, are laid down, you win the trick, and place the cards so are of a delicate pink color, and grow in cymes. The The Phrygian fleet is landed on the shore." — Dryden. won at the bottom of those in your hand. Ii', however, young stems and leaves of the species B. aialabarica Before'-cited, a. Cited previously. your opponent turns up an honor, while paying for that and tuberosa are used as pot-herbs in the countries Before'hand, adv. In a state of anticipation; pre- which you have previously paid, you must pay for it in where they grow wild. Of the numerous species which viously; antecedently; often followed by with. a similar manner, according to its value, and so on until adorn our conservatories, B. argyrostigma and discolor " Quoth Hudibras, I am beforehand the cards of one or the other are exhausted. The player are perhaps the most beautiful. B. discpolor, or twoIn that already, with your command." - Huedibras. who first exhausts his adversary's hand, and gets all the colored B., is a Chinese species, and is remarkable for -At first; by way of preparation; preliminary. cards into his own, is said to beggar ihis neighbor. the very rich crimson of the under-surfakce of the leaf, When the lawyers brought extravagant bills, Beggar's-lice, n. (Bot.) The prickly fruit or seed of which is short and broad. Sir Roger used to bargain beforehand." - Arbuthnot. certain plants (as some species of Echinospermum and Begonia'eee, n. pl. (Bet.) An order of plants, alliancac accumulative state as regards wealth or pro- Cynoglosszom) which fasten on the clothing of those who Cucurbitales. DIAG. Dry fruit and placentee projecting — a. In an accumulative state as regards wealth or pro- pass by them. — WPebster. admeigi h xs ebcospai rscu -cc y. Inan pass ty them. - Ifebster'. and meeting in the axis. Herbaceous plants or succu~~penrty. he/srehaaed."lBeg'gary, n. State of a beggar, of one in extreme in- lent under-shrubs, with an acid juice; the B. have per"Stranger's. house is at this time rich, and much beforehand." n 1 "Strager' house is at this time rh, and much bee. digence; poverty in the utmost degree. fectly unisexual flowers, with a superior calyx, gener~efo~re: antioned, a. Mention~ed before. 1 ~"My virtue then shall be, ally colored pink, consisting, in the sterile flowers, of B roTo say there is no vise but eeggary." - Shaks. from two to four pieces, and in the fertile flowers of from Before'time, adv. Aforetime; formerly; of old time. Beghards, Beguardls, (beg'hards,) a. pl. (Eccl. Befort, or 1Belfort, (bafor,)town of France, de p. 7 Befort, or Belfot, (bf,) a town of nce, p. Hist.) A term applied to several religious orders, as well Haut-Rhin, cap. of an arrond. on the Savoureuse, 38 as heretics, during the Middle Ages. It was probably m. S.S.W. of Colmar. It is a strong place, and wes for- first used to describe those half monks of the third order tiftled by Vauban. Manf. Iron foundries; fabrics of of St. Francis, who arose in the 11th century. They wire, paper, calicoes, hats, &c. Pop. 8,911. must not be confounded with the later sectaries, a branch Befort'laune, v. a. To happen to; to betide. (o.) of the _Fraticelli, condemned by the 15th General Coun"As much as I wish all good befortune you." - Skaiks. cil, that of Vienna, 1311-1312. This mistake was so often Befoul', v.a. [A. S. befylan.] To make foul; to soil; made at the time that Pope John XXI. or XXII., by a to pollute. decretal, declared the last-mentioned to be execrable Befree'kle, v. a. To freckle; to cover with various impostors, and in no way connected with the B. of the spots. third order of St. Francis. Mosheim shows the name is 7 Befriend', v. a. To fisvor; to act as a friend to. derived from the Old German word beggen, or beggeren, "Brother-servants must befriend one another." - Swift. to beg, with the word hard subjoined; that it signified, BefriendI'ment, n. The act of befriending, or being to beg earnestly and heartily; and he accounts by this... a friend to. derivation for the indiscriminate manner in which it Befringe', v. a. To decorate as with a fringe; to sup- was applied to so many orders and sects. The subject is -, ply with fringe. involved in inextricable confusion from the many con"Clothe epics, line trunks, sr, Iluitring in a row, flicting accounts of different authorities. The B. cdisapBefringe the rails of Bedlam and Soho." - Pope. peared about the end of the 14th century. Befurred, (be-fird',) a. Covered with fur. Baghar'mi, or BAGoe'Mc, in Central Africa, a country Beg, n. [Turk. beg.] See BEY. divided from the kingdomn of Bornou in thee W. by the Beg, v. a. [Sv. begcc'a, to ask, to crave; Ger. aegehlen.] Shari or Grand River, and bounded on the N. by Lake To ask or supplicate in charity; to ask earnestly; to Tsad, and on the E. by the Waday kingdom. It extends crave, solicit, petition, supplicate; to entreat for. southward to about 100 N. Its greatest length is about " See how they beg an alms of flattery." — Young. 240 mn.; breadth 150; and general elevation about 1,000 -To take anything for grantedl to assume without evi- feet above the sea. Ricess, Bgnuw6, Logon, and Shari. deuce or proof. According to Dr. Barth's Travels in Central Afreica, the "We have not begged any principles or suppositions."-Burnef. soil, partly composed of sand, and partly of line, produces the grains and fruit common to that region. The — v. i. To ask alms or charity; to practise begging; to inhabitants are geeerally pagans, but Mohamnedanism live upon alms. has been introducedamongthem. They are phlysically, "II cannot dig; to ~eg I am ashamed." — Luke xvi. 3. I cannot dig; eg shamed." - Luke xvi.. superior to the neighboring races, the women tbeing esBeg, (Loughl,) a small lake of Ireland, co. Antrim, pecially handsome. The Sultan, tributary of the kingadjoieing Lough Neagh; length 4 in., breadth l2. dom of Bornou, is absolute in his own dominions. Caop. Be'ga, Big'gah, n., [Hindoo, bighc.] A land-ueasure Massena. Pop. about 1,500,000. of Bengal, equal to about a third of an acre.-Malcolse. Begild', v. a. To overlay with gold or gilding. Be"'ga, CORNELIUS, an eminent Dutch painter of cattle Begin', v. i. (insp. BEGAN; pp. BEGUN.) [A. S. gynnan, and landscape subjects, n. 1620. He was one of the cmost aginnan, and beginean, fron the root gin, gen, or gpo; t 6 distinguishlied pupils of Adrian van Ostade. D. 1664. Gr. ginsmai, to come into being, to be or becomne.] To ]Began', imp. of Begii., q. v. be or become; to take rise; to come into existence; to lg. 332.- SCONIA MALAAARICA. Begardl, (be-gntr,) a town of France, dep. CGtes du commence. 1. Fertile flower. —2. Fruit. -3. The same, cut through horl. Nord, 3 m. N.W. of Guingamp; pop. 4,600. " Ere the base laws of servitude began,.ontally.-4. Seeds. —5. One seed magnified.-6. The same, cut Begeml', v. a. To deck or adorn with gems, or as with When wild in woods the noble savage ran." - Dryden. through to show the embryo in ito natural position in the alhumen. gemns. -To do the first act; to take the first step; to commence five to eight. The stanmens are nmemarousne; the style "These lonely realms bnight garden isles begem." - Shelley. any action or state. simple; the stigmas three, often forked, and having a Beget', v. a., (imp, nsooT, BEGAT; pp. BGCOT, EGOTTFeN.) "We poets in our youth begin in gladness wavy or twisted appeatrance. These latter originate [A. S. begetan, - be, and getan, to get.] To get or gain; But thereof comes in the end despondency and madness." from a three-cornered, three-celled ovary, containing a to obtain; to attain, ~pecifically, to procreate; to gen- W'ordsworth. multitude of little seeds, which changes to a thin-sided erate. -v. a. To enter upon; to commence; to originate. capsule with three extremely unequcal wings. The leaves "'T was he the noble Claudian race begat." — Dryden. "They have been awaked, by these awful scenes, to begin rell- are always more or less unequal-sided, and have highlygion." — Watts. -To cause; to produce, as an effect,.- Wais. developed membranous stipules at their base. They are — To cause; to produce, as an effect;. "~Love i hega by faney, hred — To trace from anything, as the first ground. — Johnson. chiefly found in tropical countries, particularly in Asia "Love is begta b~y fancy, bred-. By igqornoe, by expectation led." —Granvile. " The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which acd America. The order has only 159 species in 3 gen.~ leads as to the knowledge of God." - Locke. era, the typical one being the Begonia, q. v. Beget~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~te~~~~~~ra, th Oe whiloe begets theBegoni;a, sire v. Beget'ter, n. One who begets, peocreates; a sire; a Begin'ner, n. The person who begins; one in his ru- Begor el, a. [be aimd gore.] Besmeared with gore or father. "LNo share or that goes back to the begetter, diments; one who first enters upon anything; an inex- blood. But if the snp Oghto well, and plunders better." Deyde. penienced person; a tyro; a young practitioner. Begot', eg&ot'ten, pp. of BEGET. Procreated; gene Begaaie'aing, n. The first cause, act, state, or origin. erated. Beg'gable, a. Which may be begged. "Wherever we place the beginning of motion." - Seift. But base begotten on a Thebah slave." —Dryden. Beg'gat, cn. One who begs; one who lives by begging; T wh i a suppliant; a petitioner. There must necessarily exist -That which is first; commencement; entrance into being. Begregase', o. a. [be and grease.] To grease; to anoint, in every country certain persons who have nlot the "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." Gen. i. 1. daub, or soil with grease, oc, any unctuous matter. means, ability, or perhaps, the will, to earn a livelihood — The first ground, materials, or rudiments. Be e',. a. To nle gry; to soil it dirt much'''s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ie, a. a. oreaksgrim; to, bspatte with sitmut. for themselves, anid who are thus dependent for subsist- "That is the true beginning of our-end." - Shaks. ence upon the charity of others. These constitute the Begiinra'ningless, a. With no beginning; having no "As Diana's visage is now begrim'd, and black poor; when they have to solicit charity, they are beg- beginning As ry own faue."` ks gars. The laws of several of the U. States punish beg- Begiel, (imp o E; [A BegrIm'er, n. A person who begrimes another. ting as an offence, 9- v. a. (imp. BEGiRT, BEGIRDED; Pp. BEGIRT.) [A.S. in gicage wha ~~tssus an rt~ ofc dobegyrdan, - be and gyrdan, to gird. See GIRD.] To gird Begrudge]', v. a. To grudge; to envy the possession of. On who assumes hat he does not prove; as, The round about; to bind; as, with a band or girdle. To Begshehr, (beg-sher',) a river, lake, and town of Tur: shanmeful beggars of principles." - T'illolson. surround; to ncompss; to enclose; to encircle. Iey in Asia, prov. of Karanmana. The lake is about 20.. a. To reduce to beggary; to impovecrish. "Abroad begf with mena, and one 5 to 10 broadrd, containing anyn small "Abrbad Z~~~egi,'t mith ~m.n n lwordngpSR, isa nds.I fi' upom 5 to ] brod cotheaincieng manyesma C The miser with beav'n.... cheaply wipes his score, His very state acknowledging his fears." - i slands. It is scpposed to he the ancient Caralites. Lifts up his eyes, and hastes to beggar more." - Gay. Begta'shi so. A religious order in the Ottoman eepire, v-To exhaust; to deprive. Beg'lerheg, n. [Turk. beglci-beg, froc beg, ph. begle". which had its origin ie the 14th cent. The name is be"For her ow person, See Bcv.] lormerly, ice the Tirhieh enpire, thee title of hieved to be delived from that of a celebrated dervish, Ii o heggasrd oil desoriptioce." - S~aksthe governor-generals of the provinces. They were next Iadji Begtash, to whom also the order appears to owe It beggar'd all description." -- Shaka. i nr t h rn ilr inO~ar~ltbrat, rcl t thegar's Graced iie hild that begs. ~its institution. The ciembers use secret signs and passBeg'gartlsrat, ns. A beggar's child; a child that begs. Beg'Lerbeglie, n. The province governed by a beg- words as means of r ecognition, in the same way as ic Beg'garliness, n. The state of being beggarly; lerbeg..meanness oflivina; poverty, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~done by thle Ma2;sonic orders, som~e of them indeed ap~,.meanness of living; poverty, Beg'leys, in Kentucky, a post-office of Perry co. peete-icig to be idectical with those of freenasonry. AlBleg'garly, a. Like a beggar; mean; contemptble; Begnaw, (be-nae',) v. a. To bite; to gnaw; to eat thiocgh numbeein0 many thousands of influential penextremely poor; in the condition of a beggar. away; to nibble largely; to corrode. sons in its ranko, the society does not appear to exercise "The heggarly last doit." - Cowsper. "The worm of conscienue still heghacu thy soul." - Shake. acy cletterial icfluecce in the religion or po.itles of r -Prod.uced, or oceasioneil by beggary. — Webster'. (a.) Begq'obE! i tes-j. [be, imper. of the verb to be, and goose, lkey. - f/f. Eaecg/. BEHI BEHR BEJA 261 Beguile, (be-gNl',) v.a. [be and guile. See GUILE.] TO im- B]ehind'handl, a. [behind and hand.] In arrears; as, to the eastward towards the American continent. He pose on by guile, artifice, or craft; to delude; to deceive, to be behindhand in one's payments. —In a state of left Awatska in June, 1741, steering to the S.E., but hay"And often did beguile her of her tears." —Slhaks. backwardness; as, to be behendhasnd with work. (Gener- ing reached the parallel of 460 without seeing land, he -To de, evade, or cheat by craft, or artifice ally followed by with.) altered his course to the N.E., and on the 18th of July, "When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage."-Slaks. "Consider whether it is not better to be half-a-year behindhand (having been forty-four days at sea,) he descried very -To ile way; to pass pleasantly; to amue. ithL the fashionable part of the world, than to strain beyond his high mountains covered with snow in Lat. 58V~0 N., "Towithaway; th spases sheadsanthl tiameeuise;. ircumstances." - Spectator. having made, according to his reckoning, 500 of E. Lon. With these sometimes she doth her time beguile; Beh'men, or BtHmE, JACOB, a religious mystic, B. in from Awatska. He now followed the coast to the northiThese do b fits her phantasy possess."-iSir Davies. Upper Lusatia, Germany, in 1575, and settled as a shoe- ward, but his crew suffering from sickness, he rePBe-guilelment, n. Act of beguiling or deceiving. malker at Gtrlitz, in 1595. In 1610 he commenced the solved to return to Kamintschatka, when, Nov. 3, 1741, he Beguiler,' n. A person who, or anything which, be- publication of a series of works in which he professed to was wrecked on the island which now bears his name, guiles, evades, or deceives. enjoy a revelation of inward light from the Holy Ghost, and D. on the 8th of the following month. The surviBeguil'ingly, adv. In manner to beguile or deceive. that enabled him to perceive the secrets of nature and vors of his crew reached Kamtschatka in a small vessel Beguilt'y, v. a. [be andguilty.] To makeguilty. (o. & a.) religion. He was opposed by Gregorius Richter, pri- which they built from the wreck, and thus some acBeguinage, (bd'gees-cczh',) n. [Fr.; Ger. Beguinenhiu- mate of Girlitz, and was compelled to retire to Dresden, count of this ill-fated voyage was preserved. ser.] A convent of Begoines. but eventually returned to his home, where he n. in Beh'ring's Island, a small island in the Pacific Beg nines, Begutt'$e, (bM'geens,) n.pl. [Fr.] (Eccl. 1624. The Behimenites, as a religious sect, may be said Ocean, Lat. 550 N., Lon. 165120 E., the most W. of the Hist.) An order of" praying ladies," as Moshleim s etyles to be extinct, but B. has still many devoted admirers att Aleutian chain. It is rocky and desolate, uninhabited, them, which rose in the Netherhlands, and spread through the present day. It is impossible, within our limits, to and only remarkable as the place where the great naviFrance and Germany during the 12th and 13th centuries. give an intelligible account of the system of B. For- gator, whose name it bears, breathed his last. They were pious women, virgins, or widows, who formed merly his doctrines were viewed with great contempt Behering's Strait, the channel which separates the themselves into societies, under the direction of a su- by all but his own immediate followers; but latterly this N.E. of Asia friom the N.W. corner of Ame.rica, and perior of their own sex. The first establishment of unlettered rustic, this man of earnest principle and pious which connects the N. P'acific with the Arctic Ocean. It which any record remains was at Nivelles, in Brabant, heart, has come to occupy a high place among the phi- is formed, in its narrowest part, by two remarkable founded, according to some authorities, in 1207, and, ac- losophers of his country. Hegel places hlim at the head headlands, the extreme points E. and W. of the conticording to others, in 1226. They soon became so nu- of modern speculative philosophere, and'Tieck and No- nents to which they belong: Cape Prince of Wales, on merous that Matthew Paris speaks of 2,000 Beguines in valis were enthusiastic admirers of his writings. Pro- the American coast, in Lat. 650 46' N., Lon. 1680 15' E.; Cologne and its neighborhood, about the year 1213. fessor Maurice, in his article on Moral and Metaphysical and East Cape, on the shore of Asia, Lat. 660 6' N., They are still to be met with in some parts of France, Philosophy, (Encyclopcedias Metropolitana,) says, "That Lon. 1690 30' W. The distance between these two Holland, and Germany, where they devote themselves to his obscurity was in a great degree the effect of unac- points is about 36 in.; but N. and S. of thenm, the land attendance on the sick, and the education of young quaintance with scientific language; but that through on both sides rapidly recedes, and, on the N. especially, females. it all may be traced deep thoughts respecting God and it trends so sharply that the name of "strait" is not Be'guan, n. A title given in India almost exclusively to man, by which philosophers might be greatly profited." very applicable to any part beyond the capes in that sovereign Iladies, princesses, or other felumales of the After Behmen's death, his opinions spread over Germany, direction. It is usual, however, to regard it extending highest rank. - This term is sometimes satirically ap- Holland, and England. His works were translated into along Asia from Tchulkotskoi Noss, in 640 13', to Serdre plied, in English society, to a wealthy lady, whether English by the celebrated William Law, of Oxford. Kumen in 670 3' N., which gives it a length of 400 min.; European or Hindoo, who visits, or comes to reside in, Henry More has written upon the views of Behmen, and its width between Tchukotskoi Noes (1730 24') and Cape England. it is said that many autograph extracts from the works Rodney, on the opposite shore of America, (1660 3k W.,) is 1Begun', pp. of BEGIN, q. v. of Behmen were found among the papers of Sir Isaac about 250 mn. Shoal water appears to be principally con. BeRaban', a town of Persia, prov. Fare, in a fruitful Newton. fined to the bays and inlets on the American side. There country, about 3 m. E. of the ruins of the ancient city Beh'n enites, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) Disciples of the ten- are a few islands scattered here and there along the of Aragian. Pop. about 10,000. ets of BEHIEN, q. v. strait; and one of some size, St. Lawrence or Clerke's Behaim. See BEHE. Behn, APHRA, (bain,) a miscellaneous writer in the Island, lies at a short distance S. from its entrance. The Behalf, (bi-haf',) n. [A. S. behabban —be, and habban, reign of Charles II. of England. Her writings, consist- temperature is low, and N. of the two capes there is to have. See BEHOOVE.] Need; necessity; profit; con- ing of novels, poems, and plays, were relished in their alwtays a store of ice throughout the year. Fogs and venience; advantage; favor; cause; support; account; day, but are now only remembered for their immorality. hazy Weather are almost perpetual, and the strait is sakle; part; side. D. 1687. frozen over every winter. This strait was discovered " He might in his presence, defy all Arcadian knights, in the Behold', v. a., (imp. and pp. BEHELD.) [A.S. behealdan, in 1728, by Vitus Behring, (q. v.,) but the complete behalf ohis mistress's beauty."-Sir P. Sidney. pp. behealden, from healdan, to hold.] To hold or keep results of the discovery were left for Capt. Cook, who, Behap'pen, v. a. To happen, or befall to. the eyes fixed upon; to look steadfastly on; to look in 1788, made a thorough and accurate survey of both Behave, (bi-hclv',) v. a. To hold; to restrain; to govern; upon; to view; to consider; to regard with attention. coasts. It may, perhaps, be interesting to know, that to carry or boar; to conduct; to manage. (Used with "Man looks aloft, and with erected eyes, a very old Japanese map of the world, now in the Britthe reciprocal pronoun.) Beholds his own hereditary skies." - Dryden. ish Museum, lays down the leading features of this strait'Totheirwilwedddcthiproa erronoun.)es "To their wills wedded. to their errors slaves, — v. i. To look; to direct the eyes to an object; to direct with surprising accuracy. No man, like them, they think, himself behaves." Sit.. Denham. or fix the mind or attention. B]ei'la, or BELA, an inland town of Beloochistan, cap. -v. i. To act; to conduct one's self; as to have behaved Behold the child, by Nature's kindly law, prov. of Lus, on a rock, on the N. banik of the Poorally; sv~~ell or ill. - Webster. ~Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw." -Pope. Lat. 260 11' N., Lon. 660 36' E., and 50 nm. N. of the InBehavior, (bi-hctv'i-ir,) n. The way in which a man has, Beholden, (be-hIld'n,) pp. or a. Holden or bound in dianOcean. Itisacleanandtidytoninhabitednostly possesses, or demeans himself generally, or on a specific gratitude; obliged; indebted, by Hindoos. occasion. Conduct; deportment; demeanor; manner. " Wherein I must acknowledge myself beholden to you." -Bacons. Be'lng, p.p. [From BE.] Existing; existing in a certain state.'"A gentleman thatis very singular in his behaviour." Sir R. Steele. B[ehold'er, n. One who beholds; an eye-witness; a -n. Existence; a particular state or condition, as opposed (Law.) Carriage of one's self, withl respect to propriety, spectator. thisth ce, to non-existence, or nonentity. "Wasthshfae morals, and the requirements of law. Surety of being of That, lke he sn did mae belds ink - Sak "Thee, Author of all being, t, That, like the sun, did make beholders wink? " — Shalts. B. is a larger requirensont than surety to Iceep the ~~~~~~~~~~Fountain of Light." —5fillen. good B. is a larger requirement than surety to keep the Behold'ing, ppr. Fixing the eyes upon; loolking on; FounA person existing any living creature."-Nil whether maton.ial peace. seeA person existing; any livcontemplating; reaturegarding whether materialtention. Behbehan, (be'be-han,) a town of Persia, prov. of "eodnhavn ading h -eio. or spiritual, actual or ideal. Fars, 130 min. from Shiraz, in a fertile plain; pop. abt. 4,000. " Beding heaven, and feeling hell." - ooe. fair, yet false I ah being form'd to cheat Behead, (bS-hed',) v. a. To cut off the head; to decapi- BehoA'ey, v. a. [be and honey.] To malke sweet with By seeming kindness, mixt with deep deceit I "-Dryden. tate; to shorten by the head. honey. -An intelligent or living existence or spirit, in contradisBehead'ing, n. The act of cutting off the head. See Behoof, (be-hbf',) n. [From A. S. behafian. See BEHOOVE.] tinction to a thing without life. DECAPITATION. Need; necessity; advantage; profit; beIlefit. -adv. Since; for as much as; inasmuch as. (a.) Beheld', pret. and pp. of BEHOLD, q. v. "Which careful Jove, in Nature's true behoof, "And being you have Be'heln, MARTIN, a celebrated geographer, B. at Niirn- Took up, and in fit place did reinstate." - Milton. Declined his means."-Beaumont and Fletcher. berg about 1430. In 1480, he went to Portugal, accom- Behoove, (be-h7v',) v. a. [A. S. behafian, to be fit, to Bei'ra, a province of Portugal. - See BEYRAn. panied Diego Cam on an expedition of discovery along have need of; Ger. behalf, allied to haben, to have.] To Beiram. See BAIRAsI. the coast of Africa, and rendered valuable services. In be fit, or meet fbr; to be needful, or necessary for. Beirout, Beyru-tt. See BEYnoUT. 1492, he revisited his native city and there constructed, But should you lure the monarch of the brook. Belt, (bite,) an Arabic word, which properly signifies a the fineous terrestrial globe, on which are traced his dis- Behooves you then to ply your finest art." - Thomson. tent or hut, but is likewise employed to denote any edifice coveries. He then returned to Portugal, and D. at Fayal, Behoove'fl, a. Usefl; profitable; advantageous. (a.) or abode of men. It is often found as a component part in 1506. Attempts have been made to prove thlat B. was adm, e have culled such ecessaies of proper names in the geography o' those countries II M~adam, we have culled such necessaries the discoverer of America, but without success. As are behooveful for our state to-morrow." - Sas tathavebecoesubject to heArabs, as,Beit-al-Hardm, Bs~~~~~~~~~~~~~ta have becoomesubject tou sthe Aomorabs, ahcs, etalHr Behemoth, (bi'hi-moth,) [Heb. behemoth, beasts, the Behove'. See BEHOOVE. i.e. "the edifice of the sanctuary." The Hebrew word, plural of greatness, for thee Great Beast.] (Scrip.) A huge Behr'ing, VIevs, (beetling,) a Dane, who entered the corresponding to the Arabic Beit, is Beth, which we amphibious animal, described in Job xl. 15-24i. It has service of Russia, and was appointed by the Empress find employed in a manner perfectly analogous in the been identified by some commentators with the ele- Catherine to command an expedition of discovery in the Old Tesaent; in the nae Betlee (in Aabic Beitphant, but more generally with the hippopotamus, q. v. Sea of Kamtschatka. He left St. Petersbnrg in Febru- Lahm, or Beit-al-Lahm), i. e. "the house of bread." The Beh'enie Acid. (Chen.) A crystalline fat acid, fusing y 1725, and ter exploring seveal rivers, trvelled same word, Beth, is, in Syriac, still more extensively used ~~~~~~~~~~~~~samewrd, Beth,5s,aind aferexlriac, severl mriers etrasvelylued at 1700, found im the oil of Ben, or M.oringa oleifera, - overland by the way of Yalkutsk, on the Lena, to Ok- as a component part of geographical namea. the basis of Msicassar oil. the basis of Macassar oil. S fm' c e hotsk, then crossed over to Bolcheretsk, and arrived at Beitel-Fakih, (bite-el-fa-lce,) amaritime town of AraBohesta, n. [be, and A. S.'imse, from hatas, to call, name Nischnei Kamtschatka-Ostrog. IHere he built a small bin, 100 is. from Sana, on the Red Sea. This place, the or command.] Declared will or order; command; pre- hottest in Tehama, is the centre of the Yemen trade in ~~~cept;~~ mandate. boat, and sailed on the 20ti of July, 1728, coasting coffee. Pop. about 8,000. "Opmnd high bbeolhis ngomato and amtscha till he reached, in Aisr., (670 18' N. Lat. by "On high behests his angels to and fro his observations,) a cape, which, from the land beyondBeith, a flourishing seaport town of Scotlnd, county Pass'd frequent." —Miltton. Pass'd frequet." ]Xi to. it trending so much to the westward, he supposed to be of Ayr, 9 m. SW. of Paisley. JManf. Cottons and susBehind', prep. [A. S. behindan.] On or at the hinder the north-easternsmost point of Asia. In this conjecture line The famous Dunlop cheese is nade in the neighbortli~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~l~.TefaosDnloprch-esermsepiitfsimade. Inhecnjeighbre part; on or at the back of; in the rear of; following however, as has since been proved, B. was mistaken ood. Pe. about 5,000. another; posterior to. the point reached by him must have been Serdre Ku-Ahraseofslposition aiticipationequa "Which he had caused his horsemen to take behind them on noen; but with this conviction on his own mind, and to suppose it to be so; or of perumission, as, let it be so. their horses." —Knolles. the approach of winter, he determined to retrace his "By grsciess duke, — Remaining after; left after the departure of. sfe't so she will not here, before your grace."-Shaks. steps, an d he re t~urn ed in safety to Nischnei K~amtschaztka. " I must be cruel enly Sc be kind; I In 1733 hetook command of another expedition, fitted out Beitn'llah, n. [Ar., "house of God."j The name of Thus bad begins and worse remains betiind.' —Shahs.' on a very large scale. After several exploratory excur- the temple at Mecca, which contasmss the KAABA, q. v. — Inferior to in dignity, worth, or attainments; as, he is sions, he stationed himself at Yalkutsk, directing vasrious Beja, (baizh'ah,) a town of Portugal, 36 m. from Evora. behind the age. detachments of his officers down the rivers on different It stands on a hill and is sorrounded by walls flanked by — adv. In the rear; backward; as, to lookS behind one. points of the Frozen Ocean. In 1740 he reached Okhotsk, forty towers. Poep. about 6.000. — Remaining; not yet brought forward, or presented. where vessels had previously been built for him, in Bejapo o,', (bjo-peoosr,) a large prov. of the Deccan, "We cannot be sure that we have all the particulars before us; whichl he sailed for Awatslta Bay, where he founded the Ilindostan, comprised partly in the British dom. and and that there is no evidence behind." - Locke. present settlemsent of Petropaulovski, and passed the partly in those of the Rajah of Sattara and the Nizam, — Past; backward, or posterior in time of order or succes- winter. His discoveries to the northward being deemed and containing the Portuguese territory of G(oa. It exsion. sufficiently satisfactory, he was now directed to proceed tends fiom 150 to 180 N. Lat., and between 730 and 780 262 BELA BELE BELG E. Lon., having N. prov. Aurungabad; E., the same prov. Belay'ilig.pin, n. (N'aut.) A wooden pin, made of have resembled the recent genus Onycihoteuthi., and, to and that of IHyderabad; S., the Toombuddra and Wurda ash, and turned in a lathe, 16 inches long and 1% inch judge of sonme specimens of the shell, must have been rivers; and W., the Indian Ocean; length, 320 min., by in diameter at the upper end; used for belaying a rope. four or mnore feet in length. Nearly a hundred species 200 m. average breadth. Its W. districts are very moun- Bel'bend, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Luzerne co. of the genus Belemnites have been found in a fossil state, tainous, being intersected by the W. Ghauts. The prin- Bellbeys, (bel'bez,) a town of Lower Egypt, on the E. ranging from the lias to the gault, and distributed over cipal rivers are the Krishna, or Kistnah, Toombuddra, bankl of the Nile, 28 in. from Cairo; pop. abt. 5,000. all Egypt. The phragso-cone of the belemnite is exand Beema. The Krishna is remarkable as forming the Belch, (belsh,) v. a. [A. S. bea/cans, from bcac, the stom- ceedingly delicate, and usually owes its preservation to boundary between two regions in which distinct lan- ach; allied to bulge, bilge.] To swell or heave out; to the infiltration of calcareous spar. The guard is very guages and architectural characteristics prevail; N. of eject, as wind from the stomach; to eructate. variable in proportions, being sometimes only half an that stream the Mahratta tongue is spoken, and the' And, when they're full, inch longer than the phragnio-cone, at others one or two roofs of the ordinary houses are pitched and thatched; They belch us." -Shaks. feet in length. The animals appear to have been greS. of its banks the Canara language prevails, andi the -To eject violently from within; to cast forth. garious, fronm the exceeding abundance of their remains houses are flat-roofed and thatched with mud and clay. "All heav'n appeer'd in many localities, and to have lived at a moderate The Ramooses, a tribe resembling the lower castes of the From those deep-throated engines belch'd." — filton. depth of water. The B. is popularly known under the Mahlrattas, with the thievish habits of the Bheels, but -v. i. To eject wind from the stomach. names of Spectre-candle, Asrrow-head, Thundecr-slone, Tick, more subdued and civilized, inhabit the hills joining the Te symps are,.. lchigs and dstensions the Pcetrifled finger, &c. Ghluuts in Sattara, between Poonah on the N., Coolapoor, bowels."-Arbuthnuot. B[e'len, in New Mexico Territory, a post-office of VYaand Bejapoor, E. After the dissolution of the Bhamanee -To issue out, as by eructation. lencia co. empire of the Deccan, in 1489, Adil Shah established in "The waters boil, and, belching from below, Belesis, (bel'e-sis,) a Chald ean, who raised Arsaces to B. a dynasty which lasted till 1689. The country was Black sands as from a forceful engine throw."-Drydfen. the throne of Media, for which he was rewarded with afterwards ruled by the Mahrattas, and after long years of Belch, Belchiha, n. The act of throwing out from the government of Babylon, us. c. 770. When Sardanaanarchy, was partially subjected by the English in 1818. the stomach, or violently from within; eructation. pahlus, with his gold and silver, was burnt in his palace, BEJzAoon, (VjCayapara, "the impregnable city,") the an- Bel'cher, Sm EDwAiD, ri.R.s., an English naval officer B. was permitted to talke away the ashes, and extracted dient cap. of the above prov. under the Bhamanee dynasty, and explorer, B. 1799. In 1836 he was commissioned to therefrom immense treasures. Is 115 m. S.E. of Sattara. Lat. 160 46' N.; Lon. 750 47f explore the western coasts of America and the Indies, Bel-esprit, (biEes-preee,) n.; pl. BEAUX-ESPRITS, (bz'es.E. In the beginning of the 17th century, it was a city of and was absent six years; during which time he had pree'.) [Fr. bel-es pit, fine wit.] A man of fine spirit, wit, great size and grandeur, but at present it consists merely sailed around the world. On his return he published a or genius. of an immense number of nmosques, &c., with a scanty Narrative of his voyage. In 1852, hlie comnmanded the Belew's Creek, in Mlissouri, a post-office of Jefferpopulation occupying miserable huts within their ruins. expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, and brought son co. BeIjar, a fortified town of Spain, prov. of Salamanca, home the crews of the ice-bound vessels, Oct. 1854. HIe Belfast', a seaport town and parliamentary borough of and 48 min. S. of Salamanca city. Mlanf. Woollens; it is afterwards published l'ihe Last of the Arctic Voyages, Ireland, in. the counties Antrim and Down, at the conalso famous throughout Spain for its hams. There are (London, 1855.) fluence of the river Lagan with Carriclkfergus Bay, 102 mineral waters close by. Pop. 12,751. Bel'lher, in resw Y'orkc, a post-office of Washington co. m. N. of Dublin, andm 78 S.E. of Londonderry. It is after Bejatn'dtice, v. a. [be and jaundice, q. v.] To infect, Bel'her-towe, n, in Jlassachusetts. a thriving post- Dublin the largest and most important town in Ireland. or infuse with jaundice. townshlip of Hampshire co., 70 m. IV. by S. of Boston; The houses, mostly of modern construction, are of brick; Bejes'uit, v. a. [be and,esuit.] To malke Jesuitical; pop. abt. 3,400. the streets are wide, airy, well-paved, and flagged. There to initiate into, or infect with, Jesuitism. Belhli't1, a small town of Spain, 22 m. S.S.E. of Sara- are many fine religious edifices here, while of eductBejum'ble,v.a. [be andjumble.]'To male a medley gosse; pop. 2,878. Here, on June 18, 1809, the Spanish, tionel establishments the principal is Queen's College, of; to throw into confusion. under General Blalke, were completely routed by the opened in 1849. Numerous literary uuand scientific inBe'kah, n. [hieb. beka, half part, from blka, to split.] French under Suchet. stitmtions flourish, and everything about betolkens a (Scridpt.) A half-shelkel; in weight, five pennyweights; Beit'dean, Bel'lmame, n. [Fr. belle, fine, or handsome, wealthy and prosperous state of things. B. is the nuin money, about 25 cents. This sum, each Israelite over and dame.] Originally, a good dame; now, by corruption, cteus of the Irish linen manufacture. This trade is 20 years old was obliged to pay as a poll-tax for the ser- an old womann; an old witch, hag, or weird-like woman. now in a flourishing condition, and rapidly increasing. vice of the Temple. "I weep for woe, the testy beldam swore." —Dryden. The other chief branches of industry are linen and cotBeke, CHAicrS TILSTONE, PH.D., F.S.A., FIR...S., an Eng- -Grndmother, a coutr-euivnt to besie, gran ton weaving, iron founding on an extensive scale, and lish geographer, explorer, and author, n. in London, father, a ea nd a.) bleaching. There are also print and chemical womrks, father. (Poet. and oi.) 1800. In 183, lie published Origines Biblice or, "Re- Toghte.-Sas, alabaster, and barilla eills, tanneries, felt manufc-'' To show the beldame daughters o i l, alabaster."-ltk. tre, a nd barilia millrs, tc B anneraies. feltmannrissearches in Primeval History;" one of the first attempts tories, ship-building yards, &c. B. has railway commnito reconstruct history on the principles of the young Bel'den, in Indiana, a post-village of Wabasi co., on cation with nearly the entire country, and steamship science of geology. B.'s historical and geographical the Wabash River, 34 m. \V.S.W. of Fort Wayne. traffic with London, Liverpool, Glasgow, and Fleetwood. studies of tie East led him to consider the great impor- Bel'denvilie, in TWisconsin, a post-village of Pierce The bay is peculiarly favorable to the purposes of comtence of Abyssinia for commnercial and other intercourse co., 14 m. E. of Prescott. merce, being safe and easy of access, and permitting ith Central Africa; and he accordingly proceeded to Beleaguer, (be-l'gir,) v. a. [Ger. beldgern, be, by, and vessels drawing 16 ft. water at neaps, and 18 ft. water at Sho, in. hyssina, which ntry lie reaced in the lagern, to lay.] To surround with n arn my; to blockade, spring-tides, to reach the quays. The imports into B. begoinning of 1851. Thence, he went alone into the io- or block up; to besiege. annually average $40,000,000, and the exports $37,000,000.' tertor, where he explored Godjame and thecountrieslying "The Trojan camp, then beleaguered by Turnus and the Piop. about 142,000. to ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Latins."-Dde to thi W. and S., previously almost entirely unknown Lin.-D'delfast', in loewa, a post-village of Lee co., on the Des to Europeans. The result of these researches was pub- Belea'guer'er, s. One who beleaguers; one who be- Moines River, 18 m. W.S.W. of Fort Madison. ished in A Statement of Ptts, Sec. (let edit., Lond. 1845). sieges a place. Belfast', in Maine, a sea-port, and seat of justice of On his return to Europe, there appeared, successively, Beleclt'lure, v. a. [be and lecture.] To administer a lec- Waldo to., 30 in. S. of Bangor, and 30 m. fiom the ocean, from his pen, An Essay on the Nile and its lTributaries, ture to; to bore with unwelcome advice or reproof; to at the head of Penobscot Bay. The town, pleasantly (London, 1847:) On the Sources of the Nile in the Aloun- lecture frequently. situated but indifferently built, is divided into two parts tains of the Afoonz, (1848;) On thle Sources of the Nile, Belee', v. a. [be and lee.] To place on the lee, or in a po- by the Paasaggassassawa leag River, orstream. Vessels (1849;) and Miemoire Justi/icatif en BRhabilitatiou des sition not exposed to the wind. - Shaks. of the largest class may enter the harbor. and the town Pires Paez et Lobe, (Paris, 1848.) Among his other Belem, (be'lem,) a town of Portugal, 2 m. from Lisbon. is extensively engaged in foreign commerce and in the works are, On the Geographical Distribution of Lan- It is historically interesting as the place from whence fisheries. Pop. about 6,500. guages in Abyssinia, (Edin. 1849;) and The Sources of Yasco de Game set sail on his voyage of Oriental dis- Belfast', in Nrew York, a post-township of Alleghany the Nile, with the History of Nilotic Discovery (London, covery. It was taken in November, 1807, by the French, co., 60 m. S.E. of Buffalo, on the Genesee River and 1860.) —Dr. B. left England, in Nov. 1565, on a fruitless the royal family of Portugal embarking fronm its quay Canal; pop. about 2,300. mission to obtain the release of his fellow-countrymen for Brazil as they entered. In 1833, it was occupied by Belfast', in Ohio, a post-office of Clermont co. in Abyssinia (q. v.), and published The British Captives Don Pedro's troops. Pop. about 5,000. -A village of HIighland county, 72 m. S. by W. of Coin Abyssinia, in 1867. Be'len, in Brazil. See PAsA. lumbus. Bel, (Myth.) the chief idol of the Babylonians. - See Belema'lite, n. The EnglishnameforBELEMNMTES, q.v. Belfast', in Pennsylvania, a township of Fulton co. / BAAL. Belemni'tes, n. [Gr. belemnnon, an arrow or dart.] -A post-office of Northampton co. Bela'bor, or Bela'bonur, v. a. [be and labeor.] To ply (Pal.) A geneums of fossil mollusca. —See BELEMNmITIDs. RBelfast', in Tennessee, a post-office of Marshall co. with diligence or assiduity; to employ one's self care- Belemn nitiae, n. p1. (Pal.) A family of fossil emol- Bel'ford, in North Carolina, a village of Nash co. fully upon. lusca belonging to the class Gephalopoda, or Cuttle- Bel'fort, in I Fance. See BEFORT. "f the earth i belaboued with cuture it yeldeth corn. aro. fishes. The shell of these animals Bel'fr-y, n. [Fr. befF-oi, a tower, firom Celt. bere-f'eid - consists of an internal horny pen, as ber, to ctarry, and freid, fear, alarmi; L. Lat. belfredus.] -To beat soundly; to thunp; to cudgel. in other dibranchiate cephalopods of (Arch. and J1il.) That part of a steeple wherein the Ilse sees virgao Nell belaeour, a spatuliform shape, broad in front, bells are hung; andl more particularly the timber-work'Kith his own staff, his peaceful neighbour."-Swifit. ithentfhp c narrow posteriorly, and provided later- by which the bells are supported. - The mname seems deBelUsce', v. a. To inflict punishment with a stra~p; to ally with two small wing-shaped ex- rived from that of an old warlike machine called the chastise with a rope's end. ~~i chastise with a tops's end. pensions, which unite posteriorly, and beffroi, or belfry, used in military sieges in the ancient Bellair, in Georgia, a post-village of Richmond co., 10 e'ir, i Geora, a post-village of Richmond o., 10 form a large conical cavity, at tihe bot- and medieval thnes. It was a movable tower, as high as m. W. of Augusta. m. W. of Aunusta. tom of which are transverse partitiems, the iwalls of the besieged town. The object of such Bel. Air, hu Illinois, a village of Clurket co, separating the whole into numerous towers was to cover the approach of troops. Sometimes Bel'air, in Illinois, a village of Crawford co. small chambers pierced laterally with they were pushed on by pressure, sometimes by capstans Bel Air, in Maryland, a poet-village, cap. of Herford to., a siphon, and containing air. This pos- and ropes. The highest were on sixor eight wheels, and 22 m. N.E. of Baltimore, and 60 N. by E. of Annapolis. Bel'air, in Ssswth Camrelina, a village of Lancaster di- cterior portion receives externallyn cal- had as many as twelve or fifteen stories or stages; but careous deposit of a regular conical it was usual to limit the height to three or four stages. trict, 90 m. N. by E. of Columbia. sp, more or less thic, and ome Bel'sair, in Veoreont, a prosperous village of Orleans co., te o orle hik i They were often covered with raw hides, to protect them times of considerable length. It is from the flames of boiling grease and oil directed against on Barton River, 40 mn. N. by E. of Meontpelier; pop. 387.Z on Barto River, 40 m.. by of Montpler; pO. 37. this terminal portion that is generally them by the besieged; and there was a hinged drawBelamn', v. a. To beat or bang. An expression used c in sonee parts of Eelend - Todd. 10 incalled the Be wem cite. It is sometimes bridge at the top, to let down upon the parapet of the in some parts of England. — Tocd. 0ice og hc rd.czest Beasosr uu. foer bt fwht h10 inches longiem, which indicats es that wall, to aid in landing. The lower stage frequently had Bea 7ou, (b1F-m55r77, n. A floer bt f ha kiaandoaar, (be'l'n-n~o'o'r',) ~1~. A flower, but of~vz the entire animal, with its ukonms out- a ram, while the others were crowded with archers, arkind is uukrnown. — W'ebster. stretched, musit hanve been several feet balisters, and slingers; or there were bowmen on all snswy brews mite badded lehuimire. Speeser. in length. The spatuliform part with the stages except the top, whichl had a storming or Bel and the Dragon. (Eccl. Hist.) The name of an the wings is called the gesard, and the boarding party. — See BAeeaamao-sO-rsm. apocryphaml and uncanonical book of Scripture. It wes chambered conical cavity is called the always rejected by the Jewish church, and is extant phmm'agueo-cone, (a septum or division.) origisally settled in Gerninny, and puessed at mn early neither in the Hebrew nor Chaldee language, nor is The object of this structure is evi- period into -meul, whither they were attracted by thi there any proof that it ever was so; hence St. Jerome dently to support the body of the ant- superior fertility of the soil. Caner, who quartered his terms it "the fable of Del and the Dragon." mel when it was alive, and give solidity legioms in tieir country duirhug thi vinter c. c. 54-55, Belat'ed, a. Latein time; benighted; too late. to it, while at the same time, being di- describes them as one of tie three greet tribes among Belat'edness, n. A being too latets- Milton. vided into chambers filled with air, it whom Galhia was distributed, He also refers to a nation Belaud, (b/-lawd',) v. a. [be and laud.] To land, or was light, and thus well adapted for of Belgm, as inhasiting the southern portions of Britain; praise highly. supporting it in the water. It was Piq. 313. iut thee history of this people, and its identity or otherBelay', in. a. [be and lao.] (Namit.) To malte a rope fast by lodged in thie middle of the fleshy hody cvzseUszns wise with the Glhie tribe of the smm nome, is involved turns round a pin or coil, without hitching or seizing it. of the animal, which in structure must SULc/tAS. in obscurity. -S ee BEeomusm. BELG BELG BELG 263 Bfelgaumn (bel-gaom,) a strongly fortified town, ttin- St. Hubert. The two former are remains of the once of religious opinions and the choice of modes of worship. dostan, in the British presidency of Bombay, 55 m. N.W. immense forest of Ardennes. All the common trees of B. contains 6 Roman Catholic dioceses; the clergy of of Darwar; Lat. 15~ 52' N.. Lon. 740 42' E. It was taken Europe are abundantly found in them. Arboriculture which receive from the national treasury an annual inby the English in 1818. Pop. about 8,000. is fostered with assiduity, and government laws vigi- come of $718,180; the Protestant Church, $8,925; the Be'l't'ard, a town of Prussia, prov. Pomerania, cap. of lantly enforce its care and management. - Rivers. B. is Jews, $1,880; and the English Episcopal Church, $2,035. a circle, 16 m. S.S.W. of Coeslin, at the confluence of the one of the best watered countries in Europe. All its Education is for friom being generally diffused among Leitnitz with the Persante, and almost entirely sur- streams find their outlets in the North Sea. The Scheldt the people, although much progress towards it has been rounded by water. Mlancf Cloth. Pop. 5,447. in the W., and the Meuse in the E., can alone be prop- made within the last 10 years. Education, which was Bel'gian, a. [See BELGcC.] (Geog.) Belonging, or re- erly denominated rivers. The principal affluents of the compulsory under the Dutch government, has ceased to lating to Belgium, or the Netherlands. Scheldt, are the Dendre, Lenne, Dyle, beete, Demer, and be so since 1830. The proportion of the educatedpopu-n. A native of Belgium. Nethe, on the E.; and the Lys, and Durme, on the W. lation may be estimated at 30 per cent.-Cbns/. and Gov. ]Bel'gice, a. [Lat. belgicus, from Belgce, the Belgians.] The Meuse on the E. is joined by the Semoy, Lesse, According to the charter of 1811, B. is a "'cosstitutional, Pertaining, or relating to, the Beig,', the ancient pos- Ourthe, Vesdre, &c.; and on the W. by the Sambre, Jaar, represecitative, acid heredita'y monarchly." The legislasessors of the Low Countries, (now the Netherlands.) and severail smaller streams. Tihe total length of navi- tive power is vested in the King, the Chamber of Rep"Unlike their Belgic sires of old."' - Goldsmithl. gable rivers is 9862,746 nmetres. —CIim. The climate of B. reseitatives, and the Senate. The royal succession is in -Pertainig to Belium, or the Begins, or their a- is less chilly and damp than that of Holland; however, it tihe direct mcle line in the order of primnogeniture. The is certainly humid, compared with that of'rasice and Ger- king's person is declared sacred; and his ministers Begiooo ocvuc avtc, aaesge. many, and may be considered as very similc'fr to that of are responsible for the acts of the government. The Melani~sso, 0.aISTINat TRIVULZnO, PotNCtSS D, Bf. ill Milan, 1808. Passionately focdr of Italy acd of liberty, England. The nunlberofraicy days averages 170. The representatives or deputies, and the senators, are chosen she could not make, up hoe, mind to live at MIilan cnder mean annual temperature is 10'52 centigrades; the directly by all citizens paying a small amount of direct Austrian despotism, and took up her cesidence in Paris, temperature of the hottest month is 200 36', and of the taxes; they are elected for 4 years, and their number is where she became a leader of fashion, and a distin- coldest 00 85'; differencel9051'. —Mlinerals. Considerable: in thie proportion of one senator for two deputies. The guished cultivator of literature acid art. Sympcthizing coal, lead, iron, copper, zinc, marble, and building-stones. Executive Governient consists oi 6 departments, viz: with her countrycen in their eideavor to free thec- In coal it is the richest country ins Europe, England ex- Foreign Affairs; Justice;'icance; Public W'orks; War: selves f-om the Austrian yoke, she, ic 1847, raised, and cepted. Mill-stones, grind-stones, whet-stones, and slates and the Interior.-'Finaoces. The public budget estimates equipped at her own expense, a cavalry force of 200 are largely exported. - Min. Wiaters. This kingdom pos- for 1868 were based upon a revenue of 169,403,280 francs men. Foir tcis act her property. was coifiscated, aid she sesses several springs of medicinal mineral waters, as ($33,880,655); and an expenditure of 168,795,751 francs as banished, whereupon s retired to a fa in Asi those of Spa, (celebrated throughout Europe,) Chaud- (or $33,759,150). The public debt in 1867 amounted to waMainorhEentu, whereuo serentied toafar bisent Asase Minor. Eventally hr setece of bnishcnt s - fibontaine, Morimont, andTongres.-Zol. All the domestic (nominal capital) $143,097,210. This is being reduced, voked. The princess has, of late years, contributed to ailn 00.Bhsnofotgde. volced. The princess Ices, of late years, contributed to animals of the other European countries are loiund in B. ansnually, by about $1,400,000. B. has no flociting debt. the Paris and New Yorlk press. IUnder M. Amigo she Flanders, however, is noted for its breed of draught- Arimy and Navty. The actual standing army aciounts to studied mathematics, and she is said to be conversacit horses; and another variety of this animal, the Luxem- as follows: Infantry, 56,510; Cavalry, 8,202; Artillery, with the Chinese hanncgtir e. It is understood that she bourg Cob, is a valuable breed. —Agric. Although culti- 6,700; Engineers, &c., 2,266; Total, 73,718 men, and 152 intends to publish a volume of her nuemoirs. vation is carried on to a great extent, yet about 1-12th guns. Tihe standing armiy, on the war-fboting, is to be Belgiojo'so, a town of Northern Italy, prov. Pavia, 9 of the whole surface remains still intact; 1-8th consists increased to 100,000 men. The army is formed by conm. E. of the latter city, and 23 S.S.E. of Milan. It is of grass lands, the best of which are in the two prov. of scription, to which every able man who ihas completed well built, baste mgnificent aqueduct, acd eoln. castle Flanders; and the arable lands occupy one-half. Wheat, his 193th year is liable. Substitution is permitted. The i which Francih s I. spmgent athe night subsequent to the rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, tobacco, hops, and vcgeta- kingdom has 11 fortresses: Antwerp, MIons, Charleroi, iatl whic Francis. sopen.h ih subseuet tothe atth~e of Pavia. Pop. a~bout 4,000 ble products, comprise the leading results of Belgian Philippeville, Tirlemont, Ash, Tourney, Menin, Ypres, Belgu, be'je-,) a ingdom of Europe, situa ilturet. Madder, too, is extensively cultivated. Hus- Ghent, and Nanmur. Tile navy consists of 7 vessels, viz., a betweenirnc, ollj-nd,) akngdomo Europesita.I s terrtryd between IFrance, Itolland, and Prussia. - Its territory is bandry is, in general, well conducted and riemunerative; brig of 20 guns, a 12-gun sloop, 2 gunboats of 5 guns each, small as compared withs time great European States, but the farms are neatly lkept, and compact, though sinmall, and 3 transport steamers. - Towss. Besides those before the inportant position which this country has occupied rarely exceeding 100 acres. Chicory and beet are being mentioned, the other principal places are Tournay, Ypres, in the political, military, comnmercial, and agriculturcl'raised in increasing quantities, and ithe flax crop is an Louvain, Verviers, Mechlin, Ostend, Nieuport, &c.-Hi/shistory of Europe - its former celebrity ic mammufactures object of the greatest care cand attention. —Mlla. Wool, tory. B. anciently formed a part of the 3d division of and the fine arts -and its presect rapid progress in in B., is the object of an imniense industry; thie woollen Gaul, and was called by the Romans, Belgiya, Belgiunm, every indcustriah pursuit and socicl icuprovement, give it mauinufactures of Verviers and its environs alone employ- or Gallia Bclgica, and its people were the least civilized a peculiar interest. B. extends froc 4jo 270 to 510 31' N. ing a population of 50,000 operatives. Flannels, serges, and most courageous of all the Gallic nations. In the Lat., and from 20 37/ to 60 E. Lon. On the N., its boun- camluets, carpets, flax cabrics, silks, velvets, and lace of 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries, successive invasions of Salian dary line is formed by oll; on the y Prussia; the finestdescriptions, ribbons, hosiery, hats, paper, &c., Franks firom the North changed the character of the on thle S. by Funce; andb on the W. by he North Sea. &c., aremost extensively and profitably carried on. The Belgic people; a change still fiurther increased by the onthe S.bgFuue;ndra onuthsWbylice Northe Seertr om tinua The general outline of thi territory forms a triangular 7working of metals, as iron, copper, and tin, is very introduction of Christianity, and the foundation of figure, of which tie lougest side extends on the French important; the manufacture of cannon, fire-arms, and monasteries. The fierce and valiant warriors who forfr-ontier, from a point cidvay between Fumes amd Dun- locomotive engines being an especial feature of the merly occupied the soil, were succeeded by an abject frqute to oo 9 a. SnE. of Ayon, or 5 b. fi-omn Longvy. ometallurgical industry of B. - Conamerce. The foreign race of seris, who cultivated the domains of haughty Tme greuoOtest length of tAloe kigdo fmsm NW.fo to SE. trade of Belgium, resembling that of France, is offi- lords and an imperious priesthood. The latter enjoyed is 6i leagues, or about 193 Eng. mn.; and the greatest is 65 leagues, or about 193 Bug. oc.; mnd the greatest dially divided into general comsmerce, including the imnicmns possessions, and against them, as against the breadth from N.E. to S.W'., 42 leagues, or about 127 m. smn-total of all international mercantile intercourse, despotic Branis, lie Flemings formed associatios calhed bedth froms AaEi toS.W, 4nd Pleaguoes,down aoto 12769: Dcvcsls, AnezA, and POU ON, do to 1861: ~ and special cosmmrce, conmprisimng such imports as are Gilden(Guilds); these formed thc origin of all the ancient consumed within, and such exports as have been pro- municipal corporations, and within oa century after the Area. duced in, the country. During the three years 1865-7, time of Charlemagne, Blanders was covered with corpoPrsvinces. Pep Provinces. Eng. sq. m. PO Cpiiais, the general commerce of B. averaged $5,000,000,000 in rate towns. At the end of the 11th century, when the value, rather more than half of which sum was repre- devotion for the crusades induced many of the nobles to Antwverp, 1,034 490,620 1Antwerp. sented by imports. The special cocmmerce, during the part with their lands in order to obtain the means of Flanders, (E.) 1,154 855,504 Ghent. saiae period, averaged $280,000,000 in value; rather more equipping armies against the Saracens, their wealthy Blanders, (W.) 1,243 666,1O02 ll uges. thian one-half again was represented by imports. In the vassals, the Flemish burghers, bought them, and were Hainault, 1,430 884,384 Mons. export market of Belgian products, France, as in the thus enabled to purchase independence, and a jurisdicBrabant, 1,260 884,3:11 Bauseens. imports, takes the first place. The international com- tion oftheir own. They consequently formined themselves Limburg, 929 203,009 Hasselt. nierce of the kingdom is chiefly carried on by boreigners; into municipalities, and built stately town-halls, as troLiege, 1,111 580,277 Li~ge. and the quantity of shipping belonging to natives is phies of their liberties. When the rest of Europe was Nammlur, 1,397 317,175 Nanur. comparatively small, and is, moreover, declining. In subject to despotism, and involved in comparative ignoLuxembourg, 1,695 212,560 Arlnn. 1867, the total number of vessels was but 112. of an ag- rance and barbarism, the court of the Counts of Fslanders -56 Aro. gregate tonnage of 39,729. Coal (the chief basis of in- was the chosen seat of liberty, civilization, and useful Total, 11,313. 5.004,362 dustry) is exported to the anrueal average quantity of knowledge. The provinces came tnder the doninion of 4,000,000 tons, out of an estimated total yield of 11,500,000 the Dukes of Burgundy about the middle of tihe 15th These prov. forierly constituted the duchy of Brabant, tons. The imports into the U. States, for the year 1867, century. Under this dyniasty, the commcuercicli and ocanuthe mnarquisate of Antwerp. the principality of Liege, the were valued at.3,212,568; against exports, $6,539,33. facturing towns of the Low Country enjoyed a remarkseigneurie of Mechlin (or Malines), the comt&s of Plan- In the same period there cleared for the U. States, firom able prosperity. In the Flenmish court of Philip the ders, Ilainault, Louvain, and Namur, and the duchies of Belgian ports, an aggregate tonnage (in foreign acnd Good; Duke of Bnrgundy, about 1455, luxurious living Limlburg and Luxembourg. - GEN. DESc. Tihe N. and W. American bottoms) of 42,118; and vice-verse, 87,723 tons. was carried to a vicious and foolish excess. Tihe wealthy provinces of B. may, in their flatness, fertility, dyles, Railwuays. The Belgian railroad system shows a total citizens were clad in gorgeous velvets, satins, and jewelry, and canals, be regarded as a continuation of Holland. length of lines opened of 1,191 Eng. m. Inc B., the State and their banquets were given with almost incredible This portion of the kingdom is so densely peopled, that is a great railway proprietor, and the State Railway is splendor. The arts seere cultivated with great success. it presents to the traveller the appearance of one vast the largest source of national revenue. It was the first Van Eyck invented the beautiiul oil-colors for which the continuous village. The S. and E. prov. have an oppo- work of the kind ever undertaken by a govermnent, or Flemish school of painting is renowned. Paintinig on site character; they are generally more thinly peopled on so great a scale by any proprietary. In 1844, the en- glass, polishing diamonds, lace, tapestry, and chimes and less cultivated, and exhibit a most irregular, tire length, 560 lihlomntres, was completed. In 1866, it were also invented in Belgium, at this period. Most of mountainous surface, with marshy tracts of land, and produced to the State a net revenue of $3,200,000.- Canals. the magnificent cathedrals and town-halls in the country extensive forests. With the exception of the hilly dis- The length of the canals in this lkingdom amounts to were built in theil3th and 14th centuries. History, poetry, tricts in the S. and E., the whole territory presents a 460,220 metres, which. with the 962,746 metres of navi- and learning were much cultivated; and the University series of nearly level plains, traversed by numnerous gable rivers, fbrms a total inland navigation of 1,422,966 of Lonvain was the most celebrated in Europe. In 1477, streams, delightfully diversified by woods, arable lands, metres, or 854 m. —Jnhab. Tihe Belgians have been suc- B. passed under the dynasty of the empire of Austria; and meadows of brilliant verdure, enclosed by hedge- cessively subjected to the influence of so many different and after many years of contest between the despotic row trees, and thickly studded throughout with towns governments-French, Austrian, Spanish, Dutch- that Maximilian (the husband of Mary of Burgnndy) and the and villages. On the coast, downs, or dunes, of fine loose they possess no distinctive or peculiar national character. demnocratic Flemings, the government, in 1519, descended sand extend from Dunkerque as far as Hollanud. In The apathy aond persevering industry of time Dutch is to his grandson, Charles V., ting of Spauin. The amnazing breadth they vary from 1 to 3 m., and risein the highest blended with the vivacity and self-assurance.of the prosperity of the Provinces experienced a rapid and faital parts to 40 or 50 ft. —Mount. No elevation in B. is prop- French, without producing an agreeable conmpound. The decline under the tyrannic fanaticism of Philip II., and erly entitled to the appellation of mountain; a ramnifica- Belgian burghers have always displayed a passionate the cruelty of the Dulke of Aiva, q. v. Commerce and tion of the chain of tice Ardennes extends in a N.E. di- fondness for social liberty-an imnpatience of control that trade in Flanders dwvindled away, sad the great cities rection through Luxembourg, Nemur, and LiSge, and embroied them with their rulers, and involved them in were half deserted. B. remcained under Spanish dominion forms a mountainous crest, which separates the waters ruinous disasters during successive centuries. The until the memorable victory of Rannilies, in 1706, alter of the Meuse from those of the Moselle. Another off- wealthy denizens of the cities have very generally which it was again subjected to Austria; and having shoot of the Ardennes rises parallel with this, on the N. adopted the language, focshions, dress, manners, and been several times conquered by, and reconquered from luanks of the Sacmbre and Meuse, between Mans and amsusements of the French. The Belgiamis are passion- the French, it eas incorporated, in 1795, wit the Fsrench Meestricht. The highest points of elevation are about ately fond of niusic andf daoncing, as is evidenced even in Republic, and divided into departments. By this union, 2,200 ft. above the sea; and one of these is the hill which the car-illous of their numbterless churches. — Religidn B. secured a suppression of all the old feudal privileges, overloolks the celebrated springs and towon of Spa. —Poc- ad Education. Tlie Romcian Caotholic religion is professed exemption from te-rritorial contributions, the abolition ests. A space of about one-fifth of the surface of B. is by ne.cs-hy tis eitire popuhatiocs. Tic Protestants do of tithes, a niore extensive distritoution of real property, covered with woods and forests. Of the lotter, the prin- not amount to 13,000, while the Jews secarcely number a repeal of the gaoume laws, an admirable registry law, cipal are those of Heinasult, Luxembourg, Soignies, and 2,000. The fullest liberty is allowed in the expression a cheap system of tax collection, the advancement of 264 BELI BELK BELL education in central schools and lyceums, a uniform (T'heol.) That state of mind in which one acquiesces Bel'knlltp, in Texas, a village of Young co., on the Bra, system of legislation by the creation of'codes, publicity in some truth, real or supposed. No doubt, every man zos Itiver. of judicial proceedings, trial by jury, and the general in the world who believes in anything, even the most Bell, n. [A. S. bell, bella, from bellan, to bellow.j A use of the French language. By the Congress of Vienna, superstitious idea that ever found credence, does so be- hollow body of cast metal, used for giving sounds by the provinces of B. were annexed to those of Holland, cause he has some kind of a vague perception that the being struck. to form the kingdom of the Netherlands, which existed object of his belief is real and true. But the act of be- (Hist.) Small gold B., intermixed with pomegranates, until the Revolution of 1830. A national congress elected lief itself has puzzled the wise, throughout all ages, ex- are mentioned as ornaments worn upon the hem of the Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, King of the Belgians, actly to describe its character. One man alleges the high-priest's robe (Exod. xxviii. v. 3, 4.) Among the 4th June, 1831, and he ascended the throne on the 21st act is intellectual, another says it is moral, a third Greeks, we find, that, in camps and garrisons, patrols used of July following. A war with Holland followed, and affirms that it is emotionsal, and a fourth, who is likely hand-bells, at thle sound of which the sentinels were to it was not until 1839, after the treaty of peace concluded as near the truth as any of the previous three, avers answer. At Rome they were in domestic use. The large between Leopold I. and the King of the Netherlands, that it bears all those various characters at different bells now used in that all the States of Europe recognized the new king- times, and when applied to different subjects. First it churches are said to dom of Belgium. On the death of Leopold I., 10th Dec., is intellectual, then it is moral, anon it is emotional; have been invented 1865, his son Leopold II. (the present king), succeeded and it is as easy to describe it, as it is to give a definition by Paulinus, bishop to the throne. Early in 1869, a dispute broke out be- of instinct or of intuition. The reason of this apparent of NolainCampauia, tween B. and France, with respect to the Custom duties obscurity in the meaning of this word, is, because men about the year 400, levied on their respective frontiers; but owing, perhaps, have no more general term that they are accustomed whence the Nola and to the peaceful advice given to B. by Great Britain, to apply to the same object. It is, accordingly, impos- Campana of the lowthis cloud on the horizon of European politics passed sible to get behind belief, so as intelligibly to describe er Latinity. They away. its character. It is emphatically" the light of all our were probably inBel'g-ia~as, in Wisconsin, a post-township of Ozaukee seeing."'There are, properly, four sources from which troduced into Engco., 0i5 Lake Michigan; pap. 2,773. the sound beliefs of men are made up: —lst, there is in- land very soon after Belgraele, (bel'graid,) a fortified town of Servia, on the tuition or instinct; 2d, there is our ordinary experience; their invention. - right bank of the Danube, at its junction with the Save; 3d, there are our scientific convictions, derived from the They are first menLat. 440 47' 46" N.; Lon. 200 39' E. From its position, exercise of the two sources of knowledge, deduction tioned by Bedeabout _ on tIe limits of the Austrian and Turkish empires, at and induction; 4th, there is testimony. These consti- the close of the 7th the confluence of two great rivers, its great strength, tute the sources of our real convictions; but feeling and century. The city of and the numerous sieges it has sustained, much interest imagination have a great share in giving rise to illusory Nankin in Chinawas has long been attached to B. Its citadel,on a steep hill notions and superstitious beliefs in the minds of men. anciently famous for Pg 334. 100 feet high, near the centre of the town, occupies a Man is responsible for every belief, real or illusory, the largeness of its REAT ELL OF MO. most formidable position. It has been very strongly which he maintains, provided, always, it were possible bells, as we learn fortified; and if it were properly repaired and garrisoned, for him to discipline himself properly in the various from Father Le Comte; but they were afterwards far it would be all but impregnable. Within the citadel kIinds of Iknowledge, in which he exercises his beliefs. exceeded in size by those of the churches in Moscow, are the arsenal and mnagazines, the principal mosque, This arises from the fact that we all have power over principally by that given by the Empress Anne, weighand the palace of the pacha; the latter is constructed our minds in directing them to one object or another of ing 432,000 pounds, and probably the largest in the of wood and mud! The town is surrounded by walls study; and if this act, which is admitted on all hands known world. It was broken in 1737. —The material and palisades, generally in a ruinous state. The situa- to be voluntary, be really so, for every voluntary act we of which B. were originally composed was, in all likelition of the town is no better than that of the citadel. commit, either directly or indirectly, we are entirely hood, merely cast-iron. That now used is a compound Many of its houses are in ruins, and most of them are responsible. Belief is, no doubt, indirect in its connec- of 80 parts of copper, and 20 of tin. This is the theoof the meanest possible description. - X1ranuf. Inconsid- tion with the conscience, but it is not, therefore, wholly retical proportion, and Indian gongs are made exactly in erable, consisting principally of carpets, silk goods, sad- irresponsible. accordance with it. In ordinary B., that proportion of dlery, &c. It has a good port on the Danube, and it is Believ'able, a. That may be believed; credible. copper remains the same, but some lead and zinc is subadmirably situated for trade, of which, in consequence, Believe, (be-l/v',) v. a. To give belief or credit to; to stituted for part of the tin. This alloy is very remarkit still preserves some small share. The Turlks, under assent to; to rest in; to trust in; to credit; to be firmly able for its great elasticity, and, therefore, great caSolymneen the Magnificent, tookc Belgrade in 1522, acd persuaded of; to deem to be true; to put confidence in. pacity of sound. held it till 1688, when it was taklcen by the Imperi- -v. i. To exercise belief or faith; to have a firm per- (Arch.) The body of a Corinthian or Composite capital, alists. Two years after, it again fell into the hands of suasion of anything; to confide. (Sometimes followed supposing the foliage stripped off, is called the be17l; the the Turles; and though it has since been repeatedly by the particle in or on.) same is applied also to the capitals in Gothic architectaken by the Imperialists, they have, in most instances, "Now God be prais'd, that to believing souls ture which in any degree partake of this form. It is soon after restored it to its Ottoman masters. It was Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair."- Shaks. sometimes called a dr-eum. talcen, in 1807, by the Serviau insurgents, who, on bein, -To suppose; to deem; to think. -Anything in the form of a bell, as the cup of a flower. obliged to abandon it in 1813, burnt the suburbs, and "TThough they are, I believe, as high as most steeples in England." To bear away the bell. See BEAARING THE BELL. partly destroyed the fortifications. The town was Addison. To bear the bell. To be the first, as thebellwether of a placed, in 1815, along with Servia, under the sovereignty Believ'er, n. One who believes; one who gives credit flock of sheep. of Prince Milosch; but its citadel, according to treaty, is to an assertion or evidence beyond his own knowledge. To curse by bell, booec, or candle. See CuaSE. still occupied by a Turkish garrison. Pop. about 30,000. (Eccl. Hist.) This name, now used as synonymous with To lose the bell. To be defeated or worsted in any race Blelgradee', in Maiee, a post-township of Kennebec co., Christian, was restricted, in the first centuries of Chris- or trial of bodily skill. 67 m. N.N.E. of Portland; pop. about 2,000. tianity, to those Christians who had been admitted into "In single fight he lost the bell." —Fairfaxz. Btelgradle', in Minnesota, a township of Nicollet co.; the church by baptism, in contradistinction to catechupsp. about 300. nmens, who, not having been baptized, were not entitled To shaere the bells. To agitate, or give notice or alarm; Bellg-rade', in Missouri, a post-office of Washington co. to church privileges. er the bl o a hw Belgr.ade', in Texas, a village of Newton co., onee the eleingly, ad. In a believing manner. be te cat. To put a bell on, to encounter and W. bankc of ties Sabine River, eut5m.N.ele',as.Probably; 5ilcey; per.hapy. cripple one of a greatly superior force:-a phrase deW.bank of the Sabine River, about 55 t. N. by E. of Beli beli, a sv. ra er ere.rived from the fable of the mice resolving to put a bell SSabinue city. "Meaning belike, some ruin or foundation thereof." —Raleigh. on the cat, to guard them against his attack.- Webster. Sablees city, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~on the cat, to gueard them against his attack. —Webeter. 3Belgrade illills, in Maine, a post-village of Kenne- Belalee', v. a. [be and linse.] To besmear, cover, or en- Be-Diin. See Dv -L. 7 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bell-Diving. See DIViNG-BEFLL. bec co., about 16 m. N.W. of Augusta. snare with lime. Bell,.. To become bell-slaped. Belgra'via, n. Tie most fashionable quarter of the Belin'la, in Iowa, a post-village of Lucas co., abt. 42 -To calle or bellow, as the deer in rutting-time.- Webster. West End of London, the English metropolis, extend- en. S.S.E. of Des Moines. The wild buck bells from fern brake." - Wter Scott. ing from Hyde Park Corner to Pimlico. Belil'd bucks, the great general of the Romn Emperort. Beigravian, a. Belonging to Bela ~'iraviaegort tonEnglishthJuRtinianpewe Belgra'vn anb a. Belonging to Belmravia, or to English Justinian, was a native of Illyria. He commanded an Bell, SIR CHARLES, F. R. S., an eminent anatomist, and ashionable life; as, " Belgravian mothers." Thaclkeray. expedition against the Iking of Persia about 530; sup- professor of surgery in the university of Edinburgh, Belial, (bili-al,) n. [tIeb. belial —beAi, not, without, pressed an insurrection at Constantinople; conquered where he was n. in 1774. In 1806, he settled in London, and yaal, use, profit.] (Scrip.) Literally, a worthless Gelimer, Iking of the Vandals, and put an end to their where he speedily made a high reputation. I-He was the fellow. A man of B., a son of B., a daughter of B., dominion in Africa; was recalled and honored with a author of many professional worlks of the highest aumean, in the Bible, a wicked person. B., if emphatically triumph. In 535, B. was sent to Italy to carry on war thority, but he is chiefly celebrated for his discoveries used, means the worst of spirits. Thus, in the passage, with the Goths, and took Rome in 537. He was there in connection with the nervous system, which gained "What concord hath Christ with Belial?" (2 Cor. vi. 15.) unsuccessfully besieged by Vitiges, whom he soon after for him an European name. D. 1842. Compare Milton's Paradise Regained, book ii. v. 147-152: besieged in turn, and captured at Ravenna, but was re- Bell, JoaN, an English sculptor, B. in Norfolk, 1802. "So spake the old serpent doubting, and from all called, through jealousy, before he had completed the His principal works are: a Girl at a Brook, (1832;) John With clamor was assar'd their utmost aid conquest of Italy. B. recovered Rome fronm Totilus in the Baptist, (1837;) Andromeda, (1851;) &c. At his command; when from amidst them rose 547, and was recalled the next year. He was afterwards Bell, THOMAs, F.R.S., F.L.S., &C., all English naturalist, B. Belial, the dissolutest spirit that fell, Belisl, the dissulatest spirit that ate, sent against the Huns. i-e was charged, in 563, with at Poole, Dorset, 1792. He entered at Guy's and St. The faeshliest inoubus, and thus advised." conspiracy against Justinian, but was acquitted. That Thomas's Hospitals in 1814, became a member of the Beli'bel, a. a. [be and libel.] To libel or traduce. he was deprived of sight, and reduced to beggary, ap- Royal College of Surgeons in 1815, and an honorary Belle', a. a. [be and lie. AS. be, and legan, to lie, de- pears to be a fable of cite invention. D. 565. A Life fellow of that body in 1844. He was elected a Fellow ceive, from lig, a lie; Ger. bel/gcen.] To lie to; to calum- of this great soldier, by Lord Mahon (now Earl Stan- of the Lilnman Society in 1815, of the Royal Society in niate; to slander. hope), was published in London, 1835. 1828, of the Geological Society in 1817; was president of "Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou belhest him." —Shats. Belit'tle, v. a. [be and little.] To makle little or less of. the Ray Society from its institution till 1859, acted as Used in the U. States in a moral sense. secretary of the Royal Society from 1848 till 1853, and.-To give the lie to; to convict of fialsehood; to show to Belize, or BAIazE, a British colony on the Bay of lon- was president of the Linn-an Society from 1833 till 1861. ~~~~~be false. deecnuras, in the Caribbean Sea; Lat. between 150 54' and He has held the chair of zoology at King's College, " Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tonguoe."-Drvden. 180 30' N.; Long. betweven 880 and 900 W. It forms the London, since 1832, lectured at Guy's Hospital from 1816 — To represent falsely; to mis-state anything. S. E. part of the peninsula of Yucatan, which here to 1860, and is a member of the Academy of Sciences "In the dispute, whate'er I said, divides the Caribbean Sea fromn the Gulf of Mexico. of Philadelphia, the Natural History Society of Boston, ty heart nsa by my tangue hleiiedl." —Pv'isr. As-ea, abt. 19,000 sq. m. Pop. abt. 11.000, nearly half of &c. Mr. Bell is known as the author of a work oem — To counterfeit; to feign resemblance of; to mimic. the nunmber being in the town of B., which stands at the Thee Anatomy and Diseases of the Teeth; a Monograph "The wamk, the words, the gesture could supply, mouth of a river also of the sauce name. Peod. Sugar, of the Fossil Malacostracoues &ustacea of Great Britainu; The habit mimicS, and the neieu belie." —Dredea coffee and indigo, mnahogany, cedar, logewood, and other Natural LTistouy of Beitish Marleema/ie; Natusral His-To fill with lies. (o. and a.) dye-woods, form articles of export. This colony, that tory qf British Repti/es; and Nates-al History of British Belief, (be-l/f',) n. [A.S. geleaf, gelcafan, from the root came into the possession of the British in 1783, is not Cr-usstacea. of leave, A.S. leaf.] An assent, credit, or reliance given to considered unhealthy, though it contains an immense Bell, in Ohio, a post-office of Highland co. word or testimony; an affirmation or proposition, with- swamp. Bell, in Pennsylvania, a township of Jefferson co.; pop. out direct or definite personal evidence; conviction; Belu'kap, in 2New Hcempshire, a central county. Area, about 1,000. confidence; as, the belief of one's sense. - The thing be- 390 sq. m. It is bounded on the W. by the Pemigewasset, -A township of Clearfield co.; pop. about 930. lieved; the object of belief. and on the S. by the Winnipiseogee River, the two prin- Bell, in Texas, a county in the central part of the "Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief e fools, but cipal branches of the Merneimac and Winnipiseogee State. Area, 850 sq. m., watered by the Leon River and the talk sometimes of wise men." —B/aoss. Canal. S'erface is hilly; soil, generally fertile. Cap. Lamposas Creek. The surface, which is uneven, is — Doctrine, opinion, or tenet held out or advanced for Gilford. Posp.*abt. 27,500. adapted to pasturage. Cap. Belton. Pop. about 5,000. acceptance. — A firm persuasion of; assurance held on Bel'klleap, in Pensnsylvania, a post-township of Arm- Bel'la, STEFANO DELLA, a famous Italian engraver', ee. it presumptive evidence or testimony. strong co., abt. 13 m. N.E. of Kittanning. Florence, in 1610. He attained to great excellence in BELL BELL BELL 265 his etchings, which procured him first the patronage of is sometimes of an hexagonal or multangular plan, coy- mitted to the French Academy, and made minister of the Medici family, and subsequently that of Cardinals ered with a pyramidal roof, or spire, of which kind the war in 1757, 1). 1761. Richelieu and Mazarin, who employed him to engrave -Pi g. 335 represents a beautiful specimen, copied from Bellelnteons, ill Tcenessee, a village in Fayette co., abt. many battles, sieges, &c. Among his etchings, about Corston church, Wiltshire. 40 in. of Memphis. 1,400 in number, one of the most admirable is the view Bell'-crank, is. (M1ech.) A bent lever, used for chang- ]Be'lle~nnontl, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Lanof the Pont Neuf, Paris. D. 1681. ing a vertical into a Ihorizontal motion, or vice vers&. caster CO. Belladonna, (bet-la-don'na,) In. [It., a fair lady.] (Bet.) Belie, (betZ) n. [Fr., from Lat. bellus, fine, gay, beautiful.] Belie'Monte, in Missouri, a post-village of St. Louis See ATROPIA. A gay or fine young lady; a lady of superior beauty, co., about 12 mn. N. of St. Louis, and 4 m. S. of the iissisBelladon'ha Lily, n. (Bet.) A beautiful species of and much admired. sippi River. the genus Assaryllis, q. v. The flowering-stem is about "What imotive could compel Bele Plain, in lfissouri, a village of Clark co., about 18 inches in height, and bears at its summnit a cluster of A well-bred lord t' assault a gentle belle y 20 us. N.N.W. of IKeokuk. drooping flowers of a delicate rose-color. O say, sshat stronger cause, yet unexplor'd, [Belle Plain, in New Jersey, a post-office of CumnberBellaghy, a village of Ireland, in co. Londonderry; Could make a gentle belle reject a lord -'om. lend co. pop. about 800. Belle Air, in Indiana, a post-village of Clay co. Belle Plaine, in Iowa, a post-village of Benton co., Bel'laghy, a village of Ireland, co. Sligo. Belle Ai', in Iowea, a post-office of Johnsons co. about 34 us. N. of Cefdar Rapids. Bell Air, in Georgia, a post-village of Richmond co., Belle Alliance, (La,) in Belygium, a hatnlet, about Belle Plaine, in Minnesiota, a post-village of Scott co., about 12 in. W. by S. of Augusta. 13 m. from Brussels. It is remarkhable for being the on the Minnesota River, about 40 us. firomn S. Paul; pop. Bell Air, in Illinois, a post-office of Crawford co. centre of operations of the battle of Waterloo, and about 750. Bell'air, in Iowa, a township of Appanoose co.; pop. where Napoleon commeanded in person during the con- Belle Plaine, in Wisconsin, a post-township of Shaabout 900. flicet called by the Prussians the battle of La Belle Alli- wano co., 34 mi. W.N.W. of Green Bay; pop. abt. 300. Bell Air, in Missouri, a post-village of Cooper co., ance. Here, also, Wellington and Bliticher met after Belle Point, in Ohio, a post-village of Delaware co., about 40 mIn. N. by E. of Jefferson City. the battle. on the Scioto River, about 2 u m. N.N.W. of Columbus. Bell Air, in Ohio, a post-village of Belmont co., on the Belle Centre, in Ohio, a post-village of Logan co., on Belleiport, in New eYorek, a village of Suffolk co., Long Ohio River, about 5 m. below Wheeling. It is the E. SMad River, about 60n. N.W. of Columbus. Island, 210 m. S.S.E. of Albany. terminus of the Central R.R. l'op. about 1,700. Belle'ehasse, in Lowere Casnadac, a county bordering Belle Prairie, in illinois, a township of Livingston Bellary, (bel'a-re,) one of the Balaghlauts ceded dis- N.W. on the St. Lawrence river, and S.E. on the State co.; pop. about 390. tnricts of British India, presidency of Matdras, and occu- of Maine. As-ea, 1083 sq. m. Prod. Maple-sugar, flaxx, -A post-office of Hamilton co. pying the W. section of Balaghaut. Area, 13,058 sq. m. oats, &c. Chief town, Berthier-en-bas. PoEp. about Belle Prair'ie, in Mlinnesota, a post-village and townCap. of the same name. -Pop. about 200,000. 19,000. ship of Morrison co., on the Mississippi; pop. about 290. Bellasyl'va, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Wyoming co. Belle Creek, in Nebraskca, a P. 0. of Washington co. Belle River, in Michigan, rises in Lapeer co., and Bella'Srin, n. [Lat., a female warrior.] (Astronz.) A Belle Creelk, in Mintaesota, a post-township of Good- enters the St. Clair River at Newport. star of 2d magnitude, on the W. shoulder of the constel- hue co., about 12 mu. S.W. of [ed Wing; poe. abt. 190. -A post-office of St. Cl;ir co. lation Orion. Belled, (beld,) a. Liung with belle. Belle Riv'ibre, in Lower Canada, a village of Two Bellay, JEAN ou, (beZ'ai,) a French poet and cardinal, Belle-de-nuai$t, (bel'd,-(r)-nwe.) [Fr., beauty of night.] Mountain co., 33 im. N.E. of Montreal. B. at Lir6, near Angers, 1492. By his great abilities he (Bot.) The French nanme of the M1Arvyll os PRssu, q. v. Bellerophon, (bel-ler'oefon.) (Myth.) Son of Glaucus, attracted the notice of Francis I., who made him his ad- Belleek, a parishl and village ofIreland, co. Fernianagh, king of Ephyre, by Eurymeede, was at first called HippoviaseE, and employed him in important taffairs of state. on the Erne River, 4 m. E.S.E. of Ballyshannon. onus. The murder of his brother, wlhon some call AlHe was appointed bishop of Paris in 1532, and created Belle'fon$t, in Missouri, a village of Laclede co., on cimenus and Beller, procured him the name of Bellerocardinal in 1535. In the following year, during the ab- the Gasconade River, about 65 m. S. by W. of Jefferson phon, or surderer- f Belier. After this murder, Bellersence of Francis I., he was left at Paris wuith the title of City. ophon fled to the court of Pretus, kiiig of Argos, whose Lieutenatnt-General, and was subsequently made Arch- Bellefontaine, (belfeon-tain,) in Indiaeea, a village of wife became enamored of him; and because hle slighted bishop of Bordeaux. Through the influence of the car- Jay co., 7 in. E. of Portland. her passion, she sought to destroy him. He, however, dinal of Lorraine, Du Bellay lost his ralnk after the death Bellefontaine, in Minnesota, a village of Scott co., on escaped her malchinations, was introduced to the court of Francis, and spent tihe rest of his life at Rome. He Spring Lsk e, about 65 m. S. by W. of Jefferson City. of Jobates, Ising of Lycia, and after a number of advenwas a promoter of learning, and is celebrated for his Bellefontahlne, in M1ississippi, a P. 0. of Choctaw co. tures, in one of which lie conquered thIe Chimera, he odes, both French and Latin. D. 1560. BellefoB ntaine, in Mhssouri, a village of St. Louis co., married the daughter of Jobates, and succeeded tothe Bell'-bird, n. (Zoil.) The Arapenga alba, a bird about 15 in. W.S.W. of Iowa City. throne of Lycia. nearly allied to tihe Cotingas and Wax-Wings, native of Bellefontai ne, in Ohlio, a flonrishing post-village of Belleroplhon, n. (Pal.) A genus of fossil shlells, the Guinea, and distinguished by a fleshy cylindrical appen- Lake township, cap. of Logan co., 116 m. N.N.E. of Cin- asenials of which are unknown, but which are supposed dageabove the base of the bill. Its voice is very peculiar, cinnati; pop. about 3,200. to have been allied to Carisaria, the structure of whose and much resembles the tolling of a bell. Waterton Belleqosnte,t in Alabama, a post-village, cap. of Jack- shell it resembles. asserts that the sound it emits may be heard at a dis- soil co., near the W. bank of the Tennessee River, 166 Bellerophon, n. (Hist.) The name of a notorious rance of 3 miles. It is of a pure white color, and about m. N.E. of Tuscaloosa. English vessel, Capt. Mlaitland, to which Napoleon I. one foot in length. Bellefonte, in Missouri, a village of Pulaskii co. surrendered himself voluntarily on the 13th of Oct., Bell, Book, and Candle. See ExcoMMuNIcATIoON, Bellefonte, in Pesnsylvansia, a flourishing post-bor- 1815, "confident," as he said, "in the honor and hospiand Cunrsu. ough of Spring township, cap. of Centre co., on Spring tality of England." - See ST. HELENA, HUDSON LowE. Bell Brook, in Ohio, a post-village of Greene co., 70 m. Creek, 86 us. N.W. of Harrisburg, in the middle of a rich Belle R]ose, in Kentucky, a post-office of Oldham co. S.W. of Columbus; pop. about 500. mineral district. It has a fine court-house, and contains Belles-Lettres, (bel-let'ter,) n.pl. [Fr., from belle, fine, Bell'bnckle, in Tennessee, a post-village of Bedford several forges, mills, glass-works, and many beautiful and lettue, a letter, pl. lettres, learning.] (Lit.) A term co., 51 m. S.S.E. of Nashville. private residences. B. has 3 newspapers and 3 bankls. borrowed fioom the French, now fisllen into disuse, but Bell'-eage, n. Same as BeLavY, q. v. Spring Creek affords abundant water-power. Pop. abt. vwhich, some fifty years since, was enmployed indifferently Bell'-can'opy, n. A canopy containing a bell in 3,500. with the phrase "polite literature," to signify those harness. Bellefount, in Missouri, a village of Washington co. branches of learning which are not included under the Bell Centre, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Crawford Belle Founntai-, in Iowa, a post-village of Mahaska denominations of Arts and Sciences. It never acquired co., on the Kickapoo River, about 25 m. N.E. of Prairie co., on the Des Moines River, 11 mn. W. of Oskaloosa, and a strict and well defined meaning, but was widened or du Chien. 80 W.S.W. of Iowa City. narrowed by different writems, at their pleasure, so as at Bell'-chamber,a n. The room containing one or more Bellefount'aiss, in Wisconsin, a P. 0. of Columbia co. one time to embrace the whole cycle of linowledge, and large bells in harness. Bellega.rde, (bel'gdd,) a fortress of France, dep. of at another to be confined to a few given objects. This Bell'-ot, BELL-GABLE, BELt-TURRET, It. (Arch.) A small Pyrsn6es-Orientales, on the Spanish frontier, 18 m. S. vagueness has led to its becoming obsolete. open turret, situate on the apex of the gable of small of Perpignan. It is a fortress of the first class, con- Belle Valley, in Ptennsylvania, a post-office of Erie structed in the reign of Louis XIV., to command the pass co., 7 m. S.E. of Erie. of Perthus. —Also the name of several small French Belle Vernmon, in Ohio, a post-village of Wyandot towns. co., about 50 m. S.W. of Sandusky City. Belle lHlaves, in'Tirginia, a P. 0. of Accomaclk co. Belle Vernonll, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Belle Isle, in Bi-itish North America, an island in the layette co., on the right banlk of Monongahela River, Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance of the Strait of Belle about 28 nD. S. by E. of Pittsburg. Isle. Lat. 520 N., Lon. 550 W. Belle'view, in Georsgia, a post-village of Talbot co., 60 Belle Iale, in New York, a post-village of Onondaga u. WV. of Macon. co., 137 m. W. by N. of Albany. Belleview, in Illinois, a post-village of Calhoun co., Belle I1sle, in J'irginia, a small island of a few acres, about 2 in. E. of the Mississippi River. in the Jamnes River, in front of Richmond. It was con- Belleview, in Keentucly, a post-village of Christian co., verted by the Confederates into a place of confinement 10 m. froion iopkinsville, the county-seat. / for the Union captives, and on this small, barren spot, Belleview, in Louisiana, a village of Bossier parish, without shelter against the fiost, there were at one time about 20 m. N.E. of Shrievcport, and 1 ni. S.E. of Lake no less than 11,000 captives. Bodeau. Belle-Isle-en-1ler, an island of France, in the At- Belleview, in Missouri, a township of Washington co.; lantic, 8 mn. S. of Quiberon Point, being included in the pop. about 1,800. dep. of Morbihlan. It is almost everywhlere surroounded by -A post-office of Iron co. high steep rocls. Its N.W. end is in Lat. 470 32' N., and Belleviesw, in Pennsylvania, a village of Jefferson co. its S. port in Lat. 470165 N. It is about 11 m. in length, 5 mn. S. of Brooleville, the county-seat. and 6 m. in breadth. Palais, the capital, has a pop. of -A village of Lebanon co., about 28 m. E.N.E. of Harris4,076, generally engaged in the sardine fishery. — This burg. island was purchased in 1658 by Fouquet, intendant of Belleview, in Tennessee, a post-office of Davidson co. finance to Louis XIV., and was exchanged in 1718 by his Belleview, in Texas, a post-office of Rusk co. descendant for the Comt6 of Gisors. In 1761 it was taken Belle'ville, in Alabama, a post-village of Conecub co., by the English, and restored to France in 1763. 10 m. N.W. of Sparta. Bel~ggle ]Isle, or BELLISLE, (Straits of,;) in British BePleville, in Arklansas, a village in Desha co., on the North America, one of the outlets of the Gulf of St. Law- S. bank of Arkansas River, about 8 m. S.E. of Arkansan rnence, between the coasts of Lubrador and Newfound- Post. land, about Lust. 52~ N.; SO m. long, by 12 m. wide. Belleville, in Illinois, an important city, cap. of St. _.Belle-isle, CuanLEs Louis AUUsTsE FOUqUET, COUNT Clair co., 110 m. S. of Springfield, and 14 m. S.E. of St. oF, a marshal of France, so. 1684. He distinguished him- Louis. B. is a place of great activity of trade, and it self in the war of the Spanish Succession, becamme lieut.- possesses many nmanufaictor ies.. It has a fine court-house general in 1732, toonk part in the siege of Philipsburg, and other public buildings. Poep. in 1870, 9,924. and procured the cession of Lorraine to France. Created Belleville, in Indiana, a post-village of Hendricks co., nmsrshal of France about 1740, he commanded in Ger- 119 m. W S.W. of Indiasnapolis. masny against the Imperialists, toolk Prague, was sent as Belleville, in licehigan, a post-village of Wayne co., Fig. 335.-BELL-COT OF C0sST0N. (ENGLAND.) a umbassadeor to thee IDiet at Fr-ankfo-t, and procured tIme on Huroem River, about 27 m. W.S.W. of Detroit. election of Charles VII. Being taken by the English, Belleville, in Minnesota, a post-village of Fillmore Gothic churches, generally at the E. or V. end of the hle was brouglht to England, where he was confined some co., about 22 m. S.E. of Preston. ~aavs, for the purpose of sustaining one or two bells. It months. He was afterwards created diukle and peer, ad- Belleville, in.3eNw Jersey, a post-village and township VOL. I- 34 I I8T TT~~q 266 BELL BELL -BELL of Essex co., 3 m. from Newark, and 10 m. WV. by N. of was the founder of the older Venetian school of paint- small opening, rushes out with a velocity proportional New York; poo). of village, about 2,500. ing, and contributed greatly to its progress. His worklis to the pressure and to the smniallness of the opeleing. Belleville, in New Yrle, a post-village of Jefferson are marked by naivete, warmth, and intensity of color- 1Be]Vlows Fzal, in Vermoent, a post-village of Windlham co., oil Stckett's aIIrbor, 190 in. N.E. of Albany. ing. His best wors are altar-pieces. His picture of co.. on the Connecticut River, 80 m. S. by W. of MontB elleville, in O/hio, a village of Hendricks co., 19 m. the Ira/but Jesus slinmbering in the lap of the Madonna, pelier. It possesses medicinal springs and some manuW.S.W. of Indianapolis. and attended by angels, is full of beauty and lively ex- factories. -A post-office of Richhiad co. pression. His itoly Virgin, Baptisoi of the Lord, and Bel'lews-fish, n. (ZoTI.) See CENTRlSCuS. BeUlleville, in Pennsygvan ai, a post-village of Mifflin Christ and the }IWman of' namaria, are also much ad- Bel'lows- s nesnsdei, u. One who mends bellows. Shaks. co., about t in. AV. by N. of Lewiston. mired. — Ch. Encycl. Bell'-leppers, ni. (Bot.) The red-pepper, a species of Belleville, in Tennessee, a village of Cumberland co., Bellini, VINCErZe, a celebrated musical composer, a. at CiPSICUmI, q. v. albout GO in. W. fironm Knoxville. Catania, in Sicily, 1806. Ile was educated at Naples, Bell Plaisn, in Illieois, a post-office of Marshall co. Belleville, in Tnnessee, c, a village of Dicikson co., on under Zingarelli, and before he had completed his 20th Bell Point, in Vircginia, a post-office of Giles co. the left biank of the Cumberland River, about 28 m. N. year, he had produced Bianca and Gernandoat the the- iBel'port, in 1Nse Y'osk, a post-office of Stiuffolk co. W. of Nashville. atre St. Carlo. This was succeeded by various other Be'llplul, n. A cord to pull abell with, having a ring Belleville, in Texas, a village of Zaphata co., on the operas, of which 11 Pirata, La Sensambuies, Noirma, and or knob for the hand. Rio Grande, abouit 50 i. N.'WV. of Rio Grande City. I Pu1uitani, are the best, and have gained for hiim uia itiii- Bell-ringer, n. One whose business is to ring a church Belleville, in WVest Virgiinia, a post-village of Wood dying celebrity. His moral clharacter stood high, ansd or othlier bell. co., near the Ohio River. his manners and compositions were in harimonious ac- Behll-a'ock, (Geog.) A dangerous ledge of rocks, off the Belleville, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Dane co., on cordance-uagreeable, tender, and elegant. D. near Paris, coast of Scotland, in the Germnian Ocean, opposite to the Sugir River, in Montrose township, 20 min. S.S.W. of Sept. 23, 1835. Frith of Tay, 12 m. E. of Buttonness Point. The ledge MCtlison. _Pop. auboit 400. Bellip'otenst, a. [Lat. bellipotens, from bellfsrn war, is about 850 yards in length, 1uy about 110 in breadth. -A village of Jefferson co., near Rock River, about 8 m.:cd ptens, powerful.] Powerful; puissant; nighty in At low watsi, soii of its simimio uppeai from 4 to 8 ft. N. by E. of Jefferson. war. (t.) above the level of the sea, but at high water they are Belleville, in Lower Canada, a town, cap..of Hastings Bel'lis, n. (Bet.) A genus of Idants, order Asteracece, always covered. Many vessels have been lost on this co., onl tihe Bay of Quinti, 50 m. WIV. of Kingston. It is sub-order Tubul'for-ce; thie DIisy, q. v. rock, over which the sea brealks with tremendous fury. a fine and flourishing place, with ironi-fobundries, distil- Bell'-jar, n. A jr of bell-shape used by chemists. To lessen the chance of such disasters, a ligh t-honse, 115 levies, &c. Pjp. about 5,000. Bell'-less, a. Having no bell; without a bell. (is.) ft. high, has been constructed, in Lat. 560 26' N., Lon. Belleville, in Firance, formerly a suburb, but now Bell'-mnaa, n. [Bell anId wan.] A public crier; one 20 23V W.; and durilg foggy weather, bells are tolled an arrondissenient of Paris. who goes about ringing a bell to direct public notice to every half muinute. BellevoiS, iin ~ortih Careolina, a post-office of Chat- something. Bell'-roof, n. (Arch.) A roof of which the cross section ]litnl co. resemblest a bell. hiasee,1111~~~ ~~co~. The hellman of each parish. as he goes his circuit, cries out rescitches a bell. Bellevue', h in Georgia, a viHllage of Putnam co. every night,'Past twelve o'clock.'" -Suift. Bell-rope,. A rope or cord attached to a bell, to Bellevuae, in Alabamrna, a post-office of Dallas co. ring it by. Believes, in Iowa a poetvlso co., Bello'-fJceko ol, n. [Bell and metal.] The metal of which Bells, n. ph. (Naut.) On board a ship, the time is divided ]]~el ~e~~,e in Iowa, a post-vi Ilagre of Jacks on co., on t bee blls are made. -See BELL. Mississippi River, 24 in. below Dubuque, and 13 Iron Bltinore, in Indiana, a post-village of Psrke en., abt. into periods of four hours each, and iis each half-hour Galenus; pop. about 1,400. in ndi, a post-village of Pare co., abt. passes it is marked by striking oni a bell. This bell is 8 Il. E. of Rockville. Bellevue, in Kansts, village of Jackson co., about ell l a. Expanded at t. e outh orusually hung to the bei of the irecastle, but sme21 is. N. of Topeka. mouth or mz- times it is attached to a beamn near the mnizzen-minast. B le, inL naapostoffic of Bo r p. zle in bell-forinn; as, a bell-meaouthed gun. - Muevyat. One strole on tis bell denotes thit half an hour has Bellevue, in Louisiana, a post-office of Bossier parish. Belloss, n. (Med.) Thait variety of colic produced by passed, two strokes that an hlour has passed, and so on, Be llevue, in Michigan, a thriving post-village and tile efrect oflead Oil the system. adding a stroke for each half-hour. Thus,` five bells I township of uEaton co., on Battle Creelk, 120 iu. froiti elo'na,. [Lait. Bellona, fom elln, wtar.] (Myth.) wouldig a signif that two hours a half had pasTused, anls" Beltlossa, as. [Lat..Betlane, froon bellause, wa.'(yt) Detroit, and 16 N. of Marshall; pop. of township about Ths goddess of war, and sister or wife, or sister-dife usnd c iuif s t t e hlfh p n 2,000. "eight bells"' signifies that the four heors, or complete chiarioteer of Mars. ThieRomai.ns paid great atdoration to 1 Bellevae, or BsLvsw, in Minnesota, a towship of Towas aid greadoratin to tch," is over. The bell on which the time is struck Morriso eno., on the Mississippi River;lao. about 130. her. The temple of B., in Rome, stood in tile Cu-csso is sometimes used during foggy weather to show that Berlleeseo, us~nebaa, a pot-viige ii Sarpyo, on.Flastinius, neat' the Porte Carmentalis, and wavs the the ship is on a starboard tite; when she is on a portBellevue, in Ne5braskoa, a post-village in Sa~rpy co., on tesi so,sabadtc the Mhsorin nriesi, 12 us. froseOiuulu ci Sarplace where foreign ambassadors, and generals returning taci, a drum is beaten. the MIissouri Itiver, 12 m. firom Omahain city. ~ ~from their campaigns, were received toy the senate. Be- Bels'-boro ugh, in ifentucky, a village of Ohio co. Bellevue, in Ohio, a post-village of Lyunestone town- Belisborough, ii Isentucby, a village of Ohio en. seip~, in n oCo., 45an. pS. of Toledo,91us. froCo fore its gates wivs raised a colueimn, called Columnsa Bel- Bell's Cross Roads, in Virginia, a P. O. of Louisa co. shipa u, n rnn.45. S.Erie Tue o. Ofoplaout 1,0.from Co- lica, aguainst which a javelin was hurled as one of the Belljs Depot, in T-nnessee, a P. 0. of Haywood co. intobus, and 15 from Lake Erie. _Pop. about 1,000. Bellevue, in Vhiviuia, a poset-office of Bedford eno. previous forms in the declaration of war (Ov. Fast. vi. Bgell'-shaped, a. (Bot.) That is shaped as a bell. Bellevuse, or BEvIEW, in Wlisconisii, a tosw enshsip of 201.) Her priests were named after liher, Bellonarii. Bell's Landing, in Alabiama, a village of Monroe co. Broseuco,~ on I.sd of Foxiver, use tohis town Lactantius (i. 21.) describes themn as cutting their flesh Bell's ~[11i1s, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Jefferson co. Brown co., on the E. side of Fox River, near the town of Gren Bu uy. -Pop. hue o 1870, 822. na l tw most ferociously in her worship; and Tertullian (4 and 9, Bell's Store, in Arkasuas, a post-office of Ouachita co. Bell y'. a tosw of ir 1uinc, dsp. of Am, 42 nu. El. from de Puillio) adds, that, having collected the blood, which Bell'ton, in West Virginia, a post-office of Marshall Belley',r' a town of Fralnce, dep. of Ain, 42 m. E. fi'om Lyoens; Lat. 450 45' 29" N., Lon. 50 41' 19" E.; pop. 4,891. flowed from these gaishes, in the pahnes of their hands, co., 35 m. S.S.E. of Wheeling. Bellezane', in Penazsylvauia, a post-office of Washing- they pledged the Neophytes swho were initiated into their Belll'town, in Tennessee. a post-office of Monroe co. to co. I mysteries, and then broke out into the ravings of vati- Bell'-.tral, n. A contrivance, usually air-tight, conBell atory, in 4labama, a post-office of Madison enCO. Belltionaa. ( T esisting of an inverted cup, the edges of which dip into Beell'faiar lisl, in Virginia, a peost-o ffice of StafBeo'a,. (Astro.) The 42 asteroid, discovered bY a trench, gutter, or caal, holding water, anid formed at bford co. Luthe in 1854. the top of a pipe, for the purpose of preventing foul Bell'field, hu Virinia, a statios on the Petersburg H. Belllo'nsa, in Texas, a village of Yates co. smells fiom ascending from a drain into the air. Bellfie~lin irgnia a taton n te Pterbur R.Bello'saa in Virginia, a village of Chesterfield en., on Bllie I. in Sussx., 40, se froun eteroburg. Belao'Jaae, in s Vier oinia, a vil. of iChestersfield. cost, on l ikne, a. [Lat. belluinus; firom bellua, beast.] the Janmes River, about 14 In. W, of R-tichmniond. Belit'-flower, n. [bell and jflower.] (Bot.) See CAMIPA- Bellot Strait, the 1passage separating North Somerset B eastlike; brutal. (Ra.) NULr. o At this rate, the animal and bellnuine life would be the best." ellfont, in Ohio, a village of Columbiana co. from BoothieP Felix, and connecting Prince Regent's In- Atterbury.'Bell'-B'founte, r, n. A il wa ose ccupaton is t found let with Peel Strait, Sound, or Frainklin Channel. Its EI. Belluno, (bellloe'no.) [Anc. Beliunumn.] A city of N. oBecast.ll' eler a. A nes shosa occupation is to found entrance was discovered by Capt. Kennedy during Ituly, cap. of a province of seie uame, on the S. busrk or cast bells. B.ell'-foundry, a. A place where balls are fosuded his search for Franklin, and named un honor of Joseph of the Piave, 48 m. N. of Venice: Lat. 460 7' 46" N.; or P~:~lsB~l~east.r,. lae he R~nu Bellot, a distinguished French nusval officer, who Lou. 120 15' 51" E.; pop. 14,57. - Napoleon conferred Bri'-g1aszble, a (ARch.) SeaBeat.-Co. joined the expedition, under Capt. Kennedy, sent to the title of Duic of Belluno ou Marshal VIcToR, q. v. search after Sir John Franklin; and who, in 1853, hav- Bellville, in Fleoida, a post-viulag of Hamilton co., Bell'-hanger, n. One who hfangs and fixes bells. elvlin~odaapstiiaeoHmlonc. Bell nger, a. One ho uags and fixes bells. ing accompanp ied that under Captain Inglefield, was 9 m. E. of Tallhasse; pop. about 200. Bellicose. Bellcoas, a. [Lat. bellico'us.] Pugna- drosned while crossing thu ice. Belvli lle, in Texas, a post-villags of Aestin co., abt. 60 cious, warlike, belligerent; inclined for contention or Bellow, v.i. [A. S. bellan; imitative of the sound.] To u. No Tas, a 2 e of uinba. fighting. m. W.N.W. of Houston, and 25 N.E. of Columbus. I ~hting, make a hollow, loud noise, as a bull. Blellried~l (beF'lid?) p.s~. Swvelled or prmninent lik~e the Bellied, (bel'lied) p. a. Swelled or prominiesut hilts ties uoosv, on noise, as a ull ] Bell'-wether, n. A wether or sheep which l eads the bellSy swelled out in the usiddil; as, pot-bellied, big-bel- "'"'hat bull dares bellow, or what sheep dares bleat, flock, with a bell hung on its neck. lied, &c. Within the lion's den." —Dryden. ]Bell'wood, in Minnesota, a village of Dakota co., abt. Bellig'erence, n. State or quality of beung bellige- -To make a loud outcry; to bawl, vociferate, or clanmor. 9 is. S. of Hastings. rent; warfare; act of maring or waging war. This geneman s accustmed rar and ell s errily Bell'-wort, n. (Bet.) See UvuLArIA. " This gentleman is accustomed to roar and bellowu so terribly flBelqy, nE. [A. S. bce~lg, bwli~g; GaLel. belt, a leather bag, Bellig'erent, n. [Lat. belligerens, from belligero — bel- louad, that he frightens us." —Tatler. Belly,. [A. S. el, g; Gel. bag, a Ither bag, lan2, wvar, and ger~o, to wage.] A termapplied tonations womb, belly.] The ABDOMEN, q. v. u, wr, amd ges to sage.] A term applied to nations — To roar, as the sea in a storm; to make a loud, hollow, — The womb. (o. and t) -- That part of anything which waging or carrying on war against'each other. cotinued noise. e o e. — a. Of warlilte or quarrelsome nature, or actually en- s ortbnued out. 11 continued noise. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~swells or bulges out. gaged in war., The rising rivers float the nether ground; An Irish harp hath the concave, or belly, not along the strings, Belhig'eros a. [Let. be~l~iger.] Same as BEuE EN. And rocks the belilowuing vaice of boiling seas rebound." Dryden. but at the end of the strings." - Bacon. ]Belli w'erous, a. [Lat. belliger.] Same as BELLIGERENT. Bell'msg, n. [A. S. bellan, to bellow.] The noise made ]Bei'low, n. A loud outcry; a roar, roaring. -The hollow part ofa compass-timnber, the round part of by a roe in rutting-time. Be ol' over, n. One who bellows, ormalkes a loud noise. which is called the back. -a. [From bell.] Growing or forming lilke a bell. Bel'low, IIHENRY WHITNYe, D.D., an Americen divine — v. a. To swell out; to fill, as a sail. (u.) Bel'inghamn in Massachusetts, a post-township of and author, B. at Boston, Mass., 10th June, 1814, grad-'"Your breath, with full consent, bellied his sails." — Shaks. Norfolli co., 30 m. S.W. of Boston, intersected by branches uated at IHarvard Coil. in 1832, entered the University a of Charles River. The boot and shoe manuufacture School of Cambridge, Mass., in 1834, and was ordained v- i. To swell and become protuberant, like the belly. flourishes here. Pop. about 1,450. pastor of the First Congregatioual Society of New Yort - The pow'r appeas'd, with winds suffic'd the sail, Bellinglhamn Bay, in VWashiegton Territory, avillage, in 1838. From 186-1850, he n-rote articles for the The l g canvas strutted wih he gae." - Dryden. cap. of Whatcomn co., on a fine bay of the same name, lesristian Iequirer. Hlis oration, Iknown as thae P/iBeta Belly-ache, (bel'i-dke,) n. A vulgarism for the colic, formed by the Gulf of Georgia, about 125 m. N. by E. Kappa oration, is huighly esteemed. In 1857 he wrote his or pain in the bowels. of Olympia. Defence of the Dra-ma, which brought upon him a host Bel'iy-bantd,, a. A band or girth that goes round the Beilni, (bel-le'ne,) the name of a Venetian family which of assueilasnts of the Purituanical school, and also delivered body of a horse, amd holds the saddle or busness firnehy produced sevaeal remarktable painters. The earliest a series of lectures before the Lowell Institute in Boston, su its phscs.-(Naut.) A busud or canvas used to strengthwas JACuO? B., who died in 1470. He was a pupil of the on Thee Treatment qf Social Diseases.. Dr. B. was mads en a eall-Ogilsuic. celebrated Gentile de Fateriano, and one of the fil-st who President of the Sanitary Comnaission of the U. States Bel'ly-boaslsd, a. A vulgaorism expressive of being painted in oil. - His eldest son, GEaTsLE B., born 1421, in 18t2. coenstipatetid or costive in the bowels. died 1501, was distinguished as a portrait-painter, and Bellows, (bii'1cz,) n. sing. and p1. [A. S. bilig or bylig, Bel'ly.brace, sa. (Steam Engiaineering.) A cross brace, also as a aaeetailleses. Along with huil brother, he evas from bcclg, bulge, belly; Goth. balgs; Gael. balg, boig, a stayed to the boiler, between the frames of a locomocommisasioned to decorate the council-chlanber of the leuather bag, a wallet, belly; bunll, bellows.] A machine tive. —Webster. Venetian senate. Mohammed II., haaving by accident contrived to propel air through ai tube or orifice. It is Bel~iy-dorblet, na. A doublet overhanging and coverseen some of his worts, invited Gentile to Constantinople, used lor blowing fires, supplying the pipes of organs, ing the belly. empheyed himu to execute vu'u-ious historical works, snd and other purposes, and is constructed according to vanri- "Your arms crossed on your thin belly-deoublet."-Shahcs. dismissed him laduenvwith presents. The Preachinng qf ors forms; but the principle is the same in all of them. Be'lily-fs'et$il, t,. (Fariary).) The chafing of a St. M1ack is haiu most famous achievament. - His more The dimensions of a shpace in wehich air is confined are horse's belly with a girth. - Johenson. celebrated brother, Guov.xNer B., born 1422, died 1512, contracted; the air, being permitted to escape only at a1-A sove-re pain in a horse's belly, caused by worms. Bailey. BELO BELO BELT 267 Bel'ly-fll,, ca. As much food as fills the belly; plenty. the property of, to be the province or business of; as, a work. An assemblage of these constitutes a village, and Used, in a vulgar sense, to signify repletion, or more wife beloys to her Ihusband. the people a kheil or society. Thoulgh naturally lndothan enonugh.' Tie declaration of these latent philosophers belongs to another lent, tlihey are fearless of danger, and in battle fight with ]eal']y-gol, n. A man who mnlres a god of Ihis belly; papers." - Boyle. great gallantry.'Thley are a race of lawless robbers, a glutton. (o.) -To relate, or have relation to; to adhere or be appendant however, and uedertake distaet excursions in quest of to. boot), or nlb the purpose of carrying off the ilmbitant s "Apicius, a famous belly.-god." - Hfakewill., or for te upse ofear g off the i bin "tIe went into a desertplace belonging to Bethsaida." Luke ix. 10. of otlher countries for slaves. - Hel. All lhe Beloochees Bel'.y-pinehed, a. [belly and pinched, pp. of iinch.] -To be native to, or have a legal residence, settlement, are Mohaonlmedatis of the Soonee faiitlh, and entertsain a Starrved, or pinched wi unge. a.) e., whether by irt or nturalization, so as to be en- great antipatlhy to other sects. Polygamy is commnon iBel'ly-'r~oll, so. (fieet.) A roller protuberant in the titled to clhim a maintenance frome the civic or parochial amoong them.- The government is nominally under the middle, to roll land between ridges, or in hollows. autlhorities. Idkhan of KIelat, but chiefly in the hands of the sirdars 1ortin~er. "B1astards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers B a ner rbe n l the Bel'ly-sltave, n. A slave to appetite. belongy." - Blackstone. B. are nearly bbarous and uncivilized. Neither the Bel'ly-tinsbPer, n. A vulgar phrase to denote food, Belo-ng','. a. To be deserved by. (o. and a.) Beloocheelktee nor Brahool6kee are written tongues, and or nutrimenet lfr the body. "Mr evi be s he s o. -n lie is greatly honored, aned called smollee, who can read ]Be~lly-worsn, n. A worm that breeds in theevils belyong us than happen to us. - en onson. the Koran. They are quite ignorant of all the countries Bnel'noait, in Towa, a post-village of Wright co., on the Belongs" ng, n. A quality, attribute, or property per- in their neighborhood. Medicine they are totally unacIowa river, about 42 in. N.E. of Port Dodge. taining to one. (o.) quainted with; and to cure a tfeler, they will slhampoo or Bel'moant, illn Arkansas, a post-village of Crawford co. "Thyself and thy belongings thuncp the body all over. I'his country was quite unAre not thiile own so pl'oper, as to waste eli'oainaQt, in Cdiblfornia, a post-village and townshlip kTh selupo n shy vip rues" - h. Iowe to Europeans until the time of Alexandler the of S;a Mateo co:T pop. abt. 350. Ghysel upoa thy ie S" - Shc. Gmeat; and 1rr ten centuries afterwards there are no recBel~ong'ing, v. a. Pertaining to; be.ing the property BefuMonat, in Illinois, a township of Iroquois co.; po.r p. ords of B. A caliph of Bagdad, in the year' 92 of the or qiuality or; being' thre conc~ern of; being appendantu abt. 1,2'00. or qulity o; being the coeceen of; being appendant Ilegira, led an arney through it to Scinde; it was eafterto; as, all the goods belongin to himi. -A post-office of Pike co., 70 m. W. of Springfield. towe, at ood e eolise. A na- wards tEgken possession of by lusaocd, son of the Emp. 1I1 eloocilee, Belooelh, (bel'oo-kis,) n. (Geog.) A na- sahou, aknd posesgovene oby hisad sonasty til 189 Bel'linont, lowa, atownship of Warren co.; eop. abt. 500. tiBe or denizen of Beloochistln. iahnioud, and was geverned by his dynusty till 1739, lBel'nostit, in Kansas, a post-village and township of -a. Belonggieg to leloochistcm, or its people. when Nadir Shahll, (_Fig. 336,) having conquered it, beoWoodson co., about 100 m. S. by IV. of Topeka; pop. BelooCeih stas, (bel'oo-kis-tn'.) (Ane. Gedrosoi, and stowed it, withl the title of Beglerbeg, on an ancestor about 290. the coustries of tie Ichthsopagi, Ocite, Arbite, n o' the present kchan of Caubul. Until 1758, it was tribBel'mosat, in Kentucky, a post-village of Bullitteo., on ecin) country of S. Asia, hyiceg betvese 240 55' mind stetary to the kisan of Caubul. Arian.) A counltry of S. Asia, lying between 24c~ 551 and the Louisville and Nashlville i5.1., 25 in. of Louisville. 30 t.. c 50 and 15'. Lo.; vis Belo'te a,. [Gr. belos, dart, 5teono, wing.] (Pal.) -A village of Campbe ll co. 1 N. 0 ti s E o' at A fossil resembling a belenceite, but less pointed, and N. Afghanistan, Setstan, and the sandy desert of Caubul; Bel'nont, in JMaine, a post-townsheip of Waldo co., E. fgaita e, Sc, ss. a ti h a levicg u wing-like projectiocn or process oce easch side. alsouRort,3 is Mabyn. o Auguata;shp of abos o coE. Upper and Lower Scinde; W. Persia; and S. the inabout 35m, i. asE. by N. of Auguposta; -towniop. about 850. iccle- in Ucetan; length, i toW., 700 se.; breadth on either It occurs iii Tertiary strata, nacd was evidently the inter]eellmont, in Massachusetts, apost-township of Middle- hal bone of a cephalopod. -- The name Belosepia (Gr. seside. 350 m., and 190 in the centre. Area, 200,000 sq. sex co., about 6 mn. from Boston; pop. about 1,500. pia, cuttle-fish) is givens to another id of belemnnite Bel'inano$, in Minnesota, a post-office of Martin co. tr o founcd in Tertiary deposits; and that of Bel,'teuthis (Gr. -A viltlage of Jackson to., on the Des Moines liver, about divisions:d Zuee; Pr oy. of uSarawan t ad Lasan, th. towns, teuthis, squid) to one shaped lilke a spear-head occurring I ~~~~~~~~~~~Kelat and guhree; Prey. of Alukran and Lus, oh. towns, 66 mn. WY.S.W. of Mankat. nthe a. 66 cci. WSW. of Macnkato. Kedje and Bela; Provey. of Cutch Gundava and IHutruud in the Lias. BelOin-t, isn Missoeei, a village in Mississippi co., on Daje, ch. town, Gundava (hIurrund); iKohistan, chief Beloved, (bc-uvd',)p. a. [be and loved, from loave.] Loved; theen Mississippi Iivher, opposite Colucembus. lstos, on the tovns, Puhra, Surhud; the Deserf, (belonging properly to greatly loved; dear to tihe heart. 7th Nov., 1861, occurred a battle between the Confede- Aubn;) There ahis bdtne heleaced Aceon t "- oysiec. rates under Generals hPolk and Pillow, aced Cof~e aeei)ast biilhel Uviibetetdulopaetl."ndthieyratesunder General Pol and Pillow, and tie Unio B. isinperfcctly known. The country is very diversified; troops commanded by General Grant, in which, afterB troopscomenanded by G eneral cant, ie w hfter the climcste in the higher parts being extremely cold, Bellow, (bil5',) rep. [be and low.] Under; beneath; not desperate fighting on both sides, the latter obtained a so high. victory. Thee Unios loss vas 45; that of thee Confed- while the heat, during the summer season, is scarcely o high. victory. The Union loss was 485; that of the Confede- supportable in the plains.'There is a general scarcity "He 1 boot Ausidius'head heloe his knee, And tread upon his neck." - Shaks. ~~~~~rates, 632. 1~'of water. A large proportion of the country is moun]]el~liiont;, in -Alvada, a post-office of Nye co. Bele oa, in F da, a poat-office of Nye co. tainous, the eastern part especially being so.-Prod. All -Inferior to; low in relation to, or in comparison of. lBeI's~nosan, isn Neee Yoekc, a thrivineg post-villagce, cap. of sorts of grain o egand vegetables, aind tihe fiuest fi'uits flour'- "His Idylliumns of Theocritus are as much below his Manilius Alleghany co., on thIe Genesee River and tihe Erie 1R.1., ish abundanetly. In the N. districts, madder, cotton, and as the fields are below the stars."-Felloe. 92 ee. V. by N. of Elmira; pop. about 1,800. indiigo are prodnced, the latter of excellent quality. -Unbefitting; unworthy of. -A towvcshiip of Frasnklin co., 25 n. F. of Phettsburg, Assaltetida, which is a fssvorite kind of bfood among thie " Tis much belowe me on his throne to sit." - Shats. drained by the Chateaugay River; pop. about 1,700. hoeahillsaTreeshofslssfgorsize Bln i 0ia, acE. coctyicordecg octhe Oho Beloochees, grows among the hills. Trees of large size Belw', adv. I lower place; beeath, with respect Bel'motnt, in Ohio, an E. county, bordering on the Ohio are seen, although generally B. does not Seem to beaB l'd In ow ac bet ih sc Rivr, vhich epurutesit roes Vrgnia Asca,170sq are seen, although geneetally ~B. does not seemsu to be a t Tiver, which separates it from Yirginia. Area, 170 sq. woody country. - 3icn. Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, to any object. m. The surface is diversified by hills, and draineby limestone, marble, roc-salt, sulr, nd saltpetre.- This said, he led them up the mouutain's brow, many creels. Soil, generally excellent. The Central inestone, narele, taci-salt, sulpehr, and sa apetre.- And shewed them all the shining fields below. —Pope. Zob'. The donmestic asnimals are horses, mules, ses, Railroad of Ohio passes through it. Cap. St. Clairsville. camels, dromedaries, buff soes, black-cattle, sheep, goats, -On earth; as opposed to heaven, or the skies. Pop. about 42,000. dogs and cats, besides fowls and pigeons. Tiher are'And let so tears fItm errig pity flow — A post-village of the above co., about 22 m. W. of Spring- neither geese, turkeys, nor ducks. The wil animals are FO'r one that's bless'd above, immsortaliz'd below.' —Smitih. field, and 2ti S. Ce-ioa by S. of Wheeling. lions, tigers, leopards, hysenas, wolves, jaclkals, tiger- -In hell; in the regions of the dead. BelIemota$, in S. Caretina, a -village of Newberry district, about 65 sIn. W.N.W of Colcumbia. cats, wild dogs, foxes, hares, mongooses, mountain-goats, "/Whoen suffering saints aloft in beanms shall glow, aellm, in Texas, a post-village of Goizales co., about antelopes, ellrs, red aund moose doer, and wild asses, And prosperous traitors gnash their teeth below."-Tickell. Be~11Fll~~~~~~~~tllt~wic inhabits,. bost-ville mofGntaies aco.,h painst 52 m. S. of Austin city. O -which inhabit both the mocntains and the plhins. Of -A court of lower or inferior jurisdiction; as, at the trial Belmont, in Wisconsin, a township on the S.E. limits birds there are olmost every species to e met with below. — Wheaton. of Portage co. either in IEurope or India.-/lnhabitants. This country is B1el'passi, in Oregon, a post-village of Marion co., Belhnonte, a town of S. Italy, proe. Cosenza, on a occupied principally by two great classes of inhabitants, 15 m. N.E. of Salem: pop. about 300. cmountahi n cot fPar fi'ocn the Mediterranean, 14,n. W.S.W. ntnamely, the Beloochees and Brahooes, differing from Bellper, a market-town of England, in Derbyshire, 8 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'eamorketai{ owt ofa fongteledtrrnen,1 in. D.. ec terbys heirouwrapeane, aswl8si of Cosenza; pop. 4.,20. ieach other in their outward appearance, as well as in e. from Derby. nMaf. Cottons, silks, nails, &c. Pep. B'osnzt ic c, avillagofLapreo. us. their manners. These are divided into an infinite variety about 10 000. Ce'as.ae by W.danavilg of L aporte c., I BlmeS. b ny Iniaaavllg. of Lapotorte. co,1.Bel'p-e, in Oh'/o, a post-village of Washington co., on Belsson. te, ie MioioSipi, a village of Pacola to., on WofLprethe N. bank of the Ohio River, about 15 m. S.W. of MIathe Tasllahatchie River, 7 m. above Panola, the county- rietta, and opposite Parkersburg in Virginica. seat, and 167 N. of Jackson. cn Belsham, THOXas, an eminent English UnitarJan diBellmosate, or BELOsNTrov, iln Wiscoslsin, a villuge of Fay- vine, at one time head of the theological academy of etto co., about 60 n. W.S.WC. of Mudioon. Ds)aventtry, alnd for the last 20 years of his life minister Bel'mont Landing, in Missouri, a post-office of of Essex Chalel, London. He wrote macy po0eccical Mississippi co. treatises, and published a new translation of the Epistles Bel'muitllet, a smnall seaport town of Ireland, co. Mayo, of St. Patel. Ilis work on Christian Evidence obtained on Blaclhsod Bay; pop. 90j5. Mulch popularity. D. in his S0th year, 1829.-His brother, Bo~e ~', s9. a. [A~. S ~. tedlocao.] To lock, or fasten, as ~William B., who D. 1527, aged 75, is author of tlistory with a lock. qf Great Britain, fros the Bevolution to the Treaty of Amiens, in 12 vols. 8vo. This is the hand, which with a vow'd contractzar, (b-shdz,) was tie last, ing ofirby on, Was Cast beset/c-a in thine."-Suest —-.-~ ~ - Beishazzar, (bel-she eta' r,) was the last Icing of Babylon, W'as fast belock'd in thine." —Shaks. i l' k A~~ hissof the Chaldb an dynasty. ie is the Nabonnedus of Bebseil, in Lower cenada, a post-village of Vercheses Alexander Polyhist, Nabonnidochus of Megasthenes, co., on thei river Itichelieu, 24 m. N.E. of Montreal. lyets of Heodotus aboanels of Josephs. B. B eloit, in Ohio, a post-office of Maholag co. _was the son of Queen Nitocris. In 538 or 539 B. c., in Beloit, in Ohio, a post-office of MahoningR co.,_abo atthe ccight when Babylon was storneed by Cyruse, B. sas leBcoit, in W~iscrvmsin, a post-township of Rockr co., about?/~....~-~ 12 B. S, by W. of Jmanesville. p h ocling an impious feast, at which he and his coorthers — A loom of Roder to., on Roder: D~Iver, 50 in. E.SEi~. of M~t- ~ adrank out of the sacred vessels which had been carried bAutown of Rock co., on Rock, River, iid.iEgsE of Madi- csaway from the tenple of Jerusalen by Nehuchacdnezzar, son. B. is sesll built, has fine public buildings, and is. t~~es seat of Debit College, founded in 1846. Pep in ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ hs graeedf~itleer. H-e seas terrified by the apparitiocs of the seat of Beloit College, foundled in 18416. Polp. in 1870, 4,300. i'd!tf~ia h:~.~ Y atho hand which wrote upon tie Walll (see laNcE); and Belosnane~ (bel'o-sinef-see,) a~. [Fr.~ bilmocie, Gr~ _=-________ t=_-ic thsme night was slain by one of his eunuchys, o-ho -beloeientiafronc betas, ass arro', and -seeanteia, dielnaion]J / his head to Cyrus. A node of divination by Wrross, pcachised amocg tic _ _ _l'sis-ea. [o.- r.] A grandfather or pogecvitor. (o.) Arabs asod oticer nat-ions of tha East. en 5 eoA'm' -e BELDASI. Bel~Ona, Picerre, (leel'zoeng,) an eminent French nato- _____elsusse~n e, HErJaY FeAuccts XAVcaa BE, (b~el-osoocz,) a ralist, ce. about 1518. He studiedl nedicins ~acd lestny _______ rnch pr~elazte, a. in Per~ig'ord, 1171l, and osas neode accd oseed to Ilee friendly aid of the cardinals of Toui non _________ Isheup of Marseilles ice 1709. He showed his zeal cand and Lorraine a g~ood educaltion, and tse; nceans of cenlimaking arity dting the plague in 1720, and his devotion will extecmsiee travels in tar~ope sted isa lime East. He seas ov~ays be soortley of admiruetion. He was offered, in highly esteened by ofenryII. acd Clarles IX., and won 1723, thee bishopric of LaMae, bit refused it, susyicog, he ssdrankout otheav sachrch tosseicls whec had deoed harisd a great reps tation by his numerous utorks oi natural Peg 336 itAniP. SBAn (Icing of Persa) f; and lee als reuse th bisho of Bordeaux, history a~nd the Obeerl~vatiosees ma~de during his travelsa fro m the tleo Jerusem by buchadear, Hle was assassinatedl in his B3ole de Booslogete, 1564. lice IFrem Fraser s Hcst. et Nader Shale ) 129. B. at eNlrseilles, 1755. genus of placts Beslonit les bee, naned after him, of tnices shcch ct us cuposeble to engimes'ste In thecr I'swag-ger, so. [Belt and swaggerr. A bully; a ilbel'onlaa, Ba~oca, os. (Zeb't.) Soe GaReisa. donsestcc slf'e, hoe Bethoocisees ass ahlmost all pastorall vsore-neaster. Belose~oB1g', e. i. [But. belanpeee, to concern-Sbe, and tanin they usuamly cescee cn ghedons or tentsl mae of blae "sYou ner a charilahie tsoowhgger.'o-Deydesc. en, to reach to.] To pertain to; to appertain to; to be felt oc coarse blankets steetched over a fr-nue of wicker elt, a. [AS. belt; Icel. belti; rat. Salfeece, a girdle or 268 BELT BELV BEMB belt.] A leathern girdle; a band; a circlet or bandage; for that year; and he also says, that all the inhabitants Bel'vidLere, in llinois, a flourishing post-village, capias, a sword-belt.'of Ireland quenched their fires onil that day, and kindled tel of Boone co., on the Kishwaukee River, 75 i. W.N.W. "Then snatched the shining belt, with gold inlaid; them again out of some )art of that fire."- In Sir John of Chicago, and 15 E. of Rockbford; pop. abt. 1,400. The belt Eurytion's artful hands had nade." —Dryden. Sinclair's Statistical Accotunt of Scotland, the minister Bel'vidlere, in iowa, a post-village of Mlanona co., on -Anything resembling a belt, whicli confines or girds. of Callander in Perthshire, speaking of "peculiar cus- Maple River, abt. 8 m. E. of Onawa. "W0ithin the tell at rale."-S/taks. tomS," says: "Upon the first day of May, whicll is called Bel''viiere, int North Carolina, a post-office of PerquiBeltan or Beltein-day, all the boys in a township or hami- mans co. (Arch.) A string-course and blocking-course; a course let meet in the moors. They cut a table in the green Beli'viere, in Noew oersey, a town, cap. of Warren co., of stones projecting firom a wall, either nioulded, plain, sod, of a round figure, by casting a trench in the ground situated oin botli sides of Pequest Creek, at its junction fluted, or enriched. of such circumnference as to lhold the whole company. with the Delaware, 13 ml. above Easton, and 65 W. of (Astron.) The dark stripes or zones that appear on They kindle a fire, and dress a repast of eggs and imilk New Yorlk city. Manf. Cotton and iron. Pop. abt. 2,250. the surface of the planet Jupiter palrallel to its equator. in the consistence of a custard. TI!ey knead a cake of B]el'lvidere, in New Ylsa, a post-village of Amity town(See JUPIER.) Orion's Belt is figured by three stars in oatmneal, which is toasted at the embers against a stone. ship, Alleghieny co., on the S. side of the Genesee River, a direct line with each other, situated horizontally in After the custard is eaten up, they divide the cake into 379 m. foino New York city. the centre of the constellation. so many portions, as similar as possible to one another Bel'videre, in Vermont, a township of Lamoille co., (Surg.) A broad bandage applied to the abdomen, so in size and shape, as there are persons in tile company. 30 m. N. by E. of Montpelier; pop. atbt. 375. as to support and makse methodical pressure upon it. They daub one of these portions all over with charcoal, B]el'videre, in WViscnsin, a township of Buffalo co., (3Mech.) A band which, by wheels and pulleys, connects iuntil it be perfectly black. They put all the bits of cake on the Mississippi River; pop. abt. 1,4u0. the different rotatory parts of machinery. It is gener- into a bonnet. Every onie, blindfobld, draws out a portion. Belvidere L.anding, in Vermtonst, a post-office of ally made of leather. I-He who holds tihe boniinet is entitled to the last bit. Who- Lamoille co. (1e1c.) A badge or mark of the knightly order. - Bu- ever draws the black bit is the devoted person who is Beivisia'eeme, n. pl. (Bet.) A small order of plants, chianan. to be sacrificed to Baal, whose favor they mean to iml- alliance Nyrtales.-DI.Ao. A pluriloculah ovary, mono(Piarrbiery.) A disease in sheep. - Cr'abb. plore, in rendering the year productive of the sustenance petalous coronetted flowers, valvate calyx, imndefinite, -v. a. To gird or encompass, as with a belt; to encircle. ofu man and beast. There is little doubt," thie writer adds, monadelphious stamens, and amnygdaloid cotyledons. ".Belted with young children.' —De QuinciA. "of these inhuman sacrifices having been offered in this This order comprehends only two genera, namely, As-To shear, as the buttoclks and tails of sheep. - HTalliwell. country as well as in the East, although they now pass temanl/ms, and NVapoleona or Belvisia. Tsese include Belt, s. (Geog.) Thi naime givei to too of the three from the act of sacrificing, and only compel the devoted four species, which are large shrubs, with smooth leastraits by which the Baltic Sea is joined to the Cattegat. person to leapl three times through the flames, with thery leaves, all growing in tropical Aftice. Tse flow-'hey are distinguished tiy tse additioa of Great amd whiich the cer'emonies of this festival are closed." ers grow in threes, sessile in the axils of the leaves, and Little.-Tse Great Belt, whichs is thie middle one, and tse Belt'ed, a. Wearing a belt; having a belt or belts. are extremely curious. The calyx is a thick leathery widest outlet for the waters of the Baltic, begins on the "A prince can make a belted knight." —Burs. cup, divided imto five segments. Tie corolla consists of S., about 540 50' N. Lat., between the S. extremity of the -Marked, or adornsed with a band or circle; as, a belted tsree distinct whorls of united petals; ths outer one island of Lagoland h maid the W. shores of Lailand, and stalk. ( Webste?.) — Worn in the belt. turiing bade over the calyx; the secotd one is a nartrowningmba vrthalyx; divisecod ino nue iseens anher termiinattes on the N. between Rees Ness on the island Belteslhazzas., (bel-te-sc'ar.) [leb., "who lays upnuierous segments; and II~eb., "wrow mebans~p e dividd inorm numere cp n outis t segments; n of Zealand, and the S. extremaity of Sanisoe. Its length treasures in secret."] A title of hoinor given to Daniel the third fors n erect cup, and cotis the Stens, maty be about 70 mi. —The narrowest part of the straiit is Babylon. which are united, so as to nmike a sort of inner cup. at its S. extremity, where it is, properly speaking, divided Belt'ring, n. Material for the fabrication of belts; belts The fruit is a soft berry, with large kidiey-shaped seeds. into two straits by the island of Langelanid; lbr the nar- taken collectively. The pulp of te fruit is edible, and the pericarp conrow sea between that island and those of Arroe, Taasing, Bel'ston, in S. arsolina, a post-village of Anderson dis- tains much tannin. and Fionia is comprehended under the naime of Great trict, 27 m. S. by W'. of Greenville. Belye, v.a. See BELcr. Belt, and is haridly more than four miles in breadthi. The Bel'toes, in Texas, a post-village of Bell co., 90 m. N.N.E. Bel'o% i, GIOVANNi BATTISTA, an enterprising traveller, principal branch between Langeland and Lattland is of Austin. whose researches in Egypt have been of great service rather more than 8 m. wide. To the N. of the northern Belts'viile, in Maryland, a post-village of Prince to those engaged it the sttdy of its amtiquities, was a. extrenlity of Langeland thie breadth of the strait varies George's co., 12 m. N.E. of Washington. at Padua. He came to England in 1803; and becoming between 16 trnd 24 m.-Except near the shores, the depth Beltuar'bPet, a miarklet-town of Ireland, co. Cavan, o itvolved in pecuniary difficulties, while residingin Lou~~~~~~~~~~~ildnolied otine pcnar difiveltihoos, whie esdispla of featso of the water is considertable, but very irregular, varying the Erne, 9 m. N.N.W. of Cavan. on, h obtained alivelihoo by te display of feats of from five to twenty-five fathoms. But some small and Belu'ga, n. [Russ. bieliga, urgeon.] (Zl.) A gens Stegt. and activity at Astley's amphitheatre, for low islands and many shoals render tile navigation diffi- of Cetce beogng to te einid, or Dolphins. t which is colossal stature and extraordinary mmscular cult andi dangerous, and on that account the passage of ls a broad blunt Iead, and no produced snout; ths powers eminently qualified him. At length he heft Engt the Sound is preferred. Between Nyborg in Fioieia and differing fiom tihe rest of the family to which it belonegs.ypt, in 1815. 11 C~~~~~~~~~~~ln, and 186h enterhed obuhstraes thofughitgyp, Menn, 11.,t Cotsoer in Zealand, a regular communication is ostab- Its form is principally characterized by the softness of I 11 e sent the busts of Jupiter, Mmnon, c., to lished by steamboats and smacks. In the good season its curves, and the cleatr white color of its skin, which is tis British Museum; published a narrative of his operathe passage is not difficult; but in the latter part of the so tender that it often fails to retain the htarpoon. Thle tions i 1820; aid im the following year exhibited a autumimn and in winter it is difficult iand dangerois, es- B. also differs from the ordinary family of dolphins in model of the splepdid tomb which has ld discovered pecially on account of the pieces of floating ice which having fewer teeth, which fall out before the animal is neat Thebes. But, while making preparations for passin severe weather beconie very numerous, and are some- old, and it has no dorsal fin. It usuliity attains tie lemgth img from Benin to Hioussa mnd Timbuetoo, he was times cemented together by hard frost. It is then some- of thirteen feet, and feeds principally on fish. attacled by dysentery, and D. at Guto in 1823. times necessary to make one part of the passage in a ]Belis. (Myth.) The chief deity of the Babylonians and Bena', in 1WVisconsin, a post-office of Green co. sledge and tihe other in a boat. When, in such circum- Assyrians. The Chaldee Bet, as well as the IHebrew BIem, JosErs, a Hungarieun general, n. in Poland, 1795. stances, snow begins to fall, the small island of Sprogoe, Baal, meatns Lord.'IThe Greeks were apt to substitute is first expence was in the Frenc expedition which lies in tile strait, but considerably nearer to the Zeus fbr Belms, and the Romnns Jupiter. lie wss sup- against Russia in 1812. He was afterwards professor in coast of Fionia than to thaut of Zealandl, offers a place of posed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians; and the school of artillery at Warsaw; toolk part in the inrefuge. - The Little Belt, the most western of the three according to Herodotus, B. was the father of Ninus. surrection of 1830, iand in 1848 joined the Hungarian straits, begins on the S. between the islands of Arroe and Belute,.a. To benuddle. - Stesne. army. Ile obtained several successes against the AusAlsen, and extends between the ishmnd of Fionie and Jut- Belvedere, (bl've-deer',) n. (Arch.) A small building triass and Russians in the hollowing year, but after the land, to the capes called Oger Ness on Fionia, and Bi- constructed at the top of a house or palace, and open to deeat at Tenesva, he retired into Turkey, and was cornsknudde on Jutmland. Its length is upwards of 80 m., the air, at least on one side, and often on all. Tie term muds a pasha. D. 1850. but its width varies considerably. Towuards the S. ex- is an Italian compound, signifyin a " fine view;" and Bema, n. [Gr. bima, a step.] (Grcek Antiq.) A stone - lol~~~~patform sr hmutstings, 10 or 11 feet hsigh, with an ascent tremity, between the islands Arroe and Alsen, it is gen- in Italy it is constructed expressly for that purpose,with an ascent erally above 10 m. across. At Assens, a town of'ionia, combined with the object of enjoying the cool evening of steps, on the place Puyx,at Athens, onwhich speakers it narrows suddenly to about five, and farther north it breeze, which blows fresher on the house-top than in stood when addressing public assemblies of the people. grows by degrees narrower, so that between the town of the confined streets. Many houses in Rome have B., Bemad', v. a., [be and mad.] To make mad; to turn Middcelfart on Fionia, and the opposite coast at Snoghoe, for the most part of a simple form. The most celebrated the brain. the distance hardly amiiounts to 3/4 of a m. The depth construction of this kind at Rome, which is in the Va- Beman'gle, v. a. [be andmangle.] To mangle; to rend of the water is considerable, vtrying from four to twenty- tican, was built by Bramante in that part called the to 1pieces. seven fathoms; but the navigation is dangerous, on ac- Bernask', v. a. [be and mask.] To conceal; to mask. count of thie low islands (Arroe, Baagoe, and Fanoe), the Bemnaul', v. a. To bruise; to give a severe beating to. niumerous shoals, and the violent currents which con- Benlnaze', v. a. [be andmuaze.] To confuse; to bewilder. stantly run through the strait front S. to N. - See BAL- "Intellects bemazed in endless doubt." - Cowper. TIC SEA. ] -Bemlbatoo oka, BAY oF, a safe and commodious bay on Beltane, or Beltein, n. (Traditions.) The namne of _ __ the N.W. coast of Madagascar, Lat. 160 S., Lon. 460 E. - a eind of festival, formerly common to all the Celtic Majumag, on the N. side, is the only important town on nations, and traces of which still exist in some parts of thie bay. Ireland and Scotland, on the Ist of May. In Ireland, Benbe'cide, s. pl. (Zosl.) A family of Hymenopterous we find two B., one on the Ist of May, the other on the insects, peculiar to hiot climates, mand, in some instances, 21st of June. To the B., also, in all probability, the fires very much resembling wasps both in size and color. parts of England on Midsummer Eve, are to be referred. type of this family, and is remarlkable for having the B. signifies the fire of Baal, tihe worship of whom is sup- lower parts of the mouth prolonged into a long trunk or posed to have existed in England, Scotland, and Ireland proboscis. in thie remotest period of Druidical superstition. B. was Bemnbex, n. (Zo6e.) A genus of the fam. BEMrBECIDZ, therefore the fire lighted in honor of tihe Sun, whose q v. return and visible influence upon the productions of Bembididre, n. pl. (Zoe.) A family of minute carnivthe earth was thus celebrated. Lana sBeal tiea, and /oreus coleopters, which generally frequent daimp situa-.Neen na Beal tina, in the Irish language, are thile day and tions, such as the banks of rivers, ditches, &c. They are eve of Beal's fire. (Fairy Legends and Traditions of the Fig. 337. —vmE BELVEDERE Or THE VATICAN. usually of a bright blue or green metallic color, having South of Ireland.) — The following account of the B. is (Builit by urmante. ) 2 or 4 pale-yellow spots on the elytra. given in Focaltir Gaoidhilge-Sax-Bhlacia, or an Irish- Bern'bo, PI.ano, a noble Venetian poet, and miscellaEnglish Dictionary (by O'Brien), printed at Paris. 4to. court of the B. The form of this building is semicir- neous writer, a. 1470. He was secretaury to Leo X., and 1768. —" Bedlilae, or b~il-tine, ignis Beli Dei Asiatici~: i. e. cular, and it stands over in enoimous niche, a remark- promoted to be bishop of Bergamo and cardinal by Paul line Belt,'May-day,' so called from large fires which the able feature in the facade, of which the belvedere miakes III.; and author of a history of Venice, an important Druids were used to light on the summits of the highest a part. Froom this belvedere the view is one of the finest and extensive worl on the Italian language, &ic. B. 1547. hills, into which they drove four-footed beasts, using at that can be imangined, extending over the whole city of Beme'bridge Beds. (Geol.) A group of upper eocene the same time certain ceremonies to expiate the sins of Romne and the Caumpagna, bounded tiy the distant Apen- straita, resting on the Osborne or St. hlelen's series, and the people. This pagan ceremony of lightintg these fires nines, the tops of which are covered with snow for a cnapped tiy the Hempstead beds. It is pirincipally develin honor of the Asiatic god Belus, gave its miame to the large part of the year. B. ace not uncommon in France, oped in the Isle of Wight. Beginning at the bottom, the entire mionth of May, which is to this day called cmi na but the term is applied rather to a summer-house in a B. limestone is at first seen, consisting of a pale-yellow, Beat-tine in the Irish language. Dr. Iteating, speaking perle or garden, than to the constructions on the tops cream-colored limestone, interstratified with clay or of this fire of Beal, says, that the cattle were driven of houses, although small edifices, similar to those inn crumbling marl, and from 20 to 25 ft. thick. Upon through it and not sacrificed, and that the chief design Italy, are sonsetimes constructed on time tops of build- this comes the oyster-bed, a few feet of greenish sands, of it was to keep off all contagious disorders from them inge for the purpose of commanding a fine view. containing oysters (Ostucea vectensis) in great abundance. BENA BEND BEND 269 capped by a band of hard septerian stone. Resting on are extremely narrow, but the city is well drained and anything that ties, binds, or bends (a bow.)] To stretch; this are unfossiliferous mottled clays, alternating with healthy. The principal building is the Mosque above to strain, or crook by straining, as a bow. fossiliferous laminated clays and mnarls. The latter con- mentioned, and there are besides numerous Hindco "And fills the white and rustling sail, tain the characteristic shell Cyreea pulchra. ILastly temples and fiskir-houses. B. is crowded with mendi- And beeds the gallant msast."'-Atllta Cunninghas. come the marls and laminated gray clays containing cant Brahmin priests. Only 1-10th of the population are -To turn out of a straight or direct line or course. Mlelasnia turritississa. Imnmediately above this is the Mohammedasrs; Europeans, Persians, Armenians, Tar- "Your gracious eyes upon this labour bent." —Fairfax. black band, formling the base of the Hempsteal series. tars, &c. are settledi here, and carry on a considerable To su bdue; to cause to yield by straining; to make sub)[e'maent, in Illinois, a post-village of Bement townslhip, trade in shawls, silks, muslins, cottons, dianmonds, &c. issive. Piatt co., 21 m. E.N.E. of Decatur; pop. of the township " Except she beed her humour.'-Shsks. about 900 To apply closely; to incline; to apply. Bestnin'gle, v. a. [be and mingle.] To mix; to mingle. — To apply closely; to incline; to apply. "He was no longer able to bend his mind or thoughts to any () public business." —Sir If. Temple. Ben'iuni ]slaids, in the W. Indies, a small group of _ the~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —.ystang.. the Bahamas; Last. 210 40' N.; Lou. 790 10' W. ithTo put anything in order for use, by straining. Bemnfire', v. a. [be and mire.] To drag or sink in the - As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked him what.mr' o..b d i] d o nihe was doing."-L'Estrasge. mire; to cover withi mire. "''~~~~~~The loving couple w ~ell bemi,"r~d, (Alaut.) To fasten; as, to bend a sail, a cable: i.e. to The horse. and both the riders. tir'd.' — Swift. fasten a sail to the yard, or a cable to thie anclhor. "~~~Thue lacing ceapie well he Yd fsenl the bow. To nit the brow; to firow; to sowl. Bemoan, (be-tsuba',) v. a. [be and mean.] To express bendebow. Toknitthebrow; ofrowitocowl. _~~~~1~ "ii II ~~~~~~II Some have been seen to... bend their brows, bite their lips, sorrow for; hto lament; to bsewail; to saoturn for. i I' beat the board, and tear their paper."-Camden. "He falls, he fills the house with heavy groann, 111i l~I'1I! ~12 -V. i. To be crooked; to crook, or be ciliving;toovorliang. Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans." - Dryden. "He who hath bent him o'er the dead." —Byron. — To express sympathy with. (it.) Bemoanl'er, so. A person who laments. -To incline; to lean or turn; to purpose; to resolve upon. " i,' A state of slavery, -which they are bent upon with so much Bernoclit, v. a. [be and miock.] To ridicule; to treat egresadosiay"Adsn ____ Ifckery. (n.) eagerness and obstinacy." —Addison. Btoh s She medea ma." - mockry.(R. -To yield; to bow in prayer or submission. "1Bemock, the modest moon." -- Shaks. lBea~e~mockl~a, v. i. To l~gh in a mod mnanner., -While each to his great Father besds." —Coleridge. BmendI, n. [See BENT.] A deflection faroi a straight line; Beinoisten, (be-moisa'a,) v. a. [be anisd loistei.] To moisten; to wet.'a curve or croolk; a flexure, or iincurvation. B~~~~~~~e'mo~~~iirao 8~~, so. (Mate.l~) See B flat.'~"And that same eye, whose bend doth awe the world, Relmol, n. (Mus, ) See B flat. ARES. Did lose its lustre." —Shaks. Bemoulris', v. a. [be and aemourn.] To mourn or grieve F S N over. The Hindoo Sanslkrit Collee is the chief seat of native (Hes.) Tao parallel lines, dra'n fron left to sight, or Bemnuffle, v. a. [be and muffle.] To muffle; to wrap up. learns g in India. This city is believed by indo the dete cief to the sinioster ae of a eset'I'~~~~~~~~~rn heu dexter tisiefc toy thee s'in i s e r baeofesut "Beomgffled with the externals of religion." - Sterne. to form no part of the terrestrial globe, but to rest upon cheon, which lines nay be o itier n tinignpt, or indented, Benmused, (be-mitzcd',) a. [be and muse.] Wrapt in rev- the point of Siva's trident; hence, they say, no earth- engrailed, c. Tis e of the nie icipl ordinaies, ecuyngrafifed, pc.rt isoeof the fiel whencia ordinaries,bu erie; sunk in contemplation; overconle with m tusing. - quake ever affects it. In 1017, it was taken by Sultn ccping a fifth rt of th field when nchared, but (Used generally in an ironical 555sense.) Maasnoud, and Iross 1190 lollowed thi otassuons of tue a third part when it has any device or charge Iupon it. (Usedgenerlly le,fi ironcal snse.)Mahinoud, and from 1190 followed the tbrtunies of the "Is there a parson much bemus'd in beer? "-Pope. Delhi Moguls. Since 1775, it has belonged to the 3rit- Wh ti term is ntoed without any addtion, ish..Pop. 600,000. Be'amu ]ta Heights, in Nsew Yorkc, a post-village of Bei'bop 00,000. Saratoga co., on the Champlain Canal, 24 um. N.E. of Be wlb, JsoHN, an English admiral,. 1630 at Shreows- Albany..Alba~~~~~~~~y. ~~~bury. IHis skill and valor displtyed during an. action with a Barbar'y pit-ate at the head of a superior forcee Be'xnus Point, in New York, a post-office of Chatau- pt at the head of a uperio force, gained him the confidence of the nation, and he was qua~ co. n~made a captain in the royal navy by Jaimes I. RealrBen, s. [Heb., a son.] A prepositive syllable found in madmiral in 1700, the had his leg carried away by a chainmany Jewish names, as Ben-david, Ben-asses, which the s 10 a eadil ie ac c oGerman Jews have changed into'" sohn," as lendelssohn, s drig an enggeent ith t French co o11 dore Du Casse, in 1702 and lie D. ill Jainaica, 170: ~:qx3. BND IBBoN. COST. Jacobssohn, &c., - a custom practised by the Israelites dore Du Casse, in 1702, ac lie D. in Jamic a, 1703. BEN. oN COS in foreigni countries, in consequence of their having no B]en'bow, in Miossouri, a township of Marion co. the B. dexter is always meant. It is supposed to reprefan'ily name. Ben'bunrb, a village of Ireland, co. Tyrone; pop. about sent a shoulder-belt or scarf wsors over the shoslder. Ben, B]ein, or Bh]tein, n. [Gael.]. This word has been 450. The B. has flour dismiintives, - the benedlet, half the adopted in English to issdicate the most elevated sum- Bl1ehiIh, (bensh,) n. [A. S. bZcn. See BANK.] A long width of tihe B.; the garter, a third; thie ribbon, a quarmits of the nountain r anges which traverse Scotland to seat, distinguished firom a stool by its superior length. ter; and thie cost, which does not touch the extremsities the north of the Friths of Clyde and Forth, of which the -A long table, at which iechanics, &c. ply their trade; of the shield, asd is often borne on either side of the B. most important are Ben-Nevis, Ben-Macdhaii, Ben-Law- as, a Join' bec. It tisally 10 or 12 ft. long, and Whea chasrges are placed in the direction of the B. farom era, and Ben-Cruachan. It is essentially the same word about ave wdge tahe dexter chief to the sinister base, they are said to be as the Welsh BPen, the primary signification of'hich is -A judge's seat in a court of lawsv.-The judges talten col- bed, pe be, bendy, &c. -For Bend Siister, se "head," and hence it may be considered as equivalent to lectively, as distinguished from counsellors and advo- B enr oc. "mountain summanit or "mounatain head." The term cates, who are called the bar. (Co.) Among curriers and leather-sellers, a butt of Pennine, applied to a division of the Alps, is doubtless -The Kizg's or Queo,s's Bench is the name given in Eng- leather. derived fram the Celtic Bon or Bdbe.'-ad to the supreme court of coo l. (Nut.) The for of th ship fro n the keel to the top derived from the Celtic Pea or Beat.~~~~~(JCC~~ Te om f heshp i~mth Iee t te o iBens, (OIL OF.) (Cheas.) A whitish-yellow, thicklish oil, Benelh, v. a. To furnish with benches. of the side; as, thie midship besd, &c. Beaods arfe the obtained in Egypt, Ceylon, &c., from the seeds' of the "Twas hench'd with turf, and goodly to he seen, strongest plasnkls of a vessel's side, to which the beanis, Hyperanthera msuoatiaqa. It is chiefly used by perfumers, The thick young grass arose in fresher greea."-Drydea. knees, and futtocks are bolted. They are firequently as it possesses the property of seldom turning rancid. -To seat or place on a bench or seat of lionor. called WALEs. Benai'ahi, son of Jehoiada, and commander of David's " His cupbearer, whom I from meaner form — A kinot by which one rope is fastened to another, or to body-gasards. Have behcsd'd, and rear'd to worslhip. —Shaks, an anchor. enaltes, a province of Hindostan, formerly included v. i. To sit on a bench or seat ofjstice. (Mining.) Indurated clay; a name given by miners to in that ofAllahabad, presid. of Besgal, containing the ldis-'0. ioabn ostofaieany indurated argillaceous substance. tricts of Benares, Mirzapore, Ghazepore, and Juanpore;' Bense by his side; you are of the commnission."-Shaics. Bensd'ale, adv. That may be bent or curved. lying chliefly between Lat. 240 and 260 N., and Lon. 820 Bench'er, n. (Eng. Law.) A senior member of any of Ben'emnalann, EDWARD, a celebrated painter of the and 840 30' E.; having N. Goruckpore; E. Bahar; S. the the Inns of Court in England, viz., the Inner Temple, Dttsseldorf school, n. in Berlin, Dec. 3, 1811. After reBerar ceded district; and W. the territory of the rajah Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, nd Gray's Inn. The ceiving a good literary education, lie became a stinof Pewah,; and the dist. of Allablabad and Juanpore. nanagemene t of the affairs of each Inn is committed to dent at the Diisseldorf Academy under the well-lknown Area, 8,670 sq. m. It consists, for the most part, of a cul- its own body of benchers; out of which body one is annic- Sclhadow, who soon discovered that B. had cihosen his tivhaed flat, on bath sides of the Ganges, and is, besides, ally chosen as treasurer. The sole power of calling stu- true vocation. When only 21 years of age, h exhiibited vell watered by the Goomtee, Caramnassa and Sone dents to the bar, by awhich they become bas'risales, and at Berlin a large painlting, The Grief of the Jews, suniivers.- Prod. Wheat, barley, legumes, flax, indigo, of disbarring them, and thereby depriving them of their gested by _Psals cxxxvii. It was popularized by means sugar, and large quantities of opium. The latter is a qualificati of, br niscondset, i1 vested in the bches and is now in the Cologne Museum. In 1.13 qtialification, for misconduct, is vested ill the benchers,o in he Clogne Ms~!u. f government monopoly, an d Bshar and Benares are the subject to an appeal to the jiidges as visilors to the ino. 1833 le executed a picture, afterwards engraved by only prov. in the Bengal presidency in whiclh it is peg.I was taking a walk in the gardens of Linclan's Inn; a favoar'lesinug-1'wo Ilaung Girls at the Fountain, which was mitsed to be grown. This prov. is among the most that is indulged me by several benchersr, who are grown old with purchased by the Society of Arts of Westphalia. In 1837 flourishing in India, and is yearly increasing in trade nie." —Tatler. he exhibited at Paris a large canvas, Jeremiah anuid the and prosperity. Muslins, gauze, and brocades are the -An alderman of a corporation. —Ashmole. Ruins qf Jerusalem, with which he gained tihe gold principal manufactures. Cap. Benares. Pqop. at)t. 3,000,000. Bench-ana.lk, ni. (Levelling.) A term applied to a medal. This picture, of which Weiss publised a good Before 1775, B. belonged to the Nabob of Oude, who, in mnark showing the starting-point in levelling along a lithograph, is in the private gallery of the King of Prusthat year, ceded it to the British. line, and to similar nlarks affixed at convenient distances sin. Harvest followed, which was engraved by Eichens. BENAREs, (Slr. Varalnashi, or Kasi, "the splendid,") a to suibstantial or permanent objects, to show the exact Tie success of this piece led B. to produce others of the large and celebrated city of Hindostan, cap. of prov. and points upon which the levelling staffs were placed when same class, such as The S/epheprd and Shepherdess, from district of the same namuae, and one of the 6 chief provin- the various levels were read, thus facilitating reference one of Uhland's idyls, and i'The Dauglter' of the Servian cial cities in the presidency, at the head of a judicial di- and correction. Ps'ince, fi'om a Servian ballad. After having been apvision; Lat. 250 30' N., Lona. 830 1' E.; on the N.W. banki Bennch'-planes, n. pl. (Carpentrly.) A carpenter or pointed professor in the Academy of Arts of roesden, he of the Ganges, about 300 ft. above sea-level, 6 mn. E. of joiner's set of planes; as, the jack-plane, trying-polane, received a commission to decorate the royal palauce, and Allahabad, and 400 N.W. of Calcutta, on the E. Indian losg-plane, thejoasiter, and the ssoothing-plane. undertook the grand frescoes upon which, above all, Ihis Railway f'-om Calcutta to Delhi. B. is the" most holy" Bench'-table, n. (Arch.) A low stone seat around the reputation is founded. Theprogress of this undertalking city of the Hilndoos - the ecclesiastical metropolis, in interior of the wavlls of many churches. was interrupted by a disease of the eyes, which the fact, of India-and is resorted to by pilgrims from all Blenash'-was~,r a$k, n. (Lawa.) A process issued by a artist contracted in Italy. B. executed a flesco of quarters, especially from the Mahratta coucntries, and court against as person guilty of some contempt, or in- Poetryandt/oeAa'Is; adesignforansonumentto Sebastian from even Thiboe t and Burmnahm. It is certainly the rich- dicted fbr some crisme. -- Bsovies. BEach, which was afterwards erected at Lainslstein; a est, as well as probablly the most pophulous, city in the Bentooleln, (bei./kooa'lese,) a seaport of the island of portrait of the Emperor Lothaire II. for the city of peninsula. Its first vicw is extrenmely fine. It extends Sumoastra, and the principaal settlement of the Dutch ons Franltfbrt, besides many other portraits of celebarated about 4 m. along the basnlt of therises, whichl is comisid- tlast islnmd. It stands on thue WT. coast; Last. 30 49' N.; Germans, and among thuecm that of Schadow's daughter, erably elevated, and asdorned with lasge ghaasts om land Lon. 1020 16' E. The town, smnall but well built, is soid whom hue married in 1838. In 1860 hue succeeded his log-places, withs laoag and hsiassdsomo fiigluts of steps. Its to bae unl'sahthy. Tile imports consist chiefly of clothss, father-in-law as Director of the Academy at Dtisseldorf. buildings, wlilh are crowdedvlee 0nilt of stone or brick, rice, tobacco, sugar-, &c., fi'osi Batavia; opium asnd Ben'dtle*, a fortified town of Russia in Europe, in Besand uniquely lofty; here and there are seen the scalp- various fabrics firom Bengaal and the Coremnndel coast; sarabia, on the Dniester, 58 m. firom Odessa. It was tured pyramidal toIs of small pagodas; and tiue greast prninated cottons, and cutlery and hardware from Europe. takten and stormed by the Russians in 1770 and in 1800. mosqne of Aurungzebe, with its gilded donse glittering Pop. 13,200. Near it is Yarnitza, a village celebrated as the asylum in the sun, and two minarets towering,onu above the Bend, v. a. (ims. BENDED Or BENT; pp. BEIIDED or BENT; granted by Achmet III. to Charles XII. of Sweden after other, form a grand and imposing coup d'ail. The streeta BEND,D in solemn style,) [A. S. bendaas, from brea d, a tie, the battle of Puhlowa, q. v. 270 BENE BENE BENE Bend'er, n. One who, or that which, bends or makes Bessedict, and given a long detail of his supposed mnir- work, an opera in two acts, called Giacinta ed Ernesto, crooked. acles. was produced at the Fondo, but, being essentially of Ger-An instrument used for bending anything. Bein'edect f., PoPE, succeeded John III., 575; D. 578, man style and color, it did not please the Neapolitan — In Canada and U. States, a vulgarism to denote a spree, and was hlimself succeeded by Pelagius II. public; nor was lie more successful with a grand opera drinking-bout,jollification, &c. BENEEDICT II., succeeded Leo I1., 684; D. 685, and was suc- afterwards performed at the Sun Carlo. In 1830, lie reBesa'etersville, in Pcennsylvania, a post-village of ceeded by John V. turned to Stuttgart, where his opera I Portoghesi in Goa, Adams co., 14 mn. N. of Gettysburg; pop. abt. 300. BE:NEDICT III., succeeded Leo IV., 855. Durming his pontiff- which had been coldly received at Naples, found a more Bes'isn', p.a. Incurvating; stooping; subduing; cate, the Saracens were ravaging Apulia and Campania. congenial audience. After a visit to Paris, and a second leaning; applyingclosely. D. 558, and was succeeded by Nicholas I. residence of several years at Naples, B. came to London, -n. Thle act of the incarvation of a body from a straight BENEDICT IV., succeeded John IX., about 900. IIe crowned in 1835, chiefly it the instance of his friend Madame to a crooked form: as wood by heating it. Louis, son of Boson, eniperor and king of Italy. D. 903, Ialibran. In 1836, he undertoolk the direction of the Beit'disag-str.akes, 9i. p1. (laut.) Two strakes and was succeeded by Leo V. Opera Buffat at the Lyceum. Here, his operetta Un Anwrought inear the coverings of the deck, worked all BENEDICT V., succeeded John XII. in 964; and was appointed no ed un Giorno, originally produced at Naples, was well fore and aft, about 1 or 12 inches thicker than the rest by the Romans in opposition, to Leo VIII. The Empe- received, and after this, B. turned his attention to the of tihe deck, anid let down between the beams and edges ror Otliho, supporter of Leo, appeared before Romae with English miiusical stage. His first English opera, I/se so that the sipper side is even with the rest. an army, reduced the city bIy timine, and a new asseii- Gipsy's Warning, was produced in 1838 with remnarlkabl BenEl'-leala-er, n. (Cohn.) Aimong cirriers, the best bly of the clergy declared to be null the election of B., success. The German version of this opera has beasn quality of leathier. wiho was exiled. D. 965. received with niuch favor at several of the principal lBeae'let, Benatly, i. (Her.) See BaND. BENEDICT VI., succeeded John XIII., 972. After the death theatres of Ihis native country. His slubsequent operas, Bene. See NOTA BZNE. of the Emperor Otho I., the Romans imsprisoned B., who /es B2rides of Venice, and The Crusaders, had a long Irun iat Beneapetl', a. (_Naut.) See NE.AED. was strangled in the castle of St. Angelo, 974. We Iknow Drury Lane. Ile has composed music for the pianoforte, Beneath', psep. [A. S. beneoth, benythan —be, and nothing of Donus IL, nmentioned as the next pope, ex- ofwhich instrument he is a great master, and, also, many sytihan, downwards, lower.] Below; under; lower in cept that hie n. after a few mnonths, andi wmas succeeded by orcbestral and vocal pieces of considerable excellence. place..BEEDICe VII., of the family of Conti, elected 975. During As a conmposer, B.'s reputation will rest on his English'Some lie beneatIA the churchyard stone, his pontificate, the Emperor Othe II. canie reieatedly operas, which, in addition to their dramatic power and And samle before the spesaker."-PrLaod. to Rlone, where hIe D., 903. B. died about the same time, beauty, have the merit of being truly English in style -Under; not equcal to, as overbormie by pressure, power, and was succeeded by John XIV. anl chairacter. In 1850, he accocipanied Jenny Lind as weight, or authority. (Used in a figurative sense.) BeNEDICT VIII., of the same flamsily, succeeded Sergius IV., condclustor and pianist to the U. States and Iavana, and And oft on rocks their tender wings they tear, 1012. In 1016, the Saracens freom Sardinia hsaving landed shared in her unexamspled success in a series of 122 conAnd sick beneath the burdeas which they bear."'-?Drydeu. eon the coast of Tuscany, B. attacked sinid detbated themi. certs. After his return to Enigland, he thrised a choral -Lower in ranli, excellence, dignity, &c.; unbhecoming; Ile crowned thie Emperor Henry II., and his wife, in the society, "Thie Vocal Association," and conductedtthe unworthy of; as, tihat anii is beneath one's notice. church of St. Peter. D. 1024, anid was succeeded by his Italian operas at Drury Lane, anid Her Maijesty's Theatre "He will do nothing that is beneahis shishgh station." —Attcubury. brother, John XIX. during the seasons of 1559 snd 1860, when hie brought B]eneatth', adv. In a lower place; under. BEmNEmDICTIX., a relativeof the twoprecedingpopes, succeed- out an Italian version of Weber's Oberon, with recitaiThe earth which you take from beneath will be barren and un- ed John XIX., 1034. Ie wais tihen very young, someu say tives and additions chiefly from his master's vorkis, which fruitful." -A-Mortiser. only tell years old. Ile was distinguis ihed by hIis licen- was very favorably received. Ii 1862, his opera, Tlie -Below; as opposed to heaven or any superior region. tiousness and profligacy, and by the state of anarchy in Lily of Killarney, was produced at Covent Garden, and W;~ stebo. which Romle was prIlunged dilring h isi pontificate. Ile has since been performedt at several of the principal " Trembling I view the dread abyss beueaith, was deplosed in 1048, and D. in a coinvent, being succeeded theatres in Germiany. Of late years, B. has produced Hell's horrid mansions, and the realms of death." - Yaldem. by Leo IX. two cantatas only, IRichard Coeurm de Lion, 1863; and St. Besa'edeik, Loums, a distinguished general in thee Ans- BENEDICT X., was elected by a fliction after the death of Cecilia, 1866. triass service, n. in 1804, at Oseisshurg, in 1tiungiary. After Stephen IX., 1058; but the council of Siena nominated Bena'etltet, in Maryslan d, a village of Charles co., on undergoig the usuali cournse of training at the Military Nicholas II. B. did not subimit till the ollowvinig year, the W. bank of Patuxent River, about 38 so. S.S.W. of Academy of Neustadt, he entered the Austrian aremy as a whien Nicholas ismadle hIis entrance into Rnome. Annapolis. cornet in 1822, and attained the rainki of coloniel in 1843. BEEDI CT XI., a Domsinican, succeeded Bonicibe VIII., 1303. Bteasediet, Benedlick, n. A term employed to deTwo years later he exhibited his great military talents Contenmporary historians speakl highly of his character note a newly marriecd man. (Derived from "Benedick," durinlg the insurrection inl Galicia, which lihe succeeded in and virtues. D. 1304, and was succeeded by Clemoent V. one of the characters in Shakspeare's comedy of Much completely quelling in thie west, and thereby enablinsg Bea.n':DcIT XII., J.cQuEs l'ouaRNIM:, a neative of SFrance, suc- Ado about.Notling.) Gen. Cullin tocarry Podg-orzeby aissault. Oldered, in 1847. ceeded John XXII., 13341, the popes residing then at Bienedic'ta, in MlIaine, a township in Aroostook co.; at tihe hiead of thie regisment Giyuliei, to join thie arrmy is Avignon. Sis strictness in enforcing disciplinie samiong pop. abt. 380. Italy, lie took part in tile cmemo ablIe camipaign of1848 un- the maonastic orders excited many enenmies against him, Beiaaelie'tine, a. Belonging, or relating to, the monks der RSadetzky, distinguishing himself ins tlie retreit from who endevored to c ast aspersioiis upon his character. of the order of St. Benedict, or Bennet. lilhan, at Osone. and especially at the battle of Curta- D. 1312, and was succeeded by Cleeneit VI. Benelie'tisaes, sa. pl. (Ecol. Itist.) An order of monks tone, tbr which lie received the order of Maria Theresa. B._NEmOcT' XII., Cardinal Orsini, succeeded Innocent XIII., in the Roian Catholic Church, founded by St. Benedict In 1849 he contributed to the reulection of Mortara, 1721, but it was witI difficulty that hle could be made or Bennet, who introduced nuonachism into Western and to the victory of Novara. After this lie was tranils- to accept of the pontificate. Bienledict lived with thue Europe, and erected hIis first mnonastery on tile site of a ferred to 1IuHugary, ansd was wounded at Raab and Szege- greatest frugality, andI has been called morea m onk than templei of Apollo, on Monte Cassino, at. 50 inm. from den. Ten years later, in the war of Italian iundepen- a pope. Ilis great imult was his imiplicit confidence in Subiaco, in Italy, A. D. 529. The order spresd rapidly in deace, Gen. B. was one of the few Austrian generals who Cardinal Cosecia, to awhom lie left thie entire management Europe. St. Benedict himself founded several moonasexhibited asiy very great military cmapacity, and distin- of his governmeoent, and who nimuch abusecd it. Ile died teries, and Ihis example sas followed by others. The guished himuself at Solferino, Ihis dlivision beimng the last February, 1731. His works were prublished in 1728, in monks took the vows of chalstity, obedience, and povto letve the field. I-te e-as Govertior of IIungary for a thrcee volunimes folio. lie as succeesed aly Clcmentu XII. erty. By sonime authorities, the B. are said to have been few inontlhs in 1860; aml, in the critical staite of affairs BEN1oDoiCT XIV., was bornu at Bologna in 1675, of the noble in'roduced into England by Augustine in 596, and by in Italy, wits sonis after appointed'to tile chief commiand fahmily of Lamubertnut. In 1728 lie received a cardinal's othe/'s thie event is assigned to a later period, Dunstan of tihe Austrisan army in that country. Summoned'by hit; and in 173l was nominated archbishop of Bologna. (925-088) being considered the first English abbot of that the emperor to comiiand tihe Austrian army in thle war On the death of Clement XII., the cardinals were a long order. Towards tile end of the 8th century, they Ihsmd with Prnssia, Gensral B. sustained a defeat at Sadownva tiumo deliberting oni the choice of a successor. Lamber — become so sniumnerous thaut ChuaslenMogme caused inquiry July 3, 1866, and wasu soon after superseded by the Arch- tini, by evay of quickening thuem, said, " Why do you to be made wvhether insy other kiind of monks existed duke Albert. e-aste syouur time in dliscussions? If you wishe Ior a saint, than those of the order of St. Biiedict. iThe austerity Benedieite, (ben'e-dis'i-te.) n. [Lmt.] (Eccl. H/st.) The elect Gotti; m politiciain, choose Aldrovandus; a good of their halbits soon becanme relaxed, asnd Mattihew Patris hynmii or songof the IThree Children inu tihe Fiery Furnace, comupanione, take me." This sally pleased thiem so susch, mentions a reformation that was attempted in 1238. from the Latin version, beginning, Besedicite omnict tiht they elected him at once. Sie reiirmed abuses, in- Their merits in collecting, preserving, aumd muiltipying opera dolminum. The singing of the B. has been ill uni- troducesd good regulations, cultivated letters, encouraged copies of classical mnanuscripts nmust not be forgotten, versal use. as early as the time of Chrysostnom. It is suting Cme of lesarningo, ansd was a paturon of the fine arts. His and the order is every way distinguished foir the iumnerin both the Roman Catholic and Aitglican Churches. tolerance is well knowni, and it exposed ihim to tihe cen- ous services rendered to literature. Thiere were sevBenelediec, 9t., the fbunder of the order of thie Bene- sure of thle rigorists aissong the College of Cardinals. eral branches of thie B. livinag under the same rule, but dictine monuk s, was horn at Ntusia, in the dukedloinm of Without exhibiting anytlhig' like indifference to the doe- obshrving a different discipline, —the chief being the Spoleto, in Italy, about the year 480. Hev was senut to trines of thie Church of whiicli he wis thile head, he shiowed C6uniacs, established in 912, the C(arthusianss, lounded in Rome when very young, und tshsere received the first part urbanity and friendliness towards -ll Chiristians, of what- 1080, and the Cisteurcians or BBernardines, founded in of his education; when 14 years of age, he remsoved to ever denomiination, lwhether kings or ordinary travellers, 1098. The dress of the B. was bilack, and hence they Subiaco, a desert place abtout 40 miles dlistant, wher e Ie who visited his capital. Hiis correspondence with Fred- have been called Blackl Msonls or Friars, or the Black was concealed in a cLverun; ihis place of retirement,, for a arick the Great, conucerning the ecclesiastical affairs of /sonts oIf St. Bcenedict. According to an inquiry insticonsiderable time, being krnowna only to Ihis friend St. the province of Silesia, which that sovereign had con- tuted by Pope John XXI. (1316-1334), this order had at Romanus, who is said to have descended to him hsy a quered fioom Austriat, was carried on by hini in the most that time produced 20 emuperors, 10 emnpresses, 47 kIings, rope, and supplied hlim dlaily with provisions. Tile conciliatory and liberal spil-it. The Protestants of Ger- 50 queens, 24 popes, 68 princes, 100 princesses, 200 carmonks of a neighboring meonastery snubsequently chose many revemaed B. With regard to Fratnce, he carefhlly dinals. 7,000 archbisho ps, 15,000 bisihops, 15,000 abbots, him for their abbot; their manners, however, not agree- avoided everything that could in the least encourage and 4,000 saints, besides a host of other dignitaries both ing with those of Beunedict, he returned to hiis solitude. the fanatical party in thliat country in reviving the per- in church and state. There were nuns as well as monks whither many persons followed himi unid put themselves secution ag-ainst the Protestants of Languedoc. Seeing of this order. -For a notice of the learning of the B., see under his direction, and in a short timse hie was enabled Frances distracted by quarrels between the Jesuits and aIAU,. (ST.) to build no fewver thanti 12 monasteries. About the year the Janusenists, the court and tile parliament, the priests Benedic tieon, (ben-e-dik'shon,) n. [Lat. benedictio - 528 lie retired to Monte Cassino, where idolatry nwas still andl tile philosophers, ie nd lamenting atmidst all this the beue, well, anid dics, dicticsn, to speak.] The act of inprevalent, and where a temple to Apollo yet existed. licentiousness of Louis XV. trid hiss courtiers, aud the voking tihe favor of God, prosperity, long life, and other HIaving converted the people of thee adjacent country to sweakness and incapacity of the ministers, hlie used to ex- blessings upon individuals. thile true faith, he brolke the stetetue of Apollo, overthrew el;imn that "France ought indeed to be the best governed (Eccl. Hist.) The ceremony of blessing is of a very the altar, and Ibuilt two oratories on the mountain, one country in the world, Ifor its government seemed to be remnote antiquity. We find ill the Scriptures, that the dedicated to St. tMartiuu, the otisr to St. John. tiere St. leth entirely to the care of P rovidence." (BottaI, Sto-ia p -triarchs, betore they died, solenmnly bestowed theis Beenedict aslso founded a monastery, and instituted the d'ltalia, lit. 46.) —. was learned, not only in theology, blessing on their sons. Isaac, giving by mistale to his order of his name, wnmich in time became so hemonis and hutus in hhistory and isterature, and homd also a taste hbr younger son Jascob the blessinug which he intended for extended alh over Europe. It was here, too, that he com- the fine arts. Im'is workus were published at SRome, in 12 his elder son Esas (Genesis xxvii.), is an interesting inposed his BRegula lo.Muacho/su-ss, which dues not, how- vols. 4to. B. 1758, asd was succeeded by Clement XIII. stance of this custom. In Nuinsh?,bes vi. 23-26, the words ever, seem to have hmeen confirmed till fifty-two years ]Beaneseehie JuLms, an emiinent musician and composer, n. are specified in which the highi-priest was to huless the after Isis deaith, whsen Pope Gregory the inreGat gave his at Stuttgaurt, in 1804 He at an eaurly age showed so much people of Israel. Auron blessed thie people, "lifting his sunction to it. Austhuors ase not agreed upon the place riussiel tmaleit, thiat, huaving commenced hsis studies under huanc towards thiem." (Leviticus ix.) Christ, after his where St. Benedict died: sose sty sat Bidrite Cassino; tlummel, at W eimfr, lie was inutroduced to the notice of resurrection, and before paifting froom his disciples at others affm it to have been nut Rhome, wmhither hue hued Weeber, who, though hIe hlnadl alIwamys refused to take pupils, Bethauny-, " lifted up his hands and blessed them." (S. useen sent tuy Pope Bonihisce. Stea-ens, in the Continsa- wyts induced to alter his resolution iii B.'s favor. At the Luke xxiv. 50.) Ins the early Church, the sbishop gave tion of Dugdale's Mlonssticon, places his sleauth about~tfhe age of 19, he wams, on Weber's reconmme ndation, engaged his blessing to the people with hIis- hands extended toyear 543, others in 547; the dtay, however, stands in tihe to conduct the Germuan operas at Viennna, and Was. after- smards them. In the Roman Catholic Church it is the calendar fixed to March 21. Gregory the Great, in tie watrds employed ini t sinmilar capacity at the San Casrlo custom for the bishop to lift up hIis right hand towards secosd Bookc of /sis Dialogues, has werittenm a Life of St. amid the Fondo, at Naples. In 1827, his first dramsatic the people with the fingers extended, and with it te BJSNEa Bt~l 8t t IE lg G ~ 2~ BENE BENG BENG 271 describe the sign of the cross, in commemoration of the into a principality conferred on M. de Talleyrand. In tensively cultured. —lnhab. A greatvariety of races exist Redeumption. The priests also give the benediction, but 1815, it again reverted to the Pope. In 1860, it was an- in B. 1indoos, Mahrattas, Miongols, Sikhs, ItRajpoots, with some difference in the form and words, and they nexed to the kingdom of Italy. can oniy give it at maice, or while aduiiiiistvrriio tile sac- Beriev'ola, in AJIusylandl, a poet-office of Washington cO. ranlment, or in otheri soleiin ceremolnies; but tile bishop Btekevs olenee, n. [Let. beievolentiu —bene, well, and / has the power of giving it anywhere or upon,any occa.. vole, to will or wish.] Good-will; the disposition to do sion lie imay think fit. In the loman Pontificale are good; kindness of heart; love to nmankind; charitable- found the vserious forms of beiiediction One of the ness; benignity. most impressive instances of this ceiremony is that of'Grasp the whole weorlds of reason, life, and sense, the Pope, in full pontificals, attended by the cardinals In see close system of benevoslcce. - Pope. and prelates, giving his benediction " Urbi et Orbi" on -An act of kindness; good dclone charity given.'ELaster Sunday alter imass, fr'om Site greet gallery ill (Hist.) A voluntary gratuity first granted to the kiing the firont of St. Peter's church, while thie vest area be- of England, Edwavrd IV., by his subjects. Under the netith is felled with kineeling spectators. The benedic- subsequent monarchs, B3. became anythling but a voluniitorines is the vase containing the iholy water, which is tary gift, and its illegal claim and collection was one of' oI 1-1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' placed at the entrance of Catholic churches for the use the prominently alleged caUecs of the rebellion of 1640. /'!-i _ of the people, whoi dip their fingers iito it and cross Besszaev'olen, a. [Let. bens/oleps.j Staving good will, thietselves as they go in and out. Tthe water is blessed or a disposition to do good; kind; affectionate; chariby the priest, and is mixed with salt. table.'.' i l Beitetlie'tive, a. Giving a blessing. "Thou good old man, besevolent as wise." —Pope. Beaetelie'tory, a. Giving good wishes for one's welfare. Benev' lerasily, edov. Il a khtd or'benevolent men- Benefae'tioan. n. [Lat. bene./ctio - bene, well, and good-ill. her; witti good~-will. facio,factuss, to makle, to do.] The doing of a favot or B]en'eze ANTONY, an American philanthropist, B. at good olfice; act of conferring a benef! t. — A benefit con- St. Quentin, 1713. Ate anerly age he removed with hiTO ferred, especially a chiaritable donation. flnmily front Friance to Philadelphia, where they becalsme'- s "One part of the benefactions was the expressioen of a grateful nmbers of tis Society of Pirids. This excellent nilu and generous mind." -- Alterbury.,c-.:~ f ~and g~esers mittd." - Altesbe. devoted his life to acts of charity. He published several Benefae'tor, n. Ie who confers a benefaction or a valuable tracts in favor of the emancipation of the nebenefit. tlrtrst h secenmetndsb groes, andt of the civilizing and christianizing the InWhoever makes ill returns to his benefact... must needs be a dians, and also against t/e use of ardent spirits, on be- sommon enlesy so icaskiadS" - cSwift. half of the Society of 1Friends, &c. Every step of hiis Benefac$tress, n. A female who confers a benefit. life wats marlred by a g(;od action or a good thought. I-Ie Benielice, (beese'fis,) n. [Litt. betnefscinw.] A benefit, used to say that "thile highest act of charity in the world atdvantage, or kiidness coisferred. Specifically, an tc- was to bear wvith thei iiiseaisoza blenes s of ntenkikd.i He z clesiasticel livitg conferred by a patron, but ehich is in- D. ie 1784, and his futteral was attended by petrsns oh' ferior to that of a bishop; am church endowed with a all religious denomsinattions. A fine eulogluim was prorevenue for the performsnee of divine service. nounced upon his resains by an Anierican officer. sp I "eeluch to himself te thought, bet little spoke, would rather," said lie, " be Antony Beeezet in that And undepriv'd, his benefice forsook." -DJryded. coffin, than Geemge Washingtou evith all tis ftme."-'B. Benetfice(l, (bene-fnst,) a. Possessed of a benefice or was not a great man, in thie worldly sense of tile term, i. 340-u ANUS, r n. chsurch plrefersmelt. but he wevs a eeciOOD ma, and, as stlch, hle rasnks, ill our per- Fg r3m 4 -Les FindeAs," by Seleyn./ Benefiicencer (be-nef'i-sens,) n. [Lat. ibentefnete/ia-Tei, sonal estissttioi, fair ibovi neany celebrated persons oflvyn.) veil, rightly, andfacio, to imakle, to do.] Thie practice whomi we write, bunt without approving their deeds. Cooshes, all with, generally, different social usages and of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity. Bexa'ezet, in Psennsylvania, a post-towunship of Elk co. religious codes. —lhiigirms. There are upwards of 60,000 "Love and charity extend our beneficence to the miseries of Benot'.'d's Store, is Pennsylvacia, a township of native Christians attending the onoman Catholic and the our brethren." - -Royers. Someerset co. different Protestant churches. Buddhism is confined to BEIeneficent, a. Doing good; kind; bountiful; lib- BeiI T'ra-uhklihn, in Texas, a P. 0. of Lamar co. the Burmese prov. The two prevailing creeds are the eral; nmunificent; lcharitable. neg'gal, in Michigan, a post-offic of Clinton co. Mlohaimmedan, and, chiefly, lranhmaism. The accoren"But Phoebus, thou, to man beneficent, 1Bei''isl, (ben-gaee/',) a territory of Asia, in 1tindostan, psnyleg figure nmay give an idea of the volunitairy torDelight'st in building cities." - Dryden. the miost important anid extensive of tihe 3 presidencies tures encourtged by the IHindoo religion. It represents B:eneficently3, adv. In a beneficent man:ner. of British India. It extentds between Lat. 200 and 350 devotees of the Urdhiabafhus or Oodoobahoos sect, who Beneficial, (ben-:fs'eshi-a/,) a. Conferring benefitso N., and Lon. 740 to 910 E., havimg N. Bootan, Nepaul, extend oine or both their armns above their heads till' helaful; advantageous; profitable; generally succeeded and the Indus; W. thie latter river anid the Sikh and they remain of themselves thus elevated, and allow their by to. lRajpoot territories; S. those of Berar, the Madras presi- nails to grow till they completely perforate the hand. - "Not any thing is made to be beneficiaZ to him." —sooker. decney, and thee Bay of Bengal; and E. Burniah. Total.Fisances. The revenue of the presidenscy is derived (aw.) B. interest, is i prfiar, benefit, or antag a 261,380 Eng. sq. m. The presidency is divided into chiefly from three great sources, viz,, the land-tax, cus(a.B.itresulisting promficotrac bte onefsit, or an estage, Z resutting from a cointract or this ownershipl of sant esteLte tie Upper, or Western, thes Central, and the Lower pro- toms, and the monopoly of opinun. Tile revenue dens distitct front this egsh o ehip' cttrol. vinces; the former including Delhi; the Centrial, Alla- rived firos theme is more tShan sufficient, even in the Benefi'eially, adv. Advantageously; profitably; help- - Bencs~sfi~'cia lly,, ach. Advestegeonshy profitably; help- sabad, Belehr, anid others; amid the Lowesr prov., Bengal lowesf yeears, to pay the interest of the public debt of ~~~~~~~fuuhl~ly. ~Proper, and the rest still further E. Thesee provinces India, which, at thie end of 1866, a mnosntted to $461,558,Bene~fa i'clly.~~~~ n c sf e p i e hn are subdivided into 50 districts.-Desc. The surface of 965. —Con. In 1866, the exports from Bengal (excluding![lenetB'cieiary, (e n-fs h iar,) n. O nenless whof holfldes Beneniicittrye (see-S'sefui-n-ei,) is. Ofttoes-iso Iolde ssthis vast territory has, in different parts, every vlriety Bunr mahl) reached a total value of $100,982,406; the irhbenefice. of eetios d specS. But by fr tte largest portions posts, e103.501, 20. —Reailoays.'Shre asre tlhree great litmes consists, notwithstanding, of imtense phestins, including of rtlihro d in the presidency, viz., the East ledian, Eaistern "In the first case.. the beneficiary is obliged to serve the parish church in his own proper person."-Ayiff. a. xc- B gl, d tc.h Ccutta nd Soth-estern, ig an parish church in hi ~~~~the basins of the Ganges and Brahimapootra. xl-Bna,anthClctandou-:st',briga -A persson eho is benefited or assisted. sive of th IIimalatya and Garrows moue taiins, whicsh samalgamnated length open for traffic of 813 mn. - Cities T De f arm as tempted y n e prmise, thn to bound it'N. and E., it lhas nio mountains of importancem and Chief Trswes. Calcutta (British capital of India); be aThe Duke of Parma was tedaty, mpte d by no less laromise, than to with the exception of the Vindhyan range, S. of thie Beli (the Molimneidae capital); Slosres, Moorshedbe made a feudatory, or be~te~ficiary king of Enguland." —/?acorL. Benefldieent, a. [Let. sbeuofoineses.] Di go. Ga ges. No part of India is so well stockied with rivers. abad, Dacca, Behar, Patna, Agra., Allahabad, Luckhnow, ]~elle,~eilli;, a. [a. ee/cieus.] Doing good. ( ea Among them are the great streams of tile Ganges, with Lahore, &c. Po2p. about 42,000,000. -lcISi oy. See lits(o. or it.) - - its Imany tributaries, tis Juina, Chumbul, Gogra, e&c., DOSAN; INDIA. &C. (Bend)fici-nxn Nsaedntis [Ltp, a thenefet of nenture.] c and thue uBratuapootra, in the E., which, as well as the Bengali', i. [SIskr. ba' a.] (Co',.) A sort of thin light in hich disea ses have got well wipthout ds l t at Galnges, fall, iln proximity to ea-hl other, into the Bay stutr, masde of silk and hair, for women's apparel, origiin which diseases hlave got well eithsuot medicals treat- of nent. W'ith them, Bisi/ncc Se di na/see nmeans also a spos- of Bengal. Every variety of scenery is utet with in this nally brought front Bengal. It is an imitation of striped taneous diarrhoea, often acting fakvorably either in th provisce. In te e S. is e vast congerhes of msousitains, sussin. eceupreventio s, or s, of dissease.-Do gie-oen. t beackied by the Ilimaluayis, and covered generally with a Beng$al,' BAY OF, a portion of the Indian Ocean, which preckemeitie, n [F. i wll datfm dense forest vegetatioon. The W. pparts of Delhi trench includes the sea firom Cape Negrais on the E., to the Benelfit, l. [Fr. biclfaiit- bic, scot, ad foi, from on the InTdian desert, and partake of its chiaracteristics deltia of the Godavery on the W., and extending from jitire; Lat. benej'actum -bene,'well, and facio, to mlake, 1 o'bie; Lest. Atenejmiod - bess, a etol, mutS/ncfl, to mcoale, accofdingly; while other parts are fiat, fertile, nd thence to Farther India. The Ganges, Brahnmapootra, o do.] A good deed; an act of ndess a fvr con- highly cultivated. The Doab is flat, grassy, and deficient and the Godavery disembogue themselves into it. Lat. ferred. When ne benefIts, sha proe in timber., lhe central prov. are generally level, well- between 160 30, and 230 N. The Sea of Bengal exNot well disposed."-eShaks. wooded, anud highly psroductive; while those towards the tends to Lest. 80 N., between the islands of Junkseylon -That hich useful or beneficial; adantge; coast, as Orissa, &c., are low, swamipy, and in many and Ceylon.. rfit; ssic. - Al prferuaicomma titeor gesmu p;erts form a dense jungle. Thie Burnmese proc., furtiher Bengtalee', n. An inhabitant of Bengal. profit; service. — A perlbrmance in a theatre, or other Z publ~~ict phe~se co of anun t herthebeE o itlr N., have dense forests and jungles, rice-plains, and a B. Lrtigummge. The B., spolken by a pop. of more then 20 public pltce of amusement, tbr the behoo~' of somle per- C som or persons; naes it he itisis eeeft o-cight. soue pet rocky coast. —Gol., dfc. Granite, porphyry, gneiss, mnica, millions, spread over a territory of about 100,000 sq. min., I a l hosrnblende, sandstone, linmestone, and copper amnd iron is, lilke the nunmeross vernacular dialects sporken in N. -v. a. T'o do good to; to advanastage; toS do a service to. ores abound in the N. Coal, in conjunction with iron, India, apparently descended from the ancient classical " He was so far frsm benmefitisg trade, that he did it a grent in- is found l sany districts. In Behar, and other places, language of the countiy, the Sannsirit. Its alphabet comjury." —Arbuthnot. -vsisoTo"gam nadvanage;etoakeiimme nse efflorescences of nitre and snuriate of sod'a are prises 14 vowels and dipithongs, nid 33 consonants. The -.. To gain dventge; to mak improvemet. ibund, and exported to a large extent. Salt is a govern- ground-workr of the B. hmnguage is altogether Sansikrit, " To tell you therefore what I have benefitee herein." —filton. imeet monopoly. I)iamonmds areobtained in Bundelcund, just as that of tie Italian or Spunish is Latin, eime a Benel'gro, v. a. To darken; to snalke duskiy or eblack and silver and gold-dust in many of thie rivers. —Clit. comparatively small addition of words swhich cannot be IBen'ela-, in ehissisisippi, a post-office of Calhoun co. Tissi upper prov. re, on the whiole, temnperte; thelower. traced to timt source. But the refined system of gramBe'ne-placi'to, n. [It., at pleasure.] (Mus.) This corn- subject to great healt and busrning winds. Mean annual mnatical inflexions, which constitute so promiinen t a char-. pound word, noted on a piece of imusic, signifies that it temper-atuse at Calcutta, 78~ 359 S1'hr. Ieget.'Feod., -c. actenistic of the Sanskr it language, has in B. almost seaey be plaeyed according to the will or taste of the per- Indigo is time psincipal staple, coveting mote than 1,000,- entirely disappeared; and the want of terminations, former. 000 acres, and yielding a return of about $20,000,000. marking time cases and numbers of the noun, or time ierBenetier;, n. A vessel to contain holy water; a font, Teatk, sauel, sissoe, banyan, ebony, rattans, bamboos, are sons and tenses of the verb, is supplied by particles and or piscine. indigenoun; oamks and pines abound in the lill forests; other auxiliary words, often rather cIumsil y suibjoined Bene ven'to, (eanc. Beueveeestseuuo,) a city of S. Itealy, tesd along the coasts o1 time Bamy of Blengasl flourish the (hamrdly ever prefixed) to the mutiated stens of Sancaup. of a proc. of same name, between and nesrs thie con- cocoa, arecs, and other palus. Nice is extensively slrcit wsords. tinlence of thue Calore seemd Sabate,, /2 mu. N.55. of Naeples. cueltivated, and is th1 staSle auticle of food to the ns- 1Benga.~lea: n. p1. The nastives of Bengal. Thie motdeern towrn is aslmost entirely constnructecd out oe' tires. Graiu also foims it a l~ise cmsp Oliem, a gsovern- -a. tehetineg. or pertaining to Bengal, or its people. the ruins of the ancient; mnd, in flct, hardly asey Itealiese ment mouopoly, yields cn asnnuaml expo't to Chinee of Benal-Hg it, so. (Py-oc/mssy.) A species of firetoSn casn boast of so eseany eyreuemsies of aentiquity as B. $25,000,000 in velue. Coffee, pspper, and toesacco mare worni, composed of a mixture of one part of teu-suiphmide Of these, the smeost perfect is thie Arch of Treijesn, erected also largely expomted. Zoii. B. is the heos of th e " mein- of antimony, two pairts of sulphur, and six of nitrate about A. n. 114.-Near B., 1266, was fotught the gm-eat eating" and other tigers, wil elephiants, alligators, rhi- of potash. The materials are finely pulverized and battle betveen Charles of Anjou and his thiefs Massnfred, necee-oses, leopards, wolves, beast, &c. A great vws'iety thoroughly mixed.'When ignited, the compound throws in which tite latter esas killed, and his army totally de- of bitrds exist, s also fish in great proflusion, and ses- out a remaskablyy brillhint and penetrating light. It Ia feated. During the reign of Napoteon I., B. was hermeS pents both inoxious afdd innocuous. Silk-worems are ex- ussec in' eases of slsipwreclr- caud illuminates the air fur 272 BENIi BENK BENN a large space around. As the mixture contains anti- Benight', v. a. [be and night.] To involve in night or Ben-Law'ers, a mountain of Scotland, in Perthshire, mony, the fumes are poisonous; consequently, this light darkness; to darken; to enshroud with the shades of adjoining Loch Tay, about 3,948 feet in height, and precannot be used with safety except in the open air; it is, night. senting an average of 100 feet above all thile mountains however, much used in pyrotechlny. "A storm begins, the raging waves run high, of the district. Bengal'-strpipes, n. (Cons.) Ginghlams; a cotton The clouds look heavy, and benight the sky." - Garth. Ben-iLed'i, a mountain of Scotland, in Perthshire, about fabric woven with colored stripes. -To overtake with night; to surprise with the coming on 3,000 feet high. Benga'zy, (ane. Hespesrids and Berenice,) a small marit. of nighlt. Ben-TLomm'eod, a mountain of Scotland, in Stirlingtown of N. Africa, district Biarca, reg. Tripoli, on the "Being benighteld, the sight of a candle... directed me to a shire, the key of the Western Highlands, and standing E. coast of the Gulf of Sidra; Lat. 320 7' 30'" N.; Lon. young shepherds home." - Sidney. grand and masjestic as the sentinel of Loch-Lomond, of 200 2' E. It is finely situated on the margin of an ex- -To overwhelm in darkness, gloom, or ignorance; to keep which it forms the southern boundary. It is distintensive and very ifertile plain, but is miserably built, from moral or intellectual light. guished from other mountains of any altitude in Scotand filthy in the extreme. It is believed that B. occu- Benign, (bi-nfn',) a. [Fr. bdnin, binigne; from Lat. be- land. in being covered with vegetation to its top, which pies the site of the anc. Berenice, vwhich had the gas- ni#us - bene, well, and genues, kind; from bonus, good.] is 3197 feet from the level of the sea. dens of the Hesperides in its vicinity. 0f a good kind or nature; kind; friendly; affectionate; Ben-31atelhti, (ben-nmac-d5,5'i,) in Scotland, is the Ben'gel, JOHANN ALBRECHT, a German theologian and generous; favorable. highest summit of the Cairngorm Mountains, which run plhilologist, n. 1687. He studied alt Stuttgart, and Ti- "We owe more to Heav'n, than to the sword, between Aberdeen, Banff, and Inverness, and overhangs bingen, and became pastor aed head of a school at Den- The wish'd return of so benige, a lord." - Wailer. the southern side of Loch Aven, over which it towers kendorf I-Ie especially applied himself to the critical — Exhibiting graciousness, kindness, favor. 4,305 feet. study of the Greek Testament, of which he published "What Heaven bestows upon the earth in kind influences and Beinmore HIead, in Ireland. See FAIRsEAD. an ed. in 1723. Among his other works are Apparatous benige aspects." — SouthL. Berine, so. (Bet.) See SESAMUM. Criticus Novi Testasmensti, a work of great value for its (Mfed.) Applied to diseases of a mild character; as, a Benneek'enastein, or Benlaenrstetn, a town suggestive condensed comments, which first appeared in benign fever. —Also to medicines whose action is not of Prussia, prov. of Saxony, reg. Erfurt, on the Rapbode, 1742, and has been several times reprinted, &c. An violent.- Dunglison. at the foot of the Hartz, in an enclave situated in the attempt has been made to adapt B.'s "Gnomen" to Eng- Benig'nant, a. Kind; gracious; favorable; benign. duchy of Brunswick, 13 m. N.N. W. of Nordhausen. lish readers of the present day, in the Critical English o Benig'nantly, adv. In a benignant manner; gra- lanef. Iron, nails, baskets. PoP. 4,645. Testanment, by Blackley and Hawes, published in 1866. ciously. Ben'ner, in Pennsylvarnia, a township of Centre co.; D. 1752. Benig'nity, ss. [Fr. binigniti; from Lat. benignitas. pop. about 1,400. Benguela, (ben'gu-e'la,) a district of W. Africa, tile See BtNIGN.] Quality of being benign, or benignant; Ben'nersville, in Pennsylvania, a village of Centre limits of which are usually considered to be the Coawra goodness of heart or disposition; kindness of nature; co., situated in Half-Moon Valley, 12 m. S.WY. of BelleRiver on the N., the Cumene River on the E., the mcoun- graciousness; actual goodness; beneficence. fonte, and 98 mi. N.W. of Harrisburg. tains behind Cape Negro on the S., and the shore from "The king was desirous to establish peace rather by benignity Bsen'net, n. [Fr. benoite; Ges. benedictenkraust.] (Bet.) that cape to the mouth of the Coawra on the WV. Ac- than blood." - Sir J. Hayward. An old name of the Avens. See G, uA. cording to this outline, it extends fromn 90 to 160 N. Lat., -Wholesome quality; salubrity; geniality to vital nature. Besa'niet's Corners, in NVew York, a post-office of and firom 120 to 170 E. Lon. - B. appears to be mountain- "HBy reason of the benigsity of the serum." - siseoman. Madison co. ous throughout its whole extent. The rivers are numer- Benignly, (bi-nTS'li,) adv. Favorably; kindly; gira- eInn'snn et's Crneek, in Maryland, in Frederick co., onus and important, and as the direction of tihe mountains ciously. flows WV. into tile Monocacy River. is from N.E. to S.W., the chief of them run in a N.W. "If less splendor wait on thine, Benl'netsville, in labamna, a P. 0. of Baine co. course to the Atlantic. This is tihe case with the large Yet they so benignly shine." - Waller. BenIn'etsville, in Indiana, apost-village of Claerie co. river, without a name, which fells into the ocean at Benin, (ben-ceen',) a country of Africa, near the E. ex- Blena'saett, JAscEs GonDoN, one of the most celebrated Cape Negro, and with the Cobal, Coporae, Catumbela, tremity of the Gulf of Guinea, between 40 and 90 N. Lat., journalists in the U. States, B. at New Mill Keith, in and Cuvo. Nowhere in Africa is vegetation mnore abun- and 40 and 8y,~ E. Lon. It has S. the Gulf; W. Ba- Scotland, about 1800. He ewas educated for the priestdant or more varied; nowhere are lions, tigers, elephants, homey; N.W. Yarriba; and N.E. and E., thie lower Ni- hood at a Ronman Catholic seminary at Aberdeoen, but rhinoceroses, hippopotami, and other large animals, ger. On the coast, the country is level, but it rises grad- did not follow out the intention of his parents. In more numerous. The coast is excessively unhealthy; sally, till, in the central parts, tile continuation of the April, 1819, during a period of great commercial depresbut the interior is salubrious, and apparently well fitted I(ong Mountains attains an elevation of 2,500 ft. It is sion, hle left his native land bfor America, where hle atfor cultivation of all kinds - every degree of tempera- well watered, for the continuation of the Niger coce- tempted to earn his living as a teacher, but with very ture being experienced at different elevutions. Battel, prises more than 140 m., that is, more than 7-10ths of indifferent success. In 1822 lie obtained a situation on who resided in different parts of the interior for a con- the whole sea-board. Tihe W. branch of this delta is tihe a Charleston newspaper, which hle did not hold long, and siderable time, never, amongst all his miseries, com- streane wihich has always been called the river of B.; repaired to New York, where lie became an active uereeplains of the clinmate. - B. is inhabited by independent the one fartlher E. is the main lihub, formerly called the her of the Fourthl Estate. The first number of the NXew tribes, whose habits and manners do not differ fioom Nun, but demonstratedl by Lander to be the Niger. Iork Herald, of which he was the founder, appecred those of other negroes-witl the exception of one, the The productions, climate, animals, and habits and cus- MIay 5, 1835. This speculation proved most successlful,.apgts, or Gigas, a wandering herd of robbers, who op- toms of the people are simsilar to those of ASHANTEE, q. and Mr. B. has ameassed a large fortune. I-e is incoenpear to approximate mnore closely to perfect barbarism v. Since the abolition of slavery in civilized countries, testably a man of great abilities, penetration, and judgthan any other, even of the African race. - The Portu- B. has lost its principal trade. Slaves are now sold ment. guese have long had settlements in B., but their power only to native masters. B. exports salt, palm-oil, acd Ben'nett, JOHN HUGHES, an English physician and does not seem to extend far beyond their forts.- The blue coral. The coun try is well peopled. Without speak- author, D. at London, 1812. Ile received his degrsee at native cap., B. Velha (Old B.), on tile coast, Laet. 10~ 45' ing of the cap. BENIN, q. v., the town of Warre has 5,000 tile University of Edinburgh, in 1837, and soon alter S., Lon. 150 5/ E., has a convenient harbor, called Hen's inhabitaets. founded in Poeis the "Parisica Medical Society," of Bay. - S. Fiilippe de B., the Portuscgueso ceep., once ~early BseIN, tile capital of the above country, Lat. 60 15' N., Lon. which he was the first president; and afterwards spent destroyed by an invasion of elephants, is in L-t. 120 12' 50 53' E., on the right bankc, edl 110 m. from the meouth, two years in Heidelberg. On returning to Edinburgh, S., Lon. 150 E.; pop. abt. 3,000. A military hospital of a large streani hitherto clled the River of B., but in 1841, he published a worlk on Cod-liver Oil, &c. In was built there in 186S. now known to be one of the numerous mouths of the 1843 lie was appointed Pathologist to the Royal Iefir'len-.Ia-'d.l-d, the name of three bingo of Damascene Niger. There is an almost continual miarket for iedige- mcary, and commenced a long series of investigations in Syria, who successively made war upon the kings of Is- noss products and European wares. Pop. about 16,000. histology, morbid anatormy, and clinical medicine, whlich rael. The last, son of Ilazael, was thrice defeated by Gatto, or Agatton, is the port of Benin; it lies about 40 appeared in various medical journels, and ill separate king Jehoash (2 Kings xiii.) m. down the river, is accessible to craft of 60 -tons, and is works. In 1848, Dr. B. was appointed Professor at the Oeinh-l'sen, in Florida, a post-office of Wakulla co. said to be larger and nuore populous than B. itself. Institute of Medicine of tthe Edinburgh University. In )lenlatsn's Store, in Indiana, a P. 0. of Ripley co. BExNIN, (Be(:cnv op.) The naue given to the coast of B. It 1856 he published a work on Clinical Jledicine, which Ueni-heyl, so. (Mining.) A termn used tamong the has no ports, except at the entrance of unnavigable riv- has reaclhed thir'ee editions in our country. Dr. B. is miners in Cornwall, England, to denote a rich lode oftin. ers, and scarcely there, if the vessels be of large burden. a member of many medical societies of Europe and Beni, is the status constructus of the plural of the Ara- BENIN, (RIVERt OF,) called also the Formosa, falls into tihe America. In addition to the works already mentioned, bic word Ebb or Ibe,'" a son." It occurs in Eastern GCulf of Guinesa, in Lat. 50 40' N., Lon. 50 E. It is a del- he has written, On Ieflanmmatio-u of tle Nervous Centres; geography as a component part of moany rnames of fatli- told brcanch of the Niger, comlnencing at Kirree, about Treatise os Ienflasmmations; Cancerouss and Canceroid lies or tribes, as Beni Teseeee, " the sons of Terneie," i. e. 100 m. above Benin, and its wvhole course, inclusive of Growths; Principles ansd Practice of Medicine; On the the tribe of Temcice, or tile Teminides; Beni Oosayyah, windings, may be stauted at about 210 In. Pathology and Treatmeezt of Pt-lsmona-y Consuesption; "the sons of Oneayyah," i. e. the faemily known in his- Ben'ioso, na. A benediction; a blessing. (a.) Lectures on elolecuZar.F/hysiology; Pathology and Theratory under thle current name of the Ommiades; Tialh Benisueff, (ben'e-swejl,)' pretty and well-built town peutics, &c. Beni Israel, "the desert of the sons of Israel," the name of Egypt, cap. of a prov. of same name, on thie Nile, (;4 Ben'neftt, WILLIAs Cox, a popular English poet, e. 1820. of a dreary wilderness towards the north of Mount m. S. of Cairo. It has a line of railway to Cairo. Pop. His best known works are, Poenms (1850); IWar Songs Sinai. about 7,000. (1855); Queen Eleanor's T'eegeance, dc. (1859); Our Beni', a river of Bolivia, formed by the junction of all Benitier', n. [Fr.] See HOLn-WATEr POT. Glory Boll, atitonal oresns (1866). A collective edition the strenms that rush clown from the Eastern Andes be- B]enjamnln, the youngest son of Jacob and Rachel, of his poems appeared in 1862. tween 140 and 180 S. Lat. Flowing throughl the pro- (Gere. xxxv. 16-18.) Rachel died imlnnediately after he Ben'siett, WILLIAM STEPrNDALE, one of the few English vince of Moxos, it joins the laneore to form tihe Madeira. was born, and with her last breath named him eBen-oni, nmsical composers who have gained a European reputaBenie Acid. (Cheen) A fatty acid, fusing at 1250, found the "son of my sorrow;" but Jacob called hitn B., "son tion; B. 1810. Ile early formeed a friiendship with Menin certain kiinds of oil of ben. C3esor-. C30so004- of my right hand." Ile was a great comfort to his delssohn, and caccompanied him, in 1836, to Leipzig, Benicar'o, a maritime town of Spain, in Valencia, on fatther, who saw in him the image of the beloved wife lie where several of his workls (as the overtures to the tile Mediterranrean, 25 mn. S. of Tortosa. The sueround- had buried, and of Joseph, whose loss he also mourned. Naiades, and the Wo]od Npymph) were perfo-rmed. His ing territory produces large quantities of a dark-red IHe could hardily be persuaded to let hiln go with his overtures, concertos, sonatas, cantatas, &c. bear the highcolored wine, of considerable strength and flavor; pop. brethren to Egypt. The tribe of B., small at first, wasL est distinction. In 1836, B. was appointed Professor of 7,366. alnost exterminated in the days of the Judges, but Music at Cambridge. At the opening of the London Beni'cia, in Cahfornia, a large city and former capital afterwards it greatly increased. On the revolt of the 10 International Exhibition, 1862, B. was invited, in conof the State, situated in Solano co., onl the N. side of the tribes, B. adhered to the camp of Judah; and the two junction with Auber, Meyerbeer, and Verdi, (each repreStrait of Carquinez, connecting San Pablo and Suincen tribes ever afterwards closely united. King Saul and senting his own country,) to compose a piece, when he bays. The capitol, built in 1853, for tIee mneeting of the Saul of Tarsuis were both Benjanlites. set music to Tennyson's ode, Uplift a Thenousand Voices, State legislature, is a fine brick edifice, standing on a Ben'jamin, n. [A corrnuption of BENZoIN, q. v.] (Bet.) written expressly for the occasion. slope halfa mile froen the water-front of tie city. Here A naeme sometimes given to the Styrax benzoin. — See Benssett's Bayou, in As-kansas, a P.O. of Fulton co. are situaeted tie extensive depat, machine shops, aced STenglx. Bennettsburglos, in New Yoes/, a P. O. of Schuyler co. foundries of the Pacific Mail Steamship Comspansy. It is (C~eem.) See BENZONe. Bennett's Corneros, in Ohio, a P. o. of Medina co. also the government depgt tor the cocest, including ex- Ben'jasnin of'us'elela, one of the earliest travel- B eune$its Creelk, in NVew Yorku, a P. O. of Steuben co. tensive bareracks, &c. Consideralble quantities of arnms lers of the Middle Ages, wvhso visited tie central regiones Benanet$'s Cr'ee~, in Noc-/t h C'aolina, flows fe-om the and ammunition are stored n relpairedl here. Around of Asial; lee was author of a Hebrew worn of travels, N. into the Cleowan River at the S. plart of Gates co. the city are severacl quarries of hydraulic cemuent of the which, though interesting and romauntic, is remicarale Bgenaest's allts, in Nine Jersey, a P. O. of Ocean co. best quality, which is extensively menuuicturced; ships chiefly obr its misrepresentations. The last traneslationtoe Beanett's Itrivea, in As-ikasnsas, a P.O. of Fulton co. of the laregest size may enter the hearbor close to tie city. into English is by Asher, London, 1841. - B. was boen in enne$t's - tatiosa, in Alabamea, a P. 0. of Sumter co. B. is noted for its neany schools, colleges, and academies. Navaheo, Spain. D. 1173. Benne~tts,.%w~itchEi, ice N. C'.rolisa, a P. O. of Anson co. Poep. about 2,200. Benjaea neluvile, in Illinois, a P. 0. of McLean co. Beesnettett)wn, in Kentuscky, a P. O. of Clenistiaun co. ienaa'rick, n. A kind of military fSte among the Tsrkls, BeTs- janite, iu. One of the tribe of Benjanin. ]eaannetsvtie, in Soethe Cerolina, a eost-villiae of somewhat resembling a joust or tournament, but to the Benkhi:[, n. A covered wooden vessel. — A provinciaism Meu'losrough district, abt. 8 m. E. of Grecet Pedee livte', exclusion of ladies. - Ooilsie. in use in some parts of ungland. -l l'Fciyht;g stne -100' E.N.E. of Columbia. BENT BENT BENT 273 IBe-IAnettsville, inll New York, a P.O. of Chenango co. Ben'th'a i, JErE MY, B. 1749, a distinguished English "British Pharmaceutical Congress." Among Ihis works Benlnett's Vineyard, in North Carolina, a P. 0. of jurist and political writer. He was the father of that are, A Mantial of Botany, and lie also, in concert with Richmond co. class of political economists styled" Utilitarians," whose Dr.,arre and Mr. Warrington, edited Pereira's 3ancnoa B1en-Nev'is, in Scotland, a mountain of Inverness- doctrine it is to view everything accordinig as it is af- of Mlatere Medica anzd Therapeutics. shire, rising abruptly firom the plain near Loch Eil to a fected by the principle of the greatest hlappiness of Bent'iey's Spring,, in Mlatytcnd, a post-office of height of 4,368 feet, and probatbly the hlighest elevation the greatest number." His published works are nunse- Baltimore co. in Great Britain. rous, and those which renmain in ISS., or unpublished, 1geuat'ley St atLi1o, in Illinois, a P. 0. of Hancock co. Ben'linigsen, LEVIN AUGUSTUS, BARON, an eminent though printed, more so. But a very dificult and pro- Besst'leyvitle, inl Pennsyvaiia, a post-village of Russian general, B. in Hanover, 1745. He entered tile lix style has rendered him rather the instructor of writ- Washington co. service of Catherine II., and distinguished himself by ers than of the reading public in general; and his Bent'leyville, in Virginia, a village of Halifax co., great gallantry in the war against Poland. He was con- works, which have been translated into many languages, on Sttunton River, 115 mn. S.W. of tichmond. mander-in-chief at the battle of Eylan. In 1813 he led are better Iknown and appreciated on thile Continent of Bent'ly Creek, in Pennsylvantia, a post-office of a Russian army into Saxony, took part in the battle of Europe tihan in his own country. He was a man of Bradford co. Leipzig, and beleaguered Hamburg. D. 1826. prinmitive mansners, uiblenished character, and zeal- Ben'ton, ITHMAs HART, an American author and statesBenanaington, the name of several parishes in Eng- ously alive to what he considered the interest of the nian, B. in Orange co., N. Carolina, in 1783. He first land, none of them with a pop. above 1,200. people at lsrge. His best Iknown works are, Introduc- engaged in the study of tihe law, and, in 1811, comBen'nington, in Illinois, a township of Miarshall co.; tios to the Principles of Morals and Lcislation; Theosry nmenced practice in Nashville, Tenn. He afterwards pop. about 800. of Reewards and Punishments; Psanopticon, which treats removed to Missouri, where, in 1820, hlie was elected one Ben'nington, in Indiana, a post-village of Switzer- of prison discipline; Rationale of JudiciaL Evidenc6 of her first U. States senators. F'or a period of 30 years land co., 8 ns. N.W. of the Ohio River at Vevay. D. in London, 1832, leaving his body to be dissected for he toolk a leading part in the discussion of the great Ben'ning-tosi, in Iowa, a post-village of Marion co, the benefit of science. questions which came before the Senate, and was espeon the Des Moines River, about 25 in. S.E. of Fort Des Bentlha'nnia, n. (Bet.) A genus of plaets, ord. Conma- cially prominent in the debates on the U. States Bank, Moines. cer.'They are Asiatic trees or shrubs, and their fruit is and the sub-treasury, which latter cause he warmly supBen'anington, in Kansas, a P. 0. of Ottawa co. formed of many small drupes grown together. The B. ported. his timorous opinions on the slavery question, Blenllniaigtoaln, in Michigan, a post-township of Shia- frugifera, a native of Neptaul, is a smnall tree, with lan- and his general political independensce of thinkhing, lost wassee co., abotiut 80 mi. N.W. of Detroit; pop. abt. 1,200. ceolate leaves, and a reddish fruit resembling the mul- him his election in 1851. In 1854, lie was again defeated. Ben'niingtontl, iu New HamEpshire, a post-township of berry, but larger, and edible. The flowers are fragrrant. In 1853, B. published the est vol. of iis autobiographical Hillsborough co. Ben'tincek, WILLIAM, 1st East qof' Portland, a distin- work, Thirty Years' Viewo; or a Ilistory of the WorkBenla'ninal g'tona, in New Yo-rk, a post-township of guished stttesuman, and the favorite of William III., ivng of the American Governmsent./br Thirty Years. Wyomitng co., 25 nm. S.E. of Buffalo, drained by Cayuga; B. in Holland, 1648. At an carly age ue became page to WVhile the 2d vol. was in progress, B.'s house at WashCreek; pop. about 3,20)0. the Prince of Orange, served him with the utmost de- ington was destroyed by fire, by which calamnity hiis Ben'nington, in Ohio, a township of Licking co.; votion throughlout his life, and attended him affection- library and manus cripts perished. Itn 1850, B. was repop. about 1,250. ately on his desth-bed. He negotiated with Charles 11. turned by Missouri to the Rouse of Representatives. -A post-township of Morrow co., abt. 30 m. N.N.E. of the marriage of the Princess Mary to the Prince of' He there distinguished himself by his speeches in oppoColumbus; pop. about 1,300. Orange; toolk the leading part in the preparations fbr the sition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, as a violation of the -A village in Putnam co., abt. 10 m. W.S.W. of Sandusky descent of his master on Engiaid in 1688, and accom- Missouri compromise, and his services were appreciated city. panied him thither. He was nmade privy councillor and by the country, but he was again thrown out in the Bear'nington, in Pennsylvania, a village of Blair co. a member of the House of Peers, as Earl of Portland. next election of members for Congress. His vigorous lBee'ni-agtoa, in Vermont, a S.W. corinty; area about He served in the wars preceding the peace of Ryswick, canvass of the State, as candidate bor the governorship, 700 sq. m. It is watered by the Battenlkill, Ioosick, and and negotiated this peace. Sent ambsssador to Frsnce in 1856, wilt be long remembered. I-e was defeated, Deerfield rivers. B. is generally mountainous, and most in 1698, he toolk a prominent part in the secret tretliss and in the same year supported Mr. Buchanan for of its soil is unfit for cultivation. There are rich fobr the partition of the Spanish monartchiy; and was, in President in opposition to Col. Fremont, his own son-itsquairries of marble, and beds of yellow ochre and iron consequence, impeached of Iigh-treason by tihe ieouse law. His advocacy of the Pacific Railroad and other ore. County-seatt, Bennington Centre. Pop. tibt. 24,000. of Commons, but was acquitted. D. 1709. undertakings connects his name with scientific progress. -A post-township of the above co., 117 min. S. by W. of BUe/n't1nCk, W~,LIAMs HENtRY CAVENDISH, 3d D1uke of He D. at Washington, April 10, 1858. IMontpelier; containing B. Cenmtre, the county-seat, and B. sortland, B. 1738, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1782, ]gen'tola in Alabamha, the former name of the co. CALVillage. Here, Aug. 16,1777, the English, under Cols. and Chancellor of the University of Oxford in. 1792; hlie nouN, q. v. Bansu and Breynan, were defeated by the national troops soon after joined MrI. Pitt's party. He held the office of -A post-village of Lowundes co., on the Alabamna River, snder Get. Stsrki and Col. W~trner. Pop. abt 24,000. lome Secretary of State from 1794 to 1801, succeeded about 35 mi. W. of Mlontgomery; pop. about 550. Ben'nington Centre, in Fiermsot, a post-village of Lord Granville as F'irst Lord of the Treasury in 1807, Nen'ton, in Ark-ansnas, a post-village, capital of Saline B. co., in B. towntship, 117 m. S. by WV. of Miontpelier; and D. 1808. co., 25 m. S.W. of Little Rock, and 2 N.E. of Saline pop. about 550. Ben'tinek, LORDn GEORGE, second son of the 4th Duke River. Ben'nington Fatrnaace, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Portland, B. 1802. In 1826 lhe became private secre- -en'ton, in California, a post-office of Mono co. of BRlir co. tary to his uncle George Canning, who was then Secre- Benm'iton, in Florida, a WV. county, bordering on the Ben'ningtoesn Village, in Verntont, a manufactur- tary for Foreign Affairs. In 1827 he was returned to Gulf of Mexico. Area, about 1000 sq. it. The Withlainog village of B. township, B. co. There are several the House of Commnsou for the borough of King's Lynn, coochee River waters it on the N. Surface, low and factories, foundries, tanseries, &c. Pop. about 3,000. for which he sat till the close of his life. Ilis dislilke of swampy. S'oil, sandy, producing sugar, Indian corn, Benoit, the French name for BRNEDIcs', q. v. Sir Robert Peel was decided and undisguised; but his and rice. Pop. about 960. Beno'na, in Michigan, a P. O. of Oceana co. hostility was principally shown in his opposition to the /Ben'ton, in Illinois, a township in Adams co. B]en'oxvi~n, a town of Soudan, Central Aftrica, forming doctrines and policy of free trade. B. 1848. His politi- -A post-village, and cap. of Flranklin co., situated on a a catrtvan station between Tinsbuctoo and Seneg-al; Lat. ca biography was published by Mr. I)israeli. prairie near Big Muddy River, 152 m. S. by E. of Spring150 5! N.; Lon. 90 W. Ben'tinela, Loan WILLIAt H NRY CAVENDISrs, 2d son field; pop. about 500. Bensa'lem. in Pennsylvania, a township of Bucks co.; of the 3d Duke of Portland, B. 1774. Hle became gover- -A village in the N. part of Henderson co., 2 m. E. of the pop. about 2,900. nor of Madras in 1803. lere the singularity of his re- Mississippi River. Bensereaie, ISAAC DE, (ben-se-rad',) a French poet,.B, forms in reference to the beards and turbans of the Se- -A township of Lake co. 1612, and patronized by Richelieu, Mazarin, strd Louis poys led, in 1806, to the mutiny of Vellore, which caused Ben'ton, in Indiana, a county in the W.N.W. part of XIV. His madrigals, sonnets, and songs, as well as his Ihim to be recalled. In 1828, he was appointed to tile the State, bordering oil Illinois; area, 414 sq. m. It is wit and conversational powers, rendered him a great governor-generalship of India. IHe effected the aboli- drainsed by Pine and Sugar creeklrs. Suatface, generally fsvorite atcourt. Hoewascalled, by way of pre-eminence, tion of the Suttee, or the practice of widowrburning, undulating; soil,fertile. Cap.Oxford. Pop.about6,000. le poite de la cour. D. 1691. which, in 1829, was declared illegal. In 1835 his ]lealth -A post-village and township of Elkhart co., on the ElkBent'shee, n. See Ba-sauE.. beguan to hhil, when lie resigned his oihce, and left Cal- Ihart River, 7 m. S.E. of Goshen, the co. seat; pop. 1,740. Bens'ikeimn, a town of the grand-duchy of Hesse- eutta. D. at Paris, 1839. -A township of Monroe co.; pop. about 860. Darrmstalt, 15 it. S. of Darmstadt; pop. 4,561. Bent'liig-tine, n. The time when pigeons feed oun len'ion, iu Iowa, a co. in the E. central part of the Ben'son, in Kentucky, a post-office of Fraunklin co. bents, before peas are ripe. - Johnson. State. Area, 720 sq. m. It is traversed by Cedar and Benl1soln, in N2ww Yotrk. a post-village of Hatsmiltou co. "Rare benting-times, and moulting mouths may come, Iowta Rtivers, and Prairie Creek. Soil, fertile. Cap. Vinabt. 50 m. N.N.W. of Albany. When, lagging late, they cannot reach their home."-D-ryden. ton. Pop. about 26,500. Ben'son, ill Vermont, a post-township of Rutland co., Bentivoglio, (ben'ti-vole'yo,) GuIDo, a celebrated Ital- -A post-office of Mills co. 60 m. S.W. of Montpelier; pop. abt. 1,550. ian cardinal, tind papal legate at the court of France; Ben'ton, in Kentucky, a post-village of Marshall co., on lBenI'son Centre, in Nrew York, a post-office of larn- C. 1579. Among other vorlks, he wrote A History of Clark's River, about 270 n. W.S.W. of Franktort. ilton co. the Civil Wars of Flanders; Mlesoirs, &c. B. was one I-A village of Mercer co., on Chaplin River. B]en'son Grove, in Iowa, a township of Winnebago of the seven ctrdinals, who as Issquisitors-General signed Ben'ton, (formerly SEBSTsCOOK,) in Mainze, a post-townco. thei condemnnation of Galileo. He had been a disciple of ship of Kennebec co., on the Sebasticook River, about Ben'son Lanlng-, in Ver-mont, a post-office of Rut- the great pihilosopher. 100 ill. N.E. of Portland; pop. about 1.500. laud co. Bentivoglio, in Virginia, a P. 0. of Albemarle co. Ben'ton, ins Michigan, a township of Berrien co., near Blna's Ru;n, in West Virginia, a P. 0. of Tyler co. Belt'ley, RICt.tAD, D.D., as eineunt t English divine end Lale Michigan. iBenti, i!mp. tnd pp. from BEND, q. v. philologist, B. 1662. He studied at Cambridge, took or- -A township of Eaton co.; pop. about 1,300. — p. a. Bended; inflected; inclined; prone to, or having ders, and was appointed first IBoyle lecturer at tblat uni- -A post-office of Washtenaw co. a filed propensity towards; determined. versity. He early became distinguished for his classicMal Ben'ton, in Minnesota, a central co., with an area of — n. State of being bended or curved; flexure or flexion. learning, and, in 1693, was named librarian to Willianm about 400 sq. m. Bounded oil thle W. by the Mississippi,~ Strike gently, and hold your rod at a bent a little." - Walton. III. Soon afterwards broke out his quarrel with the River, and is drained by the Elk River, the W. fork of -Declivity; descent; as,.the bent of a hill. (a.) philosopher Boyle, the main result of which was B.'s Run River, and Little Rock Creek. The surface is diver"Beseath the lswmring brow, and on a bent, famous Dissertations on the Epistles of Phalaris. In sified and well wooded. Cap. Sand Rapids. Pop. abt. 2,500. The temple stood of Mt rs omnipotent." - Dryden. 1700, hie was appointed Master of Trinity College, Cam- -A post-office of Carver co. -A leaning or bias of mind; inclination.. bridge, and soon after, Archdeacon of Ely. Working Ben'tomn,in iMississippi, a post-village of Yazoo co., about They fool me to the top of my bent." - Shaks. harud as a scholar, and effecting improvements in his col- 40 mi. N. of Jackson, and 11 E. of Yazoo city. It was lege, he nevertheless, by his arrogance, selfishness, and formerly the county-seat. — Tendency; deterolnabion; fixed puspose. offensive measures, involved himself in miserable quar- 1Beamu'toms, in Missouri, a W. central co., area, 770 sq. m. wYet we sate them farced be gte -way Is ce bolt and car~eni rels and litigation with the college seniors;t and after It is intersected by the Osage Hiver, which flows E., rehumor of the people." -- Sir }V. Tem29e. obtaining the Regius Professorship of Divinity, he was ceiving La Pomme de Terre and Grand rivers. Tie co. — Close application. (n.) degraded sind deprived by the sentite. This sentence, is also watered tiy Teho, IBeaver, and Cole Castsp creelrs.'' Let there be propeneity and bent if oltt ba reltsn." —Sct,. after years of litigation, wims tinnulled. His wvritinsgs are Tite general character of B. is brokeen; the N. portion Bent, Begt t='gr, a, n, [From bind, as O. Ger. bahit, very numerous, but we can only name his editions of being unduhlating prairie, and the remainder rough timtismt which binds, froom bintans, to bind; Sansk. bassdh.] Hsesace, Hloeem-, and Terence, and his Bemark-cs out the bered hand. Thuere are some excellent bottom lands in (Bet.) Thie common nasme of the genus Aoaosvss, q. s. Discouruse of Freetlhnin/ig. DB. 1742. the central part, under a good state of cultivation. _Pomd. -A stalh of coarse grass. - In the p1., Bemnts, it is tapplied Bgent'iey, RoBERT, r.L.s., an eminent English botanist, Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco; mules, horses, &c. Lead to the vithered stalk stetding on a pasture after the B. 1821. He is Deosn of the Medical Faculty; Profissor ore is abundeant. Cap. Warsaw. Psp. about. 9,000. seeds hsave dropped. of Botany in King's College, Lonldon; Protbssor of Mint- Bet'toe, in Missotriu-, a post-village, cap. of Scott co.,. BIent BramcnEls, in Kestucky, a post-office of Pike co. teria Medice and Botany its the Phsarmsaceutical Society 240 m. E.S.E. of Jefferson city: pop. sbout 500. BemIt Creek, in'T'igitsia, a post-villige of Apimo- of Gretet Britin; Professor of Botany itt thle London!Ben'ton, in New Hanmcshite, apost-township of Grafton asattox co., on James River, at the mouth of Bent Crecek, Institute, atnd Lecturer on Botiny tin the Luonido n and sco.; pop. atbout 470. 112 m. WV. of Ricismontd. 3 liddietex itocltttiils. In 1865-0, B. wtes President of the B l iE'S. n.~ in.ew Yos-k, a post-villaige and township of VOL. I. —5 * 274 BENZ BENZ BERA Yates co., on the W. shore of Seneca Lake, about 180 m. atoms of hydrogen by one, two, or three atoms of these aromatic flavor resembling gum benzoin, and the bark W. of Albany; pop. about 8,050. bodies, giving rise to mono-, bi-, and tri-chlorobenzole, an agreeable spicy taste. ]len'ton, in Ohio, a village of Brown co., about 40 m. E. &c. It also bforms similar compounds with peroxide of Betn'zoin, GUs-BENJAMIN. (Chem.) See STYIAX. of Cincinnati. hydrogen, the most important of which is nitro-benzole, Ben'zoine, n. (C'ems.) A substance isomeric with es-A post-village of Hancock co., about 80 mn. N.N.W. of or artificial oil of bitter almonds. It is made by adding sence of bitter almnonds, hydride of benzoyl, from which Columbus. The post-office is called Benton Ridge. benzole very gradually to funming nitric acid. On cool- it is produced by the action of an alcoholic solution of -A post-village of Holmes co., 92 en. N.E. of Columbus. ing, the nitro-beuzole separates as an oil, and is purified potash, the oil being slowly changed into a crystalline -A township of Paulding co.; pop. about 140. by washing and redistillation. It is a yellowish oil, mass. Forsm. CsH1204. -A township of Pike co.; pop. about 1,000. which solidifies in needles at 370, and boils at 4150. It Benzole, n. See BENZINE, and BENZ0LINE. -A village of Portage co. has a sweet taste, and its odor closely resembles that of Beenzoeline, n. The same as BENZINE, q. V. Ben'ton, in Oregon, a co. in the W. part of the State. bitter almonds. Thevapor, when inhaled,acts as an anes- Beuzonz i-a, in Michigan, a post-village, cap. of Benzis Area, about 1,200 sq. mn. It is bounded on the E. by thetic. It is much used in perfumery under the name co., 10 in. from Lake Michigan. the Willamette River, on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, of essence of mirbane. Its principal use is in the mann- Benzoylel', n. (Clhes.) The radical of all the members of and is watered by the Alseya and Yaquina rivers. Cap. facture of aniline for dyeing purposes, by passing sul- the benzoic group, capable of playing the part of an Corvallis. Pop. about 6,500. phuretted hydrogen through it, or by acting on it with elementary substance in uniting with oxygen, chlorine, Ben'ton, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of Column- protacetate of iron. Formn. C12H1. &c., and therefore resembling the elements in its chemibia co. ]Ben'zinger-, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of Elk cal tendencies, from which resemblance it is spoken of -A township of Luzerne co.; pop. about 1,500. co., 100 mn. N.W. of Harrisburg; pop. about 1,550. as a quasi-element or compound radical. PoF-n. C14H502. lBen'ton, in Tennessee, a N.W. co., bounded E. by the Ben'zoene, n. (Chem.) See TOLUYL. Benzoyie, IHydr-ide of, (OIL OF BITTER ALMONDS,) Tennessee and N.W. by the Big Sandy rivers. Area, abt. Benzo'ie Acid, (FLOWERS OF BENJAMIN.) (Chem.) A n. (Ciene.) The bitter-almond cake, left after the ex400 sq. in. Soil, fertile. Cap. Camden. Pop. abt. 10,000. beautiful, flaky, crystallized salt, like scales of snow. It traction of the fixed oil, is mixed with water and fer-A flourishing post-village, cap. of Polk co., 4 m. S. of is obtained from gumn-benzoin. It is also found in the mented, until the whole of the amygdalin is decomposed. Hiiawassee River, and 75 S.S.W. of Knoxville. balsams of Tolu and Peru, in storax, and in the urine of The nmass is then distilled, and the distillation is purified Ben'ton, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Lafayette co., herbivorous animals. It is easily prepared by sublima- by agitating it with milk of lime and chloride of iron. ill Benton township, 13 mn. N. of Galena, Ill., and 85 S.W. tion. The powdered gum-benzoin is placed in a shallow The hyidro-cyanic acid contained in it is thus transformed of Madison; pop. about 450. iron pan, which is covered with a cone of bibulous paper. into Prussian blue. Pure hydride of benzoyle is not Ben'ton Centre, in Nrew York, a post-village of Ben- A heat of 3000 Fahr. is applied to the pan, and the whole poisonous. It is a licipid, highly refractive, inflammable ton township, Yates co., 180 mn. W. of Albany. apparatus is covered by a second cone much larger than liquid, which boils at 3560, and dissolves in 30 parts of Ben'ton Iarlbor, in Michigan, a P. 0. of Berrien co. the first, made of non-absorbent paper. The vapors of water. Alcohol and ether dissolve it in all proportions. Ben'ton Ridge, in Ohio, a P. O. of IHaincock co. B. acid rise through the bibulous cone, and condense on Exposed to the air, it gradually absorbs oxygen, and Ben'ton's Ferry, in Louisiana, a post-office of' Liv- the inside of the larger one; being thus prevented from beconmes converted into benzoic acid. -.Form. C14lIIs02I. ingston par. fidling back into the heated gum-beuzoini. B. acid has Beepfitnt', v. a. To cover with paint. - Shiaks. Ben'ton's Ferry, in Virginia, a P.O. of Marion co. an agreeable aromatic odor, and a hot, bitter taste. It Beper'siwig ged, a. That is adorned with false hair; Ben'ton's Port, in Iowa, a post-village of Van Buren melts at 2480, sublimnes at 2930, and boils at 4620. Its periwigged. - Cocgr-eve. co., on the Des Moines River, about 6 m. E. of Keosauqua. vapor may be kindled, burning with a smoky flame. It Bepineh', v. a. To pinch; to mark with pinches. Ben'tonsville, in N. Carolina, a post-village of John- dissolves in 200 parts of cold water and 25 of hot. It is In their sides, arms, shoulders, all bepincht."-Chapman. son co., 17 mn. W. of Goldsborough. - A series of battles readily soluble in ether and alcohol. It combines with Beplas'ter, v. a. To cover with plaster; to embellish; was fought here, 18th to 21st March, 1805, between the the alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides, forming ben- as, "Beplastered with rouge." - Goldsmith. Union forces commanded by Gen. Sherman, and the zoates. It forms sulpho-, nitro-, and chloro-benzoic, by Besow'd~er, v. a. To cover with powder; to sprinkle Confederates under Gen. Johnston, in which, after severe the substitution of atoms of sulphuric acid, peroxide of with powder. fighting, the Nationals achieved a victory, after losing, nitrogen, and chlorine, for atoms of hydrogen. Its other ]Beilraise, (bi-pr6cz',) v. a. To praise greatly or extravin the aggregate, 1,643 men. The loss sustained by the compounds are too numerous cnd unimportant to men- agantly. - Goldsmiith. Confederates is unlknown, but was doubtless heavy; they tion here. Form. C14H503IO.-B. Acid is an ingredient Bep ose', v. a. To reduce to prose. (n.) losing in prisoners alone 1,625 men. of fumigating powders and pastils. It enters inito the Bepsffed, (be-pcifft',) a. [be and puff.] Puffed up. Ben'tonville, in Arskansas, a post-village, cap. of composition of Friar's balsam, a veterinary medicine, Beiur'lsle, v. a. [be and parple.] To stain or tinge of a Benton co., 225 m. N.W. of Little Rock; pop. 650. and of the cosmetic virgin's milkc, made of two drachms purple color. Ben'tonville, in Indiana, a post-village of Fayette of the alcoholic solution of benzoin with one pint of Bequeath, (bj-kwlth',) v, a. [A. S. becwcetian- be, and co., 11 m. N.W. of Connersville, tihe co. town. rose-water. cwcethan, to say, to speak. See QUOTn.] To declare one's Ben'tonville, in Ohio, a post-village of Adams co., 12 (Med.) B. acid acts as a stimulant, anti-spasmodic, and will or determination. Specifically, to give or leave by m. from the Ohio River, and 108 S.S.W. of Colunmbus; expectorant, and is eminently useful in all bronchial af- will or testament; used iin relation to personal property. pop. about 500. fections, more especially in dry irritating coughs.'" My father beqceath'd me by will but a poor thousand crowns." Ben'tonville, in Tennessee. See BENTON. lBelenzo'ie Alcohol. (COhem.) The alcohol of the ben- Shaks. Ben'tonville, in Virginia, a post-office of Warren co. zoic series, - the hydrated oxide of toluyl, i. e.: -To leave, hand down, or transmit to posterity. Bent's Fort, in Colorado'Territolry, a post-office of Los C141? + 0 -- HO = C14It02' For freedom's battle. once begun, Animos co. Toluyl, er benoene. nenzoic alcohol. Bequeath'd by bleedingsire to son, Bent'y, adv. Prolific of bents, or stalIks of withered Itbears the same reltion to beoic acid that vinous Thogh baffled oft, is ever won."-Byron. It bears thle same relation to benzoic acid that vinous grass; as, benty pastures. - Resembling, or pertainng alcohol does to acetic acid. Oxidizing agents convert Bequeath'ablse, a. Susceptible of being bequeathed. to, a bent, or withered grassy stalk. - Illand. it into bezoic acid. It is a colorless oily fluid rather Bequeath'er, n. A person who bequeaths. Benumb, (bi-num',) v. a. [A.S. beniman, benyman; pp. heavier than water, and boiling at 400~.' Bequeath'xnengt, n. Act of bequeathing; a bequest, b~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eavier tha waer, and boimangt taeotak awa0o0seze benuuien - be, and niman, to tale, to tals away or seize; Benzo'ic Ether. (C/hem.) Oxide of benzoene, or toluyl. legacy. 0. Ger. beniman, to tale away.] To take way or deprive It is procured by heating benzoic alcohol and anhlydrous Bequest, (be-kwest',) n. (Law.) That which is beof sensation; to make torpid; to stupefy with cold. boracic acid tgether i a closed vessel for some ous. quethed; something loeft by will; a legacy. boracic ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ qeshacid togetheringa cloedtb vessl; fo soegacyr.' My sinews slacken, and an icy stiffness benumbs my blood. Benzo'ic Group. (C/cese.) One of the groups of the' He claimed the crown...pretending an adoption, or bequest lDenlham. of the kingdom unto him by the Confessor.' —Hale. D m. benzoic series, (which see.) The members of the benzoic Benumb'edness, n. Deprivation of sensation or feel- group are analogous to those of the vinic or ethylic B]eqasote', v. a. To quote frequently. misal. group, being all derived from a primary radical benzoylt. Branger, (bai-rawnczh'ai,) JEAN PIERRE aE, one of Benumb'ment, n. Act of being made torpid, or be- as those of the latter group are firomi ethyl, (which see.) the greatest lyric poets that France has produced, B. at numbed. They are nearly all obtained from oil of bitter almonds. Paris, 1780. To his gralndfather, a tailor, and to an Be'snuwe4, a river of Afiica. See TcnADDA. Benzo'ie Series. (C/em.n) A very perfect and numer- aunt by the father's side, he was indebted for his early Benvenue', in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Dauphin co. ous series of organic compounds, containing 8 groups: nurture and education. When he was 10 years of age, Bl~~envenuto Cel~i'. See CEcic~.. ~1. Phenylic group. 6. Anisic group. ihe went to reside at Peronne in Picardy, with his aunt, Bens'viile, in Indiana, a post-office of Jennings co. 2. Quinonic " 6. Cinnamic " and here ie led for some time an indolent and unsettled Ben'lwood, in TV. Vlirginia, a post-village of Marshall 3. Benzoic " 7. Naphthalic " life, trying several occupations, including that of a potco., on the Ohio River, 4 e. S. of Wheeling. 4.Salicylic " 8. Indigotic " boy, and settling in none, till hie was at last apprenticed Benyerta, (ben-yer'ta,) the name of two lalkes of N. The benzoic series has lately been rendered very impor- to a printer in the town, and from this period gave himAfrica, about 30 m. from Tunis; the one salt, and the taut from containing benzole and aniline, the sources of self up to literary pursuits. In 1795 his father toolk hims other fresh. the coal-tar dyes. to Paris, where he wtanted his assistance in certain bankBen'zamide, n. (Chem.) A substance obtained by acting Benuzoin', n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. Lauracece. ing operations in which he was engaged; but, in 1798, on chloride of benzole with ammonia, or by boiling hip- The spice-wood, B. odori ferum, found in moist woods in the bank failed, and B. bade adieu to financial operapuric acid with brown oxide of lead. 1lbm. C1411102N H. tiens for ever. Duricg the period that followed, he proBen'zie, in Michigan, a co. in the N.W. part of that duced his best songs; but embittered by disappointment, State. Area, about440 sq. m. Lake Michigan isits N. _i and hopeless of success, he collected ahl the poems boundary. Cap. Benzonia. he had written and sent them to Lucien Bonaparte, Ben'zile, n. (Clhes.) A yellow, oily solid, crystallizing the brother of Napoleon I. (then First Consul), who in hexagonal prisms, fusing at 197 20,insoluble in water; was known to be a liberal patron of literature, and, in soluble in alcohol and ether; subliming without decom- this instance, did not belie his reputation. With the posing; obtained by acting on fused benzoine with assistance thus rendered, B, soon fbund employment 1hlorine, or by heating benzoine with nitric acid. Fornm. for his pen. In 1805-6, he assisted in editing Landon's C28H1~04' Annales du Musie, and, in 1809, he was attached to the ]"en'znine, BENZOLE, n. (('hem.) A brilliant, colorless./!\\university with a small salary of 1200 francs, which, liquid, exhaling a powerful odor of coal-gas; it boils at however, sufficed for all his'vnts. Meanwhile hi went 1760, and is yery inflammable, burning with a smoky /J~ ~!i~ ~\~ 17, and is very inf~ammo-b~le,~ binning w ~its a smok~ y~ on cultivating the Muses, and delighting all who knew dame. It was first obtained by Faraday fiom a liquid' fy /s/ him with the songs, chiefly amatory, which he then produ.ced by compressing oil-gas, and was called by him composed. I 1815 he fist came before the world as an bica~bnretted hydsogen Mmtscherhich fterwards oh- A' /omposed. Ims1815 he first dame before the world as an bicaburetted hyfl-sb en. cia itschdanleryich afnsfierds oha- author, though many of the poems then printed had tajinod it fromn benzoi acid; and, latterly, MPiansfield has'been circulated in manuscript, and the sensation proprocured it iq lhrge qusantities fisom coal-naphitha and,';,, dnced by this first publication was immense. France gas-liquor. It hlas a specific garvity of 0'85g. Exposed'-%; ii hailed in B. a poet who was not only able to sing of' toa tinspercaturp of d2, it condenses icito crystalline /~ H 7 love and wine, but who gave the noblest and most heartmasseS, which melt at: 40~.!t is insotluble in water, but stirst pre ss ion was senseig ranc dissolves freely in alcohol, etheo, and oil of turpentine. I n e prei th sens oli te ra mtassesich mel it t m insohuctcle n er, but 7/ \ounded pride whieh then smosl.yem-ed in the breast of the whole people. tis second series of songs, published solvent for India-rubber, gut~ta-percha, w\ax, camphor, in 1821, cost him his place and three months' imprisonand fats. The property of djssolving flits and oils, added ent in St. Pelagie; and for Iis third series, published to its great volatility, renders it very useful fbr remov- in 1828, he wccs condenned to nine contli' imprisonisg grsase-staing fiom amtides of drs. It is sold for Fa sment, and a fine of 10,000 fiaccrs. But tics fins was paid this urpoe uner th nam of ~nzie colas, t shu F/g. 341. — SrlCE-W0OI), (Benzoin odorifer~um.) th~is purpose sndsr th~e name of bcnzinc cellos, at about by the poet's adimcirers; while from behind Isis prisonthree or four titses its real value. It has lately received the U. States and Canada, is a deciduous shrub, 6-12 ft. bccrs B. heept up suds a deadly fire on thc government, a most important application as the source of aniline. high; leaves obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire; sexes that tie contributed mouie effectually to destroy it than It forms substitution compounds with bromine, ehilo- polygamous; yellowish-reen flowers in umbels, appear- all the blows of the heroes of the'' Three Glorious Days." mine, and iodine, by the replacement of ouse, two, or three ing in advance of the leaves; bec-ies scarlet. It has an After tis election of Louis Philippe Sc tic throne, ie BERB BERB BERE 275 declined to accept of any reward for his services, and re- recurved anther-valves.-They are herbaceous perennial rising in the mountains about 100 m. from the coast, and tired first to Pasey, next to Fontainebleau, and finally plants, for the most part hairless, but very often spiny. entering the Atlantic Ocean at Lat. 60 20' N., Lon. 570 to Tours, where he completed what he called his AJl- Leaves alternate, compound, usually without stipules. 20' W. moires Ciantantss by the publication of his fourth series Flowers solitary, racenose, or panicled. Sepals 3-4-6, Berbice, a district of British Guiana, between 60 and deciduous, in a double row, surrounded externally by 70 N. Lat., and 570 and 58~ W. Lon.; pop. about 22,000. petaloid scales. Petals hypogynous, sometimes with an Berehta, (bai-g'ta.) [O. Ger. peracta, shining; whence appendage at the base in the inside. Carpel solitary; the name Bertha.] (Ger. Mlyth.) A spiritual being, style rather lateral; stigma orbicular; fruit berried or probably the same, under a different name, as the Hulda capsular; seeds crustaceous or membranous; albumen of N. Germany; but in N. Germany, Hulda is regarded between fleshy and horny; embryo minute. —This order as a benign spirit; whereas, in S. Germany, B. is looked includes 12 genera and 100 species, natives of moun- upon as a malevolent being, and her name is made use tainous places in the temperate part of the N. hemi- of to frighten disobedient children. B. is especially sphere. charged with the overlooking of spinners. Ber'ey, in France, formerly a town in the dep. of Seine, now an arroudissemeut of Paris. Baer'da, a small river of S. European Russia, govt. of Taurida, falling into the Sea of Azof. In the summer months it is partially dry. On its E. bank stands the small town of Petrofoky, the principal station of the Azof Cossacks. ~i~~~~~ ~~~~n. Ber'dash, a. A kind of neckcloth at one time used in:,x::-i England.- Webster.. —---— wI~~~~~b/~~~ ~' //. Berdiansli, (ber-de-ansk,) a rising maritime town of S. Russia, govt. Taurida, at the mouth of the Berda, on the N. shore of the Sea of Azof, 150 m. N.E. of Simpherm opel; pop. 12,486. Berdit'clhef, a town of Russia in Europe, govt. Volhynia, on its S.E. confines, 25 m. S. of Jitomir. It is dirty and ill-built, and is principally inhabited by Jews. It is, however, the centre of a considerable trade. Its Pi', 3~~- ~//////~/"~ ////]~~~~ / ~~'~~ / ~~~~fair-, called Onou fieffJreifskaia, is much frequented. ~Foi~~g.~ 3429. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~t - ANER -Bere'a. (Anc. Geog.) A city of Macedonia, S.W. of Pella, of songs. Speaking of these masterpieces of poetic skill, 2and near Mount Bermius. It was afterwards called Gothe soays: "Branger was never at school, never fienopolis, and is now called by the Turks Boor, or Cara studied at university. Bet his songsare, nevertheless, Veria. Paul preached the gospel here with success. so full of mature cultivation, of grace, wit, and subtlest /' 4 Bere'a, in Kansas, a post-office of Franklin co. irony, they are so artistically finished, and their language Bere'a, in Kentucky, a post-office of Madisonco. they artistically finished, 7/, Bere'a, in 0enmucs, a post-vfillae of Onahioga co., 2m is so masterly, that he is admired, not only by France.Bere, in, apost-villae of Cuyhoga co., 12 m but by the whole of civilized Europe. IHis songs have S.W. of Cleveland. shed tears of joy into millions of hearts; they are fa- Bereans, n. p. (Ecl. Hst.) A sect of dissenters from miliar even to the working-classes; and at the same time the Church of Scotland, fiunded in 1773, by tle Rev. J. they are so high above the level of commonplace, tat JBarclay, who D. in 1798. They believe that the Bible is the intercourse with these graceful spirits accustoms the sole source of information respecting the existence and compels the people to have better and more gener and -ttibutes of tie Deity, tgat the Psalms relate exous thouh-ts." At time revolution of Febrrary, 1848, B. 1( elusively to Christ, and that unbelief is tihe unpardonwas elected to the Constituent Assembly; but after one able sin. Their title was adopted in imitation of tie or two sittings, he sent in his resignation, and finally ancient Bereans, who "received the word with all readiretired from the storm and turbulence of political life. ness of mind, and searched the Scriptures daily." (Acts His last years were solaced by the kindness of his nu- Fig. 343. - BERBEIRY, (Berberis vulgaris.) xvii. 2.) They are also known as BarclayEans. merous friends, who admired in him the straightforward 1. An expanded flower. - 2. The Calyx without the petals; - Bereave', v.a. (pret. BEREAVED, BEREFT; pp. BEREAVED, honorable man as well as the national poet. Though a 3. An ovary cut through, showing the position of the ovules. BEREFT.) [A. S. berea-ian —be, and reafian, to seize, to republican at heart, B. looked on Napoleon I., ill his Berere,. rob, to spoil.h To deprive of; to strip; to make destitute. 2~ise from a - mmp~e ertillery officer to rb to si To deprive o to strip; principle rise from a simple artillery officer to be Emperor of the contained in the alcoholic extract of the root of the' Madam, you have bereft me of all words." —Shaks. French, as an incarnation of the national spirit; and he berberry. -To take away from.!berberry. i -To take away from. did so much to perpetuate the superstitious reverence Bee-' i, BnrY, BA, agenusofplnt, order of thie people for his name, as to pave the way for the "beris, BEBERRY, BARBERRY, a genus of plants, order Controls them and subdues, transmutes, bereaves, advent of his nephew and successor (Napoleon III.) to Berberidacere. It consists of numerous species, found Of their bad influence, and their good receives."-Wordswortl. he imperl throne.He a. I isis AobgepyII-) to in temperate climates in most parts, except Australia. theuimperialthrone. Hep n B.1857. haIns isv tobiogra m r These are shrubs, often spiny, with yellow flowers and Bereave'ment, n. Act of bereaving; state of being a posthumous publication,. has gien ost inter- acid berries. The three whorls of organs in the flower bereft; deprivation. esting account of his struggles with fortune, Iis private are each made up of six parts; thus, there are six sepals Bereav'er, n. One who, or that which, bereaves. adventures, the development of his mind, the origin of wdventures, the development of isis sciud, tie origin of in the calyx, six petals in the corolla, and six statmens. Bereft, pp. of BEREAVE, q. v. his works, the manner of their success, the friendships his worksthemanne ofther se, the frendaiPs The latter are remarkable for their irritability; for, if Berege', n. See BAREOB. and the persecutions they brought him, and the reasons touched at the base by an insect, or even with tile point Berenga'rians, n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A name given to of his retirement frorm public life. pn hysatu oBerar, (bah-rt m',) an old pulrov. of the eccan, im lii- of a pin, they start np from their natural inclining posi- the followers of Berenger, or Berengarius, Archdeacon Blerar, (bai-rart,)an old prey. of the Deccan. in IHin-Ptn hr n tion, and close upon thie pistil. The most interesting of Angers. - See BERm',NOER. dostan, comprising Nagpoor, and a considerable pordotan, omprisingtr, Nagpoor and1 acnidera,0pr species is B. vulgaris, the common barmberry, which is Beren'ger, or BEaREoARIUS, of Tours, a distinguished tion of Gumndwanah, between Lat. 170 48' and 220 43 usually a bush from four to six feet higlh, but which, in theologian of the 11th century. Hie was B. at Tours, N., Lou. 780 20' to 800 48' E.; greatest length, N. to Ia N., 330n.; breadt0, t300 m. AEgea, 56,723tsq.lemh It Italy, sometimes becomes as large as a plum-tree. It is long held an ecclesiastical office there, and was afterS., 330 m.; breadth, 300 m. Area, 56,723 sq. m. It iscoeaslresapumte.i a very ornamental plant, especially when covered with wards archdeacon of Angers. Hewas thoroughly versed watered by the Wurda, the Pain-Giinga, the Mahn- Z wat red by tme WuTrda, time Pain- a, e Ma- fruit. The berries are of an oval shape, and, when ripe, in the philosophy of his age, and did not hesitate to apnuddy, &c. The soil is fertile, producing dry grains, generally of a bright red color, but sometinmes whitislh, ply reason to the interpretation of the Bible. He denied flax, sugar, betel, tobacco, and large quantities of cot- yellow, or almnost black. They are very acid, and not the dogma of transubstantiation, and no less than seven ton. —After the fall of the Mlogul empire. the MIahrattas ton- ter the fall of the ol empire, th aratts fit to be eaten raw; but when boiled with sugar, they'councils were held respecting him, at three of which he overran B., and Ield it until 1853, wh en the English form a most refreshing preserve. They are sometimes was condemned, and at four he was prevailed on to malke added this rich prov. to their possessions. Fop. abt. picked, to be used for garnishing dishes, and occasionally retractions more or less fully. Though failing thus in 2,100,000. tlhey are put into sugar-plums or comfits. Tie bark courage in the presence of his persecutors, he, nevertheBerat, (bai-rat',) a town of Trkey-in-Erope in the and ste are very astringent, and yield a bright yellow less, continued to teach what he believed. D. 1088. N, part of Albania, on the Tuberat~hi, 28 m. N.E. of An- n t a vr crigtz;el ih ylo N l. part of Albania, on te Tberathi, 28 m. N.E. of A u- dye. A fungus, which has been named.cidiumn berbe- Bereit'ger, JACOPO, a celebrated anatomist and physilena; Lat. 400 48' N.; Lou. 190 52':E. It consmsts ot anaropolisa or citadel, on. tine mumit2 of a Itigh lsll, -end a idis, is frequently found on thie undersideof the leaves; can of the 16th century. B. at Carpi, Italy, and D. at acropolis or citadel, on tihe sumhilt of a high hill, and of a lower town. erchatsimand the common but erroneous opinion, that the mi- Ferrara, 1550. ie made several important anatomical throf g loeportow. Mercimats import foreign goods nute spores of this parasite will produce must in corn, discoveries, and is said to have been the first who used through the port of Aulona. Scauderbeg failed in an ha attemptto tles ths town, wicmma awaybem c- has prevented the general employment of the B. as a mercury in syphilitic diseases. gattemptda th taeyt this pmtrt ofc he colnty. ber-hedge-plant, for which it is admirably adampted.- It is Bereniee, (bere-ni'ce,) the common name of the female gard~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~edgep t asr tihe eyto his pamrtbl of Lthe country. garded as the ey to this prt of the country. found in the United States in hard gravelly soils. branch of the Egyptian Ptolemies; but from the pracBerate', v. a. [be and ate.] To rate or chide vehe- Berberry. (Bet.) See BBERIs. tice common with the Persiatns and Egyptians of family menfly; to scold. Werbea~rrgT, n. (Bot.) SeeB~n~E~rge ~eettly;,~ to~ scold. -be a Ber'bers, n. pl. The general appellation given to the intermarriages. and the union of brother and sister, the Berattle, v. a. [be and rattle.] To fill with noise or mountain tribes of Barbary, and those inhabiting the N. lives of most of the princesses who bear this name are a vociferation; to make a noise at in contempt.-Johnson. frontiers of the Great Desert of Sahara. These tribes record of vice and imnlmorality. The most celebrated of "1 These are now the fashion, aad so herattle the descend from a common stock, and are believed to derive these women wms B., tie daugiter of tie renowmed Csommsn stages as they canl thorn."- Shahs. ~Common sags sthyalhe."-their name from the Greek and Latin Barbari. The Ptolemy Philadelphus, the founder of the Alexandrian Beralaun', a walled town of Bohemia, cap. of circ. of the entire population of this country appear, in ancient days, Library, alter whose death she married her reigning same name, on the Beraun, 20 mn. W.S.W. of Prague. to have called themselves Ber-bess, although the term is brother Euergetes, for whose sake, while absent on an Manf. Earthenware aind fire-arms. Coal mines and now used in the above restricted sense only. Upon the expedition, as a mark of sorrow and Iumiliation, she quarriesof marble exist in the neighborhood. In the advent of the Arabs, the aborigines would seem to have cut off all her hair, and offered it up as a propitiatory vicinity, in 1756, the Austrians gained a signal victory migrated to the region of the Atlas, where their race is sacrifice to the gods. She was ultimately murdered by over the Prussians. Pop. abt. 4,500. now found living in almost a nomadic state. In Algeria, her own son, about 220 years B.c. Berau'nite, n. (Ais.) A phosphate of the peroxide they are known under the name of Kabyles, and in Mo- Ber'ehnie, a daughter of Herodes Agrippa I., who was of iron. rocco, as Sh/elloohs. Thei B. of the Desert are called the son of Aristobulus, who was the son of Herod the Ber'bera, a seaport of E. Africa, in the country of the Tuariks by the Arabs, have become infused with the Great. (Acts xii.; Matthew ii.) She was the sister of Somauiis, on the sea of Bacb-el-Mandeb, at the bottom negro blood, and are estimated to number about 3 Herodes Agrippa II., before whom Paul preached A. D. 63 of a narrow and deep bay; Lat. 100 24' N.; Lon. 450 85 E. millions. They are of middle height, dark, stromngly- (Acts xxv. 13), and the wife of Herodes of Chalcis, who Berbem'sles, n. (Bet.) The Berberal alliance, in- knit, and with facial characteristics pairtakiing more of seems to have been her uncle, and left her a young eluding the orders Droceracewe, FPumariacece, Berberi- the European than the Eastern type. They are a wild, owidow. Titus, the son of Vespasian, fell in love with dacere, Vitaceee, Pittosporacece, Olacaceee, Cqrillacece. — turbulent race, always involved in wars, foreign or do-I Berenice, who had taken an active part at the time DIAe. Itypogynous exogens, with monodicillamydeous mestic, tenacious of their independence, and resisting when Syria declared in falvor of Vespasian against Vitelflowers, unsymmetrical in the ovary, sutnranl, parietal, any advanced degree of civilization. They possess herds, lius. (Tacit. Hist. ii. 2, 81.) Berenice was then a young or axile placentse, definite stamens, and embryo enclosed and practise husbandry, besides engaging in the manu- and very handsome woman. After the capture of Jeruin a large quantity of fleshy albumen. facture of such rude implements and fibrics as serve salem she came to Rome (A. D. 75), and Titus is said to Berberida'eae, a. ph. (Bet.) An order of plants, their necessities. In religion, they are Mohammedans have been so much attached to her that he promised to. alliance Berberales. -Draer. Regular symrmuetrical flow- of the most fanatic class. marry her; but on the death of his father he sent Bereers, sutural placentae, stamens opposite the petals, and Beribsfe, (ber-b/Acee,) a river of Guiana, S. America, nice from Rome, much against his will and hers, when 276 BERG BERK BERL he found that the proposed match was disagreeable to,iegergasn-opZoom, or B1Ena-or-Zoom, (bair'gen-op- Berk'ley, Ra'pids, in Iowa, a. village of Benton co., on the people. (Suetonius, Titus.) Juvenal (Sat. vi. 156) zoom,,) a strongly fortified town of the Netherlands, prov. the Cedar, about 15 ns. W.S.W. of Cedar Rapids. appears to allude to this Berenice and her brother Blrabant, 23 in. W.S.W. of Breda, near the left bank of Ber'ks, or Beik'slhire, an inland co. of England, Agrippa. Racine has written a tragedy on the subject the E. Scheldt, and on the railway from Antwerp to having on the N. Oxlbrd and Bucks, from which it is of Titus and Berenice. t Rotterdanm. 3Macf. Anchovies, and earthenware. -- B.' separated by the River Thames, E. Surrey, S. HampBer'enice, an ancient city of Egypt, on a deep hay of was one of the first towns occupied by the States- shire, and W. Wiltshire, and a part of Gloucester. This the Red Sea, 20 m. S.W. of Raes Bernass. We are indebt- General. In 1622 it stood a menmorable siege by the is a very beautiful county; has every variety of soil ed to Belzoni for thie resuscitation of this long-lost city, Spaniards, who retired, after losing 10,000 men. In 1747 and surface, and is well timbered. Windsor Castle, tilhe from which have been exhumed many interesting an- it was taken by the French by stratagem. In 1814 it residence of the English sovereigns, is in this county. tiquities. was nearly taken by the British by a coup de mnain, but.Prin. Toswns. Reading (the cap.), Windsor, and AbingBer'estlrdl, WILLIAM CARR, VISCOUNT, a distinguished they were finally repulsed with considerable loss. Poe. don. Pop. 193,881. British general, -. 1770. Ile early entered the military 9,T'i9. Berks, in'ennsylvania, a S. E. county; area, 920 sq. service of his country, and after having served with Ber'gen P1oiilt, in New Jersey, a P. 0. of IHudson co. min. It is drained by the Schuylkill River, which flows distinction in India and other parts of tihe world, he Ber'ger, in Missouri, a post-village of Franklin co., on through it in a S.E. direction, and by Tulpehocken, joined, in 1808, the British iarmy in Spain, and fought at the S. bank of the MIissouri River, 50 m. of Jefferson city. Maiden, Manatawny, and Little Swatara creeks. The Corunna. In 1809, he was appointed to command the Bergerac, (bairzh'e-rakl',) a thriving and well-built Kittatinny, or Blue Mountain, forms its N.W. boundary, Portugumese troops in the field, with the rankl of field- town of F'rance, dep. Dordogne, in aem extensive and fer- and its S.E. central part is cut by the South Mountain marshlal. On the 16th May, 1811, hle defeated Marshal tile plain, on the Iordogne, 27 m. S.S.W. of P6rigueux. or Blue Ridge.'TIhe soil is highly productive, and under 8oult at Albuera. In 1814 he was raised to the peerage. 3ean. Iron and copper goods, &c. Peop. 13,317. good cultivation. Iron minmes are numerous. Cap. In Spain, he was created Duke qf Elvas, and in Portu- Ber'ger's Store, in Virginia, a P.O. of Pittsylvaniaco. Reading. Pop. about 153,000. gal, Conde di Francesco. He was subsequently governor ]Bergh'eni, NICHOLAs, a Dutch landscape and portrait Berk'shire, in Illinois, a village of Kane co., 50 m. of Jersey, and in 1828, Master-General of the Ordnance. painter, B. at Haarlem, 1624. Ite was a good etcher, in W. by N. of Chicago. D. 1854. addition to his merits as a painter. One of his pictures BerkRshire, in Massachusetts, a W. co., of about 1000 Beresi'lia, or Berezina, a river of Russia in Europe; is in the National Gallery, London. D. 1683. sq. min., drained by thie Housatonic, Deerfield, Farmingit rises in the dist. of Dissna, govt. Minsk, which it tray- Berg'h;oitz, in New York, a post-office of Niagara co. ton, and Hoosick rivers. Surface uneven, Saddle Mounerses from N. to S.; after receiving various affluents, Berg'mnavd, TORBEN OLAF, an eminent Swedish chemist, tain, in the N. part, being the highest point in Masseand being joined by a canal with the Don, it falls into B. 1735. He studied at Ufpsal University, where li he be- chusetts. Soil, fertile, and presenting fine pastures. the Dnieper, a little below Ritchitza. This river has came, in 1767, professor of chemistry. IHis discoveries Marble, iron-ore, and limestone are plenty. Cap. Lenbeen rendered famous on account of its disastrous pas- and services to science were very numerous. lIe proved nox. Pop. albout 65,000. sage by tile French army during the retreat of Napoleon the acid properties of carbonic acid, discovered oxalic -A post-office of the above county. I. froa Russia, in 1812. acid, aind was one of thie first to make chemical analyses Ber]k'slire, in New York, a post-township of Tioga lBerg, n. A burgh or borough. See Burmc, BoRoUGu. of nimineral bodies. He made experiments in electricity, co., 15 in. N.N.E. of Oswego; pop. about 1,400. -A large muss of ice. See ICoEsGa. amnd published an Essay on Elective Attractions. B). 1784. Ber. k'shire, in Ohio, a pos't-village and township of B!erg&, IEDERICmK VILLIAM mAm Muinur, a Russian general, Bergranehl, n. [Sw. and Ger., mountain meal.] (Geol.) Delaware co., about 24 m. N.N.E. of Columbus; poip. chiefly notorious for the severity with which he treated A whitish earth, consisting almost entirely of the flinty about 1,750. the unfortunate population of Poland during the insur- shields of microscopic plant-growths, (see DmATOMACEv,.) Berlk'shire, in Vermont, a post-township of Franklin rection of 1863, and which excited the horror and india- It occurs in bog and ancient lake deposits in many parts co., about 50 m. N. by E. of Montpelier, on the N. side nation of the civilized world. of Northern Europe, and, during times of great scarcity, of Missisque River; pop. about 2,400. Bergasnlo, (bair-ga'mo,) a prov. of Italy, in W. Lom- it has been, when mixed with flour, eaten as food. Some lBerk'shire Hlill, in New eYerk, a section of farmningbasrdy, lying between the Lakes Comno and Garda, and writers assert that hundreds of cart-loads are consumaed land of great fertility, on the heights between the East extending for nearly 100 m. in length, by a width of 45 every year by the inhabitants of the north of Sweden. and West Oswego creeks, in the township of Berkshire, to 50. Sumoface. In the S. are rich, level pastures, grad- From analysis, it does not appear to contain any positive Tioga co. ually ascending towards the N., where tihe land rises in nutrimnent. Berkgshire Valley, in New Jersey, a village;f easy swells, till, approaching the Tyrol, the hills become ]Ber'goo, n. See WADAY. Morris co., N.E. from MIorristown. mountains densely and beautifully wooded. B. yields 3erge es, (bairg',) a town of France, dep. Nord, on the Berlen'gas, a group of rocky islands in the Atlantic, pasturage for great flocks of sheep in the S., and goats Colme, 5 m. S.S.E. of D)unkerque. The towvn is strongly off the W. coast of the Portuguese pryv. of Estremadura, in the N.; the chief products being olives, chestnuts, Ibortified by Vauban, and has the means of laying the 10 m. N.W. of Peniche. and wool, while the mountains furnish iron, marble, and plain around it under water. Though old, it is pretty Be"rliehiengen, GaeTZ VON, surnamed the " Iron grind-stones. Pop. 363,754. well built. Pop. 6,624. Hand," a brave and turbulent German inoble, who flourBERGasmo, a walled town of N. Italy, cap. of above pryov., Beqriberi, ber'e-bi-re.) (Mled.) A peculiar form of scro- ished in the 15th and 16th centuries. le was almost between the Serio and the Brembo, 29 m. N.E. of Milan. fula, found only to exist in tihe East Indies, and having constantly at war, was put under the ban of tile empire It is well built, hats fine ecclesiastical edifices, and pub- several characters of the disease known in the West In- by Maximilian, and was killed during thIe siege of a lie buildings, and thie Carrrarese school for free instruc- dies as elephantiasis. This disease comes on with spas- fortress in which lie had taken refuge. Ihis story was tion in music, painting, and architecture. Manuf. Silks, medic twitchings of the lower extremities, darting up- dramatized by Gbthe. woollens, cotton, iron. A great fiir is annually held on ward to the chest and throat, and producing great de- Ber'lian, a city of N. Germany, capital of the kingdom the 22d Aug. and 14 following days, when all tile prod- bility, (edema, or swelling of the legs mnd body, accone- of Prussia, on the river Spree, in the middle mark of nets of Lombardy are exposed, silk being the staple panted by a congested state of the brain; drowsiness, and Brandenburg; Lat. 520 301 16,' N.; Lon. 130 23' 58" E. article. B. was anciently a Roman city. Ferom 1428, it comna. Its streets are broad and straight, somne of them orwas under the protection of tihe republic of Venice; Berina, (bai-relna,) a mountain of the Rithetian Alps, namented with rows of trees; squares regular and spawas taken by Louis XII. in 1809; and lfll to Austria in 36 m. firom Coire, and renmrlkable for its extensive gla- cious; houses all of brick, and mostly stuccoed over; 1815, and in 1860 was incorporated with the new king- cier. Its pass between the Upper Engadine and Valte- public buildings and monuments, numemerous and magnifidom of Italy. The Bergamesque dialect is peculiar, andi line is at a height of 7,672 ft. cent; so that, notawithstanding its samceness, the want of one of the most corrupted forms of the language spoken Bering. See BuRINmNo. bustle and liveliness, and the poverty of its environs, B. in Italy. Pop. 38,720. Berj a, (bairz4ha,) a town of Spain, on the S. slope of the is one of the finest cities in Europe. It was founded Ber'gamot, n. [Fr. bergamotle.] A choice variety of Sierra de Gador, 20 m. from Almeria; pop. 11,165. about the middle of the 12th century. B. is surrounded pear, shaped like an apple, and very juicy. —Jomhnson. Berke'ley, GEORGE, an illustrious English philosopher, by a nearly circular wall, 7 m. long, opened by 19 gates, -A particular kind of snuff, flavored with berganmot. B. 1684. He was educated at Trinity Coil., Dublin, andi the largest of which is the celebrated Branmlenburg Gate, Johnson. afterwards took orders, becoming Dean of Derry. In surmounted by a gigantic car of Victory. Amnong the Give the nose its bergamot. -sComper. 1728, hlie went in company withl some friends to Rhode principal structures bound in this capital are, the royal (Malnf.) A coarse kind of tapestry, invented at Ber- Isamnd, in the hope of founding there a missionary in- palace (the residence of the Prussian monarchs), mugaino, in Italy, whence the namne. stitution bfor the benefit of the N. American Indians. seum, opera house, arsenal (one of the finest in Europe), Essence or Oil qf B. A frarant essential oil, obtained, His scheme ifailing, he returned to England, and, in 1734, university, and the palace of Monbijou, occupied by by expression or distillation, from the Bergamnot oramnge, became Bishop of Cloyne. IIs philosophy, B. is an Ideal- Peter the Great when he visited this city. An equesa species of the genus Citrus, q.v. It is extensively ens- ist, ansd his doctrines are the natural reaction against trian statue, by Ranch, erected in honor of Frederick ployed in perfumnemy tbr scenting pomsades, and as asn the prevailing materialism of his age. His most impor- the Great, stands in the street Unter den Linden, and ingredient in most compound essences, such as Eau, de tant works are, the Principles of sHusnan Knowledge; is one of the grandest monuments t of its kind in Europe. Cologne, Eau de Milletleurs, &c. Dialogues of Hylos antd Philonoss; M1inute Philosopoher; The Spree, intersecting thIe city, is crossed by about 40 Bertgander, n. (Zoe6.) See SRnIl XlRRE. Analyst; and Thieory of Vision. His two woriks on the bridges. The street Linter den Linden is the finest in Ber'gen, DIRK VAN DEN, a celebrated Dutch landscape properties of Tar-water, Siris, and Farther Thoughts, at- B.; it is nearly a mile in length, and the favorite promand animal painter, who was i pupil of Vanderveildt;. tracted much celebrity. D. 1753. enade of the wealthy'and the fashionable. The Schloss. at Haarlem about 1640; D. 1689. Berkeley, MnILES JOSEPH, F.L.S., Am.A., a distinguished Platz, or square of the palace, ranks as the noblest of Ber'gen, one of the S. provinces of Norway, bounded English naturalist, B. 1803. lie is a member of the the squares that adorn this city. B. possesses many on the N. by Drontheime, S. by Christianmsand, E. by principal learned societies of Europe, and the author of celebrated literary institutions, hIospitals, and asylums. Aggershaus, and W. by theN. Atlantic Ocean. Itis divid- Gleanings of British Algte (1863); On the Diseases of It may be regarded as the political and literary metroed into two assts, viz., S. Bergenhus, and N. Bergenhus. Plants; Outlises of EBritish _Pusgology; Hanudbook of polis of N. Germany, and is distinguished alike for the Area, 590 geog. sq. in. The whole province is extremnely British Mosses; the Antarctic and New Zealand lora, nutmber and celebrity of her statesmen, philosophers, momntainous, and entirely surrounded on its E. frontier &c., &c. scholars, and artists. Its press is very active, and about by the towering range of the Norwegian Alps, while Berke'ley, a town and par. of England, co. of Glou- 3,000 persons are engaged in literature, and the various on its W. seaboard, the coast-line is cut into deep fiords, cester, situated in a rich country, 101 sin. W. by N. of trades connected therewith. B. is one of the principal bays, and estuaries, presenting a wild, rugged, and London. It is noted for its ancient castle, which is one manufiscturingcitiesofGernmany. Among other biranchies deeply-rifted frontier to the ocean. Prod. Timber, tar, of the most perfect specimens of the Norman style in are included thie fabrication of steam-engines, woollens, fish and cattle. Pop. about 227,500. Great Britain. In one of-its gloomy chambers King cottons, ribbons, porcelain, hardware, paper, carriages, BERGENo, a large and well-built seaport-town, and cap. of Edward II. is supposed to have been murdered in 1327. watches and jewelhy, tobacco, sugar, &c. All the great the above pryov., is situated at the bottome of a deep bay, Pop. of par.4,747. railway lines of the kingdom centre in B., which has, closed in by scarped headlands upon three sides of a Ber.keley, in West Virginia, a N.E. county, separated besides, a large comnamand of inland navigation extending circle; Lat. 600 24' N.; Lon. 50 18' E. B. (like nearly from Maryland by the Potoinmac. Area, about 250sq. min. to Hamburg and the Elbe on the W., to Stettin and all Norwegian towns) is almost entirely built of wood, Bounded by Opequan Creek on the S.E., and traversed Swinemtiinde on the N., and to the Vistula on the E. and has, accordingly, been frequently subjected to calam- by Back Creek. Susfasce. Mountainous. Soil.:Fertile Owing to the flutness of the ground on which it is built, itous fires. Manf. Salt, teur, turpentine; it also carries in the valleys and lsottom-lands. Limestone, coal, amndl the drainaige of the city was formerly very imperfect; on a considerable trmade in timber and fish. Pop. 29,194. iron are found in plenty. Cap. Martinsslurg. Pop. abt. but this defect has been memuedied of late years, by the Ber'gen, a town of Prumssia, cap. of the island of Riigen 13,200. establishment of a thorough system of drainage. There in the Baltic, 15 m. N.E. of Stralsund. It stands almost B!]erke/ley Spriwngs, in tVest Vis-ginia, a post-towrn are numemerous places of amusement in and near B. - in the centre of the.island. Pop. about 4,000. and cap. of Morgan co., alsout 3 m. fioum the Potomac Time theatmes and opera-house are wvell attended, and B]er'gen, in Dakota Tebrritory, a P. O. of Yankton co. River, and 125 m. W. of Baltimnore. F'or the Springs, there is no city, Vienn a excepted, where music is more Berlgen, in Minnesota, a post-township of McLeod co.; see VIneaNiA, (MmNERAe WxT~Es OF.) umniversally pastronized, or where the opera is better perpop, about 170. Bersk'ley, in Alabamsa, a post-office of Msladison co. formed or moose heartily appreciated, than in B. TIme B]ergen, in New Jersey, a post-office of Hudson co. Ber.lk'iey, in indiana, a township of Jasper co.; pop. city is the seat of an extensive commerce, and the B]er~gen, in New Yor-k, a post-office of Genesee co. about 820. centre of the financial transactions of the kcingdlom. Bler'gen, in Wisconsin, a township of Vernon co., on the Berkl'key, in Massachusetts, a post-township of Bristol Berlin was takcen by time Austrians and Russians in 1760, Mississippi River, abt. 14 m. below La Crosse; p)op. abt. co., 30 m. S. of Boston, on the B. side of the Ttuunton and wars occupied by Napoleon I. in 1806, after tIme battle 430. River; po2p. about 1,040. of Jena. On the 21st October of that year he entered BERM BERN BERN 277 it, and until the complete failure of the French expedi- Bersnnut'~las, (The,) or SenEr's ISLANDS, a group of Bernalil'lo, a W. central county of New Mexico Tertion to Moscow, in 1812, Prussia was forced to acknowl- small islands, about 800 in number, in the N. Atlantic ritory, traversed by the Rio Grande and Iio Puerco, and edge the supremacy of France. - Polp., including mili- Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, stretching N.E. by E. also watered by the Zuni and Rilo San Jos6. Surface, gentary element, 624,954. and S.W. by W., abt. 20 m., the light-house on Gibb's IIill erally mountainous. Soil, fertile and grain-producing. Ber'lini, in Coeznecticut, a post-township of Hartford being in Lat. 320 14' 54" N., Lon. 640 52' W., abont 350 Cap. Albuquerque. Pop. about 9,200. co., 11 min. S. by W. of Hartford, and 25 in. N. by E. of min. S.E. by E. of Cape Hatteras. Area, about 30 sq. mi. -A post-office of the above co. New Haven. AIanf. Hardware, carriages, tinware, &c. When viewed firom thile sea, tlkslevation of these islands Beriniard, PTERn JosEef{, (or Genil BerianarI, as Pop. abt. 2,700. is trifling, the Ihighest land scarcely attaining to s height he is comimonly called itter Voltaire,) i French poet; 1. Ber'lin, in Illinois, a post-village of Saigusnon co., 15 of 200 ft. Their generil aspect is similar to the W. In- at Grenoble, 1710. lie showed, st all early age, s great in. W. by S. from the former. dia Islands, and they are almost everywhere surrounded taste for poesy, and was at first only ass attorney's clerk, -A village of Mercer co., 150 min. N.W. of Springfield. by extensive coral reefs, the channels through which are but afterwards becamie secretary to Marslihal Coigniy, who Berlin, in Izdiana, a post-village of Clinton co., 40 us. extremely intricate, and can only be safely navigated by had the coummand of the army of Italy. After tile marN. of Indianapolis. native pilots. The principal islands are those of Ber- shal's deathi, he obtained a lscrative aIppointsment, and Ber'lin, in. Iowa, a village of Scott co., on the W. bank inuda, St. George, Ireland, and Somerset. The protec- was niow able to iindulge his poetic ficsslties. He wrote an of the Mississippi River, abt. 25 in. S.E. of De Witt. tion afforded to shipping by their numnerous bays, and opera, Castor and Peollx, which met with great success; -A post-office of Hardin co. their position in the track of the homieward bound VW. tie Art of Loving, and a numbler of odes, songs, &c. Ber'lih, in Maryluand, a flourislhing post-village of Wor- India vessels, Iave led to the conversion of the B. into Ilis works were collected and repriited in 1803.. 1775. cester co., 7 m. from the Atlantic, and 123 S.E. of An- a maritime rendezvous, and as, likewise, the British B]er'nard, (Great St..) the ianame given to a fImous napolis; pop, abt. 1,000, naval station in I'. Indian waters. The harbor of St. paiss of the Peinnine Alps, in Switzerland, leading over Ber'lln, in Masssachusetts, a post-township of Worcester George's Island has been greatly improved, is fortified the mountains from Martigny to Aosta, in Savoy. In co., 30 ii. W. of Boston. protected by a breakwater, and has water and space its highest part it attains to an elevation of about 8,000 Ber'lin, in Michigan, a township of Ionia co.; pop. abt, enough to float the entire U. States siavy. -Prod. Prin- feet, being alnmost impassasble in winter, and very dansger1,400. cipally, fruits, vegetables, miaize, and tobacco. Pine- ous ii spring, Irontom tile navlanchies. Very near the suimBer'lln, in New s Ianspshire, i township of Coos co., apples are very abundaltnt and largely exported. Clin. init of the piass, and on the edge of a small latke, is the abt. 125 i. N. of Concord, drained by the Androscoggiss Mild and salubrious; alnmost realizing the idea of a per- celebrated hospice founded by Bernard de Menthon, and Amnuionoosuck rivers; pop. abt 570. petual spring. Fish abounds, and forms a profitsable and occupied by brethren of the order of St. Augustine, Ber'lin, in New Jersey, a post-office of Camden co. source of industry to the inhsbbitants. Breadstuffs, &c. whose especial duty it is to assist and relieve trstiellers Ber'lin, in New Yolrk, a post-village and township ase imported firom the U. States, and manufacttured crossing the mountain. In searching for trsvellers who of Rensselaer county, 22 miles E. of Albany; pop. goods from England. Hamiilton, on Bermuda Island, is have lost their way, or been buried in the snow, they avail about 2,800. thseseatof the colosial goversinent. Pop. 12,596. These Ber'lin, in Ohio, a township of Delaware co.; pop. abt. islands were settled by the English in 1609, and are sup1,600. posed to be identical with the "still vexed Berssoottes," -A township of Erie co; pop. about 1,300. mentioned in Shakspeare's Temspest. — Pulmonary inval-A post-township of iolines co,, abt. 8 m. firom Millers- ids are occasiossly sent to Bermuda from our country, burg; pop. abt. 1,600. It affords a good winter retreat. provided due car be _e -A post-village of Jackson county, 81 min. S.S.E. fromn take in iselecting a locality sheltered from the strong Columbus. winter winds. IHmilton has been recommended with -A township of Kunox co.; pop. about 2,100. this view. -A township of Malhosnig co.; pop. sbout 1,400. Berrin'dian, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Adams -A village of Shelby co., 88 in. W. by N. from Columbus; co., 19 in. S by W. of Hsanrrisburg. oA d m pop. abt. 700. Bern, in Switzerlsand. See BEaNE. _/4/h.4 Ber'lin, is Maine, a township of Franklin co., 45 ii. Bernacle, or Barnacle, Goose, n. (Zeit.) A bird N.W. of Augusta. which inhasbits the Arctic regions, andi in its autumnal 4, Ber'lin, in Pennssylvania, a post-boroughi of Somerset migrations visits thie more temperate countries of our! ) co., 78 in. SE. of Pittsburg, cud 143 IV. of ttcrrisburg, Northern States. The length of the B. goose, Barnicea near the western base of the Alleghiany Mountains; leucopsis, is rather more thtn two feet, The bill is black; pop. abt 800. the forehead, i~~~~'////: II -A township of Wayne co.; pop. abt. 2,250. sides of thie hieid, Ber'int, in Tennessee, a village of Isthrdeman co., abt. and the throat 50 inm from the former; pop. abit. 1.550. iare pure white; Ber'lin, in Texas, a post-office of XWashington co. thile rest of the... Ber'lin, in Vesrmont, s post-township of Washington head, neck, and co., 5 m. S. by Wi. of MoNtpelier; pop. abt. 1,900. sl:oulders,black;''"'Ber'lin, in Virginia, a post-office of Soutlanupton the upper part county. of thi plumage lBer'lin, in Wiscossin, a post-village of Green Laihse co., is marked with on the Neensah River, abt. 75 ii. N.N.E. from Madison; blue, gray,black, pop. in 1870, 2,785. and white; and:-%..... Ber'liatn, in t7pper Canada, a post-village of Waterloo the legs are co., 35 min. W.N.W. of 1-Hamilton co.; pop. abt. 1,100. black, The his- Ber'lin, n. A hind of cosch, first inade st Berlin. and tory of this bird much used for travelling before the invention of rail- has been render- Fig 345. - CNVENT OF THE GREAT T. BERNARD. roads. ed singularly reBer"lin Centre, in New York, a village of Berlin nissrkable by the themselves of a peculiar breed of dogs of extraordinary township, Rensselaer co., 20 n m. E. froom Albany. nimrvellous ac- size and sagacity. lThe brethren have faithfully disB]er'litn Centre, in Ohido, a P.O. of Malhoning co. counts w hi c h BmINACLE GOOSE, (Bernicla leucopsis.) charged the arduous duties imposed upon them, and have Ber'lian Centre, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of were related in rescued hundreds of trstvellers fioom a premature death. Wayne co. the darker ages concerning its growth; it being a re- The hospice is a massive stone building; it piossesses Berlinf Cross [boads, in Ohio, a post-office of Jack- ceived opinion that the B. was produced in a kind of some, buit not iu-ch, independent iproperty, sand is prinson co. arripede, the Lepas anatifera of Linn-us, growing on cipally dependent on collections made in the Sswiss canBer'lin Falls, in New Hnampshire, a post-office of rotten ships, timber, and other kinds of wood and trees tons and other States, and on donations fironm the richer Coos co. which lie under water on the coasts. —There are other class of travellers. In 1800, when thie road was not Ber'lin Heighlts, in Ohio, a post-office of Erie co. species of B., as the Bernicla ruffcollis, which inhabits nearly so good as it has since been made, Napoleon led Ber'lin Station, in Ohio, a post-office of Erie co. the Arctic countries of Asia; the B. leecoptera, found in an sarmy of 30,000 men, with its artillery and cavalry, Berqlinsville, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of North- the Falkhlad Islsnds, whlere it is called the Bustard into Italy by this pass. The railway at present extends alnipton, goose; and the B. antarctica, which inhabits Terra del to aIartiguny, at the foot of the Great St. Bernard, and Ber'linville, in Ohio, a post-village of Erie co., 108 Fuego. on the Italian side to Biella, so that the mountain is mn N. of Columbus. Bernadotte, CHARLES JOHN XIV., (ber'na-dot',) King easily crossed. Berlioz, (bair'le-oz,) Louis IHECTOR, a French musical of Sweden and Norway, whose original name was JEAN Ber'nard, (]ittie St.,) a mountain of Switzerland, composer, n. at La Cte St., Andr6, 1803. He his pro- BAPTISTE JULES BERNADOTTE, was the son of a lawyer at one of the ringe called the Grsianm (or Grecian) Alps, duced many symphonies and operas, respecting the Pau, in France, and B. in 1764. He received a good lying between Savoy and Piedmnont, and 10 m: S. of merits of which there has been much difference of opin- education, and was designed for the bar, but he suddenly Mont Blanc. This mountain is 7,076 feet above sea-level, ion. Some have thought them extravmgant in chliarac- abandoned his studies and enlisted as a private in thie and has an establishment conducted on the same puinter, while Liszt was of opinion that they possessed high Maurines. For 9 years, B. attained only the rank of ser- ciples as the one on the Great St. Bernard, only much merit, and PageRini testified his sense of the cousposer's geant, but in 1792 he had become colonel. In 1793, lie smaller in its details. genius by presenting him with an order on his banker distinguished himself under General Kleber, and was Bernard, St., (bair'acr,) Abbot of Clairvaux, was for $4,000, declaring him equal to Beethoven. His liter- masde general of brigade, and shortly afterwards, of di- born of a noble fanmily in Burgundy, in 1091. Ile was ary works, princip;ally Les Soir'es de l'Orchestre, evince vision. On the Rlhine and in Italy, he still further ac- carefusly trained by pious parents, and sent to study at a- thorough kinowledge of the vast range of musical quired distinction, and hlie showed that Ihis talents were the university of Paris. At the age of 23 he entered the topics. D. 1869. not those of a mere soldier, by his conduct in a some- recently founded monastery of Citeaux. accompanied by Bermn, n. (Fort.) A ledge or pathway, from 3 to 8 w-hat difficult embassy to Austria. Between him and his brothers and above twenty of his companions. He feet in width, at the bottom of the outside of a ram- Napoleon there seems to have been a constant distrust, observed the strictest rules of the order, and so distinpatrt, whiere -it joins the scarp or inner side of the ditch. if not actual hastred; nevertheless, B. received a mar- guished himself by his ability and acquiriements that he It is almost on a level with the natural surfsice of the shal's staff on the establishment of the Consulate, and was chosen to lead the colony to Clairvaux, and was ground; and serves in part as a passage-way for the was created Prince of Ponte-Corvo, in 1806. In 1810, made abbot of the new house; an office which he filled troops of the garrison, and in part as a means of pre- he was elected crown-prince, and heir to the throne of till his death. IHis fame attracted a great numiber of venting the ditch from being filled with earth and rub- Sweden, and the following year he succeeded to Charles novices, many of whom became eminent men. Aisong bish, when the rassnpart is battered by the besiegers. XIII. of Sweden. Napoleon, then emperor, reluctantly them was Pope Esugenius III., six cardinsals, anul many BermleO, a sea-port of Spain, on its N. coast, prov. of conssented to this nomination, Iknosing well that B bishops. In 1128 he prepared the status fbr the os-der Biscay, 16 m. N.E. of BilbaB; pop. ssbt. 4,304. would turn soon an enemy to Fiance. From the in- of Knights Templars. Popes and princes desired his ]Ber'mnnoadsey, a suburb of London, England, in- stant that he became crown-prince of Sweden, B. shooed support, and submitted their differences to his arbitra-. eluded in the borough of Southwark. a determination to give cli his energies to his adopted tion. By his influence Innocent II. was recognized as Bermn l'ol ~ilnunered, in Vir-gisnia, Chesterfield co., country; he formed a secret sulhiance with Russia in 1812, lawful Pope; he had a puliiic debate with Abelard on abt. 2 m. N. by W. of City Point, near the mouth of the and, in 1813, took commsund of the combined armies of some doctrines of his philosophy, and procured his conAppomattox River. This place wss fortified during thei N. Germany against France. At no time, during halfa demnation; courageously opposed the doctrine of the civil war, in May, 1864, by General Butler, who pun- century before his accession, had Sweden known such Immaculate Conception of the Virgin and the festival posed offensive measures against Petersburg; but being peace and prosperity as that in which he left her at his instituted in its honor: was founder of 160 monasteries; deprived of two-thirds of his effective force, to reinforce death in 1844. and was the chief pr-omoter of the second crmsade. At the army operating against General Lee, he reported ]Bernadette, in Illicnois, a post-village and township the Council of Vezelai, in 1146, he spoke as if inspired that "the necessities of thie aramy of the Potomac had of Fulton co., on Spoon River, 65 m. N.W. of Springfield; before tis lking and the nobles of France, and with his bottled him susp at Bermuda Hundred." pep. about 1,300. own hand gave them their crosses. He then preachted 278 BERN BERQ BER the crusade in Germany, persuaded the Emperor Conrad the Austrians from Saxony. IHe afterwards had a com- Berlrle, in Ohio, a township of Athens co.; pop. about to join it, and refused the command which was offered mand subordinate to Marshal llorn, and was harassed 1,000. him. His prediction of success was fitlsified. St. Bernard by intrigues. He took IRatisbon, which was soon lost, Berr'ied, (ber'id,) a. (Bot.) Furnished with, or having, was the vehement adversary of Arnold of Brescia, and and, with Horn, was defeated at Nordlingen, in Septern- berries. procured his banishment fronm Rome and from Zurich. her, 1634. Soon after he accepted a subsidy from the king Ber'rien, in Michigan, a S.W. co., bordering on Indiana He sl.ccessfifuly attacked the doctrines of several so-called of France, and concerted operations with Richelieu. In and Lakle Michigan. Area, about 600 sq. m. It is heretics. Hle steadily refused the offers of several arch- 1638 lie won the battle of Rheinfeld, and took Alt-Brei- watered by Galien, Pawpaw, and St. Joseph's rivers. bishoprics and other dignities, preferring to remain sach. D. 1639. Surface. Diversified. Soil. Generally fertile. Cap. Berabbot only. His character anid hIis writings have earnied Bern'hlard's Bay, in New York, a post-office of Os- rien. Pop. about 28,000. him the title of "Last of the Fathers." The power, wego co. BERRIEN, or BERRIEN SPRINGS, a post-village and cap. tenderness, cuand simplicity of his sermons and other Berni, FRANCESco, (bair'ne,) an eminent Italian poet of of above co., in a township of tile same name, on the worlks have secured the admiration of Protestants anid the 16th century. He remodelled Boiardo's Orlando In- St. Joseph's River, 100 m. W.S.W. of Lansing, and 15 Catholicsalike. Dante introduces him in thaelast camntos samrasto, and was the author of Rivne Burlesche. The from Lake Michigan. The river is passable for keelof thei" Paradise" with profound reverence and admiring gracefulness and purity of his diction have been seldom boats for 130 in. from its mouth. PE'op. of township, love; and Luther studied his writings with the same equalled; his humor, though broad, is not low; and about 1.550. feelings. St. Bernard died at Clairvmtux in 1153, and-wms though his themes or allusions are often licentious, his Ber'rien, in Georgia, a S. county. Area, about 750 sq. canonized in 1174. The best recent biographies of St. works display many traits of moral feeling, which would us. The Allapathia bounds it on the E., and the Little Bernard are, the German by Neander, and an English do no discredit to a better age. D. 1536. River on the N. Caep. Nashville. Pop. abt. 3,700. one by J. C. Morison. Bernier, FRANIN0IS, (bais'mns-ai,) a French traveller and -A village of Heard co., 8 m. W.S.W. of Franklin. Bernardin de St. Pierre. See ST. PIERRE. physician, whose account of his travels was much appre- Berrien Centre, a post-office of the above co. Bernardinles, (Berm-armdins,) n. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) An ciated; as he visited countries before unionown to Euro- Berrien Springs. See BERRIEN. order of mnonkis named after St. Bernard, a celebrated peaus, and threw considerable light on the state of In- Berry, (bcr'e,) n. (Bot.) See BACCA. Franciscan friar of the 14th century, by whom the order dia up to the time of Aurungzebe, at whose court hlie re- -A msound. See BARRow. was reformed, but not founded, Their origin dates friomni sided twelve years, during eight of which lie held thie -One of the ova or eggs of a fish. - Travis. the 12th century, and they differ little from the CIsTErn- appointment of physicias to the emperor. i-He was a In berry. Impregnated with ova or spawn.-Webster. CIANrs, q. v favorite of the emir Danichmanid, who toolk him to Cdsh- -v. i. To bear or produce berries. Ber'nardin, St., an Italian monkl, a. at Massa-Caurara, mere; and on his return to France, Bernier published -v. a. To impregnate with eggs or spawn.- Webster. 1389, whose couraige and charity were conspicuous dur- his travels and philosophical works. D. 1688. Berry, (bair'e,) an ancient province of France, now ing the plague whiich ravwged Siena in 1400. In 1404 Bernini, GIOVANNI LORE.NZO, (bair'-ne'zi,) called I Cava- formiung the departments of Cher and Indre, q. v. It gave lie entered tie order of Franciscans, and was sent to the liere B., was B. in Naples, 1598, and obtained among title at various times to French princes, the younger son IHoly Land. On his retuirn to Italy he founded above his contemporaries the reputation of beinig the niodern of Charles X. being thIe last who held it. 300 monasteries. He was much respected by the Emperor Mlicihael Angelo, on account of Ihis success as painter, Berry, CAROLINE FERDINANDE LOUISE, DUCHESS DE, I. at Sigismund, amd his eloquence had the most beneficial statuary, and architect. At the age of 18, lie produced Naples, 1798, was the daughter of Ferdinand I., king of effect on all classes in Italy. D. at Aquila, 1444. He was the Apollo amd Daphne, in marble, a masterpiece of Naples and Sicily, and was married to thie Duke of Berry, canonized in 1450. his festival being on the 20th of May, grace and execution. Being appointed architect of Ur- the second son of Charles X. He was assassinated on a Bernard s, in New Jersey, a township of Somerset co.; ban VIII., he executed many works in St. Peter's; built Sunday, while handing the duchess to a carriage as she pop. about 3,850. the Palice Barberini and the Calsnpanile of St. P-eter's; came out of the opera-house. She passed through a Ber'nardston, in Maassachusetts, a post-township of visited Paris in 18665, his journey being a triumphal pro- vsriety of troubles, and in 1830, after the French revoluIranlehin co., 100 m. W.N.W. of Boston. P(p. abt. 1,180. cession; at 70 executed the monunment of Alexander tion, accomipanied Charles X. to Holyrood Palace, in Ber'niardsviHle, in News Jersey, a village of Mercer VII., and ten years lister sculptured the figure of Christ Edinburgh. In 1832, a miovement in La Veud6e took co., on the Delaware River, 8 mi. above Trenton. in has-relief for Queen Christina, continuing in the inde- place in her favor, which was speedily suppressed. She Bernan, (ber'nozou,) a town of Prussia, prov. Branden- fatigable pursuit of his art, as sculptor and architect, was in hiding at Nantes, when, being betrayed by a conburg, oni the Panko, 15 m. N.E. of Berliu. Mlanf. Silk, till the period of his death, in 1680. vertedJew, she was found in a small hole behind a stove, velvets, linen, and calicoes. Pop. 5,544. Bernis, FRAN901S JOACHIM DEm PIERRES, Cardinal de, a where she had been enclosed for sixteen hours, and was Ber'nay, a towni of France, dep. Eure, on the Charen- French poet, patronized by Mad. de Pompadour. He carried to tie castle of Blaye. In 1833 she was released, tonne, 26 m. W.N.W. of Evreux. fManf. Woollens, lin- was sent as anmbassador to Rome, and at length arrived having re-married a son of the Prince of Lucchesi-Palli, ens, yarns, paper, &c. Pop. 8,322, at the dignity of cardinal. D. 1794. with whom she retired to Sicily. Bern'burg, a towvn of N. Germany, cap. of the duchy Ber'non, in Rhode Island, a village of Woonsocket Ber'ry, in WVisconsin, a township of Dane co.; pop. of Anhalt, on the S;tale, 23 em. S. of Magdeburg. It is township, Providence co., about 12 mIn. N. of Providence. about 830. well built, and has some manufactures and trade. _Pep. Bernouilli, JAnEs, (bair'noo-eet',,.) a distinguished Ber'rym ana in Illinois, a township of Daviess co.; 7,901. mathematician, B. at Basle, 1654. Hie was destined for pop. about 510. B:erne, or BERN, (bern,) the largest, geographically speak- the Reformedl Church, but his inclination led him to the Ber'rysbhurg' l, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of ing, of tihe 19 cantons of Switzerland, and ranlking as the study of mathematics, which he pursued privately, and Dauphin co., 59 in. N. of Harrisburg. Coal is plentiful second in political importance, is bounded on tihe N. by without any assistance but fromm books. In 1676 he set here. the cantons Aargan and Solothurn or Solcure, S. by them out on his travels, and at Geneva devised a method of Berry's Ferry, in Kentuckcy, a post-office of LivingsValais, E. by Uri, Luzerne, and Unterwalden, and WV. by teaching a blind girl to write. h-e wrote a treatise on ton co. Freiburg, Vaud, and the Junra; length, N.W. to S.E., the comet, which appeared in 1680, and soon after went Berry's MLick, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Butler co. 82 m.; greatest breadth, 62 mi. Area, 2,562 sq. m. Its to HIolland, where hlie studied the new philosophy. Ile Berry's Plgl:1, iin 3aine, a P. O. of Franklin co. surfmuce is generally muountainous, intersected, however, returned to Basle in 1682, and read lectures oil experi- Berry's liii1, in K(entucky, a village of Union co. by fine and fertile valleys, as those of the Aar, Hasli, mental philosophy and mechanics. About 1684, Leib- Ber'rysville, in Indiana, a township of Knox co., 16 Grindelwald, and Simmemthai.al Itis watered by the rivers mitz published, in the Acta Eruditorue- at Leipsic, m. E. by S. of Vincennes., Enmnen, Simmen, Kander, and Thiel, the tributaries of some essays on his new calculus differeutialis, but wvith- Ber'rysville, in Ohio, a post-village of Highland co., the Aar and Rhine. Its lakes, Neufchltel, Bienne, out discovering the method. Bernouilli, however, and 6 in. S.E. of Hillsborough. Thun, and Brienz, are formed by the expansion of the his brother, discovered the secret, and were highly Ber'ryton, in Illinois, a post-village of Cass co., about rivers Thiel and Aar. Prod. Grain, hemp, dairy pro- praised by Leibnitz. His works were printed at Geneva, 30 mu. W.N.W. of Springfield. duce, &c,; agriculture prevailing only to a partial ex- 1741. Berrytown, in Delaware, a village of Kent co., 14 m. S. tent. Manf. Linens, woollens, wvire, wooden toys, and BERNOUILI, JOHN, brother of the above, and like him by WV. of Dover. watches. Cap.Berne. Pup. 515,367.-B. isone ofthe an eminent mathema tician, n. 1607. In 1695, he wavs Ber'ryvilie, in Arkansas, a P. O. of Carroll co. Protestant cantons, and joined the Swiss Confederation, appointed professor of matlhematics at Gribniingen, and Be.rryville, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Wayne co. being the eighth canton, in 1352. on the death of James he returned to Basle, where he Berryville, in Mississisppi, a village of Scott co., 40 m. BERNE, the chief city of the above canton, was, by the de- succeeded him in the professorship of mathemsatics. In E. by N. of Jackson. cision of the Council of the Confederation, in 1848, de- 1714 he published a treatise on the managemnent of ships; Berryville, in Missouri, a post-office of Pettis co. dclared to be the political capital of the comnmnonwealt h. and in 1730, his minemoir on the elliptical figure of the Berryville, in Virginia, a post-town and cap. of Clark It is a fine, clean, well-built town, standing on the Aar, planets gained the prize of the Academy of Sciences. co., oni Opequiuan Creek, 12 m. E. of Winchester, and 158 and possesses many handsome public edifices, more His writings were published at Geneva in 1742. D. 1748. N. by W. of Richmond. notably, the Cathedral, erected 1421-1502. The most BENOUILMI, DANIEL, son of the last-named, and, lilke his Berryer, PIERnE ANTeINE, (bair're-ai,) the most distinremarkable feature in the town are the arcades, running father and uncle, highly skilled in mathematics. Among guished French advocate of modern tiumes, was B. in in front of the houses down both sides of the two chief Ihis works is to be noted the Trait (le iydrodisnamique, Paris, 1790. His father, an advocate of the Paris bar, streets. The inhabitants are serious and reserved, and the first treatise on that subject. He was member of confided him to the care'of the Oratoriens of Juilly, proud of the ancient glory of their city. The aristocracy, the academies of Paris, Berlin, and St. Petersburg, and where he proved a turbulent and indolent pupil, at the or "patricians,"' as the old families are called, live se- F.Rs. ofLondon; D.1782.-Severalothlermembersofthis same time showing sufficient intelligence and piety to eluded from the other classes. The town has bears for family were also distinguished for their mathematical reconcile him to his teachers. It was his desire to beits armas; and some of these animals are maintained in attainments, amid it is stated that the list of foreign as- come a priest; hut yielding to the wishes of his father, a place called Birengraben (" bear's ditch"), on funds sociates of the French Academy of Sciences constantly he pursued the study of the law wvith the greatest ardor. appropriated to that special purpose. Alanf. Watches, included thie name of B. from 1699 to 1790. Earnestly attached to the cause of Legitimacy, he prowooden clocks, and toys, linen, woollen, and sillk fabrics. Bernonse', n. See BURNOUS. claimed, in 1814, in presence of the magistrates and law Pop. 31,917. -B. was founded by Duke Berthold V. of Bernstadt, (bern'stat,)a town of Prussia, prov. Silesia, students of Rennes, the fall of Napoleon, and mounted Ziihringen, in 1191; and was made a free and imperial reg. of Breslau, on the Wida, 24 m. E. of Breslau..ianf. thie white cochade. A tumult ensued, and the prefect city by a charter from the Emperor Frederick II.. Cloth and linen. Pop. 4,109. ordered the airrest of the author, who fortunately esdated May, 1218. Bernstoiff, JOuANN HARTWIG ERNST, COUNT, a cele- caped to Nantes. B. was one of the royal volunteers, Berne, in Minnesota, a post-office of Dodge co. brated statesman in the service of the king of Denmarkl, who took arms during the Hundred Days, to support Berne, in New York, a post-township of Albany co., 22 B. at Hanover, 1712. He was employed in divers ermbas- the ancient dynasty, and to avert the mischief of a min. N. of the latter city; pop. about 3,820. sies, and afterwards held the office of foreign minister to second invasion. At the Restoration lie exerted himself Berne, in Ohio, a township of Athens co.; pop. abt. 1,280. Frederick V. for about 20 years, resigning in 1770. D. energetically to moderate the spirit of Bourbon rule, and -A township of Fairfield co.; pop. about 3,080. 1772. defended Marshal Ney. He always pointed out the -A post-office of Noble co. BERNSTOnRFF, ANDREAS PETER, CoUrT, nephew of the above, dangers of reaction. Even in defending the cause of Berne, in Pennsylvania, a township of Berks co.; pop. and also in the service of the king of Denmark. He the royalists, he professed the maxims of a wise liberty, about 3,900. was appointed prime minister in 1769, when hie ceded and protested against every attempt at corruption and Bersuese', n. sing. and p1. (Geog.) A native, or natives, to Russia the Gottorp hart of Holstein in exchange for vengeance. i-his pleadings for Lamennais in 1833, for of Berne. Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. He introduced a new sys- Audrey de Puyraveam and Voyer D'Argenson in 1834, -a. Belonging, or relating, to Berne, or its people. tern of finance, and prepared the abolition of villanage and for Prince Loais Napoleon in 1840, breathe the same Baernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, one of the greatest in SchIleswige and tHolsteinu. D. 1797. spirit of franlkness and liberality. B. entered the Cham.generals of his age, was born in 1600. He entered the Bern'eville, in Pennsylvania, a thriving post-village of her of Deputies for the dep. of the Haute Loire in 1830, army, and early distinguished himself. After being en- Berles co., on Tulpehocken Creele, 12 um. N.W. of Reading. and was the brilliant organ, but meat the passive instrugasged in several affairs of minor immportance, he joined Bearee, (bm'eo-e,) n. [Fr. bmo'e; Gr. be-eon, one of thes ment, of his party. After the fall of the Bourbons he the army of Gustawvus Adolphus, in 1631, in the war Oceanidas.] (Zso~.) The Cydippepieus, a small marine remained in France to watch over time interests of the against the i-ouse of Austria. He tooke part in the siege animal belonging to the class ACALEPHn, q. V. dynasty. To prove his fidelity to his party, he paid a of Wiirzhurg, assisted at the passamge of Oppenhleimn, toolk Berquin, ARNAULD, an elegant French writer, E. 1749. visit to Charles X., at Gbritz, in 1836, and asnother to the Mannheim, and drove the enemy fl-om the Palatinate. hie is chiefly kenown as the author of L'Ami des Enfaues Cousnt de Chamborad, in London. In the republican asHe commenced the conquest of Bavaria, completed the (The Children's Friend), and other interesting worlks for seamblies which folloeed the revolution of Feb., 1848, B. victory of Llttzen after the fall of Gustavus, and durove children. D. 1791. canfised himself chiefly lb qnestlops of finance and ad' BERT BERT BE:RY 279 ministration. Faithful to the principles of parliamentary of Charlemagne, who makes Milo d'Anglesis the father Bertino'ro, a town of Central Italy, prov. Forli, 7 m. rule, he toolt an active part in the reunion of the 10th of Roland. Better known is BERTHA, daughter of Burk- S.E. of the latter town, on the railway from Bologna to arrondissement,where the National Assembly proclaimed hard, Dulke of the Alleman ni, and wife of Rudolf II., Ancona. Excellent wines are produced in its environs. the fall of the President. Since the coup d'tat, he took ling of Burgundy beyondJura, who, after Rudolf's death Pop. 6,615. no part in politics, except by his participation in the (937), acted as regent for her infant son, Konrad; she Ber'trami, in Iowa, a post-township of Linn co., 18 m. attempts for a fusion of the two branches of tlhe Bour- afterwards married Hugo, lking of Italy; and died to- S.W. of Cairo. bons. In Feb., 1855, B. was elected a member of the wards the close of the 10th century. This queen lhad the Beritraned, IIENRI, COUNT'r, (bjr-tron',) a distinguished character of being an excellenit housekeeper, and is repro- French general, asnd the companion in exile of Napoleon sented on seals anid othei monuments oh the time as sit- I., B. 1770. He would have earned a bright nanme on the ting on her throne spinning. /Ch. Encycl. page of history merely by iss milituary achievements Berthier, ALEXANDRE, (bair'te-ai,) Prince of Neuf- during the wars of the first empire, were not those chitel and Wagram, i. at Versailles, 1753. Having ob- achievements cast conmparatively into the shade by the tained a conismmissio n in a regiment of Dragoons, lie steadihist fidelity with which he clung to Napoleonserved in the American revolutionary war, in which hlie aiding that great soldier to gain some of his most splenacquired considerable reputation. During the French did victories, covering him when in retreat and peril, as Revolution hlie became conmmaudant of the national after the murderous affair of Hanau; following hisr in guard at Yersailles, and in this situation he exerted his exile to Elba; returning with him to share all the himself to check the excesses of the populace. During perils of Waterloo, and, finally, the long martyrdom of St. the reign of terror hlie served under La Fayette, and Hielena. After the death of Napoleon, B. returned to afterwards under Bonaparte, in his first Italian cam- France, and was wisely restored to all his dignities by paign. From this time hlie accompanied Napoleon in Louis XVIII. Ii! 1830, he was appointed commander of y,;;; ~ ~ ~~all his canmpaigns as chief of staff; fbr which posi- the Polytechnic School; and toolt part, in 1840, in the tion lie was eminently fitted, though as a general expedition which brought back the remains of Napoleon his talents were not above mediocrity. In 1803 he to France. D. 1844. married a Bavarian princess. In 1805 he was created a Berts'and du iGueseclin. See BcUGUESCLIN. marshal of thile empire, grand huntsman of the empire, Bertranld', in.iiclhigan, a post-village and township and chief of the first cohort of the Legion of Honor. In of Berrien co., on St. Joseph's River, 14 im. S.S.E. of 1806 he became Prince of Neufchltel, and in 1809 Prince Berrien. of Wagramn. In 1810 he officiated as Napoleon's proxy Bertrand', in Missouri, a village of Mississippi co., 18 in the marriage of Maria Louisa. On the restoration of m. S.W. of Cairo. Louis XVIII. lie accepted the situation of captainof one Bertrand Prairie, in Louisiana, a post-office of of the companies of the gardes-du-corps. On the re- Winn parish. turn of Napoleon he retired to Bamberg, where, on the Ber'tying, n. (Nsaut.) The rising up of a ship's sides. Fig. 346. - BERRYER. 20th of March, 1815, hoe died by falling fi-om a window, Bervic, CImAcLF.s CLEMENT] BAVAY, (bair'vec,) a French from which he was surveylng the entrance of the Rus- engraver, B. at Paris, 1756. His best engravings are: French Academy, and his inaugural speech contained sian troops into the town. His death is enveloped ii Th/e Laocoon; Education of Achilles; Rape of Dejauira; some allusions to the degradation of the Lower Empire, mystery, as it has been asserted by some that he was and, above all, the full-length engraving of Louis XVI. and was on that account obnoxious to the government thrown from the window by force, though it does not fronm the picture by Callet, one of the finest works of the of Napoleon III., who ordered its suppression. In less appear that there is any sufficient authority for that kind ever produced. D. 1822. than 2-1 hours, however, the interdict was removed. In supposition. Ber'ville, in Michigan, a post-office of St. Clair co. the midst of political agitations, B. still maintained his Bertlhier, a W. county of Lower Canada, on the St. Berewiek, JAMES FiTZJA~mES, Duke of, (ber'rik,) B. 1670, position as the first advocate at the French bar. The Lawrence. Area, 9,500 sq. so. It is watered by the was a natural son of James II., king of Englund, and more recent displays of his forensic talents were in 1858, Assumption and other smaller rivers. Lake Maslkin- Arabella Churchill, sister of the Duke of Marlborough. when he defended the Count de Montalembert, and in onge is in the N.E. part of the co. Prod. Flax, oats, His first military service was under Charles, Duke of 1860-61, in the case of Patterson vs. Bonaparte. In and tobacco. Cap. Berthier-en-Haut. Pop. abt. 43,250. Lorraine, in Hungary, and he was present at the siege conjunction with Thiers, and other members of the Ilertlhiser-eon-Bas, or BELLECcoASSE DE BEUT.IERc, a of Buda, and the battle of Mohacz. ie was created Duke monarchical party, B. determined, in 1863, to offer him- - post-village of Lower Canada, co. of Bellechasse, on the of Berwick in 1687; accompanied James II. to France, self as a candidate for thIe Corps Legislatif, a step which right bank of the St. Lawrence, 24 mi. S.W. of Quebec. at the Revolution, served under him in Ireland, and was necessitated his acknowledging the government of the Berthier-es HiIalnst, a post-village of Lower Canada, at the battle of the Boyno. He became lieutenant-genemperor, and taking the oath of allegiance. Hle was co. Berthier, on the N. bank of the St. Lawrence, abt. oral in the French army, was naturalized in France, afterelected, and by his firm attitude in behalf of moderate 55 m. N.E. of Montreal. wards commanded in Spain, and by the victory of Alprogress, and some brilliant specimens of oratory, made Berthollet, CLAuDE Looms, (bail'tol-ai,) CooUx, one of manza secured the throne to Philip V. He especially his influence, and that of his snmall though growing the most eminenit chemists of his age, was c. in Savoy, distinguished himself by tile defence of Provence and party, sensibly felt at the Tuileries and throughout the 1748, and studied medicine at Tiurin. He afterwards Dauphiny in 1709, against the superior fotces of the Dulke nation. In 1864, while on a visit to Lord Brougham, B. settled in Paris, where he became iutimate with Lavoi- of Savoy, which has always been regarded as a triumoph was entertained at a banquet given in his honor by the sier, was admittedl a member of the Academy of Sciences, of strategic skill. Ies was killed at the siege of PhilipsEnglish bar, in the hall of the Middle Temple, London. and mads a professor at the normnal school. He accom- burg, in 1734. He left memoirs of his own life. B. was the apostle of free education in France, and was panied Napoleon to Egypt; and, during the Empire, was Ber'wieli, a maritime county of Scotland, having esteemed, in Paris, more than a prince, minister of state, made a senator and an officer of the Legion of Honor; N. and N.E. IHaddingtonshire and the German Ocean, or marshal of France. From the palace of the Tuileries but he was one of the first to desert his patron, when S.E., S., and W. the English border, and the counties of to the worlkshop of the artisan — everywhere, and in his fortunes were on the decline; and hlie received the Roxburgh and Edinburgh. Area, 309,375 acres. Farmevery station of life, his admirers were numbered by title of Count from Louis XVIII. tiis principal work ing is carried on here in the nmost prosperous and isnmyriads. His eloquence was so complete that he became is Essai de Statique Chimique; but he wrote mnany other proved manner; agriculture monopolizing the entire the popular advocate of an unpopular cause. Separated valuable essays, and also had a large share ill the refor- industry of this wealthy county. It is watered by the in everything else, the salons of the Faubourg St. Ger- mation of chemical nomenclature. D. 1822. Tweed, and other rivers. Cap. Greenlaw. Pop. 40,204. main, and the counting-houses of the Faubourg St. An- Bertholle'tia, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, order Ber'wiek-upon-Tweed, a fortified town and seatoine, wese united to listen to and applaud this great Lecythidacece, so named in honor ofBerthollet, q. v. The port of Great Britain, situated between England and orator. D. Nov. 29, 1868. only species known is B. excelsa, a tree 100 to 120 feet Scotland, and belonging to neither,-forming, as it is Ders, n. A sort of electuary, composed of pepper, seed high, forn-ing largeforests on the banlks of the Oronoko. called, the" town and county ofBerwick-upon-Tweed," - of the white hyoscyamnus, opium, euphorbium, saffron, Its stem does not branch till near thie top, whence its lies on the N. bank of the Tweed, 306 mni. N. by W. of &c. The Egyptians used it as an excitant. bouighs hang down in a graceful manner. Its leaves are London. It is a fine, well-built, and ancient town, posBersaglieri, (be-'stil-yai-'i,) n. pl. [It.] A corps of undivided, arranged alternately upon the branches, sessing an extensive commerce, and much engaged in riflemen or sharpshooters, introduced in to the Sardinian about two feet long, and five or six inches wide, of a the fisheries. B. was for centuries an object of contenarmiy by General Della Marmora, about the year 1819. brilliant green. Its flowers are yellowish-white, with a tion between the English and the Scots, each people by They took part in the Russian war, and assisted at the calyx having a deciduous border, divided into two pieces, turns occupying and possessing it, until the accession of battle of the Tchernaya, 16th Anug., 1855. They were a corolla of six unequal petals joined together at the James I. to the English throne. Pop. 14,591. also employed in the Italian wars of 1859 and'66. They base, and a very great number of white stamens joined Ber'wick, in llinois, a post-village and township of number 17,908 men, but are about to be disbanded. into a thick fleshy ring. The fruit, chiefly known in the Warren co., about 15 m. S..W. of Ogalesburg. PEop. about Berserker,.n. (Scandinavian Myt/t.) Aredoubtable trcade as Brazil-nut, also under the name of Castanha, 1,250. hero, the grandson of the eight-handed Starkader Juvia, Para nut, Atmendron, &c., is a spherical case, as Ber'.wiek, in Louisiana, a village of St. Mary's parish, and the beautiful Alfhilde. He despised mail and hel- big as a man's head, on the W. bank of the Atchafalaya.t, 80 m. W. by S. of met, and, contrary to the custoni of those times, went with four cells, in each New Orleans. always into battle unharnessed, his fury serving him in- of which are six or Ber'wiek, in Maine, a township of York Co.; pop. about stead of defensive armor. By the daughter of King eight nuts; its shell is 2,600. Swafurlam, whom he had slain in battle, he had twelve rugged and furrowed, Ber'wiek, in Ohio, a village of Marion co., on the sons, who inherited the namse of B., along with his war- and covered with a Scioto River, about 6 m. S.W. of Marion. like spirit. - Ch. Encyc. rind of a green color.. -A post-village of Seneca co., 9 mn. S.W. of Tiffin. Berth, na. [See BiRTH.] (Naut.) Astation in which a The nuts are irregu- B er'wiek, in Pennsylvania, a township of Adams co.; ship rides at anchor; convenient sea-room to moor a larly triangular bod- pop. about 1,070. ship.-A sleeping-room in a ship for officers, passengers, ies, having a hard - A post-borough of Briar Creek township, Columbia co., or crew. shell, which is very on the N. branch of the Susquehanna River, 95 m. N.N.E. -Office; situation; employment; as, "He has a good much wrinkled, and of Harrisburg. Iron and coal ores are abundant in the berb/."- Totten. sewhich is fixed to a cen- neighborhood. Pop. about 800. A wide berth. (Naut.) To keep at a distance from the tral placenta by their -A village in the above township, better known under land, or from another vessel; as, "to give it a wide berth." lower end; their seed the name of ABBOTs TowN, q. v. -v. a. To give or find anchorage-ground, or a discharging- is a firm alnsonb, of Ber'yl, n. [Gr. beryllion; Lat. beryllus; probably from station for a ship; as, she was berthmed in the East India a pure white color,'ig. 347.A- BRazIL NUT. O. Ieb. ba/has, to be pure, clear, bright.] (Mitn.) A variety Docls. —To allot to each seaman a place for his ham- yielding a quantity of of emerald, q. v., both being double silicates of alumina mock; as, to berth a ship's company. oil well suited for lamps; but the kernels are chiefly ex- and glucina, and differing only in their coloring-matter, Bertha, the name of several famous women of the ported as articles of food. They are delicious when quite which is oxide of iron in the B., and oxide of chromium Middle Ages, half historical, half fabulous, (see BEacuRA.) fresh, but are very apt to become rancid. in the emerald. It is a precious stone, sometimes yellovwSr. BERTHA, whose day is ikept on the 4th July, was the Bert'hiorsd, or BmoInOaR, a town of Switzerland, cant. ish, occasionally almost colorless, but more often of a beautiful and pious daughter of Charibert, ]eing of the Berne, on the Eunmen, 13 m. N.E. of Berne. In the greenish-blue tinge, and then called also Aquamarina. Franks, who, hbaing married (560 A. D.) _thelbert, lking castle here, Pestalozzi laid the foundation of his educe- From its lovely color and great hardness, B. is much of 1(ent, becammue the means of his conversion, and of tional systenm. B. is the depot for the celebrated Em- valued as a jewel, although not so much as the emerald. the spread of Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons. In menthal cheese. Pop. 4,675. Its finest crystals come from Brazil and Siberia. - The the romances of the Charlemagne cycle, there figures a Ber'les; in N. Casotina, aN.E. co., at the W. extremity opaque or common B. is greenish or yellowish white, BEuTms, called also Berthrada with the Big Foot, as the of Albemarle Sound; bounded E. by the Chowan, and S. and is found in N. America, in prisms 4 feet long, their daughter of Count Charibert of Laon, wife of Pepin the by the Roanoke River; area, about 900 sq. m.; surface planes being 5 inches in breadth. — B. occurs chiefly in Little, and mother of Charlemagne. In the romances of nearly level; soil fertile; cap. Windsor; pop. abt. 15,000. veins that traverse granite or gneiss, or is imbedded in the RRound Tabe, again, IBEcaTuA is the name of a sister Bfer'tin. See mass: (JOURNL. DEs). ) granite. 280 BESI BESS BEST Beriylline, a. Like a beryl of a -lght orbluish green. Besieg&e', v. a. To lay siege to; to surround with armed places sandy and arid, in others marshy and proBery'lqienm, n. See GLUcINUM. forces; to beset; to invest; to hem in. ductive. Wheat, barley, and millet are the only grains Berze'lia, in Georgia, a post-village of Columbia co., "The queen.. intends here to besiege you in your castle." Shaks. raised, but of these large crops are produced. Hemp, 20 m. I. of Auut Besiege'ment, n. State of being besieged. flax, and tobacco are also very extensively cultivated, 1R4,-r~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~esiee/~en, JOAN StaCOB Bof bengbeigd Bls'z eliues, Jou Om,[ JoceByo, (belr-ze'le-us,) one of O.,sSieger, (be-s'ger,) it. One who lays siege to; one aud grazing is largely practised inideed, the breeding the greatest chemists of modern times, B. 1779, in Ost- employed in a siege. of cattle and the exportation of hemp, hides, and talemployedl in a siege. gothland, Sweden, where his iotlher kept a viltoge-school. low, constitute the chiefbrancles of industry and cornI " 1There is hardly a town taken, in the common forms, where After graduating at Upsal, in 1809, he repaired to Stock- th he siegers harve ot the worst ofd the ruo.. tec Os eran, er, Kiseueau, and Ism~erce. Towns, Akterman, B3ender~, Kiishena~u, and Isholn, where hie becamue an assistant to Sparrmann, who nmail. Pop. 924,386. had acconmponied Captain Cook in one of his voyages Besieg'iungly, adv. In a besieging manner. Bessa'rion, JOHN, B. at Trebizond, 1395, one of the around tihe world; ald at his death, in 1806, he succeeded Beslab'beir, v. a. Same as BESLAVER. most eminent restorers of learning in the 15th century, himt in the chair of Chemistry, which he continued to Beslatv'e', v. a. To defile or cover with slaver; to be- and founder of the noble library of St. Mark, at Venice, fill for forty-twoyears. His l)aticnt labors and ingenious slabber. was a motok of the Order of St. Basil. He was drawn investigations hlove done mtore to lay the foundations of Beslolbe'r, Bes huB'ber, v.a. [be and sobber, from his monastery in the Pelopoilnesus, where he had organic chemistry than those of anSy other chemnist. To slubber.i To soil, daob, or snear with spittle or saliva. passed 20 years, to accompany the emperor John Palohimn pie-emninently belongs the honor of applying the (Used in a vuligar sense.) ologus to the great council of Florence, where he effected, great principles which had been established by Dalton, Besmnear', v. a. To smear over; to bedaub; to coat or 1439, a union of short duration between the Greek and Davy, Gay-Lussac, and himself, in inorganic chemistry, overspread with anything greasy, adhesive, or dirty; to Roman churches. He was made a cardinal by Pope to the study of the laws which regulate the combinations soil. Eugenius, and had afterwards the title of Patriarch of fornming the structures of the aninial and vegetable king- "Her gushing blood the pavement all besmear'd.:' - Dryden. Constantiniople given him by Pinus II. He spent the lust dolsis; and of thius opening the way bfor the discoveries Besmem-saees., n. One who tbesmears. 30 years of his life at Rome, devoting himsself to the of Muler, Liebig, Dumans, and others. To loim, chemistry Besmokke', v. a. [be and smoke.] To foul with smoke. - promotion of literature, and discharging several impoeis isdebted for the discovery of several new elementary To harden or dry in smoke. - Johnson. tant embassies. An admirer of Plato, he wrote a work in bodies, more especially selenium, moriun, tnd cerium; Bessnut', v. a. [A. S. besmytan.] To blacken or befoul defence of the Platonic philosophy in answer to George and to his skill as a maniluletoor may be traced many with soot. of Trebizond. D. 1472. of the analytical processes at present in use. All the Besnow', v. a. To cover with snow; to makle white Bes'sel, FaREDERCK WILLtIAM. one of the most eminent scientific societies of the world contended for the honor as with snow; German astrononmers, a3. at Minden, 1784. In 1810, he of enrolliug his nanme among their mesmbers. D. 1848. Besnisi, us. a. To render unclean by snuff-taking. became director of an observatory erected by the kIing Besangoun (bai-saosg'sawng,) a towin of Irance, cap. Besoan. (bSo'zomn,) n. [A.S. besm, besma, pl. besman, rods, of Prussia at Kbnigsberg. Here hue pursued his labors of the dlep. Doubs, on the river of the stmne name, 47 mni. twigs; 0. Ge'. besasos; Ger. besen.] A bundle or brush unnmtrrupterrptedly, and in 1818 produced his _Fundamental E. of Dijon. The town is very stronigly fortified, and is of twigs or rushes bound together lor sweeping; a broomn. Astronomie, a work which struck the greatest philosoone of the bulwarks of France on the side of Switzerland. "A proud young fellow came to him for a besom upon trust." phers with admiration, and placed his reputation on the B. is geneurally well built, but thie streets are narrow Bacon. highest pinnacle of scientific renown. lie produced and gloomy. It is the seat of an archbishopric, and of ani —'v. a. To sweep or brush, as with a besom. many other works, and was elected a member of most of imnperial court. Watch-nolaking is the most important Be'somer', so. A person who uses a besomn. the celebrated leoarned societies of the world. D. 1846. branch of industry; it employs about 2,000 hands, who Besorl', v. a. [be and sort.] To suit; to fit; to become. Besseianer's Process. (]letal.) See STEEL. annually fiursish 80,000 watches. B. is very ancient. It "Such men as may besort your age, Ressilres, JEAN BAPTISTE, (bes'se-air,) Marshal of was laid waste by Attila, aod sas siiice undergone many And knrow hemnselves and you " - Shlaks. France, and Duke of Istria, B. in Languedoc, 1768. He vicissitudes. It cause, along with Franche Corut6, into Besot', v. a. To make sottish; to infatuate; to stupefy; first served in the Constitutionatl Guard of Louis XVI.; the possession of France in 1674. Pop. 47,169. to make dull or senseless. distinguished himself in the Italian camopaign of 1796, Besayle, n. [Nor. Fr. besayle; W. Fr. bsaieul. - See "Or fools besotted with their crimes, especially at Roveredo and Hivoli, and became froom that AYLE.] A great-grandflther. - (Eng. Lawe.) A writ, now That know not how to shift betimes.' - Htudibras. time the intimate friend of Napoleon. Ite acconmpanied abolished, which lay where a great-grandifather died,,-To make; to doat on. (R.) him to Egypt, contributed to the victory of Marengo, seized of land, and on theu day of his death, a stranger. Paris. you speak was created marshal in 1804, and soon after Dukle of abated or entered aod kept the heir out. Like one besotted on your sweet delights.: —. Shaks. Istria. He overthrew the Russian imperial guards at Beserawl', v. a. To scrawl or scribble over. (o.) Besot'tedly, adv. In a foolish or besotted mannner. Austerlitz, and took part in the bauttles of Jena and EyIBese.een', v. a. To cover with a screen; to shelter; esoee., n. Infatuation; foolishuness. aln. He served in Spain, in the campaign of Wagram, to conceoth. Besot'tingly, adv. In an infatuated or besotted and in the expedition to aussia. He was killed by a "What man art thou. that, thus bescreen'd in night, manner.. shot while makimng a reconisissance ofh the field of LiltSo stumblest on my counsel." - Stoaks. Beesogl', pp. of BESEECH, q.. zen, the day before the battle, May, 1813. Bescrib'ble, v. a. [be and scribble.] To scribble over. Bespban ige, (bS-spang'gl,) v. a. To adorn with span- Best, a. [A.S. betest, betst, fioom bet, better; Goth. batista, Bieseeeh', v. a., (int1s. andpp. nssooGTs.) [A.S. be, and gles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant or Satist., sost iseful.] First it regardto volue or usefulsecan, to seek.] To seek firom; to aslk or pray with ur- shining. ness; havung good qualities on the highest degree; exgency; to euntreat; to imsplore. "Not Berenic's lockls first rose so bright, ceeding or excellisg ail; as, he is the best man, "I, in the anguish of my heart, beseech you The heav'ns bespaoughlig with dishevell'd light." -- Pops.'"When the best things are not possible. the best may be made To quit the dreadful purpose of your soul. — "Addison, of those that are." —Hooker. r~]~sp]~,'$tea'~ v. a. To sptttter over; to soil with mud, — To T t tte t os o yu esp tte,. a. To spatter over; to soil with mud, -Most advanced; moot cospletos. I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~filth, &C. "Before I come to them, I beseecl your patience." — Bishop &crat. "Foi pointed satire I would Buckhurst choose. "His weapons are the same which women and children use: a The best good man with the worst-natured muse." Beseeehs'er, n. A peruson who beseeches. pin to scratcL, and a squirt to bespatter." - Swift. Ear'l o5' lochester. Beseechi'~allt y, advo. In a beseeching manner. EN~8~?Bosel'ingly ado'. 1st beseectuing manoer. -To asperse with calumny or reproach. Best, n. The utmost; the highest endeavor; as, to do fBeseelh'smnennt, a. Act of etornestly ettreating or be- Fair mritain, in the monarch blest -one's best. seechinlg. Whom never faction could bespatter." - Suwift. Who does the est his circumstances allow. ]Beseen', v. a. [Ger. ziemen, geziessen, to be suited, to Bespawi', v. a. [be and spawul.J To daub or soil with Does well acts nobly; angels could no more."-Ysong. behoove; Swed. and Goth. scroa, to become.] To be- spittle. At St. In the utost applicl degree to ay parconie; to be fit; to be fitting or; to be worthy of, or r,:~,s.At best. In the utmost applicable degree to any parcome; to be fit; to be fitting for; to be worthy of, or Bea eak', v. a. (step. nESPORK; ypp. BIESPOK, nESPoKE\.) ticular case. decent for. sTo speakl, utter, show, or declare; to address. IIMy friend. said he, our sport is at the test."-Addioon. "toAWhat fGrun ofespechoor.beharnr, teeesusetl us in our prayers "At length rithi indignation thus he broke To make the best of. To carry amything to its greatest s~ Almigh~ty G ~odi? " —~Hootker. His awful silence, and the powers bespoke." -Dryden. Beseein'in-, n. Fitness; handsomeness. fruition or perfection; to improve, to the utmost; as, to Boseetn'ing-, a. Fitness; loandoomenoss. -To spealt for, order, or engage beforehand. — a. Appropl~~~~~~iate; fit; h;~~~~~~ndsome. m c~~~~~lae the best of a b~ad job. -a. Appropriate; fit; hoondsome. "iHere is the cap your worship did bespeak.' - Shs ae th best of a ad job. " Verona's ancient citizens "Alnaschar, in order to make the belst o it, laid it out in Cast by their brae eseemig oraen-To indicate or show beforehand; to forebode. glasses."-Addison. Cast by their brave beseeming ornaments." —Shaks. B~l~eseeit'ing lyadv. In a beeeming uonser. They started fears, bes)oke dangers, and form'd onminous preg- Best, adv. In tho highest degree; beyond all others; Beseetai'ig ttnel nastic in order to scare the allies." - Swift. superlatiely as, to le one St. n. Act or quality of being be- ~~~~~~~~~~~superlatively'- as, to like one best. Bseemignug ess, a. Act or quality of being be- -To betolken; to show; to indicate by outward appearance. [ He shall dwell in that place where ho shall Cboose, in ene of I IseeminI'l "t uttl;bcmn;ft rrr, He has dispatch'd me hence, thy gates, where it liketh him best." —D)eut. xxiii. 16. Beseem'ly, a. Su itable; be coming; fit; orderly. With orders that bespeak a mind compos'd.' - Addisson. Beset', v. a. (pset. asd pp. BESET.) [A. S. beseltaso - b Bespeak', a. A term used to signify a special heAd form- — To the most advantage; with the grea test success. for by, and selttan, to set or place.] To set upon; to sul'- anes is a theatre for the bensefit of onse of the or- u He best can paint them, whoshallfeelthemmost." —Pope. round. pat;a, "M~iss Snivellici's Seopcak." -- Dickcoo. ~~~~round. ance ~~~~~tiy a har o h eei foeo h oi -Most particularly; most thoroughly as, the best-known -To blockade, besiege, waylay, hemn in. eey; ase, iss Snive lliciho bespeakls. Dicensman."And thm'spea;eor nt. One who bespeaks. "Asod therefore hated, therefore so toeet, BG se're.Dsei', v T nl i seie Best is often used in composition, forming a compound For daring single to be just." — Milton. seke, (i-pec ). a. To n with pecles word. or spots.wod -To entanse'.agleodu vip; to embarrass; to perplex; to press on all eeaoabisew or vomit.': The Christian religion discovers itself to be the mostgenerous sides, without any as of escape. aspee', v. a. To club vith spew or vomitsce. and best-natured institution that ever was in the world." Tillotoso. sides ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~, etot aylets fec~.~ ~ l 8,~c' v. a. To season witht spices. "Draw forth thy weapon, we're beset with thieves."- Shacs. "Thou might'st eapic cup, ti',. a. To ark ith stains; to st. "1Thou might'st bespice a cup, Retaftill v. a. To mark- with stains; to spot. Beset'ament, n. The state or condition of being be- To give mine enemy a lasting wink." - Shhaks. "We will not line his thin bestained cloak set. (R.) ]Mespirt', Bespvtrt', v. a. To spirt over. (o.) With our pure honors."-Staks. Beset'ting, v. a. Surroucnding; besieging; waylaying; Bespit', v. a. [be asnd spit.] To daub with spittle. Bestead', v. a. (imp. and pp. BESTEAD.) TO stead, or entangling, without probable umeans of escape; pressing Besjintse', imp. and pp. of BESPEAK, q. v. fill the place of; to stand in the stead of; to assist; to upon; as, a besetting foible.,ew.is et', v. a. To markc with spots. serve; to profit. Beshrew', v. a. To wish a curse to. Beaaread', v. a. To spread over; to cover over. "Hence, vain deluding joys i.... Nay, quoth the Cock. but I beshrew us both, "His nuptial bed, How little you bestead, If I believe a saint upon his oath." -- Dryden.'With curious eeedles wrought, and painted flowers bespread." Or. fill the fixed mind with all your toys! " —Milton. Beshroud'ed, a. Shrouded; covered with a0 shroud. Dryden. Best evfiteneen, (Law.) means the best evidence of Blesde', Besiltes, pr'ep. BIy or at the side of; neor. fBe.ap)rent', p.a. [0. Eng. besprengyd.] Sprinkled over. which the nature of the case admits, not the highest or "The sweetest thing that ever grew:Wnhat gentle ghost. besprent with April dew, strongest evidence which the noture of the thing to be Beside a human door." - Weordswoorth. Hails me so solemnly to yonder yew?" - Ben,ronson. proved admits of; e. g. a copy of a deed is not the best — Out of the straight coumse or order; out of; not accord- Bensprin'kie, v. a. To sprinlche over; to scatter over, evidence; the deed itself is better. - Boussieu'. ing to. "A purple flood BIges'tiai, a. [Lat. bestiaiis, fi'om bestia, a beast.] Be"It is teside my present business to enlarge upon this ipecula- The bed besprinkles, and bedewss the ground.' - Dryden. longing to a beast, or to the class of beasts. tion." - Locke. Besprink/'le]P n. One who, or that which, sprinklkes "His wild, disordered walk, his haggard eyes, — Over and above; distinct from. (Generally written be- over. Did all the testial citizens surprise." —Dryden. sides.) ]Bespr]ink'ilicis-, n. pl. Sprinklings of any liquid. — BIrutish; beastly; vile; low; depraved; sensual.,,Doubtless, in man there is a nature found, Bessal'~[bia, (bces'sa-sai'be-a, ) or EASTERN MOLAVIA, "0 have lost the immortal part of myself, and Beside the senses, and above them fur." - Davies. the most S.W. part of Riussia in Euamope, halving E. What remains is bestial." —Staks. — adv. By the side of; placed at the side of; in addition the Dniester, S. the Blooclc Sea anu the Daiusaoe, W. B]estiai'iyy, n. [Fr. bestialiti.j The quality or nature to; moreover; over and above; except; not included in the Pruth, and N. Galicia. Lat. between 440 45' and of beasts; beastliness. the number. 48~ 40' N., anol Lon. between 260 95'.and 300 30' B.; "What can be a greater absurdity than to afirm besliality to "Besides, you know not, while you here attend, areu, 18,018 eq. m. The N. is somewhat mountainous be the essence of humanity."-Arbutanott 1k' unworthy fate of your unhappy friend." — Drydeen. and well-wooded, but the S. consists of plains, in umany — Unnatural comnmerce with a beast, BETA BETE BETH 281 Bestialize, v. a. To make a beast of; to brutalize. by many farmers considered the most valuable of all the mouth and throat, while the quicklime often removes Bestially, adv. Brutally;in a manner below huimanity. agricultural plants upon which cattle are fed in winter. tile skin and deadens the sense of taste. After a while Bestiaril, (bes-ti-air'i-i,) n. pt. [Lat.] (Hist.) Among They, however, require to be preserved from frost. and it causes great giddiness. On those accustomed to use the Romans, men who fought with wild beasts in the are better adapted to warm climates and a light rich it, however, the B. produces sweet, continuous and games of the circus. They were either persons who soil than to colder latitudes. In cultivating the mangel- sustained exhilarating effects; and that these are of a fought for the sake of pay, (aucloramesunum,) and who wutrzel, it will be found most agreeable kiind, may be inferred from the very exwere allowed arms, or they were criminals, who were advantageous to soak the tend prevails.a over which the practice of betel-chewing usually permitted to have no means of defence against seeds in water till they prevails. the wild beasts. are just beginning to geor- B etelgt sese, n. (Astron.) A star of 1st magnitude, 7Y2~ Bestick', v. a. (imp. and pp. BESTUCK.) To stick over a inate, and then to sow E. of iellatrin, on the E. shoulder of the constellation as with sharp points. them, taking care that Orion. It comes to the meridian on the 21st of Jan"Truth shall retire, they are speedily covered uary. Bestuck with sland'rous darts and works of faith in with soil; for, from nary.. The nut of the Areca catechu. — See R~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B'e-aret, so. The nutuofdth — ec iateeou. Se Rarely ts be found." - Milton.. the bony nature of the AIEOA, and IBETEL. Bestir', v. a. To stir up; to put into briski or vigorous seeds, it will often hap- Beth. [IIeb.: Ar. beft, house.] In Scripture, this word action; to move with life and vigor. (Generally with re- pen that they will lie fobrms a part of many compound names of places, and ciprocal pronoun.) some weelks in the soil sometimes means the place or dwelling; and at others, But, as a dog that turns the spit, befbre they begin to grow, the temple. Bestirs himself, and pties hts ceet." -ffudibtrs. by which valuable tinm Beth'falto, in Illinois, a post-village of Madison co., 10 Bestorin', v. a. To overtake with a stoam. is lost; or that they will m. E. of Alton. BestorIn', v. a. To agitate; to toss about; to rage. fail altogether, especial- Betha'nia, in North Carolina, a post-village of ForBestow', v. a. [A.S. be, and stow, a place; Frisian, sto, a ly if the weather should syth co. principal place.] To set, lay, or place; to lay up; to de- be dry, as it often is at Bethany, (beth'a-ne.) (Anc. Geog.) A village on the posit for safety. the time of sowing, which eastern slope of Mount Olivet, about 2 m. E.S.E. of Jeru"And when he came to the Tower, he took them from their is the middle of May. — Fig 348. —P - s-OT. salem, and on the road to Jericho. It was often visited hand, and bestowed them in the house." - 2 Kings v. 24. 3. Beta cycla (chard-beet) is inferior to thle two last in by Christ, (Matt. xxi. 17; Mark xi. 1, 12; Luke xix. 29.) -To apply; to make use of; to dispose of. the size of its roots, but is remarkable for tihe thickness IHere Martha and Mary dwelt, and Lazarus was raised "Otherwise the whole force of the war would infallibly have of the ribs ofits leaves, which are white, yellow, green, from the dead, (John xi.) Here Mary anointed the Lord been bestowed there." - Swift. orange-colored, or deep crimson, in different varieties. against the day of his burying (John xii.); and from the -To give; to confer; —used generally with on or upon. It is cultivated like the common beet, but the leaves midst of his disciples, near this village which he loved, "But his nature was such as to bestow it usoa himself."-Sidney. only are used in soups, or their ribs are cut out and he ascended to heaven, (Matt. xxiv. 50.) Its modern -To give in marriage. stewed like sea-lcail. They have however an earthy namse, Aziriyeh, is derived from Lazarus. It is a poor "I could have bestewed her upon a fine geutleman, who ex- taste, which it is not in the power of cookery wholly to village of some twenty families. tremely admired her." - Tatler. remove, on which account they are little esteemed. Beth'any, in Connecticut, a post-township of New IHaBestowl'a-ge, s. Stowage. (a.) The French call this species Poiriee d cardes; it -is said yen co., 8 m. N. by W. of New Haven; pop. abt. 1,220. Bestowal, (be-sto'al,) n. Act of bestowing; disposing. to have beenintroduced into France fitom Portugal; but Bethanay, in Georgia, a village of Greene co., 35 m. N. Bestow'l, so. ne o bstowes; igie; adispose. its native station is unknown. -4. Beta moar-itinta (sea- by E. of Milledgeville. ]Bes3tow~'mer, n. Act wof bestows ing r; be dstowal. Bestsowlr',me t n. Act of bestowing; bes;towal. dso beet), unlike the three last, is a prostrate plant, with -A post-office of Jefferson co. -Donation; thst whica is bestow igbted. a numerous entangled branches, and a tough woody root. Bethany, in Indiana, a village of Bartholomew co., 3 DBestrati'd ie, th a. [be and storadde.] To beetride It is a common European shore-plant, preferring a min. W. of Columbus. Bestraidght, a(be-le-aw',) a. Distracted; madT out of chlalky soil. Its leaves are small, ovate, deep green, -A post-office of Parke co. Bestraught, (be-strawt',) a. Distracted; mad; out of one's senses. Iiasnthsrut..crenelled. rather sharp-pointed, flat, succulent, and Betlhany, in Illinois, a village of Christian co., 20 m.: What I I am not bestraught." — Shaks. placed on long stalks. Its flowers are green and ar- S.E. of Springfield. ranged in spikes, each being subtended by a small leafy Bethany, in Michigan, a township in the N. part of Bestrew, (be-stro',) v. a. (imp. BESTnREWED; pp. R5E- bract. It is a perennial, and one of the most valuable Gratiot co.; pop. about 110. STREWED, BESTROWN.) To strew or strow; to scatter over; plants lcnown as a substitute for spinatch; its leaves -A township of Branch co., about 60 min. N. of Adrian; to besprinkle. when dressed are extremely delicate and well-flavored, pop. about 1,450. "So thick bestrewn, and easily reduced into that pulpy substance which con- Bethany, in Missouri, a village of Clay co., 15 im. Ahject and lost lay these, covering the flood." -Milton. stitutes the great merit of good spinach. It thrives in a N.N.E. of Liberty. Bestride', v. a. (imp. OE3TRID or BE.STRODr; pp. BEsTORn, garden without any sort of care, and is rather a handsome -A post-village, cap. of Harrison co., 155 mi. N.W. of JefBESTRIDDEN.) To stride or step over; to place a leg on plant when growing among rubbish, for its leaves are ferson city; pop. of township about 3,000. each side of something; to ride upon. of a particularly rich green, and not liable to be scorch- Bethany, in New Iorsk, a township of Genesee co., 240 "The boundings steed you pompously bestride, ed by the sun, or to be injured much by insects. It is m. N. by W. of Albany; pop. about 2,400. Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride." - Pope. increased by seeds, which it yields in abundance. - The -A post-village of B. township, Genesee co., abt. 35 m. -To step over; as, to bestride the threshold of a house. beet, principally B. vulgaris, yields sugar equal to that S.W. of Rochester. "Than when I first my wedded mistress saw of the cane; of this species, the purple-leaved is the most Bethalny, in Ohio, a post-village of Butler co., 20 m. Bestride my threshold. - Slaks. esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leaved for ex- N.N.E. of Cincinnati. Bestrodle', imp. of BESTRIDE, q' V. tracting sugar. As a source of sugar, the B. is cultivwoted Bethaany, in Pennsylvania, a post-borough of Dyberry Bestrowna', imp. of BEsToREW, q. v. on a large scale in many parts of the world; and it is township, Wayne co., 3 miles N. of Honesdale; pop. BesBtuckl', imap, of BESTICK, q. V. believed that upwards of 400,000,000 lbs. of beet-root abt. 500. Bestud', v. a. To set with studs; to adorn with bosses. sugar are annually produced in Europe, and chiefly in Bethany, in S. asrolina, a village of York district, "And so bestud with stare, that they below iFrance. The cultivation of the B. for sugar purposes about 10 min. N.N.W. of Yorkville. Would grow inur'd to light." -- Milton. should be of great importance in our country, as evi- Bethany, in West Virginia, a post-village of Brooke Bet, (b,) n. [A. S. ad, a pledge; badian, to give or ta denced by the high prices of sugar-cane since the begin- co., on Buffelo Creek, 7 m. from the Ohio River, and 16,(.a pledge.] A pledge; a wager; that which is d, staked, oning of the Cuban war. This interesting matter will be min. N.E. of Wiheeling. a pledge.] A pledge; a wager; that which is laid, staked, further examined under SUxAR. Ig~tn~~rrP, i ~rh~?oia otuc orpledgediacontest. further exanined under SUGARo. Bethaany Church, in North Carolina, a post-office eor pledged iti a contest. Betake', v. a. (imp. BETOOK; pp. BEOTAKEN.) [Swed. and of Iredell co. "Bis pride was in piqoet, Gt Newmarket fame, and judgment at a bet." - Goth. betaga; be, and taga, to take.] To take to; to Bethaven, (beth-ai'ven.) (Anc. Geog.) A plain and Newmarket fame, and jadgment at a bet." —.Po2~. commit to; to resort; to have recourse to; to apply. desert near Bethel on the E. (Josh. vii. 12; xviii. 12.) It -w. a. [A. S. badian.] To give pledge; to lay a bet, or (Used with the reciprocal pronoun.) seems to be reproachfully used at timesfor Bethel itself, wager.." But when ourselves to action we betake, after the golden calves were there setup; bethel mean"Complained and sigh'd, and cry'd, and fretted, It shuns the mint, like gold that chymists make." - Dryden. ing the house of God, and B., the house of sis. Lost every earthly thing he betted." —.Po~e. jeZB'3P 33 BTR 9 ta ~t g bel irc. Leost every earthly thing he letted." -Pspe. Betalk'en, pp. of BETAKE, q. V. Beth Eden, in South Carolina, a village of Newberry Bet. The old imp. of BEAT. (Now obsolete or vulgar.) Betel, (bti-tl.) [Fr. bitel; Sp. betle, betel brete; Pg. betel, district. Be'ta, s. [Lat., from Celt. belt, red.]J (Bot.) A genus of bethel, betelhe; Malabar, beetla-codi.] A narcotic nmastica- Beth'el. [Heb., house of God.] (A.c. Geog.) A city W. plants, ord. Chlenopodiacece. DIAo. Calyx 5-sepalled; sta. tory, used by the Malays and other Eastern races, not of Hait, on the confines of the tribes of Ephraim and 5; styles 2, very short, erect, with acute stigmas; seed only for chewing, but for the object of dyeing the teeth Benjamin, and occupying the spot where Jacob slept reniform, imbedded in the fleshy calyx; stems furrowed; black, and imparting a deep red to the lips - colors re- and had his memorable dream, (Judges i. 23.) Thirty leaves alternate; flowers glomerate, green, in spiees or garded as a marik of beauty and distinction, especially years after, he again pitched his tent there. Here the paniculate racetes.- Four species are cultivated as es- by the females. The mode of preparing this morsel for arle of the covenant, and probably the tabernacle, long culents; the others are mere weeds. We shall only occupy use is very simple. A small quantity of lime as large remained. After Solomon, it became a seat of gross ourselves with the former. 1. Beta vasgaris (common as a pea is placed on a piece of betel-nut, or ifruit of the idolatry,-Jeroboam choosing it as the place for one of beet) is said to be found in a wild state in S. Europe; it Areca catechu, (see A:tEcA,) and enclosed in a leaf ofsiri, his golden calves, from tihe sacredness previously atis however chiefly known as a plant cultivated in gar- or betel-pepper. (See CsAvwcA.) The roll is taken be- tached to it, (1 Kin. xii. 29.) The prophets were charged dens, for its carrot-like sweet and tender roots. Several tween the thumb and fore-finger, and rubbed violently with messages against B. The first of these was fulsorts are mentioned, varying in the size, formn, color, and against the front gums, while the teeth are closed firmly, filled by Josiah; and the others in the later desolation sweetness of their roots: of these, however, two are and the lips opened widely. It is now chewed for a of B., where nothing but ruins can now be found. Its much more worth cultivating than the others, namely, moment, and then held between the teeth and lips so as site was identified by Dr. Robinson, in the place now the small red and long yellow varieties; they are the to partly protrude from the mouth. A profusion of red, called Beitin, 20 mi. from Jerusalem, towards Shechem. most delicate, the sweetest, and have the richest color brick-colored saliva now pours out of each corner of the Beth'el, n. A name given in England to a dissenting when served at table. Beet-roots can only be obtained mouth, while the man is exerting himself at his oar, or chapel. in perfection in a rich, light, sandy soil, through which hurrying along under a hesvy load. When hle is rich -In England and U. States, a place of worship appointed they can readily penetrate; in stony or stiff situations enough to enjoy tobacco, a small piece of that luxury is for seamen. the roots become forked, and are deprived of their suc- held with the siri between the lips and teeth. The leaf- IBeth'eiL in Alabama, a post-office of Wilcox co. culence. The seeds are sown in drills or in beds, att the tobacco is cut so fine that it exactly resenmbles the " fine- Beth'el, in Connecticut, a post-village and township of end of March or beginning of April, and are to be well cut" of civilized lands; and long threads of the fibrous, Fairfield co., about 25 mn. N.W. of New Haven; pop. covered with soil; the plants are to be thinned to the oakum-like substance are always seen hanging out of about 2,100. distance of a foot apart; in Sept., the roots may be taIlen the mouths of the natives, and cot mpleting their disgust- Beth'eL, in Georgia, a post-village of Glynn co., on up, and should be pacleed in sand, in some dry place out ing appearance. This revolting habit prevails not only Turtle River, about 70 m. S.S.W. of Savannah. of the reach of frost. In this country, beet is chiefly ens- among the men, but also anoong the women; and when- Beth'ei, in illinois, a post-village of Morgan co., 48 m. ployed as an ingredient in salads. —2. Beta aitissima ever a number meet to gossip, as in other countries, a W. of Springfield. (mangel-wurzel) is a much larger and coarser plant than box contaitinig the necessary articles is always seen -A township of McDonough co.; pop. about 1,200. the common beet, from which it is princippally known by close at hand, and a tall, urn-shaped spittoon of brass is Beth'ei, in Joodiana, a township of Posey co.; pop. its roots being marked internally with zones of red sond either ioo tite midst of the circle, or passing from one to about 550. pinhe or white. Its native country is uotknown; by another, that each may free her mouth lfrom surplus — A post-village of Wayne co. some it is reckoned a mere variety of the common beet, saliva. Whenever one native calls on another, or a Beth'e8l, ii lsewd, a post-village of Fayette co., about 48 but this is scarcely probable, consideming that it is per- straonger is received from onabroad, invariably the first m. W. of the Mississippi River. maneutly reproduced from seed. Mangel-wurzel is an article that is offered him is the siri box. — The narcotic Beth'el, in Kentuckty, a post-village of Bath co. object of extensive cultivation for feeding cattle; its effects of this masticatory have not been experimen- Beh'el, in Maine, a post-township of Oxford co., on the leaves afford a very nutritious food for all kinds of live- tally investigated by travellers. To one not accustomed Androscoggin Itiver, 70 m. N.N.W. of Portland; pop. stock, and the roots, fioom their extreme sweetness, are to betel-chewing, the nut is powerfully astringent in the about 3,000. 282 BETH BETH BETRI Beth'el, in Michigan, a post-township of Branch co.; and Christ were born, and, as the place of the NATIVITY, (1 Sam. xxxi. 10-12; 2 Sam. xxi.12.) The place is now pop. about 1,482. no part of Palestine. is so fraught with interest to the called Beisan, and is about 24 m. S. of Tiberias. The -A township of St. Clair co. devotee or tourist than a spot so divinely sacred. The present village contains 70 or 80 miserable houses. The Beth'el, in M[innesota, a post-township of Anoka co.; present B. has about 300 houses, and a population of ruins of the ancient city are of considerable extent, pop. about 160. 2,500 Greeks, Armenians, and Turks, the former chiefly along the banks of the rivulet which ran by it, and on Beth'el, in Missouri, a post-village of Shelby co., on the employed in the manufacture of rosaries, crucifixes, and the side of the valley; bespeakling it to have been nearly N. Fork of North River, 98 m. N.N.E. of Jefferson city, beads. Every part of the neighborhood, where fancy or 3 m. in circuit. Beth'el, in Nete Yesork, a post-village and township of tradition can mark the footsteps of the Saviour, has Bethshe'mesh, [Heb., "house of the sun."] (Anc. Sullivan co., 120 m. S.S.W. of Albany; pop. abt. 3,500. been covered with a shrine, oratory, or cell, though the Geeg.) A city of Judah, 15 min. W. of Jerusalem, chiefly Beth'el, in Ohio, a township in Clark co.; pop. abt. 3,600. great architectural feature is the magnificent church, memorable for a battle between Judah and Israel, in -A post-village in Tate township, Clermont co., 33 m. S.E. built by the Empress Helena, over the spot said to be which Amaziah was defeated. (2 Kin. xiv. 12-14.) of Clermont. the actual site of the birthplace. The edifice is in the Bet;haumn l, v. a. [be and thumsp.] Tobelabor or cudgel -A township of Miami co.; pop. about 2,100. form of a cross, and bears the name of the founder. In soundly. -A township of Monroe co.; pop. about 1,500. a rich grotto, adorned with silver, and hung withicrystal "I was never so bethtmnpt with words, Beth'el, in Oregon, a post-village of Polk co., 12 m. N.E. lamps always burning, a silver star, with the words Since first I call'd my brother's father dad."- Shale. of Dallas. HUc de Vi'f/ine lalrica Jesus Christ natus est, marks Bethune, (bai-tooeen',) a fortified town of France, dep. Beth'el, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of Berks co., the spot of the nativity. The manger stands in a low Pas de Calais, on a rock, at the foot of which is the Brette, 35 m. N.E. of Harrisburg; pop. about 200. recess cut in the rock, a few feet from this star. The 18 mu. N.N.W. of Arras; pop. 8,611. -A township of Delaware co.; pop. about 630. church is subdivided among the Latins, Greeks, and Betide', v. a. (imp. BE TID or ETnIDED; pp. EnTID.) [A. S. -A township of Fulton co.; pop. about 1,900, Armenians, each comemunity having a separate portion ticdae, from lid, time, season.] To happen to; to befall -A township of Lebanon co.; pop. about 2,750. of the edifice for devotional purposes. to; to bechance to; to come to. Beth'el, in Tennessee, a post-office of Giles co. 1Beth'leltem, in Conneclicut, a post-village of Litche- "Said he then to the palmer, reverend sire, Beth'el, in Texas, a post-office of Anderson co. field co., 30 mu. N.W. of New Haven po. about 840. What great misforiune hath betie this knight." —Ssnser. Beth'el, in VFermont, a post-township of Windsor co., 35 Betli'leliem, in Izdiana, a post-village and township -To come to pass; to happen. m. S. of Montpelier, and 39 N. of Windsor. This place of Clark co., on the Ohio river, 18 m. below Madison; "Let me hear from thee in letters is an inexhaustible quarry of soapstone; pop. abt. 2,250. pop. about 900. Of thy success in love: and what news else Beth'el, in West Virginia, a post-office of Mercer co. -A township of Cass co.; pop. about 1,250. Betideti here in absence of thy f'iend." —Shaks. Beth'el Colleg-e. See -MAc LEsc0RESVILLE. -A village of lIamilton co., abt. 15 mIn. N. of Indianapolis. Betime', Betimes', adv. By the time; seasonably; Beth'el Corne'rs, in iNew York, a post-office of Cay- Bethlqehem, in iowa, a P. 0. of Wayne co. in good season or time. ugra co. B/eth'leheina, in lasryland, a P. 0. of Caroline co. "Send sucecours, lords, and stop the rage etime." —Shaks. fleth'el Spring-s, in Tennessee, a P. 0. of McNairy co. Beth'leheien, in New Hampshire, a post-towmn of' Sn su lo a pt ge Sh — Early; soon; in a short time. Beth'encourt, JoN DEn, (bai'ten-koor,) a Norman Grafton co., 75 in. N. by EI. of Concord; pop. abt. 1,120. Shsrt is the date, aias I of modern rhymes baron, who wvas chamberlain to Charles VI., king of Beth'lehem, in New Jersey, a post-township of I1un- And'tis but just to let them live betimes."-Poee. France, anid being ruined in the war with England, terdon co., 13 In. N.W. of Flemington; pop. abt. 2,300. tlleVis, or Bit'lis, a town of Turkish Armenia, 18 m. sought to repair his fortunes in foreign countries, anid Bethlehem, in New I-/rk, a township of Albany co., IV from the V. extremity of Lake Vam. Lat. 380 35' N.; made a descent from Spain on the Canary Isles, in 1402. on the Hudson River, 5 m. S. of Albany; pop. abt. 6,700. Lon. 420 50' E. Pop. 15,000. Not having sufficient force, however, he returned, and Bethtlehenm, in Ohio, a township of Coshocton co.; Beto'lena, v. a. [A S. betecan. See TOKEN.] To show obtained reinforcements from Henry III. of Castile, with pop. about 110. or sinify by a ton or sign; to snify which hle was successful, and wvss crowned king in 1404, -A village and towvnship of Starke co., 60 m. S. byE. of imi ba tok or si igni. II Ceremonies fit to betoken such intents. "-Hooker. under the title of Louis. lie converted the greater poe- Cleveland; pop. about 2,800. tion of the Canaries to Christianity, and in 1405 re- Beth'lehemn, in Pennsylvania, a township of North- -To foreshow; to portend; to presage; indicative of ceived from the Pope thle appointment of bishop to the ampton co., 7 m. W. by S. of Eeaston; pop. abt. 4,500. soethin0 about to happen. islands. The following year hle went to Normandy, -A post-borough in the above township, on the Lehigh The hindling azure, and the mountain's brow Z3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~"h kluindlwith flured gold, thinea mouapproaw where he passed the rermainder of his days. D. 1425. River, 51m. N. of Philadelphia. B. was founded in 1741 ud rl luid gold, his near approach - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Betoken glad.". —T/omson~. Bethesda, (be-thes'da,) ua mineral spring, or pool, of by the Moravians, who have there a fine church, a large Beto,(be-ng,)n [Fr.bion;Lat.bi enfossiltar. Judea, without the gates of Jerusalem, on the E. side seminary, and other buildings. Pop. about 2,500. (aor ) Terccortcopsdbfit of the city, and below the rock of the Teniple. Thc Betllehem, in South Carolina. a p. O. of Sumter dist. T(Masonry.) The French concrete, comnposed by first word signifies a house of mercy, from the cures said to mBethingeheronites, Beph'tehemi e, n. An isane m g the roper proportions of lime and sand, either 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~by hand or by a pug-imill, in the same manner as for be effected, in diseases of all natures, ty the bathers ie person; a lunatic. - See BEDLAmIIT. by hand or by a pu-il, in th same manner as r its solitary waters. The pool, or, msore properly, the — pl. (Eccl. Hist.) An order of monks who flourished in oria rta walled tank, was surrounded by 5 alcoves or porticoes, the 13th century. They were also styled Star-bees B ni, BON,. r. bine. (Bt.) A genus in which the patients undressed and waited for the favor- from tseir wearing a red star of five rays, witl a blue of plants, order Laia. There re 2 species, the able hour to immerse themselves. This auspicious time, cirloe in the middle, on their breast, in rmenory of the floes and leaves of which were bormerly employed in medicine. They have been abandoned as having little according to the Evangelists, was when an unseen angel star which appeared to the wise men. They established neic e. entered the water, and imparted celestial virtue to the themselves in England in 1257. —Another order bearing or no virt ne. fluid, when the water was thrown into commotion; and this name was instituted at Guatemala, Central America, Bet~o~,, imp. of B]raAKc, q. V. the sooner advantage could be taken of this sudden in 1660. They attended the siclk in hospitals. Innocent ]etorla'l, a. Torn or rent to pieces. agitation, the more potent was the medicinal effect on XI. confirmed the order in 1687, and ordered the breth- Beteoss', v' a. To toss about; to agitate violently; to the patient, the water being inoperative when at rest, or ren to follow thei rule of St. Augustine. mae co oton. sta-nate in the reservoir. This plenomenon was caused Beth'sam Green, an eastern division of London, In What said my man, when my betossed soul Did noL attend him as we rode? —,ghaks. unquestionably by the periodical rise of the spring; and Middlesex, including Victoria Park. as the water was no doubt a chalybeate, from the red Bethought', pret. and pp. of BETHINK, q.v. Betrap', v. a. To ensnare; to entice into a trap. ochlre, or powder, said to be precipitated, the spring Beth-Peeor. (Anc. Geog.) A town of 5Moab, infamous -To clothe, deck, or caparison with trappings. would be naturally stronger and more beneficial when for the worship of Baal-pecr. In the adjacent valley Betray', v. a. [be, and Lat. trade-re; It. tradire; Fr. fresh from its mmineral bed, and before the atmosphere Moses rehearsed the law to Israel, and was buried. trahi/r.] To deliver up by treachery or fraud; to surhad time to precipitate its medicinal virtues. (eh/hn v. 2.)!et;hsai'da, [IHeb., place of fishing.] (Anc. Geog.) A city render by breach of trust. It is now dry, and used as a depOt for dirt and rubbish. in Galilee, on the W. shore of the lalke of Genesareth.''Tis an old tale and often told, Bethes'dna, in Otio, a post-office of Belniont co. It was the birthplace of the apostles Philip, Andiew, 0f ecidee true betrayea for gld."-Sir Wslier Scott. Bethes'da, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Lancaster co. and Peter, and was often visited by Christ. - Another, -To violate counfidence; to treacherously injure. Bethes'daa, in Tenrnessee, a P. 0. of Williamson co. B. of Gaulonitis, N. of the same lake, and E. of the'" How, wouldst thou again betray me? "-Milton, Bethink', v. a. (imep. and pp. BCETouGmm.) To call to Jordan. Neear this place, Christ fed the five thousand. -To disclose or reveal treacherously, clandestinely, or in mind; to bring to recollection. (Generally accompanied This town, enlarged and called Julias by the tetrarch breach of trust. with the reciprocal pronoun.) Philip, is now little but ruins.' He swift to hear, hut he oautlons of your tongue. lost yet bm"I have betihought me of another fault." —Shats. ]Bethshe'asls, or ]Bet~h'shan. (Anc. Geog.) A town, tray your ignorance.`- Watts. -v. i. To think upon; to consider; to recollect, more generally known by the name of Scythopolis, -To mislead; to render liable to inconveniemce. "And make him bethint himself, whetherthis attempt be worth which was situated 2 us. IV. of the Jordan, at the ex-, His abilities created him great confidenoe; nd this was like the venture."-Locke. tremity of the valley of Jezreel, an armi of the great enough to beiray him to great errore,"'-King Clharles I. B]ethlehem, (bet/ihe-hem.) (Antc. Geog.) A small city plain of Esdrnelon, running down from it to the valley -To indicate; to show what would ratiher be concealed, of Judea, about 6 mn. from Jerusalem, at the foot of a.- "or, after length of years, a stone hetray The place where once the very ruins lay.' -Addison, ~ —— ='~ ~:~= —-— ~ —-~?: ______~=-~-~~ —~-: —rr-~~~L;::- __~_________:. t__~~~~._.l~ —To fail in regard to reliance placed upon; as, the legs of ___...-~ Ia drunken man betray him. _________~~~~~~~~~~_ _ ~~__ -.. ~~~_ _ --— ( —-, Betray'al, ce. Act of betraying; treachery. _ _ _Betray'er, n. One vho betrays; a traitor. _ _ They are only a few betrayers of their country."-Swift. m I', "~:. Betray'rnen$t, n. Betrayal; act of betraying.'B]etrinm', v. a. [be and trie.] To deck; to decorate; to NI t dress; to place in order; to embellish. F-~~ —-~;7 ~ —~-~ —~- S- R-(IL-~f~-8Oee,.~' Thy banks with pionied and twilled brims Whieh apongy April at thy hest betrims." —Shaks. -ail...(dmj~~ Betroth'. a. a. [be and troth.] To pledge the troth or pj/lii (p 0 "'. thful~trmth to; to affiance; to vos or promise to be true and I/ I l'faithful. 41~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ('" ~~ 8,~'~~~~ ml ~~~~~~~~oee""ic hBy soul's public promise she eel4 till 1 m"~'- t-' cce;O.~J~85 Was sold then, and betroth'd to Victory.`-Csowley. -n it fr Ilil' -To espouse; to contract with a viesv to marriage.'ens. 1 U'jt).-... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" And what ecan is there Sisat hath bets'sfted a wits, and hath 4'l,T - oin to a bishopric, in order to consecration.''If any person ho consecrated a bishop to Shst ohnrch, where. - ets lie woo net hefore brets-el/sd, he shail net recoive the hahit ofcnsecrauiea.''-AymtIlfe. ]etrotl h'a, n. Act of betrothoing; betrothmont. Betruth'met t o; toa n. (Law.) A contract between aman - ~- Fey BoO -nevnsncAN.aud a women, by svich they agree that t a future time 1-' -' "u — of the Jordan en a S E. direction. It stood on thi brow, tlsey avill marry together. The contratct usust be mutual; EFg. 349. - IEtTu _M just where tisfe acer seiey drops dosvm by a rather flue prmoiise of the one must be the consideration fer the steep descent to thee level of then. lem B was assigned prosise of the other. It must be oblig' tory on both hill covered with vines and olives, and about fve or six to Manasseb, though not at once subdued, (TosS. xvii. psrties at the eamuse instant, so that each may leave an ales souath-east of Jerusatlema. It sas hers that David 1.1-16.) The dead body of Saul was fastened to its walls. actin upon It, os-it will bind neither. Either partyf man BETU BEUS BEWA 283 call upon the other to fulfil the engagement, and, in case Gilead fir. Canoes of this sort are so light as to be easily 1838, was Charg6 d'Affaires at Munich in 1841, in Lonof refusal or neglect to do so within a reasonable time transported upon the shoulders of nmen. It is said that don in 1846, and Ambassador to the Court of Berlin in after request made, may treat the B. as at an end, and one capable of carrying four persons and their baggage, 1848; Minister of Foreign Affairs for Saxony in Feb., bring action for the breach of the contract. For a breach onlyweighls from forty to fifty pounds. Several varieties 1849, receiving the portfolio for Agriculture in the folof the B. without a just cause, an action on the case are fobund in the plantations of this country; they differ lowing May. He took a prominent part in the discusmay be maintained by either party for the recovery of principally in the breadth and downy character of the sions preceding the treaty of 1852, and in 1853 became damages. - Bouvier. Minister of the Interior, when he resigned his post as Betrust', v. a. To entrust; to put into the confidence Minister of Agriculture. On the brealring out of the of another. (a.) - Danish war, in 1863, Baron Yon Beust distinguished him"Whatsoever yeou woud betrust to your memory, let it be dis.'(.' self by his fidelity to Federal interests, and by a rebuke pWhtoever you wol peru opeor methory,- letits.e disposed in a proper method."- Watts..he administered to Lord Russell in answer to a despatch Betrust'ment, n. Act of entrusting. fromn the latter. He represented the Germanic Diet at Bet'sey Lake, in Michigan, a post-office of Grand the London Conference of 1864, during the continuance Traverse co. i of which he twice visited Paris to confer with the EmBet'so, n. [It. pezzo, a piece of money.] The smallest / peror Napoleon, whose guest he was afterwards at FonVenetian money; its value is about a fiarthing. 2_ tainebleau. After the war between Austria and PrusBet'ter, a., comp. of good. [A. S. bet, more, better; betere, sia, Baron Von Beust was made Minister of the Housebetera, better.] Having good qualities in a greater de- hold by the Emperor of Austria, Nov. 14, 1866, and Presigree than another; as, that is a better style. dent of the Council on the retirement of Count Becredi. ~', The better part of valour is discretion." —qhaks. Feb. 4, 1867. The Emperor of Austria, acting under -Superior; preferable, in regard to fitness, convenience, Beron Von eust's advice, Ias made great concessions to rank, &c. Hungary, and accomplished important reforms in the'"Better fifty years of Europethan a cycle of Cathay." —Tennyson. general administration of t pie. — Improved yin health; recovering firom sickness; as, the Bev/ans inNwJesy ps-ilae use o Bev'sans, in New Jersey, a post-village of Sussex co. -Improved in health; recoring from sictnesss, the Bev'el, n. [Fr. buvean; Ger. bNgel, from biegen, to fever has left him, and he is much better. bend, to bend into a curve or angle.] (A4rch.) An inTo be better off. To be in improved or better condition.bntbedioacuvorng.]Arh) niT ~o be betteo~ o To be in improved or better condition. strument for taking angles. One side of a solid body Bet'ter, n. Superiority; advantage, (usually preced- - is said to be bevelled with respect to another when the ing of.) angle contained between their two sides is greater or "The gentleman had so much the better of the satirist.' —Prior. less than a right angle. The term splay is nearly sy-Improvement; higher excellence. nonymous with B.; but it is applied to openings which "The Corinthians that morning, as the days before. had the have their vertical sides sloped for the purpose of enbetter."- Sir' P. Sidney. larging the aperture. - This name is also given to the -A superior; as, he has more arrogance than his betters. instrument with which carpenters and masons work (Nearly always used in the plural.) surfaces which are required to slope at the samine angle. Bet'ter, adv., comp. of well. In a more excellent manner; In its simplest form it is a piece of wood, with a thin w ith greater success; as, better late than never. rwith gcreater stccess; as, better late than never, t yplate of steel working in a groove at one end, so that it -.More correctly, or fitly. in may form any angle with tie wood less than two right "The better to understand the extent of ourknowledge, one angles. thing is to be observed."-Locke. (Her.) Applied to a chief, open or brolken, like a car-More; in a higher degree; as, she loves him better than Fig. 351.- BLACK OR MAHO00AN BIRCc, (Betula lesta.) penter's rule. me. 1. Inside of a barren scale. with the anthers detached -v. a. To cut or form to a bevel angle. Bet'ter, os. a. [A. S. beterian, betfrin, from bet, betera.] To 2. Inside of a fertile scale, with the ovaries attached. -v. n. To slant, or incline off to a bevel angle. make better; to improve; to ameliorate; to benefit; to 3. Inside of a scalet with their ripe fruits. Bev'el Angle, n. A term used among artificers to correct; to repair; to amend: to advance. 5. ThA ripe fritsame. magnified.atra size, denote an angle which is neither a right angle nor half "With well-tiood zealc and with an artful care, 6. A transverse section of the same. a right angle. tRestor'd and better'd soon the nice afltair.". — Cowley. leaves, and in the hairiness of the branches. The true Bev'el-gear, n. (Mech.) A species of wheel-work, in Bet'ter, n. One who bets. See BETTOR. B. papyracea has branches and leaves with scarcely any which the axles of Bet'tering, so. [A. S. betosung.] Act of improving; im- hairs; the variety B trichoclada has extremely hairy two wheels woring Bet~~~tering, it. [A. S. bet? ~~~~~~~~~~~~two wheels working provement. branches and heart-shaped leaves; and that called B. into each other are Bet'terment, so. A making better; improvement. platyphylbla has very broad leaves. B. lenta, tile black neithier parallel nor (Law.) Iuprovemest nade to an estate, which men- or mahogany birch, has catkins short, erect; branches perpendicular, but ders it better than mere repairs. The term is also ap- quite smooth; leaves thin, cordate, oblong, tapering inclined to one an- plied to denote the additional value which an estate to a point; stipules very large and membranous. None other in a certain acquires in consequence of some public improvement, of our birches produce timber so valuable as this. Its angle. Wheels of as laying out or widening a street, &c. wood is hard, close-grained, and of a reddish brown. It this kiind are also Bet'termost, a. Best. (t,) is abundant in the Middle States, as in New York, New called conical wheels, Bet'ting, n. The laying of a wager. See GAMINc. Jersey, and Pennsylvania, but more to the south it only because their teeth Bettini, Doasueco, (bet-te'oe,) an Italian painter, a. at oappears on the sunmits of the Alleghanies. Deep rich may be regarded as Florence, 1614, was pupil of Mario de Fiori, and almost soil is what it prefers; and when it attains its greatest cut in the frustsrn/ equalled his master. tIe was the fir~st to group flowers dimensions, which are as much as seventy feet of height of a cone. -See - and fruits in landscapes, instead of drawing them de- and three of diameter, it is a handsome tree, budding WHEEL. tached, as was previously the style. D. 1705. remarkably early in the spring, when its leaves are Bev'elled, p.a. Betton'gia, it. (Zob'l.) A genus of kangaroos. covered with a short thiclk coat of down; this disappears Formed to a bevel Bet'tor, a. One who bets or hays a wager, later in the season, and leaves them of a bright and angle. Betts'ville, in Ohio, a post-village of Liberty township, lively green. - Among the European species, B. alba, Bev'elling, n. - n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig. 352. —BEVEL-GEAR. Seneca co., 48 mn. W.S.W. of Sandusky city. the common birch, the most beautiful of the European (Naut.) In shipBet'ty, st. (A cant word.) An instrument used by forest-trees, grows, under favorable circumstances. to the building, the winding of a timber, &c., agreeably to thieves to break open doors. height of 60 to 70 feet. The leaves are small, of an directions given from the mould-loft. -[It. bocetta.] A Florence flask, or pear-shaped bottle, ovate-triangular shape, and doubly serrated. The bark Bev'erage, n. [It. beeeraggio, from bevere, from Lat. wound around with stratw, and used to hold olive-oil. is smooth and silvery white, and the outer layers are bibere, to drink; Fr. bseuvage, from 0. Fr. beuvrage.] Bet'ula, n. [Lat., from Celt.,birch.] (Bet.) The birch, a thrown off as the trunk increases in diameter. Any liquor for drinking; a DRINs, q. V. genus of trees or shrubs, order Betulacec. The genus Betulaceme, (bet-u-lai'se-e.) (Bot.) The Birch worts, Bev'erley, a town of England, in the East Riding of is characterized by its flowers growing in catkins, the an order of plants, alliance Amentales. —DAc,. A two- Yorkshire, 8 m. from Hull; pop. 10,226. scales of which are thin and three-lobed, and by the celled ovary, a solitary pendulous ovule, and a superior Bev'erly, in Illinois, a post-village and township of scales subtending three fiat fruits, each furnished with radicle. - This order contains but 56 species in the two Adams co., abt. 3 m. E.S.E. of Quincy, situated in a two styles, and expanded into a thin wing on either genera, Alnus and Betula, q. v. rich farming district; pop. of township abt. 1,400. side; these fruits are what are vulgarly called birch- Bet'uline, n. (Chean.) A resin contained in the bark Bev'erly, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Christian co, seeds. The species are, with one exception, found be- of the black birch, Betula nigra. Beverly, in Massachusetts, a flourishing post-town of yond the tropic in the northern hemisphere; the species Betu'tor, v. a. To instruct. (R). - Coleridge. Essex co., on an inlet of Ann Harbor, opposite Salem, of the southern hemisphere is a little evergreen plant Bet'wah, a river of India that has its source in Lat. with which it is connected by a bridge, 16 mn. N.N.E. of called B. antarctica, of which little is recorded except 23~ 14' N., and Lon. 770 22' E., and joins the Jumna in Boston; pop. of the townshjp about 7,000. that it inhabits Terra del Fuego. Among the American Lat. 250 57' N., and Lon. 800 17' E., at abt. 30 mn. E.S.E. Beverly, in New Jersey, a thriving post-borouagh of species, the most remarkable, and at the same time the of Calpee. Burlington co., on the Delaware River, 15 mn. above most valuable of the genus, is B. papyracea, the paper or Between, (bd-twen',) prep. [A S. betweonan, betwynan, Philadelphin. Steamuboats between Philadelphia and canoe birch. (See Fig. 102.) It grows in great quanti- from be and twegen, two.] In the intermediate space; Burlington touch at this place. Pop. about 1,750. ties between Lat. 430 and 730 N., and often acquires the betwixt.- In the middle of. -From one to another. - Beverly, in Ohio, a post-village of Washlington co., on height of 70 feet. Its wood is sometimes used in North Bearing relation to two. - Belonging to two. the Muskingum River, 30 mn. above Marietta, and 60 America for cabinet-makers' work; but it is not of much'Castor and Pollux with only one soul betwees them.' -Locke. below Zanesville. value for exposure to weather, as it soon decays if sub- -Noting difference of one from the other. Beverly, in TV. Virginia, a post-vill., cap. of Randolph jected alternately to damp and dryness. Its barlk is the "Children quickly distinguish between what is required from co., ii'I'yg(rt's Valley River, 210 n. NW. of Richmond. part which is the mnost esteemed; this part is said to be them, and what not.' - Locke, Beverly ]Farms, in.Massachusetts, a P. O. of Essex co. so durable that old fallen trees are stated to be fre- Between-deekis, n. (Naut.) The space contained Be'vier, in Missouri, a post-village of Macon co., 75 nm. quently found with their form so well preserved that between any two whole decks of a ship. W. of Hannibal, and 5 W. of Macon city. one would think them perfectly sound, but upon ex- Betwit', v. a. To tausot; to twit. Bevile, n. (Her.) See BEVEL. amining them it is found that the whole of the wood is Betwixt, (bi-twilcst',) prep. [A.S. betlsyx, betwyxt, from Bev'ilport, in Texas, a village of Jasper co., on the rotted away, and nothing is left but the sound and solid be, and twegen, two.] It has the same signification with Angelina River, about 7 m. W. of Jasper, the co. seat. case of bark. This part is used for a number of useful cETWEEN, and is indifferently used for it. Bev'is Tavearn, in Ohio, a post-office of Hamilton co. purposes; log-houses are sometimes thoatched with it; Beuidantite, n. (Miin.) A hydross silicate of lead Bevey, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A fioclk of birds, parlittle boxes, cases, &c., and even hats, are manufactured and peroxide of iron with phosphate of peroxide of iron. ticularIy of quails. - A company, or assembly, especially from it; but its great value is for making canoes. For It occurs in small black and brown rhonobolhedrons in tihe of females. the purpose of obtaining pieces sufficiently large for district of Nassau on the Rhine. Named after aeudant, "p or rode t he nymph alone; such a purpose, the largest and smoothest-barked trees a renchbevy of bright damsels shone."- P are selected; in the eprina, two circselar incisions atthe Belals. in Net- Carolina, a P. 0. of Johnson co. Bewail, (bS-seel:,) v. a. To uotter a wail of distress for; distance of several feet are made, and a longitudinal in- B]eust, FcEDEaICKc FEnDoNAND, BARON VON, o. at Dree- to benmoan; to lament; to express deep sorrow for. cision on each side; then, by introducing a wedge of den, Jan. 13, 1809, studied atGdttingen and Leipzig, and.'Yet wise Enains gave command to all wood between the trunk sand basrmi, the latter is easily entered the Foreign Office. After hohding the post of His friends, not to heseail his funeral.' - Denhan, detached. With threads prep;ared from the fibrous roots Assessor of Land-survey, in 1832, he spent between two — v. n. To utter or express deep grief. of the white spruce fir (Ahies aElba), the pieces of bork and three yeatrs in visiting Switzerhland, France, stnd Bewail'able, a. Lamentable. are sown together, over a light frame-work of wood, and England. Ie became Secretary of the Saxon Legation Bewailer, a One who bewails. the seams ase ctaulkecd with the fesin of the balm of at Berlin in 1836, ocbupied the sEame post at Partis in Bewaili'ng, n. Lamentation. 284 BEYR BEZO BIAR Bewail'melnt, n. Act of bewailing; lamentation; the S., the Aguada in the N.E., and the Mondego in the various animals, and called Bezoar-stones. They are grief. centre. Towns. Coimbra, Ovar, Oveiro, and Lamego.. Pop. brittle egg-shaped masses, about the size of a small Beware, (bi-wdr',) v.n. [A.S. bewerian, bewarian, from about 650,000. walnut, and are mostly dark olive in color. On being be, and warian, to guard against; Sw. and Goth. bewara, iBeyrout', BEIROUT, BAIRUT, (be-root,) a seaport of Syria, cut open, they present the appearance of a nucleus surto guard.] To guard one's self from; to guard against; cap. of a small pashalic, on the S. side of an extensive rounded by concentric deposits. They occur principally to avoid; to take care of; to regard with caution. -It bay open to the N., 48 inm. S.S.W. of Tripoli, 19 m. N.N.W. in the stomachs of Oriental goats, deer, and antelopes, is observable that this verb, occurring chiefly in the ir- of Sidon, and about 3 in. E. from Cape Beyrout, the and were formerly looked upon as possessing superperative mood, is not declinable, and is only used in such natural properties. They were supposed to cure all disforms of speech as admit the word be; thus we say, he -- eases, and act as antidotes against every poison; and may beware, let hisn beware, he will beware; but not, he were so much sought after as to be worth ten times did beware, or, he has been beware. their weight in gold. The most valued of these was obBewdley, (bude'le,) a town of England, in Worcester- ___________ tained from the wild goat of Persia, and was called the shire, on the Severn, 14 m. firom Worcester; pop. 7,628. Lapis Bezoar Orientalis. They are found, more or less, Beweep', v. a. [A. S. bewepan, to bewail.] To weerp -— L __________________ in all herbivora, and sometimes occur in the stomachs over; to laisent. (a.) _______________ of persons living much on farinaceous food. They conBewhis'per, v. t. To whisper. (a.) _tain lithofellic and ellagic acids. Bewhore', v. a. To corrupt with regard to chastity. Bezoar'dic, n. (Med.) A term applied to medicines, as (R.)- To pronounce to be a whore. - Worcester. antidotes, cordials, having the properties that were supBewii'der, v. a. [Ger. verwildern; Di. verwilderen.] aotes ordls, haviiig tez pro To lead or ring into te state ofone in a wi_________ posed to belon,, to the bezoar. To lead or bring into the state of one in a wild or wil — a. That is composed of bezoar, or possesses its properties. derness, who knows not his way; to confuse; to puzzle; Bezoar-'oat, n. (Zob'l.) The Indian antelope. to perplex. Bezo'niian, n. [It. bisogno, need, want.] A scoundrel; "It is good sometimes to lose and bewilder ourselves in such a beggar. (a.) studies." - Watts.' Under which king, Bezoniatn? speak, or die." —Shaks. liewillderedness, n. The state of being bewildered. Bewii'dereduess, a. The state of being bewildere. ____ ~l Bezout, (bai'zoot,) ETIENNE, a French mathematician, Bewil'deringly, adv. In a perplexing nmanner. - omember of the Academy of Sciences,. 1730. HIe wrote Bewil'derment, n. State of being bewildered, or act a course of mathematics for the use of the navy; another of bewildering. for the corps of artillery; a general theory of algebraic Bewitch, (bi-wich',) v. a. To affect by witchcraft, fas- i equations; and other esteemed works. D. 1783. cination, or charms. _' e'zoutian, n. (Math.) A term applied to the n-ary "Look how I am bewitch'cl; behold, mine arm quadric whose discriminant is the symmetrical deterIs like a blasted sapling withered up." -- Shaks. Fig. 353. -viEW SOUTH OF BEYROUT. minant obtained by eliminating, according to Bezout's -To enchant; to fascinate; to charm; to overpower by latter being in Lat. 330 49' 45" N, Lon. 350 27' 54" E. abridged method, the variable, from two binary quantics charms. There are here no public buildings of any beauty, nor of the same degree (n). "The charms of poetry our souls bewitch."- Dryden. are there many remains of antiquity to be met with. B. Be'zoutics, n. (Math.) See ELIMINATION. Bewitched', p. a. Fascinated; charmed. has no port, but there is a good anchorage V/ m. from Bhadrinath, (bad-ri-nath',) a small town of HindosBewitch'edness, n. State of being bewitched. the town, in 6 or 7 fathoms; and large ships may anchor tan, prov. Kumaon, 80 m. N. of Almoralh, 10,294 ft. above Bewitch'er, n. One who bewitches. a little further off in 10 or 20 fathoms. After centuries the level of the sea; Lat. 300 43' N.; Lon. 790 39' E. It Bewitch'ery, n. Fascination; charm; resistless at- of neglect, B. has, in recent times, again become a place is remarkable for a temple much venerated by the traction. of some importance. - L~xp. Galls, madder, gums, silk, Hindoos. Bewitch'ing, n. The act of enchanting or fascinating. wine, and oil.-hmp. Muslins, cottons, tin, hardware, Bhamo, or BAMo, a town.of the Birman empire, cap. -a. That has power to bewitch or fascinate; that has cloths, and W. India produce. A plentiful supply of of a Shan principality, on the Irrawaddy, 170 m. N.N.E. power to control by the acts of pleasing. water from the river Nahr Beyrout, and a great number of Ava, and 20 m. W. of the Chinese border; Lat. 240 10' Bewitch'ingly, adv. In a fascinating manner. of wells, modify, in some degree, the heat of the atmios- N., Lon. 960 45' E. Next to Ava and Rangoon, it is the Bewitch'inguess, n. - Quality of being bewitching. phere, and render the town much cleaner than the gen- largest place in the empire, and contains 2,000 houses, Bewitch'ment, n. Power of bewitching or charm- erality of those in the Ei. The neighlborhood is very fer- mostly inhabited by Chinese. ing; state of being bewitched; fascination. tile. -B. is the ancient Berytus, a Phoenician town of Blhang, (bctag,) n. The common Indian name for the Be'wits, n. pl. (Falconry.) Straps of leather by which great importance, and so named from the number of its seed-capsules and larger leaves of the native hemp, embells are fastened to a hawk's legs. wells. Though destroyed in Alexander's wars, it rose ployed for making the HASHISH, q.v. Bew'leyville, in Kentucky, a P.O. of Breckinridge co. aain under the Romans, and flourished greatly, till Bhat'gong, a city of N. HIindostan (Nepaul), 8 m. Bewrap, (be-rap'.) To cover over; to wrap. utterly destroyed by an earthquake in 551. It again E.S.E. of Catinandoo; Lat. 270 40' N.; Lon. 850 8' E. Bewray, (be-rcd',) v. a. [A. S. be, and wregan, to accuse; rose to eminence under the Saracens, though frequently Though much decayed, it is still the favorite residence Icel. rcegia; Fris. wrogia, wreia.] To point out; to dis- stormed by the Crusaders, and again retaken. - B. is of the Nepaulese brahmins. cover perfidiously. (a.) famous in the Christian legends as the scene of St. Bhatneed', a town of Hindostan, prov. Rajpootana, Bex'ar, ic Georgia, a village of Corveta co., 120 m. W. George's victory over the Dragon. - Pop. about 15,000. cap. of the Bhatty country, 195 m. W.S.W. of Delhi; N.W. from Milledgeville. Be'za. See BkzE. Lat. 290 36' N.; Lon. 740 12' E. Bex'ar, in Texas, a S. county, bounded S. by the Nueces Bez'an, se. (Cos.) A cotton cloth manufactured in the Bhaugulpore, or BOGLIPOOR, (bog-lek-poor',) a town of River, N.E. by the Cibolo; and drained by the Medina, E. Indies. British India, cap of a district of same name, on the San Antonio, Rio Frio, and San Miguel rivers. Area, Bezant, (be-zdnt'.) (Nzcmtis.) A gold coin struck at By- Ganges, 104 m. from Moorshedabad; pop. about 30,000. about 9,000 sq. m. This immense territory, mostly cov- zantium, (Constantinople;) it varied in weight and in The district, supposed to be inhabited by the aborigines ered with extensive prairies, well calculated for the suc- value. There were, also, white or silver B - According of Hindostan, is situated between Lat. 240 and 260 N.. cessful breeding of stock of all kinds, has a soil mostly to Camden, a piece of gold, which was anciently offered Lon. 860 and 890 E. Pop. 2,019,900. sandy, but in some places extremely fertile. (ap. San by the king of England on high festivals, was called a ]Bhooj, (booj,) a city of Hindostan, cap. of the prov. Antonio, an old Spanish settlement, and now a thriving bizantine, and valued at $75,00. Cutch, 50 m. N.E. of the Indian Ocean; Lat 230 15' N.; town. Pop. about 25,000. (Her.) A circle, or. The name is derived from the Lon. 690 52' E. —This town is celebrated for its gold Bey, (b5,) n. [Turk. beg.] A Turkish and Tartar title of gold coin. It was probably introduced into coat-armor and silver works. Near it is a temple dedicated to the dignity, used with no very accurate application for prince, by the Crusaders. Nag, or cobra-capello. lord, or chief, and frequently subjoined to the proper Bezant'ler, n. The second branch of a stag's horn. Bhopauil, or BorAuL, (bo-pawl',) a State of Hindostan, names of persons of rank. lBeze, THEooaRE DE, (bai'zc,) an eminent French Protes- tributary to the British, between Lat. 220 30' and 230 40' Beylic, (bd'lik,) a. A province governed by a bey. tant theologian and reformer, n. at Vezelai, 1519. After N., and Lon. 760 40' and 790 E.; area, 6,772 sq. m. The Beyond', prep. [A. S. begeond, begeondan.] Before; at studying at Orleans and Bourges, he went, in 1539, to capital town is of the same name. The country is full a distance not yet reached. Paris, where hie spent nine years, and then went to Ge- ofjungles, and the ruling people are Patans. "What's fame? a fancy'd life in others breath, neva and married a woman to whom hlie had long been IBhurtpore, or Bflum'ri'oR., (boort-posor',) a small terA thing beyond us, even before our death: secretly engaged. Soon afterward he was appointed pro- ritory of Hindostan, under thIe protection of the British, Just what you hear, you have." —Pope. fessor of Greelk, at Lausanne, a post which hlie held for with a capital of the same iname, situated at 31 mi. N.W. -On the farther side of; as, beyond sea. — Farther onward ten years. In 1558, he was sent to ask the intercession of Agra, in Lat. 270 17' N., and Lon. 770 23' E. Area, than. of several German princes in behalf of the persecuted 1,946 sq. m. B. is inhabited by Jauts, who settled here "He that sees a dark and shady grove. Huguenots in France. The next year he settled at Ge- about 1700, A. D. Stays not, but looks beyond it on the sky." —Herlbert. neva, and was thenceforth the associate of Calvin till his Bli-, [Lat. bis, twice,] a prefix signifying two, twice, or -Part; out of the reach of. death, and his successor as Professor of Theology and double; as, bicarbonate of potash, acompound of potash "This is matter of fact, and Peyond all dispute."-Bentley. head of the Protestant party. B. undertook a nmission with two atoms of carbonic acid; bilocular, two-celled; Above; poceeding to a greater degree than to the King of Navarre, and succeeded in winning him bivalve, two valves, &c. "eHis expenuses are comnd his income."-Loce. to the side of the reformers. Hie took a leading part at Biafra, (BIGoT OF,) (be-af'ra,) an inlet of the Atlantic, tihe celebrated Colloquy of Poissy, and was allowed to on the W. coast of Africa, containing the islands of Fer-Above in excellence. preach ic Paris. He attended thePrince of Condd during nando Po, Prince, and St. Thomas. It lies within Lat. "IHis satires are incomparably beyond Juvenal's."-Dryden. the civil war, and was at tme battle of Dreux. B. took 50 N., and Lon. 100 E. -Remote from; not within the sphere of. part in several other synods and conferences between Bialystock, (be-al'e-stok.) [Russ. Bjelostock.] An ad"With equal mind, that happens, let us bear; the opposing religious parties. His wife died in 1588, ministrative district of Russia in Europe, formerly a Nor joy, nor grieve, too much for things beyond oui care." and hlie married again in a short time. His energy and part of Poland, now a part of the govt. of Grodno; Lat. Dryden. activity of mind, like his bodily health, continued un- between 520 and 540 N.; Lon. between 220 and 240. o be beyon to deceive; to circumvent, abated till he wvas nearly 80 years of age, and he only Area,3,436 sq.m. Forestsareextensive, andagriculture -adv. At a distance; yonder. ceased preaching in 1600. Amnong his worksc are a Latin is almost the only employment. Pop. about 260,000.'"Lo I where beyond he lieth, languishing."-Spenser. translation of the New Testament, and Histoire des BIALYSTOCK. cap. of the above territory, Lat. 530 7'35' N., Beyond Sea. (Law.) In England, a term signifying Eglises Refesmies en France. D. 1605. Lon. 230 18' E., is a handsome town, with apop. of 14,218. out of the kingdom. The courts of Pennsylvania have Bez'el, or BEZIL, n,. That part of a ring in which the Bia'na, a town of Hindostan,prov. Agra; Let. 25057k N.; decided that the phrase means out of the U. States. - In stone is fixed. — Johnson. Lon. 770 8' E. the various statutes of limitation, the term Out of the Beziers, (baiz'e-ai,) a city of France, dep. H1rault, on- Bian'ea, in Minnesota, a post-village of Wright co., abt. State is now generally used, a fertile hill, in a rich country, at the junction of the 44 m. N.W. of St. Anthony. Beyra, or BamitA, (bai-i'ra,) a province of Portugal, Canal du Midi with the Orb, 38 m. S.W. of Montpollier. Bianchi'ni, FRANcIsco, en Italian astronomer and mnbounded on the N. by the province of Tras-los-Montes Its situation makes it the centre of a considerable trade, tiquary, n. at Verona, 1662. Re improved many astroand Entre-Duero-e-M~inho, on the E. by Spain, on the S. but it is principally distingoished by its distilleries, nomical instruments, and discovered the spots on the by Portuguese Estremedura and Alentejo, and on the which are extensive, and produce brandy little inferior planet Venus. His principal work is Universal Histo'y, W. by the Atlantic. Let. between 390 30' and 410 30' N.; to that of Cognac. In 1209, during the first crusade inItalian. D.1729. Lon. between 60 40' and 90 50' W. Area, 5,817 sq. m. against the Albigenses, B. wmts besieged by the Catholic Bian'gnlar, Bian'gulate, Bian'gulated, a. Desc. Mountainous in general; and, where fertility army, who, hiaving carried it by assault, committed, at Having two angles. exists, wheat, barley, and rye are extensively cultivated. the instigation of the Pope's logate, an indiscriminate Biard, PmEsa, (be'ar,) a French sculptor and architect, Its honey is in great repute, and the valley of Mondego massacre of those found within its walls, whether here- n. at Paris, 1559. His chief work is the equestrian produces fine oranges, lemons, figs, and other fruits. The tics or not. statue of Ilenmy IV., placed over the great entrance to inhabitants, however, are mostly employed in magricul- Bezoar, (be-zor'.) [Fr. bizoard; Per. bhd-zahr, from bid, the Hbtel de Ville, Paris. D. 1609. ture, and immense numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine wind, and zahr, poison, i.e., driving away poison.] A Biard, Audcusr FRAsNy1s, a French painter, n. at Lyons, are pastured.- IRivers. The Douro in the Nm, Tagus in word applied to concretions found in the stomachs of 1800. Aftel studying in the Acadimy of Fine Arts of BIBL BIBL BIBL 285 his native place, he visited Spain, Greece, Syria, and the collected books of the Old and New Testaments. REMARKABLE EDITIONS OF ENGLISH BIBLES. Egypt, and his sketches rapidly found their way into The Greek word in primitive use was, ypa0h5, or, rd 4epd A. D. public collections and private galleries. Later, his love ypaippara; and ra Ot/Xia is not found till the 5th century 1526. Tnale's New Testament. (Antwer.) of travel led him to visit Russia, Norway, Lapland, applied to the Sacred Writings by St. Chrysostonm. The I3. Tyndale's Pentateuch. (Alrburg,Hesse.) Greenland, and Spitzbergen. B. is chiefly successful in nane Old iIlstanecnt first occurs in St. Pauls Second 1531. Joye's Isaye (Isaiah). (Strasburg.) the delineation of comic and burlesque groupings, Epistle to the Corinthians (iii. 14), written in A. I. 55 1535. Bartholetus, first Latin Bible printed in England, always takcen from life. IHis principal works are: Arabs The canon is generally believed to have been closed by (4to. London). — Tyndale and Coverdale's bfolio. overtaken by the Sirooem in the Desert; Odalisque of Simon the Just, about B. c. 292. The Apocrypha (q. v.) 1537. Matthew's Bi vle. (tS tao.) Syrmna; The Sequel of a Masquerade; A Slkirmish of _was added B. c. 150. The Old Testament canon consists 1537 A edition of Covedale's Bible. (4to.ozthwak.) Mfasquers with the Po:lice; The Family Concert; Slave of 39 books, divided into 929 chapters, containing 592,439 1539. The Great (or Cromwell's Bible) (London). The Market on the Gold Coast of Africa; Combat with Polar words. Of this portion of the B., the oldest edition is first Bible printed by authority in England. Bears; A BalI on Board an English Corvette, &c. His the Septuagint, translated into the Greek, according 1539. Taverner's Bible. (Folio,London.) wife, from whom he separated in 1843, has devoted herself to the thradition of Aristeas, B. c. 277, by 72 Jews. The 1540. Cranmer's edition of tihe Great Bible. (Fol. London.) to literature, and is known under the name of Leonie work was undertaken at the desire of Ptolemy Phila- 1560. Geneva Bible. (41o. Geneva.) d'Aunet. She has published many novels, but her best delphus. The books of the New'stament, written i 1568. Parker's or the Bishop's Bible. (Fol. London.) work is Voyage d'une Femme au Spiltzberg, a relation of Hellenistic Greek, were first collected about tie middle 1571. The Gospels, in Saxon and English. The Saxon the journey which she took with her husbando friom the Vulgate, and the English from the Bishof the 3d century. Peter (2d Epistle, iii. 16), in 65, speaks opsBbe Ldn. Biarritz, (betar-reetz',) a sea-side village of France, in of St. Paul's Epistles as though they had been collected op'sBible. (London.) the department of the Basses Pyrhmmes, 5 miles from inof the genuine 1576. Genevan Bile. (eFol. Edinburgh.) The first BiBayonne; pop. 1,928. —This place is much frequented from the epurious had already commelnced when St. bl printed in cotlnd. 9~~~~~~~~~~~io 1609 spuriost Roma Cathlread commened ihn Engan.( for the sake of its baths and the beautiful scenery im its Peter wrote. The New Testament is divided into 27 1609. FirstRomanCatholicBibleinEngland.(4to.Douay.) vicinity, and from its having been the chosen marine books containing 265 chapters. The Sacred Writings 1611. The Royal, or K(ing James I.'s, Bible. (Fol. London.) residence of Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, who were translated by the early Christians into various 1632. The "Wicked" Bible. (8vo. London.) built ma chateau here. It has a communication with languages. Eusebius says, "They were translated into 1633. First Scottish edition of Authorized Bible. (8vo. Paris by t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~elerp.]dinburgh.) Paris by teleglraph. - all languages, both of Greelks and barbarians, through- 1657 EdiWbms-gh.) ]Biartie'ulate, a. [Lat. bis, two, and articulus, joint.] out the world, aid studied by all nations as the oracles 1657. Walton's'olyglott Bible. (Fol. London.) Applied to the antennie of insects when they consist of of God." Many of the Fathers bear similar testimony. 1717. Vinegar Bible. (Fol. Oxford.) but two joints, and also to the abdomen under the same Origen published i B. called Hcxapla, in 6 colunis, 1850. Wyckliffe's Bible. (4to. Oas-brd.) circumstances, as in the NVycteribia biarticulata. with different versions, and, on adding to, called it the 1869. The Amer. B. Union (Baptist) have in press a reBi'as, one of the sevenm sages of Greece, and a native of Octapla. The division of the B. into chapters has been vised translation; the New Test. is complete, as Priene, in Ionia, celebrated for his practical knowledge erroneously attributed to Stephen Langton, Archbishop well as thIe books of Genesis and Job of the Old and strict regard tojistice. He flourished about 550 B. c., of Canterbury, in 1206. The Psalins were always divided Test. Exodus, Joshua, Ruth, Judges, 1 and 2 and died at a very advanced age. as at present, and Hugo de Sancto Caro, a Dominican Samuel, cad Psmlms, will be issued this year, 1869. Bi'as, n. [Fr. biais, a slope, from Lat. obliquus, oblique, friar, and afterwards a cardinal, who compiled the first For list of books in tie Bible, see CANON OF SCRIPTURE. slanting; it. bieco.] The weight lodged on one side of,slantin; It. Sieve.] The weiht lodged on one side of concordance to the B., divided the matter into sections, a bowl, which turns it from the straight line. and the sections into uinder-divisions; aind these sections Bible Grove, in Illinois, a post-office of Clay co.'. Madam, we'll play at bowls — are the chapters. He flourished about 1240, and D. in Bible Graove, in ilissouri, a post-office of Scotland co. -'Tsill make me think the world is full of rubs, 1262. Rabbi Isaac Nathan, in 1445, introduced regular Bible-oath, n. An oath on the Bible; a sacred obliAnd that my fortune runs against the bias.: —Staks. proptrsat ensiverses. These alterations have since been much ia- gation. -A leaming of tie mind; inclinatiom; propensity; bent; proved. In the Latin translation of the B., by Paginus BIb'ler, n. [Lat. bibo, to drink.] A tippler. disposition; anything vhich influences, of Lucca, published at Lyons in 1528, Arabic numerals Bible Soeieties. n. p1. Tile following are the prin-'o Moralty influences men's lives, and gives a bias to all their are placed in the margin, opposite the verses, cipal associations formed for the dissemination of the actions."-LockebeB. EARYTRNLTOS Scriptures, with the date of institution: Bi'as, v.a. (lmop. BASS.ED; pp. BIASsIN, BIASSED.). TO cause AR RANA. D. to slope; to turn out of a straight line or course; to 277. (circ.) The Septuagint. The Old Testament is 1649. New England, re-incorporated in 1661. (American.) incline to one side; to give a particular direction to the translated into Greek. 1662. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in mind; to incline; to warp; to prejudice. 100. Old Syriac version. Wales. (BIelsh.) Bi'as, adv. Across; diagonally. A. D. 1698. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. (E/ng.) Biaurie'ulate, a. [Lat. bis, two, and auricula, an 128. Aquila, a Jewish proselyte, translates the Old 1701. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Forauricle.] (Anal.) Applied, in comparative anatomy, to a Testament into Greek. eign Parts. (Elvglish.) heart with two auricles, as in most bivalve molluscs, 176. Theodotion translates the Old Testament. 1709. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in and in all reptiles, birds, and mammals. 205. Lymmachus, by order of Septimus Severus, trans- Scotland. (Scottish.) Biax'al, a. (Min.) That lhas two axes. lates the Old Testament into Greek. 112. Society at Halle. (Germaon.) Bib, so. [Lat. bibo, to drink.] A small piece of cloth 200-300. Coptic translation. 1750. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge among worn by infants over the breast while driinking or im- 300-400. Ethiopic version. thePoor. (English.) bibing nourishment. 360. Gothic version, by Uphilas. 1780. hl and Mil. (English.) 70.Naval and Militasry Bible Society. (English.) -v.n. To tipple; to sip; to drink frequently; as, "He 405. Jerome completes the Latin vulgate, commenced 1785. Society fobr the Support and Encouragement of Sunwas constantly bibbing." -Locke. about 385. daySchools. (English.) Biba'eioas, a. [Lat. bibax, bibacis.] Addicted to 410-413. Armenian version. 1792. French Bible Society. drinking. 709. Saxon translabtion of tihe Psalms. 1803. Society for Promoting an more Extensive CirculaBibasie, (bt-bas'ik,) a. (Chem.) Noting acids'which 723. Saxon translation of the Gospels. tion of the Scriptures both at Home and Abroad. require teeo equivalents of a protoxide of a base to fbrm 725. Bede's Saxon translation of the whole Bible is (English.) a neutral salt, such as the pyrophosphoric, lactaric, and completed. 1804. British and Foreign Bible Society, being the Somalic acids. 864. Slavonian translation. ciety of 1803 remodelled. Blbb, in Alabama, a central county, traversed by the 1160.' French translation of the whole Bible, by Peter " German Bible Society. Cahawba River; surface hilly; soil partly fertile. Area, de Vaux. New York Bible Society. 1,030 sq. m. Cap. Centreville. Pop. about 13,000. 1290. English translation. 1805. Berlin Society, changed to Prussian Bible Society Bibb, in Alabama, a post-office of Pike co. 1380. Wyckliffe's English version. in 1814. Bibb, in Georgia, a central county, bounded S.W. by EAELIEST PRINTED BIBLES IN DIFFEENT ILANGUAGEBS. * 1808. Philadelphia Bible Society. Echaconnee Creek, and crossed.N. to S. by the Ocmuilgee 1813. Russian Bible Society. Suspended in 1826. River; area, 250 sq. min.; surface hilly; soil generally Tnnsla1ion. N. T. Bib. Place of Psieting. 1817. American Bible Society. poor; cap. Miacon. Pop. about 17,500. 1831. Trinitarian Bible Society. Bibber, (bil'er,) n. [From Lat. bibo, to drink.] A Mazarin, (Latin,).................-1455 Paris. 1850. American Bible Union, N. Y. drinker; a tippler; a man given to drinking; as, a Vulgate.............................1462 Mentz. Since the revolution in Italy of 1859, and that in wine-bibber. Germanate,)............... 1467 Spain of 1868, Bible societies Ihave been established in Bibbiena, (beeb'be-ai'na,) a Roman cardinal, B. 1470. Italian....1471 Venice both countries. He entered into the service of the Medici family, and Dutch "...............1475 Cologne. Some of these societies have a large number of branch was made cardinal by Leo X., who employed him on Spanish "...............[1478 Valencia. establishments.. Pope Pius VII. issued a bull at Rome, several important missions. Aspiring to th papacy, lie French........I......1487 Paris, June 29, 1816, against Bible societies, denouncing the is said to have excited the Pope's jealousy, and is supposed Bohemian "............... 1488 Prague. movement as a crafty device, by which the very founto have been poisoned. IBibbiena wrote a famous comedy Hebrew, (Old Testament,). 1458 dations of religion are undermined. called Callamdsa, which is still in repute among the Greek.......................1.. 1516.. Basle. Bib'lieal, a. Pertaining to tihe Bible. Italians. D. 1520. German......................1522 1534 Wittenberg. Bib'lIcally, adv. In accordance with the Bible. Bib'lbie-bab'ble, n. Prating; idle talk. - Shaks. Ilelvetian......................152511529 Zurich. Bib'lieism, n. Biblical doctrine, learning, or literaBibbs, n. pl. (Naust.) Pieces oftimber bolted to thle English......................1526...... Antwerp. lure. (R.) hounds of a mast, to support the trestle-trees. Ditto...................... 1......[1535 [Uncertain.] Bib'lieist, n. One skilled in Biblical knowledge. Biberach, (bebai-rak',) a town of Wtirtemnberg, circle French...............................1535 eneva. Bibliog'rapher,, n. [See BIBLIOCRAPHY.] One versed of Danube, in a fertile valley, on the Ries, 22 m. S.S.W. Swedish........................153411541 Upsal. in bibliography. of Ulm. Near the town are the mineral waters of Jor- Danish.......................1524 1550 Copenhagen. Bibliograp h'ic, Bibliograph'ical, a. Perdansbad. B. is the birthplace of Wieland; and, in 1796, Dutch......................... 1560 taining to the history of books. the French, under Moreau, defeated the Austrians in its Italian.......................... 1562 Geneva. Bibliograph'ically, adv. In a bibliographical vicinity. Spanish.......1................1556 1569 Frankfort or Basle. manner. Bibiena, (be'be-ai'nta,) an Italian painter and architect, Russian......................1519 1581 Ostrog. Bibliography, (bib-li-og'ra-fi,) n. [Fr.; from Gr. B. at Bologna, 1657. He introduced a new form into the Finnish Dialect............... 1548 1642 Stoclkholm. bibles, and graph5, to write, to describe.] A description, building of theatres, and was the inventor of modern Welsh........................... 1567 1588 London. account, or history of boolks. The kInowledge which is theatrical decorations. D. 1745. Hungarian..................... 1574 1589 Vienna. required to classify books, aiccording to the various subBib'io, n. (Zob'l.) A genus of insects, sub-fam. Bibioni- Icelandic...........................1584 Holum, Iceland. jects on which they treat, has been terlmed intellectual dw. They are of small size; their flight is slow and Polish........................... 1585 1596 B.; that of the internal peculiarities of books-the heavy; they are found in damp, marshy places; and some Bohemian............................]15931 Cralitz, [Mloravia.] number of editions throughi which they have passed, species are troublesome pests to our domestic animals. Virginian Indians.. 1661 1663 Cambridge, U.S. the printer or publisher, their date asto time and place, Bibion'idle, a. pl. (Zsiml.) A sub-faro. of dipterous in- Vulgate, (Eosg. edition,)........./1635[ Rouen. their form mnd size, and their comparative completesects, distinguinnished fi'rma all the other Tipulidse, by Modern Greek-............. 1638/......[Geneva. ness, correctness, typographical beauty, and rarity - having the body and legs shorter and more robust; Turkish...................... 1666/.... Oxford. matee-ial B. The first brmnch borders closely on the proantenur cylindric; and wings large. Irish.........1............. [60211685 London. vince of criticism; for the most vwdhnabie bibliographiBibirui' a. (Bet.) See NECTANDRA. Ditto..........................5...1704 Belfast. cal works, being what are termed in French catalogues Bilb'itory, a. [Lat. bibo, bibitism, to drinik.] Belonging Lapponic..........15......5....755/...... raisonntis, are those in which the books are accompanied to drhinking or tippling. Manx..............3............. 763 with some remarks on the character of' their contents. Bi'ble, n. [Gr. biblion, diminutive from bibles, a book; Gaelic....................... 1767 11802 Edinburgh, The second branch of B. has been of late years cultifrom byblos, the papyrus, or the inner bern of it, which Portuguese................... 1781 1783 Lisbon. vated with all the ardor attached to a fashionable and was made into paper for books.] THE BssK, by way of pre- Greeulandic............... 1799 Copenhagen. somewhat eccentric pursuit. The lovers of rare edieminence; the HOLY SCRIPTURES; the volume containing Ihimiese............., 1814...... Calcutta, lidns anld curious copies of works, from being, to borrow 286 BICA BICU B I E N a French term, Bibliophiles. formed some years ago a flesh.] (Bet.) That possesses two small callosities or and the multiiuspidati, or many-pointed, the double or peculiar sect entitled Bibliomamn'acs, with whom tile protuberances. molar teeth. Ihncy for books had become apassion, lilte that of Dutch Blicanere, or B]iektneer, (biklc'a-neer,) a territory ]Bicsss'pidlate, a. (Bot.) That has a double or forked connoisseurs in tulips and pictures. Many works of of Hindostan, prov. Rajpootana, chiefly between Lat. 270 point.-Loudo?. novel and curious research in this department of litera- and 290 N.; having N. the Bhatty country; S. the Joud- Bi'eycle, n. [Fr.. from Lat. bis, and L. Lat. cyclus, ring ture have been produced to guide their taste. Thile foi- poor and Seypoor dom.; E. Hurrianaand the Shehawutty or circle.] A vehicle oil two wheels. This name is not lowing list contains a selection of works, which, finom country, and W. Jesselmere and the great desert, of found in our lexicons, but it is of good use and suffithe critical matter which they contain, may be con- which it forms a part; area, 18,000 sq. mn. The soil is ciently self-explaining. It has been applied by Mr. sidered to belong to the history of literature, as well as sandy and only irrigated by wells. The Itajah has been MVcDonald of Amsterdam, N. Y., to a new kind of velociof books and editions:- Lowndes's Bibliographer's M~an- under British protection since 1818. pede, patented in 1869. ual of English Literature, giving an account of rare, BICANERE, the cap. of the above dom., in the Indian des- Bid, v. a. (iap. BID or BADE; pp. ID or BIDDER.) [A.S. bidcurious, and useful boolks, new edition by Bohn; avalu- ert, 145 m. N.N.W. of Ajmeer; Lat. 270 57' N.; Lon. 730 dan; Goth. bidjan.] To interest; to beseech; to request; able work (1868). Darling's Cyclopcedia Bibliographica, 2' E. The desolation around it is as great as that of the to invite. (o.) a library manual of theological and general literature wildest tract of Arabia. "Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye shall and guide to books (London, 1857-8). A Critical Dic- PBicap'sular, a. [Lat. bis, and capsula, capsule.] (Bet.) find, bid to the marriage." - Matt. xxii. 9. tiona'y of Esoglish Literatulre azd British and American Having two capsules, containing seeds, to each flower. -To require; to demand; to command. Auth'os, by S. A. Allibone, 2 vols. 8vo. (Philadelphia, Bicaailbide of I[ydrogen. See MARSH-GAS. Thaes heard the mbers as he owed along,!' Thames heard the numbers as hc flowed along, 1859-1869.) Horne's Manual of Biblical Bibliograplhy. Biecar'tbonate, n. (Chem.) A carbonate containing And bade his willows learn the moving song." — Pope. Dibdin's Library Companion, 1824. Ebert's Allgemeines two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of the base. -[A.S. beodan; Di. bieden, to offer, proffer.] To offer; to bibliographisches Lexikon, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1821-30); (an Biear'inate, n. [Lat. bis, and carina, keel.] (Bet.) propose; to bring forard; to propose to give. 1-1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~propose; to bring forward; to propose to give. English translation of this work lhas appleared in 4 vols. That has two keel-like projections, as the upper pales of that bs most hl h it.' - i. "He that bids most shall have it." -- Collier. 8voe. (Oxford, 1837). Heinsius's A17geooeines Biacher-Lexi- grasses.To pronounce or declare; to procl /eon, with Supplements, 11 vols. (Leipzig, 1812-52). BiWe, Bise, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Painting.) A -To pronounce or declare; to proclaim. "How bid you welcome to these shattered legions? "~Philips Ersch's Handbuhcle der' D'eusches Leeratls, 2d edition, 4 light-blue color prepared fi-on enmalt. From it, by a nix- po b.id yen welcome to these shattered legions? -, - P/slipe. vols.; (Leipzig, 1822-40); (3d edition, by Geissler, 1845). ture with yellow orpiment, another color is formed of a To bid beads, to distinguish each bead by a prayer. - Yater's Literatur der Gramsmsatiken Lexica, and Wooter- green hue, bearing the same ninme. To bidfair, to matte fair promise. samnmlunagen aller Splrachez der Efrde, 2d edition (Berlin, Bicent'enary, n. See NoNcONF0oRMss S. Blid, n. An offer to pay a specified price for an article 1847. Brunet's Manuel du Libraire et de l'Amnaeure des Bicepls'5haots, (b-sefa-lhts,) a. [Lat. bis, and Gr. about to be sold at auction. Livwes, 5th edition, 6 vols. Svo. (Paris, 1866). Querard's cephale, the head.] Having two heads. Badais, in Texas, a creek of Walker to., flowing into La France Littlraire, 10 vols. (Pasris, 1827-42). De Bure's BI'ceps, n. [From Lat. bis, and caput, head.] (Anat.) Trinity River. Bibliographie Instructive, on, Traiti de la Connoissance'IThe nile of two muscles of the Upper extremities, which, Bid'al, BInD'aLe, or BID'ALL, n. [bid and ale.] An ancient des Livres rares et singuliers, contenant un Catalogue rising by two narrow tendons from different parts of the custom in England, by which friends are invited to raisonni de la plus grande partie de ces livres pricieux scapula, or shoulder-blade, are inserted one into each drinkl ale sit some poor man's house, and there to conqui oit paru successivement dans la Ripublique des Let- radius or outer bone of the fore-arm-the principal flexor tribute something to his relief. tres depuis l'inveetion de l'imsprimerie, 7 vols. 8vo. (Paris, of the fore-arm.-Also, the name of'a set of muscles of Biiassot, (be-das-so'a,) a river which, rising in the 1763-8.) 5. Barbier's Dictionnaire des Anonymes et Pseu- the thighs, acting as flexors of those limbs. - See SKEL- Spanish Pyrenees, forms the boundary between that donymes, 4 vols. 1822-25. ETON. country and France, and falls into the Bay of Biscay beBibtiol'atry, n. [Gr. biblion, a book, latreia, wor- Bieitre, (be-sai'tr,) a village of France, 1 m. from Paris, tween Andaye and Fontarabia. At its mouth is an isshiip.] Worship of a book. where, in the reign of Chasrles V., a large buildilng was land, where, in 1659, was concluded the treaty of the Bibliolog'iceal, a. Pertaining to bibliology. erected for disabled soldiers, but which was destroyed in Pyrenees. Bibliol]ogy,i n. [Gr. biblion, a boolk, adnd logos, dis- the wars under Charles VI. It was rebuilt by Louis XIII., Bid'deiford, in Maine, a post-township of York co., on course, treatise.] A treatise on books; bibliography.- and was used as a military asylum until the HOtel des Saco river, about 14 m. S.W. by S. of Portland; pop. abt. Biblical literature, doctrine, or theology. Invalides was established at Paris. It was afterwards 10,500.-See Seco. Bib'liomasncy, n. [Gr. biblion, and'oanteia, prophe- used as an hospital for the old, the sick, and the insuane, Bild'deford Pool, in Maine, a post-office of York co. cy.] Divination by the Bible, sometimes called Seormes and also served as a prison. A fort was built in 1842.'Bid'gien, pp. of BID, g. v. Biblicce, was a conmmnon practice among the early Chris- Bialnat, (bee-shah,) MARIE FRANtoIs XAvIER, an eminent B]idlder, n. One who offers to pay a specified price for tians, who were accustomed to regulate their conduct French physiologist, 13. 1771. He went to Paris in 1793, an article offered for sale at public auction. by opening the Sacred Scriptures, and accepting tihe and studied under Desault, who soon made him Ihis friend (Law.) The B. has a right to withdraw his bid at any passage which first presented itself as a guide. Al- and associate. IHe was an indefatigable student and oh- time before it is accepted, which acceptance is generally though condemned by time councils of Vannes is 465; server, and made very numerous experiments and dis- manifested by knocking down the hammer. Agde, in 506, and Orleans in 511, this nmode of divina- coveries in anatomy. His splendid researchies have shed Bid'diang, n. Command; order. tion was practised for miany years. The Moliaeemmedans a new light on physiology, by giving an intelligible ac- "At his second bidding darkness fled, exercise a similar divination by means of the Koran. count of the several tissues and organs of the body, and Light shone, and order from disorder sprang." - Milsn. The ancients used the vorks of Iomer and Virgil in of their varied functions. His great work is the Ana- (Cor.) Offer of a specified price; act of making bids at the sanme manner - the Soetes Himericce, and tIhe Sorl'es toneic ginirale appliquce d la Physioloe ie et d la Mldeciee. public auction. Virgiliane being popular means of prognosticating fu- IHe also wrote Recherches Physioloyiqmses sur la Vie et la -Invitation to a wedding. (Prov. Eng.) ture events. lMort, Traiti des Membranes, and A1natomeie Descriptive. Bid'dting-Prayer, n. (Ecctl. Hisl.) A form of prayer Biblioina'nia, BIBLIOMANY, n. [fr. biblion, and moa- D. 1802. for the souls of benefactors, said before sermons and nia, madness.] Book-madness; a rage for possessing rare Bialhlorace$'ic Acid. (Chem.) A product recently homilies, in the Roman Catholic Church. - The 55th and curious boolts. - See BIBLIOGRAPHY. obtained. Fe-'I)". HO.C41C1203-. canon of the Church of England enjoins that before all Biblitonma'nia, n. One who has a rage for books. Bich-aro'snate, n. [See Cssaosnum.] (Cbem.) A salt lectures, the preachers or ministers shall move the peoBibliomnani'attal, a. Relating to bibliomnania. containing two equivalents of chromic acid to one of the ple to join with them in prayer in a certain form. This Bibliomnttnianism, n. The same as BIBLIOANIA. base, form is called bidding-prayer, because in it the preacher Bibliomn'anist, ss. The same as BIBLIOMANmAc. Bieip'ital, Bicip'itous, (bi-sip'it-al,) a. [Fr. bicip- is directed to bid the people to pray bfor certain specified Bibliopeg'ie, a. Relating to the binding of boolks. ital; Lat., from bis, and caput, capitas, the head.] Re- articles. It is now rarely used. Blibliop'egy, n. [Gr. biblion, and pegnunai, to make lating to the biceps; as, the B. tubercle, a prominence Bild'dy, n. A childish name for a hen, or a chicken; fast.] The art ofbinding boolks. near the upper extremity of the radius, to which the also, for-a servant-girl. Bib'liophile, Biblioph'ilist, n. A lover of books tendon of the biceps is attached. Bide, (b/d,) v. n. [A.S. bidan, to tarry, to remain.] To or bibliography. Bieli/er, (bik'er,) v. n. [W. bicra; Scot. bicker; probably dwell; to inhabit; to remain. (o.) Biblioplh'ilism, n. [Gr. biblion, and philed, to love.] from the root of beak or pick.] To skirmish; to fight -v. a. To endure; to suffer. Love of books or bibliography. off and on; to quarrel; to scold; to contend in petulant "Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are, Bibliopho'bia, n. [Gr. biblion, and pbhobeo, to fear.] altercation. That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm " - Shahs. A dread of boolks. (a.) "II see thy fury; if I longer stay, -To wait for; to abide. See ABIDrE. Bib'Iiopole, Bibliop'loist, n. [fr. biblion, a book, We shall begin our ancient bickerings." - Shaks. Bideford, (bid'e-ford,) a seaport-torwn of Devonshire, on and poleo, to sell.] A booktseller. -To quiver; to ply backward and forward, the Torridge. 2 m. from Barnstable. lMaun. EarthenBiblipool'ice, Bibliopol'ieal, Bibliopolis'- "And from about him fierce effusion roll'd ware, woollens, and carpets. Pop. about 6,000. tic, a. Relating to booksellers, or bookselling. Of smoke, and bickering flame, and sparkles dire." —Ailton, Bi'dens, n. [Lut. his, and dens, a tooth, the achenia havBibhliop'olism, n. The business of selling boolks. — n. A beaker. (Prov. Eng.) ing 2 (or more) barbed teeth.] (Bet.) The Burr-MariB1ibliot'apliist, n. [Gfr. biblion, and taphos, a burial.] Blek'erer, n. A skirmisher; a quarreller. gold, a genus of plants, sub-ord. Tubuliflore. - DiAo. InOne who hides or buries books. - Crabb. ick'el'ring, n. A slkirmish; a quarrel. volucre nearly equal, double, scaly or leafy at the base; Bibliothee'a, n. [Lat., from Gr. biblion, and thik/, a Bick'iern, in. [Corrupted from beak-isron.] An iron end- rays few, neutral; disc perfect; receptacle chaffy, fiat; case, box, or repository; from titlhoi, to put or place.] ing in a beak or point, as the pointed part of an anvil. pappus of 2-4 awns, rough baclkwards; achenia quadranProperly, a repository for books; a library. -In liters- Bicl'ley's Hillls, in Virginia, a P.O. of Russell co. gular. MIany species are found in the U. States, and ture, a treatise giving an account or list of all the writers Bickl'nellville, in New York, a village of St. Law- among them, B. frondosa, a common weed, often called on a certain subject; thus, we have bibliothecas of the- rence co.. on the W. branch of St. Regis River. beggar-ticks, found in moist, cultivated fields. Its stem ology, law, philosophy, &c. There are, lilkewise, uni- Bicak'withs, in M4fissouri, a village of Mississippi co., on is 2 feet high, sending out many spreading branches; versal bibliothecas, which treat indifferently of all kinds the Mississippi River, 15 min. below the mouth of thie flowers in clusters at the end of the branches, without of books; also select bibliothecas, giving an account of Ohio. rays, yellow, surrounded by a large and leafy involucre, none but authors of reputation. -See BIBLIoGRAPH Y. Bltcol'Hligate, a. [Lat. his, and colligo, I bind together.] blossoming in August. Biblioth'ecal, a. Relating to a library. (Zob'l.) Connected by a basal web, as the anterior toes Biden'tal, BIDEN'TATE, BIDEN'TATED, a. [See BIDENS.] B[ibo'liot$eke, n. [See BIBLIOTHEcA. Fr. biblioth/que.] in birds. (Anat. and Bet.) Applied to an animnal that has but two A library. lBiaeolor, a. [Lat. bis, and color, color.] That has two teeth, as the De/p/inus bidens; or to a part furnished Bib'list, n. One who makes the Scriptures the sole rule colors. with two tooth-like processes. of faith. - A biblical scholar. Bicon'ji]gate, a. [Lat. bis, and conjugo, to join to- Bidet, (bee-day'.) [Fr.] A small horse. Hence, perhaps, Biborate of Soda, n. (Cient.) The chemical name gether.] (Bet.) Twice paired, as when e the petiole of a applied to a chamber bathing-apparatus, which has to of BORAX, q. v. compound leaf forks twice. be bestridden. It is a. useful arrangement, in case of Blib'ulons, a. [Lat. bibulus, from bibo, to drinkl.] BiUcorn, Bicorn'otus, a. [Lat. bis, and cornee, a hemorrhoids, &c. - Dunglison. Spongy; that has the quality of imbibing fluids on- horn.] Having two horns, or two horrnlilce processes. Bid'-]hook, n. (Nana.) A hooel belonging to a boat. moisture. Bieor'nis, a. [See BIcORN.] (Anat.) Sometimes ap- Bid'well, in California, a township of Butte co.; pop. Blibualus, MAcues CALFNIUOS, Consul of Rome at the plied to the hyoid bone, from its having two processes about 1,350. same time with Cmesar. O0posing at first the democratic like horns. — Also, to the uterus of most quadrupeds -A post-village, ctlled also Bidwell's Bar, in the above measures proposed by his colleague, he saw that his that has two horny divisions. township, 9 m. E.N.E. of Oroville. resistance was useless, and toolk no further part in ]Bicor'posral, a. [Lat. bis, and corpus, a body.] Hae — Bie'berite, n. (Min.) A hydrated sulphate of cobalt public affairs. The wits of Rome were accustomed to ing two bodies. and magnesia, which occurs in flesh-red and rose-colored, designate that period as the year of the consulate of Bierul.'oal, a. [Lat. bis, and crus, crecis, a leg.] Having translucent, friable stalactites, and in crusts investing Caius and Julius Cesar, alluding to Cwsar's tevo pre- two legs. other minerals, in rubbish of old mines at Bieber near nomens. D. about 40 m. c. Bicus'pid, a. [Let. bis, and cuspis, a point.] (Ansit.) Hanau. BicalP'carate, a. [Lust. bis, twice, and calcar, a spur.] Asey thing having two points. Some anatomists use] ]Biehie, in MAlsouri, a post-office of Perry co. (Zoisl.) Applied to a limb or part armed with two this word to define the teeth, as thei cusspidati, teeth withs Bielefeid, (bi/'e-felt,) a town of Prussia, 26 m. from spurs. one point, or the canine; bicuspidati, teeth with two Minden. It is the centre of.the Westphalian trade, and Biea'l1oq e,, ]iie al'lous, a. [Let. bis1 and calioss, hard points, the tce'o reoth immediately behind the c anine; ihas mnaf. of leasther, soap, woollen stuffs, &o-. Pop. 12i067o BIG BIGO BIGH 287 Bieler, in California, a coast-village of Sonoma co., 45 "How else, said he, but with a good bold face B ea C, in iowa, falls into Sunk River, m. W.N.W. of Santa Rosa. And with big words, and with a stately grace?" - Spenser. i e CIowa, falls into Skunk Rivero. Blelgorod, (bele-gor'od',) a town of Russia in Europe, -Great in spirit; lofty; brave. Big Cedar Creek, in South Carolina, enters the 73 m. firom Koursk; pop. 8,600. ", What art thou? have not I Broad River, near the N.W. lpart of Richland district. Biella, (be-ail'la,) a town of N. Italy, cap. of a prov. of An arm as big as thine? a heart as big?" - Shaks. Bg Cedar Grws'oee, in indliana, a creek which enters same name, on the Cervo, 50 m. from Turin; rop. 8,411. Biga, n. [Lat.] (Anliq.) A chariot or car drawn by two the White Water 6 m. below Brookville. Bienne, (ILake of,) (be-aine',) in Switzerland, 16 m. horses; called by Suetonius (Calig. c. 19) 3ijozge cur1'- Big Clealr Creek, in WV. Virginia, a post-office of from Berne. It is 10 in. long, by 1 to 3 broad, and con- riculum. The biga was the most commnon clhariot in use Green Brier co. tains the island of St. Pierre, which was the residence among the Romans. They also had their quadrigoe, and Big Clifgty, in Kentucky, a post-office of Grayson co. of Rousseau in 1765.-At its N. extrenmity stands a Big'-corined, a. Having large grains. small town of the same name. Pop. about 4,000. Big Cot'toeswood, in Utah Territory, a post-office of Biennial, (bifennii-al,) a. [Lat. bis, twice, annus, a Great Salt Lake co. year.] Continuing for two years; as, a biennial plant. - EBig Cove Tfannery, in Pennsylvania, a post-office Taking place once in two years; as, a biennial meeting. of Fulton co. -n. (Bol.) A plant which springs from the seed one year, BIig Creek, in Alabama, Greene co., flows into Black but does not flower and seed until the second year, when it Warrior River. perishes. The.B. root is commonly enlarged at the close -A post-office of Bale co. of the frst sesson, by an accumulation of nutriment in- 1ig Creek, in Ar'laansas, rising in the E. part of the tended for the support of the plant during its flowering State, and flows S. into the White River, in Desha co. and fruiting. The carrot or the turnip is a familiar ex- -A township of Crawford co.; pop. about 420. ample of such a root. -A township in Philip's co.; prc. about 1,000. Bien'nially, adv. Once in two years; at the returmn JB g?.~]ig Creek, in Georgia, a post-village of Forsyth co., of two years. 10 m. S.W. of Cunning. Biens, (bains,) n. pl. [Fr., goods.] (Firench Law.) This Big Creek, in Indiana, rising in Ripley co., and failing term includes all kinds of property, real and personal. into Graham's Fork of White River, in Jefferson co. B. are divided into B. incubles,.ova.ble property, and — A township of White co.; pRP. about 800. B. immeubles, immovable property. This distinction B]ig Creek, in iowa, a township of Black Hawk co.; between movable and immovable property gives rise, in pop. about 620. Z'fig. 354. - R~oMAN urea~. gi Ce r i oiin P f ads rsh the civil as well as in the common law, to many impor- Big Creek, in Louisiana, a P. 0. of Rapides parish. taut distinctions as to rights and remedies. - Bouevier. sometimes their sejuges, septim-juges, &c., and Suetonius Big Creek, in Michigan, a post-office of Mecosta co. Blen'ville, in Louisiana, a N.W. parish, bounded on assures us that Nero, when he was a performer in the Big Creek, in tiissouri, in the W. part of the State, the W. by Lake Bistineau, and trwaversed by Black Lake Olympic gamnes, made use of a decem-jugis, a chariot taktes a course S.E., and enters Grand River, in Henry and Saline bayous. Lake Bistineau, which enters Red drawn biy ten horses coupled together. (Suet. in ~Yer. county. River near the S.W. of the parish, is navigable by c. 24.)-Pliny attributes the invention of the biga to the -In the N.W. part of that State, flows through Harrison steamboats forabout 60 m. Cap. Sparta. Pop. abt. 12,000. Phrygians. (Hist. Nat. lib. vii., c. 56.) Isidorcs says co., and enters Grand River in Daviess co. Bier, (bic-,) n. [Fr. bidre; A. S. beer; Pers. bit, from the the inventor was Chiristines the Sicyonian. (Origines Big Creek, in Missouri, a lownship in Henry co. root of bear.] A carriage or frame of wood for convey- lib. xvii. c. 35.) -A village of Johnson co., 40 m. S.E. by S. of Indepening dead human bodies to the grave. Big'amist, n. One who has committed bigamy, or has deuce. Bie~a-Bosch, (bees-boskr,) a marshy sheet of water of the two wives or husbands at once. -A post-office of Texas co. Netherlands, between the prov. N. Brabant and S. Hol- Big'amy, n. [Fr. bigamie; firom Lat. bis, and Gr. games, Big Creelk, in Southi Carolina, a post-office of Edgefield land, interspersed with several islands. It was formed, marriage.] (Law.) The wilfully contracting a second district. in 1421, by an inundation of a branch of the Mass, marriage when the contracting party iknows that the Big Creek, in WVisconsin, a post-office of Monroe co. which swallowed up 72 villages and 100,000 inhabitants. first is still existing. The state of a man who has two Big Cyyprus Bayou, in iexas, rising in Wood and Biesting, BEESTNING, or COLosTRomU, n. [A.S. beost, byst- wives, or of a woman who has two husbands, living at Hopkins counties, and emptying into Soda Lake, a few ing.] The first milk yielded by the cow immediately the same time. In England, this crime is punishable by ie. below Jefferson, in Cuss co. after the birth of the calf. This word is often used in the stat. 1 Jac. I, c. 11, which makes the offence felony; Big Bry Wood Creek, in Missouri, flowing into the plural form, biestings. - See BEESTINGS. but it exempts from punishment thie party whose hus- Marmiton River in Bates co. Bifa'cial, a. [Lat. bis, andfacies, face.] That has the band or wvil'e shall conltinue to remain absent for seven Big Eau Claire, (o-klair',) in Wisconsin, a river flowopposite surfices alike. -Dana. years beflre the second marriage, without being heard ing through the E. part of Marathon co., and emptying Bifa'rious, a. [Lat. bifarius.] Twofold; having two from. The statutory provisions in the U. States against into the Wisconsin about 6 m. from Wansau. parts. B., are in general similar to, and copied from the Eng- Big Eau ]Plaine, (o-plain',) in Wisconsin, a river of (Bst.) Two-ranked; arranged in two vertical rows, - lish statute, excepting as to the punishment, which is Mlaratlhon co., which after a S.E. course enters the Wisfrequently applied to flowers and ovules. different in many of the States. - Wlhen the man has consin River, near the S. firontier of thie county. Bifa'riously, aedv. In a bifarious manner. more than two wives, or the woman more than two Bigelo'via, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, order Violacere. Bilfer, n. [Lat. bis, and fero, to bear.] (Bat.) Applied to a husbands, living at the same time, the party is said to ThIe species are unimportant. biferous plant,i. e., to a plant that bears fruit twice a year. have committed polygamy; bunt the name of B. is more Big'eiow9s lills, in Indiana, a post-office of Laporte Bif'erious, a. (Bet.) That bears fruit twice a year. frequently given to thsis offence in legal proceedings. co., 15 mn. S.W. of Laporte. Bif'fin,, n. (Cooker-y.) An apple baked slowly and Bigaroon', n. [Fr. bigarreau.] The large white-heart Bigemlinate, a. [Lat. bis, and gemino, to double.] pressed flat, as the Norfolk biffin. cherry. (Bot.) Twice paired; applied to leaves hlaving two secBifid, Bif'idate, Bif'iIdated, a. [Lat. bis, and Big Bar, in California, a township of Eldorado co.; ondary petioles, each of which bears a pair of leaflets. findo, to cleave.] (Bot.) See CLtrsT.'op. oabout 1,450. Biglener, n. [Lat. his, and gener, a son-in-law.] (Bet.) Bifio'rate, Bifio'rous, a. (Bot.) Having two flow- -A post-village of Trinity co., 20 m. IV. of Weaverville. A hybrid between two plants of different genera. ers; two-flowered. Big Barn, in Illieoisa, a post-office of Union co. Big Falls, in North Carolina, a P. O. of Alamance co. Bi~fold, a. [Lat. bis, and Eng. fold.] Twofold; double; Big Bay Creek, ic Illinois, near the S.E. corner of Big 1Fihsiong Creek, in Peensylvanfa, entering the of two kinds, degrees, &c.; as, bifold authority. - Sihaksc. the State, fills into the Ohio River. Bald Eagle Creek, in Clinton co., about 4 min. W. of Lock Bifolliate, a. [Lat. bis, and fSlium, a leaf.] (Beet.) Big Bealver, in Michigan, a post-office of Oakland co. Haven. IIeiving two leaves; two-leaved. Big Bealver, in Penensylvania, a township of Beaver Big Flats, in New York, a post-office of Chemung co., Bifoliolate, a. (Bet.) Applied to leaves consisting county. 293 m. firon New York city; po. about 2,223. of two leaflets. -A township of Lawrence co.; Top. about 1,180. Big F lats, in Wisceensin, apost-township of Adams co., Bifollic'ular, a. [Lat. bis, and fol/icmlus, a sack.] Big'-bellied, a. Having a large belly; advanced in 10 m. N. of Friendshipe pop. about 70. (Bot.) That has two follicles. pregnancy. Big Foot Prairie, in Illinois, a P.O. of McHenry co. Bigforb ate, a. [Lat. bis, andforis, a door.] (Bet.) Hiv- Bi'g Bend, in Arkcansas, a post-office of Polk co. Big Fork, in Arkansas, a post-office of Polk co. ing two perforations or apertures, as the anthers of the ]Bi B]endl, in Louisianai a P. 0. of Avoyelles parish. BHgg, (big,) n. [Sw. and Goth. biugg; Dan. byg.] A Rhododendron. Big Beind, in Penasylvania, a post-village of Yenango variety of winter barley hlaving six rows of grains. Bif'orisse, sn. (Bst.) A minute oval sac found in the county. Big'ger, in Indiana, a township of Jennings co. interior of the leaves of some Araceous plants. It tapers Big Ienrd, in T Vic-giina, a post-office of Calhoun co. Big'gi'n, n. [Fr. bigquin.] A cap of a certain shape, to each end, where it is perforated, and is apparently Big Bened, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Waukesha called also Biggon, Biggonnet, worn by the Beguines, q. v. composed of two bags, one within the other, the inner co., onie Fox River, about 20 m. of Milwauklee. A child's cap. bag being filled with the fine acicular crystals or Big Beth'el, in Virgiznia, a village of York co., about -A contrivance for holding coffee-grounds (being a small spiculve, called raphides. When the B. is placed in wa- 10 in. N.W. of Fortress Monroe. During thie Civil War, bag or a metallic vessel minutely peribrated at the botter, it discharges its spiculaev with considerable violence, two divisions of Union troops, dispatched by General tom) through which boiling water is poured. - Webster. first from one end, and then from the other, recoiling at Butler to surprise the Confederate camnp at this place, Big Glades, in Virginia, a township of Russell co. every discharge, and eventually emptying itself, when 9th June, 186t, meeting in the dark'ness, commenced a Biggleswade, (bigqels-waid,) a town of England, 41 it becomes a flaccid, mnotionless bag. - Brande. fight, in which several were killed before the error was in. N.N.W. of London, on the Great Northern Railway. Bilforlm, Bi'foraned, a. [Lat. bis, andforma, form.] discovered. On the next day, they, about 2,500 strong, It is a neat and modernized town. JManf. Thread-lace. Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. attacked the Confederates, (about 1,800 men,) by whom It has one of the largest corn-markets in England. Pop. Bifornm'ity, n. A double form. (a.) they wvero defeated with a loss of 16 killed, 34 wounded, 4,430. Biffont'ed, a. [Lat. bis, andfrons, the front.] Having and 5 nissing. Big'gon, Big'goeere, n. See BIGGIN. two fronts. Big Black River, in Mississippi, rising in Choctaw Big Grove, in Illinois, a township of Kendall co.; pop. Bifutr'cate, Bifur',eated, a. [Lat. his, and furcus, a co., and flowing S.W., embouches into the Mississippi at about 2,220. fork.] Two-forked; divided into two blranches. Great Gulf. Its estinmated length is about 200 nm. 0n Big Grove, in Iowa, a township of Benton co.; pop. Bifurca'tion, a. A forking, or division into two 7th May, 1863, the Confederate works commanding this about 480. branches. river were taklen by Gen. McClernand, after a sanguinary -A township of Johnson co.; pop. about 1,150. BifUl'cosss, a. (Bot.) Two-forked. action. The garrison, (about 1,500 men,) 17 guns, several -A post-office of Pottawattomie co. Big, a. [O. Ger. pigo or piga, a heap; Dan. bug, the belly, thousand stand of arms, and a large quantity of coc- Biggs'ville, in Illinois, a P. O. of Henderson co. bulge; Icel. b6iga, a swelling, - allied to bulk; W. bog, misssary stores, were captured. Big -latchly River, in Tennessee. See HATcMrE a svelling.] Great in bulk; large. Big Blue, in Missouri, a village of Jackson co., 8 m. W. Rcvrn. "When the idea under consideration becomes very big, or very of Icdepemdence. Big 11111, in Kentucky, a poet-office of Madison co. small, its precise bulk becomes obscure and confused." —Locke. BigJ Blu e Creek, (BATTLE OF.) See LITTLE BLUw Big- lull, in Texas, a post-office of Gonzales co. — Teemihg; pregnant; great with young. CRaea. Big 1o1011w, in NBew fo rkYo, a post-office of Greens co. "A bear big with young hath seldom been seen." —Bacon. Big Blase Rive~r, in Missouri, Jacikson co., flowincg N. Big ]lor~ tiver', ice.IissocS, the largest tributary ~-Fuhh of something, amid desirouo,or cibout, to give it vent icto Missonri River. -Little Bfne River flows through of the Yellowstone River, rising inear Fremont's Peak, generally used before evith. the same county, and enters tlie Mhissouri below the above. in Lat. above 4'0 20' N., Lon. 1100 W., and falling into the TBig'-bonsee, a. Having large bones. Yellowstone River. Big mil theathe aeC Cat and oC Rome." —ASdison. Big Be tiosas, in Asckasisas, a P. 0. of Independence co. Bight, (b/t,) n. [0. Ger. bingan, to bend; Du. boyt; Icel. -BlatIiadod; swollen; ready to burst;-oused oftec of the Big Brook, in Neoe Pbs-/c, aost-office of Oneida co. bhyt, a bending, fc'om bSoya, to bend; A. S. bhgan, to bend.] effscts of passion, as grief', s~age, &c. Bikig Bruiso, in W. Virginia, a P. 0. of tlarnison co. (Naut.) The double part of a rope when it is folded, in Thy heart is big; get thee apart, and weep.-She - Big'byville, in Tennessee, a village of Maury co., 50 m. contradistinction fron the ends. S. by W. f'om Nashville. (Geog.) A scmall bay; as, the Bight of Benin. i —Oreat in air and mien; proud; swelling; tumid; Big Ce'ehla~r, in Missouri, a village of Jackson co., 14 m. (Faowiery) The inward bend of a horse's chambrel, baesghty; surly. S. of Independence. and the bend of the tbre-knees. 288 BIGO BIGT BILE Big Inldian Creek, in Indiana, rising in Floyd co., a rigid adherence to whatever the Roman See imposed Big Timber Creek, in 3Trw Jersey, bounding Glou. and flowing S.W., enters the Ohio, about 9 miles above and taught.] A person who is obstinately and unreason- cester and Camnden counties, and entering the Delaware Leavenworth. ably wedded to a particular creed, opinion, practice, or 5 m. below Camden. Big Islannd, in Ohio, a township of Marion co.; pop. ritual. Big Tree CorB ers, in New York, a P. 0. of Erie co. about 1,100. Big'oted, a. Obstinately and blindly attached to some Big Trees, in California, a post-office of Calaveras co. Big Island, in Virginia, a post-office of Bedford co. creed, opinion, practice, or ritual. Big Tybee Island. Sooee'TYBE ISLAND. Big Lake, in Minnesota, a post-township of Sherburne Big'otedly, adv. In the manner of a bigot. Big'-sideered, a. Having large udders; having dugs co.; pop. about 250. Bigotry, (big'ot-ri,) n. Blind or unreasonable zeal in swelled with minilk. Biglia'dn ular, a. (Bot.) Having two glands. favor of a creed, party, sect, or opinion; excessive preju- Big Vernailion River. See VERMILION RIVER. Big'ler, in Pennsylvasia, a post-office of Adams co. dice. Big WValnult Creek, in /Ohio, rises in the central Big Lick, in Nortlh Carolina, a post-office of Stanly co. ]Big Patch, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Grant co. part of thie State, and falls into the Scioto, 12 m. S. Big Lick, in OhLio, a township of Hancock co., about Big Pigeosn River, in Nor.th 6Carolina and'I1nnes- of Columbus. 40 m. N.N.W. of Marion; pop. about 1,500. see, rising in the Blue Ridge Mountains in the W. of the Big'.wig, n. A name applied in England to a person B]ig Lick, or GAINSBaoO, in Virginia, a post-village of former State, and taking a course N.W. and W., enters of consequence, more especially to judges who wear Roanoke co., 170 in. W. by S. of Richmond. French Broad River, near Newport, in the latter State. large wigs. (Cant.) Big'ly, adv. In a tumid, swelling, blustering manner. Big Pine Creelt, in Indiana. See PINE CREEK. Big IVooEd Ri]ver. See BoisE RIVEn.'Btgly to look, and barb'rously to speak.' -Drydan, Big Pise Creek, in.exas, enters Neches River at Bi]fg Woogds, in Minnesota, a post-office of Wright co. Big XIe'to, in Arkansas, a small river rising near Little the E. end of Trinity co. Bijangaur, (be-jao'a-goos,) (Vijayana'ara, the "city Rock, and flowing S.E. into the Arkansas River, in Ar- Big Pine-Tree Creek, in South Carolina, flows of triunph,) ANNAGOONDY (Canarese), or ALPATNA, an kansas co. through Kershaw district into the Wateree, near Camden. ancient and celebrated city of Hindostan, prov. Bejapoor, Big lIill Creek, in Pennsylvania, falling into the Big Piney Fork. See GASCONADE RIVER. on botl banks of the Toombuddra, that part of it on Clarion River. Big Plain., in Ohio, a post-office of Madison co. the S.E. banki only being properly called Bijanagur, and Big 1ourntd, in Ioewa, a post-office of Lee co. Big Plover River, in Wisconsin, flows from the N. belonging to the British presidency of Madras; 117 m. Big Mn1uda dy, int Illinois, a post-office of Pranklin co. E. part of the State into the Wisconsin River at Portage S.S.E. of Bejapoor, and 27 N.W. of Bellary; Lat. 150 14' W i p o d Court-HIouse. N., Lon. 760 371 E. It was formerly the metropolis of Big Neck, in Illinois, a post-office of Adams co. CigPonaes Bigness,. Bulk; size; largoeness; dimension. B Pe n A a post-office of Jones co. a igdom, which, in 1515, comprised the two Carnatics, Bignon, L. P. EDOA~, (bcen'yawg,) a, rench states- Big Pond, in Arkaensas, a plost-office of Marion co. above and below the Ghaots. It was taken and sacked Bignon, L. P. EIDouaRD, (been'yawng,) a French states-]ti'tonln.Akzsaps-ficofMrnc. man, n. at Milleraye, 1771. He early entered on a diplo- -Big Rgacoon Creek, in Indiana. See RItooN by the Mohanonedans in 1i04. matic career, and was made intendant of Berlin after thie CREEK. Bijnee', or Uhuanta'ghavst, a territory of Britise battle of Jena. Ambassador in Poland, both before and Big Rapi~d., in Michigan, a post-village, cap. of Me- India, prov. Bengal. It lies on both sides of the Bramaafter the retreat from Moscowr, he rendered the most im- costa co., on the Muskegon River, 60 no. N. by E. of pootra, and consists ciiefly of a level aod fertile country. after the retreatfromMoscwherenderedtheostim-Grand R pidsProd. Rice, sugar, wheat, betel, mulberry-trees, musportant services to the French army. He subsequently Grand Rapids.tad. held many inmportant offices, was a member of the Cham- Big Rendoy, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Edmons on co. tard, &c. her of Deputies under the Restoration, and was made a ]Blg Reaaox, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Cnmberland co. BIee, cap. of the above prov., 20 m. N. of Coalpara; peer of France in 1839. le wrote, at the express desire aBig Rive', in Missouri, rising in Washington co., ond Lat. 200 29 N., Loo. 000 47 E. of Napoleon, a History of French Diplomacy. D. 1840. flowing N. throgh Jefferson, empties into Maraoc Bo, b-z',) n.; p. Box, (b-z.) [r., fro t. Bignolnia, n. [. oi I Natmed after the Abb6 Bignon, librariaoe River. Nbix, double, and jocus, a jest, a trifle.] A trinket or a to Louis XIV.] (Bet.) The Trumnpet-flower, the typical Big River, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Pierce co. little box; a jewel; an elegant ornanent. are 131 Rier 111, i Alsioui, pot-ofic ofSt.B~joutry, (bj-zhb'tri,) n. [Fr. bijouterie.] Jewelry; genus of the ord. Bignoniacee, q. v. All the species re Big ive' Jills, in lissori, a post-offic of St. B y, (b-z'ti,). [Fr. bjotie.] Jewelry; 14'ranqois co. ~~~~~~~~gems, or curiosities of vle magnificent plants when in blossom, and such is e Prantois co. gems, or caoriosites of voolue. Big Rock, in Pllinois, a post-township of Kane co.; Bijulgate, a. [Lat. bis, ondjoogtne, a yoke.] (Bot.) Appop. abt. 1,100. plied to leaves pinnated with two pairs of leaflets. Big Ro~ck, in Iowa, a post-township of Scott co. B]ikh, n. See AcoNITUM. Big Rock, in IKetuclky, a post-office of Harlan co. Bila'biate, a. [Lat. bis, and labizom, a lip.] (Bet.) ApBig R]ock, in Ohio, a village of Morgan co., on the plied to a flower that has all or any of its parts collected Muskingum River. 85 m. S.E. of Columbus. into separate parcels or lips. Thus, a calyx having two -A post-office of Athens co. of its sepals collected into one parcel, and the others into so~:~ ~~~~Big-round, n. Of large circumference. - Pope. a second parcel, or a corolla with its five petals adhering i/I/i~~ k \\ ~~ Big Risas, in Ohio, apost-office of Athens co. two and three together, is B., as in the plants of the Big RIun, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Jefferson co. order Laniacece, q. v. Big Sanely, in Nebraska, a post-office of Jefferson co. Bilam'e~late, Bilam'e llated, a. [Lat. bis, and Big,Saney, in Tennessee, a post-oflcs of Benton co. laiella, a plate.] (BPt.) When a 1art is divided ]ongin~i ii~& ]Bi]g Sandy Creek, in Isnciana, falling into tihe Ohio, tudinally into two lamelloe or plates; also, bearing two in Spencer co. vertical plates. B]ig Sandy Creek, in Tcnnesscc, rising in the W. of Bilaan, (bilon,) n. [Fr.] A book in which bankers, thle State, Hlelldersoo co., and emptying into the Ten- merchants, and traders write a statenment of all they owe _ If~ ~? —~~( nessee River, in Benton co., after a course of abt. 80 m. and all that is due to them. The terim is used in Louisiana. Big Sandy Creek, in Texas. See ALACACA CRE:EK. Bilander, n. (Naut.) A small vessel with two masts, Big Savasinsa, in Georgia, a post-office of Dawson co. formerly used on Dutch canals for the carriage of goods. -Fog. 355. -CHINESE TROIUPET-FI OwER. Big Sew'ickley Creek, in Pesnnsylvania, falling Bilateral, a. [Lat. lis, and latus, lateris, side.] t1aviBognosia rand~ifolii, isoto the Youghioheny River. ing two sides. Big Shanty, in Georgia, a post-office of Cobb co. (Law.) A bilateral contract is that in which both the cially the case with B. grandifolia, the Chinese Trumpet- Big Sioux, in Dakota Teritoryil, a P. 0. of Union co. contracting parties are bound to fulfil obligations recipflower, a clintber, native of China and Japan, which has Bit- Sgkin Creek, in W. Vi'rginia, a P.O. of Lewis co. rocally towards each other. -Bouvier. splendid scarlet flowers. In temperate countries it only Big Ssnibas Creek, in lissouri, falls into the Mis- t~Bisat, (bil'bw,) a seaport-town of Spain, and the angrows freely in hot-houses. - The B. raduans, found in sonsi River at Lafayette co., abt. 5 m. above Lexington. cient cap. of the prov. of Biscay, in a fine plain, on the our country from Pennsylvonia to Florida, and W. to Illi- B]ig'-sounding, a. That has a pompous sound; as, Ibaizabal, about 16 m. above its confluence with the sea noets. in woods and thickets. along rivers, is a beautiful big-soonding sentences. at Portugalete, and 45 m. W. of San Sebastian; Lat. 430 climber, with a stem 20-80 ft. in length, ascending trees. Bi]g ]preisg. isn _Alabama, a village of Marshall co., 14' 3"' N.; Lon. 20 561 5"/ W. It is a well-built and paved One variety has wellow-scarlet flowers, another bright- 145 m. N. of Montgolnery. town. No wheeled carriages are allowed to pass along scarlet, blossoming from June to August, Some botanists B]ig SPrlng, in llioois, a post-township of Shelby co.; the streets, but all goods are carried in panniers on give these two species grandlfeolia and radians to the p)op. alt. 820. mules, or in sledges. P. is the principal port of the N. genus Tecomod. ig Spi'Ing, in Ifdiana, a village of Crawford co., 14 of Spain, and possesses an extensive commerce, exportB]iginoniacee, ns. p7. (Bot.) An ord, of plants, alli- mn. N. of Leavenwvorth. ing chiefly iron, steel, wool, fish, corn, and fruits. ance Bignoniales.- DIAG. Axie placenta, winged sessile Big Sp rln'g, in Kaansas, a village of Douglas co., abt. Moanof. Hardware, anchors, leather, tobacco, &c. Large seeds without albumen, oand large leafy cotyledons. - 12 m. E.SE. of Topeka. vessels usually anchor at Portugalete, near the mouth They are trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing, dif- Big Spring, in Kenftucky, a post-village of Breckiin- of the river, or at Olaviaga, about 4 m. below the town. fering from Figworts (Scnrophldarliacce) only in their ridge co., partly situate in Heade and Hardin counties, Spring tides rise about 13 feet; and by taking advantage leafy cotyledons and want of' albumen. The order ex- 44 m. S.W. of' Louisville. of them, vessels of considerable size occasionally reach tends northwards in N. America as far as Pennsylvania, Big Sirin'g, in Michigan, a post-office of Ottawa co. the town. B. was founded in 1300. Pop. 19,886. and southwards into the S. provinces of Chili. It Eul- ]l]g Sprslg, in Mlinnesota, a post-office of Fillmore cco. Bil'bes'ry, sz. [From Sax. bilig, a bladder, and berry.] rope it is unkcnown in the wild state. The species are Big- Spring, in Missouri, a post-village of Montgom- (Bot.) See VAccINIuoI. best known for the great beauty of the flowers, which, cry co., 50 mn. N.E. of Jefferson city. Bilble, (bilboS,) n.; pl. BiLEoEs (bil'b~z.) [From the Spanfrom their large size, gay color, and great abundance, are ig Spirinsg, in Ohio, a township of Seneca co.; po2. ish town Bilba/, often pronounced bilboa in English.] A often among the most striking objects in a tropical for- abt. 3,000. short rapier or sword, first made at Bilbao. est. From the leaves of tihe species B. chica, the Indians Big'Sjsring, in Pennsylvania,. a post-office of Cumber- "To be compass'd like a good hilbo, in the circumference of a of S. America obtain a red dye called ctica, or carajuran, land co. peck, hilt to point, heel to head." - ShTaks. which they uso for painting their bodies. Several kinds Big S~ri~ng, in Tennessee, a post-office of Wilson co. -at. BIteos. (Naot.) A large bar or bolt of iron, eith of Bignonia form large trees in the forests of Brazil, Bi~g SI.'issg, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Adams co. hacles o it, f erly used for criinls on board ships. where they are felled for the sake of their timber; that Big S srirtg D]epot, in Vir-ginia, a post-office of called Ipe-tabacco furnishes durable ship-timber; the Montgomoery co. LethoughtIiayworsethnthemutines ites. -Shalk. Ipeuna, another species, is tlhe hardest wood in Brazil. Bi-g Sprimng Pointl in NAew York, a village of Yates Bilboquet, (bi'bo-kJ,) n. [Fr. Etymol. uncertain.] There are 40 genera and 450 species. co., 190 mi. W. of Albany. The toy called a cup and ball. Bigno'niales, n. pi. (Bst.) The Bignonial alliance, a iag Si4srings, in Iowa, a post-office of Johnson co. Bilderdyk, WILLEO, (beel-dair-dike',) a Dutch poet, n. series of plants, including the orders Pdaliaccna, Gesne- ]Bi Sr.ngs in sas, of Doughas co. at Amsterdam, 1756. Though ranking among the chief racee, GC-esceentiacece, Bignoniacece,Acasnthacee, 8croshsla- Big Selrlings, in Nebraska, of Taylor co. poets of his country, B. has little originality or inmagisiacee, and Lentibulariacece.-DIoA. Perigynoos exogens, Bi —- Sptrings, in Ohio, of Logan co. nation His two best works are, Love of.Fathersland, with dichlamnydeous, monopetalos, unsymmetrical flow- Big- Shimone GJals, in Virgisia, a post-office of Wise co, and _ Rural Life. D. 1830. ers, capsular or berried fruit, having its carpels quite Ig-S'cansm, in 2leiw Yeos-k, a post-office of Yates co. Blid'stein, n. [Ger. bile, an image, and stein, a stone.] consolidated; parietal, files central, or axile placente, Big S~f wa'xmp, in 2. Carleoina, a P. O. of Colunmbous co. (Anin.) The same as Asoalgatolite, q. v. and an embryo with little or no albumen. B]tg'-swoBlieas, B]g-swoiln', a. Greatly swelled; Bile, (blc,) n. [Fr., froo Lat. bilis; allied, to.fel, fellis, Big North Isork, of White River. See WeIoE gRvea, turgid; ready to burst. Cthe gooll-bladder.] (Physiol.) One of the noost inoportant of Arkansas. secretions in the body; a thick unctuous, yellow fluid, Big Oa'k, in lississicsppi, a post-office of Kemper co. "Mlight my tig-swolleen hear[ secreted in the liver, and carried to the gyel-blo fdder; Veot all its griefs, sood give a loose to sorrow." - Addioso rn. Big Oak ]Flat$, in (baifoes ia, a post-village of Tuo- hltoving a ranlk, heavy smell, and an acrid, bitter taste. lumne co., 10 m. S.E. of Sonora; pop. about 000. Big Slycamore, in I'Vest V7ir-ginia, a post-office of Thos refuse blood from the lower extremities and great Bigorre, (be-gor',) ass ancient pi-ovince of France, now Clay co. organs of the abdomen, on its return to the heart by imncluded in the dep. of the Ilautas-Pyriuess. B[ig Thaomipson, in Colo-ado Terr-itory, a post-village the great ascending vein, vena cava, passes through the Bigot, (big'ot,) n. [Fr.; Sp. bigole, a moustache, a sym- of Larimer co., on tCie Big Thompson River, 45 m.N. of liver, where it is subjected to the action of certain bol of firmness and couriage amnong Spanish soldiers of Denver, and 6 E. of the Rocky Mountains. secreting vessels, which, sepaorating from it much of its the 15th and 16th centuries, wh~o were distingouished by Bi1r Tiealmber, in K[fansas, a post-office of Riley co. carbon, and other impurities, forms a new subltanee, BILG BILL BILL 289 called bile, which is carried by innumerable small yes- — [A different orthography of bulge.] The protuberant laminet on the inner edge( for the purpose of straining sels, that afterwards unite to form one tube, called the part of a cask at thle nmiddle. the muddy water, from which they take the principal hepatic duct, terminating in the neck of the gall-bled- -v. n. (Neaut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge; to spring part of their food. The bills of every species of bird der, and conveying to that receptacle all the secretion a leak. which extracts its food from mud, are modified ccordbrought from every part of the liver. To be more Bilged, (bilgd',) a. (1VNaut.) Having a fracture in the ing to the nature of the food it seeks. Besides the genstrictly anatomical:- Proceeding from every part of bilge, eral use of tearing or crushing food, the birds make use of the bowels, and membranes that surround them, are Bilge'-ways, n. (Naut.) Pieces of timber placed un- their bills when fighting with each other, and also for the numerous small veins, which converge, and finally der a vessel's bilge to support her when being launched. purpose of dressing their plumage, building their nests, form one large trunk, called the portal vein, yena parta. Dana. and for other functions. Many fishes and reptiles have This vein, entering the liver, immediately divides and Bil'laha, the handmaid of Rachel, given by her to her mouths resembling bills, and the Ornithorhynchusparasubdivides over the substance of that gland, till it is dif- husband Jacob when herself childless, that she might doxus is a singular specimen of a quadruped with a bill. fusedinthe mostminuteramifications. Thebloodcon- become a mother through her handmaid. B. was the (See fig. 241.) veyed by the vena ports is the darkest and most impure mother of Dan and Naphtali, (Gen. xxx. 1-8.) -Anything resembling a bird's bill or beak; - a cutting in the system. From the extreme termination of the Bil'iary, a. Belonging to the bile. instrument with a hook for pulling; an axe; a hatchet; B. Ducts. (Physiol.) By this term is understood the a mattock; the point at the extremity of the fluke of an hepatic, or liver duct; the cystic, or biliary duct; and a anchor. continuation from the union of these two, called the -v. n. To caress, as doves by joining bills; to fondle;as, common duct of the bile, which carries the secretion to bill and coo. into the duodenum. The hepatic duct carries the secre- Bill, n. [Norm. bille, from Lat. buUa, a bubble in water, tion to the neck of the gall-bladder, or the cystic duct; anything of a round swelling shape, or boss. Melted the last, or common excretory duct, being merelye con- wax dropped on paper assumes this shape. In the tinunation of the other. Middle Ages, bulla signified a seal.] A term originally 1~~ A`~Bili]il'vin, n. The yellow coloring-matter of the applied to any sealed letter or document, but now embile, q.v. ployed to denote any formal written statement of any ~75~/ \i. B. Formations or Calculi. (Med.) See GALL-STONe. kind. — A label or note; ain account of money due, or Bilim'bi, n. (Bot.) See AvERRnoA. goods purchased; an advertisement posted up; a phy/ I //// 1Billini, (be'leen,) a town of Bohemia, on the Bile, 17 m. sician's prescription, &c. from Leitweritz, famous for its neineral springs, the (Law.) B. in Chancery or Equity. A complaint in waters of which it exports to the extent of 500,000 jars writing, addressed to the chancellor, containing the annually; pap. abt. 3,000. names of the parties to the suit, both complainant and Bilingual, (bf-lin'gwal,) a. [Lat. bis, and lingua, defendant; a statement of the facts on which the comtongue.] In two languages. plainant relies, and the allegations which he makes, Bilin'gsist, n. One who speaks two languages. with an averment that the acts complained of are conFig. 356. -THE BILIARY ORGANS. Biliin'guous, a. Having, or speaking two languages. trary to equity, and a prayer for relief and proper proA, A, the Liver, raised to show B, the Gall-Bladder, joilned be Jlnso. cess. - On this atter consult So, Eity P ig. yond its neck by the Hepatic Ducs. C, the Stomach and corn- BilOIIs, (bil'i-us,) a. [Fr. bilieux; Lat. biliosus, from B. of Adventure. See ADvENTUrE. mencement of the small Intestine or Duodenum, in which the bilis, bile.] Pertaining to bile; affected or produced by B. of Costs. See CosTs. common BAiliary Duct terminates, D. E, Colon. bile An epithet given to certain constitutions and dis- B. of Credit. Paper issued by the authority of a State, venous filaments of this vessel arise a system of minute eases, which are believed to be the effect of supera- and designed to circulate as money. tubes - the biliary ducts - which secrete fi-om the Am- bundance of the biliary secretion; as B. temperament, B. of Exception. In the trial of civil causes, wherepure blood the new fluid of the bile. These small yes- B. symnptoms, B. fever; but often used without any defi- ever the court, in making a decision, is supposed by the sels, uniting, finally fornm one large tube, called the nite ideas, as regards the bile, being attached to it. counsel against whom the decision is made, to have hepatic or liver duct, which terminates at the elongated Bili'phein, n. (Chem.) The brown coloring-matter of mistaken the law, such counsel may tender exceptions neck of the gall-bladder. - Whenever a quantity of di- bile, to which the color of excrement is due. —Brande. to the ruling, and require the judge to authenticate the gested food is passed out of the stomach into the duode- Bilitleral, a. [Lat. bis, and litera, a letter.] Consist- bill, stating the point wherein he is supposed to err; num, or beginning of the small intestine, a certain ing of two letters. and this he is obliged to seal by the statute of Westamount of bile is emitted fromin the gall-bladder on the Bilk, v. a. [Probably a corrupt form of balle.] To flus- minster the 2d (13 Edw. I. c. 31), the principles of which digested aliment, at the same time that a peculiar fluid, trate or disappoint; to deceive or defraud; as, " your have been adopted in all the States of the Union, though like saliva, is poured into the same organ from the pan- bilk'd hopes." - Dryden. the statute hls been held to be superseded in some by creas. The effect produced on the digested food by the -n. A cheat; a trick. (s.) their own statutes. This bill is in the nature of an apemission of the bile and pancreatic juice is almost im- Bill, n. [A. S. bile; probably related to Lat. pilua., peal, examinable, not in the court out of which the mediately to separate the digested matter into two a dart or pointed instrument.] (Zob'i.) The beak or record issues for the trial at Nisi Prius; but in the next parts, the solid and refuse portion, colored with the bile, hard horny mouth of a bird, consisting of two moan- immeediate superior court, upon a writ of error, after and a white, creamy fluid, the chyle, or nutrient princi- dibles. There is no appearanceof lips either in the upper judgment given in the court below. pie of all the aliment consumed, and which, absorbed or lower jaw; and, except in the case of parrots in the B. of Exchange. See ExcHANoE, by the lacteal system of vessels, is carried through the feetal state, and some varieties of water-ifowl, they are B. of Health. A certificate or instrument granted by glands of the mesentery, and by the thoracic duct, to not furnished with proper teeth. In the two excep- a consul, or other competent authority, to the master the heart, to restore the waste suffered by the blood tions mentioned, the rudiments of teeth have been ob- of a ship at the time of her clearing out from any port during its circulation through, and its construction of, served. A portion of the bill at the base of the upper or place suspected of being liable to infectious disorthe body. (See I)GcESTION, CvYLE.) Besides acting, in a mandible is covered with a memebrane, which is called ders, declaring the state of health in the place at that manner, as a renet, to separate the nutritious from the the cere, from the waxyappearance which it presents in tihoe. A clean bill imports that at the time the ship refuse matters of the stomach, the bile acts as a natural some species of birds. It is sonmetimnes covered with sailed no infectious disorder was known to exist; a susstimulant to the bowels. feathers, and sometimes it is nalked; but it is often found pected, or touched bill, denotes that there were rumors (Clhes.) Bile consists essentially of a solution of two protected by hairs or bristles. The nostrils of a bird are of an infectious disorder; a foul bill, or the absence of salts, known as glycochiolate and taurocholate of soda. usually situated in the cere, but in some cases they are clean bills, imports that the place was infected when the Both glycocholeic and taurocholic acids are resinous, and placed so far forward as hardly to be observable. The vessel sailed. If the ship brings a clean bill of health, do not neutralize the alkali, so that the bile has a strong bills of birds vary in shape according to their habits and the passengers and goods are not subject to any quaranalkaline character. Another characteristic feature of the different substances upon whtich they feed. The bills tine; but if a foul or suspected bill, they are subject to this secretion is the large proportion of carbon which it of birds of prey are very strong, the upper part being a quarantine of qualified duration, according as the incontains, carbon entering from 67 to 61 per cent., re- hooked and very sharp, so as to be able to tear and cut fection is known, or only suspected, to have existed in spectively, in the composition of glycocholic and tauro- the country at the ship's departure. -See QUARANaINEa. cholic acids. Another characteristic of the bile is cho- B. of Indictment. See INDICTMENT. lesterine, a crystalline substance somewhat resembling B. of Lading. An acknowledgment signed by the the fats, and often deposited in large quantities in the imaster of a ship, nd given to a merchaet or consignor, form of biliary calculi. The peculiar coloring mlatter containing an account of the goods which the master of the bile has never been obtained in a pure state. has received on board from him, with a promise to de(died.) Any cause that leads to a divergence of the liver them at an intended place, on payment of fleight. bile from its natural course, is certain to result in some Each bill of lading must be treble, —one for the merfunctional disturbance. When, for instance, the bile chant who loads the goods, another to be sent to the enters, by regurgitation, as it is called, the stomach, in- consiguse, and the third to remain with the master of B conlslgue % and the third to remain with the master of stead of the duodenum, it is taken up by the blood, en- the ship. A bill of lading is only used when the goods ters the system, and produces nausea, sickness, head- sent are only part of the cargo; for, when a nmerchant ache, giddiness, and many of the symptoms of a nar- loads the whole of the vessel on his own personal accotic poison; and showing itself in the capillary and - /.count, the instrument passed between him and the masc~~~~~oti osn n hwn tef:n qh ~tilr n OT,~~~~~~~~tro hesi c catlled a 6larter-par~ty, q. v. smaller veins, tinges the eyes, nails, amd sisin of a yel- tsr of this sleip is e char- lq. lowish color, as in jaundice. Such disturbances are B. in Legislature. See STATUTE. called biliary affections, or liver complaints, and, in gen- B. Obligatolry. A bond absolute for the payment of eral, proceed fi-om a redundancy or a deficiency of bile. money. It is called, also, a single bill, and differs from See LIVER, JAUNDICE, &C.; GALL-BLADDEn, &C. a promissory note only in having a seal. -Bitterness of humor; ill feeling; as, to stir one's bile. B. of Parcels. An account containing in detail the -An obsolete orthography for BOIL, q. v. names of the items which compose a parcel or package Biledul'gerid, the name given to an extensive ter- of goods. It is usually transmitted with the goods to ritory of Africa, embracing the country lying between the purchaser, in order that if any mistalkes have been the S. declivity of Atlas and the Sahara or Great Desert; made, they may be corrected. It is now but seldom used, and between Fezzan on the E., and Cape Nun, on the Pig. 357.- THE YELLOW VULTURE. the term invoice being substituted for it. -See IvomrcE. Atlantic, on the W. It mostly consists of vast deserts, B. Pcayable. A bill of exchange accepted, or a promdiffering but little from the Great Desert, with which it to pieces the flesh of the animals upon which they seize. issory note miade by a merchant, whereby he has enis connected. In parts, however, where therei is water, A strong short bill, with the edges sharp and notched, gaged to pay money at a specified date. It is so called extensive plantations of the date-palmn, which here flour- is the usual icedication of courage in a bird, and a sign froms being made payasble by him. An account is usuislees in great luxuriance, are met with. It is said by that it preys up1on living animals. The great variety in ally kept of such bills in a bools under that title, and some that its real name, Blaid-el-Jerid, means "coumntry the modefication of the forms of bills is very interest- also in the ledger. - See BmLL-BOOK. of the date-palm;" while others, among whom is Shaw, ing, and is treatedi of under the names of the different B. l2eceivable. A promissory note, bill of exchange, interpret Blaid-el-Jerid as meaning dry or "'parched species of birds; such as crop-bills, spoon-lnills, horn- or other written security for money payable at a future country." bills, p-rrote, &c. In the case of those birds which live day, which a merchant holds; so called. because thie ]~ile'-s$oase, a. (Med.) See GALL-STONE. upon insects, the bill is very seldonm found hooked, but amounts for which they are given are receivable by the Bilge, (bilg.) [A. S. bcelg, or bylg, a bulge.] (Naut.) usually short and slender. Tie bills nf those birds which merchant at the time stated. They are entered in a Of'a ship, the bottom of her floor, or the breadth of the catch insects flying, are remnarkable for their deep di- book so called, and are cisarged to an account in tie part she rests on when aground.- Bilge-water is the vision, which enables them to gape widely, Birds which hedges-, under the same title, to whichi account the cash, water which lodges on her floor below the level of the live upon seeds have short but strong bills, with which when received, is credited, well of the pump; and bilge-uaspgs, or burr-puumps, are they can crush their food. Aquatic tirds have, as a gen- B. of Righls. Tie declaration delivered by the two those that carry it off. eral rels, broad sensitive mills, whielh are pr-ovided withe Houses of the Eng1js~ Parlianment to the Prince of VOL. I. — 37 INSET 290 BILL BILL BIND Orange, Feb. 13, 1688, at the period of his election to played with three only, and generally on B. without pock- Bil'Ly, n. A cant term for a watchman's staff. the British throne; in which, after a full specification ets.-Laws and Regulations ofthe American Gamne. I. The Bil'ly, a parish of Ireland, co. Antrim. of various acts of James II., which were alleged to be game is played with four balls —two white, one red, and Bil'lyboy, n. (Naut.) A name given in some parts of illegal, the rights and privileges of the people were as- one pink. II. At the commencement of the game, the Great Britain to a fishing-boat, somewhat resembling a serted. red ball is placed on the Pyramid spot, in the centre of lugger. B. of Sae. A written agreement under seal, by which the upper half of the table, and the pink in a similar Bilo'b.ate, Bi'lobed, a. [Lat. bis, and Gr. lobos, a one person transfers his right to, or interest in, goods position at the lower or beaulle end; the pink ball is con- lobe.] (Bot.) Divided into two lobes, or obtuse processes. and personal chattels, to another. It is of frequent use sidered in baulk, and therefore cannot be played at when t11oe'Cslar', a. [Fr. biloculaire; Lat. bis, and loculus, a in the transfer of personal property, especially that of the striker's ball is in hand. III. The baulk extends as shell.] (Bet.) Having two cells. which immediate possession is not, or cannot be given. far as the pink ball, and a bsll in hand may be played Bilox.'!, in ]iississppio, a post-village and bathing resort By the maritime law, the transfer of a ship must gen- from any part within that line. IV. The players at of Harrison co., on a bay of the same name, about 90 m. erally be evidenced by a bill of sale; and by Act of Con- starting, string for the lead, the winner having choice. E.N.E. of New Orleans. gress, every sale or transfer of a registered ship to a V. Tihe player who leads must give a miss (which does BiI/sa, a town of Hindostan, pryov. Malwa, belonging to citizen of the U. States, must be accompanied by a bill not count) anywhere behind the red ball; or, failing to Scindia, on the E. side of the Betwa, 32 m. N.E. of Bhoof sale, setting forth, at length, the certificate of registry. leave it behind, lie has tile option of putting it on the paul. Bill, v.a. [From bill, a writing.] A cant phrase signify- "winning and losing" spot. VI. The 2d player must then Bil'sen, a town of Belgium, pryov. Liiburg, on the Deing the advertising by public notice or placard, (a.) either play at the white barll, or give a miss, which does umer, 7 m. W. of Maestricht: pop. 4,276.'His masterpiece was a composition that he billedc about under count; and should he first strike either of the colored Biils'toIn, a market-town of Englammd, co. of Stafford, 11 the name of a sovereign antidote.' - L Estrange. balls, his opponent may either have the game played m. N.W. of Birmingham, and 107 N.W. of London. On Bil'lage, nz. (Nnast.) The breadth of a ship's floor when over again, or score a miss. VII. The game is scored account of the numerous iron-smelting furnaces and agroumid. - Jasseson, Ironim Cannons (commonly called carroses in America), collieries round about, which give it a sombre appearB ardiea, a. [rom th rench botanist Labilla- or Winning Hazards; Losing Hazards count againut ance, B. is often called the capital of the " Black Coun1Billar'dier.a, n, [From the French botanist Labtilearditre.] (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Pittosporacee. the player making them, it the loss of any IId try." lf. Besides ion-smltig, thi mosnuictuure of The species are clinihing shrubs, natives of Austrdlia or Cannon lie may have made by the sanme stroke. japanned and enamelled goods is most extensively carand Tsmania, ves they are comsoly kown asple- VIII. Points. For every White Winning tiazard, the ried on. Pop. 27,251. an Tamniwerres They are compoly alternate evegrenleavs striker scores two points; for every Red or Pinkl Win- Bimae'ulate, Bgimnae'ulated, a. [Lat. bis, and berries. They hai,6 Simple alternate evergreen leaves, ning Hfazard, thre~e points;' for eve~ry Cannon off tile gnacula, a spot.] I;.ving two spots. and axillary pendulous flowers. The fruits are soft berries, which, when ripe, are of a bluish color, and have a pleas- white to a colored ball, or from a colored batll to a white Bimatna, n. [Fr. bimrane; Lat. his, and ianus, a hand.] ant sub-acid taste. A fes species are cultivarted im the one, two points; for every Cannon from one colored balrl (Zoel.)'he terir applied by Cuvier to the first or highconservatories of thhs country, for the sake of their hand- to the other, three points. IX. Penalties. The player est order of mammiferous animals. It contains only one some flowers. loses two points if he nmake a Losing Hazard off the genus, and one species- MAN, the sole created being Billaui d Varennes, (bil-y5 vah'rain,) JACQUES Nm- vwhite, and three points if he isiake it iff either of the that can be termed truly bimanous and biped. The colAs, the son of a French advocate at Rochelle, was colored balls. X. If the player maker a Cannon off whole body of nan is rdapted for the vertical position: educated at the same college as Fonuch, iand proved hin- the white, and afterwards pocket his own ball, he he walks erect, and thus preserves the entire use of his self one of ttre most violent and sanuguinary characters loses two points; but if he first strike a colored ball hands for the arts, &c., while his organs of sense are more of the Frenc revolution. I bore a pincpal part i the and carnon, and then pocket his owvn ball, he loses favorably situated for observation and the great mental murders and massacres which followeed the destruction three points. XI. The player cannot score firom foul purposes assigned to them by the Great Author of Naof the Badstile; voted iihediate death to Lodis XVI.; strolkes. If a tfoul stroke be made, the balls remain as ture. - See MAsImALIA, MAN. and officiated as presiient of the conventio on 1th of they have run, and are not placed on the spot and Bimn ane', Biman'ous, a. (Zoel.) Two-handed, as Oct., 1793. He was afteresards deported to Cayev ne, amd brolken (as in thie Three-Ball game); the next player mankind. sumbisted on a small pension allowed him by Petion. goes in and takes advantage of whatever Hazard omr BimSnar'g'inate, a. (Conch.) Having two margins, as sbDied at St. Dominglo, in 1819. h bPein Cannon miay be left. XII. If the striker's-ball touch certain shrells. illbergia, (bil-bea'ji-a,) n. [From the Swedish botanist another, he carnnot score. XIII. The player loses one Bire'diai, a. [Lat. his, rmd medius, middle.] (Geom.) Billberg.] (Bst.) A genusof plants, order Brometdiacerh poimit for every miss (except the first as explained in When two lines, comnmens urable only in power, (for exThBseillesg](o grenutvs of plats orderia From tela. root The species are natives of S. America. FromLaw V.), and three points for every coup, or bfor forcing anmple, the diagonal and side of a square,) are joined toThe. speiestare nativello oof is.AexriaFro the Brootl of B. tinctoria a yellow color is extracted in IBrrz2il. Iris ball off the table, either with or without first strik- gether, the sum is irrational with respect to either of Bill'-boardtls,. VI. (Neat.) Iron-shod stools fixed in ig a brall. XIV. The colored balls, after being pocketed, the two lines, and is called a bisuedial. the fore channels of a ship, on which the flukes of the must be placed on their respective spots, as at tire Bimem'baral, a. [Lat. bis, and mtemsbrum, a member.] anchor are stowed. beginning of the grune; but in case either spot is oCcu- (Gram.) Possessing two members, as a sentence. Bill'-book, n. (Com.) A books in which a person kIeeps pied, the ball inmust be held in hand till the spot is vacant, Bimen's:al, Bimes'trial, Binmoui tlly, a. [Lat. an account of all bills issued by, or becoming due to him. and then spotted. XV. In games of 4 or 6 players, each his, and nensis, a month.] Anything which occurs once See BILL, (RecEIVAnLE AND PAvABLE.) partner may advise the othere; but he must not touch in two months. BS BlL'o, REIAB. (Com.) OnN YwhosBE. b)hness it s ball, or place his cue. XVI. All disputes must be Bnlii'ni, a small group of islands hemmed in by reefs, ne'otiate the discounting or purchase of bills, decided by the marker, or by the majority of the comn- E. of Cape Florida, in the Bahamas. Billed, (bitd,) a. (Zobl.) Furnishred with a bill,as a bird. pany, if the narlter be interested in the game either as Binus'eular, a. [Lat. his, amd nmscular.] (Gomp. Biier'ca, bin idfassac. setts, a thriving poat-village 01: br player or better. Anat.) Having two attaching muscles, and two muscuMiddlesex co., i18 m. N1. by W. of Bostonr; pep. of town- -l Bg'iof g, n. Act of joining bills, or caressing. lar impressions, as a bivalve mollusk. - Webster. ship, about 2,160. -a. Caressing by joining bills. - Worscester. Bin, n. [A. S. bin, a n manger, a crib; Frisian, bin.] A reBhip'e, a.[r.boult2,1dmnuie6fbi0.] A malpae Biet,. r. bilt, diminutive of ile. A smllpaper Bil'ingsgae n. [Froin a markiet of this name in the ceptacle for corn; a wooden box or chest, used as a reor note in writing; a little bill. city of London, famous for fine fish and foul lnguage.] pository for grain or other commodities; as, a corn-bin. Ribaldry; foul language; blackguardism. As when, from rooting in a bin, "When he found this little billet....he was exceedingly conrounded." - Clarendon. "There stript. fair rhetoric languishid on the ground, All powder'd o'er from tail to chin.-Swift. And shameful bitiingsgate her robes adorn." - Pope. Bin, an old spelling of BEEN. -A ticket given to a soldier on entering a strange to-n Bi11'ing's Grove, in Illinois,a P. 0. cf Livimgston co. Binab, a town of Persia, 55 m. from Tsbriz. or phlce of stay, to direct himi at what house to lodge. Bi'l'ingsly, in Arkansas, a P. 0. of Washington co. Binaeola, or Tweive PINs, a group of mountains in (1er.) A bearing of which thle origin is very uncer- Bil'lhngs-por't, iu Nes Jem-ey, a village of Gloucester Irelind, co. Galwey, 5 mi. N.E. of Ballihmhinch. They tain; represented on an oblong square form, sometimes co., on the Delaware, 12 m. fromr Camuden. are 12 in nuniber, and form a smccession of isolated showing tile thickness, and always with a flat surface.- Bil'ingsvilie, in _Indiana, a poqt-village of Union peals, tie higlest of which attains an altitude of 2,400 Billety, or sem6e of billets, signifies that the escutcheon co.. 70 or. E.S.E.. of Indianapolis. feet bove sea-ve. or charge is strewed over with these bearings, without Billifon, (bil'yzrn.) [Fr., contracted from Lat. his, double, Binaa brse'niate, a. (Chem.) A salt having two equivaregard~~~~~~~~~~" to piarticulare nuChmber or sathayigtweqivaregard to particular number or station. and,lliliot.] In numesation, a termi used to denote a lents of arsenic acid to one of the base. (Arch.) See BILLET AND ZIGzAG. thousand millions, or 15000,000,000, according to the Bi'tlnary, a. [Lat. binus, from bis, two.] Compounded -v. a. To direct a soldier by a billet or ticket where to French method used on the continent of Europe and in of two; twofold; double. lodge; to quarter, as soldiers. the United States. The English use the same word to (Math.) B. Arit/rnietic, aspeciesofitrithmetic,proposed Bil'let, a. [Fr. bilot, a large trunk of a tree; probably denote a million of millions, expressed by the figures by Leibnitz, and founded on the shomtest and simplest -filled 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b prgesion yitz, and founed o thermiorteswth the sipecon allied to bole, the trunk of a tree.] A small log of wood 1,000,00,,0500,0 0.progressio; vi., tit hich termits with the second for firing purposes. Bi1l1iton, (beet'e-ton,) a rocky sterile island of the East- cipher. In the binary notation, therefore, only two "Their billet at the fire was found." —Prior. ern Archipelago, between Sumatra and Borneo. Tle characters are required, 1 and 0, the zero having the Dutch maintain a garrison on the island, and some Btllet anda Zig'za g,, n. (Arch.) Theternm givento Bsteh mri othin a garrison on toe ieland, rt d p oine power of multiplying the number it follows by two, as a mouldinug frequently introduced in medievel architec- criisers on the surrounding seas, to chec e the piracy to in the common notation it multiplies by ten. The numture, consisting of a torus ornamented by alternate which the nuatives are prone. P'op. about 4,000. her one is represented by 1; two, by 10; three, by 11; chequers, like a staff cut into short lengths and disposed Bili'mitan, n. One who uses a bill or billhook. Applied fo'ur, by 100; five, by 101; six, by 110; seven, by 111; horizontally or around a moulding, and of another mould- e yin lorier timbes to soldiers arIed with tills. eight, by1,000 nine, by 1,001; ten, by 1,010, &c. This ing, composed of a series of small projections, rtrranged Billoina, a town of France, dep. Puy de DBme, 14 m. E. method of notation, though it may be applied with adS.E. of'Clermont; pop. 5,166. round a curve in alternate directions, but in a consecutive S.. ofCleront; pp.,16. vantage in the investigation of some properties of numsIenner. Bihllon, (b/lon,) n. [Fr.] (Coinage.) An alloy of copper bers, would be inconvenient for common purposes, on Billet-doux, (bil-lad'.) [Ftr. billet, a small note, and with gold or silver, in whicl tie copper predominetes. account of the great number of characters required, doux, sweet, pleasant.] A love note or letter; a tender nd hich is used in some countries r th saller de- even when the numbers to be expressed are small. billet. nominations of monoey, thus avoiding the extreme weight B. Logarithms, a system of logarithmns devised by Euler "'eTwa then, B elisda! it report sa tree, and bulkiness of coin formed entirely of copper. for fecilihating ousical calculations, in which 1 is the'~~~~~~~~~~~~~/frfcltwatigmsia caclthens, Beinda hich reor isa true, Thy eyes first ope'd on a billet-doux."-Pope. Billot, (bil'li,) n. [Fr.; l'ort. bilho.] Same asBuJLLION, q.. logarithm of 2, instead of 10, as in the common log., Billet-heat, n. A piece of timber at tIre bow of a Billow, (bil'lo,) n. [0. Ger. belgan, to swell, to rage; Dan. and the modulus 1,442695 instead of'-43429448.- Webster, whrre-boat, around which the harpoon-line is run out b'lge; Swed boie; allied to bilge oi bulgc.] A great B. Scale. See B. AaITHEiCm.e. when the whale darts off. —Webster. wave of tihe sea swelling, heaving, anid regiog. (Astron.) A B. sta- is a double star whose members Bil'let-lnotld'ing, n. (Arch.) See BILLET AND ZIGZAO. " To die is landing on some distant shore, revolve about their common centre of gravity. Bill'fish, n. (ZoTl.) See SCOMBEn. Where billows never break, nor tenmpests roar." — Garth, (rins.) A B. measree is that in which there are two Biil'hook, n. [bitl and hoo/c.] A small hatchet or l-i. i. To swell; to rise and roll as a wave or surge. even beats in a bar, usuailly called commson tisnre. cleaver with an edge curved inwards towards the point,' The billowing snow, and violence of the show'r." - Prior. (Chess.) B. Comepounnd. See CaEaseCAL NOmIENcLATuIcE. used for cutting billets or stakes of wood. Balf'ow-bea ems,, a. Lashed, or tossed about by billows. B. Theory. See SALTS. Billiartl, (bil'yarnd,) a. Relating or pertaining to the Billowy, (bil'lo-e,) a.'ull of billows, swelling or swelled Binar'y, n. The constitution of two compounds. genme of billiards; as, a billiard-table. into large wavee Binrst, a. [Lrt. his, and natus, born.] (urt.) Growing B3lliards, (bil'yerdz,) a. p1. [Fr. biloard, from bille; " And wuhitentng doSwn the moss-t.mnetur'd stream, in parirs; when bodies of the same nature spring frons Lat.p/luct, a ball.] (Gaenrs.) A game played on ar ec- Descends the billowy ferem."' - Teomsorn. the same point, as often happens in the segments of tamnulrtr table, beordere-d by elastic cushiosis, generally Bi ~l s, es. pl. (Shrobeleloinr. ) The ends of a compass or leaves. about 12 feet long by 0 feet wide, with ivory bells, whichr htnee-timners. Burcehe, (bearsh,) a town of Belgium, prov. Itainault5 being struck with the end of a mace or stick, csalled a Bill's s'eeas, in Iowe, one of the head streams form- on the Hleine, 0 in. E.S.E. of Mons; pop. 5,852. cue (Fr. queue), are caused to strike each other, and sere ing Ottem's Creek, into which it flows between Warren B ~imEl, v. a. (imp. noend; pp. hotND, formerly uOe0nEse.) driven into holes, called pockets, at the asngles and sides and Lucas counurties. [A. S. bindasn; 0. Ger. bindan,' allied to hunch, braluile, of the table, according to certain ruiles. Several different BI E l'-stie-'Ieu, us. One who stickcs up or posts placards and bend.] To tie or fasten, to confine, or gird together1 kinds of games are played. B. is usualty played ins this or bills in lulilic ilscr's;:[ bill-eoster. as, to birar.l prisoners together; to bind a cord of wood, &e, country with four- balls; while the'remich is invariably ]Bhi']s -'n.; eloee], in Te.e5as,; post-offic of Tylem co. Somesiymes fellowed by ure; as, to bind up a w0.UpI, BIND BINO BI31OT 291 -Generally, to confine, gird, restrain, or hold in subjec- borate and massive works of Brahminical architecture. of binormals to a given curve is a skew surface, the tion by physical power of any kind; as, frost binds the There are also numerous sacred pools, where pilgrims generators of which are cut orthogonally by the curve. earth. "Who hath bound the waters in a garment." Prov. perform ablution. Binot, (bne'nd.) [Fr. binoter.] (Agric.) A kind of plough -To render costive; to make constipated; to hinder or Binding out. (Law.) A term applied to the contract having a double mould-board. - Loudon. restrain from customary action; as, to be bound in one's of apprenticeship. The contract must be by deed, to Bino$'onous, a. [Lat. bis, and nota, a note.] IHaving bowels. which the iniuant, as well as the parent or guardian, two notes. "Parts that purge, and parts that bind the body." —Bacon. must be a party, or the infant will not be bound. Bi'nous, a. [Lat. bini, two by two, from binus.] (Bet.) -To form a border round; as, to bind the edge of a gar- Binding over. (Lace.) The act by which a magis- Binary; double; in a pair, as leaves. ment. trate or court holds to bail a party accused of a crime or Binox'ide, BINOX'YD, sa. [Lat. tis, and Eng. oxide.] -To see, fsten, or hold together; to invest with a cover- misdemeanor. - Bouaw er. (Chem.) A neutral combination of two equivalents of ing; as, to bind a book. rBind'weed, n. (Bet.) See CoevLvLue, s. oxygen and one equivalent of some other body, as binox,~'Was ever book, containing such vile matter, ] Bine, n. [Fron bicd.] (Bot.) The climbing Stem of a ide of hydrogen, forunerly called detoxide. So fairly hbond?' —,sAaks. plant; as, thie woodbine, Bins, cap. [Sea dIN.] Opensubdivisionsin a cellarfor -To obige, constrai, or hold b authority, power pre- Biner'vate, a. Lart bis, and aervus, a nerve.j (Bet.) the reception of bottled Oine; as, bring me a bottle out dilection attachnect, prolise, or any other moral tie Two-chierved. of the best bin. Used in a figurative sense; as, to be botend by ties o. (Zobl.) A term used to denote the wing of an insect Bin'soiln Centre, in Ne York, a P. 0. of Hamilton co.. affection. wihen supported by only two unerves. Bintang, (been'tang,) an ishmcd of the Dutch East In"CSo the loud torrent, and she whirlwind's rear, B]ing, n. [Dan. and Swed. binge; Icel. biatpa.] (Manf.) A dies, about 40 m. S.E. of Singapore, Lat. 10 5h N., Lon. But bind him to his native mountains more,'" - Goldsmithlc. heap of alum thrown together in order to drain. Webster. 10P~ 29/ E.; area, 600 sq. m.; prod. gum, pepper, andrice; -To compel to serve ly express obligation, or legal com- Bing'en, a town of Germany, in the grand-duchy of pop. about 13,000. pact; as, to bind an apretice. Hesse Darmstadt, at the confluence of the Nahe with the Binu'cletar, a. [Lat. bis, and nucleus, kernel.] PosaThoagh Icas bound by every act at duty, Rhine, 14 cc. W. of Mentz (Fig. 2259). Near it is the sessing two nuclei, or kernels. I am not bound to all that slaves are free to."-S-has. Bisiger Loch, a dangerous rapid in the Ithine. Pop. 6,622. Biobio, (bee'o-bee'o,) tihe largest river of Chili, running To bind eves. To oblige oce by bond, and under pen- Bing'hanli, in MAcsae, apost-townshlip of Somerset co., W.N.W. fromn the Andes to Concepcion, on the Pacific, P li oi oe oiln~ th~e Kennebec Itiver, about 60 m. N. of Augusta; pop. where its mouthl is 2 m. wide. It is navigable for boats alty to appecr at a court of law, to make answer to a ai about 1,050.from tl sea to t mountains. alleged chcarge.,aot100 c t Sali egedcharge. wssgeed'tthrprseneag woBingl'ianl, in _Micligani, a township of Clinton co., Bioceellate, (bi-os'se-latc,) a. [Lat. bis, and ocellus, an Sir Roger was staggered with the reports concerning ths wo- about 22 us. E. of Lyons; pop. about 1,750. eyelet.] (Za'.) A term applied to an inect's wing when man, and would. have her bousd over to the county sessions." Addisosn. -A township of Huron co., t10 m. N. of Detroit; pop. marked with two eye-like spots. To bind to. To contract witl any body or thing as, to about 410. Bioedynann'ies, n. [Gr. bios, life, and dynamis, force.] b ao cm tBliarng'hamH, in Ohio, a post-office of Monroe no. (Ned.) The doctrine of the vital activity or forces. bind a 5boy o eah cahd mcesdacstern Bing'hamn, in p yennsylvania, a post-townslhip of Potter Duaglison. To saucy doubts and fears.", -- Sbaks. Taw I cau dcahta ad, tears."d- cons. nound in Co., 18 sac. N.E. of Coudersport, on thie Genesee River; Biogen'esis, n. [Gr. bios, life, and genesis, birth.] To saucy doubts and fears." - Shaks. pop. about 940. ~(Zotl.) A term used to define the science, which specuTo bincd asp In. To be absorbed in; to cause to be entire- pap. about P40. A terso used to define tic sniene which specuToy engrod Tovh ahe aorbei; tocausu io beac sticre Big a ea, in ('aaltia, a P. 0. of Solano no. lates upon the mode by which new species have been nly engrossed with; as, they are bound up i to each otner.Big'hac:oi, in Illinois, a village of Lee co.; 100 m. introduced on this planet. Dind, v. i. To be bound;- to grow stiff and hard; to con-.h W. of Cliica,,-o. B~~~~~]ioB'aotp~lier,, (bi-ogq'a-fer,) n. [See BIOGRAPHY.] A tract in parts; as, "It is a bindling land." —Aiorticmers'. o,f Clitago. Biograp her, (t-ogrofoter) a. [Sepe o esY.] A -To be restrained fromn motion or natural action; as, to ing'hasnton, in naw lark, a flourislicg city, cop. writer of biography, or of other people's lives. to of Broome co., at tihe junction of the Snsquehalna and Biograslh'ie, Beograp'ieali, a. Pertaining, or -obe bcnd in port. Chenango rivers, 225 m. from New Yorkl city, and 80 relating, to biograplhy. -~~~~~-To be obligatory. fiom Syracuse. It is a lhancdsonme and prosperous place, Biog'ralhs'ieally, ade. In the manner of a biography. The promises and hargains tsr truck. hetween a Swiss and an doing an extensive trade in grain and lumber. Pop. Bioglrapisze, v. a. To write a history of any one's Indian, in the woods of Anierica. are bhnding to theni, though they are perfectly in a state of nature in reference to one another." about 10,000. li'fe. - Souathey. Locke. Bing'bhanton, in WVisconsin, a P.O. of Outagamie co. Biog-'ralcliy, n. [Gr. bios, life, and g'ralph6, to write, to Bind, n. That which binds or is bound. Bin""'hslnucstowss, or SALtEN, a small seaport of Ire- delineate.] A deliseation or history of the life and char(Bat.) A stalk of hops which is bound to a pole by land, co. Mayo, on Blacksod Bay, 3 m. S.S.W. of Belmul- acter of a particular person. - Biographical writings winding round it. let; pop. about 1,00Q. generally.- B., in the progress of literataure, appears to (Geol.) A technical name given in some parts of Eng- Bing'ley, a town of England, in Yorlkshire (West be nearly coeval with history itself. It has been ingenland to the shales alternating with the coal in the coal Riding), 178 m. N.W. by N. of London, and 32 WV. by S. iously described as " history teaching by example;" and measures. - See ScALE. of York; pop. 5,997. this mode of instruction was, perhaps, peculiarly appro(Mies.) A ligature or tie for the purpose of grouping Binkley's- Bridge, in IPennsylvania, a post-office of priate to early and simple times, in which the relative' notes together. - Pole. Lancaster co. importance of individual men to the society in which Bind'er, a. He who binds; especially one whose trade Binnacle, (bin'na-Jnl,) (sometimes called BITTACLE,) n. they lived was greater than it can ordinarily be in periis to bind books. [A supposed corruption of binocle, q. v.; Fr. habitucle, ods of more advanced civilization. It is to a conmpara-Anything whIich binds; as a rope, ligature, wrapper, firom L. Lat. habitaculamn, a place for thie steersman and tively late age that owe owe all the more interesting fillet, bandage, &c. pilot.] (Naut.) The case or stand on board a vessel in works of this description, some of which are among the'' A double cloth,... I cut from each end into the middle, into which the steering compass is placed. It is fixed icn most )popular relics of the classical ages: —the Lives of three binders." - Wiseman. front of the tiller or wheel. At night tile compass is llustrious 3uoen, by Plutarch and Cornelius Nepos; the (Arch.) The name generally given to a beam intended illuminated by a lamnp placed over it. Lives of the Ccesars, by Suetonius; and the Lives of the to tie or bind toget!er any building. It is applied corn- Binocle, (binuo-kl,) at. [Lat. binus, double, and oculus,.Philosoplers, by Diogenes Laertius. B. may be said in monly to the principal piece of timnber in a double floor, the eye.] (Optics.) A dioptric telescope for viewing oh- strictness to differ fiom history not merely in the extent in which it performs the part of a girder to carry the jects with both eyes at once. of the subject, but also, and perhaps more characteristiintermediate parts of the bearing of the ceiling and of the Binoc'ular, a. [Fr. binoculaire.] Icaving two eyes. cally, in the mode in which that subject is treated. It is floor joists. They are sometimes called binding joists. ".OMost animals are binocular, spiders for the most part ocaon- the object of history to nmalae us acquainted with the infls(Mining.) One who undertakes to keep a mine open. ocular, and some senocular. - Derhamn. once, which the actions, the characters, and the thoughts Bind'ery, n. A place where boolks are bound. -Relating or belonging to both eyes; as, binocular sight. of individual men have produced on the course of events Bind'ing, p. a. Making fast with a band; obliging; -Adapted for use by botJi eyes at one time, as a binaocular affecting society in general: conversely, it appears to be obligatory, &c. telescope. the province of the biographer to detail the effects which "And bitding nature fast as fate, Binocular Perspective, n. See PERSPsCTIVE. have been produced by external occurrences and cirLet free the hsuman will.' - PopZe. tBinoc'ulate, a. Possessing two eyes. cunestances on the character and conduct of individuals. s-n. Anything that binds; a bandage; the cover, sewing, Binomnial, n. [Lat. bis, and Gr. nomos, law.] (Atge- Modern biography dates from about the 17th cestury, &c. of a book; the hemmed edge of a garment, &c. bra.) A quantity composed of two terms connected and has since developed itself to such an extent that it (Fencing.) A method of securing or crossing an ad- together lby the signs - or-; thus, a +- band c - 5 are would be an interminable taslk to attempt to enuinerate versary's sword with a pressure, accompanied with a binomial quantities. them. Among the best individual biographies in the spring of the wrist. - Wdebster. -a. Consisting of, or relating to, two terms; as, a bino- English language must be mentioned Boswell's Life of — p2t. (Naut.) The iron wrought round the dead-eyes of mtial root. Johnson, G. HI. Lewves's Life of Gethe, and Washington a ship. Bino'snial Equatio n, n. (Math.) In algebra, an Irving's Life of Columbus. Of collective biography we Bind'ingly, ado. So as to oblige. equation which consists of two terms, and is, therefore, have, in French, the Biographie Uciverseltle, 52 vols., Bindrabund', a town of Hiindostan, prov. Agra, on reducible to the form xn-A, or xna A = 0. It has, of (1811-1828,) and continued by supplements; and the the Jumna, 35 m. N.N.W. of Agra. The place is famous course, n roots, all of which are unequal. If a be any Nouvelle Biographie Uaziverselle, begun in 1853, and reone of them, then, putting x = ay, the equation is re- cently concluded. A good biographical dictionary in duced to yn - 1 = 0; so that the n roots in equation may our language lhas yet to appear, all hitherto having been be found by mnultiplying any one of themn by the several below the ma of the na f rench; - bt the entr prise of nth roots of ucnity. - See RooTs or UNITY. Messrs. J. B. Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphiia, promnises SBino'mial Theorem, a. (Math.) In algebra, a to supply this great desideratum at an early date, in the bformula discovered by Newton, for expressing any power form of a workr of general biography on the most extenof a binomial quantity. It is usually written thus: sire scale. B~~~~~~~~~S~~ ~.n (n —) Bhioag'ical, a. Pertaining to biology. _______1+ ) 0(1 n+x)a -x~ —n-xe+ Bilog'y, (b-olo'-ji,)n. [Gr. bios, life, and logos, discourse, 2 >1 LC~~~~~Y ~ n-)n-)1. 2. treatise.] The science of life; a discourse of, or concern____n (n-1) (n-2) ing, lilS; physiology, treating of life in general. -See -35-., &c. PHYSIOLOGY. from hiccfour 1. 2. 3. Blolyt'ic, a. [Gr. bios, life, and lusein, to destroy.] That from which four terms the Ihw of the whole series wvill be which relates to the destruction of life; as, a biolytic sufficiently apparent. The method of obtaicing the for- agent. - Dunglison. 3 Id~ i~ ~ mula, and of proving its validity for all values of s, will Bliot, JEAN BAPTISTE, (Se'o,) a very eminent French be found in any good algebrc. When n is a positiove athem aticia n and chemist, n. int Paris, 1774. After a integer, the series is fincite, and consists of nj-l teroes; in brilliant course of study, he was called to the chatir of 5 all othier cases it is infinimto, but convergent wh onvever x Mathematics at the Central School of Beauvais, whencce Ir.~ i~~I~ ~il ~ ~ i is nsumerically less thcan 1, no matter what n umoy be. It he lremoved, in 1800, to the College of France, to hold the would be useless to attenmpt to describe the appalications profe sorship of Natural Philosophy. He oas chosen by of this formulca icc mnathematicci; c it is beyond question thie Board oa' Longitudes to ncalce observations aloscg tIce th e most imsportasnt one of elementary algebra. English arce of the nleridian, and for that purpose visited ols 5taoa' c'it, ] iss l, on'inaosious, a. [Lot. bis, double, Engoland in 1817. It was during that visit that Ihum-.I11II; ~ fill and saomen, name.] Hlaving two names; douhle-mntaecd. boldt, Arago, and B. met at Greenwich Observatory. B. S —~"~ B ~inoirsaall, n. [Lat. tis, ancd azoesma, a rle.] (GCeocc.) A had previously assisted in measuring tice are of the me__-~ ~ —: /-term employed by Soint-Venant (Jour'. de i'lacole Poly- ridinn extendsed through Spain. Ha w as a member of technique, cap. 30) to denote the line through a point the French Academy of Sciences, of tIce Institute, and a of a non-plane curve which is perpendicular to two coca- foreion member of the Boyal Societies of London and in the history of Krishna, to whom manc temples are secutive elements. It lies of course in the normcal planee, LdEdinburgh, and of many othier scientific societies. He dedic-ated. The principal p agoda is one of the moat ela- and is perpendicular to the osculating-plane. The locus is especially celebrated as tmie discuverer of the circular 292 BItRC BIRD BIRD polarization of light. Besides numerous memoirs con- ilrce, Bircaa'en, a. [A. S. beorcen.] Made of birch; infinitely superior to that of other animals, and, indeed, tributed to the Academy and to scientific journals, B. consisting of birch. is indispensably necessary to their support and security. wrote Traiti Elimentaire d'Astronomie Physique; Traiti His beaver'd brow a birchen garland bears." -Pope. Were the eye less perfect, tile B., from the rapidity of de Physique Experimentale et MIathimatique; Rcueil Bir'ehardville, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of its motion, would probably strike against almost every d'Observations giodisiques, &c., &c. D. 1842. Susquehanna co. object in its way, as well as be totally incapable of disBiotinam, Biotine, (bi-o-ti'na.) [Named from M. Bireh Cooly, in Minneesota, a post-office of Renville co. cerning its proper food when soaring in its own element. Biot, q. v.] (Min.) A volcanic product, found on Mount Birch lPond, in Missouri, a small village of Dent co. In mental capacity, B. fully equal quadrupeds, and in Vesuvius, chiefly compounded of silica, alumina, and Birchl River, in WV. Virginia, a post-office of Nicholas some respects surpass them. Parrots, starlings, &c., relime. co., 284 m. W. by N. of Rtichmond. ta in n memory many words and phrases which they Bipal'lmate, a. [Lat. bis, and palmate, q. v.] (Bet.) BirCelh BUern, in Alichigan, a post-village of Saginaw have been taught, and many singing-birds whole meloHaving a palmate arrangement on secondtary petioles co., 15 m. N. by W. of Flint. dies. Their powers of memory seem also to be evinced which are palmately arranged on the primary petiole.- -A post-township of Saginaw co., about 15 m. S.E. of by the fact that birds of passage, after an absence of six Webster. Saginaw; pop. about 800. msonths, or even a longer time, and after travelling Bipari'etal, a. [Lat. biparietalis.] (Anat.) An epithet Birell'ville, in Michigan, a township of St. Clair co., thousands of miles, return to their former home the for the diameter of the cranium from one parietal fossa onil Lake Huron; pop. about 2,150. swallow to her beams, the finch to the tree where last to the other. Birclh'ewood, in Tennessee, a post-office of Hamilton year she reaed ier young, or where she herself was B11i'parous, a. [Lat. bis, and pario, to bring forth.] county. hatched. The difference between such B. as love to Bringing bforth two at a birth. B!ircei'-wie e, n. Wine made from the sap of the dwell in uninhabited places, secure from persecution, Bipsasr'tibie, Bipgar'tille, a. [Lat. bis, andpartibi- birch; formerly held in great repute. and such as are found in the neighborhood of man, surlis.] That which is susceptible of division into two parts. Bird, n. [A. S.] (Zoel.) The class "birds" is one of rounded by dangers, is a proof that their prudence, cunBipar'tient, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and artire, to divide.] the best defined and most distinct, whether viewed with Ding, and docility can be awakened and improved. The Dividing into two parts. reference to the exterior or interior. Birds are ovipa voice is a peculiar gift of Nature, by which the greater Bi'partite, a. [Lat. bis, and pasrtitus, divided, from rous vertebrate animals, with a double and complete cir- part of B. are distinguished firom all the rest of the anipartie, to divide.] (Bet.) Having two correspondent parts. culation; to which may be added, that the respiration eal world. The wind-pipe of B. is composed of entire (Law.) Of two parts; - a term used in conveyancing; is abrien and double; which means, that, instead of msngs of cartilage, with an exception in the case of the as, this indenture is bipartite between A, of the one part, being confined to the lungs, as in mammals, the air ostrich. At its belurcation is a glottis supplied with and B, of the other part. penetrates throughout the body, and even into the in- appropriate muscles, called the lower or inferior larynx. Bipartition, (bi-part-tishun,) n. The act of makling terior of the bones; their blood is hot, as in mammals. It is here that the voice of birds is formed; the vast two correspondent parts. Finally, they are covered with feathers, and their pec- body of air contained in the air-cells contributes to the Bipec'tinate, a. [Lat. bis, and pecten, a comb.] (Bst.) toral extremities have the form and character of wings. force, and the wind-pipe, by its form and movements, to W'shen a part has two margins toothed like a comb. The symmetry and elegance discoverable in the outward the modification, of the voice. The superior larynx is Bli'ped, n. [Lat. bsipcs - bis, and pes, pedis, a foot.] An appearance of B., although highly pleasing to the sight, vey simple and unimportant. The gift of song is given animal having two feet; man. — See BIMIANA. are yet of much greater importance when considered to the male birds only, and their notes are mostly an Bip'edl,- Biped., a. [Fr. bipedal.] Having two feet, with respect to their peculiar habits and nmodes of living, expression of ove. They sing only when they are or being of the length of two feet. to which they are eminently subservient. Every part cheerful; in sadness, during rough weather, and in bodily "Became a helpless, naked, biped beast." - Byron, of their frame is formed for lightness and buoyancy; disorders, tey e silent. To no other animal have their bodies are covered with a soft and delicate plu- such various tones been granted for giving utterance to Bipelta,'ta, n. [Lat. bis, and pelta, a buckler.] (Zobl.) mage, so disposed as to protect them from the intense cold different feslings: hunger, fear, the dread of imminent A name given to those Crustacea which have the cara- of the atmosphere through which they pass; their wings danger, desire for society, or longing for his mate, love, pace divided into two shields, the anterior of which is are made of the lightest materials, and yet the force moelancholy, &c., are expressed by a variety of notes, very large, more or less oval, composing the head; and with which they strike the air is so great as to impel which make a language intelligible not only to B. of the second, corresponding with the thorax, is transverse their bodies forward with astonishing rapidity, while the same species, but often to the other tribes. - B. may and angulated in the outline, and bears the foot-jaws the tail serves the purpose of a rudder to direct them to be distinguished, like quadrupeds, into two kinds or and the ordinary feet. the different objects of their pursuit. The internal strec- cltases - granivcr-ous and carnivorous; like quadrupeds, Bipel'tate, a. Defended by a double shield. ture of B. is no less wisely adapted to the same pur- too, there are some that hold a middle nature, and parBipesi'ieate, BilPeni'aated, a. [Lat. bis, twice, poses; all t O l ht dt d a the bones are light and thin, and all the us- take of both. Granivorous B. are furnished witi larger andpennate, q. v.] Having two wings. cles, except those which are appropriated to the pur- intestines, and proportionally longer, than those of the Blies, (bi'pees,) n. [Lat. bis, twice, and pes, a foot.] pose of moving the wings, are extremely delicate and carnivorous kind. Their food, which consists of grain of (Zeot.) A genus of reptiles in which the hind-feet alone light; the lungs are placed close to the backbone and various sorts, is conveyed whole and entire into the first are visible, there being externally a total absence of the ribs; the air entering into them by a communication stomach or craw, where it undergoes a partial dilution anterior extremities, though the rudiments of these mem- firom the wind-pipe, passes through, and is conveyed into by a liquor secreted from the glands and spread over its hers are perceptible under the skin. This genus affords a number of memnbranous cells which lie upon the sides surface; it is then received into another species of an example of one of those beautiful gradations by which of the'pericardium, and communicate with those of the stomach, where it is further diluted; after which it is nature glides from one type of form into another, being sternum. In some B. these cells are continued down transmitted into the gizzard or true stomach, consistintermediate between the Saurians (lizards), and the the wings, and extended even to the pinions, thigh- ing of two very strong muscles, covered externally Ophidians (serpents). bones, and othere parts of the body, which can be filled' with a tendinous substance, and lined with a thick Bipet'alosss, a. [Lat. bis, andpetalots.] (Bet.) Hav- and distended with air at the pleasure of the animal. membrane of prodigious power and strength; in this ing two petals or flower-leaves. The skeleton is compbsed of nearly the same elements plhce the food is conmpletely triturated and rendered BipinnatlSe, Bipin'ssate~l, a. [Rat. tie, and pin- as in mammals, but the fom and disposition of many fit for the operation of the ggastric juices. Carnivonate.] (Bot.) Twice pinnate; as in Funmaria qoficinalis. rous B. are distinguished by those endowments and Biipnna tf'iiid, a. [Lat. bis, and pisnsatsftd, q. v.] powers with which they are furnished by Nature for (Bst.) Doubly or twice pinnatifid. the purpose of procuring their food; they are proBi'piicate, a. [Lat. bis, and plicare, to fold.] (]ot.) vided with wings of great length, the muscles which Twice folded together. - HenslowS. nmove them being proportionally large and strong, Bipli'City, s,. [See SuPRnA.] Reduplication; state of whereby they are enabled to keep long upon the wing being twofold. (a.) in search of their prey; they are armed with strong, Bijso'lar,~ a. [Lat. bis, and ptolar,q.v.] Doubly polar; hooked bills, and sharp and formnidable claws; they have hasving two poles. - Coleridge. also large heads, short necks, strong and brawny thighs, MiB}ol r'itty, n. Double polarity. end a sight so acute and piercing, as to enable thenm to Bie'polt, lipotn'tine, a. (Bibliog.) Pertaining to ------ iew their prey fiom the greatest heights in the air, boolks publishIed at Deux Ponts, (anc. Bipontium.) upon which they dart with inconceivable swiftness and Bipc-escteal, a. [Lat. bis, and punctual.] Two- undeviating aim. The analogy between the structure pointed, of rapacious birds and carnivorous quadrupeds is obviBlipu'pii ~te, ~a. [Lat. bis, and pupitla, the pupil of 1nous; both of them are provided with weapons which inthe eye.] (Zo'l.) A term applied when an eye-ilke dicate destruction and rapine; their manners are fierce spot on the wing of a butterfly has two dots or pupils ---- and unsocial; and they seldom live together in flocks, within it of a different color. like the inoffensive granivorous tribes. When not on gBiq- as~adrate, (bi-kwod'rteit.) [Lat. tis, and quad'tus, the wing, rapacious birds retire to the tops of sequessquared.] The same as BIQUADRATIC. tered rocks, or to the depths of extensive forests, where Biquairat'ic, n. (Alg.) The power immediately they conceal themselves in sullen and gloomy solitude. succeeding the cube; that is the square of the square, -Every form which the most lively fancy could create, or fosrth power; as, 16 is the B. oi B. power of 2; for eand every lihue that the imagination could conceive, are 2 X2 is 4, and 4 X4 is equal to 16. to be found in the feathers of birdls. Two changes occur -a. Belonging to the fourth or biquadratic power. -B. in the feathers, — one in the spring and another in the Root of a number is the square root of its square root; autumn. In the former case the change occurs just bethus the biquadratic root of 81 is 3; for the square root fore the breeding-time, and thile B. gains a number of of 81 is 9; and the square root of 9 is 3. — Biquadratic 1 new feathers without losing the old ones. In the latter, Bquation, an equation where the unknown quantity of or moulting season, the old feathers fall off and new one of the terms has four dimensions. Any biquadratic ones appear. The feathers of the wings are larger and equation nmay be generated by the multiplication of four stronger than those on other parts of the body. They simple equations; or by that of two quadratic equations. are called wing-feathers, qesill-feathers, or quills. At (Gem.) B. Parabola. A curve line of the third order, the base of each quill are small feathers called winghaving two infinite legs tending the same way. Rg. 359.-SKELETON or rue VUlITURE. coverts. The tail-feathers are also provided with coverts MBicq in'tile, n. [Lat. bis, and quintie, q. v.] (Astron.) I. Scapulea. 5. Vertebra of the tail. 9. Sternum. above and below. Many B. have very ornamental pluAn aspect of the planets when they are distant from 2. Femur. 6. Corocoid bone. 10. Tibia. mage in their tails; and the feathers often take other each other by twice the fifth part of a great circle, or 3 Sacrus. 7. Carpus. 11. Tarsus. rensrliable fories in different parts of the body; such 144. — Craig. 4. Peis.. H ers. as shoulder-tufts, ruffs, crests, &c. When spring apBie', or Bleer, (bis-,) (anc. liiitha,) a town of Asiatic of the bones are different. The pectoral muscles, which proaches, wild birds begin to pair and to malde arrangeTurkey, on the Euphi-ates, 75 m. N.E. of Aleppo, and give motion to their wings, are amazingly strong, nerits for their young. The notes of the male bird at 38 W.S.W. of Orfa; Lat. 36~ 19' N., Lon. 380 7~ 15" E. while those of their thighs are weald and slender. By this time are very loud; and the marriage contract then B. is the point at which travellers and caravsens between means of these, a B. can move its wings with a degree esntered into is for the seaeson faithfully adhered to. In Aleppo, on the one side, ancd Orfst, Diarbekr, &c., on of strength which is almost incredible; the flap of case one of the pair dies, its inscte does not survive it the other, cross the Euphrates. It is also the nearest a swan's wing would break the leg of a msan; and long. The reproduction of the species among B. iz carpoint on the Euphrates to Iskanderoon, and has latterly a similar blow from an eagle has been known to tied on by means of eggs, which pass from the body of become celebratedrfifoom its being the point at whiich Col. cause instant death. Such, consequently, is the force the female and are afterwards hatched. The warmth Cheesney has proposed to begin and terminate the navi- of the wing, and such its lightness, as to be inimitable necessary for incutbat~ion ish ususally derived from thie gation of the Euphrates. — See EUPHtATES. by human art. The eyes of B. asre admirablyadapted body of the B., which sits upon the eggs. This duty is ]frta's jae, Birea'daiteu, a. [Lat. tis, and radiues, to vision, by a particular expansion of their optic generally performed by the fenmale; but in some cases a may.] When a part has two rays. nerves, which renders the impression of external oh- it is undertaklen by the male. Many sea-fowl vnalke no Biea' h, n. [A.S. birce;Ger. bins-e; 0. G-er. bircha; Dan. jects more vivid and distinct. is'rom this peculiler con- nests, teuct deposit their eggs on the barerock, or in birCke.] (Bot.) See BauTLA. fomrmiation, it aeppears that the faculty of sight in B. is rough holes scrastched out of the eertie or sand. Ths BIRD BIRiD BIRM 293 ostrich allows her eggs to be hatched by the heat of the they are mostly aquatic, and their plumage consists of (Cookery.) A species of nests built by swallows, peculiar sun in warm climates; but she sits and broods over soft, warm, downy feathers. In all countries, birds live to the East Indian islands, and much esteemed in China them when the temperature is colder. B. generally longer, comparatively, than either men or quadrupeds in and other parts of the world. These nests resemble in brood once in the year, but some brood twice; and the the same place. Many kinds of birds are important in form those of other swallows; they are formed of a visnumber of eggs they lay varies from one to twenty. The an economical sense. A large profit is derived from the cid substance, and in external appearance as well as cuckoo and a small number of other B. lay their eggs in rearing of domestic fowls; and the flesh and eggs of consistence are not unlike fibrate ill-concocted isinglass. the nests of other birds, in order to be hatched by them; most birds can be eaten. Tihe flesh of fish-eating birds Esculent nests are principally found in Java, in caverns and several birds are able to run about and find food as and birds of prey is considered unpleasant. Feathers usually situated on the sea-coast. Nothing satisfactory soon as they leave the nest, while others remain in the are employed in many useful anid ornamental ways, and is known as to the substance of which these nests are nest for days and weeks before they can venture out. tite dung of birds is useful bfor manure. - The longevity composed. They are used for soup. DIuring this period the parent birds find food for them. of birds is regarded as about ten times as great as the Bird's Poisat, in Missoturi, an elevation of ground At the breeding-season, birds are often gregarious, and period which they require to come to maturity or full near Birdsville, and opposite to the town of Cairo, on sometimes live together in one large nest. Birds'-nests growth. Domestic fowls live to the age of twenty years; which strong works were constructed in 1861, for the are constructed with such delicate and exquisite art and parrots, thirty years; geese, fifty. while swans, ravens, defence of the town. ingenuity, as to call forth the admiration of every ob- and eagles are said to live a century. — The class of B. B]ird's Bun, in Ohio, a post-office of Guernsey co. server. Birds of the same species, wherever they may comprises ten to twelve thousand species, and their Biards'ton, in Texas, a post-office of Navarro co. be found, build their nests with the same kind of mate- classification is difficult by reason of the great uniform- Birdsll-toslague, n. (Bot.) See OmrImrTiooLossUc. rials and in the same manner. The situations they se- ity of their structure. Their distinguishing characters, Birds'ville, in Georgia, a village of Burke co., 70 m. lect, the materials they use, and the form in which they as being in relation with their rdgime, have been taken E.S.E. of.Milledgeville. build, are wonderfully adapted to the particular nature chiefly from the conformation of tile bill and legs. Cu- Birds'vile, in Kentucky, a P. O. of Livingston co. and necessities of the bird. They are generally lined vier divided thenm into six orders, - namely, Rapacious Birds'ville, in Missouri, a post-village of Mississippi with moss, wool, fine hair, or down, and have an exte- B., Passerines, Climtbers, Gallinaceous B., Waders, and co., on the Mississippi River, near its confluence with rior composed of straws, twigs or roots, and dry grass, Palhmipedes. We follow generally, in this work, the writ- the Ohio, 1 m. S.WV. of Cairo. mixed with clay. Birds that build early in the spring, ings of Baird, Audubon, and Wilson, who divide the class Birds'ville, in Texas, a post-village, cap. of Tarrant such as the blackbird and thrush, line their nests with B. into 7 orders: raptlores or Ravenous, (corresponding co., on the W. Fork of Trinity River, 250 ni. N. by E. loam, in order to keep out the cold air. The common to the ord. Accipitres of Linnseus,) Scansores or Climb- of Austin City. It is situate in a fine, fertile country. sparrow, who builds four or five nests in the year, is not ers, Insessores or _etchers, Rasores or Sc'ratchers, Curso- Bird'we][, in Kentucky, a post-office of Marshall co. particular as to the situation he chooses. Sometimes he res or Runners, Gralatores or Wraders. -- See BILL, WING, Bird'-.witteod, a. Flighty; inattentive. locates himself in ivy, sometimes in trees and hedges, Eoa, HATCHING, MIGIATORY BIRDS, &C. Bird Wl eoods, in Kentucky, a post-office of Campbell co. and often under the eaves of houses. Some birds care- Bird', v. i. To catch or snare birds. Birectain'guilr, a. [Lat. bis, and rectatgutluar, q. v.] fully conceal their nests, and some leave them open and "I do invite you to-morrow morning to my house, to breakfast; Containing two right angles. apparent; some, like the Jay, build them so loosely that after, we'll a birding together." - Shaks. Bi'reme, n. [Lat. biremnis, from bis, and remus, oar.J the eggs can be seen through the twigs; and others very B]ird'-bolt, n. An arrow, broad at the end, used for An ancient vessel or galley with two banks or tiers oc compactly, such as the golden-crested Wren, which con- shooting birds. oars. structs its nest with small pieces of moss and spiders' "To be generous.... is to take those things for bird-bolts that Bi'lren, JOHN ERNEST, DUKE OF COURLAND, a Liticaweb interweaved. It is nearly an inch in thicikness, and you deem common abullets." - Saks. anian of mean family, was B. 1690, and repaired is lined with a profusion of soft downy feathers. A very Bird'-eage, it. A box or cage of wire strengthened in 1714 to St. Petersburg. Anna, duchless-dowager of curious nest is that of the Tailor-bird, (Sylvia sutoria.) with wood, wherein to keep birds. They are also miade Courland, made him her favorite, and when she became It is for the most part composed of two leaves, one of of wicker-worlk and other materials, and vary much in Empress of Russia, intrusted to him the administration them being dead; the latter is fixed by the ingenious size, style, &c. of the kingdom. (See ANNA.) On the death of the emibird to the living leaf as it hangs from the tree, by sew- Bird'-call, n. A pipe for imitating the notes of birds. press he assumed thie regency, by virtue of her will; Ibut, ing both together, like a pouch or purse; this is open at Bird'-catcher, ns.. A fowler; one whose employment in 1740, a conspiracy was formed against him by Marthe top, the cavity being filled witlih fine down; it is it is to catch or decoy birds. shal Munich, and he was condemned to death, which "A poor lark entered into a miserable expostulation with a sentence was changed to banishment. Peter III. rehird-cather, that had taken her in his net." - D'Jostrange. called him, and Catherine II. restored him to his former B]ilrd'.-catelhing, n. [bic-d and catch.] The art of de- dignity. In 1763, B. re-entered Mitau; and, profitingby coying, snaring, and taking wild birds. See NET, and the lessons of misfortune lie had experienced, governed TRAP. for the remainder of his life with mildness and justice. Bird-cmtchaing gSpider, n. (Zobl.) See M~GALE. D. 1772. Bir'-ceherry, n. [bird and cherry.] (Bot.) See CEtAsUs. Birgander, n. (Zos1.) See SHELDRAKE. Birdd'er, s. A bird-catcher. Bir'gus, a. (Zobil.) A genus of long-tailed crustaceous Bird'-eye,a. That is seen from above, as by a bird. — animals, of which the Purse-crab, B. latlo, is the largest. W}Vorcester. - See BIRD's EYE. It is a natiive of A nmboyna and other neighboring islands. Bird'-eyed, a. Keen- or quick-sighted. Bis'homboid'al, a. [Lat. bis, and rhomboidal, q. v.] ['Birtd'-faneier, n. One whose hobby or pleasure it is (Greci.) Having a surface of 12 rhombic faces, which,,~i~~~~m /,~, ~to collect and rear curious and valuable birds, being taken 6 and 6, and prolonged till they intercept — One who vends birds in cages; one who sells birds. each other, would fornm two different rhonbs. Bird IHiil, in Maryland, a post-office of Carroll co. Birk'en, a. Birchen; belonging to the birch. (i.). ] l]~Bird'intg-]eie e, n. A fowling-piece; a gun to shoot BirkenfeId, (bir~'ken-felt,) a small principality of Gerbirds with. (o.) many, belonging to Oldenburg, but detached from it on 7i~~~~ ~Bird'-like, a. Resembling a bird. the W. of the Rhine, and enclosed by Rhenish Prussia Bird'-lime, n. A glutinous substance, extracted from and MIeissenheim; area, 143 sq. m.; Top. 31,816.-Its the inner bark of the holly, and used bfor catching birds. capital has the same name, and a pop. of about 3,000. The bark is bruised, boiled with water till very soft, and Birkenhm ead, a fine seaport of England, in the county then placed in pits to ferment. After two or three of Chester, on the Mersey, opposite to Liverpool, of weeks, a curious viscid mass is found in the place of the which city it may almost be deemed a component part. soft bark; this is boiled with a fresh quantity of water, It is 15 mi. E. of Chester, and 199 N.W. of London. B. and evaporated to a proper consistence. B. ntay also be is a prosperous place, possessing magnificent docks covprepared firom the berries of the mistletoe, from the ering an area of 160 acres of water spate, and erected at young shoots of the elder, and from the cellular portions a cost of $15,000,000. It is also famous for its great iron of other plants. When used, it is spread on twigs or ship-building establishments and engineering wolrks. wire-netting, and the wild birds are often drawn to the About 1820, B. was but a mere rural hanslet, with a oew sticky perches by the treacherous singing of a decoy- hundred inhabitants. Pop. 63,570. bird, placed in a cage near to them. Birk's City, in Kentucky, a post-office of Daviess co. Bird'-limned, a. Smeared or prepared with bird-lime. Bir'law, n. [Ger. bauer, a countryman, and law.] (Law.) g360 -NEST O ETAILOR-. Bird'man, n. A bird-catcher; a fowler. A law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs. Fey.~ig~~~.60, - OF TIHE TIBird-of [Parl'adige, n. (Zo6l.) See PARAe)IScIDM. Burrill. suspended from the branch, so as almost to secure Bird'-organ, n. A small hand-organ used in teaching Birmtant Empire. See BURMAH. it from the attacks of reptiles and monkeys. While birds to sing. B]ir'ming. or BLmnMINc, in Mlissouri, a village of Buhatching, all birds, as a general rule, resort to those Bird'it-pepper, n. (Bot.) See CAPSICUM. chanan co., 45 m. N.by W. of Independence. places where their particular food is plentiful, and where Bird'sal, in NBew York, a post-township of Alleghany Bir'ningham, an important town and borough of there is an abundance of the proper material with which co., 60 mu. S. by W. of Rochester; pop. about 1,080. England, co. of Warwick, 18 m. N.W. of Coventry, 69 to construct their nests. Some water-fowls pluck the Birds'borouglh, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Berks co. S.S.E. of MIanchester, and 102 N.W. of London. It is for the down from their own breasts, in order to line their Bird's'-eye, n. (Bot.) See PeImuLA. most part a well-built and ordered town, but the smoke dwellings; but they usually build in out-of-the-way Bird's'-eye, a. Seen fronm above, as if by a flying bird. of its countless factories has begrimed its buildings, and places, since their food is not that which is gathered by Bird's-eye View. (Fine Arts.) A term used to denote it presents but a dingy appearance at first sight. Among ordinary birds. While hatching, the female bird is re- a view arranged according to the laws of perspec- the public edifices may be nmentioned the Town Hall, marlkably patient. She is usually plunup when she be- tive, in which the point of sight, or situation of the modelled on the temple of Jupiter Stator at Rome, and gins to sit; but before the eggs are hatched she is al- eye, is placed at a considerable height above the object capable of holding 4,000 persons; the market hall; barmost reduced to a skeleton. Neither hunger nor danger viewed and delineated. In architectural representations racks, and several fine churches. B. is richly endowed will make her leave her post of duty; but if, after being it is used chiefly for the purpose of representing the dis- with schools, literary institutions, and libraries. B. is absent, the male and female birds perceive that their position of tile different courts or quadrangles, or roofs the metropolis of the hardware trade; here are manunest has been meddled with, they will often leave, and of a building. It is a usef'ul method of representing factured cannon, fire-arms, shot, plated brass and enansbuild in a securer place. After the young are fledged battles, as also of conveying a general notion of a small elled goods, and cutlery; bronze wares, lamps, buttons, and flown, the nest is generally deserted. Many small district of a country. — See PERSPECTIVE. and metallic wares; steel pens, (500,000,000 annually), pabirds live upon wornms, caterpillars, &c.; and it has been Bia'd's Eye, in Indiana, a post-office of Dubois co. pier-mach6 goods, jewelry, toys, trinkets, and, in short, remarked, "that a single pair of sparrows, during the Bir!'s4-eye ldIMple, a. A namne given to the wood almost every conceivable article that can be fashioned time they are feeding their young, will destroy about of the sugar-maple, Acer saccharinurn, on account of its out of metals. The annual value of its manufactures is 4,000 caterpillamrs weekly; they likewise feed their young knotty spots that have sonie resemblance to birds' eyes. estimated at $25,000,000. Pop, 307,941. with butterflies and other winged insects, each of which, Bird's-eye Ridge, in Missour-i, a P. O. of Sullivan co. Bir'minmglham, in Illinois, a post-village of Schuyler if not destroyed in this manner, would be productive of B]~ird's-foot, a. (Bst.) See O0NIxaOPUS. Co., on Crooked Creek, 80 m. W.N.W. of Springfield; nimany thousands of caterpillars." The sparrow is usu- Birid's-fOot T-efoi~, so. (Bot.) See LoTus. pop. of township about 1,360. ally believed to be tlie gardener's enemy; but this would Bird's lP[os$h, n. (Arch.) An interior angle or Bir'minghamn, in iowa, a post-village of Van Buren seem to show the reverse. While moulting or changing notch, cut across the grain at the extremity of a piece co., 12 m. N. of Keosauqua. their feathers, many birds turn sickcly, and often die. of timber for its reception on the edge of another piece; Birmningh mam, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Marshall co. Every country and clinmate have birds, which are pectin- as a rafter, for instance, upon a pole plate. —Biscl's Bli-sninghilan,, in Afichigasn, a flourishing post-village liar to them; but many migrate to distant lands when mouth signifies also the interior angle of a polygon, its of Bloomfield towunship, Oakland co., 18 m. N.W. of Dethe season becomes too severe for them. Near the equa- external angle being called a bull's nose. troit. tor the birds are remcarlkable for their brilliant and vy- Bird's'-ne st,, in. The nest made by a bird, in which it Birmiughms, m in M1issouri, a village of Cape Girardeau tied plum age; but their voices a/e usually harsh and lays eggs, and rears its young. - See BmRe. co., on the Mississippi, 14 m. N.E. of Jackson. discordatnit. In the frigid zone, where fish are plentiful, (Bst.) See MoNoTRoPA. -A village of Perry co. 294 BIRT BISH BISH Bir'mingha il in New Jersey, a post-village of Bur- tlege to which a person is entitled by birth; the right dency. It has long been a great question in the Chrislington co., 4 m. E. of Mount Holly, on Rancocas Creek. of the first-born. - See INHERITANCE; PRIMIOGENITUEE. tian Chhrch, what kind of superintendency it was that -A village of Mercer co., 5 in. N.N.W. of Trenton. Birth'root, n. (Bet.) See TRILLIUM. originally belonged to the B. This question, as to whether Birmingha[m, in Nrew York, a thriving village of An Birth'-sin, it. The original sin. it was originally a superintendency of pastors or of peoSable township, Clinton co., on An Sable River, about Birtlh'-song, n. A song sung at a person's birth. pie, may be briefly stated thus: - Those who maintain 100 m. N. of Albany. Birth'-sts'ai-glet, a. Strangled or suffocated in pro- that it was a superintendency of pastors challenge for Birmin-gham, in Ohio, a post-village of Erie co., on cess of birth. bishops that they are an order of ministers in the ChrisVermilion River, 115 m. N. by E. of Columbus. "Finger of birth-strangled babe, tian Church distinct from the order of presbyters, and -A village of Mahoning co., 12 in. W.S.W. of Canfield. Ditchcdeliver'd by a drab." -Shaeks. standing in the same high relation to them that the Birmingham, in Pennsylvania, a township of Chester Birth'wort, n. (Bet.) See ARISOLeCIlA. apostles did to the ordinary nministers in the Church; co.; pop. about 680. is. [Lat., twice, double.] It is the root of the prefix bi that, in short, they are the successors and representa-A township of Delaware co; pop.:about 750. or bin. tives of the apostles, and receive at their consecration -A prosperous borough of Allegliany co., on the Mionon- (3Music.) A word placed over passages which have dots certain spiritual graces by devolution and transmission gahela River, 2 ni. from its junction witli the Alle- postfixed to one bar, and prefixed to a subsequent bar, fromn them, which belong not to the common presbyters. ghany. Glass and iron-ware 1are largely manutictured signifying that the passage between the dots is to be This is the view taken of the original institution and here. Pop. about 7,200. played twice over. character of the B. in the Catholic Church, in the Eng-A flourishing post-borough of Huntingdon co., on Little B i'sa, Bi'za, n. A weight; a coin. lish Protestant Church, and we believe in all churches Juniata River, 105 m. W.N.W. of Harrisburg, and pos- Bisac'cia, a town of S. Italy, prov. Avellino, 12 m. N.E. which are framed on an episcopal constitution. Epissessing large iron-works; pop. about 280,300. of St. Angelo de Lombardi. It is supposed to occupy copacy is thus regarded as of divine institution, inasBir'uas n, a hill of Scotland, 1,580 feet high, 12 m. E. the site of the ancient Romutlea, mentioned by Livy, much as it is the appointment of Jesus Christ and the firom Perth, and 12 mn. W.N.W. of Dunsinane Hill. It is (lib. x. cap. 7.) B-op. 7,194. apostles, acting in affatirs of the Church under a divine immortalized by Shakspeare in his tragedy of Macbeth. Bisain'nusal, a. (Bet.) The same as BIENNIAL. direction. There are, on the other hand, many persons'Macbeth shall never vanquisi'd be, until Biscay, (bis'/kai,) a mountainous district inl the N. of who contend that the superinttendlncy of the B. was Great Birnham wood to high Dunsinane hill Spain, comprising one of the three divisions of thie Basque originally in no respect different from the superintenShall come against him." Provinces, having oni the N. the Atlantic; E. Giipuzcoa; dency exercised by presbyters as pastors of particular Biron, ARMAND DE GONTAOT, BARON DE, (be-rawng',) Mar- S. Alava and Old Castile, and on the W. the latter prov- churches. They maintain that, if the question is reshal of France, B. about 1524. He served as page to the ince. It forms part of the prov. of BilbaS. The city ferred to Scripture, we there find that bishop and presQueen of Navarre, and was early admitted to the service and territory of Orduna, which are insulated by Alava byter are used indifferently to indicate the same persons of the King of France. He toolk a prominent part in and Old Castile, belong to it. Principal town, BilbaG. or class of persons; and that there is no trace in the the civil wars of Hugoenot and Catholic, and served at Pop. 176,636.- See BASQUE PRoviNces. Scriptures of two distinct orders of pastors; and that, if the battles of Dreux, St. Denis, and Moncontour. 1He BISCAY, BAY OF, the name given to that part of the At- the reference is made to Christian antiquity, we find no negotiated the peace of St. Germain, and narrowly es- lantic Ocean which lies between the island of Ushalnt trace of such a distinction till about 200 years after the caped at the massacreof St. Bartholomew. He recovered in Prance and Cape Ortegal in Spain, haviIng the Spanish time of the apostles. The mode of appointment to bishGuienne and Languedoc from the Protestants, served in province of Biscay to the south. It washes the whole oprics varies in the different churches. In early times the Netherlands against the Duke of Parma, and was west coast of France and the north coast of Spain. It the B. was generally elected by his clergy and laity. one of the first to recognize Henry IV. as king. Ie dis- receives the waters of the Adour, Chlarente, Gironde, After the establishment of Christianity, the Eastern tiiguished himself at the battle of Arques, the first siege and Loire, and contains the islands Belleisle, which is emnperors assumed the right of nominating to some of of Paris, and the battle of Ivry, and was killed at the used as a convict station, Ri, and Oleron on the coast the principal sees, and exercised great influence over siege of Epernay in 1592. of France. Detoth. Varying from 20 fathonms on the W. the elections generally. In the W. of Europe the Ikings B3IRON, CHARLS DE GONTAUT, DUC DE, son of the preceding, of France, to 200 on the N. of Spain. of the barbarians, after the conversion of their subjects, B. 1562, was admiral and marshal of F'rusce, and is noted Biscey'ssn, n. A native of Biscay, Spain. arrogated to themselves similar authority, which was for the friendship which Henry IV. entertaiuned for him, -a. Belonging, or relating, to Biscay. jealously counteracted by the See of Rome. In the and for his treason towards that monarch. He made his Biscegtia, a seaport of S. Italy, prov. Bari, on the Middle Ages the Pope assumed in most cases the absofirst essays in war under his father, and covered himself Adriatic, 12 m. E.S.E. of Barletta, and 13 S.E. of Trani. lute nomination, which claim has been given up in later with glory at the battles of Arques and Ivry, and at the It is a place of but little trade. Pop. 21,686. times in many Catholic coumtries, where the king or sieges of Paris and Rouen. The kiing loaded him with Bisch'wiien., a town of France, dep. Bas Rhin, on clergy recommend, and the Pope only ratifies the aphoniors, saved his life at the fight of Fontaine Fran- tile Moder, 15 in. N. of Strasbourg. Vacnf Coarse cloths, pointment. Figure 361, taken from a nmanuscript of the caise, and sent him ambassador to England. Notwith- pottery, tiles, madder, &c. -Pop. 9,658. standing, however, all these favors, Biron, swollen with Biscotin, (bis'co-teen,) n. [Fr.] A kind of confection pride, ambition, and avarice, entered into a conspiracy made with flour, sugar, eggs, marmalade, &c. - Johnson. with Spain and Savoy against his sovereign; and the Biscuit, (bis'kit,) n. [Fr., from Lat. bis, twice, and cuit, plot being revealed by Lafin, who had been its instigator, fiom cuiro, to bake; Lat. coquo, coctus.] A kind of hard, ihewasbeheaded. Henryenleavored ton-lakehim-alvov dry, unfermented bread made into cakes, and used on his crime, with the view of pardoning him, but was un- board ships. - See NAvY BREAD. successful in his magnanimous attempt. B. was be- -A kind of small, blaked cake, made of flour, sugar, headed, 1602. ahnmonds, eggs, &c. Bi'ron, DUKE OF COURLAND. See BIREN. (Sculpture.) A species of porcelain, of which groups Biros'trate, Biros'trate(i, a. [Lat. bis, and ras- and figures in miniature are formed, which are twice Irate, q. v.] Having a double beak, or something re- passed through the furnace or oven. It is executed withsembling a bealk. out glaze upon it. Birou'sa, n. (Min.) The Persian nasme of the bur- (pottery.) A term applied to earthenware and porcequolse stone. lain, after it has been hardened in the fire, and before it Birr, v. i. To makle a whirring noise, as of wheels in receives the glaze: in this state it is permeable to water. motion. - Ogilvie. Biscutate, a. [Lat. bis, and scutum, a shield.] (Bet.) Bifrr, in Ireland, a town in King's co., 31 m. from Lim- Resembling two buclklers placed side by side.- Loudoen. erick; sometimes called Parusons Town; pop. 6,128. Bise, (bee,) n. [Fm.] Acoldnorthwind. Birt, n. [O. Eng. byrte.] Aspecies ofturbot. —Johnson. Bisec', v. a. [Lat. bis, and seco, sectus, to cut.] To cut Birth, n. [A. S. byrd, beort/h, froniom bee-as, to bear.] A or divide into two equal parts. bearing, or a being born; act of coming into life; as, his (Geos)i.) To divide equally into two parts. wife guve birth to a daughter. Bisee'tion, n. [Fr. bissection.] Act of bisecting; divi- "But thou art fair, and at thy birth, dear boy, sion of any line or quantity into two equals parts. Nature and fortune joined to make thee great." - Shaks. Blsec'trix, n. [From bisect.] In hi-axial polarization, -Extraction; lineage; rank by descent: as, he is a man the line bisecting the angle between the two axes of of noble birth. - Natural state, or condition of life into polarization, -Dana. which a person is born. Biseg'ment, n. [Lat. bis, and segment, q. v.] One of Mi. 361. A BibHOi PREAHING. "High in his chariot then Halesus came, the parts of a bisected line. (From a manuscript of the 14th century) A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy name." —Dryden. Bise'rial, Bise'riate, a. (Bet.) That is arranged in 14th century, represents a number of ladies, unceremo-Act of bringing forth; as, she lhad twins at a birth. two rows; bifarious. ifously seated on the ground, and apparently in the open "And bee seal tk, much lik she, Biser'rate, a. [Lat. bis, and serrate, q. v.] (Bst.) Doubly air, listening to the admonition of a B. It is a curious AThroug patn g f led to felicity.k " —hilon. serrate; i.e., when the teeth of a leaf, &c. are themselves illustration of the almost unchanged costum e of the Cath- Throwugh I pangs fed te felicity."-filou. serrate. - Guay. olic B., and also of costumes and customs of the time. -That which is born, or produced, whether animal or Bise'tose, Bise'tous, a. [Lat. bis, and sets, a bristle.] -A beverage conmposed of hot or cold burgundy, claret, or ~~~~~~~vegetable. ~(Zobl.) When all animal or part is furnished with two other red wine, poured upon ripe bitter oranges, and The people rear me; far they do obsuerve bristle-like appendages. then adding sugar and spices according to taste. It is O nfathe'd heirs, and laily b~inkts sr n ature." - S/iotah a Bisex'Ons, a. [Lat. bis, and sexes, sex.j Consisting of drunk either hot or cold, and its quality depends entirely -Origin; commencement; begimnning; as, the birth of a two sexes. - Bronne. upon the excellence of the wine employed. In order to State. two sexes. - B~~~~~~~~~~~'0u~~~ne~~ upon the excellence of the wine employed. In1 order to rState. Bisexcna], a. (Bot.) A term applied to flowers which make bishop properly, the oranges ought to be well seBirth, n. (IVaut.) See BERTH. contain both stamens and pistil within.the same en- lected, and the white part between the peel and the pulp Birth day, n. The day on which a person is born; day velope. Same as Hermaphrodite, q. v. rejected. It is called carliual when sade with white of origin or beginning. of origin or beginning. Orient light, Bish'op, n. [Gr. episkopos; Lat. episcopus: A. S. biscop; wine; and pope, when made with teoay. Its present Exhaling first from darkness, they beheld Ger. b:schof; Sp. obispo; Fr. evique.] (Eccl. Hist.) The name was bestowed upon it in the 17th century: but it Birthday of heaven and earth." —lfflton. name of that superior order of pastors or ministers in was Iknown under other names in Germany, during the -Anniversary of one's birth. the Christian church who exercise superintendency over Middle Ages. It was imported into Germany from "Your country dames, the ordinary priests or pastors within a certain district France. It is very excellent for colds. Whose clothes returning birthday claims."-Prior. called their see or diocese, and to whom also belongs the -An article of female attire, worn to give protuberance Birth'ing, n. (Naut.) The woricing us topside, bulk- performance ofthose hiigherduties of Christian pastors, as to the dress behind thei wist; a bustle; a tournure. heads, &c. ordination, consecration (or dedication to religious pir- ]Bish'op, v. a. To confirm; to admit solemnly into the Birth'iess, a. Without birth. poses) of persons or places, and excommnnication. The Church, Birth'snasrk, n. Any peculiar mnrk, spot, or blemish, word episcopas literally signifies an inspector or super- "They are profane, imperfect, oh I too bad, found on the body at time of birth. intendent; and the etymological sense expresses even Except confirmed and bishoped by thee." —Dosnne. Birth'night, n. The night in which a person is born. now nuch of the aectual sense of the word. The pecu- (Farrieu'y.) To practise means to give an old horse a "Th' angelic song in Bethlehem field, liar character of the B.'s office might be expressed in good appearance; to rejuvenate a worn-out horse. On thy birthtsigkt, that sung the Saviour born." —Milton; one word - superintendency. The B. is the overseer, BsBn'op, SIR HENRY RoWaLE, an English musical com— The night annually kept in memory of a person's birth. overlooler, superintendent in the Christian Church, and poser, n. in London, 1780. During a course of nearly 20 an exalted station is allotted to him corresponding to years, he produced upwards of 70 operas, ballets, and "AB yenta msm'c guhitchag than a hlkcuigki lens —Page. the important duties whsiche belong to his office. It was musical entertainments. Many of his songs and glees are Birth'place, n. The place where a person is born; as, not, however, a term which was invented purposely to among the most beautiful effusis of English melody. Stratford-on-Avon is the birthplace of Shalcspeusre. describe the new offices which Christianity introduced His best works are: Guy Maoseriag; The Sl'loe; The Vii'")My birthplace hate I, and my love's upon into the social system. The term existed befure, both gin of the Sun; Mler and his Men; and Maid Marious. This enemy's tswu." —St~n~s. amnog the Grielcek snd Latins, to designate certahin civil D. 1855.- His widow, Aunna Lady Bishop, a celebrateul Birth'right, n. [birth and righ t.] Any right or priv- officers to whom belonged some species of sceperinteme- singer, has mnuerried Mr. Schulz, of New York. BISM BISM BIT 295 Bish'op Hill, in Illinois, a post-office of IHenry co. openly expressed views hostile to the government. In the white oxide was at one time very largely used, Bishlop-like, a. Resembling, or belonging to, a Jan., 1863, B. protested against an address which the either as a dusting-powder, or combined with white bishop. Deiuties presented to the king, in which he was accused ointment to dry up ill-conditioned sores, and as an apBish'opric, n. Jurisdiction or charge of a bishop. of having violated the constitution. Shortly afterward plication to cutaneous diseases. In a large dose it acts -A diocese; a district over which episcopal authority ex- the affairs of Poland caused fresh difficulties. The Chain- as as irritant poison; and as it not unirequently contends. ber of Deputies, by a majority of five to one, censured tains arsenic, its use is by no nmeans free firom danger. Bishop's Auckl][d,'su a market-town of England, the ministry for having concluded (Feb. 8) a secret treaty It enters largely into the preparation known as P'earl co. Durham,, 10 us. W.S.W. of Durham, on the Wear. with Russia. After the close of the aggressive war waged Powder, used so extensively by ladies both on and off Hlere is the magnificent castle or episcopal palace of the by Prussia arid Austria against Dennmark, and in which the stage; and very serious consequences often arise bishops of Durham. Pop. 7,128. Austria had very reluctantly taken part, B. thought from its constant employment as a cosmetic, as is shown Bishop's Cap, n. (Bet.) See MITELLA. that the time had arrived fbr carrying out his long- by paralysis of the mouth or eyelids, and other serious Bishops Ilead,in Maryland, aP. 0. of Dorchester co. cherished prqioject of making Prussia the real head of effects resulting from its use. Bishop's aStore, in Missouri, a P.0. of Dent co. Germany. His preparations for another aggressive war Bis'rnxitha], a. Consisting or containing bismuth. Bisholp's Stortfos'd, a town of England, co. Hert- were completed, and, aided by an alliance with Italy, in Bis'muthic Acid. (COem.) See BissUTH. ford, 26 nm. N.N.E. of London. It is a flourishing and well- a campaign of a few weeks' duration, Austria and her B3is'sanuthine, and Bis'nltastite, n. (.Aiin.) See BIsbuilt place. Malting is the principal trade. Pop. 5,140. IIanoverian and Saxon allies were defeated; (see SA.Do- u'oH. Bish'opsville, in Maryland, a P. 0. of Worcester co. wA.) It is probable that dread of a still more formidable Bi'son, n. [Lat., said to be derived from Bistonia in Bish'opville, in Ohio, a post-village of Morgan co., alliance induced B. to stop short in his career of victory, Thrace.] (ZoUl.) See BUFFALO. 33 m. S. of Zanesville. as the Emperor Napoleon, in his speech to the French Bispi'nose, ]Bispl'iaosus, a. [Lat. bis, and spina, Bish'opviille, in S. Carolina, a P.O. of Sumter district. Chambers, declared that he had arrested the conqueror a spine.] (Zod1.) Applied to an animal which has Bishop Wearnlouth, in England. See SUNDERLAND. at the gates of Vienna. A preliminary treaty of peace two spines. Bish'op-weed, n. (Bet.) See DiscoPLEura. with Austria was concluded at Nikolsburg, 26th July, Bisque, (bisk,) n. [Fr.] (Stat.) A kind of unglazed Bisk, na. (Cookery.) See Bisque. 1866, and as Austria consented to retire from the Ger- white porcelain used lbr statuettes. (Games.) In tennis, a stroke which is allowed to the man Confederation, the terms of a general pacification (Cookery.) A soup made of several descriptions of weaker party to equalize the play. were arranged. B. was created a count, Sept. 16, 1865.- meat boiled together. 3lis'markchi-Shaeienhausen, KARLt OTTO, COUNT In physique, B. is tall and athletic, with an honest and i$ssae, n. [Fr.] (Ail.) A double sac orwallet. — Crabb. vox, Primne Minister of Prussia, anrd one of the ablest expressive countenance, and a high, broad, and full fore- Blissagos, (bees-sa'goes,) a group of small volcanic statesmen in Europe, B. at Scheushausen, lst April, 1814, head, in which benevolence and combativeness are islands on the W. coast of Africa, opposite the embonstudied at Gittingen, Berlin, and Greifswalde; entered unmistakably blended. Ile has the ruddy complexion chure of the Rio Grande, between 100 and 120 N. Lat., the Prussian army, and was afterwards a lieutenant in and blonde hair typical of the Teutonic race, is bald on anrid 15120 and 16120 W. Lon. The largest is about 15 the Landwehr. He became a member of the Diet of the the cranium, and wears a heavy moustache of the mili- mn. long, and some of them are uninhabited. province of Saxony in 1846, and of the General Diet, in tary pattern. His manners are easy, frank, and unaf- ]tis'sell's, in Odio, a post-office of Geauga co. which he miade himself remarkable by the boldness of fected, and he is an inveterate smoke.r. Aristocratic to Bissextile, (bis-seks'til,) n. [Fr., from Lat. bissextilus his speeches. On one occasion lie argued that all great the core, in all his thoughts, tastes, and sympathies, B. - bis, and sextus, sixth, from sex, six.] (Calendar.) cities should be swept from the face of the earth, because is yet as nonchalant, brusque, and even jovial in his mode The nanme given to the year which contains 366 days. they were the centres of democracy and constitutional- of life as the most plebeian of his countrymen. He has The calendar used both in European and American ism. Nor did the events of 1848 modify his opinions; large estates in Mecklenburg, andis noted for his kind- countries is that of the Romans, as reformed by Julius but, on the contrary, he even censured anrid denounced oess to his tenantry. Possessing the gift of authorship, Caesir. In the calendar of Caesar the length of the year the king for affiliating with the national party and fol- in addition to his other anrid more distinguished qualifi- was fixed at 365/4 days; and in order that the year shall lowing the tri-colored flag. The German parliament, cationos, B., in his youth, translated the first six books always begin with the beginning of the day, it was diassembled at Frankfort, unfurled the black, red, and of Virgil's.,neid-a work announced for publication rected that every 4 years should contain 366 days, the gold ensign, and sent a deputation to Berlin with the in 1869. other years having each 365. The additional day, which offer of the imperial dignity to Frederick WVilliam IV. Bisnllah, interj. [Ar., "In the name of God."] thus occurred every 4 years, was given to February, the B. opposed this movement, because it recognized the An adjuration to the Alnighshty in common use among shortest month, and was inserted in the calendar besovereignty of the people. He declared that denmocratic, Mohamimedans. It is written at the beginning of all tween the 24th and 25th dCys. In thie peculiar Roman representative ideas, and the principles upon which the their books, &c. method of reckoning the days of the months backward Prussian monarchy rests, were mutually exclusive, and They look'd upon the IMuscovite flotilla, from the 1st of the preceding month, it would have could never be made to amalgam;ate; the former deriv- And only shouted,`Aliah I and "Bismillah I" - Byron. been very inconvenient to interrupt the order of nuing their authority fromn the will of the people,- which is Bi'nauath, n. [Fr. bismuth; N. Lat. bismuthumn; 0. Ger. meration; accordingly, the 24th, which was called Sexto only a euphemism for theclub-laWvs of the barricades, — wissrnruth-e- ess, white, and muth, miettle.] (Chem.) Calendas.lartii, was reclkoned twice, and the supernuwhile the latter are of divine installation. They can A metal (symbol Bi) readily distinguished by its pe- merary day called bis Sexto Calerdas. Hence the term never be reconciled by parliamentary debates; sooner culiar reddish lustre and its highly crystalline struc- bissextile. In English, leap-year has the same significaor later, indeed, the God of battles must decide between ture, which is very perceptible upon a freshly broken tion. In the Julian calendar, every year was B.; but them by a throw of the iron dice. He then added that surface; large cubical crystals of B. are easily obtained this supposes the year to be 36514 days, which errs in the crown offered by the Frankfort Assembly may be by melting a few ounces in a cruncible, allowing it to excess by 11 minutes 10'35 seconds. Accordingly, in very brilliant, but the gold of which it is to be formned cool till a crust has formed upon the surface, and the course of a. few centuries, the error would amount to must be first obtained by putting the Prussian crown pouring out the portion which has not yet solidified, days, and cause the commencenment of the year to change into the inmeltingmpot, and I have no confidence that, when the crystals are found lining the interior of the its place with respect to the seasons. So, when the when mingled with the alloy of constitutionalism, the crucible; atomic weight 213; sp. gray. 9'8. It is hard, calendar was reformed by Pope Gregory XIII., the re-casting will succeed." In 1851, B. entered the diplo- brittle, and but slightly malleable. It fuses at 5070, equinox had fallen froms the 25th to the 11th of March. matic service, and was intrusted with the legation at amid is obtained in fine cubical crystals by slowv cooling. The Gregorian rule of intercalation is as follows: every Frankfort. Regarding Austria as the antagonist of The peculiar property it possesses of expaniding as it year of which the number is divisible by 4 is a leapPrussia, he was sent, in 1852, to Vienina, where he proved cools, renders its alloys of great use to the type-founder year, excepting the centesimal year, which are only a constant adversary to Count Rechberg. In 1858, a and die-sinker. It also increases the fusibility of other leap-years when divisible by 4 after suppressing the pamphlet, entitled La Prusse et La Question Italierne, metals with which it is united. The remau)rkable alloy two zeros. Thus 1600 was a leap-year; but 1700, 1800, appeared, the authorship of which was generally attri- known asfusiblemetal contains one equivalent of B., one and 1900 are common years. This regularity, though butod to B. In this publication reference was made to of lead, and two of tin; fuses below 2120, and, by a cer- it would for a long time preserve the commencement the antagonism existing between Austria and Prussia, tain admixture of cadmium, can be melted at a still of the year at the samne time, is not yet quite correct. and a triple alliance between France, Russia, and Prus- lower temperature. It is also occasionally employed in It supposes the length of tihe year to be 365 days, 5 h. sia was advocated. In Mmorch, 18,59, B. vas sent as am- cupellation, and some of its compounds are used as pig- 48 min. 12 seconds, which is too great by 22'38 seconds; bassador to St. Petersburg, which post ohe held until ments, the hydrated oxychloride being used as a cos- an error which amounts to a day in 3,866 years. -See 1862, and having conciliated the Czar, was decorated noetic under the name of pearl-white. B. occurs in na- CALENIDAR. with the order of St. Alexander Newski. In May, 1862, ture principally in the metallic form in the clay-slate -a. Relatiing, or belonging, to a leap-year. he was appointed ambassador to Paris, where he received and gneiss formations, its principal source being Schnee- hl#tip'slied, a. [Lat. Uis, and.tipuled, q. v.] Having the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor from Napoleon tberg, in Saxony. B. is extracted from the ore by heat- two stipules. III., and on 22d Sept., in the sanme year, he was nmade Min- ing it in inclined cast-iron tubes with cups attached. Bistoo-t, so. [Lat. bis, and torqueo, torteus, to twist.] (Bet.) ister of the King's House and of Foreign Affairs. The The tubes are brought to a white heat, and the B. flows See POLYNoUrsIm. into the cups, which are at the lowest part of the in- Bistouary, (bis'tu-ri,) n. [Fr. bistouri, fronm Pistoria, now cline. B. formns two oxides, — the teroxide, BiO3, and Pistoja, a city in Tuscany where it was first manufacan acid oxide, BiO0, or bismuthic acid. Peroxide of B. ~ tured.] (Surg.) A smnall curved knife for making incimay be obtained by heating the nitrate to low redness; sins. it is a yellow insolnuble powder. The hydratecd terxide, Bis'tre, (bis'telr,) n. [Fr. bistre, from bis, femn. bise, which is white, may be obtained fiomn a salt of B. by brown.] (Paintiog.) A brown pigment extracted by precipitation with ammonia.- Bismnuthic acid, or per- watery solution from tihe soot of wood-fires, when it reoxide of bismuth, is formed when hydrated teroxide of tains a strong pyroligneous scent. It is of a wax-like bismuth is digested with a concentrated solution of texture, and of a citrine-brown color, perfectly durable. potash, through which chlorine is passed. A red solu- It was much used as a water-color, particularly by tion of bismuthateeof potash is formed, and a red pre- the Old Masters, in tinting drawings and shading cipitate fills to the bottom, which, on being well washed sketches, previously to Indian Ink comnig. into use for and digested in cold nitric acid, leaves behind a red such purposes. In oil it dries with the greatest difficuIty. powder, which is the hydrated acid. - Aitrate ofsB. is Bisturres, n.pl. (iFrt.) Small towers placed at interprepared by dissolving the metal in dilute nitric acid vals in the walls of a fortress, forming a barbican. with the aid of heat, which gives rise to four-sided Bisuulnete, Bisul'eous, a. [Lat. bisulcws, two-furprisms, which are decomposed by water into an acid rowed.] (Zoil.) A term applied to cloven-footed mainmnitrate, which remains in solution; and a basic nitrate, malta, i.e., resting upon two hoofed digits. the trisnitrate of B., falls as a precipitate. It is used as Bisuleous, (bi-sol/kus,) a. [Lat. bisulcus-bis, and sula pigment, and also as a cosmetic. This salt was for- cus, a furrow, trench.] Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen. merly called magistcry of B. The other compounds of ) Bisuiphate, n. [Lat. bis, and suliphate, q. v.] (Chen.) B. are too uninisportant to be described. B. occurs in A sulphate having two equivalents of sulphuric acid( t~. nature associated with cobalt, silver, tin, and arsenic; one of the base. also as an oxide, in B.-oc/sue; as a sulphide, in Bismet- Biszt'ritz, (bees-treetz,) a fortified town of Austria i~, thine or B. glance; as an arsenide, or carbonate, and Transylvania, on a river of the same name; Lat. 470'5c' a silicate, in B.-blende, and Bisnsutite. 46~' N.; Lon. 240 32' 18" E. Pop. 7,481. (Med.) Metallic B. has no effect on the system, and Bit, n. [A. S. bita, biste, bitel, allied to bitan, to bits.m] FIi~ig. 362. - 5oaNT sls~la~clr. the subnitrate of B. itself, frl-m its almost insoluble na- That which curbs, bites, or holds fast. Specifically, lhB budget having been rejected by the Deputies, but adopted ture, exercises but a limited action on the body. Since iron past of a bridle which is insem-ted in a horse's moU th,. by the Upper Chamber, B., in the name of the Iking, dis- 1868, a soluble citrate of B. and ammsaonia has been ob- and which the animal bites or chtmps, and to which solved the former after a series of angry altercations. tained, of whichs much good is said, but we abstain from and its appustensances thie guaiding reins are fastened. The newspapers which protested against this despotic giving any opinion upon its therapeutic action or cura- — A bite; a mouthful or morsel;; a smnalh piece; as, a bit o~ act were proceeded against with great severity, as were tive merits. Its foree. is BiOa,NII40,CnuIt50hn + 5t1O breradl. numerous public officials, magistrates, and others, who - BiCroNHs40s0 473.-~ As an external application,'John was the darling;m he had' all the good blsu." —Arbutsnot; 296 BSBITI BITT BIVA -A general name for the metal part of several tools used Bit'less, a. Without bit or bridle. first precipitate has been thrown down. Salt-water hayfor boring, and made so as to fit at the upper end in the Bit'-mouithi, n. The bit, or that part of a bridle which ing been boiled, and the salt in it precipitated, the reshandle of a socket; they are used for boring large is put in a horse's mouth. - Bailey. idue is the article known as B. From this liquor, which holes in hard wood, and in all cases where accuracy is Bitosi'to, a town of S. Italy, prov. Terra di Bari, 10 min. is a solution of an impure sulphate of magnesia, epsom required. The bit of a key is the part fitted to the W.S.W. of Bari. This is a fine town, and its environs salts and bromine are procured. shank in which the wards are cut; this is called a blank produce an excellent wine called sagarillo, in which an BitEterness, n. Quality or' being bitter.- A bitter until the wards are so cut. The term is also applied to extensive trade is carried on. Pop. 26,643. taste; as, an unpleasant sourness and bitterness.-Malice; the hammer used by masons for rough picking, or dress- Bitt, or BIT, (bit.) [Fr. bittes.] (Naut.) One of the strong hatred; implacability; sharpness of temper; sorrow; ing granite. but short pieces of timber projecting vertically from the vexation; affliction. (Coin.) A small silver Spanish coin, more usually called deck of a vessel, in the fore-part, close to either side, Bitter Heoot River, in Montana Territory, rising in real. Its value is about 10 cents. — The term is also and strongly secured to the beams on which the deck- tie ocky Mountains, and after a N. course, entering commonly used in the Southern States, chiefly in Louisi- planks are laid, They are placed in pairs, and are Clark's River. ana, to express the 8th part of a dollar. principally used for fastening the cable when the ship Bit'ters, n. pZ The common name for an infusion Bit, v. a. (imp. andpp. BITTED.) [A. S. bitol, a bridle.] To is at anchor or moored alongside a quay. There are of bitter herbs, which is consumed in large quantities put a bridle upon a horse; to place the bit in its mouth. many kinds of bitts used for different purposes in ship- as a stomachic, generally mixed with ardent spirits. Bit, imp. and pp. of BITE, q. V. building, and distinguished by various names. The plant usually selected for the preparation of B. Bitel, n. [Fr. biehe; A. S. bieca, bicce, bice; Ger. betze, -v. a. (Naut.) To put round the bits, as a cable; to bit. is the garden Angelica, (see AIcHANoEELIeA,) the roots probably from Slav. bitzn, to run, to be in heat.] The Bitten, part. from BITE, q. v. and seeds being used; gentian, quassia, aloes, wild female of the canine kind, as the dog, the wolf, the fox, Bit'ter, a. [A. S. biter, from bitan, to bite; Ger. bitter, cherry, &c., are more commonly used in the United &c. (Sometimes called slut.) from beitzen; L. Sax. biten.] Acrid, or sharp and biting States.'And at his feet a bitch wolf suck did yield to the tongue or taste; having a hot, pungent, acrid Bit'ter-salt, n. The EPSo0 SALT, q. V. To two young babes." - Spenser. taste, like wormwood; as, bitter as aloes. Bit'ter.spar, n. (Min.) The crystallized variety of -A name of reproach for a woman. "IThe food that now to him is as luscious as locusts, shall be to dolomite or magnesian limestone; so called because it "1 John bad not run a madding so long, had it not been for an him shortly as bitter as coloquintida." - Shaks. resembles calcareous spar, and contains magnesia, the extravagant bitch of a wife." - Arbuthnot. -Piercing; painful; inclement; as, bitter cold weather. salts of which are bitter. - Dana. Bitehe, a town and fortress of France, dep. Moselle, at "The fowl the borders fly, Bitter-sweet, n. (Bet.) See SOLANUM. the foot of the Vosges, 15 m. E.S.E. of Sarguemines. The And shun the bitter blast, and wheel about the sky."- Dryden. Bit'ter-veteh, n. (Bet.) See ORoBus. fortress or citadel stands on an almost inaccessible rock -Calamitous; poignant; susceptible of inflicting pain or Bit'ter-wort, n. (Bet.) See GENTIANA. rising from the middle of the town. The interior of the distress; as, a bitter remembrance. BitQter-weed, n. (Bot.) A name of Ambrosia arterock is vaulted and casemated; the fort mounts 80 pieces "Of all the griefs that harass the distrest, misice-folia. See AaMIBoSIA. of cannon, may be garrisoned by 1,000 men, is well sup- Sure the most bitter is a scornful jest." — J.ohnson. Bit'ter-wool, n. (Bot.) See XYLoPIA. plied with water, and may be looked upon as impregna- -Sharp; cruel; severe; harsh; stern; as, a bitter rebuke. Bittor, Bittousr, n. (Zobl.) Same as BITTERN, q. v. ble. Pop. 3,237. "Go with me, Bitts, n. pl. (Naut.) See BITT. Bite, v. a. (imnp. BIT; pp. BITTEN.) [A. S. bitan.] To break, And, in the breath of bitter words, let's smother Bitumed', a. Smeared or impregnated with bitumen. squeeze, scrunch, bruise, crush, pierce, gripe, or seize My damned son." - Saks. Bitu'men, BIrTUnrE, n. [Fr. bitune; Lat. bitunmen.] A with the teeth. -Distressing; mournful; afflicting. mineral pitch, supposed to be formed in the earth by the "With angry teeth he bites him to the bone, "Even to-day is my complaint bitter." — Job xxiii. 2. decomposition of animal and vegetable substances. It And this dog smarts for what that dog has done." -Fielding. Bit'ter, n. Any substance that is bitter. - See BITTERS. has a strong pungent smell, and is found in all parts of -To cause to smart; to hurt or injure in an actual or a " Still from the fount of Joy's' delicious springs the world, and is of different consistencies. In its most figurative sense; as, this mustard bites my tongue. Some bitter o'er the flowers its bubbling venom flings."- Byron. fluid state it constitutes nzaphtha; when of the consistence "I have endur'd the biting winter's blast, Bit'ter, or Blit'ter-end, n. (Naut.) A turn of a of oil or treacle, it constitutes petroleum, or Barbadoes And the severer heats of parching summer." -Btowe. cable round the bitts, when a vessel lies at anchor. tar; when still harder, like cobbler's wax, or even togher, -To wound by reproachor sarcasm; to taunt. When a ship is stopped by the cable, she is said to be it is called elastic bitumen; and when still further induEach poet with a different talent writes; brought up by a bitter. - See BITTS. rated, maltha or misesal caoutchouc; and in its last stage One praises, one instructs, another bites." —Lord Roscommon. Bit'ter-apple, Bit'ter-eueumber, Bit'ter. of desiccation, it is known as asphaltum. The ancients -To cheat; totrick; to defraud. (Colloquial and vulgar.) go'urd, n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Citrcllas employed heated bitumen in tie construction of their "The knight had wit, called colocynthis, colocynth, coloquintida. The fruit is buildings. In the Bible it is called slime. So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit."- Pope. of the gourd kind, having a shell enclosing a bitter pulp, Bituminate, v. a. To impregnate with bitumen. -To hold fast; to talke firm hold of; as, the anchor bites, which is a very drastic purgative. It is brought firom Bituminiferous, a. Producing bitumen. -To corrode; as, in etching, to bite into metallic plates thle Levant. — Baird. Bituminiza'tionk, n. The process of fbrming bitumen. by the application of an acid. — To bite the thumb at a Bit'ter-cress, i (Bt.) See CARDAMINE. Bit'inize,. a. To form into, or impregnate with, Bittel-er~s~~,(Bet.) See CAnD~rAIN.. ia'rPaz v a fm no mpeat th person. Anciently a mark of contempt and defiance; a Bit'ter-end, n. (Naut.) See BITTER, bitumen. tacit challenge to a quarrel; as, "Do you bite your Bit'terfelO, a flourishing town of Prussia, prov. Sax- Bitu'minous, a. [Fr. bitumineux; Lat. bituminosus.] thumb at us h" Sh/aks. - To bite the dust or the ground. ony, 16 min. S. of Dessau. It was founded by a colony of Having the qualities of, or cntuining, bitumen. To fall to the ground in a dying state; to sink in the Flemings, whose descendants hold their property in con- Bitu'minous Coal, n. (Miin.) A term commonly agonies of death. mon, and are governed by peculiar laws. Manf. Earthen- applied to coals which burn with a smoky flame, and He falls; his arms upon the body found, ware and cloth. Pop. 4,712. occupy a place between Lignite on the one hand, and And with his bloody teeth he bites the grotind." — Dryden. Bit'tering, n. A bitter ingredient used in beer. Anthracite on the other. -v. i. To seize, hold fast, or wound with the teeth. Bit'terish, a. Somewhat bitter; as, a bitterish taste. Bitu'minous Shale, n. (Mis.) In manycoalfields -To cause pain; to hurt; to wound; to inflict bodily in- Bititerishness, n. State or quality of being slightly In various parts of the world there are numerous bands jury upon. bitter. of tough clayey matter of a gray, brown, or black color, III've seen the day, with my good biting faulchion Bit'terly; adv. In a bitter manner; sharply; cruelly; sometimes passing into coal, and resembling bad coal in I would have made them skip." - Shaus. severely. appearance. They have more or less of a slaty fracture, "Bitterly hast thou paid, and still art paying, are often repeated, like other beds of clay,in a vast thickBite, n. Act of biting or seizing with the teeth; as, the That rigid score."-filton. ness of strata, and ccupy a definite position with regard ~~~~~bite of a fish. eBit'tern, n. [Du. butoir; Lat. botauras, bos-taurus.] to coal. They are found generally, but not always, near "Dots he think he can.., arm himself against the bites of the (Zob'l.) The Bitterns form the sub-genus Betaurus, in the true coal of all ages. The posidlonia schists of the lias, never-dying worm?" - South. Ardeidce or Heron family. The common B. (Botaurus and the paper-coal, so called, of the tertiary period, near -The wound made by the act of biting; as, the bite of a stellaris) of Europe and Africa, to which closelyresembles Bonn, are varieties. Although some of these shales mosquito. - A morsel or nouthful; as much as can be the Stake-driver (B. lentiginosus) of North America, is yield much gas on exposure to destructive distillation, taken at once by biting; as, neither bite nor sup. - The they are even more valuable as affording oils and parafhold which the short end of a lever has upon the thing tobeldifthed. Ws-igt. -c A che~at, fer asud, trck 1:I fine, whlen distilled at a dull red heat. The percentage "For lubta e it in its proper lighta, [rcr (Vuig-it) \'' /of oil obtained from bituminous shales varies exceedingly,'For take iwt ein its proper light, Swft. —../but less than 5 per cent. can hardly be remlunerative.'Tis just what coxcombs call a bite." — Swuift. -A sharper, trickster, deceiver; one who cheatsw. Ir Some of these, which afford as much as 30 per cent., are extremely valuable, such as the so-called Boghead coal (Printning.) That part of an impression which is im- or Torbane mineral of Scotland. Shiales approach coal perfectly printed, in consequence of the frisket not being in their appearance, and are used for - See GA, suaciently~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~! /~"-'~~ _wy - C'raz ~ in their appearance, and are used for burning. — See GAs, sufficiently cut away. - Graig. PARAFFINE, &C. Bit'er, n. Anybody who, or anything which, bites. B mIN W, L "Great barkers are us biters." — Camden. /'/[ Bitu'mino us IVeod, at. See LIocelTE. -;~Biuret, (bt'u-ret,) n. [Lat. bis, and urea, a chemical Great barkrers are no biters." - Camdlen. Biulret, (bi'u1e,.[rt.bu n reaceia -One who cheats, tricks, or defrauds; as, the biter bitten. principleofurine.] (Chem.) Acompoundpreparedby "A biter is one... who thinks you a fool, because you do not " exposing urea to a temperature of 3000. It has the think him a knave." - Spectator. exact composition of bicyanate of amtmonia, and bears Biter'nate, a. (Bet.) Applied to a ternate leaf when its \ the same relatien to that substance that urea does to leaflets become themselves ternate, as in Funtaria lute. cyanate of ammonia. Bitet'to, a town of S. Italy, prov. Terra di Bari, in a fer- _, Bivalve, (b'valv,) n. [Lat. bis, and valva, valve.] (Zob'l.) tile plain on the Adriatic, 10 m. S.W. of Bari; pop. 6,473. A name given in conchology to a class of shells comBithinia, (bi-thin'e-a,) an ancient division of Asia posed of two Minor, was separated from Europe by the Propontis pieces or___ (Sea of Marmora) and the Thracian Bosphorus (Strait of parts, which, Constantinople), and was bounded N. by the Euxine, by means of a and S. by Galatia, Phrygia, and Mysia. It extended E. proper cotby nsof as far as Paphlagonia. It contained the famous GreekFig. 363. BITTERN, OR STAKE-DRIVER, (Bolaurus entetiginsis.) e c ti n by colonies of Chalcedon, Heraclea, &c.; and at later peri- smaller than the heron, and has long legs and neck, hinges, open ods, the flourishing towns of Nicomedia, Niceea, and stalks among reeds and sedges, feeding on fish, and emit- and shut, and Prusa. The inhabitants of B. were supposed to be of tng a singular noise, wild and dreary, called its boom- perform a Thracian origin. The country was subdued, 560 a. c., ing. It seldom appears by day, but stalks from its sedgy other funcby Croesus of Lydia, and, five years later, fell under the nest at the stillness of night, to feed on the fish of the lions necesPersian dominion. But about 440 or 430 is. t., it became meres. It was formerly held in great esteem for its sary to the an independent kcingdom under a dynasty of native meat, but chiefly for hawking, as it yielded better and economy or princes, who made Nicmedia their capital. The last more exciting sport than the heron, its long, lance-like modes of life prince, Nicomedes IrI., made the Romans his heirs, 74 bill transfixing its antagonist with remarkable ease, of the anio. c., and B. became a province of the Empire. In 1298, though the great point at which it aims is the eye. The eals enclosed Ottomans broke into the country, and in 1327, the Emir stake-driver is 26 to 27 inches long, the wing 11 inches; in them. The Orchan conquered Nicomedia, and established the Otto- the color is brownish-yellow, finely varied with dark mollusca inman power in B. brown and brownish-red; and there is a broad, black habitingthem Fag. 3f4.-BIVaLvE-ORELL, (tythere disne.) Bit'ing, n. Tise act of biting or wounding. - Holland. stripe on each side of the neck. It seldom flies till you a r e chiefly (West Indies.) Bit'ing, a. Sharp; severe; caustic; as, a biting affliction. are close upon it, and then it moves off very sluggishly. distinguished Bit'ing-in, n. See ETCaIat. (Chei.) A name used in salt-works for what is known from the other classes by the absence of a visible head or Bit'iugly, ada. In ajeering, caustic, or sarcastic manner. as the mother-water, —the supernatant liquor, after the neck, and the consequent deprivation of the organs of BIZA BLAC:BLAC 297 sight and hearing; they possess a mouth, but it is a mere different.] Odd; fantastical; whimsical; extravagant; but, in America, this name is also given to other birds opening ill the body, without jaws or teeth. The branchie capricious; extraordinary. — A person is said to be having the same habits, as the Agelaius phceniceus (redare large, placed on each side, between the body and the bizarre when his character, tastes, or opinions are inces- winged Blackbird), and the Xanthocephalus icterocepha-mantle. Tlhe lobes of the mantle are fringed round the santly changing and differing from those of other men, lus (yellow-headed Blackbird.) —See CRow. edge with numerous filanients, which are very sensitive, and who is characterized by attempting always to say Black Bird, in Delaware, a P. 0. of New Castle co. and in constant activity. None of the genera are ter- and do what is singular. - B. is also applied to something Black'bird, in Ntebraska, a N.E. county, bounded on restrial, their construction not affording them sufficient that is extraordinary or singular. the E. by the Missouri River. Suiface, undulating. Soil, powers of locomotion for finding their food on land, and Bizarre', n. (Com.) The term B. is applied by florists fertile and productive. confining them to the water, whether salt or fresh, or to a carnation with a white ground, marked with two -A post-village of above co.,.on the Missouri, about 65 m. to the sands on the coasts. As illustrations, we may or more colors. N. by W. of Onahla City. mention the oyster, the mussel, and the beautiful Cytlhe- Bizerta, (be-zer'ta,) the most northern town of Africa, Black'board, n. A board used in schools for drawing rea dione, (Pig. 364.) - The B. are distributed into the or- in a bay of the same name, 35 m. from Tunis; Lat. 370 lines, and various purposes of instruction. ders Lacaellibranchliata, Tunicata, and Brachiopoda, q. v. 16' 36" N.; Lon. 90 49' 15'" E. Pop. 10,000. Black'-bodin'g, a. Betokening evil. - Young. (Bat.) A pericarp in which the seed-case opens or Blab, v. a. (imp. BLABBED; pp. BLABBING, m.AnBED.) [Ger. Black'-bonneti, n. (Zoel.) A name of the bird Reedsplits into two parts or valves. - Dana. plappern; Du. babbelen, to prattle, to blab.] To tell Bunting. - See PLECTnROPHANus. q. v. Bi'valve, Bi'valved, Bival'vous, Bival'vu- what ought to be kept secret. Black'.book, n. The name given in various Countries lar, a. Having two shells or valves which open and The gaudy, blabhbing, and remorseful day and in different times to books in which, for political shut, as the oyster; or open at maturity, as the seed- Is crept into the bosom of the sea." - Shaks. purposes, were recorded the secrets of families. -- A book vessels of certain plants. - WJebster. -v. n. To tattle; to tell tales. kept at a university, containing a register of crimes and Bivault'ed, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and vaulted.] Having "When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see." - Shaks. misdemeanors. —Any book treating of necromancy.two vaults or arches. -n. A telltale; a thoughtless babbler; a treacheromm be- Black Book of the Exchequer. The Liber Niger Scaccarii, Biven'tral, a. [Lat. bis, and venter, a belly.] Having trayer of secrets. or Liber Niger Pare;;, probably coapiled in the reign two bellies. "'Who will of IHenry III., and now preserved among the records of Biv'ingsville, in S. Carolina, a post-office of Spar- Open himself to a blab, or blabber " - Bacon. the English Exchequer. It gives a description of the tansburg district. ber, n. A tttler; a telltale. Court of England as it stood in the reign of Henry II.; Bitvious, a. [Lat. bim'ius - bis, and via, a way.] Hay- Blabs'ber-ipet, a. Havingter tltale ip. - e L vious,~ a. [Lat. buus-las, lnd via, a way.] Hav- Bl~'asa er-lisped, ca. Having thick lips. - See BLOB- the rank, wages, powers, &c. of the different officers of the ing or leading two ways; as, a bivious theorem. nER-LrPPD. court, the revenues of the crown, &c. It was printed by Bivouac, (biv'oo-ak,) n. [Fr. bivouac or bivac; from Black, a. [A. S. blac; Sw. black, bleak.] Of the color of Hearne, Oxford, 1728. —Black Book qf the Admiralty. Ger. bewachen - bei, near, and wache, a guard.] (Mil.) night; of the darkest color. A book compiled in the reign of Edward III., containing A term employed to denote the system by which soldiers the laws of Oleron, at large; a view of the crimes and'' ~~~~~~~~~~~~the las f loen, wat larg; viewo h crimes and vn. -'gs on a march, or in expectation of an engagement, remain o win. offences cognizable in the Admiralty, &c. It has always all night in the open air, in contradistinction to the sys- -Cloudy ofcountenance; sullen; frowning. been deemed of the highest authority in matters contems of encampment and cantonment. "She hath abated me of half my train; cerning the Admiralty. Look'd black: upon me." — Skaks. -v. n. To watch, or to be on guard, as a whole army; to Lod la po me."- Sha. Black Brook, in New York, a post-township of Clinencamp during the night, without tent or covering. -Horrible; wicked; atrocious. ton co., 20 us. S.W. of Plattsburg, and drained by the Biweek'ly, a. Occurring once in every two weeks. "Either my country never must be freed, Saranac River; pop. about 4,140. Bixa, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order BixAcEm, q. v. Or I cousenting do so black a deed." - Drycen. Black'lbrowed, a. Having black eyebrows; gloomy. Bixa'cece, Flacourtiacee, (bix-ai'se-e,) an order -Dismal; mnournful. Black'burn, a borough of England, co. of Lancaster, of plants, alliance Violales. — Dica. Scattered apetalous "A dire induction am I witness to; on a branch of the Ribble, 183 m. N.W. by W. of London, or polypetalous flowers, hypogynous petals and stamens, And will to France. hoping the consequence 31 N.E. of Liverpool, and 21 N.W. of MIanchester. B. is and dotless or round-dotted leaves. They are shrubs Will prove as ither, black, and tragical." - Shaks. one of the great manufacturing centres of England or small ~ trees, with alternate leaves, usually entire -Obscure; n ystericus; as, the black art. which have had an extraordinary development in the and leathery, and very often dotted. The flowers are Black and blue. The color of a bruise; a stripe. course of half a century. It is a prosperous and active, polypetalous or apetalous, the stamens being hypogy- Black, n. The total absorption of all the rays of light but irregularly built town..lanf. Cotton goods..op. nous, and equal in number to the petals, or some mul- constitutes black. Among the mediaeval illuminators, of parish, 123,987; of town, 49,628. tiple of them. The fruit is one-celled, dehiscent or inde- black signified evil, error, and woe; and the figures in Blackburn's Fork, in Virginia. See BULL'S RUN. hiscent, having a thin pulp in its centre. The seeds are their paintings are represented in black drapery when Black-bryony, n. (Bat.) See TADIUS. nunmerous, usually enveloped in a covering formed by any of these subjects are portrayed. Thus, in the pic- Black'-cap, n. (Zobl.) The Sylvia atricapilla, a small the withered pulp. The plants of this order are almost ture of the Temptation, Christ is represented in black song-bird, of the Sylvicolidce or Warbler family, whose all confined to the hottest parts of the East and West In- robes. In heraldry, black, or sable, is symbolical of notes are so sweet and full that it has obtained the dies and Africa. There are 34 genera and about 90 spe- wisdom or prudence. From very ancient times, blaclk name of the mock-nightingale. The crown of the head cies. Many are feebly bitter and astringent, and have has been worn as the emblem of mourning. In some of in the male is black; baclk and wings, olive-gray; throat, been used as stomachics. The bark of Aphloia is said the Oriental countries, blaclk is looked upon as a badge breast, and belly, more or less silvery white; legs, bluto be emetic. The fruits of Oncoba and of some species of servitude or low birth. The principal black pig- ish, and claws black. It is a native of Europe, where of.Flacourti'a are edible and wholesome. The most irmn- ments used in the arts are generally composed of car- orchards and gardens are its favorite haunts. bon. They are vegetable blue-black, ivory-black, cork- Black-cap Titmouse, e. (Zoi61.) See TcITovsE. blaclc, and lamp-black. — See COLons; lirHT. Black'-cattle, n. Cattle of the bovine genIus, as bulls, Blackamoor, (blak'a-efrl',) n. A man of dark cons- oxen, and cows; so named when reared for slaughter, in plexion; a negro. distinction from dairy-cattle. / Black'-art, n. The magical art. —See MAGc. Black'-lc alk, a. (Geol.) A kind of black clay, conf Black'-ash, n. (Chem.) Inmpure soda, contaminated taining a large quantity of carbon, found in England, with sulphide of calcium, charcoal, and other impurities, France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. The filler sorts are formed in the manufacture of soda from seae-salt. By made into artists' crayons, and used for drawing on paper. ____17~? ~ h~lixiviation, filtration, and evaporation, the ordinary soda Black'-coal, n. (Geol.) One of the three species into of conmmerce is produced. — See SODA. which coal was divided by Jameson. It comprises Slate Black Ash, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. ofCrawford co. coal, Cannel coal, Folcated coal, &c. Black Ball, n. A composition for blacking shoes, &-c. Black'-coat, n. A name sometimes familiarly given to A ball used for negative Yote, in balloting. a clergyman, in the same way that red-coat is to an EngBlacek'.ball, v. a. To cast a negative vote in balloting. lish soldier. Black Bayou, in Louisiana, a stream of Terrebonne Black'-cock, n. (Zob'l.) See GRousE. par., connecting through Atchafalaya Bayou with the Black Copper, n. (MClin.) An earthy oxide of copper, Gulf of Mexico. resulting friom the decomposition of other ores.-See Black= berry, n. [A. S. blacberian.] (Bet.) See RnUBs. MELAC0NITE. Black'berry, in Illinois, a township of Kane co.; poop. Black Currant, n. (Bat.) See RInvs. about 1,280. Black Creek, in N2. Carolina, a stream of Johnson Black'berrying, n. The act of picking blackberries. co., flowing into the Neuse a little below Smithfield..Black'berry IRidge, in Michigan, a post-office of -A post-office of Wayne co. Oceana co. Black Creek, in New York, a small st..rea.m of AlleB/ack'berry Station, in Illinois, a post-office of ghiany co., flowing N.E. into the Genesee River, about 5 K Banec. a. N. by W. of Angelica.'//i -— ~~ Black'-billedl, a. That has a black bill. -A post-village of the above Co., 275 m. W. by S. of Albany. Blaek'bird, n. (Zobl.) The Tardus erula, fanmily Black Creek, in Mississippi, rises in Marion co., and, Icteridce; a well-known song-bird, about 10 inches long, after a S.E. course, empties into the Pascagoula River. whose deep-toned warblings are not to be mistaken for Black Creek, in Ohio, a township of Mercer co.; pop.' those of any other inhabitant of the groves. The plu- about 1,080. lx mage of the male bird is altogether blaclk, but that of the -A post-office of Holmes co. female is rather of a brown or dark russet color; tile Black Creek, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of bill, inside of the mouth, and edges of the eyelids, are Luzerne co.; pop. about 600. yellow, as are also the soles of the feet. The B. isa Black Creek, in S. Ct'arolina, a stream taking a S.E. solitary bird, frequenting woods and thickets. They course through Darlington dist., and joining the Great /'feed on berries, - Pedee River in Marlborough district. fruit, insects, and Black Creek, in Wisconsin, a township of Outagamie fly in flocks like, Black Death, n. (Hist.) A pestilence which desolated thrushes. They the world in the 14th century, so called from the black pair early, and are spots which at one of its stages appeared upon the bodies;among the first of the sufferers. It is said to have broken out in China. who render the After having traversed Asia, it appeared in Europe in groves vocal; the 1348, where it prevailed with more or less severity until lcg. 365.-n xA IORELLANA. note of the B., in- "' ------ - 1351. The loss of human life was great, no less than c. Flower seen from beneath. deed, during the 25,000,000 persons having perished in Europe alone. The 2. Ovary with style and stigma. spining and sum- Fig. 366. aLac~nlci, (ards cees'ccla.) terrors it excited gave rise to several sects, who wan3. A seed cut vertically, shoeing the embryo. mier, when heard at a distance, is rich and enlivening; but dered about, lashing themselves, singing penitential 4. A ripe fruit. when the bird is confined in the cage, its song is too loud psalms, and declaring that the day of judgment was at portant plant of the order is Bixca o-ellana (Fig. 365), a and deafening. They build in bushes or low trees, and lay hand. (See FLAOELLANTS.) In some places the calamity small tree, native of W. Indies, which produces the dye 4 or 5 eggs, of a bluish-green color, marked irregularly was attributed to the Jews, who were, in consequence, called ANNolo, q. v. The reddish pulp covering the with dusky spots. The young birds are easily tamed, persecuted with great severity. seeds is the source of this coloring-matter, and may be taught to whistle a variety of tunes. They Black DLraug-ht,, n. (Med.) The common aperient Bix'in, BcxmN, n. (Chess.) The coloring principle of are restless and timorous, easily alarnied, and difficult mixture kept in the shops, and called by this name, is a ANNOTTO, q. v. of access. mere infusion of senna with ginger, in which Epsom Bizarre, (be-zxtr',) a. [Fr., from Rat, bis, twice, and varius — The bird above described is the blackbird of Linnceus, salts are dissolved. Each practitioner has a formula of VOL. I. -38I INSEIT. 298 BLAC BLAC BLAC his own for making this preparation. The B. D., either Black'gslard, it. [Black and guard.] A name origs- Roman letters were employed in the writings of western alone, but, better still, as an adjunct to a blue or coin- nally given to the scnllions and coal-carriers in great Europe from the 5th to about the close of the 12th cenpound colocynth pill, proves a safe, efficacious, and reli- houses and palaces. In the journeys of the fanmilies to tury, when the Gothic chiaracters came to be adopted. able purgative for an adclult male; and one ounce, or two which they belonged, they usually rode in the carts with When printing was first introduced, the olject was to table-spoonfuls, an effective dose for a female, when it is tihe pots and kettles; and people in derision gave them imitate writing; and the first printed books were disadvisable to give females Epsomn salts; while to children the name of B. The term is now usually applied to a posed of as mnanuscripts, the imitation being so pertfect it is always a doubtful, if not improper, medicine. coarse, mean, vile, scurrilous fellow. that it required great discrimination to distinguisish tihe Black Drop, s. (Md:.) A preparation of opium, once -a. Scurrilous; low; vile. - Prior. printed fruis the written. Books, printed bebfore the in great shvor; also known tnder the name of Lancaster, -v. a. To revile in scurrilous language.-(Low.) year 1500, are generally in the black-letter characters, or QuakerFs Black Dre ps. It is supposed to be a con- Black'-ul:rn, n. (Bet.) See NYssA. when, in most European countries, they came to be centr;ated tincture of opium or laudanum. Black'-h aircd, a. Having black hair. superseded by the Roman. The old Gothic is still in Black lye, ns. (Cites.) In dyeins blacks or browns, Black Hail, in Georgia, a dist. of De Kalb co. general use in Germany, but now many books are the stuffs are steeped first in a bath containing some Black Hammer, in Minnesota, a township of Hous- printed there also in Roman clharacters. Books in the forni of tannin, such as infusion of galls, suniach, or ton. co.; pop. about. 80. old black-letter are highly prized by antiquaries and bibcatechu, and afterwards in a solution of a salt of iron; Black HICawk, in Iowa, a co. in the N.E. central part liomaniacs, as being the earliest. different shades being produced by the addition of in- of the State. Area, 570 sq. mi. Cedar River divides it -a. Written or printed in black-letter, and styled digo, of sulphate of copper, &c. into nearly equal parts. Surface. Mostly prairie. Cap. Black-letter books. Black Eartil, n. Mould; earth of a black color.- Waterloo. ]Pp. about 10,000. Blackqleysville, in Ohio, a post-village of Wayne VTomocdward. -A township of the above co.; pop. about 300. co., S m. 5.W. of Wooster. Black Earth, in Wisconsin, a post-village and town- Black]i hawk, in.lississippi, a post-village of Carroll Black Lick, in Ohio, a post-office of Franklin co. ship of Dane co., 19 m. W. by N. of Madison; pop. abt. 860. co., 80 m. N. of Jackson. Black Lick, in I'ennsylvania, a post-township of InBlack Eargh River, in Wiscosin, rising in Dane Black HIawk, in Missouri, a village of Clark co., on diana co., 12 mi. S. by W. of Indiana; pop. abt. 2,800. co., and fialing iseto the Wisconsin in Iowa co. the Des Moines IRiver. -A township of Cambria co.; pop. abt. 790. Blacken, (blak'n,) v. a. [A. S. blcecan.] To malke black; Bilack HHawk, in PennsyZvania, a post-village of Bea- Black Lick Creek., in Pennsylvania, joins the to darken. ver co. Conensaugh River, in Indiana co. "While the long fun'sals bl i ay-Pope. laceak h1[awk, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Sank co. Black lcli S atioas, in'ennsylvania, a post-office -To soil; to sully; to defame. Black Hawk Creek, in Iowa, flows into the Red of Indiana co. The morals blacken'd, when the writings'scape, Cedar River in Black Hawlk co. Black'-list, n. (Con.) A name popularly given in EngTlei libeli'd person and the pictur'd shape." -Pope. Blactk h]awk H1ills, in Indiana, a post-office of land, and the U. States, to printed lists privately circu-v. n. To grow black or dark. Pusey co. lated aniong subscribers, giving lists of insolvents and 1 Air blacken'd, roll'd the thunder, groaned the ground." Drcadsnt Black Hawk Poistt, in Colorado Territory, a post- bankrupts, protested bills, judgments for debt, and other Bla ck'ecner, n. One who hiacdisems. town of Gilpin co., in an eleveted situation in the mattersaffecting the credit of firms and individuals, and a'ey,~ n.One of dark contlexion; a negro-A e mowy range of the Itocky Mountains, 40 mu. W. of Den- intended for the guidance of merchants, and others, in 3taelf'ey, n.'0ne or dark complexion; a negro. —Abbolt snwyr Black@'-l-'fsseed, a. RHavies a blackt face. —S/en/s. ver. Rich gold mines ire in the neighborhood. trade. Blaak'kfet TIndimas, ii. p1. A powerful amd warilike Black hawk Point, in Louisiana, a post-office of Black ]Log HIoisntain, in Peninsylvasia, stretches tribe located between the Missouri River and the Rocky Concordia par. from the Jeniata River SW., and divides Mifflin co. MIloutaieinms. Black h:ead, a cape of Ireland, co. Antrim; Lat. 540 firom Juniata co. Bla~ck shs, n. (Zoil.) ScLinasi -Anor46 N., Lon. 50 42y W. Blabckly, adv. Darkly. - Atrociously. Black'li-sh, n. (goSL) See Lu3RcuS. Black'fisli, in Arkaiiasa s, a enall river of Crittenden a-Another in co. ClareB on the S. side of Gahvay Bay; Lat. ]f1ack'-mail, n. [3lack, denoting the ilmeglity of the 530 9' N., Lon. 90 16' W. tribute, or the low coin in which it was paid, and A.S. aco., flowing into St. (rancis Re)Amivexra. o a t fBiackil-heartedd, ac. IeHaving a black',r malignant mant; Goth. nmaala; Ger. umahl, tribute; Gael. vial, rent. 3Blackt-flux~~ n2. (Ch~em.) A mixture of carbonate of ac-ea;e. potash~amlid cearcesmnch siA minxthreeof carbonrteory. heart; full of rancor. -q Worcester.] (Hist.) A tax, in kind or mouey, that was potarsh and chlar~coal, much used in thle labora~tor'y as aher;flofanr. reducing or deodorizing agest. It is prelabored by heast- Black'hleathi, in Englandl, an elevated, moory tract levies by the borderers of Emgland and Scotland, under hug tinrtrote of potasn (cresn of tartar) in a covbrea of country, 5 m. fironom London. It lies in the co. of the pretence of afforiding protection from robbers, with vassal, umil a chfotrred urie remoains. rin c Kent, and is studded with the mansions and country- whom those demanding the trilbute were generally alBvakl'fsut acaity, i sn Mectasn Ter)itory, a iost-office boxes of wealthy Londoners. Here, in 1497, the Cor- lied. These illegal exactions were carried to such an naof Deer Lodge Ciy nMnan ertr, o f nish rebels, under Lord Audley, were defeated with extent that they became the subject of legislation just of Deer Lodge co. Blackl'fssrs, its Indiana, an E.N.E. county. Area, 180 great slaughter by Henry VII. before the union in 1707. The practice was, in spite of sq. in. It is watered by the Selsenionsie River. S:fance, Black Ells, in Miissouri, a range of mountains every effort for its suppression, continued in Scotland diesiid; oni, fats. a. Hartfod. p. about 4,950 rising near the Missouri River, in abt. 470 N. Lat., and until the rebellionof 1745. disBaak'fred, its fenttick, a pooHa-ofoice of Ihabcich4e 5. 1030 W. Lon., and extending to about 430 N. Lat., where — Ioney extorted fromn persons under the threat of Black'fortl, in ]fenlucky, a post-office of Hlancock co. la orest, a range of mounhise in Germany it diverges to the W. and becomes lost aumon g the spurs exposure in print for an alleged offence; hush-money. B~lack Forest, a range of mountains in Germany;oft Peishget (US.-Baltt L;tt. between 470 30' tand 490 30' N.; Lon. between 7~ of the Rocky Mountains. Laranie Peal, its highest (U. S.)- Batett. S111111111 ve sea-leyel. Black'lmav, in 3Iichiyan, a township of Jackson Co.; 40' and 90 E. They tare covered from base to crown summit, is aebt. 8,000 ft. above sea-level. iBlack'tnae, l pMic/gan, a tow2sh witi vast dense woods, risieg in the grand-duchy of Btlack hTole, m. The nimes given i England to the. aout 1,50. Baden, Isles voody iimpitt betseas ties le unee place of confinement in which soldiers indergo short Black'man's HTills, in N2. Carolina, a post-office of by ties Nectar -ed p ewende the Ri They attain in evesal terms of imprisonment for msinor offences against mili- Sampson co. by the Neckar and the Rhine. They attain inl several arts en elevation of 4, 000 feet above the sea; and thi tary discipline, and hence applied to the old village Black. -msartlin, n. (Zo'l.) See SWIFT. dheemg 4 i feetma ls e lgheat neountas mu X 0 lock-up, or cage. the cells of a police-station, or any place Black IHlingo, in South Carolina, a post-office of WilF~eldberg, 4,675 feet, is the highest mountain in W. Ger- t my No path of Gem y m mom assoceatd in which persons are tenmporairily lodged in durance. liamsburgh dist. goblin stories, or supernatural hosrorrs, than the Blacki Black horse, in Maryland, a post-office of Har- Black 31onday, a. Easter Monday, so called from the Forebstois and its msamneihtghbhtorhood.b ford co. severity of the weather once on thaet day. Stow, under Forest and its neighborhood. Blacik Fork, in Ohio, Richland co., flowing into the Black htorse, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Ches- the year 1360, seys, t And here is to he noted thah the Aohiceme River. ter co. 14th day of April (6, new calendar) and the morrow after Black Forlk, en W gnaa a pontoffice of Tucker en Blac g, n. A paste or liquid for blaclking shoes. Easter-day, King Edward, with his host, lay before the Black Fork, in W. Virginia, a post-office, of Tucker co. Blel1nn pseo iudfo lcissos Black Friars, n. pl. See DoitmNImAzi FRIARsi The manunacture of this familiar article is of conpars- city of l'aris, which day was full dark of mist sind hail, Black-anag @Chline, its the Isle of Xight, one of tively recent date. Tihe Romans, howuever, appear to and so bitter cold that many men died on their horse-!the nosh hi5hly pictimsesqus p irts oh thee Undet clefh q heve. had a conmposition similar to that known set the baclks with the cold; wherefore, unto this day it hath the most hi ghly picturesque parts of the 5rndercliff ~. but ch iefly sutereateig to its geologisl oim.tmom. The,present day as duebbing. B. consists principally of bone- been called the Black MIonday." Lancelot, in the Mer — scads (fige fly t) tells na preipedsmeooical cohtunen fom hblack, sugar or treacle, sperne oil, oil of vitriol, and chaet of Venice, remarks, " Then it was not for nothing strong vinegar. that my nose fell a-bleeding oD Black-Mtonday last." - B...lack intossi, in IMassachusetts, a post-office of Berk- In England, this name is also given by school-boys to the shire co. first Mmonday after the holidays. ___:~)~~~~~~ ~Black Miron, it. (Metall.) Malleable iron, in contradis- Blachk'.moniks, n. pl. The BENEDICTINES, q. V. tinction to that which is tinned, called white iron. Black MHoiontais, in N. Carolina, a range extending ______~ ~ __~ Bl~ack'ish, a. Somewhat black. about 20 m., and connecting with the Blue Mountains - Blac'ck -Jack, n. (Mining.) A name usually given by by an outlying ridge. Its highest elevation is Mitchell's Cornish miners to blende or sulphide of zinc. In some Peak, 6,732 feet above the sea, being the most elevated localities the occurrence of this ore is loolked upon as a land E. of the Mississippi. favo able indication, and there is a comnmon saying thait Black'-mouthed, a. Using foul or scurrilous lanIa/,i~~.~~~ Black Jack rides a good horse; in other districts, on the guage. contrary, Black Jace is said to cut oiut the ore. Bhlacki'naess, n. Qnualtly of being black, black color. - (Bot.) The barren oak, Quercus ninRa. Darkness. - Enormiety in wickedness I~~~ie~ir~~ ~~~~-A vulgar term for a drinkling-cup of tin-ware japarnned Black Oak, itn Texas, a post-office of Hopkins co. over, lormerly nmuch used in England. Black Oak, in Iowa, a township of Mahlaska co.; pop. Black Jack, in Arkansas, a post-office of Scott co. about 880. Black Jack, in Kansas, a post-township of Douglas Black Oak Point, in Aissouri, a P. 0. of Hickory co. co., 17 m. S.S.E. of Lawrence. Black Oak Ridge, in ]Indiana, a P. O. of Daviess co. Black Jack, in Ohio, a post-office of Hocking co. Black Oclsre, n. (Blin.) A variety of plumbago comBlack Jack Grove, in Texas, a post-village of Hop- bined with iron and alluvial clay. kins co. HBlack Prince. See EnDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES. Black, JosEPn, a distinguished chemist of Scottish par- Black'-puddling, n. A kind of sausage, common in entage, though n. in France, 1728. He was the discov- Scotland, where it is called also black-pot. It is mnade -~~,I~~~~~ ~erer of latent heat. D. at Edinburgh, 1799. of hog's blood, suet, groats, &c. Black Lake, inLouisiana, Natchitochesparish, emp- Black Quarter, n. (Parriery.) See QUARTER-EvIL. ties its waters through Saline Bayou. Black River, in Arkansas, a township of Indepen-iIBlack ]Lake, in M1ichigan, a post-office of Muske- dence co.; pop. about 900. gon co. — A township of Lawrence eo.; pop. about 780. Black ]Lake Btayou, in Loeisianag, Claiborne par., Black River, in Louisiana. See WVASHITA. empties into Black Lsake, in Neatchitoches parish. Black River, or DELUDE, in B/ichigan, rising in Sanii0 sBlack'-lead, a. (Bin.) A name commonly aepplied to Iac co., and after a S. course of 80 m., entering St. Clair pl umbago or graphite, in consequence of the merle it River at Port Huron. a ledge 70 feet high, down the midst of a deep chasm leaves when drawns across paper, lilke that produced by Black River, or NoRamn BrACe RIVaR, in JMichigan, formed in dnre ferruginous clays and sands, and sur- lead. It is, however, nearly pure carbon, and contains rising in the W. past of the State, and euters Lake momunted liy broken cliffs 400 fedet high, nd towvering no lead.-See GRhPBiTe, PLUeon0,. CAso0, PaNCmLS. MIichigan on the boundary line between Alleghany and above all is the maje-stic escarpment of St. Catherine's Black'leg, n. A notoriouns gambler mend cheat. Ottawa comrmties. Hill, rising to an altitude of 800 to 900 feet. The bands -A diseaose among calves and sheep. It is a sort of jelly Black Rivegr, or Sousa BLucc RIVan, in M}Iichigan, a of greenish-gr-y send and sandstone, which alternate wrhich settles in thelegs, and sometimes in the nseca.- small stream entering Laee Michigan in Van Buren co. with fers-uginous clays in this division of the greenssned Web.ter-. Black Rlver, in Missouri, rising in Johnson co., which system, appear very promiscuouss, swing to the wearing Black'-leltter, a. (Peinting.) A name given to the old after flowing N.E. falls into Lanmine River, in Cooper co. away of the soft and friable intermediate beds. English or modern Gothic letter. What are called I Black River, or Bun BuACa RuvER, in Missouri and B3LA BC BLA BLAD 299 Arkansas, the largest tributary of White River, rises in from the Euxine; and it was not till after the treaty of Black'water, River, in F'rginia, S.E. part of the the S.E. part of Missouri, and after a flow of nearly 400 Kainardji, in 1774, that the Russian eagle was displayed State, rising in Prince George co., and flowing S.E. into m. enters White River in Arkansas, about 40 m. from on its waters. Ever since that time there has been a Nottoway River, near the froutier of Virginia and N. Batesville. powerful Russian fleet stationed in the B. S. But after Carolina. Black River, in Missozeri, falling into the N. Fork of the war between Turkey and Russia, in 1854-6, when Black'watertown, a village of Ireland, co. Armagh, Platte River, about 150 min. below Fort Laramie. the former power was assisted by France and England, 2 in. S.S.W, of Moy; pop. 420. Black River, in New Jersey// See LAMINGTON RIVER. the Czar bound himself, by the treaty of peace concluded ]lackvwel1, L LIZAnErn,, M.D., was born in England, Black River, in New or'k, a stream rising in Herki- in the last-mentioned year, to litnit his fleet of war on 1821, but educated in the U. States, where her father mer co., and flowing N.W. and W. till it enters Lake this sea to six "steam-vessels, measuring 150 metres at died, 1838, leaving his widow and nunerous family deOntario, after a course of 125 m. their water-line, and four other light sailing-vessels, not pendent upon the exertions of the elder daughters. Ex-A post-office of Jefferson co. above 200 tons each." But it is believed that this limi- perience having convinced her of the necessity of a more Black River, in Ohio, rises in the N. part of Ashland tation is not strictly adhered to by the Russian govern- extended sphere of employment for women, she endeaco., and empties into Lake Erie. ment. vored, as a teacher of music, at Charleston, from 1844 Black IR'iver, in Ohio, a thriving post-village and Black'shear, in Georgia, a post-village, cap. of Pierce to 1847, to accumulate the fiunds necessary to enable her township of Laramiie co., on Lake Erie, at the mouth of co., 86 mn. S.W. of Savannah. to qualify herself for the practice of medicine,.as phyBlack River, 124 ue. N.N.E. of Columbus; pop. abt. 950. ]BlackLs l[ills, in New Jersey, a post-office of Mon- sician to women and children, lhoping thus to open the Black River, in South Oareolina, rising in Sumter meouth co. nmedical career to her sex. For this purpose, she emdistrict, and taking a coumrse SE., falls into the Pedee Blaek'smnith, u. A smith who works in iron, as dis- ployed in prelimin ary medical reading, under the direcRiver a little above Georgetown. tinguisheed firom one who woriks in gold, silver, copper, tionu of Dir. Dicksou, every moment not occupied by Black River, in Vermont, a stream of Windsor co., tin, &c. teaching. In 15847 she went through a private course flowing into the Connecticut at a little distance from B]lack'-snake, n. (Zoe'.) See COLUER,. of dissection and midwif lery, under e rs. Alilen and WVarSpringfield. Blae'lsod Bay, an extensive bay on the N.W. coast rington, of Philadelphia, while applying for adnmission -A river of Orleans co., falling into Lalke Memphremagog. of Ireland, co. Mayo; Lat. 540 5' N.; Lou. 100 W. to the vaurious nmedical colleges. Refused admission by Black River, in WVashingtos Terrsitory, a post-office Black Sprin, in Georgia, a village of Baldwin co., 12 of tiese, she was admuitted, in 1847. to the l Medical of Ring co. 158 ni. N.W. of Savannah. College of the University of Geneva, N.Y., where she Black River, in Wisconsin, rising in Marathon co., BIlack'stairs, a mountain-chain of Ireland, partly followed the course of uncdical study, and received, in and after a SW. course, emptying into the Mississippi. dividing the counties Carlow and Wexford. Its highest 1849, the first medical degree ever coiielrred upon a woBlack'-rod, n. See UsIura oF THEu BLACK-nI0). summit is Mount Leinster, 2,610 feet above seat-level. man. Itaving comspleted lher medical studies in the hosBlacki River Chapel, in N. Carolina, a post-office Black Stocks, in S. Carolinza, a post-office of Chester pitans of Philadelphia, Perie, and London, shie estabof New Hanover co. district. lished herself in New York in 1851, as physician for woBlack River Falls, in Wisconsin, a thriving post- B]ilack'stonee, SiP WuLLIAu, author of the well-known men and childreuu, and publisohed, in 1553, a work entivillage, cap. of Jackeson co., on Black River, 45 m. N.N.E. Commentaries on the Laws of zEngland, wes B. in London, tied The Laws of Lufe, considesed in reference to the of La Crosse; pop. about 720. 1723. After gaining great distinction as lecturer on layw Physical l1udcation of Gil/s. She estab lisled a dispenBlackl'rock, a town and sea-bathing resort of Ireland, at Oxford, lie was raised to the bench, and sat as judge sary for indigent women and children, and opened, in co. Dublin, 4 un. S.E. of Dublin City, and on the S. side in the Court of Common Pleas from 1770 till his death. 1957, a hospital fobr women, over which she presides. of Dublin Bysy; pop. 2,609. D. 1780. Her younger sister, Dr. Emily B., also adopted the mediBlack.'rock, us village of Ireland, co. Louth, at the Black'stone, in lassachusetts, a flourishing post-town- cal profession; and having conmpleted her studies in the heusul of a bay of the sumne name, about 3 m. S.E. of Dun- ship of Worcester co., on the Blackstone Rliver, 35 ni. hospitals of New York, Edinburgh, Paris, and London, is dahki; pop. 559. S.W. of Boston. It possesses a considerable trade in associated witl lher sister in the management of the ]Bla.ck'rock, a village of Ireland, co. Cork, on the Lee, cotton cloths. Pop. about 6,550. hospital, and in a large private practice, confined ex3 m. E. of Cork; pop. about 500. Black'stso ne River, in Massachusetts, rising in Wor- clusively to the treatment of women and children. Black. Rock, in Connecticut, a. P. 0. of Fairfield co. cester co., and flowing S.E. till it empties into Provi- Black'well, in N. Carolina, a post-office of Caswell co. Black Rock, in Maruyland, a P. 0. of Baltimore co. deuce River. Black'vell's, itn Newo Jersey, a village of Somerset co., Black Rock, in NewE York, a thriving post-town of Black'str ap, n. A drink prepared with spirituous on Millstone River, 7 in. S. of Somerville. Erie co., at the opening of Nisagara River, 2 m. from liquors and inolasses. Hence, the English sailors give Blaek'well's Islanid, an island in East River, New Buffelo, with which it is now incorpoirated. the name B. to the common wines of S. Europe that are York harbor, on which is seated the penitentiary of that Black Rockr, in W. Virginia, a P. 0. of Grant co. strong and sweet. city. Blactk'rust, n. A disease of wheat, in which a black, Blacks'ville, in Wf. V-irginia. a post-village of Monon- Bllack'wolf, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Winnebago moist matter is deposited in the fissure of the grain.- galia co., 20 min. N.W. of Morgantown. co., 73 m. N.N.E. of Madison. See WHEAr. Black Swans l, in Ohio, a post-office of Sandusky co. Black'wood, Sin HtENRY, a British admiral, s. 1770. 1Blacks, u. pl. The name given to a kind of ink used Black's Wells, in clissssappz, a P. 0. of Cioctaw co. Having entered the naval service at the age of 11 years, incopper-phuteprinting, prepared fromn tie charred husks Black'tail, sn. (Zob'l.) See Pencu. lie was present at the action off thie Pogger Bank; and of the grape, and residue of the wine-press. - Webster. Black'thor-n, cc. (Bet.) See P euvs. s on the commsencement of' hostilities with thle French, in Blacks ans1 Whites, in Virginia, a post-office of Black'-throated, a, TIhat has a black throat. 1793, he became first lieutenant of the Invincible manNottow.ay co. Black'-tin, n. A name applied by miners to tin ore of-war, in whlich capacity he actedwith such distinguished Blacks'bnrgh, in Virginia, a post-village of Mont- ready for the smelter. - See TiN. bravery, that he was promoted to the ranlk of conmmangomery co., 200 inm. W. by S. of Richmond; pop. abt. 270. Black'-toel, a. Having black toes. der, 1774. In 1798, wlen captain of the Brilliant, of 28 B lack's Corners, in Michigaun, a P. 0. of Lapeer co. Black'-.tressed, a. Having black tresses. guns, he gallantly mainintined a combat, off the island Black Sea, (tile EuxiEe, or Pontes Euxienos of the Black'ville, it S. Carolina, a post-village of Barnwsell of Teneiiffe, with two French frigates each of cwhich was Greeks, and Poatus Euxinus of thle Romans; Turk. Caca dist., 90 m. W.N.W. of Charleston, nearly double his own force, and beat them off. At'TraDenisi; Russ. Czolrno Mfore,) a large internal sea lying Black'l-visage, a. Having a dark visage or counte- falgar lie was captain of the Euryalus, and witnessed the between the S.W. provinces of Russia in Europe and nance. death of his friend and heroic.conmmander. Nelson, whose Asia Minor, extending from 400 50' to 460 45' N. Lat.. and Black'-vomit, n. (M3ed.) A name given to a discharge last words to him were, "God bless you, BIlackwood - I from 270 25' to 400 48' E. Lon. It is bounded on the N. of dark-colored bile from the stomach in certain diseases shall never see you more." In 1806 he was appointed to and N. W. by the Russian provinces of Taumida, Kherson, of the liver and biliary organs, sund not unfrequently to the command of the Ajax, of 80 guns, andjoined Lord Coland Bessarabia; on tihe N.N.E. by the Caucasian coun- the dark grumous blood emitted from the stomach in lingwood's fleet on the anniversary of the battle of Tratries, —Circassia, Mingrelia, and Imeritia; on the S.E. the disease kinown as hcema/tetesis, or vomiting of blood; flhlgar. Duringthle niglht of the 4th of Februiary, 1807, and S. by Anrmenia and Asia Minor; and on the W. by in both cases, however, it is only a symptom more prop- thie Ajax was found to be on fire, and in a short time the Turkish governments of Roumelia and Bulgaria. Its erly appertaining to YEuLLws FEVER, q. v. went down with half her crews; Sir tlenry, like many extreme length fromn E. to W. is upwards of 700 in.; its Black'wall, (blcfck-wuawl,) a suburb of London, on the others, being saved with the greatest difficulty. After greatest width, on the 31st meridian, 400 m. Its sun- E. side of the Thantmes, 4 m. fi-om St. Paul's. Pep. 28,384. this he conmncanded the Warspite. and was present at face is estimated at about 160,000 sq. min.; and its coast- liere are the East and West India docks, and shipbuild- the bloclkades of Brest and Roclhefort. In 1514, thie Duke line, including its sinuosities, considerably exceeds 2,000 ting-yards. This suburt is connected with London by a of Clarence made him captain of the fleet, and he was m. The B. S. is connected with the Sea of Azof by the railway, raised ubove the streets to almost a level with appointed to bring overtlee allied sovereignus from France Strait of Yenilul.6 (auc. Bosplorus Cimmerius), and the roofs of the houses, oin a brick viaduct. It is noted to England, on whichl occasion he was created a baronet, with the Sea of Manrmora by the Channel of Constanti- for its whitebait, a somall and delicate fish, caught off and promoted to the rank of rear-adn-iral. In 1819, Sir nopie (atc. Bosphorus T/raecius). With these excep- here in the Thutmes. IHenry was appointed cornmander-in-chief of the naval tions, it is wholly isolated. It is also much more corn- Black WVal'esnt, in Illino/s, a post-office of Ogle co. forces in the East Indies, finom which station he speedily pact in form than most other large bodies of water, Blacl k Walaiut, in Virgini-a, a post-village of IHalifax returned; and in 1827, the lord-high-admniral raised him having few large limbs, unless, inlead, the Sea of Azof co., 138 m. S.W. of iichnmond. to the command at Chatham. D. 1832. and that of Marneora may be reckoned as gulfs. The Black,Warrior River, in Alabama. formed by the Blaek'woodtowna, in Nuew Jersey, a flourishing poststraits of the B. S. are very remarkable, that of Yeni- junction of the Miulberry and Locust forlks in Walkter village of Canmden co., on Big Timber Creek, 12 m. S.S.E. kai6 being not more than 2 mn. across, and that of Con- co.. and talking ta S. course, empties into the Tombigbee, of Camden. stantinople less than 1/. The depth of water of this above Denmopolis. Steamboats can pass to 150 mi. from Black'-wolrk, n. Iron wrought by blacksmiths. sea is very varuiable, deepening firom 4 to 160 fathoms. its mouth. It is sometimes called by its Indian name Bltad'der, n. LA. S. bleedr, blacdra, blecln/a; Icel. bladra, There are no tides in this close sea, but the currents are Tctscaloosa. a bubble, a blister; 0. Ger. bldtara, from blasan. to blow.] very marked, powerful, and regular. The prevailing Black'wash, n. Anything that blackens; specially (Ansat.) The B., or vesiculca trinaria, so called to diswind blows from. the N.E. The B.S. teems with fish, applied to a lotion composed of caloniel and lime-water. tinguish it from the gall-bladder, is a musculo-mnemalthough few fisheries exist on its shores. It receives Black'water, a township of Ireland, co. Armagh, and branous ubag or pouch, which serves as a temporary rethe waters of mnore than 40 rivers, among which are the 5 m. N.W. of Armagh city. servoir for the urine; it communicates with the kidneys Danube, the Dniester, the Dnieperthe Bug, the Don, Black'water, a township of Ireland, co. Wexford, and by means o tihe ureters, and opens externally by means and the Kuban. Notwithstanding the horror enter- 9 nm. N.E. of the town of Wexford. of the urethra. — The urinary apparatus is confined tained by the Greelks, or rather the Greeki poets, of this Black'water, a river of Ireland, co. Cork, rises abt. to tIhe red-blooded classes of aninmals, all of whiich have sea, its shores are famous in their true and fabulous 10 m. N.E. of Killarney, co. Kerry, and after taling a kidneys, while some orders and genera have no urinary history. Colceis, the Temple of the Sun, and scene of S. and S.E. course of about 100 m., empties into the sea B. In quadrupeds, tihe B. is of a pyriform shape, and is the Argonautic expedition, were on its E. coast; the at Youghsal. Its chief branches are the Fouucheon, Aw- completely surrounded by the periton cuns or seromus Cimunerian land of everlasting darlkness wcas originally beg, and Bride. lining of the abdonmen; and it ninay be talen as a general fixed upon its N. shore; and in more historical times, Bllaek'water, a river of Ireland, counties of Tyrone rule, that it is smaller, stronger, and more muscular in the Lydian. Persiasn, and Byzantine powers, and the ex- and Armagh, falling into the S W. part of Lough Neaigh. carnivorous than in graminivorous aninmals; in time hatploits of Mithridates, illustrated its S. and S.W. borders. B. is the name of several other rivers in Ireland, of ter it is almost membranous, and in conme of them is At an early period many Greek colonies were planted on minor importamunc. particularly husrge. -- In the whole clauss of birds thlere its shores. Its commerce was also reckoned of first-rate Blaek'water, in Delaware, a post-office of Sussex co. is no urinary B., and the uretens opuc into the cloaca, importance. Athens drew from it her priucipuel supplies Black ]Water, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Morgan co. a musculo-menelbranous baa, which talces the place of of corn and nawvs stores; and it furnished the favorite Blackwaterr Creek, in Alabama, Wahlk er co., emp- the rectum, B., and uterus, and serves as at reservoir slaves for the marlrets of Greece and Rome. From the ties into Muliberry fork of Bladc Warrior River. for the solid excrements, the urine, snd eggs. The time of Constantine till the 15th century, it formed Black'water River, iu 2Nrew Hampshrire, Mernrimaclk urine in thesenintuels dilutes the f-ces and folms the the centre of the Roman world, and during tihis period, co., falling into the Contocook River, 8 us. N.W. of Con- caurbonate of lime, whcich constitutes the basis of the a part at least of the Indiasn trade was carried on cord. shell. The umninamyy I. exists in several genera and species through it. The Venetians and Genoese were the con- BlacklI'wa-ter River, in Virgiscia, 0. part of the of fishes. Imn the hunean subject, the B. is placed in the ductors of this traffic. Soon after the fall of Constanti- State, rises at the base of the Blue Rtidge, and taokes aci pelvis, or basin, immediately behind the syniphysis puloupie, in 1453, all but Turkish vessels were excluded E. course through F'ranklin co. into Staunton River. his and before the rectum, or terminal portion of the in 300 BLAD BLAI BLAK testines, in the male; but it is separated from it in the (Bot.) The expanded portion of a leaf. It is the lBilairs'ville, in Illnois, a village of Williamson co., on female by the uterus and vagina. Its bfonrm and relations part which is usually the most developed, and which is Big Muddy River. vary according to the age of the individual. In infancy popularly known as the leaf. The terms lantina and Blairs'ville, in Indiana, a post-village of Posey co., it is of a pyriform shape, and is contained almost entirely limb are also applied to this part.- See LEAF. 120 m. S.W. of Indianapolis. in the abdomen, thus resembling its permanent condition (Naut.) The flat part of an oar. Blairs'ville, in Missouri, a P. 0. of St. Frangois co. in quadrupeds. At -A brisk, gay, dashing fellow, called so in contempt. Blairs'ville. in Pennsylvania, a post-borough of Inthis period it may.i -v. a. To furnish with a blade.- Johnson. diana co., on Conemaugh River, 75 m. E. of Pittsburg; be considered as I / Blaslel'bone, n. The shoulder-bone, or Scapula, q. v. pop. about 1,200. consisting of three Blad'ed,, p. a. Having a blade or blades; furnished B]lairs'ville, in S. Carolina, a P. 0. of York district. portions, the nar- with a blade or spis; as, abladed grass. Blaisois, (blai-zwai',) an ancient district of France, in row tapering part, B elalden, in N. Carolina, a S.E. county. Area, 800 sq. the Orlanais; cap. Blois. It now forms a part of the or neckc, the upper m. It is drained by Cape Fear River, and bounded on dep. of Loire-et-Cher. rounded portion, or the N.E. by South River. Suooface, diversified, with Blake, ROtERT, (blaik,) a celebrated English admiral, fundus (sometimes lakes here and there. Soil, sandy. Prod., tar and tur- B. at Bridgewater, 1598. Hle was educated at Oxford, calledsermmit),and pentinc. Cap. Elizabeth. Pop. 12,275. took part with the Parliamentarians at the beginning the intermediate Bla'denIboro, in NV.Carolina, apost-office of Bladenco. of the civil war, and served under Colonel Piennes at portion, or body; -— / —- Bltden Creek, in Georgia, a P. 0. of Stewart co. Bristol, when that town was taken by Prince Rupert. but as the pelvis Bla'lenasburg, in Maryland, a post-villags of Prince He afterwards assisted in taking Taunton by surprise, expands, the B. George co., on the E. arm of the Potomac, 6 m. N.E. of and of this place he was made governor, and, in 1645, gradually subsides Washington. Pop. shout 250. IIere, in August 24, defended it against Goring with such bravery for two into it and under- 1814, a battle was fought between the Americans con- successive sieges, that he was publicly thanked and regoes a remarkable nuanded by Gen. Winder, and the English under Gen. warded by Parliament. In 1649 he was appointed conmchange of form, / Ross. The Americans, being too few to oppose Ross, mander of the fleet in conjunction with Deane and PopThus, in the adult were obliged to retreat hamn; and soon afterwards sailed in search of Prince its figrure is that of its figure is that of X Blar/densburg, in Ohio, a post-village of Knox co., Rupert, whose fleet he blockaded in Kinsale harbor. a short oval, com- 43 m. N.E. of Columbus. The prince afterwards escaping to Lisbon, he was there pressed at the fbre B!,\ la'don's Landing, in Alabama, a village of Choc- followed by B., who demanded leave of the king of Porand back part; its taw co., on the Tombigbee River, 4 nm. from Coffeeville. tugal to attack him, and, being refused, hlie took several lower surface sub- Bla'doss Springs, in Alabama, a post-village and of the Portuguese ships coming home from Brazil laden sides on the rec- Fig. 368. watering-place of Choctaw co. with treasure. During his absence, Prince Rupert made turn, and expand- iThe Ureters. running from the Kidnteys B]alill, (bldn,) n. [A. S. blegen; perhaps from blawan; sail to the Mediterranean, whither he was followed by B., ing forms what is to thie Bladder. - a Aorta. b Bifurcatioin. 0. Ger. blhan, to blow; Du. blein; Icel. blina, a boil.] who attacked him in the harbor of Malaga, and destroyed e Abdominal muscles turned down. d The termed by anato- ectum Adcutn scies tured dew. d Tire An inflation or tunior of the skin; a pustule; a blister, nearly the whole of his fleet. After this, he returned Rectm ct an tid. Bladder..If Uremists the bas famd toers. gg Kidneys. (Farriery.) An inflammation or eruption on the to England with several prizes, again receiving the of the B. This root of the tongue of animals, which causes the windpipe thanks of Parliament, by whom he was also made Warchange of form is dependent not only upon the enlarge- to swell and stop the breath. den of the Cinque Ports. Soon after this, he reduced ment of the cavity in which the B. is contained, but also Blaina in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Perry co., the Scilly Isles, Guernsey, and Jersey, for which he was upon the weight of the fluid which it habitually sustains, about 40 m. W. by N. of Harrio-burg. again thanked by the I-louse, and appointed one of the and thus in advanced age it is more deeply sunkc in the Blain, a town of France, dep. Loire Infdrieure, on the Council of State. On the prospect of a war with the pelvis than in the middle periods of life. In the female its Isac, 22 m. N.N.W. of Nantes. Calvinism was early intro- Dutch in 1652, he was appointed sole admiral of the transverse diameter is greater than in the male, in con- duced here, a synod having been held in 1565. Pop. 7,459. fleet, and was attaclked in the Downs by Van Tromp, sequence of the antero-posterior diameter of the pelvis Blaine, in Kentucky, a post-office of Lawrence co. who had 45 sail, while B. had only 23. He fought, bein- encroached upon by the uterus. Its capacity varies Blain's Cross Roealls, in Tennessee, a post-office of however, with such determination, that the Dutch admiin the different periods of life; and, as a general rule, it Granger co., 202 m. from Nashville. ral was glad to retreat. In the November following, may be said to increase in proportion as the individual Blains'ville, in Indiana, a post-village of Posey co., Van Tromp sailed into the Downs, with above 80 men-ofadvances in years, and to be greater in females than in 13 m. N. W. of Evansville. war, and off the Goodwin Sands, on the 29th of that males. Its capacity is modified in different individuals Blan~'ville, HENRI MAaIZ DUCROTAY DE, a distin- month, anobstinate battle was fought between him and by their habits and the natural exercise of its functions. guished French anatomist and zoologist, i. at Arques, Blake, who had only half his force, and who was comIt is more particularly changed by disease; thus, from 1778. After leading a desultory life till 1805, his career pelled to run with his shattered ships into the Thames. the effects of long-continued irritation, it may be re- was then decided by his interest in Cuvier's lectures, and It was on this occasion that Van Tromp passed through duced to such a state that it will not contain more than he applied himself to the study of medicinie. He as- the English Channel with a broom at his main-top, siga few drops of urine; -and on the contrary when, from sisted Cuvier both in his experiments arid lectures, was nifying that he had swept the sea of the English ships. any Cause, its contents cannot be duly evacuated, it may chosen Professor of Zo~logy and Physiology in 1812. and In February, 1653, B. was enabled to put to sea with 80 be distended so as to contain many quarts of urine, and in 1832 succeeded his master as Professor of Comparative men-of-war, and off Cape La Hogue fell in with the occupy a large proportion of the abdomen. Its ordinary Anatomy at the Jardin des Plantes. He visited Eng- Dutch, who had an equal number and 300 merchantmen capacity may be estimated at 1/Y pints.-The direction land in 1816, was a member of the Academy of Sciences under convoy. A most bloody engagement ensued, of the B. is oblique, being inclined somewhat forward of Paris, of the Royal and Geological Societies of Lou- which lasted three days, and in which the Dutch lost 11 and upward. It is retained in its position by two lateral don, and of many other scientific bodies. I-e contri- men-of-war and 30 mierchant-vessels, while tihe English. ligaments, one on each side, and an anterior ligament; buted largely to scientific journals, and wrote a large lost only 1 ship. Ir June following, the fleets of the the lateral ligaments are prolongations of the fascia number of separate works, among which are his Osteo- belligerent admirals fought again off the Foreland; and iliaca, which, passing down into the pelvis, assumes tlie grap/ie, Mianuel de Malacologie, Principes d'Anatome the Dutch sustaining a severe defeat, barely saved themname of fascia pelvica, and becomes identified with the Comparie, Cours de Physiologie, &c. D. 1850. selves in the shallow waters of Calais. In 1654, B. prostate gland and side of the B.; the anterior ligament Blair, HUGn, an eminent Scottish divine and author, B. sailed into the Mediterranean, where he demolished the is double, and it is formed by thefascia transversalis, 1718. In 1741 he was licensed to preach, and was soon castle of Tunis because the Dey refused to deliver up which passing down behind the symphysis pubis, is re- after appointed to the living of Colessie in Fifeshire, the English whom he held as captives. A squadron of flected upon the upper surface of the prostate gland; and in 1743 and 1754 he was presented to the ministry his ships, also, under the command of Captain Stayner, from the point of reflection two strong fasciculi of fibres of Lady Yester's church, Edinburgh; and in 1758 he was intercepted a Spanish Plate fleet, and took the admiral, pass to the anterior surface of the B: These ligamnents removed from Lady Fester's to be one of the ministers vice-admiral, and two galleons. B. having received inare sometimes called the proper ligaments of the B., to of the High Church. In 1757, the university of St. formation that another Plate fleet lay at Santa Cruz, distinguish them from certain folds of the peritonaeum Andrews conferred upon him the degree of D.D., and in in Teneriffe, sailed thither, and notwithstanding the sometimes called ligaments. The B. is composed of 1759 he began a course of lectures on rhetoric and strength of the place, boldly went in, burnt the ships, three (by some anatomists regarded as four) coats-the belles-lettres, which were so much applauded, that in and came out with comparatively little loss, while the serous or peritoneal coat, the muscular, the areolar, and 1762 George III. endowed a professorship for him. In slaughter of the Spaniards was immense. For this, he the internal mucous or lining niembrane; and is divided 1763, he wrote a dissertation on the poems of Ossian. again received the thanks of Parliament. and was preby anatomists into four parts-thi base, the most pos- In 1777 a volume of his sermons appeared, which at- sented with a diamond ring worth ~500. He soon afterterior part, which rests against the rectum; the body, tained so rapid a sale as to induce the author to pub- wards returned to his station at Cadiz, but his ill the centre of the organ; thefundus, the upper portion lish another volume in 1779, subsequently followed health inspired him with a strong desire to return to of the B.; and the neck, the continuation of the latter, by three volumes more. In 1780 he obtained a pension England; and accordingly he set sail for his native land, and the constricted portion which is connected with the from the crown, and three years afterwards he quitted but died as his ship was entering Plymouth harbor, urethra. In awork like this, intended for general readers, his professorship through infirmities. His Lectures on August 27, 1657. it is quite unnecessary to be more minute in the anat- Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres were published at that time, Blakely Gun. See GuN. omy of this organ. The principal diseases and accidents and were received with an extraordinary degree of Blakely, in Alabama, a post-village, cap. of Baldwin to which it is subject will be examined under URnNAaR favor. Time has not impaired their well deserved co., on the Tensaw River, 12 m. E. by N. from Mobile. OROANS (DISEASES OF TuE). — See also LITHOTRaTY, Ln- popularity, and they are still now considered as a text- Its harbor is accessible to steamboats. Here the ConTIOTOMY, WoasS, &c. book for the student. They have been translated into all federates had constructed a series of redoubts and lu-Any thing resembling the animal bladder; as the Air- the European languages. The best American edition is nettes armed with 40 guns; the garrison, consisting of bladder, q. v.; —or a pustule, or vesicle, filled as the that published by T. Ellwood Zell, Philadelphia. about 3,000 men, was commsanded by Gen. St. John Lidell. B. with a watery liquor. Blair, ROBERT, an ingenious Scotch poet, and the min- On the 9th of April, 1865, the assault was made on these -Figuratively, any thing inflated, empty, or unsounded. ister of Athelstaneford, in E. Lothian, Scotland, B. 1699. fortifications by the National troops under Gen. Steel. To swim with bladders of philosophy."-Rochester. He is known as being the author of Thre Grave, in which After a severe struggle, possession was taken of all the is the often-quoted sentiment of'"Angels' visits, few and works, with Gen. Lidell and the whole garrison as pri(Bet.) A pericarp or seed-vessel which appears as if far between." D. 1747. soners of war. -The Confederates lost, in killed and inflated. - Ogilvie. Blair, in Illinois, a post-office of Randolph co. wounded, abt. 500 men; the National loss was abt. 100. -v. a. To fill with wind; to puff up.-To put up in Blair, in Michigan, a post-office of Barry co. Blakely, in Georgia, a post-village, cap. of Early co., bladders. Blair, in Pennsylvania, a county in the S.S.W. central 170 m. S.W. of Milledgeville. Blad'dered, a. Swelled lilke a bladder. part of the State. Area, 650 sq. m. It is drained by Blakle'ly, in N. Carolina, a post-office of Stokes co. Bladdert-unit ]Bladder-iree, so. (Bot.) See the Juniata River, and by Clover Creek. Surface, menu- Blakegly, in Pcennsylvania, a township of Luzerne co., SrAPHILEA. tainous; the Alleghany chain bounding it on the W., and 25 m. N.E. of Willeesbarre. It contains rich mines of Bladcder-sen na, so. (Bot.) See COLtTEA. Tassey's Mountain on the E. Soil, partly fertile; iron anthracite coal. Pop. abt. 4,500. Blad'der-wort, n. (Bot.) See UTsaeLaunA. and coal are extensively found and worked. Cap. Holli- Blake'ly, in Wash/isgton Territory, a P. O. of Ritsap co. Bladl'dery, a. Resembling a bladder. daysburg. Pop. about 45,000. Blakea'bnrug, in Indiana, a village of Pultnam co., 11 (Bot.) Thin and inflated, like a bladder. — A township of the above co.; pop. about 5,000. m. N.E. of Greencastle. Blade, o. [A. S. bleed, bled, a leaf, a shoot, a branch, Blair, in W. Virginia, a post-office of Hancock co. Blakes'blrsrg, in Iowa, a post-office of Wapello co. firuit; Dan. Sled; O. Ger. blat; probably allied to Gr. Blairs'bhsrg, in iowa, a post-office of Hamilton co. Blake's Ferry, in.Alabamoa, a post-office of Ranplatys, broad.] The cutting part of an instrument, dis- Blairs'iowis, in lowe, a post-vlhlags of Benton co., dolph co. tinct fr-om the handle; as the blade of a sword, a knife, 24 m. W. of Cedar Rapids. Blakes'ville, in Indiana, a village of Harrison co., on a scythe, an axe, a chisel, a square &c. The blade of a Blair.s'town, (former name GRAVEL. TII.,) in New.Ter- the Ohio River, abt. 20 m. S.S.E. of Corydon. saw is more frequently called the plate.- Damnascns sey, on Paulinslkill Creek, 85 m. N. by W. from Trenton; Blake'viitle, in Iowa, a post-village of Black Hawk co., was famous fon the mnasnufacture of sword-blades, which pop abount 1,800. alit. 8 m. N.E. of Waterloo. are even now, in consequnence of their celebrity, of great BlEt~air,'viiL a, in Georgia, a post-village, cap. of Union B lEla. lke'villle, in New Hasmpshire, a post-office of Chevalue. co., 165 mu. N. try W. from h'Iilledgevillo. shire co. BLAN BLANt BLAN 301 lfilak'ey, RoBERT, PH.D., an English author; B. at Mor- them the pretext for an attempt to proscribe him. This one of the most curious and beautiful scenes in the Alps. peth, Northumberland, 1795. Devoting himself early in unfounded charge fell to the ground, and it was not un- A torrent issues friom the Glacier des Pilerins, high up the life to literature and philosophy, he published in 1829 til amid the excitement that prevailed after the sangut- mountain, above the Glacier des Bossons, and descends, his first regular work on The Freedom of the Divine and nary insurrection of June in the samine year, when the by a succession of leaps, into a deep gorge, from precipice Humean Wills, which was favorably received, and uminds of many were under the influence of a firantic re- to precipice, almost in one continual cataract; but it is brought him into notice among abstract thinkers. It actionary movement, that the charge already disproved all the while merely gathering force, and preparing for was followed in 1833 by his History of Moral Science. was revived, and his proscription resolved upon, and voted its last magnificent deep plunge and recoil of beauty. This work has since become a text-book in many of the by the very men, indeed, who had but a short time before Springing in one round condensed column out of the colleges in the U. States In 1834 he wrote his Essay on proclaimed his innocence. One of the most prominent of gorge, over a perpendicular cliff, it strikes, at its fall, Logic, chiefly with a view to popularize this branch of L. B.'s literary undertakings was his Histoire de Dix with its whole body of water, into a sort of vertical rock knowledge. Dr. B. published several other volumes, Ans, (1830-1840,) which passed through several editions basin, which one would suppose its prodigious velocity among which may be minentioned The Lives of the Primi- and exercised great influence on political events in and weight would split into a thousand pieces; but the tive Fathers of the Church, and The History of the Phi- France, during the latter portion of the reign of Louis whole cataract, thus arrested, at once suddenly relosophy of Mind. For the last the author received cons- Philippe. His larger and more important production, bounds in a parabolic arch, at least 60 feet into the air; mendations from MM. Victor Cousin, Gioberti, Gruyer, the Iiistory of the French Revolution, written during his and then, having made this splendid airy curvature, falls and numerous German savans, and a gold medal from residence in England, has recently been completed, and with great noise and beauty into the natural channel the King of the Belgians. In 1835 he was appointed consists of twelve volumies. Historical _Revelations, in- below. It is beyond measure beautiful. The first menProfessor of Logic and Metaphysics in Queen's Col- tended to expose the misrepresentations in Lord SNor- -. lege, Belfast, which he relinquished on account of ill manby's narrative of certain events that occurred in _-= —— _ —-: ____-_____ -_: —= — health. His 2Temporal Benefits of Christianity, and his Paris after the overthrow of Louis Philippe's govern-.- ___ Historical Skcetch of Logic, aippearedin rapid succession, ment, was published in 1859. L. B., who during his followed by the History of Political Literature. Dr. B. residence in England had acted as correspondent to sevis the author of several volumes on angling and sport- eral French journals, published Letters on England, of iig topics, and a contributor to the Bncycloprdia Bri- which a tranmslation appeared in London, in 1866. _ tannica, etc. The University of Jena contbrrd mPoml11eane, (Mont,) the highest mountain in Eumope, be- ___ him the honorary degree of Ph.D., in recognition of the longing to the Alps of Savoy; extending from S.W. to merit of his philosophical writings. N.E. between 450 46' and 450 57' N. Lat. In this direction Blaan'able, a. Deserving of bhD ne or censure. it may have a length of about thirteen miles; its breadth... I Two extremes ace equally blanoable."-Drydea. varies from five to six miles. This enormous iinss of Blam'ablens ess, n. The state of being liable to primitive rock rises far above the line of perpetual con- - b~ame; culpableu~ess. gelation, and descends with great steepness and to a BlanaB'ably, adv. Culpably; in a manner deserving of vast depth on the N.W. and S.E.; the valleys, which censure. bound the niountain on these sides, being only between g / Blamilne, (bldsm,) v. a. [Fr. blNdser; Gr. blasphimeed, from 3,000 and 4,030 feet above this level of the sea. The val- f blapsis-blapto, to damage, to hurt, and ph/mi, to speak.] Iey to the north-west consists properly of two valleys, To speak disparagingly or reproachfully of; to censure; those of Montjoie and of Chamouni, which are sepa- to find fault with; to disparage; to condemn; to up- rated by a lateral branch of the mountain for some disbraid; to reprimand; to pass an unfavorable judgment tane, hut afterwards join one another. The valley of upon. Chamnount is the larger, and the place to which travel- - -n. Imputation of a fault; expression of disapprobation; lers commonly resort to have a view of Mont Blanc, / censure; reprehension; fault; crime; sin. or to ascend it; the village of Chamoiuni, or the Prie- / Blainmelafuill, a. Culpable; blamable. uro, which is nearly in the centre of the valley, is 3,403 BSlamen'lftlly, adv. In a culpable manner; hlamably. feet above the level of the sea. The valley to the southB-lalme'less, n. Free from blame; guiltless; innocent. east of the mountain nass, celled the Valley of Entreves, _ Blame'lessly, adv. Innocently; without fatlt. consists properly of two valleys, which lie in the samen Blame'lessnegs, n. Quality of being blameless; in- direction, and open one into the other, which takes nocence; a state of being not worthy of censure. place nearly at equal distances from the extremities of Blam'es', a. One who blames; a censurer. the mountain-mass. The lowest point of this valley is Blame'worithiness, n. The quality of deserving Cormaggiore, situated 3,900 teet above the level of the blame.. sea. The southerm extremity of the mountain is both Blame'worthy, a. That is worthy of blame. united to end separated from the high mountain-ra.nge -Blanc, JEaN Jose -E Louis, a French historian and po- which extends in a southern direction to the very shores. litical writer, B. at Madrid, Oct. 28, 1813, is of Corsican of the Mediterranean Sea, by the Col de Seigne. This extraction, his mother, nie Estelle Pozzo di Borgo, be- mountain-pass, the highest part of which is below the e longing to the same family as the celebrated diplonmatist point of eternal snow, rising only to 8,083 ft., unites the of that name. When 19 years old, he went to Paris, and Valley of Bonneval in Savoy with the Valley of Entreves Fig. 369. - CASCAD)E oF THE PELEaRNS, (MONT BL,~NC.) wrote for several daily journals. Afterwards, at Arras, in Piedmonot, ad presents one of the grandest views of he contributed to one of the most important republican Mont Blanc. The northern extremity of the moun- tion made of Mount Blanc does not go back a century. If papers of the Department - the Progris de Pts de Ca- tain is connected with the high range which, running to we are not mistaken, this mountain was first noticed by lais. In 1838 he founded the Revue du Progris, in which the east, separates Wallis, or the Valaiets, from Pied- Richard Pococke, who, in his travels to the East, being he first published " The Organization of Labor." As he mont; anid with another, which, extending in a north- struck by its extiaordinary height and appearance, dowas returning home, one evening in Oct., 1839, he was western direction, divides Savoy from Wallis, and ter- scribed it in his account of the glaciers of Switzerland. suddenly assailed from behind by some ruffian, who in- minates at no great distance from the Lakle of Geneva. Nearly fifty years elapsed afterPococke's description, beflicted it violent blow with a stick on his right eye. The From the former range it is separated by the Col de Fer- fore it was ascended, for the first time, by Dr. Paccard author of this cowardly assault, which was made the ret, or Ferrex, a mountain-pass, 7,764 feet above the sea, and James Balma, with great difficulty and danger, in day after L. B. had published a review of Louis Bona- which connects the Valley of Ferret, or Ferrex, with that August, 1786. A year afterwards, Saussure succeeded parte's work, Les Idges Napolionijnnes, vwas never dis- of Entreves. From the range of mountains extending in reaching the summnit, where he remained for five covered. L. B. had a brother younger one year than to the Lake of Geneva, Mont Blanc is divided by the hours, and made a great number of observations. The himself, who was at that time at Rodez, in the depart- Col de Balmne, whvich unites the Valley of Chamnouni pulse of the whole company, which was conmposed of 12 ment of 1' Aveyron, and who entertained so strong a with that of Trient in Wallis, and rises to 7,552 feet. pereons, beat vith extreme quickness, and all of them conviction that his brother was being assaulted at the The whole mountain mass enclosed between the valleys felt great thirst and exhaustion, without any desire to precise moment when it really occurred, that he was in- and these three mountain-passes probably rises to up- take food. Thecoloroftheskywasdarkblue;thestars duced to write at once for information to Paris. This wards of 10,000 feet; and, as in this parallel the snow-line were visible in the shade; the barometer sank to 16 incident was the origin of Dumas's "Corsican Brothers," does not extend beyond 9,000 or 9,300 feet, it probably inch. 1 line, while at Geneva it stood at 27 inch. 1 line; the main sibject of which is the preternatural sympa- is about 1,000 feet above it. It is consequently all the thermometer indicated in the shade + 26in2o, and in thy between two brothers. L. B. having beconme a clerk covered with snow, except in a few places where the the sun + 290, while at Geneva it was + 870 of Fabrenin a notary's office, soon found more congenial occupa- steepness of the rock does not allow the snow to lie. heit. Water consequently froze even when exposed to tion as tutor in a private family, and shortly afterwards The upper surface is extremely irregular, and a con- the sun. Since Saussure's ascent, Mount Blanc has been made his way to eminence among the journalists of siderable number of rockis rise from it, which, from their often ascended but no very important observations have Paris. The importarmt part that he played in the stormy resemblance to pyramids or steeples, are called aiguilles, been made since that date. days of 1848 has become a matter of history. Ite was or needles. Towards its southern extremity this ex- Blanc, (Le,) a town of France. dep. Indre, on the elected a member of the Provisional Government, and it tensivo mass of rocks rises to its greatest elevation in Creuse, 33 m. W.S.W. of Chateauroux. It is an ill-built has been erroneously asserted that, while serving his that mountain pinnacle properly called olnt Blanc, and precipitously situated town; very ancient, and was country in that capacity, he created and organized the whose summit attains the height of about 14,748 feet often frequented by the Romae legions. Pap. 6,470. famous National Workshops, a scheme that he strenu- above the sea, in 450 41' 52/' N. Lat., and 60 44' 22" E. Blan'eard, n. [Fr. blanchard, from blanc, white.] A ously deprecated and opposed, and which, to use the Lon. When seen from the north or south, it presents the kind of linen cloth manufactured in Normandy. — Boag. words of Lamartine, "was the device of his adverse- form of a pyramid, descendiing nearly perpendicularly to Blanc dAArgent, n. [Fr., silver-white.] (Paint.) This ries." This calumny was so ingeniously and industri- the south. When seen from the N.E. or the Valley of Cha- is a false appellation for a white lead, called also French ously disseminated, to serve the purpose of political in- mouni, it resemblesthe back of a dromedary, andis called white. It is first produced in the form of dross, is extrigues, that it was long credited, in spite of many un- by the inhabitants of that valley Bosse de Dromandaire. quisitely white, and has all the properties of the best questionable proofs of its fallacy. M. Louis Blanc, when Near it rises the Aiguille de Goute to the height of white leads: but, being liable to the same changes as a member of the Provisional Governm~ht, prevailed upon 12,204 feet. Farther to the N.E. the Aiguille du Midi the fakel-white, it is unfit for general use as a water his colleagues to abolish capital punishment for politi- attains 12,854 feet, and its neighbor, the Aiguille de color, though good in oils or varnish. cal offences; and on being returned one of the represen- G6ant, 13,902 feet. Still farther to the N.W. stands the ]Blanch, (blansh,) v. a. [Fr. blanchir.] To make to shine; tatives of Paris by 120,000 votes, after the Provisional Aiguille d'Argentier, 13,400 feet high, and to the west to whiten; to makle white by taking out the color; to Government had surrendered its power into the hands of of it the Aiguille de Dru, 12,460 feet. The most north- change to white. the National Assembly, he brought forward and carried ern and lowest is the Aiguille de Tour, whose summit "And sin's black dye seems tlaanchd by age to virtue." —Dryden. the motion thr a repeal of the law by e-hich the famnily is only 11,036 feet above the level of the sea. There are — To strip or peel such things as have husks. of the Bonapartes was doomed to perpetual exile. To still more of these pealrs, but they have not been no- "Their suppers may be bisket, raisins, and a few blanicheld the abrogation of this law, Louis Napoleon was indebted ticed by travellers. Moit Blanc exhibits all the gran- almonds.' —Wiseman. for permission to return to France, and consequently for deur of the Alps on a large scale. Iligh tapering pyra- — in. n. To grow white; as, his cheeks blanched with fear. his subsequent wonderful good fortumne. Thie circum- mids covered with eternal snow; extensive fields of ice, Bllamae'arll, FuANgOmS, a celebrated French aironaut, stances thatled to L. B.'s quitting Franmce, and taking up split to a great depth by wide cracks; glaciers of green B. in 1738, was distinguished from his youth by his mehis abode in England, may be briefly stated. A violemnt color descending from its sides between bare dark-color- chmanicel inventions. After mnakling his first alrostatie demonstration was made, May 15, 1848, in favor of Po- ed perpendicular rocks, and skcirted by forests of fir; voyage in 1784, he crossed the Chantunel fr'om Dover to land, by numbers of people, who invaded the hall of thie and grottos formed in the masses of eternal ice,- in addi- Calais. iii 1785; for which exploit he was rewarded by the National Assembly. L. B. exerted himself to check this tion to all the other varieties of mountain scenery, - at- hing of France with 12,000 firancs, and a pension of 1,200 f. unwarrantable attempt at popular dictation. Although tract great numbers of curious and scientific travellers. Ile first made use of a parachute in London, in 1785; the worrhingmen who toolt part in the demonstrattion did The waterfalls are numerous, and some of them mneegnifi- went through various countries on the Continent, exnot follow Isis advice, they showed him sympathy and cent, particularly the catscade des Pelerins, of which we hibiting his alronautic sirill; visited Ametrica with the respect, which his eneiies turned.:qg:dtst!ira, omelring give an iilnstrsstio,,,itfuated 1tiesr' Chaimonrii, and which is same object; and, returning in 1798, ascended at Rouen 302 BLAN BLAN BLAIR with 16 persons in a large balloon, and descended at a -Pale from fear, terror, &c.; confused. but it Is principally in the heroic metre of ten syllables place 15 m. distant. He o. inll 1809.-hIis wife, MADAME "But now no face divine contentment wears; that blank-verse is used, and, indeed, by some the termn BLA.NCHARD, coetittued to make adrial voyages; but in'Tis all blank sadness, or continual fears."-Pope. is restricted to that kind of metre. As an example of Jttne, 1819, having ascended fromn Tivoli, in Paris, her — Without rhyme; when the rhyme is blancihed or omitted. blank verse: blalloon toolk fire, at a considerable height, owing to "Our blank verse, when there is no rhyme to support the ex- Of man's I first dis Iobe I dience, and I the fruit sonie fireworks which shie carried with her, the car fell, pression, is extremely difficult to such as are not masters in the Of that I forbid I den tree I whose mor I tal taste and tihe hapless adtrontut was dashed to pieces. tongue." Brought sin I into I the world, I and all our woe. Blanclha'Lre, in Maine, a post-township of Piscataquis Blank, n. [Front the adjective.] A void spaceon paper. Frequently, in dranatic blasi-verse, a supernumerary co., 120 m. N.E. of Augunsta; pop. about 250. "I cannot write a paper full as I used to do; and yet I will not syllable occurs at the end of tihe line, as - f]lan'shal.Ela in Ohio, a township of Hancock co.; pop. forgive a blank of half an inch from you" —Sift. To be, I or not i to be, I that is j the ques I lion. ahout 1,400. -A lot by which nothing is gained. In blank-verse, the poet is less encumibered than in any -A township of IHardin co.; pop. about 700. " In fortune's lottery lies other species of versification; and hence it is prticu-A township of Putnam co.; pop. about 2,000. "A heap of blanks like this, for one small prize."-Dryden. rly adapted for sujects calling forth suliie and noBlans'elarsl's Bridge, in Ohio, a post-village of -A paper unwritten; anything without marks or char- ble emo tion s. "The cnstrained elegance of tais kind Hlancockc co., Hancockc townshissip. dcters. - ble ensotiolts. "Tho constrained eleganceTofsteisckfts d Hancock co., Hancock; township. alcters. of versification (rhyme), and the studied smoothness of Blan'echard's Forkr, in Oio, takes its rise in the "LiLife may be one great blank, which, though not blotted with the sounds, answering regularly to esti otherolt the end htse sounds, anowering regularly to eacht othci' at the end central part of the State, and falls in the Anuglaize River sin, is yet without any characters of grace or virtue." —.ogers. of the lute, though they be quits conoistent with gentle in Putnam co. -The white spot or mark which a shot is to hit. emotions, yet weaken the native force of sublimity; beBlan'clSasdsville, in Wisconsin, a post-office of La- (Law.) A space left in writing to be filled up with sides ttat, the superfluous words which the poet is often fayette co. one or imore words to complete the sense. When a blank obliged to introduce, in order to fill up the rhyme, tend Blanche, in Missouri, a post-office of Lafayette co. is left in a written agreement which need not have been firther to enfeeble it." (Blair.) - It is also free from the Blanche Furnace, in Penisylvastia, a village of reduced to writing, and would have been equally bifid- full close which rhyme fothrees upon the ear at the end of Mercer co. iung whether written or unwritten, it is presumed, in alt each couplet, and allows the lines to run into each other Blanclhe of Castile, Queen of Louis VIII. of action for the non-performance of the contract, parol without constraint. T'he German, probably, of all the F'rance, was daughter of Altbnso IX., King of Castille, evidence might be admitted to explain the blank. Aid laiguages of modern Europe, ttdits tho greotest vsriand was born about 1186. She was married to Louis in when a written instrument, which was made professedly ety of blank-verse measures. From the practice of mod1200, was crowned with hibt in 1223, and on his death 3 to record a faciet, is produced as evidence of that fact ern German poets it Would appear that any species of years later, becamie regent during the minority of her which it purports to record, and a blank appears in at verse wtich may be used in that laigusge with rhyme, son, Louis IX., displaying great energy and address as material part, the omission may be supplied by other may also be used without it. In the German troislaa ruler. Shie opposed the departure of Louis for the proof. - Bouvier. tions from Grelt aid Roman poeto we find every specrusade, but accompanied hiti to Cluni, and carried on B. Indorsement. See INDORSEMENT. cies of tncieit uetre successfully imitated, atd of course the goverinent in his stead. His long absence, and the -v. a. To deprive of color; to damp; to confuse. without rhyme. That which approaches nearest to, or rumor of his intention to settle in the HIoly Land, caused "If the atheist, when he dies. should find that his soul remains, ratlier' is identical with, our ten-syllable blaiink-verse, is her great sorrow, and she D. in 1252. how will this man be amazed and blanked I " —illotsbn. also miuch used, as in the following example: 0Blanch'er, n. Oie who blanches or whitens. Blan lester, ~in Olhio, a post-village of Clinton co., nk'-bar, no. (Law.) See COMMON BAn. Der blinde Greis erhub sieh alsobald, a15 in. S.STr. o Wilmington; pop. about 700. Blank.e'-cartridge, n. (Mi'.) A charge of powder for Walolt einen Text, erkllrt ihn, wandt' ihn an, 15li~nc~i~B~tn' n Cn. latc, n G, eZm; a rifle or other gun, contarnihnng no ball or sot It is ErEmahnte, warnte, strafte, tr5stete Blanchisinetesr, n. [Eng. blanchs, and Gr. ometon', a a rifle or ot ler gon, containing no bosh oi elot. It is So herzlich. dass die Threnen mildiglich mesure.] (COere.) Ani instrurnent used in ascertaining usually used for firing salutes, and in exercising troops. Ihm niederflossen in den grauen Bart. - KoseoanTEn. the blacching-powers of chloridie of lime and potash. IBlanki-door, n. (Arch.) A blanlk door is thatt which B lasachling, po. The act or art of wlitening or mtat- is either shut to prevent passage, or placed in the back of Bllank'-windomw, n. (Ar'c7.) See BLANK-nDOO. ing anytiing wshite. - (Uoin.) An operation performedi a recess where there is no entrance, so as to appear like Blaan'qs, Jltsw B AnOPNce, 1o9e of thie fist French ing~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a anyohin whiate.d6'i. Anoeatio therfre by aneali. asing, and cleasing the moey. a retl door.-A B. window is that which is made to ap- economists, was t. at Nice, 1798, and educated at the The process of coverig iron pate with a thin coat of pear like a real window; but is only formed in the recess — tih is ao called lring iron plates with a thin coat of a wall. and young B. went to complete his studies at Paris, (Cinoslsy.) Tc e peli anti v ening of i almonds, & Bank'enbuag, a walled town of N. Germany, in the where he becaue acqsiointed with J. B. Sy, who induced (Cookery.) The peeling an(] whitening of almonds, &ic.tr i tenint h td o oiia cn (Hert.) Thie whioteming of tohe steems, sttiks. or leaves duchy of Brunswickl, formerly cap. of a principality of i to turn histtntion to t stdy o politicl econof plants 1by tyiong tiheom togethler', or by eatomthing them the same name, tmad 37 is. S.S.E. of Brunsvick. Here omny. In 1825, by Say's recommendation, lie was opup, so as to xcldthe te llt It bject generly is a palace of the umes of Bruwick. On the smit pointed Professor of History and of Industrial Ecoony 1, is a palace of the Dukes of Brunswick. On the summit upto sdiuiel the itsensir y of tir native poperies, ad of the Regenstein, close by, are the remins of a rge in thle Commercial School at Paris. 0i the death of' to ediminish tlhein nore cisp antd agreesiebl o the palatend castle, constsucted by lIIenry the Fowler, in 919, con- Say, he was appointed Professor of Industrial Economy to render the mo re crisp and agreeable to the palate. sistine of chambers cut out of the rocic.,i9p. 4,377. in the "Conservatoire des Arts et Mdtiers'," and was one Blane-mnasger, BL.ANc-Am. Ne, (bla-mnonje,) n. [Fr., si ang of, 1b. rb4,ct77. the bc. op lank e of the editors of the Dictionnaire de l'Ilndustrie, ianvufacwhite food.] (sookrcy.) A prteparotion of mIili, cream, Bankt [.baht eblktoaprtig turi6re, Com-nerciale, et Agricole. In June, 1838, he besumgalr, and isinglass, which are boiled together. After press.] (Com.) A soft, loosely-woven woollen stuff, trin- c'em ofc e Agec IJ n 1 hical cipally used lor bed-coverings iand wraepper's; also, as a m sios'o leAaeyo oa n oiia being flavored witli lemon-peel, branidy, &c., the fluid is cipally used or bed-coverings and wrapes; also, s a Scinces. T he Aca demy sent him to Corsica to study the run into a mould atnd allowed to congeal. It is susebines covering for oorses, &c. prescribedoss a nutrinsmdit dutring convalescemic, amid in i(ihtintg.) A woollen cloth or fine baize, which is condition of that country. and in 1839 to Algiers, for the prescribed m i s a nutriment during convalescence, and in laid between the by en otpans of a presos. same purpose. In1841 lie visited Turkey. In 1851 the ch,'onic diseases. laid between the tyrnpns of a press. Academy, which highlly valued his abilities, requested Blanleo, in Texas, a central co., watered by Guandamlupe (en1.) A deliciousvariety pear. Iis sometimes, Pedernales, and Rio Blanco rivers; area, about 1200 sq. written blanquet, and in French, b/anrquetc. hin to furmish a conpleteaccoutt of London us its finanni.; p(p. about'2,000. (list.) To toss in a blanket, [which happened to the cias and other aspects. This tasi he executed to ths -A popt-vilge, cap. of the above co., about 50. 2,000... unfortunate esquire of Don Quixote, as every one knows satisfactiom of the savans who eoployed hin. te died -Aps-g.o f Apotme a ciaoty5.... is a very ancient c.stom, and was applied by way of at Paris oi thie 28th of January, 1854. B., as a national of Austinl City. economist, was c~olne~hat iiaveyacetusoi dwsapleby ayo lanu'cot CAiPE, a celebrated caps on the W. coast of punishment. The Emperor Otho used to go forth upon econonist, was soiewhat inclined to Socialism. Like lAficeo,; Lt. 200CAP, a celebrated cape on the4 W. c oast of dark nights, and if he fiound a drunken uan he vould his master, Say, he wos in fsvor of ft'ee trade. In method, cape, whica t was discove46 ed 26" N., L e. 17Port 4 1gues0 W. This order the discipline of the blanket to be adimiisteied.- hoe was imgenious; in style, transparent; and even the mcape, which was t discove extretyo rocby rithge. Portuguese in 14O1, Formerly, B. were used in theatres instead of curtains. dryest discussioms becose interesting, from Iis lively sreid, or hitre mouta n. roky rijcting icalleto th see Geb-in aS (See Macbth i. 5.) mode of treating them. His principal works are: — reid, or White Mountain, projecting into tesaiaS.V Tcover wthesa a blnet. Voyage d'un jeune Franocais en A nglterre et en Ecosse, direction. Inside the cape is a spacious bay, which has - cerwith ln (Paris, 1824;) RBsumi de l'Histoire dte Comnmerce et de on its S.E. sidle the bank and town of Argnin. "tfy face I'll gnino with 111th Bada.Ls./a rBlanbket my loins; tie all my hair in knots." - Shaos. l'Industsie, (Paris, 1826;) PS;oc/s Jlameonntaire d'ceknonie Blaand, a. [Lat. blandus; prolbably fromT the root of Politiqcue, pbrackdd d'une JsItroduction Ifistori'qte, et suivci lents, with a prefix; 0. Ger. lind; Dan. lind. soft, mild, — To toss in a blanket, by wy of penalty or contempt. d'une Bographie des Economistes, &c., (Paris. 1826;) and gentle.] Soft; smooth; soothing; gentle; mild. "Ah I oh I he cry'd, what street, what lane, but knows and, most important of all, the Histoi'e de l'Economie e, And even calm Our purgings, pumpings, blanketligs, and iblows." - Pope. Politique en Burpee, depois leo Anciels jlsql'd nao erpetual reign'd, save what the zephyrs bland Blanket l]l, in iPennsylvania, a post-office of Arm- joers, suivie d'une Bibliographie raisonne/ des PrinciBreath'd o'er;he blue expanse." — Th~omson. Breatld o'er h blue expane." - Thsn. strong co. paux Ouvrages d'Econolie Politique. Bland, in Virginia, a S.W. co., bounded on the S.E. by a Blan'keting, n. The act of tossing in a blanket. BLANqUt, Looms AUGUSTE, the brother of the economist, range called Wealker's Mountain; area, albt. 350 sq. m. It See BLANKET. - Cloth or material for blhnkets. wos s. at Nice in 1805. Ile has made hlimself conspicuis drained by Waltker's and Wolf creelks. iop. Unknown. Blank'ly, adv. In a blank mianner; with paleness or ous chiefly by his rapid advocacy of the most extreme Blan'derasviHe, or Blan'dinsville, in Illinois, a confusion. political opinions. From an early age he daibbled in conpost-village ofMcDonough co., 100 mn. N.W. of Springfield. Blank'ness, n. State of being blank. spiracy, and submitted to its penalties with the pride of Bland'ford, a borough of England, co. Dorset, 98 it. Blank-verse',n. (iPros.) Verse whichisvoidofrhyme; a martyr. After the revolution of February, he formed S.W. of London. It is a neat little town, situated any kind of verse in which there is niot rhyme, blanched the Central Republican Society, which menaced the very amid a fine tract of sheep pastures. Pop. 4,290. or omitted. The verse of the Greeks and Romans-at existence of the Provisional Government. He it was Blasadl'ferdl in F/irginia, a village of Prince George co., least such of it as has come down to us - is without also who organized the popular outbreak on the 15th about l,, mo. E. of Petersburg. rhyme. The Goths are said to have introduced rhyme May, the aim of which was to overthrow the ConstituBlaa'd~snsville, in Illinois, a post-township of Mc- from the East into the linguages of modern Europe, ent Assembly, although it has been alleged that he was Donough co., 33 m. E.N.E. of Keokukl; pop. abt. 1,800. and in the Middle Ages it came to be conmmonly em- diriven to this step by the impatience and violence of his Blan'dislh, v. a. [0. br. brandir; Lat. braadior, bran- ployed in poetical coinposition, both in the Latin and party, or, more properly, his club. At the head of an ditus, from blandus, bland; 0. Eng. blandise.] To soften; vernacular tongues, by most of the nations of Europe, excited mass, he niade his appearance before the nato soothe; to caress; to flatter. About the 15th century, when the passion for imitating tional representatives, and demnanded the" Resuscitation -v. n. To act or speak courteously; to be soft in words or classical models becamoe general, attempts were nmade in of thle Polish Nationality!" His coadjutor, M. Huber, manners. Italy, France, and other countries, to reject rhyme as a went a step further, and theatrically imitating the desBllan'dishment, Blan'dishing, n. Act ofblant- barbarous innovation. The first attempt at blank-verse perate promptitude of the great Revolution, pronounced dishing: soft words; kind speeches; caresses; flattery. in English appears to have been a translation of the first the dissolution of ithe Assembly. The latter fortmuately v Blanl'dness, n. State of being bland. and fourth boolks of the Encid by the Earl of Surrey, proved itself strong enough to crush this insolence. B. B a~n('doos, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Berks co., who wis executed in 1547. Its suitatbiity for the doosuIa was arrested, tried, and condemned to ten years' impris8 ma. N.N.E. of Reading. was at once felt, and it was in general use in dramaetic omiment in Belleisle. Bland'vilbHe, in /Kent/ncfcy, a post-villawe, cap. of Bal- composition before Shakspesre began to write,'hich is Blan'qnilla, an island in the Caribbean Sea, 74 m. bard co., on Mayfielol Creelt. i/oo. abt. 600. supposed to haeve been about 1591. It was, however, N.N.E. of Portugal. It belongs to Venezuela. Bl~a!'aes, s town of Spain, prov. of Gerona, 22 ma. S. of almost entirely confimied to tile drama down to thie ap- B laps, n. (Zob'/.) A genus of coleopterous insects, family tlhe city of that name, with a port on the Mediterra- pearance of" Paradise Lost," by Milton, in 1667. Ins an Blapsidse. The type of germus and family is the species nean; pop. 5,726. advertisement to the second edition of this vork, thie Blaps ssrtonisaga, a very common insect, found in (latr, Blas-'fe], in Massachusetts, a post-township of Hamp- author, in answsering objections to the want of rihysme, damp, and dirty places about houses. It is blaclck, btmi den ci., 15 m. Wi. by N. of Springfileld; pop. abt. 1,500. says: "This neglect of rhynie is so little to be taklen ubr little shining; the tip of the elytra forms a short obBllank, (blaegk), a. [ir. blanzc, ui'om the same root as a defect, though it may seent so, perhaps, to vulmgar read- tuse podint, and is about 3/ inch in length. blanch.] White; shining. ers, that it is rather to be esteemed an example, set the B lapsidne, n.pl. (Zo'l.) See BLats. "' To the blank moon -her ofitce they prescribed." —.]~ilton. first in English, of lancient liberty recovered to heroic Blare, v.n. [Du. blaoen; Ger. blf/iro'en, plulrren, to bleat5 — Void; empty; void of writing or letters. poem from the troublesome and modern bondage of to weep.] To bellow; to roar. (n,) "Upon the debtor side I find innumerable articles; but, upon rhyming." Since Milton's time, blank-verse:has comen -n. Noise; roar; sound. (K.) th editor side, little more than blansk paper." —Addison. into use in various kinds of poetry besides the dramatic (Conh.) A small coin of Berne, value aboqt 2 cents, BLAS BLAS BLAZ 303 Blar'ney, in Ireland, a village in co. Cork. It has passed in 1661 and 1695, punishable by death; and the tude, chambers, and even galleries, are formed in the few inhabitants, but is remarkable for having in its last who suffered capital punishment for this crime in rock, bags of powder being inserted, anld firied by means neighborhood what is called the Blarney Stte, the kiiss- Scotland, was Thonmas Aikenhead, a student of divinity, of the gala sic curut. iBy ttis means enorious ing of which is said to conter upon the Irish asn eloquent who was executed, 1 696. These severe statutes were, iasses of1ock, weiglhin tisonads oftone, are removed power in the language of coiurtslhip, called blarney. however, repealed by 53 Geo. III. c. 160, which made with the grestest ease. Tis ordinr i iiijtlemnts used Blas'Iett Islaasis, a group of rociky islands, at the the punishment arbitrary. By Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 47, the are thejiupes oscutting-tool the bhasniir and scraper. entrance of Dingle Bay, VW. coast of Ireland. One of publication of blasphemy was punishaible by fine and -p a Biightitg withering; injuring; iutratitg. these, called Tiraght, forms the westerninost land in imprisonment, and by banishment for a second offence; Bilasloeaasis)osa. a [Gr. blastos, a germ, arnd caqpos, Europe. but this last was repealed by 7 Will. IV. c. 5, whlich fislit. J (Bet.) Thliat germiniates inside of the pericarp. Blasphesnes' v. a. [Fr. blaspheme; Gr. blasphsmnecd. See rendered thie punishment only fine asid imprisonment. Biast'ode cn n. (Antt) [Ci. b/a.lto a geits, and BLAMiC.] To speak injuriously, reproachftilly, and irrev- In 18413, a person was tried betfore thie Iligh Court of capes, fuit.] The germinal siin or moimbrane or that erently of the Supreme Being; to revile, speak, or Justiciary at Edinburgh, for publishing books denying granulari membrane or stratum which lies itmmediately write reproachfully or impiously of God or of sacred the truth and authority of thie Holy Scriptures, and tesd- bestelth the isneusb vitclli of the ovun, and whiich is things. - To speak evil of; to uitter abuse or calumny isig to bring contempt upon the Christian religion, and, tihe seat of development of all parts of the body of birds. against; to speak reproachfully of. beinug found guilty, was sentenced to 15 months' ins- Blast'.pipc, tt (lecs.) The waste steatmnpipe of an en"Those who from our labours heap their board, prisonsment. In France, before the great Revolution, gine, but more particularyly applied to locomotive enBlasphenme their feeder, and forget their lord." —Popoe. it was a B. also to speak against the Holy Virgisi and pines; in the latter it leads from the exhaust passages — u. n. To utter blasphemy. the saints, to deny one's faith, to speak with impiety of the cylinders into the chimney, and is of great use BlasplSlen'er, nE. One vwho blasphemes. of holy things, anid to swear by things sacred. The for forming the draught through the fire-tubes, as eachl Blasplieen'er.ess, n. A female who blasphemes. law relating to B. was tot;ally repealed in 1791; and the jet of steam emitted creates a partial vacuum in the Blasplahem'ing, n. The act of blhspheiny. present'reench penal code, art. 262, enacts that any chihmney, which is immediately filled by a current of air Blasphemous,, a. Uttering or cont;oning blasphemy; person who, by words or gestures, shall comimit any rushing through the fire-gate. impiously, irreverent in regard to God or sacred things. outrage ulpon objects of public worship in the places Bla'tant, a. [Fr.; fromn Lat. bale, to bleat; A. S. blceBlas'pheinously, ads. In a blasphemous manner. designed for the perforsuance of its rites, shall be fisted ant, to bleat.] Bellowing ats a calf. Blas'pheiny, n. A cirime marked for public punish- from s$2 to $100, anid be imprisoned for a period niot less You learn this languags from the blatant beast."-Dryde. imert in thie Ilaws of most civilized nations, and which than 15 days nor mioro thanu 6 mouths. In most of the Bata, n. ( L.) See B IIE,ltg n. (Zvb'l.) See BLATTIDJE. has been regarded as of such enormity by many nations U. States, statutes have bieen enacted against B.; but Blatter, v.en. [Lat. blatero.] To roar; to maikeasenseas to be punished witei death. The word is Greelk, but it these statutes are nriot understood in all cases to have less noise. (o.) has found its way into the English and several other abrogated the conmmon law; and it lhas been decided BIati'tlde BLATTARIX, n. p1. (ZOl1.) The Cockroach modern languages, owing, it is supposed, to the want of that neither these statutes inor the common-law doc- i, orr Otplea. Titl funily cultains orthopnative teruns to express with precision and brevity the trine is repugnant to the constitution of tinse States in terous insects swhics have the body oval, fisttened, the idea of which it is the representative. Etymologicatly, which the question has arisen. hind extemiSty of the abdomen furnished with cosical it denotes speaking so as to strike or hurt; the using to Blast, n. [A. S. bleest; O. Ger. bl/st, from bl/san, to ticulted pp gesnd th nt og d anZ, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~articulated appendages, and the antenna- long and manya person's fLice reproachful anid insulting expressions. blow.] A gust or puff of wind. ~a pyeru~s's lice ~epinacsfal ssl nssouttsng exp~raeiaons. botw.] A gust or puff of aeisf. jointed. B. are nocturnal, and are found not only in In this general way it is used by G reek writers, and even "They that stand high have many blasts to shake them." — Saks. forecsts, but some species also infest kitchess, store-rooms, in the New Testament; as in I Tim. vi. 4, "Whereof -The sound made by blowing any wind-imstrurnent. and closets, devouring all kinds of provisions, and even cometh envy, strife, railings, evil surmisings," where th The eline fountains and sulphurous Nawhep, cososauho envy, strife rseiisnos evil susrsssmsumsge aviser this'I The Vlilne fountsais and surphurous Nar, fiabrics. The genus B/atta contain s severa l spe cies, which word rendered "railings " is, in the original," i bItasphe- Shake at the baleful blast, the signal of the war." -.Dryden. ase ildigenous, std ose, B. Ouientalis, or black beetle, mires." Thus, also, in Mark vii. 22, our Snaviour himself, -Violent explosion masde by gunpowder when splitting which is a sative of nAsi. in enumeratti ng various evil dispositions or practices, rockts, or by inflammable gases in mines. -- A gale; a B]lau'veltville, in Nosew [Ysrk, a post-village of IRocIkmentions, an "evil eye, blasphemny, pride, foolishness," rush; a storm. land co., 29 m. N. o' New York city. not meaning, as it senems, more than the ordiunary case -Pernicious or pestilential influence, as of wind; blight. Blaw'enbut rg, in s ew Jersey, a post-village of Somerof insulting- speech. B. in this sense, bowever much to be aof uiSUltiula speech. Bmo in tihe seisee, iowvs r nouch to ha " By the blast of God they perish.' - Job iv. 9. set co., 15 m. N. by E. of Trentmon. avoided as immortl and uniochievous, is not mntrked as a criuse, ausi its suppression is left to the ordinary in- (Metallurgy.) The current of air forced into fusrnaces Blay, n. (Zo/. ) A small river-fish; the BLEAK, q. V. sflueces of iriorals and reli'ion, snd not provided for by by bellows, or sti-engies, for the purpose of reducing Blaye, a foIrtified seaport of Ftrance, dep. Gironde, cap. tihe ores to a merchantable form. There are two kinds r arrond. on the right banki of the Gironde, 34 Va. N.N.W. said to be natusralized among us, though it may occseo-asion - sai tobe atralzedanin-usfliugh i ma ocasin- of blasts in use iu the iron manufacture, the hot a dof' Bordeaux. The river liere is about 2x2 in. wide, arid allyheIfumistinthie cold blast. The hot blast is olbtained by lorcing the defeinded by a fort o each side. All vessels inward ally be found in the poets, and in those ets ir rough a ses of ot pps, ad lie effect is to bound are required nto uchor at B. asd delive a niwho exercise an inordinatte cur~iosity in the selection eiof air throug~h a series of hot pipes, and its effect is to their ter'ms. But, besides being used to denote insulting ther ti~m. i~t beide bin~use todeoteinsiltng fatcilitatte the fusion of the metatl, at the saime time tha~t test of their cargo, and\ many of the outwar~d-bound as opp~ob~ious spees in posrl, it tests use to deot the quality of the latter is deteriorated; the cold lbtst ships call here to take on board provisions and coumplete aspeed opobisf that sid of a pgcineiur its uotoere, amey en rquires a greater quantity of fuel to reduce the same their cargoes. Exsp., wine, brandy, corn, oil, &c. B. is speech of that kind of a peculiar nature, namely, when the otuject against whicl it tWas directed sas a person quantity of ore, andi it yields a firmer and more even very ancient. In 1568, it was taken by the Protestants, esteemed sacaedc, but especinlly whsen against Cod. - quality of metal th'tan the hot blast. - See IRON. and, later, by the Leaguers. Thie extensive muarshes Amon cnonits, the definition of. is made to (Farriery.) A disease in the stomach of cattle. which surround it, having been drained by Henry IV., Aniong the canonists, the definition of B:. is made to include the denying God, or the asserting anything Blast, v. a. To strike as witih a blast, or with a sudden have become very ifuitful. In 1832, the Duchess de ito be Chod, ehici is d i ot Cod; ansi ttle axteidad appl1 gust or destructive wind. Barry (q. v.), while a prisoner in the castle here, was cation of the term hs ieen receivad in most Chrietie n "Oh I Partius, is there not some chosan curse, delivered of a daughters. Some hidden thuuder in the store of heaven,,Blaze, a. [A. S. bl/se, blcese, a torch; 0. Ger. blechazan, countries, and punishments more or less severe have Red with uncommon wrath, to blast the man to shins forth, to glitter.] A shiingn forth; u glitterbeen denounced against the crime. —In Englanuid, by Who owes his greatness to his country's ruin."- Addison. i; glre; exade light; f e; li strem of it ing; glare; expanded light; flamte; the streaml of light the commi-on. law, open blasphemy wats punishable by the cosoo e, open bespsmy tts pumishabl by To make to wither by some pernicious influence; to arid heat fi-om any body awhen burning. fine and imprisonmrent, or other infitmous corporeal pun- 1 fiusa au imprisnseit, or other imsous corporal blight; to strike with some sudden plague, calamity, &c. "The main blaze of it is past; but a small thing would make ishment. The kIind of B. which was thus cognizable is it flame again." — Shaks. described by Blackstone to be "denying the being or To his green years your censures you would suit, provdencrebe by,conumia iousbe rde hesf bein r Not blast that blossom, but expect the fruit." - Dryden. -Wide diffusion of a report; that which shines and providence of Cuod, contumelious reproaches of nur Sa- -To injure; to destroy; to malt lolsissnue. spreads -idehy. viour Christ, profane scoffing at the Holy Scriptures, or To injure; to destroy; to make infamous. exhsosg Chrij t to co mpaci ridic le." (cisnuueaasi' " He is malicious. if he knows I deserve credit, and yet goes' For what is glory but the blaze of fame?" - Bilton. exposing it to contempt and ridicule." (Commentaries, b. iv. c. iv.) All these heads, except the first, seem to about to blast it.' - Stilliusaeet. -A white mark on a horse's forehead; —also a mark made spring immediaitely from the root-sense of the word B., -To confound; to strike with terror. on trees im a forest, for identification of is route. as they are of that hirtsfl and insulting speech which the "Trumpeters, -v. n. To shine forth; to flame; to send forth or show word desnotes. And we susplect, thst, ewheneve the com- Withbrazen din blast you the oity's ears. - S" aks. a bmight and expamd.ed light. -To be conspicsos. w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ - -.a or cauenotoi Ahndeith tosprect, tats whneverthe com make mon law was called into operation to punish persons -To blow up or split by gunpowder. —. a. To cause to shine forth; to spread, as news; to nake guilty of the first of these forms of B., it was only when -v. n. To be struck as with a blast; to wither; to be public far and'ide - To set a shite malkl on a ties. the denial was acconmpanied with opprobrious words or blighted Blaz'er, n. One who blases. gestures, which seem to be essentiatl to complete tie ]Blast'ed, p, a. Affected by some pernicious or destruc- Blaz'ing, p. a. Flaming; emitting bright flame or true crimie of B. Errors in opinion, even on points tive influence, as of wind; blighted; inj uired; destroyed; light. - Publishing fir and wide. which are of the very essence and being of religion, were split by gunpowderm Blazing-star, a. A comet - Ferguson. referred in England in early times to the ecclesiastics, Blaste'alna, a. [Gr., a bud, a sprout.] (Bet.) Applied Bla'zo~n, v. a. [Fr. blasonfer.] To blaze abroad; to'T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sread, proclaim, or publish far anid wide. — To display as fallin- under the denomsoination of heretictl opinions to the pait of the em-bryo cooprising the radiche, plu- spread, psochains, or publieb fau amd aide. - To display or set forth conspicuously. - To adorn; to embellish. — (sse Hz iut s), lo be dealt with by them as other heresies mule, asid caulicule. - Liotley. or sat forth confpicuorssly - To adornsn to anshleb. -. were. There is nothing in the statute book under thie Blast'er, n. One who blasts. To explai th figes o oinl nsis. C, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o exli hiur e s ouaroial -Vigs wordB. till we come to thie reign of King William III. In Blast'-furnace. [A. S. blcest, blast; Fr. fona, -v a To blaze; to malt a brilliant figure; to shine. that reigus an Act was passed, the title of which is "An Act furnsace.] (Aictal.) A furnace in which the conbustion -a. (Bet-) Thu act of drawing, deacribing, or explaining for the usore effectual suppression ofB. and Profaneness." of the fuel is increased to an enormous extent by i coats-ofturms; BULZONING, q. v. It states tihat m' nany persons have of late years openly blast blown from a bellows, or by means of fanis. A -Publication; shot; cetebation. avuwed and published many blasphemous and infamous smith's-forge is a blast-furnace on a small scale. B.-F.'s 1 olen con over their pedigrees, and obtrude the bleazon of their opinions, contrary to the doctrines and principles of the are used principally for smelting iron ores, and con- exploits uponthecompany.' - Cllier. Christian religion, greatly tending to the dishonor of sist essentially of a long narrow funnel inverted upon Bla'zoasaer, n. One who blazons; a herald. Almighty God, and may prove destructive to the peace another shorter funnel, the whole being built of solid Blazonr'y, (blai'zon-re,) n. [A.S. blcsan; Ger. blasen, to and welfisre of this kingdom;" and enacts that if any per- masonry. They are usually 50 feet high by 15 feat in blow a horn; Fr. blasonnir, to blaze about, to makel pubson or persons having been educated in, or having mnade diameter at the largest part. At the bottom of the lic.] (Her.) The art of deciphering coats-of-arms; also, -a profession of the Christian religion within this realm, lower cone is a cylindrical hole, from which lead tihe that of expressing or describing a coat-of-arms in ap"shall by writing, printing, teaching, or advised speak- tuy-res, or blast-pipes, and the channel for the passage propiuate language. The word is supposed to be deing, deny any one of the persons of the Holy Trinity to of the melted slag, which rises on the top of the metal - rived from the German blasen, to blow, amud to have be God, or shall assert or maintain that there are more and overflows. At tile lowest part is the tap-lhole for originated in the cerenmonial of tournaments, froms which gods than one, or shall deny the Christian religion to drawing off the melted metal. At time top is a gallery so many other terms and usages in heraldry are derived; be true, or the Holy Scriptuses of the Old and New Tes- for the conveyance of fuel and ore. The B.-:'. beinmg it having been customary on these solemn occasions for lament to be of divine authority, shall, for the first ligihted with coasl, the roasted ore, combined with a flux the herald to blow a trnusmset vwhen he called out the offence, be adjuidged incrapabltue of holding any office or of limestone, is thrown in; upon this is thrown another arms of a tmnight on usshering him into the lists. The employmeut, ecclesiastical, civil, or miitasry; and, on a layer of coal, and so on; as the fuel borus awav, the principal rules for blazoning costs-of-arms, according to second conviction, shall be disabled to sue, prosecute, mass sinsts, and is replenishmed wsith fuel, flux, and ore English usage, are as followes; (bust on the Continent they plead, or use any action in any court of law or equity, from time lop. - See HoT DBLSeI', and Iao0. are ulot ill observed aviths strict adherence:) 1. In usu,'and suhall also suffer imprisoiment for three yeatrs." The BIast'lnag, nt. A blast. — Bestruction by a pernicious shalling coats-of-arms it is fielse hleraldry to place metaI main provisions of this Act remsain still in force; bht Isy cauese. upon metal, or color upon color. 2. Begin with men. 53 Ceo. III. c. 1{0, those who deny thie doctrine of thie (Minaing and Quassying.) An operation by which tioning the metal or color of which the field is cornTrinity are exempted fiomln its penalties. In 1841, the large msasses of rnoct sire separated by means of the ex- posed, stating the direction of the lines by whichs it may law against blaspheausy was euforced upon IMr. t'oxon plosion of gunpowder or guun-cotton. A smasell opening happen to be divided; as, per be.nd, pet fess, quarte-ly, for publishing an edition of Shelley's "Queen Matib;" is bored in the rock or stone, and filled seitl? gunpowder, &c., and if they assume other forms than the simple but the sentence was merely momin al. In Scothind, nitro-glycerine,nor gun-cotton, and is firedby means of a straight lines, (see ENoanRLED, WAVY, RAnULY, &C.,) and lhasphemy was, by Acts of the Scottish parliament fuse or train. Inenginssnine operations of large magni- then proceed to the principal and secotidary charges in 304 BLEA BLEE BLEM order. 3. Shorten the description as much as possible, the tail forked. Bleaks generally keep together in large dian basilic are the two most generally selected for the and avoid all repetition of the names of metals and shoals; and at certain seasons they are observed to operation. In fleshy and robust persons, the median colors, mentioning a charge of any color or metal that tumble about near the surface of the water as if in- basilic is the most convenient vein to open, because it is has been named before, as of thefjrst, of the second, &c. capable of swimming to any considerable distance; but the most prominent, and thile largest; but in thin or Thus the coat-of-arms in fig. 370 in a short time they recover, and presently disappear. emaciated individuals the median cephalic should be would be described as urgent, on F"1, It is from the scales of this fish that the beautiful sil- selected. And for these reasons: that under the first a bsend engruaicd gules, bctween very matter used in the preparation of artificial pearls runs the brachial artery, separated from the vein, in two hurts, a mullet or, pierced of is chiefly taken; other bright-scaled fishes may, how- stout people, by some depth of cellular tissue, but in the second between two crescents ever, be used for the same purpose. By contraction it is emaciated subjects only divided by the thin fascia or of the first; in which the field is often called BLAY. apeneurosis of the adjacent tendon; while crossing the first mentioned; then the princi- Bleak, (blle,) a. [A. S. blac, blac. See BLACK.] Pale; median cephalic are the nerves of tlhesurrounding cutipal charges on the field; and bleached, blighted, or blackened by piercing cold. cle. The danger of bleeding in the former is tihe tfear of thirdly, time charges on the ordi-., Intreat thie North transfixing thie vein, and wounding the artery beneath, nary, in their proper metals and To make his bleak winds kiss my parched lips, causing an aneurism; while in the latter the thing to tinctures, without repetition. 4. Ad comfort me with sold." - Shaks. be apprehended is pricking the nervous filaments, and In describing charges in a field or — Chill; cold; dreary; desolate. thereby causing neuralgia. But as every part of the body on an ordinary, between others "g. 370. Say, will he bless the bleak Atlantic shore? " -Pope. is beset by risks of a similar character, the operator — of a different nature, always namno Blealk'i!sh, a. Moderately bleak. bearing in mind the caution given as respects the median that charge first which is nearest to the centre of the Bleak'ly, adv. In a bleak manner. basilic in persons of spare habits, and observing the telshield. Thus, in the above example, it is correct to say, Bleak'ness, n. State or quality of being bleak; open- lowing instructions-must take the hazard, and, as a gena mullet between two crescents, not, two crescents withi ness of situation; exposure to the wind; hence, coldness. eral rule, select the median basilic vein for his operation. a mullet between them. 5. Wlhen animals, plants, &c. Blear, (blr.,) a. [0. Ger. bldtnra; itu. blaar; Dan. Mode ofPrFceeding. Befbre commencing his operation, are represented in their natural colors, they must be blcere, a blister, bladder, or bubble.] Sore, as with pus- the person about to bleed must prepare his pledgets and described as proper only, without namning any metal or tules or blisters; dinimed or impaired, as the eyes. bandage: the firslt consists of two slips of lint or linen color; thus we mnust say, a swan proper, not, a swan ar- -v. a. To make sore; to dim or impair with soreness, as rag, each slip folded up and doubled, one into a flat pad gent. — See PoINTs; TINCTURE; CHARGE; ORDImNAY. the eyes. or compress about an inch square, the other a little ]Blea, n. [Scottish biea, pale, livid.] The wood that is Blear.ed, p.a. Dimmed by soreness, or by a watery larger and thicker; the bandage or fillet should be a just under the bark ofa tree. humor. piece of broad tape or ribbon 1'2 yards long. Having Bleach, (bljch,) v. [aA. S. blcecan, from blaec, blac, pale. Blear"edness, n. The state of being bleared. arranged these necessary articles, he must provide himSee BLOCxK] To make white or whiter; commonly, to Blear'-eye, n. (Med.) The LmiPPTUDE, q. v. self with a basin and the handle of a broom, or any whiten by exposureo to the open air. Blear'-eyed, p. a. Having sore eyes.-Wanting dis- stick of similar proportions. The next duty is to select a -v. n. To grow white in any manner. cernment. fitting lancet, choosing one with rather broad shoulders, Bleach'er, n. One who bleaches. Bleat, (blit,) v. so. [A. L. bloZtan, formed from the sound.] and bending the blade to nearly right angles with the Bleach'ery, na. A place for bleaching. To make the noise of a sheep. handle. Having selected the vein by grasping the arm Bleaeh'ing, n. The act or art of whitening, especially — n. The cry of a sheep. for a moment with his hand, to make the vessels discloth. - (Chsea. and Meaf.) This process consists in a se- IBleat'ing, n. The same as BLEAT. tend, the operator should place his finger on the vein ries of operations, by which the natural colors of various Bleb, n. A BLISTER, q. v. lie purposes to open; and if he feels an evident pulsubstances are discharged so as to whiten them. It is IBleb'by, a. Full of blebs. sation beneath; he must select another, unless he is effected either by the action of various solvents, aided Bled, imp. and part. of BLEED, q. v. a practical operator and can open it without danger. by exposure to light, air, and moisture, upon the bleach- BIled'soe, in Tennessee, a S.E. central county, washed The fillet is next to be doubled, and passed twice round ing —ground; or by the aid of chlorine. Cotton is more by Sequatchie River; surface, generally mountainous; the arm some few inches above the elbow-joint, and easily bleached than linen, in consequence of its being area, about 330 sq. m.; cap. Pikeville; pop. abt. 5,000. drawing it moderately tight, the operator should place originally whiter, and having a less powerful attraction Bled'soe, in Missouri, a post-office of Hickory co. the finger on the vein, to feel if any pulsation exists befor the coloring-matter. In bleaching these goods upon Bled'soe's Landing, in Arkansas, a post-office of low; it' satisfactory, the thumb of the left hand is lobe the old pilnciple, warm water is first liberally applied Chittenden co. pressed on the vein a little below where he intends to to removp the weaver's paste or dressing; they are then ]Bleed, (blid,) v. n. (imp. and pp. BLED.) [A. S. bledan. open it. The lancet is now to be grasped by the blade, bucked, or boiled in a weak allkaline lye; and after hay- See BLooD.] To emit blood; to lose blood. lightly but firmly, between the right thumb and finger, ing been well washed, are spread out upon the grass, so "Bleed, bleed, poor country I only the point and half of the shoulder of the instruas to be freely exposed to the joint agencies of light, air, Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure, merit protruding, and, resting the hand on the other and mmoisture; the bucking and exposure are alternately For goodnessdare not check thee I"- Staks. fingers, hie is to insert the lancet in an oblique direction repeated as often as necessary; the goods are then soured, -To feel pain or agony, as from bleeding. into the vessel, till the bloodmounts to the skin; he then that is, immersed in water slightly acidulated by sul- -To die by slaughter. brings up the instrument on as straight a line as posphuric acid; lastly, they are very thoroughly washed "The iamb thy riot dooms to bleedl to-day; sible -makinsg the wouand in the skin the sanme size as thlat and dried. By thiese oper:ttions the texture of the goods Had he thy reason, would he skip. and play?" -Pope. in the vein. He then puts down the lancet, and, taking is to a certain extent impaired, and much time is re- -To issue forth or drop, as blood. the basin, lifts his thumb from tihe vein and allows the qui'ed to complete the process, which cannot be car- "For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow, stream to ftll into the vessel in his hand; the broomried on in the winter months. But the exposure upon The coral redden, and the ruby glow." - Pope. handle, or any long stick, is next placed into tihe patient's the bleaching-ground is now to a great extent discon- -v. a. To let blood; to take blood firom. hand, both as a rest for the arm and to assist the flow tinned; and the same effect is obtained, after tihe pro-' That from a patriot of distinguished note, of blood, which it effects by the contraction of the muscess of bucking, by the action of weak solutions of chlo- Have bled and purg'd me to a single vote." -Pope. cles as he opens and shuts his fingers on the staff. The rine or of chloride of lime, which, if skilfully used, can Bleedinga, n. A discharge of blood. —See HEMORRHAGE.a amount of blood to be extracted depends upon circumscarcely be said to injure the goods more than the long BLEEDINGo, or BLOOD-LETTING. (Surg.) Any artificial dis- stances and the nature of the disease; the ordinary continued exposure. The theory of bleaching has not charge of blood from the body, performed for the pur- quantity is from 12 to 16 ounces. When sufficient has been satisfactorily developed; but, from such experi- pose of affording relief, or benefit, to an invalid. Bleed- been talken, the bandage is to be untied, when the blood ments as have been made in reference to it, it appears ing is divided into general or topical, or constitutional in general ceases to flow; whether so or not, when the to be a process of oxidizemrent, and to depend upon some and local. Bleeding from a vein or artery is an example tape is untied, the thumb is again to be placed on the peculiar influence of nascent oxygen, or perhaps of of the first; leeches, scarifications, and cupping are ins vein below the opening, and the arm supported in the ozone, upon the coloring-matter. - The color of mann- stances of tihe latter. Venesection, or phlebotomsy, ns operator's hand. Taking up the smallest pledget, he factured wool depends partly upon its own oil, and bleeding from a vein is usually called, is performed in dii places it round the incision, and, pressing the two edges partly upon the applications made to it in the loom. ferent parts of the body though the localities generally together, lays the compress oni the top of the cut, securThese are got rid of in the fulling-mill by the joint ac- selected are the necik, ing it with the thumb, while the thicker and larger tion of fuller's earth and soap; the cloth is then well arm, leg, and foot; the. pledget is being placed above it. HIe then shakes out washed and dried, and is tolerably white. If the slight part by common con- the fillet, and, placing the centre of it on the compress, yellow tint which it retains is objectionable, it is imo- sent adopted as the p. losses first one end and then the other obliquely over proved by adding a little stone-blue to the washing-water, most convenient, both and under the elbow, tying the two ends on the top of or by exposure to the fumes of burning sulphur; this for the patient and the compress; the cut in the vein heals very quickly, latter method, however, renders it more harsh, and if at' surgeon, is the arm.- and after a day the bandage may be left off entirely. terwards soaped, its yellowishness returns. The color The person may be Sometimes, though the opening is sufficiently large, the of raw silk depends upon a natural yellow varnish, bled either lying, sit- blood will not fow; this often arises from the fillet which is gotrid of by boiling it in white soap and water, ting, or standing; but being tied too tightly. All that is necessary, in that and by repeated rinsings. Certain articles of woven cot- when at all likely to case, is to slacken the bandage so as not to impede the ton, such as stockings, are bleached as usual, and fin- faint during the opera- icurrent in the arteries, and after a few minutes the ished by the action of sulphurous acid, or the fumes of tion, the sitting post- blood will flow steadily. Semetimes, in languid constiburning sulphur. Straw is also whitened by a simnilar ure should be adopted. -"" tutions, it is necessary to plunge the hand and part of operation, and hence blesached strav hats are apt to I is sometimes desira- the fore-arm in hlot water to induce the blood to flow. have a disagreeable sulphurous smell. ble to produce sickness When a vein is opened in the foot or instep, the process Bleaeh'ing-Powder, n. The most important is the or fainting, so as to re- is nearly the same. As opening the external jugular chloride of lime. It is prepared by exposimg slaked lax the muscles of thie vein is an operation of extreme delicacy, and could never lime to the action of chlorine gas. Slaked lime may be body, as in cases of disJ- be undertaken with safety by a non-professional person, made to combine with half its weight of chlorine. location ofthe hip-joint we deem it unnecessary to describe the mode of proChemists are divided as to the true composition of this and rupture, when the..'.'- c I edure. -We have already spoken of the opening of valuable compound, some looking on it as a hypochlo- person should be bleds / arteries under the word ARTERIOTOIe~. — The only arrite of lime, CaO,CIO, united with chloride of calcium, standing, and from a tery that a non-medical person would be justified in CaC1, while others regard it as a combination of chlorinm large opening The pening is one of the branches of the temporal artery, with oxide of calcium, in the formn of an oxychloride, arm has been selected which, in cases of apoplexy, or urgent affections of the CaOC1. Chloride of lime is a white, moist powder, con- for bleeding fmom the l head, might be rendered necessary. To effect this, all isuas agbleaching aof n;for butolteis aloe poinsea die mere pr einn tre thatempleqwithte thumb and fimoge of the leftbn tinually giving off hypochlorous acid. Its principal,se fc that is requisite is to stretch thee skin tightly across the is as a bleaching agent; but it is also emiployed as a dis- more prominent there, temple with the thumb a~nd finger of the left hand; infectant with great success. —See CALcmuem (CmnILo'I.avOF). and more easily reach- then, with a bistoury, make a small incision through Bleak, me. (Zob'l.) The Le/ciscecs albesrnecs, a little Mala- ed at the bend of the the cuticle on tbie top of the artery, which, in turn, copterygious fish, beslonga to the famlly of cypein~ida, arm than elsewhere. [ is to be opened with the point of the lancet, and the very common in the rivers of Europe; length about At this spot there amre blood, as much as necessary, alhswed to spring forth in 5 or 6 inches; four veins, fimom any Peg 372 TEmNS OF THE AP5C leaps; three or four conmpresses being plasced over it, shape slender, o omof which the su'geeon may bleed. Running up the and a firm and steatdy pressure established by means of with the body ~ outside of the arm is the boo/sic vein, A; a corresponding the pledget. much compress- -... vein ascends on the inner side, called the cephatic vein, B. Bleeee', or BLEECKER, in N. York, a post-township-of ed; color bright df7ff0.1' - - The median vein of the fore-arm splits into two branches, Fulton co., 50 m. N.W. of Albany. silvery~the beock ~ one rmmning obliqumely outward to join the basilie, and Blem'ish, v. a. [Fr. blemir; Icel. blanmi, the livid color olive-green; fins called the median basilic, C; and the other crossing oh- of a bruise.] To moke pale, wan, or livid; to injure or pellucid; scales liquely invwards tojoin the cephalic, and called themecdian impair. - To marik with any deformity; to mar; to tardeciduous; and Fsq. 371B. —LEAKc, (Leuciscus alburnus.) cephsalic, ID. Of these four, the median cephalic and me- nish; to taint; to sully. BLES BLIG BLIN 305 — n. A livid spot; a mark of deformity; a scar or defect; Blessed, a. Happy; joyous; glad; prosperous. transpiration of water from the leaves taking place with speck, spot, or flaw. - Reproach; fault; stain; taint; "All generations shall call me blessed." - Luke i. 48. greater rapidity than it can be supplied bythe absorpdishonor. -Pertaining to, or fraught with, happiness. tion of the roots, and also by the roots becoming attacked Bleml'ishless, a. That is without blemish or spot. Oh I blessed with temper whose unclouded ray by fungous spawn. In very hot weather in sumnner, Blench, v. n. To shrink; to start back; to flinch. (o.) Can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day. - Pope. branches of fruit-trees trained against walls, or of gooseBlend, v. a. [A. S. blendan; Icel. and Sw. blanda; -Enjoying supreme felicity; holy and happy; happy in berry bushes on espaliers, are sometimes withered Goth. blandan.] To mix or mingle together; to con- heaven. up in a few minutes from this cause. What countryfound. " For all we knew men call the blight on standard apple- or other fruittHe had his calmer influence, and his mien Of what the blessed do above, trees in orchards is commonly notth.ing more than the Did love and majesty together blend." -Dryden. Is. that they sing and that they love." - Waller. injuries done to the leaves and buds by the caterpillars Bleande, n, (Min.) A sulphide of zinc. See ZINc. -Heavenly; sanctified by holy associations. of certain iioths; that on thorn hedges, by the caterBlend'er, n. One who blends. " And lay it lowly at His blessed feet.,, -- Mlilton. pillar of the saw-fly, or of the ermnine, or of some other Blenud'ing, n. Act of mingling or blending. Bless'ledly, adv. Happily; fortunately. moths; and that on roses, by the aphides or green fly. (Paint.) A term synonymous with Melting. They im- "This cident f Cliophons taking, had s leedy prored -In a figuative sense, anything which destroys onu s "~~~~~This ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -I acif of Cigrtivesnse anything, wiha dobestrolys ponues ply thQ method of laying different tints on buildings, their mneeting. —Sidney. hopes, or frustrates one's aims; as, blighted hopes. trees, &c., so that they may mingle together while wet, Bless'ednuss, n. State of being happy or blessed; (Med.) A variety of tihe nettle lichen, (L. urticosus,) and render it impossible to discover where one color beatitude; sanctity; happiness; bliss; joy! heavenly consisting of an eruption on the human skin, of minute begins, and another ends. A variety of tints of nearly felicity. reddish principles, appearingin spots, or, more generally, the same tone, employed on the same object and o the Many times ha I... adired the lessedess f it."-Sidey diffused. "M hany times have I... admired the blessedness of it."' —idney. same part, gives a richness and mellowness to the effect; Blight, v. a. To affect with blight; to wither up; to while the outline, insensibly melting into the back- Single-besedne. Beig happy in the unmarried state; blast; to destroy; to corrupt with mildew; to frustrate. r, ~~~~self-centred or single happiness. ground, blends the objects together, and preserves them self-centred or single hainess. "And roughly blight the tender buds of joy, in unison. " Earthlier happy is the rose distill'd, Let reason teach."- Lytteltot. Than that, which withering on the virgin thorn, -v. i. To corrupt or wither, as by blight. Bless'don, in Michigan, a post-township of Ottawa co., Grows, lives, and dies in single-blessedness."-Saks.. i. T corrupt or wither, as by blight. about 16 mIn. W.S.W. of Grand Rapids; pop. about 450. Bess'e This,. (Bt.light'ed, p. a. Blasted; disappointed, or frustrated. Blessledl Thistle, n. (Bet.) See E-Nicus. Blien'don, im Ohio, a post-township of Franklin co.; Bless'er, nBight'ing, ppr. or a. Blasting; withering. _pop. about 1,300. onewho n. One who blesses, or confers a blessing; 01ght adv, By blasting, as if with noildew. pop. about 1,300. one who gives prosperity to anything. Bles'don Institute, in Ohio, a village of Blendon e Th giver s the gift r oser f the action." - Taylor. Blind, v. a. [A.S. blind; O. Ger. blint, fronm blinten, to township, Franklin co. make blind; allied to blink, or probably to blend.] To Blesl/dous, a. Pertaining to blende. BIess'ing, n. Any of the means of happiness; a gift, make blind; to deprive of sight. Blend'-water', n. A distemper incident to cattle, af- benefit, or advantage. " You nimble lightnings, dart your blinlding flames fecting the liver. "A just and wise magistrate is a blessing as extensive as the Into her scornful eyes." —Shaks. Blen'heim, or Blindheim, (BATTLE or.) See Hoem- commanity to which he belongs" - Atterbury. -To darken; to obscure; to eclipse; as, his eyes are SvacT. — Benediction; a wish of happiness pronounced; a prayer blinded to her fults. ST&DT. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~blinded to her faulits. Blen'heim, in N. York, a post-township of Schoharie imploring happiness upon. "So whirl the seas, such darkness blinds the sky, co., 42 min. W.S.W. of Albany; pop. about 1,600. "And the father layeth his hand upon her head and giveth the That the black night receives a darker dye." - Dryden. Blen'nervlle, in Ireland, a small seaport town, co. blessing." — Bacon. -Destitute of sight; wanting the faculty of vision, unable Kerry, on Tralee Bay; pop. 266. (Script.) A gift or present, attended with the benedic- to see; as, bliod as a bat. Kerry, on Tralee Bay; pop. 266. tion or good wishes of these; as, lind aiavert Blen'ning, n. (Zot'l.) Same as BLENNIUS, q. V. tion or good wishes of the giver. "The blind old man of Scio's rocky isle." - Byron. Blen'nitsi, n. [Gr. blenna, mucus.] (Zobl.) A genus of "And Jacob said, receive my present at my hand; take, Ipray -Intellectually dark; unable to judge or discern ignofishes of the family Gobidce, distinguished by having a thee my blessing that is brought to thee." - Gen. xxxiii. 11. rant; as, a man is blind to his own intereste. single dorsal fin, smooth skin, and ventrals under the BIless'inagton, MARGUtRITE PowERI, COUNTSS OF, an "Be her virtues very kind; throat. The species are found in small comumunities Irish lady, celebrated for her beauty, accomplishmients, He Is her fauts ate eird Be to her faults a little blind." — Prior. among the rocks near the shore, and are capable of liv- and literary productions, n. 1789. At the earlyage of 15 — Depraved; used in a moral sense. ing without watetr for sone timos. Tlsey are all small, she contracted an ill-fated marriage with Captain Far- -Not discernible; unseen; out of public view; private. some of them only one or two inches long, and covered rser, and after his death the Earl of B. obtained her "How have we wanderd a long dismal night, with a slimny mucus. hand, in 1818. After hier marriage sle passed several, Led through blind paths by each deluding light." - Roscommon. ][]lennog'e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ous,~~~~ ~ ~ e a.rug Foring o pros yehdeucing mih. 2ucusmo. WBlenn~og-en~onus, a. Forming or prodscing mucus. years abroad, and formed an acquaintance with Lord -Without opening for light; closed; as, a blind alley Blensnorrhe a,' is. [Or. blenna, mucus, and seo, I flow.] Byron, which enabled her to publish one of her most — Undisce rning; undiscriminating; as, blind ith preju (Med.) An inordinate discharge or secretion of mucus, interesting works, her Conversations withi Lord Byron. dice. arising from wealkness. - See GONOHRH(EA. Soon after her husband's death, in 1829, she fixed her (Asch.) A screen or shade attached to either the inside Blent, pp. of BLEND, q. V. residence in London, and there were few literary celeb- or omtside of a window, as a protection against the sun. Blleos'tanlng, n. Mosaic pavement. rities, native or foreign, who did not share in the "feast Te most comon for of inside window-blind cosits Y-9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The most common form of inside window-blind consists Bieph'aris, n. (Zotil.) A genus of acanthopterygious of reason and the flow of soul" for which Gore House of a plain hanging ofunionholland,orlinen Thewirefishles, distinguished by their having long filaments to will be long remembered. Over and above the "Con- bn an inof ni wndolind c e oa blind, another kind of inside window-blind, consists ofe their second dorsal, anid to their anal fin rays. One spe- versations" above mentioned, Lady Blessington pub- firamne of woven wire-gauge, or of perforated zinc, and is cies, inhabiting the W. India seas, is known under thle lished many novels, besides several works full of per- frequently painted, and sometimes also lettered and figappellation of the cobbler-fish, probably on account of sonal anecdote, epigram, sentiment and description,suce ured. Outsido window-blinds are called uclorenine, Vethe long thread-lilke appendages, for which it is so con- as The idler in italy, The Idler in Franoce, &c. For many netian, Spani/s, and shutter-blinds. There are also other spicuous. years she edited the;Book of Beauty, and the Keeposake. ei,8pns adhutrbns.TrereloOhr spcuous. years elsye edited theld Boo/ oa Beauty, and the tKeepsa/1e. blinds for shop-fronts, skylights, &c., known by various Blepharoptt'siss, m. [Or. bleplhasron, an eyelid, and D. at Paris, 1849. names; as, cosmmon r'oller, springpatent, &c. ptesis, fall.] (Med.) A falling down of the upper eyelid Bles'siniorss, in Ireland, a market-town, co. Wick- — Something to mislead the eye or the understanding; over the eye, caused by a paralysis of the Levator palpe- low, near the Liffey, 18 m. S.W. of Dublin. as, that is only intended as a blind. brca superinus muscle. This paralysis is an unfavorable Blest, pp. of BLESS, q. v.aking the on a blind for the execution f the her. symptom, and it is generally connected with a state of Blest, a. Made happy.g te one a lind for the eecutin f y. the brain favoring apoplexy or palsy. "1 I die - but first I have possess'd, -n. (Fort.) See BLINDAGE. Decy of Piey Blephli'lia, n. (Bot.) A genus of unimportant plants, And come what may I have beenu blest." - Byron. Blind, ('Fhe,) is a term applied to those who are deorder Lamiacece. — Cheering; nmaking happy; as, "1Blest paper credit!'" prived of the use of sight. There is none of the senses Blere, a town of France, dep. Indre et Loire, cap. of ospe. that affords such an endless variety of perceptions, such cant. on the Cher, 17 m. E.S.E. of Tours. The castle Blet, n. [Fr. blette.] A decayed mark, or excrescence, on a fund of materials for the mind - the imagination, to of Chenonceaux, once the property and residence of the fruit.-Lindley. work upon, as that of sight. When one considers the celebrated Diana of Poitiers (q. v.), is situated in the im- Blet'tinag, n. Marked or spotted surface of decompos- infinitely greater amount of information that is received mediate vicinity. Diana, having been dispossessed of ing fruit, by the eye than by the ear, he is naturally led to the the castle by her rival, Queen Catherine de Medicis, the Blen de ]Paris. [Fr.] (Dyeing.) A fine blue dye, ob- conclusion that the blind must be in a much more helplatter surrounded it with a superb park.. After matny vicis- tained by the action of bichloride of tin on anilines less and pitiable condition than the deaf. In reality, situdes, it was acquired, in 1733, by M. Dupin, a gentle- B]lew, pret. of BLow, q. v. however, this is found not to be the case; and various man distinguished by his wealth and learning, but more Bleyme, (bheer,) n. [See BLAIN.] (Far'ie'ry.) An in- attempts have been made to account for it. The blind, by the wit and beauty of his wife. Under its new master, flanimnation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and as a class, are lively and cheerful; the deaf, shy and Chenonceaux becamne the resort of some of the most il- thIe bone. -Johnson. melancholy, often morose and suspicious. "Take," says lustrious personages of the 18th century, including, Bligh'ia, n. (Bot.) A genus ofplants, order Sapindaceme. Dr. Watson, "a boy, it may be, of 9 or 10 years of age, among others, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Buffon, Fonte- Its only species is B. sapida, the Akee, an eatable fruit who has never seen the light, and you will find him connelle, and Bolingbroke. Rousseau wrote several pieces of the W. Indies and S. America. The edible portion is versible, and ready to give long narratives of past occurfor the theatre at Chenonceatux, and it was here that the the aril, a white spongy substance in which the seeds rences, &c. Place by his side a boy of the same age, who Devin de Village first appeared. Chenonceaux escaped are partially imbedded; and this, in tropical countries, is has had the misfortune to be born deaf, and observe tihe the revolutionary frenzy, and continues to be one of the found to possess grateful subacid qualities. The Akee contrast. The latter is insensible to all you say; he most interesting objects in this part of France. Pop. forms a small tree with pinnated leaves. smiles, perhaps, and his countenanice is brightened by 3,721. Blightl, (blft,) n. [O. Ger, bleik, pale: p-leihhil,he, she, or the beams of holy light; he enjoys the face of naBless, v. a. (imp. and pp. BLESSED, or BLEST.) [A. S. it is pale, from bleichen, to whiten; A. S. blcecan, to lure, nay, reads with attention your features, and, by bledsian, bletsian, from blithe, blithe, joyful, merry; bleach.] That which renders pale or white; that which sympathy, reflects your smile or'frown. But he remains Swed. and Goth. blezan, or blizt, blessing; Goth, bleiths, destroys or withers up; mildew; anything nipping or mute; he gives no account of past experience or of future merciful.] To miake blithe, joyous, or glad; to make blasting, - a term in common else for supposed injuries hope, if you attempt to draw something of this sort from happy or prosperous; to render successful received by plants from atmniospheric influences. Before him; he tries to understand and to make himself under-'It is twice bless'd, effects were traced to their cause with the same care stood, but he can not, He beconmes embarrassed; you It blesselth him that gives, and hinm that takes.'" — Shake. that they are at present, the sudden discoloration of feel for him, and turn away from a scene too trying, -To invoke a blessg upo: to wis appines to the leaves of plants, their death, or their being covered under the impression that, of these two children of nisT: inoeaBlessehisg stapo n tohinsitur. — Appinesto. Blesses his star, and thinks it ury. -Addis with minute insects or small excrescences, was called fortune, the comparison is greatly in favor of the blind, by the general noame of blight; and this blight wasn at- who appears by his language to enter into all your feel-To consecrate and set apart by prayer. tributed to some mysterious influence in the air, to the ings and conceptions, while the unfortunate deaf-mute "~e blessed, and brakre, and gave the loaves." — Jfatlsem. east wind or to thunder, because these states of tile at- can hardly be regarded as a rational being, yet he pos-To praise; to extol; to glorify. soosphlese commonly accompanied the plhenomsena. It sesses all the advantages of visual information as direct is now fousnd that what is called blight is in some cases sensation." The cause is not, that the blind possess a adored; and honored by all forever. - Hooker. the effect of insects, to the progress of which the dry staste greater, or anything like an equal stock of materials for of the atmosplhere produsced by east winds is peculiarlry mental operations, but that "they possess an invaluable fisvorable; while in other cases it is caused by parasiti- engine for forwarding these operations, however scanty — To wave, brandish, or flouosish about. (a) cols fungi. The appearance of these fungi on corn crops the materials to operate upon artificial language," which His sparkling Sude about his heud he bleat. - Soenser. is firequently designated by fotrmers as the fire-blast; is the medium of thinskisig; and "its value to a man is To blessfrom. To preserve, keep, or secure friom. while on peach asod other trees in gaordens it is called nearly equivalent to that of his reasoning faculties." "The bellman's drowsy charm mildew. - The sudden death of plants without apparenst The truth is, that the deaf are far more isolated all their To bless the doors from nightly harm." —Bilton. cause, and also the withering and dryimng up of part of lives from those that hear than the blind are from those Bl]ess'yolE, ns. A fleet antelope of S. Africa, Gazellec their leaves and branches, to which appoearmance the term that See. "Our interest in each othes'," says Dr. Wilson, alb~fo-oe. blight should perhaps be restricted, are puotluced by the "far exceeds, and ought to exceed, our interest in the VOL. I. IN39S TN2ET 306 BLIN BLIN BUS world; and from all this human sympathy the deaf are capitals; while it must be much more difficult to mas- Blindliseim, (blind'hTme.) See IOCHSTcADT. almost totally cut off; while the blind, excused from ter, and must give rise to frequent confusion. The New Blinld Ilookey, n. (Games.) A game at cards, which many duties, which the seeing can only discharge, are Testament in Alston's system is comprised within 623 is played thus: when the cards are shuffled and cut, peculiarly free to indulge in gossip with their more pages; whereas, in Lucas's it occupies 841. The system they are divided by the youngest hand into as many favored neighbors, and can largely exchange opinions of Frere is also stenographic, founded on Gurney's short- portions, faces downwards, as there are players. The with them. Moreover, the blind can scarcely ftil to find hana, as that of Lucas was on Byrom's. Its distinctive eldest hand then gives tie dealer any one of the packs, their own tastes suited in some portion of the talk of feature, as compared with Lucas's, is, that it is phonetic, and the other players take each a portion, upon whichl their neighbors; "-" whilst thie deaf, unless they have a the characters being intended to represent the simple tie stakes are placed. The dealer then turns up his lot, great aptitude for such occupations as employ the eye sounds of the English language, rather than the letters; and according as the card at bottom is higher or lower and the hand, are far more narrowed in their circle of and each word is represented according to its pronun- tian those oi his adversaries, is wins or loses. Thestudies and much more solitary than thie blind." There ciation. The alphabet is composed of thirty-two char- cards ranit as at Whist, and all ties are won by the dealer. have been blind travellers, like Itolman; blind poets, acters, to each of which is attached a short description Each party has the right to shuffle, and the left-hand like Homer, Milton, and Blacklock; blitd divines, like intended to fix niore strongly in the memory of the player cuts. Lucas and Troughton: blind mathematicians, like Saun- learner the force of the character. Thie vowels are re- Blinvd'ing, ppr. or a. Depriving of sight or of underderson and Moyes; blind naturalists, like Ituber; blind presented by simple dots, which, in different positions, standing; obscuring, as, blindtin:g tears. historians, like Prescott; blind musicians, blind sculp- represent the difierent vowels, and are divided into five Blind'ly, adv. Without sight or understanding. — tors, blind mechanicians; indeed, Dr. Reid asserts that long and five short. There are also twelve rules in verse Heedlessly; implicitly; inconsiderately. "sight discovers almost nothing which the blind may for teaching the learner how to supply the omitted vow- Those who will not without examining submit. and blindly not comprehend." But their conceptions of many things els correctly. Mr. Moon's system is certdinly the best of follow their nonsense." -Locke. must, at least, be very imnperfect; light, color, and space, the arbitrary systems. His alphabet consists of "tthe Blind'ma an, n. A man who is blind; a sightless man. must ever be words which they cannot fully realize. The common letters simplified;" in other words, six of the -A phrase employed in the English post-offices, to deblind are able to make up, in great measure, for their Roman letters remain unaltered; twelve others have nominate a person who has charge of deciphering or want of sight by the greater development of their othier parts left out, so as to be open to the touch; the rest are elucidating bad, indistinct, or mysterious addresses of senses. By assiduous application and attention, the senses new and simple forms. It will be found, however, on letters. of touch and hearing become much more delicate and examination, that the resemblance between Mr. Moon's Blind'nmanl's-buff, n. (Pastimes.) A play or pastime acute. It has even been said that some have been able letters and the Roman capitals is by no mearits so great indulged in by a company of persons assembled together, to distinguish colors by meanis of touch; but this seems as one might expect from his statement. "A letter," he in which one person is blindfolded, and in this way has very doubtful. By accutrately distinguishing the various says, "musst consist of only one or two lines, to be felt to hunt out the others kinds and modifications of sound, they are able to form by thie thick finger of ass adult." The words are all spelt' At blindman's.sbuff to grope his way." - Hudibras. correct ideas on smany subjects. Much, too, depends at full lensgth. Mr. Moon's system is, however, the most Biind'ness. n. State of being blind; want of bodily upon the memory, which, froom exercise, beconmes much cumbrous and expensive that has yet been devised-cir- sight; want of intellectual or moral discernment; ignomore retentive than in men not deprived of sight. —It is cumstances which are much against its popularity. An rauce. estimated that there are no tower than 3,000,000 of blind ingenious "string alphabet," for enabling the blind to Blind'-side, n. The side most vulnerable to assault; persons in the world at the present tinme. Of this nunm- read and write or correspond with each other, was in- weakness; foible; weak part; as,'"This is one of his her, the proportion attaching to the population of our vented some time ago by David Macbeath and Robert blind-sides." - Swift. country will be found, with other statistics on titis inter- Milne, two inmates of the Edinburgh Asylum, and has Blind'tstory, n. (Archi.) A term sometimes employed esting, subject, under the head of UNITED ST.ArTES. been hbund to answer its purpose remarkably well. The in medimvevl architecture to denote tse tiiu of a 1-1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~i feiedaietr o dnt h rfrium of a BLIND, EDUCATION OF THE. It was not till towards the close different letters of the alphabet are represented by dif- church, in contradistinction to the clerestory. of tihe last century that any effort was made for the edu- ferent kinds and combinations of knots on a cord. They Blind'-worta-, i. (Zot1.) The commnon name of the cation of the blind. The first school established for that are distributed into seven classes, each class compre- genus Asnguis, fanmily Chalcidce or Glass-snakes, which purpose was that of Paris, founded in 1784. It was tol- hending four letters, except the last, which has only mmy be said to form the connecting link between the lowed by those of Liverpool, Edinburgh, and London, two. The first, or A class, is distinguished by a large lizards and the true serpents. Thte name is more espeestablished in 1790, 1791, anid 1800 respectively. Since round knot; the second, or e class, by a knot project- cially applied to the slow-wo-rm. Though somewhat that time schools have been established in nmost of the ing firom the line; tihe tihird, or I class, by a series of formidable in appearance, the B. is perfectly innocuous. large cities and towns of Great Britain. One great ob- links, vulgarly called" the drummer's plhit; the foburth, Its usual length is about eleven inches; the head is stacle in the way of the education of the blind, are the or i class, by a simple noose; the filth, or Q class, by a small; the eyes are also small, and the irides red; the numerous systems that at present are in use for teach- noose with a net-knot cast on it; and the seventh, or Y neck is slender, and thence the body enlarges, continuing them to read. M. Hatiy wtas the inventor of the art class, by a twisted noose. The first letter of each class ing of equal bulk to the tip of the tail, which ends of printing in relief; but various attempts had been is denoted by the simple characteristic of that class; the bluntly, and is as long as the body. The general color mi;de before his time to give them a kniowledge of let- second, by the characteristic and a common knot close of the back is cinereous, marked with very small lines ters. The French system of M. Haiiy was subsequently to it; the third by the characteristic and a conmmon of mcinute black specks; tile scales are small, smooth, much improved upon by Mr. James Gall, of Edinburghs, knot half an inch fromn it. The mode of teaching and shining, of a silvery-yellow on the upper parts and who employed only one alphabet in place of two (capi- the blind by means of raised music is now little prac- dusky beneath; the tongue is broad and iforked, and the tal and small letters), and excluded curves and circles, tised, it being found, fromn their great strength of mern - teeth are very small and numerous. The B. feeds on substituting angles and strauight lines. I-Ce publishled ory, that they are able to learn very long pieces by earth-worms, insects, &c., and among the uninformed several preparatory books in this style for the use of the means of the ear alone. Embossed maps and globes are has the character of possessing the most deadly venom. blind. A lbw years later, in 1832, thie Society of Arts in employed for teachiing them geography; sand in addition The motion of this reptile is slow, fromnt which circumScotland offered their gold medal for the best alphabet to raised maps of the heavens, various ingenious con- stance, as well as firom the smallness of its eyes, its and method of printing for the use of the blind, which trivances have been resorted to for mahking them ac- names are derived. Lilke all the rest of the kind, they was awarded to Dr. Fry. Mr. Alston, of Glasgow, sub- quainted with different branches of astrononmical knowl- lie torpid during the winter, being sometimes found in sequently made various improvements upon Dr. Fry's sys- edge. They are instructed in arithmetic by means of vast numbers twisted together. tests, soas to render the letters sharper and moretangible. aboard containing a series of pentagonal holes, which Buink, v. i. [A.S. blican, to shine, to twinkle; Ger. The systems at present in use may be divided into two receive pentagonial pins, representing the ten digits. By blicken; O.Ger. blichan; Swed. bick-a.] To twinkle; to classes - the alphabetical and the arbitrary. The alpha- the use of such boards they may be carried to any ex- wink; to see obscurely or with the eyes partially closed. betical comprise: 1. Alston's system of Roman capitals; tent in arithmtetical knowledge. They may be tsaught': That, to trepan the one to think 2. the American system of smaller capitals, with serrated mathemiatics by means of a board full of small holes, The other, both strove to blink." - Hudibras. edges; 3. the French alphabetical; and4. Alston's modi- with a few pins fitted to them, seas to represent certain -To gleam or glimmer; to shine intermittingly, as a fled. The arbitrary systems are: 1. Lucas's; 2. Frere's; letters; while Waith a cord extended fromn the different lanmp. 3. Moon's; 4. Le Systemne Braille; and 5. Le Systime Car- points, are formed the lines of the figure or diaigram. -v. a. To shut the eyes upon; to shut out of sight; to ton. Each of these eystems has its advocates and adhe- The successof Saunderson, Moyes, oand others, sufficiently avoid, or purposely evade; as, to blink the subject. rents. Books are printed in them; and, as feBw blind per- proves that blindness is no great impediment to a -n. A glimpse, glance, or partial observation of anything; sons ever master more than one system, the books of knowledge of mathematic;s; indeed, accoriding to soue, as, a blink of light. - Fugitive or intermittent light or every ot]ier are unintelligible to thiem. Mr. E C..Johnson the blind possess great advantages. In the various edn- luminousness' a term used in Scotland and eome parts in his " Tangible Typography," thus lays down the condi- cational establishments for the blind, they are instruct- of England. tions to be satisfied in any system employed in the teach- ed in sundry manual occupations, as in the making of "A thief sae paukie is my Jean ing of the blind: "The system of embossed printing for baskets, mats, rugs, shoes, aind such like; for, in the To steal a blink by a' unseen." —BErns. their use should embrace at least the following features: words of Dr. Lettsom, " Ie who enables a blind person, -(Naut.) See ICE-BLNna. 1. It must resemble as nearly as possible the type in ordi- without any excess of labor, to earn his own livelihood, -pil. (8psorting.) A term used in some parts of England to nary use among those who have eyesight; (a) flthat the does him mnore real service than if lie had pensioned denominate boughs or brushwood employed to turm the blind scholar learning to read may have every possible him for life." course of deer or cattle. help from words which he may hive formerly seen, but Blind'age, BLIND, n. (Dirt.) A term applied to a screen Blink'ardl, n. [blinsk, and ard, kind.] A person who which now his fingers must decipher; (b) that he may temporarily constructed to shield soldiers from an blinks, or has bad or weak eyes. - Anything that twinderive help in learning fromn any one who can read an enemy's fire or reconnoissance. It is usually formed of kles or monieitarily glimmers, as a star shiining interordinary book, or, if needful, tihat Ihis friend may be able timber encircled with Lascines, and covered with earth, msittently. to read to him. 2. It must present the words correctly turf, brushwood, hides, &c. Blink'-beer, n. Beer kept unbroached until it is spelt in full, that, when he learns to write, ihe may do so Blind All-Fousas, n. (Games.) A game of All-fours sharp. — Webster. in a correct manner, which others can read. 3. The generally played by two persons. Each player has six Blink'er, nt. One who blinlkse. - (Saddlery.) An expanraisedl characters must be clear, sharp, and well-defined, cards, the first one played by the non-dealer being the sion of the side of a horse's bridle to prevent hims from which the finger hardened by long work and the Ikeen truamp. There is no begging, and the points are usually seeing on either side, but at the same time not to touch of the little chill may be able alike to discern." seven or ninet. At Blind All-fours, some reject the sixes obstruct his vision in front; sometimes called blissder, Time systemn of Mr. Alston is that waiich setems to mest and sevens, and count all the pips on all the cards for (Almost invariably used in the plural.) with most favor, as being that whiclh is most easily game. The score is usually taken on a cribbage-board, Blink'-eyed, a. Blear-eyed; as, a blink-eyed csone. learned and most nearly ullied to ordinary letters. He or by means of two cuards taken fromn the pack. - See Blinking, p. and a. Winking; twinkling; avoid, hus simply adopted the ordinary Roman letters in such AtL-FOURS. ing; as, a blinking lamp. a form as to be most easily felt. The American books Blind'-beetle, n. (ZOe1.) A name of the CocK- Bliss, n. [A.S. bliss. See BLESS.] Blessedness: supreme are printed on a modification of Alston's plan. They crinAa, q. v. felicity; full of complete happiness or enjoymesnt; hea, are smaller in bulk, and cheaper in cost than those pub- Blind'-eoal, n. (Min.) A name given in Scotland to vessly joys; as, an abode of bliss. liished in Englianod. It what are caluled the arbitrary ses- anthracite, or flameleess coal. " Thou source of all my bliss and all my woe." — Goldsmith, tems, in plice of time ordinary letters of the alphabet, Blinti'ed, pp. or a. Made darlc or obscure; deprived of Bliss, in Missouri, a post-office of Miller co. atrbitr'ary chairacters are adopted. One of tlhe principal sight; deprived of morel or intellectumal discernmrent. Bliss'field, in Michigan, it post-village anid tow-nslsip. of thsese is the systems of Mr. H. T, Lucas, which pro- Blinld'er, n. A person who blinids another-n..i. of Lenawee co., on Raisin River, 22s m. N.W of Toledo, fesses to be to a blind person what stenography is to a Saene as BsINmS RS, q. V. and 10 fl-om Adrian. 14op. of township abt. 2,190. seeing person. I!is alphlabet is conmposed of thiity-six B.linei'fissb, n. (Zob't.) See is'YPstDog. BIliss'f ml, a. l'ull of bliss; fumli of joy and felicity; as, character's, ten of whicrl repsrsent double letters. Not ]llind'Otil,, a. Cinving somuethinsg folded over the eyes blis.sful days. only are all letters omitted that are not necessary to the so as to blind; having the mental vision darkened. Biiss'fsslly, adv. In a blissful manner. somndi, but in many cases single letters stand for words; "Wieho bliuidfolid wtlc asse a steer's belt, Bliss'fmslmses, n. Exalted Isppinees; felicity; fblas i for the; y, yet; m u, me; 8, tsy, &c. The advantage When he should see, has he deserved to swim?" —Drycee. oesS of joy. claimed lbr this system is the saving of types, paper, and — v. a. To fold sonsething oves' tile eyes so as to blind; to Blis s'ess, a. Wanting, or avithout, bliss. (r.) labor in the printing of books; but this is found not to cover tie eyes; Co iider fuoso sesisg. Bhis'eemn, e. i. [AS. blithe, spmightly.j To be reedy to be thinsedase, wen' the choaacters ocrupy more specs thon And shen they lad blindtfoaled him, shey struck him en the receive the ram, as wlsen a sheep is in heat, $f the words were all written at full length in Roman face." -busts xxii. Ci. -e us. To tup like a s-scm. BLOB BLOC BLOIN 307 liBs'iter, n. [Ger. blase, and blatter, a vesicle, pustule; Bloch, MARY ElIEAZAR, (block,) a German naturalist, B. — v. a. To block up or close up a town or fortress by ships blasen; 0. Ger. blahan, to blow.] A pustule or thin wa- at Anspach, 1723. His Natural Hi.story of Fishes, with of war or troops; to besiege or beleaguer closely. tery bladder on the skin, containing serum. It muay be 432 plates, which has been translated into French, and Bloeka(l'er, n. One who, or that which, blockades. occstioned by a burn or other injury, or by a vesicatory. forms 12 vols. folio, is one of the finest works of its kind. Bslockadle' —runner, n. (Naut.) The name generally - Any sweiling made by the separation of' a film from D. 1799. given to a class of vessels built for the special object of the other parts, as that of iron caused by bubbles of air. B1 ok, (blok,) n. [Du. blok; Ger. block; 0. Ger. bloch; running into a blockaded port. (Med.) Any substance which, applied to the skin, raises Gael. bloc, round or bicular.] A solid log of timber, mass ]Blekock'-cornisee, Bloeak'.-entab-atus'.e, n. the eouter cuticle, or scarflskin, in blisters or rpustules, of stone, metal, &c.; a lump or mass of solid miatter, (Arch.) Ornamentation frequently iused to finish plain and fills the sptace between that and the true skin with generally presenting two plane faces; as, a block of buildlings where none of the regular orders have been a watery fluid, called serum, separated from the blood marble. employed. Of this kind there is a very beautiiful examby the stimulating potency of the article employed. B. "II For want of a block he will stumble at a straw.-' -- Swift. pie composed by Vignola, much used in Italy, and emare either of the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdom. -A block of wood used for decapitating crimuinals. ployed by Sir Christopher Wren to finish the second deThe following are the chief articles used for that pur- " I'll drag him thence, sign of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. pose: Spanish flies, or cantharides; mustard, nuphor- Even from the holy altar to the block." - Dryden. BIlock2eos, in N. Carolina, a P. 0. of Cumberland co. biumi, urezereon, savin, croton oil, common nettle, andi -A wooden mould, or that on which anything is formed Block'head, n. A stupid, obtuse fellow; a dolt. steam; tartrrate of antimony, niitrate of silver, armmonia, or framed; as, a hat-blrockc. "The bookful blockheadE ignorantly read, nitric acid, acetic acid, and caustic potash. - B. are ap' He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat it everWih loads o learned lumber in his hed." -Poe. plied either in the form of a plaster, or in the liquid changes ith the next block." - Slaks. Block'headed, a. Stupid; obtuse; dull of conmprestate, as may suit the convenience of the operatori. -In the U. States, a square or connected mass of build- hension. Their obj ect is to draav awvay, tby coumitem-irritation, any -I h.Saeasur rcnetdms fbi~ inflammTheir object is to drawom a way, by counter- direcitation, any lgs. - Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction; a stop; "Says a blockheaded boy, thess are villainsus creatores." inflannmatory appied. Lat th have been reatl a hindrance; an obstacle. L'Estrange. a hindrance; an obstacle. LEtalt dies cannot be applied. Latterly they have been greatly No crime i blght ock'headisnm, n. State or character of being a used for the purpose of dispersing glandular tumors, and Decay of Piety. blockhead. also for indolent ulcers. B. made from cantharides, sbloeklheadly, a. Resembling ablockhead; as, "Some whenr applied for too great length of time, produce dis- -A blockhead; an obtase fellow. (o.) blckheadly heo. - Drlyden. n II ~~~~~~What tongueless blocks were they, -would they not speak? lchal heo"-Drdn tressing affections of the urirnry bladder. A piece of What tsngeles blocks were they, would they not spe bE a ure n. (- i.) A workeof defence, formed 8/inks. Block'hosese, a. (Mil.) A work of defence, formed silver paper, or gauze wet with vinegar, is often laid be- principally, as the name implies, of logs of timber. It tweon the B. and the skin when it is applied to children (Falconry.) A perch for a falcon or other bird of prey may be built by itself, in which case it may be looked and thin-skinned people. Mustard B. are seldom kept (Arch.) [Fr. bloc.] A term applied to lardge, unworked on as a sall independet fort; or it ma be situated in on long enough to produce B. In every case a B. should masses of marble or sto; r; it is also used to denote a the interior of fleld-woris, when it becomes a sitrendlr' t' - -nice, or the small projections left on ~~~~~the interior of field-works, when it becomes a retrenchnot be kept lorn applied, and great cleanliness is neces- modillion iii a cornice, or tre smashm projections left on umsent, used for the same purposes as erections of a somesary in dressing the part. Sores which have taken an the stones of some buildings, which ame supposed to what similar nature, called blindages. unhealthy action have often been produced by keeping have been indications of the unfinished state of the B 1ockhloaase, in Pennsylvania, a village of Liberty B. too long upon children. work, though they are discovered upon some elaborately township, Tioga co., 30 m. N. of Williamsport. -e. i. To rise in blisters, finished buildings, such as the choragic monument of l g se,. (Arch.) A course of masonry -v.mbTorise i nee blisters loathling- e n.(rh.Acorefmasnrs, "Embrace thy knees with rosebhng hands, T hrasyllus. The introduction of the blocks on theioreofthecblocksons a.(Arch.Am-s EmL' E ~brace thy knees with loathing han~~ds, Tor br'ick-work, laid on the top of a cornice crowning a Which blister wa-en they touch shee. - Drydenm. stones of the Pont-du-Gard (Fig. 163) is a striking illus- wall. -v. a. To raise a blister or blisters; to apply a blistering (ration of their use. wl plaster to the skin. -To injure or cause pain to, as if (N'aut.) The shell or case that contains the wheel or itltedings n' p. (Carpentry.) Small pieces of wood steave of apulley, (which last term is never used t sea.) fitted in or glued, or fixed to the interior angle of two by a blister. sheave ofz pulley, (which last term is never used sot sea.) boards or other pieces, in order to give strength to the A. gentlcwoman of mine, who... ath blisterd her report." TWO or more blocks, with the rope, constitute what is joint. Slaksk. technically called a tackle. B. are of various kinds, B3locktish, n. Like a block; stupid; dull; inane. Blister-beetle, Blister-Bfly, n. (Zsal.) See CAN- being called sinHA Is. yl, double, triple, "And by decree let blockisk Ajax draw." - Shaks. TRA.P.1s. g~~~~~~~~~~~~le, double, triple,Blc IhyavInaspimner Blistered Copper-ore, n. (llin.) The name ap- &d., according to I Zlclsi s. tupid dnes plied in the mines of Cornwall, England, to reniforni the number of Block Iland, elsng g t Rode Isand ad lyin and botryoidal copper pyrites. sheaves they con- c Islnd, belonging to Rhode Iln, and lying ]I~et~ Islandm.blongiby aoto4 brhod'anud, and foly inegomsi H r & Etam. fThe'y falso ~ f ~ ~ in the Atlantic Ocean near Montank Point, the E. exBlistereti S~teel, a. (Metal.) See Sxzt.a They also plie ins ther naef fCoiwly mgad,nt.eionr h ubro Blok'slsesa.) Stuidty du.sness. Blis'ere-fy, si. (Zseii.) See ( CAJTl AEIS.e bear dmTffernt E tremity of Long Island; Lat. 410 13' N., Lon. 710 35' W. It is 8 m. long by about 4 broad, and forms the township lPllis'tcer~i~l,-~qter, n. (Mled.) See BLISER[. ae r sm B~lis'tery, a. Jan11 of blisters.peuirt of'El~s'fea~y, n. Fulofblisters. ~peculiarity O f of New Shoreham. On the N.W. part of the island there Illite, n. (But.) See BLITUM. Blite, la. (Bol.) See B~r~nnr. shape, such as ~' are two fixed lights. BIlithe, a. (Sonetimes spelt BLYTRnI.) [A.S. blithe; 0. t h e long-trc~kle Blockiieshalam, a. (Geol.) See BBRACKLEM~AM. G er. blidi, joyful, from blithan, to rejoice; Goth. bleitlrh- blo c k, clue-line 4 Block'ley, in Pennsylvania, Philadelpina co., on the jan, to be nerciful.] Happy; gay; merry; joyous; b2loc, snatch- Schuylkill River, and now included within the bounds sprightly; mirthful. blode, &c., or fr of te city of Philadelphia. "He work'd and sung from morn till night: tie position ofthe Block'-like, a. Stusid; dull; like a block. No lark more blithe than he." - Bickerstaff. rigging in which Block'-maclitlnel, Block'-imachinlery, n. The Blh'u B 3yu uythey happen to numachinery for manufacturing ships' blocks, invented by Blithe'ful, a. Joyous; full of mirth or gayety. tMr. Brunel, an Englishman, in 1801. Blithe'ly, adv. In a gay, joyous manner. be placed. There Fig. 373. - LocKS Mr. Brunc, an ng rishma, n or dwellBloeck'-]slan, a. (Arch.) A phno of' a groundordel Blithle'uess, n. Quality of being blithe; gayety; is a great differ- 1. Double. block. -2. Triple -block.- ug n i gnr a aert o eBlithelviess, n. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ing, representing its general arrangement, without ensprightiness. lence in the size 3. Clue-line block. —4. Long-tackle block. ting ponany th detals cn to - Blithie'sorme, a. Gay; sprightly; joyous; cheerful; and capability of 5 Snatch-block. tering upon any of the details. It is customary to cornoerice a series of plans by such a drawing, which is pleasant. "rsyblocits used on boarad ship, and for the various purposes asrusually made upon a very small scale.'' Frosty blasts deface in which such mnechanical appliances are required The usul. p n (ra ut.) A large vessel of war, eaThe blithesome year." -_Philips. component parts of a B. re tie shell, the sheave, the B c sh, a t A re vs of eaBl1the'soineness, n. Qunaity or condition of being pin, and the strap. By means of blocks, sailors are en- phoyed on cast-duty for tie protection of a specified disblithesome; gayety; sprightliness. abled to raise the sails, and tighten or loosen ropes in tric. Tese sips are generally old ones, and are rarely bIithesnre; gyety; prightinessfit for operations in the open sea. Bli'tnm, n. [Or. bleton, insipid; in allusion to its fair different parts of the vessel with greater facility. See but insipid berries.] (Bat.) A genus of plants, ord. Che- DEAD-E~E. — Blocks are also the pieces of wood and iron Bloclk'-tin, n. (Metal.) Tin cast into blocks or ingots. The tin which is sold in commerce under this name, is zpodliaceoa.-IDiAo. Calyx 3-cleft, segments ovate, equal; on which a ship's keel is supported when undergoing less pure (irn thegrain-tin, being nrade Irons the connopodiacece.-DIAG. Calyx 3 2n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~less pure than the grain-tin, being nmade from the corn-i stai. 1, exserted; sty. 2; ova., ovoid, acumainote; seed repairs in a dry or graving dock. mn ore of the veins. he best litie of tis etal 1,contained in the calyx which becomes a berry. I-The men ore of the veins. The best qualities of this metal 1, contained in (ho culyx wich becomes a boy. -They Block, v. a. To enclose or shut up as with a blecIc or are the Bauca, the Cornish, and tie Spaunish tin. - The are herbaceous weeds, with flowers and fruits in capi- blocks, or some solid mass; to stop up; to obstruct. tate clusters terminal and axillary. — The Strawberry Ofteun followed by up; as, to block a road. r s ae applied to articles of inferir value, wich.p; as to blcleup road.are made of iron-pl'ate, covered with a coating of tin of Blite B. capitaitaunt, is a weed-like plant, about 1 foot in oRecommend it to the Governor of Abingdon, to send some areable thickness, according to their qualities. flute, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~variaoble thickness, accordhing to their quatlities. height, branching, growing in fields, and sometimes cul- troops to block it up." - Lord Clarendon. Block'xville, in New York, a P. 0. of Chautauqua co. tivated for borders in the flower-garden; heads of flow- -To fasten or secure by means of blocks. Blod'get Hills, in New York, a P. 0. of Cortland co. ers sessile, near together, on the brannches and eunnmnit To baock out. To lay out; to bring into shape or form. Blois, (blsea,) a town of France, cap. dep. Loire et Cher, of the stem; frumt consisting of the reddened flowers, ai- Bglloekade', n. [It. bloccato, blocked up; from bloc- on the Loire, 35 m. S.S.W. of Orleans. B. is an old town, pearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste peaing lik. e strbl tiersis, full of a purple juice, taste rare, to bloclk up.] The blocking up, or slhutting up, of only remarkable for the beauty of its situation, its tinsipid. It blossoC s in Jure e, and is found fron Virginia a port by surrounding or guarding it with hostile ships, antiquity, its monuments, and the historical events of ~~to the Arctic Circle. ~with a view to prevent egress or ingress of supplies or which it has been the theatre. At one extremity of the Bliven's liills, in Illinois, a P.O0. of McHenry co. Bliven's blRivs, in ISlneis, ad P. 0e. aof Mhrenmy dO., reinforcements. —In International Law, the right to town is the castle, and at the other the cathedral. The Bloat, (blot,) v. a. [AS. bhodl; 0. Ger. bluat, irom blajawm, blockade the ports of an enemy in war, and to exclude former is an immense pile, built at different periods and to blow; allied to Lot. jtat'us, froma Jhlae, to tblow.] To blow, swe, or puff omt e up; to swel neutrals, is limited by the following recognized princi- in different styles of architecture. Louis XII. was born gid a, sea bloated ston m t ch. I rapies: h 1. The blockade must be substantial, by means in this castle; and in it also Margaret d'Anjou was nmargid; as, bloated, stomach. of a sufficient force to prevent tile entry or exit of yes- ried to the Duc d'Alenqon, and Margaret of Valois to To inflate or puff up with vanity or selslf-dulation sol; otherwise a neutral is not bound to respect it. 2. Ilenry IV. But it derives its principal interest from "His rude essays norehim, and kboathi rude essays -It is essential that the neutral should have notice of the events of a very different chatracter. Here, in Dec., 1588, Encourage him, ancl bloat him up with praise." — Drygler. teDcd usadhsbole h ~rinwr Encougrag hur mi widilathe. pi.blockade; otherwise his ship cannot be justly con- the Due de Guise, and his brother the Cardinal, were -v. i. To grow turgid; to dilate. demned. A counter-notice sllould also be given by the basely murdered by the order, and almost in the pres"If a person sf a firm constitution begins to bloat,.. his fibres blockading Power when the blockade has ceased. ence, of Henry III. Queen Catherine do Medicis died grow west." - Arbuthnot. (Mil.) A sort of circumwvallation round a place, by here, and Maria Louisa held her court in it after the Bloat'ed, pp. or a. Swelled; grown turgid; inflated; aBloaIt'e, ppe or a. Swelled; grown turgid; inflated; Gwhich all foreign connection and correspondence is, as capitulation of Paris. It is now occupied as a barrack. as, "a bloated mass." - Goldsamith..- far as human power can effect it, to be entirely cut off. Alanf. Serges, hosiery, cutlery, hardware, leather, &c. Bloazt'ednlmess, a. Stats of being bloated; turgudnty. Towns and forts that ore difficult of investment and Pop. 22,254. "BloatedeesS and scorbutical spotm are symptomu of week fibres." regular approach by trenches, through being siturate in Blearnary, (blo'any,) a. [Sos Bnosn.] (Metal.) Tie Arbuthnot. irtfrei rnsetntru~ hc h ea r a commanding position on a hill or eminence, are block- first forge in iron-smelting, through which tie metal Bloat'er, Bloat-herring, n. A smoke-dried her- aded by being surrounded with a cordon of worlks, or re- passes after it has been smelted from the ore. — Johnson. ring; as, a Yarmouth bloatec. doubts, established on the surrounding heights, alt the Blon~1d, Bloenrte, a. [Fr.] Fair-complexioned; light]~lo][ t'in g, a n. Coandition of being swelled or bloated. distance of half a mile or more of each othner, according colored; flaxen. Blol, n. [See BreB.] A drop; a viscid bubble. to circumstances and the nature of the country. Some- Bllonde, (blond,) a. [Fr. blond, blonde, fair, light-colBlob'ber, e. A vulgrarism signifying a BUBBLE, q. v. times B. must be carried on by sea and land at the same ored, (applied to hair and eomplexion).] A fair-complex".A round filmy substiuce caled a blabber.' -- Ca rew. time, to render it complete and efficient; but the (erm ioned person, with light isair and blue eyes. This term Blobtber-liip, n. [blobber and lip.] A thichk or heavy lip. is more paorticuarly aapplicatbIe to the investment or is generally applied to a woman possessing fair hair and "TThey make a wit of their insipid friend. watching of a port by shnips of wnr. complexion, and is used in' contraidistinction from buss' His blobber'-iips and beea!e-browe commend." - Dryden. To raise a blockade. T remnove or withldraw from the cBtte (q. v.); as, thlat lady is a blonde. BJlob'Bser..lipped, a. Having thick lips. blockade of a port or place.- To nuer a blocleade. To Blonde, Blond-lace', n. A fine description of lace. "His person deformed,.- flat-nosed, and. blobber-lipped." succeed in passing into a balockaded port by eludiug the Bllon'dlel, the minstrel and favorite of Richard I, ("Coeurn:A'lostraenge. vessels of (i(e blogkgdipg squad;-on, de-Lion "), whom he is said to have discoverad i~n (ih 308 BLOO BLOO BLOO Austrian dungeon by singing beneath its walls the first pearance of a disc, swollen in the middle. It is of a red- which could not be previously detected, but which are part of a song of their joint composition, called "0 dish color, and seemus osrmed of a substance resembling presumed to have been present under the same, or other Richard! moe ben roi. " jelly, but very elarstic. The central nucleus is of a unknown, forms. -The substances enumerated as enterBlond B1etal, n. (Min.) A peculiar kind of coal- spheroidal form, and is not colored. In mammals, the ing into the composition of the B., compose nearly all measure clay-ironstone, which, after being smelted, is nucleus is not distinct, and the central portion is de- the parts- of the animal economy: the albumen formrs made into a variety of tools. It is found at Wednesbury, pressed; but analogy induces us to suppose that, as in the basis of many tissues, the fibrin is the constituent England. other animals, it is alsopresentinman. The wonderful part of the muscles, and the salts enter into the comBlood, (blid,) n. [A. S., Swed., and Dan. blld; Goth. Spectral Analysis (see SPECTRUI) has already been ap- position of the bones and of many humors; ard from blothi; 0. Ger. bluot; Ger. blut; Fr. sang.] The red, vital- plied with marvellous success to the study of thie chang- the whole of the facts known, it may be safely concluded, izing fluid which circulates through the arteries and ing and transforming substances of our flesh and blood. that the materials destined to become flesh, bile, urine, veins of men and animals. (See below, P /rhysiol.) No doubt that in a time not far distant tire composition &c., already exist in the blood, the organs which are to -Family; progeny; kindred; consanguinity; relation by and functions of the corpuscles of the blood will be pos- appropriate them merely drawing them from the B., but descent from a common ancestor. itively ascertained. For the present, confident as we are not forming them; and thus there exists some reason "O I what a happiness is it to find that Science has not said its itst word, we will proceed for calling the B. liquid flesh. — The proportions in which A friend of our own bloodI, a brother kindI "- Waller. to relate the discoveries already accorplished, without these constituent parts of the B. exist, vary much in — IHigh, or honorable birth; royal lineage; aristocratic assuming any personal opinion, and arvriling ourselves different animals; and as regards the solid and liquid descent; as, a prince of the blood. of the able study in spectral analysis by Dr. R. King elements, they may differ in the same individual at difWhat can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards? Browne. —The coloring-miatter of blood (of its red ferent times. - In man the globules are more numerous, Alas i not all the blood of all the Howalrs." - Pope. corpuscles) is capable of existing irn two states of oxida- and the watery part less than in woman; temperament — Murder, or blood shedding; violent talking away of life. tion, distinguishable by a difference of color and a also exercises some influence in this respect. In 100 They say blood will have blood.'" - Shaks. fundamental difference in the action on the spectrum. parts of the B. in mlan, we find 79 parts of water. 19 of -A sangrinary or murderous temperament or disposi- It may be made to pass friom the more to the less oxi- albumen, 1 part of salts, with some traces only of fibrin tion. (a.) dized state by the action of reducing agents, and recovers and coloring-matter. In birds, the proportion of water "i e was a thing of blood." - Shaks. its oxygen from the air. It seems perfectly demon- in the B. is less; but in the batrachia and in fishes the -Temper of the mind; state of the passions. strated, that this coloring-matter, constituting the dis- amount is greater. In the frog, fbr example, there are At yeaur age, tinctivy matter of the red corpuscles, named cerssoirse, 88 parts of water in 100 of the B. — Analogous differThe hey-day in the blsd is time, it's haie. - S s. could easily pass from one state to the other, and the re- ences are observed, in comparing the relative qualities The hey-day in the blood is tame, it's humblle." -- Sh~aks. -A a of fire or spirit; a spark; a a. verse. In the more oxidized, the scarlet state, that in of the serum and globules of the blood in different anims, hs hai r lostthe breed snsle sde." which it is found giving, by the corpuscles, to the arte- orals; while- as we shall subsequently see - there ex"Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods." -- Shaks. rial blood its scarlet hue, it is distinguished as scarlet ists a remarkable relation between the amount of the -The juice of anything; as, the blood of the grape. cruoesne; and in its reduced or less oxidized state, that globules and the animal heat. Birds, of all animals, have Cold blood. State of temperament in which any act is in which the red blood-corpuscles give to venous B. its the B. richest in red globules; and in them the animal committed premeditatedly, and without sudden impulse. purple hue, it is knoan as purplle crunoinc. It is hardly heat is greatest. Mammals, less warm than birds, have — Warm blood. Applied to one of strong passions or ira- necessary to designate what a consummate explanation from 7 to 12 per cent., while in reptiles and fishes, the pulsive temnper.-To heat the blood. To stir up or inflame these facts afford, of the oxygen appropriating and car- proportion does not exceed 5 or 6 per cent. of the whole the passions. rying capacity of the red blood-corpuscles, nor what a weight of the B. - Sp. gray. of B. corpuscles, 1'0885; of (Physiol.) In animals of the simplest structure, all the soul-inspiring exemplification it is of the achievements serum or liquor saoguinis, 1'028.-Temeperature of /the B. liquids of the animal economy resemble each other. It of spectral analysis. In the lunrgs, the purple cruorine of various animals, according to the researches of Ruseenms, indeed, to be only water charged with a certain of the red corpuscles of venous B. appropriates the oxy- dolphi and Tiedemnn: amount of organic particles; but in animals higher in gen from the atmosphere, and becomes scarlet or arterial Deg. sahr. Deg. Fahr. the scale of being, the humors cease to be of the same cruorine; and in the whole of the general circulation, Great Titmouse......11125 Squirrel...................105 nature, and there is one, distinct firom all the others, in the minute blood-channels, this cruorine of the red Swallow...............111'25 Ox..........................104 destined to nourish the body; this fluid is the blood. It globules having passed through the arterial part of the Ducks & Geese,106 to 111 Ape..........................103 not only nourishes the body, but is the source whence circuit, loses a part of its oxygen, and passes back to the Common lien 102 to 109 Dog..........................101 are drawn all the secretions, such as the saliva, urine, purple or venous state. -- Dr. R. K. Browne has calcu- Eagles, IIawks, Cat..................98 to 103 bile, and tears. - In mammnals, birds, reptiles,, fishes, lated that the blood-red corpuscles move 400 times their &c.............101 to 109 Elephant................99 and in most animals of the class AAnnelides, the blood is own length in a second. They are niot, as is generally Pigeon.........106 to 109 HIorse......................98'24 red. Bnut in tile greater numniber of the lower animals believed, carried by the fluid, as impelled by successive Gull......................100 Man.........................98 the blood presents various hues and density, being often contractions, from the heart, but move through the Bat.........106 thin or watery, and slightly yellow or green, rose-colored liquid blood at a much faster rate than the liquid itself. Cbogulatien of the B. In its ordinary condition the B. is or lilac. It is difficult, therefore, to be seen, and for a Each' globule may, therefore, move at a rate different always fluid; withdrawn from the vessels of the living long time these animarls were called bloodless or exsan- from time to timie, and different from its fellows, al- animal, and left for a time to itself, it separates into two gsineous. Those animals with white blood are very though, in general termns, they concur or move together portions, a senmi-solid mass and a liquid portion in which numerous; all insects, for example. The crustacea of at a certain rate. Upon the perception of this fact, no the mass floats; the solid part is called the clot. - This all sorts have only white or pale-colored blood; and doubt, will turn many future discoveries of the condition phenomenon (the formation of the clot) is due to the in this category may be placed all the nmollusca, zoo- of varying states of health and disease. Mankind have presence of fibrin in the B.; it is held in solution in the phitee, and intestinal worims. — By the use of the mi- always had a dim instinct, hitherto uncorrected and serum du-ing life; but when this loses its influence over croscope we discover that the blood of a red-blooded unsupported by science, that many states of disease it, it solidifies, enclosing with it the red globules, and animal is composed of a yellowish transparent liquid, are dependent on theblood. These results, high though thus forming the red gelatinous mass called the clot. called serues, and of a nuober of small solid corpuscles, they may be, have been exceeded, in direct practical The simple experiment of beating up the B. with little which float in the serum, called blood-globules, discov- consequence to the world at large, by those achieved with rods as it flows from the veins, and thus removing tihe ered by Leuwenihoeck and Malpighi, whose researches thell icr-spectrosco pe, q. v. An eminent London optician, fibrin, which adheres to the rods, proves that the coagwere made soon after the nmicroscope was invented. — Mr. Lorby, has, in inventing and using it, supplied Medi- ulability of the B. depends on the presence of this subGlobules or Cbrpuscles of the Blood. Before birth, the cal jurisprudence with a new and certain means of iden- stance. - Another experiment equally simple shows that globules have dimensions, and even a-form differemt from tifying the character and variety of dried blood-stains. the fibrin is contained in the serum, and not in the red what they afterwards ac- By it a scrap of blood-stained fabric 1-10th of an inch globules, as was long supposed. Throw in a filter the B. quire. Thus, in the chick square, containing, possibly, not more than 1-1000th of of a frog; all the serum may be made to pass, and the the globules are at ftirst ore-B t a rsn rwi f eu o hs s t B h i h pcl gt urto, ~the globules are at firs~t ja grain of red corpuscle coloring-matter, may be ascer- globules retained; in the serum thus separated from the circular; and it is only at itained to have received the blood from one or another globules, a clot is formed, which, however, is colorless.atmore advatnced period of a more advanmeed period of In, source. -But the at present crowning result of these fUoe of the B. The B. is the special agent of nutrition, incubation ithat the g- obsertions is, that the cruorine itself is a surer test for and the general restorer of what is loset. But in addition, ales assunme an elilipticobevtnsiththem ~ules assume an elliptic a t ~far smaller quantity of substance by itself than either it is proved, by the simple expereimnents of blood-letting form. After birth, tll~ n xetb en fi.-I ekslto fB e promneo he fntoso ie y er lod ~~~~form. After birth, they ~the spectroscope or micro-spectroscope can Ctike account and of transfusion, to form an essential stimulus for the never vary. — In all antnever vary. - In all arid- /.~ oi; except by means of it. —If a weak solution of B. be performance of the functions of life. By severe bloodreals of the same species, male of tile sanie f9OtheO, 3 inverted in a test-tube over mercury, it reduces itself to letting or loss of B., we become enfeebled and seemingly the nglobules have tie lthe state of oxidation of venous cruorine, and a sminall dead; but if, before this happens, the B. of another anRisame dimensions and resame diensiothern arthidsr- pr-ism will then show the one-line spectrum, characteris- mal be transferred into the veins of the suffering indisemble each other in this I tic of purple cruorine; but if a single drop of distilled wa- vidual, the vitality is restored. The importance of the respect. It is -not so with ~respect. It is not so with -ter be added, the oxygen in solution (not in combination) globules is also proved by the same experiment, for if different species. Thus, in i.~ ~dif~ferent species Te~, ~ira ini that drop will restore the cruorine to its scarlet state. simple serum be so transfused, death takes place.- The nman, (Fig. 374,) and in This change of state in the oxidized substance, thie cru- fibrin of the B. also plays an important part, for Mr. most mammals, the glob~most mammals, the glo~b-.ron-ie, will be at once shown in the spectroscope; but the Magendie has showvn, that when B. deprived of its fibrin ules are circular. In the amount of oxygen by itself which thie cruorine thus ap- is injected into the veins of a dog, the animal dies with camel and hlama, how- propriates, and by which it changes its state, would never synmptoms resenmbling those of putrid fever. — The inever, they are elliptic. In even, they are elliptic. In be revealed by itself, or in any other way known to us, fluence of the B. over nutrition may also be readily dembirds, reptiles, tbatrachia even by the spectroscope, q. v. - Other globules, spherical onstrated. Withdraw the B. miore or less from any organ, and fish.s, thcosey are sgip- 7and colorless, exist in the blood, resembling greatly those and it gradually wastes away in proportion to the quantic. -The corpuscles are FLOU gE 3OF Ei4B D observed in the chyle; frons being mingled with the red tity withdrawn; while on the contrary, the greater size talways microscopic; amid Cr000105 OF TOO BLOOD globules they are not readily observed, - In the white of the muscles in those who employ them actively, and in man, and mammals in 1. Human blood. blood of the inveitebrate kingdom, globules are also hence draw to them a larger amount of B., is well known. generazl,they are extremle- 2. Domestic fowl. generalthey are extreme- 3. Does.c fl found, but different fi-om those described; the size varies — To those already enumerated important functions and ly small. Itigh powers of 3 rg 4. A fish of tihe shark kind. nimore in the same individual, and their snirface has a rasp- uses of the blood, some physiologists - chiefly since the theae oscope hei re Ill(Magnified nearly 400 times) berry appearance; their form is generally spherical, but discoveries which we owe to the Spectrum Analysis-go hveald, ofolate, thcrcit ian the crseaofeil neither a central nucleus nor external envelope is to be so far as to assert that "the life is the blood;" i. e., human bloodi scarcely any two corpuscles are of precisely seen. - Compositioz of the B. The composition of thie B. that the entire principle of life exists in the blood. It ths samz sie; some of. them beirng fron 5 to s times the is very complex. In the higher animals we find water, is not within our domain, however, to discuss this probsize of others. Their average length is bout albunen, fibrin, a coloring-matter containing iron, a lem, which properly belongs to the province of physioof an inch. It would be possible, if they were closely yellow coloring-matter; several fatty substances, as chno- logical speculation. That animal life is impossible withpacked together, Ibr 8,126,464 to lie in a space occupied lesterine, cerebrine (asubstance constaining phosphorus); out the action of the blood, is a fact generally known, by a pin's head; and the tiny red drop which issues from many salts, as chloride of sodium or sea-salt, sulphate of and as such, accepted; but to try to find in the animated the puncture of living flesh by the prick of a needle, con- potash, carbonate of soda, hydrochhorate of potaeh, hydro- corpuscle the germ that originates intellectual life is a sists of about 5,000,000'of these bodies. - In birds, the chlorate of ammonias, the carbonates of linle andi maru- theory that materialists marty put ftoth, but whose actual globules are larger than in mammals; in the reptiles nesia, avith phosphates of soda, lime, and magnesia; the solution remains yet to be given and demonstrated. — and batrachia they are still larger; in the proteus they lactates of sods, the ahlkaline salts formed try the fCtty See ARaT2ERIALIZATION; ARTERY; C IRCULATION; HEARaT; attain their nmRuximraun. Finally, in fishes, the globnles acids; finally, fm-ee carbonic acid, nit-ogen, arid oxygen ItESPIRATION; TRANSeUSION; ViEN, &C. are intermediate between those of birds and the batra- But this complexity, great though it be, is yet below the (Med.) See BLEEIoINe; HIMORaIH.AE; II. nrATEoESiS; chia. — MIoreover, the blood-globules are always fiat- reality, for there certainly exist other substances in tire H.toevP'rYsIs; APOPLEXY; &C. tened, and present a centrrst spot surrounded with a rim B. which chemistry cannot demonstrate, by reason, prob- (iaunuf.) The chief use of blood is as a manure made or border. They seem to be composed of a central ably, of onur imperfect means of analysis. By arresting, into a comnpost of 50 gallons of blood with it quairter of nucleus aund run enivelope, renembtling a blhidder. This for example, tine secretion of the urine from the B., peat-ashes anrd charcoal-powder; on light, soils, 48 bushenvelope being depressed, gives to the globule the ap- various matters will then be found mixed with the blood els have been laid on each acre, oru half a huuntedweight BLOO BLOO BLOO 309 with twelve tons of farm-dung. It is now rarely used - whence a man whose shoes had been rubbed with the Blood'-spilling, n. The act of spilling or shedding in sugar-refining. It is used to make animal charcoal blood of a deer had started on a circuit of two or three blood. in Prussian-blue works, and also in some Turkey-red dye- miles; during his progress theman was instructed to Blood'-stained, a. Guilty of taking human blood; works. renew the blood from time to time to keep the scent stained with blood (Law.) Relationship; stock; family. - Brothers and well alive. His circuit was gradually enlarged at each Blood'storle, n. (Alin.) A jaspery variety of quartz5 sisters are said to be of the whole-blood if they have the succeeding lesson, and the young hound, thus entered of a dark-green color, variegated with red spots, like same father and mother, and of the half-blood if they and trained, became, at last, fully equal to hunt by itself, drops of blood, (whence tihe name.) It is frequently have only one parent in common. either for the purposes of woodcraft or war. made into seal and ring stones, and other small orna(Eccl. Hist.) Under the Old Testament dispensation, the And hark I and hark I the deep-mouthed bark mental articles. —Certain kinds of hematitic iron ore life of all animals was regarded as especially existing in Comes nigher still and nigher; were called B. by the ancients, because (as Theophrastus the blood, which was a sacred and essential part of the Bursts on the path a dark bEood-lound, says) they seemed "as if formed out of concreted blood." sacrifices offered to God. It was solemnlysprinkled upon His tawny muzzle tracked the ground, At thepresent day the term is more especiallyrestricted the altar and the mercy-seat, "fisr it is the blood that And his red eye shot Ore. - Sir Walter Scott. to the hard and compact hematite, which is made into maketh atonement for the soul." It was therefore most The B. was formerly employed in the tracking of crimi- burnishers, and which possesses the valuatble property sacredly associated with the B. of the Lamb of God,which nals, and we believe, it is to a certain extent used, even at of laying on gold or silver leaf without fraying or tear"cleanseth us from allsin." Hence, tihe strict prohibition ing it; it should be of a deep red color, free from flaws, of the Israelites to eat B., or any meat in which B. re- close-grained, and susceptible of a fine polish. Galicia, mained, —a prohibition renewed in Acts xv. 29 The in Spain, is the country from which the finer' descripChristian Church continued for some centuries to abstain tions of this variety of hematite are almost exclusively from B.; and when it was alleged against them that obtained. they were in the way of drinking human B., they re- ~ Blood'-str; oke, n. Loss of sensation and power of plied that it was not lawful for them to drink even the - minotion from henmorrhage of the brain. - Dunglison. B. of animals. After the 4th century, however, the iln-' Blood'-sal e -e., n. Anything that sucks blood; more junction came to be considered as merely of a tenmporary -- especially applied to a leech. character, and ceased to be binding. -- -A cruel man; a murderer. Bloods, v. a. To bleed; to let blood from. —To stain or'.,-:4\ "The nobilitycried out upon him, that he was a tsood-sucksr, P smear with blood. murderer. and a parricide." — Haywarcl.'"He was blooded up to the elbows by a couple of loors.'" Adtdison.,Blood'-sseuking, a. That which sucks blood. -To inure or accustom to blood, as a hound. I3Blood'-swelled, a. Swollen with blood. Fairer than fairest, let none ever say, Blood'thirstiuess, n. A thirst for shedding blood; That ye were blooded in a yielded prey."-Spenser. -/ a sanguinary, nmurderous disposition. -v. ~~~~~~~~~i. To bleed; to be bled.' ~ Blood'tlhirsty, a. Eager to shed blood. — v. i. To bleed; to be bled. ~..... ]~~~~~~~~~ltooe'-vessel, a. An artery, vein, or any other yes-a. Pertaining to blood; of the color of blood; of a su- Boo n. An artery, vin, or an other ve parlororpart a b; a, a- bd-hs sel in which the blood of the animal body circulates. perior or particular blood; as, a blood-horse. Blood, (AvENGtEsa oF,) (ct-vcenjer-.) (Hista.) In the early'\' Blood'-warm, a. Lukewarm; of the temperature of lablooO, (Aw~(i~,~ or,) (c~-venO'er.) (H~;st.) In the early lod ages, the penalty of death for the crime of murder ws blood.!Blood'-won, a. W~on by bloodshed. icot inflicted by any legal tribunal or public authority,Bloodwo. o oo. but it was considered the duty of the most immediate,/ B]lood'wood, n. (Bot.) See LoasWBloodroot. eeSA relative of the victim to hunt and slay the murderer. GUINARIAB The Hebrew word Goil signified the avenger of blood; oo a.So ]l]]oo- e9Baady, a. Stained with blood: containing, or consistit had also a wider signification. The Mosaic lawplaced ___ _ Blg of, a blood. -Cruel; d o aiven to bloodshed; ing of, blood. — Cruel; ncurderous; given t~o bloodshed; this recognized institution of the rude social cosditioc havisg a sanguinary disposition. of the times under certain regulations, prohibited the False o heart, ight f ear, d hand. - Sa. murderer from purchasing by money a ransom for his F h t,a life, and appointed cities of refuge for the man-slayer not — Marked by cruelty; attended with slaughter; as, a bloody guilty of positive murder. The doctrines of the Koran engagement. permit the avenging of blood by the nearest kinsman, E & — v. a. To stain or smear with blood. but allow hin to receive money as a commutation for Fig. 375. CUBAN BLOOD-HOUNvD. Bloodly Assizes, n. pl. (Hist.) The term popularly the murder. The Arabs fallow the primitive custom to given, in England, to the special commission appointed, this day. Hereditary feuds of clans, families, and tribes thle present time, in Australia, for the pursuit of sheep- after the suppression of the Duke of Monmouth's rebelhave always originated in the aveniging of blood, of stealers and bushrangers. In Cuba, and the Southern lion, 24th August, 1685, for the trial of offenders conwhich the Vendetta of Corsica is the most modern and States of America, the practice of chasing runaway ne- cerned therein. They set out for the W. of England familiar exanmple in Europe. groes with hounds of this species was almost invariably under a military escort, commanded by the infasnous Blood-ibaptisan, n. (Eccl. Hist.) In, the early Chris- adopted, and generally with success. The Cuban B. Judge Jeffreys, (with the rank of lient.-general,) and contian Church, when any one suffered martyrdom without has been described as being of the size of the largest demned about 300 persons to death, almost without having been baptized, he was considered to have been hound, with erect ears, which are usually cropped at the trial. Nearly 1,000 were shipped as slaves to the West blood-baptized; and hence martyrdom was termed blood- points, with the nose rather pointed, but widening much India plantations. James II. termed this expedition. baptism. - Seea BAPPTIS. towards thie hinder part of the jaw. Jeffreys' campaign, and rewarded him with the LordBlood'-bespot'ted, a. Spotted with blood. Bloodl'ily, adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly. Ciancellorship of England. Blood' —bough$t, a. Bought at the cost of life, or the Bloodliaess, n. State of being bloody. -Disposition Blood]y Bridge, in S. Carolina, 3 m. N.W, of Legar6shedding of blood. or propensity to shed blood. ville. Hiere, in the early part of July, 1864, a severe acBlood'-brotiaer, n. See BtoOD, (~ Law.) Blood'hess, a. Without blood; destitute of life. tion took place between a body of Union colored troops, Blood, (Coraruption of.) (Law.) See ATTAINDER. "He cheered my sorrows, and, for sums of gold, 600 strong, and the defenders of a Conlfederate battery, Blood, (Council of.) (Hist.) This name was popu- The bloodless carcass ed my Hector sold.' - Dryden. when the former were repulsed with tihe loss of their larly given to the Council of Tumunlts, organized by the -Without slaughter or effusion of blood; as, a bloodless commander and 97 men killed and wounded. Duke of Alva in 1567, to trycriminals against the Spanish encounter. Blood'y-eyed, a. Possessing bloody or murderous throne and the Roman Catholic religion in the Nether- -Without spirit, activity, or energy. eyes. lands. By their order, 500 citizens were arrested on Ash- " Thou bhoodtess remnant of that royal blood." - Shaks. Blood~'y-faeed, a. Having a bloody face. Wednesday, 1568, and condemned to death. They also Bloodl'lessly, adv. Without bloodshed. ]Blood'y Farlat-ad, a headland of Ireland, on the N. had Counts Egmont and Horn executed, June 2, 15b8. Blood'let, v. a. To bleed; to open a vein; as, " experi- W. coast of co. Donegal, 5 m. W.S.W. of the Isle of InnisBlood'-dyed, a. Dyed or stained with blood. ments in bloodletting."- -.Ar-buthnot. boffin. Blood'-flower, n. (Bot.) See MMasxsNTmUs. Blood'ietea-, n. A phlebotomist; one whose voca- Blood'y-tlux, n. (Med.) The dysentery. Blood'-frozen, a. Chilled in blood. tion is to let blood in cases of disease. "Pains in the bowels looseness, bloodyfluxzes." - Asrbuthnot. Blood'-full, a. Full of blood or spirit. (o. and R.) Blood']etti ng, n. (Med.) Venesection; the act of Bltood'y-fiLuxed, a. Suffering from the bloody-flux. Blood'-guiltiness, n. The guilt of murder. bleedin. Bld'y a. (.) The distinguishing feature g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~Bo~t-a~~~. (Hr)The distinguishing feature "Then with blood-guiltiness to heap offence. - - Shaks. Blood'-snatrl-]ee a. Marled or stained with blood. on tie escutcheon of a baronet of Great Britain, preBt td a Ge Blood of St. Jauariunnarg, an. (dccl. Hist.) fee senting an open hand gules; hence its common appellaBl]ood-guillty, (blud'gib-ti,) a. Guilty of shedding xums(S. blood. JANUARIUS, (ST.) tion of bloody-hand. Blood' ]piu~ddlag, n. Same as BLACK-PUDDING, q. v. lolood. B~oorrll-~~ddasa~, n. Enmns B~ncrrFrmnr~59 Bloog dly-hvinting, a.~a Hunting for blood; as, 11 bloodyBlood'-heat, n. A degree of heat equal to thitat of Blooel'-em,d - n. A vegetable growth, which sometimes loo y-hunnting lahtermen.forblood; as, "bldy-Shaks. human blood, which is about 980 Fahr. Bvwtr Blood'-horse n. A horse of the pest breed, or bst appears i the form of blood-red spots on cooked pro- Blood'y-minled, a. Cruel; inclined to bloodshed; stock. ~' n os fteyrs reo etvisions, and which is referred to the algals, under the of sanguinary disposition. stg~d~ocit.ho, a. H~tingthsaname of Palmella prodigiosa; but which seems rather Blood 1-ot, a. tiering the same temperature as human "1 I have not the power to bring it out, for fear of this bloodyblood. to be one of those conditions of mould, which, under minded colonel." - D'yden. various colors, are common on paste and other culinary Blood'-aound, n. (Zoi'l.) A dog of the genus Canis articles. The spots consist of myriads of extremely ]Blood'y-red, a. Crimson-colored; of the color of blood. sanguinarics, celebrated for its exquisite scent and un- nminute granules. -Brande. Blood'y tus, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Bedwearied perseverance, and trained not only to the pur- Blood/'-'ed, a. Red as blood. -Blood-red heat is the ford co., on a branch of the Juniata River, 8 m. E. of suit of game, but to the chase of man. A true B. (and term applied to that degree of heat wiich is only ne- Bedford tics pure blood is rare) stands rabot 28 inches in height, cessary to reduce the protuberances on coarse iron by Blood'y-scep'tred a. Wielding a sceptregained by amid is muscular, compact, and strong; the forehead is the hammer, in order to prepare it fotbr the file, the iron blood. broad, and thi face narrow towards the muzzle; the being previously brought to its shape. This heat is also Bloody-sweat, n. (Med.) A sweat attended by a disnostrils - are wide and well developed; the ears, large, used in punching small pieces of iron. charge of blood; the sweating sickness. pendulous, and broad at the base; the aspect is serene Blood'-reladion, n. One related by blood or descent. Bloom, n. [Goth. bloma; Ger. blunie, from blifhen, to and sagacious; the tail long, with an upward curve BPlood'groot, a-. (Bot.) See SANOWsNABIA. dower; or. phlob's; Lat.eos; Sansk.phAosll, to flower, to when in pursuit, at which time the hound opens with a Blood'-shakers, a. Having the blood in feverish cir- bloom.] State of blooming, blossoming, or opening of voice deepand sonorous, that may be heard down the culation. flowers and leaves-; as, the trees are covered with blEso. wind for a very long distance. The color of the true BloodI'sed,. The shedding or spilling of blood; "Eat set.is - -e retume breed is said to be invariably a reddish tan, darkening slaughter. Day;... or sight of vernal hlooma." —.Jilton. gradually towards the upper parts till it becomes mixed h-A blossom; an expanded bud; a flower. with black on the back, the lower parts being of a B lood' e er, a. A murderero w seda lighter shade, and thie muzzle tawny. Our ancestors blOoO -~edQ tte~ n. A murderer; one who sheds blood. V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~h~ile opening blooms diffuse their sweets around." — Pope. soon discovered the infallibility of the bloodhound in blood. tracing any animal, living or dead, to its resting-place. B -lotsed l~{~ng, -. The shedding of blood; the -State of youth or prime of life; a shining or glowing To train it, the young dog, accompanied by a staunch crmie of shedding blood. with freshness, youth, growth, and color; as, in the old hound, was led to the spot whence a deer or other "These hands are free from guiltless blood-soledding." - Shaks. bloom of lila. animal had been taken on for a maile or two.; the hounds Bloed'-slaot, B]lood-sisogtden, a. RIed and in- ", Were I no queen, did yenu y beauty weigh, were thsen led on and encouraged, and after hunting this flamed by a turgid state of thie blood-vessels. Sly youth in bloom, your age in its decay." — Dryden. "drag" successfully, were rewarded with a portion of "When redd'ning clouds reflect his blood-shot eye." -- at/s. -'Native flash or tint on the cheelt; delicacy of color. the venison which composed it. Tihe next step was to Bltsod'-Si}aain, n. (Farfiemsy.) An enlargement of "o'er her young cheek and rising bosom, eiole take the young dog with his seasoned tutor, to a spot that vein that extends along the inside of a horse's hock. The bloom of young desire and purple light of love," - Gray. 310 BLOO BLOO BLOT -The purplish-blue color seen on certain freshly gathered -A village of Jefferson co., 12 m. W. by S. of Steubenville. Bloom'nington, in Pennsylvania, a village of Clearfruits; as, the blooin of grapes. -A township of Logan co.; pop: about 670. field co. (Metal.) [A.S. blDmea.] The lump of wroughtiron in pud- -A post-township of' Morrow co., 31 us. N.N.E. of Colum- BIooa'inigton, in Tennessee, a post-village of Tipdling-mills, which leaves the furnace in a rough state, bus; pop. about 1,580. k, ton co. to be subsequently rolled into the bars or other material -A villatge of Pickaway co., 10 m. N. by IV. of Circleville. Bloom'lngton, in rtah, a P. 0. of Richland co. into which it may be desired to convert the metal: the -A village of Scioto co., 18 m. from Portsmouth. Bloomn'inagtort, in WVisconsin, a post-office of Grant co. blooms are already partially converted into wrought iron -A township of Trumbull co.; pop. about 1,010. Bloom'ing Valley, in Pennsylvania, a post-village by passing under the shingling-hammer. -A township of Oakland co.; pop. about 2,305. of Crawford co., 6 us. N.E. of Meadville; pop. abt. 130. (Painting.) A term denoting that appearance on pic- -A village of Muskingum co., 18 m. E.N.E. of Zanesville. Bloom'ingville, in Ohio, a post-village of Erie co., tures which resembles the bloom upon a peach or other Bloomfield, in Pennsylvania, a post-village and town- 6 us. S. of Sandusky city. fruit; whence the name. It is probably ascribable to ship of Crawford co., 20 m. N.E. of Meadville; pop. Bloom'less, a. Destitute of bloom. moisture in the varnish used in the painting, and may about 1,990. Bloom Rose, in Ohio, a post-office of Brown co. be expunged by hot campihine being wiped over the -A borough of Centre township, and cap. of Perry co., Bloolns'burg, in Pennsylvania, a flourishing postsurfice of the picture, afterwards placing it in the sun- 24 m. N.W. of Hlarrisburg; plop. about 1,790. borough of Bloom township, cap. of Columbia co., on light to dry. Bloomfield, in Virginia, a post-village ofLoudoun co., Fishing Creek, 78 m. N.N.E. of Harrisburg. It is a fine Bloom, v. i. To shine; to glow; to show the beauty 158 m. N. of Richmond. and pleasant city, and possesses an extensive trade. and freshness of youth. Bloomafield, in Wi}sconsin, a post-village and township Pop. of township abt. 2,200.' Beauty. frail flow'r, that every season fears, of Walworth co., 45 m. S.S.W. of Milwaukee; pop. abt. Bloolms'burg, in Virginia, a post-village of Halifax Blooms in thy colors for a thousand years I" Pope. 1,370. co., 116 m. W.S.W. of Norfolk. -To put forth blossoms; to come into flower; to blow. -A township of Waushara co; pop. about 610. Bl1ooms'bnry, in New Jersey, a post-village situate in "It is a common experience. that if you do not pull off some Bloomlield, in Vermont, a post-township of Essex co., Warren and Hunterdon counties, on the Musconetcong blossoms the first time a tree bloometh, it will blossom itself to on the Connecticut River, 60 in. N.E. of Montpelier; River, 7 m. E.S.E. of Easton, and 40 N.W. of Trenton. death. — Bacon. pop. about 390. Bloomn'ville, in illinois, a village of Will co., 50 m. Bloom, in Illinois, a post-village and township of Cook Bloomfield, in Upper Canada, a post-village of Prince S.W. of Chicago. co., 27 m. S. of Chicago; pop. abt. 1,370. Edward co., on Great Sandy Bay, 42 m. N.W. of Kings- -A post-village of Kankakee co. Bloonm, imn Penansylvania, a township of Columbia co. ton; pop. about 300. Bloomnville, in New Yorlk, a post-village of Delaware Within its limits is Bloomsburg, the county teat. Posp. — A post-village, Durham co., 100 min. W. of Kingston; pop. co., on the Coquago River, 74 m. S.W. of Albany. abt. 8,300. about 120. Bloomn'ville, in Ohio,, a post-village of Bloom town-A township of Clearfield co.; pop. abt. 360. Bloomfield Centre, in MAichigan, a village of Bloom- ship, Seneca co., 36 m. S.W. of Sanduslky city. Bloom, in Ohio, a township of Fairfield co.; pop. field township, Oakland co., 20 mn. N.N.W. of Detroit. Bloom'y, a. Full of bloom or blossoms; flowery; abt. 2,670. 1Bloom'ing, a. Opening in blossoms; flowering; flour- flourishing. -A township of Morgan co.; prop. abt. 1,350. ishing; as, "as bloomingas a rose." - Showing the fresh- "Hear how the birds on ev'ry bleoomy spray, -A township of Scioto co.; pop. abt. 2,000. h ess and beauty of youth; thriving in early vigor; as, With joyous music wake the dawning day." - Pope. -A township of Seneca co.; pop. abt. 2,070. "hlis blooming face." — Shenstone. Blore Hemath, (Hist.) a place in the parish of Blore, -A post-township of Wood co., 20 m. W. of MIaumee City; Bloom'ing, n. (Metal.) See SINGLINGs. co. of Stafford, England, where a battle was fought durpop. abt. 1,440. (Paintiog.) Same as BLooM, q. v. ing the wars of the Roses, Sep. 23, 1459, when the YorkBloomr, in WYisconsin, a township of Richland co.; pop. Bloon'inngbnrgh, in New York, at post-village of ists, commanded by the Earl of Salisbury, defeated a about 630. Sullivan co., 100 m. S.S.W. of Albany. superior force of the Lancastrians, led by Lord Audley. Bloom'ary, n. (Metal.) See BtLOMARY. Bloom'ingburgh, in Ohio, a post-village of Fayette Henry VI. and Queen Margaret were in the neighborBlloomn Cenotre, in Ohio, a post-office of Logan co. co., on the E. branch of Point Creek, 32 m. S.W. of Co- hood at the time of the encounter. Bloomn'er, n. A bizarre costume worn in the U. States lumbus. Blos'erville, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Cumby some ladies. Its name is derived from a Mrs. Anne Bloomn'ingdale, in Ilinois, a village of Logan co., 35 berland co. Bloomer, of New York, who had been an active promoter m. S.S.E. of Peoria. Bloss'bnrg, in Pennsylvania, a post-village and townof the " Wonoan's Rights Movement," and who, in 1849, -A post-township of Du Page co., 25 m. W. by N. of Chi- ship of Tioga co., on the Tioga River, 133 om. N. by W. inaugurated this particular style of dress. It partly re- cage; pop. about 1,650. of Harrisburg. Valuable coal and iron mines are worked sembles men's attire, consisting generally of a jaclret Bloonm'ingdlale, in Indiana, a P. 0. of Parke co. in the neighborhood. Here also are mineral springs, with short sleeves, a skirt descending a little below the Bloom'inag'dale, in Michigan, a post-township of Van containing free sulphuric acid, and snulphates of iron, knee, and a pair of Turkish trousers. This unfeminine Buren co., 45 in. S. by W. of Grand Rapids; pop. alt. 729. alumina, and magnesia. They are astringent and tonic. and ungracefil fashion may be said to have died out. Bloomn'ingdale, in New Jersey, a post-village of Pas- Blos'som, n. [A. S. blososa, from the same root as -A woman who wears the Bloomer costume. saic co., on Pequannock Creelk, 25 m. N.W. of Newark. BLOOM.] Bloom; state of blooming; - specifically, the Blooml'er, in Arkansas, a post-office of Sebastian co. Bloomn'ingdale, in New York, a P. 0. of Essex co. flower or corolla of a plant. Bloomner, in Michigan, a township of Montcalm co., Bloomh'intgdale, in Ohio, a lost-office of Jefferson co., "To his green years your censure you would suit, 40 mn. N.N.W. of Lansing; pop. about 630. 124 m. E. of Columbus. Not blast the blossom, but expect the fruit." — Dryden. Bloom'erismn,n. Advocacyor adoption ofthe Bloom- Bloomn'ingdale, in WVisconsin, a village of Winne- (Far'ier-y.) A term sometimes used to indicate a peacher costume, and "Strong-Minded-Womanism." generally. bago co. colored horse; i. e., a horse whose hairs are intermixed Bloomn'er's Prairie, in Wtocossin, a township of -A post-village of Vernon co., 27 in. E.S.E. of La Crosse. of bay and white colors. Chippewa co., 60 mn. E. by N. of Hludson; pop. abt. 250. Bloom'ing Grove, in Indiana, a post-village and ]Blos'som, v. i. To yield or put forth blossoms or flowBloom'ery, in W: Virginia, a P. 0. of Hampshire co. township of Franklin co., 5 m. N. of Brookville; pop. ers; to bloom; to blow; to flower. Bloo'tlfieldl, ROBoRT, an English poet, a. 1766, was the about 1,150.' Warms in the sun; refreshes in the breeze, son of a poor tailor at Honington, Suffolk, and was him- ]Bloom'ing Grove, in Kansas, a post-office of Linn Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees." - Pope. self a shoemaker. His principal work is a poemn, en- co., on the Osage River, 66 nm. S.S.E. of Lawrence. -To flourish; to mature; to prosper; to progress. titled The Faromer's Boy, which pleasantly depicts the Bloom'ing Grove, in llinois, a village of Blooming- "1Only the actions of the jest scenes of his own early life, and displays considerable dale township, Du Page co. Smell sweet and blossom in the dust."' - Shirley. genius. I-He wrote several other effusions, but his first Bloom'ing Grove, in Michigan, a village of Berrien Bloss'somed, a. That has, or is covered with, blossoms. was the best. "The Farmer's Boy" obtaiiied very great co., on the shore of Lake Michigan, 5 m. S. by W. of St. Blos'som, Lll, in Lsuisiana, a post-office of Caddo popularity, and was translated into French and Italian. Joseph. ais Although patronized by Capel Lofft and the Dulke of Bloom'ing Grove, in Minnesota, a post-township of osf Grafton, the latter years of the modest poet were em- Waseca co.; pop. about 410. om II in irginia, a post-offce of Princess bittered by want, ill-health, and consequent dejection. Bloom'ing Grove, in New York, a post-township of o'so ig a. Putting fort flowers; blowing. D. 1823. Orange co.; pop. about 2,700. ss i a. Ptting forth foes; boing. Bbos'somy, a. Full of, or replete with, blossonos; as, Blboom'field, in Calefornia,.a township of Nevada co., Bloom'ing Grove, in Ohio, a township and village "'The blessra.y t ree." - Chaucer. about 11 mu. N.E. of Nevada City; pop. about 1,100. of Richland co.; pop. of township about 1,630. osvle, in New Yk, a post-office of Oneid co. -A post-village of Sonoma co., 16 m. of Santa Rosa; pop. Bloom'inkg Grove, in Wisconsin, a post-township of Bot, v. a. [Gotlh. blanleYjan, to remoove; Swed. and Goth. about 250O. Dana co.: pop. about 850.Bltv.a Gt.bnlinorev;SwdadGth aboomet 20. i Dnneticu t C po.-owhp. about a50. blotta, to omakle naked or bare; Frisian, blat; Ger. blss, Bloomfield, in Connecticut, a post-townlsip of Hart- Bloom'ingly, adv. In a blooming manner. sar, as wi ink. ford co., 7 m. N.WV. oft Hartford; pop. about 1,080. Bloomliangl ess, n. State or condition of being b Dan.plet. Tostain, spot,oreia Bloomfieltil in Illinois, a village of Adams co., 6 m. E. blooming. a sweet Portia I Here are a few of the unpleasantst words of the Mississippi River. Bloom'lingpordt, in Indiana, a post-village of Ran- That ever blotted paper." - Shaks. -A post-village of Edgar co., 125 m. E. of Springfield. dolph co., 12 m. S. of Winchester. -A village of McDonough co., about 4 m. S.E. of Macomb. Bloom'iggsbhrg, in Indiana, a post-village of Ful- -o stain with opprobrium; to tarnish; to disgrace. Bloomfield, in Indiana, a village of Jay co., 7 m. N. ton co., 35 m. N.N.E. of Logansport. " My guilt thy growig virtues did defame. of Portlanl. Btono'i.gton, in Arkansas, a P.. of Benton co. iy blackness blotted thy uublemish'd name." - Dryden. of Portlamod. ~~~~~~Bloom'iomgton, in Arkansas, a P.O0. of Benton co. -A township of La Grange co., 20 m. N. by E. of Albion; Bloom'ington, in Illinois, a city and cap. of McLean -To obliterate; to expunge; as, to blot out a sentence. pop. about 1,040. co., 60 m. N.N.E. of Springfield, and 126 S.S.W. of Chi- "One line which, dying, he could wish to blot." — Lyttellton. -A prosperous post-village, cap. of Greene co., 80 m. S.W. cage. This is a flourishing town, and is in the immedi- -To efface; to erase; to destroy. (Generally followed by of Indianapolis, on a fork of White River. ate vicinity of the State Normal University. Pop. out.) -A village of Spencer co., 30 m. EI. by N. of Evansville. 14,600. ]B~~oq~n~tie~sB, in Ibzou. a thriving post-vjil~~~t~~e, cttp~ of'' "ne act like this blots out a thousand crimes." -- Dryden. Bloomfield, in lovwa. a thriving post-villhge, cap. of Bloomlingtonss, in Indiana, a flourishing post-village Davis co., 110 min. S.E. of Des Moines, and 70 N.N.W. of and township, cap. of Monroe co., 51 m. S.W. of Indian- -n. A spot, stain, or blur upon plper; as, a b5ot of ink. Keokuk; pop. about 1,750. apoeis. The State University is located here, and it is -An obliteration qf printed or written matter. -A post-village of Des Moines co. also a place of considerable trade. Pop. about 2,900. "Let ames os your unlucky papers prey.y -A township of Clinton co.; pop. about 1,000. nAnd make of all an universal blot.' - Drydeen. Itlloomaf'iagton~, in Iowa, a township of D~ecatur co.; -A township of Polk co.; pop. about 390. pop. about 180. -A blemish in reputation; a stigma, disgrace, reproach. -A township of Winnesheik co.; pop. 1,148. -A township of Muscatine Co.; pop. about 1,960.' Make known Bloomfield, in KentuckLy, a thriving post-village of -A post-office of Polk co. It is no vicious blot, murder, or foulness, Nelson co., 39 m. S.W. of Frankfort; pop. about 600. Bloosn'lsgton, in Kansas, a village of Douglas Co., That hath deprived me." - SI aks. Bloolmlield, in Maine, a flourishing post-village and on Rock Creek, 9 nm. S.W. of Lawrence. (Games.) In backgammon, when a single man is left township of Somerset co., on the Kennebec River, oppo- IBlooa'ingtotn, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Magoffin co. on a point, and is liable to be taken up. - B-ohn. site Slkowhegan, 35 m. N. by E. of Augusta; pop. of Bloonm'ington, in Alinnesota, a post-village and town- Bloteh, (bloch,) n. [Probably from the root of BLOAn, township about 1,680. ship of Hennepin co., on thie Mimnnesota River, 16 m. q. v.] A pustule upon the sklin; a tumor; a spot; an IBloomtield, in Michigan, a village of Oakland co., 5 S.S.W. of Minneapolis; pop. of township, about 510. eruption. m. S.E. of Pontiac. Bloom'iug'to n, in.lfaoyland, a P. 0. of Alleghany co. "Spots and blotches,... straggling over the body." - Harvey. Bloomfieltl, in lionnesota, a township of Fillmore co.; Blooaa'isag-tlon, in Missouri, a prosperous village and Blotehed, (blocht,) a. Marked with blotches. pop. about 480. township of Buchanan co., 12 m. from St. Joseplo; pop. (Bet.) Color distributed in blotches or patches. Bloomnfield, in Missuo-ri, a post-village and cap. of of townuship, about 1,970. Bloteh'y, a. Posoessing tlotches; spotted. Stoddard co., on Licd Creet, 280 m. S.E. of Jefferson City. -A post-village, cap. of Macon co., 100 m. N. by W. of Blote, e. a. To smohs-d'y; to cure with smoke; as a Bloomiseld, in New Jeosey, a post-village and town- Jefferson co. herring. - See BcOAToa. ship of Essex co., 3~/2 mu. N.W. of Newarkl, and 54 N.E. Bloom'ington, in Ohio, a post-villaogo of Clinton co., BBot'ter, n. One who, or that vhich, blots or effotces. of Trenton; pop. about 5,760. 33 m. E.S.E. of Daytomn; pop. about 150. (Corb.) A waste-book employed in cosnmercisal boosdBloomfield, in Ohio, a township of Jackson co.; pop. Bloomlr'iagton, in Oregon, a village of Polk co., on ness, in ehoich are entered stil transactions in cosiecsabout 2,100.' the Luckamute River, 14 m. S.E. of Daellas. live order. BLOW BLOW BLUC 311 BlIot'tinlgly, adv. With blotting. "While the battle rages long and loud, (arre.) Suffering from disese of the intstines, Blottng-paes',se. Usizedpape, sering o tin And he seresytenepste low."UCampbell. (Farsriery.) Suffering from dieease of the. intestinee, B1o.tt$il ln gpaper,, n. Unsized paper, serving to ira- And the stormy tempests blow." —Campbell caused by the exhalation of gases evolved by a repletion bibe ink, and thus prevent blots. Though no account -To pant or puff; to breathe hard and quick. of green food. of its first use is known to exist, it was probably intro- "I Here's Mrs. Page at the door, sweating and blowing, and look- ]BlIoW'.Off COCkC, n. (Steaem-Engineering.) The stopduced soon after the invention of paper. Fuller (about tag wiidly." —Shaks. cock in thile blow-off pipe. 1655) says: "Paper participates in some sort of thile -To sound by being blown; to sound, as a horn. Blow'-off Pipe, n. (Steam-Engineering.) The pipe characters of the countrymen which matke it: the Vene- "Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying, fixed to thie bottom of a boiler, for discharging the seditian being neat, subtile, and court-like; the French, Blow, bugle; answer echoes, dying, dying, dying."-Tennyson. ment, wiich is effected by blowing through a portion of light, slight, and slender; the Dutch, thick, corpulent, To blow over. To pass away without anticipated effect; the water from the boiler. and gross; not to say somnetimes also charta bibula, suck- as, the storm has blown over. — To blow out. To talk ir- Blow'-pipe, n. An instrument by which a small jet ing up the ink with the sponginess thereof." rationally or scurrilously. (Vulgar.)- 1b blow up. To of air is directed laterally into the flame of a lamp or Blouint, (blunt,) C11ARLES, LeaD MOUNTJOy and EARL OF raise into the air by sudden force; as, to be blown up by candle, so as to divert it in a long slender cone upon a DEVONSHIRE, second son of James, Lord Mountjoy, n. 1563. an explosion. piece of charcoal or other substance, so placed as to reHis person and accomplishments attracted the notice of Blow, v. a. To throw or drive wind upon; as, to blow ceive it. When a flame is thus urged by the B., the exQueen Elizabeth, who conferred on him the honor of with a bellows. treme heat is just at the tip of the outer white flame, knighthood; and some of our readers will remember -To drive or inipel by wind; as, a ship was blown ashore, where the combustion is most perfect, and where subthe manner in which he is introduced among the cour- " Though bladed corn be ledg'd, and trees blown down." —Slhaks. stances are rapidly burned or oxidized; while the intiers of that queen in Sir Walter Scott's Kenilworlth. In -To sound a wind-instrumnent; as, to blow a flute, terior blue flame, in consequence of its excess of com1594 he was made Governor of Portsmouth, and suc- Where the bright seraphim, in burning row, bustible matter, abstracts oxygen from, or reduces, subceeded his brother in the peerage, assembling some Their loud uplifted angel-trumpets blow." —ilton. stances; so that several metals, when thus heated betroops, with which he served in the Netherlands and in -To spread by report; to circulate; as, the news has been fore the B., are alternately oxidized and deoxidized by Brittany; but the Queen was displeased at his absence, blown. being placed in the outer and inner flame. The blowand ordered him to return to court. She made him "So gentle of condition was he known, pipe is of important service to the chemist, in enabling Knight of tile Garter in 1597, and gave him a military That through the court his courtesy was blown."'-Dryden. him to ascertain easily and quicily the effects of intense appointment in Ireland, where he suppressed a rebellion. -To infect with the eggs of flies; as, the meat is fly-blown. heat upon a vwriety of substances; and hle frequently In 1603 lee returned to England, bringing with him -To swell up, or inflate with wind; to puff into size; to has recourse to it in order to distinguish metallic and Tyrone, the rebel chieftain. Subsequently James I. cre- enlarge by injecting air. earthy minerals from each other, and to ascertain, in a ated himn Earl of Devonshire, and made hite Master of " No blowu ambition doth our arms incite." —Shaks. general way, tihe nature of their component parts. It is, the Ordnance. Towards the close of his life he fell into -A vulgarism used in the U. States, in the sense of to in fact, a miost important auxiliary in all cases of qualidisgrace by marrying the divorced Lady Rich, daughter -vaungariot uosed in theg. Saei h es ft tative analysts, and an invaluable instrument for the of the unfortunate Essex. D. 1606. vunt, to boast, to brag. mining-engineer, the mineralogist, and the geologist. Blount, Sir HENRY, an English traveller through Ttr- -To form into shape by the breath. Several treatises have been written on the use and indiPB~~~~~~~oru~~~~~~~~nf~"o, blowERY the pngipe utl~il ter bhrubbl rise. —a Ikey, Syria, and Egypt; author of a Voyage to the Levant. Bo, o the pipe until te bule rise.-Panel cation of the B.; and thei reader is especially referred to B. 1602; D. 1682. -To warm with the breath; to infuse heat by breathing the Manual of Blow-pipe Anzalysis anod Determinclive Blount, in Alabama, a northern county. Area, 955 sq. upon. MlWiner-alogy, by the late Wm. Elderlhorst, a. D., formerly m. Wateredby the Locust and Mulberryforks of Black "When icicles hang by the wall, Professor of Chemistry in the Rensselaer Polytechnic And Die~ the shepherd blows his nail." —$haks. Warrior IRtiver. It is well timbered, affords excellent To Ao t epe Swsh hebStl a Institute,-a text-book equally valuable to student and )astur, and has apartially hilly surface. ap ounts- ut. To extinguish wind or the brth;, adept, being especially remarkable for a quality too uville. Pop. abt 12 to blow out a light. - To blew hot end told. To look fa- rarely found in scientific works, viz., perspicuity. It Blount, in Tennessee, an E.S.E. county, bordering on N. vorably on a thicg at one nomect, and view it unfavor- is in general use in England, as well as in the U. States. Casrolina. Area, about 450 sq. mi. The Holston River ably at another.- To blow of. lo enit; to allow to es- A 4th ed., revisedl by Ch. F. Chandler, Professor of Anacape; as, to blow otfsteam.- To blow upon. To taint or forms its N.W. boundary, while on the NV. it is skirted cpe; as, t bow stea.- low pn. To tint or lytical Chenmistry in the Columbia College, N. Y., is anby the Tennessee, and intersected and drained by Little compronisebyinjurious reports; to brisg into discredit; nounced by the publisher, T. Ellwood Zell, Philadelphia. River and other streanms. Seface, nmountainous, and soil as, her reputation is blown upon. Biow'-pointt, n. A child's play, resembling push-pin. very fertile; limestone, iron ore, and marble are found. " He will whisper an intrigus that is not yet lon upon by Shortly boys sall not play Cap. Marysville. Pop. abt. 14,000. At spa —couuter or blow.point."e- Donne. Blount's Creek, in Nortlh Carolina, a post-office of To blow up. To inflate; to puff out vith pride. B W'A t apac. (Stesm- tngineeri. The sniftin~~~~~Bea~~uf'ort co. 1 ~"Blown up with the conceit of his merit."-Bacon. valve ofw a condensing engine. Beauibrt co. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~valve of a conedensing esngine. Blount's Ferry, in Florida, a P. 0. of Columbia co. -To fill with air; to raise or swell, as with the breath. — Blowly, a. Windy; blowing. Blount's Springs, in Aiabansa, a much resorted-to To kindle; to inflame. Blowze, (blouz,) n. A ruddy, fat-faced woman. spa of Blount co., on the Mulberry fork of Black War- "His presence soon blows up th' unkindly sight." —Drlde. Blowzee, (blouzd,) a. Ilaving a high color; blowzy. rior River, 80 m. N.E. of Tuscaloosa. There are chaly- -To burst; to hurl into the air by gunpowder or other Blowzy, (blouz'i,) a. Ruddy-faced; fat and ruddy; beate and sulphurous springs here, projectile force; as, to blow up a ship.- To render abor- coarse-featured. Blounts'to~wn, in Florida, a village of Calhoun co. tive; to frustrate suddenly; as, to blow up a plot. - Blub'ber, n. [Probably from Du. bobbel, bubble.] (PhlysBlounts'ville, in Alabama, a post-village, cap. of Vulgarly, to scold, abuse, or rebuke orally; as, "he iol.) The cellular membrane of the whale in which the Blount co., on the Locust fork of Black Wartior Rtiver, blew me up sky-high." oil, or fat, is included. 100 m. N.E. of Tuscaloosa. Blowl-ball, n. The floccose head of the dandelion. (Zo'l.) The Medusa, or sea-nettle. Blounts'ville, in Geoi-gia, a village of Jones co., 16 m. Blow'en, n. A slang terce for a paramour; a prostitute. (Corn.) The fat or oil of whales, seals, walruses, &c. W. of Milledgeville. Blow'er, n. One who blows; a smelter of metals. In application to the whale, it is, properly speaking, Blounts'ville, in Indiana, a village of Delaware co., (fecht.) See BLOWINo-MACHINcE. the adeps of the animnal, and lies immediately beneath 24 m. N.W. of Centreville. — A steam-jet to create a draft of air through a chimney. the skin, and over the muscular flesh. — In the porpoise -A post-village of Henry co., 13 m. N.E. of Newcastle. -A plate of sheet-iron, zinc, or tin, placed in the upper it is a firm and fibrous mass, usually about an inch Blountsville, in Tecnnessee, a post-village, cap. of part of a fireplace, and beneath the orifice of a chiin- thick; in the whale its thickness is generally six inches; Sullivan co., near the Holston River, and about 100 m. ney, to circumscribe the surface of the air, and hence about the under lip it is two or three feet thick. The N.E. of Knoxville. occasion an increased current. quantity of B. obtained from one of these animnals is Blouse, (blowse,) n. [Fr.] A light, loose garment, like a -A blowing out, or excessive discharge of gas, from a hole generally from 20 to 30 tons, from which 15 to 22 tone long frock, worn as an over-covering by the French pea- or fissure in a mine. - W~ebster. of oil may usually be extracted. The use of the B. to santry and workmen. In other countries it is princi- (Mining.) The name given, in coal mines, to the fis- the animal seems to be parltly to poise the body, and pally in use among waggoners, draymnen, arnd farm-labor- sures made in hewing the coal, and from which tile render it equiponderant to the water, partly to keep the ers. The garmens t called in Englahd a smock-fr'occ snarsh-gas exhales with considerable force, when accu- water at some distance from the blood, aced so prevent strongly resembles it. It is worn in France of different muhated under pressure, as is often the case. chill, and partly to reflect the hot steams of the body, colors, but in other countries blue appears to be the pre- (NautI.) A name usually given by seamen to the whale, and so redouble the heat; since all fat bodies are less vailing hue. A variety of the B. of a light material, as from its spouting forth an immense quantity of water. susceptible of cold than lean ones. — It is generally linen, &c., is also much worn by tourists, pedestrians, B10w'-fly, n. (Zobl.) See SARCOPHAoA. brought home from the fishing-ground stored in casks. artists, &c. Blow'-hole, n. A cavernous aperture at the base of The oil is drained out of the blubber byplacing the latBlow, n [0. Ger. bliuwan, to strike; bldw, bleo, livid; a cliff, on a plane with the sea, and into which the ter, cut up, on racks, through which the oil drips down Goth. bliggvan, to strilke, friom the blue or livid color surges dash themselves violently. -That nostril on the into casks. It is then heated up to 2250, to deprive it produced on the skin by a stroke.] A stroke; a hit; a upper part of the head of a whale, which serves fbr of its rancid smell, and also to make tie grosser parts knock; stroke of death, or one that kills. breathing or blowing. —An orifice in the ice, where settle. The oil is then pumped over with cold water, And every hand that dealt the blow, whales, seals, &c. inhale the air. left to cool, and finally stored in casks.-See BALASNIDA. Ah me I it was a brother's I' - Ctzpbele. Blowing, n. (Metal.) The projecting of air into a Blub'ber, v. i. To weep in a noisy manner, so as to -A sudden calamity; at unexpected evil. furnace, in a strong and rapid current, for the purpose swell the cheelks. We bear it calmly. though a ponderous woe, of increasing the conlbustion. Ee s lesshe, And still adore the hand that gives the blow." -Pomfret. Blow'ing Cave, in Georgia, a post-village of Decatur Blub'ring and weeping, weeping and blubb'ring." - Shake. -The act of a fly when lodging eggs in flesh; also, the county. -v. a. To swell the cheeks with weeping. -Tegg itself ayhenBlowding-maechsine, n. (Metal.) An instrument for ", Tir'd with the search, not finding what she seeks, "egg itself.mcterletwtth lw producing a current or blast of air, chiefly for the pur- With cruel blows she pounds her blubber'd cheeks." — Dryden. " I much fear, lest with the blows of flies D'dcn nf~l rbato icifyfrtepr Hisc brass-nflteds wtnds are Sloisd." - f hlpma. pose of exciting the combustion of fuel, and producing Blubbered, (blubSberd,) p. a. Swelled; turgid;-com(nut.) A sudden anf d violent gale of ind; ae, it came a get heat. The common bellows is an instrunlent monly applied to the lips. (Alraut.) A sudden and violent gale of wind; as, it came a9' on a hevy blow after cleaning the and of this kind; but for certain processes in metallurgy, as' Thou sing with him, thou booby i never pipe on a hevy bu low after clearing to denote a jolnd. ificto or in smelting and refining ores, the intermittent blast Was so profan'd, to touch that blubbered lip."- Dryden. A blo~w-out. A vulgarism to denote a jollification, or n pgood entertainment; as, we had a first-rate blow-ot. roduced by the single bellows is prejudicial, and even Blub'beriag, n. The act of weeping noisily and viegood entertainment; as. we had a first-rate blow-out. blws. To fight; to engage in esonal in the double form of the machine, as used generally lently. Te tcoses to bwsTofgttoegginprna by blacksmiths, the defect is not altogether remedied. BliiUcher, (bloolkr,) GEBHAac.E LEaRECIT VON, (FIELD MARencounter. At a blow. Instantaneously; at one attempt; by a Various contrivnces have been employed for tie pun- SIAL.) a distinguished Prussian general, whose impetupose of producing a continuous and equable blast, ous intrepidity gained hiln the appellation of "Marshal single action. I -:_,, - - - W - - ))/,' 1 - +1 Q. YT and a tswn; but itthey are though depending generally on the principle of forcicng Forward" (Vocwdirts), was born at Rostock, 1742. He', Every year they gain a victory, adaitw;btfte re enco deteated they lose a province atd a blew' bt - f Ddcee air into large cylinders or air-chests by measns of a force entered the'Swedish service when quite a youth, and in once defeated. they lose a province at a~ blow." -- Drydent. air-pump, and allowing it to escape by eduction pipes his first campaign was made prisoner by the Prussians, -[Ger. blitthe, a blossom.] A flower; a blossom. - A plot under a regular pressure. For the regulastion of the whom he afterwards joined, and rose to the rank of o,- bed of flowers. pressure, the air may be thrced into a vessel inverted in captain; but being discontented with the promotion of Blow, v.i. [A.S. blowane; Ger. blithen. See BrooM.] To a reservoir of water; but as the air is chilled by its con- other officers over his head, he obtained his discharge put forth buds or flowers; to bloom; to blossom. tact with the watee-, the water regulator is found to be from the great Fredericks, who dismissed him with the ". Fair is the kingcup that in meadow blocws, objectionable for large blast-furnaces, and a weight is pithy remark that "he might go to the devil if he F~air is the daisy that beeldo her grows.-Cay. eemployed. Meechines on this principle are in ose at pleased; " and he afterwards lived many years in retire-To fructify, or cause to blossom. every foundry and great engine-manulitctory; and they ment. Being recalled by Kitisg Frederick William, he was — (imep. sLEEW; pp. nLowN.) [A.S. blawan; O. Ger. bldhan, have this advantage, that a number of fbrgcs may be made major-general after' the battle of Leystadt, in 1794, or bldjano, to blow; probably allied to Lat. flo, and the supplied from the sesme air-chest. and commainded the cavalry at the battle of Jena, which Gr. root a5 (with a prefix), to blow, to breathe.] To ]Blown, p. a. Swelled; inflated; expanded, as ablossom. decided, for a time, the fiste of the Prussian mocsnrchy. breathe; to send forth or produce wind or a current of - Useless; stale; unprofitable. -- Panting for breath; When Prussia entered into the coalition agesins t Napeair; to be in motion, as air;- as, the wind blows. exhausted; spent; as, a blown horse. leon, in 1813, our hero, then seventy years old, was 312 ]3LUE BLUE BLUE made general of the centre of the allied army; distin- About November it tales its departure from the United BBse-cturls, n. (Bot.) See PRUNELLA, and TRICdOSTeMA. guished himself at Liitzen and Leipzig, pursued the States. The whole upper part of the bird, which is Blaue'-dev'ils, n.pl. Depression of spirits; hypochonflying French across the Rhine, and after a year of ob- about seven inches and a half long, is of a rich sky-blue, dria; sometimes used, in a vulgar sense, to denote the stinate conflict in France, headed the right wing of the shot with purple. The bill and legs are black. Shafts of malady of Delirium-treme ens. allied army under the walls of Paris, at the time of Na- the wing- and tail-feathers black. Throat, neck, breast, Blue'.-isease, n. (Med.) See CYANOsIS. poleon's abdication, in 1814. In England, which he vis- and sides, partially under the wings, reddish chestnut. Blue Eagle, in Miissouri, a post-office of Clay co. ited with the allied sovereigns, hle was received with en- Wings, dusky black at the tips. Belly and vent white. Blue Earth, in Alinnesota, a S. county, bounded parthusiasm. Being re-invested with the command of the The female is duller in its colors. tially on the N. by the Minnesota River, divided by the Prussian army during the Hundred Days, he was de- Blue'-blaek, n. (Painting.) A well-burnt and levi- Blue Earth, or Mankato River, and also watered by the feated by Napoleon at Ligny, on June 16,1815, on which gated charcoal, of a cool, neutral color, and not differing Maple and Watonwan rivers. Area, about 760 sq. m. occasion he wats unhorsed and charged over by both the from the common Frankfort black. B. was formerly Surface. Undulating. Soil. Fertile. Misin. Limestone. French and Prussian cavalry. Marshal Grouchy was much employed in painting. Cap. Mankato. Pop. about 20,000. commissioned by Napoleon to push B.'s retreat, and ]Blue'-blood, n. [Sp. sangre azul.] A phrase common Blue Earth' Ci.ty, in Wisconsin, a post-village, cap. check his junction with the British army, which Wel- in Spain, where it is applied to the blood of the old no- of Faribault co., on Blue Earth River, is 42 m. S. by W. lington required. But having deceived Grouchy by bility by way of euphuism; and to define its supposed of Manklato, and 100 S.S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. abt. 500. leaving a body of his troops to nmask the operation, he distinction from the red blood of plebeians; as, he is a Blue Earth R7iver, in Minnesota. See MANKATO. retrograded unmolested, by a skilful and dangerous flank grandee of the bluest blood. Blaue'-eyed, a. Having blue eyes. movement; and his advanced division, under Btilow, ar- Blue'-bonnet, n. (ZoVl.) See TITMOUSE. "Nor to the temple was she gone, to move rived at Waterloo at five o'clock, just as the whole re- (Bot.) Same as Blue-bottle. - See CENTAUREA. With pryers the blue-eyed progeny of Jove." —Dryden. served glite of the French army was advancing in dense -A term sometimes applied to the Scottish IHighlanders, Iaue5-eyed Grass, n. (Bet.) See SISYRINCHIUM. column to make their last desperate effort to break from their wearing a blue bonnet, or what is commonly Blue'l-eldls, or BLEW'FmLDeS, a river of Central Amerthrough the British squares. This fresh flank attack on called a Glengarry. ica, Mosquito Territory, falling into an inlet of the Cathe advancing column contributed greatly to decide the "All the blue-bonnets are crossing the Border." - Sir W. Scott. ribbean Sea, after a course of several hundred miles, in victory, and Bliicher arrived in time to participate in Bluae'-bsok, a. In England, a term given to the reports Lat. 120 N., Lou. 8a. At its month i town of the the pursuit. He was a rough and fearless soldier; brave, that are to be printed and published by order of the par- me name, with a good harbor, nd built on a comhonest, and free; beloved by his comrades, and a sworn liament; so called fiom the blue color of their bindings. manding height. foe to the enemies of his country. D. at his estate in Also, in America and in Englandi a book containing the Blue'-ish, n. (Zob'l.) The TENNODON SALVATOd, a fish Silesia, 1819, aged 77. names of all persons holding public offices, with her of the Macieeel family, about 15 inches lorg, found in fteMakrlfmlaout nher og fudi Bluchers, (btooklers,) n. pl. The name given, in Eng- particulars of general interest. almost all seas. It has the first dorsal in a furrow, teeth land, to a pair of men's strong ankle-boots; sometimes Blue'-bottle, n. (Bet.) See CENTAUREA. called anklce-jaclks. (ZoNl.) A name of the Flesh-fly, Mlusca vomitoria, Bludgeon, (blud'jon,) n. [Probably from Goth. blig- belonging to the order Diptera. This insect is termed go-an, to strike; perhaps allied to Gr. pldg#, plesso, to blue-fly from its color, and flesh-fly from the fact of its strike.] A short stick or cudgel, with one end heavier depositing its eggs in fleshy viands, in which the larvae than the other, and used to strike blows with, as a weapon of offence. Blue, (bld,) n. [Fr. bleu; A. S. bleo, bleoh, bleow; 0. Ger. bldw, livid, sky-blue.] The color which the sky exhibits; a cerulean hue; one of the seven primary colors of the rays of light when refracted through a glass prism. Pg. 377.- BLUE-FISH, (T. salvator) (Painting.) A great variety of blue pigments are used on the outer row separate, flat ad netshaped; ner on the outer row separate, fiat, and lancet-shaped; inner in the arts; they are obtained fronm both mineral and series crowded, and te teeth dense upon the vomer, vegetablesonrces. Prusslnnblue, ongof thomostgen- ~~series crowded, and thle teeth; dense upon the vomer, vegetable sources. Prussian blue, one of the most genvegetable sources. Prussian blue, one of the most gen- ~~~palatines, and tongue. It is prized as an article of food. erally used, is made from a mixture of prussiate of potash palatine, and tone. It s pried as an artle of food. and a salt of iron. Indigo is also much used when di — Ble'-gass, n. (t.) SeePoa solved in sulphuric acid. - ~See COLORS; BLUE CA~RMINE; Blue Grass, in Illinois, a post-office of Vermilion co. sLvE inHRE sulphuricacid. -BL SEe; CL oUS; BL E CAR MINE; Blue Grass, in Indiana, a post-office of Fulton co. BLUE OCIIRE; PttUSSIABI BLUE; LITMIUS; BLUE VERDITEtt; BI oc O c n; PInosm~A s B iu c; LionceuEs;& Bru nne a; ]B lule G rass, in Jowa, a post-village and township of INDIGo BLUE; KING's BLUE; &C. Scott co., 45 mu. E. by S. of Iowa City. Pop. of town(Dyeing.) Blues are generally dyed with indigo, or esip, about 1,250. witllh Prussian blue; in the latter case, the stuff isB e a d vib c di steeped successively in solutions of a salt of peroxide Bue-haired, a. Having blue-colored hair. of iron and of ferrocyanide of potassium. Aniline blue Thi pace, ~~~is aN~lso munch employed for silk and wm~oollen fabr~~ics. ~The greatest and the best of all the main, is also much employed for silk and woollen fabrics. Pig. 376. - BLUE-BOTTLE, OR FLESH-FLY. He quarters to his bluce-haired deities." — 1filton. -A learned woman. - See BLUE-STOCKING. ]Blue Iffill, in Maine, a post-township of Hancock co., -Straitlaced in morals; austere in temper; extreme; as, (Magnified.)oBn, p o st-township of Hancock do., on Frenchman's Bay, 80 m. E. of Augusta. It has a " Presbyterian true blate." - Butler. are hatched. It is generally larger than the common trade in shipbuilding. Pop. about 2,400. -In the plural, a vulgarism and contraction for the blue- house-fly, and its wings indeed are sometimes nearly Blue ]Hill Falls, in Maine, a P. 0. of Hancock co. devils; i. e. dejection of mind; low spirits; delirium- three-quarters of an inch in expanse. It is distinguished Blue ][ills, in New Hampshire, a chain of hills, of tremens. by a proboscis, always very apparent, membranous, and which Saddlebacik Mountain is the most elevated summit. Blue, a. Of a blue color; sky-colored. bibliate, generally bearing two palpi, and capable of Blue [Iron-ore, n. (Min.) See VIVIANWTE. "Why does one climnate and one soil endue being withdrawn entirely within the oral cavity; it also ]Blue Island, in Illinois, a post-office of Cook co. The bIuehing poppy peith a crimson hue, has a sucker of two pieces; the antennae in a plate with Blue'-jacket, n. (Naut.) A name popularly given in Yfet leave the lily pale, and tinge the violet blue 3 "- Prior. lateral seta. England to a man-o'-war's man; derived from the blue -Depressed in spirits; dejected; as, to feel quite blue. Blue Branch, in Texas, a post-office of Burieson co. color of his clothing. Blue, v. a. To make blue; to dye or tint ot'a blue color. Blue'breast, n. (Zodl.) The Cyanecucla suecica, an Blue'-john, n. (AMin.) The name commonly given by 2Blune B~all, in New Jer-sey, a village of Moonmouth co., elegant little bird of the family Sylvicolidre, much re- the miners of Derbyshire, England, to the beautiful vaabout 4 m. S. of Freehold. sembling our Redstart. It inhabits different parts of riety of compact fluor-spar, which is made into vases Bluae Ball, in Ohio, a post-office of Butler co. Europe, and is mostly found on the borders of forests. and other ornamental articles. Blue Ball, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Lan- It is five inches and a half in length, of which the tail Bllue Lake, in Michigan, a P. 0. of Muskegon co. caster co. occupies two and a quarter. The head, back, and wing- Blue'-lead, n. (Min.) A term applied by miners to ]Blue Bayoau, in Louisianac, flowing S.E. between coverts are ashy-brown, mottled with a darker tint; a galena, in contradistinction to white lead-ore, anglesite, &c. Terrebonno and La Fourche Interior parishes, into the reddish-white line passes above the eyes; a brilliant slky- The name is also given to a pseudo-morphous variety of Gulf of Mexico. buIne covers the throat and half-way down the breast; galena accompanying the carbonates of lead and copper. Blue'bell, n. (Bet.) See SCILLA. this is set off by a spot of the most dazzling white, the Blue ]Lek, in Indiana, a post-office of Clarke co., 9 m. Blue Bell, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Mont- size of a pea, placed precisely over the larynx, which, W.N.W. of Charleston. gonmery co. enlarging and diminishing successively by the move- Blue aLick, in Ohio, a post-office of Allen co. Bluae'be.ry, n. (Bet.) See VAcCINIUOC. ment of this part when the bird sings, produces the most ]Blvae ]LicK S~prings, in Kentuckey, a post-village and Blue'bisrd, n. (Zoil.) The Sialia sialis, an Americatn beautiful effect. The blue passes into a black band, spa of Nicholas co., 70 m. N.E of Prankfort. The minbird of the finmily Furtidc. This is a bird wellknown to and the latter into a fine orange; the belly is dusky eral waters here bear a high celebrity, and are much every child, and whose habits of familiarity with nman white; the thighs and sides are reddish; and the quill- sought after. in summer are on a par with those of the European Red- feathers dark brown. Some males have two little white Bl]ue,-light, n. (Pyrotecbny.) A composition consistbreast in winter. - As early as the middle of Februanry, spots on the throat, and some even three; but some have ing of saltpetre 4 parts, sublimed sulphur 2 parts, and if the weather be open, he usually makes his appearance none. The food of the Bluebreast consists of flies, the red orpiment 1 part. It is used for signal-purposes, and about his old haunts. the barn, orchard, anrid fence-posts. larvee of insects, and worms. The nest is built in bushes puts forth a vivid blue flame. Storms and deep snows sometimnes succeeding, he dis- and in the holes of trees; and the eggs areofa greenish B]luelly, adv. With a blue color; as, "While as tIe appears for a time; but about the middle of March he is hue. The females, when young, are of a celestial-blue light burnt bluely." - S ft. again seen accompanied by his mate, visiting the box in'tint on the sides of the throat; and when very old, they Blue rli, in Missouri, a post-office of Jackson co. the garden, or the hole in the old apple-tree, the cradle have the throat sometimes of a very bright blue. Blue 3hould, n. See AsPERGILLUa. of somne generations of his anceetors..... "IWhen lee ]Blue Ctan'yon, in California, a P. 0. of Placer co. Bllae Mlound, in Wisconsin, a township of Dane co., first begins his amours," says a curious and correct ob- BlUe-.eap, n. (Zo'l.) Same as BLUE-FISH, q. v. 22 m. SW. of Madison; pop. about 1,000. server, "it is pleasing to behold his courtship, his solici- Blue Carmine, n. (Painting.) A blue oxide of me- -A village of Iowa co. tude to please and to secure the favor of his beloved lybdena, of which little is Iknown as a substance or as a BEl-se lountain, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of female. He uses the tenderest expression, sits close by pigment. It is said to be of a beautiful blue color, and Northampton co. her, caresses and sings to her his most endearing warb- durable in a strong light, but is subject to change in Bluae liouanltain, in -Arkansas, a post-township of lings. When seated together, it' he espies an insect de- hue by other substances, and blaclkened by foul air; we Izard co.; pop. about 400. licious to her taste, he takes it up, flies with it to her, may conjecture, therefore, that it is not of much value Blase l3lountains, in Australia, a range nearlyparaIspreads his wing over her, and puts it in her mouth." - in paicting. lel to the coast in New Sosth Wtles. The food of the bluebird consists principally of insects, Blase Copper, n. (c/ecm.) A fine blue mineral con- Bhle MCountains, in Jamuica, a range traversing the particularly largebeetles and other coleo2etera, filequen thy sisting of sulphide of copper. It is also known as Indigo whole length of the island filom E. to W., and attaining of spiders, and sometimes of fruits and seeds. The nese csppea- in soue places n altitcde of 6,000 feet. is built in holes in trees, and similar situations. The Blase Copperas, a. (0/sem.) Sulphate of copper; so Bl~lue lhoueast/ains, in the U. States. See APPALACUIAN bird is very prolific, for though the eggs, which are of called to dhistinguish it from green copperas, which is MoUNTxAINs. a pale-blue color, seldom exceed six, and are more frl- sulphate of iron. It is also caelled blue vitriol, and blue- Blue M~1ountains, in Oregon, a ridge stretching from quemotly fies in number, two acid sometimes three broode stone. - See CoPFat. (SULPHAT~ os.) N. Lat. 460 S. to the frontier of Utah Territory. It runs are produced in a season. Its song is dlseertul, contiun- Blue Creek, in Florida, a post-office of Liberty co. almost parallel with the Coast Range flom which it is ing with little interruption fl-one Macdo to October, beet Blue Creek, in Indiana, a post-office of Franlklin co. distant E. about 200 m. is most frequently heard in the serene days of the spring. — A township of Adams co. Pop. about 800. Blsse Mountains, Ie PeanspTvania. See KITTATINNY. The B. are common ius meost paerto of North Aneerica, ls re nOi e having bse semm in Csona, Virginia, Marylan ameid AgBlae Czeek, in Ohio, Paulding co., empties into the Bluae'ness, n. Quality of being blue; a blue color. hlaving beenl seen in Carolinar, Virg~inia, Maryland, no ur~~ ie.B~-~an~ b~ioh~). ~uit) Aie~lon Blne-ochre, (bld'o-lcr,) a. (Poaint.) A nmineral color the Bsm-maeueia slandsf. Wilson,,ivee the United States, -A poet-office of Adams co. of rare occurrence, found with iron pyrites in Cornwll, the Bahasmas, Mexico, Brazil, anmd Guiana, as its localities. Blue Cr*eelk, in IF. V-i-ginia, a P. O. of Kanawha co. Eng., and also in N. An.erica; it is a.ub-phoop....t. of BLUE BLUiN BLUS 313 iron. What Indian-red is to the color red, and the Ox- mately blacken it, —changes which ensue even more muzzle, and adapted for discharging several bullets at a ford ochre to yellow, this is to other blue colors. They rapidly in oil than in water; it is, therefore, by no time, so that, without any exact aim, one or more of the class in likeness of character; hence it is admirable means an eligible pigment in oil, and is principally con- bullets may blunderingly hit the mark. rather for the modesty and solidity, than for the bril- fined to distemper painting, and the uses of the paper-'There are blunderbusses in every loop-hole, that go off of their liancy of its color. stainer, though it has been found to stand well many own accord at the squeaking of a fiddle." - Dryden. Blue'-.oint'ment, n. (Med.) An ointment containing years in water-color drawings and crayon paintings, Blun'derer, n. One who makes a blunder, or is apt mercury. when kept dry. to make gross mistakes. Blue'-pseter, n. (Naut.) A small square flag of blue ]Blue4'ville, in Illinois, a post-office of Christian co. " Another sort of judges will decide...him a mere blunderer." Watts. color with awhite square in the centre; used in the mer- Blue'-vit'r.iol, n. (Chem.) Blue-stone; sulphate of Blun'derhead,s n. A stupid person; one who frecantile marine service as a signal for immediate sailing. copper. quently makes blunders; as, a' thick-skulled blunderBlue'-pill, n. (Med.) A small bolus (pilula hydrargyri) Blue Wing, in N. Carolina, a P. 0. of Granville co. head." - L'Estrange. consisting of mercury triturated with conserve of roses Blue'y, a. Rather blue; bluish. (a.) Blun'dering, p. a. Moving or acting with blind preand the powder of liquorice-root till the globules disap- 1Bluff, a. [Probably fiom 0. nug. bloughty, swelled, cipitance; mistaking grossly; stumbling. pearandahomnogeneous bluish-graypill-massis obtained; puffed, whichl may be fromn bloat, bloated; W. bloff, to Blun'deringlyadv. In a blunderingorstupidmanner. it contains one-third of its weight of mercury. - See mingle.] Swollen out; blustering; big; burly. Bluan'derville, in Kentucky, a village of Ballard co. SALIVATION. " Like those whom stature did to crowns prefer, Blunger, (blunj'eo-,) n. (Pottery.) See PLUNGER. Bolse Poinet, in Iowa, a P. 0. of Poweshiek co. Black-brow'd and bluff, like Homer's Jupiter." - Dryden. Blunging, (blunjaing,). (Pottery.) See PLUNGIN. Blue Pointi, in NAew York, a post-office of Suffolk co. -Sometimes used for outspolken; rudely firank in manner Blunt, a. [Swed. and Goth. plump, dull, blockish; probBlue Pond, in Alabama, a post-office of Cherokee co. or language; brusque; unceremonious; "as, Bluff King ably allied to the root of Gr. amblyns, to blunt, to make Blue Prussian, n. See PRussIAN BLUE. lal." dull.] Dull on the edge or point; not sharp; as, a bluti Bslue R{asids, in Kansas, a post-village and township -Abrupt; bold; of a steep ascent; like a bluff, knife. of Marshall co., on Big Blue River, 15 m. S. of Mlarys- Bllill; n. A high steep bank projecting into the sea, or "IThanks to that beauty, which can give an edge to the bluntesl ville; pop. of township, about 700. into the river; as the bluffs of the Mississippi. (This swords." - Sir P. Sidney. Blue Ridge, or BLUE MOUNTAINS, in the U. States. See term is also applied, in the U. States, to any eminence -Dull in understanding; obtuse; not quick. APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. presenting an abrupt front, even when at a distance "I'll quickly cross, Blue Ridge, in Illinois, a township of Platt co.; pop. from water; as, Council Bltffs.) - A game of cards. By some sly trick, blunt Thurlo's dull proceeding." - Sheck. about 800. Bluff, v. a. To bluster; to repulse gruffly; to act in an -Unpolished; brusque; unceremonious; abrupt in speech; Blue Rielge, in Indiana, a post-office of Shelby co. overbearing manner. (U.S. Vulgar.) rude; plain. Blue Ridge, in Missouri, a P. O. of Harrison co. ]Bluff, in Mlissouri, a village of Hoit co., 90 m. N.W. of "To use too many circumstances, ere one can come to the matBlue Ridge, in North Carolina, a post-office of Hen- Independence. ter, is wearisome; to use none at all, is blunt." — Bacon. derson co. -A post-office of Texas co. -IHard to penetrate; almost impenetrable. (a.) Blue Ridge, in Virginia, a post-office of Botetourt co. Bllu1ff, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Sank co. "I find my heart hardened and blust to new impressions." —Popa. Blue River, in Wisconsin, a small stream of Grant co., Bluff'-bowed, Bluff'-headed, a. [bluff and bow.] Blunt, v. a. (pp. BLUNTED; pp)'. BLUNTING.) To dull the that empties into the Wisconsin River. (Naut.) A vessel with full and square bows. edge or point of anythieg; as, to blont a pencil. -A post-township of Grant co.; pop. about 500. Bluff Bridge, in Virginia, a P'. 0. of Washington co. So sicken waning moons too near the sn Blue River, in Indiana, takes rise in Henry co., and Bluff Citfy, in Illinois, a post-village of Scott co., 51 m. And bluntSS their cresconts on the edge of day." —Drydrn. after a S.W. course to the mouth of Sugar.Creek, John- W. of Springfield.- r a r sepi - Zo Srnged -To repress, weaken, or impair. son co., assumes the name of Driftwood Creek, or East BluffT City, in Nebraska, a post-village of Gago co., 65 "1 Blunt not his love; Pork of White River. - A stream rising in Washington mn. S.W. of Nebraska City..... By seeming cold." - Shaks. co., and falling into the Ohio at Leavenworth.-A stream Bluff Creek, in 2owa, a township of Mlonroe co.; pop. Blullnt, n. A cant term for money; hard cash; as, down of Whitley co., emptying into Eel River, a little below abt. 850. with the blt. Columbia. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~with the blucnt. Columbia. B]luff BDale, in illinois, a post-village of Greene co., 65 Blunt, in linois, a township of Vermilion co.; pop. -A township of Harrison co. m. W.S.W. of Springfield. about 1,700. -A township of Jolelson co.; pop. about 350. Bluff'ness, n. Bluntness; brusqueness of aspect or Blunt1ing, 7. Act of making blunt. -A township of Hancock co.; pop. about 1,330. manner; as, bluffoess of face. Blunt'ish, a. Blunt in acetin degree. — Ai township of IIenry co.; pop. about 1,050. Blulff Point, in Indiana, a post-office of Jay co. Blunt'ishne n. State of being blunt in speech or -A township of Harrison co.; pop. about 1,300. Bluff Point, in Tennessee, a P. 0. of Hickman co. manner. manner. Blue River, in Abyssinia. See AZREK. Bluffl'port, in lMissouri, a village of Howard co., on Blunt'ly, ado. In a blunt manner; unceremoniously; Blue Rock, in Kensyltckyi, a post-office of Carter co. the Missouri Rives, plainly; abruptly; without delicacy or courteousness. Blue Rocn k, in Pennsoylcani/a, a village of Iowa co. Bluff Spring, in Alabama, a post-office of Clay co. "A man of honest blood, — i post-ollie0 of C h e s t e r c o. "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IIA man of honest blood, -A post-office of Chester co. IEaBluff S1p]ring, in Illinois, a post-office of Cass co. Who to his wife, before the time assign'd, Blue Rock, in Ohio, a post-township of Muskingum Bluff Sprisg, in Georgia, a post-village of Talbot co.,....thus bluntly spoke his mind." - Dryden. co., 15 m. S.S.E1. of Zanesville; pop. about 1,400. 30 m. N.E. of Columbus City. Blunt'ness, s. Dulness of edge or point; want of Btlue Skin, n. (Med.) A condition of the body only Bluff Springs, in Tennessee, a village of Jackson co. sharpness; obtuseness. witnessed in the collapse stage of the Asiatic cholera.- B]uhltssion, in indiana, a post-village, cap. of Wells co., The crafty boy, that had full oft essay'd, See CHOLERA. on the Wabash Itiver, 25 m. S. of Fort Wayne, and 100 But still the bluntness of his darts betray'd." - Suneling. Blue Spring, in Georgia, a village of Baker co., 20 m. N.E. of Indianapolis. Want of polish; rude sincerity or plainness. N.E. of Newton. Blulffton, in Iowa, a post-village and township of Win- Some readers will bo assisted to discern a difference between Blue Spring, in Virginia, a post-office of Smyth co. neshiek co., on the Upper Iowa River, 12 m. N.N.W. of blntnless of speech and strength of reason." - Boyle. Blue Spring {Grove, in Kentucky, a post-office of Decorah; pop. 718. Blusnt'-witted, a. Dull; stupid; obtuse. Barren co. Bluffton, in Michigan, a post-office of Muskegon co. Blunt-wited lord, ignoble in demeanour." - Shake. Blue Springs, in Florida, a P. 0. of Volusia co. Bluffton, in M;issouri, a post-office of Montgomery co. B r,. [Probably from Du. baar, blister; from the Blue Springs, in Missouri, a post-village of Jackson Bluffton, in Ohio, a, post-office of' Allen co. lu,. [Probably from Du. blar, blister; from the co., 9 m. S.E. of Independence. Bluffton, in South Carolina, a post-village of Beaufort root of bladder.] A pustule; a blain; a stain; a blot; Bluae Springs, in Nebraska, a post-village of Gage co., district. as a smudge of ink upon paper. aIdstinctness of viion; cnusdpereton; paseeryon Big Blue River, 65. S.W. of Nebraska city. Bluffton, in Wisconsin, a village of Marquette co., 60 — Indistinctn ess of vision; confused perception; as, everyon~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Foa Big Bluenzn Rier 65lag m. SW.t thing aperd lr Bluae Spritngs, in the E. part of Tennessee. At this m. N. by E. of Madison. - lsn t ei m l s spot, Oct. 10-11, 1863, a smart engagement took place Bluff'ville, in Illinois, a post-office of Carroll co. - blot, stin, or stigf a; used in a moral sense. between a detachnment of Union troops, and a body of Bluff'y, n. Presenting a bluff appearance. "Man, once fallen, was nothing but a great blur." - South. Confederates under Gen. Jones, in which, after 24 hours' Blu'ing, n. A making blue; as, the bluing of steel. Blur, v. a. To obscure; to spot; to smear, as with ink; fighting, thelatter were defeated; the National loss being -A preparation used in laundries, to impart a bluish as, a blurred manuscript. about 100 men, and that of the Confederates a little tinge to hot water. " But time hath nothing blurrede those lines of favour." - Shaks. greater. Blu'ish, a. Blune in a minor degree. -To dims; to see darkly; to cause indistinct vision; as, Blue Stack Mioeuntain, in Ireland, co. Donegal, "Here, in full light, the russet plains extend; her eyes were blurred with tears. attains an elevation of 2,213 feet above sea-water level. There, wrapt in clouds, the bluish hillsascend." - Pope. — To soil; to sully; to blemish. Blue'-stocking, n. (Lit.) A learned or literary lady; a Blu'ishly, ado. In a bluish manner. Sarcasms may eclipse thine own, blue; originally, the designation of certain literary clubs Blu'ishness, n. A small degree of blue color. nut cannot blur my just renown." - Hulibras. in England, during the last centory,consisting of ladies as BluL'menbAchl JOHANN FRIEDRICH, a distinguished Blurt, v.a. [Probably from Icel. blaer, a blast, from well as literary men, and which received the name from German plhysiologist and comparative anatomist, B. at bldsca, to blow.] To throw out, as a sudden blast of wind; one of the leading. members (Mr. Stillingfleet) always Gotha, 1752. He studied at Jena and Gbttingen, and to utter suddenly, inadvertently, unadvisodly, or rudely. appearing'at the meetings in blue stockings. Itence the became Professor of Medicine, librarian, and keeper of (Generally preceding out.) name was transferred to literary ladies in general. the museum at the University of Ghttingen in 1778. " And yet the truth may lose its grace, (Zel.) An American bird, gen. Av)SET, q. v. His principal works are, Institutiones Physiologicce, which If blurted to a person's face." - Lloyd. Blue'-stock'in gism, n. (Lit.) Feminine pedantry; was translated into English by Dr. Elliotson; Handbuch Blush, v. i. [A. S. ablisian; Du. bloozen, from blos, a learning or manner of a blue-stocking. (R.) der vergleichenden Arnatomie; an Essay on the Natural blush, redness; from the root of blow.] To grow red Blue'-stone, n. (Min.) See CoppEa, SULPHATE OP. Variety of the Hflman Race; and works on Embryology or rosy in the face; to bear a blooming red color. Blue'stone, in Virginia, a river, rising in Tazewell co., and the Bones of the Humnan Body. He also published "But here the roses blush so rare, in the N.W. portion of the State, and taking a N.E. a description of the large collection he had formed of Here the mornings smile so fair." - Crashaw. course, falls into the New River. skulls of different races. B. was a master in his field, -To redden with shame or confusion. -A post-office of Tazewell co. and the sterling character of his writings is confirmed "The man that blushes is not quite a brute." - Young. Blue Sulphur Springs, in Virginia, a post-office by recent researches. Ilis Antliropological Treatise, and —. a. To make red; to indictte by blushing. of Greenbrier co. the Memoirs of his Life, by Marx and Flourens, were "And ne'er roturneth Blue'-tint, n. (Painting.) In coloring, this tint is made translated into English and edited by B. T. Bendyshe, To blesh and beautify the cheek again."-Shaks. of ultramarine and white, mixed to a lightish azure. MI.A., and published for the Anthropological Society of -n. A bright rosy or reddish color. It is a pleasant working color, and with it should be London in 1865. B. 1840. Bear away those bse.-Ss blended the gradations in a picturft. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" Bear away those bluskes." —Shako. blended the gradations in a picture. It follows the yel- hBlum'field, in Mlichigan, a post-township of Saginaw -A red glow on the cheeks or face, caused by shame, conlows, and with them it makes the greens; and with the co., 8 m. E. of Saginaw City; pop. abt. 650. red it produces the purples. No color is so proper for Bl]umq'ield Junction, in Michigan, a post-office fusion, or diffidence. blending down or softening the lights into keeping. In of Saginaw co. "Nor mark,.. her blush of maiden shame." —Bryant. pictures of less value, Antwerp blue may be substituted Bltn'der, v. i. [Allied to A.S. blenda; Icel. blanda. — Sudden appestrance or glance. for ultramnarine. See BLEND.] TO be confused; to mistake grossly; to "Ael purely identical compositions.-.. at first bluse, appear Blueq'owsn, in Illinois, a post-office of Tazewell co. err widely or stupidly; to flounder; to stumble. to contain no certain instructions in them." —Losce. BJluets, (bloo'ets,) n. (Bot.) A name applied to plants of "Inthis men blunder still you find, Blush'fui, a. P1111 of blushes; as, "averts her bluchdifferent species, from the color of their flowers; as, C'er- All think their little set mankind." - Bann/h mBore, fol face." - /ionoosn. tanssea cyanus, Oldentends-/a caerilea, Vaccin/ium angus- — n. A gross nmistake; a stupid error; inadvertence. Blush'fully, ado. In a blsshful or blushing manner. ~fs~liuse, &e. ~ wed some power she giftie gie' Bln~sh'inag, a. A sudden suffusing or reddening of the Blue'-veinedi, a. Havring blue veins. To see oursel's as ithers see us I fasce, excited by a[ sense of shame, confiesion, or surprise. Blue'-vesrs'iter, a. (Painting.) A blue oxide of cop- It wad frae menv a blsndser free us, It is produced by an increased flow of blood into the per, or precipitate of the nitrate of copper by lime, of a And foolish notion." - B/trsss. capillary vessels of the face and neck; and besides redbeautiful light-blue color. It is little affected by light; Blslnl'elerBsass so. [biunder-, and Du. bus ttbe.] A deningit creates a sosaton of heat in those parts. It but time, dsmp, and impure air turn it green, ansd ulti- short hansd-guun of heavy calibre, widening towards the is ocasiodd by the menal shbck acting upon the brain, voL. I. — 40INE INSET 314 BOAR BOAS BOAT and withdrawing the nervous energy which ordinarily -A table; dining-table, &c.; as, a well-spread board. -v. a. To vaunt or brag of; to speak ostentatiously of. contracts the nmuscular coats of the blood-vessels of these "I'll follow thee in fun'ral flames; when dead, " Neither do the spirits damn'd parts, whence the blood is pernmitted to flow with greater My ghost shall thee attend at board and bed." — Sir J.. Denham. Lose all their virtue, lest bad men should boast violence through the vessels. -Food; entertainment; victuals;generally as supplied for Their specious deeds." -Hilton. Blush'ing, p. a. Reddening in the cheeks or face; payment at hotels, &c.; as, to owe l'or a month's board. -To exalt; to magnify; to indulge in self-exultation. bearing a bright rosy color. -A table at which a council, court, or committee is held; " hey that trast in tteir wealth, and toast themselves In the "And bears his blushing honors thick upon him." —Shaks. as, to be elected to a seatt at the board. -Applied also to multitude of their riches." - Psalms xlix. 6. Blussh'ingly, adv. It a blushing mananer. the collective body of individuals who are convened to (Masonry.) To pare or dress a stone with a broad Blush'less, a. Unblsshing; without blushes. deliberate on, and control, the operations of sonme public chisel. Blush'y, a. Like a blush; having the color of a blush. or privatte department of business, or who form a court (Scalp.) To cut out with a chisel, &c., the rough out" Blossoms...of apples, crabs, peaches, are hushy, and smell ofjurisdiction over certain official matters; as, a Board line of a statue or ornament. sweet."-Bacon. of Guartlians, the Board of Trade, &c. -n. Expression or exhibition of ostentation; a vaunt; a Blus'ter, v. i. [A. S. blcestan, from bla'st, a blast.] To "I wish the king would be pleased sometimes to be present at vainglorious speech. be boisterous; to blow with noise and violence, as a gale that board; it adds a majesty to it." — Bacon. "The boast will probably be censured, when the great action ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~of wind. ~~~~~that occasioned it is forgotten." - Spectator. ~~~~~~~of wind. ~ ~-A tatble whereon a game is played; as, a bagatelle-beard. -The cause of boasting; the thing or person boasted. "So now he storms with many a sturdy stour, -A thick mass of compressed paper, used for book-covers, Thbosof hrl the pm o per. So now his blust'ring blast each coast doth scour."-Spenser. and various other purposes; as, paste-board, card-boad The Oast o herldry, t pomp o power." - Gray. -To bully; to boast; to swagger; to talk in a hectoring mill-board, &c. Boast'er, n. A braggart; one who boasts or vaunts in y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ manner. — (p.) The stage in a theatre is technically called the an ostentatious manner. "With hoarse commands his breathing subjects call, boards. - To go uon the boatls. To enter upon a theat- N more dela, ain oster e; pon theboasts.To ente upon atheat- No more delays. vain boaster/I but begin; And boast and bluster in his empty hall-"-Dry.den. rical career-To leave the boards. To abandon the stage I prophesy beforehand I shall win." - Dr'yden. And heast and hiasto~~~r inci mt al "Dryeer.- Boasfl ea.Gven toe boars.t ng inclnedo toe brag. Blusleter, v. a. To utter, or give action to, with noisy as a profession. Boas l, a. Given to bosting; inclined to brag. vehemence. (Naut.) The deck of a ship; also, the interior of a Boastful and rough, your first son is a squire; " My heart's too big to bear this, says a blustering fellow; I'll vessel; as, on board, to go on board, &c. - The side of The next a tradesman, meek, and much a liar." -Pope. destroy myself. Sir, says the gentleman, here's a dagger at your a ship. - Board and board, or board to board; side by Boast'fully, adv. In a boastful, vaunting manner. service; so the humor went off. " —L'Estrange. side, i. e., one vessel alongside of another. Boast'fulness, n. Ostentation; state ofbeing boastful. Blushter, n. Roar or noise like that of a tempest; To msake short boards. To tack about often. -To board Boast'ing, n. Act of boasting, or maklting boasts. boisteroustess. a ship. To go on board. See BOARDINt. - By the board. "When boasting ends, then dignity begins." -A Milton. "The skies look grimly, To be wrecked or shattered so as to fall over the side; (Masonry.) The paring of a stone with a broad chisel And threaten present bluotert." -Shaks. - as, the main-mast went by the board.- Overboard. and mallet. -Boastful talk; swaggering manner; turbulent behavior. Over the vessel's side; as, a man is overboard. - l'so sake (Sculp.) The rough cutting of a stone to form the "A coward makes a deal more bluster than a, man of honor." a good board. To sail close-hauled, avoiding lee-way. outline of a statue, tc. ~tussltuous noise. L'Estrange. Board, v.a. To lay, spread, or cover with boards; as, Boasteingly, adv. In an ostentatious manner; with -~~~-Loud, tumultuous noiseto board a floor. —To go on board a ship; to enter a boasting.' So by the brazen trumpet's bluster, ship, whether as friend or enemy; as, the pilot boarded Boast'less, a. Without boasting. Troops of all tongues and nations muster."-Swift. us off Satdy Hook. Boast'on, s. (Games.) See BosroN. Blustera'tios, s. Blustering; braggadocio; empty, He, nt inclined the English ship to ard, Boat, (btdl,) n. (Nat.) [A.S. bat; Swed. and Goth. baot; noisy talkl. (A vulgar term used in somle parts of End- 1H'nticie h nls hpt or: noisy talk. (A lgar term used in soe parts of g- ore on his guns relies than on his sword." - Walter. Icel. bdtr; W. bad; Sansk. pot. Etymology uncertain.] land, and in the U. States.) landster, ad in. On e who blusters; a saggerer; a brag- -To supply with food for pecuniary recompense; as, to A small open vessel, or watercraft, usslally impelled by Blus'terer, s. One who blusters; a swaggerer; a brag- boasrd one's mother-in-law. oars, or a sail. in a generic sense, any vessel of whatsoBlus'terio. g, e. A loud noise, like that of a tempest; -To place at board for payment; as, to board a ship's ever size, class, or description -as, she is a good sea-beat. swaggering; noisy boastiseg, or assumption, atme company. Boats proper are of various different forms of construcs-a. Making a loud, windy noise; tempestuous; as, Boar, v. i. To live in a house at a certain rate for tion, ccording to the different purposes they are inblLsoster~Iny ~ felw meals; to be furnished with food for a money considera- tended to serve. —See AnvICE-BoAT; BARGE; Buss; blusterivg fellow. Blus'teringy, adell. In a blustering, noisy manner. tion; as, he boards at the Astor House. CUToER; GIG; JOLLY-BOAT; LONG-BOAT; PACKET-BOAT; B]t~lusl'teringly, adv In a blTunstrultnous; noisy; "That we might not part, PINNACE; PILOT-BOAT; QUARTER-BOAT; STEAM-BOAT; Blul~[terouLs, BLU$~TROUS, a. Tumultuous; noisy; Asw.tfitddoadihtee Blu~s'terll ous, B~~us~veovs a.As we, at first, did hoard with thee, WHALE-BOAT; WHERRY; YAWL, &C. boastful. (o.) Now thou wouldst taste our misery." - Herbert. "Vessels large may ventre more, Blyth, or Blythe, a seaport of England, co. Northe, umberland, on tihe Blyth, 12 m. N.E. by N. of Newcastle- Board'able, a. Liable to be bosrded, as a ship. But little boats should keep near shore." - B. Franklia. on-Tyne; pop. 2.148. Board'er, n. One who receives board at the table of -v. a. To transport in a boat; as, to boat passengers Blyth, the name of four rivers of England, one of which another, at a certain rate of compensation. across a river. falls into the Germaai Oceai, nesor Sosthsold; another (N2aut.) One who boards a ship in action. (Generally -v. i. To go in a boat; to take a boat; as, "I boated into the river Tame, Warwickshire; another into the in tme plural.) over." - Tennysos. North Sea, at Blyth, Nortumberlnd; another into the Board'insg, n. Covering with boards; also the cover- Boat'able, a. Navigable for boats or small craft; as North Sea, at Blyth, Northumberland; another into the Trent. about 5 m. fiom Rugeley. ing itself. -Board; food; diet. that stream is bealable. Blyth, in Arkansas, a township of Marion (Naut.) In navwd tactics, the art of attacking a hostile Boat'-bill, n. (ZosT.) The Cacromna, a genus of birds Blythe, in Pennsylvania, a township of Schuylkill co.; ship by the introduction of armed men upon its decks. of the Asdeida fanmily. They are distinguished ty their pep. about 4,200. a The operation is alwa ys attended with risk, from the very remnarkable bill, aBlythe'oille, in 4 issouri, a post-village of Ja.sper co confined nature of the theatre of action, ignorance of the the forn of vhic' by B~~o! interj. [W. bw.] A word used to frighten children. e/ otwt iske p 1Bo I iotcrj. [W. bin.] A word usosd to frighten children enemy's dispositions, &c. Unless the B. is in the shape some is likened to a2 Bo, so. Tme name given in CeytoD to the Ficas religiesa' of a surprise, and therefore conducted by boats, it is es- boot with its keel up a tree held sacred by the Buddhists, and called eepul in sential as a preliminary that the ships should be laid wards, and by others a rehl ardb h udis, ndica. —ee Pr.pu Err alongside or athwart each other. to the bowls of two India. - See PEEPtUL. Bo'a, n. [Lat. boa, bova, from bos, bovis.] (Zo'll.) A ge- Boardl'ing-floors, s. pl. (Building.) Those floors that spoons, the concave nus of large serpents, natives of the warm parts of are covered with boards. The operation of boarding sides of which are America, which with the similar large serpents of Asia floors should commence as soon as the windows are in, placed in c o n t a c t. and Africa frig th getus yon, constitute the and the plaster dry. The mandibles are a nd Africa rining the genus Python, constitute the Board'ing'-house, n. A house in which boarders are very stout and sharpfamily BOYDE, q. V.kept. edged, and the upper.~!/~-A long serpent-like piece of fur formerly worn round Bept. edged, and the sppe / the neck by ladies. Board'ing-joists, s. pl. (Buildi g) Joists in naked one has a projecting Bo'a-constric'tor, so. (Zeat.) See Bo'iso.. flooring, to which the boards are fixed. point at tile extremBoadicea, or BouDIctA, (boa dis'e-a,) a British heroine, Board'ing-nettings, n. pl. (Naut.) Strong nettings ity. The feet have,/// the widow of Prasutagms, and queen of the Iceni. Hev- placed over the sides of a ship, when in action, to repel four toes, all of them ing been ignosiniously treated by the RomIans, she a boarding-party. long, and without a F7. 378. - BOAT-BILL. headed an insurorection against them, attacked their Board'ingg-pike, n. (Naut.) A pike formed of an iron co n n ectin g mem- (. cochlearia.) settlements, tnd reduced London to ashes; but being at spike, sharpened and fixed on an ashen pole, used by brane; for which reason these birds perch on the branlength utterly defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, she is sailors in boarding an enemy's ship. It is sometimes ches of trees by the sides of rivers, so that they may said by Tacitus to have put an end to her life by poison, called a half-pike, from its having a much shorter staff pounce upon the fish as theyswimn beneath. The species ~~~~~~A. 0D~. 61. ~than the whole pike. Cancroma cocmlearia is the size of a domestic fowl. In Boa sla, in Ireland, co. Fermanah, being the Board'ing-school, n. A school wnhere the scholars the male, the forehead, and upper parts of the neck and chief island on Lough Erne, and containting 1,400 acres. receive board and lodging, in addition to education. breast, are dirty white; and firom the head depends a Boals'burg, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Harris "A blockhead, with melodious voice, long crest of block feathers. Thi female has the top of B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oal~u ng renslaiapst-ilg of blarri k I feoathrs.nTheofemale havehs choie. -o Swft township, Centre co., 85 m. N.W. of Harrisburg, and 10 Inboarding-schools can have his choice." - Swift. the head black, without the elongated crest. It inhaS. of Bellefonte. It is a neat but quiet place, containing Board'less, a. Without a board or table. bits Guiana, Brazil, and other parts of South America. several fine churches and an academy. Fop. about 400. Board'man, in Iowa, a township of Clayton co., con- Boat'-fly, n. (Zoe1.) See (EsTRn).a. Boarer'ges, n. pl. [Heb. bnW ha-gem, "sons of thun- taining El Kader, the county seat; pop. atbt. 1,000. Boat'-hook, n. (Naut.) An iron hook with a sharp der."] (Script.) A name given by our Saviour to James B]oardelman, in Ohio, a post-township of Mahoning point, fixed on the extremnity of a short pole, and used and John, the sons of Zebedee (Mark iii. 17), perhaps on co., 6 m. E. of Canfiel; op. abt. 1,100. for impelling boats, or hauling them to. account of their power as preachers. Some suppose it Board'man, in Wisconsin, a post-village of St. Croix co. Boart-house, n. A house or structure used for the was given on the occasion of their irequest that Christ Board'-rulle, n. A kind of figured scatle with which shelter and safe-keeping of boats. - The house or tavern would call for fire from heaven, and destroy a village of thie number of square feet contained in a board may be from which a ferry-boat starts with passengers. the Samaritans, which had refused to entertain them. found without calculation. Boat'ing, n. The act of transportingin a boat or boats. (Luke ix. 53-54.) Board'ville, in New Jersey, a village of Passaic co., (Aqu atics.) The pastime of sailing boats; as, a boatBoar, (br,) n. [A.S. bar. See BEAR.] The male of swine on Ringwood River, 21 m. N.W. of Hackensack. ig-clb, to go a-baig. whether wild or tame. - See HOG.'Board'-wages, n. pl. Wages allowed to servants to -A kind of capital punishment practised in Persia, by Boar, v. i. (Manege.) To toss or uplift the nose in the keep themselves in victuals; as, they are placed on fastening offenders in a covered moat, and leaving them air; —said of the horse. board-wages. to perish. Board, (bdrd,) n. [A.S. band, broed, breadth, a table.] A "And not enough is left him to supply Boat'land, in Tesnessee, a post-office of Fentress co. substance of wood comntained between two parallel planes, Board-wages, or a footman's livery." - Dryden. Boat'm-an, Boats'man, ns. (Nauti.) A man who as when the bulk is divided into several pieces by thie Boar'ish, a. Like a boar; swinish; brutal; cruel. works or manages a boat. pit-saw; the pieces are called boards. There is this dis- "Nor thy fierce sister "That booby Phaon only was unkind, tinction, however, that, tihoug h in the case of ehm and In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs." - Shtats. An ilitred tsatmaa, roagh as waves and wind." - Prior. fir, suds pieces are called boarlds, they become plascs Boar'-spear, n. A spear or javelin used in the chase Boat'-rope, n. (Naaut.) A rope used to secure a boat when cut of oak and mmahogany. The term board is of boars. to anything; technically called a painter. very often applied to a piece of 9 inches wide and B Boast, (bost,)v. i. [W. bostiasn, tobrag; Gael. bosd, a boast, Boatswai, (colloquially, bm'son.) [A.S. batswan —bat, 3 inches thick; bit, strictly speaking, it ought not to be vainglory.] To vaunt; to glory; to brag; to talk osten- boat, and swoan, a servant.] (Naut.) A warrant officer applied to s. greater thickness than 1~/A inch. It is also tatiously; to enlt'rge or maagnsify. (Generally with of.) in a ship, who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, used as a compound word; as, barge-board, floor-board, "The spirits beneath colors, anchors, cables, and cordose. It is the business &c. Wham I seduod; botiig I could subdue of this officer to summon the crew to their duty, and "With the saw they sundered trees in boar'ds and planks." Raleigh. Th' Omnipotent." - ~fi'itoe. to assist with his mates in the working of the ship.' -BOBO BOCC BODE 315 The B.'s mate is an assistant to the B., in all the above- talent about the end of the first week in July, from Bocchetta, (bok-ketl'ta,) a celebrated pass of the Apenmentioned duties, with the disagreeable addition of hay- which time, or somewliat earlier, his plumage tiegins to nines, the key of the route Iroim Novi to Genoa, and ing to inflict all punishments awarded to the men. lose its gay colors, and to assume the humble hue of from which a magnificent view may be lmad of the surB.'s Call. The whistle suspended by a cord from the that of the female. About the middle of August they rounding scenery. Redoubts were raised here by tile neck of the B., by which he issues his calls and com- enter New York and Pennsylvania, on their way to thle Imperialists in 1746, and the French passed the defile in nmands. south. There, along the shores of the large rivers lined 1796. so~vis'ta, the most easterly of the Cape de Yerd with floating fields of wild rice, they find abundant sub- Bocfciss Li~ghlt, n. A form of gas-burner invented Islands, q. v. sistence, grow fat, and their flesh becomes little inferior by Boccius, in which two concentric metal cylinders are Bo'az, a wealthy citizen of Bethlehem, and descendant in flavor to that of thie European ortolan; on which so placed over the flame, and within the usual lanimp of Judah, through whom is traced the regular succes- account the B. are shot in greit numbers, and sold in glass, as to modify the combustion and increase the pro, sion of Jewish kings, (Matt. i. 5.) ilis conduct in tile the markets. portion of light. case of Ruth proves him to have been a man of fine BobrPov/, a town of Russia in Europe, govt. Voroneje, Boc'cold, JoneN. See LEYDEN, (JOHN OF.) spirit and of strict integrity. HIe admitted the claim on the Bitioug, 52 m. S.E. of Voroneje; Lat. 50~ 5' N., Boce, n. (ZoSl.) See SPARUS. which Ruth had upon him as a near kinsmant: under the Lon. 400 10' E. This place derives its name firom tIhe Bochim, (bo'kim,) (Anc. Geog.) a place near Gilgal, obligations of the Levitical law, he married the poor number of beavers (bobry) formerly found in its vicinity. where thie angel of God reproved Israel bfor their remissgleaner, and thus became one of the ancestors of David, Pop. about 4,000. ness. (.Judg. ii. 1-5.) and also of David's Son and Lord. He was the father of Bobruisk, a town of European Russia, govt. Minsk, Boch'nia, a town belonging to Austria, in Galicia, near Obed, who was the father of Jesse, and Jesse of David. on the Bobruia, whmere it faills into the Berezina, 90 in. tie Raba, 25 m. E.S.E. of Cracow. Extensive salt mines The whole narrative is a beautiful picture of the sin- S.E. of Minsk. This town effectually resisted the French are in the vicinity. Pop about 6,000. plicity of the age, and one of the most charming idyllic in 1812. Pop. 24,260. Bochs'old, or B]ock'Xholt, a town of Prussia, provy. passages in the Bible. Bob'stay, n. (Naut.) A rope used to confine the bow- Westphalia, on the AhS, 15 u. E N.E. of Cleves. Alnf. Bo'az, in Wiscosiisn, a post-village of Richland co., 8 sprit downwards to the stemi or cutwater, and to coun- Cotton and silk. Rich iron mines are adjacent. top. 5,701. m. WV. of Richland Centre. teract the farce of the stays of thie foremast, which it Bocli'uzsn, a town of Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 25 m. Bob, n. [Itcel. bobbi, a knot; Gael. bab, a tuft, a tassel.] draws upwards. It is fixed by passing one of its ends N.E. of Dtisseldorf. Manf. Cloth, steel, iron, and jewAny little round thing that plays loosely at tile end of a through a hole bored in the fore part of the cutwater, elry. Pop. 10,841. string, &c.; an ornament hanging from the ear; a pen- both ends being spliced together, so as to make it two- Bocke'let, B]ock'erel, Bock'eret, n. (ZO'l.) See dent. fold, or like the link of a chain. A dead-eye is then HAWK. The gaudy gossip when she's set agog," fixed in it, and a lanyard passed through, which com- Bock'ey, n. A term used in New York, for a bowl or In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob."- Dryden. municates withi another dead-eye upon the bowsprit. vessel maide from a gourd.- V17ebster. -The ball of a short pendulum, being the metallic weight This is then drawn extremely tight by the help of me- Boekq'ng, n. A coarse description of drugget. Named which is attached to the lower extremity of a pendu- chianical power. from the village of Bocking, in England, where it was lum-rod. - Also, the weight at the end of a plumb-line. Bob'tail, n. A short, or docked tail; as, a bobtail nag. first made. -A bait of worms, &c., fastened on a hook to enitice fish: — A vulgarism, used in speakincg contemptuously of the Boe'lalnd, BoOKiLAND. [A S.] (Feudal Law.) A term as, "iyellow bobs." Lawson. — A short, jerking mo- rtabble; h as, "tag, rag, and bobtail." to denote land held by book or charter. Lands so held tion; as, a bob of the head. - The refraiin, or repeated B}'tailted, a. Having the tail docked, or cut short. were estates of perpetual inheritance, as distinguished words at the end of a song; a stanza. (R.)' There was a bobtailed cur cried in a gazette." - L'Estranlge. from folcland, which, as being the property of the conm"To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song."- L'L'estrange. Ob'toswn, in Massachusetts, a thriving village of Pitts- munity, might be granted to persons in the' folc-A slight blow; ajog, or push; as, to give one a bob on field township, Berkshire co., 30 m. W.N.W. of North- gemote," but whics, ct thi expirtiion of a given term, the umousti. aiiptton. reverted to tIhe community. Folchand was subject to'" I am sharply taunted, yea, sometimes with pinches, nips, and Bob-white, n. (Zoil.) See PERDISIDX. many burdens from which B. was exempt. The latter bobs." — Ascham. Bob'-wig-, Bobqtail-wig, n. A short wig. obliged the owner to contribute only to military expe-A bob-wig or perulke; as, "A plain brown bob he wore."'" A young fellow.. with a bob-wig... stopt short at the coach. ditions, and the repair of castles and bridges- an obliSlenstoue. sto ask us horw far the judges were behind." - Spectator. gation expressed by the term Tr'inoda nccessitas. The -In Campanology, a pieculiar method of ringing bells; as, Boca, (b5'lca.) [Sp., mouth.] A term often applied to the vord "folclaud," falling imto disuse, was replaced by the a bob-major; bob-miinor, &c. mouths of rivers, &c., as Boca (or Bocca) Tigris. term terra regis, or "crowvn land." (Mining.) A mIiner's engine-beam. Bo'eat Chica, in New Graniacla, the channel leading up Botl'eatu Bsyou, in Arkansas and Louisianca, a stream -v. a. (imp. BoBnED; ppr. nonBINO.) To move with a to the port of Carthsagena. rising in tis SW. part of' thi first-named State, end short, jerking motion; as, "seeing a blow coming, he Boca' del Toro, (" mouth of the bull,"') in Costa Rica, passing S. into Louisiasa, falls imto Ied River in Bossier bobbed his head a little aside." —To beat with a quick Central America; Lat. 90 20' N., Lon. 820 W. parish. blow; to bang. Boca de Navios, (" passage for ships,"') in S. America, Bode, JOHANN ELERT, a German astronomer, was born at Hamnbur-g, in 1747. At an early age he becamec aussist-' Those bastard Britons, whom our fathers the primcipal usouths of this Orimoco River. at Hamburg, in 1747. At an early age he became assistHave in their own land beaten. bobb'd and thump'd." —haksst. Boca Gr'ande, (" chief entrance,") a bay of Central ant to Bush, and in 1772 was called to Berlin by Fred-To cheat: to fraudulently obtain. America, in Costa Rica, at the mouthof the Zucar River, erick II. One of his best works is the Anleitung zur Of gold and jewels that I bobb'd from him, on the Caribbean Sea. Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels, which appeared in 178enntnsipssed ethrough Horaes thich appentyeditions As gifts to Desdemona." - Shtaks. Boeai'na, in Brazil, a mountasin-chain of the prov. of 1768, and has passed throuIgh more than twenty editions. -To mock; to malke sport of. Rio de Janeiro, being a spur of the Organ Mountains. He published also a Celestial Atlas, Astrosnomical Annals, -v. i. To play backward and forward, or up and down; Bo'cal, n. [Fr.] A cylindrical glass vessel with a large &c., and was a member of the principal scientific societo oscillate loosely. and short neck, used for preserving solid substances. ties of Europe. T'he so-called law of the planetary They comb, and then they order ev'ry hair, Worcester. distances, usually called'Bode's Law," was first sugA birthlday jewel bobbing at their ear." - Dryden. Bocar'do, n. (Logic.) A syllogism in which the first gested by Professor Titius, of Wittenberg. D. 1826. and last propositions are particular negatives, and the Bode, v. a. [A.S. bodian, bodigean, gebodian, from bed, -T anleor fish for eels, &c.,middle is a universal affirmative. a command, message, or edict; radically thIe saine as bid; "He ne'er had learned the art to bob Bocasine, (bolc'a-seen,) a sort of linen cloth; a fine kind Ger. gebot, a command, from bieten, to offer.] To utter; For anything but eels." - Saxa. of buckram. to tell; to announce; to portend; to foreshow; to preBob'bery, n. A vulgarism to express a row, wrangle, BRoeatoprisnm, n. [Lat.] The ancient name for a sage; to be the omen of. squabble, or tumult. slaughter-house. "This bodes some strange eruption to our state."-Shaks. Bobbin, (bob'in.) [Fr. bobine, from Gr. and Lat. bon- Bocea, itm. [It., mouth.] In glass-manufacture, a termi -v. i. To foreshow; to presage. byx, a silk-worm.] A small wooden pin, with a notch, signifying the round aperture of the furnace, through Sir, i me leave t ay, whater nw to wind the threatd about ims weaving lace. - The spool which the glass, in a state of fusion, exudes. lThe omen prove, it bodedl well to you."-Dryden. upon which sewing-thread is wound.-A quill for a Boccaceio, GIOwVAeNNl,(bok-lka'che-o,) the celebrated Ita- Bode'ga, in California, a post-village and township of spinning-wheel. - A round lace. lian novelist, was the son of a Florentine merchant, but Sonioma co., on Bodega Bay, 62 m, N.W. by N. of San Bob'binet, a. (Manf.) See LACE MANUFAcTURE. B. in Paris, 1313. Ilis passion for literature led him Francisco.; pop. about 1,150. Bob'bin-worlk, n. Work woven with bobbins. to abandon, first, commerce, and next the study of law. Bode'fuil, a. Ominous; foreshadowing; portending. / Not netted nor woven with warp and wooe, but after the man- He spent some years at Naples, and while there, in 1341, Bode'nent, a. Portent; omen; prognostic. (a.) ~ner ofe tbtin-wai. " - Grow, fell in love with a beautiful girl, a natural daughter of' This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl, Bob'bio, a walled town of N. Italy, pryov. Genoa, on the the King of Naples, for whom he wrote several of his lakes all these tadements.ichaks. Tretbia, 34 mu. NI.E. of Gemoa; pap. 4,983., vworks, and whom he named " Fiammetta." He was af- Bo1'ldemham, in Tennessee, a post-village of Giles co., ]Rob'by, n. A cant term for a policeman. (Used in terwards patronized by Queen Joanna, and for her, as about 70 m. S.S.W. of Nashville. mEngland.) much as for his "Fiamumetta," is said to have written Bode's ]Law of the Distances. (Astron.) This Bob'-clserry, n. (Pastimes.) A children's play, in his chief work, the Decamerone. On his fiather's death law, as it is termed, expresses a very curious relation which a cherry is suspended at the end of a string, when he returned to Florence, where he was greatly honored, among the distances of tile several planets of our solar they attempt to seize it with their teeth, having their and was sent on several public emnbassies. Amsong system from the sun; and of the sntellites rain their hands secured behind them. others, he was sent to Padua to communicate to Pe- primaries. It is wholly empirical, i. e., we Iknow no "Bob-cherry teaches at once two noble virtues, patience and trarch the tidings of his recall to Florence. He gained physical origin or cause for it; nevertheless, amd notvithconstancy." - Arbutuhnot.. the fi'iendship of the illustrious poet, and enjoyed it standing the existence of exceptions or irregularities, it Bob'-o-link, BOB-LaNcoLN, RuCE-BUNTINO, or RICE- through life. Boccaccio, like Petrarch, contributed assuredly does point to some conditioned arrangement BiRD, n. (Zoel.) An American bird, genus Dolichonyx, greatly to the revival of the study of classical literature, in our system. - I. With regard to the planets and the family Icteridre. The specific characters of this bird are, spent much time and money in collecting manuscripts, sun, the lac may be presented as fllows: Writs the tail-feathers very acute; adult male, in spring dress, and was the first to bring into Italy, from Greece, copies names of the planets in a line and under each place the black, the hind head yellowish-white; scapulars, rump, of the [iad and the Odyssey. A solemn message from a nusber 4. Beneath the 4 under Msrcsry plate 0; beand tail - coverts, white, dying monk, about 1361, deeply impressed Boccaccio, neath the 4 under Venus writs 3; beneath the 4 under tinged with ash. The Rice- and led to a remarkable reformation in his manner of tile Earth write twice 3; beneath the 4 under Mars four bunting migrates over the life. He was chosen by the Florentines to occupy the times 3; then eight times 3, and so on. Add their sevcontinent of America from chair which was established in 1373 for the exposition eral columns as below: Labrador to Mexico, and over of the "Divina Commedia.'" In the following year he'e. ar. ars. st. p. Sat. Ura. I.tier. Yen..Earth. Mars. Ast..lup. Sfat. U'ran. 2Nep. the Great Antilles, appearing had to mourn the loss of his master and friend, Petrarch; 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 in the southern extremity of and, after some months of broken health, he D. at Cer- 0 3 6 12 24 48 06 192 384 the United States about the ta-ldo, in Dec., 1375. The DecaIcmerone, on which his fasme end of March. Their food rests, is a collection of ma hundred tales, full of liveliness 4 7 10 16 28 52 100 196 388 is insects and worms, and and humor, but often licentious aidindecent. The boolk 3'9 7'3 10 15-2 27'4 52 95'4 192 300 the seeds of the grassy mea- was published about 1352, and, after two centuries, was The numbers in the lower line are the actual distances dows. In the autumnu they condemned by two popes and by the Council of Trent. of the planets from the sun, oi tie scale that the esarth's sometimes attack the croiss Attemspts were made to improve and purify it, but un- distance is 10. The general conformity is too great to of osats and barley. The song successfully. Boccaccio crote La Teseide, imitated by result from accident. Thie existence of the Asteroids at of the male continues, with Fig. 379. 1 50n-0-LINK. Chaucer, and several other poems and romances, besides distance 27'4 was predicted by Olbers, through conlittle interruption, as long (Dolichoacyc ouizcvoers.) many worlks in Latin. sideration of Bode's Law, because of the gap between as the female is sitting, and Boccanera, (bok-ka-nais'a,) the name of a noble Ital- Mars and Jupiter. The grand breauch of thie Law is in is singular and pleasant; it conoists of a jingling med- ian famiily, who figured in Italian history during the the case of Neptune, a breach which might be explained ley of short, variable noteS;: confhused, rapid. and cacn- 13th and 14th centuries. One of thsem, SIsmON B., was ifs we Icnew the cause or physical origin of the Law ittinuous. The relish for song and merriment is con- the first doge or duke of Genoa, being elected in 1339. self. II. A principle of order quite corresponding, alfined to the male; but he generally loses his musical ID. 6f poison, 1362. though in its indices somewhat different, may be traced 316 BODY B(EOT BOGE in the only two groups of satellites with which we are ter, fo!rm, and privation. In modern physics, body is re- tants; hence the proverbial deduction, - stupid, obtuse, yet fully acquainted. First, with regard to the satellites garded as an agglomeration of material particles. Ac- rude. — See BOEOTIA. of Jupiter. The constant number here is 7; the num- cording to the different forms in which matter exists, ]Boe'hat-ve, IHtERMANN, (boor'hav,) the great physician, ber to be multiplied, 4; and the multiplier, 2)/. Notice bodies may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. was B. near Leyden, 1668. He was educated at the Tnithe correspondence as below; the Roman letters indicate (Painting.) A thick consistency of color; body-color. versity of Leyden, and was destined by his father for the the satellites: -Strength; substance; reality; governing quality; as, church; but at the age of 22 lie applied himself to the I II III IV port-wine of a good body. study of medicine under Drelincourt. He began lectur7 7 7 7 -v. a. To give a body to; to produce in some form; to in- tug in 1701, and was, eight years later, appointed Profes0 4 10 25 carnate; to embody; (followed by forth.) sor of Medicine and Botany. The chairs of Practical "As imagination bodies fortl Medicine and Chemistry were afterwards assigned to 7 11 17 32 The form of things unknown, the poet's pen him, and he filled them with the greatest distinction. True dist. 6.9 11 17'5 31 Turns them to shape.' - Staks. He became rector of the University, and was admitted Secondly, as to the satellites of Saturn. The constant Body Casnp, in Virginia, a post-office of Bedford co. to the French Academy of Sciences, and, in 1730, to the number in this case is 4, and the other parts of the series BOed'y-Clothes, n. pI. Clothing for man or horse. Royal Society of London. He enjoyed a reputation very simple, viz.: — (Specifically applied in the latter sense.) almost unparalleled; his system was generally adopted, I II III IV v VI VII VIII "I am informed that several asses are kept in body-clothes, and and patients went, or wrote, to him from all parts of Eu4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 sweated every morning upon the heath." - Addison. rope. His character was without a stain, and te es-o 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 dBod'y-coat, n. A gentleman's dress-coat. teem of his fellow-townsmen was strikingly shown on ]Body Colors, n. pF. (Paint.) Pigments employed in his recovery from a serious illness, in 1723, by a general 4 5 6 8 12 20 36 68 executing heraldic paintings and illminated work, in illuminnation. His fame rests principally on his InstiluaTrue dist. 4 5'1 6-2 7'9 11'1 25'7 33 74 which the color is required to be laid on in such a man- tiones Mledicox, published in 1708, translated into all EuThere is considerable irregularity in case of the last ner that it may form a thick uniform coating over the ropean languages and into Arabic, and commented on by three satellites; but is it not some compensation, paper or vellum on which the outline is traced, utterly Haller; and his Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis that the lately discovered satellite, Hyperion or the devoid of transparency. l3ody-colors for these purposes MIorbis, also translated as widely, and commented on by Seventh, might have been suspected to exist as well as are generally sold in the form of powder, and require to Van Swiiten. Among his other works are Index Planthe Asteroids, because of the gap between the sixth and be mixed with a little gum-water. They can be made, utaumn quce in Horto Academico Lvgduno-Batavo relperieighth as indicated by this Law?-Of the satellites of however, by the mixture of any simple water-color with a tunu, and several fine orations and discourses. ID. 1738. Uranus it would be premature at present to conclude flake-white or Chinese white; thus, the heraldic azure Boerne', in Texas, a post-office of Kendall co. anything. is obtained by mixing ultramarine or cobalt-blue with Boethins, A'ICIUS MANLIus TORQUATUS SEVERINTus,(boBodice, Bodidice, (bod'is,) n. Something worn round either of these pigments. Body-colors prepared in this e'the-us,) a Rloman philosopher, whose virtues, services, thie body or waist; specifically, a woman's corset or stays. manner are used by painters to produce brilliant effects honors, and tragical end, all combine to render his name "Her bodice half-way she unlac'd." —Prior. in water-color drawings, and form high lights, such as memorable, was born A. D. 470; he studied at Rome and -v. a. To lace or fasten a bodice, or stays. those reflected from armor, which cannot be obtained so Athens; was profoundly learned, and filled the highest ound her ittl waist was, clearly by putting on the coloring shade by shade, or by offices under the government of Theodoric the Goth. Conmfortablty boddiced.' —Thackeray. wiping out with rag or chamois-leather. He was three times consul, and was long the oracle of BooHe~ ortal ]]odes/]~ dfind CTaliforna, inn Boldie, or Bo'die's BIlnuff, in California, a mining Bod'y-guard, n. The guard that protects cor defends his sovereign and the idol of the people; but his strict village of Mono co., 9 mo. W. of Aurora, Nevada. the person; as, the king's body-guard. integrity and inflexible justice raised him up enemies in Bodlied, (bodid,) a. Having a body; as, a full-bodied Body of the Place, n. (Fortif.) See ENCEINTE. those who loved extortion and oppression, and he at wino. Bod'y-plan, n. (laval Arch.) A drawing in sectional last fell a victim to their machinations. He was falsely Bod'iiess, a. Having no body; incorporeal. parts, showing the fore and after parts of a: vessel. accused of a treasonable correspondence with the court They iless and immaterial are.-Davi. Bod'y-lpol'itic, a. Tihe collective body of a people un- of Constantinople, and after a long and rigorous confinee ader a civil government. ment at Pavia, was executed in 524. His Cbnsolations Bod'iliness, n. State of having a body; corporeality. Bod'y-snatcher, n. One who surreptitiously disin- of Pilosophy, written in prison, abounds in the loftiest Bod'ily, a. Corporeal; real; actual; containing a body. ters a human body in a church-yard, for the purpose of sentiments, clothed in the most fascinating language. A spirit void of all sensible qualities and bodily dimensions." dissection; sometimes called a resurrectionist. This treatise was one of the most widely-read books in South. Bod'y-snatching, n. The act of despoiling a grave the Middls Ages, and has been translated into many -Relating, or pertaining to the body, as apart from the of its tenant for the purpose of dissection, languages. Alfred the Great translated it into English. mind. Boece, HECToR, (or Boef]iluss,) (boe-e'the-us,) a Scottish Bmet$clhe-, (but'ker,) ADOLPn, a German poet, B. at "Virtue atones for bodily defects." —L'Estrange. "rtus atones tr bodily deects."-L'Ene. historian, B. at Dundee, about 1465. He was educated at Leipzig, 1815, received his education there, and, in 1836, -adv. In the form ofa body; corporeally; entirely. Aberdeen and the University of Paris, held the chair of entered its university, where loe devoted himself to philoIt is his human nature, in which the godhead dwells bodily." Philosophy at the latter, and was afterwards principal logical pursuits, particularly in the modern languages, Watts. of King's College, Aberdeen. He was a correspondent and to the study of the German and English poets. Among Bo'dinesville, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Ly- of Erasmus. He wrote a History of Scotland, in Latin, his numerous poetical productions, his translations of coming co. which appeared in 1526, and obtained him a pension the English poets occupy a conspicuous place. In addiBod'ing, p. a. Foreshowing; presaging. from the kiing; and Lives of the Bishops of Aberdeen. tion to the works of Shakspeare and Byron, he has "Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace The history is praised Inmore for its style than for its mat- translated the poems of Goldsmith (1843), of Pope (1842), The day's disasters in his morning faco." - Goldsmitls. ter, the author sharing in the credulity of his age. D. of Milton (1846), and of Ossian (1847). Among this Bod[ing, n. An omen; prognostic; prevision. about 1536. author's general works are, Agnes Bernaue, a drama Bod'ingly, adv. In a boduing. or oninous inanner. Beehmeria, (be(r)-mneer'i-a,) n. (Bet.) A genus ofplants, (1845); Songs of Nidscuomoer- (1847); On the WatchBod'kin, n. [Scot. bred, prov. Eng. brode,asharp-pointed order Urticacece. From several species valuable fibres. bwer(1847); A Tale of Spring (1849); Till Esuleninstrument, and term.kin; Icel. brodde, flom bryddi, to are obtained. B. firutescens, or pcya, a plant growing spiegel (1850); The Pilgrimuage of the Flower-Spirits sharpen; Dan. brod.] Originally, a dagger; whence, a wild in Nepaul and Sikkim, is the source of thie cele- (1851); and Shadows (1856). He has also published a small, sharp-pointed instrument of steel, bone, &c., used brated Pooah fibre, which rivals the best European flax collection of smaller lyrics. for piercing holes, for tenacity. This species attains the height of six or Be;ettigerK, KARL WILHEnLM, (boot'e-zher,) Professor of " Each of them had bodkins in their hands, wherewith con- eight feet; but the stem is usually very slender. It is Literature and History in the University of Erlangen, linually they pricked him." - Sir P. Sidney. cut down for use when the seed is formed; the bark is born at Bautzen, Aug. 15, 1790, studied successfully at -A kind of needle used to draw a ribbon, cord, &c. through then peeled off, dried, boiled with wood-ashes,.and beaten Weimar, Gotha, and Leipzig, where he applied himself a loop. with mallets, to separate its component fibres. B. particularly to history. In order to attend Heeren's "Or plung'd in lakes of bitter washes lie, speciosa, the wild rhea, also yields a very strong fibre, lectures, and have the benefit of the library'there, he Or wedg'd whole ages in a bodkim's eye." - Pops. which is much used in the East. B. nivea, the Tchoi resided a year (1815-16) in Gittingen, and, in 1817, qual-A rich kind of cloth. See BAUDKIN. Mla of thle Chinese, is now known to yield the fibre used ified himself for a professorship in the University of (Printing.) A sharp instrument employed for picking in the manufacture of the beautiful fabric called Chinese Leipzig, to which he was appointed in 1819. In 1821 he out letters when making corrections in type. grass-cloth. The meost important species, B. nivea or accepted a call to Erltmgen, where, in 1822, he was apBe'odle, n. A Scotticism for a penny Scots; a coin worth tenacissima, will be examined under its common name pointed to the second place in the library of the Univerabout an English farthing. RAMIE. sity. His mostimportant historical works are, Universal Bodlei'an (or BODLTAN) ]Library, the celebrated Boeo'tia, a famous region of ancient Greece, now form- History (1849); German History (1838); History qf Balibrary of the University of Oxford, was founded by Sir ing the N. part of the nomarchie of Attica and Boeotia, vuria unzder its Old and New Constitution (1837); History'Thomas Bodley, an eminent diplomatist of the days of between Lat. 380 9' and 380 44' N., Lon. 220 53' and 230 of Germany and the Germanss (1845); Abridged History Queen Elizabeth, in 1610. It was completed in 1613, and 49' E.; shape triangular, having N.W. Pihocis, N. the of the Electoral State and Kingdom of Saxony, for lHeeenlarged in 1634. It contains upwards of 260,000 vols. Opuntian Locris, N.E. the channels of Talanda and ren and Ukerts's European History; and Universal Hisof printed books, and 22,000 vols. of MSS. Egripo, and S. Attica and the Corinthian Gulf; length, tory in Biography. p Bod'nmin, a borough of England, co. Cornwall, 25 m. E. to W. about 42 mn.; greatest breadth 27 m. Its Beauf Bayos, in Ar'ansas and Louisiana, takes rise W. by N. of Plymouth. It is an ancient town and has mountains, thie most celebrated of which is Zagora (anc. in the former State, and traversing Louisiana, falls into been partially rebuilt. Manf. Shoes. Pop. 6,919. Helicon), mostly surround or divide it into two principal the Washita River, 10 m. from HIarrisonburg. Boely, n. [A. S. bodig; O. Ger. botah; Gael. bodhaig, the basins, those of the Cephisus and Thebes. Its chief Bweuf aCreek, in Mfissouri, a post-office of Franklin co. body.] Thie frame or material substance of inn animal, rivers are the Gayrios (Cephisus) and thetAsopo (Asopus). Bog, n. [Gael., W., and Ir. bog, soft, penetrable; A. 8. dead or living; as contradistinguished from the spirit. It contains three ltkes, one of which, Topolias, is the bugan, to bend, to give way; 0. Ger. bingan, to bend; "And her soul saw a glimpse of happiness through the chinks largest in Greece. Itis m high but well-watered region; Ar. bawgha, soft earth.] Soft ground which bends or of her sickness.ibroken body." -Fuller. and as many of the streams find their way, and the lakes yields to pressure; a quagmire; a marsh; a morass; as, -The trunk of an animal; main stem of a tree; principal their outlets, to the sea only by means of subterraneous the Bog of Allen. part of any matter or collective mass, in distinction courses, marshes abound; and the atmosphere is damp, "He walks upon bogs and whirlpools; wheresoever he treads partof any matters orancolectv as, in distinctiong pat;s om the members, branches, nd connectig pas;, foggy, oppressive, and unhealthy in some places, as at he sinks." - Shaks. the body of a speech; the body of an army; the body of Livadia, where intermittent fevers are prevalent. B. is, -A term confined to the U. States, spiecifying an elevated a coach, &c. however, fertile, and well cultivated, especially with hillock of earth found here and there in swamps, &c. "Rivers that run up into the lody of Italy." - Addison. wheat, rice, madder, cotton, maize, hemp, and tobacco. -v. a. To plunge or flounder, as in mud or mire. The lake Topolias still produces the reeds anciently so Bog'-bean, na. (Bat.) See MENYANTEIES. — A person; a human bein g; whence somebody and nobody. -A person; a human being; whence soeboy nd noboy. celebrated for the construction of rustic flutes, and Bog-'-berry, n. (Bet.) The name of thie cranberry. "'A demd, damp, moist, septeasal lody." -Die/e - lotian pipers are still in high repute. Most of the IBo'gands, in Missouri, a village of Carroll co., 100 m. — Any collective mass; joint power; general system; as, cottages are built of these reeds. Many spots in B. NW. of Jefferson City. a body of laws. present striking scenery. It forms two governments or Bo'garl, in Indiana, a township of Daviess co., 24 m. -A corporation; an organized company of individuals eoparchies, those of Thebes (TIhiva), and Livadia, which E.N.E. of Vincennes; pop. about 1,100. united for souse common purpose; as, a legislamtive body. are its two principal towns. - In antiquity, the inhabi- Bog-butter, so. (Mm.) A vasiety of hartite or guaya"Nothing was more common, than to hear that reverend body tants of B. were noted for their natusral dulness and qseilite, foud in the peat-ewanps of Ireland. charged with what ls inconsistent." - Steifc. stupidity, even to a proverb (Boidtiaes); yet it will be Bog'-earth, n. (Min.) The name given to a collection (Geow.) A term synonymous with solid: thus we say, found that no single province in Greece, save Attica, of peat earth and vegetation, or to an accumilastion of the five regular bodies, or five regular solids. A body could fi~rnish a list of poets and other writers in which peaty soil under the influence of rain or of running has three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness; are included such names as IHesiod, Corinna, Pindar, and waters. The soil thus collected is composed principally and it is either hard, soft, or elastic. Plutarch. of silica and vegetable fibre. On the conmtinent of (Phy.) A term applied to any portion of matter of Be(eotias, (be-d'shan,) n. A native of, or one who in- Europe, B. is worked forpeat under the names of lager whlicb the existence can be perceived by any of our senses. haebits, Boeotia.' veeso and hoog veen, the lower or the higher peat, accordAccording to tSle Peripatdtics5 body is composed of maG- -a. Pertaining, or relating to Boeotia, or to its inhabi- ing as the mass may occur with respect to the water-line BOGU BOHE BOID 317 of the country; the hoog veen is usually considered to Bo'gans. a. Anything counterfeit; spurious; not genu- Bohemian Brethrlen. See MORAVIAN BRETHREN. be the more valuable of the two, on account of the ins. (American.) Bohemond, or lBonmond, MARIK, (bo-he'mond,) smaller quantity of water it contains. Many humnan Boegwang'o'la, an inland town of Hindostan, prov. first prince of Antioch, was son of Robert Guiscard, and remains and relics of animals have been discovered in Bengal, 8 m. N.E. of Moorshedabad; Lat. 240 21' N., distinguished himself in the first crusade, in 1096. He hogs, which. possess a strange antiseptic power. Lon. 880 29' E. It is built entirely of bamboo, mats, and besieged and took Antioch, of which hewas made Prince Bo'gey, Bo'gy, Bo'gle, Bog'gle, n. [Scot. bogle, thatch, but possesses a considerable trade in grain, by the Crusaders, and established there a little kingdom, spectre; W. bwgan, a hobgoblin.] A spectre; a hob- Bog'-wo'$rt, n. (Bet.) See VACCINIUoI. which existed nearly 200 years. Besieged by the Saragoblin; a ghost; an apparition; a bugbear. Bohain, (bs-ang',) a town of France, dep. Aisne, 16 m. cens, he completely defeated them; but was soon after "Whiles glow'ring round wi' prudent cares, N.N.E. of St. Quentin. MEanf. German clocks, shawls, captured, and remained their prisoner two years. Ils Lest bogles catch him unawares." - Burns. and gauzes. Pop. 5,556. subsequently visited Europe, married a daughter of the "I am Bogey, and I frighten everybody away." - Thackeray. Bohefl. (b5'hS',) n. [From a mountain in China called King of France, and got the emperor to acknowledge Bog'gie, (bogt,) v. i. [Fron Boo.] To stop or stick like ou-y or V' oo-y.] (Corn.) A sort of coarse or low-priced his title. Died in Italy, 1111.- Six pilinces of his name bog stop, afraid unable or un bl including Souchong, Peko, and succeeded him in thb sovereignty of Antioch, the lastd to proceed; to hesitate, waver, doubt, or dissemble ln onouO B. VII., being dethroned is 1288. "Nature, that rude, and in her trot essay, od b Bohe'liani, (KINnGDOM OF,) [Ger. Bshinmen; Bob. Czech,] Bohermneen', a village of Ireland, co. Meath, 5 m. "1Nature, that rude, and in her first essay, Stood bogging at the roughness of the way." - Dryden. an inland country, occupying the centre of Europe, and W.N. W. of Navan. forming an important division of the Austrian empire, Bo'loe, a parish of Ireland, co. Fermanagh.. - c. a. Used in the Ua Strates in the sene of to confotiend between Lat. 480 34' and 510 3' N., and Lon. 120 5' and ]Bho'la, a parish of Ireland, co. Mayo. or confuse with embarrassments, trials, or difficulties. 160 46' E.; having N.E. Prussian Silesia, N. and N.W. Bo'hon, in Kentucky, a post-office of Iercer so. B]og'gier, I. One who boggles, or makes a difficulty. Saxony, S.W. Bavaria, and S. and S.E. the arch-duchy of Bo'hnn Upas, n. (Bet.) See UPAS. "You have been a boggler ever." - Shaks. Austria and Moravia. In shape it is an irregular rhom- Boi'ar, n. [Russ. bdjarin.] A title of distinction in Bog Grove, in Illinois, a township of Kendall co. bold; its greatest length E. and W. 200 min.; and breadth, Russia, &c.-See BOYAR. Boggs, in Pennsylvaniac, a township of Centre co.; pop. N. to S., 170 min. Area, 20,285 sq. m. —Desc. B. is a basin Boiar'do, MATTEO MARIA., (b5-e-yar'do,) Count of Scanabout 2,700. surrounded on every side by mountain ranges, which in danio, and Governor of Reggio; author of Oirlardo In. -A township of Clearfield co.; pop. about 700. some parts rise to upwards of 5,000 ft. in height. The namorato, one of tihe most celebrated poems in Italian ]oggs'town, in Indiana, a post-office of Shelby co. principal of these chains are the Fichtelgebirge, Erz- literature, the first of a new class,-the romantic epic,Bog'gsville, in W. Virginia, a post-office of Roane co. gebirge, (highest point, the Scohwarzwald, about 4,000 and the model of Ariosto's greater sequel, "Orlando Bog-gy, a. Containing bogs; full of bogs. ft.,) Mittelgebirge, Riesengebirge, and Sudetengebirge, Furioso." The poem was recast by Berni. Boiardo was Bog-gy ]Bepot, in Indian Territory, a ppst-office of the loftiest elevation of which, the Snow Cap, is from author of several other poenms in Italian and Latin, and the Choctaw Nation. 5,200 to 5,400 feet high. The S.W. border is formed by made some translations from the Greelk and Latin clasBog'head-eoal, a. (Min.) A highly bituminous the Bkhmerwald, or Bohemian Forest mountains, which sics. B. 1434; D. 1494. variety of the Parrot or Cannel coal of Scotland, from are wild and precipitous, and contrast remtarkably with ]Boai'riln, n. [Russ.] A person of marlk and distinction. the higher part of the Scotch coal-field worked at Bog- the Moravian chain in the S.E., which is of gentle as- See BoIAn. head, in Lanarkshire. - The bituminous varieties of cent, and separates the affluents of the Ellbe from those gBo'i'e, n. pl. (Zobl.) A family of large serpents, incannel pass into bituminous shale by insensible grada- of the Danube. B. is drained by the Elbe, and its atffiu- cluding the genera Boa and Python. Of all the reptiles tions, so that it is impossible to draw a line of separa- ents the Moldau, Adler, Iser, Eger, &c.-Min. Coal, iron, that exist, none equal the B. in size and power; some tion which shall properly limit the use of the term coal. and occasionally silver, are found. The mineral springs of of them being occasionally met with from 30 to 35 feet The B. is one of those substances much more valuable Tiplitz, Carlsbad, and Seidlitz, have a European reputa- in length, and of a strength so prodigious as to be able for gas-making and for the oils and paraffin obtained tion.- Clim. Healthy, and, generally, inclining to cold, to destroy deer, oxen, and other large and powerful anifrom it on slow distillation, than for fuel in the ordinary Soil and.Agric. Very fertile, producing the cereals, hops, mals, by enveloping them in their ample folds, crushing sense of the word. Dr. Andrew Fife found a picked and flax and hemp, which latter articles form the staple them to death, lubricating their bodies with their saliva, specimen to yield in analysis, 70 per cent, of volatile industry of the country. Agriculture is, however, gen- and swallowing them at their leisure. In this tribe matter and 30 per cent. of ash.- See BITUMINOUS SHALE; erally in a backward state. The forests are extensive, the branches of the upper and lower jaw, throughout the CANNEL COAL. and yield annually above 2,000,000 cubic fathoms of whole length, as well as the palate bones, are armed iBog'-house, n. A water-closet; a privy. (Vulgar.) wood.-Manf. Linens, yarns, lace, woollens, paper, glass, with pointed, recurved, solid, and permanent teeth, formBog Iron-ore, n. (Min.) A hydrous oxide of iron, beet-root sugar, metals, &c. Owing to the want of capi- ing four nearly equal rows above, and two below. They common in fiat marshy localities. It is of variable con- tal, many of the great landed proprietors are obliged to have the tympanic bone or pedicle of the lower jaw position, containing from 20 to 70 per cent. of peroxide engage in manuifctures. Thus, Prince Kinskly, and movable, which is itself almost wholly suspended to of iron; the protoxides of iron and manganese are often Counts Hiarrach and Boucquoy, are the greatest glass another bone, analogous to the mastoid, and attached:to present, and sometimes as much as 10 per cent. of phos- manufacturers; PrinceAuersperg manufacturses sulphur, the skull by muscles and ligaments, which contribute to phqric acid and organic matter. Large quantities of the vitriol, and colors; Count Urbna and Prince Windisch- its mobility. The branches of this jaw are not united, and skeletons of Infusoria (Gaillonella./erruginea) have been gr/tz, tin-plates; Count Thun, porcelain; Prince Lob- those of the upper jaw are attached to the intermaxfound by Ehrenberg, in the B.-ores of Prussia, the Ural kowitz, earthenware; Prince Wallenstein, beet-root su- illary bone only by ligaments, so thmst these animals mountains, and New York State. The infusoria of this gar, &c. —inhab. About 23 of the inhabitants are Czechs can dilate the mouth sufficiently to swallow bodies much ore are stated by the same authority to be only one- of Slavonic origin; the remainder are Germans and larger than themselves. They are further distinguished thousandth of an inch in diameter, or half that of a Jews. The German population is more industrious. en- by having the scuta on the other part of the tail, single; human hair; consequently, a cubic line would contain terprising, and intelligent, than the Slavonic. Both a hook on each side of the vent; the tail prehensile; the 1,000,000,000 of these minute organisms.-See LAKE OaRE. German and Bohemian are spoken by all classes of so- body compressed, and largest in the middle, and with ]Bog'land, a. Belonging to a boggy country; as, ciety. The people are handsome, gay, fond of mnusic small scales, at least on the posterior part of the head.' bogland captive." - Dryden. and dancing, and generally of more attractive manners Enormous as the size and power of such animals must HBo'g-le, IBo'g1ge, an. See BOGEY. than their Saxon neighbors. There is absolutely no be, according to the latest and best authenticated stateBog-lipoor, in Hitndoslan. See BRAaUGLPORE. middle class, and with the exception of Prague, there ments of eye-witnesses, yet, if we say rely on the acBog —manganese, n. (Mino.) See WAD. are no great towns, as foci, whence intelligence and counts of ancient writers, there was a time when serBog'nor, a maritime town and sea-bathing resort of civilization are diffused over a country. The Bohemian pents far more terrific committed their hideous ravages England, co. Sussex, 56 m. S.W. by W. of London; pop. character is, for morality, quite on a par with other and kept whole arnsies in dismay. One of this kind is about 3,000. countries. - Religion. Roman Catholic, but entire tolera- described as having had its lair on the banks of the Bogoeoukhof', or BooDrnHo w, a town of European tion prevails. Education is well diffused, anid a native Bagradas, near Utica, and to have swallowed many of Russia, govt. Kharkof, on the Merle, 60 m. N.E. of Pul- literature is springing up.- Govt. B. is governed by an the Roman soldiers in the army of Regulus, to have towa; Lat. 500 2' N., Lon. 350 50' E. Manaf. Leather Austrian viceroy, and the country has its own repre- killed others in its folds, and. to have kept the army from and shoes. Pop. 11,660. sentative diets. Pop. 5,059,125. Coop. Prague. B. is the river; till at length, being invulnerable by ordiBo-'-ores, n. pl. (Min.) See LIMONITE. more densely populated than any other part of thie Aus- nary weapons, it was destroyed by heavy stones slung Bogoroditsk', a town of Russia in Europe, govt. Tula, trian empire.-Hist. After innumerable mutations, B., firom the military engines used in sieges; but, according at the confluence of the Lesnoi-Oupert and the Viarkova, with IHungary and Transylvania, fell, in 1526, under the to the historian Livy (quoted by Valerius Maximus), 40 min. S.S.E. of Tula. There is an imperial castle here. dominion of Ferdinand of Austria, brother of Charles the waters were polluted with its gore, and the air with Agricultural produce forms the chief trade. Pop. 4,954. V,, who had married the sister and heiress of Louis, Kiing the steams from its corrupted carcass, to such a degree Bogotta', (formerly Santa _Fi de Bogota,) a city of South of Bohemia and Hungary, killed at the battle of Moloacz. that the Romans were obliged to remove their camp, America, cap. of Colomnbia, on an elevated plateau at the B. was at this period in the enjoymnent of a conmparatively taking withthlem. however, the skin, 120 feet in length, foot of Mount Chingasa, 8,615 feet above seo-level, 225 free constitution, and three-foiurths of tihe people were which was sent to Rome. That none of such frightful m. E. of the Pacific Ocean, and 50 E. of the river Magda- attached to the reformed faith. The attempts of the dimensions now infest the inhabited parts of the earth lena; Lat. 40 371 N., Lon. 740 10' W. Tihe first appear- Austrian sovereigns to undermine the firee institutions of we have abundant evidence; and there is good reason to ance of the town from the N.W. is very imposing; being the country, provoked a desperate contest, which contin- believe, that, as cultivation and population have increasbuilt on rising ground, it forms a sort of amphitheatre, ued till 1620, when the Austrian troops totally defeated ed, the larger species of noxious animals have been exand the white towers of the cathedral and the monas- ithe Bohemians at the battle of Weissenberg, near Prague. pelled from the haunts of mankind, and driven into teries of Montserrat and Guadoalupe are seen seated on The persecution which followed has seldom or never more distant and uncultivated regions. Some species of lofty peaks behind it. Ne:srly hoMf the city is occupied been surpassed for atrocity. Many of the best and no- the genus Boa are found in the vast marshes and swamps by religious structures, which,'however, are unattrac- blest Bohemian citizens lost their lives on the scaffold, of Guiana, and other hot parts of the American contitive in appearance. The streets are narrow, but regular, and thousands were exiled, and had their estates confis- nent; others are natives of India, Africa, and the larger and thehouses are built low, on account of the frequency cated. The free constitution of the country was auni- Indian islands. They are at once pre-eminent from their of earthquakes. B. contatins the polace of the former hilated; the Protestant religion all but extirpated; iand superior size and their beatutiful colors; and though desSpanish viceroys of New Granada, and a usilversity, col- such was the combined influence of massacre and exile, titute of fangs and venom, nature has endowed them leges, schools, and a public library. The market is well thost in 1637, the pop. did not exceed 780,000. Subse- with a degree of muscular power which seems to defy and cheaply supplied with provisions, but all European quently, German emigration into this country received resistance. The ground-color of the whole animal, In and American goods are extravagantly dear. The city the sanction of the government, and in the reigns of the younger specimens, is a yellowish gray, and someis badly lighted and undrained, and there are no vehicles Maria Theresa and Joseph II. a new era began; and the times even a bright yellow, on which is disposed along of any description to be seen. B. was founded by the milder and more liberal system of government which the whole length of the back a series of large chainSpaniards, in 1538, and in 1548 created a city and the they introduced has since been followed up. B. was, in like reddish-brown variegations, leaving large open oval seat of a royal nudiencia. Pop. arbout 35,000. 1867, the theatre of the brief but decisive war between spaces of the ground-color at regular intervals; ltheI BOgota', (Bi o ]e,) a large river of S. America, rising Austria and Pruesia. largest or principal marks composing the chain-like patnear time city of Santa Fi, and running through a nar- Bsahe'naia in Wisconsin, a post-office of La Crosse co. tern above mentioned mire of a squarish form, accomrow glen of 40 m. long, forms the cataract of Tequen- Bus e'mia Cqreek, in Mar-yland, emptying into Elk panied by large triangular and other shaped spots, the danma, 900 feet high. River. exterior of the larger ones being generally of a much Bog'-rssh, a.n. (Bot.) See Sc~Nus. ]uoseBaohe'iaaia fIsi, in Ma-yland, a P. O. of Cecil co. darker cast, and the ground-color immediately next to B ~g'.spaviiw so. (Far-a-ieo-y.) An encysted tumor in Bolhe'mi,, a. Belonging, or relating to, Bohemia. them consideraebly lighter than on other parts, thus conthe inside of a horse's Ihough. Bohe'ssaasn, n. A noetive or inhabitant of Bohemnia. stituting a general richness not easily described. We Bog-'.rotter, n. A dweller among bogs. (Formerly -(pl.) The name generally given in France to the Zisoyas~, cannot reflect upon the history of these great reptiles applied, as a nome of contempt, to the Irish turf-cutters.) or Gipsies, firom their supposed advent into that country without being struck with their peculiar adaptation to Bog'-t-rot$$ng, a. Living among bogs. from Bohemia. the situations in which they are commonly most abunBogu!le, in N. Caroolina, a lost-office of Columbia co. -A term often applied to a struggling and obscure lite- dant. In regions bordering on great rivers, which annuBogue Chi~toe, in Mississippi, a P. O. of Pike co. rary man, artist, &c. — Also, (in a lower sense,) to one ally inundate vast tracks of country, these serpents live BFogue illonie (big heooso) Us-eek, in Mississippi, who wanders about without any ostensible means of securely among the trees with which the soil is covered, emptying into Loaf River, in Perry co. livelihood;:analogous to the-American loafer. and are capable of enduring very protracted hunger, 318 BOIL BOIL BOIL without much apparent suffering, or diminution of vigor. -To prepare or form by boiling and evaporation; as, to Boiled, (boild,) p. a. Dressed or coolked by boiling; Noxious as such districts are to human life, they teemn boil preserves. subjected to the action of boiling heat or liquor. with a gigantic and luxuriant vegetation, and are the -To dress or cook in boiling water; to seethe; as, to boil Bloil'er, n. A person who boils. favorite haunts of numnerous animals, preyed upon, a piece of beef. That notable practice of the boilers of saltpetre."- Boyle. and, to a certain degree, restricted in their increase, by "In eggs boiled and roasted,... there is scarce any difference (Mech.) A vessel in which water is boiled for the the bore. In such sitations the Boas Constrictor lurks, to be discerned." - Bacn.he purpose of raising steaml for the ma-chin~ery of t~ fac~tory; or winds itself round the trunk or branches of a tree, Bo 1!, n. [Ger. beule; A. S. bile, byl; Icel. bole, a bubble, r close of of troght iron, or cohi er, in a hich until some luckless animal approaches; then, suddenly a pustule.] (Med.) A tunmor of the skin and the adjacent water is vaporized, and eiplyed in the aseous form until ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~water is vaporized, arod employed in the gaseous form relinquishing his position, swift as lightning, he seizes cellular tissue, professionally called _1aruncalus. tlis to iopress movenent upon steam-engines or other the victim, and coils his body spirally around his throat painful disease is a circumscribed, hard, inflamatory machines. Jn this case the effect of the machine is dand chest, until, after a few ineffectual cries and strug- swelling, of a deep red color fronm the beginning, exceed- pendest upon the conversion of the water intovapor, glee, the animal is suffocated and expires. The prey is ingly painful, and almost always terminating, alter a and this power is the only ose used. The B. asst tsen then prepared for being swallowed, which the creature tedlious process, in suppuration. A boil generally com- satisfy certain conditions which are of the highest inaccomplishes by pushing the limbs into the most con- mnences with a soa1ll red pimple, uncommonly tender and terest. Thus, as the motive power of the esgine devenient position, and then covering the surface with a angry-looking, which, after a time, enlarges, having a pods upon the excess of the pressure of the steam in glutinous saliva. Thie reptile commences the act of deglu- white point, and a broad, hard, well-defined base spread- the B., it is oecessary tat the latter should be of suffitition by taking the muzzle of the prey into its mouth, ing under the skin. Asthe svellisogaadvtilce, thepoint cleat strength to resist it; and as the heat applied is which is capable of vast extension; asnd, by a succession or apex sinks, till the whole assunes the form of aflat, always nore or less costly, il is iportant that the fireof wonderful muscular contractions, the rest of the body elevatecd cake, with a puckered centre. T'he suppura- place should be constructed so as to enploy the vhole is gradually drawn in, with a steadly and regular motion. tion is always slow, and never perfect, for the discharge, of it.'Tle danger of alloring the B. to sink so low as The Boa canine is a beautiful snake, about 4 feet in orpus, is tinged or mixed with blood and fibres of the to let the metal come io contoct with cold water adlength, with a large head shaped lite that of a dog. Its cellular tissue. - LCauses. Boils neaorly olways arise from ittd sudl mst lso carefully guarded aainst, general color is a bright Saxon green, with transverse constitutional causes, and are, in reality, efforts of not- and is necessity gives rise to many contrivances of a white bars down the back, thle edges of which are of a ture to throw off, or relieve the body of, some impurity, conplicated natns. The parts ofa B., oodinarilyv re: c 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~complicated nature. T[he parts of a B., ordinarily, are: deeper green thas thte ground-color of the body; the that, retained in the system, would be prejudicial to le f ce, conssting of tlere-b e s-it and ~~~~~~~~~n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~the furnace, consisting of thefire-bar, the ash-pit, and belly is white. This species belongs to S. America. health; hence they have been popularly called healthy, the bridge; tie B., properly speaking, with its steaesas after them the system usually feels lighter and bet- c/est, and pipe, and its safety-valves; the apparatus for ter. Boils generally occur in full-bodied, free-livins per- ascertaining the level of the water and its pressure in sons, in robust health and the prime of life, though tley the B., whlch consists in thetea-gages, and the occasionally take place in weak, emaciated individuals. pessure-g or nasst istle tieaeat aogd te bes; and {The parte most liushle to boils are floe iseck, between rise oeue-agerossoste;feforaodats;ad The parts foest liebly to boils are the ama, batween the tile chimney. Each of these parts has a separate use, shoulders, the fleshy part of the arm and t-e bip, or and it requires a special adaptotion to the class of engine upper part of the thigh, rendering the sitting posture under considerttion; for tie purposes of ordiary coon/ alniost impossible.- T'eatnzecot.'Ihey all take their rise noerce, some of the parts may be omitted, but they must in some disordered state of the digestive organs; and all be psesent in steam-engioes, amd must be mouified hence it is necessary that the bowels be at first fireely according to whether the B. is intended to wort at, opened, and then regulated by gentle unirritating laxa- high or low pressure. Many varieties have beem proFug. 380. - HEAD OF BOA CANONA. fives. Tue diet should be ploin and sinple, and etimu- posed in the manner of heating the water contained in alnts ought to be avoided. In delicate constitutions, a the B. and as the heat developed is the furoace acts Boeldieul, ADaIEN, (buuoild'yu(r), a celebrated French course of sarsaparilla will be found of greot use. In more by the extent of the surface to which it is applied musical composer', o. 1775; author of numuerous well- dealing with thIe boil itself, suppuration is to be hast- loan by its inteosity, every forna has been recont-eoded known operas: Le Oal/fe de Bagldad, Jeanu de Paris, &c.; ened and perfected by means of linseed-meal poultices; for this purpose in its tumn; but, sfter all, it senes thot La Dame Blanche is, however, esteemed Ihis chefed' cuvre. and as soon as the prominent part of the swelling be- local considerations are of more weight in deciding the His style is characterized by a sweet and natural melody, comes soft, a free opening should be nmade into it with a kind of fuace than any stract ones, nd the style much imaginative gayety, and simple but pleasingnccomn- lancet, and as nmuchl matter as can be pressed out of it by ich migt it at one pice would not suit at another.'which might suit at one place would not suit at another. paniments. B. was a membter of the Institute. D. 1834. tolerably firm pressure should be removed, together Te pricipal forms of funce ae refere to in Boil, (Hist.) a nation of ancient Gaul, which made wita the core; or the poultices should be continued othe prarts of this work, acd e sa remarrt may various emigrations into Italy and Germoanuy. The dis- until the core is drawn out, when the wound will be extended to the other details; because there are trict whence they originally came is not ascertained, but speedily heal. 10 uoiversx l priociples regulatiog fheir cona truction, no universal principles regulating their construction, it would appear that they were near the Lingone.s and Boil'as-y, ns. (Salt Aunuf.) A place in salt-works where which would adnit of beisg laid down autloritatively. thle Ilelvetii. They are mentioned as forming part of the the salt is boiled. Te most common forms of B. used are the wagonfirst Gaulishl enmigration recorded by Livy,,lustinus, and Boileau, (bwaw'li,) NIcotAs DEeuscEAux, a famous head the coindicao r the tuslaed and the locontive luead, the cyliodo'ical, the tuebuelar-, and the locsomotivee others, which set off in quest of new lands, and under'rench poet atnd satirist, B. 1636. His fitther was one B. all of whic see): the parts which are connected with B~. (all of which see): the parts which are connecte with two chiefs, Bellovesus and Segovesus, both nelphews of of the registrars of the parliament of Paris. B. was l level of e wate, pressure of the steam, and n ~~~~~~~~~~~the level of the water, the pressure of the steam, and Ambigatus, king of the Bitnriges. Believesus went educated at the College d'Iarcourt (afterwards College the draught in the chimney, will be found investigated over the Alps into Italy, while Segovesus crossed the Royal de St. Louis), and early showed a talent for verse, umder WATEi and STEAor GAUGES; BRINE COCKS; FLOATS, Rhine into Germany, and penetrated to the skirts of the which his ftamily in every way discouraged. For a while and C NE The principal causes of the too fr great Hercynian Forest. The Boii would appear to have he studied law, and becamoe a lawyer; next, he turned explosion of Ba will be exprine d under INcau ot AToren.followed Segovesus, and to have settled in the heart of to theology, and obtained a benefice, which he held eos he Bting water for tie purpose of d e arming boildGermany, in tihe comitry called after theun Biolueumouu until his tflthler's death, from which event he derived a ings, the boil aer y frepuently marn of copper, or (Bohemia), firom which they were afterwards driven small independence, and thenceforward gave the reins of ci st-iron, when tfe quantity of water to be heted (Bohemia), ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~of rust-iron, when floe quanotity of wuster to be heated away tby the Marconmnni,, a Goruman natioo, and with- to his poetic fiancy. His earliest poetical ottempts were is smuall, or of wrought-iron wsen it is greater; the drew south of the Danulbius, to the banks of the (Enus in sotire, by which he nullified u prediction mnade by hie ltter material is, hovever, so generally used that it is (Inn). The Boil are' mentioned also as having emoi- futher, who, when comparing the genius of each of his alone wortly of sotice. grated into Italy, together witlh the Lingones and other three sons, used to say,' that as for Colin, he would B l'e- e. (etal.) Te description of ou - tribes, by passing ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ovlerthPnieor Hleic lsioi~~.~ate, n. (Mfetal.) The description of wroughttribes, by passing over the Pennine or Itelvetic Alps. aever speak ill of anybody." But the sevem Satirecs iron whsich is wrought expressly for tIme purpose of boilThe Boil were often enogaged in war with Rome, and they which B. published in 1666, with a prelimimnary address er-ualing, though by comouon esror it is made to apply obtained at times advwntages over the IRoman arms, but to tile Iking (u fosrmula not to be omitted by any author to the plutes wllich are used for slipbulding, bridges, they were finally subjugated Iby Scipio Nasita, and part who courted popular notice), were ployful tood sportive, or girders; all of which are now said to be constructed of their lands was taken fromo them. As they still con- not rabid snd virulent; they showed, as he used to oh- is boiler-plates. Tho average resistance of boiler-plates tinned restless, they were altogether removed by the serve of himself, neither fang nor talon. They excited is taken at about 20 tons on the square inch, and tle Romans and sent across the Noric Alps, when they set- considerabte attentiom among thIe lettered circles of the sufe weight to which it may be loaded is ususlly faken tied on the banks of the Dravus, nemtr the Scordisci. capitol, by a terseness of language and ao polish of verl-si- at. toms on tue squore luch; the effect of riveting upon HIaving afterwards enga;ged in wars with the Getr, they fication to which the public-ear had not heretofome beet the tmtmfure is considered to be equivalent to a reduc were almost entirely destroyed; and we find in Pliny accustonmed. Nevertheless, they evince intimate ac- thou of strength comreipondimg to that of the smea occ(iii. 24) a vtst tract between the Dravas and the Danu- quaintaure wvith hlis Roman predecessors, and an accu- pied by th rivets. T Boad of Tad, in Englnd, pied by the rivets. The Board of Trade, in England, bins called "Deserta Boiorum." We fincdthe Boil en- rate estimate of the denmerits of Ihis own contemporars es, require flot the strength of orought-iron structures gaged in the Helvetian emigration into Gaul in the rusther than any vein of originlality or any intmiisir should be at least equal to the above quantity of. tons time of Co.sar. Whetlher these were from some part of poetical superiority. The number was increased rom per square inch. their tribe which had remained in Gaul, or whether they time to time till they amounted to twelve. Of these, thIe Boilerey, (See ]j~loi]ea-y, n~. (Salrt Ma~lnuf.) LSee BOn, AR~. came back from Germuny into Helvetia, is not known. tenth, on Wouooen, perhaps cost usost elaboration; but Boiling, p.a. Bubbling; hea.ving in bubbles; being The Boil, friom Bohemia, who had settled on the banks to usit appeosrs to possess neither the deep-marked in- agitatedl, a boiling liquor. -Dressing or pbepbring for of the (Enus, became subject to the Roman emnpire, and dignation with which the censor of Aquinuna has lashed some purpose by hot water.-Swelling with heat, ardor, formed part of the province of Vindelicis. During the thie vices of the sex, nor the light and airy grace with or passion; as, to boil with rage. decline of the empire they were exposed to the irrup- which them bard of Twickenhan has touched their foi- -n Act or stats of botliog or soelling by heat; ebullition. tiens of the Marcomanni, the Thuringii, and other tribes bles. These were followed by the Art of Poetry, and, Boll'Ingly, adv. Witt boiling. vwho occupied their country, which afterwards took the in 1674, the Lutrin appeared, - to our apprehension, Boi'ling-point, n. (Chem.) A liquid is said to boil name of Boioaria, or Boiauria. B.'s beet work. The general admiration of his poems when it is made to assume a constant state ofebullition Boil, v. i. [Fr. bouillir; Lat. bulaio, from bulla, a bubble.] led to his introduction at court, where he read some by the formation of bubbles of its vapor by means of To swell, heuve, or be agitated by the action of heat, as cantos of the Lutrin to Louis XIV., who granted hinsI hoat. Tse boiling-points of liquids differ according to a liquid; to bubble; to rise in bubbles from the surface; a pOension of 2,000 livres (about $500 per annumn), and their chensical constitutios; is many instances, is dias, tile water boils. the royal privilege to print Ihis wolrks. He was at tIme rect ls-f o to the differences in their composition. The "iHe saw there boil the fiery whirlpools." - Chapman. same timeo appointed joint historiographler with is boiling-post of e se liqud may y under di p ~~~~~~~~~boiling-point of the same liquid may vary under dif-To be disturbed or agitated by other causes than heat; fr'iend and fellow-poet Racine. Besides the latter, Mo- forent circumstances; such as the pressure on its surto effervesce; to move like boilinlg water. liere and La Fontsine were among his most intimate floe, the amount of attrction exerted by the vessel con"Then headlong shoots beneath the dashing tide, friends. In the ecclesiastical disputes of his day, B. taming it, or by salts hald by it in solution. Boiling, or The trembling fins the boiling waves divide." - Gay. sided it the Junsenists. His hatter years were passed he eission of stea in bubbles, ots in the fua-To be hot, ardent, or fervid; as, it makes my blood boil. im retirement. He refused to listen to those who would tion of a vapor of equal elaosticity to that of the atnoo" Thot strength with wbichl my boiling youth uwas frrught, praise his serses. "I prefer,'" he said, "being read to sph ere, w hic h exerts its preosure on fle smrfisce of the When in the v.oe of Bnlafor I fought." - D1)rydes. being praised." B. ovuas a man of real benevolence. It therere fls, tha lesseoimu or inliquid. It therefore fbollows, that any lessening or in-Tobe cooked hy hoiling; to suffer boiling heat ina liquid. Heasring that Corneille's pension was wvithdravwn, he in- creasing of the pressure of the air is accoropansied by a "Pillet of a fynn snke, stantly tendered tle resigmostiona of his own, saying, coirespoudin0 depression or elevation of Sle boiling. In the cauldron boil and bake." -t Sh aks. that, were Corneille's cancelled, he could not receive psiut. This fort is nide evident ty the laoiliar expertTo boil ovec. To bubble over the cdgs of~ usesssel by vis- one without a feeling of shame. B. died in 1711. A uoemeot of placing warm water under the receiver of an lent effervescence of heat. laorge numsber of persons attended his funeral. " What ais-pumop, vlen, on exhaustiig fle air, ebuhhition fules To boil away. To cause to evaporate by continued a numnber of friends he had," said a womaun in the crowd pbosce, from tse diminished pressure. Liquhuls, in general, boiling, to Louis Racine, "ossd yet this is the man said to have ll from 6S0 to l400 hooer than their ordin~sry boilingov. a. (i;p. nnLDmo, pps. essINo.) To heat to a boiling spoklen ill of all tfle world!" B. is one of that scanty point when heated in cacao. This puoperty is made use staste; as, to boil waster. number of poets who have left behind them of in tie manufactume of certain medicinal preparations, i' But if yoe boil them in wlxter, the new seeds will sprout sooner." "No line which, dying, they would wish to blot." the properties of which owould be destroyed by exposure lBacoo. Pope is sometimes calledfthe English Bsoilega. to a tenoperaturs of 2120. Advantage has been talten of BOIS BOKH BOLA 319 this property of fluids in the measurement of heights. -Violent; noisy; rough; as, a boisterous laugh. centre of an extensive commerce carried on with India,., Saussure found that on the snmmit of Mont Blanc, "Lucia, I like not that loud boisterous man."-Addison. Russia, &c. Govt. Despotic Ar2ig. A regular force exwhich is niearly 3 miles above the level of thie sea, weater -Excessive; extremne; impetuous; forcible. (R.) ists of about 20.000 horse and 4.000 hfot, but without boiled at 1850 Fahr.; and M. Wisse observed the boiling- lBois'terously, adv. In a boistcerous manner. disciplinee; there is, besides, a militia of 50.000 horse. point of water to be 1855 Fahr. on Mount Pechincha, "A sceptre, snatch'd eith an unruly hanud, reliegsn ancd L'lsc. The people are all Soonite Molcainwhile the barometer stood at 17 inches. Frosi these hfust be as toisterously maintaic'd as gaiu'd." —Shaks. medans, intolerant, and believers in magic and astrollacts it has been calculated that for every difference in Bois'ter.ousness, ec. State or quality of being bois- ogy. EIduccltion is at a standstill. Chief towns. Bokheight of 596 feet, a variation of 1~ Fahr. in tihe boiling- terous or turbulent. hara, Salnarcand, Balkh. P,,p. estinmated at 2,000,000. point is produced. It has also been ascertained that a Boist'hsrt, in SWashington Territory, a post-village of Hist. This country was conquered by the Saracenis about variation of one-tenth of an inich in thie baroueter pro- Lewis co., 10 m. S.W. of Claquaito. 710 A. D. It was overrun by Jenghiis Khan in 1222: by duces a difference of more than a twentieth of a degree Bo'jador, (CJape,) a celebrated promontory of the W. Timour, in 1361; and by the Usbeck Tartars in 1505, F'ihr. in the boiling-point. The contrary property of coast of Africa, Desert of Sahiara; Lat. 260 71 100 N., undec whose sway it has since cemained. Two English increase of pressure'causing elevation of the boiling- Lon. 14~ 29 5" W. This headland forms the W. extrenmity offlicers, sent on a mission to the Khan, in 1843, were point, is evident from the above considerations. Pepin's of a rocky ridge called the G'eb-el-khal, or Black Moun- murdered by him; their fate was ascertained by the digester is an example of this. By confining water in an tains. It was long the liuit of navigation towards the celebrated traveller, Dr. Wolff, who, in 1843, made a air-tight vessel, it iccay be heated to a temperature only SJ and was first passed by the Portuguese in 1433. journey to Bokhara, was imprisoned there, but subselimited by the strength of the vessel. This property is Beojwno, (boj'a-?o,) a toen of S. Italy, 13 m. S.W. of quently released, and who has written perhaps the most taken advcntage of in the preparation of gelatine fiom Cacipoba sso, on tie Biterno, in a deep gorge at the foot autlhoritative work extcnt on this country. In 1865, boeis, which are heated to a temperature much higher of tae rouctain-peak of Ncctese. The site of B. has war broke out between B. and Russia, in which the latter than 2120 Pahr. By this means the gelatine is easil y been identified as that of the efamous Sanite city of was victorious. A new war between the Ameer of B. separated from the earthy matter, although the bones Bovianuii, which played so conspicuous a part in the and the Russians began in May, 1868. In the early paurt might be boiled fotbr hours at 2120 Fahr. without any such Sananitce, Punic, and SociaI wears. Unsuccessfully be- of that month, the Ameer, deceived by the apparent effect takinig place. The attraction of a fluid for the sur- sieged by the Romans in 314 n. c., it was taken by them weakness of the Russian garrisons on the frontier, Iface of the vessel in which it is boiled has a great influence in 611, and yielded imnmense spoils. Passing out of their formed a strong coalition with other and neighboring on theboiling-point. Waterboilsat21t2~ina ametallicves- hands, it was retakei by theu in 305 n.c.; and once rulers, and declared war. Russia, however, speedily eel, in a glass vessel at 2140, while in a vessel varnished more reverting to its originail owners, was a third time massing against the allies a great force, utterly defeeled inside with shell-lec, thie heat may be raised to 2200 wsith- calptured by tice Romians, in 298 D. c. During the second them in a battle near Sancarcand, and took possession out ebullition taking place. The influence of salts held in Punic War, it formed the head-quarters of the Ronman of the latter city. They (the Russians) then advanced solution is very nmarked. A saturated solution of chlo- army on more than one occasion; and in the great Social toward the city of B., but were routed by the enemy, rate of potash, i. e., containing 61-5 per cent. of the salt, War, the confederates, on the fitll of Corfinino, made it who then proceeded to gain re-possession of Samnarcand, boils at 2200 Fahr.; a saturated solution of chloride of their capital and the seat of their general counicil. Sur- witch they succeeded in doing, swith the exception of calcium, containing 325 per cent. of the salt, boils at 355 pise by Sll, it s rte by t Maic general, the citadel, which held out until reinlforced by the RunsFFahr.; while a saturated solution of acetate of potash, Poispedius Silo. Actual poei. 5,773. csians, who finally held the place, and declared it an containing 798 per cent. of the salt, boils at 3360 Fahr. Bo'lie, G ECruso EIleanY, an American poet and dramatic annexation to Russia. In July, a treaty of peace was It will be seen fron these exanmples that the quantity writer, u. at Philadelphia, 1824. He graduated at Naits- effected, by which the Amneer ceded Samarcand, and anof salt contained in the liquid does not directly inlunence san Itall, Princeton, and, in 1847, published The Lesson thorized the Russians to build cantonmeucs within the the boiling-point. From the experiunents of Kopp and of Lfeandotlher Poems, and, in 1848, Calaynos, atragedy. Ihanct. Towards the end of thu year, the Russians others, it has been discovered that an exact ratio ex- The latter met with a oavfrable reception, and durin aided the Amneer in putting down a rebellion headed by ists betwveen the chiesiical constitution of certain liquids the following yeart was broulght out on the boards at his son and other chiefs, echo sought to have the treaty and their boiliung-points at the same pressure. Thus Sadiers' Wells Theatre, London. Its afterwards pro- rescinded. The Khan of Bolhhra, it is believed, now remethylic, ethylic, propylic, and butylic alcohols differ duced Anne Boleyn, and other stage-pieces, all of -hich ceives a subsidy from both the Russians and the English. fr AneBoleynm aneah other sgbpiey alln inrementd tofewiir froso each other by an incremeuct of C2u11, a-nld their proved successful. B. is also favorably kno-n as a BOKHARA, (" the treasury of sciences,") a celebrated city and boiling-points differ by, an increment of 31'-40 Fahr. An- magazinist, and contributed his share to the patriotic cap. of the above Rhaniat and seat of the Khan, 115 in. other example of this is shown in the hydrocarbons "Anthologia" of this country during tihe civil war..S.W. of Sanuarcand, and 20 N.W. of Balkh; Lat. 39~ benzole, toluole, xylole, and cuncole, the difference in ]Boke's Creelk, in Oh/io, a township of Logan co.; 48 N, Lo. 2o6' E. Th o- is 8. in circufertheir comnposition being C2H1., while the difference of about 1,300. ence, is walled and fortified, and when seen from a distheir boiling-points is 410 Fahr. The same relation runs -A post-office of Union co. tance, enibosomed in trees as it is, it presents a chairm through the'acids, ethers, aldehydes, and salts of these Bolk'hlsarm, or UZBsEKISTAa, a country of Central Asia, of appearance tlat vanisles upom a cocser survey. The bodies. —S-ee EsULLITION. comprising considerable portions of the anc. Sogdiana str te o se a lad a ill evnl Boi'iaing- Springs, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of or Transoxianu, and Bactria, forming the most oer- widest; the houses are small, clay-built, and one-storied; Cumberland co., 25 m. W. of HIri ug. f state of ht is n ed.y tie oers Independent canals intersect it; and everywhere are seen mosques, Cumberland co., 25 ~ ~ ~ ~~ii.Wof Hrib.fil state of what is nlamed-by the moderns Independent Boils'tou, in N. Caroliina, a post-office of Hienderson co. Tartary, or Turesn. It lies bet ti 37th and ni t, colleges, bazaars, ad fruit-stlls. The inBoipera-Veliha, (bo-e-pa'ra-vaii'ya,) a town of Brazil, 43d degrees of N. Lat., and the 80th and 88th degrees of habitants are pssiocately food of tea, ices and fruits, prov. of Baihia, 65 in. S.W. of Bahia. E. Lon.. having N. the Desert and the Khanat of Kho- shich is almost the only noticeable thing to be said Bois Blanc Island, (biea-blong',) situate on Lake kant E. the mountainous regions of Hisser and Koon- about then. Baths a-re umerous, end thi polite is an Huron, 10 m. S.E. of Mackinaw. It is about 10 m. inbul; d. the hat of hiva or Ih- efficient institution. Pop. estim. at 150,000.-Interesting dooz; S. Cab[[l; and W. the Khanat of Khiva or Khalength, by 3 in breadth, and has a light-house; Lat. 450 rasm. Acea, about 235,000 spq.. Desc. B. is mnun- particulars of B. are fonnd in Burnes's Travels sin Bok45' N., Lon. 84 55 W. thino only o t., -he its mounti ae norther ara (1835); Khcanikoff's seisen i/n Buk/sdra (1863); and tainous only on the E., where its mountains are niorth-r amery' rvl n CnrlAi Lno,16 Bois d~l're, (bwa-dark',) in Kansas, a township of spVambery's T'rcaels ise Centi-al Asia (Lo ondon, 1865).e Sospurs f~rom thle H-indco Coosh, and on the 8. wshere they~~ola Hempsptead to. Aseore to belong to the Ghoor range. The plain region Bia ~ ltol'i, B An~'eA, or BO'Aso'A, one of the SoBois d~'Arte, in Missouri, a village of Green co., 130 m. which comprises all the rest of the country is nothing tiety Islon ds, abou t 200 m. NW. of Thiti; at. 32 S.W. of Jefferson City. but a sandy desert with ai few oases stretchinug fotr a few S., on. 151 52. It is about00 24 m. round, a0. has a MoSs sI'Are Creek, in Texas, flows through Ellis co.. miles on either side the banks of rivers, in which are p p oa-o. ~E. into Tr~inity R~iver~. planted the chief cities and towns; and which constitute ia P ave arkbe a aro i in. Bol'see, in idaho Territory, a S.W. county, watered by the only cultivtble lands, and are densely peopled. The Asia, traversing the province of Saraw an, in the N.E. the Fayette River and other streams. Surface, moun- rivers are the Jihson or Anoo (Ous), oik, Kurshee, coleofBoohsa easgrulyaends - (xriscoinerae of AeBoocKhist- n Thee pass gradually,atnd tainous and heavily wooded. Gold-mining is the lead- Zouroabi the plain a length of 5 m., rising in its progress at the raLte of 90 feet every: mile, till it reaches the suming industry. Cap. Idaho City. Pep. about 18,300. 60atuu S.S.et of 00okhar, is 25 m. long, salt, aml very at the rite of 90 feet every nule, till itmeaches bse sumBoilsde City, a flourishing town, cap. of Idaho Terri- deep. Clim. Very hot in the summer; equally cold in v fot, which is 5,703 let above the level of the sea- It is torsy, and the county seat of Ada co., on tihe Bois(e River, inter. n, old, d l-amoniac. Vgt. Euit winter. 3Iin. Gold, and sal-ammioniac. Veget. Fruits; 30 in. VW.S.W. of Idaho City, and 370 from Carson City, ut ittle timber, and fe important plants. Z. d b~ut little tlmber....d few important plants. Zoiit. Wild Neveudc. Lect. 430 34' N., Ron. about 1160 W. Gold and ail- hogs, asses, bears, xolves, and varieties of the snmaller ver mnines are worked in the neighborhood. Pop. ab. 1,500. feline scis eales and terfo e lentiful othr i 1-1 ~~~~~~feline species; eagles and waterfowl tare l)Ilentiful; other... _ ~..., 7Jr ) ~... sBoi/s Ce Rtiver. See BIa WOOan LItIVER. Bo1i'sse Bastin, in Ideics Tersr/itsry, a cining region,;:' i situate near the Bsis/e River, contains soue of the cichest gold " placers " in the Territory. Idaho City, Pioneer City, and Placerville are included within its limits. /i i i% it and is defended by t citadel and, two forts. It is it well- i i built, handsome platce. possessing fine public buildings, 04 \11 -\ and caccuif. of linen, thread, cutlery, glass, &c. Pep. 1i / lie oI 25,850. B. sas founded, in 1184, by Godfrey III., Dulie i i ei K/ of Brabant. In 1629 it was taken by the Dutch, after a, lengthened siege. It was held by the French, from 1794 i i'! \it'.ti, to 1814, when it surrendered to the Prussians, who re- 1!I ii? stored it to Holland. Boissy dl'Anglas., FiAx-coma AN-sOINE., (Sue/"s -se- i' cdawaup'gla,) a French statesman, n. 1756. In 1792, he was elected by the departomeont of'Ard~che a member of' the Convention, in whichi assemibly lie distinguished himi- [self by his mnoderation, poseera of application, and be his. heroic firmness. He was president on thie Ist Preirial Ii,, (1795), when the mob, invading the Assembly, wis heded to force the Convention to establish the reign of terror.' "' Boissy seas insulted and meniaced; and to terrifjy hini,.. the head of represecntative Frausd, who had just been beheaded before his eyes, was showen to him. He uncovered himself, and saluted this relic of his unfortunate colleaigue; then, resucuming i his seat, remacined unenoved in that scene of disorder and anarchy. H-Ie took a piart iln Pu 3DIEh TSIATELTi all the affairs of hiis country during the Rtepubiecuend the gnme, sacrce; fish, abunddacnt. shab. Usbecks, Tdticks, Pufg. 382. —0 HE.OLON PASS. Empire, and, at tic Retoratian, seas ocie peer. I). 5823. Kalmucks Tuu coos-io Arabs, Ztngueues (gipsies), &c. in many pla ces walhled in by stupendous roccs, where a B]]is't erous, a. [Swed. and Goth. baeeta, to knack; P/rod. Agriculture forus the sta-ple industry of thecoun- few hundred resolute men might hold the passage D'u. bystes; Decn. hister, furious, raging; WX. twyst, ewild, try; cere-ls, se-heat rye &c being extensively cultiI~~v~uyuv) ~rri~~) t~y; cerc:~ls, as whatre cbig xesvl u aginst an army. A small stream flows down the pass, savage.] Loud; roaring; raging; turbulent; stormy; vated, -nd also mice, maize, moong, melons, beans, &c.; cat- which, after any fall of rain, swells suddenly into a recs, a boistetros sea. the and horses are found in great numbers. All the treffic sistless river, which sweeps all before it. The pass is "And with a oist'roeus sound is, however, carcied on by dromedaries and camels. Aiasf. infested by bands of lawless Belooches, who pillage and Scuatter his leaes, and strew them on the grouad." — e-slier. Silk-stuffs, cutlery, fire-arms, jewelry, &e. B. m the murder all who base Ohs cisfortuosto comeco thrveay. 320 BOLE BOLI BOLI Bolaa'nos, a town of Mexico, prov. Jalisco, 65 m. N.N.W. us being covered by a porous layer composed of innu- party against the Royalists, and in the following year of Guadalaxara, remarkable for the rich silver nmines in merable short tubes united together. Some of the spe- he was acting as governor of Puerto Cabello, the strongits vicinity; pop. about 1,500. cies are edible, though they are all set down as mere est fortress of Venezuela. He was now fairly committed B!o'lary, a. Belonging, relating to, or consisting of, bole toad-stools by the to the revolutionary cause, serving under General Mior clay. mushroom - gather- randa, whom he afterwards accused as a traitor, and who "A weak and inanimate kind of adstone..chiefly consisting er of this country. subsequently died in a dungeon in Spain. The war of a bolary and clammy snubstance." — JBrowone. B. edulis, the Ceps continued to rage, and after many reverses and changes, Boll'bec, a town of France, dep. Seine Inf6rieure, on a ordinaire of the lie gradually won his way to that goal for which ihe river of the same name, 18 m. E.N.E. of Havre. This French markets, is had heroically and disinterestedly fought. At length, is a handSome thriving town, and in it and the neighbor- much used through- in 1821, the independent troops were successful in the ing country are employed about 20,000 people in cotton- out the European battle of Carabobo, where the Royalists lost upwards of spinning, producing goods of an annual valuation of continent. It grows 6,000 men, and which decided the cause against Spain. $5,000,000. It has also tanneries and dye-works. Pop. in woody situations, On the 20th of August of the same year a republican 10,531. and attains a con- / constitution was adopted, and decreed to continue, as Bol'chow, or BoLK'Hor, a town and circ. of Russia in siderable size, the then defined, till 1834. Bolivatr was chosen president, Europe, prov. Orel, at the confluence of the Bolchowka cap being usually and hlie turned his attention to the internal administrawith the Nugra. Maunf. Leather, soap, and hosiery. six or seven inches tion of the country. In 1823 he assisted the Peruvians Pop. about 20,000. across. The color to obtain their independence, and was declared their Bold, a. [A. S. bald, beald; 0. Ger. bald, strenuous; of the cap ranges liberator, and invested with supreme authority. On the Goth. baltha, bold; Sansk. bala, strength.] Strenuous; from light brown 10th of February, 1825, however, he convoked a condaring; courageous; dauntless; intrepid; brave; fear- to brownish black, gress, and resigned his dictatorship in the following less; as, Charles the Bold. while that of the words: "I felicitate Peru on being delivered from two "But a bold peasantry, their country's pride, layer of tubes be- /Rg. 383.- BOLETUS EDULIS. things which, of all others on earth, are most dreadful When once destroyed, can never be supplied." -Goldsmitll. neath is at first -wtwar, by the victory of Ayacucho, and despotism, by -Planned with courage; executed with spirit and vigor; white, then yellow, and finally yellowish-green. The this my resignsation." He now visited the upper proas, a bold undertaking. stem is thick, solid, and beautilully reticulated. To vinces of Peru, which, calling a convention at Chuqui"These nervous, bold; those, languid and remiss."-Roscommon. prepare the fungus for the table, the layer of tubes, the saca, gave the name of Bolivia to their country, in -In a depreciative sense, audacious; over-confident; im- skin, and the stem, must be thrown away, for nothing honor of their liberator, and appointed himni perpetual pudont; wasting modesty or restraint: as, "This bold but the firm and delicate flesh of the cap is to be eaten. protector, and to draw up a constitution. On the 25th bad utan." Siaks. - EAxceeding the usual limits, as in This may be either eaten raw with salt and pepper, or of May, 1826, he presented his Bolivian code to the coninvention or composition; overstepping the latitude of cooked lilke a conmmon mushroom. gress of Bolivia, which was afterwards adopted, with anything; presuming too much on forbeartnce, &c.; as, Boleyn, ANNE, (bool'en,) wife of Henry VIII., king of some dissatisfaction, however, although it was also suba bold handwriting; a bold request. a bold handsvritin,,; a bold request. England. and mother of' Queen Elizabeth, was the daugh- sequently adopted by the congress of Lima, where, under ter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, of Hover Castle, in Kent, its provisions, hlie himself was elected president for life. The figures are bold even to temerity." - Coley. where she was born, in 1507. On her return from France, Ite now set out for Colombia, where disaffection and -Striking to the sight; standing ost prominently to the where she spent her youth in the service of the French party strife were at their height. His conduct here view; conspicuous; as, a bold outline, queen, she was attached to th household of Catherine was misconstrued, and he was supposed to be assuming "~~~~~~~~~~~~~qUsed.. a shadows ipaitinge to mk the figurebold o:Ctern " Used... as shadows in painting, to make the figure baloder, of Aragon as one of her maids of honor; it was in this the powers of a dictator. These suspicions seem to and cause it to stand of to sight." - Dryden. capacity that she first encountered the notice of the have deeply affected him, for he wrote to the senate,: ~Stee~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~cpat tandh abrupt; prominnt;re as, ac bod theadad -Steep and abrupt; prominent; as, a bold headland. voluptuary Henry, who, it' he had not before thought in February, 1827: "Suspicions of tyrannous usurpaHer dominions have bold, accessible coasts." — Howell. of the divorce, hastened it on after this interview with tion rest upon my name, and disturb the hearts of To make bofd. To takle a freedom with; to venture to all the expedition he was able to command; but, unable Colombians. I desire to be made only a private citiuse a liberty. to wait for all the legal formalities, he married her pri- ezen." In 1829 new disturbances arose, and, in 1830, a "fr aking so bold, vately, publishing the fitct some months after, and when convention was called for the purpose of framing a new MSy fears forgetting manners. - Shak. the divorce was officially promulgated. About a year constitution for Colombia. The proceedings were begun Bold'en, v. a. To make bold; to embolden; to give after her coronation as queen of England, and little more by Bolivar, who once more tendered his resignation. confidence. am much vntrus than 15 maonths fromn the birth of her child- the future He was pressed to retain his position;. but his resouinIn tempting of your patience, but amn bolde'd Queen Elizabeth —she was accused of criminal conver- tion was already formed, and he bade adieu to public Under your promis'd pardon." - Slhaks. sation with some of the gentlemen of her train, brought life, broken in mind and body. Hie retired to CarthaBo'dereg Beds, a. (Geo.) A typical group of to trial, found guilty, and, that Henry might the sooner gena, whence, in 1831, he sent an address to the Colosntertiary sands and gravels occurring in tyhe i olderberg marry the third object of his sensual passion, beheaded bians, vindicating his conduct, and complaining of their teril, about 40 mun. from Brussels. ocrigntha few days after in fiont of the Tower, 1536, her husband ingratitude. This was his last act which had relation Boll'fe, aot4in. frmpdne Brucnss; ermlsed in Bold'-face, a. Impudesce; saucineas; a term used in a watching imtpatiently on the highest turret of Windsor' to public affairs; for by the end of another week he was reprehensory sense; as, " How now, bold-facc P "-L'East. Castle hor the signal that proclaimed thie fall of the axe. no more. B. at San Pedro, near Carthagena, 1831. (Pinting.) Type hving a heavier and broader out B'lli, a city of Asiatic Turlkeoy, in Natolin, cap. of a sand- Bol'ivar, in Arkansas, a township of Jefferson co. Pline than common type. jhvnaheveadb -Jak, 85 m. N.W. of Angora; Lat. 400 35' N., Lon. 310 19 — A post-village, and cap. of Poinsett co., 147 m. N.E. of Bold'-faced, a. Impudent; over-bold.. It stands on the site of the Roman HadrianopoEis. Little Rock. "hvsoe hscatahhblae toso Bo'1igee, in -Alabamna, a post-office of Greene co. Bollivar, in Mlaryland, a post-office of Frederick co. "I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of 1g this age." - Bramhall. BolinlatO, a seaport of the island of Luzon in the Eastern Boll'ivar, in Mississippi, a W. connty, separated from Bol, ad. In a bold or venturesom manner; with Archipelago, N. Lat. 160 20', E. Lon. 1190 50'. Arkansas, on the W., by the Mississippi. Area, 800 sq. Baoldlly, adv. In a bold or venturesome mianner; wvith ~~~spirit or confidence. ~Bolistans, in California, a post-village and township of m. Ssrface, level. Soil, fertile, producing quantities spirit or confidence. Mro o,1 n.o a aal ob 1 "I speak to subjects, anrl a subject speaks, "I speak to subjects, and a sabjoct speakse, IMarion co., 10 m. W. of San Rafael; pop. of township, of cotton. Cap. Bolivia. Pop. about 11,000. Stirr'd up br heav'n, thus boldly for his king." - Shaks. about 600. Boi'ivar, in Missouri, a post-village, cap. of Pol co., -Impudently; obtrusively; saus~cily. Bolin-gbroake, HENRY ST. JOHN, VISCOUNT, (bolling- 110 m. S. W. of' Jefferson City; pop. about 500. B-ld'ness, ny. Quality of heac bold; courage; intro- brlk,) a celebrated English statesman and political Bol'ivar, in New York, a post-village and township of pidity; bravery; confident trust; agssurance; isunpsdenc. writer, a. 1678. lie became secretary of war in 1704; re- Alleghany co., 285 m. W.S.W. of Albany; pop. abt. 1150. pidity; bravery; confident trust; assurance; impudence. - "Bdness is the power spa or d what e intnd efor signed in 1707; but, in 1710, he was again one of the min- Bol'ivar, in Ohio, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., 111,,Boldness is the power to speak or do what we intend before ity ethers, without fear or disrder." - Locke. istry. F'or the next four years he assisted in governing nu. N.E. of Columbus; pop. about 600. Bold Sping-, in Georgia, a poet-office of Franklin co. the country, and, by the inglorious treaty of Utrecht, in Bol'ivanr, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Westmore]Bole, (U.) [S7wed. and Goth. bol, the trutkl of a tree; April, 1713, brought the war with France to a close. In land co., 24 m. E.N.E. of Greensburg. W. bol, the belly, the rotundity of the body.] That 1712 he was created Viscount Bolingbroke; and, in 1714,,Bol'ivar, in Tennessee, a handsome and prosperous which is rounded or ries out in a round fosm; sapcifi- Queen Anne died. This was a fatal blow to Bolingbroke, post-town, cap. of Hardeman co., near the Hatches River, cally, the body or stem ouf a tree, ru fm spc who had quarrelled with his old friend Harley, the Earl and 170 mu. S.W. of Nashville; pop. about 1,450. View well this tree, the queen of nih the grove of Oxfbrd, and who was endeavoring to form a new cabi- Bol'var,' in Texas. See POINT BOLvAIR. Hoew vast her bole, hdhe we her arms are spreud, net. The death of the queen disarranged all his mea- B0olivar, in West Virginia, a village of Jefferson co.,in Howr vast her bole, how wide her arms are spread, How high above the rest she shoots her head." - Dryden. sures, and, in the followving year, he was compelled to the vicinity of the Shenandoah River, 1 m. S.W. of — A~~~~~~~~ Desrye o unty. Se Bbs -A measure of quantity. See, BeL. smake his escape to France, in disguise, to evade the ven- Harper's Ferry; pop. about 1,350. Bole, n. [Gr. bolos, a mass.] (Min.) An earthy argilla- geance of his enemnies. On the accession of George I., Bolivtar City, (Ciaidad Bolivar,) in Venezuela. See coons mineral chiefly consisting of hydrated bisilicate of he was impeached, by Walpole, at the bar of the House ANOSTCURA. alumina, reddened by peroxide of iron; as is the case in of Lords, and, not appearing to take his trial, lie was ]Boivar 1[eightst, in West Virginia, lying on the.Araeniano bole, which is used in tooth-powder, and as a attainted by Act of Parliament. Meanwhile he had S. bank of thle Potomac, near ICarper's Ferry. c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iB oloring matreprbicaIti unn Stateofy S.ilerica, compied -coloring material. It is found in Saxony, Sileal, Bohe- entered the service of Charles Stuart, the Pretender, BOlvia, a republicas State of S. Americt, comprised mis, Sicily, &c. who appointed Ihim his prime minister, but whlo, after between Lat. 80 30' and 250 40/ S., and Lon. 580 and 710 (Min.) Any friable clayey shale or earth, colored red or Ihis return from Scotland, dismissed him. In 1723 ie o W.; having N. and N.W. the States of N. and 5. Peru; brown by peroxide of iron. was permitted to return to England, but he was not re- E. Brazil, and Paraguay; S. La Plata and Chili, and W. Boleel'tion-mouldingscr- n.pl. (Joinery.) Mouldin-s adtnitted to the House of Lords. This excited his ani- the Pacific Ocean. Extreme length, N. to S., above projecting beyond the surfiTce of the framing. mosity, and he began to write against the ministry with 1,100 m.; greatest breadth, above 750 m. Area, 473,298 Bole of Blois, n. (Mmin.) A yellow kind of bole, w\hich considerable effect, and finally succeeded in overthrow- sq. m. - DIVISIONs: contains carbonate of lime, and effervesces with acids. in, Sir Robert Walpole. In 1735 he once more withdrew Provinces. Population. Bolero, (bo-lair'o,) n. [Sp.] (Pastimes.) A national to France, where he resided until the death of his father, La Paz................................................ 475.322 dance of Spain and Spanish America, usually accompsa- which event enabled him to take possession of the famr- Cochabamba...................8.....9............ 349,2 nied with the castanets, and the cithern (guitar), and ily estates at Battersea. Ilere lie passed the remainder Potosi............................................... 281,229 sometimes with the voice. The dance is intended to of his days, employing his pen upon other subjects be- Chuquisaca....................................... 223,668 represent a love story, commencing with coyness and sides such as had political tendencies. His works are Oruro....................................110,931 diffidence, and gradually rising to the expression of pas- now little read, iotwithstanding the many charms which Santa Cruz......................................... 153,164 sionate ecstasy. It is in the time of a minuet, and has a his style possesses. D. 1751. Tarija................................................ 88,900 marked and singular rhythm. Bo'linagtoan, in Virginia, a post-office of Loudoun co. Veni................................................ 53,973 "A nd when beneath the evening star, Bt]o'lis, n. [Lat.] (Astron.) A fire-ball, or meteor. Atacama.......................................... 5,273 She mingles in the gay Bolero, BoIl'iBwr[~, SassoN, (named.El Libertador, firom his having Or tings to her uttuned guitar rescued Cenot. S. America from the Spanish yoke,) was a. 1,742,352 Of Chriutian knight er Oteaorish here." - BY1'Ose. at Caracas, 1783. He descended from a noble and wealthy Indians (Aborigines)....................... 245,000 Bolle, in Missosuri, a post-office of Fratnlimn co. famsaily, received his university education at Madrid, Bealesla8s, (bo-les'la.) the name of five kings of Poland, travelled extensively on the European continent, mar- Total......................................1,987,352. who reigned at different periods between 992 and 1289. nied, and returned to S. America, where, shortly after BaSo. This country comsiste of three regions, differing ]Bgtleq't, a. (Chenm.) Belonging, or relating, to the Bo- his arrival, his wife died, when he once muos' visited from one another in surface, elevation, and clisate: 1. sEros, q. v. Europe, and did not return till the following year, when A small and narrow strip of rainless wilderness along Boletie Aejel, a. (henem.) An acid contained in the Ie odedicated himself to the freedoss of his country, and, the sea-coast; 2. A magnificent stretch of mountain and juice of the Boletuspseudo-ignia-iaus. at Venezuela, entered upon his military career as5 a plateau country full of lofty peaks; and, 3. A wide plain Bole'tsis, n. (lot.) A gen. of Faingi, of the ord. Hymen- colonel in the service of the newly founded republic. spreaiding out for miles and miles to the frontiers of omycltes, which maty be distinguislted fromn Aga-ircus In June, 1810, wve find him in London, endeavoring to Brazil, Paragunay, and the Argentine Republic. Two by the absence of gills, themunder-side of the cap or pile- induce the British cabinet to assist the independent Isal ridges of the Anie' peietrate into B. and foi-a BOLI BOLO BOLT 321 transverse Cordilleras, one bf which, the Bahama chain, Boliv'ia, in Mississippoi, a post-village, and cap. of Bolognllian-stone, (bo-Ssn'yanz,) n. (Miin.) A kind of in the W., attains a maximuni elevation of 22,350 feet, Bolivia co., on the Mississippi River, 150 min. from Vicks- sulphate of baryta found near Bologna. After having while many of the passes across both chains possess an burg. been heated with charcnoal, and then exposed to the altitude of 15,000 and 16,000 ft. The watershed of the Bolifv'ia, in Missouri, a village of St. Genevieve co., 20 light of the sun, it becomes strongly phosphorescent, Pilcomayo, Madeira, Beni, and Mamore rivers, forms a m. S.W of the Mississippi Rtiver. and remains so for some time. fertile region, almost covered witIh vast primeval forests. Bollill'ov, a town of Russia in Europe, govt. of Orel, Bolor-Ttagh, (be-lot-tate,) a mountain-chain of CenThe principal valley is that of Desaguadero, between about 80 i. N. of the city of Orel, on the Nongra. Mcanf tral Asia, extending fiom Lat. 350 to 450 N., and from the two Cordilleras, having an area (including the Gloves, hats, hosiery, leather, &c. Pep. 19,260. Lon. 700 to 750 E., and separating China on the E. from Lake of Titiclaca, in its N. part - the largest Ilake on Boll, (bil,) n. [W. bul, the husk that encloses the seed Koondooz and Kafiristan on the W. The highest points, the S. American continent) of 18,500 sq. min. Besides of flax; A. S. bolla, a bowl.] The round pod, capsule, or between 350 and 400 N., are said to exceed 19,000 feet in this great sheet of water, other lakes are numerous and pericarp of at plant. height. Tie B. is crossed by 3 passes-one from Baof considerable size, as those of Ubtahy and Grande. (Corn.) An old dry nmeasure in Scotland, varying in dakshan, leading into Little Thibet, and two W., starting C/ins. Rain seldom falls on the coast; in the plains E. of quantity according to locality andthe article nmeasured. respectively firom Kashgar and arkand. the Andes the rainy season, which is identical with sum- It is enough to say that a B. of oats is equal to 6 bushels, Bol'sas, a river of Mexico, which, after flowing W., enuser, lasts from Oct. to April, during which time the rains or 6-Sths of an imperial quarter. Although legally super- ters the Pacific Ocean, 225 In. S.W. of Mexico city. are almost continuous, and the rivers inundate the coun- seded by imperial measure, the B. is still in conmmnon use. B[olse'na, (ane. Vulsisnium,) a walled town of Central try to a great extent. In the plains it is excessively hot -v. i. To forim into a pericarp, or seed-vessel. Italy, prov. Viterbo, 11 to. W.S.W. of Orvieto, on a lake and unhealthy, but in the Desaguadero valley (13,000 ft. IFor the barley was in the ear, and the flax was boiled." of the same name. It is only noticeable for the ruins of above the sea), the climate is temperate, and snow falls Exod. ix. 31. the Etruscan goddess Norria, a granite sarcophagus, orin Nov. and April. Earthquakes are frequent. - Min. Bol'landlists, n. jet. See ACTA SANCTORUA. namented with bas-reliefs, and other remnains of antiquity. Gold is largely found; and every one has heard of the Bo/la'rds, se.pl. (Naut.) Large posts set up on either This was anciently at place of great wealth and luxury, riches of the great silver-mines of Potosi; - it is, how- side of at dockl or basin, for the purpose of having at- and Pliny says (Hist. Nat. lib. xxxiv. ~ 7) that when ever, now supposed that they are nearly exhausted, for, tached to themi the blocks through which are received taken by the Romans, 266 B. c., it contained no fewer at all events, they are comparatively neglected. Copper, the hawsers used in hauling vessels into and out of dock. than 7,000 statues. Pop. 2,387. lead, tin, stilphur, and nitre are also found. -- Vegetation. Bo'lard, -tinbers, npt.l. (Naut.) Same as KnoneT- Bol'ster, sa. [A. S. and Swed. bolster; 0. Ger. bolstar; The mighty forests of B. abound in the finest timberfor HEAss, q. v. from the root of boll.] A long pillow or cushion, used to ship-building, carpentry, &c. The cocoa is superior even Bollbne, a town of France, ldep. Vaucluse, 24 m. N. of support the head of persons lying on a bed; — usually to that of Guayaquil; while the richest fruits, casca- Avignon. MianfS Sillks and dye-stuffs. Pop. 5,507. placed beneath the pillows. rilla, indcligo, cotton, rice, coffee, cinchona, copaiba, sar- Bollisng, it. A pollard-tree; a tree deprived of its "This arm shall he a bolster for thy head; saparilla, gums, dye-woods, tobacco, sugar-cane, &c., are brancihes. I'll fetchi clean straw to make a soldier's bed." - Gay. raised in extraordinary abundance. - Zo6t. Jaguars, ta- Bolliasger, in Missouri, a S.E. county, area about 500 -A pad or quilt; something in the shape of a bolster pirs, leopards, various descriptions of monkeys, guana- sq. min., watered by the Whitewaeter or Little River, and used as a support, or to hinder pressure. cos, alpacas, parrots, singing-birds, turkeys, several spe- Castor Creek. Surface, hilly. Soil, fertile. Iron and "Up goes her hand, and off she slips cies of A asphibia, and myriads of noxious reptiles and immense beds of kaoline are found; also extensive de- The bolsters that supply her hips." - Swift. insects have their habitat here. Vast herds of horned posils of pipe- and fireclay. Cap. Marble-Hill. Pop. (Saddlery.) The padded or cushioned part of a saddle. c:attle, horses, asses, and mules are indigenous. - Jnhab. (1870.) 8,182. (Vantt.) A piece of timber adjoining the hawse-hole, The inhiabitants of B. are of mixed race, with,-on the Boln, v. i. To swell; to puff out; to inflate, intended to prevent the chafing of the hawser against whole,-mnore of European than American blood in their Boin, Bollen, a. Inflated; bellied out; swelled out; the cheek of a ship's bow.- A smnall pad of painted or veins; whlile the aborigines are divided into many Indian as, "bboln out like a sail." - Ben Jonson. ttarred canvas placed under the rigging to prevent frictribes, who lead a nomadic life. - Afanf. Cottons, wool- ]Bologia a, (bo-Ltn'ya.) [Anc. Bossotzia.] A famous walled tion when the spars strain in stormy weather. - A cylens, viculia hats, glass, fans, ostrilch-plunmes, &c. - CoGs. city of N. Italy, cap. of a prov. of the sname netlln, be- lindrical iron block, with a hole through the middle, used The comaterce of B. is, as yet, inconsiderable, owing to tween the rivers Reno and Savena, at the Ibot of the as ani anvil when holes are being punched in metal. the undeveloped state of the counttry. Within theBrazil- hills conimencing the Apennine chain. 22 m. S.E. of Mo- (icech.) A tool used in punching holes, and for making inn dominions, not very far lfira the Bolivian firontier, a dena, 25 S.W. of Ferrara, and 399 feet above the level bolts. short break, of 3 mn. only, separates a tributary of the of the Adriatic. The city is 4 m. in circuit, and indif- (Buitlding.) That part in the construction of a bridge Amazon from one of the Plata River; were these streams ferently built in a palace style of architecture with between the truss and the masonry. connected by a canal, there would bea continuous water- arceades. In the middle of the city stand the two cele- (Ordnance.) A bloclk of wood attached to a gun-carcoimmunication, for the most part navigable, through the brated leaning towers, inclining in different directions: rinage, upon which the breech of the gun rests, when heart of S. America, froinom Btielos Ayres, in Lat. 350 S., that of Asinelli, 320 leet high, inclines about 3i2 feet; being moved from one place to another. to the mouth of the Orinoco, in nearly 900 S. The Bo- Garisenda, 145 feet in height, 8 feet. It is said that fronm (Carpentry.) The cross-beam of a railway-car or trueck. livian govt. is endeavoring to promote internal traffic, by the top of the former 103 cities may be seen. The ca- (Arch.) The rolls at the ends of capitals of the Ionic offering grants of land to persons settling, and consider- thedral, built A.D. 432, possesses the Aetnunciation, the order. able premiums for the establishment of steam-navigation last work of Ludovico Caracci. This university, one of (Citlelry.) That part of tlhe blade of a knife which on the S. affluent of the Amazon. -Aremy, cC. The stand- the oldest and most celebrated in Italy, was founded by connects with the handle.- The nmetallic end of a knifeing armed force is limited to 2,000 men, and there is a the Enmperor T'heodosius, A. D. 425, and has a library ot handle. navy of 3 small vessels with 24 guns.- Prin. tohes. Chu- 200,000 vols. IManuf. Crape, silk, glass, musical instru- -v. a. To support with a bolster, pad, or cushion. -To quisaca (the cap.), La Paz, Cochabambe, and Potosi. ments, mortadelle sausages (celebrated all over the hold up; to maintain; to support. (Used in a moral Thi only important seaport is Cobije, on the S. Pacific. world), &c. —No Italian city, Florence excepted, has sense.) MIist. and Govt. B., under the name of Upper Peru, produced so many celebrated'men n in science and the i It was the way of many to bolster up their crazy doating conformed, previously to the battle of Ayacucho, in 1821, a dine arts. B. always assumed the title of "learned," sciences with confidences." - South. part of the Sptanish viceroyalty of Buefios Ayres. The and heed the motto BOnonia docet on its nmoney and public — v. i. To afford a bed to; to lie on the same holster. republicans, under Gen. Sucre, having then deibated the buildings, as well as the word libertas. It has given birth " Mortalr eyes do see them bolster, Royalists, the independence of the country was secured. to 8 popes (including Benedict XIV.), nearly 200 cardi- More than their own."- Shaks. Its present name was given to it in 1825, in honor of the nals, and to more than 1,000 scientific and literary men, BtolI'stered, a. Swelled out. - Supported; maintained. liberator Blivar, (q. v.,) who, on being so requested, drew aind artists, - among them the naturalists Galvani and oll'steriin-g, n. A supporting, or holding up. up a constitution, which was adopted in the year follow- Aldobrtandi; the anatomists Mondino and Malpighi; the Bolfster's B1ills, in Plaine, a post-office of Cumbering.'This constitution, which was exceedingly compli- astrononmer Marsigli; the mathenmaticians Manfredi and land co. cated, vested the executive powver in a president for life, Canterzani; the brothers Zanotti, Ghedini, and Guer- ]ollt, as. [Dan. bolt; A.S. bolt; from the root ba7, as with the privilege of naming his successor; and the mino; and the painters Francia, Guido, Albano, Barbi- found in Ge. bolt, to throw.] That whice shoots or darts legislative functions in three bodies, a senate, tribunes, eri, Domenichino, the three Caracci, Aldini, and Zani- forward; an arrow; a dart; a pointed shaft; that which and censors. The code and constitution of Bolivar were beccari. — B., as Bononia, received a Roman colony, darts like a bolt. soon after abandoned; but the legislative powers are A.u.c. 653. It was besieged fruitlessly by Alaric, and I'Yet mark'd I where the bolt of Cupid fell; still, nomninally at least, vested in the three bodies above escaped the clutch of Attila. Pepin afterwards gave it It felt upon a little western flower, nanmed; and the executive power is in the hands of a to thie Iloly See, to which it belonged during the Car- Before milk-white, now purple with love's wound." - Shaks. president elected for life. — The true interests of B. lovingian dynasty; next it was governed by its own -A thunderbolt; a strolke of lightning. would be to formin pert of Peru, and at one time, under magistrates; next by feudal nobles; and finally became "1Sing'd with the flames, and with the hals transfix'd." - Dryden. the auspices of Gen. Santa Gruz, it was in close rela- a republic, until the 13th century, when it again fell An iron or shackle to fasten the legs of a prisoner. tion with that country. Local jealousies and personal under the Itoly See, who finally annexed it in 1506. The -A it h to fsn t e g o ps ambition, to say nothing of the active hostility oh Chili, city and province (Lgatin) remained under th Pa- " th hm prisn y ts eng p him." — Sha. city~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ anytproinc(egainreieduertelmade, however, the continuance of that connection irma- pal government until 1860, when it was absorbed into -That which shuts or fastens a door, as a bar; anything possible, and Bolivia has now, for a whole generation, the new kingdom of Italy. Pop(. 106,260. which fastens or secures, preserved a churlish and sterileindependence, torn, alas! Bolognal-phials, n. pl. Small phials or flasks of "'T is not in thee to oppose the bolt by factions of at least the average S.American turbulence. unanunealedl glass which fly into pieces wvhen their sur- Against my coming in. - Shaks A spell of violence and tumnult has brooded over the faice is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping into (Joinery.) An iron fastening for a door moved by the land since its first birth as an independent State, and it them a fralgment of flint; whereas, a bullet may be hand, and catching in a staple, or notch, to receive it. has lived for the most part on indifferent terls with its dropped into them without injury. The B. of a lock is the iron part by which it is fastened neighbors, - the principal cause of its difficulties having Bologna-.sausage, (bo-7l&oya,) n. [From Bologna, into the jamb, in the act of turning it by the key. - In been the base money which it, unhappily, set about in Italy.] (Coolcerr.) A laige description of sausage, Garpentry, B. are those square, or cylindrical, iron pins, coining a good niany years ago. In 1861 and 1865, B. first made at Bologna, and consisting of various kinds which pass through two or nmore pieces of timber, with had also a very pretty quarrel with Chili about the of meat seasoned with herbs, and enclosed in a thin skin a broad knob at one end, and a nut screwed to the other, gutano in the bay of Mejillones, a quarrel which nearly or mnembrane. for securing them together. led to war, but was closed by a boundary treaty, con- Bologna-stone, n. (Min.) See BOLONIAN,-SeTON. -1p1. (Neut.) Short cylindrical pieces of iron or copper, eluded in 1866. M. Grandidier (Travels t/hroutgh South Bolognese, Bologsn'an, (bo-ltn-ypz'.) a. (Geog.) varying in diameter from half an inch to three inches, Amaerica, Paris, 1861,) says that drinking and gambling Relating, or belonging to, Bologna, or its inhabitants. and of various lengths, used for securing the timbers of are the chief pleasures of the population, that commerce — a. A native, or inhabitant, of Bologna. a ship to the ribs, and for fastening the knees, beams, languishes, and wealth. is steadily declining; nor does Bolognese School, n. (Painting.) There were three and various parts of the vessel together. These bolts there seem any hope of better days, until an easier com- periods of the B. S.: the Early, the Boman, and the differ in form according to the puepose for which they munication with the more civilized parts of the world is Eclectic. The first was founded by Marco Zoppo in the are designed, and are distinguished by shipwrights ae opcued, through the great rivers.:Further impediments 15th century, and its greeat master was Francia. The cording to the form of the head. to progress are found in the dolce fat niente, so dear to second weis founded in the 16th by Bagnacavallo, who Bolt of canvas. A piece of sail-cloth, measuring 28 the Indiaen population, and in the scanty inducements spread the Roman style in Bologna; the nmasters of this ells in length. which are offered to foreign imumigrants by a country period avere Primaticeio, Pellegrino Tibaldi, and Niccolo BIolt, a. a. To fasten or secure with a bolt, pin, or other where law is wevak or corrnpt, and avhich front its inac- dell' Abate. The third was founded by the Caracci at the contrivance; as, to bolt a door. cessihele position mnoy rejoice in the privilege of doing close of the 16th century; its object was to unite all the "The holted gates fiew open at the blast; wrong with impunity, to all except its immediate neigh- excellences of the preceding schools; hence it is called The storm rush'd in, and Arcite stooa aghast. — Dyden. bors. - Thle periodical press of B. is said by Wapp~ius to the lilecctic Sc/tool. Among the principal painters which -To fasten; to shackle; to confine. be behind that of any other S. American State. Educe- it numbered were Domenicliino, Lanfianco, Guido, Schi- "To do that thing that ends all other deeds, tios is sadly neglected, and in 1868 there were only 8,000 done, Guercino, Albani, and the three Caracci. Their Which shackles accident, and bolts up change." —ahaks. children att school. Some few works of mierit have ap- meritsa were purely technical, and their style academic. -To blurt out precipitately; to utter at random. peaered in the republic, among which we notice the sta- - See PAINTINe, and the particular names of the paint-,, I hate when vice can bolt her arguments, tistical labors of Dalenca, and the Hiestory of Cortes ers above quoted. And virtue has no tongue to cheet her pridse.' —Jtiitoas, vot,. L -41 INSET 322 BOLT BO MB BOMB -To swallow anything precipitately, and without proper Bo'tlus, n.; pl. BOrI. [Lat.] (Med.) A pharmaceutical having W. the Indian Ocean and Beloochistan; N., Gunmastication; as, to bolt one's food. preparation, having a pilular shape, but larger; capable, dava and the Punjab; E., the Nizans's tiominions; and Bolt, v. a. [0. Fr. beluter, tluter, from Lat. apludare, from however, of being swallowed as a pill. S., Mysore and the pres. of Madras. 4 rea, 142,043 sq. ni. apluda, clhatff, huskis, winnowings of corn.] To husk or B]o'lIaaa's BlnlF, in N. Carolina, a post-office of IIen- This presidency is divided into the four great territorial winnow; to sift or separate bran fronm flour. derson co. divisions of Poonah, Surat (or the N.), Scinde, and the l "e cannot bolt this matter to the bran." —Dryden. Bom'arsund. (Geoy.) SeeALAND. S. division, (Belgaumn, &c.) Desc. The N.W. parts are -To examine, as if by sifting; (generally preceding out.) GBombi, (bitn,) n. [Lat. bombus; Gr. bombos; formed more level than the SE. and E.; Ahnedabad, Kaira, and Itould be ll blted ot, heter reat reractions ay ot froIn the sound.] (Mil.) A shell filled with explosive Baroach are well watered, and are, in sonme parts, among be made upon reflections, as upon direct beams." —Bacon. matter. See SHELL. the best cultivated and peopled lands in Hindlostan; Su(Law.) To discuss the points of a case in private. -A loud humming sound like that made by a bell. (o.) rat is more undulating, with its E. part hilly and jungly; (Sport.) To start forth; to cause to leave their loles;' "Which... would make a little flat noise in the room, but a Candeish is diversified with hills, fertile patches, antd jun~as ra~bbits, 1ma~rs, &c.' tbomb in the chamber beneath.'-Bacos. gle; Ahlncdnuggtear abounds in rociks, hills, and streams; as rabbits, hares, &c. [/b bolt to the bran. To give anything a complete and -The sound emittedcby a bell upon being struck. Poonab is toumtainots and irregular, btt with many perfect examination; as, "Thie report of the committee Boin'ba, n. [It., a bomb.] (Hist.) A title popularly ferttle valleys; larwar is at elevated tablelamd, and the was examined and siftesi asd belted to the bran." Boorne. conferred upon King Ferdinand II. of Naples, (of infia- Khokan a large narrow tract stretching for 225 nt. along 3Bolt, v. ne. To shsoot or start forth suddetly, like a bolt; mous memory,) and by which he will be recorded in the sea-coast. The principal mountain ranges are a spur to move aruptly; to spring out pecpitately. history. Thist appellation lie received from the violation of the W. Ghaluts in the S.; the Sydaree and Sautpoora, "1The birds to foreign seats repair'd; " The birds to fereign teats ropuir'd;. of his solemn oaths to the citizens of Psalermo, whiich in Candeisll, and the Nerbsdda in the N., a branch of And beasts, that bolted out, and saw the forest bar'd." —Dryden. city he perfidiously bombatrded, in 1849; thus outraging the Vindhyan chain. Chief Rivers. The Nerbudda, -To fall suddenly, like a bolt. his own pliglhtedl word, tihe laws of humanity, and the Taptee, Mhye, &c., falling into the Gulf of Cambay. in -To fallosuddenl t de bolt.d oconstitutional policy he had sworn to observe. —See the N.; in tihe central parts, the head waters of tihe Go" )His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads." —f~qlton. FERbDINAND II. davery and Beemah; and in the S. the Kistna and Toom-To makLe a sudden exit or departure without previous BoInbard, (bnm-bard',) n. [Fr. bombarde. See Bento.] buddra. iin. Basalt, amygdaloid, yellow porphyry, and announcement; to desert or evsde; as, he has bolted with A bombardment; an aittaclk with bombs. (a.) green clay-stone. A black soil, well suited to the culthe cash. (Muts.) See BoIMARDON. ture of cotton, is widely diffused throughout the centre Bolt, adv. With abrupt or sudden collision; as, to come -v. a. To attacl wvitli sliells o. slhot thrown from mortars, of this presidency. Clim. The mean temp. at Bonmbay, bolt up against a person. bombs, or pieces of ordnanmce; as, to bosskbacrd a fort. about the centre of the pres., is between 810 and 830 Bolt'-auger, it. [bolt and auger.] An auger of large " rhilst Villeroi... marches on secure. Falhr. The climate of the N. district is reckoned among size, used by ship-builders for boring holes for bolts. T' bombars the monks, and scare the ladies." —Pror. the worst in India; the thermometer in the hot season Bolt-cutters n. A machine to cut bolts with. rises, sometimes, to 1160 Fahr., and Europeans are nt: Bolt"ed, n. (Arch.) See BOULT. Bombardtier, (bumt-bdrd. r',) n. [Fr.] (Mil.) One fected with fever, ague, and other tropical complaints. B]olt'er, n. One who bolts, or goes away abruptly; a who attends to the loading of shells, bombs, &c. —In Zobl. Wild elephants, tigers, leopards,. panthers, hywhorse which suddenly starts off. —An instrutmetnt or ma- England, thie term applied to the lowvest rank of non- nas, buffaloes, boars, deer, &c., and many varieties of chime lir bolting or separating bran froms ftlour. comCmissioneed officers in the Royal Artillery. birds. li#. Prod. Teakl of very good quality is plentiful, "When superciliousty ho sifts Bornbardlier-beetle, n. (Zo'l.) A name applied "'When superciliously he sifts (ZoBI.) A name applied and the dist. of Surat abounds with peon, wild dates, Through coarsest bolter others' gifts.'"- Hudibras. to nmany coleopterous insects of the tribe Carabidcd. and babeol. Cocoa panlms are equally abundant. In the kind of tooet or fiohing appartus. They sre divided into tvo genera, - the Bachinls, t and N. parts, a great variety of fruits flourish, and the Z- 1n o nt o fsh s thle _Apl(inus; the latter has no memobramensous evngs mango is found in great perfection..Agric. Rice and "These hakes are taken... with the bolter." — Carew. under the wing-sheath. Those found near the tropics cotton are the staple articles of culture, and the latter Bolt'-head, n. (Clret.) A globular flaslk with atubular are large and brilliantly colored, but those found in this forns an importamt nnd yearly increasimg object of oxneck, used in thee laboratory for boiling and subliming. country are generally small.'IThey are called botnbar- port. Sugar, incligo, and tihe mulberry-tree, are also Bolt'ing, n. Act of fastening wvith a bolt or bolts; dier-beetles on account of a remarkable property they extenively cultive; woo is lrgely shipped to blurting out; starting forth suddenly; sifting or separat- possess of violently expelling from the anus a pnngent foreigni countries. The cattle of Gujerat are of a reing bran from flour. acrid fluid, which, if the species be large, has the power maris bly large size, nnd commund a good mnreet (Law.) Discussion of legal cases in private. of producing discoloration of the skin, similar to tliti throighott India. Sheep lave been of hate years imBolt'ia-g-elotla, n. A cloth of which bolters are made. produced by nitric acid. It also changes blue vegLtable ported into the pres., where they tre reported to be doing Bol0t'ing-hlonse, n. The place where flour, meal, &C. colors to red, and then to yellow. vell. insub. Besides Hindoos, Mohatnsedns, Pnrsees, are bolted or sifted. Bomn'baird-n an, it. One who supplies and carries Je, and Ero ns, my distinct tribes (for the " The jade returned as white, and as powdered, as if she had liquors on board a bomb-vessel. (R.) greater pasrt aboriginl ) inhatit this country. Among been at work in a boltintg-house." — Desnnis. Bombaremnent, n. (Ml.) An attack with bombs. these are found Blhels, Koolies, RanG oses, Cattbies, Specifically, the act of throwing shells and shot into ft Boltin I-Deiiteh, n. The vat or tub which receives pecclly, the act of thrwin shells and shot into a Dhooblas, &c. Nearly all the Parsees in Itindostanhave flour, &ce., after being bolted. town, fort, or ship. Sometimes carcasses, stink-pots, settled within the linits of B. presidency. Rev. The B]oltisg-snill~, n. An apparatus for iftig our, rocets, hot-lot, l other incendiary missiles are used revenue is principally derived from three sources, viz.: IBo~ltag-t, s~. Sawas Bo''s-e_ qfor this purpose. The B. of a town takes more effect tie land-tax, opium, atd customs. Cbit. (See BOMBAY Boltinlg-tnlb, it. Same as BoL'r~NG-}UTCH, q. V. teln-aoim n utm.Cr.(e 0~A B t oB S sme it large afactrg upon the civilians than the garrison, as the latter, in aty CIT.) In 1017, B. was omeated a regency, and sads BSl'oIrtO, or BO0LT0~X4,E-M00 nS, t larlgoB ma~nlufacturi ng ~L n11,~ a rae eecadmd tosvn of England, in Lancashireo, 170 i. NW. of Londot well-constructed fortified place, are lodged in bomb-Iroof srpreme over all thi East Indin Conpany's estabtown~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~urm ofe Egand, ihn Lanastie 7 In.NWofLdobidiag.Bfr Combardngy'oni s cutmr henstb 31 E.N.E. of Liverpool, and 10 N.W. of Manchester. This buildiegs. Before bombarding a town, it is custom a'y lishments in India; but, in 1707, Calcutta was declared is an opulent and important place, well-built, paved, and to give notice thereof, to allow women, children, and independent of it. In 1813, Baroach and Ahmednuggar'non-combatants to leave it. — See SIEGE. l - lighted, and possessing many fine public buildings. — non-conababants to heave it.- See Smuic. districts were acquired by the English, and the latter, Mauf. Cotton goods, paper, machIinery, steam-engdines Bomsiar'dO os, Bon ar'do, in. (Mus.) A nausical with Poonnh and Ahmeditabad, were formally ceded to ~~&c. Thi~stonlea em-enofagrt-ies, adwind-instrunent resemnblingw the tassoon, and generally them in 1817. Khokan, Darwanr, Candeish, and the resi&-c. This tosvm lies in thi usidet of a great coni-field, and carries on tn immemse traffic. B. was the scete of des- ised as a bass to accompany the hautboy. It is seine- due of the Peishwa's dominions, fell to the.British it perate struggles dnring the civil war, and ws talen by ties clled bombard. 188. The set of govt. was transferred fron the city the Royalists under James Stanley, Earl of Derby, who Bosnbastlue', tn. See on.[t.lcNt. of Surat to that of Bombay, in 1686. was afterwards betrSayed, and by order of Cromwell be- oBOMBAYs, (b(BoOn aahia, " good harbor,") a maritime city, L.~~~~~~~~~~~~O La.bombax, (Bhetoi-ee. Ba/idagoodnarbor," a martimne city headed, in the mtarket-place of this bovn, 1031. Pssp. L Lat. bombax, this cotton-tree.] Originally, a etuff o prey. Aurungnbad, and ctap. of the above pres., is, after headd, i themarktplae o thi tow, 161. 1op.soft, loose texture, used to stuff garments; specifically,Cactan 108.959. soft, loose texture, used to stuff gannts; speicly, Calcutta and Canton, the greatest commaercial emporium and in a figurative sense, high-sounding words; an inBoleton, in onntecticut, a post-township of Tolland co., d in grative sse, hig-souning rd; n n- of the East. It is built at the S. extremity of a small 15 m. E. of Hartford; pop. about 850. flated style of speech; fustian. island of the same name, contiguous to the Khokan Boltoan, in illineois, a post-village of Williamson co. "Are all the flights of heroic poetry to be concluded bombast, cosst, 050 n. NW. of Mndras, 150 8. of Surat, and 1,050 Bolton, in Miassacihusetts, a post-towvnship of Worcester... becausc they ae not affected with theirexcellence I" Dryden. SW. of Calcutta; Lat. IS0 56' N., Lon. 720 57t E. The -a. IHigh-sounding; big- without meanling. co., 27 m. W. by N. of Boston; pop. about 1,600. -a. Iih-sounis big itout meaning city consists of two portions, the old town, or fort, and Bolton, inn Missouri, a post-office of lHarrison co. "He... evades them with a bombast circumstance, the new town, or I)ungaree. It bears no external resemBol1ton, in New Yorlc, a post-townsthip of Warren co., on Horribly stuff d with epithets of war. - leets. blance to Cilcutta or Msadras, and ite beet streets Lake George, 68 m. N of Albany; pop. about 1,550. Bornnbabs'tic, a. Distinguished by bomnbast; high- scarcely equal their suburbs. There is no Asiatic magBoltoat, in Upper- Canada, a village of York co., 28 m. sounding: swelled; inflated; turgid; as, "A bombastic nificence to be seen; everything lhas an air of age and N.N.W. of Toronto; pop. about 500. phraseology." - BDi]ce. economy, tlhough the shops and warehouses are built on Boltosa, in Vermont, a post-township of Chittenden co., BorIbIas'ically, adv. With an inflated tuingid style. an extensive scale. The governnme!t-house, arsenal, 20 m. N.V. of Montpelier; pop. about 800. ],Bomna'lbte ry, n. Fustian; bombastic lanuagoe. courts of law, cathedral, Elphinstone institute, college, 1Bolton'ia, n. (Bst.) A genus of plants, order Astera- Bomnbate, n. (Choem.) A salt resulting from the con- and the town-hanl are the leading public buildings. The cca. They are glabrous, bratnching, unimportant herbs. bination of bombic acid with a base. most remarkable structure in the new town is a pagoda, Bol'tonlte, n. (Mism.) A lited of chrysolite, which dif- Boan',bax, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Sterculi- the largest in B., dedicated to the worship of Momba fers from the other varieties of that mineral in being a acea. The species are native of S. America and India. Devi. Ground in this city is very valuable, especially silicate of magnesia, instead of a silicate of magnesia They are usually lsarge trees, with broad deep-green within the fortress. The Parsees (q. v.) form the most and iron. Itis found at Bolton, Masstchusetts, in gran- leaves, and flowers of considerable size. Technically, numerous, wealtlhy, and powerful section of the populaules and irregular masses disseminated through lime- they differ firom naclvaceae, in having two cells to their tion. The harbor of B. is one of the largest, safest, and stone, seldome with any traces of crystalline form, and anthers, which are often doubled down upon themselves; most commnodious in India; and the rise of the tides of a color varying firom ash-gray to yellowish-white; in their calyx opening in an irregular rather than a val- here makes it the only port in Hindostan permitting the darker colors change to yellow on exposure to the vate manner, and in their stamens being usually col- wet-docks to be constructed. The commerce of B. is weather. lected into five parcels. Their anthers are often do- principatlly with Europe and China. The imports from Blol'toea's Dlepot, in Mississippi, a.post-village of scribed as having only one cell; but this is an inaccu- the latter country consist principally of raw silk, silk Iinds co., 27 mi. E. of Vicksburg. rate mode of speaking of them, inasmuch as they are piece-goods. sugar, treasure, &c.; on the other hand, the Bol'toeville, in Georgia, a post-office of Cobb co. formed upon the common two-cell type, and merely exports from B. to China are, raw cotton, opium, pearls, Bolitonuwille, in Vc'lrtont, a post-office of Orange co have the cells united at the point of the connective. sandal-wood, &c. Thie leading exports to Europe cornBoltoa ville, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Washing- This group contains some of the most majestic and prise immense quantities of cotton, raw sillk, pepper and ton co., 6 m. N.E. of West Bend; pop. about 200. beautiful trees that are known, but nothing of much spices, coffee, and wool. In 1866, the total imports bore Bol$'-r'ope, a. (Naut.) The rope bordering the sails of medical or economical importance is furnished by them. a value of $150,430,710; while the exports amounted to a ship, to strengthen the canvas and prevent its tearing. Their wood is light and spongy; the long cottony sub- $184,327,285. - B. is, next to Miadras, the oldest of the Up the sides of a sail it is called a leech-rope; along the stance found within their fruit, and which hIas gained British possessions in the East, having been ceded by top, at head-so'pe; and at the foot, a foot-rope. tbr some of them the nosme of colton-trees, is too short in the Portuguese, in 1661, as part of the doowry of CntheBolt'-serewhilg~ ICa ihine, n. (.M1ecch.) A machine time staple to be manusmfactured into cloth; and the rine, Queen of Charles II. In 1658 the city and island fqr screwing bolts, by fixing the bolt-head to a revolving slightly acid or mucilaoginous qualities that occur in the were transferred by the crown to the East India Coinchuckl, and causing the end whic h it is required to screw group nre sltogether inferior to those of many Mabvaceca. pany. At present, B. rimles the whole N.W'. coast of Into enter a set of dies, which advance as the bolt re- Several Americamn species spread enormously near the din. and its influence is felt along the shores of Persia volves. ground, forming huge buttresses with bhe angles of and Arabia. fep. 898,218. Bolt's I]Fork, in K'eneltucky, a P. 0. of Lacwrence co, their trunks. The Americtan tree, B. cc.iba, and thee In- Born'bay, in New Yosr/, a post-townehip of Franklin ]Bolt'~s ript, n. (A'aut.) See BowsPnrT. dian ttree, B. penalandrmus, are remarkable for their pro- co., on Little Salmon River, 20 m. N.W. of Mialone;/ope. Bolt-np'righ,, a. Perfectly erect, as a bolt or arrow digious height. alit. 3,000. placed on its end. eorn'bay, (PEesnEmNCa eF,) the second largest in extent Boun azett$e', a. A thin woollen stuff. — Booth. " As h stood bolt.upright upon one end, one of the ladies burst out." of the nine great provinces of British India, between Bomnbaz. ine, Boton asiute, (bum-ba-zeen',) a. [Fr. Addison. Lat. 14~ 18' and 28~ 300 N., and Lon. 370 and 760 25' E.; bosbasisn; Or. bosbyx, a silk-worm.] (Matnef.) A fhbric BONA BONA BONA 323 of which the warp is silk, and the weft (or shoot) faith; and a contract, when tile parties have not acted population, and hospitality to the French emigrants who worsted. It is chiefly made in black, and is an article bontfide, is void at the pleasure of the innocent party. resorted to America. His wife remained in Europe with of mourning for female dress. /Bossi Air, illn Tennessee, a village of White co. her two dauughters, and resided at Brussels and afterBonbls'-ceest, n. (Mil.) A chest filled with detonating Bon'llald, lIoes GABRIEL AIB0IsE, VICOMvTE DE, a Frenclh wards it Florence. When the French Revolution of nmaterials, and buried under-ground, in order to be ex- political philosopher, B. 1753. During the revolution he 18;0 became known in the U. States, Joseph wrote a ploded with a lighted fuse when necessary. joined the royalist army under the Bourbon priiices. long acddress to the House of Deputies, in which he put Bom'bernick'ei, or PUM'PERNIOK'EL, n. A kind of Ie returned to France undler Napoleon; becamie co- forth the claims of his nephew, the present emperor. German rye bread made of unsifted meal.- Scudamoae. editor of the Metcure wiith Chateaubriand and Fi6vt e, The letter, however, was not read to the Chamber. He Boial'bic Aciel, n. (Chem.) An acid formed by silk- uand, in 1808, was appointed Minister of Public Instruc- caine himself to England sooni after, and at last repaired wormns, analogous to, and msost likely identical with, tchat tioii. After thie restoration —as the deputy for hIis de- to Italy, where hIe D. at Florence, July, 1844. Josepa obtained from ants, and called FoMIc s AcID, (q. V.) partnient — he voted with the Ultramontane or Theo- was a Inan of considerable intelligence and good intenBoan'bilaste;. i. [From Lat. boinbilare.] To make a cratic party in the Chasobre Introuvable, and in his po- tions, but he was too feeble of purpose to resist the imhumming nioise. (n.) litical career, as in his plhilosophical worlks, was the ar- periious will of his brother, and was, of course,.,wholly Boiseilta'$ioi, ns. Sound; noise; report. (o.) dent advocate of sheolutism, of the inifallibility of the unfitted to act independently is the olevated positious Boml nil'ious, a. IHaving, or creating, a hollow, hum- Pope, and of the Jesuits. in 1830, he refused to tale to whlich hlie was raised. ming noise. the oath of allegiance to the new dyoasty. D. 1840. His B., NAPOLEON. See NAPoLEON I., (EMPERoR OF iH,: Bosan'bite, n. (Mfin.) A mineral with all the character- most importanut writings are: Tifoerie ds pouvoir -Poli- FItNca ) istics of Touchstone, of which it is, probably, a variety. tique et Beliyiiesx, 3 vols., 1796; Ligislation Primitive, 3 B., LuciEx, PRINCE BE CANsNo, and MUSIGNANO, the It is found in the ienvirons of Bomnbiay (Inudia), whence vols., 1802; Recherches Plhiloso qshiques sur les pretiesrs third son of Charles and Letizia Bonaparte, was B. at the iname. Ofjets des connaissances Alorales, 2 vols., 1818. —HI-is.d Ajaccio, in 1775. He emnigrated to Marseilles with the Borib'l-ketch, khoinb-vessel, n. (Naut.) A son, Louis JACQUES MAURICE B., archbishop of Lyons, rest of the family, in 1793. He entered warmly into the strongly built vessel of war, carrying heavy metal for 1839, and mads a cardinal in 1842, has faithfully adherced revolutionary notions of the period, made speeches, bombardment. See GUNBOAT; KETCH; IMOITAR-BOAT. to his father's political and religious principles, living, and wrote pamphlets on liberty and equality. Soon ]Bomb-p'oof, a. (Mil.) Capable of resisting the force notwithstandingn, on a footing of good intelligence and after lie obtained employment in the coInmissariat at of bonibs or shells; as, a boesb-proof casemate in a accord with the government of Napoleon III. D. 1870. St. Maximin, a small town of Provence, where hle marbattery. Bo'nl'parre, (originally BUONAPARTE,) the patronymic ried the daughter of an innkeeper. Being one of the roBonmb-slhell, n. (Alil.) See SITELL. of the most remarkable dynastic fimily, or reigning publican munnicipality of that place, he exerted himself Boisn'subas, n. [Gr. boebos, the humming of bees.] (Zob'l.) house, of modern times. Its founder, CARLO BUONAPARTE, laudably, and uct his own imminent peril, to save seovSee APIDEs. a lawyer of honorable deseent, and the firiend of Gen. eral unfortunate individuals accused of royalism, whom (Med.) A kind of ringing or buzzing in the ears; — Paoli, was n. at Ajaccio, Corsica, isn 1746, and by Letizia an agent of Barras and Freron, the terrorist commnischaracterized by the perception of blows or beating re- (Letitia) Ramolino, his wife, was the father of the illus- sioners in the south of France, wanted to remove to the peated at certain intervals. trious subjects of the following notices. He D. 1785. prisons of Orange, where the guillotine was in constant ]Boisntya'[lt~ie, n. pl. (Zoil.) A family of insects, order B., JosiPsr, sometime KINGS OF NcPLES AND SICILY, activity. By showing a bold front to the agent, whom Lepid:ptera, mainly comprising thiclk-bodied moths afterwards of SPAeN, and,- later, known as the COUNT DE Lucien charged with informality in his commission, he which have the head sulall and sunken, antennso gener- SUvWILsrcSs, B. at Ajaccio, Jan. 7,1768, was the eldest son detained the intended victims under arrest at St. Maxially feathered or pectinated, inouth-parts short, thorax of the above. Iie was educated at the college of Autun, min, until the Itll of Robespierre put a stop to the reign woolly, and the fore-legs very hairy. The caterpillars France, and at Pisa University. He early entered upon of terror. In the reaction, however, which took place have 16 legs, and, with few exceptions, spin cocoons. the study of the law, and, in 1792, was mueade a menmber in the south of France, Lucien was arrested as a JacoSome genera are smuall; others ure the lahrgest of all the of the new administration of Corsica, under Gen. Paoli. bin, on account of his speeches; and a royalist, whom Lepidopterai. The members of this fanmily supply the Next year ihe enligrated to Marseilles, where lie mar- hle had saved, proved most hostile against him. I-He was, world with silk. - Tenney. ried one of the daughters of M. Clary, a rich banker, however, liberated after a time. In 1796, Lucien was apBlombnyeii'litlt, n. pt. (Zotit) The Wax-wing fcmily whose youunger daughter married Bernadotte, afterwards pointed commissary at war, probably thrnough tie ifiduof birds, order Incessores, comprising birds with the King of Sweden. In 1796, Joseph was appointed con- ence of his brother, General B. In the following year bill shut, broad, much depressed, and the gape opening nmissary to the army of Italy, then comsmanded by his he was elected Deputy to the Council of the Five Hunto the eyes; both mandibles notchecd, the upper with a brotlheri Napoleon. Next year, he xavs elected deputy dred, and hie went to reside at Paris, where he took a tootlh behind the notch, the outer lateral toe the longest, fromn his nativi6 dep. in Corsica to the Council of the house, of which his sister, Eliza Bacchiochi, did the honand the head generally crested. The Cedar-bird (Amepetis Five Ilundcred, and sent by the Executive Directory as ors. His dr'wing-room was resorted to by several menl cede-rere) of N. America is an example. ambassador to the Psope. ise unado but a short stay at of note and literary acquirements. Lucien took the opBoarnbyealsiolis, (bue-bf.'-f-uos, ) a. [Lat. bombyci- Bome, returned to Paris to resume his legislative deities, position side in the council, and allied himself to Sieyes nus.] Of the color of the silk-worm. and, in Concert wvitlh his brother Lucien (cf. v.), prepared and his party, who wished to try their hands at a new -Bon'lbyx, n. (Zeol.) See SuLr-woR.ss the way fbr the subsequent elevation of hlis brother Na- constitution. While Napoleon was in Egypt, Lucien Bosin-I'iisn, (bong-feeng,) a town of Brazil, prov. of Rio poleon, then commeanding in Egypt. On the latter be- wrote to him, complaining of the incepacity and misianeiro, cned 65 m. Wl. of the city of the samne name. couminug First Consul, he appointed Joseph councillor of government of the Executive Directory, and urging him There are several places of this name in Brazil, whichl state, and emiployed him in Sept., 1800, to negotiate a to return to France, but the letters are said to have been are of no impuortance. treaty of peace and commnerce with the United States. intercepted by the English'cruisers. After Napoleon's Boinaiilear, (b,-usicus r),) a Carthagenian general, lived Having exhibited some diplomatic skill in this trasnsac- return, in 1799, Lucien, who was the president of the about 310 B. C. Not satisfied with enjoying the highest tion, he was sent the fbllowing year to luneville, where council, became the active leader of those who wished dignity the republic could bestow, he aspired to sover- hle concluded a treaty of peace with the Eumperor of Ger- to overturn the Directory. Ini the stormny sitting of the eign power; and, takhing advantag e of tihe public alarm many, in 1801; and next year hle was employed at Amiens 19th Brumaire (see NAPOLEON I.) he resisted the motion occasioned by the invesion of Agathocles, he entered to negotiate the treaty with England. Joseph was niow nucde by several meembers to outlaw General B., and as Carthage at the headi of 1,000 mercenaries, about 305 n. c. madie a senator; and on his brother attaining the imupe- the confusion andl uproar increased in the hall, lhe left After being proclaimed hing, his hireling troops turned rial crown, lie was recognized as an imperial prince, and tihe chacir, and addressing his brother's soldiers outside, against him, made him prisoner, and put himi to death created Grand Elector of the Empire. When the eni- told them to march in, and drive away the factious by crucifixion. peor sent an arusy to invade Naples, at thie lbeginning men who were no longer the representatives of France. Bonilear, a Numidian adventurer, T. about 107 B. c. of 1806, hle appointed Joseph to lead tihe expedition as After the accomplishment of that revolution, in which HIe was a fitvorite of Jugurtha, and the instrument of his lieutenant, Marshal Massena acting as military com- he rendered most material assistance to his brother, he msany of his cruelties. IHavting by his order murdered mnender. Inlmediately afterwards, the emperor an- was one of the members of the connmmission which fieaned Masssint, grancdson of Massinissa, he fled to Africa. Here nounced to Joseph, after his usual imperious Ihshion, the new or Consular constitution. Soon after hle was lie had an interview with Metellus, who promised him but in a private letter dated 19th Jan., 1806, Ihis in- appointed minister of the interior, but remained in office imnpunity for his crime if he would either kill or betray tention to make hiin King of Naples. -" Mly will is that only a short time, having had some disagreement wvith Jugurtha. To this condition B.consented; but tlhe plot the Bourbons shall have ceased to reign ini Naples. I his brother upon matters of administration; and, inl having been discovered biy Jugurtha,, hlie caused B. and intend to seat oil that throne a prince of my own house. October, 1800, after the canmpaign of Marengo, Napoleon Ihis accoinplices to be put to defath. In thie first place you, if it suits you; if not, another." sent him ambassador to Spain. His mission proved sucBoss-.Jartiim, (bong-jar-deen',) a town of Brazil, prov. But the intinmation of his intention to msake Joseph a cessful; he managed to ingratiate hinmself with Charles ciaid 210 se. S. of Ceara; pop. abt. 6,000, chiefly Indians. king was followed in a few days by a pllain aennounce- IV. and the favorite Godoy, and to re-establish French Bozee-Jesls, (bong-ha'esoos,) the name of several un- mernt that he was to be only a subordinate king. "I influence in Spain. lie induced the weak Spanish govimportant places in Brazil. intend my blood to reign in Naples as long as it does in ernment to join France in an attaclk upon Portugal, ornom-Smeceso, (bong-soos-st'so,) or IITURUNAu, evil- France; the kingdomn of Naples is necessary to me." which ended by the latter country being obliged to sue lage of Brazil, prov. Minas-Geraes, 250 se. N.E. of Villa Joseph, after a little hesitation, accepted the post, and in for peace, for which it paid dearly. lie also completed IRica. the following year hie was appointed, by decree, King of the arrangements concernting theu new kingdom of EtruBosa, (bceg,) a. [Fr., from Lat. bonus, good.] Good; le- Naples and Sicily. Joseph reigned in Naples, though ria, to be given to the young Inuanta, son of the Duke gitimeate; genuine. not in Sicily, little more thian two years. Acting as his of Parma, who had married a Spanish princess, in exB3oit, n. (Bet.) A name applied, in Egypt, to the brother's subordinate, hlie effected fundamental changes change lbr which Spain ceded to Fran he ir rights upon coffee-tree. in the institutions of the country, the object being to Parma and Piacenza. The cession of Louisiana to Bo'sata, (:mee. Approdisium,) [called by the French Bine, assimilate its institutions to those of France. He caused France was lilkewise confirmed. Hlaving concluded these and by tihe natives Asnabah; i. e." place of jujubes."] many and great reforms, and had the disposition to act negotiations, Lucien returned to Paris in 1802. lie was A fortified maritime e city of N. Africa, in the Irench in the most beneficial manner to the country, but was made a nmenmber of the Tribunate, and as such he supprovince of Algiers, dep. of Constantine, near the Gulf constantly checlked and overruled by the suzerain power. ported cwith all his eloquence, the concordat with the of Bona, in a somewhat unhealthy country; Lat. 360 In 1808, the emperor transferred Joseph from the Nsa- Pope, and also the institution of theb egion of Honor. 53' $O" N., Lon. 70 48' 20c, E. B. has been much im- politan throne to that of Spain. In the latter country Lucien was mnade a senator, and his brother gave him proved sisce its occupation by the French; the streets he met with much greater difficulties than at Naples. the senatorship, or living, of Sopelsdorf, an estate of the are snarrow ined crooked, but there are several good Hle tried mildness and conciliation, but even these filed former elector of Treves. Ils wife being dead, Lucien - public buildlings. -lanf. Burnous, tapestry, and saddles. to move the stern, unbenseding character of the people. mnarried, in 1803, Madame Joubertlhou, the wife of a ELxp. Corn, wool, ox-hides, and wvax. B. is the principal During the five years of his Spanish reign, three times stockbroker, who had died at St. Domingo. Napoleon seat of thle coral fishery on this coast. It was taken by he was obliged by the success of the allied armies to fdisapproved of this marriage, as he had disapproved of the French in 1832. Pop. 19,858. leave his capital; the last time (1813) to return no more. the marriage of Jerome, because lie looked forward to Bomaa'a'e, or GUANAJA, an island of Hondur-s Bay, More than once he offered to resign the crown, but h-e royal alliances for his brothers. Lucien, however, supCaribbean See, 30 m. N. of Cape Castilla; Lon. 160 28' wasss induced by Napeoleon to remain. Alter the battle posted the project of making his brother consul for life; N., Lat. abt. 870 38' WV. of Vittoria (June, 1813), wxheere be narrowly escaped being lut hic says in his memoirs that he wished to have lBeon Aa'eosvd, in iowa, a post-office of Johnston co. taken prisoner- by thee English, he returned to France. stopped thiere, and that he opposed fr'om the first the idea B]o'nu'. ~'a, [Lat., good goddess.] (Ayth.) A name given In Jan., 1814, when the enmperor set off for the arney, of cstablisshing an hereditalry dyneasty, When he saw to Ops,'estc, Cybele, Rhea, by the Greelks; and, hy the he appointed Jose-ish head of the council of regency, and liis bsrother uletermined on assuming the imperial crown, Latins, to Fauna or Fatua. This goddess was so chdste, lieut.-geueral of the emespire. After the events of ]S11, le left Frdnce in the sepring of 1804, and went to Italy. that no man hsct her husband saw her after her mar- he retired to his estate of Pransin, near Lake Leusan: FlThe Senatus Consulturn, which fixed the hereditary sucriage. I-er festivals were celebrauted only in the night, where lue remuained unstil0 thIe eumperor's return from uEltba cession in Napoleou's ftranlly, named his brothers Joseph by the Rooman matrons in their houses; and all the in 1815, when he rejoined him. After Catesrloo, anid tl su and Louis as eventual heirs to the throne, but. made no statues of tice men were carefully covered with a veil emperor's second abdication, Joseph retired to the U. nmention of either Lucieu or Jerome. Lucien, after a whiere theu ceremonies were observed. States, where he purchased an estate on the balnks of tihee, fixed his residence at Rome, where he was very BIo'sa~ IFides. [Let.] (Law.) Good faith; honesty, as the Delaware, near Philadeliphia. Under thee title of kindly received by Pope Pius VII. Being fond of literadistiseguished from mualacfides (bad faith). The law re- "Count de Survilliers," he there lived in a style of affuu- tusre and the fine arts, his house was much firequented. quices cell persons in their transactions to act withs good ence, affording employment to nuany of the laboring After the peace of Tilsit, Napoleon repaired to N. Italy 324 BONA BONA BOND at the end of 1807, and sent to his brother Lucien to meet voted adherent of Napoleon, and her inability to con- B., MARIE ELISE, (GRAND-DUCIIESS OF TUSCANY.) See him at Mantua. The two brothers had there a confer- trol her husband, the death of her eldest son inll 1807, BACCHIOCHI. ence, in which it seems that Napoleon offered to give and the state of her health, induced her to return to B., CAROLINE, (QUEEN OF NAPLES.) See CAROLINE. Lucien a kingdom in Italy, at the same time telling him Paris. where a third soni was born. She was afterwards B., MARIE PAULINE. See BORsGRESE. (PRINCESS.) plainly that in such case he must be prepared to obey sent by Napoleon, in 1809, to induce her husband to con- B., NAPOLEON FRAN0IoS, (DuKE DE REICHSTADT.) See all his orders concerning the internal as well as the ex- ply with his wishes, but Louis refused. She tlhen re- NAPOLEON II. ternal policy of his administration. Lucien declined turned to Paris, where she resided in state as Queen of B., C11ARLES LOUIS NAPOLEON. See NAPOLEON III. accepting a crown on these terms, and said that he IHoliaind, and Napoleon sesst Oudinot with 20,000 me1n B., CIIARLES LUCIEN JULES, PRINCE DE CA'INO, eldest preferred to remiain ill a private station. "Be it so," against Louis, who thereupon abdicated in favor of his sonl of Lucien B., B. at Paris, 1803. He acquired great pTapoleon replied; "you cainnot have henceforth any son, which abdication the emperor rejected, and, 9th distinction as a naturalist; and in ornithology especially ground of complaint against me." Lucien returned to July, 1810, Holland was united to France. Louis retired was considered one of the first authorities of his day. Rome. Pope Pins VII. created him Prince of Canino to Gratz in Styria, where he lived unider the title of Count His chief works are, a continuation of Wilson's Orniand Musignano in 1808. Soon after, Napoleon began a de St. Leu, and his wife became wholly separated from thology of -4snerica, in 4 vols. folio; and Iconogoafia della course of vexatious proceedings towards the court of him, though not divorced. In 1813, when the allies ap- ~ Iuja Ita tlica, a splendidly illustrated worlk in 3 vols. Rome, which ended in the arrest of the Pope, and the pesred about to tall upon France, Louis offered his ser- folio. He was always the zealous friend and patron of seizure of his dominions. When the French took pos- vices to the emperoir, by whom they were accepted, and he science, and for many years was the chief promoter of session of Rome in 1809, Lucien, who had expressed him- proceeded to Switzerland, but he was not employed. Oni the annual congresses of the scientific men of Itally. self very freely against this part of his brother's policy, tihe downfall of NNapoleon, when the D)utch threw off the B., Louis LucIEN, (PRINCE,) brother of the above, D. in was advised to leave that city, and he retired to hIis French yoke, Louis addressed a letter to the provisional England, 1813. In 1848, he was returned to the French country estate. In 1810 he resolved to go to the United goverinment, asserting Iis claims to the throne; but they Constituent Assembly by the inhabitants of Corsica. States. With this view he embarlked on board a vessel were rejected. Louis ultimately retired to the Papal In 1849, hlie was returned to the same body by the dep. at Civita Vecchia, but was seized by an English cruiser, States, where others of his itmily had assembled, and Seine. On the re-establishment of the empire, in Dec. and carried to Malta, where, after a time, hlie obtained there devoted himniself ciiefly toliterature. He published 1852, he was appointed senator. Prince Lucien hias been permission from the British government to reside in Mlarie, ou les Hollandaises; Docusments Historiques sus la for many yeasrs engaged in superintending the translaEngland under surveillance. Ludlow Castle was fixed Ii(ollande, 5 vols. tvo., 1820; lm6soires sc r las- Versification, tion of portions of the English version of the Scriptures upon as his residence. Some time after, he removed to &c., &c. D. at Leghorn, 15th July, 1846, and was buried into the various dialects spolken in England, Wales, and pa place in the neighborhood, where he remained till the at St. Leu, France. Scotland, and has had the Poarabe oftthe Somwer translated jend of the war, and employed himself in writing his B., JEROiME, PRNCE I)E MONTFORT, and KING OF WiEST- into 72 of thIe languages and dialects of Europe. Of poem of Charle-magne. After the peace of 1814 he re- PIALIA, the youngest brother of Napoleon I., B. at Ajac- these worlks the prince prints only a very linmited turned to Rome. When Napoleon returned to France cio, Dec. 15th, 1784. He was educated at the college of number of copies. Hle is said to be greatly interested in from Elba, in 1815, Lucien repaired to Paris for the pur- Juilly, France. On his brother's elevation to the first chemical researches, has written on chemical science, pose, is is said, of obtauinng his brother's favor tovwards consulship, he placed Jerome in the naval service, who and is the author of several minor works in the Basque the Pope. It htss been surmised by some that Lucien went as lieutenant, in 1801, to St. Domingo, with the language. He has the reputation of being one of the acted from a generous impulse, to tender to his brother expedition commanded by Gen. Lcclerc; but he soon re- most accomplished linguists of the day. his advice in the hour of danger, and to keep him also, turned home as bearer of despatches. Ite was then ap- B., NAPOLEON JOSEPH CHARLES PAUL, (JiRaME.)-See if possible, withiin constitutional limits. However this pointed to the comnimand of a frig-ate, and when, in 1803, NAPOLEON, (PRINcE.) may be, he went to live at the Palais Royal, assumed hostilities broke out between Frrance uand England, Je- B., MATHILDE, (PnINCESS.) -- See MATHILIDE, (PRINCESS.) The style of an Imperial prince, and in the privy councils rome cruised off the WV. Indies, and U. States, lbut with- Bon'ajlparte, in.ltinois, a village of Du Page co., 25 m. that took place, he advised Napoleon to offer to the out accomplishing anything. In the latter country, he W. by S. of Chicago. Emperor of Austria, in order to detach him from the married Miss Elizabeth Patterson, a lady of Baltimore, Bon'a,-as'te, in owao, a flourishing post-village of Van allies, to abdicate in fliavor of his son. His advice, after Dec. 24,1803. This union, contracted without his knowl- Buren co., on Des IMoines River, 35 m. N.W. of Keokuk. some hesitation, was rejected. Napoleon set off for the edgeo, gave great offence to Napoleon, who wsas now bent Boniatpateant,-1! a. Treating of, or belonging to, Bonaarmy, lost the battle of Waterloo, and returned to Paris on fobrming high alliances for all the muemibers of his parte, or his dymnasty; as, Bossapartean relics. withoutan arnuy. Lucien, being appointed extraordinasry fiomily. In spite of Jerome's entreoties, Napoleon, as Eo'nuapartisis, n. The policy inaugurated by Napocommissioner of the emperor, to commiiunicate with the soon as hlie becaome emperor, annulled the miarriage by leon Bonaparte, and continued by Ihis imperial successor. representatives of the people, strove to revive in the a decree of the council of state, on the ground of his B/o'tntpartilst, i. A person attached to the family, Chamber of Deputies a feeling of sympathy for his bro- ibrother being a minor. The Pope, however, to whom fortunes, or policy of the Bonaparte dynasty. ther; he spolke eloquently, lie appealed to the gratitude Napoleon applied, refused to ratify the divorce. Jerome, Bol'na? Perit-t/'arst, a. pl. [Lat.] (Law.) Perishable of the nation, but was answered sternly by La Fayette, in returning to Europe with his wife, narrowly escaped goods. An executor, administrator, or trustee is bound to "The nation has followed your brother over fifty fields beilmg captured by Bfitish cruisers. Not being allowed use due diligence in disposing ofperishable goods, such as of battle, fron the burning sands of Egypt to the frozen to enter France, the wife of Jeromie proceeded to Eng- fattened cattle, grain, firuit, or any other article which deserts of Russia, through disasters as well as triumphs, land, where, in July, 1805, she giave birth to a son, Je- may be the worse for keeping. and it is for this that we mourn the loss of three millions rome Napoleon Bonaparte, afterwards a citizen of the Boms A'qsia, in Tennessee, a post-office of Hiclkman co. of Frenchmen I" Lucien advised his brother to dissolve U. States. Jerome remained for some time in disgrace Bonus REo'b, n. [It. and Sp., "a fine robe."] A finely the chamber, since he could not manage them, and to with his brother, as well on account of his want of suc- dressed woiman of pleasure; a showy woman of loose assume the dictatorship. Napoleon hesitated, and at cess at sea as of Ihis marriage; but he was ultimately morals; a courtesan. last refused; he said that he would not kindle a civil war. sent as envoy to the Dey of Algiers, to obtain the liberty Bonams'ssts, e. A kind of Bison or BUFFALO, q. V. Ie most likely perceived what Lucien did not see, that of a number of Genoese slaves. Having succeeded in Bonaveititl'ra, (St.,) an Italian friar of the order of the attempt would only lead to a short protracted strug- his mission, he was appointed to the command of a squad- St. Francis, B. at Laguorea, 1221. Hie was sent by Ihis ghe, attended by additional calamities to France and to ron, sailed, in 1806, to Martinique, and on his return was superiors to Paris, where hie, as well as Thomas Aquinas, himself. Lucien says that he was opposed to Napoleon's created a prince of the empire, anid pronmoted to the rank of the Dominican order, became involved in contentions abdication; but when he saw his brother determined of general. In the campaign of 1807, Jerome received ~ with theuniversity, which denied the academical honors upon it, ihe insisted upon its being made at least. in the coinmmand of a body of Bivarian and Wiirtemberg to individuals of tihe mendicant orders. It was but in fiavorofyoung Nsapoleon, Napoleon smiled and shook his troops, with whom he attackied the Prussians and made 1257 that hlie received his doctor's degree. He had alhead incredulously, but at length inserted the clause in hmimself unaster of Silesia; after which he was created ready been eleceted general of Iis order, inwhich capacity favor of his son. Lucien then proceeded to address the general of division. On Aug. 12th, 1807, Jerome married he enforced a strict discipline, giving himself the first House of Peers, to induce them to proclaim at once Frederique Catherine, daughter of the King of Wiirtem- example of implicit adherence to the monastic rule. Napoleon II., but in vain. After thie entry of the allied berg; and on the 18th of the same month, the emperor He retired to the convent of Mount Alvernia in Tuscany, armies into Paris, Lucien rejoined his fumily at Rome, erected Westphalia into a kingdom, and created Jerome where he wrote Vitca Santi Francisci, and also an ascetic where he atfterwards spent many years in peaceful re-, King of Westphaliia. Jerome directed all his energies work, 1tifnerariuet, ssentis in Deezsm, for which last he retirement. About 1833, he revisited England, where ihe to tile performance of his new duties. He was compelled ceived the appellation of the "L'Seaphic Doctor." He D. published several of his works; and returning to Italy, to act in a great measure as the deputy of Napoleon, but July 15,1274, lions sheer ascetic exhaustion. Dante, who n. these in 1840. — Lucienu ranks as an author both in he did not hesitate to exercise his own judgment. I-Ie wrote shortly afterwards, places hin among the saints prose and verse. His published works are, Cumarlemarsze, set about tihe restoration of the national finances, the of his "Paradiso." In 1482, lie was formatlly canonized.pm t'Eglised6livre, an epic poemi in 24 cantos, which has removal of administtrative abuses, the reformation of by Sixtus iV., and in 1587 was rankied by Sixtus V. as the been translated iuto English by Dr. Butler, and the Rev. various institutions, and the establishment of religious 6th of the great doctors of the church. F. Hodgson, 2 vols. ito, London, 1815; La Qyrngide, ou freedom; and following the example, perhaps obeying ]Boit'aventure,h in Lower Canafda, a county containla Corse saisv6e, a poem in 12 cantos; Minsoires de Liocie the directions of the eumperor, hlie commenced the embel- ing an area of 4,5I sq. us. Cap. Carleton. PeoP2. about Bonaparte, Prince de Canino, icrits par lus-nsmee tvo., - lishment of the capital, Cassel. But though he gained 12,000. London, 1836; mind Riponse de Lucien Bonaparte aux to a great extent the good will of his subjects, he failed Bonavista, (bo'na-vees'ta.) One of the Cape de Vterf Misuoires du Ginoral L snarqes e, lIomdon, 1835. to satisfy his brother, who, on several occasions, loaded Islands, q. v. B., Louis NAPOLEON, COUNT DnE ST. LOU, and sometime him with reproaches, and more than once summoned Bieoavis'$t, a cape, telegraph station, and bay of NewKINo oF HOLLAND, fourth son of Charles Bonaparte, and him to Paris the better to enforce his instructions. In foundlaind, on the S.E. coast. Lat. of bay 480 42' N., father of the Emperor Napoleon IIl., was i. mit Ajaccio, the Russian campaign, Napoleon gave Jerome the com- and Lon. 530 8'W. Sept. 21, 1778. At an early age hlie entered the French mand of a German division of 70,000 men, with which Boetn-bon, (bon'besng,) n. [Fr., goody-goody.] A sugararmy, and accompanied hiss brother Napoleon to Italy he rendered good service on more than one occasion. But plum; a confection of fiuit, chocolate, &c., in crystal, and Egypt. Ile distinguished himself at Arcola, braving suffering himself to be surprised at Smolensk, he was lized sugar. the enenoy's fire, and shielding with his own body that summoned before the emperor, who, after angrily re- B]on'brook, in Virginia, a post-office of Frankilin co. of his brother awl comnniander. On Napoleon becoming preaching him with disconcerting his plans, dismissed Boaeaclhasnp,, CRARLES MELcImOR ARTHUR, MARQUIS DE, first consul, he sent Louis on a special mission to St. him from his command, and sent him back to Germany. (bong-sham,) B. at Jouverdeil, France, 1760, was one of Petersburg, but, owing to the death of the Emperor When in the following year the French were driven out the bravest leaders of the Vendean party in the civil Paul, he stopped short at Berlin. After remaining there of Germany, Jerome was compelled to abandon his king- war consequent upon the French revolution. He refor about a year, he returned to Paris, became general dom, (Oct. 26, 1813,) and takle refuge in France. On the ceived a fatal shot in the breast in the sanguinary enof brigrade, a counsellor of state, and, afterwards, a gen- abdication of Napoleon, Jerome and his wifte settled in counter at Chollet, lct. 17, 1753, amd when his foloweis eral of division. In 1802, ihe married IIortense Eugenie Italy. He was watched by the Austrian government, vowed to avenge his death on 5,000 republican prisoners, de Beauharnais, (see [loaRTNst,) the daughter of the but by the aid of Murat (q. v.) succeeded, on his brother's the dying hero exclaimed: "Spare your prisoners, I Empress Josephine. When his brother became emperor-, return from Elba, in escaping surveillance, and joining command it." This last command was obeyed. Louis was ponomoted to be governor of Piedsmont, and the emperor at Paris. He afterwards distingmuished hins-.enche'ui, in Wisconsin, a post-office of St. Croix co. afterwairds commanded the army of the N. of Holland. self by isis gallant conduct at the battle of Waterloo, Bon-dcIh stiess, (boesg-/csoet'peo,) n. [Fr., good chrisAfter the Batavian republic had been converted into a where he was wounded. After the emperor's final ab- tian.] A species of large French pear. kingdom, the Staites of Holland, in June, 1806, sent an dication, Jerome, proscribed from France, returued to Bond, n. [A. S. bond, from biidoe, to bind.] Anything embassy to Napoleon, requesting thist Louis usight be Wiirtemberg, where his father-in-law gave him the title that binds, fastens, or confines, or which holds things their king, which was granted, and he immeediately as- of Prince de Montfost, with a hanndsomse estate. Later, together; a banid; a tie; a cord; a crhmin; a ligament. sutned the title. He strenuously exerted himself to im- he removed to Vienna, and milter u-wards to Trieste, wohese — (p1.) Chains; imprisonment; captivity; durance. prove the conudition of his people, and distingaished him- he erected a palace. When his nephew, Louis Napoleon, self on several occasions by his personal huaninity. His had become the ruler of Prance, Jeroie was recalled to' Whea I perceived to have nothing laid to his charge worthy love for his people made him refuse without hesitation of death, or of hinds." —Acts xxiii. 29. Paris, and was created Marshal of France, and President the offer made to him by his brother of time Spaunish of thie Senate, and (failing direct issue of the emperor) — Cementing influence; cause of union; link of conneccrown; but his opposition to Napoleon's plans, which he heir to the throne. By his second wife he had thrmee tion; binding influence; as the bondis of affection. thought were prejudicial to the nation's swelhisue, gmve children, Prince Napoleon Jerome, Princess Mathildetand' love cess, brethere divide, ad the tend ii erumeed beixt great dissatisfaction at Paris. His wife was a most de- one who died young. Jerome a. 1800. sa ad faiher. -Shaks. BOND BONE BONE 325 -An obligation imposing a moral duty as by a pledge, certained. On Iennell's map to Par7k's First Journey, B. is afterwards to take. It has commonly been said promise, and so fbrth; as, my word is my boned. it is placed between the Late. of 13120 and 14' ~ N., and that the B. is formed by the ossification of the cartilage; (Masonry.) The connection established among the between Lon. 100 10' and 110 20' W. Though powerful but this, for various reasons, is thought not to be the stones or bricks in a wall, by disposing them so as to among its barbarous neighbors, it is a small state, not case. Tlhe process of B.-forniation always commences overlap each other. - See BaRICK -LAYINCG. exceeding in length, froom E. to W., 78 mi., nor in Width, in the immediate neighborhood of blood-vessels, which (Law.) A deed whereby the obligor or party binding firom N. to S., 70. It is, however, very compact in form, pass down into canals excavated in the substance of the himself, obliges himself, his heirs, executors, and ad- and has an area of about 5,000 sq. m. It is bounded E. cartilage, and is lined by a continuation of its investing ministrators, to pay a certain sum of money, called the by Bambonk; S.E. and S. by Tenda and the Simbani membrane. Hence, the spots where these vascular capoenalty, to another (the obligee), at a day appointed. Wilderness (wooded, not desert); S.W. by the latter hals are especially developed are termed centr-es of ossiThere is a condition added, that if the obligor does some country and Woolli; W. by Foote Toria; and on the N. ficalion. Until the B. attains its full dimensions, the particular act, the obligation shall be void, or else re- by Kujaaga. Sereface. Generally mountainous, and parts which contain distinct centres are not connected main in full force. In case this condition is not per- watered by the rivers Fo-le-mie (an affluent of the Senre- by Osseous union, but only by cartilage, so as to allow formed, the bond becomes forfeited or absolute at law, gal), and the Nerico (of the Gambia). Posd. Vegetation an increase in the size of the B. bv the grorwth of and charges the obligor while living, and after his death is vigorous, and the soil is not to be surpassed in the cartilage between its detached portions, which gives the obligation descends on the heir, who (in default of world. Corn is the principal article of industry; its place to bony structure when there is no further need personael assets in the hands of the executor or adminis- other productions are tihe same as those of Bambarra, of increase. Tllere exists a close correspondence trator) is bound to discharge it, provided he has real q.v. Climate. Tolerably healthy. Inhab. Tihe natives between the number of osoific centres in the early assets by descent. The condition is usually (although differ essentially in complexion and manners from their condition of the skeleton of all vertebrate animals. not necessarily) included in the same deed, and at the immediate neighbors. They belong to the great Foulah The perfect reparation of bone after severe injuries, effeoot of the obligation.-The bond without a condition is family, next to the Mandingoes the most considerable fected by the developmient of new osseous tissue in the termed single (or sismplex obligatio), and becomes single of all the W. African nations. They have a tawny, or substance of memrbranre or cartilage formed in the seat by forfeiture, on non-performance of the condition. At rather yellow skin, with small features, and soft, silky of injury, is one of the most remarkable features of its law, the whole penalty mentioned in the bond was re- hair. They hold the negroes to be their inferiors, and character. B. are so constitiited that a constant pro" coverable on such non-perforrmance. But by the inter- when talking of different races, always class themselves cess of deposition and absorption is carried on in them, position of equity, the obligee was discharged from among white people. Centrally situated between the as in the softer tissues, modelling the shaft into its repaying more than the sum to which the obligor was Senegal and Gambia, B. has becone a high-road fe.r quisite proportions during the successive stages of reasonably entitled; viz., his principal, interest, and traffic. The native exports consist of corn,cotton cloths, growth. It is niuch more actively carried on in youth expenses, if the bond was for payment of a debt; or the and aromatic guns. The transit trade consists of slaves. than in middle life, and is greater in the vigor of mandamages accruing to him,if it was for the performance of salt, iron, Shoe butter, and gold-dust. Govt. and Be- hood than in old age. B. are largely supplied with a stipulated act. But by 4 and 5 Anne c. 16, it was ligion. Tihe government is monarchical. The Moham- blood-vessels. The solid Osseous texture, which forms enacted that in case of a bond conditioned for payment of uredan religion is very generally, but not exclusively, pro- the cylindrical shafts of the long B. and the thick exmoney, the payment of the sum due, with interest and fessed. - Schools are established in the different towns, ternal plates of costs, even though the bond be forfeited and suit cons- where children of all persuasions are taught to read and the denser fiat nmenced thereon, shall be a full satisfaction and dis- write. Thecharacter used is Arabic; and tihe instructors bones, is penecharge; and on this footing the law now stands.- A are Molhammeidan priests. Cap. Bulibani. Pop. about trated by a sebond on which neither principal nor interest has been 1,500,000. ties of large demanded for twenty years will be presumed to hlave Bonrl-stervant, n. A slave; a servant who has not canals, termed been satisfied; but length of time is not, strictly, a legal the liberty to quit his master's service. IJTavcersian (afbar, but only a ground for the jury to presume satisfac- "Thoushaltnotcompelhimtoserveas abondsersvant."Lev.xxv.39. ter their discovtion. In a bond where several are bound severally, lBonr t-ses'vice, n. Slavery; the condition of a bond- erer), w hi c h the obligee may, at hris election, sue all the obligors servant. tform a network together, or each of them apart, and have several judg- Up thse did Solomon levy a tribute f bnd-see." in its interior 9- "Upon those did Solomon.levy a tribute of bond-....vice." i ni sntroi[:(/ muents and executions: but lie shall have satistiction but 1 Kings ix. 21. and serve for once; for if it be by one only, that is sufficient to dis- Bwrnd-slave, n. A person in a state of slavery; one the transiis-o chalrge the debt. whose servile condition deprives him of the action of sion of blood- c:4 Beond, a, (for BOUND.) Bound; in a state of servitude or freeil. vessels into the captivity.ineirTes ~~captl~~~~tivitrg. ~ ~~ I" Commonly the bond-slave is fed by his lord, but here the lord interior. Th ese whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free." was fed by his bond-slave." - Sirr. Davies. canals, in the COn. xii. 1. hBonds'anasrn, n. (Law.) One who is surety by bond long B., run for -v. a. To give bond for; to secure payment of by giving a for another person; one who becomes bail for another. the most part bond; as, to boesd goods at the Custom House. See BONDcIAN. ill a direction Fig. 384. —TRANSVERSE SECrONS or BONE. Bondl, WILLIAM CRANCH, M.A., an eminent American as- Btond's Point, in Illinois, a P. 0. of Christian co. parallel to the (Showing its microscopic structure.) tronomer, and Director of the Astronomical Observatory Bossd'-stone, n. (Arch.) A stone running through central cavity, in Harvard College, s. at Portland, Maine, 1789. At an the whole thicikness of a wall, at right anmgles to its face, anild communicate with this, with the external surface, early age he learned the business of watchmaking, and for the purpose of bidig th wal together in the di- and with each other, by frequent transverse brncles. ~~~~~~~~~~~~ndwthe purpos ofbdigther wal togqenthtasers irncthes.i made the first chronometer in this country. His at- rection of its thickness. In the long B. of man and of most malianslinaa there is tention was first attracted to astronomy by an eclipse Bossnels Village, in Mass., a P.O. of Iampden co. a central cavity, which is filled with the fatty substance which occurred in 1806. He was one of the earliest dis- BlondU-timber, n. (Arch.) Timber worked in with a Baon as erra-ow; and the space in which the narrow coverers, in the U. States, of the comet of 1811. In 1838 wall as it is carried up, for the prrpose of tying it to- lies is called the nedullary casat. This cavity does not lie was appointed by the U. S. Navy department to pros- gether in a longitudinarl direction while the work is set- exist in the B. in its early stete, but is formed by the ecute a series of observwtions in connection with an ting. - See Besv. removel of the cancellated osseous tissue first developed ting. - See BOND. ~~~~~~in its interior. Among birds, however, the central cavexploring expedition under command of Capt. Wilees. Bonda'ele, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Shawanaw co. yml iinterior-. Anong birpds, however, tis centiral revIn 1840 he becanme Astronomical observer to the uni- Braoisd'ville, in Vermont, a post-office of Bernnington co., ity, instead of being ccupie b rro, is fid ith versity. He is the author of the parts of the Annals 30 m. N.E. of Bennington. air, and communicates withi thie lungs; so that the memof the Observatory of IlHa-vard College, for 1855-56. Ce- BeHnd'wornans, Bonds'woman, n. A wonan brane lining it becomes an auxiliary organ of tespiralestial photography was by him first recognized as a slave. tion; while tihe lightening of the bones thus produced possible art, andn conducted through its earlier stages. "Bly lords, the senators dimninishes their specific gravity. B. are covered exterThs connection of the sidereal clock with the galvanic Are sold for slaves, and their wives fr boedseom s." nally by a strong fibrous membrane termed the eerioscircles was first used by Mr. B. in recording astronomi- Ben Jonson. tenm, which serves to protect the blood-vessels entering cal observations. D. 1859. ]Bone, n. [A.S. ban; Ger. bein, a bone, thie leg, tie shianlI- them. Tihe medullary canal is also lined by an extremely ]Bonl, in Illinois, a S.W. central co. Area, 400 sq. m. bone; Irisian bhn, ban; Du. and Dan. been; Swed. bees; delicate menrbrane, telrmed thie meduillary mesnbtrane, It is drained by Shoal Creek, East rind West forks, and allied to Gr. bain5, to go, as the legs are the natural in- which supports the marrow, and provides a stratum for the Kaskaskia River. Sureface. Undulating prairie. Soil. strunments of going.] (Anat.) A dirm, hard sunbstance, the subdivisions of the medullary artery before they Excellent. Cap. Greenville. Pop. about 17,000. composing the skeeleton or Iramework of an annimal body. penetrate the contiguous osseous substance. Though B. -A township of Lawrence co.; pop. about 1,200. (See below, ~ Anat.) possess little sensibility in health, yet, when diseased, Bond'age, n. [See BoND.] State of being bound; state "A people who are still, as it were, but in the gristle, and not they become highly sensitive, a manifest indication that of restraint; durance; thraldorn; slavery, or involnun- yet hardened into the bone of manhood. —Burle. they are supplied with nerves. These may, indeed, be tary servitude; captivity; imprisonment; as, a house of -A piece of such substance; an integral portion of the traced into some of the minute foramina on the shaft bonzdage. skeleton; as, the thigh-bone. of a long bone, but more easily into the articnlar ends. A day, an hour of virtuous liberty'An old man, broken with the storms of state, A nerve also enters the medullary canal with the nuIs worth a whole eternity in bondage." -Addison. Is come to lay his weary bones among ye."-Shats. trient artery of the medulla, and divides, like the artery, -Tie of duty or obligation; moral restraint or influence; — Something made of bone, as dice, tooth-picks, &c. intoen ascending and a descending branch B is combinding power. — p1. (Mus.) Castanets; as, to play the bones. posed of a basis of animal matter, impregnated with "If she has a struggle forhonour, sheisin a bondagetoiove,. " Pope. (Gaming.) Dice; as, to rattle the bones, i.e. throw the bone-earth," or phosphate of lime. Te first ingredice. dient malkes it tenacious and elastic; the second gives (Old Beg. Lane.) 1Vilenage, q. v. "And wartch the box for fear they should convey it the requisite hardness. These may be separated firom Bond-creditora n. (Law.) A creditor whose debt is False bones, and put upon me in the play."-Dryden. each other: the latter may be entirely dissolved alway, secured by i bIond — A bone with a fragment of flesh adhering to it; as, a by soaking tihe bone in dilute nitric acid, when a subBond-debt, a. (Law.) A debt secured by the protec- devilled bone. stance of cartilaginous appearance is left; the formner, tion of a bond. ~~~~~tion of a bond. 1~" Like Fsop's hounds contending for the bone, by subjecting the B. to a heat sufficient to decompose Bonld'ed, p.a. Secnured by bond, as custom duties; that Each pleaded ight, and would be lord alone."-Dryden. the anileel natter, vhen we obtain the whole calcn-eous xwlhclr lies under a bend to pay duty, as bonded goods. A boned ofcontention. Object of contention or wrangling. substance in situ. The aninlmal portion of a bone forms Bonrd'ed-wareholsuse, n. A warehouse for the safe To sake no bones. To make no scruple about anything; about one-third, the earthy about two-thirds; and the cnstody of bonded goods. to offer no reluctance or difficulty. (Used vulgarly.) relative proportion of the two elements is said to differ Bond, (Elngllshe.) See Bncr-LAYrINGr. A bone to pick. Somnething puzzling, or causing diver- little in different classes of animals. It is not yet a Bendler, n. One who executes a bond on goods. Boder, n. One who execrtes bnd on oods. sion. settled point whether the proportions vavry at different Bond'cers, n, p1. (Bineilddng.) See Beao-sroarsse. fib be upon th/e bones. To attacke. periods of life; but the general opinion is that they do, Bond, (Flemisn.) See Balex-tAnwe. "Pas hod s naanths mind toehe upse mere heres ef him but the animal element predominating in early life, the Bond'irsg-, n. The act of depositing goods, liable to wasretwiesireg to pick a quarrel." —L'Esstrange. eartly in old age. B., when dried at 2120 until they flinty, in a government bonded-warehouse, in whicha place (Anat.) A hard complex structure, forming the frame- cease to lose weight, consist of one-third osseins, or organic tinny renain until tile duty is paid. Fworle or skeleton of the body in man, and the higher matter, amid tco-thirds of phosphate and carbonate of ZBonad'-manwld%, n. A l'enrasl sleeve, or servant whose orders of animals. It is confined to vertebrate animals; lime and phosphete of maugnesia. Ossein, when boiled labor is comupulsory. and even in the lowest order of this class, the cartilagi- in water, gradeually dissolves, leaving a small quantity To make a bond~maid and a, slave of me." — Sh~aks. ] "Good sister, wreng rear ~notnrwsgrrrni.nois fishes, it is entirely wvanting. The B. form a franme- of fatty and vascular matter floating on thre solution, T maork lor the moulding and adequate support of the soft which, on cooling, gelaetinizes, forming a weak glue or Bond'mnan, BoeasanrA, n. Osle who is in bonds; a pairts of the body; cavities for the lodgoent anan pro- size, consisting of neearly pnre gelaetine. The earthy male slave. tection of delicate orgasns; joints for locomotion, and matter nmay be separated tfom the ossein, either by, Fereditary bonrdsmen! Know ye not, levers for the action of tIne muscles. The first develop- meeans of an acid, or else by boiling in waster in a Papin's WCho wsould be free, themselves must strike the blow." - B7yron. lmeait of B. is commonly —thoueg-la not aelways. as in the digester, at a tempereatotre over 300~, the gelatine being ]E;ondosi, BooNDso, (bose'don,) a countiny of W. Africe,, linesres of tine head -preceded by tire frinmietion of it only dissolved et tha.t heert. The mineral constittients whoso geoeoraphtcal position has not been proeperly as- c calrtiiginous structure, occupying the ph/ce which the of B. are used as manure, and in the msanueitctturc of 326 BONE BONI BONN cupels. When B. are distilled in close vessels, at a grtad- Bone-slpaVin, n. [bone and spavin.] (Farriery.) A taklng the keys and the crosier in his hands, he said, "I ually increasing temperature, oily matters, mixed with bony spavin, or hard swelling, fbund on the inside of the am a pope, and a pope I will (lie." D. at Rome, a few carbonate of ammonia, pass over, leaving behind bone- hock of a horse's leg_. months afterwards, in 1303. lHe wrote several works. black, or animal charcoal. The analysis of the hunman Bonlet$ta, n. (ZoPl.) See BONITO. His persecuting qualities are alluded to by Dante, in the fore-arm, by Henite. has given: Animal matter 31'11, Bontills Station, in Mlissouri, a P. 0. of St. Louis co. 27th chapter of the "Inferno." Phosphate of lime 59'14, Carbonate of lime 6'32, Phos- Bonltir'e, n. [Dan. baun, a beacon, and flre; WV. bat,, BONIFACE IX. was a Neopolitan ky birth, and of a noble phate of magnesia 1'20, Fluoride of calcium 2'23 = 100. conspicuous, high, lofty; banqffugl, a bonfire.] Originally, family. He was made cardinal in 1381, and pope in 1389. The gTeat value of ground bones as manure depends a beaconJfire; a large fire lighted up in tihe open air, as D. 1404. upon the quantity of phosphate of limne contained in an expression of public joy and exultation. Bona'iface, (ST.,) a saint of the Roman calendar, and a them; hence, battle-fields are notably fertile. Ground Boan'grace, sn. (eaute.) A frame of old ropes or junks of native of England, who was sent by Gregory II. to conbones are now generally prepared fior manure by adding cables, laid at the bows, sterns, and sides of ships sailing vert the Germans. Gregory III. made him an archbishop. a certain portion of sulpheric acid to thenm, by which in cold latitudes, to preserve them firon dalnage by B. in Devonshire, 680; slain by some peasants in 1Friesmeans a superphosphate of lime is formed, which is floatinlg ice. Sometinmes written bowgrace, q. v. land, in 755. His letters were printed in 1616. soluble and easily absorbed by tihe plants to wvhich it is Bon'haam, in Texas, a post-village, cap. Fannin co., 12 Bonifacie, (bon'e-fetck'che-5,) a fortified seaport town applied. See SKELETON, us. S. of Red River, and 270 N. by E. of:Austin city, on of the island of Corsica, on the strait which bears its (aioof.) B. are used by turners and cutlers, but their Bois d'Arc Creek. Pop. about 520. name, 45 m. S.S.E. of Ajaccio; Lat. 410 23' 11" N., Lon. oil must be previously extracted by boiling, and they are Bon/'hairntown, in New Jersey, a village of Middlesex 90 9/ 16" E. - Its port is one of the best in the Msditerafterwards bleached in the sun or with chloride of lime. co., 4 in. N.E. of New Brunswick. ranean, but its entrance being not more than from 80 This, unfortunately, renders them more brittle and less iion ]ITar'boar, in Kenluc/,'y, a village of Daviess co., to 90 yards broad, it is rendered difficult of access. Pop. easy to turn. The form and nature of most B., witlh on the Ohio River, 3 sn. from Owensboro, and 158 below 3,798. their large cavities for marrow, are also unfiavorable to Louisville. Bonjfacho, (Cape,) the S E. point of the island of their being worked into comnmonarticles of donsestic use, Bonheur, ROSALIE, (bon-her',) (called Rosa,) an artist Corsica. such as knife-handles, brushes, &c. The buttock and unrivalled among her own sex for the minuste and spic- Boinlfaceo, ( trqait of,) the FretuLnt Gallicuro of the shin-bones of the ox and calf are the B. most generally ired delineation of the various forms of animal life, was Romans, lies between Corsica and Sardinia. At the narused. Common B. articles, such as nail- and tooth- n. at Bordeaux, 1822. The danglhter of a Frenchl artist rowest part it is only 7 so. wide. The navigation is difbrushes, are often polished with slaked lime used wet on of some distinction, she indulged leer own particular ficult, owing to the great nuomber of rocks, which, howflannel or woollen cloth. B. are also used lobr making tastes in the choice of objects for study, with some dif- ever, are favorable to tfe production of coral. The coral animal charcoal; and, when calcined, bone-ash. The ficulty; deriving her early instruction fronm a study of and tunny fisheries are actively prosecuted. scrapings, parings, and sawdust of B. are much used in such animal life as could be seen iy her in the streets Bonlfbet'i, a town of S. Italy, prov. Coseuza, 4 m. S.E. motaing gelatine for the confectioner, and also in case- and abattoirs of Paris. In 1841 she entered upon her of Belvidere; pop. 3,601. hardening small objects in steel. A very good liquid career by exhibiting two pictures, Ceis'res et el/outons, Bo n'iforxn, n. [Lat. bonus, good, and forma, shape, manure is made by digesting burnt B. in weakl sulphuric and Les Dezx Lp)i2ns, whicih established her reputation. form.] Of a good form or kind. (o.) acid. This affords a direct solution, containing super- These were foilowed hey a succession of highly-finished Bonin, or AazomrsPo ISLANDS, (bo'nin,) three groups in phosphate and sulphate of lime, which is useful for compositions, amonog whiche may be cited the celebrated the North Pacific, known individually as thie Parry, the grass hlands or fields of rising corn.o If pearl-ash is Laboourage novernais, whteich wes completed icc 1549, and Bally, and the Peel and Kater Islands. On the Peel addedl to this acid solution, and the mixture dried up by has been added to the collection in the Luxembourrg. Islands there are a few English and other Europeans adding powdered charcoal or moold, an excellent top- Tier Heorse Foir formooed the chief attraction at the settled, engaged in the whale-fishery. Lat. between 260 dressing manure is formced. In the Pampas of S. America French exhibition of pictures in London during the sea- 30' and 270 44/ N.; Lon. between 1420 and 1430 E. B. are used as fuel; and in Norway and Sweden, in timnes son of 1855, and almost monopolized for a time the at- Bon'ing, a. (Mfcasonry and Caoep.) The art of making of scarcity, fish-B. are browned in a gridiron till they tention of artists and connoisseurs. In 1855 shle sent to a plane surface by tihe guidance of the eye; joiners try are friable, and, with salt and pepper, form palatable the Universal Exhibition in Paris a new landscape of up their work by boning with two straight edges, which food. large dimnensions, the Hpayoaking Seaseo ice Auveorgne. dletermine whether it be in or out of eoinding; tchat is (Med.) B. are subject to diseases like the softer parts B. has evinced in hler works a wonderful power of re- to say, whether the surface be twisted or a plane. of the body; more particularly to inflamnmation, ulcera- presenting spirited action, which distinguishes leer from e Ioeita, in Minnesota, a village of Otter Tail co., near tion, caries, exfoliation, and death, or NEcnoses, q. v. other eminent animal painters of ithe day, and which en- Otter Tail Lake. Bone, v. a. (C'ookery.) To takite out bones isom. the flesh; dows her pictures as compositions with extraordinary Bonito, (bon'e-to.) [Sp.] (Zob'l.) A name applied to sev-s, to bne a turkey. interest. Severe of her productions have been engraved, eral fishes belonging to the fanr. Scoesberidta. There nre -To fit stays with whalebone. and are well known. Since 1849 she has directed the three varieties, —the Tl/ynnus pelaopys, the l'elanys _Bne, a town of Algeria. See BoNA. gratuitous School of Design for Young Girls at Paris. sarda, or Belted Boenito, and the Auxis vulgaris, or Plain Boane'-aee, n. [bone and ace.] (Gooses.) A t sgam at the was decorated with the cross of tie Legion of Ilonor, Bonito. The'. pelaspys resembles the tunny, and is not cards, in which he who has the highenst trump turned up in June, 1865. unlike a large macklerel. In tropical climates it is found to him, wins the bone, i. e., one-half the stake. — h ebstere. Bon s onene, in Dak:otah Territolo-, a village of Jayne in larg-e numbers, and is well known to sailors as one Bo~ne-aehe, (bon'Jck,) n. Ache, or pain in thle bones. co., oil the Missouri hiver', 36 us. E. by S. of Yankton. of the fishies constantly seen in pursuit of the flying-fish. Bone-ash, or BONE-EARTu, n. See AsHEs. -A post-office of BDon Iltonece co. It is a very pretty fish, of a rich blue color, with four Bone-beds, n. pl. (Geol.) Several deposits of different wBona ec a uane, in Meissoero, a P. 0. of St. Louis co. dark lines stretching firon the pectorals to the tail, on geological ages have been thus named. The mcost re- ieoa H:Jotnaaes, or Goon MEN, n. pl. (Lccl. ilist.) An either side of the belly. Its average length is about two muarkable are two: first, a singular mass of scales, fins, order of friars estallished in Engoland in 1283. TIhey feet, and it is generally caught with as imitation flyingjaws, teeth, and coprolites of fishes formed the upper followed the rule of St. AugustinCe, and wore a blue fish as a bait. The Belted B. is common in the MediterLudlow rocks (England); and secondly, a thin but well- habit. - Thee Paulicians called thcemselves "Good Men," ranean and Black Sea. The phain B. is also found in the marked accumulation of reptilian bones between the or Los Boas Iioos. Mediterranean, where its flesh is salted or pickled and lias and newn red sandstone at Aust in Gloucestershire. Beoei, (bo-ne',) ai independent State of the island of Ce- used for food; but it is never eaten when firesh. The latter is now recognized as belonging to the Triassic lebes, in tile South Pacific Ocean, with a town of the BHoa-saot, (bdorg'mo,) n. [Fr. ben, good, and mot, word, period. sacmen namne. This is thie most pownerfiul State in thee saying.] A good saying; it witty repartee; a jest. Bone-black, n. (Chem.) The black carbonaceous sub- island. Pop. Unas5certained. Lat. between 40 20' and Boaan, a very ancient and handsome town of Prussia, stance obtained by heating bones to redness in a close 50 20' S.; Lon. between 1190 35' and 1200 30' E. in the province of Rhine, on the left bank of that river, vessel. When deprived by the action of hydrochloric Bonai, (GULF OF,) separates the two S. peninsulas of Ce- about 15 m. S. of Cologne. The principal celebrity of B. acid of the phosphate of lime with which it is blended, it lebes, and is 200 mi. in lengtil, by friom 40 to 7l in breadth. is derived from its university, founded in 1818, and inyields one of the most vouable formhs of aonia,,al char- B osaifa.e I., (iboc'i-Jtcec,) -as elected pope after the tended to replace that of Cologne, suppressed by the coai, as a elecoloring and deodorizing material. When death of Zozienu, 41, iced wsec c mwainctained inc the pon- French. Niebuhr, the historian of Rome, was one of used for chemical or pharmaceutical purposes, it is di- tifical chair by tihe Emperor Honorius, against his rival its professors. There are, on the average, some 600 stugested with hydrochloric acid until nothing remains but Eulalius.. 433 dents. The university occupies the imnmense palace of pure carbon. This property is due to its very firm state BonFeAcE II. seucceeded Felix IV. in 530. lie was born at the electors of Cologne. The library formerly belonging of division. Rome, his fathler being a Goth. hie compelled the bish- to Cologne University, conmprising nearly 100,000 vols., Bone-brown, n. (Painting.) See IvorT-nBowN. ops in a council to allow hino to nominate his successor, is now at B. There are niany fine buildings, and it is Bone Campp, in N. Carolizc,. a P. O. of' Mhadison co. and accordiigly he named Vigil; but anotiher council one of the most agreeable towns on the Rhine as a place Bone Cave, in Tennessee, a P. 0. of Van Buren co. disavowed the proceeclings of the first.. 532. of residence. Beethoven wes born iere. Pop. 22,942. Bone Ca-eek, in WV. 17ir-ginia, a P. 0. of Ritchie co. BorciAcE III. succeeded Seabinian in 604, mad died a few Bonn;s in Ohio, a post-village of Washington co., 10 m. Bonedi, (bind,) a. IHIaving bones; as, strong-boned. mnonths after his election; but he obtained firom the N. by E. of Marietta. (Used generally in composition.) Eenperor Phocas the acknowoedgament that the See of Bonne, (bong.) [Fr.] A governess; a female who takes Boned, pp. (Cookery.) Deprived of bones. - See BONE. ]I;ore was supreme over all other churchles. charge of children. ]Bone-daust, n. (igrcic.) Ground bones, or bone-dust, BoNrIFACE IV. was the son of a physician, and came to the Bonacneant's Depot, in S. Carolina, a post-office of leas long been used with the best effect as a manure. It tiara in 608. is converted the Pantheon into a church. Charleston District. is usually applied to lig'ht or turnip soils, which it has 1). 615. Bonne-boache, (bon-b5ioh',) n. [Fr. bon, bonne, good, rendered in no ordinary degree productive. B. is now BONIFACE V. succeeded Adeodatus in 617, and D. 622. and mouche, mouth.] A titbit; a delicious morsel or osed very generally after being subjected to the action BONIrACE VI. succeeded Forcocsus in 896, and D. 18 days monthful;; a choice thing. of sulphuric acid. The sperphosphlate of lime, as it is after his election. BSonnechose, (bon'choze,) FRANeo0s PAUL EMILE BOISthen called, is more immediate in its fertilizing effect; BONIFACE Vii., whose surname was Francon, assumeed the NoitMANnD De, a French historian and miscelletceous and 3 cwt. of it will produce as great an increase in the chair after murdering Benedict VI. and John XIV. lie writer, B. 1801. His principal wolrks are, A Jiistory of current crop, as 12 to 20 bushels of the original B. for-L. was acknowledged sovereign ponitiff in 974, anel died ac c'ance, which reachedl its 10thi edition in 1855; Sacred merly applied could do. It is generally applied to the few months after. Ilis corpse was exposed in the public History (1838); eacd a IHistory of England, (1858-9.) turnip crop, to mangold-wurzel, and occasionally to grass streets, and trodden uncder feot. Bon(Se'emneoe Creelk, in Missouri, traversing lands. BoarFAct VIII., in 1291, terrified his predecessor Celestice Howard co., and emptying into the Missouri River, 6 m. Boelnefs-o, a town of S. Italy, prov. Sannio, 6 m. S.S.E into a resignation, by deeeouncing to himn, at nmidnight from Booneville. of Larino:; pop. 5,146. eternal damnuation if he did not quit the pontifical cliair. B onner, in Louisiana, a post-village of Jaclkson par., Bone Gap, in Illinois, a post-office of Edwards co. The credulous pope, thinkling this a supernatural voice, albout 70 m. E. of Shrieveport. Bonaelless, a. Wanting, or without bones. obeyed the commc and next day, and the crafty cardinal Bess'ee'-s _e-aerry, in Texas, a P. 0. of Cherokee co. " I vousd...have pluokt my nipple from his boneess gums." Shaks. wsec elected. lIe commenced his pontificate by impnis - Boee'e aer's [in/ae, in Ceopri/s(, a vilaoge of Carroell co. Bone-lliquo-, n. (Chese.)'fhe aqueous portion of thee onincg Iis predecessor, and elayin. Denmarecu undeer an in- Bgos'oet, n. [hr. eOoscet; Gecel. boizeiei beicen, hicead, distillate of heated boenes. It is a very impure and di- tereict. He also behaved in a heaughty manner towacrd top, and eide, dress, clothing.] A Ieee1d-dde is; a dPies or lute solution of various anmnoni acal salts, resemblicng thie Colonnas, a distinguished RoHann family, who pro- covering for the heecd worn by woecn. seoiits of hartshor-n. It is eciployed in the manufactur e tested against his election, anou called a council to ex- — A cap or head-coveeiceg, muchi used btfore the introdeucof else so~iontiss and salts of aenmoneaonmine the charge. Boniface excoecmuniccated them as tion of hats, and still worn by theScots tiighi decor. Bonle-set, v. a6~. To set a dislocated bone; to unite broleen iceretics, and preached a crusade against them. ITe in- " cUp with the bonnets o' bonnie Dundee." - Scott. bones. cited the psinces of Germeacy to revolt aguinst Albert — See BLUro-BONNET; GLmNGARa~; HlmocsNtE oS. B[goane-set, a. (Bot.) See EHPoonreuc. of Austria; and also issued a bull, in which he asserted (Fort.) The elevation of the parapet about the salient Bone-settes-, a. One who sets and restores brokece that Gfod had set him o tverkings and kingdhoces. Pleilip angle of a bastion or ravelin above the genecal level of and dislocated bones. tfle Tair caused this bhll to be burnt at Paris; on ochich the work. The naoe is also given in permeanent defenBonae-setting, n. Art or practice of setting broken Boeeiface laid France eundec an interdict. Philip appealed sive works to a little outworhe with two beces, lorming or dislocated bones. to a general conncmil and sent his army into Italy, which a salient angle, intended to protect the angle of a raveloo, " A firaotuaree leg set in the country by one pretending to bot- tonk Boniface possoner. The pontiff's behavior on this the faces of which are defended by teenaolloes or baneties. setting." - Wisemase. occasiona was bold enough; for, putting on the tiara, and An outwork of a similar kind, used in field osrtificeation, BONP BOOB BOOK 327 having three salient angles instead of one, is called travelled foir five years, chiefly in Mexico and among the knocked on tile head, or taken away by any one who a bonnet de pritre, or priest's bonnet. Andes. B., during that period, collected and dried more might attempt it. - See GANNET. (Ahich.) A cast-iron plate to cover the opening in the than 6,000 plants previously unknown to European but- -a. Having the distinguishing marks of a booby; stupid; valve-chamber of a punmp; the opening is made so that anists. Their travels were published under the title of dull of comprehension. ready access can be had when the valves need repairing. Voyage aux l Rgions Equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent. Booby-hatch, n. (Naut.) See HIATCIES. -A frame-work of wire-netting over the smoke-stack, or B. presented his collection,f dried plants to the Museum Booby-hut, n. A term used in some parts of the chiiuney, of a steam locomotive, to prevent the escape of d'Histoire Naturelle. Napoleon granted him a pension, U. States for a kind of sleigh with a top-covering. spar'ks. and Josephine, in 1804, appointed him superintendent of Booby-huteh, n. A kind of clumsy-looking seat, (Naut.) An additional piece of canvas attached to the the gardens at her residence of Malmaison. While in used in somie provincial places in England. foot of a jib, or to a schooner's foresail, by lacings, and this situation, B. published Plantes Equinoxiales reueil- Boo'byisb, a. Like a booby; in a booby manner. taken off in bad weather. lies au Mexique, d tIle de Cuba, &c., 2 vols., folio, with 220 Boo'by Island, a level rock in Torres' Strait, in Lat. Bonnlet, CasRLES, (bon'nai,) a Swiss naturalist, B. at copper-plates, Paris, 1809-16; and Descripotion des Plantes 100 36' S., and Lon. 1410 53' E.. 3 feet in height, asd Y4 Geneva, 1720. His studies were chiefly directed to the Rares de Navarre et de ra MatIoaiscm, folio, with 66 cop- mile in dianmeter. Being an island highly dangerous consideration of the conditions of insect life. D. 1793. per-plates, Paris, 1813-17 tie also published a Mlnogra- to navigators, and destitute of resources of its own, it Bonsnetable, (bono'tab-el,) a town of France, dep. phie des Melastofides, with 120 plates, 2 vols., folio, Paris, is said to be pretty regularly supplied with provisions Sarthe, on the Dive, 16 m. N.E. of Mane. Macnf. Cottons. 1809-16. B. had formed the resolution of returning to sand water by passing vessels, for the benefit of such as Pop 5,451. America, and at the latter end of 1816 sailed fiom Havre. may be cast ashore on it. IBonnet Carr,6' (ben'aa-car-rS',) in Louisiasa, a post- and landed at Buenos Ayres, with a large collection of Mloolh'ismn, n. See BuDDHIs s. village, cap. of St. John Baptist par., oni the Miississippi, the useful plants and fruit-trees of Europe. He was re- rBoot'oom, or Beolraun, (beood-roomse,) a nsall sea45 m. above New Orleans. ceived favorably by the government, was named pro- port town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, about 100 In. Bonaiiieted, a. Wearing a bonnet. fessor of Natural History, and remained at Buenos Ayres fi-om Smyrna: Loot. 3i 0 N., Lon. 270 20' E.; supposed to (Fort.) Having the protection of a bonnet. nearly five years. He then resolved to undertake a be the site of thie ancient Halicarnassus. Ilany ruins Bonlleval, CLAUDE ALEXANDRE, COUNT DE, (bo'ane-val,) journey across the desert of the Gran Chsaco to the Andes, of antiquity hsave been found here. Pop. about 11,000. a French militatry adventurer. who, after serving in the but Francia, then dictator of Paraguay, instead of giving Book, (bilk,) so. [A.S. boc; probably friont bogan, to army and navy of his own country, transferred his alle- hlim permission to cross the country, arrested him, after bow, to bend; to fold. in reference to the folded or rolled glance to Austria, and subsequently became a Mussul- killing some of his men, and kept his prisoner for about leaves of vellum, which was the material used to write minan. In Turkey he attained high distinction; arid nine years. At length he was set at liberty, in 1831. lie spon.j A collection of'sheets of paper, of printed matter, under the title of Achntet Paisha, introduced European then travelled towards thei southern boundary of Brazil, of mianuscript, or in blank, folded and bound together. tactics, and taught the Turks the manageme nt of artil- and settled in the vicinity of the small town of San In the latter sense it is usually called a blaskc-book. lery B. 1675;D. in Turkey, 1747 Borja, near the eastern bsank of the river Uruguay. I-Ie — A printed or written literary composition, or a volunme Bositt vas'ld, FiERANq0Is DE, (bon'se-var,)-Byron's "Pris- subsequently removed to Santa Anna, wvhere he D., 1858 or collection of leaves containing intellectual matter; oner of Chillon," —whose liberal opinions induced hims to Bonplanvtld, (boy'j2olaen',) (Lake,) in California, El as, the Bible is the book of life. adopt the republic of Geneva as the most agreeable gov- Dorado co., 14 so. long, by 6 broad. Called after MT.. -Tis pleasant, sure. to see one's name in print; ernment for him to live under. For his defence of the Bonpland, the traveller. A book's a book, although there's nothing in't." —Byron. rights of the republic agatinst Charles III., duke of Savoy, 1Bonasecours, or Boiseseoutr~ (bonase-koor'), Bay, -A division, sub-division, or part of a literary worlk or Ice was twice imprisoned, the first time at Grol6e, where in Alabama, an inlet on the E. side of Mobile Bay. treatise; as, the second book of the Iliad. hle vwas immured for two years; and snext in the castle Bon'ten, n. (Manf) A kcindl of woollen stuff. "The first book we divide into sections.'-Bturnet. of Chillon, on Lake Geneva, where he remained six Boct'hainti, a town in the S.W. peninsula of Celelbes, years. B. at Seyssel, in the French district of Buge, Lat. 50 32' S., Lon. 1210 52' E.; cap. of a State of the (Cam.) A registe or volunse is shich a iserobiant or 1496; n. at Geneva, 1570.- B. wrote ahistory of Geneva, Macassay nation, and the residence of a Dutch superin- tnae Ieeps is accounts, as records all hi business bequeathed his ecclesiastical possessions to the State, tendent. transactios; as, a cash-bk. and to the town his boolks, which were the foundation Bosa Ton, (bbng tonse.) [Fr., good style.] The highest Ia the boocs of Is kind remembrance. of its public library. The shuddering picture which style of fishion; most select society; fhshionable nnauesr.'The gentleman is not in your books."-Shaks. Byron has drawn of the sufferings of the two brothers of Bo'sa n nnag-a ne, ae. [Lat. bonts, -a, -usa, good, and (In a modern sense, this phrase is often applied to a B. while chained to thei stone columns in the dungeons smagnus, -a, -usn, large.] A species of plum. debtor, or one who owes an accounit; as, he is still in of Chillon, has no foundation in truth. "The eldest of Bosasis, n. [Lat., good.] (Coes.) A prenmium in addition my books.) — Without book. Trusting to memnory; by repthe three" was the only one of his kindred confined to an interest or to a privilege; or, an extra dividend to etition; without reading; as, "Sermnons without book." there. shareholders. (1-ooker.) Without authority or proof; as, he argues Bon'nibel, n. [Fr. bonne et belle, good and beautiful. — A compensation in money paid to an agent or shipmaster, without book. A sweet, beautiful girl. Used as a term of compliment in addition to a certain share inl the profits of an enter- (Hist.) B. is the general name of almost every literary or endeaorment. prise, or to a stated salary. composition, but in a more limiited sense it is applied only Bon'nilas!, n. [bonny and lass.] A fine, handsome lasus; IBo'nns, in Illinois, a post-township of Boone co., 8 In. to such compositions as are large enough to hbrm a vola beautiful girl. N.E. of Belvidere; )pop. about 1,450. umne. Short and fugitive pieces are denominated pasnBonE nily, adv. [See BONNY.] Htandsomely; gayly; lB'ainus ]Prairie, ifi Illinaois, a village of Boone co., 6 p/hlets, in contradistinction to books, which are of greater plumply. nm. N.E. of Belvidere. length, and esmbrace more general or permanent topics. Bon'niness, n. Gayety; handsomeness; plump- Bon-vivant, (bdng'vee-vowng,) n. [Fr. bon, good, and The dimensions of printed boolks are regulated by the hess. (a.) vivant, liver.] One who eats and drinks well; Is joovial size and form of the sheets of paper of which they are Bon'inot's, in Missouri, a post-office of Osage co. boon-companion; a good fellow. composed. A sheet, being folded in the middle, fhrms Bon'ay, a. [Fr. beosn, boone, from Lat. bonus.] tIandsome; Bon'well, in Illinois, a post-office of Edgar co. two leaves, or four pages; and a boolk of this size is beautiful; as, a bonny girl. Bo'ny, a. Pertaining to, or consisting o1; bones. called a folio. When the sheet is again folded, so as to T'hus wailed the louts in melancholy strain, "At the end of this hole is a membrane, fastened to a round, make four leaves, or eight pages, it firms a quarto. TIhe Till bonny Susan sped across the plain.' - Gap. tony limb.'-I-ay. quasto, bein folded across, so as to isal"e eigt le.aees, -Gay; blithe; mierry; frolicsome. — nFull of bones; stout; strong; as, a bony man, or sixteen pages, forms an octave. By folding the sheet Then sigh not so, but let them go, ] Bossty ]Pikie, n. (Zobl.) See LEPIIOSTEUS. into twelve leaves, or twenty-fonr pages, we make a And be you blithe and bonsy. -- Shats. ] Boze, (binz.) [Fr. bonze; a supposed corruption of duodeciiso; and if into eighteen leaves, or thirty-six -Plump; well-shaped. Jap. busso, a sage, a leatlned nman.] The name generally pages, we form an octodleciso. Below this there are Bigonaisy, n. (Miniig.) A distinct bed of ore, that cons- applied to the priests of Fo, or Buddha, in Japan, withount small books of different denomi natti ons, which are somemunicates with no vein. regard to the sectarian distinctions existing among themn. timnes sporken of as pocket.editions. Booksellers are Bonlty-c]labbes', na. Sour buttermilk. (Used in Ire- They profess celibacy, practise austerities of various accustoiled, in speech, to anglicize the terms for the land.) — In tile U. States, a term to express mnillk that kinds, and dwell together in monasteries. They shave size of booles, with little regard to the proper terminahas become thick in the process of souring. the head and beard, never cover the former, preserve a tions'- as 4to, 8re, 12me, 18mo, 24mso, 32mo, 48)no, &c. We scorn for want of talk. to jabber profound silence in public, and are snpposed to lead a For a long period, printing-paper was made chiefly of Of parties o'er our bontny-clabber-" - Swift lifeofcontinualprayerandcontemnplation. Their avarice three sizes, respectively called royal, desoy, and csrown; Botn'ny EI-agle, in Maine, a P. O. of Cumbnerland co. is equal to their ignorance, and no opportunity for ex- and according as any one of these was employed, the Bossl'ny Riiver, one of the arnis of the Niger, enters torting money from the people by the selling of charms, size of the boolk was large or small. As by means of the Bight of Biafra at its delta between the Old and New &c., is ever neglected. Thes religion of Fo does not ad- the paper-making nimachine, paper is made in webs, and Calabar rivers. Near its mouth is the town of Bonny, mit priestesses, but there are female devotees called bi- can be cut into every imaginable size of sheet, and as formerly a place of great resort for slaves; this place was cenis or bonzies, who live in communities under a supe- printing-snachisnes can print very large surfices, the almost totally destroyed by fire, in April, 1869. rios of their own sex, and profess the samine. virtues and sizes of booklis are now comparatrively arboitratry; though, Bo'n1o, in Ioediance, a post-village and township of Law- way of life as the priests. There are some nmonasteries for convenience, the old names remanin, with the differrence co., on WIhite River, 15 m. S.E. of Bedibrd. Pop. in which the devotees of both sexes reside, and temples ence, that in addition to thie 12mo, a siot very dissimilar of township about 800. in which they chant their prayers together, the men on size, called the post-8vo, has come extensively into use. Bo'no, in Nebraska, a post-office of Washington co one side, and the women on the other. The term B. is The size of the present work is folio, though printed as Bono'mi, JOSEPH, F R.A.s., an English artist, and anti- also frequently applied by Europeans to the priests of quarto. — The materials of whiich B. haive been composed quarian author, B. 1796. In 1822 he went to Rome to Buddha in China, Burmash, and other parts of E. Asia. have differed much in different natioss, and in different pursue the study of art, and afterwards visited Syria tand Booby, (boosbe,) n. [Sp. bobo; It. babbeo; probably stages of civilization. Plates of lead and copper, bricks, Egypt, remaining in the latter country 15 years. IIHe from the root of bebe; Ger. babe, a boy.] A blockhead; stone, andwood were anciently employed for this purpose. was the first to point out to the learned world the re- a dunce; a stupid fellow; a dunderhead; a lubhber; as, The most common material on which B. were written by mnarkable mnionunsent mentioned by Herodotus as hay- he is a perfect booby. the Greeks and Romans, was the thin coat or rind (liber, ing been set up by Sesostris on the coast of Syria, as a When yet was ever found a mother whence the Latin name for a book) of the papyrus, called record of his victories. B. is the author of Viseveh arnd Who'd give her booby for another? "-Gay. by the Egyptianss Byblos, swhence the Greek name for a its Palaces, (3d ed. 1859,) and of the "descriptions'" in (Zebt.) The name book, biblion. Next to the papyrus, parchment was the Eigypt, NVubia, and Ethiopia, illstrlated by 100 Photo- given by naviga- substance most used for writing upon. The ancients graphs, (1862.) He is also the author of several works tors to the Sula wrote usually on only one side of the paper or parchand papers on Egyptian archweology and cosmography. Joisca, a species iuent. The bacl of the paper, instead of being awritten B uono'va, a town of the island of Sardinia, prov. Sas- of G a n n e t a upon, was usually stained with saffron color or the cedrus, sari, 18 mi. E.N.E. of Bose; pop. 5,366. large bird which which produced a yellow color- As paper and parchBou Pa., in llirois, a post-office of Richland co. inhabits the Des- nenst swere dear, it was fiequently thie custom to erase Bonsaslcii, AsMs, (bsssg'plans,) a French traveller, B. elate is 1 an ds, or swassh out writing of little imnpolrtance, and to write 1773, at Lho lRoochhlle. Ilc served us a surgeon during some and the coasts of upon paper or parchsnuent asgasin, wahichis wais then called years of the early rsvolutionuery period, on boasrde French most warm n li- o'aiissesestuss. —The paper or parchmnent was joined tofrigate. Ihe.alfenwards went to Paris in osrder to corn- u a t e s. The e:- \5, gethser 5 so ue to torum oine sheet. esid ashlien the woeri was plete his studies in medicine, and becames a punpil of Cor- nanme was natu-.; e fissished, it was rolled on a staff, whoeuce it was called a visart, at whose residence he met with Ihumboldt. An rally acuquired eolumcus. (See Fig. 230.) When an author divided a intimsnte friendship soon grew up between the two young from their appa- wvork into several books, it was usuil to include only men, asid they mutually assisted each other in their r e n t stupidity, one book in a volume or roll, so that thuerie wsas generally stuidies. luulsboldt, at the saine time, was msiaking prepa- in q uci e t ly sit- the same numnber of volumes as of boohs.- In the parations foi ass extensive series of trasvels iar scientific thin g o n t h e pyri soils foumnd at H-Iercuslane um, trie stickl on which the purpoooses, ansid aseecd B. to aiccompllany syibi, a. psroposal shore, or pinch- pspyrlu~ is rolled does not project iosom thIe paspyrus, limit shichs wa immedia55te05y asne tel ptedi. Thlr. y sflly ood firom ins on the yard Feyiy. 3155 —Boon, (Jsiafasca.) ihs conicealed by it. Usuaully, hiowvevr, there avere to balls Franes in 1799, and ussdlaedl in America, whore they of a ship, till or bosses, ornansonted or painted, cllsd umsii~ic-i or 328 BOOK BOOK BOOK cornua, which were fastened at each end of the stick, and lar folio, or a 25-cents vol,, the number of operations are authority of experience to recommend it, but that of projected from the papyrus. The ends of the roll were three, viz.: 1. Preparing7; 2. Binding; 3. Finishing. The some of the wisest observers of human affairs. Dr. carefully cut, polished with pumice-stone, and colored sheets as printed are first "gathered," that is, placed in Johnson remarks, "that the counting-house of an black; they were called the gesinne frontes. -To pro- their order of pagination, folded into 4, 8, or 12 leaves, accomplished merchant is a school of method, where.tect the roll firom injury, it was frequently putin a parch- as the case may be; they are then stitched and sewn to thile great science may be learned of ranging particulars ment case, which was stained with a purple color, or under generals, of bringing lhe different parts of a transwith the yellow of the Lutuim. - Dm'ing the Middle. action together, and of showing at one view a long series Ages, the plan of rolls was discontinued, and the form of dealing and exchange. Let no main (he adds) venture of leaves, sewed or bound together, cime into use The i )/:I into large business while lie is ignorant of the method manufacture of books was, for the most pairt, in the of regulating books; never let him imagine that any dehands of the different orders of monks, maiy of whom ___ gree of natural abilities wvill enable him to supply this spent a great pait of their lives in the transcribing of: 3deficiency, or preserve a multiplicity of taffairs firom inthem. In th earliest period of the Middle Agee, tithe t. > fextricable confusion." There are two modes of keeping them. In the earliest period of the Iidd a le bok fAccount: tghe oeb-va is,erfied Singl the a scarcity of books was so great, that often in a whole books of account: the one by cjet is termed Single, and town there was not one to be found, and even rich mon- t other by Doable Bntty. Both are in very general use. asteries possessed little more than a missal. To theT s is e nd monks, and also tom some orders of -nuns, he businesstem of retail de entrsy; it is much thiefly cosifined to Metheod unspeakable merit of having not only supplied the i i of B.-K., consisting of only a Day-boole, and a Ledger. monk an alo tocois oder ot uns beong H cli b iness cy-of~ rtail dealers;it is muhtes imples t metpurhode religious orders with the books which were in daily use. In the day-book the dealer enters his sales and purchases, but those which replenished the libraries of the leaned d in his ledger he caries the former to the debit of ned ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and in his ledger he cariestefre otedbto and wealthy, until their ingenious craft was supplanted y i his custonmers, and the latter to the credit of the merby that of the printer and bookseller. Copies were nml- chants who supply him with goods. By making at any time a list of the sums due to him by his customers and tiphlied with rapidity and diminishing coot; nevertheless, tin a list of the sums due to hi by is customers and they were long out of tile common ro~ach, and their of those due by him to wholesale merchants, the retail II' idealer nmay, after adding to the debts due to him the liltI~ I ~ i\\~~~~ val*e of his stock on hand, arrive at an approximation to the real state of his debts and assets. This, however,;,ys~~,'I),~i,~ is but an imperfect and unisatisfactory mode of B.; and, -flyow"" ~ull~~~lli~~~ZIIVI~~~I~i; theretore, in the case of wholesale and mercantile businless, where extensive and multifarious traDnsacl ions have _____~rU~.! 1 ~to be recorded, recourse is had to the system of double______ll~~~ Thi~~~~~ ~~ r,.entry. This system possesses all the advantages of single}1!Wi~o~ Bli:.... entry, besides being so complete and comprehensive in its principles, and so certain in its results, as to admit of universal application. It nmay with equal advantage be /j I ~~a1jist adopted in the most limited as well as in the most exlife I tenssfre, in the most plAiin and s imple as -,vel as in the ____~~ ij~~ij nemost intricate and complicated coincerns. No very auten she, in the moot plain and simple tis well as in the,!il~ I21i -i'- thentic accounts exist of the origin of B. The double-:II',V I e'gi. 387. - COVER OF MISSAL OF THE 15IH CENTUIY. entry system appears to have been first practised towards J~h1-~~'~E amel, ivory, and precious stones. the latter part of the 15th century, in Venice and other -F- [i386. (Imperial Library, Paris.) towns of Italy, then the great emporiums of the mercan~g~g. 886. strings or bands placed at the baclk of the volume. A tile world; and from that circumnistance it acquired the early history discloses how much importance was con- saw-cut is, in some instances, made to receive the string; name of the talian method of Book-keeping. The first ferred by their possession,and whatsolicitude was awakl- in others, the string is left to form a rib, which is used known work on the subject was by Lucas de Borgo, pubened for their care. The accompanying figure, taklen as an elemient of ornament in finishing the book. The lished in 1495: and the first in the English language, a from a MS. of the 15th century, illustrates the mode sheets being all sewn together, the back edges ate glued treatise by John Gough, a printer, published in London, formerly adopted by scholars and moniks for carryming together by brushing them lightly with thin gliue. The in 1543. The advantages of the system, and the soundand securing books; also, a singunlar heart-shaped kind strings are cut off within half an inch of the volume, ness of the principles on which it is based, soon became of book, not without a certain utility and portability and the hackl is rounded in the following manner: —The apparent; for we find it was adopted in England and to its reader. In progress of time, as civilization and workmnan holds the volume flat, and beats it with a flat France early in the 16th century, tiand has continued to the arts became more developed, paper attained an haminmer, at the same timne drawing the sheets so as to be more and niore practised down to the present day.improved quality, both as regards quality and stregth; cause the rounding of the edges. A groove is then The great objects of a good method of B. are to exhibit types, also, became smaller in form and finer in exe- formed by pressure close against the back edge to re- transactions as they occur, in the most minute detail, cution, and the ihuge mammoths of folios and quartos ceive the board of the cover, otherwise it would be liable and ultimately in the most condensed form; advancing were deposed in favor of octavos and duodecimos. The to project beyond the edge of the volume, and be both from the earliest stage to the latest by such clear and art of boolk production has since constantly aimed at unsightly and inconvenient. A machine for rounding lucid steps as at all times to admit of every fact being associating the smallest degree of bulk with a propor- the backs of boolks has been lately introduced. The top, traced in its progress, and security being obtained at tionate limit of cost, while paying due regard to the bottom, and front edges are then cut level, and the every step against omission or eriror. For the attainconvenience and comfort of readers, and also main- boards are fixed to the volume by the ends of the strings ment of such important objects, no miiode of B. has hithertaising that inclination towards the unique and the being passed through stmall holes and glued firmly to to been devised at all approaching to the perfec-tion of beautiful, which, no doubt, will one day be ultimately the inside. When the bookl is cloth-bounid, the cloth is the Italian system by double-entry. Every transaction reached and generally diffused. The first B. issued in applied to the boards before they are attached to the in business is twofold: there can be no receipt without what were to be the fiuture U. States, and, indeed, on volume; in other cases, the coverings are put on after -a paiyment, and no purchase without a sale, and consethe continent of North America, was the Baey Psalm- the boards are attached. The boolk is then ornamented quently by presenting the same event or fact on both book, in lf40, from the press of the" Pilgrim Fathers," at with gilding, inlaying of different-colored leather, or sides of the books, (whence the name of" double-entry,") Cambridge, Mass. William Bradford issued an almsanac blind-tooliig, i. e. plain stamping by heated stamps or the entries being simultaneous, become corroborative of from his press, in Philadelphia, in 1665, which was dies, and the edges are left plain, or gilt, or sprinkled. each other. The circumstance of every transaction being the first book published in the central colonies. For Books are said to be boaoded when bound in cloth, half- entered on both sides of the ledger affords one of the statistics of the comparative production of the boolks boued whvlen the back and corners are in leather, and most valuable results derived from the system of doublepublished in the U. States, and in the principal European whole-bouned when nothing but leather is used. It is entry, namely, a test of accuracy; inasmuch as the encountries at the present day, see PaINTINGa. generally considered that boarded books may be after- tries on the credit side must be eqidl to the entries on Book, v. a. To enter, write, or register in a book; to wards bound in leather, according to thile taste of the the debit side, otherwise the book will not balance. The record. possessor; they are, therefore, nmostly left uncut, and three principal books required under the Italian system "IH e caused the Marchers to book their men, for whom they the putting together is more or less slight. A method of double-entry are, a Cash-book, Journal, and Ledger. In should make answer." -Davies. of bindingi without stitching has lately been much used; the first of these, every transaction is recorded where Blook, in Illinois, a post-office of Pope co. the four edges of the book are cut, separating it into money fbrms one of its elements, and in practice these B]ook'-accolunt, n. [book and account.] A debtor and single leaves; india-rubber solution is then applied to transactions are by some biookh-keepers carried direct creditor account registered in a boolk or ledger. the back edge, whereby the leaves become firmiy ce- from the cash-book to the ledger without being passed Book'-binder, n. One whose avocation is to bind niented together. It is very useful wehen the book is through the journal at all. The journal, however, forms books. required to be laid open fiat, as in the case of atlases, a most important part of the system. It exhibits a narBook'-bindery, n. A place where books are bound. ledgers, music-bookls, &c. rative of every transaction of which an actual transfer Book'-binding, n. The art of connecting together Bool k' —c.tse, n. An article of household furniture; a of money does not form one of the elements, arranging the material parts of a book for convenience in use, and case containing shelves for holding and preserving the lBcts in as simple and condensed a form as correctprotection from injury. Books were formerly preserved books. ness and intelligibility will admit of, and the results. of in the form of rolls, consisting simply of the leaves Beolk-ldebt, (bilk'det.) A debt recorded in a trader's those entries in the journal are afterwards introduced pasted or glued together in one long sheet, at each end boolks, as against a customer supplied with goods on into the ledger, which thereby becomes a sort of key to of which was fixed a roller with handles. The roll was credit. the detailed history of every transaction; while at the read (Fig. 230) by unwinding one roller and winding Book'ersrville, in Georgia, a village of Willies co., same time it furnishes a lumoinous compeudium of the the other. This form of binding was afterwards super- 45 m. N.N.W. of Augusta. swhole. In like manner, when the cash transactions are seded by the square form, as we now possess it. This Book'ery, n. A collection of books.-Devotion to passed through the journal, they are at stated periods was a marked improvement, and was adopted for mann- boolks. — orcester-. classed and sarranged in a condensed formn, and thence scripts long before the invention of printing. The first Booe k'fsl, a. Funll of notions derived firom books; transferred to the ledger. This plan of introducing the boend boolks being chiefly copies of the Scriptures, and crowded with undigested knowledgs; as, "Booakfil cash transactions into the journal is considered much the other works of a religious, nature, they soon began to bloclkhead." - Pope. best system, though attended with a little more trouble have their bindings enriched in various ways. Many Book'-lsolt sde', n. The prompter in a theatre. to the book-lkeeper, as it affords great ftcilities in balof these rich bindings exist to the present day. They Book'isls, a. Given to boolks or reading; fond of study; ancing the boolks and testing tis accuracy of the ledger. were executed principally by jewellehs. who incrusted more acquainted with leooles than with men. By the plan referred to. the journal is adventaigeously precious stones, ivory, and metal-wo-on upon covers of I'll malte him yield the crowa, ruled weithi four cash colhsmns, twco upon the left-hisnd vellum, wood, or silver. The greatest taste has been Whose bookisai rule hath pull'd fair England down." - Shalks. side for entfsies-debteer, and two upon thee iight fos estaiesslyown in all ages in the matter of B., and whether we Boo~k'slshly, adv. In the way of being addicted to creditori; and all the transactions being connected eitleer examine the gorgeous but clumussy covers of the 11th booles or much reading. withepersonal andpueeperty uiccounts or nomeinal accounts, and 12th centuries, the splendidly boumnd books of the ]ldo~'i~e]lsasa, n. Quality of being booleish, or ad- -such as charges, profit snd loss, and so forth, —they are'RLenaissance period, or thie wonderful works of the dicted to books; over-studiousness. classed accordingly in the ceelumis on the Dr. or Oir. modern artists who honor the art of B., there is always osaok'-Ikeepea', as. (Corn.) One c-ho keeps account of side of the journal respectively; and as thie debit entries soamething to charm the fancy and gratify the taste. mercantile or trading transactions; one who has the are at all times equal to the credit entries, the aggregate As a mere mnanufacture, B. has been obliged to keep charge of the bookes of accounts in a commercial covcern. of the two columies on thie Dr. side must tally with the pace with the marvellous increase in the number of B]ook'-keeissslsi n. (Cocn.) The art, or science of aggregate of the two on the Cr. side of the journaim. T hiu booles produced; acnd, by meuns of mncafinseery, some hae lreeping accounts, or recording monetary transactions too is found in practice to be a. most useflvl checle igainst houses are able to bind 1,000 volumes, in cloth gilt, in of merchants, traders, or other persons enegaged iui posting the entries to wsong eccoints in the ledger; ler six hours i In binding a boolk, whether it be a 4t0-dol- pursuits conneted v with money. It hies not only thee on balancing the books by taking the ameounts Di.'and BOOK BOOK BOOM 329 Cr. posted to personal and property accounts, and the was much increased, particularly in such towns as Paris pass those of London; and in point of size and price amounts Dr. and Cr. posted to noninal accounts into and Bologna. In 1323, a statute of the University of they are, for the most part, well adapted tfor general the ledger, and comparing them with the total amounts Paris distillguishes between stationa rii, or booksellers circulation. On account of the prevalence of education, in the corresponding columns of the journal, it will be proper, those who buy firom one party and sell or lend and also the aspiring habits of the people, book-buyers seen whether they agree; if' they do not, it demonstrates to another; and librarii, those who merely buy and sell of an humble position in life are greatly inore numerous that some entries must hiave been erroneously posted, books on coinimmission. After 1346, no one could deal in than they are in Englansd." - The B. 3'. being intimnately whiichi can then only be discovered by collating the books; books in Paris without the pernission of the university, connected with PaRNTI.N, we refer to this word for stabut if' thie amounits do agree, then it affords at least who had special officers to examine the manuscripts and tistics concerning books aniid the book-trade. - - See also strong presumptive evidence that the whole of the eni- fix the price. It was not, however, till after the inven- CIRCULATING LisBAnR, CoPYRcGHT, NEwSPAPER, PAPER, tries have beeni carried to the proper accounts. Experi- tion of printing that the B T. attained any importance. PRESS, STATIONERY, St'rREEO'YPING. ELECTROTYPING, &C. ence stud practice aSe occasionally suggesting minor inr- At first, the printers were likewise booksellers: and Book-worn,s n. (Z,1i.) A name given to variousspeprovenaents upon the formis of thie cash-book, journal, John Faust and Peter Schoffer disposed of the produc- cies of insects in the larva state, ins which they destroy and ledger, to suit particular cases, as well as uipon the tions of their press in Paris and hslrtikotIt-on-the-Main. books and papers, by boring into them; such as the subsidiary books required for g~thetring together the Some instances of the division of the two branches occur Plinidce, Anobium, &c. facts preparatory to their beiing transferred in a con- in the 15th century. The first booksellers were usually -A student absorbed in, or closely attached to, books; an densed form into the journin and, indeed, ani intelligent tertmed stationers, either from the Latin word station- unaippreciative reader, or one without judgnment. book-lkeeper nmay accomplish much by a judicious clas- arius, or from having only stalls or stations in the I wanted but a black gown, and a salary to be as mere a book.sification of the facts in the auxiliary books; but tthe streets and maurket-places of the towns, as is still to be worm as any there." - Pope. fundamental principles of the double-entry system of seen in the case of dealers in old boolks. Now, the term 1Booi'ak,. or Boulac, a town of Egypt, on the right B., notwithstanding such occasional facilities and irn- stationer usually denotes a dealer in paper and other banik of the Nile, 3 mi. N. of Cairo, of which it formsss the proved arrangements in the working of it, remain per- writing-materials. At first, the civil smagistrates took port. After being destroyed by the hrensch in 1799, it fect and unchang ed; and after the length of time during little concern with the book-sellers, leaving thein to the was rebuilt by Mehemet All..Manf. Cotton, silk, &c. which they have successfully withstood all attempts at control of the universities, of which thiey were supposed Pop. 14,175. innovation or cihange, it imay safely be aftirmed thast the to be the immediate retainers, aind which, accordingly, Boomley, Booly, n. [Ir. buachiail, cowherd.] A term system is the best hitherto discovered. We have already gave them laws aind regunlations, examining the correct- sotietiies used in Ireland, Ibr a person who hais no stated that the double-ent'y system of B. admnits of uni- ness of their books and fixing tile pi-ces of themi. This, settled place of abode, and who leads a kiat of nomad versal mapplications; anid we may now observe that it is!rowever, was soon changed, and the trade of booksell- life. not confined to mierchants' accounts, but is equally ap- ing was put under various restrictions. In 1556, the " The same that the Irish Soolies are, driving their cattle with plicable to governmsent accounts. One great desidefratum Stationers' Company of London was inucorporated. It them." - Spenser. in a systemn of B. hor government accounts is centralize - was composed ot'f printers anul book-sellers. who exercised Boon, (busts,) n. [A. S. beast; Du. boom; Ger. boussus A tion, which catn alone be attained by a proper and well- a kind of censorship over tihe press. Inii 1662 the lamous beam, tree, or pole —(Naut.) A long pole run out from organized method of condensing the fstcts or elements of Licensing Act was passed, wvhich prohsibited the pubhli- any part of a ship to stretch the foot of any particular thie accounts; and the Italian system unquestionably cation of any book unless entered in the register of the sell; avhsence,jib-booss,eain-boouss, studdingsi-boss, &c affords the minost efficacious means ofcollecting and group- Company of Stationers, or licensed by the Lord Chan- (lort.) In marine defences, a strong chain or cable ing the widely scattered elements of government ac- cellor. The B.-T. is, properly speaking, carried on by stretched across the mouth of' a river or harbor, to precounts in a conciseatnd intelligible shape, and ultimately two distinct classes of persons, thle publishers, who vent the enemny's ships fromn entering, and having a exhibiting them in the clearest and most perfect state. prepare and dispose of the tboolks wholesale; and the number of poles, bars, &c., fastened to it:, whence the tBook-knlowle dig'e, (bulc'si6i'ej,) sn. Knowledge ac- B., by whom they ares retailed to the public. The greatas, to t o rst the b. Book-knowledge, (buk'n& ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~name; as, to cut or burst the boom. quired from the reading of boolks. centres of the B. iT. in the U.S. asre Philadelphia, New (2Vent.) A pole set up as a sea-mark to point out the Beook'land], Boelk'and, n. (Fnutdal Law.) See York, and Boston; but miany large publishing houses chanlnel to seamen, avhen navigating in shallows. - A BoCLAND. may be quoted in other towns, as Baltiniore, Cincin- hollow, roaring sound; as, the bsooe of a cannon; the Book-learnedl, a. Versed in books or literature; - nati, Chicago, sHartbord, San Francisco, &c. A pecu- reverberating cry of the bittern. generally implying a counter-ignorance of men, and of ]iarity of the B. Ti. in the United States, is the holding of -ul. A space on m ships upper deck, between the fore and the world at large. trade-sales, or semni-annual auctions, in one of the towns mnain-masts, where the boats, spare spars, cordage, &c.' Whate'er these book-leasrn'd blockheads say, above quoted, but chiefly in New Yorlk, to which puhm- are stowed. Solon's the veriest fool in all the play." - Dryden. lishers contribunte, and which are attended by B. dealers. -vi. [A. S. byme, a trunpet; Du. bosme, a drum; from Boolk-learning, n. [book and learning.j Skilled in These sales have been in successful operation for about thIe root of bomb.] To make the sound of a trumpet or literature; learIrniag acquired firom extensive reading; 35 years, disposing annually of books to thie amount of drunm. acquaintance with books; used, generally, in contradis- from $600,000 to $1,000.000. Actumilly, however, these -To rush with violence, as a ship under crowded sail; as, tinction to practical knowledge of men and things. sales do not appear to be attended with tit same regu- the vessel boomned in sight. "Neither does it so miuch require book-Zeamning and scholarship, larity as formerly, by many of our leading publishers. -To make a hollow sound like the bittern. as good natural sense, to distinguish true and fmlse, and to distin- The terms of the agreement entered into between a pub-At eve the eete omet, guish what is well proved and what is not." — Burtet. "LAt eve the beetle boometh:, gis what is we prvd and at i not. - rt. lisher and an author are varioaus, depending chiefly Athwart the thicket lone. - Tennyson. Blooklless, a. Without books; unread; unlearned. upon the character of the author and the nature of the Book'-manldees,, n. Bibliomania; a passion for ac- book. Authors are apt to complain of the hard terms -To roll and roar, as the waves, or the report of a cannon. quiring books. that are usually nmeted out to them biy publishers, and The volleying roar, and loud, Book'-maker, n. A compiler; one who writes and in some cases, perhaps, not without reason. But it is to Long booming of each peal on peal, o'ercame publishes a book, more especially, one who collects his be borne in mind thst there is alvays consielmle out- The ear far more than thunder. - Byron. materials from other sources. — (Sportinzg.) A person lay, and no little riskc, connected with bringing out a Boom, (bdme,) a town of Belgium, 10 m. S. of Antwerp, who bets on horse-racing, professionally or otherwise; new boolk, especially biy an unknown author. Cheap on the Rupel River. It has very extensive brick and one who makes up a betting-book. publications are now the order of the day. Not only tile works. Pop. 8,096. Book'-.rtaking, n. The practice of writing and pub- are cheap editions broight out of works unprotected by BIoom'er, in Iowa, a township of Pottawattomie co.; lishing books; imoge particularly, the art of compiling copyright, but even publishers of the first class find it pop. about 350. from works alread& published. their interest to bring out cheap editions of popular Btoomerang', (boom-e-rang',) on. A familiar though (Sport.) Art of keeping a betting-book in such a man- books, the copyright of which is secured to them. It is little understood missile, which in the hands of a native ner as to, generally, leave a balance of profit. now usual to stereotype cheap books and periodicals, of of Australia performs msarvellous feats, while in those Bookmnan, n. A person whose chief occupation is the which the sale is expected to be considerable, or to ex- of a Eumopean or American it is inert and intractable. reading and study of books. tend over a considerable time; and this counrse is adopted The B. is used by the Australian aborigines in war, sport, "This civil war of wits were much better us'd even with large books like the present work. The old and the chase. It consists of a piece of hard wood of Ou Navarre and his booksen: for here't is abus'd." - Shales. book-trade, or the sale of second-hand books, is carried a bent form, with the curve of a parabola, is about 2 ft. Boo]k'-mlarkl, 0Book01-marklt'er, n. Something on to a considerable extent in all the larger cities and long, 22 inches broad, t3 inch thick, and is rounded at placed between the leaves of a book in order to speedily towns of the U. States. Many of these dealers prepare the extremities. One side is flat, the other convex, and find any particular passage or page. periodically price catalogues of their boolks, which they it is brought to a bluntish edge. It is dischalrged by the Bookmlate, it. A school-mate; a school-fellow. circulate through the country, and in this way dispose hand at one end, the convex edge being forward, and This Armado is a Spaniard,... and one that makes sport of a great many of their boolks. The price of old boolks the fiat side upward; and it is thrown as if to hit an ohTo the prince and his book-mates." - Shaks. is very fluctuating and capricious, depending in some ject in advance; instead, however, of going forward, it Book'mindedeless, n. Love of, or acquaintance mesasue upon their condition or intrinsic value; but ascends into the air with a rapid rotary motion, until it witi, books. frequently equally good copies of the same work may reaches a considerable height, when it begins to retroBlook'-moma'er, n. A dealer in, or vender of, boolks. be had at a half or third of the price in some shops, that grade, and finally passing over the head of the projector, Book'-inuslin, us. A kind of muslin, formerly used they can be obtatined bfor in others. In Germany, the falls to the ground behind hinm. This singular mofor book-covers. great centre of the boolk-tracle is Leipzig, where two tion is produced by the air impinging on the bulged Book'-oa-it, n. The oath on the Book, or Bible. great book-fairs are held annually, at Easter and Mi- side of thle inBook'-post, n. That department of a post-office de- chaelmas respectively. These fairs are not so important, strumneut. The s voted to tihe transmission of boolks, or printed matter. or so largely attended now as formerly, a great part of B., the invenBookl'-raek, n. A frame or contrivance hor holding a the business being effectedl by means of agents or coin- tion of which bookh open while being read. -An article of furniture missioners. Every book-seller in Germany has hIis coin- w o u 1 d have for the temporary deposit of books. missioner at Leipzig, to whom he transmits copies of done honor to Book'-seller, n. One who sells books; a book-vender. all his new publications, and who distributes themi the most celeSee BuOOK-Ts'saa. among the other coiammissioners, for transmission to brated s ci e nBook'-sellinl, n. The avocation or business of sell- their employers. At the end of the year the unsold tist, has long Fig. 388. — Bo001ERANG. ing books. works are sent back by the sane means to their severus been a common Boolk' —slelf, us. A shelf to hold books. publishers. The great advantage of this system is, that weapon amonig almost the lowest race of savages upon Book'-shiosp, n. A shop, or store, in which books are every newv boolk, within a few weeks of publication, is earth. — It has, of late years, been mooted to apply the sold; a boolk-seller's warehouse. made known throughout Germany and France, without principle of thie B. to the propu.ilsion of shiips. The savage, Book'-stall, n. A stand or stall in the public street, having recourse to the expensive system of adver- by practice, knows precisely how to poise as well as prowhere boolks are retailed to buyers. tising. The accounts of the various boolk-sellers are also ject his familiar missile; aind in this secret of the bulasced Booklt-stantl, n. Same as BooK-S'rALL, q. v. usually settled by means of the conmmissioners. In Eng- centre consists Sir Thomas Mditchell's application of the Bmoask'-store, n. In the U. States and Canada, a place lasnd send in Frtance, the B. F. is carried on much in the priniciple of thie B. to then propulsion of vessels Great rewhere bookes are Ieept for sale. (In Great Britain, a book- same waay, centring respectively in London and Paris. — sults ate anticipated froom thie scientific epplication of this selled's shop.) Tue fitrst American booel-seller, mssentioned by Thomas in simple principle, suuggestiing, as it does, a useans of adaptBoo gi-trahee, us. The business of wholesale Sealing in his Tlistory ofPrinting, was Hezekliah Usher, of Boston, ingna surhace revolving round a centre, so that it presents books is of a comparatively recent date. In early tinies, enown to have been in business as early as 1652. The to equal pressure a uniformnity of resistance, because the whens books were scarce and had all to be transcribed, first convention of tiook-sellers for the regulation of spaces describeul by a body in falling are proportional those who copied them usually also disposed of tliem, trade seems to have beesu held in Boston, 1724. The to thes squ'tres of thie times. When the salue surface is In the later period of Roenain history, however, there American company of ibooh-sellers ays founded in 1801. placed vertically, and set in rotary motion through fiuids, arose a class of persons termed bibliopolce, who acted 5s From its small beginnings, the Anierican B. T has it is subject to a similar laaw, aind when in the pulhmce of a kind of middle-men, employing or purchisaing books spumung up to be nearly equal to that of the most literary a screw, it is equally poised obliquely. Thus we hauve from the transcribems and disposinag of them to the. pus- countries of the Old World. We quote, fiom an English in this Iorm equilibrium, and equal resistance and lie. In the reign of Augustus, the lorothisrs Socii weres work atritten some yeasrs ago, the following remnstrk: equal strength, the propeller being bualanced ulhen it is celebrated in this way. With tihn estuablishment ofsee- "Amsericun boolns are iaow executed with neuttnese and first formed on its axis. hence, under any degree of ertl universities its the l2thl century, the trauho is boinos oh stio; thnir wood-cut esnbeollishiments sometime s sur- velocity, contrifugal action is converted into concentric VOL. I.- 42 INS~Lt 330 BOON BOOR BOOT action by the peculiar manner of balancing the surface district. Daniel Boone, the Western pioneer, once dwelt sovereigns, and many Mohammedan mosques, &c., are round the centre of rotary motion. in the neighborhood. heaps of ruins. Some of the streets are wide and reguBooming, p. a. Rushing with violence; roaring like Boonse, in TV. Virginia, a S.W. county, bounded on the lar, and the finest building is a mosque called Joumma waves. N.E. by Coal River, an affluent of the Kanawba, and also Mousjud, a gray-stone pile, with a handsome falade, Forsook by thee, in vain I sought thy aid. watered by Little Coal River and Laurel Creek. Are a,. when boonmiug billows clos'd sabove my head.'" - Pope. 525 sq. m. Snenface, mountainous, and heavily wooded.''".Boo. A violent rohiig accompanied with a Soil, partly fertile. - This county was fornmerly included - Btooitnfhn-, n. A violent rushing accompanied with a loud roar, as thie ioomneing of tihe ocean; a deep, hollow within those of Logan and Kanawha. Caep. Boone..... Court-House. ]lop. about 6,000. —reverbestainne sosnd, as the boosing of a bittern. Court-House.. about 6,000. Boo0m-iroins, n. pl. (NaFnt.) Flat rings of iron fixed Boome Fiarns e, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Carter co. on a ship's yards, and through which the studdingsail-r, in owa, risig in the. of the State __ booms run. after a course S., empties into the Des Moines Ri -es. 1-...in Boosna'lIin, n. (Ni.sut.) See BUOEKIN. Webster o. 1! B~i~oonm, n2. [A. S. Sene2~; Dan. Son; Icel. bone, fl-nine Sc~iri, to If3~B onlaes'borongis, in Isoea, a post-village, cap. of et ask. See BID.] A prnnyee1 or petition preferred to a per- Boone co., 2 m. E. of Des Moines River, and 40 N.N.W. of sc~~oi~~n, or persons. -Des Moines City. i sonl, or' persons. Booaaea'R~cpn~o~ag~tn, in k-tiZI'1L~liY,,zvi~la~e of Ri~aclisoSg s From which to God he made no many an idle boon. -.Sper..,.one en ier n.S. i. co., on the Kentucky River, 1S im. S.E. of Lexington. -A gift, graswt, favor, or bennaefstion. a favor granted, or At this place, in 1775, Daniel Boone built a fort, the first i[' "''!~ upelitiona answered; ms, to crave a Srneo erected in the State; and here, also, the first legislative "at Asm V lereh boofe o ne rr my mocd Oat 000 air lest; body of the W. States assenlbled in council.._ _,/ A smoller boos lb~on this a coosot beg.~ a.0B B'PP QlL;P """Os01l'~ a ilig f on And loss lton..this, I'm sore, yeo.....t give.' - Sts. Boones'borogish, in Maisonuri, a village of Boone And less than this, I'm sureei you cannot give,'- - Sh~aks. 3 n.o efro iy co., 30 nL N. of Jefferson City. it -K'. -// /.&i.i /-;-n. [Scot. boon; W. bne.] The refuse matter of droessed Boone's cGrove, in Ae'klansas, a post-office of Washflax. BoesGoe nAknaaps-fieo ah ~~~~~~flax. moo-~~ington co. -a. [Fr. bon; Lat. bonus, good.] Gay; merry; pleasant; Boone's M~fill, in Tir-giinia, a post-office of Franklin jolly; as, a boon-companion. co., 184 mn. W. by S. of Richmond., Sotiate at length. Bootne'ville, in A-lrkansas, a post-village of Scott co., And heighten'd as with wine, jocund and boon." —llfilton. 36 m. S. E. of Van Buren. -Kind; bountiful; beneficent. Boonelville, in Colorado Territory, a post-office of Fog 389. -sesouASeOOa " With as boon a grace, and as bold a front, look the world in Pueblo co. (From Elliott's " Views in the East.".) the face.' - South. Btoone'rvilHe, in indianal, a village, cap. of Warweirck and octagonal minarets, but destitute of the characterBoon, in Oregon, a post-office of Clackamas co. co., 11 m. frono the Ohio River, and 170 S.S.W. of Indian- istic Mohammnedan cupola. The Bokrahs, a MohammneB]oonslee', or BuNDo, a rajahship of Hindostan, prov. apolis; pop. about 750. dan sect who dress on Aiabian rostume, (claiming Rlajpootana, underBritish protection. eistime,. area, 2,291 Boone'ville, in Iowa, a village of Boone co., 140 m. A. Arab descent,) are the principal merchants. B, was sq. m. It was formerly nuchn more extensive, but Kotnh by N. of Iowa City. captured by the British in 1803. and its territory have been separated from it; in 1817, Boonelville, in Kcentucky/, a post-village of Owsley co., Booroo, an island of the Malayan archnpeligo bemore than half the revenues were usurped by Scindia, on the S. fork of the Kentucky River, 100 in. S.E. of teen Lat. 30 and 40 S., and Lon. 120 and 1270 E., 50 and iolkar, and the peasantry impoverished by endless Fralnkfort. m. W. of Ceram: length 75 no.; breadth, 38. Rice, exactions; but, in 1818, the Rajah received a considers- Boone'ville, in Necw York, a flourishing post-village sgo, aromatic and other woods, tropical iruits, and the ble accession of territory, and the town of Patun, from and township of Oneida co., 31 mi. N. of Utica; pop. of best cajeput oil, are found here. The interior is inhathe British. Although small, this State is important, townshlip, about 5000. bited by Hurafuras. The Dutch have a settlement here, as it contains the principal passes firom tihe S. into Upper Boone'ville, in Mississippi, a post-village of Tishe- and it is frequently visited by the S. Sea whalers. Pop. HIindostan. The natives are of the lara tribe, which ningo co., 20 m. S. of Corinth. abt. 18,000. has produced mnany eminent men. B Boone'ville, in Texas, a village, cap. of Brazos co., Booroogiril', a town of Persia, prov. Irak-KerononBiOONDEE, cap. of the above State, 80 m. S.E. of Ajmeer, and 110 mn. E. by N. of Austin, and 10 from tine Brazos River. shah, in a fine valley, 190 no. W. of Ispahan, Adtim. 200 S.W. of Agra; Lat. 250 28' N., Lon. 750 30' E. It is B1oosn Gr ove, in Indiana, a post-office of Potter co. op. 12,000.. divided into New and Old B.; the former is walled, and Boorn'illl, in North Garolina, a post-village of John- Boort, or Bort,?. (Min.) A kind of diamond, genbuilt of stone on a high hill. This city is also rendered son co.. 12 m. N.W. of Goldsborough. erally of a spherical shape, and apparently formed of a striking by its numerous temples, magnificent fountains, Boosasi'bo'roigh, in Aekansas, apost-village of Wash- confused mass of interlaced and twisted parts, like knots and spacious main street opening to the palace, at the ington co., 20 m. S.W. of lFayetteville. in wood. In consequence of this peculiar structure, it lower extremity of which stands a great temple, dedi- Boons'borongh, in Ilinois, a village of Ogle co., cannot be cut like the ordinary diamond, and is onlyof cated to Krishna, with mmnsy bas-reliefs and other sculp- 140 m. N. of Peoria. use for polishing other stones, after it has been broken lures. Old B. lies to the W. and is in a state of general Bolons'Soron-ais, in IentucTly. See BeorNESBOROUGosa. and reduced to powder in a mortar. decay. Boons'lsborossls, in Maryland, a post-office of Wash- Booe, (hoes.) [Dan. baae, a stall.] A stall or enclos_Boone, DANtEL, (b5i5n,) the pioneer of Kentucky, B. in ington co. ure for cattle. (Used in some parts of England.) Bucks co., Pennsylvannia, 1735. He was a colonel in the Booall's lorosgis, in liassouri, a village of Howard Boose, v. i. See BoozE. U. States service, and signalized himself by his many co., 14 mn. W. of F'ayette, nd wnithin a short distance of Blooses zera, or Boossun Praih, (boosein-pra[,) daring exploits against the Indians, and also by his ex- the Missonuri River. a river in the country of Ashantee, W. Africa, that distensive snrveys and explorations of the State of Ken- Boon's Creelk, in 7eInnessee, a P. O. of Washington co. embogues into tihe Atlantic, in Lat. 40 52' N., Lon. 90 tucky. In 1793 lie removed to Upper Louisiana, then Boonm Slimring, in isnwa, a tocwnship of Clinton co. 30, W. - belonging to the Spaniards, and was appointed by them Boonolson, in Mlissouri, a village of IBoone co. Boost,. i. [See BsAS.] To push a person up from commandant of a district there. HIe was one of the B ooan'toas, in Noew Jersey, a flourishing post-town of behind. (A vulgarism peculiar to space of the New Engmost successful of the enterprising American pioneers Hanover township, Morris co., on the Rockaway River, land Stales.) of the 18th century, and may be said to have explored, 8 mn. N.E. of Morristown. Extensive iron furnaces and Bloosy. a. See Boozy. defended, and aided in thle settlement of the country rolling mills are at work here. Boot, e. [Fr. botle, from Celt. belie, botta, a shoe - bot, fiomn the Alleghany Mountains to the frontier of Mis- Bon iville, in.ldaho Tionrritry, a mining village of foot, and teci, or tes, to hide; Swed. and Goth. beta; Sp. soui. Many places have been named in his honor. Owyhee co., on Jordan Creek, 2 m, below Ruby City. bota] A leather cass or covening fir the leg, united Boone, in Illinois, a N. county, with an area of 270 sq. B on vmille, in Indianea, a village of Adamns co., on the with a shoe (For history and trade statistics, see SHOE.) in., bordering on Wisconsin. It is drainned by the Kish- Mississippi River. -An instrument of torture for compressing the legs; forwaukee River, and the Pickasawand some smnaller creels. -A post-office of Warrick co. merly used in Scotland in order to extort confession,%E/aface, undulating, and comprising prairie and heavy Boot'ville, in 31issonuri, a prosperous post-town, and from persons accused of crimes. It was of various kinds. timber. Soil, highly productive. Cap. Belvidere. Poe. cap. of Cooper co., in tIe S. bsoic of the Missonr.i River, Sonmetimes it wvas composed of parchment applied moist, about 16,500. 48 in. NW. of Jefferson City. This is sa file cand filorish- and then brouglht near the fire, so as by shrinrking to -A township of above co., 10 nm. N.E. 6fBelvidere. in place, in the bidst of s fertile and highly produc- cause great pain and uneasiness; at others, it consisted Boone, in Irdiana, acentral county. comprising 308 sq. tive country. Iron, lead, cenQat, and other minerals are of four thick strong boards bound tightly round either min., and traversed by the Eagle and Sugar creeks. Sur- abundantly folund in thie neighborhood. Named after one or both legs with cords, and then compressed by face, diversified. Soil, productive. Cap. Lebanon. Pa. its original settler, Daniel Boone. Pop. about 3,200 means of wedges, until, occasionally, the bones of the about 33,000. BoooA'ivlle, in North COrolina, a P. O. of Yadkin co. unfortunate sufferer's legs were broken; it was, some-A township of Harrison co., on the Ohio River; pop. Boops, n. (ZoBl.) A genus of smnai Acanthopterygious times, also made of iron. (Cilled also bordekin.) about 2,000. fishes, found in the Mediterlariean and in the seas of, So he was put to the torture, which in Scotland they call the -A township of Cass co.; pop. about 1,200. South America. The species are generally of brilliant boot.'" - Bishop Burnet. -A township of Crawford co.; pop. about 700. coloring, and characterized bly a small mouth, large -A receptacle or box in a coach, wherein baggage, &c. is -A township of Madison co.; pop. about 800. eyes, and a rounded form. - This nanme is also given to stowed away.-A leathern cover placed over the wheels -A township of Porter co.; pop. about 1,200. the pike-headed whale, Bae/ara bioUps, found in the of a carriage to protect from rain, mire,,c. -A village and township of Warwick co. - Pop. of town- Greenland seas. -(p) A common tern for a servant at ann hotel, whose ship, about 3,500. Boor, n. [A. S. gebur, from buenh, to till; Du. boer; duty it is to attend to travellers' boots, &c.; a bootBoone, in iowa, a W. central county, possessing an Gee. basier, from basien, to till, to cultivate.) A farmer; black; s, nn The boots at the lnlly-Treelnn."-Dickens. area of 576sq. m. It isintersected, and formed into two a countryman; specifically, a rustic; a rude peasant; a e. a. To put on boots. portions, by the Des Moines River. Sser/face, diversified, clownish fellow; a lout. Bt, master Shallow.. let ake y m's orss.,'Boot, boot, master Shallow:..,. let us take any man's horses.' and soil very fertile, containingstone-coal. Can. Bnones- To one well-born, th affront is worse and more, Shaks. borough. Pop. about 16,000, When he's abus'd and baffled by a boor." - ryden. B. Boty; plunder.. and )- ofit; gain; n Boo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t,00 n. Booty; plunder. (o. and it.) - Profit; gain; -A township of Hamilton co.; pop about 700. Boor'ish, a. Clownish; rustic; rude; illiterate; un- advantage. -A post-township of Dallas co., 12 min. W. of Des Moines civilized. "Ay gravity.... City; poie. about 800. " Therefore, you clown. abandon, which is, in the vulgar, leavero Could I, -with toot, change for idle plume, B]oone, in Kefntucky, a N. county. Area, 300 sq.n.. I; the society. wich, in the boorish, is, company of this female - Which the sir beats fr vain." - Shaks. is dorained by the Ohio River, its boundary on the N. and Shaks. To oot. Over and above; besides; additional; as, here's W., and dividing it from Ohio and Indiana. Surface, Boorishlly, adv. In a boorish manner; after a clown- a dollar to bSot. hilly. Soil, fertile. Cap. Burlington. Pop. abt. 12,500. ish fashion.', Stan is God's image; but a poor man is — A post-office of Boone co. " Limbs.... boorishly robust." -- Fenton., Christ's image to boot." —. Herbert. Boone, in Missouri, a county in the centre of the State, Boorislissiess, n. Quality of being boorish; clownish- Boot, p. a. [A. S. bet, bofe, compensation to an injured with an area of 608 sq. m. On the S.W. it is bounded by ness; rusticity; coairseneos of manners. party, from Goth. Soljan, to profit, to advantage.] To the M/Iissouri River, snd oin the E. by Cedar Creek. ]BoorB h an]!oo~r' or Bxea NPUa.a, a town of Hiudostan, onake reparation; specifically, to profit, to advantage; Itoche Perces and Petite Bonne Femme rivers flow in the Deccan, prov. Candeish (of which it was the an- usually preceding, or following, if; as, what boots it? through it S. to the Missouri. Sosrface, varied, being ~ cient capital); built in a plain, on the Tuptee, 135 m., For what t have, I need not to repeat; partly prairie, and partly wooded land. Soil, extremely S.S.E. of 0ojein, and 215 E. of Suraut. Lat. 210 190 N., And what I want, it boots not to complain." -Shaks. rich, and well-cultivated. Stone-coal and lime-stone Lon. 760 18' E. This is one of the largest and best built BWoot, in llinois, a post-office of Richland co. are found. Cap. Columbia. Pop. (1870.) 20,963, cities of the Deccan, thonugh, as a whole, devoid of archi- Boot,.', or Bnovrs'. sn independent stale of N. Hindo-A township of Franklin co. tectural beauty. Moat of tsIe houses are of brick, many stelan, between Lat. 250 30' and 280 30' N., and Lou. 880 too ise, in NesCth CGasolnca, a post-village, cap. of We- three sdories hlinh, with neat fisgades, and nniversa!Iy 30' and 9-i0 E.;h ovin ig N. the htimnalsyas, dividing it tbingo co., 200 n. W. by N, of I'tleigh, in i moun'taous rofed wit-In tiles; but the fort and palace of its ancient flom Thibet; K. and S. Assam anil Bengal, and W. the BOOT BOOZ BORA 331 river Teesta, which separates it from Sikkim; length Boothalk', a fortified pass of Afghanistan, 12 m. E. 0Booz'y, Boos'y, Bou'sy, a. Inebriated; fuddled; about 350 min., by froin 90 to 100 in width. Estiee. area, of Cabul. It runs for 5 mi. between cliffe 500 feet high, overcome witlhliquor. 61,500 sq. n. Desc., mouitainous aiind hilly, with fertile and is in some places only 50 yards wide. " With a long legend of romantic things, valleys here and there, and a large patch of jungle Booth Bay, in Maine, a poet-village and township of Which in his cups the boozy poet sings."-Dryden. where it approaches Bengal. The Tchinchienis the prin- Lincoln co., lyiing between the Sheepscot aiid IDamaris- B]o-peep', n. A kind of advancing and retiring, or hiding cipal river, which, after a course of abt. 150 in., empties cotta rivers, and with the Atlantic ifor its S. boundary, the lace, and after looking, crying be! as is sometimes into the Brahminapootra; other smaller rivers of ii ttle im- 40 m. S.E. of Augusta. It has a large fishing conmmerce, done with children for their amusemenet. portance also drain the country. Min. Granite, quartz, aind also extensive ship-building yards and satw-mills. "That such a king should play be-peep, limestone, iron, and copper; it is conjectured that the P/p. about 2,500. And go the fools among." —Shaks. mountain ranges contain much mineral wealth, but Booth Coarner, in Pennsylvania, a P.O. ofDelawareco. Bopp, FRANZ, a German philologist, u. at Mayence, they remain almost wholly unexplored. Clie. Every Boothie Felix, (boo'the-ac.'tllix,) an insiulated region 1791. His early edtucation was conducted at Aschaffenvariety of climate prevails, according to elevation; heat of British N. America, stretching into the Arctic Ocean, burg, where lie studied under Professor Windischmann, and cold both run equally to extremes in their due sea- between Lat. 690 and 750 N., and Lon. 920 and 970 W., who filled the chair of 1'Pilosophy and Illstory in the sons. Taken altogether, B. is comparatively healthy. and so called in honor of Sir Felix Booth, by Sir Janies university of that town. By the advice of this learned Vegetation. All kinds of timber known in the tenmper- Ross its discoverer, who here determined the position of man and protound Orientalist, (the disciple of Schelling,) ate zone flourish, excepting the oak; fruits, the cinina- the magnetic pole. Bopp resolved to dedicate himself entirely to Oriental mon-tree, and rhubarb are also plentiful. Zo'l. The S. Booth'ia Gul an inlet of the sea in British N.America, literature. IhIving finished his elemientary studies, he jungle abounds with the wild animals indigenous to In- being a southward extension of Prince Regent's Sound, set out in 1812, to make himself acquainted with Indian dia; and the Y/ak, or grunting ox, together with the and separatinig Boothia Felix from Melville Peninsula languages, supported by a small pension allowed him by Tangun horse (a short-tbodied, clean-limbed, active ani- and Cockburn Island. Its length is about 310 m. from the king of Bavaria. In Paris, hlie was encouraged by mal), belong to this country. Itnhab. The people, who N.E. to S.W.; ind its breadth varies fromt 60 to 100 m. M. Sylvestre De Sacy and August Wilhelm Schlegel, and closely resemble, in most poinits, the Bengalese, are, in Boot'-hose, n. [boot anhd hose.] Spatterdashes used in- cotipleted hIis studies in London and Gbttingen. On his general, peaceably inclined; polygaiouts; often afflicted stead of boots: stockinigs to serve for boots. retuc'n to Prcussia he was appointed professor of Sanwith goitre, al wiorship Budddha. Pt'od. The natives are "His lackey with a linen stock on one leg, and a boot-hose on slirit in the University of Berlin; in 1842 he was created tolerable agricuelturists, but the tillage of the soil is per- the other." - Shaks. Chevalier of the Order of' Merit. and in 1857, the French formed alnost enitirely by the women. Rice, wheat, Booth's PoinMt, in Tennessee, a post-office of'Dyer co. Institute nominated him ie reign associate. Professor barley, and vegetableso yield the staple crops. xJP. Boot'iktsa, is. A scsifl tsoot. - A covering for any limb B.'s philologi cal labors have given quite a new character Coarse woollens, horses, wax, ivory, gold-dust, silver in- or mernber of the body, curativcsiy used for the gout. to this science. lis great work, the Comparative Grasmgots, musk, fruits, rock-salt, &c. lManuf. Paper fabri- "I desire no more of my bootikDis." - Valtpole. snar of the Sanstk.rit, Greek, Lstin, Lithuanian, Ancient cated from bark, idols, swords, arrow-heads, &c. Govt. Bootin, A decptio of tortre. See BOO Slavic, Gothic, and Ger-ioan (" Verglelichendce Grainnratik The governemenet is admuinistered boy a deb-Rajah under Bo'Aottvaieudes Sanskrit," &c., Berlin, 1833-49; 2d edition, entirely British authority; the latter people having annexed the rBovse tdk, n. A co.iva e ud for drawin boots. rvntains a complete an alysis of the gramcountry in 18655. owns. Passissudon and Tunakka. Boq)o'-lao so See Tor e rcvised, 1857,) contaits a coneplte analysis of othe gravnPontestinat a 1865 500 000Bandties, a DOstit0tt of boot; uctSeavaiing; unprofit- nu.matical form of the Indo-Germnanic' languages; and the Pop. estimatced t 1,500,000. n Asratae able; usless a a.; D stistuthosfoot;uu erraofitC-. general laws hle deduces friom them are highly creditBoet'.catcher, n. A servant at an inn, formerly ed- Bootless speed, able to his peerspicuity. Iis writings, which are both ployedt to takre off travellers' boots. (o.) Whe cowtardc usus an vlr les. —has ~~~~plao~~yed to t~~~W soke scs vavlor boos.s.O. -BS/ts. ceniumerous and volumniinouns, have greatly fcilitated the The ostler and the boot-catcher ought to partake." - Swift. study of the Sanskrit language, and his translations of ~Bo~~ot'~~-c~~rimBootesly, adv. frme Without use or profit. various Indian classics have contributed iergely to our Boot'.crhinlp, n. A frame used by boot-makers for ]]oot/leszaess, n. Saeo on oteso sls Booti ssses, so.State of being bootless or useleos, ksoweg ~~~~~~~~~~~shaping bi~dthe hb'oldy of a boot. or tolkitnowledge of Oriental poetry, nmorals, and philosophy, shap~~~~~~~~~~~Ing the ~~oly of or without, avail as exhibited in the ancient literature of India. Boot'ee, A hialf-tboot, ankle-boot, or short boot. Boo'lek, i. A toady; a lick-spittle; one who flatters Bop'part, (nne. Bansobr-ga,) a town of Prussia, prov. Boot'erstown, a parish of Ireland, co. Dublin. ant cringes t0 iuother (Used in the U. States.) he, on the ft b of le latter river, 9. S. of t, It~~~~~~~~~~~hine, on the left baink of' the latter river, 9 m. S. of Boiites, (bo-o'tes.) [Gr., a plonghmaan.] (Myth.) The son Bot'ooto, an island of the Eastern Archipelgo, 2d di- Coblent. It is a vey ncient place, knon to te RoCoblentz. It is a very ancient place, known to the Roof Ceres and of ILsion, who, being plundered of all his, g off tlie S.1. extrey of Celebe; m possessions by his brother Pluto, invented the plough, to 85 cu.; lyergof bre edthtab o it 20 o.;between Lat. 40gth m s cut'eas, in the Middle Ages, an itipen-al city, which he yoked tso oxen, and cultivatod the soil to 60 S., [,ion. 1g23 E. it is high, woo0ded, well cultivated, streeted, quaint, ovt-ofthe-w ohld towni. ben. 4,hd2. procure subsistence for himself. As a reward for tIt h streeted, quaint, s e -w ii t. It io a arow discovery, he wns translated to heaven by his mother, andI yiehlds cnaize, rice, and fruits. The Dutch had for- B1oques e reek, in Ohio, fills into th e Scioto River in discovery, he waLs traLnslnatd to heaven by his mother, el stemn r. ctwe o procure I ni~~~~~~~~~rerly a settlemuent bete Delaeware re,in0/oflsntthSciotoRvri with the plough and yoke of oxen, under the name of Boot'- o usedlto Ont, h5 Boquet, co. B. /e. the Ox-dr/vet, awi hel is still borne by one of the of thet& pp1_1,1. (XTaut.) A term used to epress B]oquet, in New York, a river of Essex co., emptying coB., i.e. the Oll -drat ive, which is still others, B. neas the son the scraping oft' the simny, greasy coating front a ship's into Lake Chanplain. Lycnuon dCistowho Isisfther sleB wand set be- bottom, nid dubbing it with a preparation of tallow, Bora, arusRn A vo, the wife of LUTHER, q. v. Lycaon and Cadisto, whom his father slew, and set be- sulphur, and resin. Bor'able, a. That cnny te boros. (i.) fore Jupiter for a repast to try his omniscience. Jupiter Boot'-tsree, Boot'-last, n. Ac icstrunentused by Borahiio, (bo-cft'cho,) i. [Sp. borracho, drunk.] A restored him to life, and placed him amiong the stars. restred hi to life, and plced i on the stars. boot-nmaklers to stretch the leg of a boot; consisting of drunlard. (0.) (Aetross.) A constellations Cuotled also Arctopuylax, or two pieces of harid wood fitting into it, and betwee Ho you tin o ine I De think my niece wi eer edre the Bear-driv,,~~~r. It is situated between Corona Borealis 11~~~' How you stink of wine I D'ye think nay niece will ever endure the Bedcs-dr/is's. It is situated between Corona Boronlis which wedges are driven, such al sochis / "-Cosgrec. which wedges ave driven. such a borschioi I " —Congreve. on the E., trod Cor Caroli, or the. Greyhiounds, oil the W. ona bitae., ans Cor Caroi, or the Gid eIfthoue ds, on the oy. Boo* [y so. Swed. and Goth. byte, fronm byta, to exchange, Boracie Aid, (bo-rasLic.) [Ironi Ar. baur'c, a spccie It conttains 54 sturs, insclnding 1 of the 1st mnagnituede, to divide; Ger. beute.] That which is captured in war, Arcturus, 7 of tne 3d, aid 10 of tne 4th. Its nmean de- acud is intendeld to be dcividedl; anything tahen yrb of nitre.] (Cheis.) This acid, which imany be regarded as clinatioc is 200 N., and its mean rigiht ascension is 2120; iery; spoil; plunbhi; dillage; as, t iey kcib off with aeroxide of boron., is the only knovn conupoend of oxits centre is therefore o0 the meridian thle 9th of June. their booti. l h ygen md borsn. It is obtained in a 1k-e state Iros the Booth, n. [W. bwth; In. boith or bot's; Gael. both, a cot- And when he reckonvolcanic districts in the N. of Itnly, -here it issues from BCPooth, ". C~V. D~uth; I1~. boitl~ or Dlt~r; Q~tel. (And wvhen he reckons thats he has gotten a iooe, he hat only th e earth in the form of vapor, accoimpanied by violent tage, hut, tent, bower, or booth; allied to bower, and caught a Tarnar."-L'Estranige. jets of steam, in lich are lnown inc tne neighborhood as Heb. beth, a houses.] A house or slied erected with ~~~jets of steam, which are' known in the neighborhood as tieb. beth, a nouse.] A house or shled erected with bougghs, branches, boaris, &c., for a tecepornry residence (iFist.) The Greelks divided their booty among tIhe ssifoni or foimerolles. The evaporation is conducted in a stall or stntdin0 issafir ~or nnurket.-The eordis usd "army in commaon, reserving to the general only a larger shallow leaden evnporating pans (B, Pig. 390), under in this sense in the Bible, (Gen. xxxiii. 17,) and the share. One of the prerogatives of a Grecian general which the steam from the soffioni is conducted through great feast of tabernacles, or bootlhs, had its name from was the distribution of the plunder taklen from a van- the flues (A) constructed for that purpose. During the the circumstance that tihe Jews were directed by their quished eey.'e red in Hoer tt the valuable aroruisuhll efemy. tote sreadi Hofe thelades whi alale the.... law to dwell in booths during tihe seven days of this mo usull fell to te se of the leades lle te feast (Lev. xxiii. 42.) conmmon soldiery were pernmitted to gather the spoils of Booth, BARTox, an enminent English actor, B. 1681, as the dlead. Annion tne Lacceolmnsosisns, u however, the a near relation of Henry B., Earl of W'arrington. Im- soldiery were forbidden to plunder tIn cocquered, nlbibing a passion for a theatrical life, he ran away from bibin a passion for a tentral life, hs nwy fo though, in certain instances, a portirn of tle spoils w as Trinity College, Camubridge, and joined a company of dedicated to the ods, hile some oter pats were e sedicaed for the goshighes comaners Aferther bartstwee rostrolling players. In 1701, lie made his first bow at the served fr th higest cornie s After tie bttleo Theatre Royal, rur Lanehee his reception'as ec- ta, which took place 800 yearsf subsequently to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, where his reception was enthusiastic. In 1712, ie performed the principal character Trojan war, the spoils of the Persians rere regulated by Toawath e generls, wofthPersetiang aparte pregtiod for th...... in Addisotn's "Cato," and soon after because manauger of the generals, who, ifter setting apart a poterion lou the [....I. the house, where he continued to perform until nearly decoration of the temples, shareil tie reialinler'mong t odiecratio Fom the t timpesshr( the pluander wasmold, (te to his death. B.'s best part as an actor is said to have te soldiery. Irot tt tine the plune as sold (e been Otlsello, but his favorite sl re " w'as the far less in- proceeds being applied to the decoration of the temples,) porat ont of ti Ghost n Imet." i tone, mn- to the soldiers, and to the generals and their friends. ner, and gait were so solemnn ands unearthly, that the By the military discipline of the Itomans, spoils taken audience appeared to be under the impression that a fron the eneay belonged to the republic, particular positive spectre stood before them. D. 1733. persons having no right to thire. The generals, who Booth, EDWIvN, son of thu rell-knosn tragedian'eho opiqued themselves on their probity, carried it intact to 1 forms the subject of the article immediately followingn the public treasury. Sowetimes, idcded, they dirided it was B. at Baltimore, 1833. Early adopting the toatrical among thu soldiery, to aniniate them, and to serve in len profession, lie filled many minor parts, and afterwards of rewssrd; bnt this distribution depended entirely upon made his first regular appeiarance on the stage as Trous- the generals, who were bound to conduct themselves in sell in Shakspeare's " Richard III." in 1849, and per- its distribution with great equity aud noderations its distribution writh great equity and mloderation; formed the chlaracter of Richard in the sane play, in otherwise it became a crimne of peculation to lay hands' 1849, in place of his father, then incapacitated by illness. upon the pilluge, ehich was considered as the rightful After a tour through California. Australia, the Sandwich property of the, State. Tha consuls Ronuliuos and YeIslands, &c., he re-sippeared at New York, ire 1857, visited turius were condemned for having.sold the booty talken og. 390. - BORACIC LAGOON, AND EVAPORATINO PANS. England ancd the Cotinent of Ewnope in 1861, and re- fr ts ni. ooty mon tie es was divided into evaporation, grt qcantities of sulphate of lime re deturned to New Yorlk, wheruer he comumencd a series of e9qual parts between the arny and the people, though, pisittd, which require renoval fron time to time. Shakspearean revivals at the Winter Garden Theatre in under the kings, a differentn mode of distribution osi- Abount i50 tons of crude B. acid are annuallby expor ted 1863. This establishment'eas totally destroyed by fire triaed. (Nuun. xxxi. 27.) —According to Calmet, thie Mi- fronm Tusceny. The crude acid is contamni naited wisth 25 in 1867. B. is esteemed to lie the best American trage- hanmmedan prnctice was to allow two-thirds of the B). per cent. of stulphuate of ammonia and alnmina..n d othler dian and Shakspearean delineator of the day, to the army, the other third to God, to Mohammed n dnuni saline impnurities. t. acid is used hirincipally Ior makingBlooth, Jo~rus BaUTUS, an English tragedian, a. in Lon- his descendants, and to orphans, pilgrims, and the pooe. borax, or bibortte of soda. BL scid is formesd in the lsbdon, 1796. In 1814, he made his dibsot at Covent Garden In modern times the victor's share is generally termed oratory boy dissolvin~ purified borax in four pirts of boilTheatre, in the impersonaition of Richas'd JI~, and prize-ueoney, (q. v.,) and in the East, loot. ing wavter, and addinig to the hot solution e quantity of achieved a decided success. Ire 1821, he emigrasted to Booze, Boose, B2otse, v. i. [Du. buysen, to drinke sulphuric acid, eqlmma to one-houbrth of the bora x mused. On the U. States, and appeared in most of tble prinacipal heavily.] To drinlk lsivishnly or excessively; to tops; to cooling, B. scid crystallizes ocut in pearly scales, concities of the Union, performing his Itirorite channtcters of fuddle; to ply one's self with liquor. tamining three equivalents of wteber. These crystals conB/ichard I[I., liranlct, yI5/yocts. Sis Ciles Osusseacih, &c.,' And in his hand did bear a bousing can, tain a smnsll quantity of shlphuric acid, fitonu'ehich they and havinng placel himnself at bliss hbessi of Isis hir:iferssion Of which he sipp'd." —Fatrie Qteene. ore freeo by washlinig, dryici, ausd fttsing them its a plain this cmuntry, hbu aci:umtiulalod rd wealthn anti r',:stilsmttion.. I Bsr'-.q'er, n. A tippler; one who drinks heavily; a hinunn crucible. Oun r'e-dissovincg' tine fusseib acidl ibu focer D. 1852. lintdic. parts of wator, amid re-crystallizing, it is obtainedl toel 332 3BORA BORD 3BORD fectly pure. B. acid, on being strongly heated, becomes Bora'go, n. [Lat., from bor, for cor, the heart, and ago, N. part of the city, is handsome, and deservedly celeannhydrous; and at a red heat it fuses ilto a transparent to chieer, because it was believed to exhilarate the heart.] brated. The squares and promenades are remarkable glass, which remains clear as it cools. -It soon crumbles (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Boraginacece. The spe- for their beauty and size. The approach to B. by water to pieces by absorbing water from the air. B. acid cons- cies B. qoYicinalis, commonly known as Borage, native is very striking. The G-aronne is skirted along the city munnicates to its compounds the property of fiusibility; of Asia Minor, but naturalized in many parts of Europe, by a succession of superb quays, which descend, by a hence the use of many berates, more especially the bi- is with us a common inhabitant of the garden. It is gentle inclination, to the water's edge, and, besides their borate of soda, as fluxes. It dissolves in three times its characterized by a wheel-slhaped corolla with a very utility, are among the principal ornaments of the town, weight of boiling water, but is very insoluble in cold. short tube, the mouth of' which is closed by scales; by being lined with fine buildings, whose fatades have The solution is remarkasle ftr possessing the properties five stamens with forked filaments, the inner armis of an imposing effect. The conimmunication between B. of at alkali when tested with turineric paper, which it which support the anthers; and by these anthers being and the opposite suburb of La Bastide is maintained by chantes to a deep brown. Even to litmus it only gives cotnnivent aroumid the style, in the form of a cone. The one of the finest bridges to he found in Europe, 532 a slight reddishi-purple tinge. When a solution of B. entire plant is rough with hairs, and hias rather a coarse yards in length, by 48 in breadth, and erected at a cost acid is evaporated, a certain quantity of the acid rises appearance; but its flowers are very beautiful, being of of $1,300,000. The chief public buildings are the cturches with tile steam; and this is the cause of thefumerolles a fine blue color. The young leaves were formerly al- of St. Michael, St. Croix, &c. &c.; the Bourse (Exchange), described above as existing in Tuscany. Anhydrous B. ways added to a coot tankard, or draught made of wine Custom-H-ouse, Hall of Justice, Palaies Itoyal, c. There acid is but slowly volutilized by heat. It enters into or cider, with watter, lemon, and sugar. The flowers are combination with alkaline bases it several proportions, used on the continent of Europe to ornament salads,.... _ _ _ resembling silicic acid in this as well as in other partic- and the tender tops are sometinmes boiled in soups. ___________ -— _-_...... ulhss. A sexborate and triborate of potash have been Bor'ainetz, a. (Bet.) See Croesuet. obtained; atnd although one contains six equivalents of ]Boras'sus, a. [Gr. borassos, the skin of the date.] acid and the other three, they possess the property of (Bot.) A genus of trees, order Paltnacee. It consists of restoring the color of reddened litmus like an alkali. B. but one species, which is fobund in every part of India. acid dissolves in alcohol, and burns with a characteristic This ias been naised B. fabellfos-sis, and is commonly greenu flasse, with the exception of biborate of soda. Tie known to thi European inhsabitamits as thePalmya. Its I_ horates are not very important salts, and need not be steis attains a height of trils 23 to 40 feet and beats alluded to here, further than to mention that, as a rule, upon its summnit a magnificent coronal of Ian-shaped atlitaline borates are freely soluble, while those of the leaves. The fruit is about the size of a child's head, - other bases are either insoluble or very sparingly so. and, when very young, contains a sweet pulp which may t/ Pohrum. B03. be eaten. From the juice obtained from this plant, -- W j 1Boraeite, n. (Miin.) Native borate of magnesia. It large quantities of an intoxicating drink. are prepared [~f~[2~:L[.... occurs in cubes, inclining to gray, yellowv, or green, with by the iatives. Tie fibses of the leaves are used ftor [ a vitreous Iustrte, and opaque, or more or less translu- cordage, aud thie outer wood of the stein fbr bows. —!I WS cent. Small but perfect crystals are found at Kalkberg See T'eDv. and Schildsteiii, near Lbileburg, in Hanover, in beds of lBo'rate, -a. (0!aes.) A salt resulting from the combina- 7] gypsum. tiom of boracic acid with a base. Boaracous, a. Partalking of borax. Bo'rax, ua. [Lust., froin Ar. hoierss, batetach, a species of Bo'rage, a. (Bat.) The English name of the genus nitre.] (Chane.) A conmpound containing boracic acid BR)RAo, q. v. and soda. It was formerly imported from the East in mu - Boraginasceme, (bo-raj'i-nai'se-e,) n. pl. (BOt.) The the crude state, under the, naume of tincal, which con-_ _ Boraqge-worts, aut order of plants, alliance EchiaZes. Diag. tained borax in combination with various substances of' _-._ ________ Regular symmetrical flowers, 5 stamens, 4 nuts, or two a saponaceous nature. It was purified by being heated pairs, a naksed stigma, and circinate inflorescence. — with lime or soda, until the whole of the soapy matte rg 32 a x They are herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves usually and other impurities were separated. B. is now mostly rough with hairs. The flowers are regular and sym- prepared by fusing two parts of boracic acid, obtained are two Protestant churches, but they present no nometrical; the calyx is persistent, and divided into either friom the Tuscan hagoons, (see BoRAcIC Acut,) with one ticeable features. Manuf. Brandy, sugar, bottles, shot, four or five segments; the corolla has the same number part of soda-ash. The mixture is thrown on the floor cordage, iron-sares, cottons and other textile fabrics; of lobes, and, usually, scales i t th throat; the stamens of a reverberatory furnace, and heated until all efferves- gloves, musical instruments, chemicals, liqueurs, &c.rise from the corolla, are equal in nunmber to its lobes, cence has ceased. The fused mass is lixiviatedand boiled Ship-building is an important interest here. xp. The and alternate with them. The fruit consists of two or until the impurities are precipitated; it is then decanted principal exports comprise wine, (see CLARET,) brandy, four distinct achenia, placed at the bottom of the per- and set aside to crystallize slowly. It crystallizes in ifruits, corks, chemicals, and drugs, &c. The inhabisistent calyx. There ire 54 genera, which include 683 rectangular hexagonal prisms, containing 10 equiva- tants are generally opulent, and live in a style superior lents of swater. A newv source of B. has lately been dis- to that common in any other French city, Paris excepted. covered in California, in a snsallt sheet of sater called Pop. 213,665. - The parsed of the fouandation of this aity Borax Lake. According to the report of the examninations is unknown. It awas the cap. of the Btureges cTivisci, a miads by Mr. A. Philips, B. occurs in the form of crys- Celtic nation of Gaul, was taken by the Romans in the tals of various dimensions, imbedded in the mud of the time of Augustus, and Hadrian made it the metropolis I t)J/a <. ~~ habottom of the lale. Besides the B. thus existing in a of the second Aquitaine. In 417 the Visigoths, in 509 crystallized form, the inud itself is highly charged with Clovis, and in 729 the Saracens successively possessed at ~ ~ /2 ~~~ -~that salt, and, according to an analysis of Prof. Oxland, themselves of it; uLinder Charlemagne, it was governed when dried, affords 177 3 per cent. of B. in them, in the by a count of its own; and, in the 9th cent., it was portions of the lake now worked. B. is ofgreat use in thie ruined by the Normans. It subsequently became the arts as a flux. Having the property, when melted, of dis- cap. of Guienne, and belonged to the English, until they solving metallic oxide, it is used in soldering to clean were finally expelled from France in thle reign of Henry away the film of oxide that would otherwise prevent VI. Generally speauing, this city has in later times the metals frionm uniting. It is sprinkled on the metallic been attachled to the Bonurbon dynasty, but, in 1830, on surface, and melts with the solder. It is also used in the piblication of the ordonaanccs of Charles X., the........gold and silver refiuning, and in laking enamel, to ren- standard of revolt was raised here, as in Paris. Of those der the compound more fusible. It is extensively eta- who were natives of B. we may menition Pope Clement ployed in the manufacture of certain kinds of glass, V., Richard II. of EIIngland, Montesquieu, Montaigne, and for fixing colors on porcelain and stone-ware. To the Latin poet Ausonius, Edward the "Black Prince," the chemist it is very valuable in blow-pipe tasnalysis. &c. Peatat NaO.2B03. B-ort"I'eax, HENRI CHARIs FERDINAND MlRIE,iEuBol'ba, a towni of Brazil, pryov. Parc, on the Madleira DONNE- D'AirsOI, DuKE DE, (better known by his second River, 95 m. SS..W. of Barra-dlo-Rio-Negro. title of ConT DEa CHAasORn,) head of the elder branch 12 B'ortbore'Bma, a mountaiun-chuain of Brazil, boundiug of the royal house of Iout-bo,, B. in Paris, 1820. lIe is bthie paov. of Ceiara on the S. son of Prince Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke de Borisboryg'm, (bbrtbo-rtai.) [Fr. borboryg-et.] A rum- Berri, who s-as assassinated in 1820, and of the princess,,~~~~~~~~ bling of' wind in tile bowels. (,R.) of the Two Sicflies, tile famous Duchess de Berri, (q. v.) Bora'cer, n. (Qua?'rying.) An iron instrumenat, steel- He was baptized with great pomp in water brought pointed, used for boring holes in large rocks, in order to from the river Jordan by M. de Chateaubriand. "The charge and blow them up waith gunpowder. child of mirascle, as he was popularly called, received lBord, n. An ancient terms for a cottage. the title of Count de Clasebord, from the castle of that Bor'oda JEAN CHARLFS, a French iathematiciuan and as- name schuhich was bought for him by public subascription. tronomler, B. at Dax, 1733. In 1771 he was associated Although Charles X., soon after the outbreak of the,-7~'~~~~~ ~with Verdun and Pingr6 in proving the accuracy of revolution of 1830, resolved to abdicate in the duke's: chronometers. He also devoted much attention to the favor, and in presence of the troops assembled at Ramsubject of ship-building, and suggested great imuprove- tonislet, made a proclanmation under the title of Henry mernts in the form of vessels. In 1787 he tools an ac- V., the DIuke of Bordeaux was compelled to quit the A.' ~~tive part in bringing the observatories of Paris and country. Iltaving lived for some time at Holyrood PalGreenwich into closerrelation with one another. Along ace, Edinburgh, he travelled in Germany, Lombardy, with Delaimbre and M6chain, lie was a ileading meniber Rome, and Naples, to complete his education. In 1843, of' the French commission intrusted with the measure- he resided in London, where he made a kind of political -/ z~~~n ment of a meridian are. He rendered essential service dbuat, claiming the crown of France, and receiving, b — aif/ -'- ~in the conunuission on the nec' systemn of weights and with all the etiquette of a court, such Legitimists as the incliiation of the magnetic needle: and his correc- to have been concluded between the Count de ChamA sOU'mea s ure. hishied, inv1787, a e instrkmin 2 voasBri other an Cate autb iad. to terrypout th sara ~~~~~~~tiens of the seconds' pendulum are still in use. But herd and the princes of the House of Orleans, by which nhis reputation depends most of tall on his improvement the claimns of the elder and younger branches of the of the reflecting circle, on which instrutment he pub- House of Bourbon were arranged; but for soane reason Fig. 391. — PULMIO NA RIA ANOUSTrIr0LIA. lishled, in 1787, a wvork in 2 vols. D. 1799. or other no attempt ha~s been nmade to carry out the ar1, a corolla; 2, the sate cut open; 3, the tube of the same; 4, B]Oia'~/'s'e, Boil'~uas(d, a&. (Pceudaa Law.) The de- rangement, by putting forward a candidate for the the base of the same, aith the ovary asd its four lobes; 5. an an, msn es-ue haumud icept by the lord of a manor for the support throne supported by both parties. In 1846, the Duke ther; 6. calyx; 7, a section of the calyx, showing the four-lobed ofI his bead or table. married the Princess Maria Theres of MofIsa, but thuy trait; a, an scheahem. B~or ~~a'alsi, (bduredd,) a handsome and important city have no issue, and it appears probable, that he will be species, chiefly natives of the temperate regions in the and sea-port of France; cap. dep. i-oionde, in the centre the last of the elder branch of the Bourbons. The northern henuispherte. Among them we find muany well- of an extensive plain, on the W. banlk of thie Garonne, prince resides partly in Venice, where he owns a splenlcnown plants; such as the Forget-me-not, Borage, Coma- 55 m. S.E. from its embouchu'es, 102 N.N.E. of Bayonne, did palace, and partly at the magnificent castle of Frohsfrey, &c. The various species amre reemarkable for their and 307 S.W. of Paris. The city is divided into the New' dorf, near Vienna; anmd is very wealthy, both by usarmucilhuginoua propero aexs; some hlave roots which are and Old qatarters; the formser, or S. portion, which in- riage and by family inheritance. valuable dysin; ag-nta. n St c -a ANcausA, BoInA(no, Mao- Ciludes the ancient Bontan town, contiains only narrow, [Boad'eentowln, in N2cu Ter/ca-y, a flourishing post$0TIas PULnsONaIraA, Al~ rooa-o-kcad dirty strcets, whsilt the latter, comprising' the borough of Bordcntown tawmiship, Burlington co,, 6 m. BORD BORE BORG 333 S. E. of Trenton, 30 N.E. of Philadelphia, and 57 S.W. Bore, v. a. (imp. BORED; ppr. BORINO.) [A.S. borian; Jupiter's satellites, and endeavored to apply mathemaof New York city. It has an active trade, and is much Ger. bobren; 0. Ger. bor6n; Lat. fore; Gr. peir6, to tics to medicine. In 1666 he was called to the professor's resorted to by summer tourists. Near this place is the pierce quite through.] To pierce or penetrate through; chair at Pisa, where he lectured with great success, and mansion once occupied by Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king to make a hole in or through; to pierce or enter by bor- wrote much in connection with the sciences he pursued. of Spain, during his residence in the U. States. Pop. ing; to penetrate; as, to bore a rock. Being supposed to have favored a revolt of the Mesabt. 6,000. "1'it'llbelieve as soon, sinians, among whom he had gone to live, hlie was inBordelais, (bor'da-lc,) a district of France. once form- This whole earth may be her'd; and that the moon vited by Queen Christina of Sweden to Rome, where she Ing part of the old province of Guienne, and having May through the centre creep." -SIcks. then was. Thither ihe immediately went, and lived Bordeaux for its capital, but now included in the depart- -To tease by ceaseless repetition; to pester by iteration under the favor of her patronage until his death. The ments of Gironde and Landes. or empty platitudes; to become a nuisance. (Colloquially.) work De Meoti Anicmalius, is that upon which the medi— n. A native of Bordeaux. " Society is now one polished horde, cal reputation of B. depends. D. 1679. Bor'der, n. [A. S. bord; Icel. berd; Fr. bord, a border.] Formed of two mighty tribes, the Borers and the Bored." Byron. BorlJer, n. HIe who, or that which, bores. The outer edge of anything; the surrounding line or — v. i. To pierce, or penetrate by boring; as, that tool (Z,'l.) A name commonly applied to many insects, exterior limit of a country; boundary; msargin; edge, bores well. -To be pierced, entered, or penetrated by a mostly of the Ptinidao family, the larvae of which — rim; as, the border of a State; the border of a dress; revolving inmplement; as, a piece of timber difficult to small, white, soft, worm-like creatures, with six minute the border of a garden-walk, &c. bore. - (Manage.) Said of a horse, when he carries his feet - are furnished with strong cutting jaws (maxillce), "' All with a border of rich fruit-trees erown'd." - P Waller. nose to the ground. by means of which they eat their way in old wood, and Bor'der, (THEn.) (list.) Tue nusme given both listori- Bore, n. The hole made by boring; a cavity or hollow; similar substances, boring little holes as round as if cally and by popular acceptation, to designate the coan- the size or diameter of a round hole; as, thebore of a gun. made with a fine drill. - See BoReING-WORn. mon frontier of England asd Scotland. At the present "The strength of big-corn'd powder loves to try, Borghese, (bor-gc'sd,) the patronymic of an illustrious day, the term bears little or no significance, owing to And ball and cartridge sorts for every bore." - Dryden. Italian family possessing immense estates, and numberthe identity of social and political interests of the united -A person or thing that wearies or annoys by ceaseless ing among its ancestors, popes, cardinals, princes, and nations. Formerly, howvever, and for many centuries, iteration and dulness; as, that mats is a bore. viceroys- of wsom we mention: the B. was known as the "Debatable land,'" i.e., a re- "If shle hath no wild boars, she hath a tame' B., CAMILLO. PRINCE, who nmarried, in 1803, Marin gn forming the battle-ground of English and Scots, Preserve of bores, who ought to be made game." - Byron. Pauline, a sister of the Emperor Napoleon I. In 1805, gind fhornstang thebattl-roue of Enlioshedaie and Scots and o the cosstast tteatre of bloodshed, rapieand'iots (Gun.) The internal cavity of a cannon, molrtar, how- he was created a Prince of thle French Empire, and lence. In 1388, os thea English aide of trie Border, in itzer, rifle, musket, fowling-piece, pistol, or other kind Duke of Guastalla. He sold to Napoleon his fine museum lNorhmerland38,o the battlisie of 0terhre (ordCevyi Northsmberland, the battle of Otterbourne (or Chovy of fire-arm. It is in most cases cylindrical; but in the of the Villa Borghese, at Rome, for 13,000,000 francs, Chase), so celebrated in sogand istoy, was fouht be- Lancster gun the B. is oval; in the Whitworth gun, it and on the fall of the emperor, lived in great splendor tween the then hereditary foes, and which ended as a is hexagonal; while in the Armstrong, and many other in Rome, and Florence. The Villa Borgahese is one of the dmawn battle; (see OrTnRBOUstNE.) The B. os each side kinds of gun, it is furrowed by spiral grooves. Techni- moost superb palaces in thle world, and is celebrated for forme notnoscawn ofbattle, se anrtErBoUng.he.oileahsds, formoed ose continuous chain of csstles and strongoolds, cally, the B. of a gun often means simply the diameter its pictsres, objects of art, and magnificent gardens. the abodes of the baross asd grest chiefe, as well as of Of the cavity, as when we speak of a gun "of 8-inch The prince D. in 1832. moss-troopers, (q. v.) Many of these baronial fortresses bore;" and in that case its meaning is equivalent to B., MARIE PAULINE, PRINCESS, B. 1780. She was the exist even to the present day; some almost unimpaired " calibre." youngest sister of Napoleon I., and eminlent for her by timne, others in picturesque ruins. Of the first we Bore, n. [Icel. bylr, a whirlwind; Swved. and Goth. bar, beauty and acconmplislhments: of which the former has may mention the castles of Alnwick, Naworth, Brough- the wind; Scot. bei', birs', to roar.] A sounid or roar, as been immortalized by tle chisel of Canova, to whom t, and Bamborough; amon te latter Nor, I-r- of a tempest; specifically, a phenomenon which occurs she sat as model for his fsmous Fenus. At an early age, miage, Penrith, &c. The Scottish borderers of yore were in some rivers, near their mouths, at spring-tides. When she married Gen. Leclerc, whom she accompanied to a fierce and turbulent race, living by marauding-, and a fierce and turbulent race, lsvsno by maratmdine, and the tide enters the river, the waters suddenly rise to a his command at St. Dlomingo, and awhere site displayed comitting incessat foay on Enlish soil: a state of great height, (in some rivers many feet above the surface the greatest courage. After Ihis death, she married, in comttingso wincessath foraysrons Engish sotail: ao state aof things for aich ts Southson dd not fail to b an- of the stream,)aand rush with tremendous noise against 1803, the subject of the above article, but the union pieiretalirtioich thei Souths neidhos notfi tortae amplo retaliation on their Scots neshboro. In sore re- the cunrrent lbr a considerable distance. Sometinmes the proved unhappy. Pauline was fatithful to the varying cent times, and even until but a few years ~baci. the B. aaters do not subside till thiey have almost reached the fortunes of her imperial brother to the last. She D. 1825. aas celebrated as bthe resort oh those votaries to Hymen, limit of tide-water. As this swell does not occur in all Borgia, (bo'-je-a,) the name of a family fanmous in who sought to commit matrimnony without the pale of rivers where there is a tide, it is evident that it must be Italian history. Originally of Spanish origin, one of its the coureb. Gretna reen (q vn) a spot on the verge of caused by sosne conformation of the banks or bed of the members, Alfonso, was raised to the pontificate in 1445 the tcourc.Gent-riesn(., aspo long the verite shieadfh the two countries, w s long bthe favorite shrine, and tse river, or by both combined. It seems to be necessary, by the name of Calixtus III. One of his sisters married villatge-blacksmnith the high-priest for bucklin ~together in order that there be a bore, that the river should Geoffroy Lenzuoli, who assumed the name and arms of sy the bonds ofmssarriage, omomntics and runaway hovers, fall into an eestuary, that this estuary be subject to Borgia. His younger son, Roderigo, became afterwards -An interesting account of this region will be found in high tildes, and that it contract gradually; and lastly, the too notorious Pope AlexandeYVI. (q. v.) Before Sir Walter Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottishl Border. that the river also narrow by degrees. The rise of the his exaltation to the papal throne, Alexander had four -v. i. To touch at tle edge, side. end, or confines of any- sea at spring-tides pushes a great volume of water into sons and a daughter by Rosa Vanozza, a Roman lady. thiing; to be contiguous or adjacent; with on or upon. the wide entrance of the mstuary, where it accumulates, The eldest son was made Duke of Gandia in Spain, by "Virtue and honr had their temples bordering each other." not being able to flow off quick enough into the nar- King Ferdinand of Aragon; the second son Cesare, and Addison. rower part. The tide therefore enters with the greater the daughter Lucrezia, are mientioned below. -To approach near to. force the narrower the mestuary beconmes,. and when it B., CEs.osc,, (DUKE DE VALENTINOIS,) was a student at "All wit which borders upon profaneness... ought to be reaches the lmouth of the river, the swell has already Pisa when his ither was elected pope, in 1492. He imbranded with follsy."- Tillotson. obtained a considerable height above the descending mediately went to Rome, was made Archbishop of Va-y. a. (isop. BOtOEtED; ppi'. BOaRDERING.) To be near or stream, and rushes on like a torrent. The most cele- lencia, and afterwards cardinal. Cesarewas early notoriclose to; to be close to the edge or confines of; to be brated bores are those of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and ous for his ability, duplicity, and profligacy. The arcontiguous to. Indus; in the Itooghly branch of the Ganges, the B. rival of the French under Charles VIII., at Rome, in Shebah and Rahmah are those parts of Arabia, which border travels 70 miles in 4 hotrs, and sometimes aPliears sud- 1495, obliged the Pope to countenance Chairles's invathe sea called the Persian Gulf." - Sir W. Raleigk. denly as a liquid wall, 5 feet in height. It is also ob- sion of Naples, and the latter even obliged Cesare to -To surround or adorn with a border; as, to border a dress. servable in some English rivers, as the Severn. accompany hins thither as a hostage for his father's Bor'derer, n. One who dwells on the border of a par- Bore, imbp. of BEas, q. v. fidelity. Cesare, howrever, shortly after managed to esticular place or country; or near to any specified region Bo'real, a. [Lat. borealis, from Gr. and Lat. boreas, the cape and retulm to Rose, ahere he amd his father both or spot; as, a Scottish besderer. north wind, the north.] Northern; pertaisinag to the declared against the French, after whose retreat front "They of those marches, gracious sovereign I north, or the north wind; as, a boreal winter. Italy they entered into istimate relations with the Shall he a wall sufficient to defend I"Before the boreaZ blasts the vessels fly." - Pope. Aragonese dynasty at Naples. Cesare next joined his Our island from the pilfering borderers." - Shaks. Boreas, (bb'rd-as,) n. [Gr.; O. Gr. bor, excess.] A filther in waging a war of extermination against the Bor'dering, p. a. Being adjacent or near. bellowing wind; the northern wind; a cold, northerly Orsini, Colotmas, Savelli, and other noble Romen famBor'der Plains, in lo wa, a post-village of Webster co. wind. ilies, whose castles and lands they seized tand approBord-halfpenny, (bord-hcfp'pen-y,) n. (0. Eng. Lawe ) "Cease. rude Boreas, blustering railer." -Dibdin. priated. In 1497, his eider brother, the tuke of Gandia, Money paid for the privilege of putting up boards for a was murdered in the nigiht, and his body thrown into market-stall. (Mythi.) The son of Astrm us and Eos, and usuall wor- the Tiber, by unknowt asstssins. Cesre aas strongly Bord'ley, in Kentucky, a post-village of Union co. shipped as the god of the north wind. Tihe assiduity suspected of this deed - i suspicion that still smrvives. Bord'lode, Bord'load, n. (Old Eng. Law.) Tenant with which the worship of B. was cultivated at Athens In 1498, having resigied sis cardinlalate, Cesare was service in carrying felled timber from a wood to the proceeded fromn gratitude, the north wind having on sent to France with the bull sanctioning the divorce house of the lord of a manor. - Provisions paid as bord- one occasion destroyed the fleet of the Persians when between Louis XII. and his wife, after whilch Louis age by a bordman. meditating the invasion of Attica. A similar cause in- XII. married Anne of Brittliy. On tlis occasion he Bord'man, n. (Old Eng. Law.) A tenant in bordage. ducedl the inhabitants of M5egalopolis to consider B. as was created Duke de Valemtinois, a title whics is genwho contributes a certain quantity of provisions to the their peculiar divinity, in whose honor they instituted erally accorded him by Italian historians. In 1499, lord of a masnor's table. an annual festival. B. was usually represented with Cesere married a sister of Jean d'Albret, Ring of NaBordose, PARIs, (CAVALIERnE,) one of the most distin-.wings dripping with golden dew-drops, and the train of varre, and then proceeded, with French tid, to wags guished painters of the Venetian School, especially in his garstent sweeping along theis ground. war against the nobles of tihe Romagna who refused to portraiture, was B. at Treviso, 1500. He studied under Bore'cole, n. (Hort.) A kind of cabbage with curly acknowledge the suprema cy of the court of Rome. Titian and Giorgione, and eventually adopted a style of leaves, and no disposition to form a heart or head. It Successful in this, he returned to Rome, when the Pope his own, based upon the styles of his masters. B.'s is chiefly valued lbr winter use. After the more deli- created him Duko of tomagna and Gonfaloniere of the woriks are eminently characterized by all the beauties cate kinds of vegetables have been rendered unfit for Holy See. He next drove Giovanni Sforza out of Pesaro, f the Venetian School. One of his best works is the coolking by the severity of frost, this formi of the cab- and tool Rimini from tie Malateoti; FEenza also surren4lartyrdoss of St. Andrew, in the church of San Giobbe, baze tribe is in its state of greatest excellence. The dered to his arms, whiclh were, however, finally checked Venice. The picture of the Fishe'rman presenting the interior leaves are thin, tender, and succulent. Several at Bologna, with whose prince he concluded a truce. ring he had received.som, St. Mcarsc, to the Doge. now in sorts are met with in gardens, the best of which, as being Next yor he marched agaimst Florence, aod accomthe Academy at Venice, is regarded as his masterpiece. the hardiest, are the dwayrf or Colebrookdale borecole, panied the French aruy in its invasion of Naples. where His picture of Paradise, formerly sat Treviso, is now also and what is called German greens or Scotch kail. These great atrocities were committed. In 1502, lie took itr the Venetian Academy. In the Dresden Gallery is a plants are raised in all respects like other hardy cab- Urbino and Comerino, when, shortly after, his army, beautiful Holy Fasotily by B., who also painted for ba.es, and the duration of their crop is prolonged by chiefly composed of mercenary coldottiesi, revolted Francis I. of France, and D. in Vonice about 1570. sowing the seed at intervals of about a month, com- against him, whom he deceived by a specious reconciliaBor'doville, in Verssaont, a post-office of Franklin co. mencing at the end of March, and ceasing with the be- tiho, and forthwith destroyed. Cesare was at this time Bord'-serviee, at. (Old Eng. Law.) The tenure of ginning of August. the terror of all central Italy from the Adrisatic to the bordage or bord-land. Bo'ree, n. [Pr. boseree.] A Ikind of old-fashioned dance, Mediterrasnean, snmt he aimed at risking for himself an Bordure, (b'&cl'yuar.) (Hter.) In French heraldry, an to a common-time movement. independent sovereignty of Romagna, the Marches, snd honorable ordinary, which should occupy a third part ", Dick could neatly dance a jig. Umbria. On the 15th Aug., 1503, Alexsander VI. died, of the shield. In English blazonry, it has generally But Tom was best at borec.' - Ssei/t. after a supper at which he drankc of some poisoned awine, been considered as a mark of difference to distinguish 3lor'el, so. A kind of light stuff, of which the warp is as also did Cesare. Tise death of his fisther ruised one branch of a family from another. It surrounds the silk, sisd the woof is wool. - Webs/er. Cesame's fortunes; his troops were defeated, and hsinmself field, is of equal breadth in every part, and occupies one- Boreili, GIoVANNI ALs0NSO, (bo-reV-fe,) a distinguished arrested and sent prisoner to Spain, where he was confifth of the field. When there is a chief on the cosot, the Italian professor of mathematics and medicine, n. at fined for two years. Finally he escaped to Navarre, B. is supposed to run under the chief, but it passes over Naples, 1608; who discovered and translated the lost joined the king's (his brother-in-law) army as a volhanpther ordinaries, as a fess, &c. books of Apollonlts Pergseus, wrote the first theory of teer, stnd avas killed in i507, at the siege of Viana. 334 dBORI BORN BORN B., LuReuzA, sister of the above, was betrothed, while Bol"ing-eollar', n. (Mech.) In Turning, a machine purposes. No teak has yet been found; but iron-wood, yet a child, to a Sptanish noble, but upon her flather be- having a plate with conical holes of differrent diameters; ebony, rattans, camphor, damnoer, the cocoa-palm, betel, conling pope, she married,- in 1493, Giovanni Sforza, tile plate is movable upon a centre. which is equi-distant cinnamon, sago, &c. flourish in luxurianc. Rice of exDuke of Pesaro. Four years afterwards, the marriage from the centres or axes of the conicai holes: the axes relleint quality is produced, but tihe Dutch keep tihe exwas dissolved by tihe Pope, uRd she married for her are placed in the circumference of'a circle. The use of port of it in their own hands. Maize. the plantain, and second husband Alfonso, Duke of Bisceglia, natural soni tihe B. is to support the enrid of a lbug body that is to be the sugar-cane, as well as the best class of tropical of Alfonso II., King oF Naples, aind on this occasion was turned hollow, and which would otherwise be too long fruits, are extensively cultivated. —Zol Elephtants, rhlcreatted Duchess of Spoleto. In 1500, her husband was to be supported by r chuck. noceroses, leoprards, wild hogs, and oxen are indigenous, murdered by assassins, prolnpted, it is believed, by Bor'ing-]lathe, n. (Meich.) A lathe used for boring anid endless varieties ofthe monkey tribe have their habiCesare Borgia, her brother. In 1501 she married for wheels or short cylinders. Thie whieel or cylinder is tat on this island. her third anid last husband, Alfonso dEste, Duke of fixed on a lairge chuck, screwed to tile mandril of a lathle. T h e g o r ill a, Ferrara. She has been suspected of having shared in Bor'ing-wormn (THE), n. (Zo'l.) Tihe common name "monarch of the the crimes of her family, but she also was the patroness of the Teredo navalis. This is a worm which enters forest," and the of art and literature, and on that account is celebrated wood in salt water, and there expands until it attains Ungka - putl, are by Ariosto, Bembo, Maasnuzio, Strozzi, and other writers the size of a finger; it bores the wood into which it en- also distinguishof her time. D. at Ferrara, 1523. A Life of Lucrezia ters, during thie whole of the passage betweel high rand ed inhabitants; Borgia, fron the pen of Mr. Gilbert, and fIounded oni low waterc mark, completely riddling it in those parts, aind tihe Sooloo originai and hitherto unusedz docuriceits, is aunoaunced and causing an infinite amount of drniage to ships, or Sea is a great refor publication in London in 1869. to piers, docks, and harbors, wherever wood enters sort for English ]Bor'gia~, a town of S. Italy, pryov. Catanzaro, in a plain the construction in the shape of piles, cills, &c. It is whalers, it being 6 us. W. of Catanzaro. It was almost totally tlstroyed supposed that creosote is the only effective preservative firequented by the by an eartlhqmarie in 1783, and afterwardls rebuilt by against the ra:vages of this anitaeal, though a coating sperniacetivwihale. Ferdinand IV. King of Naples. Highly esteemed wines of copper nails has been stroragly recomnaraended; but The seas abound are grown in tihe neighborlhood. Pop. 5,313. there is danger of the anirmals finding their way into with turtle, nandll Bor'g'ites, or CrcassrAN.s. (Hist.) The name of the the wood between the smuall spaces left by the heads of plenty offish, oyssecondf dynasty of the Mamreluakes, in Egypt, who were the nails, and then the destruction of the wood is in- ters, and other descended froom a Circassian captive named Barcok, wio, evilable. Of course great cars and attention is required feafacea. - Inhaob. inl3S8I, on the deposition of the Baharites, obtained the in the application of the creosote (which in the best The interior anad sovereignty. Twenty-three sultans of this dynasty work is injected alter the extraction of the moisture part of the N.W. reigned for a period of 135 years. The last was hanged fromn the wood) under a vacuum, to the extent of 4 lbs. coast are peopled at the gate of his capital, in 1517, by order of Selinm 1.; per foot cube; it requires a pressure of about 130 lbs. on by Dyaks, and by and the MaEamelulces were expelled and the authority of the square inch to insure this quantity entering. - It is a woolly - haired tie Ottoman Turlks established. supposed that the teredo only attacks wood when it is race like the PaB3orl'-o, orr BorI'g, a seaport town of Russia ir Europe, exposed on shores able to yield the bicarbonate of linie; purin ne g ro e s; principality of Finland, govt. Nylrand, at the bottom of at any rate, it is far more destructive in them than ill the W. coast by i bay of the Gulf of Finland, 35 min. E.N.E. of Helsing- others. Theanimal also appetars to have a distaste for Malays, Chinese, fors; Lat. 600 22' N.; Lou. 25~ 455 E. Tile harlbor is in- the sewerage waters of towns, perhaps because thiey are and Dutch colodifferent, and its trade is but small. Pop. 3,069. not imnpregnated with the salts of the sea-water. nists; the N. W. Bor'gop olaaelr'eo, a wailed town of N. Italy, provy. B~orissof', a town of European Russia, govt. Minsk, on by half-caste deNovara, on the Gog na, 18 min. N N.W. of Novara. It is at the Berezinna, 45 cm. N.E. of Minsk. This place has ac- scendants of the well built place, with apop. of 8,681. quiredl celebrity firom the disastrous passage of thie Bere- Mloors of W. HinB]~o.'gHo.~Sall.]t]911t.ia na so, a town of N. Italy, prov. of zina, effected near it, by tihe remains of the Frencair army dostan; the N. by Pairnnai, on the Stirone, 22 m. S.E. of Placentia. Manf. under Napoleon, oni its retreat from n loscow, in Nov., Annamnese; N.E. Sillk acd linren. PapP. 10,901 12812. Pop. 6,407. by Suluks; and Boeric 1i[etsite, n. (Claem.) A colorless gas formed Bori'ssoglebsak, i town of Russia in Europe. govt. E. and S. coasts' by the action of' i strong ethereal solution of zinc nre- Jaroslav, on the Volga, opposite to Romnanoo. It is sur- by Bngis of Cele- thyle upon boracic ether. It has an intolerable, pungent, roundedl y dense firests. bes. Besides these, roude bydnelrss op. 7,260. tear-exciting odor, and is capable of liquefaction under Borks/a sun, a suall ishlad an the North Sea belongins three tribes live,. -' a pressiiure of3 atmospheres of500. When itissues very to Prussia, off the mouth of tihe Ems, about 9 m. from in small craft, in slowly finto the air Ironm a tuba, it umdergoes partial tihe mrainland. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in a wanderin ran noxidation, and prduceas a lambent blue flame, invisible the Northern wheale-fiahary The lantern of the church, ner, about the. in daylight, rand incaiaable of burning the fingers: but which serves as a light-house, is 150 feet above sea-level, shores; viz., the.' when it comes rapidly.in contact withi air, it burns and in Lat. 530 351 20"t N.. 60 40' 26" E. Lon. Lanuns, from Mawith a bright green hot flame, remarkable ifor the im- Bor'aitnd, in Arkansas, a post-office of Newton co. g i n d an oa; tile' minense quantity of large flakes of carbon which it dis-i Bforn, (pp. of BEAR, to bring bforth.) Brought forth; pro- Ortang-badju, andl perses throumgh the air, apparently because the boracic duced; brought into being.or existence. 0 r a n g-tidong: acid produced envelops them and prevents their com- I s an mericn Iie an erican ha die source unkno "1I was born an American; I live an American; I shall die an suc nnw.~~ 7 ~ biustion. Water absorbs very little B. 31., but alcohol American." —D. Webster. Exp. The leading: dissolves it readily. Ibnm. B(Cta3)3B. exports are gold, PBorinrg, n. Act or operatioe of emitting a circular hole Brn ais. (l..) Rgnerted; _sita riidrill, au.gAr, or otherano instgrumet. newnal of spihritna lifa. —Poaa day(s. A a'unlg.arfism to de- diamonds, an ti —'-B- d A —— _-.... -%vith a drill, auger, or other instrument. ~~~~mony, camsphor, Pig. 394. -TH IJ'aOA PUTt. -A tho c rilaused by otringu et note one's lifetirme; as, I never staw anything like it in -A, hole caused by boring. bees'-wax, deers' my bol~~~~n c~~a~~s. b~eas'-wax, dlears' -ph. Fragmrents of wood, chips, &c., after a hole has been my baorna days. ors, dammar, elony, wood-oil rattans, pepper, bebored. Borane, (bbrn,) (pp. of PEAR, to carry.) Carried; con(lbored. -o )Teoeainopirigtceatfr vayed; supported; defrayed. zoar-stones, sago, gutta-percht, and iron. The latter is (tt~ydraulics.) The operation of piercing the earth for Ned;spotddfrydparticularly good, or the Dyaks areable to temrper it asthe purpose of ascertaining the nature of the subjacent "Ocean I... my joy tonishingly well; for their steel scimitars, or ]reeses, are strata, or of bringing to the surface any underground Of yaouthful sporas eas on ty brast to be ca l e tin an iron nail without difficulty. Borne, like thy bubbles, onward. " —By.ron nail itot difficulty. springs. A great variety of tools are employed for this Pain. towns. Saarawak (English settlement). Sanmbas, and purpose, such as, augara, jaapers,a misees, ball and socket Bornl'eene, no. (Chem.) See BORNEO CAMI'PHOTI. Pontfana (Dutch stations), Montrtadok and Landolk (Chivalves, accoiding to the strata traversed. - B. has been'Borlueo, (called by the natives Taurs Klaeroantan,) thIe nese settlements), Coti (Bugi town). rand Banjarmassin. well applied for the purposes of fixing the posts of inagest island in the wvorld, Australia being reckoned a -Pop. Estimated at 3,000,000. —tist. This island was first electric telegraphs; for the tying down bolts of suspension continent; occupying nearly tihe centre of the E. or visited by Europeans (Losrenzo de Gomsez and Pigatfetta) bridges, and for the sinking tubes now used hbr the fbima- Maalayan archlipelago; betwteen Ltit. 4 10' S. and 70 N., in 1518 and 1521 respectively. The first Dutchman who dations of buildings to be erected in running water, &c. and Lon. 109i aand 119~ 20' E.; having N. and X'V. the settled hierd was Oliver Van Noore, in 1598. In 1769, the Bo"r'nsg-mnraehiine, n. (Mech.) A machine for the Chiam, Sea; E. the Sea of Celebes and Straits of Maeas- English having captured Manilla, took possession of Barboring of holes in metal san; and S. the Sea of Javaw; form compact; length, lacmbungan. On the capture of Javaa by the British, in plates for nraking attach- N.E. to S.W. 750 mn., breadthl 350 m; area, 260,000 sq. 1811, thein Dutch power in B. suffered an eclipse untilthe ments. It is effected by m.-Desc. B. has several fine and spacious harbors; thea restoration to them of that island, in 1818. In 1839, an neaans of drills driven by - shores consist usually of nrud-banks, witlh numbers of Englishman, Sir James Brooke, (q. v.,) estabtlished a machinery, as showni in N minute and rocky islets around thenm; the land for sev- British settlemrent at Sarawamke, on the XW. coast of the Fig. 393. The drill is in- eral nmiles towarad the interior continuing marshy and al- island, which is now the nmost civilized and commerserted in the erdd of a ver- luvifai, iantersperse d with gentle acclivities, covered with cial place in B. -V aluable and interesting accounts of tical spindle, P, which re- underwood. Tshere ase manry isolated hills in B., and a this island may be found in WXallace's T/nhe Mlaay Amrcivolves in a fixed fraime, range stretching along the N.W. coast, of about 3,000 pelago (London, 1869); and Bickmore's Travels in the and is driven by the bey-'feet in height. TIhere are numerous and extensiVe EastIndian, Archipeligo (New York, 1869).-See BROOKSI el-wheel G. The mnetch I plains, especially in the N.; but the most important yet (RAJAH); DAKS: SARAWAw &c to be bored is placed on i l known to geographers is that of Montradok, neari the BI rm eo Casniiahio', n. (Ciaem.) It is obtained from a tble or other support' IaXW. coast. There are said to be upwards of 100 rivers, the exudation of the Dr /obalatops cramlhora. When below the drill; a;nd thle mrany being navigable, and some of considerable size. this exudration is distilled, a hydrocarbion called borne/ne up-and-down mnotion, or The principal is the Banjarmassin, which takes a S. (C20Hi50), isomeric with oil of turpentine, first passes end-pressure and off-ac-' d r- i course nearly throughout the whole island, and fails over, and afterwards the camnphor, which is neither so tion, ofthe drill is effected.....I into the sea not far from the town of the same nrame, onr fusible nor so volatile as ordinary camphor, and emnits by the hand-gear, 0, N, g tihe S. coast. The Passir, Coti, and nrainy othiers are met quite a different odor; it also crystallizes in prisms inturning the screw M; with on the E. coast; while oni the WV., thle Sambais, stead of octohedra, and maay be converted into ordinary which being coupled to Pontiaa.a, and Suameadan, are the principial streanms. The camphor by the action of nitric acid, whichl oxidizes two the top of the spindle at L, I soil of B. in tihe neighborseood of the Emiropean settle- equivalents of' hydrogen. F'orm. C2o011sO.2 presses it down or raises.sments, vies in richness with that of any other island of B rnhaoim, (boerana/awuia,) ran ishnnd of Denmark, in it, according to the way i the archipelago. It is also rich in vaihuable minernals, B. the Baltic, about. 100 m. frons tire oitermost point of it is turned. The spindle. being the only island in the archiipelagic group where Zealand; Lat. between 540 59' and 550 18a N., Lon. beslides vertically to the! diiamonds are found; one in the rough state weighing tween 14~ 42' and 15~ 10' E. Area, including 3 small colb. r forming the axis 3 7 c r t, w r ha)u 13680 n/udhrws of aba havel-avlael. hart is P b in 1815. the paroper'ty of a petty chief. Gold is largely broad. The surfice is mnoumntaisnos. Past!. Flaux, hiemcap, carried around with it by fsfounn, and inexhaustible mines of antimosy of superior asad oats. Min. Potter's clay, blue moa.rble, and coal. means of the pin I, which quality are woriked rat Sarawak. Tin is plentifai in somre Pop. about 28,000. projects isto a groove parts, and a little iron is procuared frosn tire interior. — Bi~om'no%, tAr. Baryr —Nos, "Land of Noahl,"] (called by seen at J. Clim. On the whole, B. is temperate anld healthy; but the natives Kaidr-/i,) a kingdom of Central Africa, in BI r'inam~obm,', n. (Mdech.) this must be taken with a reserustian, the E. paurts of from 10~ to 15~ N. Lst., and f'rom 12~ to 180 E. Lon.: it The bhar of at sllra1 haori- thie islasod being comparativela asraxichsred.-Paed. Al- is bounded N. by Kasena, ancd the S.E. cA1rn-r of tie zontal boring- machine; Fig. 393. though blest with a very fertile soil, B. has not, so far, Great Desert; E. by Begharnmi; S. by Mrandara; and W. it is used for boring the BIRINOa-nACrNE. cultivated grnasn enough for home consumption. Timber by various small States extending to Honssa sand the brassesofplummer-blocks,bymeansofacutterfixedinit. is of a large gr'owth, but runsuitable for ship-building Felluta country. Its length is nabout 400 na. froma 1i. to BORO BORR BOSA 335 W., and the same in extreme width, fromn N. to S.; potassium are formed, the latter substance being washed charitable, and humane. D. 1594, and was canonized by probable area, not less thaln 120,000 sq. m, of which, away with a weak solution of chloride of ammonium. Pope Paul V. in 1610. however, nmore than 20,000 are covered by the waters Boron thus prepared is a brownish-green powder, dis- borroow, (bor'0.5,)v. a. JA.S. borgian, firom borhi, asecurof Lake Tchad. - Desc. The surfisce forms one immense solving slightly in water, fbrming a yellowisli-green so- ity', a pledge.] To give or take a pledge or security; plain, subject to annual inundation- Soil. Extremely lution. It is rendered insoluble by being heated in close to take or receive fro another for a time on credit; fertile and prolific, but under only partial cultivation, vessels; its specific gravity being at the same time to ask or receive as a loan, a promise or security for owing to the supineness of the people end their con- chianged firon 1.1,3 to 1'844. It suffers no clange, being return or repaymnient being given or inmplied; ais, to' stant proneness to internecin e and foreign warfare. neithier volatilized nor fused. It nmay, however, be borrow an umbrella. Tihe chief rivers are the Shary anid the Yeon, the former mcelted by the seat generated by a powerful galvanic "He horrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman, and swore apparently rising iln the mnousntains of Mandare, the lat- battery. Like silicon, it is a non-conductor of electri- he wouldpay him again when he was able."-Shtuks. ter in those of Houssa. These, with other numerous city. Alkalies ased acids (except nitric acid) produce no -To takle, copy, or use as one's own that whiclh belongs to but smaller streanes, empty into Lake Tchad. - Clie. effect on it. Nitric acid converts it into boracic acid. another; to plagiarize; to appropriate; to assume as Great but not niiform heat prevails and the seasons, It does not decompose water at any temperature, and is one's own. as in most tropical countfies, are divided between the constant under the action of air or oxygen until tile "Though I am young, I scorn to flit wet and the dry.-Prod., cf. Arboraceous vegetation is temperature reaches 6000. when it burns brilliantly On the wings of bolsowed wit."- Wither. extremely scarce, though here and there are found a few foirning boracic acid by the absorption of oxygen. Pre- -Pledge; cost; the thing borrowed. (n.) clumps of woody thickets. The soil, highly alluvial, pared in the above way, boron is amorphous; but MM. "Yet of your royal presence I'll adventure produces, in tihe stain, millet, beanis, barley, maize, cotton. I)eville and'ishlier lave obtained it in garnet-red trans- The borrow of a weel." —.'ihas. and indigo. There is no country within the zone of the parent crystals, by fusing boracic acid with 80 per cent. Bolr'row, GosRGe, an eminent English philologist and tropics so destitute of truits acnd edible roots.-Zofl. Tile of metallic alunienium in a powerful furnace. The crys- literateur, B. 1803. He early devoted himself to the wild animals indigenous to tropical Africa are all cone- tals are extrenmely hard, scratching sapphire and co- study offlanguages, and acquired a thorough knowledge mon in B.; of domestic breeds, the number is immense, rundumn, and yielding only to the diameond, which is of the Reimany or Gipsy tongue. In 1833, entering the cattle and horses of fine stocks are plentiful, but canmels generally injured by the operation. Crystallized boron employ of the" British and Foreign Bible Society," he has never been fused, and resists the action of oxygen was sent to Russia, where, at St. Petersburg, he edited ~1~...at very high temperatures. Boron is obtained in agra- the New Testament in the Anietc/lru, or Chinese-Tartar phitic form when borofluoride of potassium is decom- language, and also a work called the YaTguve, consistposed by alusiniuoc. It bears a close relation to the ing of metrical translations friom 30 languages. He graphitic form of carbon, or ordinary graphite. Boron next visited Spain, and was twice imprisoned in that combines with several elements, forming borides with country for circulating the Holy Scriptures. While the metals. Tihe close relation always supposed to exist here, tee mixed much with the Zincali, (Spanish gitans between boron and carbon has been curiously confirmsed or Gipsies,) acquired their dialect, and tiranslated St. by the fact of both these elements being capable of luke's Gospel into it. In 1841, he published, in Engassuming the amsorphous, crystalline, and graphitic land, the Zincali, or An Accouet of t/e Gipsies in Spain, forms. The only important compound of boron is bs- a work which attained a world-wide celebrity. In 1842, racic acid, q. v. appeared from his pen Di/e -bible in Spain; in 1851, LatBorouigh, Burgh, (bhir',) n. [A. S. burnh, beors, a vengro; in 1857, /The BRossany Rye; and in 1862, Wild -"~-'~""~' ~~d~~~EE~~~flhill, or mousntain; O. Ger. berg, a hill, burg, a city; Gothl. l7a les. bateygs; Sansk. pse'oa, a house, a city; allied to G. pye- Beorrowedaie, (bor'ro-dcail,) a romantic English valley, gyes, a tower.] Literally, a refuge; a place of defence or ailong Derwentwater Fells, in the S.E. part of Cumbersecurity; a fortified town. Specifically, a corporate land, 7 m. from Keswick. These fells, or hills, are some town; a town that sends menmebers to parliament, (in of the lofticet in England, and it is in one of these that England). In the U. States, an incorporated town or the black lead, or plumnbago, is found, wherewith nearly village. all the world is supplied. Thile mines are opened only B]or'oargh, s. [A. S. borg, bork, pledge, surety.] (0. ityg. once in seven years; and when a sufficient quantity of Law.) As association of citizens or subjects, who gave this valuable and singular mineral in taken out, they pledges to the king for their mutual, and general, good are carefully closed ssgsin. behavior. Bor"rower, n. One who borrows, or takes something __==________-_-The surety or pledge given by them. upon trust. (Opposed to lender.) ~ Be, _seg'01'/~'ih-Elnl,'isi, n. (rigJ. Law.) A custom by "Neither a borrower. nor a lender be;'sehich the yoeunger son inherits the estate ie prefereece For loan oft loses both itself and friend, to Iis elder brothers. It prevails in several cities acd And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry." —Shaks. ancient boroughs, in different parts of England, and — HIe who appropriates to himsel f that which is another's, Fig.~ 39.-A ncAis founided in the fact that the elder children are usu- and uses it as his own. Fo~g. lb. - AFIt~IcAN sa n. ally provided for during the life of the parent as they " Some say I am a great borerower, however,'none... have are rare, and the sheep have a hairy instead of a woolly grew up, and remnoved, while the younger soun usually challenged me for it." -Pope. covering. Almost all the species of water-fowl are found remains. - Blackstone. BIor'rowing, n. Act of one wxho borrows. in great numbers; the ostrich scours the plains, and game Bor'ogh-llnheatd, n. Same as HEADsBo Uovn, q. V. Beorrowvsteesnness, (ordinarily abbreviated to Boand domestic poultry form the cheapest kind of animal Bor'oisg'ha.lottler,' n. See BousnOLDEn. Ness,) a seaport toon of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on food purchasa1s1e in the countrry. Reptile and insect Bore o'e l h'nmamstert n. The mayor, or chief municipal the river Forth,18u m. fironm Edinburgh. There are exteililfe is here found in its most cosnprelhensive aspect, and officer of a borough. sive collieries liere.'op. 5,612. the waters teem with fish of many and peculiar species. HBorea'osgh'ls-sneg'er, on. One who traffics in the pa- IBorsel'l1a, n. An instrument with which glass-makers Ine/tb. The natives of B. consist of two classes, — the troage ofta bsorogiL. extend or contract glass. Shesas, descendants of Aeaab settlers from the N., and Bore'oaagh oef Ca0n britelge, in Versont, a village of Borschbo, (bor'scod.) a fertile county of IHungary, on tie IKanowries or Ianuri, (the native race proper,) who Casmibridge township, Lansoille co. the Theiss; pop. 216,500. are true negwroes. Tihe former are the domninant people; Borovshi'', or fBoResex', a town of Russia, 49 m. N.N.E. Ieors'-holde er, n. [O. Eng. borsolder.] (0. ong. Law.) they bear a strong physical resemblance to the Gipsy of Kailouga.a Near it is one of the richliest convents in The head-borough, or chief ofa tithing, or bury (borough) type, speak Arabic, cherish Mohanssedanismesse sshrewxd, tile emnpire, founded in 1444. Pop. 6,870. of 10 men. active, and courageous, and also thoroughly accomplish- Borrel'lalss, or'rellists, n. pt. (Ecdcl. Hist.) A lort$, n. The small filings or cuttings of diamonds; ed dissemblers and thieves. At least 10 different las- sect of Christians in Holland, so called from their used to make dianmond-powder for lapidaries. guages or dialects are spoken in B. Fetichism prevails fI under, Burell, who was a mane of souse learning, par- Borus$'si, a people of Sarmlatia, who inhabited Prussia, amio-ig the great bulk of the negro aborigines, which ticularly in the Greek and IHelrew languages. They re- which takes its name fromn thenm. people, in most things, possess the common characteris- ject all public acts of worship, public prayer, and the Bo'rna'ret, n. (Ch/em.) A combination of boron with a ties of the African race in general.-Prii. tlozs. Koolca, use of ithe nsacraments. They assertl that the Christian sinmple body. tile capital, Deegod, Engornoo. Pop. No estimate can churches have degenerated, because they have suffered Bgory de Saint Vincent. J1AN BAPTIST GEonoGES be made of the population of this kingdom; but as the Word of God, which is infallible, to be interpreted MlARIE, a Frenich naturalist, a. at Agen, 1780. In 1798, towns possessing 30,000' inhabitants are frequently met by fallible men. They are said to lead austere lives, and he proceeded on a scientific mission to New Holland. wnith, and markets are said to be sometimes attended by to devote a considerable portion of their goods to charity. Among the fruits of his travels were his Essai Sur lea 80,000 to 100,000 persons, and the Slhoa population alone o"r'ris, or Banr'rssd-itdrone. a village of Ireland, Iles.Frtunies de l'antique Atliantide, ou Pricis de t'Hisbeing able to raise an army of 15,000 men, the number co. Carlow, and 16 m. S. of Carlow town. toire Gin&'ale (e l'.Arccipel des Canaries(Par. 1803), and of inhabitants must be very considerable. Bor'ra s-ln-Oss'eory, a market-town of Ireland, his Voyage dans lea quatre principzales les des Mlers cl'Af Bur'noo sso n. See BuoNous. Queen's co. 7 sm. E.S.E. of Roscree; pop. about 1.000. rique (3 vols., Par., 1804). H-aving returned to his native Brgor a iadtioa'. See JAVA. Bor'ilP/1,easgh, a parish of Ireland, co. Tipper'ry. country, ihe became a captain in the army, served at Ulm 1Borodil'no. See MosK0wA. Buor'rasokane, a town and par. of Ireland co. Tippe- and Austerlitz, cenot to Spain, and became mnilitary inBorol'noss, in lsow 1brsc, ai post-village of Onondaga rary, 12 m. S W. of Birr; pop. of town about 1,800 tendant os the staff of hershal Soult. In 1815; lie co., 18 min. S.W. of Syracuse. Bour'tisoleignh, a small town of Ireland, co. Tipperary, served as a colonel, and after the hattle of Waterloo oiroiuorice or Fluobo'ric Acid, n. (P/hems.) It is G m. S.S.V. of Templemore; pop. about 1,600. made an eloquent but fluitless appeal to Ihis colleagues formed in'combination with potassium by saturating Borronae'a'c a Islands. See MAGGIORE, (LAGO.) in the Chamber against submitting to the Bourbons, hydrofluoric with boracic acid, and neutralizing by car- IBoaa'ronae'o, (St. sharles,)nephewof PpePinus IV., and was comnpelled to go into exile. At Brussels he bonate of potash. The compound is washed, dried, and was a. in Itesly, 1538. He studied at Pavia, and tookli his edited, along w'ith'Inn Mions, the A4nales des Scinces heated with an equal'weight of potassiunm. Borofluoride doctor's degree when 22 years of age. Shortly after- Physiqcues (8 vols.). tie also produced an admirable of potassium is used in the preparation of boron. F'orm. ward, his uncle called him to Rome, and made Iiim a car- wotrk on the subterranean quarries in the limestone hills B05.3HF. dinal, and archbishop of Milan. B. established an acod- near Maestricht (Par., 1821). He returned to France in po'ron, n. (shem.) A combustible element, closely al- emy in the Vatican for the promotion of learning, and: 1820, and in 1827 appeared his L'Flosme, Lessai Zos'lolied to Silicon, and which lhas at present never been published its conferences under the name of onctes la- gique ses le Genre lusmais. the wrote what relates to found in animal or vegetaslte bodies, but appears to be ticancs. In 1563, on the conclusion of the Council of cryptogamic plants in Duperrey's'pyage autour du entirely confined to the mineral kingdom. Symbol B, Trent, he was commissioned to draw up an exposition Aonde (Par., 1828). He rendered sn important service to equivalent 1009. It was first obtained by Davy in 1808, of the doctrines of the Ronan Catholic Chu rcs, as nanc- science by editing the Dictio7snire Plassique de'Histisoe hey submnitting moistened boracic acid. inclosed between tioned by that council. This exposition is known by.~aturelle. When, in 1829, the French government sent platinumn plates, to the action of the voltaic current. the name of Pu:tnc/iisseus Tcidentinsss. After the Pope's a scientific expedition to the Morea and lie Cyclades, A brovnish snubstance appeared at the negative pole, death in 1563, B. went to his diocese, and devoted him- the first place in it was assignel to B. do S. V.; and the which, conceivi nig it to be a msetal, he termed boracnism. self entirely to his episcopeal duties. He refocused his results of lies researches weere given to the world in the By fierther experiment he proved it to be a non-neetallic expensive style of living, and employed the usajor part BExpidition Ssiesntfique de Jlo?'es (Par., 1831), and in the body, resembling carbon in its properties, and altered of his revenues in charity. lie also enforced a refocusm in.Veuvcelle Picdu sl'ileponnse ot des Olncladtes (Par., 1836). its name to boson. It was, however, but isiperfectly the clergy, especia'ly anonug the monastic orders. One In 1839, he undertook the prinscipal cisarge of thee scienknown until Theneard tid Oay-Lussoac obtaissed it more of thee laetter, having attenspted the cardinas's assassi- tific commission which the French governmest sent to readily by heating boracic acid with potassiusm. The nation, was suppressed by the Pope, and its revenues Algeria. D. 1840. metal combined with the oxygen of the acid to form pot- appropriated to goods works. When the plagus herule Buo kys thenes. See DsIEPER. ash. which was washed away with water, leaving the out at lilian, in 1576, B., at the risk of his life, exerted Beso, n. [Lat.] See BoyDc. boron behind. A still more ready method of preparing himself to succor and tend his suffering flock. He Bo'sa, a town of the island of Sardinia, 4 m. from Cagit is by heating a mixture of potassium and borofluoride shared in souse of the prevailing errors of his time, and linri. Let. 400 17' N.; Lon. 8~ 27' B. It has a coral of potassium ih an iron crucible. Boron and fluoride of believed in sorcery, but his conduct was always tolerant, fishery. Pep. 6,568. 336 BOSJ BOSN BOSP Bo'sa, Bouza, n. [Pers. and Turlk. b6zah.] A bever- their distance from a state of even semi-civilization, with best soil in the valleys is devoted to pasture, and Bosnia age drunk in the East, and prepared from fermented the Digger Indians of North America. They are of a is generally better adapted for the feeding of cattle than millet-seed, acidulated with various substances. dark copper complexion, small in stature, and of a sin- for agriculture. The Bosnilaks, however, seemn to prefer Bos'eage, n. [0. Fr.; It. bosco; Du. bosch.] Wood- gularly malicious, wild, and intractable disposition. the chase to more settled pastoral occupations; and as land; thicket; underwood; a mass of thiick foliage; ar- Humboldt classed their cerebral development as belong- the woods abound with wild aninmsls, as deer, wild boars, borescence. ing to almost the lowest class of the human species. bears, wolves, and foxes, they have every facility for "It was a land full of boscage, which made it show the more carrying it on. It is only in the valleys that any cultidark."-Bacon. vation is carried on. Wheat, barley, maize, and le(Old Eng. Law.) Nutriment for cattle obtained from gunies, are grov/n ill sufficient quantity for home contrees or bushes. sumption, and flax and tobacco near Zvornik and Novi(Painting.) A representation of woodland scenery. bazai. A great variety of fruit is met with. A liqueur "Landscapes, and boscage, and such wild woars." —lTotton. is nade from iinme, and a sweet drinc called closes is made from phluis, and a sweet drink called pekmnes from pears. The olive and vine are both cultivated. Bosean.-Alnoga'ver, JUAN, a Spanish poet, B. at The wines are strong and fiery. B. has a treed of strong Barcelona, about 1,500. He was the first to make use horses, but it is nmuch neglected, except by the Turks. of Italian measures in Spanish verse, and thus became The manufactures of Bosnia are limited to iron articles the cre-ator of tie Spanish sonnet. D. 1543. of common use, leather, coarse woollen stuffs, saltpetrs BosCawen, (bos'quoin,) EDWARD, an eminent English t at Jaieza, cannoe-balls at Kamengrad, gun-powdter, fire, aIdmiiral, the second son of Viscount Falmoutlth, B. 1711. armns. and other weapons. The principal exports are He early entered the navy, and was, in 1740, made cap- leatleer, hides, wool, goat'e-lhair, hlonsey, cattle, dried tain of the Shoreham. ile particularly distinguished fish, timber, and mineral wetters; the cbief' imports, himself at the taking of Porto-bello and the siege of linen, woollens, silkts, lace, glass, and metallic wares, Carthagena. In 17-,4 he was imade captain of the Dread- papes, colonial produce, salt, oil, dried fruits, and silver noueght, of 60 guns, and soon after tooln the French ship coin from Dalssatia. The trasesit-trede in Levent pro. Medic, comsmanded by Captain Hoquart. In 1747 lee dis- duce is not inconsiderable; tie chief asets of coemerce tinguished himself under Anson, and was in an engage- are the towns of Bosna-Serai, Novibazar, Zvornik, Bag. ment with the French fleet off Cape Finistbre, where he -I- Sou-ee, Mosa, and Gradilca. Tie roeds art ges iia, Souka~, Mostar, and GradCtska.. Th-e roadts dre gen — was wounded in tile shoulder by a mnusket-ball, and - oal er a, rie fo irriages. where Hloquart again became his prisoner. The same ely very ad, ad imrcticable for weel a The total government revenue derived frosn this pro. year he was made rear-adiniral of the blue, and com- ii:i ye ar he was made renr-sdseiral of the blue, and' v ince is estimated at about 5 million dollars a year. B. matder of the land and sea forces employed in an ex/-'" ~'2~~ —' is under the government of a pasha of " three tails;" it is pedition to the East Indies. On his arrival he laid siege divided into six sanjiaks or circles, and again into fortyto Ponelicherry, but was obliged to quit it on account o Fg 396. -oJESMAN PLAYIN ON THE GOURA egt subdivisions, each of whic is subordinate to a eight subdivisions, each of wyhch is subordinate to a the monsoon; alnd the manner in which he effected his (From Burchell's South Africa.) military governor, and a cadi, or judicial officer. Bosnaretreat added to his fiame. He soon afterwards took Bosk, n. [See BoseacE.] A small growth of brush or Serai is the capital of the prov.; but Travonik is the Madras, and peace being concluded, returned to England, underwood. residence of the Pasha. The Bosniaklis are of Slavonic where hle was appointed one of the lords commissioners Bos'ket, n. [Fr. bosquet.] See BoSQUET. origin, though mostly Mohamnmedans. They differ from of the Admsiralty. In 1755 he sailed to intercept a Bos'roi. [Gr., the grazers.] (LEccl. Hist.) The name the Tourks in many usages, and are not addicted to polyFrench squadron bound to North America, of which he given to a class of ascetic mnonks who lived in Syria and gamy. - B. was anciently included in Lower Pannonia. took two ships, and Iloquart became his prisoner a third Mesopotamia, and are said to have subsisted solely upon In the Middle Ages, it first belonged to the Eastere Emtime. In 1758 he toolk Cape Breton and Louisbourg, ilL roots and herbs. They did not inheabit any house, and pire, and afterwards became a separate liingdom, deconjunction with General Anmherst. The year following professed to spend their time in the worship of God, pendent upon Hungary. The Turks conquered it in lie comsmanded in the MIediterranean, and whiile lying at in prayers and heyvins. 1480, after a war of seventeen years; but it was not till Gibraltar, hearing that the French admiral M. De la Bos"ky, a. Woody; covered with boscage; as, the bosky 1522 that Solyman the'Magnificent' finally annexed it Clue had passed the Straits, he refitted his ships, and glade. to the Turkish dominions. came up with the French fleet, of which-he took three, "And with end of thy blue bow dost crown Bo'soIIni,. n. [A. S. bosm, bosum; Ger. busen, from beugen; and hurnt two others in Lagos Bay. In 1760 lie was ap- Mly bosky acres, and my unshrubb'd down." - Shaks. Sansk. btgan, to bend, to curve.] The breast of a human pointed general of the marines. It was of him that Lord Bosna-Serai, or SeasJevo, (anc. 1iberiopolis,) a city beinsg; the female breast; the hollow space or receptacle Chatham said, that when he proposed expeditions to of Turkey in Europe, cap. province Bosnia, on the formed between the breast and the garment that covers other comman ders, he heard nothing but difficulties; north bankl of the Migliazza, 246 m. S. of Buda, and 575 it; as, a snowy bosonm. but when he applied to B., these were either set aside, mn. N.W. of Constantinople; Lat. 430 51' N.; Lon. 180 26' "You must prepare your bosom for his knife." - Shaks. or expedients suggested to remove them. D. 1761. E. The town is well-built, and has an agreeable alppet- -Te interor of the reast, as enlosig the hert, coM, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-The interior of the breast, as enclosing the heart, conBosawe, iea. iVin'e -ampshire, a post-township of ance, owing to the number of minearets, towers, and gat- sidered as the seat of tenderness, or of the passions, or as Merrimaclk co., 10 mn. N. by V. of Concord, on the Mer- dens whiich it encloses. It contains a seoao, or palace, a chose place; coisciousness. rimack River; pop. about 2,700. built by Mahomet II., to which tile city owes its nale, Or drew his frailties frnom their dread abode; Bos'cobel, a small place in tile parish of Tong, co. of about 100 mosques, some of which are elegant struc- The bosom of his father and his God." - Gray. Shropshire, Eengland. Its grove is noted for the oak in tures; several Greelk and Roman Catholic churches, -Embrace; tender or loving enclosure; as, in the bosos which Charles II. was hid, and where hle saw tile par- with colleges and bazaars. Most of the houses are of of religion. lianmeut soldiers pass by in quest of him, after the battle wood; the Migliazza is here crossed by a massive stone -Aey enclosed spot; the interior; as, the bosons of the of Worcester, in 1651. Part of the tree still remains, bridge. The city was former-ly encompassed with walls, earth. and is called the " Royal Oal." but these are now decayed, and its only defence consists In the deep hosom of the ocean buried." - Shks. Bos'cobel, in New IYork, a post-office of Westchester in a large citaldel, built on a roclky height at its IE. ex- - sd i copositon to fo a compoud ord xco., at Cruger's Station. tremity, and mounting 80 cannon. The inhabitants re-Used in composition to fom a copound word xBaos'cobel, in W/isconsin, na flourishing post-village and imedustrious, amdl employed in the manufcture of ams, psve of being miir; affectionte; intite; contpw~nahip o andustrious, and themployed innlr the; manufitcfidential;us, a boson-friend. township of Grant co., oie the left bank of the Wiscon- iron, and copper articles, horsehair, bags, morocco, andi sin River, 70 m. W. of Madison; pop. (1870) 1,509. other Iinds of heather, and cotton and voollen stuffs. Those domestic traitors. bosom-thieves, Bos'co Fre Ca-'se, a town of S. Italy, situate at the Ne B. Sae the prncipl iron-mies in Bosnia. It Whom custom hath call'd wives. — Ben Jonson. Near ]~. S. are the principal iron-mines in Bosnia. It is S. base of Mount Vesuvius; pop. 0,455. the chief mart in the preov., the centre of the conmer- -v. a. To enclose in the bosomn; to cherish with care. B-s-h, n. [Prov. Eng. bosh, dash, show; It. bozzo, arough cial relations between Turkey and IDahlmatia, Croatie, Bosom up my counsel, stone.] A termn colloquially used to desnote empty talkh, and S. Gernmany, arnd lhas considerable trade with the You'll find it wholesome.' - S/ess. nonnsese, mere show without substance, &c.; as, it is cities of Saloniki and Yaeina. Thee most wealthy families — To conceal in privacy; to hide from view. all bosh.-A figure; an outline. in Bosnia reside in this city; two-thirds of the pop. are "To happy convents, bosom'd deep in vines, Boslst-bok, n. A species of antelope found in S. Africa. said to be Turkss, but the Jews monopolize the chief part here sumbr abbots, purple as teir wie."-Pope. Boslhles, n.pl. - [Ger. bsschung, a slope.] (Metal.) In a of the trade. Pop. abt. 60,000. Botson, n. (Naaut.) See BOATSWAIN. blast-furnace, the lower part of a shaft sloping down- Bos~'inia, or Blos'ns, the most westerly pashalic or Bospho'rian, a. Relating,'or pertaining, to the Boeward froom the belly, or widest part, to the hearth.- eyalet of Turkiey in Europe, comprising Bosnia Proper, phorus. Websteot. Turlkish Croatia, and Herzegovina. It lies between Lat. Bos'phsorus (more properly Bosl'porus) OF THRACE, ]BO'sio, FRANCoIS JOSSEPH, BAR')N, an eminent sculptor, 420 30' and 450 15' N., and Lone. 150 40' and 210 2' E., (or CHANNEL or CONSTANTINOPLE,) the strait which conB. at Monaco, Italy, 1769. Hle studied at Paris; and having N.W. and N. the Austrian prov. of Croatia and nects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marineosa, and sepwhen only 19, returned to Italy, where he executed a Slavonia, Ii. Servia, and S. and W. Albania and Austrian arates the E. corner of Thrace from Asia-Minor. The multitude of commissions even at that early age. His Dalmatia, the latter separating it from the Adriatic. length of this remarkable channel is about 17 mn., its reputation was greatly increased by the figures which, Area, variously estimated at from 16,000 to 22,000 sq. m. width varying fronm Y2 ni. to 2 m.; its course is slightly at the request of Napoleon, he executed for the column Psp. from 800,000 to 1,000,000. It is almost entirely oc- winding; its direction very little W. of S., and its emin the Plase Vendime. Louis XVIII. and Charles X. cupied by the Dinaric and Julian Alps, which, with their bouchure in thle Sea of Marinora is in 410 N. Lat., 290 E. also patronized B, the former appointing himi royal offsets, separate it into sevenral well-marked divisions. Lon. —A current sets constantly from the Black Sea sculptor, the latter elevating himn to the rank of baron. Principal river, the Save, forming the N. boundary of B., through the B., but, though generally very strong, it is B.'s principal works are: the H;rcule'a in the garden of with its affluents the Unna, which in part separates subject to considerable mnodifications; a long-continued the Tuileries; the incomparalbly beautiful Hyacinth in Turlkish froom Austrian Croatia, - Verbaz, Drin, and windl'frore the S.W. renders it sometimes almost iaperthe Luxembourg; the Nyeplh Saleacis, a figure display- Iebar forming its E. bonndaries. Tihe Bosna traverses ceptible, while on the other hand, a breeze from the ing wonlerfil grace and purity of outline; an allegorical B. Proper, the Sanna, Croatia, and the Narenta Herze- N.E. so adds to its force that it is almost impossible for figure of Fraozce, 7 feet high, surrounded by the Muse govina. It has numerous fertile valleys, but no lakes a vessel, under such circiumstances, to make head against of Ieistory and a group of Genii; the statue in memory of imnportance, and only one plain of any size, that of it. The inequalities of the coast cause several changes of the Duc d'Enghien; the equestrian statue in the Place Livno in Ilerzegovina. This country is supposed to be of direction in the set, as the water is thrown froirom side des Victoires, and the monument of Count Demnidoff, 30 rich in minerals, but only the iron-mines, and a few to side by the numerous bold promontories that project feet high, composed of six figures, with bas-reliefs, &c. lead-meines, are worked. Gold and silver exist in va- from both shores; but these do not affect the general Besides these, B. executed a great multitude of busts of nious places, and mines of the first of these metals were course, except by mnkling it more tortuous; that course distinguished persons, such as the Emperor Napoleon, wortked under the Romemans; most of tie large affluents tending constantly towards the S. and the Sea of Marthe Empress, Qseen [eIortense, the King and Queen of of the Save bring down gold-dust. Quick-silver is also mora. The depth of water is considerable; there is but Westphaela, Louis XVIII., Charles X., &c. B's works found, and tmere are qaernies of millstone, freestone, one banul in the channel; consequently there is no danare all mamked by grace of formn, harmony of design, alabaster, and m'arble, coal-meines, hnd numeroses miin- ger in its navigation, nor any difficulty except in an upand elegance of finish. His style generally reminds one eral springs, somme of which furnish salt, though not in ward passage against its cmrrent; this is, however, Sufof Carnova. He was director of the Academy of Fine smfficient qumnutity for the supply of the cousntmy. The ficiently baffing to the unserilled Orientals. At its N. Arts in Paris, where he died, 1815. clihimnate is generally cold, but not unhealthy; the win- aonth, on the Binls Sea, are two groups of islets, one Eo.e]esnuas s, (boz-jess'manc,) n. p1. [Du., men of the ter-snows lie on the ground for a long time, and the on the European, the other on the Asietic shore; these wood, or Bossaes.e] A name given by the Dmltchm settlers spring is short. In the S., violent winds prevoeil in win- are the flamoms Cyanean Isles or Symp/egades of the of S. Afrmica to some rosaming tritees akin to the ilotten- ter, sand the sueummer is extremely hot. The mountain- ancients, which it was once believed mao vessel ever to0s, in the vicinity of the Ceap of Good Hope. The chains, especially in the N., are covered with dense for- passed in safety, except by miracle. (Apoll. nBod. ii. v. description given by Governor Janssens of this people ests of pine, onis, beech, linden, chestnut, &c.; teut the 435, &c.) They are now quite harmless, being, in fact, releresents themn as so deeply sunel in barearisne as to be S. branches of the Dineric Alps present a remarkable nothing but low continuations of the respective shores; unacqumainted even with the construction of huts or deficiency of vegetation. Time greatest elevations sare they are in a continual state of decay, mand might easily tents; in fact, they may be placed on a par, as regards the Kam, 8,500 ft., and the Deormitor, 7,980 ft. high. The be overlok1sed; did not their ancient celebrity induce BOSS BOSS BOST 337 the modern navigator to search for them. In its freedom To have the mastery over; to superintend labor; as, to Bo0ssut, CHARLES, (bes'soe,) a French geometrician, B. at from all danger, its narrow channel, the strength and boss the workshop. (Vulgar.) Tarare, 1730. lIe assisted D'Alemnbert in writing the constant set of its current, and, in short, in most of Boss, v. i. To lord it over; to rule with authority; to mathematical articles for the Eneyclopgdie, and was adits characteristics, the B. resembles a magnificent river be master. (Vulgar.) mitted to the academy when only 30 years of age. In more than an arm of the sea; and this resemblance is Boss'age9, n. [Fr.] (Arcch.) Any projection left un- 1792 he published cEcanique en Gin6ral; in 1795, a by no means impaired by the branch which it gives wrought on the surface of a stone, for the purpose of Cours cooaslet de Mathematiques; and, in 1812, an Essai off at its S. end, and which, enclosing Constantinople afterwards receiving a sculptural decoration, which is sur L'tiistoire des Mathsmatiques. ID. 1814. on the N., forms what is called the Golden Horn, one of generally the last part of the work executed. Bos'sy, a. Containing a boss; ornamented with bosses, the finest harbors in the world. The country through -Rustic work, consisting of stones which advance be- Bo a eaji, n. pl. [Turt., from Boston, a garden The which the B. flows is unrivalled for beauty; animals yond the level of the building, by reason of indentures class of toen who bear this noae, who now perfocrm and vegetables of almost every variety abound, and the or channels left in the joinings. - Webster. curious variety of functions, and whose head or chief geology is peculiarly interesting from the unequivocal B]os'/sairdsville, in Pennsylvania, a vill. of Monroe co. (Bostanji-Boashi) is one of the grand dignitaries of the evidences it exhibits of igneous action. The cliffs, which Bos'set, n. An antler of the buck of the red deer. Turkish empire, seem. originally to have been nothing are stately and abrupt, consist ofjasper, agate, cornelian, Bossier, (bos'se-eV,) in Louisianna, a N.W. parish, on the more than the Sultan's gardeners, attached to the im, cehalcedony, porphlyry, trap, -and calcareous spath, in confines of Arkansas, bounded W.by Red River, and E. perial residence, or seraglio, of Constantiuople. They very great but picturesque confusion. They are all by Lake Bistineau and Dauchite Bsayou. Area, 1,066 sq. still work as gardeners, in the Sultan's pleasure-grounds more or less in a state of decomposition, and traces of m. This par. was formerly part of that of Claiborne. at Constantinople and on the Bosphorus, but the more mnetal are seen in the coloring of the various stones. Soil. Fertile, producing cotton and maize. Cap. Belle- conspicuous of their duties are, to mount guard in the Appearances seem to warrant the conclusion that this view. Pop. about 13,500. seraglio, to row the Sultan's barge, to row the caYques strait was opened by a convulsion of nature, and this:Boss e$, JACQUEs BE\lcONE, (boz'swai,) bishop of Meaux, of all the officers of the palace, to follow those great belief was very generally entertained by the ancients. a French prelate, celebrated for his eloquenee as a pul- men, on foot, when they ride on business through the At about half-way between the two seas, or rather nearer pit orator, and his strength and acumen as a controver- city, and to attencid to the execution of the numerous to that ofMarmora, at the narrowest part of the channel, sialist. B. at Dijon, i627 He was placed when very orders of the boshanji-bashi. They were aggregated stand two castles, one on each bank, named, from two of young under the care of the Jesuits, who, on the dis- with the janissaries, with whom they formerly did miiithe Turkish provinces, Anadoli and Bl-useli, (Asia Minor coyvery of his abilities, sought to gain him as an acces- tory duty in the field, but the bostanjis were not suipand Thrace.) They form almost the only defebnce to Con- sion to their order, but were frustrated by the care of pressed at the sanguinary dissolution of that turbulent stantinople on the N., and, if well csanned, would be his friends. ie was then removed to Paris, and entered militia, although their number has been considerablv devery difficult to pass. They appear to be almost the at the College of Navarre, and in 1652, toolk his degrees creased. When the Ottoman Court was in its splendor, the only public buildings, but private houses and gardens in divinity, and was snade a canon at Menltz. Here he bostanji corps amounted to 2,500 isen, who were divided extend along nearly the whole length of the strait, applied himself chiefly to the study of the Scriptures, into ortas, or companies, like the janissaries. The disespecially on the European side. (Chevalier, Voy. de la and of the writings of the Fathers, especially of St. Au- tisctive part of their costume was an ecnormous bonnet, Prop. pp. 43-49; Olivier, Voy. dans l'Etpire Oth. I. gustine; and shortly becomsing a celebrated preacher, or caouk, made of scarlet cloth. The bostscnji-basli, who 120-121; Jones's Tray. ii. 444-451.) -The name Bosporus, was invited to Paris, and appointed, in 1661, to preach has the rank of a pashsi, is governor of the seraglio and which has been improperly corrupted by modern or- before Louis XIV. It was about this time that B. ex- the other imperial residences. He is inspector-general thogsraphy to Bosphorus, is indicative of the narrow- cited so much attention by his funeral orations, which of the woods and forests in the neighborhood of Constanness of this channel, and comes from Boo, an ox, and are still considered as surpassing every other production tinople. The shores of the Bosphorus and the Sea of poreos, a ford. The passage across it of Europa, borne of the kind in the French language for sublimity and Marmora, from the mouth of the Black Sea to the by Jupiter in the form of a bull, is a well-known Greek pathos, although the admiration of the foreign reader, Straits of the Dardanelles, are under his jurisdiction, legend, and thence the ancients called those channels cnacquainted with the genius of the French language, and formerly no person whatsoever could build or even Bospori, which were narrow enough to allow of kine will.not always correspond with native enthusiasm, as repair a house on those coasts without his permission. swimnming across them. Two especially were so dis- to all the beauties enumerated. His style of preaching For this license fees were exacted, which were generally tinguished, namely, the strait now under consideration, was lofty, free, and animated, and hle seldom wrbte more fixed in the most arbitrary mnanner. Whenever the and the Cimmernian Bosporus (Strait of Yenicele), than a few heads, but trusted to hiis copious and comr- Sultan makes an excursion by water, (and in the fine betwveen the Euxine and the Palus Mceotis. Over the maending eloquence. At court he fully maintained the seasons hle rarely travels in any other way,) the bosThracian Bosporus, Darius Hystaspes threw a bridge dignity of character his abilities were calculated to es- tanji-bashi stands or sits behind him, and steers the mag. of boats when he passed from Asia to his disastrous tablish, and, without any solicitation on his own part, nificent barge, which is rowed by the bostanjis. This war with the Scythians; and the pillars of nmrblc, was created bishop of Condom, —a dignity which he re- brings him into frequent contact and conversation with wvhich he erected to commemorate that event, are sup- signed on being appointed preceptor to the Dauphin, in the sovereign, who never appoints any but personal faposed, with great reason, to have stood upon the spots 1670. In this situation hle wrote tobr his pupil Ihis cele- vorites to the post. At court, the bostanji-bashi is alnow occupied by the Turlkish castles. brated Discourse on Univcersal flistory, regarded still as iiost as great a man as the kislar age (chief of the black Bosqtae, (bosk,) in Texas, a central county, bounded E. tihe most masterly of his performances. When the eunuchs), or-the selikdar (the Sultan's sword-bearer). by the Brazos River, and watered by the Bosque. A-rea, prince's education was completed, the kIing raised hinm B]os'tick, in Georgia, a village of Jefferson co. about; 950 sq. m. Cap. Meridian. Pop. about 2,100. to the See of PMeeux, acnd appointed him a counsellor of Bos'tick's Mills, in NVorth Carolina, a poet-office of B aqiset, BosKeT, BUSKET, n. [Fr. bosquet. See Bos- state and almoner to the DIauphiness and Duchess of Richmond co. ecAr.] (Ga-rdening.) A piece or plot of ground in gar- Burgundy. He was also equally honored by the learned Bos'qton, a maritime city of the U. States, cap. of the dens, enclosed by a palisade or hligh hedge-row of trees, wocld, being made a nmember of the French Academy, State or Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and forming shrubs, &c. and superior of the Royal College of Navarre. The (including its suburb Chelsea) the co. of Suffolk, may be ]oDqJa1et, MARIE JOSEPn, (bos-kcai',) a French general, comparative leisurs whvlich he now enjoyed, was devoted termed the metropolis of New England, and the second B. at Pan, 1810. In 1829 lie entered the Polytechnic to the defence of the Catholic Clhurch, both against in- city of the Union in commercial importance; it is finely School, and in 1833 becameo a sub-lieutenant in the artil- fidels and Protestants. Some years before his death, situated on a small peninsula at the bottom of Massachuerey. In 1835 he went with his regiment to Algeria, however, he retired to his diocese, and devoted his lei- setts Bay, and connected with the mainland on the south where hle began to distinguish himself. Between 1836 sure to the duties of his episcopal and pastoral functions, by Boston Neck, and is distant 207 m. N.E. firom New and 1848 he had passed-through the successive ranlks of in the comfort, instruction, and relief of the unlettered, York; Lat. 420 21' 24" N., Lou. 710 3' 58/" V. Including captain, chef-de-bataillon, lieutenant-colonel, and colo- the afflicted, and the indigent of hlis diocese. lie D. the towns of Roxbury (annexed in 1868) and Dorchesnel, when, in thett year, he was appointed by the repub- while thus engaged, in 1701, at the age of 77. - As an ter (to be added in 1870), B. has an aggregate area of lican government, general of brigade. In 1854 the emn- historian, or ratlher reviewer of history, this enminent 9,902 acres, and is divided into the City Proper, South peror Napoleon III. raised him to the rankl of general prelate has displayed considerable genius, but it has Boston, East Boston, Boston Highlands, and Dorchester. of division, and enrolled him in the staff of the aremy of been justly observed that hle dwells with too much corn- B. has several towns in its immediate vicinity, so closely Miarshal St. Arnaud. He was with the French army in placehcy upon the Israelitish theocracy as a system, and connected with it as almost to belong to it. These are the Crimea, where he greatly distinguished himself, and has treated history more like a churchman than either the cities of Charlestown, Chelsea, and Cambridge; a nd vwas wounded in the assault on the Malakoff tower at a philosopher or a politician. As a controversialist, B. the towns of Somerville, North Chelsea, Winthrop, West the siege of Sebastopol. He was made a marshal of is distinguished by great logical acuteness, and infinite Roxbury, Newton, Brooklline, and Brighton. Their Fraence, and in 1856 a senator. In 1859 he was appoint- dexterity in exposing the wealk points of aen opponent united poep. nearly equals the pop. of B., end they may ed to a command in the war against Austria. D. 1861. and concealing his own. These qualities are particu- be considered as forming one conmmunity. The bay, Boss, n. [Fr. bosse, from.L LeLt. bossa, a swelling; Ger. larhy exhibitedin his celebrated Expositiosz of the Roesan which is very extensive, is studded with numerous small bausch, anything roundish, from bunasen, to swell up; Catholic Faith, addressed principally to Protestants, islands, which protect the harbor from the E. winds, and perhaps allied to Gr. ph/ysa5, to puff or swell up.] A Whlich, however, was nine years awasiting the Pope:s ap- afford convenient situations for forts commanding the protubecrant ornament; a stud; ac knob; as, the boss of a probation. The points on which he chiefly lays stress approaches to the city by water. The harbor is excelshield. are the antiquity and unity of the churches, the accu- lent, being of great size, with sufficient water to admit' What signifies... embroidered furniture, or gaudy bosses?" mulatedl authiorities of fathers, councils, and popes, and the largest ships, and so completely land-locked, that tihe L' c'etracge. the necessity of a final umpire in affairs of faith and vessels within it are almost as secure as if they were in -A round, protuberant, swelling part; as, a boss of wood. discipline. In all thiese points, however, he was ably dock. At the outer entrance to the bay is a light-house "1If by the boss of the tongue to the palate.' - Holder. answered by Claude and other ministers of the French 80 ft. in height, and 98 above the sea, with a revolving (Alecli.) Thle enlarged part of a shaft on which a wheel Calvinists, as also by Archbishop Wake, who, in his Ex- light. The bridges, some of which are of great length, is keyed, or at the end where it is coupled to another.- position of the Doctrine o the (hure/ of England, ex- connecting the city eitl its adjacent suburbs and the A swago or die used for shaping metals.t- W(bster. poses much management and artifice in the suppression continent, are all constructed of wood; but it is joined (.I-hch/.) A term applied in mnedieval architecture to ancd alteretion of B.'s first edition. B. was very zealous by a causeway of earth to Brookline, and the Cross Dasm. tihe piece of stone, usually carved in;c fiaciful mnnea, for the reunion of the churches, but nothingo was to be as it is called, leading across the bay to Roxbury, is also which covers the intersection of a series of arches. It yielded as a matter of right; but he thought that the formed of earth, with walls of stone. This avenue served is commonnely fin- sacramental cup might be extended to the laity as a the double purpose of a bridge and a dam; and, with the ished with a flower, favor. I-He was not, however, an advocate fobr the infal- addition of a cross-dam of a similar construction, formed orse luohuan masque, libility of the Pope, or for his assumed right of deposing two large basins; one of which being filled with every and is one of the Icings. On the contrary, he resisted these doctrines with flood, and the other emptied with every ebb-tide, a perinost characteristic energy, and lost c cardinal's hat by opposing Innocent petual current for the use of mills, &c. was established. specineensofnmedi- XI. in claims contrary to the independence of the The mills have been recently discontinued, and the val decoration. crown of France, and to the liberties of the French empty basin filled up and graded for building purposes. (lBcild.) A short lergy. He also attacIed Quietism, and triumphed over The w-harves are very extensive: the Long WharfT is 1,650 trough for holding c lte amiable Fenslon with some harshness on that oc- ft. long icy 200 ft. wide, and contains 76 large warehouses; water when tiling count. IHe was, hosever, a professed enemy to perseecu- the Central Wharf is 1,250 ft. long by 150 ft. wide; and cc roof; it is hung to ( Q3~ / lion, but does not appear to have reemonstrated with there are others nearly as extensive. The wsharves, as well thee laths. >; Louis againet his merciless persecution of the Huguenots. as ceany other parts of the city, have been built on sites -In flee U. States, a / On the whoele, B. cas a neon of great genius, lofty formed by raising ground, originally covered by tise 550. termn applied fcc thee Esircit, and extraor:dinary vigor of mind; which high MIany of the streets, originally narrow and crookeed, biscton or buffileo. cqcualities swere alloyed by pride, ancd c deficiency of site- have recently been widened and straightened; and the Bno~. [Dn. bact s, plicity an-f cendolr, his character forming a moral con- houses which are, for the most part, of bricld, though scaster.] IntceU. Fi. 397. — toss. trgst to that of Fcmelon. I-sie worcs slere published in mnny of them are of granite and sandstone, are lcarge, wsell Stats, a title given 1743, id 20 vols. /to, cnd nmany of theem lesve bceen often -built, and elegant. The principal public bucildings are toe sseaster-wvorktseat, foreman, or superintendent. reprinted in vaniocse fccrn's. His discourse oso Universal the following: The State-House, on the crown of Beacon — A msster; one who has tile upper ha-c-d of -nother. Itistory, ancl Isis fsuneral orations, are, hlowever, the only Hill, is a coespicuous object in any coup d'cai of this (Used in some parts of England/. productions ofl his pen which now comnlmod much at- city. It is a fine brick building, fronting the Conm-en, ]sBs, v. ca. To oruncesnt with bosses; to sted with Inobs. — tention. and occupies thee most elevated part of Beacon Street, 100 VyL. I —NE3 %C TNBET 338 BOST BOST BOSW ft. above the bay. From the summit of its cupola, a mag- small town of Chelsea, constitntes the co. of Suffolk, titles of which are sent to London. Since the enclosure nificent view is obtained of the city, the harbor, and the which is represented in the State Legislature by five of the neighboring fells, large quantities of oats are ancharming suburban approaches on every hand. The senators. The city is divided into 16 wards; the munici- nually shipped for London. Pp. 19,360. City Hall is a magnificent new structure of the Modern pal govt. is vested in a mayor, a board of 12 aldermen, Bos'tosn, n. (Gasses.) A game at cards played by 4 and a conlllon council of 64 members, all of which are persons with 2 packs of cards. The cards are never chosen annually by the citizens. There is a police shuffled; one of the packs is dealt, and the other cut alcourt, presided over by 3 justices, for the trial of misde- ternately to determine the trump, which goversis the meanors and niinor offences, and the examination of game. The dealer deals 5 cards to each player twice, criminal charges; and a superior court, which holds and 3 the last time around. If the first player can ssiake criminMl and civil sessions.-The annual expenditure of 5 tricks, hie says, "I go Boston," and his competitors B. namounts to about $13,000,000, -of this amount the may overbid him by saying, "I go 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11, 12, or schools received $901,497 iu 1867-68, and $1,329,287.73in 13," as the hand of each may warrant. Should either 1868-69. - T'he funded and unfunded net debt of the city of them fail to make the number of tricks he'"bits" ______ -'vwas, (April 30, 1869,) $17,304,435.80. -In May, 1868, B. for, he must pay to each conmpetitor a for-feit regulated contained more than 23,000 dwelling-houses, and about by a card of prices, which must be prepared beforehand. 60 hotels. Its valuation was $493,57i3,700. B. is connected Without such a card B. cannot be played. It is the with the interior of the U. States, and also Canada, both miost complicated of all games of cards. It is said to by railways andriver navigation; and has a- most exten- have been introduced into France by Dr. Frankli n, who sive trade both with foreign countries and also with the gave it the name of his native city. S. States of the Union. It is principally firom the States Bos'ton, in Arkansas, a township of Franklin co. of New -'ork, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, that her -A post-office of Washington co. supplies of grain, bread-stuffs, tobacco, and coal are Bos'ton, in California, a town of Placer co., on the drawn; cotton and rice are also largely imported from American River. the S. States. The returns are made in the products Bos'ton, in Georgia, a post-office of Thomas co., 11 m. Lof her manufacturing industry, in which Massachu- S.E. of Thomnasville. setts is decidedly hre-eminent over every other State Bos/ton, in Indiana, a village of Ilarrison co., on the in the Uiion' and in the conmmodities furnished by the Ohio River. fisheries and her foreign triade. Her exports to foreign -A post-village and towvnship of Wayne co., 8 m. S.E. of countries consist principally of the sasie articles which Centreville; pop. about 1,050.'~ g. 39S~ -TH~ NE CII`Yshe sends to the S. States' but she also re-exports a -A village of Washington co., 7 m. E.S.E. of Salem. Fig. 398- -TuE NEW CITY HALL, large amount of the foreign produce she had previously -A village of Warrick co., 10 m. Ni.W. of Booneville. Renaissance style of architecture; the Market aue insported. Her imports from abroad chiefly comprise Boston, in Kentucky, a post-village of Nelson co., 35 nd egss i Hones, textile manufactures, hardware and earthenware, sugar, m. S. of Louisville. handsome granite edifice, two stories high, 240 ft. in lenth amid 50 ft. aide, this Court-House csal 240 ot. in tea, coffee, wines, brandy, and liquors, indigo and other -A village of Whitley co. iehiftlongifthih, an d 5 4 ftwiee h Cut-Hei also of girai-dy-suf C I,ald5 t.wdo heCnt iais ga dye-stuffs, spices. &c. The value of the exports firom B. Boseton, in Michigan, a village of Kalamazoo co., about ite, 176 mav Donet poig, a e Gfeet ride, adorned for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1867, amounted to 15 m. S.E. of Kalamaazoo. with m asv oi otce.TeGeneral Hospital is ilg Ade o anoti handssiome goiaitebumiding, sucnrounded by open i $17,298,307. The tonnage of vessels belonging to this port, Bos'ton, in Missouri. a village of Andrew co. another handsome granite building, surrounded by open _k (including Charlestown,) during the same pieriod. showed Boston, in NVew York, a post-village and township of grounds of 4 acres in extent. Tremont House, the fi'ont. of which is built of gray syeuatee in the Dosimc ocder amid an aggregate total of 274,819 tons. Its shipping statis- Erie co., 18 m. S. by E. of Buffalo; pop. about 2,100. ofseveral of the Banks ae noticeable, too or thei oder fin tics fbr that year give 572 American vessels, or 216,535 Bos'ton, in Ohio, a village of Belmuont co. starchitectucr Cite y hstal blic Li, bi s hiy Bn tons; and foreign, 2,457, or 515,395 tons, as having been -A village and township of Summnit co., 139 nm. N.E. of architecture. The City Hospital, Public Library, Bu-M rei of Chuitis Horticultui Hall usic Hill, cd enitered friom sea; total, 3,029 vessels, 731,930 tons: Colunmbus; pop. about 1,450. renu o f si CharlitieBs'o, Itricultural Hall, M pus-fice If llgnn an the new Masonic Tesple -ii' also flue campihle of their while the clearances, on the other hand, numbered 576 Bo'ton, in Pennsylva nia, a post-office of Alleghany co. the TewMsnicTeple, are also fine c~xamiples of their H0'd3, I 2eaaforsigpe-ilge n ~p Amnerican, and 2,401 foreign vessels, lbrming a grand Id oston, in Texas, a flourishing post-village, and cap. total of 2,977 vessels, 689.791 tons. B. is the emporiumn of Bowie co., 350 m. N.E. of Austin City, and 12 S. of......... sit....-..of the Amnerican ice-trade, and there are numerous cons- Red River, in a fine agricultural country. panies engaged in tihe business of shipping ice for S. Bos'ton, in Yis-ginza, a post-office of Culpepper co. _______ ___America, thie E. and VW. Indies. and China. -A village of Halifax co., on the Dan River, 31 mn. E. by (HRistory.) The Indian nanme of the peninsula was N. of Danville. Shiawsut. The meaning of the name is probably'liv- Bos'ton Corner, in New Fork, a pest-office of Co. ing springs of water." Trimountaine was the name given lumbias co. -_-_ —-=_ to thle peninsula because of the bold appearanceof certain Bostona Statioi, in Kentucky, a post-office of PenF —l eminences in it. The name of B. was given by the first dietom co. __ ___, settlers to their chief colony in conpliment to one of the Boe'ton Store, in Indiana. a P. O. of Montgomery co. ~_______~~~ 1 i. u u ~~distinguished first colonists, who canme from Boston, in Bos/trielium, n., and BosarcIsnu.M, n. pl. (Zob't.) A genus Lincolnshire. The original pioneer of the whites in this and family of Coleopterous insects, of the group Xylo_____ e~regionawas an eccentric Englishman, Wm. Blackstone, the phila, some species of which are highly destructive of "l date cf whose arrival is. however, not accurately known timber, namely the Bostrichus hgnipe dia, Scolytius desIt is conjectured that he came into the countryin 1622- tructor. and Tomicus typographusas; but the twolatter are ~~~7us ~~~~~~~~1623 The town-records begin about 1634. Thi first the most mischievous, and astoiish us by thi amount Grand Jury of the country met at B., Sept. 1,1635; and, of damage produced by insects of so simall a size. The lalj llI~~~l~'q~ 1. q_ —_in 1651, the place is described by an eye-witness as being elm-tree is the object of attack to the S. destructor, alleys, was imade in 1708, and they were found to be 110 fir. The females attack thi crevices 11111 IhhhIIol (English governmemst to supply its revenue system com- ing lateral channels, in which from - prehssnoivehy to thi colonies, B. assumied that determined SO to 80 eggs are deposited. At tic stand in tehalf of liberty and lua', uvhhich gave it so end of 15 days the larvne are hatched, f imposing a part in thi birth of the nation. Accounts smd forthwith commences the work c. of the umportaut events of which it wvas the scene deotruction, each gnawing a serpen4 dur~ing the ten years that pi 11d h atl f eig tine gallery between the bark, and 40 tos, will be ghven uuder Massachusetts. After a siege of the wood, and graduiniy enlarging TPOGRAPHUS ___oiie year thi British commnander was compelled to its burrow until thi period awhen it iEETLE. abandon time place, Marccha 17, 1776, amid Washington en- is ready to puss isto the pupa state, Tomicuis typographus, tesed B. imediately afte- the ene sy's retreat. During when having finally become a ierfect this war, B. supported the repultatiou it had acquired beetle, it directly bores through the portion, of the tree in thi earlier stages of thi contest: and its people en- vhich remains betveen the wood and thi outer basitr, esgeticalflysupportd thie policy that ended in thi sdop- and escapes through a small cieculr aperture in the ~ tion of the Federal constitution. In 1822, B. was made latter, Tlisemerged ce of0 o 8gaeporfct sedt thkesplace a city. Th first vessel belonging to B., of American in thie nionth of May: and in seasons navorable to their Pig. 399. - NEW MASONTIC EPLE. build, was the banrk Besssig of tic Bay, lautnched at developient they appear in swarnmsg amd uise to a hieight Mystic, July 4, 1631, The first ship built at B. was the exceeding thesat of the trees, and may be caiiied by the respective styles. Among other objects worthy of no- Triao, in 1644, ahich subsequently made a voyage to wind to aiother and distant part of the forest. The imtice are the Coneuon, a beautiful parc of 50 acres, on the Spaid. - Fron the 15th to 19th Jun. 1869. a grand NPa- pregnation of the feniale tales place im this air so that penlinsula, and the Bunker Hill Monument, (at Charles- tioual Jubilee was held in this city to celebrate thlie es- whenever they faight they sre resdy to recommence the town.) B. possesses above 130 religious societies, six toration of peace thrioughiot tis Uniom. lils took the uork of destruction. Thi chief precautions and remetheatres, a niuseuui, an eyeand ear infirmary, agndnuuer- fors of a inusicah festival on the largest scale yet known dies which experience has suggeseswd ae, to cut down nic besevolent and inadust-lal institutions.-The preos of to this civilized worlnd, comprising a gnad onchest-a of the trees rhich are once attacked, banrk them burn the B. is thi oldest in tha U. States. The first journal pub- 1,094 instnuminte. in comjuuiction ith a chorus of 10,000 bark, and to resove all felled timber without delayi lished in N. Am ricar was T/e NeUs Lettcs, which was voices, acomipani ed by the biargin of Bells, firing of BosthViek Lake, in laich/iga, a P. 0 of Kent co. commienced April 24, 1704. The second paper was the canion, &c. Thi Presideit of the U. States honored Boy'w 1, JsMEs,a Scottish gentleman, s at Edinubugh, Boseten Gaetle, comnmenced 1719, of which James Fraik- it with his presence, and thi entire affair proved a de- 1740. He studied for tis bar. ind, in 1763, wuen visiting lbn was pu-inter.- B. has always been favorably distin- tided success. Thi pop. was 18,038 in 1790: 33,250 in Lomdon, forned an acquaintance with Dr. Johinsois thu guished by lier attentiom to education and literusture. 1810; 61,392 in 1830; 136,884 in 1850; amd 200,000 in gieat lexicographer. Oi lhis etuin fromis a tour iii Itily, By some she has been called this "At/tnss" of Anierica. 1860. Pop. in 187i (including Dorchestersund ltoxtiury), lie pucilished an Accoiunt of Cosicas wit/.Afemoirs of The N. Anmerica ana r other valuable wuvoifs are published 250,526. - he birtis in 1868 were ii thie ratio oh one Genesra Paoli, Svo.r a awortl coiltaeiming a good deal of here, and in its vicinity is thi celebrated harvard Col- birth to every 33J70 persons living; amd thi deaths of interesting informaition, but dispylay sig the ardent charlegs, (q. n.) Schools of all denolinations abound, and one tho 4348 of the population. ahten acd anusing egotsm ii ihe autiom cn so singular teduation is in musveu-y advanced state. The Psse Pimb- Bss'o, a esapsamt town and porisa of Enlafnde im hunt a manoe as to expoer him to thi sugesateret cemusume ow she lie Lib-ary, next in size to the library of Conmress, aeas colnhircs, on the rivem Witham, 28 m. from Lincolea cimics. In 1773, hi acconpunsed isis tmmii, Jourson oms imstitusted in 18t2, acd contains abhuit 150.000 bosund This is au aucient tohn and vas formerly rich in isis a rsur to the Scottisha Haghlfle and tihe itehioudea of volumes, and 60,000 pamphlets. The Athe.uni Let r nastic and liamous institedtisuui thongh scarcely a ue rivhichn exlcursion he puoishmlied,n.0ou f Kntsl iio 1F5 1r. a libcrry of 90,000 vole., 1 piet.ure gallery, studh public tige is noPre eft of the six ftiaties cud tisiss tolls sohnson died in 1784 as, a B o iepsi to ish enpale lus this hall or lectres. Thse school for this instruiction of the which it onite contrined Thai parish claucha d -esic0.utc piess mecais of hn ",llussh i nss 1i76eid lou ahi he hlid, fowsi pinta 1833, is said to be extremiavly ashtiaian- to S. Botola so asashle Gothic structure. jusshpy ashmie0i had been collecting in-t frds daa c uintaeg noith sre l ohionhe agied. Thi Ausieican Academy ofhArts acu ciences, the fora its elega6nce and 2s,0phicit. It arcs fongrared in 1301r course of tbsr in hiatlin s his oil esuhuulei lie Life heistorical anad Natural History Sodties, are amonp Besides the chm chre there are plates of avorshaip becont of,Sainsneg Js/iossu, LL D a gas dublmshehl si 2 aole 41o., its learned associations icit buss atlso aeHummane Societyr, gir to Brptieths of differesti derouninations, to Unstasiie mr 1790, and has besu sepelatedhy ishsinted The stores orphan asylums, cud numerous other chiafitable inetitu- and Methoodistsin also a Quaker nieetii3g'houueo The oph liter ary anecdote whucli are csniamned in tus psigulactions. A host of dpaily, tn i-uveekly, mathly, and other neighhom-ina eel yields great suumishen of fish ind acon tiom, thi nainute and appaseithy accurate information periodical joureals are published heris B., with the siderahble maffic mec tined on in shhimps, inimasise cquurs ahich it diepreuys mel stive to the halbits main rewic and BOTA BOTA BOTA 339 conversation of Johnson, and the romantic attachment in modern b6tanical works, particularly those of Lindley. trition, and may therefore serve instead of several illusof the author to his subject, render this book one of the Some plants consist of simple cells only, which continue trations. The study of tile special functions of thile vamost entertaining pieces of biography in the English throughout life to produce new cells, and to perform all rions organs necessarily precedes that of the general language. D. 1795. the vital functions. A flowering plant, however, al- physiological phenomena, such as circulation, assimilaBos'well, in Ohio, a post-office of Mahoning co. though originally cellular, produces organs composed tion, respiration, fertilization, and germnination. Under Boswell'ia, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, order Amy- of cells and vessels, variously modified and arranged, thile names of the different organs of nutrition and reproridacee. The most important species is B. thurifera, and covered by an epidermis. These compound organs duction, the reader of this work will find full particulars a tree which grows to a large size, in hilly situations, may be divided into nutritive, or those concerned in the respecting their functions. The physiology ot' reproducfrom the Coromandel coast to the central parts of India. nourishment of the plant, and reproductive, or those tion is treated of at length under the heads POLLEN, and This plant is the source of the valuable gum-resin known which are employed in the production of new individ- EnMBRYO. See also ENuocSaIosSE, Sl, SECRETIONS, &C. -3. as Indian olibanum. B. papyrifera, a native of Abys- uals. The former are the stems, root, and leaf; the lat- Systematic Botany, or Taxonomay. This department insinia, also yields a fragrant gum-resin, and is further re- ter, the flowers and fruit. Leaves occupy various posi- eludes the principles of classification, which are based marklable on account of its inner bark, which peels off tions on the stem and branches, and their arrangement on the observations which have been made on tie struoin thin white layers like paper.-See OLItANUS. forms a subject for special study. The arrangement of ture uand physiology of planmts. It cannot, therefore, be Boswell'ian, a. Relating, or pertaining to, Boswell. flowers on the floral axis and its ramifications, has also prosecuted successfully until the student lhas aclquired Boswell'ism, n. The style or manner of Boswell. to be considered. The term Morphology has been ap- a complete kinowledge of Organograply. Tihe object of Bos'well's, in Virginia, a post-office of Fluvannu co. plied to that portion of Organography which treats of systematic botany is to name, describe, and arrange Bos'worth, JOSEPH, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., a distinguished the abnormal modifications of the different organs. The plants in such a manner that the botanist may readily English philologist, B. 1790. He studied at Cambridge, researches which have been made im this department ascertain the name of any specimen, andi at the same and in 1839 took his doctor's degree, and was elected during the last forty years, have confirmed the doctrine time get an insight into its true nature and general Professor of Anglo-Saxon in Oxford University. Dr. B., advanced by the German poet Glithe, namely, that all properties. When it is considered that there mre some who is a member of the principal learned societies of those parts familiarly known as leaves, flowers, and 120,000 known species of plants, it is obvious tlhat there Europe, is the author of The Elements of Asnglo-Saxon fruit, are constructed on a simple uniform plan, out of must be a definite nomenclature and classification, were Grammar (1823); A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Lan- one kind of organ in different states of modification and it only to facilitate reference and comnmunication. Beguage (1838); The Origin of the Danish Language; Ab- combination: and that there is no other difference be- fore plants can be classified, their peculiarities of strucstract of Scandinavian Literature; Origin of the English, tween the flower of a rose and that of a nettle, than ture must be clearly defined; hence the necessity of Germanic, and Scandinavian Languages and Nations; what arises from modificattions and combinations of this technical language which is employed in descriptive B. The Essentials of Anglo-Saxon Grammar; A Compen- typical organ, which is the leaf. In elucidating this This language ought not to deter the lover of nature dious Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1848), &c. le has also doctrine of the unity of type, which constitutes the from studying the principles of classification; for in acpublished King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of the basis of the theory of botany, Lindley says: " We are quiringa knmowledge of the numerous technical terms, he Historian Orosius, with an English translation (1855); so accustomed to talk of' plants bearing leaves, and will at the same time fix in his mind the ideas which and the same royal author's Description of Europe assd flowers, and fruit, and it is so evident to our senses that they represent, and thus, in reality, become acquainted the Voyages of Olthere amd I'ulfstan, in Anglo-Saxon, extremely different organs do exist under such nammes, witlh imin)ortant elementary facts. Botanists are blamed with an English translation (1855); The Gospels in Gothic that it seems inconceivwble that parts so very dissinmilar for using so many halrd words; but it should be remenmof 360, and in Anglo-Saxon of 995, in parallel columns should be only leaves in different states; that the pure bered that they have to explain'very minute points of with Wyckliffe's Version of 1380, and Tyndale's of 1526, white petals of the lily, the rich red flowers of thle rose, structure, and must employ a language more rigorously which work appeared in 1865. the sweet-smelling blossoms of the jasmine and orange, defined than that of ordinary conversation. "Botany," Bos'worth (]larket), a small town of England, co. or the long trumpet-shaped corollas of the honeysuckle, says Dr. IHcefer, " would be the most lovely of the sciLeicester, memorable for the decisive battle of Bos- should all be leaves; that the stamens in wihich the fer- ences, if botanists had not made its nomenclature so dry.worth Field, fought close to it, 22d Aug., 1485, between tilizing powder is locked up, the pistils which are des- and repulsive. All the world would study it, if it was Richard III. of England, and the Earl of Richmon d tined to receive the influence of thie pollen, the ovula addressed less to the memory and more to the intelli(afterwards I-Henry VII.), in which the former lost his that they contain, and, finally, that the fruit, which is gence." The remarks of Mr. Page on the use of technicrown and his life, and which terminated the long-con- thie result of the action of the two last, are all so many cal terms in geology may be fairly set in opposition tinued struggle for supremacy between the rival Houses parts formed out of one common organ, which in a par- to the observation cof the French writer: —" Scientific of York and Lancaster. ticular and very frequent state is what we call a leaf. terms, when once thoroughly comprehended, are quite Bosz'ra, a town of Syria, formerly the cap. of the Au- Botanists do not mean to say that hlie who eats an apple, or as easily remembered as those derived from the lanranites; 50 min. S. of Damnascus, and 80 N.E. of Jerusalem: an orange, or a peach, is in a state of mental delusion, guage of every-day life; while, beingchiefly compounds Lat. 320 40' N., Lon. 360 30' E. Though now almost de- and that while he fancies himself to be enjoying the of Greek and Latin, they constitute a nomenclature inserted, the ruins are extensive and magnificent; time pleasure of gratifying his palate by the most delicious telligible to the scholars of every country. There is principal of these, or at least tile most sacred in Moslem flavors, he is really only chewing the leaves of these nothing more perplexing than a nmultiplicity of local estimation, is the Deir-Bohaira (" House of Bohaira "), plants; but they assert that those appendages of a plant and provincial termns; and one can easily imagine the so called from being consecrated to a monk of that which are coninmmonly called the leaves have a peculiar confusion and obstruction that would arise were every natnme, who is said to have proclaimed the sacred char- anatomical structure, and a certain relation to the stem country and district adhering to its own vernacular, acter of Momammed, when the prophet, in his 13th year, on which they are borne, and, being developed accord- instead of adopting a unibform system of terminology. visited Syria with his uncle. The ruins are of the finest ing to certain fixed laws, are always arranged upon a The technicalities of science, often so ignorantly inworkmanship. B. is very ancient; it is mentioned in certain and uniform plan with respect to each other; veighed against, are, in fact, the instruments by which it the Sacred Writings as one of the cities which the half and that all the other organs, whether calyx, corolla, effects its progress. New objects require new names, and tribe of Manasseh, beyond Jordan, gave to the Levites. stamens, pistils, or fruit, have an anatomical structure nbw facts, new phrases to express their relations; and (Josih. xxi. 27.) Its strong castle was built by the Sar- essentially the same, bear the same relation to the axis the sooner the student can make himself familiar with acens, between whom and the Latin kings of Jerusalem that they grow upon, are developed according to the ithose terms and their applications, the more rapid and it several times chanmged masters, and under Baldwin same laws, are arranged upon the same certain and uni- pleasant will be his onward progress." That part of IV., in 1180, it was entirely ruined and depopulated. form plan with respect to each other, and, finally, are Systematic Botany which relates to the technical lanBot, n. (Zobl.) See.BoTs. constantly becoming transformed into leaves of the or- guage of the science is sometimes called Glossology. Botal Foran-en, m. [Lat..foramen, aperture.] (Anat.) dinary appearance; thus losing the condition in which The principles of classification constitute what is propA large opening which exists in the foetus in the parti- they are usually found, and reverting to their strut- erly called Taxonomy, though this term is often applied tion between the two auricles of the heart, and by tural type." Morphology is a most attractive subject to the whole department. There have been two great means of which the blood passes from one to the other. for study, but less important in a practical point of view plans proposed for the classification of plants, one deIts discovery is generally attributed to Leonard Botallus, than that part of Organography which has reference to nominated artificial and the other natural. The first is iotel, or Botalli, who wrote in 1562. It was spoken of, the ordinary forms of organs, and the manner in which founded on characters taken from certain parts of plants however, by Vesalins, and even by Galen.- Dunglison. they are arranged. No systematic arrangement can be only without reference to others; while the second takes Botan'ic, Botan'ieal, a. Pertainting, or relating, to understood without a knowledge of the laws upon which into account all the parts of plants, and involves the botany; referring to, or containing, plants; as, a botanic the symmetry of plants depends, and a practical ac- idea of affnity in essential organs. In both artificial collection. quaintance with the structure of every kind of organ. - and natural systems, the lower divisions, namely the Botanic garden, a garden in which plants are collected See CELL, INFLORESCENCE, OVULE, PHYLLOTAXIS, PISTmL, genera and species, are the same, the great difference and cultivated for the purpose of illustrating the scieice SEaD, STAMEN, &c. — 2. Physiological Botany treats of between them consisting in the manner in which the of botany. - Botanic physician, a physician whose rem- plants in a living or active state, and of the manner in genera are grouped into orders, and the orders into edies are obtained from herbs and roots. which their fimnctions are performed; it explains how classes. (See SPrcmss. GENus, ORDER, CLASS.) Theplants Botant'ically, adv. According to the system of bot- they are influenced by the several agencies of light, heat, in one of the higher divisions of an artificial system, any; in a botanical manner. air, and moisture; and it describes their various secre- such as that of Limnneus, have no necessary affinity, and Bot'anist, n. One who is skilled in botminy; a professor tions and the nutriment afforded by the soil. It need are connected only by certain characters, more or less of tile knowledge of plants or herbs; as, "That diligent scarcely' be said that aiy attempt to investigate the superficial, which have been selected as the signs of botanist." - Woodward. laws of vegetable life would be abortive without a per- that division. Such a system may, therefore, be comBot'amize, v.i. [Fr. botanisers.] To study botany; to feet acquaintance with the more important details of or- pared to a dictionary, in whlich words are arranged, for search for and collect plants, as a botanist. ganization. Plants, not being endowed with voluntary convenience of reference, in alphabetical order, adjacent One that would peep and botanize motion, derive their food either from the soil in which words not necessarily agreeing with each other, further Upon his mother's grave.e - Wordsworth. they are fixed, or from the atmosphere by which they than in commencing with the same letter. In a natural Bot'anizinmg, n. The seeking of plants for botanical are surrounded. The nutriment, consisting of water order, on the contrary, all the genera will be found to purposes. generally holding salts in solution, is absorbed by the have a true family likeness; for their association is the ]Bot'any, n. [Gr. botane, herb or grass.] That branch aid of endosmose, by the extremities of thIe root. It thien result of a careful consideration of the structure of every of natural history which relates to the vegetable king- passes fmom cell to cell, and ascends the stem, dissolving organ. The classes in the natural system have been domin; not merely including the unomenclature and classi- in its course some of the organic matter stored up in formed upon the same principle, by uniting orders which fication of plants, as some have supposed, but embrac- the vegetable tissue. Arrived at the green shoots and possess many important charaicters in common. The ing all the phenomena of vegetable life in their widest surfaces of the leaves, which are covered with minute Linnean system leads to little more than a knowledge extent.-To facilitate investigation, B. has been divided openings, or stomata, the sap is exposed to the influence of names, and can only be looked upon as an index to into several departments which may be regarded as of light, heat, and air. About two-thirds of the mole- the genera. Though superior to every artificial scheme sepaurate sciences, The objects anmd scope of each of ture taken up is now evaporated and exhaled; the re- previously promulgated, its day has gone by and the these sub-scienced will now be explained. - 1. Structural mainder, which, of course, becomes thickened, under- umore philosophical system has taken its place. Linnmmus Botany, Organoqm-aphy, includes evem'ything relating goes certain chmemical changes, amid then begins to de- himself never intended it to be anything more than a to the or-ganization of plants. It describes the differ- scend by the under surface of the leaf, and along the provisional arrangement; and distinctly stated that a ent kinds of tissue which enter into the composition of barn. It takes either a direct or a circuitous course nttural method was the great obuject of scientific inplants; it explains the structure of every organ; and it downward, communicating with the centre of the sten quiry. The general principles of the Linnala n or Sexalso teaches the relation that one orgcen bears to an- by the medullary rays, depositing various secretions, ual system may be explained in a few words. 24 classes other. That branch of structural B. which has refer- more especially in the bnrt, and giving origin to sub- are founded on time number, position, relative lengths, ence to the elementary tissues is s.ommetimes distims- stances which are destined to nourish and form new tis- and connection of the stamens; while the orders in these guished as Vegetable Histology. The muicroscope has sues. Fintally it reaches the extremity of the root, scheme classes depend on the number of' the styles, the nature shown that the various tissues are composed of little absorption had commenced; a small portion is there ex- of the fruit, the number of' the stamens in the classes membranous secs or vesicles, varying in form and size, creted, while the remainder mixes with the newly where this character is not used fordistinguishing them, and united in different ways. The study of these els- absorbed fluids, and again circulates in the sap. The and the perfection of the flowers. The 24th class includes muentary organs c:umnot te prosecuted withomut the aid circulation of the sap has been adduced as an example plants having inconspicuous flowers, and in it the orders of costly instrumments, but mrlch inmay be learned finom of the vital processes elucidated by physiology, because are formed according to nmmtural affinities. Under these the clear descriptions and excellent illustrations given it is due to the combined action of all the organs of nu- classes and orders, all the known genera and species are 340 BOTA BOTC BOTH arranged. Even as an artificial method for discovering tion springs from a stem the wood of which is youngest "Young Hylas, totch'd with stains too foul to name, the names of plants, the Linnasan system has many at the circumference, always concentric; the cotyledons In cradle hers renews his youthfsl crame. - Garth. imperfections. Being based upon the mnore obvious 2 or more; and the seeds quite naked. The orders are, -To mend, repair, or patch in a clumsy, awkward mnanner, characters of the reproductive organs, it cannot be of Cycadeacece, Pinacece, Taxacece, and GneCaccc, q. v. as clothes, or anything that has undergone renovation. the least use when the plants are not in full flower, 7. EXOGENS are like Gymnogens, except that the seeds "Their coats, from botching newly brought, are torn." —Drlyde. with all the stamens and styles perfect. The different are enclosed in seed-vessels. They are distributed into -To put together unsuitably or unskilfully; to express flowvers on the same plant often vary as regards the four sub-classes: —(I.) Diclinous cExogens. - Flowers or perform bunglingly or awkwardly. number of the stamens. Again, if the classification was diclinous, without any customary tendency to become "They aim at it, carried out rigidly, it would separate, in many instances, hermaphrodite. The alliances are, AAmentales, Urticales, And botcsl the words up fit to their own thoughts.'" - Shats. the species of the same genus; but so sensible was Lin- Euphorbiales, Quernales, Garryoales, Menispermales, Cu- Botcls'er, n. One who botches; a bungler; a mender naeus of the importance of maintaining the natural curbitales, Papayales, q. v. - (II.) HIypogynous Exogens. of old clothes, whether a tailor or cobbler. character of his genera, that he sacrificed the symmetry - Flowers hernmaphrodite or polygamous; stamens en- "Botches left old clothes in the lurch, of scheme for the sake of keeping all the species to- tirely free from the calyx and corolla. The alliances And fell to turn and patch the church." - Hudibras. gether. The natural system of classification is based are, Violales, Cistales, Malvales, Sapindales, Guttiferales, Botechs'ory, n. Botching; clumsy workmanship; bungupon the real affinities of plants, and necessarily takes.Nymphales, Panales, Besberales,'ricales, Rlutales, lig. (a.). into account all the organs. Though it can never be Geraniales, Silenales, Chenolpodales, Piperales, q.v.- BotehlO y, a. Marked with botches; full of botches. perfect until all the plants of the globe have been ex- (III.) Peryginous Efxogens. - Flowers hermaphrodite or ", Were not that a botchy sore?'"- Shaks. amined, it has already reached a very high point of de- polygamous; stamens growing to the side of either Bote, s. [See.BOOT] (Eg. Low.) An allowance of velopment, and a great number of the orders which the calyx or the corolla; ovary superior, or nearly so. wood for fel, rpais, and the like, and which every have been determined are quite as natural as the orders The alliances are, Ficoidales, Daphnales, Rosales, Saxi- tenant for life, unless res, nined by covenant orw h ree tenan o ie nesrsrie ycvnn rare in the animal kingdom. For example, those groups of frogales, Rlhanales, Gentianales, Saloanales, Cortusales, ant, may, of conlson right, tar e frob the land for ment, may, of commion right, take frosn the land for plants designated as Rasnunculaece, Gentianacee, and Echiales, Bignoniales, q. v.-(IV.) Epygiaous Exogent.- his reasonabhe service, without being inpeachable for Atropacece, are as distinct in their characters as those Flowers herlnaphrodite or polygamous; stamens grow- committing waste. The word is generally conjoined animal groups named Cetacea, Chleiroptera, and Roden- ing to the side of either the calyx or corolla; ovary in- with another to express its nture; as ridge-boe; which with another to express its nature; as bridge-bote; which tie. Such being the case, it follows that a knowledge ferior, or nearly so. The alliances are, Caaspanales, is a allowance for making or repairing a bridge; fsteof one species is to a great extent the knowledge of.Myrtales, Cactales, Grossales, Cincstonales, Umbellares, boel, or hoee-bote, for fuel; ptoegh-bote and cast-bole, for many; for an individual, if well selected, will exhibit q. v., and Asatea. malcing and repairing implements of husbandry; haythe most important characters of all the other plants A brief notice of the erogress of systematic B. may bete, or hedge-bole, for repairing hedges and fences, &c. in the same natural group. Thus, by studying the con- conclude this attempt to elucidate its leading princip its compouds, however, though Th 1 e term boe and its compounds, however, though mon radish (Rap/anns), or the mustard (Sinapis), the One of the earliest methodical arrangenments was that technically proper, have in modern times somewhat botanist may obtain a general knowledge of about 1,600 of Cmesalpinus, a Roman physician attached to the court f'llen out of use. species, which constitute the order Brassicacee, and of Pope Sixtus V. This was entirely artificial; and the Bote'loss, a. Same as BOOTLESS, p. v. which are all formed, as it were, on the same type. The same may be affirmed of the several systemns of Gesner, Bote'roll, n. (Her.) The tag of a broadswords scab, properties of plants accord, in a very remarkable man- Morison, Rivinus, and Tournefort. That propounded by bard. - Gabb. ner, with their structure; and, as a general rule, the Tournefort was for a long timne adopted by the French Botetourt (bot'e-t,) in Viinia, a.W. centrR co., position of a plant in the natural arrangementindicates school, but was ultimately displaced by the attractive bounded on the S.E. by the ) lue iRidg. cea, 550 rq. its properties. For example, if a botanist, on examin- scheme of Linnous, who must be looked upon as the m. Brained by James River, and also by Cdaig's snd ing a plant, finds all the structural peculiarities of the great promnulgator of the artificial method of classifica- Catawba creeks. The celebrated Peaks of Otter rise order just mentioned, he may feel confident that it is tion. The first attempt at arranging plants according near the confines of this co. Sce. Generally hilly near the confines of this co. Sur:face. Generally hilly. not poisonous, but most likely antiscorbutic or pungent. to their natural affinities was made by an English bota- sil. Tolerably good. Cap. Fincastle. Pop. abt. 19,000. If,however, he should meet with one of the Atropacece, nist, John Ray, in the year 1682. His scheme was ne- Botetotrt Springs, in Visginia, a post-illago of he might stfely set it down as a plant possessing poison- cessarily very imperfect, for the number of plants then Roanoke to. ous narcotic properties. Enough has been said to prove known was comparatively small; still it was in its leading Bf-ipl, n. (Zobt.) See GAO-FLY. that the natural system is much more than a mere in- features correct, and has really formed the foundation ofn. [A. S. bt, balwa - b, both, and'., ]~~~~~~~~c$Bno, a. and prlo~n. [A. S. burn, batwa — ha, both, and dex to the names of plants. It reveals, to a certain ex- every later systemn. It was long neglected, and did not a, two.] Th two taen by the; the one and tent, the plan of creation, and is at once an aid to re- receive the attention it deserved until Jussieu entered t othe wo ten this one t'the other; two separate persons or things comb~inedl tosearch and a record of discovery. Several schemes based the field, and developed Ray's views'of the natural afupon the natural affinities of plants have been devised. finities in the vegetable kingdom. Jussleus method was gether.ee,?initlo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~( s inthe vegoebt able kqalingdom Jsireu ethdws They may be regarded as so many versions of the one first made known in the year 1789, just eleven years The lot of bothl be left to destiny."-.Drydeen. true system; for, though they have been worked out by after the death of Linnoeus. Since that time, the natu- — onj. As well; on the oe e side and on the other side; different methods, they agree in nearly all their grand rat method has been advanced by the labors of De Can- equally the former and the latter. (Followed by and.) divisions. The characters by which the primary groups dolle, Brown, Endlicher, Lindley, and many others.-4. "Bots the boy was worthy to be praised. have been determined, are furnished by the elementary Geogralphical Botany treats of the manner in which And Stimichon has often made me long tissues, and the most important organs of vegetation plants are affected by climate and station, and endeavors To hear, like him, so sweet a song." - Dryden. and reproduction. Regarding only the elementary to determine the conditions under which particular Both, JOHN and ANDREw, two eminent painters, were structure, plants may be arranged under the heads of families or species of plants are confined to certain zones natives of Utrecht. To perfect themselves in their art Cellulanr and Vascular, according to the absence or pres- of latitude and altitude. It is a study of great interest, they went to Romne, where they remained several years. ence of regular vessels; (see TassuE, CELL, YESSEL.)' A and one which cannot be successfully prosecuted with- Claude Lorraine became the model of the elder, John, more satisfactory arrangement results from a considera- out an intimate acquaintance with most of the sciences. and his brother excelled in figures after the manner of tion of the different modes by which plants are propa- Of course, so long as there are vast tracts of continents Bamboccio; and thus qualified, they continued to assist gated. Some spring firom true seeds, containing the unexplored by botanical travellers, the knowledge upon each other until the death of Andrew, who was unforrudimentary organs called cotyledons; while others are which this department is founded must be ilmperfect. tunately drowned in a canal at Venice. John returned developed from Spores, in which no distinct organs can (See DSTRIBaUTION or PLANTS.) — 5. Fossil Bolany investi- to Holland, where he continued to paint landscapes; be traced. The former are said to be Cotyledonous, and gates the nature of the plants found in a fossil state in but the death of his brother continually preying upon the latter Acotyledonous, (i. e. without cotyledons.) As the various geological formations. It is therefore at once his mind, he D. in 1650, five years after him. Their picthe number of cotyledons forms a natural distinctive a branch of botany and of geology. (See PALONTOLOGY.) lures are much admired and sought after, and command character, the first group of plants is subdivided into The practical bearings of botany are most important, high prices. monocotyledonous, having one cotyledon, and dicotyte- and are sometimes treated separately in manuals of the Both'er, v. a. To tease or perplex. (Vulgar.) See donous, having two cotyledons. The modein which the science, under the head of Economic Botany. All the POTHuR. root is produced affords characters which confirm this principal plants affording food. tinmber, medicine, fibres, Bother, s. State ofannoyance, perphexity, or difficulty; arrangement. The young root of an acotyledon is dye-stuffs, and other useful products, are noticed in this one who, or tlat which, bothers; as, it is all a bther. heterorhizal, that of a monocotyledon is endorhizal, and work under the names of the genera which include them. (Used colloquially in a vulgar sense.) that of a dicotyledon exorhiza l; (see EBntRo.) The three For further details of the structure and classification of Botheration, s. A vulgarism to express the stats groups are further characterized by the stems; those of plants, the reader may consult with advantage Lindley's of being bothered; perplexity; cause of trouble. the first being acrogenous, those of the second endogen- liltroduction to Botany, Elemnents of Botany, and Vege- BelOthnia, (bothl'ne-a,) the name formerly given to a ous, and those of the thlird exogenous. Stemless plants tabte Iiegdoa, and tie works of Balfeur, Henfrey, country of N. Europe, extending along the east and west are said to be thallogenous, and form a distinct section lenslow, Olivir, and Asa Gray. shores of the Gulf of Bothnia (q. v.), the eastern portion of the acotyledonous group. The venation of the leaves Bot,'any, in Iowa, a post-office of Shelby co. now being comprised in Finland, and the western formestablishes the same great natural divisions; and simi- Bot'any Bay, a bay of New South Wales, Australia, ing the Swedish governments of Pitea and Ume'a. lar results are obtained from a consideration of tihe flow- 5 m. filom Sidney; Lat. 340 S., Lon. 1510 15' E. It was Beotlinafa, (GULF or,) is that part of the Baltic Sea, which ars; monocotyledons and dicotyledons being phanero- discovered by Capt. Cook, on his first voyage, in 1770, separates Sweden from Finland. It begins at the island gameous, or flowering, and acotyledons, cryptogasnous, or and named by him from the great number of new plants of Aland, and extends 360 miles in length and 135 in exflowerless.- The arrangemennt adhered to in the present found in its vicinity. In 1787 it received England's first treme breadth, to Tornea, betveen Lat. 600 20' and 650 50' work is that proposed by Lindley, in which the number penal colony in the East; and though it was supplanted N. This gulf receives nearly all the great rivers of Sweof orders extends to 303. The main divisions consist the very next year by Port Jackson, yet it long contin- den and Finland; but its depth is not greaterthan that of asexual, or "Flowerless plants," which include Thai- ued to be the popular designation, not merely of this of the Baltic generally. logens and Acrogens; and sexosal, or "Flowering plants," convict settlement, but of the Australian convict settle- Both'nian, Beoth'nie, a. Belonging to Bothnia, or which include Rhizogens, Endogens, Dictyogens, Gysno- ments generally. to the gulf of that name. gens, and Exogens. Bothany Bay Gun, n. A igun-resin produced by Beth'roden'ed[ros, s. [Gr. bothrss, pit, and dendron, 1. TuALLOGENS are Flowerless plants, whose stems and the A'hnthorrhcea hastilis, or resini/era of Australia. tree.] (Geol.) A genus of fossil stems with dotted surleaves are undistinguishable. They include the alliances Bot'any Bay Orak, n. (Bat.) A wood resembling in haces, occurring in the coal-measures, and distinguished Algales, Fuengales, Liclsenales, q. v. color fall red mahogany, and used for veneering the from Sigilaria and Stigmaria by two opposite rows of 2. AomoGrENs are Flowerless plants, whose stems and bacs of brushes, and for turnery,. deep oval pits, which appear to be the scars left by large leaves are distinguishable. The alliances are,.auscales, Botar'go, n.'[Sp. botarga, a sort of loose, baggy cones or seed-bracts. Lycopodales, and Filicales, q. v. breeches; contraction of botalarga, a wide leather bag.] Bet'well, a par. and village of Scotland,co. Lanark, S 3. RasZoGENs are Flowering plants, with fructifica- A kind of sausage-roll, or cake, made'of the roe of rash m. E. of Glasgow. About a mile distant, towards the SE., tion springing from a thalus. The orders are, Bala- mnullet, and much used in Italy, Spain, &c., as anappetizer. the road to Hamilton is caried over the river Clde by nophoracece, Cytinacecw, and Rafleciacece. Beta'vsia, in Iowa, a post-office of Jefferson cO. Bathsee-bridge, the scene of one of the meet mnsorahie 4. EnDoasNs are Floweris/g plants, with fructification Blotch, (boch,) sn. [It. bozza. Of the same origin as boss.] events in Scottish history. The Covenanters, numbering springing from a stem, the wood of the stem youngest A swelling or pustule on the skin; an eruptive discolor- from 4,000 to 5,000 man, having taken possession of thi in the centre; the cotyledon single, and the leaies par- ation of the epidermis. bridge, were attacked, on the 22d June, 1679, the bridge allel-veined, permanent. The alliances are, Glumales, "Botcthes and blains must all his flesh emboss." - -riltoas. forced, and their arty totally routed by the royal troions.Artles, Palmates, Rydra-es,.Narcissales, Amoananes, Os — -That which resembles a botch; a part or patch added commanded by the Duele of Monmouth. Near the viichidaleS, N'ysidales, Jeencates, Ziiiles, and Atismales, clumsihy or unsuitably. lage is the magunificent rein Of. Bothwsell Castle, once g. h f an impirtant fortress, ncnd fiaequentay referred to in Scot5. UlrCtOsENS' are like Endogens, except that the Thrusts your- poor vowe from his notch. s' Suift. tish history. leaves are net-veined, decidaous. The wood of thae stem.ns. — h- vk, sfpan s' ell, JAsrEs irEcBUac, foasrth ENRL OF, a promiwhen perennial, is arranged in a circle with a centr.al.... pith. The orders are, Dioacss'eacere, Saitacere, Piaiteoi- clihssy, bsunglad piece of niending. nent character in Scottish history, wad n. 1526. At the ocew, Trtttiaerea, and Rsxbarghiacewe. ~'Ta tears no role er leaches in the weik." —:ShaL". death of his father, in 155lih e b ecame the most powerful noble in the south of Scotland, and opposed at first the 6, QYIIN0O:INs are Flowering plants, whose fructifica- -v. a. To mark with botches, party of the Reformation, but eventisally joined it. In BOTT BOTT BOUC 341 1561, he was appointed one of the deputation sent to for the transport of wine, and by tribes of Africa and — v. i. To rest upon, as its ultimate support. France to convey Mary, Queen of Scots, to her kingdom. Asia for carrying water. The ancient Egyptians made "Find out upon what foundation any proposition advanced, He speedily grew into power, but his arrogant conduct B. of most elegant form, and exquisite workmanship, of bottoms."-Locke. made him so obnoxious that he was exiled from the court. alabaster, stone, gold, ivory, and other substances. The Bot'tonm-beae l, n. (Geol.) A name sometimes given to In 1562, B., in conjunction with James Hiamilton, Earl Italian peasants carry, slung around their necks, B. some partially, or doubtfully, fossiliferous strata which of Arran, endeavored to seize the young queen's person, made of the rind of the gourd, which, when dry, is as immediately underlie the Silurian system in Wales. for which offence he was compelled to flee the country, Bot'tom Captain, n. (Mining.) A superintendent and was outlawed. In 1565, he returned to Scotland, over the miners in the bottoms. rose into high favor at court, and it has been stated, en- ]Bot'tom-glade, n. A valley or dale; a low, open joyed the queeni's most intimate society. After the mur- glade. der of Mary's husband, Darnley (q. v.), B. was publicly "The hilly crofts accused of participation in the crime; if, indeed, he wao That brew this botlomglade" - filton. not the actual instigator of it; and was indicted and tried Bot'tom-grass, n. Grass growing on bottom-lands. accordingly, but acquitted. In 1567, B., at the head of Blot'tom-heat, n. (Gardening.) A term applied in horan armed body of his retainers, carried off Queen Mary to ~ ticulture to the temperature communicated to certain his castle of Dunbar; a divorce from his wife followed soils, either by fermenting or decomposing substances and he married the queen, at Holyrood, in the same year. placed underneath them, for which purpose leaves, firesh After the deposition of Mary, B. fled to Denmark, where (/ cduing, and the refuse bark of the tan-yard are often used; he was lodged in prison, and D. in 1596. His titles and or by means of flues or hot-water apparatus. The system estates were forfeited to the crown. is applied to the cultivation of pine-apples, grapes, cucum]Both'wielk, in Virginia, a post-office of Dinwiddie co. bers, and other plants grown in hot-houses, pits or frames. Bota'ych'ium, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Fig. 401.- GOAT-SKIN BOTTLE. It is one of the most important agents in the artificial Ophioglossacece. cultivation of tender plants, of whatever kind, whether Botryla'riae, n. pl. (Zo6t.) A family of singular con- hard as wood. The accompanying engraving shows the flower-bearing or fruit-bearing. pound Tctnicaries, or Ascidians, in which several distinct form and nature of an ancient goat-skin B., out of which Bot'tom-land, nt. See BOTTOs. individuals are arranged in a circle round a central ap- a water-carrier is offering to sell a draught of water. Bo4'tosnless, a. Without a bottom; fathomless; as, erture common to the rectum of each, while the mouths lot'tle, v. a. To put into or enclose in bottles; as, to a bottomless abyss. are distinct and placed at the circumference. bottle wine. im, he Amighty Pow'r BS~~Pt'rSTQP~~~B~~ae, ~~. (Mi~~~n.) A hydrated sulph~~~~~~zte of H}url'd headlong flaming from th' ethlereal skry Bot'ryogene, n. (Min.) A hydrated sulphate of'ou may have it a most excellent eider-royal, to drink or to headlong ftoming from th' ethereal shy Bot'ryog-ene, a. (Mm.) A hydrated sulphate of ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~To bottomlteos perdition.' - Milton. iron, composed of 19 per cent. of sulphate of protoxid bottle." -- Mortimer.' tts ( iin. dt, t Bo~s$thteen-lift', n2. (Minizin~g.) The deepest, or bottom tier of iron, 48'3 sulphate of peroxide of iron, and 32'7 water. -v. i. To fasten up or deprive of liberty temporarily; as, of pumps. It is found in the great copper-mine of Fahlun, in Swe- to be bottled up. om The lowest horizontal BSolthteennainal, n~. (Joincry.)Thloetorzna den, in small crystals of a deep hyacinth-red colorpass- Bot'tle-Ale, Bot'tled-Ale, n. Ale contained in rail of a framte door. ing into ochre-yellow in massive varieties; and is often bottles. o' ra o. ]]otltomnry, n. (Marit..Law.) It is in effect a mortaggregated into reniform and botryoidal shapes, consist- Bottle - companion, Bottle friend, a. A gage of a ship, being an agreemontentered into by an ing of glotules with a crystalline surface like that of a drinking-associate; a companion in a drinking-bout. owner or his agent, whereby, in consideration of a sum bunch of grapes. "Sam, who is a very good bottle-compasuion, has been the di- of money advanced for the use of the ship, the borrower Bot'ryg oid, Botryoi' lal, a. [Gr. botros, a cluster version of his friends." - Addison. undertakes to repay the same, with interest, if the ship of grapes, and oidos, form.] (Bot.) When a part; (the inflo- undertakes to repay the same, with interest, if the ship of grapes, and oidos, form.] (Bet.) When a part (the info- Bottled, (botld,) p. a. Put into bottles; enclosed in terminate her voyage successfully; and binds, or hypothrescence, for example) is clustered like a bunch of grapes. bottles; as, bottled porter. - Protuberant; bottle-shaped. ecates, the ship for the performamce of the contract. The (Min.) When the surface of a mineral consists of a To hold in durance or restraint for a certain time; as, a instrument by which this contract is effected is somegroup of sections of clustered globular prominences. - bottled voter. times in the shape of a deed poil, and sometimes in ttat When the prominences are larger and less globular, the Bot'tle.f- ower, n. (Bet.) See CYANUS. of a bond. On bottomry contracts the lender runs the appearance is expressed by the terms manmmillated or Bot'tle-Glass, n. A composition for manufacturing risk of the voyage, and in consideration of the risk the nmamnmillary. The shapes frequently assumed by Chal- bottles, consisting of sand and lime, clay, and alkaline interest he may talke is unlimited. The master has aucedony and ielmatite, and certain ores of copper and ashes of any kind. -See GLASS BOTTLE. thority to hypothecate a ship or ito freight, at a foreign manganese, are familiar examples of these modes of BoIt'lte goumrd, n. (Bet.) See CUCUaBITA. port, in case of necessity, for the purpose of the voyage. aggregation. Bot'tle-ga'een, n. A dark green tint, like that of a In such case, if the loan be not repaid within the time Botry'ltis, n. (Bet.) A genus of microscopic Fungi, green glass bottle. preocribed, the agent of the lenders applies to the Court or uoulds, chiefly remarkable as containing tihe para- Bot/tIehead, n. (Zobt.) See DELmPHINID. of Admiralty, with certain affidavits, and procures ansitic species of fungus which plays so important a part Bot'tie Hill, in Newu Jersey. See MAnIsoN. thority to arrest the ship, which may be sold, if necesin the development of potato disease.'This species is Blot'tle-holder, n. A slang term for a person who sary, under the authority of tho Court. Where several best known as B. ionfestans, though it is somnetimes re- aids and supports a professional boxer or prize-fighter, loans of this description have been made on the same ferred to the genus Peronospora. The fungous disease in between the rounds of a fight. voyage, tte last lender is entitled to priority of paysilkworms, called muscardine, is attributable to another Bot'tle-nosed, a. Having a bulbous or bottle-shaped noent out of the proceeds of the sale. species, B. Bassiana. The nomenclature of these mi- nose; as, the bottle-nosed whale. Bot'tosnry-lond, a. (Mar. Lam.) A deed orinstrnute fungi is so fluctuating, oving to increased facility Bot'tle-serew, n. A cork-screw; a screw for extract- ment drawn up for the security of money advanced on for studying their organization, that the species above ing corks out of bottles. bottonry. referred to may not improbably soon bear other names. "A good butler always breaks off the point of his botlle-screw in Bot'totmrLy-]preinnium, a. (Coos.) The premium, or Bots, Botts, n. pl. (Zoe'l.) The larvm or caterpillar of' two days, by trying which is hardest, the point of the screw, or iterest of noney, advanced on bottomry. the gad-fly, belonging to the genus lEstrts, of which the neck of the bottle." — Swift. Bo', Bt'ton,. (e.) A cross, the ends Bol~ttony, Blot'ton-ny, n. (Her.) A cross, the ends there are numerous species. They infestiioorses and Bot'tling-, n. The act of putting liquid into bottles; of wtich terminate in ttree semicircular projections, cattle, and are distinguished by passing the lhrval state as, a bottling-store. giving them an appearance resebling therefoil i form. giving them an appearance resembling the trefoil in form. of their existence within some animal, and feeding on ]Bot'$tom, n. [A. S. boten; Swed. and Goth. bottn; Ger. etts'ford, in Georgia, a village of Sumter to., 112 m. the juices or substance of that animal.-See GAD-fLT. boden; 0. Geu. bodam; Icel. both; Dan. bund; allied to from Milledgeville. Bot'ta, C.nARLO GiusrEPP, an Italian, who studied medi- Gr. bythos, bathes, and byssos; Lat. fundeus; W. ben, a Botts'ville, in Missouri, a post-office of Linn co. cine at the university of Turin, and in 1786 took a doc- stem, a base.] The lowest or deepest part of anything; Botu'liform, a. [Let. botuls, a sausage, and ferma, tor's degree. He wrote several historical works, and re- as, the bottom of a well, river, or vessel. foru, shape.] (Bet.) Sausage-shaped. ceived a pension, with thle honor of knighthood, from' Inestimable stones. unvalaed jewels, Botzen, or BOLzANO, (ane. nPes Drusi,) a town of AusCharles Albert, king of Sardinia. Ite wrote a HIistory All scattered in the bottoot of the sea."- Shakso tria, in the Tyrol, cap. of a tire. in a pleasant vtulley, at of Italy, and a continuation of Guicciardini's history -Base; foundation; groundwork (either literally or figu- the confluence of the Eisach and Talfer, and close to from 1530 down to 1789; upon tlhe merits of which pub- ratively); the ground under the water's surface; as, to their embouchure into the Adige, 30 m. N.N.E. of Trent. lic opinion is divided. He is also the author of a His- get to the bottom of a mystery. It is a thriving, well-built town, in the Italian style, has tory of Aimericanz Independence, which has been highly toryof Aeric Idependence, which l been highly "His proposals and airguments should with freedom be sx- a castle, several convents, a college, and manufactures spolken of in the United States. B. at San Giorgio, amined to the botlom." - Locek. of silk stockings. Being intersected by high roads leadPiedmont, 1766; D. at Paris, 1837. in to Switzerland, Austria, and Italy, with a station on Bot'ta, PAUL EMILE, a French archieologist, eon of the -A dale or valley-, low land formed by alluvial deposits BoZ~I~a~, PAUL E~MILE, a Fre~nch archmeologist, son of the the railroad over the Alps- from Innsbruck to above,. t Paris, 1805. e became Frenchin bthe vicinity of a river; as, a well-timbered bottot. the railroad over te Alps; from Innbruck to Verona, above, B. at Paris, 1805. He became French consul at h a xesv rni rt. s l cebtd Mosul, aod early distinguished himself as a naturalist. On both the shores sf that fruitful battom." -Addison. f i a ten de b g ccre for its fairs, which are attended by a great concourse of After spending some years in Egypt, and making a -Stamina; latent strength; power of endurance; as, a French, Germans, and Italians. The surrounding country journey through a portion of Arabia, he settled at Mo- man of pluck antd botto. produces excellent ine, and fruits in abundance. op. sul, and in 1843 disentombed an Assyrian palace in the — Pl. Dregs; grounds; lees; sediment; as, the bottoms of 902 mound of Khorsabad, 14 miles from the seat of his con- a cask of beer. - A ball or skein of thread or string. Bousehain, (bd'shain,) a fortified town of France, dep. sulship. This was before the discoveries made by Mr. "Each Christmas thy accounts did cleatr, Nord, cap. cant. on the Scheldt, 12 m. SE. of Douai. Layard; so that M. Botta may be considered toe first And wound their bottom round the year." -- Prior. The fortifications are of very considerable strength, and who led the way in the path of Assyrian remains. (Naut.) That portion of a vessel which is umder water: the adjacent country may be laid under water. The Botticel'li, ALESSANDato, a Florentine artist, B. 1437. but it a more general sense it stands for the ship itself; English, underthe Duke of Marlborough, took it inl7Il, He studied painting under Lippi, whose manner he suc- as, goods carried in foreign bottoes. after a memosable siege; but beiing retaken by Marshal cessfully imitated, and was one of the earliest engravers, "He put to sea upon his own bottom." —Norris. Villars, in the following year, it was finally ceded to having learned the art from Baldini, and applied it to — (pl.) (Minisg.) The deepest working parts of a mine, France at the treaty of Utreht. Pop. about 1,800. the illustration of Dante's works, printed 1488. Two wrought eter by sloping, drivig, or oterwis brea- Bouhardat, (bshar-dat,) APLNAm, a French pictures of his Venus Rising from the Sea, and Venus wronght either by sloping, driving, or otherwise breakm 1) APOLLINAIRE, a French ing blue lode, - Bottoms in folc. A term in use amonog pharmaceutist, and member of the Academy of Mediadomed by the Graces, are highly spolken of. D. o15. thle Cornish miners, England. When all the bottoms cine, B. 1810. In 1852 he was appointed to the Chair of Bottle, (bet'l,) n. [Fr. bouteille, from L. Lat. buticula, are unwatered, they say, "/the bottoms are in fmok;" and Hygiene in the above institution. His principal works dimin. of butta, a cask or butt; Sp. betellna; It. bottiglia. to draw out the water fromn them, or any dippa, or any are, Elsments do Matre Midicale etde Pharmacie (1838); See Bu'r.] Literally, something round, swelling, or pro- other particular part of a mine, is said to be "forking L'Annuaire de Therpeuptiqge (1842); Frm-mlaise VYttuberant; specifically, a hollow round vessel of glass, tubernt; specificly, a hollo round vessel of glass, the water;" and, when accomplished, such dippa, &c. is'inaire (1840); and Repertoire de Pharmacie, published leather, &c., with a narrow mouth, for holding liquors, "is foskc." Liewise when an engine has drawn out all monthly since 1847. a ns, a water-bottle. the water, they say, "bthe engine is in foo/k." Bouche, (boosh,) n. [Fr., mouth.] (Gunnery.) A piece of "His cold thin drink out of his leather boltle, Bo'tosn, v.a. - To furnish with a seat or bottom; as, to copper containing the vent or orifice through which the Is far beyond a prince's delicates." - Chaks. betteu a kettle. clorge of a gun is ignited. — The contents of a bottle; as much as a bottle will hold; "For Fanny sat there. Boneher, FRAscoIS, (bib's/tap,)a French painter, a. at as, a bottle of wine. And sacred to me is that cane-bottomed chair." —Toackerop. Paris, 1804, was appointed painter to Louis XV. after "He was all for love, and a little for the bottle." - Dibdia. -To found or build upon; to fix upom as a base or sup- the death of Vanloo. B. was anartist of much ability, A bottle of hay. A bundle of hay or straw. pout.; preceding on or upon. and equally facile in tble production of figure or land" Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle of oayo; good hay, "Action is supposedto be bottomed soson principle." —Atterbur'y, scape pictures, — a facility, however, which was very sweet hay, hath no fellow." - Shaks.ci hayhath f3.;lelloc usloobs. md li et — To wind upon something; to twist thread around a aims his genius niglat othervise mayo had (st.) B. are nowv usually madeof glass or earthten- on posterity. In many ofhits paintings, picturesque effect ware; but the first B. were made of the stuins of l ugnl T is the only thing sought after, no matter at what cost but~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~' th is.wr aeo h liso u Therefore, a son yuenwind your love for him, to truth. He bus been called the " Anacreon " of paintmrels, mostly goats; —of this kindu were the B. spolken of Lest it should ravel, and 5e good to none, in Scripture. Skin B. are jtill used in Southern Europe You muse provi/e tbbtm it on m.." — u/ato. ing, on account of the amoro'us character of many of 342 BOUG BOUL BOUN his works; mythological and pastoral subjects were voyage, he made many important discoveries, and. ob- to be broughtuntil they had been approved by the sen. also great favorites with him. D. 1770. tained much curious information relative to the coun- ate. - See PRYTANES. Bou'ehes-du-]Rhone, a maritime dep. of the S. of tries he explored, and the manners and customs of their Boule, (bool,) n. [Fr.] (Sometimes called BOUL-woRnK.' France, situated, as its name implies, at the mouths of inhabitants. His Voyage round the World, translated (Cabinet-nmaking.) A kind of marqueterie, or inlaid worln tie Rhone. It is bounded on the E. by the dep. Var; N. from the French, was published in London, in 1772, 4to. in woods, gilt-metal, or tortoise-shell; so called from the and W. by the Durance, Rhone, and the W. arm of the D. at Paris, 1792. namne of a French cabinet-maker, (or obdniste,) who was latter which separate it from the depts. of Vaucluse and Bouget, Bouejet, n. [Fr.] (Her.) An ancient water- greatly distinguished for ornamental work of this kind Gard; and S. by the Mediterranean. Area, 2,331 Eng. bucket, frequently borne in armorial shields. in the reign of Louis XIV. This name is often written, sq. min. Surfatce and soil, various, but the latter gener- Bouligh, (bou,) n. [A.S. boga, bol, or bogh, kindred with in a corrupted manner, buhl. ally inferior. A great part of the former is occupied by bugan, to bow, to bend; Goth. baug.] The large branch or Benolet, (b55-ldt',) n. [Fr.] (Mlanege.) A horse with a lagoons. The herring and anchovy fisheries are exten- arm of a tree that bows or bends outwards from a trunk. bent or misplaced pastern-joint. sively carried on. It is divided into three arrond., viz., "Under some favorite myrtle's shady boughs, Boulevard, (bd5'le-vrd',) n. [Fr.] In its original meanMarseilles, Aix, and Arles-sur-Ithone. Princ. towns. They speak their passions in repeated vows." - 1Rscommon. ing, a bulwark or rampart of a fortified place; in its moedMarseilles, Arles, Aix, &c. Pop. 547,903. Bouglht, (bawt,) pret. aond pp. of BuY, q. v. ern sense, applied to a public promenade or avenue, ocBoueicault. JOHN La MAINGRE, (boo'se-ko,) CoUNv DE lBougliht. Bout, (bawl,) n. [Du. bogt. See BIoHT.] A cupying the site of an ancient fortification. The BouleBEAUroea, and Marshal of France, who flourished in the bend; a flexure or curvature; a twist; a link; a knot. yards of Paris are the most magnificent of their kind. 15th century. He was tie son of the first marslal of In notes, with many a winding bought. Bouley, (bl551ai,) HENRI, a French surgeon, and profesthis name, and was early inured to arms. At the battle Of linked sweetness. long drawn out." — Nilton. sor of clinical medicine and surgery at the school of Alof Bosbec, in 1382, B. served as page of honor to Charles -That part of a sling which holds the stone. fort, and a member of the Academy of Medicine, is a voVI., and was knighted. In 1396, lie went with the Boughlaten, (bawltsn,) a, A term locally used in the U. inuminou s writer on medical subjects. Ills principal work, Count de Nevers, (afterwards Duke of Burgundy,) on a States, in the sense of purchased; not produced at Nouveau Dicionnaire Pratique de Alidecine, de Chirur.crusade against the Turkish sultan, Bajazet. At the home; bought. (Vulgar.) gie, et d;Hygiine V8tdrinaires, was published in 1855-7. battle of Nicopolils, B. tie count, and most of hIis officers, Bougl'e, (bD55'zh,) n. [Fr. bougie, wax-candle.] (Ssurg.) Boulogne, (bd5-loyn',) or, as it is sometimes called. Bouwere taken prisoners. The captives in general were A slender flexiible tube, intended for introduction into LOCNE-SUR-MER, a seaport town of France, dep. Pas de massacred, but Nevers and B. were exempted, and atllow- the urethra, esophagus, or rectum, when those pas- Catlais, cap. arrond. on the Lime, near where it falls into ed to return home. The hitter, in 1400, was sent with sages are obstructed by stricture or other disease. the English Channel, 20 us. S.S.W. of Calais, and 139 asmall body of French troops to assist in the defence Bouie Rliver, (boo'ee,) in Mtississippi, a small stream N.N.W. of Paris. B.is divided into the upper and lower of Constantinople againstBajazet, whlen he distinguished embonching into Leaf River, Perry co. towns. The former is pretty well built, but is irregularly himself by his ability and courage; but after a year's Bouillaud, (b5S5l'yol,) JEAN BAPTISTE, an eminent laid out. It contains tihe cathedral, the ancient episcoservice he returned to France. He then because gov- French physician and author, B. 1796. In 1848, he be- pal palace, and other public buildings. It also contains ernor of Genoa, which post he held for many years, and camue Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. IHis the house where Le Sage, the author of Gil Blas, lived added Pisa to the French dominions. In 1409, B. seized principal works are, Lcpons Cliniques stir les Maladies due and died. The lower, or new town, is situated on the on the city of Milan; whither hlie had been invited by the Ceur et des pros Vaisseaenx, (1854;) e l'Iinfuence des bottom of a hill, and is the most populous, most coinGuelph faction, one of the two grand political parties, Doctrines ou des Systnmes Pathologiques de la Thlralopeu- mercial, and best built. A magnificent column, dedicated whose quarrels at that period interrupted the peace of tique, 1859, &c. by tie grand army collected here in 1805, to Napoleon, Italy. Their enemies, thle CGhibellines, took advantage B]ouillli, n. (Cookery.) Boiled meat; meat stewed with but not finished till 1821, stands on a hill about a mile of B.'s absence to expel the French from Genoa, and he vegetnables. from the town; it is crowned by a gallery surmounted was obliged, after suffering a defeat, to retire to France. Bouaiflon, (b1Z~'yong.) (Cookery.) Soup; broth; a nu- by a dome, and is 164 feet high. The harbor has been In 1415, he commanded the van of the French army at tritive liquid aliment of boiled meats, &c. vastly improved of late years; ships may anchor at from Agincourt, where he was taken prisoner. He died in (Farmiery.) A fleshy excrescence drawing out a horse's Y2 to 4 mu. off the harbor, in from 6 to 9 fathoms. A good.Figland, in 1421. This great general was fond of music frush, and so obliging him to halt. deal of trade is carried on, and the herring, mackerel, and poetry; and is said to have composed ballads, ron- Bouil'lou, GODFREY DE. See GODFREY DE BOUILLON. and cod-fisheries are vigorously prosecuted..ailaf. Coarse dos, and virelays, after the manner of the age in which Boulainvilliers, (b55- ana''vl-ydhi) HENRI DP, woollens, sail-cloth, earthenware, bottle-glass, cordage, he lived.. COUNT )DE ST. SAsRE, a French historian, a. 1658. Ile leather, &c. B. is much resorted to by English families, Bouileault, DIoa, a celebrated English dramatic an- was the author of Historical Memnoirs of the Ancient of whom, too, there is quite a little colony permanently thor and actor, a. 1822. I-He was educated at the London Governmnent of France till Ihe Reign of Hingh Capet; established here. B. is very ancient; under the Roman University, and, in 1841, commenced his literary career Iistory of the Peerage of PSranzce, &c. B. was called by sway it was known as Gesoriacusm aNayale, and Bononia, with the iproduction of Lomdon Assuirance, at Covent Gar- Voltaire the'"most learned gentleman" in France. D. whence its modern name is derived. During thIe Middle den Theatre. IIe visited the U. States in 1853, and did not 1722. Ages, and in more modern times, this town has been rereturn to England till 1860, when he brought out the Boulange'rite, n. (/in.) A sulphuret of lead and peatedly besieged and taken. In the early part of the C/lleen Bawn, which attained an immense surccess. This amntimony. present century, it rose into celebrity from Napoleon I. was followed by the Octoroon, in 1861. B. then became lBosl.ller, Bowl'der, n. [Fromn BowL.] A smooth, having collected a large armament here, and made it the lessee of Astley's Theatre, London, but was unfortunate round stone, such as is found on the sea-shore; a large head-quarters of the army avowedly intended to invade in the speculation. B. is the author of a large number pebble. England. Pop. 39,891. of original and highly successful pieces, as well as of (Geol.) A fragment of rock rounded by attrition, lying Boulogne', a village of France, dep. Seine, between the adaptations from the French, the best known, in addi- on or within the surface, and not derived firom tie rocks Seine and the wood of the same name (the well-known tion to the above-mentioned, being Old Heads and Youeg on which they lie. In many cases these B. have been Bois de Boulogne), 4 m. W. of Paris, and forming a subHearts, Love in a Mae, Ulsed Up, The Willow Copse, transported hundreds of miles, and sometimes only a few nrb of-the French metropolis, by means of tlie "chemninJanet Pride, Louis XI., The Corsican Brothers, Fauest yards; but they have always been moved from their de-fer de Ceinture," or "girdle-railway." B. is handand Marguerite, Arrah na Pogue, The Long Strike, original position by the action of water or ice. A boul- some; the adjoining "Bois" is, in the sunmmer season, Flying Scud, &c. As an actor, B. excels in the delinea- der of granite, 42 ft. long, 27 ft. broad, and 21 ft. high, the favorite promenade of the Parisian fashionables. The tion of Irish character. In 1867, in conjunction with has been used as a plintlh of the statue of Peter the Chldteau ft Madrid, in this wood, built by Francis I., Charles Reade, he produced the novel entitled Foul Great at St. Petersburg. Smmall B. of foreign rocks have was demolished in the reign of Louis XVI.; and only a Play, which became very popular both in England and occasionally been found in the chalk and other aqueous small part now remains of the C/mteaue de /a Muette, sonme the U. States, and which he has sincee adapted to the rocks. time occupied by Louis XV. Pop. 15,338. stage. B.'s most recent play is entitled the Railroad to Boul'der, a. Belonging to, or consisting of, boulders. Bouilt, n. See BoLT. Ruin, produced itl London, July, 1869. Boullde., in Colorado Territory, a N. county, bounded Boull'tel, Boul'tin, n. (Arch.) The name given to Boiuckville, (bdwk'vil/,) in New York, a post-office of on the W. by the Rocky Mountains, and traversed by a moulding whose section is nearlythe quadrant of a Madison co. Boulder Creek. Area, about 600 sq. on. Soil, productive, circle, vwhose diameter being horizontal, the centre is Boudoir, (boo'dwaw,) n. [Fr.] A lady's small private and with msany gold and iron mnines yielding a fair amount convex with respect to a vertical to such diameter. It apartment, in whlich she receives only her most inti- of ore. Cap. Boulder City. is more usually called the evolo, or the quarter-round. mate friends. B. became very fashionable in France BOULDER CIrY, a post-village, and cap. ofabove co. Boui'ton, MATTHEW, F.a. S., a celebrated English engiduring the reign of Louis XV., and were frequently Bool'der, in Iowa, a township of Linon co., 22 m. N.E. neer, B. at Birmingham, in 1728. On the completion of adorned in the most luxurious and fantastic manner. of Cedar Rapids; pop. about 600. his education, he engaged in business as a manufacturer Bouet-lVillaumez, Louvs EDOUARD, COUNT DE, and B3ould'er Clay, n. (Geol.) A deposit, often very ex- of hardware, and as early as 1741 he is said to have invice-admiral of the French navy; B. 1808. He joined tensive, consisting of boulders of various size, angular or vented and brought to great perfection inlaid steelthe naval service in early life, was attached to the naval rounded, mixed with sand and clay, and lying generally buckles, buttons, watch-chains, &c., of which large quanstation of La Plata, and took part in the bombardment in an unstratified position unconformnably to the other titles were exported to France, where they were re-purof Mogador. In 1838, he was appointed to take a sur- rocks on the earth's surface. Although there is no chasedwith avidity by the English of that day, as "the vey of the W. coast of Africa, the results of which ap- reason why such a deposit should not have been made offspring of French ingenuity." In 1762, B. finding his peared in a volume entitled Descriptiosn Nautique des at any geological period, B. C. seems to be of definite manufactory at Birmingham too confined for his purCites comprises entre le Senegal et 1'Equateur, it 1849. In age in the northern hemisphere, or at least is limited to poses, purchased a lease of the Soho, about 2 us. distant, 1854, he participated in the bombardment of Sebastopol, a certain geological period. It is one of those deposits in the co. of Stafford. This spot, then a barren heath, and was promoted to be vice-admiral in 1860. B. is also spolken of collectively, as Drift, and would seem to be was gradually converted into an extensive maniufctory author of the following works: - Campagne aux Cites due to a time not very distant, when glaciers covered and school of the mechanical arts, where ingenious men Occidentales d'Afrique (1850); La Flotte Frangaise et les much of north European land, and icebergs drifted, and found ample employment fortheir talents front the liberal Colonies (1852); and Batailles de Terre et de Mer, in 1855. were stranded over the shoals that have since been proprietor. The introduction of that important machine, Boufflers, Louis FRANQOIS, DUKE DEr, (bouef flair,) a dis- raised to form the land.-See GL.ACIALn DRIFT. the steam-engine, led to a connection between B. and tinguished general and Marshal of France, n. 1644. He Boul'der Creek, in Montana Territory, a branch of James Watt, of Glasgow, who became trade-partners in early testified great military talents under Crequi and the Madison Fork ofMissouri River, taking aN.W. course. 1769. Among the many great undertakings in which Turenne, and gained signal honor by the defence of Boul'der Valley, in Montansa 1erritory, a post-office the new firm engaged, one of the most useful and imLille, in 1708. The siege lasted four months, and when of Jefferson co. portant swas the improvement of the coinage. In beaunty obliged to submit, Prince Eugene observed to B.: "I am Boul'der-wall, n. A wall built up oflarge stones or and accuracy of execution, the coins struck at the Soho very proud in having taken Lille, but I should still prefer boulders. manufactory have rarely been surpassed. About 1793, the glory of having defended it like you." B. was as distin- BoulN, n. [Gr., a council.] (Hist.) The name by which was invented by them, a method of copying, by a megmished for his generosity of character and munificence, the Athenian senate of ancient days was designated, the chanical process, oil-paintings, so as to produce facas for bravery and military skill. When William III. of constitution of which was as follows: When the people similes of the originals, sufficiently accumate to deceive England took Nanmur, in 1695, hie made B. a prisoner in were divided into four tribes, each of these, according to a practised connoisseur. The various mechanical inmenviolation of the articles of capitulation. On his remon- the regulation of Solon, elected 100 representatives, thus tions and impi-ovements which emanated more or les~ strance against this conduct, he was answered that it moaking in all a deliberative body of 400 members. But directly from the subject of this article, sore too numerous was in the way of reprisal, tse French having detained sehen Cleisthenes increased the number of tribes to ten, to admit of specification. His long life was almost unthe garrisons of Dixumunde and DPnise in the same man- the complement of the senate seas raised to 500, fifty of interruptedly devoted to the advancement of the unseful ner. "In that case,".replied the marshal, "mny garrison which were sent by each tribe; when tse tribes wene arts, and the promotion of the commercial interests of ought to be arrested, and not I." "Sir," was the reply, finaslly increased to twelve, 100 more senators were his country. B. was a member of the principal learned "you are valued at more than 10,000 men." D. 1711. added. All free-born Athenian citizens above 30 years societies of Europe, and D. in 1809. Bougaiuville, (bi'gan-vi/,) Lours DE, a celebrated of age were eligible to this office; but according to law Bouuaee, (bossnus',) v. i. (iinp. noUNcED, bosnnst.) [Du. reonch mnavigator of the 8th century. In 1768, he com- they scere obliged to undergo a strict examination of boSzen, from bans, a blow, a thump.] To leap or spring; mauded ar expedition of discovery fitted out by the their characters and morals. The senate was origi- to fly or rush out suddenly; as, she bounceid out of the French govt., with which he went to the Society Islands, nally instituted by Solon to be a checlk on the assembly room in a rage. the New Hebrides, New' Guinea, Ac., and after sailing df thes whole people, (ecclesia,) before which) according "Out bounc'd the mastiff of the triple head; round the world returned home. In the course of this to the Athenian constitution, no mseasures were allowed Away the hare with dohble swiftness sped." - Jtoift. BOUX BOUR BOUR 343 -To strike against anything so as to produce adull sound; Boun'teons, a. [See BOUNTY.] Liberal; kind; bounti- (See COND~.) This line became extinct in 1830. - The to thump so as to make a sudden noise. ful; munificent; generous; beneficent; profuse in be- Spanish B. are descended friom Philippe, Duke d'Anjou, "Just as I was putting out my light, anether bounes ss hard stowing gifts; as, a bounteous hand. grandson of Louis XIV., who was made King of S pain as he can knock." - Swift. "Bounteous; but almost bounteous to a vice." - Dryden,. under the title of Philip V. in 1700.-The Neapolitan -A vulgarism for to brag, vaunt, boast, bully; as, I Boun'teously, adv. Liberally; generously; largely. branch is descended from Charles, third son of Philip V. bounced him out of it. "He bounteously bestowed unenvied good on me." - Dryden. of Spain, made Duke of Parmoa in 1731, aod King of "With thee e'en clumsy wits attempt to bounce." - Byron. B n'teon. Liberality; the quality of b aples in 1735.- The Ceni, a branch of the Cond6, is -To be boldyresolute, or strong.bountifulofbeing descended from Louis, the first Prince de CondO, who — To be bold, resolute, or strong. bountiful. married Eleanore de Roye, Dame de Conty or Conti, by " Forsooth the bouncing Amazon, Boun'tifi'ul, a. [bounty andfull.] Free to give; liberal; woom he had two sons, Henri d B. l'rince do Condt, Your buskin'd mistress, and your warrior love, munificent; generous. and Fraois, ho took the title of Piince de Coeni.To Theseus must be wedded." - Shaks. " As bountifol as mines of India." — Shaks. T ris o th e n of i ce ni -v. a. To spring or leap against any thing so as to rebound; The heir-mle of the elder brain ch of the B. race is HENRI, -or a. gaToringo lap igaioentaly Boun'tiful, in Utah Terr'itory, a village of Davis co., DUKE DE BORDEAUX (Count de Chainbord), q. v.; and the to rhu against a thoing violently. 10 m. N. of Salt Llake City; pop. about 1,100. representative of the younger, or Orleans branch of the "The fright awoken'd Arcite with a start,.o Against his bosom bouene'd his heaving heart." - Dryden. Boun'tifully, adv. In a bountiful manner. family, is Louis PHILIPPE, COUNT DE PARIs, (q. v.) — Of "And now thy alms is given, the B. race, there have flourished 8 kings of France, 6 Bounct-le, n. A strong, sudden blow or thump; as, give And thy poor starveling bountifully fed." - Donne. him a bounce onl the ear. atarveliokings and I queen of Spain, 6 kings of Naples, and 1 The bounce, burt ope the door." - Drydlen. Boun'tifulness, n. The quality of being bountiful; king of Sicily, besides sovereign dukes and princes, as liberality. those formerly ruling over Parma, Modena, and Lucca. -A sudden spring, leap, or bound; as, he gave a bounce up Boun'ty, n. [Fr. bont6; Lat. bonitos, from bonus, good.] Bousr'bon, CHARLES, DUKE DE, better known in history on his feet. Munificence: generosity; beneficence; kindnessin grant- as the CONSTABLE DE BOURBON, was the son of Gilbert de -A boast; a threat. (Vulgar.) — Johnson. ing gifts or favors; liberality. B., Count de MIontpensier, and was B. in 1489. His high -A bold asseveration implying a falsehood; as, give me "Such moderation with thy bounty join, birth and natural qualities endeored him to Francis I., none of your bounce. That thou may'st nothing give that is not thine." —Denham. who conferred on him, at the age of twenty-six, the great -A sudden crack or noise. -That which is given bountifully; munificence of gifts; dignity of Constable of F-ansce. Being appointed viceroy "Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame;... as, Her Majesty's bounty. of the Milanese, he gained the hearts of all ranks of This, with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd, "Though I question not but her royal bounty will extend itself people there by his courteous behavior, and proved his That, in a flame of brightest color blaz'd." -- Gay. That, in a ame of rightet color blad. Gay. to them." - Addison. courage in the battle of Marignano. As being the head Bouncl'er, os. One vho bounces; a heavy, unwieldy in- (11il.) The money given to a recruit for the army after of the great house of B., hlie unfortunately incurred the dividual. his attestation and final approval. The amount of B. enmity of Louise de Savoy, the king's mother, who in-A boaster; a bully; an empty threatener. (Used col- given in this country during the late war. sometimes rose flsed a jealousy of the Constable into the mind of her loquially.) - Johnlsoon. as hoigh as $900. In England, the sum has varied very son, who recalled him from the government of Milan, — A boast; a bold lie; a liar. much from time to time according to the difficulty of and suspended his pensions. On the death of his duchess, -Something big, stout, and heavy. obtaining recruits. At the present time a recruit in B. endured still greater persecution, for Louise, suddenly Bounsc'ing, a. Stoat; strong; large; heavy; buxom; that country receives a B. of $5, and a free kit. — The changing her hatred into affection, caused a treaty of as, a bouncing girl. system of large B. is a great temptation to soldiers to marriage between them to be proposed to the Constable. Sl Many tall and bouncing young ladies." - TLackeray. desert after receiving them, and enlist again in other lie rejected her advances with contenmpt; which caused Bounc'ingly, adv. Boastingly; in a bouncing manner. regiments (usually called bousnty-jumi ring), and most a renewal of her enmity with still greater violence, and, Boun~d, o. [O. Fr. bonne, bound; Fr. borne. See BOURNE.] thinking men consider that a hiigher rate of pay would in conjunction with the Chancellor I)u Prat, she instiThat which limits or confines; a boundary; an extent; have a better effect than B. tuted a process against him for the estates he possessed a limit. (Cons.) B., in English commerce and the arts, is a pre- in right of his wife, and obtained an order for their seques"' Illimitable ocean I without bound, mium paid by the government to the producers, export- tration. This drove B. to despair, and he renewed some Without dimension." -Milhtot. ers, or importers of certain articles, or to those who em- former negotiations with the Enmperor Charles V., and — p21. (Minilng.) The right to tin ore within a certain ploy ships in certain trades, whence the profits resulting on that monarch promising him his sister in marriage, district. from these respective branches of industry are alleged with a large dowry, the Constable joined him, and the Boumnd, n. A leap; a jump; a spring; a rebound. to be insufficient. Bounties on production are generally King of England, in a meditated invasion of France. " Dex'trous he'scapes the coach with nimble bounds, given with the view of encouraging the establishment This conspiracy being discovered by Francis, B. made Whilst ev'ry honest tongue stop thief I' resounds." - Gay. of some new branch of industry, or of fostering and ex- his escape to Italy, where he was declared the Emperor's (Dancing.) A spring from one foot to the other. tending a branch that is believed to be of paramount lieutenant-general, and in concert with Pescara (see Borund, v. a. To limit; torestrict; to restrai; to con- importance. B. on exprtation and impoptation are AvALos), defeated the French forces under Bonnivet, in fine; to circumscribe; to border; to terninate. granted in England, as in Prance, to the exporters of 1524. In 1525, B. gained the famous battle of Pavia, in ",A lofty tow'r,... which Phlegethon surrounds, certain commodities on their taking oath, or in some which Francis was taken prisoner. On hisreturn,Charles Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds." - Dryden. cases giving bond, not to re-land the same in England or received him with great distinction, but, notwithstandin France respectively. Public opinion was formerly ing, did not perform his promise of giving him his sister; -To sttthbou ndaState.~ aries of a place or country; a ms, to much divided as to the advantage of granting bounties; but on the death of Pescara, created him general-in-chief boun~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~etd hi geneat-ncsef bsud av State. [Fr nertinTlap but, at present, the impolicy of such a practice appears of his forces in Italy, and gave him a grant of the duchy B~ound, c. i. [Fr. benodiP. Etymol. uncertain.] To leap; t eams nvral ditd to jump; to spring; to move forward by leaps; as, to to be almost universally admitted. of Milan, of which ie forcibly took possession, driving boJunmd; toverin a fence.ad yl s B1ouquet, (b'-kd',)n. [Fr., fromn L. Lat. boscuor, a wood; out the rightful duke, Sforza. In order to satisfy the "Warbling to the varied strain, advance It. bosco; Ger. busch, a wood of small growth.] A bunch rapacity of his troops, B. was obliged to make great exEwo sprightly youths, to form the bounding dance."- Pope. of flowers; a nosegay; as, the lady carried a bouquet.- actions on the citizens of Milan. This only satisfied -To rebound, to fly bsck by re-porcusnion, as an elastic cA pleasant perfume; as, "Jockey-club Bouquet." them for a time, and bent on a mission of plunder, he -ball. rbnofba byepcsosaeaiBOUQUET OF WINE, (b-lckd,) n. [Fr.] The name given to marched with his army to Rome, the possession of which the aroma of wine, due to the presence of certain fla- place was to repay all their toil. On the 5th May. 1527, "Stark then a bounding valour in our English, That being dead, like to the bullet's grazing, grant ethers, especially of enanthic, pelargonie, and they came in sight of that capital, and the next mornBurst eout into a second course of mischief." - Shaks. acetic ether, formed during the fermentation, or subse- uing commenced the attack. B. was conspicuous by a -To cause to bound, spring, or leap. quent storing, of the wine. It is to the increased quantity white scarf which he wore over his armnor, and com"If I might... bos myhorso to rays, of such fragrant ether that the superior bouquet of many menced a furious assault on the walls, which was repelled o If I might.l el.. bound my horse for her favours, aold wines is due. with equal valor. Seeing his troops begin to waver, B. I would lay on like a butcher, and sit like a jackanapes, Never off." - Shbaks. Bouquetin, n. (Zoel.) See IBEx. seized a scaling-ladder from a soldier standing by, and Bouna d, issp. and 2. of Bwnx, q. v. Bourbeuse, (boor'buzs,) in Missouri, a small stream was in the act of ascending, when he was pierced by a EBound, a. [Icl.a been, boin, pp. from bua, to make ready.] rising in Crawford co., in the E. part of the State, and musket-ball, and fell. Feeling that his wound was morReaundy; prepred;readtoot.ust;destned; o flowing N.E. into the Maumee River, in Franklin co., 8 tal, the Constable desired that his body night be conReadyn prepared; ready to shet out; destined; going, um. S.E. of Union. cealed through a fear of discouraging his men, and then intending wo soughtyour shores aond hihr bondo Bourbon, (bdrdbong.) (Hist.) The name of an illustri- instantly expired. Although a traitor to his country, B.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~orlo, Wb~?~biig we Hsogt. your shmores and hiluthr bon Th Willing po soought yur shores, and hither -ound, d ous French family, that for centuries fornmed, perhaps, undoubtedly received great provocation, and it is to be TT~~~~~~~~~~~the greatest dynastic power in Europe; derived from the lamented that his military skill and daring valor were — Us~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ted graleso in compositioin asacipund ord; as, ice- rm -Used also in comoposition as a compound word; as, ice- seigneurie of Bourbon in the ci-devant prov. ofBourbon- not exercised in a better cause. bocond, wind-bounzd, homeward-bo und, &e. nais. Henry IV. of Navarre, who succeeded to the French Bour'lson, (Isle of,) also called ISLE DE LA R'UNION, Bo ~nnsd'ary, n. [See BOUND.] A visible mark desig- throne on the extinction of the male line of the house an island belonging to France, in the Indian Ocean, benating a bound or limit; a bound; border; confines; of Valois, in 1589, was the first sovereign of France of tween Lat. 200 50' and 210 24' S., being 90 m. W.S.W. of frontier; termination; as, the boundar-y of crime. the Bourbon blood. His father, Antoine de B., Duke de the island of Mauritius, and 440 E. of Madagascar. Shape, " He suffers the confluence and clamours of the people to pass Vendnme by his marriage with Jeanne d'Albret in 1548, oval; greatest length N.W. to S.E., 40 m.; greatest all boundaries sflaw." - Kistg C/outles L' -became King of Navarre in 1555. He was descended bret dth,27m. Area, about 900 Eng.sq.m. Desc.Theisland Bounud'ary, in Indiana, a post-office of Jay co. through the younger branch -the elder having become is geologically formed by two systems of volcanic mounBound'-bailiff, n. (Eng. Lazo.) A sheriff's officer np- extinct on the death of the Constable de Bourbon (q. v.), tains, one at either extremity; the central point of the pointed to serve processes, after giving bond for the in 1527 — from Robert de Clermont, youngest son of most northerly system, the Piton des Neiges, the highest faithful performnance of such duty. Louis IX. By his marriage in 1272 with Beatrix of summit in the island, is 10,355 feet above the level of Boundhbrook, in zNew Jersey, a thriving post-village Burgundy, Robert de Clermont obtained the Bourbon- the sea; the highest point of the southerly system is the of Bridgewater township, Somerset co., on the Raritan nais, the Charolais, and the lordship of St. Just. His Piton de Fournaise, an active volcano, 7,218 ft. in height. River, 7 m. N.W. of New Brunswick, and 35 W.S.W. of son Louis I. was created Duke of' Boourbon by Charles These two volcanic centres are connected by a mountainNew York., Pop. about 2,000. IV. of France in 1327.. The B. rbigned in France from chain running N. and S., which divides the island into Bounden, (bound's,) a. [Fromn BIND.] Appointed; ob- the accession of Henry IV. in 1589, till the death of two parts -that on the E. side being called the windligatory; indisponsable; as, a bounden duty. Louis XVI. in 1793. They were restored in the person ward, and that on the W. the leeward division (Parties "I rest much bounden to you; fare you well." - Shaks. of Louis XVIII. in 1814; expelled in 1815, during the du Vent and Sous le Vent), in consequence of the prevailBounnd'er, n. One who, or that which, limits a boundary Hundred Days; and again restored, after the fall of Na- ing winds in B. being from E. to S. There are no plains or jurisdiction. poleon I., in 1815. The rule of the elder branch ceased of any size; although the island is watered by many Bound'ing, p. a. Moving with a bound or elastic on the abdication of Charles X. in 1830. Louis Philippe, small rivers, none of thenm are navigable; there are sevspring; as, a bounding pulse. of the Os-leans, or-younger branch of the B. known as eraol lakes, one occupying an extent of about 40 acres. Boundid'n g-sto ne, Bound-stone, a. A stone Bourbon- Os-leans, and which owes its origin to Philippe, This island has no safe roads, nor any harbor —circumused in play. Duke of Orleans, the brother of Louis XIV., then suc- stances which prove serious drawbacks to its prosperity. "A sceptre's but a playth'ing, and a globe ceeded to time throne, and their line ceased to reign in Clit. Healthy and agreeable; though the ordinary tranA bigger bosenodingystoone." - Dryden. France on his abdication in 1848. In 1865, the family quillity is sometimes broken by violent hurricanes. From Boun d'less, a. Without bound or limit; unlimited; numbered 73 members, 50 of whom, including the ex- Dec. to May is the hot and rainy season, with a mean unconfined; illimitable; as, the boundless heavens. royal famnily of Naples, were in exile. The collateral temp. of 800 Fahr.; during the remaining or temperate "O'er the glad waters of the dark blue sea, branches of the B. family consisted of the Condig branch, months the mean is 760 Fahr. Soil, very fertile; while Our thoughts as bouotldess, and our souls as free." -Byron. tuking its title from Condi, in Hainnult, which came the surface comprises arable, pasture, and waste lands, Bound' lessly, ade. Without bound or limit. into the possession of the B. by the marriage, in 1487, and wooded bottoms. _Prod. Sugar-cane, coffee, cloves, Bound'lessness, n. Quality of being boundless or of Franqois do B., Count de Venudime, with Marie de grain, tobacco, &c. Most of the tropical varieties of withont limits. Luxembourg, heiress of St. Poi, Enghien, Soissons, and fruits flourish, and the coasts, besides yielding fish and "God has corrected thoe boundteesseS of his voluptuous demiros, Cond6. Their son Clharles had several children, and one turtles, furnish also coral and ambergris. Manf. Bricks, by stinting his capacities." - Scurf&. of therb, Louis, assumed the title of Pr'ince de Condod. leather, tin-ware, p'alm —iaf bags, &t. Its commerce s 344 BOUR BOUR BOUR nearly absorbed altogether by France. Thin. towns. St. 33ourdlonlnaye, (Lat). See LA BOURDONNAYE. Its length is about 38 in.; and 17 its maximum breadth. Denis (the cap.), St. Paul, and St. Benoit. Pop. Esti- Bloe rg'as, or B]otlu'f&las, a sea-port of European ]f is connected with the Nile by several canals; and is mated at 180,000. B. was discovered in 1545, by Masca- Turkey, in Roumelia, on the Black Sea, at the bottom of niostly shallow and marshy, being navigable only along renhas, a Portuguese navigator, whose name it bore till the gulf of the same name, 70 m. N.E. of Adrianople; its N. shore. the French took possession of it in the next century. Lat. 420 29' 20.N., Lon. 270281 E. Itis neatlybuiltonia Bssolt'srmast, (booreS-'s g,) Louis AUGUSTE VICTo )E n The British captured it in 1810, but it was restored to promontory. The gulf of B. is open to the E.; the an- GHAISNE, COUNT DE, Marshal of France, B. in Anjou, 1773. France in 1815. chorage is to the S. of the town, and has a depth of front Hle served as an officer under the Prince of Cond6, and Bous"bon, (b{?-'bon,) in Indiana, a post-village of Mar- 5 to 12 fathoms. Manf. Pottery; agricultural produce from 1793 to 1796 was actively engaged in the antishall co., in a township of the same name, 13 m. E.S.E. and wine are also largely dealt in. Pop. 6,602. revolutionary struggle in La Yend6e. Subsequently, he of Plymouth; pop. of township, about 2,100. Bourg, (Glrauad,) or MAIcGOT, (gron'bor,) a town of obtained the favor of the First Consul. Under the EnmBorllbon, in Kansas, a S.E. county embracing an area the French Antilles, WN. Indies, and cap. of the island of pire he was soon raised to the rank of brigadier-general. of 720 sq. m., and situate on the confines of Missouri. Marie-Galante. It is a garrisoned place. Pop. abt. 2,000. In the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, he distinguished himIt is watered by the Marmaton and Little Osage rivers. ]Boslrg, (Pe$it,) (peh-tee'boor,) a town of the island of self upon a number of occasions, particularly in the batSu-face, for the most part, prairie. Soil, fertile. Capo. Guadaloupe, in the French Antilles, W. Indies, 5 m. tie of Dresden, and by the defence of Nogent, on acFort Scott. Pop. about 13,500. W.S.W. of Pointe-m-Pitre. Pop. about 3,500. count of which Napoleon promoted him to the rankc of ]Bosslb'oin, in Kentucky, a N. central county, contain- Bourg-de -Pe'age, a town of France, dep, DrGme, a general of division. On 31st March, 1814, he declared in0 an area of about 300 sq. m. The South Licking cap. cant. on the Isere, 10 m. N.E. of Valence. It is a for the Bourbons, and received the command of a miliRiver bounds it on the N.E., and it is also watered neat, well-built place, and has manuf. of hats, coarse silk, tary division during the first Restoration; yet, on Naby Stonor's, Stroud's, and Hinkston creeks. Smm:face, cordage, leather, &c. Pop. 4,690. — See RoIANS. poleon's return he went over to him, and was intrusted undulating. Soil, very rich, producing large quantities Botar.g-en-]Bresse, (boorg'ang-brasc,) a town of with the command of a division of the army of the Moof corn, and wool. Sulphur and chalybeate springs are Praece, cap. of the dep. Ain, on tihe leyssousse, about selle. On the evening before the battle of Ligny, he found here. Cap. Paris. Pop. about 18,000. 20 m. E.N.E. ofMacon. llInef. Linen, cotton, hosiery, &c. deserted, and betook himself to Louis XVIII. at Ghent. Boaur'bon, in Milissouri, a post-village of Crawford Co., pop. 8,922. —It is tihe birthplace of Lalande, the as- There can be no doubt that B. was singularly ungener77 m. S.W. of St. Louis. tromomer. ous in choosing such a moment to resign, nor is there BoUrlboesism, n. [Fr.] The political doctrines of Boetargeois, (boor-zhztaw',)n. [Fr.] In France5 a citizen anything it his career to make us suppose he was actuthe adherents of the royal house of Bourbon. of the middle class of society, inhabiting a town. ated by any high principle in what he did. His eviBlour'beosist, n. An adherent of the Bourbon dynasty; Boeaergeois, (bur-jois',) it. (Printisg.) A kind of print- deuce went a considerable way in bringing about the one who is attached to the cause of Legitimacy, in France. intug-type, intermediary between Brevier and LongPrimer, condemnation and execution of Marshal Ney, and this B]oul.rbon-I'Arehlambaund, a town of France, dep. as in tihe following line: double infamy the rench never forgave him He eAllier, cap. of a cant. 13 m. W. of Moulins. It is sit- "Procrastination is the thief ~ time." ceived higl military employment under Lonis XVIII uarted at the bottom of a valley, in mm rich and finely m. Distinguishing himself in the Chamber of Peers as a variegated country. The towers are all that now remain BolllSrgeoisie, (borszm'swaw-ze,) a. [Fr., from bourg, a zealous supporter of tie king, he was appointed minism -b~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~zaous supotecral of the Akirnche term lieallpponinthed minhaistaof the famous Chateaut de Bousbow (the cradle of the town.] A trencm h term, literally signifying the inlabi- ter of war in 1829, and in this office displayed great -croyal race of Bourbon), rebuilt in the 13th century. The tents of a town, and employed to denote a class of tivity. Whlen the expedition agmainst Algiers was under"hIoly Chapel," erected in the 15th century by Anne of society in France who inhabit the towns, and are inter- taken in April, 1830, he received the chief command of France, and so much admired, was destroyed at the Revo- mediate between the nobility and the lowest class of the troops, and the rapid success of the expedition was lutiou. B. is now celebrated only for its mineral springs, the people, including merchants and manufacturers dowm ascribedto is prudenceand emergy. Forthis hereceived which are said to be highly efficacious in cases of paraly- to master tradesmen. Under the ancient monarchy it the marshal's baton on 22d July, but on the revolution sis, rheumatism, gun-shot wonrods, &c. Pop. abt. 4,000. comprised all those who were called upon to partake of taking place in that month, ihe was superseded in his BE~ourbonnais, (b55or-bon-nay',) a ci-devant province the duties, orparticipate ihi the expenses, of the town in command, and went to England to share the exile of of France, now forming the dep. of Allier, with a part which they were dommiciled. The B. of the large towns CharlesX. D.1846. of that of Cher. It was bounded on the N. by Berri and have often played an important part in the history of B]ourna, Botvine, (born,) n. [Fr. bomrn; 0. Fr. bosne., a the Nivernois; E. by Burgundy; S.E. by the Lyonnais; the country. They are not to be confounded with the bound; A. S. burna; Goth. brunnta.] A bound; a limit; S. by Auvergne; S.W. by La Marche, and on the WF. by citoyens, a general term applied to all who are mem- a goal. Berri. Its form was very irregular, its greatest length hers or citizens of the State. "TThat undiscover'd country, from whose bourme 92 m., and breadth 56. Moulins was the capital. Boetetngeon, (btr'jon,) v. i. [Fr. boutrgeon, the youu0 No traveller returns.' - Shats. Boenrbonsnais Grove, (b66r'bon-nay,) in Ilinostis, a bud or sprig of a vine, from boese'e, cow's-hair, in Bet. -A broolk; a rivulet; a small stream; a burn. post-township of Kankakee co., on the river of the latter tihe down on a sprout, fromn L. Lat. burra; 0. Fr. abou- No swelling Neptune... can make me ever mourn: name. Pop. about 2,700. rionner, to bud or sprout forth.] To become downy; ty little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn. —Spemsem. Bourbonne -leas-bains, a town of France, dep. to sprout; to bud; to shoot firth, as a branch. (a.) Bt oura e, HUGH, the founder of the sect of Primitive IIaute-Marne, cap. of a cant., at the confluence of the "O that I had the fruitful heads of Hydra, Methodists, or Ranters, B. in Staffordshire, England, Borne and the Apance, 21 m. E.N.E. of Limoges. The That one might bourgeon where another fell I "- Dryden. 1772. In the course of his life he visited Scotland, Iretown is pleasantly placed on the plateau and declivity Bourse s, (boom]',) (ane. Avaricun,) a walled city of land, Canada, and the U. States, where his ministrations of a hill, and has some fine promenades and fountains. Framnce, dep. Cher, of which it is the cap., seated in an were attended with great success. D. 1852. As its iname denotes, it owes its celebrity to its hot extensive plain, watered by the Auron and the Evre, BEourne'Semouth, a fashionable watering-place of Engbaths, which occupy the site of a thermal establishment 124 m. S. of Paris. The town stands at the foot of an land, in Hampshire, 6 m. W. by S. of Christchurch; op. of the Romans. The modern buildings attached to the eminence, and contains some fine old buildings. At the abt. 7,000. baths, including the HStel de Ville, a recent erection, head of these is the cathedral, one of the finest Gothic BoIura ne'vilte, in Ohio, a post-village of Ross co., 11 most part of which is appropriated to the use of visitors, edifices in France, begun in 845, but not finished for min. S. W. of Chillicothe; pop. abt. 400. are among the finest of the kind in France. The heat some subsequent centuries. It is 348 ft. in length, by ]Beo esss'iass, a. Wanting limits. of the water varies fiom 400 to 520 Reaumur, or from 123 in breadth, and has several towers, the highest of Boureas'seno te, n. (Min.) A compound of sulphur, about 1200 to 1560 Fahr. They are principally ens- which has an elevation of 221 ft. The palace of the lead, antimony, and copper. ployecld in cases ofparalysis and rheumatismu. Pop. 4,488. archbishop is also a fine structure, with gardens laid B]oeOslsaelias, BURNoUs, (bdr'nooz,) n. [Fr.; from Ar. burBouribontinole, in Missouri, a post-village of Boone co., out by Le NOtre. The Hotel de Ville, built by the cele- mincs, a high-crowned hat; Sp. and Port. al bernoz, a hiooded 25 m. N. of Columbia. brated Jacques Coeur (q. v.), is a splendid Gothic man- upper garment of Moorish origin.] A large woolien manBeoutrbon-Venude, or NAPOLEON-VENDoE, a town of sion, whose erection cost an immense sum. B. was the tie with a hood, which is thrown over the head in rainy France, cap. of dep. Vend6e, on the Yon, 40 m. S. of Nan- residence of the ancient Dukles of Berri. It is, on the weather. It is worn by the inhabitants of Algeria and tes. After the establishment of the imperial govern- whole, a fine and flourishing city, possessing colleges, N. Africa. The B. is placed over the rest of the attire, ment, and the pacification of Vemmd6e, it became neces- schools, and institutions of literature and art. llacnf. and is colored according to the taste of the wearer. sary to select a place for its capital, and B. (formerly Fine and coarse cloths, hosiery, and excellent cutlery. White, however, is the principal color. Since the concalled Rochle-sur-Yon) was fixed upon. Napoleon gave B. is one of the most ancient French cities. It was quest of Algeria by France, the term has been applied the town, ~hich had to be entirely re-created, his own taken by Cesar, n. c. 52, and was for 475 years the capi- to a lady's opera-cloak, with a hood attached behind, name, which it bore till 1815, when with the Bourbon tal of Aquitaine. It has suffered much at different which somewhat resembles the Arabian B. restoration it recovered its old name. But the acces- periods from war, fire, and pestilence. Several councils ]Beeoanss'ulsburg, in Missousri, a village of Randolph co., sion of Napoleon III. once more brought backr the im- have been held in it; and here, in 1483, the ecclesiasti- 55 m. N.N.W. of Jefferson City. perial prefix, by which the place is still officially iknown; cal constitution, denominated the Pragmatic Sanction, Boesarrelet, n. [Fr., a pad, a border.] (Anat.) A fibrothough the people mostly adhere to the original name. was accepted by the French clergy. Louis XI. was born cartilaginous border, which surrounds certain articular It is a fine and prosperous town, and the centre of an in this city, and to mnarlc his respect for his native place, cavities, such as the glenoid cavity of tihe seapulo and extensive trade in grain. P5o. 9,127. not only gave it a university, (suppressed at the Revo- the acetabulum; by which the depth of these cavities is Botird-a(loue, (boor-dal-551,) Loums, a Jesuit, and one of lution,) but also conferred on its mayors and magis- augmented. - Dunglison. the greatest preachers France ever produced, was n. in trates the privilege of nobility. Bourdaloue was also Boieeurr'ienssae, (boorSyane,) Louis ANTOINE FAUVELET DE, 1632. The extreme popularity of his sermnons induced born here. ]'p. 30,870. COUNT, the secretary and early friend of Napoleon I., mB. his superiors to call him to Paris to take the yearly B[om'gtelai, (bsorg'ile,) a town of France, dep. Indre- at Sens, 1769; received his education in the military course at their church of St. Louis, where his eloquence et-Loire, cap. cant., in a fine valley on the Doigt, 9 m. school at-Brienne, where he formed the closest intimacy attracted crtowdsof all Kanks, and he becamne the favorite N.N.WV of Chinon. Pop. abt. 4,000. with the future emperor. In 1797, his former schoolpreacher of Louis XIV., who on the revocation of the ]Bourgeog-e, n. See BURGUNDY. fellow appointed him his secretary. He accompanied Edict of Nantes, sent him into Languedoc to convert the Boulrgoein, a town of France, dep. Isere, cap. cant., on him to Egypt and to Italy, and in 1801 was nominated a Protestants there. Iis style is represented by D'Alem- the Bourbre, 9 m. W. of La Tour-du-Pin. MIanuf. Calli- councillor of state. In 1802 he was dismissed firom his bert as solid, serious, and, above all, strictly logical. coes and paper. Pop. 5,336. office, for being implicated in tme dishonorable bankTowards tie latter part of his life he quitted, or rarely Bouearg-(Stl.).!-Andieole a town of France, dep. Ar- ruptcy of the house of Coulon, army contractors; but ascended, the pulpit, and devoted himself to attending dgche, agreeably situated on the Rhone, 9 m. S. of Vi- in 1805 lhe was appointed ambassador to the States of the the sick, visiting the prisons and other works of charity; viers. It is a spacious and well-built place. Malf. Silk Circle of Lower Saxony, and in this capacity resided and died in 1704 universally lamented, and long to be and wine. Pop. 5,100. long at Hamburg. His tendency to peculation, howrememimeored as the most eloquent and mttractive of Bourig-nonists, (boos'eesmo-nists,) so. p. (Eccl. Hist.) ever, necessitated his return to France, vwhere he had to preachers. His moral character was also excellent, and The followers of Antoinette Bourignon de la Porte, a refund 1,000,000 francs into the public treasury. I-e now for a Jesuit he was very liberal in his opinions. fanatic, B. at Lille, in Flanders, in 1616. Bayle says she decidedly joined the party which sought the overthrow Boeua'ion, SEnASTIEN, (booe'dong,) an eminent French was so ugly that it was debated for some days after her of the emperor, and the restoration of the Bourbons. As painter, m. at MIontpelier. When only 18 hle went to birth, by lier family, whether she should be stifled as a deputy in 1815 and 1821, he showed his wealness of Rome, and on his return to France executed his "chef monster. She toolk the habit and order of Augumtine, character by opposing all liberal measures, and even ind'neuvre." Thie CrIucifixion sf St. Peter, for the chlurch of in 1658, and travelling in IHollanum, France, and Scotland, stitutions for the promotion of science and popular edu' Nbtre Dmame, Paris. In 1652, he repaired to Sweden, taught that religion consists in internal emotions. She cation. The revolution of 1830, and the loss of his forwhere Quemn Christina appointed him her painter. He published a great, many works, Driven from place to tune, (occasioned by extravagance,) caused his reason to was the friend of Clmude Lorraine, whose style, as well place, she D. in Frieslaund, in 1680. Her tenets obtained give way, and he died in a lunatic asylum, 1834. Ilis as that of Sacchi and Caravaggio, lie occasionally inmi- a temporary popularity in Scotland, for, in 1701, a minis- Memoirs concerning Naloteon, the Directory, the Contated with success. D. 1652. ter at Aberdeen was deposed for holding them. sulate, the Empire, aind the Restoration, Mi'moirmes sur B]eoaae don, (boor-dong',) n. [Fr., astaff.] A pilgrim's staff. Beesau.ese, or Beeeer'iees, a halae or lagoon of Egypt, be- NYapoleon, &c., (10 vole., Par., 1829,) gave many new ex(Mlus.) Tmhe drone, orhbass, in some musical instruments, t'een the DBm'nietta and Rosetta branches of the Nile, planations of the events of his time, but were declared and the pipe, or string, that plays it. The bass pipe in parallel to the Mediterranean, from which it is every- by contempormaries to be in many respects untrustworthy. the bagpipe is so called. tHence, thatpart of asong w'lich where separated by a narrow neck of land, except at oneBeeuoa'qmaae yy, (boor'kesm-ai,) FIlANoIs Aoocemss, BBaON is repeated at the end of every stanza is called the point where it communicates with the sea by a narrow Os, a French diplomatist, m. 18,00. In 1834, he was apbudlent of it. channel, anciently the Sibbenitic mouth of the Nile. pointed secretary of the French embassy at the British BOUV BOW BOWE 345 Court, and, afterwards, ambassador to Constantinople, his allies. The Counts of Flanders and Boulogne, and the saddle its due form, and to keep it tight.-Webster. remaining there till the revolution of 1848. He was William Earl of Salisbury, were made prisoners. - See HAnES. known for his Orleanist predilections until, in 1853, he Philip de Valois defeated here, in 1340, 10,000 English Bow, in New Hoamspshire, a post-township of Merrimack was appointed, by the Emperor Napoleon III., French troops; and on May 17 and 18,1794, the French defeated co., 5 m. S. of Concord, on the 3Ierrimack River; pop. ambassador at Vienna. HI-e conducted the difficult ne- the Austrians at this place. about 1,100. gotiations which led to the tfeaty of Dec., 1854, by which Bouxv'willher, or Busch'wel]er. See BISCHWILLER.. Bow amid Str'ing Beaml, n. (Arsch.) A beamn so the Austrian emperor confirmed his alliance with Napo- Bo'vwa, n. LLat.] (Arch.) The ancient name for a wine- trussed that the tendency of the straight part to sag leon against the emperor of Russia. At the close of the cellar. when loaded is counteracted to some extent by the tenconferences of Paris, in 1855, B. was raised to the dig- Bo'vate, n. (0. Eng. Law.) Formerly, an ox-gang of sion upon its two ends, by a bow of wood or metal atnity of senator, and re-appointed minister at Vienna. land; i. e., as much land as can be ploughed by an ox tached to those extremities. Bourse, (bOOrs,) n. [Fr. bourse, purse, exchange; Sp. in a year; usually estiumated at about 15 acres. Bow auasd String Bridge, n. (Arch.) Someand Port. bolsa; fromn L. Lat. bursa, skin, hide, purses Bo'vey-ecosl, n. (Mis.) The lignites found at Bovey- times caslled bow-string or tension-bridge; in which the being originally made of skin or leather.] In France, a Tracey, Devonshire, England, are called by this name. horizontal thrust of the arch, or trussed beam, is resisted public edifice for the assembling of merchants, bankers, They are of the tertiary period, and have occasionally by means of a horizontal tie attached as nearly as pos&c., to consult on matters of money or other business; been used as fuel, chiefly for burning pottery, and for sible to the chord line of the arch. an exchange; as, money is tight on the bourse. bricik and tile makinsg. They burn badly, with much Bow'-biearer, n. An under-ranger of a forest, in EngBoua-tang-, or BOURTANG, (boor'tawny,) a Dutch town smuoke and disagreeable odor, and are of little use. land, employed to discover trespassers. and fortress in Grbningen, in an extensive morass, 12 Bovevagh, (bolve-va/s',) aparish of Ireland, co. London- Bow'-bell, sn. A coclkney; one born within the sound us. from Winschoten. In 1593 it was tlaken by the Span- derry. of the bells of Bow Church, London. iards, and in 1795 retaken by the French. Bo'vild, n. [From Lat. bos — bois, an ox.] (Zos'.) Re- Bow'-bells, n. pl. The bells of Bow Church, London, Basouse, v.i. See BooZE. lating to ruminant animals of the Bos genus, as oxen, &c. in the centre of the city; cockneydom. Boas'sa, a province of Interior Africa, Lat. 100 14' N., Bo'vide, n. pl. [Lat. bos, boois, an ox.] (Zodi.) A slib- Bow'-bent, a. [bow and bent.] Curved; crooked. Los. 60 11U E., extending about 50 m. N. of the River family of the Cavicornia, or IHollow-horned Ruminant "A sibyl old, bowe-bent with croolked age, Niger. Suesface. Level, and wooded. Soil. Very fertile, famlily, including those of the ces.inansia, wsich are That car events full wisely could presage. - Miitob. producing corn, rice, cotton, yamns, &c. B. abounds with characterized by lhaving horns rounded, msuzzle broad, Bw'-Cheaser, n. (Naust.) A gun placed ims the bows the usual wild animals of Afriica. It is considered, politi- usually naked, and wvitiout a vertical furrow at the of a ship, and used for firing at a chased vessel. Somecally, a part of the great kingdomi of Borgoo, of which end. The principal species are the Miusk-ox, Ovibus roess- times, by seamen, called long Tom. it forms the largest, most powerful, and populous State. clhats; the common ox, Bos taurus; the American Buf- Bow/.eompass, n. (Arch.) A compass used in drawCap. Boussa. fale, Bos Aamericanus; the Aurochs, _eos bubalus, and the ing arches of very long aisles; it consists of a beam of BoussA, a city, and cap. of the above prov., is situate on Grunting Cow, or Yakl, of Tartary, Bos grunniens. wood or brass with tiree long screws that bend a lhth an island of the same nameu in the Niger. It presents Bo'vina, in Iowa, a post-village of Tama co. of wood or steel to any arch. — A sicall compass used in the appearance of several small villages, rather than Beovinn, in Mfafapsss p, a post village of Warren co., 12 describing arcs too small to be accurately drawn by the one continuous town. B. possesses a melancholy inter- m. E. of Vicksburg, and a considerable depot for the common compass. est from its being the spot where the celebrated Afiican cotton of the adjacent country. Bow~'diis, THOusAs EDWARD, an ingenious and entertraveller Iungo Parlk (q. v.) met his death. Pop. Esti- Bovinaa, in New lbork, a post-township of Delaware co., prising man, who may be numbered among the victims mated at 18,000. 0 m.s W.S.W. of Albany; Fop 1,146. of African exploration. IIe was born at Bristol, in Bouassingault, (bo5'sin-go,) JEAN BArPTISE JoSEsH BO Vina, i n Wisconsin, a township of Outagamie co., abt. June, 1793, and after some previous education at a DIEUDONNs, an eminent French chemist, and member of 15 m. N.N.W. of' Appleton; po. aboit 300. grammar-school, he was sent to Oxford, but hestayed the Institute; n. in Paris, 1802. After finishing his edu- Bovi'aa Valley, in New lork, a post-station in Dela- there only a short time, and was never regularly nsacation in the Mining School of St. Etienne, he accepted ware co. triculated. At an early age he married, and engaged the offer made to him by an English company, of pro- Bovine, (b'/vin,) a. [L. Lat. bovinus, from bos, boois, in trade at Bristol. Finding, however, the details of ceeding to S. America, to recover and work certain an- an ox.] Pertaining to oxen and cows. business exceedingly irksome, he determined to seek cient mines which had been for many years neglected. This animal is the strongest and fiercest of the bovine genus." a more congenial occupation, and ihe accordingly soAll went well at first; but when the Spanish colonies Barrow. licited and obtained the appointment of writer in declared their independence, an end was put to the en- Bo'vline, in Indiana, a post-office of Gibson co. the service of the African company. In 1806 he terprise. It was at this time that B. made the acquaint- Bovinaeo, (anc. Vibinumes,) a bfortified town of S. Italy, arrived at Cape Coast Castle, where he was joined ance of Humboldt, who was exploring the New World. prov. Foggia Capitasata, 19 m. S.S.W. of Foggia. A soon after by his wife. It being thought desirable to B. having nothing better to do, entered the ranks of the battle took place near this place in 1734, between thle send an embassy to the negro king of Ashantee, B. was insurrectionatry army, and was attached to Gen Bol- Spaniards and the Imperialists, in which the former were chosen to conduct it, and he executed with success the var's staff, more, lhowever, as a savanit than a soldier; defelated. o. 7,469. arduous duties of his situation. After remaining two and passed through Bolivia, Venezuela, and the coun- Bow'-, (bee,) v. a. [A. S. bugano, bygan; 0. Ger. bingan; years in Africa, he returned home, and soon after pubtries situated between Carthagena and the mouth of the Ger. biegen.] To bend; to curve; to arch; to inflect; to lished his Mission to Ashantee, with a statistical account Orinoco. Soon after his return to France, he was ap- malke curved or crooked.-Used in opposition to straight- of that kingdom, and "Geographical Notices of otheipointed to a professorship of chemistry at Lyons. In ness; as, boweel legs. parts of the Interior of Africa," 1819, 4to. Having of. 1839, he was appointed professor of agriculture in the "Boe, stubborn hnees." —S//ks. fended the company in whose service he had been enConservatory of Arts and Trades. Chemistry, applied to -To cause to deviate or change from a natural bias, or gaged, and having therefore no prospect of further emagriculture and the rearing of cattle, owes much to the condition; to tun; to incline; to exercise paramount ployment, yet wislhing ardently to return to Africa, for labors of B., especially his indications as to the quality tb to nher unst t purpose of visiting its hitherto unexplored regions, sway over; as, to bow' to another's judgment. of manures, and on the nutritive properties of the all- sway ove; to bowanbistheio jion. B. resolved to msnae the attempt, with sucl aeeistasnc ments destined for herbivorous animals. H i s p r i n c i p al ~~~~1. resolved to makle the attempt, with such assistance ments destined for herbivorous animals. His principal "Net Is lame and bias their epielens."-Fcslier. as he could obtain fromni private individuals. He, howworkls are, MAl/oires de Chimie Agricole et de PPhysislogie, -To bend one's head or body out of respect or civility; to ever, previously went to Paris, to improve his acquaint(Paris, 1854;) Trait6 d'~conomie Bessale; and Annales make an act of obeisance by way of homage, courtesy, ance with physical and mathenmtical science. His rede Physique and Chimnie, published at Paris, in 1844. or condescension; as, to Sbow to a lady. ception by the French literati waes extremely flattering; Bonas$tropae'dlot, n. [Gr., from bous, an ox, and' They came to meet him and bowed themselves to the ground and an advantageous appointment was offered himn by the strephi, I turn.] (Lit.) A term descriptive of amode of before him." - 2 Kings ii. 15. French government. While at Paris he published an writing commnon among the early Greekls, until nearly -To depress; to crush; to prostrate; to cause to bend exposure of the system of the African Committee, which the middle of the 5th century, a. c.; viz., in alternate down in a subdued manner; as, bowed with grief. induced the British government to take nmeasures for lines from right to left, and from left to right, as fields "Now wasting years my former strength confound, the dissolution of the company. To obtain fumnds for are ploughed in ferrows, having an alternate direction, And added woes may bow me to the ground." -Pope. the prosecution of his favorite project, B. also published whence the derivation. -v. i. (bou.) To bend; to curve; to be inflected; to stoop; a translation of MRolier's I-avels to the Souerces of the Boa.'sy, a. See Boozy. to imake a reverence; to fill upon the knee; to yield; Senegal and Ganebia, and other works; by the sale of Bouit, n. [A.S. bogeht, croolked, bent, firom bugans, to to submit; often used with down; as, bowed down with which he was enabled, with a little assistance fi-om other bend.] An attempt; a trial at anything; a set-to; a con- age. persons, to malke preparations for his second African test; as, a drinking-bout.'Rather let my head expedition. Ite sailed from Havre in August, 1822, for' The gentleman will... have one bout with you; he cannot Stoop to the block, than these knees bow to any, Lisbon; thence he proceeded.to Madeira, where lie was by the duello avoid it." - Shaks. Save to the God of heav'n, and to my king." —Shaks, detsined several months, but at length crrived in safety -As much of an action as is performed at one trial; a — n. (bsee.) [A. S. boga; Ger. bengen,.] A bending of the in the river Ganbia. A disease, occasioned by fatigue turn; a single part of any action carried on by succes- body, or an inclination of the head, in token of reverence, and anxiety of usind, here put an end to his life, Jan. sive intervals; as, he beat hinm in the second bout. respect, civility, or submission. 10, 1824. B's. death may be considered as a misfortune Ladles, that have ySur ceets Jean, who coahd himoeld, he mew eel hew, - to the scientific world, as hlie is said to have been a proenplagued by corns. we'11 have a bout 0" - Shaks. A general object of attention, made found classic and linguist, an excellent mathemnatician, (A.gric.) One turn or course of a plough, when plough- His answers with a very graceful bow.'" - Byr'on. well versed in most of the physical sciences, in ancient ing a ridge. — p. (Naut.) The two sides of the fore extremity of a and modern history, and in polite literature. He was Bouatalde, (blot'ad.) [Fr.] An act of caprice; a whim; a vessel, as the starboard and port (larboard) bows. a member of several literary societies in England and fancy. - Swift. On the/ bow. Said of that part of the horizon within 45 abroad. His widow, whose pencil has furnished emnbelB]outant, a. (Arch.) See ARC-nOUTAaSN. degrees on either side of the line ahead. lishments for her husband's literary productions, has Bou'tonville, in Newo IYork, a P. 0. of Westchester co. Bow, (b5,) n. [Ger. bogen.] (Mil. and Sport.) A curved published "Excursions in M2adeira and Porto Santo. durBoisu$s-rimais, (b,5-re-mnd',) n. pl. [Fr., rhymed ends.] instrument used in archery for the propulsion of arrows; ing Ithe Auteumn qf 1823, while on his third Voyage to (Lit.) A Ikind of verses, the makling of which forms a an ancient weapon of offence; made of wood, horn, steel, Africa, by thie late T. B. Bowdich," with a continuation social amusemnent. Some one of the party gives out the or some other elastic substance. The force with which of the voyage, &c., till his death, 1825, 4to. rhymes, or endings, of a stanza, and the others have to an arrow is propelled is proportioned to that with which B]owdlcl'ia, sn. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order fill up the lines as they best mIay. In fixing the "bouts," the bow is bent, and to the quickness with which it re- Fabacew.'it is usual to choose such as seem the remotest and have covers its former position.-See AXoALEnST, andARCHERa. BowTolin, (bS'din,) in Maine, a post-township of Sagathe least connection. -Anything bent or i-n the form of a curve; as, the rain- dahoc co., 20 m. S.S.W. of Augusta; pop. about 2,100. Boto$tte, in Louisiana, a post-office of St. Charles par. bow; that part of a yoke, &c. fitting round the neclk. Bow'eloin Centre, in Aaine, a post-office of SagaB aouvier, (boov'yd,) JOIIN, an American jurist of French "'As the ox hath his bow, Sir, the horse his curb, and the falcon dahoc co. descent, n. in the dep. of Gard, 1787. He was of a his bells, so man hath his desire." - Sl/aks. Bow'doina C olle ge. See BnuNswcK.. Qualer fsamiy cvho emigrated to this cottntry and set- (IAcis.) A stici of hard elastic ood, along which are Bowldoirai an, (bl'den-hasm,) in AMaine, a post-ton-n tied in Philadelphia. He became a citizen of the U. stretched horse-hairs, the tension of whlich is regulated ship of Sagoadahoc co., on the Kennebec Iliver, 25 m. S. States in 1812. In 1839, he published a Lad' Dictio/sary, by a screw. It is used for playing upom' instruments of by W. of Augusta. The Cathuros River up to this adapted to t/he Constitotion and Laws qf the i. States, aced the violima kcind, and varies in size, the double-bass and place is navigable for large vessels, and slhip-buil'ding is qfthe several States of the Ames-ican Ussion; a very relia- violoncello bow being much stiffer and stronger than somewhat extensively carried on here. P'op. abt. 2,800. ble worlk, of which the new edition, revised by D. A. that of the violin. ]]Bow'don. in A2labama, a post-office of Clasy co. Gleason, and published in 1858, is frequently quoted in (As-ch.) Any part of an edifice that' projects from a Bow'd~oa a, in Georgia, s post-village of Carroll co., 56 the present Encyclopedia. His greatest worok, the In- straight wall.-An arched buttress, oh- gateway. — Among m. W. by S. of Atlanta; pop. sabout 600. stil/tes qf Amer-ican Law, was published 2 months be- draughtsmen, a B. denotes a beam of wood or brass, with Bow'-/'srill, n. A drill worlked by a bow and spring. fore his death, in 1851. three large screws that direct a lath of wood or steel to Bowelled, (bo'eld,) p. a. Havinyg bowels or a belly; Boavi aes, or BOVINES, (booeen,) a village of Flanders, an arch, used in drawing fiat arches, or in projections of hollow. wvithin a ehort distance of Lille, where Philip-Augustus the sphere. ]Btow'elless, a. Without bowels; destitute of cornof France, (July 27, 1214,) with inferior numbers, de- (Sacddlery.) (S. orpl.) Two pieces of vood laid arch- cpassion. feated the army of Otho IV., Emptror of Germany, asad wise to receive the upper part of a horse's back, to give B owelt~ (boeuelz,) s. ph. [Ger. basuch; Fr. boyau, from L. VOL. I. — 44INSET JN~~~ET~ 346 BOWl BOWL BOWR Lat. betelgum, an intestine; 0. Fr. boel; from the root Bow Island, the largest island in the Low Archi- the bowler rolls three balls, when the number of pins of belly.] Specifically, the intestines or entrails of an pelago, South Pacific. It is of coral formation, shaped rolled down is counted to him, and the frame ie set up animal, probably so called from their filling the belly; as a bow, and thinly populated; length about 30 m. and again for the next bowler. A game ordinarily consists of the vital parts; the guts. 5 m. broad. Lat. of the N.E. point 180 6' 18k S.; Lon. ten frames, or thlirty balls. If the bowler takes all the pins u He smote him therewith In the fifth rib, and shed out his 1400 511 15"t W. It was discovered by Bougainville in with his first ball, he counts ten; the frame is again set towels." —2 Sam. xx. 10. 1768, and named by Coolk in 1769. up for his second ball, when, if he again takes all, he -In a figurative sense, the interior part of anything; as, BBow-knot, (bd'not.) The doubling of a string in a counts ten more, and the frame is again set up for Iis the bowels of the earth. slip-itnot. third, when, whatever number he scores with the three "Thus far into the bowels of the land Bowl, (bdl',) n. [A.S. bolla; Dan. belle, allied to Lat. balls, count to him as if all had been made off one frame. Have we march'd on without impediment." - Shaks. bulla, a bubble, any small round body; 0. Ger. bolea.] A If he take all the ten pins with his first two balls, he is -The seat of pity or kindness; hence, tenderness; com- round, concave vessel to hold liquors, rather wide than entitled to a fresa frame for his third or last ball. This passion. -" Thou thing of no bowels." - Shaks. deep; as, a bowl of milk. is technically called getting a spare, or double spare. -v. a. To disemrbowel; to eviscerate; to take the bowels II"Give me a bowl of wine; BowlV'isville, in Ohio, a flourishing post-village of out. I have not that alacrity of spirit, Wood co., 130 nm. N.N.W. of Columbus, and 12 m. S. of Bowten, in Arkansas, a township of Madison co. Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have." - Shaks. Perrysburg.,Bowgrenit, n. (Micn.) brgh aptwnhple-ree varietyc Bow8enite, n. (Msin.) A bright apple-green variety -The hollow part of anything; as, the bowi of the hand. -A township of Marion co.; pop. about 750. of serpenntine, found at Smithfield, in Rhode Island. It "Ifyou are allowed a large silver spoon for the kitchen, let half -A township of Licking co.; pop. about 1,450. is named after Mr. Bowen, by whom it was first de- the bowl of it be worn out with continual scraping." - Swift. 1Bowlman, WnILLIAMs, F.R.S., an emninent English surscribed. -In a figurative and poetical sense, a libation of wine, geon, in 1816. Ie is Professor of Physiology and Bow'ensbarg', in Il7inois,apost-villageoflancock co. or generous liquor; as, "to quaff the flowing bswl." General and Morbid Anatomy at King's 0llege, LonBow'eis's flls, in Georgian, a village of Irwin co. "There St. John mingles with my friendly hosl, don, Surgeon to the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital, the auBow'een's Prairie, in iowa, a post-village of Jones The feast of reasonand the flow of soul." - Pope. thor of Lectures on the Parts Concerned in the Operations t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ he co., 50 nm. N.N.E. of Iowa city. — n. (Pastimes.) A spherical wooden ball, used for play by f the Eye; Observatins on Artificial Pepils; sioBow'ens ville, in Georgia, a post-village of Carroll co., rolling it on a level plat of ground; hence, the game logical Anatomy and Physiology sf Man, and a member on Snake's Creelk, 130 nm. W.N.W. of Milledgeville. called bowls. of the principal learnod societies of Europe. Bow'eleville, in Virginia,a post-village of Fauquier co. I "en may make a game at bowls in the summer, and a game at Bow'man, (b('man,) n.; pl. BowmEreN. An archer; he Bower, (be n'er,) n. [From Bow.] (Naut.) A nime whist in the winter." -- Denni. that shoots with a bow. given to the two anchors, carried in the bows of a large -v. a. To roll, as a bowl. Bow'anan, (bou'man,) n. (Naut.) He who pulls first ship, called respectively the best-bower, and the small- "And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven." - Saks. oar in a boat. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A bower; as he roud ae tom ther best bow eaer." - oa abats. bower; as, she rode to her best baster. -To pe vt with anything rolled. Bow'aman's Creek, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of -One who bows, or makes an obeisance. Alas I I had ratheWyoing co. peasantanalogo e "Alas I ad rather he sen quick i'h' earth, Low'man PIiils, in Yirginia, a post-office of Rock(Gasmes.) [Ger. bauer, a peasant, analogous to the And bowl'd to death with turnips." - Shaks. knave in cards.] One of the two highest cards in the sngham co. gasme of Euchre.-Right Bowern, the knave of the trump (Games.) To bowl out. In cricket, to knock down thie Bowfman's Plountain, in Pennsylvania, in the S. suit, the highest card in the game. -Left Bower. The stumps of an adversary's wicket; as, in the first in- of Wyoming co., lies B. of Bowmas's Creek, a tributary naotoenot seo at u ningv he was bawled oest. of tse Susquehanna. being the next highest in value. - Webster. bnaveing the nxthhest inofthe value-Weboter. asth Bowl, (bat,) v.i. (Games.) To play with bowls, or at Bowlman' s-root, n. (Bat.) See GiLLENIA. Bower, (bhu'enx,) sh. A. S. bus.; Ice. bost, a pantry; bowling. Bow'mansville, in New York, a post-office of Erie co. Bo bwr, an enclosure.] Formerlyr a c hame r or inner ap r — To roll the ball on a level surface; as, at cricket, or Beow'mantsvime, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of W. bwr, an enclosure.]Formerly, a chamberr inner skittles. Lancaster co. neapartment.myltinbdsn -To move rapidly, lilke a ball; as, that velocipede bowls Bow'Inanville, in Upper Canada, a flourishing town AndGive me my lote in bed as oI now lie, Gascin. along. of Durham co., on Lake Ontario, 42 mn. N.E. of Toronto; And lock the doors of mine unlucky boioer." - Gascoigne. B w,(h. e AIS o.aot200 Beowvl, (The.) See BANIAO. pop. about 2,000. -A shady recess; a sheltered retreat; a cottage. Bowl'der, n. (Geol.) See BOULI)a. Bowine, in Michigan, a post-township of Kent co.; pop. I' To the nuptial bower -a. Pertaining to bowlders, or boulders. about 900. I led her blushing like the morn." - Hilton. Bow'leg, n. A crooked leg; a leg curved inwards, in Bow'-niet, n. A contrivance for catching lobsters and -A covered place in a garden, formed of boughs or contradistinction to bandy-leg, i. e., a leg bending out- crawfish, called also bow-wheel. It is made of two round branches twisted and bent; an arbor. ward. wicker baskets, pointed at tihe end, one of which is thrust IIThere's a bower of roses by Bendemeer's stream." - Moore. BOsw-legged, a. Having bowed or croolked legs. into the other, and at the mouth is a little rimn bent in-;-v. a. To embower; to shelter with boughs; to enclose. Bowler, (bildsr,) n. (P'astimnes.) One who plays at bowls; wards. - Webster.:Thou didst tower the spirit the person who impels the ball at cricket; as, he's a Bow-oar, (bou'oas,) s. (Naut.) The oar used by the In mortal paradise of such sweet flesh." - Shaks. left-handed bowler. bow-man when rowing a boat. —He who rows the first Bow'less, a. Without a bow. oar in a boat; as, hie pulls bow-oar in the University Bow'er, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Clearfield co. Bowline, (bd'ln,) n. [Si. and Port. bolina; Fr. bouline; Eight. OIow'er Blank, in Maine, a township of Piscataquis co., 7 in. N. of Dover; p air) abt. 150. ist firom Eng. bow and line.] (NXaut.) A rope from near the Bow'-pen, n. A metallic pen for ruling, bowed out co., wem. N of Dover; ppee- abt. 150. niddle of the weather edge or leech of a sail, leading towards the middle of the part which holds the ink. Bow'er-1Bir, soPn. See yLvanaapostvilaEWs-. forward. Its use is to Ireep the leech forward, that tile Bow-piece, (boua'ees,) n. (Naut.) A gun of the carBow'er 11i11, in Pennssylcania, a post-village of Wash- wn ingtha'aon scIl, i ensoyvn. psvlgwind may get at the after side of the sail when sailing ronade kind, placed in the bow of a ship. See Bowclose-hauled. CHASER. _vBow'erie,n2. In Hindostan, a well descended by steps. On a bowline. A term to denote a ship sailing close to Bow'ring, SIn JOHN, L.L.D., r.w.s., a distinguished EngBow'ers, in Virginia, a post-office of Southampton co. the sindt. lish diplomatist and author, a. 1792. He became in early Bow'elr's l31illls, in M4issouri, a village of Lawrence co. Bowline-bridles. The ropes which fasten a bowline to life the political pupil of Jeremy Bentham (q. v.), mainJaBow'er's Station, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of the leech of a. sail. taining his master's principles in the Westminster Re~~~~~Bentrh~'s co. BowOl'ig, n. Act or art of playing bowls; act of pro- view, of which lie was for some years the editor, and Bow'ersville, in Georgia, a villags of Franklin co. pelling the ball at cricket. after the death of Bentham (of whom he was the execHowlersville, in Ohio, a post-village of Greene co. B w'n ow'ersvlle in Ohio, a post-village of Greene so.,Bowl'ing, in Illinois, a township of Roclk Island; pop. utor) published a collection of his works, accompanied Bolewrey, n. Containing bowers; covering; shady as a a",bout 900. bow8'ery, s. Containing bowers; covering; shady as a about 909. by a biography, in 23 vols. B. subsequently made himboner; as, a bawery tglade. wrgto Bowl'ing —alley, n. A covered place wherein bowls, self falnous by his profound knowledge of European "hic thought capes o asy he baw' grotto yields."- ickell or skiittles, are played; as, a ten-pin bowling-alley. literature, and published a number of versions of poems wB]owl'ing-grieen, (blt'ing-green,) se. A level piece of and other works from the Russian, Servian, Polish, Magllow'ess, Bow'ets n. (Falcoanry.) A newly-fledged ground rolled and kiept smooth for bowling. yar, Danish, Germnan, Swedish, Frisian, Dutch, Esthonian, young hawk. "A bowl equally poised, and thrown upon a plane bowling- Spanish, Portuguese, Icelandic, and other languages; beBowg'e, v.i. See BOUGE. green, will run necessarily in a direct line." - Bently. sides many original works, as Remusne'ative Prison LaBow~ge, (bouj',) n. (Naut.) A rope fastened to the midI- (Gardening.) A parterre in a grove, laid with fine turf, hbor, On tihe Restrictive and Prohibitory System, &c. In dle of a sail, to make it stand closer to the wind. with compartments of various figures, dwarf-trees, and Madrid, he published, in Spanish, a work on African Bow'-graee, n. (Naslt.) A frame of old rope orjunkl other decorations.- Webster. Slavery, and has translated into French, Clarkson's placed round the bows and sides of a vessel to prevent Bowl'issg Green, in Georgia, avillage of Oglethorpe Opinions of the Early Christians on War. B.'s Matins the ice frsm injurimg her. Sometimes written Boa- co., 57 m. N. of Milledgeville. and Vespers have gone through many editions both in GRIACE. B[owl'ing ]Green, in Itlinois, a post-village of Fay- England and the U. States. For his two volumes of RusUow'-htani, n. (Archery.) The hand (left) that holds ette co., 50 m. N.E. of Springfield. ~ sian Anthology he received a diamond ring from the the bow. B1owl'ing Green, in Indiana, a post-village, cap. of Emperor Alexander I., and for his works on Holland, "Surely he shoots wide on the bow-hand, and very far from the Clay co., on Eel River, 60 m. W.S.W. of Indianapolis. some of wlhich have been translated into Dutch, a gold mark. - Spencer. HauBowling Green, in Ientucky, a post-village, cap. of medal fiom the King of the Netherlands. The Univer(Alus.) The hand (right) that draws the bow when Warren co., on Barren River, 145 m. S.W. of Frank- sity of Grdningen also conferred upon him the degree of playing the violin, &c. fort. This place is seated at the head of river naviga- LL.D. Having made the economics and literature of Bow'ldles, n. pl. (Hist.) A dynasty established in tion, and carries on a thriving trade. B. G. was strongly trade and commerce an especial study, B. has at various Persia, A. D. 932. There were 17 Ikings of this line, which fortified and held by the Confederates after the outbreak times acted as England's commercial commissioner to lasted for 127 years, and became extinct in 1059. of the civil war, but after the surrender of Fort Donelson, France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, the States of the bow'ie, in Texas, a N.E. county, bordering on Arkan- it was considered by them to be untenable, and was con- German Customs Union, and the Levant. Under Lord sas. Area, 900 sq. min. Red River forms its N. boundary, sequently abandoned, after the destruction of property Melbourne's government he was chairnan of tne Parand Sullphur Fork its S. Suboface. Well-timbered. Soil. valued at $500,000. Pop. about 3,000. liamentary Committee on Colonial Accounts, whose Veryfertile, producing cotton and cereals, and pasturing Bowl'lng GCreen, in Missouri, a post-village, cap. of recommendations led to the most important improvelarge numbers of cattle. This county owes its designa- Pike co., 70 m. N.E. of Jefferson City. ments. While in Parliament, he carried, in oppositifn tion to Col. James Bowie, introducer of the well-known B]owl'ing Green, in Ohio, a pGst-village of Clark co. to the government, a resolution that the gross revenues bowie-knife. Cap. Boston. Pop. abt. 5,300. Bowling Green, in Tennessee, a village of Stewart co. of all taxes should be paid without reduction into the Bow'ie-knife, n. A sharp-pointed weapon, from 10 Bowling JGreen, in Virginia, a post-village, cap. of Exchequer, - a principle which has become the groundto 15 inches long, and 3 broad, peculiar to the U. States Caroline co., 45 m. N. of Richmond; pop. about 400. vorl of reform in the British national accountancy. B. and bearing a close r'esemblamnce to the French couteau B]owlls, (bols.) (Gantes.) A favorite pastinme in the U. necoived s handsome service of plate fi-on the Manxmen de chases, or Engiel1h batches'~s ksefe. It was imntroduced States, as in Europe generally, but somewhat differing in for his services in obtaining an Act of Parliament for into familiar usme by Col. James Bowls, of Texas, who every country. The American B. is played in saloons their emancipation from feudal tyranny, and another acq ired an unpleasant notoriety by the slcilfml manner fitted witla alleys of from fifty to sixty-five feet in length, from the Maltese for his advocacy as their unofficial repin whicl he wielded his fatvorite weapon in lois hand-to- and about four in width. The alley loss a "gutter," resentative in the British House of Commons. Aided hand encounters witn Mexicans and others. It is usu- as it is called, on each side, and is lightly convex in by the powerful support of Prince Albert, he obtained, ally carried in a elneath about the person. the centre, regularly bevelled to the sides. At the fur- aftem' a parliamuentary discussion, the issue of thefaloin, Blowing, (b6'ing,) n. Managing a bow when playing ther extremity of the alley are set up, in the form of a which was the first step towards the introduction of the on a violin. pyramid, ten pins, usually of ash-wood, about a foot in decimal division into the currency of England. In 1849,']owhiag'ly, (beu'ingly,) adv. In a bending or bowing heiglot and 2 lbs. in weight. The apex of the pyramid B. was appointed Btitish Consul at Canton, and, in 1854, noltummer. is turned towards the bowler, who rolls wooden balls, Minieter-Plenipotemtiaory in China, lnd govemnor of Hong gow'-instrnmeiL~, ns. (Mus.) Any musical instrni- generally of lignum vitr., with the object of knoclking Stong. B. is a memuber of nearly all the learned societies ment whose tones are sounded by the application of a down as noany of the pins as possible at each roll. The of Europe. In 1855, Sir Johmi proceeded on a special bow. pins, when set up, are called a frame, and at each frame mission to Siam, and concluded a treaty of commerce BOXE BOYA BOYE 347 with the two kings of that country, — a task in which / Holmes Creek. Susface; mostly pasture. C8ap. Brigham leave the service at their pleasure, without any previous several previous negotiators had failed; and published City. Pop. about 1,900. notification. Peter the Great wholly abolished their his travels, entitled EThe Kingdos and People of Siam, Boxen, (boks'n,) a. Made of box-wood. power and official privileges, and the name now remains (Lund., 1857.) In 1859 appeared from his pen, A Visit to the. As lads and lasses stood around, only as a historical distinction, and a recollection of the Philippine lslands; and he is a frequent contributor to To hear my boxen hautboy sound." - Gay. past in families which once possessed the dignity. In the review literature of the day. Sir John's eldest son, -Resembling box. Wallachia and Moldavia the bdyards still exist; they Mr. John C. Bowring, has presented to the British Mu- Her faded cheeks are turned to boxen hue, form the council of the princes or hospodars, and exercise seum, the Bowringias Collection of Coleoptera, consist- And in her eyes the tears are ever new. — Dryden. a preponderating influence over the people. - New Am. ing of more than 84,000 species. Boxer, (bolks'er,) n. One who boxes or fights with his ~ycl. Bow-sa'w, (bo'saw,) n. A saw used for cutting the thin fists; as, that fellow is a good boxer. B[oyau, n.; p1. BOYAUX, (bwoieyo.) [Fr., bowels.] (Mil.) edges of wood into curves. Box'ford, in Missouri, a post-office of De Kalb co. Any covered line of approach made towards the defenBowse, v.i. See BoozE. Box'ford, in Massachusetts, a post-township of Essex sive works, during the siege of any place, by the attack(Naut.) To pull or haul upon a tackle; as, to bowse co., 25 no, N. of Boston; pop. about 1,250. ing party. B. are termed parallel or zigzag, according awoay, i. e. pull all together. Box'-girder, n. (Engineering.) A form of girder re- to their direction, with reference to the front of the Bow-shtot, (bd-shot,) n. (Archery.) The space which sembling a box, made out of boiler-plate, and fastened work against which the attack is directed. an arrow may cover in its flight from the bow. together by means of angle irons, which are rivetted re- Boy'-bishop, n. (Ecctl. Hist.) During the Middle'" Though he were then not a bow-shot off."-Boyle. spectiveIy to the top and bottom plates. For spans of Ages, the custom grew up of allowing the choristers of lBow'shersville, in Ohio, a village of Wyandot co. from 50 to 60 feet opening, these girders present great cathedrals to choose yearly one of their number to act Bowsprit, (bouosprit,) n. [bow and sprit, a shoot or advantages, and they are now almost exclusively used the part of a bishop. The practice was permitted prosprit; Du. boegspriet.] (Naut.) A large boom or spar, by English engineers; for a superior elasticity, and the bably from the same motives which suffered the mnumprojecting over a ship's bow to carry a sail forward, and power of resisting violent impact, is far greater in this meries of the "Abbot of Unreason," (a graphic account to which (in large vessels) the forestays are secured. It class of girders than in the, old form of cast-iron. of which may be found in Sir Walter Scott's romance supports the jib and flying jib-booms.-It is sometimes, Mr. Fairbairn, their inventor, has given the following of The Monastery.) If the B. died within the short I W=Imprpperla adote e.1 period of office, he was buried in his episcopal robes. A but improperly, written boltsprit. formula for calculating their resistance: W = —, in tob with tie effigy of a boy so clothed may be seen in Bo wls'tri ng~, (bG~'str~ing,) n. The string of a bow. Bowsring, (strig,). The string of a bow which W = the breaking weight applied in the centre; Salisbury Cathedral, England. "He hath tw~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aisbuory Cthrie tCpdral En~srigl and.hitl He bath twice or thrice eot Cupid's bowstriog, and the little a = the area of the bottom flange, d -= the depth of the B]oy'-blind, a. Undiscerning, like a boy. — Beau. hangman dare not shoot at him." -- Shs. beam in inches, e = a co-efficient = 75 for wrought iron; anod PTl. — In Turkey, and other Eastern countries, a cord or string -In Turkey, and other Eastern countries, a cord or strng and 1 the span in inches. Boyd, in Kentucky, a N.E. county, on the confines of used for the stranlation of offtenders.e Box'hatl, v. a. (.Naut.) To veer a ship in a particular Ohio and W. Virginia. Area. About 230 sq. m. The ",And then athreat Itc mutter'd (but the last was given aside) He nmutterd (but the last was given aside) manner, when it is impossible to tack. Ohio River forms its N.E. boundary, and the Big Sandy About a bow-string." - Btyron. B]ox'hlavling, n. (Naut.) In seamanship, bringing a its southern. Surface. Diversified. Soil. Tolerably fer-v. a. To strangle with a bow-string. ship when close-hauled round upon the other tack, when tile. Pop. abt. 7,250. His Higness was a la sole port, she refuses to tack, and there is not room to wear. BY B]oyd, in Missouri, a post-office of Dallas co. Ris lately bow-strung brother caused his rise." - Byro. throwing the head-sails aback she gets stern-way: tile B]oyd s Corner, in.Missouri, a P. O. of Putnam co. Bow-str~i-isgel, p). a. Fitted with bowestringe. helm thereupon being put a-lee, the ship's head fatlls B]oyd's Creek, in Tennessee, a P. 0. of Sevier co. -Strangled; put to death by means of a bowstring. rapidly off from the wind, which she soon brings aft; Boyd's Lanlding. in Tennessee, a P. 0. of lIardin co. Bows'tefl, n. (Ar'eh.) The shaft of a clustered pillar, or she is then speedily rounded-to with but little loss of Boyd's /iTiis, in Ohio, a post-office of Coshocton co. a shaft attached to the sjaibs of a ctdoor or window, ground. (This term is now, comparatively, but little Boyd's Station, in Kentucky, a post-office of Hara shaft attached to the janibs of a door or window. ue. ioc. Bow'-win~dow, n. Same as BAY-wINnoW, q. a. used.) rison co. Bowyea', (bdo'yer,) n. An archer; one who shoots with LBoxing, n. The act or art of fighting, or administer- Boyd's Store, in Missouri, a village of Polk co., 110 n how.e, (b6y ace;oewo.) tuot ih ing blows with the fists. (Sometimes called the art of m. S. W. of Jefferson city. at bow (o. Call for vengeance from the bowyer-bing." — Drydesi. self-defence.) - See PuoILsmI. Boyd'ston's 3Hils, in Indiana, a post-office of KosBox'ing-day, Box'ing-night, n. In England, ciusko co. -A maker of bows. (o.) the day and night after Christmas-day, when it is cus- Boyds'viile, in Tennessee, a village of Weakleyco., Box, (boss,) n. [Gr. pygos; Lat. beosss, the box-tree; Cr. tomary to make presents. - See Box. 124 m. W. by N. of Nashville. and Lat. pyxis, a vessel made of the wood of the box- Box'ing-off, n. (Naut.) Throwing the head-sails Boyds'ville, in Kentutcky, a post-office of Graves co. tree; A.S. box; Dan. bus; Icel. box.] A coffer or case of aback, to force the ship's head rapidly off the wind. Boyds'vile, in Missousi, a post-office of Callaway co. wood, metal, &c., mnade to hold anything; it differs from Box'ing the Compass, n. (Naut.) Repeating the Boyd'ton, in Virginia, a post-village, cap. of Mecklenchest, in that the former is a receptacle of a smaller size 32 points of the compass in order burg co., 6 in. N. of the Roanoke River, and 90 m. SW. -This casket India's glowing gems unltocks, Box'Ings, so.pl. (Arch.) The B. of a window are the of Richmnond. On the road from Petersburg to this place, And all Arabia breathes from yonder box." - Pope. Q antitythatabxcontains; as, a box of dominoes. two cases, one on each side of the window, into which where it crosses the creek called Hatcher's Run, an ob-quantity that a box contains; asor bot of d ominoes. each of the adjacent shutters is folded, when light is re- stinate engagement took place, 27th Oct., 1864, between -A comnpartment in a theatre or other place of public quired in the room. The leaves which appear in tile the Union troopa, commanded by on. ancock, and a amusemnent; as, the stage.bo. (Also, by implication, the front of each boxing are denomin ated front shutters; force of Confederates under Gen. Heth, in winich sich occupants lof uch boxyou.) tebxsaand those in the back are called back-flaps. side sustained a loss of about 1,500 men, and though the'IA is legt to yoa; the bofes and the pit - Box'-iroL, n. A hollow iron instrument containing a latter had gatined no ground, the Nationals found it adAre sereig judges th sort o wit." - den. heater, and used for smoothing linen. It differs friom a visable to withdraw to theirintrenchments at Petersburg. -The enclosed space in a court of justice in which the fat-iron, which is itself heated. B, ALEXIS, BARON D French surgon,. at a jury-box.. fa-so-on, wisich i itself heatod.Bey'er., ALEXmS, BARON no, a French sunrgeomn, a. at jurors sit; as, a jury-box. jorors sit; as, reetal frth. f oey saBox'-keeper, on. A person who manages the letting of Uzerche, 1757. IHe was surgeon to Napoleon, wiho made -:A chest or receptacle for the deposit of money; as, a boxes at a thneatre, or other place of amusement. him a baros. After the Reotoration he remnined in nooney-boxt. IBoxq'ey, in Indiana, a post-village of Hamilton co., 30 the service of Louis XVIII., Charles X., and Louis Phi"Yet, since his neighbors give, the churl unlocks. m. N. of Indianapolis; pop. about 200. lippe. In 1825 he was admitted member of the Institute, Damning the poor, his triplebolted box."- Wa'rton. Box'-lobbyl, n. The lobby, or corridor, leading to the and D. 1833. His principal works are, Trait comonplet -A small country-house; as, a shooting-box. boxes in a theatre. d'Aoatomie, and Traiti des Maladies CJhiru-gicales. " A neat, little box at Clsphnami." - DicTkns. B]ox Spring, in Georgia, a post-office of Talbot co. Boymer, JEAN PIERan, president of the Republic of Hayti, -The driver's seat on a vehicle; as, the coach-box.- A Box'tel, a town of the Netherlands, prov. Brabant, on vas a nulatto, B. at Portau-Prince, 1776. Ie was eduseasonable gift or present; as, a Christmas-box. -See theDommel, 7 m. S. ofBois-le-Duc. In 1794 an obstinate cated in Fr'nce, and in 1792, entered the nilitamy serBoXINoG-DBAY. battle was fought here between the French and tihe allied vice. He very soon became a chef de bataillon, and (Carp.) The box of a rib-saw consists of two thin iron English and Dutch forces, commanded by the Duke of fought against the British on their invasion of his naplates fixed to a handle, in one of whichl plates an open- York, in which the latter were defeated with considera- tive isle. After further fighting against the British, uning is made for the r:'eption of a wedge, by which it is ble loss, and obliged to retire beyond the Maese. -Pop. der General Rigaund, leader of the mulattoes, and afterfixed to tile saw. - In nitring, a trough for cutting mi- 4,645 wvards under General Leclerc, he entered into a combitres; it has three sides, and is open at the ends, with l]Box'-thorn, n. (Bet.) The English name of the genus nation which had for its object the union of the negroes cuts in the vertical sides at.angles of 450 with thein. LYcmum, q. v. and mulattoes, and a complete emancipation of tise col(Mach.) See JOURNAL-Box. -The bucket of a lifting- Box'-tree, n. (Bot.) The English name of the genus ony. After the negro Dessalines had seated himself pump. Buxus, q.v. upon the throne, B., along with Pition, took the lead Im a box. In a position of embarrassment or difficulty. Box'ville, in Georgia, a village of Montgomery co., of the colored people. They assisted Christophe to Box, n. [Gr. pyxos; Lat. buexus.] (Bet.) See Buxus. 100 m. S. of Milledgeville. overthrow the bloody tyrant in 1806, but deserted ChrisBox, n. [CGr. pygmi, a fist, from pyx, with clenched fist; Box'-wood, n. The wood of the box-tree. - See Buxus. tophe when they saw that he wished to make himself allied to pyknos, close, compact.] A blow with the fist Boy, a. [Lat.puer, pupus; Dan. pog; Ger. bube.] A male sovereign. PGtion now established an independent reor hand tightly closed; a blow with the open hand on child; a male beyond the period of infancy, and under public in the western part of the island; and B. made the ear. that of manhood; a lad; a minor. himself indispensable to him by his military and ad" For the tbo o th ear that the prince gave you, he gave it like "Ah l happy years I once more who would not be a boy "' Byron. ninistrative knowledge, so that he was invested by the a rude prince." - Slhaks. -v. a. To act as a boy, alluding to the former practice of nev president witl the command of tie caital, Port-v. i. or a. To strike. beat, or fight with the hand or fist; Ihaving boys to represent women's parts on the English au-Prince, and the rank of a major-general. In this caas, to box a boy's ears. stage. pacity he endeavored to discipline his troops after the'A leopard is like a tat, he boxes with his forefeet as a cat:'And I shall see European manner; drove baclk, more than once, the doth her kitlins. - Grew. Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness." - Shaks. black hordes of Christophe, thereby preserving Port-auBox, v. a. To enclose or keep in a box; as, to box deeds. Boyaca, (bo-ya'ka,) a town of New Granada, near Prince from destruction was recommended to the peo"So'oxl in a chair, the beau impatient sits, which, in 1819, Bolivar, by a victory over the Spaniards, pie by PGtion, when dying, as most worthy to be his While spouts run clatt'ring o'er the roof by fits." - Swift. secured the independence of Colombia. It gives name successor; and was unanimously elected president of -To furnish with boxes, as an engine. to the department, which stretches from the plateau of the republic. He arranged the financial affairs, collect-'To strike with the fist, (see above.) Bogota to the borders of Venezuela, being watered by the ed funds into the treasury, improved the admninistration, -[Sp. boxar.] (Naut.) To sail round; as, boxing about in Magdalena, Sogamozo, Zulia, Cazanare, and Meta. The and encouraged arts and sciences. After the death of the offing.- To box off. To separate into close conopart- capital, however, is not B. itself, but the neighboring Christophe, he united the monarchical part of the island ments. — (Naut.) To back the head sails in order to keep city of Tunja, which is about 70 miles to the N.N.E. of with the republic in 1820; and, in 1821, the eastern diethe ship's head rapidly off the wind. — To box the coln- Bogota. trict also, which had hitherto remained umder tie dopass. To repeat 32 points of the compass in order. - ib BoyaPnag-h, (boy'an-agh,) a parish of Ireland, county minion of Spaimn; and he urgently sought the recognibox a tree. To make an incision in a tree for the purpose Calway. tion of theindependence of thie youthful state by France, of obtaining its sap. Boy'sa, Boi'rar, Boy'ard, na. A name first used by which was obtained in 1825, upon payment of an inBo'tborongh, in Massachusetts, a post-township of the Bulgarians, Serbs, and Russians, subsequently densuity of 150 millions of francs. B. carried on the govMiddlesex co., 24 m. W. by N. of Boston; pop. abt. 500. adopted by the Moldavi, ns and Wahllnchians, and erunment of the Republic of Hayti for fifteen years from Box-crab, n. (Zob'L) See CALtAPPA. synonymous with bojarin, used by the Bohemians, Poles, this time, with the most perfect peace; but his policy, Box'-~rhais, me. An under-ground drain, regunlarly and other Slavic tribes, to qualify the highest social which was rather arbitrary, and directed to the object built, with upright sides and a flat stone or brick cover, condition;'correspondingin certain respects to that of an of depressing the negroes in favor of his own race, reso that the transverse section resembles a box; so called English peer. In ancient Russia the B. wers the next suIted in a victorious insumrection in 1843. B. fled to to distinguish it from the other forms of drains. after tine princes of tIne blood. While Russia was still Jamica. In 1848 he xvnt to Paris, where he o. 1810. Box. ElEer, n. (Bot.) See NEOOND0. divided into several petty sovereignties, the B. enjoyed Cih. Encycl. Box.EiLder, in Utah Territory, a N.W. county, bordering the right of chnoosing for themselves; and for their de- Boy'e, a. [Fr.; Du. boeijer, a vessel for laying down on Idaho' and Nevada, and watered by Bear River and pendents, the prince whom they wished to serve, and to buoys.] (Naut.) A kind of Dutch sailing-craft, 348 BOYL BRAB BRAC Boy'cr, in Iowa, a township of Iowa co.; pop. abt. 550. Boyl1e's Fnrnaau g LiqTa or, (so called from having in his service; and the situation of his affairs rendered Boy'er River, in Iowa, rising in the N.W. of the been invented by the Hoon. Robert Boyle, q. v.) even banditti the only forces on whose fidelity he could State, after a S.W. course, falls into the Missouri, below (Choree.) A fetid yellow liquid, obtained by distilling repose any confidence. (See Hurne's History of EngKanesville. sal-ammoniac with sulphur and lime. It is sometimes land, vol. i., chap. 9.) The name is variously written, -A post-office of Crawford co. used in medicine under the name of LIQUoR FUoMANS but all the historians of the time derive it from the Boy'erstowna, in Ptenscylvania, a post-village of Berks BOYLII. country of Brabant, which was the chief nursery of co., 18 min. N. of Reading. Boyls'ton, in Massachcsetts, a post-township of Worces- these troops. IBoy'hoosd, n. The state of a boy, or of immature age; ter co., 35 m. W. of Boston. llanf. Boots and shoes. Brabant, (Duecy or,) (brci-bant',) one of the ancient as, boyhood's days. Pop. about 1,100. divisions of the Netherlands, bounded N. by Holland'Her face was fair, but was not that which made Boyls'ton, in Nece Y:ork, a township of Oswego co., 140 and Guelderland, E. by the archbishopric of Libge, S. by The starlight of his boyhood." - Byron. m. N.W. of Albany; pop. about 1,080. the counties of Namur and tIainault, and W. by FlanBogy'ish, a. Belonging to a boy; trifling; childish; BoYls'ytana Coentre, in 0lassachusctts, a post-vill. of ders and Zealand. It is now divided into N. and S. Brapuerile.- ~ ~ ~ ~ T Worcester co. bent, the first forming part of'the kingdom of Holland, puerile. adtelte fta fBlim o itrseEL I ran it through e'en from my boyish days." --.aks. Beoyne, (boin,) a river of Ireland, rising in the Bog of and the latter of that of Belgium. For history, see BELAllen, in co. Kildare, and flowing N.E. through co. acme and HoLLAND. Boy'ishly, odv. Childishly; in a trifling mnener. hMeath to Drogheda., where it enters the Irish Sea. It IBrab ant, (NoRTH,) a province of Holland; area, 1,653 Bioy'isheess, n. The manner, or behavior of a boy; is navigable for barges up to Navan. -The B. will ever sq. m. The principalrivers are the Meuse, the Domreel, childishness. be memora-ble in Eenglish history for the important vic- and the 2 Aa. The canals are numerous; that of Breda JBoy'ism, n. Puerility; childishness. tory gained on its banks about 3 m. above Drogheda, Ist being the principal. The surface is a uniform level, He had complained... by a thousand such boyisms."-Drlyden. July, 1690, by the forces under the command of William without much fertility, bare of wood, and in some parts -Boyhood- condition of a boy. (R.) III., over those of James II. This victory, by securing forming large marshes. Manf. Linen, woollen, and cotBoy'kines Depot, in Virginia, apost-village ofSouth- the triumph of the liberal principles of government es- ton fabrics. Lat. between 510 13' and 510 50' N., Lon. ampton co. tablished at the Revotution, may be said to have been between 40 12' and 50 58, E. It is divided into the 3 arIBoy'lkin Depot, in S.'Car-olina,a post-vill. of Ker- one of the causes of the subsequent progress of the rond. of Bois-le-Duc, Breda, and Eindhoven. Pop. 418,877. shaw dist., 9 m. S. of Camden. British empire in wealth, power, and population. In Br.aleant, (SoUvT,) the metropolitan province of BelBoy'l.-tiee's Grove, in Iseea, a post-office of Butler co. 1736 an obelisk, 150 feet high, was erected at Oldbridge, gicm, occupying a central position in that lingdom, beBoyle, RICnARD, "iThe Great EARL of Conr," (boil,) a on the site of the battle-field, in commemoration of this tween 500'32' and 510 3' E., Lat. between 40 and 50 10' celebrated English statesmnan of the 17th century, B. at great event. The accompanying engraving represents E. Ac-a, 1,260 sq. m. The surface is hilly in tie south, Canterbury, England, in 1506. After stedying at Can-. well watered, very fertile, and admirably cultivated; the bridge he removed to the Middle Temple, which he left pncipl prodcts eing con hemp, flax, hops, and oilto become clerk to Sir Richard Menwood, Chief Baron - ---- seed. Cattle and sheep rearing is extensively pursued. of the Exchequer. In 1588 he went to Dublin, weth B. is watered by the Dyle, the Deer, and the Senne. A~n. is waterd bythne Dyle, th Demolercto, and teSno strong recommendations to persons in power, whose pa- Mlin. Iron and stone. laanf. Woollen, cotton, and tronage he obtained. In 1595 he married a lady of for-; lce, soap, lether, and chemicals. One patofteinhaitnt gospaesap, Flemishe, and themias Other tune, whose death, a few years after, left him the pos- prt of te inhbitants se Flemish, and the other sessor of property to the amount of ~500 a year. The Wlloon; they are mostly Roman Catholic. Pop. 884,531. state of Ireland at that time having rendered land veey - _Brasaba t'ne, a. (Geoj.) Pertaining to Brabant, or to cheap, he took advantage of the circumstance to make its inhabitants. some considerable purchases, among which was theraeate,. [Lt. braccat, earing breeches.] (Zol.) A term signify~ing the state of a bird's feet when conestate of Sir Walter Raleigh, consisting of 12,000 acres, A term signifyig the stat of a bird's feet when cnin the counties of Cork and Weterford, which he ob- cealed by long feathers descending from the tibi-. tained on easy terms. He was then appointed clerk of Bracclano, (b-at-c/e'ahn-o,) (anc. Sabate,) a well-built the Council under Sir George Carew, the Lord-Pe51- town, aed lake of Central Italy, 25 u. N. of Rome. town, and lake of Central Italy, 25 m. N. of Rome. dent of Munster, whom he accompanied in various exdsnt of Munster, whom lee accompanied in vaeious ex-' lancf. Paper. There is a magnificent feudal castle here belonging to the Toplenia family, dukes of BraeclanG. peditions against the Irish insurgents, then in opposi-g to the Torloni family, dues of Bcciano. tio to bEl gv m.Pop. 2,800. The lake is nearly circular, its circumfertion to the English government. On these and other occasions he distinguished himself by his talents and ence being about 20. It abounds with fish, and is activity, and rapidly aungmented his political power and surrouncded by fine sylvan scenery. influence. King James I. appointed him privy-council- Brace, (brds,) n. [Fr. ras; probably from Gael. brac; ]or for Munster, and afterappfoin thed piegevyouncI;e W. br-ic/; Let. brachium, the arm, in the sense of powror ShLelster, and; fterwarde fr the kleygdoeofIaof by~ h —:/land; in 1656 he was made a peer of that realne by the -er, force, strength; Gr. brachidcn. That which holds title of Bee-see Boyic of Yocugh/e, and in 1620 he was tightly or binds; a cincture; a bandage; as, the braces;~~~~~a ~~~of a boiler. created Viscount Dungaryan, and Earl of Cor/. H wes of a boiler. nos at the leseiget of his prosperity, liv ing~oin his cast -P. 402. -uriNs op THa caHURt oi DONORE, (Ireland.) — That which fastens, tightens, strengthens, or supports. now at; the height of his prosperity, living.in his castle of Lismore in a style of grandeur more resembling that the ruins of the little church of Donore, onea commanding (Arch.) An inclined piece of timber used in trussed of a sovereign prince than of a private individual. In hill, where James II. was stationed when he beheld the partitions, and roofs, in order to fore a triangle by 1629 he was made one of the lord-justices of Ireland, overthrow of his army and the ruin of his cause. wici the assenblage of pieces composing the frame is and in 1631 Lord-Treasurer of that kingdom. Like Bloys'-play, n. Any childish amusement or trifling. stiffened. When braces ore esed te roofs or partitions, most of the English rulers of the sister state, Ireland, Boy'towia, or BALTnBovS, a parish of Ireland, co. tiey should, as tir as possible, be introduced in pairs, he seems to have employed his power rather for the sub- Wickilow. and be ftrmed in opposite directions to one another. jugation than the advantage of the native Irish. He Bozi'ga, n. Anciently, a house or dwelling. (P-iating.) A curved liee ic a vertical position to conbu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pi netit.o or morvewodso lines wich ar verogtia poiionto n built and fortified towns and castles, and introduced ]Boz'mreans u'fmout, in S. Caroclinaa post-village nct t or mre wrds or lies, which re brought into among the people arts and manufactures; but he also of Newberry dust, juxtaposition; thus, bos, put in force the severe laws of Queen Elizabeth against Boz'jxth. (iAc. Geog.) An ancient Syrian city, identi- bocgh. the Romatn Catholics, and transported multitudes of the fled with the small modern village of Busea/h, 76 n. -A couple; a pair; as, a brace of snipe. (Sing. and pl.) ancient inhabitants from the fertile province of Leins- S.S.E. of the ancient city of Damascus. It is mentioeed Ten brace and more of greyhounds, snowy fair. ter to the bogs and deserts of Kerry, supplying their in Scripture as a town both of the Moabites and of the And tall as stage, ran loose, ad corsed around his chaer. place with English colonists. Such measures might be Edonitee, and as the sbject of propletic denunciationr. consistent enough with the views aend principles of a both by Jeremiah and Amos. A strap ofleather supporting the body of a carriage. military despot like Cromwvell, wvho, on surveying the Boz'rah, in Conecticut, a post-village and township of -(pl.) Suspenders; straps that sustale pantaloons, c.; improvements on the estate of this nobleman, is said to New London co., 35 mn. E.S.E. of Hartford, on the Yen- as, "A beautiful pair of braces." - Thackeay.) have declared. — "That ifthere had been an Earl of Cork tic River; pop. about 1,450. (elus.) A double curved lin$ ) which is placed in every province, it would have been impossible for the Boz'.rahville, in Connecticut, a post-village of New vertically at the beginning of the stave of any conposiIrish to raise a rebellion." But fewv persons will now be London ca. tian, end which is used to bind the h.rmanizing parts disposed to bow to the "ipse dixit" of the conqueror of Bozzaris, MARCO, (boz-za'ris,) a Greek patriot, a. 1789. together, in order to guide the eye with greater facility Irelhnd, or to doubt for a moment that the cruel and He was a Suliote, and distinguished himself by his de- from one set of staves to another, when more than two illiberal policy of Lord Cork, and other mistaken but votion to his country, in defending it against the Turks. staves are joined together; either for part-singing or perhaps well-meaning statesmen, really contributed to IIe fell in a night attack upon a body of the Turco-Al- playing in concert, it is usual to draw a smaller brace cause those popular commotions which desolated Ire- banian army, who were advancing with the view of witein the large one, in order to distinguish each part. land during the batter years of his life. In 1641 the taking Missolonghi, which he hlad successfully defended This union of braces is called a score. -The name is also Earl went to England as a witness against Lord Straf- for a considerable time, Aug. 20,.1823. He as honored applied to cards for holding the heeds of a drum tightly ford, then under impeachment, having quarrelled with with the title of the "Leonidas of Modern Greece." together. that nobleman during his vice-royalty. Soon after his Boz'zolo, a town of N. Italy, on the Oglio, 16 m. W.S.W. (Carpentry.) A bit-stock; the wooden haft in which return home the insurrection of the Irish brolke out, on of Mantua; pop. 6,148. a bit is fixed; as, a bcace-bit. which event he displayed his accustomed activity, en-'Bra, a town of N. Italy, pryov. of.Cuneo, on the Starn, -State of tension or tightness; condition of being braced listing his tenantry under the command of his sons, 22 ne. N. of Mondovi; pop. 13,415..' The most frequent cause of deafness is the laxness of the tymand taking othler measures for the defence of the coun- BrTab qelenn e, (brab'aa-sen.) The national song of panum. when it has lost its brace or tension.' Holder. try. But he lived only to see the commencement of the the Belgians, composed by the French M. Jenneval, and -Warlike preparation; harness; armor. calamities of his adopted couritry. D. 1643. Hle was set to music by Campenhout. It was sung by the insur- As it mere concerns the Turh thin Rhdes,.. the founder of a fadiily, several individuals of which gents during the revolution of Sept., 1830. Each verse For that it stands not in such warlike brace." - Shaks. highly distinguished themselves as cultivators of litera- of the B, ends with the refrain: — ture, science, and the arts. La mitraillThe mouth of a shaft, tcire, sciececs, and ties arts. - ~:La mit~reirre a heist Isoranpgs Bratace, e. a. To prop or support to supply avith braces; Boyle', RoBERT, the seventh son of the above, was B. at Sur ea.rore de la libert.aces; Llsmore Castle, Ireland, 1626. as? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~asto br~ace a ship's planks. — To tighten; to draw tight; Lismore Castle, Ireland, 1626. He devoted his life to in- Brabaneong, or BRABANqeNES, (bra'ban-sawngs,) n. as. to bc-ce a ship's planks. -To tighten; to drav tight I~~~~~~~e~..eoe -i.if.oi-Irb s~~a, o nrh~oe, (?ab~-ans) to makie tight and firm; to bind or tie close; to mnake quiries into physical science, and in 1654 went to reside e. (Hist.) B. were, in the Middle Ages, a Ioindo of irpl. (Hist.) B. were, in thens' Middle Ages, a kind of ir-he racin air at Oxford. It was then that he improved the air-pump, regular soldiery of the Netherlands,'ao wee infamous tense; to strain; to strengthen, as, the bracing air. made his immortal discoveries in pneumatics, and gave'Thwfor refpinae, bering little- Thewme o China, by bracin and binding them from heir the first hint of a theory of colors. His published scin- ditti, and who hired themselves to fight far whoever infancy. have very little feet.' —.Locks. tific works are very numneroacs. D. 1691. would pay them best. Sometimes they were in the ser- — To hold or sustain firmly; to put into a position for Boyle, ReOH.uR. See BUoieeeTsN, (EARL or.) vice of one prince or baron, and sometimes of another; bracing; as, he was braced for the fight. Boyle, a barony, town, and paer. of Irelhnd, co. Roscone- but they often acted in an independent manner, setting (Noaut.) A rope fastened to, or driven through, a blocic man, on the River Boyle, which intersects it, 8 m. N.W. of government cat defiance, infesting highways, pillaging at the yard-arms, for the purpose of trimming the yards Carrick-on-Shbnnon. It is a tolerably well-built place. the open country, and disturbing the public pecece. They horizontally; as, the main-brace. Pop. 3,558. formed a kind of society or government among them- -races of the rudder. Fastenings to secure the rudder Boyle, in ~entuckyp, a central county, having an area selves, disregarding every other authority.. The greatest of a ship, which are fixed to the stern-post, and to her of 180 sq. m. It is bounded on the N.E. by Dick's River, monarchs svere not ashamed, on occasions, to have re- bottom. a tributary of the Kentucty, and also watered by course to their assistance; and as their manner of life (Mach.) An instrument into which a vernier is fixed; branches of the Salt River. Suerface, undulating. Sm:l, gave them experience, hardihood, and courage, they also, part of the press-drill. rich, with a stratum of limestons. Cap. Danville. /op. generally composed the most formidable pert of those (Nact.) To move around by the brfces; as, to bc-ace about 11,200. armies shich decided the political quirrels of otinces. the main-topsail yard. —To bc-ace shaos. To bhiace the Boy'ler's ][iill, in Micssouri, a viii. of Morgan co. Henry II., of England, enlisted numerous troops of them yards to a position in which they have the-least angle BRAC BlRAC BiRAC 349 with the keel. —To brace in. To haul in the weather dome-house.] (Crystall.) A dome parallel to the shorter brachinum, an arm.] (Arch.) A small support fixed b.races. - To brace about. To swing the yards round on diagonal. - Dana. against the wall to sustain anything. 1. are cormthe contrary taclk. - To brace to. To ease off the lee- BraiSn yg'raj[her, ns. A short-hand wliter; a steno- posed of various materials.,- wood, stone, metal, &c., braces, and round in the weather-braces, when tacking grapher. and may be made susceptible of any kind of ornamenabout.- To brace up. To haul in the lee-braces, so as to Brachyg'rably, 55. [Gr. brachys, short, and graho, tation. —B. for shelves. When the shelves are broad, bring the yard closer to the line of the keel. - I write.] The art of writing by abbreviation; steno- the B. are small trusses, consisting of a vertical piece,'raed', a. (Her.) Applied to charges, as chevrohs, graphy. a horizontal piece, and a strut; but when the shelves when interlacing each other. Btrachylogy, (brt/c-il'o-jy,) n. [Gr. brachys, short, and are small, the B. are solid pieces of boards, most conmB'acellet, (brcds'let,) n. [Fr. brasselet; and bracelet, logos, discourse.] (Rhet.) The art of expressing a thing monly with an ogee figure on their outer side. from bras, tihe arm.] An ornament worn by ladies round in the miost concise manner. (Ship-building.) One of the knees which supports the the wrist. - See ARMLET. Brachyp'tere, Braehyp'teres, n. pLI. (Zoel.) stern-gallery of a ship. "'Tie about cur tawny wrists Tihe iname given by Cuvier to the birds of the Diver (Gunnery.) One of the cheeks of the carriage of a Bracelets of the fairy twists." - Ben ronson. fismily. - See COLYMBIDnE. mortar. Braclhyaitra, BracIhyts'rans, n.pl. [Gr. brachys, -pl. (Printing.) The marks used for enclosing words or -A piece of defensive armor for the arm. sshort, and ouea, a tail.] (Zoil.) A section of crustacea, sentences; thus [ ]. BRs'eer, n. That which braces, binds, or supports; a order Decapoda. The aninmals belonging to the B. have Brack'et, v. a. To connect with brackets; to supply band; a cincture; a bandage. their abdomen or tail very short, generally bent under with brackets. When they affect the belly, they may be restrained by a bracer the body, and lodged in a cavity there, so that it is of Braceci/ing, a. (Acch.) A disposition of small pieces without much trouble." - Wiseman,. little or no use tothem in swimmcing. The branchite of board, equidistantly placed in the angles formed by -A medicine of astringent or tonic properties. or gills are of a pyramidal form, ancd consist of a double the ceiling and the walls of an apartmnent, with their -Armor fashioned for the arm. planes at right angles to tihe common intersection, so as Brace'ville, in Illinois, a post-township of Grundy co., to be partly upon tihe ceiling and partly upon the walls; 20 in. S.SW. of Juliet; pap. abouat 750. their faces or edges being so arranged as to touch any BIraee'ville, in Ohio, a post-township of Trumbull co.; level line that is everywhere equally distant from the pop. about 1,250. wall, or walls, which may fobrm the perimeter, or circumBraclih, (bcrak,) n. [Fr. braque; probably from braquer, ference, of the apartment. to point, to direct.] A dog for tracking game; a bitch Bracket-light, n. A gas light that projects from a of the houncd inid.;!?ndi,. side-wall. Hound or spaniel, brach, or lyre." — Shahs. "1 ]B1'tracketts, in Illinois, a village of Effingham co. 35 s. E. of Vandalia. Brachely'tra, n. [Gr. brac/ys, short, ecytro'n, elytra.] k h a. [ b fo Drc, elg (Zoel.) A fanmily of insects belonging to the order Cole- sc i Bra~cklish, a. [Probably from Dn. braak. breaking, (Zol.)A fanlil ofinect beoningto heordr Cle wrakc, unsound, rotten, broken; Ger. breck,'that which optera, and synonymous with Slaphylinidce. The species wak, unsoud, rotte, broen er. c, tht wic is rejected, refuse, waste, or damaged matter.] Literally, are characterized by tiheir having short elytra or wing is rejected, refuse, waste, or da aged satte'.] Literally, datanged or rendered unfit for use; specifically, salt, or cases, though the wings themselves are very long, and salt in a oderat deree, as water. salt in a moderate degree, as water. whien at rest easily folded up. They run and fly with "A lake of brackish waters on the ground scnual agility, thouigh they do not often use their wings. Wa ll I round Was all I found." - Helebert. Most of the species have the habit of bending up the abdomen while running, and some bend it up so con- isis; saltaess in a minor degree. pletely on the back that they present quite a globultr Ba laness c o qr All; sattness inamioder. form. At the lower extremtity of the abdomen are two salt theareit tet islets hitherts have a brcctske conical vesicles capable of being protruded at will, and Fig. 403. — ct:BE TOUnRTEAU, (Cancer pngurc-s.) salt water, thstianes itmants itfor anial uses."- hcceyese. conical series acapables m ofbeing prGotrudTed nate gilven from which a vapor is emitted, which occasionally is series of plates piled oe above anoter. They areB ck e Bes,. p. (Gl.) T n given very stbtle and penetrating. In sone of the species defended by the lateral edges of the carapace being in England to that part of the Eocene deposits overlying the smell is that of spices mixed with something in- bent down in order to cover them. The water thus the London Clay series. The B. appear to be the equivdesctibably fetid. They are very voracious, genesally'reaches them only through a special opening left in front alent of tihe Calcaire g'ossier. They are generially fospreying upos desad bodies and decayingvegetable tuatter, of the shell. The species are very numerous, and have. siliferous, and are particularly observable at Alum Bay such as fungi, &cc. Sotne, however, are otly found in been divided into several large families. In some, Oxy- in the Isle of Wight. flovers, on the clarrgins of running streams, or under /crhynch/a, the carapace is narrowest to a point anteriorly, Barac la'sey, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Susqucethe bark of decaying trees. Others again are found as in Maia. In others, Oycloscetopa, tihe carapace is very hasna co. prasitic in tis nests of the lhornet, and a few live itn large, regularly arched anteriorly, and narrowved pos- Bral'ceaoi, n. BnAco0'Do, n. pl. (Zobil.) A genus and society along with the red ant (RForesca rsefa). teriorly, as in Cancer (crabs), and Carcinsess. In Portue- fam. of Itymenopterous insects, allied to, but distinlIBrachial, (brac'/ci-cal,) a. [Lat. brac/fuins, the arm.] ss, the last pair of legs lhave the joints broad a'd flat, guished from tihe true Ichneumons by tihe hiatus wlich Belon-ing to the arm; as, the bc'ac/ial nerve. and formed for enablincg the animal to swim well. They exists in thenc between the mandibles and the clypens. -Rsetssbling an arcs. are called the swiniming g crabs - are active asnd bold. Bract, Bractea; pl. BisAcTs, or BRAcTE', (brcdkt.) (Asat,) B. a-tery, extends froom the axilia to the bend and seize hold of osbjects with great sharpness, pinching [Gr. bracho, I crepitate.] (Bot.) A floral leaf, or miodified of tics elbow, whsere it divides into A. csbitalis, ad A. very severely with their acute claws. A 3d set, Ca- leaf frosm ihe axil of which a flower-bud arises. Strictly'adialis. It passes aloig the internal edge of the biceps, tometopa, have the carapace generally quadrilateral spealing, the term bract should only be applied to or ovoia ea'ia n rpu.Wis t the leaf from which the primary floral axis, whether behind the edian nerve and between the accompany- or ovoid, as Gecacias and GaCssS. Whilst a 4t, t leaf whi h priary floral axis, wether ing veins. - B. usascle anlerior-, sitiats at tihe anterior Oxystoma, iasve it, in general, orbicular or arched in simple or branched, springs; while the leaves which are and inferior part of the arm, and before the elbow-joint. front, as in Leccosia, or the Porcellanous crab, found in produced on the axis betvees tic bract and the oater It arises, fleshy, fron the middle of the os shumeri, and is N. Guinea and India; and Corystes, or globular crab. envelope of tihe flower should be distinguished as bractinserted into the coronoid process of the ulna. Its use Braiehyy'ral, a. Short-tailed, as the BaAcYuvsRA, q. v. lets or brncteoles. In ordinary descriptions, however, the is to bend the fore-arm. — B.plexus, is a nervous plexus,. Bra' inig, n. Act of bracing, or state of being braced. term bract is used to indicate either kind of floral leaf. formued by theinterlacin g of the anterior branches of the -a. H-aviing the quality of givivng strength or tone; as, Bracts are sometines large, aad similar to tce ordissry fo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~:racts ary sometieslacrgl fte, anterimilr brthsof the -a.dinary last four cervical pairs and the first dorsaI. - B. veins, bracing weathcr. leaves of the plants upon whics tiey are placed, as in are two in number, and accompany the artery, fre- Braek, s. [Du. bra7c; A.S. brac, breaking.] A breach; the white dead-nettle. Such bracts are termed leafy, quently anastomosing with each other; they termincate a flaw; an opening in any solid body. and can osly be distinguisced fros the true leaves by in the axillary. "The place was but weak, and the bracks fair." — Hayward. their position with reg'ard to the flower-stalk or flower. Bra'ehilate, a. (Bst.) With opposite bratches, tic suc- Bra.'en, c. Fe'n. (A term used in Scotland and the In general, however, bracts differ greatly from ordinary cessive pairs spreading at right angles with each other. N. of England.) See BRAKE. leaves. Wsen the flower is sessile, the bracts are often Braclhin'ie es, se. pl. [Gr. brachys, short.] (Zoia.) A "Acang the brackens and the bras, applied closely to the calyx, and niay thus be coisfounded sub-fnmily of coleopterous insects belonging to tihe Between her and the moon." — Burnsu vith it. Again, when bracts become colored, they nay flfamily Carabidce. This group, as atpresent constitllted, Ie'ci in Ketsenc/cs, a N. county on ths border of be essily mistaken for parts of the corolla. In sosne itnis one of the most incongruous of all the tribes of the Olio, covering about 200 sq. s. The N. fork of Licking stances they form part of the fruit, becoming incorpo~~~~~~n~~~ho cvrng rabu20s.m.Te.fokfLiin Carabidce. The typical genus is Brach-inucs, the bomrn- iver intersects it. Setsface, ihtly. Soil, enerallyfer- ated witc other organs; thus, the cones of the fir River ben d- tie.riAgsets. Pop.Sabou 1f0 anged spiraly.oi, agdenc ue frale lowrs andr bardier-beetie, many species of which have been de- tile. Cp gut. P. out 13,400. and teic strobilii of tice hop are composed of bracts arscribed. They live under stones, and are found in most Br e', or BakeIt, in Texas, a vilage of in- nged spirally, and enclosing rtile flowers and the parts of the globe. - See BO.BARD.nnR-B.ETLE. ney so., 125 m. W. of San Antonio. Brachai'ssus, n. (Zn/lS.) See BRAcccNIDEs. Brac'e s'hridlge, lIuoct HENRY, an eminent American Braclaio'nic, a. (Zobl.) The name given by MUller to lawyer and politician, B. in Scotland, 1748. IIe camesla a gecucs of Retiefes'es lafusosrial Aeiaalcules, and since with his fonmily to N. America when only 5 ye.rs old, subdivided into many distinct genera. and was brouglit up at their homestead in York co., Brachi'op'oda, n. [Gr. brachaion, annarm; poas, a Pcen. After encountering iany difficulties, B. suc-' foot.] (Zoai.) A class of bivalve Mollusca characterized ceeded in entering the college at Princeton, where he by having the mnantle organized so as to be serviceable graduated in 1771. He subseqcuently became a chaplain for respiration, and by having two long, fleshy, ciliated, in the Revolutionary army, and in 1787 settled at Pittsspiral arms, or lablate processes; whence Cvier con- burg, whence he was returned to the State Legislature.. / ceived the name, which in his system designates a dis- In 1796. he published loder' Ch/ivalry, a clever satire, tinct class of acephala. imitative of the manner of Butler and Le Sage, Sterne Braclis'toelr'one, n. [Gr. brachistos, shortest, chro- and Fielding. In nos, time.] (Math.) Tihe planecurvedown which a material 1799, he was ap- I_.7 particle must fail in order to pass, in the shortest possible pointed Judge of - timne, from tihe upper to the lower of two given points not tics SprsmeCourt Ei in thessame.vertical line. It is the common cycloid. The of Pennsylvwmia, t - - ~. problem of the B. is a celebrated one in tihe history of still continuing to mathematics. It was proposed by John Bernouilti, give to the world 1696, and solved by Newton. various literary BIn'ac'tacs, n. [Lat., arm.] (nAat.) The arm from the Awore of erit. shonlder to the wrist, or the part between the shoulider lie judicial deci- and eibssv. sians'avers eels- 1, e, at sclca. 5 5., at cncpcasle. - 3. slum; a, involucre; B%~~,~te'' at, aas n. See Ba~nzttsc. herted for t'eir t snvotsset B ra l'a aycat ee'te, c.. [Grs. bc-achys, short, and ciat- integrity ancd in- scales on the frcit of the pine-apple are of the same natccti/ss, deficienct.] (Pes.) In Greek and Latin poetry, dependence. D. ture.'Whicen brsacts grow its a whorl or circle round a a verse wcntin g two syllablies to complete its length. 181. —it is s on single flower, as in the mallow, or a head of flowers, as B.' ya. 3pG~ a'~8BeW lin,. [Os'. bc)'stc/sys, shsorf, assd EItNIcT, a. 1780, is in lice dcay, tlissy esre ssid to foc'mc an in~valescs'e; and cep/shale, head.] Applied to metc whose cerebral lobes do the author of sev- when they grow at the base of a partial etmbel, they not completely cover the cer'ebellumss. eral w orits, the are ssaid to form an ineolucel; when a number grow toBr5 lIi ayel'h ag'oaaal, a. [Or. bcsach/s, short, and Eng. principal of whisic h \ gether, as in tice cup of the acorn, they then constitute diagonal.] (Geoer.) The shortest of the diagonals in a is a Taoyage to Soutsh a cupTe. Though the bract is generally a small and inrhoscmbic p rism. America. conscpicuous organ, it occasionslly acquir'es a consideraBr5'~eh'ydeacse, a. [Or. bs-nchys, abort, and domes, Brlaek'ets. [Lat. Fig. 404.- aaaccrnc'. bie size, and may actually eurround all the flowers of a 350 BRAD BRAG BRAH plant so as to completely enclose them when in a young Brad'ley, in Arkansas, a S.S.E. county, containing 958 cards, turning up the last card all round. Three stakes state. A sheathing bract of this description is called a sq. m. It is drained by the Saline and Moro Rivers. also are put down by each player. The first stake is spathe; it is very remarkable in the common arum. In Surface, level. Soil, fertile, producing cotton and indian taken by the best card turned up in the dealing round. the grasses and sedges, little bracts called glumes and corn. Cap. Warren. Pap. about 10,180. The peculiarity which gives the ganme its denomination, palece enclose the essential organs of reproduction. -A post-office of the above county. occurs chiefly in winning the second stake. Here the Brac'teal, Brac'teate, a. That is furnished with B rad'ley, in Illinois, a post-village of Jackson co., 14 m. knaves and nines are called braggers, and all cards fallbracts. S.W. of Piuckneyville. ing into the hands of the players, assimilate to these. Bratct'ed, a. The same as BRACTEAL, q. v. Braelltey, in Maine, a township of Penobscot co., on For example, one knave and two aces, two knaves and Braete'olate, a. Furnished with bractlets or brac- the Penobscot River, 45 min. N. by ~E. of Bangor. Pop. one ace, and two aces and one knave, all count three teoles. about 1,050. aces. The nines operate in the same way. The third Brac'teole, Bract'let, n. See BRACT. Brad'ley, in Michigan, a post-village of Allegan co. stalke is won by thIe person who first makes up the cards Bractfles. a. Destitute of bracts.'Brad'ley, in Tennessee, a county in the S.S.E. part of in his hand to thirty-one, with the privilege to draw, or Brad. [A. S.] An initial syllable meaning Broad, as the State, touching Georgia, Area, 400 sq. m. Surface, not to draw, as he pleases, from the pack. Bradford, broad ford. hilly. Soil, fertile and well irrigated. Cap. Cleveland. Bragla, (anc. Augusta Bracara,) a fortified city of PorBraad, n. [Dan. braad, a goad or sting; Scot. brod.] A Pop. about 14,000. tugal, cap. of the prov. of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, in a nail that, instead of a head, has a slight projection on one B]rad'leysvale, in Vermornt, a township of Caledonia fertile plain between the rivers Cavado and Dieste, 32 m. side of the top. co., 45 m. N.E. by E. of Montpelier. N.N.E. of Oporto; Lat. 410 42' N., Lone. 80 20' W. This Brad'-awl, n. A small awl used to pierce holes for the Br.ad'leyville, in Iowa, a post-village of Page co. town is remarkable for its many fine buildings and reception of brads. Bradleyville, in Missouri, a post-village of Taney co. fountains. Maf. Silver-wares, hats, and harness.- B. Brad'dockl's Fields, in Pennsylvania,a post-village Bradlock DolIwn, n. A place near Liskeard, in Corn- is a very ancient place, and was founded by the Carthaof Alleghany co., on the right bank of the Monongahela wall, England,'where, about the middle of Jan., 1643, ginians. About 2 m. friom the city, on a hill, is the reRiver, 11 m. from Pittsburg; memorable as being the Sir Ralph Hopton, with inferior numbers, defeated the nowned sanctuary, Do sentior Jesus do Mlonste, annually place where, on July 0, 1755, the English under Gen. Parliamentary army, with trifling loss on his parnt, and resorted to by crowds of pilgrims. Pop. 18,867. Braddock were defeated by the French and Indians. taking 1,250 prisoners, and all the enemy's guns, &c. Bragan'za, a fortified town of Portugal, prov. Tras-osBrad['don, MARY ELIZABETim, a popular English novelist, Brad'shaw, JOHN, aim efiinent Puritan, who was pres- Montes, cap. of a comarca, in a fertile plain, on the Fern. in London, 1837. Her works lhave been highly suc- ident of the High Court of Justice which tried and con- renza, 35 m. N.W. of Mirandella..laof. Silks and velcessful both in England and the U. States, and belong to damned King Charles I. B. in Cheshire, England, in vets. B. was erected into a duchy in 1442; and, in 1640, the "sensational school." The principal of them are 1586. In 1646, he was Chief Justice of Chester, and John II., 8th Duke of Braganza, ascended the PortuLady Audley's Secret, Aurora Floyd, Eleanor's Victory, when the trial of the king was deteirmined upon, B.'s guese throne, under the title of John IV. His descendOnly a Clod. She is a most prolific writer, producing resolute character pointed him out for president, which ants continue to enjoy the crown of Portugal, and have about two books annually. office, after a sliglht hesitation, Ihe accepted. His deport- also acquired the imperial crown of Brazil. Pop. 5,775. Bralderiville, in Pennsylvania,a. post-village of West- ment on the trial was lofty and unbending, in conformity Braga.n'za, or Bl.ragan'4a. (Hist.) The name of moreland co. to thIe theory which rendered the unlhappy monarch a the reigning dynasty of Portugal. (See BOAGANZA TOWN.) Bradiford, a large and important parliamentary bor- criminal and amenable; and eveiything was done, both In 1801 Napoleon I. declared that the line of the B. ough of England, W. Rliding, co. York, 31 m. W. by S. for and by him, to give weight and dignity to this unex- sovereigns had ceased. John, Regent of the kingdom, of York, 9 W. of Leeds, and 183 N.N.W. of London. It ampled tribunal. On Cronmwell's accession to the pro- withdrew to Brazil in 1807, but he returned in 1821. At is a well-built, paved, and lighted town, with some fine tectorate, he was deprived of his judgeship, but on the his death, in 1826, his son, Don Pedro, resigned the public buildings and literary institutions, among which restoration of the Long Panrliament, was elected pres- throne in favor of his daughter, Maria da Gloria, preSt. George's Music Hall is a fine edifice in the Italian ident of the Council of State. B. died in 1659, and on ferring to remain emperor of Brazil, which he had been style, capable of accommodating 3,350 persons. There his death-bed asserted, that if the king were to be tried elected by the Brazilians, 18 Nov., 1825. is also a fine park here for the use of the citizens. B. is and condemned again, he would be the first to agree to ]Bragg, BRAXTON, an American Confederate general, D. densely populated, and the production of worsted, yarn, it. B. was magnificently buried in Westminster Abbey, in N. Carolina, in 1815, graduated at West Point in 1837, and stuffs forms theleading industry. Besides this staple, whence, after the Restoration, his body was ejected as,was appointed 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery, served the cotton and iron manufactures command ani extensive being that of a regicide, and hanged on a gibbet at Ty- with distinction under Gen. Taylor in the Mexican war, trade. Large iron foundries (celebrated for their boiler burn, with those of Cromwell and Ireton. and retired into private life in 1856. At the outbreak and iron-plates the world over) are established at Bowl- Brtad'shlstaw, in Tennessee, a post-village of Giles co., of the civil war, B. became a brigadier-general in the ing and Low Moor, in the immediate vicinity of this 70 m S. of Nashville. Confederate army, and was stationed at Pensacola to act town. Pop. about 118,000. Bradtville, (bratlvil,) in Wisconsin,a post-village of against Fort Pickens. In 1862, having been appointed Brad'ford, in Alabama, a flourishing post-village of Grant co. a general of division, with orders to act under Gen. A. S. Coosa co., oni Sochapatoy Creek, 50 m. N. by E. of Mont- Bra'ldy, in Michigan, a post-township of Kalamazoo co., Johnston, commanding the army of the Mlississippi, he gomery. Manf. Cottons. 70 m. S.W. of Lansing; pop. about 1,250. took an important part in thr two days' battle of Shiloh. Brad'ford, in' Colorado Territory, a village of Jefferson -A township of Sagincw co. pop. about 330. On Johnston's death B. was appointed to the chief co., 20 m. S.W of Denver. Birady, in Ohio, a township of Williams co.; pop. about command, with the ifull rank of general, and conducted Brad'ford, in illinois, a post-village of Stark co. 2,200, a brilliant campaign against the force of Gen. Buell, -A township of Lee co.; pop. about 1,500..T Brady, in Pennsylvania, a township of Clearfield co. whom he out-generalied. He subsequently operated in Bgradl'ford, in Indiana, a post-village of I-farrison co., po2p. about 1,920. Tennessee, and fought the battles of Stone River and 12 min. N.N.E. of Corydon. -A township of Huntingdon co.; pop. about 1,100. Murfreesboro'. B.'s chief success was at Chickanmauga, Brad'ford, in Iowa, a post-villahge and township of -A township of Butler co.; pop. about 850. in Sept., 1863, when he inflicted a defeat on the army Chickasaw co., 30 m. N. of Cedar Falls; pop. abt. 1,080. -A post-office of Indiana co. of Gen. Rosecrans, but was himself, in turn, defeated by Bradf'[ord, in Kentuckcy, a P. 0. of Bracken co. ]Brady, JAMES T., a distinguished lawyer of the city of Gen. Grant, which led to his temporary removal from aBrad'lford, in Maine, a post-township of Penobscot co., New York, one of the most fluent, witty, and eloquent command in Jan., 1864, and he was appointed chief of 85 m. N.E. of Augusta. Manuf. Leather. Pop. abt. 1,860. members at that bar. He was an associate of I)aniel staff to Jefferson Davis. In Nov., 1864, ihe assunmed the Brad'ford, in Massachusetts, a post-village and town- Webster in the celebrated "India Rubber Case." B. command of the dept. of N. Carolina, but having been ship of Essex co., on the Merrimack River, 34 m. N. of 1815, D. 1869. defeated at Fort Fisher, Wilmington, and Kingston, was Boston; pop. 2,200. Bsradlypo'da, BaAD'YPODS, n. pl. [Cr. bradus, slow, superseded by Gen. Joe Johnston, with whom he surBratl'ford, in New Hampshire, a post-township of Mer- and posts, 2podos, a foot.] (ZoTl.) The Sloth family, order rendered to Gen. Sherman, 26th April, 1865. rimaclk co. Manf. Leather, &c. Pp. about 1,400. Edenatra, the general character of which are described Braggadocio, (bs'ag-ga-d'shi-o,) n. [From BraggaBrad'ford, in New York, a post-township of Steuben under the word, Ac, q. v.-The AMegatherissms, Megalonyz, docohio, a character in Spenser's "Fairie Queene," eamic0., 60 m. S.S.E. of Rochester; pop. about 1,350. and Myllodon, huge extinct sloth-like animnials,'lwhose nent for his boastfulness.] A braggart; a boastful perBrad'ford, in Ohio, a post-village of Miamii co. remains are found in the superficial deposits of South son; a blusterer. -A village of Scioto co., on the Ohlio River. America, and also in those of tie U. States, specially " But these braggadocios are easy to be detected." -- L'Est'ange. Brad'iford, in Pennsylvania, a N.N.E. county, on the in S. Carolina and Georgia, belong to the Bracypoda. -Empty boasting; pretension; idle vaunting. confines of New York State, with an area of 1,170 sq. u. Brad'ypnus, n. [Lat.] (Zob'.) The name of tihe genus Brag'gart, a. [0. Fr. hragrd, bragging.] A boaster; It is watered by the N. branch of the Susquelhanna River, Sloth, family Bradypoda. a vainglorious person one who brags and iachs big. the Tioga River, and by the Towanda, Sugar scud Wy- Brady's, in Wisconsin, a post-village of Richland co. Lt i ear this, r itill ce t pass, 11 I!, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" Let him fear this, for it will come to pass, alusing craelrs. Surface, generally hilly. Soil, fertile. Brady's Bend, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of That Cevery braggart shall be found an ass.' - Shats. Prod. Lumber, coal, ironstone, Cap. Towanda. Pop. Armstrong co., on the W. bank of the Alleghany River, -a. Boastful; vainly ostentatious. (1870) 53,109. 15 m. N.N.W. of Kittaanning; pop. about 2,280. "Shall I,... betray thee to th' huffing. braggart, puff'd no. -A township of Clearfield co.; pop. about 1,150. Brady's Creek, in ezxas, flows E. into San Saba bility? I..onne. -A post-township of McKean co., 14 m. N..W. of Smith- River, Bexar co. port; pop. about 1,850. Brady's rilHl, in Jfaryladcl, a vill, of Ae6latny co. Brag'ger, n. A boaster; one who brags or talks big. Brad'fo~rd, in Vermosnt, a thriving post-township of Bra'dlyvile in Ohio, a post-village of' Adams co., 8 min. "Such as have had opportunity to sound these braggers thorOrange co., on the W. bank of the Connecticut River, 30. fromn the Ohio River. oughly,. have found them, in converse, empty and insipid. m. S.VCT. of blontpelier~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. South.~ um. S.W. of Montpelier. Bradyville, in Tennessee, a post-village of Cannon co., Bo Bradlifford,, in Wisconsin, a township of Rock: co.; pop. I Bragg~ille, in fMfassach usetts, a post-village of MidB]rad'~for~l, in Wiesconsin, a towinship of R~oce 00.; pop. 56 ir. E.SE. of Nasehville. about 1,500. Brae, a,) S. (See BRA.) A declivity; a slopingpiec dlesx co., 25 m. SW. of Boston. Bra'fDord, in Upper Canada, a post-village of Simncoe of ground. (Almost exclusively confined to Scotland.) Bragi, (braiii.) (Scand. yt.) The son of Odin and co., nears Lale Simoeo, 37 in. N.N.W. of Toronto; pop. "Eep hr rewocosrn.Frigga, and the god of eloquence and poetry. He was about 750. Except here gresnwood echoes rang, represented as an old inan with a long flowing beard, Amrng the braes o' Ballochmyle." -- Burros. Brad'ford Centre, in Vermont, a vill. of Orange co0 liee Odin; yet with a.serene amd unwrinkled brow. Has Bra~~~~~~~~~~~~lk ODin, yerawit a serack, an unrhinkled bra~a o w His Braed'ford Clay, n. (Geol.) The middle imember of Bag, v.i. [Dan, brag, a crack, a crash; Icel. braic, to wife was Idusnna.. the tapper' division of the Lower Golites as developed in crack, to crash; Swed. and Goth. bragi, a scald, en emi- Braf'less, a. Without boasting or ostentation. (o.) the W. of England. It nearly correspoands in age with nent poet.] Literally, to crack; to make a noise; spe- "' If it be so, b'agless let it be, the iestons of the Great Ooite, but is genaly a cifically, to bluster, to boast; to vaunt; to swagger; to Great Hector was as good a man as he." — Shaks. pale grayish clay with little calcareous matter, though t 1k big. (Often followed by of; and sometimres, but im- Brhtle, Tvcuo, (boa,) a celebrated astronomer of a noenclosing bands of impure limestone. properly, by on.) blDanish mily, B. at Knudstorp, 1546. After some a town of nglcsrd, in Walt'"Verana hrage of him hsDns aeiy.a ndlr,14.Atrsne Brad'ford-on-Alvon, a town of Englnd, in ilt- To be a vituous and well-govern'd youth." Shake. previos tuition at Copenhgen, he was sent to Leipzig shire, on the river Avon, 93 m. W. by S. of London. to study the lawv. Laed by inclination, hle devoted hiimMaulo. Woollen cloths and heerseymeres. Pop. 8,835. Yet eo t me wheat suthprsuits, to whicch his sttennon is Reduc'd at last to hiss in my oen dragon.' -. Pope. Braei'fors~lsvillle, in Kessttlc/cy. a prost-village of Ma- said to have been directed by accident. He left IceiIzig rion co., on the Rolling iorni of Salt River, 60 m. S. by W. -me A boast or boasting; a vaunt. in 1565, and that year ice icad tire srisfosrtssre to hbvae a of Franletort; pop. about250. - esar urade here e"A hind ef conquest of Frankfoet; pop.,zboft 250'cae.' e bed ot hohish part of his nose cust off in't insea, whlic, lcic ss loe is osaid C~esar inade her~e; but marde not here his br~ag ricil os: Br~a'~ag'~ t a maritime town of England, in the Isle of of came and'saw,' and'overcame. "' —Shakes. so ingeniously to have supplied icr ec arttfici l nose, Wight, Heepslcire, 73 ni. SW. of London. St is an ~The thing, or matter, boasted. that the defect was not elrceptib'le. tIe neede sonea ancient place, whose church was built in 736. Pop. 1.852. hemicasl experimuents, in hopes of fineding tire philosoBr]el'l~ eyr, JAmiES, D.n., F.R.S., a distimcguiohed English'Beasty is hacuce's Crag.' -- iillsa. pher's stone, a common object of research anmoneg the astronsme'. s. 1692. In 1741, he was appointed Astron- (Gaooes.) B. is a game at cards, deriving its name philosophers of his timea. In 1565 he left Denmark and omern Royal, and made a very important discovery rela- from the efforts of the players to impose upon the judg- improved his acqssainrtanse with astronosmy, in the tive to the nutation of the earth's axis. He was cc mem- merit of their opponents by boasting of better cards course of his travels in (uermanry and France. He reher of the Royal Academy of Sciences nit Paris, and also timen they possess. As mecnsy persons may play as the turned home in 1571, and began to make astrononmical of the Academy of Sciences. D. 1762. cards rvill supply, the dener giving to each player three. obsereations at an observetor'y which he erected near BRAH BRAI BRAI 351 Knudstorp. Here it was that he signalized himself in learned or sacerdotal class; and its members have main- large flat cake, which, if carefully unfolded and spread 1573, by the discovery of a new star in the constellation tained a more extensive sway than the priests of any out, would cover a circular area of several feet in diamCassiopeia. He soon after violently offended his rela- other nation. Their chief privileges consist in reading eter. The B. so expanded, is folded and doubled up in tions by marrying a country girl, when the king inter- the Vedas, q. v., in instituting sacrifices, in imparting the most admirable and wonderful manner, to enable it posed his authority to produce a reconciliation. In religious instruction, in asking alms. and in exemption to adapt itself to the narrow, oval cavity of the craniumn 1574 he lectured on astronomy st Copenhagen; and soon from capital punishment. The whole life of the B. is de- that receives it. these doublings or folds being the conafter, having travelled through several parts of Europe, voted to the study of the sacred writings. Their im- volutions, as they are called, which impart those inehe determined to settle with his family at Basle. The portance dates firom a time later than that of the early qualities to the vault of the skull-cap from which the Danish king, Frederick II.. unwilling to have his coun- Vedic hymns, in which Brahma himself is not known as science of phrenology has derived its external symbols. try deprived of a subject who was an honor to it, de- a god, and the B. appears as one among a number of -Anatomically, the B. consists of two parts, the exter termined to retain him at home, by providing him with priests in no way his inferiors. After the promulgation nal and internal, The external or outer portion is every convenience for his studies, and rewarding him of the Code of Mlenu, q.v., the B. gradually established termed the bark, or cineritious part, from its ashy gray according to his merits. Ile therefore presented him their supremacy. Of ancient Brahmanical science the color; it is also called the glandular, or secretory, bewith the island of Huen, or Ween, in the Sound, for the principal remains are their astronomical and trigonome- cause it was supposed to possess some of the secreting erection of an observatory, gave him an ample pension, trical methods, both of which have given rise to frequent properties of a gland. This portion is composed of a and a canonry in the Cathedral of Roskilde. He en- and learned discussion. Among the modern B. we look it fine cellular membrane, through which a congeries of joyed this situation, and these advantages, about twenty vain for the deep learning that characterized the ancient extremely minute blood-vessels circulate freely. The years, during which period he strenuously applied him- members of this order; for, with the exception of meta- internal portion, the largest and most consistent part of self to the cultivation ofastronomical science. The death physical disquisitions, which hteve ever been a fievorite the B., is called the medullary portion, so nanmed from of Frederick II. interrupted his studies, and being de- study among them, the learning of the present race of its wlite marrowy appearance, and consists of bundles prived of his pension and canonry by the ill offices of' B. is exceedingly meagre. Their morals also are woe- of nminute fibres interlaced together. Both these porenvious and illiberal courtiers, he left Denmark, and fully deteriorated; and while they are the sole deposi- tions are intinmately united in the centre of the mass, or, ultimately settled at Prague, under the patronage of the taries and ministers of a religion which in point of as it is called, in the meisual line, the fibres of thie right Emperor Rodolph, who was a lover of science and purity of morals yields only to the Christian, their con- side passing to the left, and vice versa: thus each side learned men. This prince provided for him most unag- duct is clharacterized by the most vile and licentious of the brain is a reduplication of the other. The B. is nificently; and he began to occupy himself with his practices; a spirit of avarice, falsehood, and revenge is divided into three parts - the cerebrum, or brain proper; usual pursuits, and gathered around him a number of everywhere visible; and in many cases superstition and the cerebellum, or lesser brain; and the ceedulla oblonmathematical students, among whomn was the celebrated fatnaticism have been exchanged for infidelity and gate, or commencement of the spinal marrow. — The Kepler. He had not long enjoyed these advantages, atheism. cerebrum, or B. proper, is situated at the upper and anwhen he was seized with a disease, which terminated in B]rahiinanaee', BtAHI'MANcss, n. The wife of a.Brahman. tenrior part of the skull, and is much the largest portion desth, 1601. B. is known as the inventor of a new hy- Bralmausm'ie, BRAntAN'ICAL, BRAH1cm'cc, BRAniaHMIN'I- of the whole mass. It is divided into two halves, called potbesis to explain the motions of the planetacy bodies. cAL, a. Pertaining, or relating, to the Brahmans, or to hemeis2pheres, each hemisphere being sub-divided by deep His scheme was a kind of medinm between the ancient their reiigious doctrines and worship. fissures called solci, into three lobes, named, from their system of Ptolemy and that which had been adranced BrIa'tsltnanism, BRAH'MINIsM, n. The religion of Bra- situation, the anterior, middle, and posterior lobes. The by Copernicus. I-o supposed the earth to be fixed mo- huma; the doctrinal system of the Braihmans. cerebellumn, or smaller B., is simply divided into two tiocless in the centre of' the universe, around which he Bc1'alhmnspoot'a, Birahmajssstrat~, (bra'una-poes- parts -lithe right and left hemispheres. This portion is imnagined the sun to revolve in a year, and the moon in tr-a,) (" Son of Brahma") somnetiimee erroneously written situated at the back of the head, or occiput. and differs a month; the other planets performing their course BuJrccrPooTEsa, one of the largest rivers of Asia, form- materially in structure from the larger B., being coraround the sein, and being carried with it in its revolu. ing the proper E. boundary of Hindostan. It has 3 posed of flattened layers, or lanince. The medulla obtion around the earth; and the whole of this system, to- separate sources, viz., the Dihong, Dibong, and Lohit longata is somewhat of a funcel slhape, and seems like a gether with that of the firmament or orb of the fixed rivers, which unite in Upper Assam; the first has been continuous process of the latter part of the B., and stars, was supposed to have a diurnal motion also. The traced through the Himalaya chain to Lat. 280 15, N.; passes out of the skull to descend along the tube of the obvious difficulties in this scheme, and its inferiority to and Lone. 950 10' E., and is, in all probability a continua- spinal column. Besides the external case of the skull, the simpler, and now generally received, system of Co- tion of the great San-po of Thibet. (See SAN-Ps.) The the B. is enclosed in three inteirnal investures or menmpernicus, have led some to undervalue the abilities of Dihong is but partially known, but it however, carries branes, two of them called by the ancients, who believed Tyclho, who, it ought to be recollected, had for his object twice as much water as the Lohit into the B. The that they gave birth to and supported all the nervous the formation of an hypothesis, which would explain Dibong is the central and smallest of the three head- mass within the head, the mothers. Thus the first, a the celestial phenomena without admitting the revolu- streams it rises N. of the Himalayas, near Lat, 28c 10'; strong fibrous texture, is named dura mater, or hard tionary motions of the planet we inhabit. Neither does and Lon. 970, and passes through the mountains into mother, because firm and resistent, lining the inside of the famne of Tycho rest upon the meerits or the ingenuity Assam, near Lat. 280 15,, and Lon. 960. — The Lohit, A B of his theory, for he was a skilful practical astronomer, called by the Assamese " holy stream," and consideredt and mdce many importacut observations on the stars, by the Brahmics as more especially the origin of the B. i contained in the works published by himiself, and in the is formed by the union of two smaller streams in the ftamoino Rodolphine Tables of his disciple Kepler. high mountain region of Thibet, between Lat. 28~ aivl.c e I'1 B'rahillow, or Brail'off, in Turkey in Europe —See 290 N., and Lon. 970 and 980 E.; which having joined, IBRcIL. the river thence resulting takes a S.W. course, and passBra ih'ina, (bratma.) [Sans. probably from the root es through a remarkable basin of rocky hills, a place btit, tin g-row, to expand; wcence bsihe, wriha, to move of pilgrimage often frequented by Brahnmins, in which intensely, hence to rse, to produce, tocrete. (i- it is augmented by the waters of the Brahmal kund. a doe Myt.) The name of the first of the. three gods who holy pool of those religionists. At its exit from this constitute the Trimuincrti, (Fig. 247) or triad of principal basin the river takes the name of B., flows S.W. through Hindoo deities. The epithets applied to this divinity are Assam (where it receives about 60 affluents), enters Benvery numerous, some of the most usual being Swayam- gal in the Rungpore dist., and, finally empties into the bhul, the self-existing; Parameshlti, who abides in the Bay of Bengal in Let. 220 50' N., Lon. 900 40' E., in con- l most exalted place; Pietamaha, the great f-slicer; Ps-a- junctioe with the largest branch of the Ganges. The jdpati, the lord of creatures Lolkesa, the ruler of the B.'s banks are mostly covered with jungle or marshes,' world, &c.: Brahms, the essence of the Supreme Being in and its current is so strong that one mile it day against: the abstract, devoid stream is, for a canoe, considered a tolerable advance. of personal indi- Brlah'linin Ox or Btull, n. (Zobl) See Zexu. viduality, to whose B tralel, (brc-d,) v. a. (imp. BRAIDED; p. pc. BRAIDINGS.) name so muchc reve- [A. S. bredan; probably of the ssmne origin as broider.: rencue is attacced To weave, knit, or wreath; to intertvine; as, to bc-aid a thatt ils considered coat. criminal to pro- A ribband did the braited tresses bind: nolInce it, is said to T [he rest was loose. and wanton'd in the wind.' - Dryden. have given birth to i have given birth to — To mingle, by rubbing in some fluid, or soft substance; anahma, Vishnu,,as, to braid starch. - Webster. and Siva simnlta- -A texture formed by weaving together different strands; neously; and to beesl allotted to tiso oosomething brtaided; a knot. first the aprovince of h'eIn twisted braids of lilies knitting - efirstgto the prov~incseec- ofThe loose train of thy amber-dropping hair,'-Milton. crivating, to the secocd that ofpreserv- - 1Braidi'hag, n. Act of making braids. — Braids taken iirng, ad to the collectively in quantity. third that of da, - tBra!1`itYco'oetl, in Illinois, a post-office of Will co. s-oying. Accord- Bra-il, -.i [0. Fr.. braye, a truss, from brayes, breeches.] ingly, ever siince — 0(oLYau-t.) Brails are smnall ropes employed in gathering e'14 14 the creation of the up on a yard the bottom and skiirts of its sail, preparmworld, B. thas }id tory to furling. They lessen the trouble and danger of little or nothing to furling sails, and allow of sail being rapidly reduced by do, and it will not _ _ hauling the brails either from the decki or top. When the be till the 10th nbrails are hauled taut, the sail is said to be brailed tsp. avactar, or incarna- Bra'in, n. [A.S. bragen, brcegen; Frisian, brein, brins-; tion, that his ser- K7. 406. - nRAHMA. Du. brein, fromn Goth. brikan; Sansk. vrklna, to breal. vices vwil be put in Probably allied to Gr. bregsia, thle upper part of the requisition when this world is to undergo total annihila- head, from brechS, to wet, bectause in infants -the fblre ig. 407. lion. Meamwhile, however, the othier leities, Vishnu itand part of the head is wet or moist.j - See below, Anat.-P Siva, are constantly engaged in their resm)ective duties The seat of seneioc end of tie ictellect; hence, the A. -- A section ef the brain and spinal column. 1. The sere of preservattion tcod destruction; and the Hindoos Ihovish c ru in. 2 Thecerebellum. 3. Theumedulla oblongiat. 4, si. The chiefly their edoration upon those divinities from whom -'O that men should put an enemy in their mouths, to steal B.- Anterior view of the bc-ain and spinal cord. 1, 1. The they expect to derive immediate advantaige. In the away their brains.: —Shnaks. two hemispheres of the cerebrum. 2. Longitudinal fissure sepamythological poems, and in sculpture, lie is represent- -Fnnay imagination; sensibility. (a.) rating the two hemispheres 3, I. The cerebellum. 4. The elfnac tory nerve. 5. The optic nerve. I. The third pair of nerves. ed with four ceads, or ritnoer faces, ancd holding' in his -' By son Edgcmr had he a halnd to write this, a heart and breaini 8. The pens vo~roii. 5. The fourth peir of nerves. 10. The focir hricds at manuscript Iioolc conteicini a po-tioin of to breed it in? — Shoks. loswer portion of the mednlii oblongatc. 11. The spinal cord. the Vedas, a pot lor holdingm wcitem, in osec'y, and a scinri- (Anat.) The name given to a soft pulpy substanca, 15, in. Spinsl nerves. 13. 13. The brachiai plexus. 14, t4. The ficisti spoon. In the sculptniues of the ceve-temple of which in man and the higher orders of animals consti- lnsibcr and sacrat piexos. Elepleanta, he is represented sitting on a lotus supported lutes one of the gneast central masses of.,tho nervous the sklull and top of the brain. and sending down long by five swans, or geese. - See HIcND0ocScn. system. This important organ, the seat of sensation, processes between the two hemispheres a.mnd convolutions flrah'mnnam, Bgalman'ai, n. The first, sr Ihighest, of thomght, and intelligence, and contained in the cavity in an analogomus manner to tile tough nmembrane found the fou'r Hinddos castes, saind to have proceeded fl-om formed by the bones comprising the case of tie skull, lineing the inner shell of at waict, to whcich fruit the thl mosuth of Brahlma; (see B AuccA.) They form thie tis been described by modern phrenologists as being ct brain bears aastrong general cesemblance. The secocnd 352 BRAI BRAK BRAN is termed the pia maters or kind mother, because it dips or other mental emotion as well as less directly from B. generally used in the U. States is known as the Steinto every fold and convolution of the brain, and is a diseases of the digestive or other oirgans of the body. yens brake. fine delicate nmembrane, covered in every part with a It is ciharacterized by more or less violent pain of the (Nzautl.) [From Lat. brachisnt, an arm.] The handle network of blood-vessels, and is the medium by which head, with suffusion or prominence of the eyes, the of a ship's pump. nourishment is carried to the substance of the brain. countenance generally tumid or flushed, and delirimnor (Mli.) That part of a military engine or battery by The third coat is named the arachsnoid saenabrae, from stupor. Frequently, in children, infltinmation leads to wwhich it is turned to any particular point. - Worcester. its resemblance to a spider's web. The proper uses and a form of disease known as water in tile head, or hydro- -A kind of cross-bow or ballista. order of these investnments will be given elsewhere. - cephatlus, q. v. Softeninsg of the B. is caused by the Br.ake'mans, n.; pl. BRAKSrEsSEN. One whose duty it Between the folds and doublings of the convolutions of want of a proper supply of nourishment to the cerebral is to tend to the brakes on a railroad-car. the B. there are several cavities, or open spaces and substance, and may arise frionm various causes. It is Brakly9 a. Full of brakes; rough; thorny. elevations, which hlve received friom different anato- characterized by lowness of spirits, headaiches, giddi- Bram'alh, JosEPH, an English engineer, B, 1749. lIe mists nimles, according to their shaipe or size, such iess, the loss of memory, and at length, nibecility and was bred'a carpenter, and worked bfor some time in Lonas the Ventricles, Fornix, Hippsocampi, &c., q. v. —In paralysis. Unfortunately, this is a disease which little don as a cabinet-maker, but at length adopted the engimales, the average weight of the full-grown human can be done to remedy, especially when it results friom nearing profession. His inventions were many. and useB. is about 49 or 50 oz.; in females, 44. It varies, how- a disordered state of the nutritient organs themselves, fill; as a hydraulic machine, producing motion by the ever, considerably in different individuals. In a series as rinom disease or obstruction in the arteries which uniform pressure of fluids, on the principle of the hyof 278 cases, thie maximum weight of the adult male B. convey the blood to the cerebral substance. F'requently drostetic paradox, (see HnDRosTATIc PaESS), and all imwas found to be 65 oz., and the minimum 34; in 191 it is occasioned by over-anxiety or excessive study; in proved kind of lock, Irnovwn as the Breamah Lock, (see cases, tile maximum weight of the adult femiale B, was which case everything is to be done to get rid of the LooK.) He was the author of A Dissertation on the Con56, and the mininmum 31 oz. The B. of the naturdalist predisposing cause. Every thought, every mental effort strauction of Locks, &c. D. 1814. Cuvier is said to have weighed upwards of 61 oz. Anat- destroys a certain portion of the cerebral miatter; and Bsa —nassn's Corners, in New York, a post-office of omists differ as to the size or weight of the B. at different hence, if destruction talkes place more rapidly than re- Schenectady co. periods of life. Semnumering believed that thee B. reached newal, a wasting or softening of the B. is the result. Bramaiaante, D'UnoINa, (bra-eaan'tai), whose real name its full size as early as the thirtd year; the Weinzels and The blood-vessels, particularly in the aged, are also wais DONAT0 LAZZARI, a celebrated Italian archlitect, B., Sir William ltasiilton fixed the period about the seventh; liable to be ruptured.-See APOPLExY, CONVULSIONS, IN- 1444. Showing an early taste for drawing, he was and Tiedemann, between the seventh and eighth year. SANITY, DEnLIRaUm, TREaENS, PAAmLYSIS. brought up to the profession of a painter, but he quitted Gall aid Spurzlheim were of opinion that the B. con- Br'ain,.. a. To dash out the brains of. it to dedicate his talents to architecture, which he cultitinued to grow until the fortieth year. From a series Braiin'ar'd's, in New Jersey, a P. 0. of Warren co. vated with uncommion success. He first designed and of observations, hiowever, it appears that in general the Bralined, a. Furnished with brains. - S/haks. commenced in 1513, the erection of St. Peter's at Roume, weight of the B. increases rapidly up to tile seventh tiBs'aina'er1, in Neow foek, a post-village of Rensselaer carried oil and finished by other srchitects after his death. year, tlien more slowly to between sixteen and twenty, co., on Kinderho ok Creelk, 16 m. S.E. of Albany. He was a great favorite with Pope Julius II., vwho sade and then more slowly to between thirty-one and farty, BrainI-feveto, n. An inflammation of thie brain. See him superintendent of Ihis buildings, and under that at which time it reaches its maximum point. Beyond BRAIt, (~ Ned.) pontiff he formed the magnificent project of connecting that period there appears a slow but progressive diminss- Bra,'in'ish, a. Hot-headed; furious. (a.) S/talcs. the Belvidere Palace with the Vatican, by mneans of two tion in weight of about 1 oz., during e[ch subsequent Braisn'less, a. Without understanding; silly; thought- grand galleries carried across a valley. He built many decennial period. The only aninalss that possess abso- less; witless. churches, monasteries, and palaces at Rome, and in other lutely a larger B. than mnan, are the elephant and whale. IBrain'-lpa, n. The skull, containing the brain. - Italian cities, and was employed by Pope Julius as an In tile former, it is said to weigh betwveen 8 and 10 lbs., Sha/es., aolland. engineer to fortify Bologna, 1504. He manifested a deand in the latter it was found in a specimnen75 feet long, Braivi'-r aelking, a. Perplexing; harassing the mind. cided predilection tbr the classic marchitecture of the to weigh upwards of5 lbs. Generally speaking, ascomn- Brain'-sieis, a. Disordered in the understanding; Greeks, and was the instructor of Raphael in that art. pared with the weight of his body, the B. of man is giddy; thoughtless. B. 1511. B. painted portraits with ability, and he was heavier than that of tihe lower animals; but there are Bra'in'-sie kly, adv. Welakly; headily. -S/ealks. skrilled in music and poetry. some slight exceptions to this rule, as in the case of cer- Braian'-. -clanasc, n. Sickness of the brain. Indis- Braeim'Rle, n. [A. S. bremel, brembel; Dan. braumbeer; tain species of snmll birds, and in the smaller apes. The cretion; giddiness. 0. ier. brdma, brjiual. Etymol. unknownVi.] (Bot.) The proportionate weight of the human B. to the body is Braisn/=s'-a aiia, a. Spun out of the brain. common iniame of the genus RunBUS, q. v. greatest at birth, being about 1 to 585 in the manle, and Brain-le-Conmt,, (tbrn-lay-komtay,) a town of Bel- Braiin'bRe-berary, n. The blackberry. See RuBus. 1 to 6'5 in the famale. At the tenth year it is about 1 gium, pryov. of Hainault, 13 m. N.N.E. of Mons; po2p. B aanon'blebi ush, n. A collection of brambles growto 14; at the twentieth about I to 30; sund after that age 5,065. ing together. it averages about 1 to 36'5, with a trifling decrease in Brain'stosue-cor.al, n. A name popularly applied Brans'nilted, a. Overgrown with brambles. advanced life. In general, the size of the B. bears a to certain kiinds of M3adrepore of the genus 3Mclantrina, h an' Xblle-net, n. A net to catch birds. certatin relation to the mental powers of the individual, so snamed from the general resemblance to the brain of Bran ia blti ng', BRAanIBLE-FiNCci, MUNTAIN-FINCH, us. mnd a certaisn amount of it is always necessary to sound man, exhibited in their large rounded mass, and liumer- (Znbil.) A bird of the famsily _F~inyitticta. It breeds in mental action. — In companing the brain of man with ous winding depressions. When the hemispherical mass the more northern parts of Scandinavia; visiting Italy, thlat of the other maismealia, the most obvious cdistinc- is broklen, the ridges which bousnd its furroWxs may be Malta, Smyrna, &c., in its winter migrations. It has no tion is its much greater size in proportion to the size of traced inwards through its substance, even to the cen- song, its call-note being a single imonotonous chirp. It thie body. In the dog, the B. bears an average proper- tral nucleus from awhich tb.ey commsenced. The brain- is rather larger than the clhaffinch. The tail is iforlced, tion to the body of about 1 to 120; in the horse, 1 to stone corals are very common in'collections, and are and its prevatling colors mere black, white, and yellow. 450; in the sheep, 1 to 750; and in the ox, 1 to 800. The much admired for their beauty. They are found chiefly Breaina'bly, a. Full of brambles. convolutions, too, which are so marked on the humane in the seas of warm climates, particularly in the Indian Bi-amnidtae, n. ipl. (Zob'l.) The Bream' family;. - See B., are few, or altogether wanting' on the B. of animanls. and S. Atlantic oceuans. They sometimes attain a large BREAM. In particular, in animals, the medullary matter of the size. Their rate of growth, however, appears to be slow. BIra saa in, nz. See BRAHMAN. B. predominates in every part, while the cineritious is B-sain'tree, a town of England, in co. of Essex, 36 so. Br neaoanftet in K(entuckcy, a post-office of Gallatin co. deficient. The nerves of sense, too, in animals, are usu- Ni.E. of London. It is an ancient place, noted chiefly IBra isLton, in Upper Canada, a thriving post-village ally much more largely developed than in maen. In imin for its annual fairs. Pop. 4,735. of Peel co., 26 min. N.W. of Toronto; pop. about 900. the olfactory nerve is not one-fourth of the size of tbiat Br-ain't'-ee, in Maassachusetts, a post-township of Nor- Brasa, n. [O. Fr.; Celt. brian, brei, excrement, ordure.] of the horse, though the B. is so much larger. In the folk co., 10 min. S. by E. of Boston. ManJ; Boots and The skins or husks of corn, especially of ground wheat, smaller quadrupeds the cornpaiative size of the B. ap- shoes, mats, cordage, &c. Pop. abt. 4,300. sepurated from the corn by a sieve, or bolted. Large proaches nearer to that of the human, being in thie Braisa't-eeu in Pennsylvania, a township of Wyoming quantities of wheat B. are used for malking starch which mouse about a forty-third part of the wveight of the ani- co.; pop. about 600. it contains in the proportion of 55-6 per cent. The dyers mial; but it is composed almnost entirely of medull laury B1raitn'tee, t ins Vernsont, a township of Orange co., 20 rechon B, among the non-coloring drugs, and use it for metter. Inbirds, theB. is in general ns much less coieplex i. S. by W. of Montpelier; pop. about 1,480. nmakling the sour water with which they prepare their organ than in nanemnals, presenting no convolutions on Baalrs'trem, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Wy- dyes. B. is also used as food Itr horses and cattle. In its surfice, and having only m very small quantity of cine- omiing co. the practice of medicine it is employed as a warmn poulritious matter. Though its bulk is in general proportion-'BrairiR, n. (Scot.) [A.S. buoucd.] In Scotland, the spring- tice in abdonminal inflammateion, spasnms, &c. ally much smaller than the human B., yet in somie of ing up of seeds, which, when they come utp well, are B'as, the son of Llyr, and father of Caradoc, or Caracthe smaller birds, as the chaffinch and redbreast, it ap- said to have a good brsird. tacus, tling of Britain; D. about 80 A. D. preaches that of the latter. In fishes tile B. is yet -v. uz. To spring ump, as seeds. M~xa'an'car-tl, n. [C1r.] A horse-litter; a hand-barrow. nmore diminished; in the chub being only 1 to 842, and Braise, n. A French word, in common use among char- B -a eea-e ats- - p seauas, (DUKcE DE,) (brantcas-lawrainii the lamprey 1 to 1,425. It consists merely of two coal burners to designate tie fine refuse coal which gay',) a member of the French Academy of Sciences, B. pairs of ganglia and a single one.'The two anterior gathers about their pits. Tile material is muceh used ses 1733. I-e was distinguished fur his shkill in chemistry, ganglia, or lobes, are the olfactory lobes, iminediately a covering for the heaps of wood to be charred; and and was the worthy associate of Lavoisier, Berthollet, behind which are two others, generally of larger size, about irons-works it serves a very usefus purpose, wvhen Chaptal, and other celebrated reformers of the science. called the optic lobes; while, behind these is a single mixed with the great piles of ore to be calcined, keeping To this nobleman we ow'e the discovery of the coumpogainglion, or lobe, situated in the median line, and up far a long timee the slow combustion required ior this sition of the dithcnond, and soume very important improveternied the cerebellum. The functions of the B. xwill be purpose. - N. As. GCyclop. nments in the manufnit ure of'porcelain. D. 1824. examined under the words NERvous SYsursM, and PsRE- r aI$, n. A commercial name of tshe rough diamoond. Br'an-a is, n. [Gr. bracheion; Lat. brachiaue, the arm; It. NOLOG~. B'alIte, n. [Swed. and Goth. braka, to crash, crackle. branca; Fr. branche.] (Bot.) That part of a plant which (Ch/ee.) The chemical examination of the brain of ani- When dry, the planit cackles under the feet.] The con- is produced firom ta lteral leaf-bud oni the plrimary axis rieals was first undertalen by Vaugaslin, who lound in mon name of the Fteris, a genus of famns, called also or stem. It is looked upon as psart of the stes, and not the human brain 80 water, 7 albumen, 4-53 white fitty Braoken. — See PTEas. -as t distinct organ. A branch generally produces secmatter, 0-70 red'utty matter, 1-12 osmazome, 1-5 phos- -A place overgrown with bralkes, briers, or brambles. ondery branches, and tlhese give rise to minior rammificaphorus; acids, salts, and sulphur, 5'15. M. Couerbe, in Br'ake,i n. [Formerly pret. of BREns..] That which tions, called branchlets or twigs. The different mnodes in an elaborate dissertation upon the composition of B., breaks, subdues, curbs, checks, confines, restrains, or re- which B. spring firom the stem give rise to the various finds a large proportion of cholesterine in it, and asserts, tards. - An instrument to braek flix. -A sharp bit or forms of trees; such as pyramidal, spreading, and wveepas the result of repea:ted examinations, that the propor- snaffle. —A vehicle for brealing in young or retfractory ing. Thus in the cypress, the branches are erect, formtion of phosphorus in the B. of persons of sound intel- horses.-A large heavy harrow lir breakling clods.-An ing acute angles with the upper part of the stem; in the lect is from 2 to 2'5 per cent.; in the brain of maniacs ancient instrumnent of torture. otak aind cedar, they are spreading, each forming nearly it is from 3 to 4'5; and in that of idiots, only from 1 to (alech.) A block of wood applied by lever or screw a right angle; in the weeping ash and elnim, the angles 1'5 per cent. pressure to the circumference of s wcheel, to slacken or are oblique; while in the weeping-willow and binich, the (ied.) Thue B., which is the most delicate and ex- arrest the moving power of a machine, by thee production brnclhes are penedulosus, from their flexibility. The comquisitely fronied of sell the orgcns of the hiuman body, of a large amount of friction. Dy extension of sieeaning, parative length of the upper and under binrauchues also is subject to p grect variety of disorders, most of which it now signifies the railway-carri iag in whichs is placed gives rise to great differences in the contour of trees, as will be treated of nsler their proper heads, in other the B. intended to retard or stop the train when needed. seen in the conical horrm of the spruce, and in tbe uanparts of tblis avorke, but some of which it xvill be neces- B. sure somsetimes used in the ibrius of besds of mietal or brella-lilke shaepe of the Italian pine. - See Sbrasm. sary to notice here. Lujtasuemation is one of the most leather passing round a wheel, by the tightening of which (Asast.) A term applied generally to the principal common diseases to which the B. is subject, mid mayese- the necessary amuount of friction is produced.-Thle B.- divisioses of an artery or vein. B. is then synonymouus suit from a nimber of causes: -- friom extenrnl injuries, beacue or B.-base is the part that connects the B.-blocas of axith Bamus. as blows or falls, the symptoms of whichs msay not msani- opposite wheels. - Thea.-Ssoke is thee pait of the B. isold- (MIinisig.) A leader, string, or rib of ore, that runs in fest themuselves for meny days; from the improper use ing the B.-shoe. -- The B.-shoe or B.-e-ebber, is the pasrt a lode; on if a lode is divided into several strings, they of narcotics or stiuunisbtss; exposure to the cold or the of at B. aguuinst which the wheel rubs. - The B.-wheet is are called branches, whether they contain ore or not; action of the sue's ncey; protracted study, excessivejoy, the handle-wheel by which power is applied to a B —The liksewise, strings of ore which run transversely into the BRAN BRAN BRAN 353 lode are called branches, and so are all veins that are number, some having not less than a hundred. A great Brand'er, n. A person who brande.-A Scotticism for small, dead, or alive, i.e., whether they contain ore or portion have only one eye. The genera Cyclops and a gridiron; as, a fowl put on the brander. not. Cypris may be mentioned as examples of B. Brand'-goose, n. (ZoUl.) See BRENT. (Genealogy.) A portion of the descendants of a per- Branehios'$egan, n. (Zoil.) One of the Branchi- Braindied, (brc~n'did,) a. Mingled or strengthened son, who trace their descent to some common ancestor, ostegi. with brandy; as, this is a brandied sherry. who is himself a descendant of a like person. The whole Bralschios'tegi, n. pl. [Gr. branchia, gills, and stego, -Doctored or fortified with brandy; as, brandied plums. of a table of genealogy is often called the genealogical to cover.] (ZoOl.) A division of cartilaginous fishes, Brandcing, n. An ancient nmode of punishment by intree; and sometimes it is made to take the brnrm of a comprehending those in which the gills are firee, and flicting a mark on an oflfender with a hot iron. It is tree, which is in the first place divided into as many covered by a membrane. It corresponds to tihe order generally disused in the English Civil Law, but is a branches as there are children, afterwards into as many S'ruIoNEs, q. V. recognized punishment for some military offences, as branches as there are grand-children, then great-grand- Braiehita is'tegous, a. That has covered gills, as desertion. It is not, however, now done by a hot iron, children, and so on. If, for example, it is desired to the Branchiostegi. butwith ink, gunpowder, or some other preparation, so as form the genealogical tree of Peter's famnily, Peter will B]rainclh JFunc'tion, in Pennsylvania, a post-office to be visible, and not liable to be obliterated. The mark be made the trunk of the tree; if lie has had two chil- of Westmoreland co. is the letter "D.," not less than an inch in length, and dren, John and James, their names will be written on Branlch'less, a. Without branches or shoots; barren; is marced on the left side two inches below the armpit. tihe first two branches, which will themselves shoot out without any valuable product; as, a bramch less tree. Braind'ing-iron, n. An iron used for branding. into as mamny smaller branches as John and James have B]ranch/let, n. A little branch. Brand'-iron, n. Same as BRaNDING-IRON. children; firom these others proceed, until the whole Branch-]i lot, n. (Naut.) See BRANCH. -A trivet to set a three-legged pot upon, when placed over family is represented on the tree. Thus the origin, the Braneh'a rit. in Xiw York, a post-vilhtge of Jerusa- a fire. application, and the use of the word "branch" in gen- lem township, Yates co., at the N.W. end of Crooked Bran'dish, v. a. [Fr. brandir, probably of the same ealogy will be at once understood. Lake, 200 m. W. of Albany; pop. abt. 450. origin ais 0. Fr. branslet, to shake.] To shake, move, (ZoUi.) The first division of the animal kingdom, sy- Branch liver, imn lhode tsland, empties into the wave, or agitate, as a weapon; to flourish. nonymous with Type.- B. are characterized by plan of Bl'ckstone River, 4 m. above Woonsocket.' He said, and brandishing at once his blade, structure. Cuvier has shown that the animal kingdom Biraich's Stor'e, in NV. Carolina, a P. 0. oflDuplin co. With eager pace pursued the flaming shade." - Dryden'. comprises four great B. or Types --'ertebrata, Articu- Branch Villag-e, in Rhode Island, a village of Smith- -To flourish; to amuse one's self with; as, to brandish a lata, Mollusca, and Badiata, q.v. —These four B. are field township, Providence co., 10 m. N.N.W. of Provi- controversial argument. sub-divided into classes. - See CLASS. deuce. Maanuf. Cottons and agricultural inmplements. R He, who shall employ all the force of his reason only in bran(Naut.) In the U. States the name B., or Full B., is Pop. abt. 250. dishing of syllogisms, will discover very little." - Locke. given to a pilot bearing a commission of the highest Branehlaville, in Alabama, a post-office of St. Clair co. -n. A shaking or waving; a flourish; as "Brandishes of grade, to distinguish it from the warrant granted to Branch'ville, in Arkansas, a post-office of Drew co. the fan." —ataler. subordinate pilots, who are restricted to vessels of acer- Branch'ville, in.Marylandcl, a post-office of Prince Bran'disher, n. He who, or that which, brandishes. tain draught. George's co. Bran'dishaing, Brattishing, n. (Archi.) A term -The offshoot of anything, as of a river, of a stag's horn, Bmoanch'ville, in New Jersey, a post-village of Sussex used for carved work, as a crest, battlement, or other &c.; a small part of anything; any distinct article or co., on an armm of the Paulinskill River, 77 m. N. of parapet. portion. Trenton. Brandling. ns. [So named from its color.] (Zol61.) A Branch, v. a. To shoot or spread in branches or sepa- IBranchiaville, in S. Carolina, a post-village of Orange- small worim used for bait. rate parts; to shoot out; to ramify; to fork. burg dist., 62 am. W.N.W. of Charleston, and 67 S. of Co- Brand',-new, a. [See BRAND.] Quite new; unsoiled; "The Alps branch out, on all sides, into several different divi- lursbia. untouched or unused. (Vulgarly corrupted into bransions." -- Addison. ]Brane'/ville, in lVirginia, a P. 0. of Southampton co. new.) -v. a. To divide or form into branches. Branch'y, a. Full of branches; having wide-spread- Bran'don, s n. [Fim.; Ger. brand, fire.] A name someThe spirits of things are branclhed into canals, as blood is." ing branches. times given in rosgland to the first Sunday in Lent, fromn Bacon. Bran'cso, an affluent of the Rio-Grande, Brazil. It rises the custom, which at one timne'is said to have prevailed -To adorn with needlework, representing branches, flow- in the Sierra Dura, Lat. 110 25' S.. Lon. 400 10' W.: flows in many places, of the peasants passing thlrough their ers, tc..in a S.E. course, and is navigable from its mouth to orcihards and vineyards on that day with liglmted torches, "In robe of lily white she was array'd, Tres-barres. a distance of about 40 m. —BRANCo RIo, an- and threatening to cut down and burn the trees if they Bramcheid w'ith gold and pearl, most richly wrought." p eases'. other river of' Brazil, rises in the Parimme Mountains, did not bear fi'uit in the coming year. Branach, in Michigan, a S. county, embracing an area flow's S. far 400 m., and joins the Rtio Negro near Lat. 10 Br.an'Q on, a bay, headland, mountain, and village of of 528 sq. min., watered by the St. Joseph's, Proirie, Cold- 20' S. Ireland, co. Kerry. The mountain, 3.126 feet high, has wamter, and Hog rivers. Suiface. Rolling prairie. Soil. Braand, n. [A.S., Du., Sw., and Dan. branmd, from bren- for its extreme point the headland which forms the W. Excellent, yielding heavy timber and iron ore. Cap. nen, to burn.] A burning or partly burned piece of boundary of B. Bay. The latter, about 5 m. wide at its Coldwater. Pop. (1870) 26,244. wood; a lighted fatgot. mouth, cuts into the land for about 5 m. The village is -A village of the above co., on the Coldwater River, 89 " Take it, she said, and when your needs require, a fishing and coast-guard station, 10 m. N.E. of Dingle. m. S S.W. of Lansing. This little brand will serve to light your fire. "- D-rydern. Bran'don, in Iowa, a post-village bf Buchanan co, 10 Branch, in Pennsylvania, a township of Schuylkill co.; -A sword, resembling a brand when waved. mn. N. of Vinton. pop. abt. 2,000. " Waved over by that flaming blrand M" - -ilton. -A township of Jackson co.; pop. about 1,300. Branch, in IWisconsin, a post-office of 1Manitowoc co. -A marlk made with a hot iron; as, the brand of a caskl; 1rand m, in Mic/igan, a post-townShip of Oakland co., Braneh'bningr, in New Jersey, a township of Somer- hence, figuratively, quality, kind; as, a box of cigars 38 m. N.N.W. of Detroit; pop. about 1,570. set co.; pop. abt. 1,184. of a good brand. Brain'don, in Mississippi, a p.-vill., cap. of Brandon co. -Branch-chunel, n. (Mech.) A chuck formed of four -A stigma; any note or mark of infamy. See BRANDING. Bran'dont in Neew York, a township of Franklin co.; branches, turned up at the ends, and eaclh furnished "A brand of infamy passes for a badge of honor."-L'Estrange pop. 840. with a screw. - h/caig. -A disease peculiar to vegetables; sometimes called brn, Brandon, in Ohio, a post-office of Knox co. Brsanch'dmlle, in Pennsylvania, a P.O. of Schusylkill co. and more cominsonly BcIaGT, q. V. Bran'doin, in Ve-ermont, a post-township of Rutland co., Branched'-work, n. (Arch.) Carved and sculp- -A term sometimnes applied to lightning, or a thunder- on Otter Creek, 40 min. S.W. of Montpelier. Alanf. Wooltured leaves and branches on monuments and friezes. lens, leather, &c. P1op. about 3,250. bolt; as, the levin brand. Braclcoter, n. One that forms branches. T sBran'don, ins Wisconsin, a post-village of Fond-du-Lac "The sire omnipotent prepares the brand, (Failconry.) A young hawk that begins to leave the By Vulcan wrought, and arms his potent hand."- Granville. co., 18. W.S.W. of ond-d-Lac, and 20. by E. of nest and go from branch to branch. Berlin. Branch'ery, n. A system of branches; the vascular -v. a. To burn, stamp, or impress with a hot iron; as, to Bran'don, in Upper Canada, a post-office of Peel co. part of fruits. brand a package. Brandiion Church, in Virginia, a post-office of lBran'clhial, a. Belonging or relating to the branchice -To fix a mark of infamy upon; to stigmatize as inft- Prince George co. or gills. minous; as, to boand a person's character; to brand a BI]ran'don Point, in Virginia, a post-office of Prince Branchie. np. pl. [Lat.; from Gr. braychia, gills of a galley-slave, George co. fish.] (Physiol.) The organs called B., or Gills, are P' Brnd not their actions with so foul a nameBr Drn'en. dti onville, in W. Virginia, a post-village of Presvascular respiratory organs, destined to submnit to the Pity, at least. what we are forced to blane.280 NW of Richprocess of oxygenation the blood of the greater part of Bran'dlenburg, (bran'denboorg,) an important prov. mend; pop. about 180. aquatic animals. It is by means of the oxygen of the of Prussia, consisting principally of the ancient Mark, or Bra.hdO'rith, a. An English provincialism, denoting air dissolvedl in water that this method of respiration is mmarquisateof B., having N. Meclklenburg and Pomera- the fence or staked enclosure aronund a well or spring. performled. As the name inmports, these organs are more nia, E. the proves. of Prussia and Posen, S. Silesia and Brandt, (brant,) a Hatmburg chenmist, who in 1669 accior less branched. They are situated upon special parts the kingdom of Saxony, and W. Prussian Saxony, dentally discovered phosphiorus, whilst making experiof the body, but their position v'mries according to the Anhalt, and Hanover; between 510 10' and 530 370 ments with urine in search of gold. D. about 1692. anismals in which they have been observed. Their sur- N. Lat., and 11~ 13, and 16O 121 E. Lon. Area, 15,505 Biranelt, SEBASTIAN, a German poet, B. at Strasbourg, face, multiplied proportionately to the number of their sq. m. The prov. is divided into 2 regencies and 24 cir- 1454, who wrote a number of works, the most celebrated ramifications, is ahlways covered with a very fine and coes, and consists, mainly, of an immense sandy plain, of wlhich is Th.e Ship of Fools, a burlesque poem,in which permemble membrane. In fishes time gills consist of drained by the Oder, Spree, Netz, and other rivers. Soil, he satirizes the writings of his age. It met with great arches of bone attached to the os hyoides or bone of generally poor. Forests, very extensive. Buckwheat success, and found translators in several countries. D. the tonguie. To these the rays or filaments of the gills and rye form the leading products. With the exception 1520. are attached, generally in a row upon each, varying in of lime a-nd gypsun, the minerals are unimportant. Brandt, in Ohio,'a post-office of Miami co. number, and having their surfaces covered by a tissue Jalef. Machinery, agricultural implements, chemicals, Brandt Lake, in Newo York, a sheet of water of Warof innumerable blood-vessels. Upon these is stretched glass, leather, potash, &c. B. forms the nucleus of all ren co., emptying in Schroon River. It is 5 m. in extent. tihe gill membrane. The water talken in by the mouth the States now united in the Prussian monarchy. It Braiindt Wood, in ]ondiana, a post-office of Starke co. passes throughm anoong thin filaments of the gills, and was given, in 1416, by the Kaiser Sigismund to Freder- Bran1dy, so. (Ger. brannt-wein, from brennen, to burn, escapes by the gill openings in the rear. In its progress ick VI., Count of Hohenzollern and Burgrave of Niirn- to distil; Fr. o-andevin.] Literally, distilled wine; an through the filaments of the gills, the oxygen is sepas- berg, ancestor of the present Itings of Prussia. Chief ardent spirit distilled firom wine anrid colored to the rerated firom the atmospheric air contained in the water, towns. Berlin (cap. of Prussia), Potsdam, Frankfort- quired extent with burnt sugar, (carane-l.) Its flavor is and carbon is given out in return. on-the-Oder, Brandenburg, and Spandau. Pop. 2,709,866. due chiefly to the presence of senanthic ether derived Branch'iness, n. Quality of being branchy; ful- BRANDENBURG, a town of Prussia, in the above prov., cap. from the wine; when newly distilled, it is as clear and ness of branches. circ. W. Havelland, on the Havel, 35 mn. W.S.W. of Ber- as colorless as water. The color of genuine pale B. is Branch'ing,, n. Th'e act of branching, or formingi lii, and 38 N.E. of Magdebourg; Lat. 520 27' N., Lon. 120 due to its having remained so long in the cask as to have into branches. 32' E. The river divides the town into 3 parts, the old absorbed a portion of brown coloring matter from the — a. Supplied with branches throwing out branches; as, town on the might, and the new on the left bank; while wood, anol is, therefore, an indication of its age. Hence it branching elm. on an island between them is bhilt the Cathedral Town, arose the custom of adding caraomchl, and sometimes the Ba-aa'chiopoh, so. (Zoel.) One of the Branchiopoda. which, fisom stanmding on piles, is often called Venice. intfusion of tea, to impart the astringency due to the tanX3a-anehiois'o la, so. p1. [Gr. bsrancoia, gills, and pooos, Malof. Woollens, linens, stockings, paper, &c, ~Pop. nin tSalen from the wood by old B. It is prepared from podos, a foot.] (ZoUl.) A division of crustaceous animnals, 26,180. owine in most wine-growing countries; but Fiance, and, order Bsto/noostloaca, min which the locomotiv'e extremi- -. ls'~teau'tenb, n a walled town of N. Germany, in the nmost notably, the town of Cognac, and the Armagnac, ties fulfil the fomnctions of gills. These Crustamceans, grand-duiuchy of Mecklenburg Strelitz, 17 m. N. by E. of have always been considered the great B.-producinglocalwrhiclm are for the most part omicioscopic, are always itm Neu Strelitz. It has extensive distilleries, and a pop. ities. The Cognac B. is esteemed from the absence of a motion whien in an aniinnated state, and are generally of 6,545. certain fiery flavor found in other 1., which is caused by protected by a shell or crust in the shape of a shield, orm Ba- ram'dei axan-g, in Kentuacky, a post-village, cap. of a very small quantity of an acrid oil contained in the of a bivalve shell, ainmd are furaished sometimes with Sleade co., on the Ohio River, 40 m. from Louisville; sklin of the grape. Inferior B. is distilled from apples, tbur, sometimes with two aintennse. Their feet vary in pop. about 750. pears, peaches, cherries, blackberries, &c. It is also proVoL.i. — 45 0* 354 BRAN BRAS BRAT duced from a variety of other ardent spirits; rum, beet- by the British government. D. 1807. One of B.'s sons Brlassart, n. (Mil.) In plate armor, the piece which root spirit, and that of potatoes, are largely used in commanded a mixed Canadian and Indian force during protected the upper arm between the shoulder-piece and France for its manufacture, and similar processes are the war of 1812. the elbow. also carried on in this country. Those inferior and nox- Brant, in Michigan, a township of Saginaw co.; peo. B]rass'-band, n. A company of musical performers, ious spirits are carefully rectified by repeated distillations about 150. who perform on brass instruments, as the trumpet, tromoyer freshly burnt charcoal and quick-lime, to deprive Branlt, in N'ew York, a post-township of Erie co., 24 m. bone, bugle, &c. them of their peculiar flavor, which would, if left be- S.S.W. of Buffalo; pop. about 1,300. Brasse', n. (ZoUl.) See LucloPEracA. hind, betray the imposition. Innumerable attempts are Brant, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Calumet co. Brasses, (Monumental,) n. pl. (AArchcol.) The also made for producing, by fictitious means, a spirituous Bralnt, a S. county of Upper Canada, W. of Lake On- name given to monumental slabs of brass, on which are liquor bearing a close resemblance to the genuine French tario. Area, 416 sq. m. Drained by the Grand River. carved effigies in outline. Of such memorials, the earB., but, as so far produced, they are not so perfect but Prod. Lumb.er, wool, hops, and dairy produce. Cap. liest on record is that of Simon de Beauchamp, who that they may be easily detected. Brantford.' Pop. about 30,500. died at the beginning of the 13th century. Bran'dy City, in California, a mining-village of Sierra Brant'ford, a prosperous post-town of Upper Canada, Brass'et, n. A casque or morion formerly belonging co.; pop. about 300. and cap. of Brant co., 24 m. S.W. of Hamilton, on Grand to a suit of armor. Bran'dy Station, in Virginia, a post-office of Cul- River. Here are the workshops belonging to the Great Brass'field, in N. Casrolina, a post-office of Wake co. pepper co. Western Railway. Masf. Iron, tin, and brass-ware; Brass'-foil, s. Thin sheets of brass beaten out; someBranu'ly-wine, n. Brandy. agricultural implements and stone-ware. Pop. abt. 5,000. times called DDutch gold. Bran'dywine, in Dlcaware, a hundred of New Cas- Bratlfo'rd, in Mlinnesotla, a P. 0. of Sherburne co. Bras'sica, n. [From bresic, the Celtic name of the cabtie co. Branat-fox, n. A small species of fox. bage.] (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Brassicace-, conBranldywine, in Indiana, a township of Hancock Bran't4me, PieRRE DE BOURDEILLES, SEsIGNEU DE, taining several species, which are commonly cultivated co.; pop. about 1,250. (brsdn't6me,) a French chronicler, B. in Perigord, about as food for man and cattle. B. -apa is the common -A village and township of Shelby co., 6 m. N.W. of Shel- 1527. He travelled in several countries in the capacity turnip. The species B. cam pestris is regarded by some byville; pop. about 1,170. of chamberlain to Charles IX. and Henry III.; fought as the source of the Swedish turnip; but others consider Bran'dywine, in Maryland, a post-office of Prince against the Huguenots (1562), in Barbary (1564), and this vegetable to be a hybrid between B. casepestris and Edward's co. went in 1566 to Malta, to fight against the Turks. After B. rapa, or napus. The species B. olesacea is supposed Brtan'dywine Creek, in Pennsylvania and Dela- his return to the court of F'rance he retired into private to be the common origin of all the different kinds of ware, is fbrmed of two forks, the E. and W., which effect life, and wrote his Memoires, full of self-praise but very cabbage, cauliflower, brocoli, and kohl-rabi, the differ4junction in Chester co. of the first-named State, and, interesting, as they afford a lively portraiture of the ent varieties having been produced by the art of the taking a S.E. course, empties into Christiana Creek at manners and morality of his times, the women, in par- gardener. Brocoli and cauliflowers are detormed inforWilmington. Ihere, Sept. 11th, 1777, was fought a severe ticular, being very severely handled. The style is escences; the kohl-rabi is produced by the stem enlargbattle between the British and German troops, 18,000 charmingly piquant, full of ingenious turns of expres- ing above the ground into a fleshly knob, resembling strong, under Howe, and the Americans numbering sion, sudden sallies of wit, occasional flashes of elo- a turnip. On comparing the original plant, as found on 13,000 men, under Washington, in which the latter were quence, and withal so naively simple, that if the author our shores, with wavy green leaves, no appearance of defeated. The consequence of this battle was the occu- cannot, on account of the abundance of his gossip, be head, and flowering like wild mustard or charlock, say pying of Philadelphia by the British troops. reckoned a grave historian, he must needs be considered with the red cabbage or the cauliflower, the difference ]ran'dywine Creek, in Indiana, after rising in a most fascinating chronicler. D. 1614. is astonishing. B. napus yields the rape, cole, or colza Hancock co., runs S.W. into Blue River, near Shelbyville. Brannular, a. Cerebral; belonging to the brain. seeds, from which a large quantity of bland fixed oil, Bran'dywine Manor, in Pennsylvania, apost-office Brasen, (bsaz'n,) a. Made of brass. See BRAZEN. much used for burning and other purposes, is expressed. of Chester co. B]rasenia, n. (Bet.) A name of the genus HYDROPEL- See CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, BROCOLI, KonL-RABI, TURBran'dywine Mgills, in Ohio, a village of Summit co. TIS, q. v. NIPS. Bran'dywine Springs, in Delawatre, 4 m. N.W. of Brash, a. [Swed. and Dan. barsic; L. Ger. barsch.] Im- Brassceaeeve, n. pZ. (Bet.) An orderof plants, alliance Wilmington. petuous; hot-tempered. —A term used in the U. States Cistales. —DAG. Tetramerous flowers and tetradynamous Dran'dywine Village, in Delaware, a suburb of to denote the state of being brittle; as, decayed timber. stamens.-They are herbaceous plants, annual, biennial, Wilmington, (q. v.) -n. An eruption; a rash or blemish on the skin. - Broken or perennial, very seldom suffruticose. Leaves alternate. Bran'ford, in Connecticut, a post-town and seaport of pieces of ice; segments of ice. Flowers usually yellow or white, without bracts, generNew Haven co., 8 m. E. by S. of New Hiaven. The bar- (Geol.) A mass of broken and angular fragments, de- ally in racemes; sepals 4, deciduous, imbricate or valbor has a sufficient depth of water for vessels of over rived from a subjacent rock, generally limestone. vate; petals 4, cruciate, alternate with the sepals; sta300 tons. Pop. 2,550. Brash'ear, in Louisiana, a post-village of St. Mary's mens 6, of which 2 are shorter; disk with various green Bran'ford, in Illinois, a township of Lee co. parish, on the Atchafalaya River, 80 m. W.S.W. of New glands between the petals and the stamens and ovary; Brangle, (bran'glg,) n. [Fr. branlet; O. Fr. bransler. Orleans. ovary superior, unilocular; stigmas 2, opposite the See BRANDISH.] A shaking; agitation; confusion; a Brash'er, in New York, a township of St. Lawrence placenta; fruit a silique or silicule; seeds attached in a squabble; a noisy contest or dispute. co.; pop. about 4,050. single row by a funiculus to each side of the placenta;' The payment of tithes is subject tomanyfrauds, br'angles. and Brashller~ Falls, in New York, a post-village of St. albumen none. - Properties. The Brassicacese as a class other difficulties."-Swift. Lawrence co., on the St. Regis River, 35 m. E. of Og- are of' much importance to man. They furnish several -v. i. To squabble; to wrangle; to dispute contentiously. densburg. Agricultural implements are largely faibri- alimentary articles which are very nutritious, as the ~~(a.9~~~~~~) s~~~cated here. turnip, ctibbage, cauliflower; several others are used as (R"Company will be no longer pestered with... brangling dis- Brashler Iron-works, in New iork, a post-village condiments; as mustard, radish, cochlearia, &c. They puters." —Swift. of St. Lawrence co., on Deer River, 3 m. S.E. of St. He- all possess a peculiar acrid, volatile principle, dispersed Branga ier, n. A quarrelsome, noisy person; a pest. lena. It has large furnaces for iron-smelting. through every part, often accompanied by an ethereal Brang'ling, na. A quarrel; a wrangling. (a.) Brasidlas, a Spartan general, who distinguished him- oil abounding in sulphur. They are also remarkable Branki, n. [Probably of Celtic origin.] A name used self in the Peloponnesian war, and in 426 B. c. made him- for containing more nitrogen than other vegetables, for in some provinces in England for buckwheat. self master of Amnphipolis. He was wounded in a coin- which reason ammonia is generally evolved in their -A scolding bridle; i. e., an instrument after the manner bat with Cleon, the Athenian general, who was endeav- putrefaction. In medicine they are eminently stimulhnt of a bridle, formerly used in England for checking the oring to retake this place. D. 422 u.c. and antiscorbutic. None are really poisonous, although tongues of shrews and scolding women. Braser, Brazier, (brd'zher,) a. [SeeBRAs.] An very acrid. The root of Isatis tinctoleria affords a blue Brank'ursine, n. A name which, as Bear's-breech, artificer who works in brass. coloring matter. - The order is divided into 173 genera is sometimes found applied to the species of Acanthus, There is a ellw sewt near the dohe shld be and 1,600 species. The greatest part of the species are said to have furnished the model of the Corinthian sier by his face.",-Shals. s a found in the temperate zone. About 100 are peculiar capital. -A pa to old heated coals. to N. America. ]Rrall'Elill, n&. [Scot. braznlie.] (Zob'l) A local name ap- -r-A rn to hold heated coals. IBrassqiness, n. Quality, or partakring of the nature of plied to a species of fish resembling salmon, and found "It is thought they had no chimneys, but were warmed with brass. in rapid streams. coals on brasiers."-Arbuthnot. Brass-leaf, a. Saue as BRASS-FoIL, q. V. Bran'-new, a. Same as BRAND-NEW, (q. v.) Brasl', n. See BRAZIL. Brass'-paved, a. Firm and stable as brass. Bran'ny, a. [See BRAN.] Consisting of bran; having Brass, sn. [A. S. brces; Swed. and Goth brasa; Icel. Brass'-vksaget, a. Impudent; cheeky; bold in dethe appearance of bran, bhys, a bright heat; Sp. brasas, live coals, fi'om the root meanor. "' It was... when I saw it, covered with white branny scales." of burn.] Literally, a metal of the color of live coals. Brass' y, a. Made of brass; hard as brass; resembling susemana. Specifically, a yellow alloy of copper and zinc. The pro- brass. Bramn'sle, n. [From O. Fr. bransler.] An old-fashioned portions vary according to the required color; four parts "And pluck commiseration of his state brawl or dance. of copper and one of zinc form an excellent B. It is From brassy bosoms, and tough hearts of flint."- Shake. Brant, n. (Zo6l.) See BRENT. usually made by heating copper plates in a mixture of -Impudent; bold; brazen-faced. (Used vulgarly.) Brant, adv. [See BRENT.] Steep, rugged. (LocaZ Eng.) native oxide of zinc, or calamine and charcoal. Its gen- Brat, n. [0. Ger. berd, offspring; Ger. brut, from the root Brant, JOSEPH, a Mohawk chief, B. in Ohio, 1742. He eral properties are, that it has a well-known, fine yellow of brud, brood; A. S. bredan.] Originally, that which is participated in the campaign of 1755, and held the post color, is susceptible of receiving a high polish, and is nourished or cherished; specifically, a child, (so called of secretary to Col. Johnson, superintendent-general of only superficially acted upon by the air. It is very mal- contemptuously.) Indian affairs. On the outbreak of the American Revo- leable and ductile when cold, and consequently may be I can grant ten thousand psunds a-year, lution, B. took an active part in raising an Indian force beaten'into thin leaves, and drawn into fine wire; at a And make a beggar's brat a peer.' -- Slwift. to oppose the colonists, and was present at the action high temperature it is brittle. The specific gravity of Brats'berg, in Minnesota, a post-office of Fillmore co. of Cherry Valley, and in other engagements. He did brass is grleater than that deducible fronm the specific Brattiee, n. (Mining.) The great general shaft is divided all in his power to prevent the confederation of the In- gravities of the metals which constitute it. Brass is more by a partition of iron plate and other fit material called a dian tribes previous to dian tribes previous to fiusible, sonorous, a worse conductor of heat, and harder bratlice, into two chambers, which serve as up-cast and Gen. Wayne's expedi- than copper. It is readily turned in a lathe, and is conse- down-cast shafts for the ventilation. Mining engineers tion, and opposed peace quently welladapted, not only for philosophical ingtru- also use the term to express the separation of the curbetween them and the ments, but those used in manufacturing processes and for rents, which takes place occasionally on the sides of a U. States. B. wats, how-' domestic purposes. In the state of wire it is most exten- shaft, which are then said to constitute a natural bratever, a brave and intel- sively employed in pin-malking, and for various other pur- r ice, or one independent of any artificial ventilation. ligent chief, and a zeal- poses; the thin leaves into which brass is made by ham- Brattlleboro', in Vermont, a post-township of Windous administrator of all rmering, are called Dutch metal, or Dutlchgold. In order to ham co., on the Connecticut River, 100 m. S. of Montthat tended to elevate..%.. ~k,~ prevent ornamental brass-work from being tarnished by pelier. Machinery and iron castings are manufactured and civilize his own peo-' - - the action of air, it is either lacqumered or bronzed. Lac- here. This was the earliest settled place in the State. pie. In 1786 he visited' - -.'~ ~% piques-ing consists simply in varnishing the brass with a Pop. about 4,700. England, there publish- solution of shellac, in spirit, colored with dragon's blood. — In the above township, B. (EAST VsLLmAE), a flourishing ed the Beoo of Csiomm on i Bsaning is effected by applying a solution of arsenic, post-village of Brattleboro' township, Windham so., at or mercury, or platinum, to the surface of the brass. the mouth of Whetstone Creek, adjoining the Connectiof St. Mae-ic, in Mohawk I } Br]ass, or Coal BElrasses, a. pl. (Misoing.) Names cut River, 110 as. S. of Montpelier, and 70 E. by N. of and Emighish, an dcol-if ~ ca esrso h.o n~n.Te r mlydI-B ~~SP VLAC) otvlaestaeo httn ansted fundlishf and Anl- \!, jgiven to the iron pyrites (suiphide of iron) found in the Albany. lected fsf a coal measures of the N. of England. They are employed-v i glican church, the first in the manufacture of copperas. Creek, 2 m. W. of the East Village, and 110 S. of Monterected in Canada'VI est. K"'.'>'7f-]5it. Bras'sage, a. (Old g. Law.) A sum of money for- polier. He p assed the closing Fsg 408 JoSEpa BRAN. merly levied to defray the expense of coinage, and talken Br.atrtleville, in Illinois, a village of McDonough co. years of his life at Bur- iir 0 JSP 3AT out of the intrinsic value of the coin. The term is sup- B~ratton, in Pennsylvanis, a township of Mifflin co.; lington Bay, on Lake Ontario, on an estate granted him posed to be derived from hrachios-se labo. pop. about 850. BRAW BRAZ BRAZ 355 Brat'ton's Mills, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Bracken co. T]rawl'ing, n. The act of quarrelling; wrangling. Bra'zenness, n. Having the appearance of brass. Brat'nite, n. (Min.) A native sesquioxide of manga- Brawl'ing, a. Quarrelling; noisy; quarrelsome. -Excessive impudence; assurance; boldness. nese, composed, when pure, of 69'68 per cent, of manga- "It is better to dwell in a corner of the house-top, than with a Bra'tzen.sea. (Scrip.) A curiously carved vessel nese and 30'32 oxygen. brawling woman in a wide house."- Prov. xxi. 9. constructed by Solomon, and set in tse temple. It apBraunsberg, (browns'berg,) a town of Prussia, provey. Brawl'ingly, adv. In a wrangling or quarrelsome pears to have been an enlargement upon the original E. Prussia, on the Passarge, about 3 m. above where it manner. layer of brass, which Moses constructed for the tabernafalls into the Frische Haff. It is well-built and pros- Brawn, (bran,)''n. [A. S. bMr, a boar, pl. bdren, pro- cle, and to have been designed to serve only a part of perous, deriving its chief claim to notice from its semi- nounced bawren, whence by transposition brawn.] The the uses assigned to the most ancient vessel. nary, the Lyceum Hosianumn, for the education of Cath- flesh of a boar; also the prepared and salted flesh of the Brazen-serpent, n. (Scrip.) An image in brass olic clergymen. It is so called from its having been wild boar or domestic hog, generally made from the prepared by Moses, resembling the fiery serpent so defounded and endowed by the learned Stanislaus liosius, head, cheeks, tongue, ears, &c.; a mayonnaise of pork. structive to Israel in the desert, and set up in the midst bishop of Enneland. Pop. 11,180. The cities of Cambridge and Canterbury, in England, of the camp in the view of all, that whosoever would Bra'va, an island of Africa, in the Cape Yerd Archi- are celebrated for this delicacy. evince penitence, fith, or obedience by loolking at, it, pelago, 7 m. long and 6 broad; Lat. 140 19' N., Lon. 240 " The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at which might live. (Neum. xxi. 6-9.) 45' WV.; pop. about 5,000. time it is best to... fell him for brawn." - fortiimer. Braz'ier, n. A worlknman who operates with brass. Bravado, (bra-vd'dO,) n. [Sp. bravada, from bravo, -The fleshy, muscular part of the body; bullk; muscular -A pan for holding live coals. brave.] A boast or brag; an arrogant menace. strength or power. Brazil', (EMPIRE OF,) a monarchy of S. America, and orie Spain, to make good the bravado, "But most their looks on the black monarch bend, of the largest states in the world —being second only, Names it the invincible Armado. - Earl of Dorset. His rising muscles and his brawn commend." -Dryden. in its extent of territory, to the empires of China and Brave, a. [Dan. brav; Du. braaf; Swed. braf; Lat. Brawn'er, n. A boar killed for the table. Russia,- stretches along two-thirds of that continent, probus, good; Icel, braf; Ger. brav, excellent; Goth. "Then if you would send up the brawner head, while its superficial area occupies nearly half its whole brahv, the twinkling of an eye; allied to brag.] Dis- Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread." - King. extent. It lies between 40 17' N. and 320 35' S. Lat., playing power, courage, or daring ostentatiously yet ]Brawn'iness, n. Strength; muscular power; hardi- and 350 and 700 W. Lon. Length, from N. to S., between readily; daring; bold; gallant; dauntless; heroic; fear- ness. 2,600 and 2,700 min.; breadth, from E. to W., between less; as, a brave hero. "This brawniness and insensibility of mind is the best armor 2,000 and 2,300 m. B. is bounded S. and E. by the At-' None but the brave deserves the fair." - Dryden. against the common evils and accidents of life." - Locke. lantic Ocean; N. by the same, F'rench, Dutch, and Brit-Good; excellent; grand; lofty; gallant; dignified; Brawn'y, a. Muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky; as, a ish Guiana, and the republic of Venezuela; and W. by showy; as, brave apparel. brawoy giant. the republics of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Tell how Horatius kept the bridge, "The brawny fool, who did his vigour boast, A large proportion of this empire consists of elevated In the brave days of old." — Macaulay. In that presuming confidence was lost." — Dryden. plateaux and mountains, and the extent of cultivated -n. Literally, a blusterer, a bully; whence, a man daring Brax'ton, in W. Virginia, a central county, having an land bears but a very small proportion to that of the beyond discretion or decency; as, an Indian brave. area of 640 sq. min., and watered by the Elk, Little Kana- whole country. The subjoined table gives the area and "lorat's too insolent, too rnuch a brave, wha, and Holly rivers, and Birch Creek. Suoface. population of each of thle 20 provinces of the empire, His courage to his envy is a slave." - Dryden. Mountainous and heavily wooded. Soil. For the most according to a rough enumeration for the year 1868.-v. a. To set boastfully at defiance; to challenge; to en- part fertile. Cap. Braxton Court-House. Pop. abt.ea counter with courage and fortitude. 6,000. Provinces. ae. PopulaionChie Towns. Eng.sq.m. Population ChiefTobns. "The ills of love, not those of fate, I fear; ]Braxtonl Court-House, in Virginia, a post-village,. These I can brave, but those I cannot bear." - Dryden. cap. of Braxton co., on the Elk River, 112 m.. of Mins Geraes......... 160847,480,000!Ouro-Preto. Brave'ly, adv. Courageously; gallantly; heroically. Wheeling. e' Rio de Janeiro..... 70,631 1,460,000 RO DE JANEIO. Your valour bravely did th'assault sustain." - Dryden. Brax'y, n. A disease in sheep, caused apparently by Bhia.................... 147,489 1,450,000 Bahia. -Convalescent; recovered from illness; as, he's getting constipation. It is called braxes and bracks. Pernambuco........... 80,082 1,380,000 Pernambuco. oCC be'anely. -a. Infected with the braxy. Sio Paulo.........1..... 31,705 855,000 Silo Paulo. Braveu'ness, n. Same as BRAvEa, q.v.. Bray, v. a. [A. S. bracan, to brenak.j] To break into Cear..................... 52,403 56,000 Cear. Brav'ery, n. Courage; heroism; valor; dauntless- snmll pieces; to triturate; to pound, beat, or grind Maranho.......... 72,21 460,000 Maranhuo. ness; intrepidity; as, the battle was won by sheer small. Parahyba.............. 40.985 345,000 Parahyba. bravery. I"I'll burst him; I will bray Ponr.................... 983,898 385,000 Part. His bones as in a mortar."- Cha~mmn. "Juba, to allthe bravery of a hero, adds softest love, and more pmv. iRio Grande do Sul... 93,756 455,000 Porto Alegre. than female sweetness." - Addison. -v. I. [Fr. braire, from Lot. rugire, to roar; Gr. bracl, Rio Grande do Norte 22,784 290,000 Natal. -Fine dress; showy appearance; magnificence. bruch6; Icel. brak, crash, noises.] To roar; to make Sergipe dcl Rey...... 31,958 295,000 SioChristovyo. "here all the rvery that ee ma see, a harsh, dissonant sound, as an ass. Goyaz.................... 274,702 270,000 Goyaz. And all the happiness that heart desire, " Laugh, and they Piauhy................. 82,595 255,000 Parahyba. Is to be found." - Spenser. Return it louder than an ass can bray." - Dryden. Santa Catharina.. 25,002 195,000 Desterro. -Bravado; boasting; ostentatious defiance. (o.) -To make a harsh, grating noise or sound. Matto Grosso........ 673,526 145,000 Cuyaba. "There are those that make it a point of bravery, to bid defi- "Arms on armour bray'd Paran......... 94,700 138,000 Nurtnda. ance to the oracles of divine revelation." -L'Estrange. Horrible discord." — ilon. Espiitu Santo........ 34,176 125,000 Porto Seguro. Brav'ing-, n. An act of bravado. -n. The harsh sound or roar of an ass; any grating or Amazonas..............550,000 99,000 Brra. Brav'iingly, adv. In a defiant, blustering manner. offensive sound. Alagoas........... 25,000 380,000 Maceio. B-ravo, n.; pt. BRAVI, (brv'no.) A niame given in Italy to "Boist'rous untun'd drums, a certain class of individuals who engage themnselves for And harsh resouuding trumpets dreadful bray."- Shaks. Total............... 3,60916011058000 money to perform the most hazardous enterprises, fre- ]Bray, n. [0. Eng. braye.] Same as BRaE, q. v. quently murder. Bray, a maritime town, and fashionable sea-bathing Bravo, (brahl'vo,) interj. [It. and Sp.] An exclamation resort of Ireland, co. Wicklow, 12 m. S.S.E. of Dublin. GENERAL DESC. The form of B. may be said almost to of applause, signifying well done l bravely! It is used It is a beautifilly situated and well-built place. Masof, resemble that of a heart, of which the greatest diameter, in English without regard to gender or number, but the Woollens and linens. Pop. about 4,000. from E. to W., in a straight line from Olinda to the terItalians use brava for the feminine, and bravi for the Bray'er, n. One who brays like an ass. ritories claimed by Peru, may be about 30 degrees. The plural; the superlative is bravissimo. "Sound forth, my brayers! and the welkin rend." — Poie. E. side of this country is tmaversed, from N. to S., at Brav'o.MHurillo, DON JUAN, an eminent Spanish mninti.)ore or less distance from the coast, by a mountainous statesman, B. 1803. Early in life, hle selected the bar p etof. range, of which the average height is about 3,000 feet as his profession. In 1825, he entered the college of printing-office, known by the name of Serra do Mar, its greatest altiAdvocates at Seville, and showed great devotion to the B eay'era, a. (Bet.) A gen. of plants, ord. Rsaaec. tude being 4,000 feiet. This range serves to divide the monarchy. When the Progressistas came into power, treewith pinnated coast land from the high land, consisting of campos, or heovnt toMdrd nd fored sa lawmagaine theI leaves, and tiCecious flowers, found in Abywsinia. tracts destitute of wood, the average height of which is Bhet den Jropradeida In 1836, h beaus Saaiecrtetr Bray Read, a promontory on the E. coast of Ireland, Boletin de purisprudencia. In 1836, he became Secretary A 2. SW. of Bray, having an e lev ation of 807 feet above about 2,500 feet. It gradually becomes lower in the to the Department of Justice under Sefior Isturdz. After the sea. S o y i e o f e v direction of Paraguay, until it is lost in the low and the flight of the Queen-Mother, Maria-Christina, in the sea. generally marshy plains inhabited by the Indian tribe October, 1840, B. M. was compromised in a conspiracy Bray'ieg, a. The noise given forth by an ass. of Guaycuras. Many geographers have fallen into the Octbe, 140 B.M.wascoproisd n acospeoc -Nis - laor dicodaneerrr f sppsin tatthepry. f att G-oso on against the regency of General Espartero (q. v.), and Bray'ing, p. a. Poundimng or grinding small. —Makinc error of supposing that the prov. of Matte Crosse contook refuge first in the Basque provinces, and then in te noise of an s; roain ains the highest mountains, and that they form a juncFrance, where he remained until 1843. In 1847 he be. Bye, tion with the Cordilleras of Peru and Chili. But EschIn 167 h Be ~ereylert. See BtaiL.~ came Ilinister of Trade and Public Instruction, and, in Brayle, n. See BRoIL.. vege, who resided in this country for 10 years, during 1849-50, of Finance. In 1851, he formed a cabinet, With e, v.a. [Fr. braser.] To give the color of brassa to which period he visited the greater part of it, confutes himself as premier, but, in 1853, it was superseded by brass and zinc; as, to this supposition in his Brazilien die neue Welt. He obthat of General Lersuntdi. The oppressive measures -To cover or ee. serves that broad and fertile plains lie between, and that adopted by B. M. and his successors led to the revolu- -To harden or decorate with brass. the sources of the Madeira, which flows in a N. direction of 1854, and the attainmsoent to power of Marshals -T 0adnt muec. tion toward the Amazon, and of the Paraguay, are both Espartero and O'Doenell. HIe has since filled impor- If damned custom bath not,'az'd it so, within a few miles of each other, and that their elevaE~parter and O'Dnnell. o has sice fille impor- That it is proof and bulwark against sense." -- Sltaks. tant diplomatic posts, but since the abdication, in 1868, That it is prof and bulwark against sense. -Shs. tion is inconsiderable. Mountains, ec. The highest of Queen Isabella, he has not held any public position, IBrazen, (b?'clz'n,) a. Made of brass; pertaining to range of the Brazilian mountains is that which traverses of Queen Isabella, he has not rneo hBrzlamonanistawhctrvbrasse; as, a brazen lasep. being in antagonism to the govt. presided over by Mar-; bae lap. the centre of the country, and its greatest altitude is shal Serrano, (1869.) " A bough his brazens helmet did sustain; about 6,000 feet. The mountains of this empire may be ]Braviutra, (bra-noora,) a. [It., bravery, spirit.] (As) His heavier arms lay scattered on the plain." - Dryden. divided into three different ranges: 1. The Coast range, A term generally applied to a song of considerable spirit -Impudent; having a front like brass; as, a brazen asser- or Serra do Nlar, above mentioned. This is by far the and execution; but sometimes it is also applied to the tion. most picturesque of the Brazilian chains, and in some performance of such a song..Bra'zen, v. i. To be impudent; to bully. parts approaches within 16 or 18 miles of the sea, while Brtawl, (bral,) v. i. [Fr. brailler, from Alem. bralten, "When I reprtmanded him for his tricks, he would talk saucily, in others it sweeps inward to a distance of from 120 to to cry; W. bragal, to vociferate.] To quarrel indecently lie, and brayea it out as if he had done nothIng amiss."Arbuthnot. 140 m. At a distance, and in the vicinity of the moounand noisily. Brazen Age, n. (Myth.) The age which succeeded the tains, are found ancient forests (matte virgem), whose o n Sir John i what, are y rwt hsre 1"- Sh Silver Age, when man had degenerated from their primi- giant trees, and countless plants and shrebs of luxuri-To wrangle; to squabble; to fail. teve semplicity. - Wcbostee'. ant growth, so thickly woven as almost to defy the atBrazen:-browed, (braz'n-broecd,) a. Without shame; tempts of man to force a passage, sufficiently attest the impeident. excellence of the soil in which they grow. On crossing -To roar, or make a loud noise, as water. Bra'zen-dlish, n. (Mining.) The standard by which the Serra do oar, we meet with a barren table-land "Upon the brook that brawls along the wood." - Shaks. other dishes are gauged. called Campos Geraes, with few traces of cultivation. In -n. A noisy quarrel; a squabble; scurrility; uproar. Bra'zen-faee, n. One who acts with effrontery; a the valleys gold and diamonds are li'equently found. "But with thy brawls thou hast disturb'd our sport." - Shaks. shameless person. The Serra do Mar chain commeences in the Campos do -An ancient kind of centre-dance, somewhat resembling' Well said, brazen-face; hold it out."- Shaks. Vacaria, sinls abruptly in the direction of the Riio Doce, tiss muodern estillon. (Sootimes svnitten braoole.) Brazen-faced, a. Impudent; bold to excess; shame- and loses itself completely at Bahia. The celebrated Brawl'er, a. One who brawls; a noisy fellow; a less; as, a be-aaen-faced hussy. Monte Pascoal, which was seen by the early navigators, wreulngler. "What a brazen-facvd varlet art thou, to deny thou hnowost forms a ptrt of the Sorra do Mar. It is known by vam e? " — Shaks. rious names in the districts through which it runs. On Ayi~ff. Bra'zenly, adC. Inpj bold, shameless manner. the E. eido it is styled Serra dos Aymores; while in the 356 BRAZ BRAZ BRAZ neighborhood of Rio it is called Serra dos Orgoes (Organ those vast tracts of land of which Park is the capital in and the tapir are common; the latter is an animal reMountains). It is worthy of remark that the plants the N., and Rio de Janeiro in the S. All the operations senmbling a hog, but of larger size, and its flesh differs growing in the Cainpos are altogether distinct firom of nature proceed here on the grandest scale. Swarms but little from ox-beef. The useful aninimals, as the horse, those on the other side the Serra do Mar; and the zoolo- of insect life dispute with the laborer the possession ox, and sheep, are all descended froni the stocks brought gist may discover quite a new race of animals, as well of his field. Droughts are friequent and long-conitinu- from Europe by the early settlers. Their increase, esas birds, in this region. 2. The central chain, called in ing. Floods in winter commit mischievous depreda- peinally that of cattle and horses, has been astonishingly some parts Serra do-isMatequeira, and in others, Srra do tions. Latterly, epidemics have swept off large iunm- great. Vast herds of wild cattle roam about the open Espinhaco, is more extensive than the former, and coni- bers of the inhabitants. All these things naturally parts of the country, particularly in thle lanos, or plains conspiie to check the efforts of the cultivator, and of the S. provinces. Hides, tallow, cliarqzi (jerked beef), -—'-:~.::.......the doubt is suggested to the nlind of an observer horns, and bones, fobrm an important feature in the exavwhether any real progress is actually being niade.- ports of this empire. The horses are of medium size, (Clim.) In the northern parts, and in the neighbor- but strong, active, and swift. The eiau, or American hood of the Amazons, great heat prevails; in the higher ostrich, is found in thIe Brazilian plains, and the forests _ - - -e-.~ 2-~ —~ Ipamts, and towards the south, the climate is more temper- swarim with countless varieties of birds mand monkeys.......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a -cnsrito attains t... ate,'and even coll, thie thermometer falling as low is In thie marshy districts the boa-constrictor attains to n 400. The climate in the vicinity of Sso Paulo is usually enormous size, and they are also infested with the coral-,~~4 ~..?-4'~? accounted the most agreeable, and the temperature per- snake. and other venomous reptiles.' Jnlitab. Speaking nmits the growth of European fruits. The W. wind in generally, the natives of B. are of a bright yellow copthile interior is unwholesonm, as it passes over vast imiirshy per color, short. robust and well-made; hair, hblck, lank, tracts of forest. The sec-coast, fiom Para to Oliunda, coarse, and deficient on tihe chin; flace round; cheekappears to possess a similar climate to Guiana. Not- bones not remarkiably prominent; skin soft and shining; withstanding the position of B. between the equator and nose short, and nostrils narrow; niouth middle-sized; ra~'-~- -' -the tropics, the air, owing to tihe height of the greater lips thin; eyes small, oblique, and elevated towards the portion of the country, is in general temperate, rather exterior angle. They are in an extremely low state of than hot. Pernam. tuco, and a few of the other provinces civilization. are polyg..mois, grave and serious in deportsuffer occasionally firom drought, to which, however, the ment, averse to labor. and (like all other Indians) fond coast lands are seldoni subject. I.l Von Langsdorff, for- to excess of spirituous liquors. The principal tribes are merly Russian consul-general at Rio, summed up the sa- the Tupinambas, Corvados, Pures. and Botocudos. The lient peculiarities of this climiate, thus:-" Winter iin Brazileiros, or native Brazilians, born of Portuguese'-: this country resembles summer in the N. of Europe; parents in Brazil, inherit all the idleness and inactivity summer appesars one continuous spiring; while spring of their European progenitors, and are pronie to indulge - - and autumn are unconsciously lost in wainter and sum- in a hinid of easy locomotion called the Rede, (Plg. 410,) muer." (in.) The most celebraited of the mineral pro- a species of S- ~-~ ~- i ~ ductions of B. are diamonds. Those found in the prov. h a m m o c k, of Minas Geraes are generallythe largestj and the most more particucelebrated mines are those of Serra do Frio. Eschwege es- larly inii use in ( timates the annual yield of these genis at an average of te provieof 15,000 carats, and sn assessed value of $17,s377,685. Gold Maranhilo and:.' is found in several localities but the most celebrated ParS. The popmine is that of Congo Soeo, which was disposed of, in ulation of this 1825, to a tbody of Englishmen, known as the Anglo-Bra- c o u n t r y is zilian Miinii~g Co., (Limited.) The actual produce of the made up of an entire gold and silver mines of B. (including washings) aggloneration is not believed to exceed moore than l$1,6,0,00 annually. of nmany races. A, Iron ore is abundanttly y found, as, a.lso, rock-salt, salt- While B. repetre, alum, pl;tina, copper, andt soue varieties of pre- mained a coleious stone, more particularly, topazes. Veget. Among ony of PortuPug. 409. —ROAD FR0sf PETROPOLIS TO ARnBACENA. the vegetable products of B. nmust be classed sugar, cof- gal, but few prises the highest points in B., viz., the BItacsumi, near fee, cocoa, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, mandioc, ginger, women accomprislesca the higesra poit inaB.,sva.,ntea CalascAltus; nar Villa Rica; the Sersa do Oeu-aassa, nemr Caltuss Altas; and yams, sarsaparilla, and many varieties of tropical fruits. panied the emthe BansmD, near Villa do Principe. This ramge tra- Of these, the most important, in a commercial sense, are igrants to S. verses the province of` Minas Geries, running in its N. sugar, coffee, and cotton, which are now, in point of fact, America. The --; course, through Bahia and Pernambuco, and in its S. the staple produce of the empire, and the culture of earliest Eurocourse, through fiie Paulo and Rio Grande. It is not vwhich is being increased with almost unexampled rapid- pean settlers only r.ensinrkatue as comprising theheighest points in ity. Sugar is principally raised in the prov. of Bahia, intermarried. the empire, but is highly interesting in a geographical, the soil of which is admirably suited to its growth; but and mixed with botanical, and zoological point of view. In different it is also extensively produced ill some of the other prov- Indian wommen; parts it bears the various local designations of Srra do inces. The culture of cotton is of nmore recent growth, afterwards an Fig. 410. —A REDE OR HAMMOCK. (Para.) Lops, Serra Sallado, Seurra do Sido Geraldo, Siarra dos Es- and its extension owing in great part to the American extensive inmeraldlas, and many others. 3. The Serra dos T'ertenles civil war. Coffee is principally grown in the neighbor- termixture of race occurred with the Africans who were ("Water-separating Mountain"), so called because it hood of Rio the capit'd, and tobacco in the islsnds in bought for slavery. The mixed population increases divides the E. tributaries of the rivers Amaizon and La the bay of tlhat city; it is, however, inferior in quality to continually and rapidly. In S. Brazil the negroes are Platta from tie river Sfo Fraincisco. This chain is some- that of the U. States. Rice is largely cultivated, and is numerorus. In thie N. provinces the Indian element pretimes called the Brazilian Pyurenees. Its loftiest points exported; but the principal dependence of the popula- ponderates. The greater parnt of tile population probare those of Serra do Canastra and Matte Gorda, where, tion is on the manudioc, manioc, or cassava (Jatropha ably consists of mixed breeds, each of which has a dison one side the Rio Silo Francisco, and ou the other the MJanihot), regarded by the Indians as a bequest from tinguishing name, thus. Mulatto denotes the offspring most important tributaries. of the Rio Grande, takle their prophet Sun6. It is found on every table in B., of a white with a negro, and Mlameiuco that of a white their rise, and the Pyrineos, in the preov. of Goyaz, and supplies a great number of excellenut dittes. Not- with an Indidan; Cafutzo, the mixture of the Indian and where tihe tributaries of the Psarefla are found. Exclu- withstanding her fertility and extent, B. is indebted to negro; Cusriboco, the cross between the Cafeizo and the sive of its hilly and mountainous districts, and of its foreign countries, and especially to the U. States, for Indian; and.ibearo, that between the Cafuzo and the table-lanmds, the plains of B. are of vast extent; the preyov. large supplies of wheat-flour. This has been said to be negro. Tihe 1,700,000 of negro slaves belong to about of PatrS. including a portion of the contiguous provey. of a consequence of the unsuitablehess of the soil for the 40,000 proprietors. A law for the suppression of the Matto-Grosso,'counprises, in fact, the whole of the lower culture of wheat; but this does not really appear to be trade in slaves was sanctioned by the Emperor in 1854. and mnore level portion of the imuense plain of the the case, that species of grain being found to flourish ex-. The negroes brought to B. belong generally to Angola, Amazon. During the inundations, large tracts of this tremnely well in the S. provinces, and on the table-lands Anguiz, Congo, Benguela, and Mozambique. Since the plain are subtmerged. It is mostly covered by vast of the interior. The inmportation of flour is rathler a on- attempts to repress the trade, Coromantines, or negroes primeval forests. There are also some very extensive sequence of I he indolence of the natives. The provey. of from the Gold Coast, who are thought to possess a greater plaine in Naranhlo and other parts of the empire. That Par" is peculiarly fitted for tile prorduction of rice, and degree of intelligence, are not so frequently met with. which includes the Lagoa dos Plates extends for above might supply it in any quanntity. The culture of tihe tea- The Zacharias ministry were in favor of declaring all 220 in. along tile coast - Ricvers. cc. The harbors of B. plant has been tried in B, and the soil and climate have the births after a certain future date to be free, so as to are among thie finest in the world; and somine of these been found favorable to its growth: but its culture has get rid of slavery when the generation then existing are connected withthie interior by large rivers, navi- not made, and could not rationally be expected to nmakle ~ should be extinct; but the Conservative party, awhich gable for a great way inland. Tihe principal of these much progress, inasnmch as it can only be successfully has been in power since July, 1868, seems absolutely streams is the Amazon, generally considered the largest carried on where labor is abundant uand cheap; whereas, opposed to freeing'slaves. The Brazilians divide the river in the world. Of the other rivers, the chief are it is here both scarce and dear. The forests of B., which Indian races into Indioes manses, civilized or convertthe Tocantins, or Parm, an immnense stream formed by are of vast extent, and teeming luxuriance, furnish al- ed tribes speaking the Portuguese language, and the junction of the Araguay (the principal branch), anid most every variety of useful and ornamental wood; their Tuspinos or Gentios, uncivilized hordes. The latest, Tocantins (properly so called). The Rio S,_o Francisco, products being- adapted alike to ship-building, carpenter's and in all probability most trustworthy estimates, give which rises ii the S. part of the prov. of Minas Geraes, and cabinet-work, dyeing, &c. The cocoa-tree is plenti- their numbers at 500,000. — PPrincipal Towns. Rio Jatraverses the centre of thle empire, and receives mainy fui in the smndy soils along the coast. It is thicker and neiro cal>., Bahia, Pernambuco, Sanri Paulo, Marannham, tributaries. Thie Rio Grande do Sul (" Great River of taller than in the E. Indies; cocoa is in general use Puarm, Villa-bella, and Cachaeira. — Const. and Govt. the South "). the ParflUma the. Psaraihyba, Itapicurum, Doce. among all ranulks, and forms one of the chief articles of Tie constitution of B. bears daite 11th Dec., 1823. It and many others. MIany of them, more especially the the internal trade. and also supplies a consideriable quain- establishes four powers in the State -- the legislative, Maranion, periodically cverflow their banks, and inunni- tity for expect Thu carasseto, or cstotetree, is iudigs- the executive, the judicial, and the" moderating" power, date a large smh'ice of country. The lake, or rather la- nons, and much cultivated for the sake of the oil ex- or tie royal prerogative. Tihe legislative power is vested, goon, Lagoa dos Patos, mn the provey. of Rio Grande do tracted froiom its seed, in general use for lamps, and other for the affairs of the empire, in a general legislative asuSul is thie nmost extensive in B., spireading over a dis- purposes. The jacarandu, oe- rose-wood, is peculiarly sembly, and for provincial affairs in the provincial asiane in.m length of above 145 m, and having a partial valuable for cabinet-work, and is extensively exported. sesiblies. The general legislative assembly consists of breasiths of 40 u. It is navigable for vessels of consid- One of the most important wsoods, the C'csalpiaiea Bi-a- two Itouses, the Senate and the Congress. The ueuumeras e burden. — Soil. The soil of this mreat country is zieteo, or Brazil-wood (called lbisaipitannq by the natives), hers of both Houses are elected by the people, but under of varioums descriptions. It is of gauet'tec/ility in some is found in the greatest abundlarnce arnd of the best qnual- different formhs. Senators are chosen fbe life at electorul parts, but bsy no meanus thiroughloumt. and time oft repeated ity. in the procy of Pernambuco; but being a govern- umeetings, each of awhich has to nominate tfiree candistomry-of tie supemabumdaus iealb of thes soil in every ment monopoly, it has been cut down in so improvidenut dates, leaving the choice between therm to the sovereign paint of the empire is decidedly erroneous The same a manmner, thast it is now seldom seen awuithin severlus or his ministers. The members of the House of Congreos causes, in fact, (as drought. malaria, epidemsics, red ants, leagues of the coast. There are also cedcrs, logawood, si-e chosen by indirect election, liar the term of 4 years. &c.,) which hindered the loundatiou in B. of a civiliza- and mnahlogany. The forests of B., particularly those in For this purpose the country is divided into electoral tion ammnalo gons to that which was estabflishe iin texico, the proc. of Pard, along the Aumuazson, yiehs vust quanuti- districts, where every 200 voters appoint one elector, Central Americca, a nd Peru, ages before the (liscovery of ties of caosutchouc or india-runlber, which is nearly all and a number of the latter, vuuying asccording to poputhis continenut by Europeans, are still in action to-day, exported. Zoel. The forests are full of capacious auimsls, lhation, nominate the deputy. The executive power and ins nndilhinishmiiet firce. Notaithstanding, it wouhti as thie tiges —cat, the hyena, the zacattu, the jagouar (or S. is vested in the sovereign, assisted by his ministers and be impossible to overrate the extraurdiuary fertility of Amut'icaus tiger),the sloth, and tise porcupine,; wild }u gs, a couucil of state. The ministers arG responsible for BRAZ BRAZ BREA 357 treason, corrnption, abuse of power, and all acts con- marines as being 14,909, the whole employed in active Brazos Santiago, (san-te-thhgo,) in Texas, a posttrary to the constitution, or the libetty, security, and service. - Hist. It is generally believed that the first town and sea-port of Cameron co., on the Gulf of Mexico, property of the citizenis The executive fnnctions con- discovery of B. was made on the 26th of Jan., 1500, by the 35 m. E.N.E. of Brownsville. sist in the convocation of the ordinary meetings of the Spaniards under Vincento Yanez Pingon, one of the Brazza, (brat'sa,) an island in the Adriatic, belonging companions of Columbus. In the same year, Pedro to Austria, opposite to Spalatro, in Dalmatia. Ext. Alvarez Cabral was appointed admiral of a large fleet about 30 im. long, and from 6 to 9 broad. Area, 170 sq. ~ _______- _____ _ sent out by Emanuel, King of Portugal, to follow up mn. Desc. Mountdinous, but producing corn, figs, al- ____________ — the successful voyage of Vasco de Ganma in the E.; and menods, oil, safifron, and wine. Pop. 15,500. ________________ ---------— hlie toolk possession of the country for the Portuguese Bireaeh, (bric/h,) n. [Fr. bc'cbe; from Ger. brechen, to crown, giving it the appellation of Tierra de Santa CGeze. break, or Celt. birecih, an opening; A.S. brice; GCr. bruch, __________________. ___.__ In 1508, Ainerigo (or Americus) Vespucci attempted a a fracture; (Goth. brikan, to break.] The act of break~___ ~-_ ______.. settlement in this country, which, however, proved fu- ing, or state of being broken. ---— ~ — ~tile. In 1515, another navigator, Juan Diaz de Solis, "This tempest ~- ~' —— ~ ~~ discovered the harbor of Rio de Jaiieiro, and made other Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded Dsigthe suddent ofthseace, ont-/abod explorations. Other expeditions followed, and the Bra- The sde reac - k. zilian ports were successively taken by the French, -A rupture; a break; a gap; an opening; as, a breach Dutch, and English. The Dutch held their ground in a wall. __________________________________ until, after a long and desperate struggle, they were dis- "Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more, __________________ possessed by the Portuguese, in 1640. HIenceforward Or close the wall up with our English dead."- Shaks. the country belonged to Portugal. In 1808 a new era -Disruption; inflraction; infringemen;t; violation; trans________-______ began in B. The prince-regent of Portugal; John VI., gression; non-fulfilment; as, a breeach of trust. being obliged to vacate his country by the success of Itis a custom'__ the French arms, was declared, in 1822, emperor of B. More honor'd in the breach, than the observance."-ShaLss. In 1825, the independence of the Brazilian empire was -Difference; quarrel; injury; disruption of friendly relarecognized by Portugal, and, in 1831, the emperor abdi- tions; as, a bioeach between a man and his eeother-in-la-w. cated in lavor of his son Don Pedro II. (the present It would have been long before the jealousies and breaches beemperor) aced retired to Portugal. In 1843 the Prince tween the armies would have been composedi." — Lord Clarendon. de Joinville, Louis Philippe's son, married a sister of (Alil.) A gap or opening nmade in any part of the Don Pedro II. In 1858, the first railroad in B. (from walls of the besieged place by the cannon or mines of Rio to Belem) was opened. In Aug., 1864, in conse- the besiegers. _______-~- - ~quence of repeated outrages, B. sent an ultinmatum to -v. a. To make a breach or opening; as, to breach a citadel. Uruguay, which, being rejected, led to a brief war, (see Breaehifsl, a. Full of breaches. URuGvUAY); and, on the 12th Oct. of the scane year, thile ]Brceaeh'y, a. Apt to brleak fences; applied to unruly seizure of the Brazilian postal steamer Marquez d'Olinda cattle in tile S. of England, and in some parts of the U. __________________ ~led to a war with Paraguay; and in May of the fbllow- States. — Webster. ing year, (1865,) an alliance was concluded between B., Bread, (bred,) n. [A.S. bresd, probably from bredan, to ~-~~- -~- - ~ ~i- Uruguay, and the Argentine Confederation, against nourish; 0. Ger. brt, allied to Gr. bibreos/,5, to eat.] An.... -~-~ — ~ —-_ YParaguay. For the events of this war, we relfer to At- important article of food, figuratively called the staff of 4Fig. 411.-ENTRANCE OF PE, NAMIJUCO. GENTINEI CONE;DEoRATION, and URUGUAY. After tilhe close life, as it is found, of all animal and vegetable subof the civil war in the U. States, a nunmber of Southern stances, to be most necessary to man's physical stamina planters emigrated to B. -withi the intenition of there and health. It is made by baking, in an oven or pan, a legislative assembly; the nomination of bishops, presi- founding a colony, and growing cotton. The Brazilian mass of dough, composed of the flour of different grains dents, and governors of provinces; the declaration of govt. gave them every facility and encouragement, and mixed with water. B. has been used as food by manpeace or war; and the general execution and superin- granted themn lands on the Amazon, but the project kind from the very earliest times. The necessities of tendence of all measures voted by the legislature. The eventually proved abortive. In 1869, an attempted ag- man's nature have been the origin of many of our useful "moderating" power, likewise vested in the sovereign, ricultural settlement by Englishmen also mnet with simi- arts; and the discovery that grain when moistened and gives him the authority to select ministers and senators; lar results. We conclude by quoting the pertinent re- afterwards heated could be made into a palatable, durato convoke extraordinary legislative assemblies; to marks incidental to foreign emigration to B. of the lion. ible, and nutritious food, must have been considered a dissolve the Chamber of Deputies; and to grant aenes- Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, in his Ptolitical eSurcy, very imnportant one. This is probably the earliest form ties and pardons. - Relilion. The esta;blished religion (Edin., 1868.) Hle says:' One sometimes hears Brazil in which B. was made. The next step would be the of B. is the Roman Catholic, but all others are tolerated; talked of as a field for emigration, and undoubtedly somne pounding of the grain between stones, and the formaattempts at proselytism to the Protestant faith are, colonists who lhave gone thither lhave prospered greatly. tion of flour; the last step would be the baking of loaves however, attended with danger. - Conut. and Manf. Man- The fate of others, however, has been very different or fermented bread. It is mentioned in the Scriptures ufactares in B. are restricted to the coarsest kind of Free laborers are despised in the slave-holding provinces, that Abraham made unleavened B.; and also that, in cotton cloths, leather, and gold and silver work. Her and in the northern districts the constitution of men of the time of Moses, leavened B. was used, (Exod. xii. 15.) imports comprise textile fabrics, dry goods, hardware, tenmperate climates cannot, as a general rule, endure The Hebrews had several ways of baking B.: they often earthenware, &c., from England; bread-stuffs, coarse hard labor. I think we may say, then, that, unless they baked it under the ashes upon the earth, upon round cottons, beef, pork, &c., from the U. States; wines, have very good infotnrmation indeed, emigrants should copper or iron plates, or in pans or stoves made on purbrandy, silks, oil, &c., from France and Portugal; and not think of settling in any part of Brazil except the pose. In common with othlier Eastern people, they had linens and lace from Hamburg. The agregate value of southern provinces of St. Catherine and Rio Grande do a kind of oven, (ta7eoor,) which is like a large pitcher, these connmmodities for the year 1867 reached an amount Sul; and it mnust be remembered that, in Brazil, there are open at top, in which they neade a fire. When it was of $77,087,721; of which the U. States exported to the not those facilities for obtaining land, which are found well heated, they mingled flour in water, and this amount of $3,903,087. Of the articles of export the princi- in many parts of S. Anmerica; land being held for the paste they applied to the outside of the pitcher. Such pal are coffee, sugar, cotton, forming during the same most part in great masses, - and this, I believe, without bread is baked in an instant, and is taklen off in thin, fine period a gross total of $88,842,926; of this amount any law of entail. If Brazil has many natural advan- pieces, like our wafers. B. was also baked in cavities the U. States wits credited with $17,366,329, principally tages, she has many disadvantages, both natural and ac- sunk in the ground, or the floor of the tent, and well in coffee. The exports from Rio de Janeiro alone, for quired. Foremost in the first of this class we must lined with compost or cement. As they generally made 1867, amounted to $17,688,010, while those from Pare, place the insalubrity of large portions of her territory, their B. thin, and in the form of fiat cakes, or wafers, Bahia, Santos, and Rio Grande do Sul, showed an approxi- and the extreme thimless of her population. Foremost they did not cut it with a knife, but broke it, which mate tot-al of $35,000,030. In 1866-7, there entered in the second class we mnust place the ignorance and cur- gave rise to that expression so usual in Scripture, of Brazilian ports 3,439 vessels, manned by 51,450 men, and ruption of her priesthood, and the general want of breaking bread," to signify eating, sitting down to aggregating 1,215,324 gross tonnage; as against clear- education." table, taking a repast. - The Show-bread, or B. of presances of 2,429 vessels, 1,496,274 tons, and 49,655 men. - ]Brazil', in Indeana, a post-office of Clay co., 16 in. E. Railways. Six lines of railroad permeate B., nearly the of Terre'taute. whole of which have been constructed since 1853; in 1867, Brazllet'to, c. [Port. braslete.j An inferior species the receipts ofthese lines were set downat 783,956,wivith a of Brazil-wood, used tbfr dyeing red. contra expenditure of $101,913, leaving a clear balance of Brazillian, a. A native of Brazil. $379,013 over working cost. — Carrsc y. The coinage -a. Relating to Brazil. consists of gold pieces (of 20 and 30 milreas), the value Br-azil'-nua t, na. See BeRTHOLLETIo.. of the milrea being about 68 c., but the only circulating Brazil'-tea, n. See MATE. medium is an unconvertible and depreciated paper cur- Brazii'-woos, n. A wood used for the preparation of reney of a milrea and upwards.- -Fance. Tlhe revenue a red dye, inported firon S. America and the West In- of B. during the five years 1863-8 averaged $32,250,000, dies, where it is produced by several species of the genus and the expenlitures, $18,000,000, exclusive of loans and CAESALPINIA, q. a. of the large disbursements caused by the war awlinst Par- Brazlinig, a. (Aleeal.) The act of joining together tseo aguay. Ini the financial estimates of the ye:rc 1868-9, the pieces of metal bymeans of brass soller melted between revenue was set down at $29,653,580, and the expendi- them. The best description of solder is nmade of 9 parts -. tures at $33,871,310, leaving a deficit of $1,217,730. The of brass to one of tin; hard solder is made of 2 parts of. foreign debt (entirely due to England) was, oi 31st Dec., comnition brass, / of a part of ziuc, and Y3 of a part of n 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig. 412. -- THE, T.~BLE OS THE SHOW-B3READ. 1866, $77,291,000. With the internal and the floating tin. The solder for the precious metals is made of 66 i 41 -Ta mi o e ED debt, the deficit or total debt of Brazil amounted, May, parts of silver to 33 parts of common brass. ence, was B. offered every Sabbath-day to God on the 1863, to $235,976,590. The total amiount of paper currency Brazito, (brd-zee'to.) in M/ssoeri, a post-office of Cole co. golden taeble which stood in the holy place, —twelve in circulation throughout the empire was estimated, iii Braaziftos (be a-zJJ'tos,) a district of Mexico, in the State cakles of snleavened bread, offered with salt and fratnkJune, 1867, at rather more than $60,009,000. - Armoy ead of Chihuahua, S. of El Paso. incense, (Lev. ii. 13; xxiv. 5-9.) The show-bread could Navy.Theareeyisformedpartlybyenlistmentandpartly Brszoria, in Texas, a S.E. county, impinging on the be lawfully eaten by none but the priests. — Many subby conscription. In extreme cases, impresscnent is resort- Gulf of Mexico. Area, 1,330 sq. n. It is drained by the stances have firom the earliest times been employed to ed to. In the estimates for 1867-8, the strength of the Brazos and San Bernard rivers. Saqgy/ce, flat. Soi/, make this needful article, such as wheat, barley, oats, army in the field was stated to ie: Infieutry, 20,016; Civ- tolera-bly feetile, more particularly so in the river bot- rye, rice, and potatoes; but though wheat-flour yields airy, 10,035; Artillery, 2,666; Staeff, 235, - Total, 33,575. toms. Csp. Brazoria. c Pop. about 7,50 0. the largest amount of nutritious piiinciple, it is only of Besides the above troops, there wvere in garrison and in — A. post-village, cap. of above co., on the W. side of Bra- late years that it has become the ehenost exclusive atntithe army of reserve, a quota of 22,546 men, ranui and file zoas ivect, 30 ci. fleon its ecubouchure, and 60 XV. by S. dce for the pmerpose; barley, both anciently and in hater The Braziiian aimny, formerly veny selnl, was reorganized of GCelveston. ages, being the most general flour employed. Whmeaten in May, 1865, when B. acting in concert with thee Argen- Ba'st (be/ai'zos,) in Texas, one of the largest rivers in B. was seldom used huet by persons of distinction, or tine Rep. and Uruguay, declared war against Paraguay. the State, rises in Bexar co., and stretching E. into Cook prepared tor feasts and cerenmonials; barley bread being The Brazilian navy, in Mluy, 1867, consisted of 15 siilers co., finallly empties into the Mexican Gulf, 40 m. S.W. of the commeon food of the upper classes, and oat and rye and 46 steamers. Thee former comprised one frigate, six Galveston, after a flow of between 900 and 1000 miles, bread among the peasantry and poor. - The baking of corvettes, and five brige; cnd the latter eleven ironcleds It is navigable folr steaemboats fur 300 m. up. unleavened B. is a very simple matter to understand,— all employed in the wsir against Pavaguay —two o -An E. ceisteal coumuty, with an area of 585 sq. m., the ordinary sailor's bisceic is an example; hut the beltfrigates, three corvettes and erises (deepateh-bosts), bounddsl S.W. by the Braces River, anil E. by the Neva- ing of leavened or ferentenld B. is a complicated alfourteen gnuoats, snas the rsct, traiesponts. It 1 ii s oto. 8 oo ace, erolling. h Sci. pretty fertile. CGuy. Boone- tlhi,ugh comnmon process. Wheaten donghe, cleaned froce the navy estimates recrtd the number of Sailors and villip about,000. thd bran or husks of the graiin, censists of watee- gluten, 358 BREA BRtEA BREA starch, sugar, and dextrin. If dough is left by itself in at the proper point of sponginess, by placing the loaf To break up. To become separated into fragments; to a temperature between 800 and 1200, fermentation slowly!lumps in the oven. Though this causes a sudden ex- dissolve; to disperse; as, to break up a school. takes place. The starch is first converted into sugar, and pansion of the enclosed gaseous globules, it puts an end' These and the like conceits..will scatter and break up then into alcohol and carbonic acid; if baked at this pe- to the fermentation, and to their growth, as also evapo- like mist." - Bacon. riod, a light B. with an agreeable relish is procunred; if, rates a portion of their water. The richness or nutri- l' break with. To part friendship with another; to however, the fermentation goes on too long, acetic acid is tive powers of sound flour, and also of B., are propor- fall out; to sever a connection. formed, and a heavy B. with a sour taste is the result. In tional to the quantity of gluten they contain. It is of "It cannot be, order to procure a more perfect fermentation, a leaven is great importance to determine this point, for both of The Volscians dare not break with us."- Shases. employed. This leaven is eithier a piece of dough in a these objects are of enormous value and consumnption; -Also, to come to an explanation, or hold conference with. fermsenting state, or yeast, a substance produced in beer and it may be accomplished most easily and exactly by " Stay with me awhile; while in the act of fermentation. Yeast is most gener- digesting in a water-bath, at a temperature of 1670 F., I am to break wilth thee of some affairs ally used. as it is quicker and more certain in its action 1,000 grains of B. (or floulr) with 1,000 grains of bruised That touch me near." - Shaks. than,the leaven of dough. In order to bake a loaf of B., barley-malt, in 5,000 grains or in a little more than half Break, v. a. To part or sever by violence; to disrupt; a small quantity of yeast is well kneaded into a msass of a pint of water. When this mixture ceases to take a to forcibly divide; to burst; to rend; as, to break a vase. dough, and allowed to remain in a nmoderately war;m blue color from iodine (that is, when all the st;trclh is "The sticks he then broke one by one: place. Fermentation begins to take place; and, as the converted into soluble dextrin), the gluten left. un- Se strong you'll be, in rriendship tied; carbonic acid and alcohol are disengaged, they strug- changed may be collected on a filter cloth, washed, Se quickly broke, if you divide. - Ssift. gle up through the elastic mass, and the loaf begins to dried at a heat of 2120, and weighed. The color, tex- -Figuratively, to disclose; to announce; to communi"rise." It is'then put into the oven, where the increased ture, and taste of the gluten ought also to be examined, cate; as, to break the news. he'st causes the further expansion of the enclosed gas in forming a jsudgment of good flour, or B. - See GLU- " I who much desir'd to know and vapor. The process of fermentation is soon checked TEN; STARcH; CON; FsoUR; WHEAT. Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break by the high temperature, and a, light porous B. is at last BsLread.'-chipper, n. One who chips bread; a baker's My mind, adveuturd humbly thus ho speak." - Dryden. produced. Well-baked B. is ki6wn by its lightness, and servant; ats under-butler. -To violate; to ifringe; as a costract, poie,. the regularity of the size and distribution of the small " Not to dispraise me, and call me pantier, and bread-chi2pper, Bns not eur w erthies s/the h vuse, cells formed by the carbonic acid gas and alcohol. Home- and I kn wht - Sas. Before they broke the peace, breek vows? " —ldibras. made B. is mostly sweeter, lighter, and more retentive Bread-corn, n. Corn of which bread is made. -To interrupt; to intercept; to frustrate; to dissolve the Bread'-e~~~~~~~~~~~~~oss/,noit onof;a,1 bs'eacthe tread of madsor. of moisture than baker's B. The following process is Thee was nt one drop beer in he town; the bread, and continuity of; as, to break the thread of a story. " There was not one drop of beer in the town; the bread, and largely employed in thle trade:-Mashed potatoes, walter, bread-corn sufficed not for six days." - Hayoward. u' Sometimes in troken mords he vigh'd his care, and patent yeast are mixed together to form aferment. Breade, a. Consisting of broad; ade of bread. Look'd pale, and trembled, when he view'd the fair."- Gay. ]!]reada'en, a. Consistinlgof bread; made ofbread. After the quantity of flour required has been put into a Bread'frsit-tree, et. (Bot.) See ATOcARPcE - remove or part; to destroy the completeness of; to trough and mixed with water, not too cold, thefermenet Bread'less, a. Destitute of bread; as, a breadless reduce; to crush; to shutter; as, to break a thing into is added and well stirred with the hands. It is then fimily. fragments.,, Your hopes without are vanish'd into smoke;. strained through a sieve, more flour added, and the s Bread'-nt, n. (Bot.) See BRosIaUt. "Your hopes without are vanish'd its es -re; whole well mixed; after a little flour is sprinkled over Bread-pulding, n. (Cookery.) A pudding made of _To weaken iste, or impair the bodily health and the top, the dough is allowed to stand for five or six bread. ea ube, hours. During this time, the sponge, as the dough is Bread'-roon,. (Naenut.) A compartment in a ship faculhies. called, rises twice. The first rising is allowed to brealk wherein the store of breaed and biscuit is kept. "This rest might yet have balm'd thy troes senses." - Shss. and fall down; but upon the second rising, just before Bread'-root, n. (Bet.) See PS0RALv., — To tame; to make docile; to train to obediesce; as, to breaking, a quantity of water is poured into the sponge, Bread'stuffis, n. pI. Those kinds of grain, &c. which break a horse. together with salt, and sometimes alum. The whole is are convertible into flour, meal, &c., for the use of man. " No sports but what belong to war they know, thene well mixed together again, and, after standing for Breadth, n. [A. S. brced and bred. See BRoaD.] The To break tse stubborn colt, to bend lse bow.'"- Dryden. some time, is divided into the necessary sizes and con- broad dimension of anything; the measure across any -To makte bankrupt; to destroy one's financial credit; as, veyed to the oven. The amount of potatoes added to plane surface, fromn side to side; width; extent. the bank is broke. the flour in this process is very small, the proportion (Painting.) A term applied to pictures when the " For this few know themselves: for merchants broke being 8 lbs. of potatoes to every 280 lbs. of flour; but colors and shadows are sroad and snassive, ssch as tie View their estate with discontent and pain." -Davies. some cheap-bread balkers use a much larger quantity. lights and shadows of the drapery; and when the eye is -To discard; to dismiss; to cashier; to destroy the ofIt is technically called feuit in the trade. It is a comrn- not checlked and distracted by numerous little cavities, ficial reputation of; as, to break by court-martial. parativeply harmless adulteration; but the alum, or stuff, but glides easily over the whole. B. of coloring is a "I see a great officer brokess." - Swift. is a more objectionable addition. By using alum, a prominent teature in the painting of all great masters. -To sink, depress, or appall the spirits. much witer quality of bread is produced; how this The term Breadth of Effect is also sometimes used. "IThou shalt see Phenix, how I'll break her pride." - Philips. bleaching operation is effected is not thoroughly un- Brealdth'liess, a. Without breadth. To break the back. To strain or dislocate the vertederstood. Alum also causes the loaves to break from Break, (bredk,) (imp. BnoRK; pI). BROKEN or nuosE; ppr. brm' to disable. each other with a much smoother surface than when BnEAKING,) v. i. [A. S. br-aca, breccan; Ger. brechen; my B. is bakredl without it. Common salt is also used for the Swed. and Goth. D?.~ecka; Prisi~n,'bl~eka; Lat, frungo; " I'd rather crack my sinews, bre ak my back, B.ishatked withoistit. Comimmonsalt isalsoused forthe Swed. and Goth. braccka; Frisian, breka; Lat. fravgo; Than yoa should such dishonour undergo." - Shaks. same purpose; nesds on the continent small quantities of from the rootfrag, Gr. rag, rig, with the digam afag, el; to m e to sccmb. sulpihate of copper have been used by the bakers. It fo'ig, whence rignami; probably formed fronm the T bak i o orc le t o succumb. not only pl~~ocluces a white B. from Inferior Irinda of ~~~To br~eak: in. To g~tin forcible e~ntrance into; as, to br~eak not only produces a white B. firom inferior kinds of sound.] To part; to separate; to divide in two; as, to iso a house. Also, to render tractble'; to train to diciflour, but adds greatly to the retentive capabilities of B. break bread. i a obe a; o ar oeo for water. Besides being msach adulterated with nmashed " Give sorrow words, the grief that does not spe ak,nd obedienc s, those horse ell bro potatoes, rice flour is often found in B. Rice flour ab- Whispers the errught eart, ad bids it rk. Shak. - T beak of. To reform; to rid of; as, to bre-ak a sorbs and retains a larger quantity of water. Carbonate -Toperson of bad language. of magnesia is also used; it improves the color of the "The French were not quite broken of it, until for some time of m~gnesia is also used; it improves the color of the Yessel. after they became Christians." - Grew. B., and also enables it to absorb more water. In thee s "The breaking waves dashed high t bea e Topn Ga " The ~reaing maves ashed highTo br~eake opel. To open; to gain admittance by breakrlatter cases the consumer is cheated out of a quantity of On a stern and rock-bound coast." - Mrs. Hemans. To bea ope o a ne a nutritious flour, and presented with water in its place. -To brt forth with violence; as, the stea brole g; as, to break oen de. Anothser class of adulterations is that of certain earthy "Every man...bes "Open the door, or I will break it open."-Shaks. l;tr a broke substamces, which are white and tasteless, and only add Into a general prophecy." - Shaks. To break of'. To interrupt; to put a stop to; to sever to the weight of the bread; such as chalk, bone-dust, -To open; to come to vie; to dan; as, dy is breai b reakin; as, to breal off a flower; to break of -To ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ b opeakng;as to coea tof vielwe; to dw;adyi breakioff plaster of Paris, white clay, &c. These are all easily The day a not it iendly intercourse. "'Ihe day breafcs not. it is my heart, detected by chemical tests. When wheat flour is adul- Because that you and I must part." - Donne. "To check the starts and sallies of the soul, terated witllh rice flour, barley flour, or any other infe- To declie in health d vigor; to bcom impaired in And break off all its commerce with the tongue."- Addison. — To decline in health aLnd vigor; to become impaired in rior flour, tihe adulterations can be discovered readily constitution; as, in bs'okens spirits. To break over. To disregard; to transgress; as, to with ithe nicroseops The presence of miner1al ssmbstances "Y et thus, metsinks. I heat them speak: break over a custos. - To bseak oet. To remove or force cn talso be ascertained in the same manner. The differ- See how the dean begins to break." -Swift. out by breaking; as, to break out a window-fr;ame. — lb ent varieties of B. are made from the various qualities t breui~ eut varieties of B. are intede from the vatrious cqualities -To become bankrupt; to fail int business; as, the firm break up. To separate or disband; to dissolve; to put of wheat flour. Brown B. is made from wheest meal, in has broke. an end to; as, to break up a party. -hich the hiseks leave been grosund up- withe the rest oh' which grin htsks gnverally comisderul-,. wto bemu mores o H"e that puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimes break, and "Solyman,returningto Constantinople.brokecuphis army."Kioles. the grain. It is generally considerel to be much more ome to overty. "- B.....~. nthraitious acid wholesome than cordiery wl te bu mrea. cease t,povoerty." - Baconu. To break bulk. To remove a portion of a load, cargo, nutritious and wholesome than ordinary white bread. — Aratd Bad. Ude this nae, ad snce soe year -To alter the step or gait; as, to break into a gallop. &c.; to open out a mass of anytlhing; as, the ship has loaves are made, in which an aqueous soluteion of car- — To fall out; to be no longer friends; to sever a tie or commeeced to break basl. - To breakfast. To taks food bonic acid, prepared umder great pressure, is sixed with connection. after a period of abstinence; generally applied to the bonic acid, prepared under great pressure, is mixed with the flour in a psopen apparsetus, so as to produce a ve- " Sighing, he says, we must certainly break, morning meal.-See BREAKFAST. sicular doh hen the pressure is reoved. The pr And my cruel unkindness compels him to speak." —Pr'or. lb break the heart. To-crush or destroy with grief. sicular dough when the pressure is removed. The process is rapid, and prevents such deteriorations of the To bIeak ay. To fe one's self from control; to "Wille't Seas my heart f "-S/raks. flour as are said to be attendant on fermentations in the come or go awoay against attempted restraint..- To bs'eak To break ground. To begin to excavate the earth; to usuial way. The theory of panification (B.-baking) is from.'To go away with some haste or vehemence. plough new land; to open a trench, &c. easy of comprehension. The flour owes its valuable sHow didst thou scorn life's meaner charms, "IMen generally... break no more ground than will serve to quality to the gluten, which it contains in greater Thou who couldst breakfr'os Laura's arms." — Rose. supply their own turn." - Carew. aunsdance than any other of the cereaelia(kinds of corn. To bleak fo-th. To come out suddenly; to issue un- Figuratively, to commence any undertaking; to emThe other immssediate princisles which play a part in expectedly; as, the sun, &c. (Sometimees followed by bark in a new schenme.-(Naut.) To disentangle the panaficestion are particularly the starch and the sugar; in or into.) anlchor froms the bottom. - To break ajest. To utter an and they all operate as follows: - Tihe diffusion of thee "Break forth into singing. 0, mountains." — sah. xlix. 13. unlooked-for jest. — To break jail. To make an escape flour through the water hydsates the sttarch tnd' dis- To break out. To discover itself by sudden effects; to fi'om jail by ingenious and forcible means. - To break a solves the sugetr, the albumen, and some other soluble burst forth, as fimom restraint; as, to break oat into pus- house. To enter a house by fraudulent and violent means, nmtters. The kneading of the dough, by completing tules. with a felonious intent. - Ta breale wind. To expel wind these reactions through a more intimete union, favors "I saw their words break out in fire and smoke." - Dryden. fraom the stomach.-To break cover. To burst out from also tie fermlentuttiotl of tile sugar, by bringing its par- Tee brook d-ewn. To dul in any enterprise' to cone concelmenn, as game, foxes, &c., when hunted.-To tides into close contact with those of the leaven or break the ice. Metaphorically, to overcome an early obdown by breaking; as, mly horse bloroke downl. yeast; and. the dravwin g out nnd malcsxating the dough stacle; to broach a proposition; to initiate into tie " He had br~oken dowun almost at the outset." —ThackerayJ. softens and strustifies it, introducing at the seme time knowledge of anything; as. go up to him and break the oxygen to aid the fermuentation. The douglh, wvhen dis- To bseal iou or in spsion. To enter unexpectedly, or ice. - Ta br'eakjjoints. (Buildisg.) Todisallow twojoints tribsuted snd fommed into Iloaves, is kept some time ill a withost proper preparation, to occur over each other. - To break a road, sfv. To open. gentle wairmth, in the folds of the cloth, pans, &c., acir- "The doctor... br-eaks in upon conversation, and drives down a way tisrosogh a diffictelty by forcible means. - To break all before him. " — Addiason. 3o h ee T ui cmna srtig m csmestance propitious tc the developmeent of their vol- noi the wheel. To punish a criminal by stretching blu ume by fermentemtion. The dimensions of all tlse iumps To breakc loose. To shalce off restraint; to escape from upon a wheel in, the form of a St. Andrew's cross, and of dosmgh now graduially enlarge, fi-om thee disengauge- durance or captivity; to forcibly free one's self. breaking his bones with bars. Tilis mode of punishment of carbonic secid in the decompositione of the ssaltr; "Who would not. finding way, break loose from bell?" -filton. mert wess, in former times, much practised in Europe. — which gess is imprisoned by the glstinous paste. Were Ts break qof. To desist, or suddenly refrain from; to To break sheeer. (s'aut.) To get clear of an obsitacle; to these penlomeolna e to ceountinue too lomlg, the dough wovold violently separate from; as, our intimnacy is bsrokene off. be forced by thso action of winds, cdmrrents, &c., out of a becomse too vesic ular; they must, thierofora, he stoilpdd "I mus t from thibs enchanting tttun ireck ofe," -- Siais. cnrtai n pos ition. Many modifications of this.term exist. BREA BREA BREA 359 Break, n. A state of being open; an opening; a fissure; tides and currents. The top of the masonry structure the B. from sympathy with other parts of the system. a breach; an interstice; an open place; as, the break is then covered with large blocks of artificial stone, as at There is no inflammation, swelling, or external alteraof a forest. Cherbourg, or with paving laid with a regular slope, as tion of the mnammne, and yet thie pain is sometimes ex-A pause; an interruption; a hiatus. at Plymoutht; and a wall is erected on the top of the sea cessive, usually intermittent. In this case the general (Printing.) A line drawn in printing and writing, to slope, after the wall has attained its stability under the health is chiefly to Ue looked after. Women are fredenote suspension of the sense of the text. action of the sea. Cherbourg B. is the most gigantic quently subject to sore nipples after childbirth, occa"Allmodern trash is work of the kind executed in ancient or modern times, stoning great pain. In such cases care is to be taken to Set forth with num'rous breaks and dashes." —Swift. and it is a noble monumnent of the skill and-perseverance keep the nipples as dry as possible; and an application -The dawn; the first matutinal opening of the sky. of the French engineers. B. of considerable magnitude of glycerine is generally found useful. Nipple-shields "And those eyes, the break of day, have been constructed upon the great Northern Lakes of ivory or glass, with India-rubber teats, should also bs Lights that do mislead the morn."-Shaks. for the protection of harbors, as at Buffalo and Cleve- used when the nipples are too tender to bear the appli-An interruption; change of form or direction; as, a land on Lake Erie, and Chicago on Lake Michigan. cation of the child's mouth. ~br~eak in a ship's deck. BBream, n. [Fr. brisme.] (Zo'l.) The comunon name of (Mining.) The face of coal-workings. (Arch.) The projection from the face of a building is the Eomotis, a genus of acanthopterygious fishes. - See To make a clean breast. To make full confession; to called a B., whether it arise in plan or in elevation. It PoMotte. completely unbosom one's self to another. POMO'I'IS. ~~~~~~~~~completely unbosom one's self to another. is one of the most legitimate ways of securing wariety Bream, v.a. [See BsooM.] (Naut.) To cleanse a ship's -The seat of consciousness; the receptacle of thought of line; btt th e exaggerated effects of the B. itvito- bottons by burning. and feeling the seat of the affections and passions; the of line; but tile exaggerated effects of the B. intro- bto ybrig duced into the Cinque-cents and Louis-Quatorze styles of Bream'isng, in. (NVset.) The operation of cleansing the heart;the conscience. architecture prove that considerable discretion must be bottom of a vessel by tile application of fire, when the "Gay hope is theirs by fanecy fed, exercised in their use. They should be caused by eome ship is aground, fire being applied to her bottom loosens The sunshine of thle breast." - Gray. necessity of the plan, or of the disposition of the struc- the pitchl, or composition of sulphur and tallow, with -a'. a. To bear the breast against; to meet in front; to face ture; a B., introduced merely as a break, is a decided which it is sometimes covered to detend it from wormes, breast to breast. mist akeB. in t a composition.e erlasaraia and which is then scraped off, together with the bar- "The hardy Swiss -A large four-wheeled carrioge. nncles. grass, weeds, &c., that adhere to it. Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes." - Goldsmith. Breakgabeen, or Brac kabeen, in New Yoes-, a Breast, (brest,) n. [A,S. breast; Ger. brust; Dan. bryst; To breast up a hedge. To cut the face of a hedge on post-village of Schoharie co., 45 mn. W. of Albany. Swed, brstl; Ice]. briost; Goth. brusts, from burstass, to be one side, so as to lay bare the principal upright stems postav'lbae, of Suchoirepc.t4 ibe.W of Abeiny. broen Bre nrak/ble, a. fissceptible ofbeing broken. broken, divided.] (Aunt.) The whole of the anterior part of the plants. - Brande. Break'age, n. A breaking. — An allowance for ar- ofthe thorax. In a more restricted sense, the two globular Breast'-band, n. ( saust.) A rope passed round the tides broken during transportation or use; as, the projections, composed of common integuments, adipose body of a man who Iheaves tihe lead in sounding, and breakage amounted to fifty dollars.' substance, and lacteal glands and vessels, and adhering fastened to the rigging to prevent his falling into the Break'down, o. An accident; a downfall; as, the to the anterior and lateral regions of the thorax of sea. - Totten. breakdown of a railroad train. - A kind of boisterous females. On the middle of each B. is a projecting por- Breast'-beamn, (sometimes called BUFFER-niEAD,) n. shuffling dance, resembling a jig, usually performed by tion, termed thepapilla orn pple, in which the excretory (Mach.) The front cross-beam of a locomrnotive-frame. negroes. n ewhducts of the glands ternminate, and around which is a Breast'-boieae, n. The bone of the breast; the ST'ERBreaker, n. I who, or that which, breaks.. colored orb, or disc, called the areola. On the surface NUM, q. a. "Cardinal, I'll be no breaker of the law."-Shaks. of the latter are from 4 to 10 sebaceous glands which Breast'-deep, a. As high as thebreast; as, breast-deep secretean unctuous fluid to protect the skin of the nipple, in water. (Mar.) (Generally used in the plural.) A pecfiliar kiind which is rendered verythin from the saliva of the sucking Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him." - Shaks. of billows, that may be easily distinguished by the white infant. Themilk-tubes (15 to 18 in number) enlarge into foam wvith which they cover the surface of the sea, and Breast'ed, a. Having a breast; used in composition the terrible roaring noise which they produce. Break- both literally and figuratively, with a compound; as, a ers -are generally found in shallow parts of the ocean, I double-be-c.ted coat. where rocks lie hidden below the surface, over which - Breast'fast, n. (Naut.) A rope used to confine a vesthey break with great violence; and when once a ship ii sel sideways to a wharf, or to some other ship. is driven among them, it is almost impossible to save l Breast'-height, n. (Port.) The interior slope of a her, as every billow that heaves her up serves to dash c 4 parapet. her down again with additional force, when it breaks Breast'.high, a. High as the breast; up to the breast. over the rocks or sands beneath. - The name is also ap- "Lay Madam Partlet hashing in the sun, plied to the wave itself, broken by the rocks, or by sand.'- Breast-higt in sand.'-Drylen. (Naut.) A suail water-cask, used on board ships for BaIliJ\ Breast'-hooks, n. pl. (Ship-building.) Strong curved ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ballast.:ii\ ~~~~~~~timbers placed parallel to the surface of the water withBreakfast, (brec'fast,) n. The first meal in the day; it in a ship's bows, for the purpose of strengthening and the matutinal repast. consolidating the upright timbers. -A meal interrupting fasting; food generally. Breast'ing. n. (Moech.) The act of cutting or trimHad I been seized by a hungry lion, 1ming the ides of a hedge. I would have been a breakfast to the beast."-Shaks. (dicech.) Tic curved channel or mill-course in which -v. a. To furnish with breakfast; as, to breakfast a party the creast-wheel turns. It forms about a quarter of a of guests. 1'ff4-/e4fcircle, and is carefully adapted to the wheel, to prevent -v. i. To eat the first meal in the day; to break one's \ waste of water. - Worcester. fcist. * Breast'-knees, n. pl. (Ship-building.) Knees placed'" As sooeen as Phoebus' rays inspect us, in the fore part of a vessel, across the stem, to unite the First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast." - Prior. bows on each side. Break'fasting, n. A breakfast party.-Act oftaking Breast'.knot, (brest'not,) n. A knot of ribbons worn the first meal in the day. on the breast; a favor. Breakl'ing, n. The parting or dividing by force and Breast'pin, n. A pin used to fasten a scarf on the violenuce a solid substance, or piercing, penetrating, or breast; a breast-ornatment; a brooch. bursting through the same. Fig. 413. - nnRaAsT. Breast'plate, n. Armor for the breast. See CUIRAss. (Law.) In cases of burglary and house-breaking, (Lactiferous ducts dissected out and injected.) "What stronger breastplate than a heart untainted."-Shaks. breaking is the removal of any part of the house, or of. (Mach.) The plate in which the end of the drill opthe fastenings provided to secure it, with violence and a sinuses, and pass each to a separate lobe or subdivision posite the boring end is inserted. felonious intent. of the B., where they divide into twigs and branches -A strap placed across a horse's breast. B.-in. The act of inuring to discipline or labor. (the lacf(/erous ducts), which end in minute vesicles. (Jewish Antiq.) A piece of emnlroidery, abouit 10 inches B.-up. An ending of anything. The act of turning The lobes are held together by fibrous tissues, and are square (Ex. xxviii. 15-30), of very rich work, which the up with the plough, as of land. well packed in fat, which increases sometimes to an enor- high-priest wore on his breast. It was made of two B.-down, n. In sawing timber, the operation of divid- mons extent the apparent size of the organ. The use pieces of tihe same rich embroidered stuff of which the ing the bulk into boards or planks. of the B. is to secrete nmilk for the nourishment of newly ephod was made, having a front and a lining, and formBreak'ing —joiss t, n. (Arch.) That disposition of born infants. The enlargement of the B. is one of the ing a iind of purse or bag, in which, according to the stones and bricks in their courses, by which vertical signs of womanhood. Their fullest development com- rabbis, the Uriim and Thuamcnim were enclosed. The joints are not allowed to fall over each other. mnenees in the earlier stages of pregnancy, and they con- front of it was set with 12 precious stones, on each of Break'man, n. Same as BRAKE MAN, q.. tinice to increase in size until about the time of delivery, which was engraved the name of one of the tribes. They Break'neck, n. A fall which breaks the neck. when they are filled with the lacteal fluid, which passes were placed in 4 rows, and divided from each other by -A steep place endangering the neck. readily on suction into the mouth of the cihild. the little gollen squares, or partitions, in which they "To do't or no, is certain (MIed.) The breasts of females are subject to a variety were set. At each corner was a gold ring answering to To me a treatkneck." - S/caks. of disorders, one of tihe most common of which is a ring upon tihe ephod, these 4 pairs of rings serving to -a. Endangering the neck; as, a breakneck gallop. inflammation. It may be produced by various causes, hold the B. in its place on the fi-ont of the ephod, by Br'eak'neek, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Butler co. as, it blow, exposure to cold or wet, great mental excite- means of 4 blue ribbons, one at each corner. Break'neck Mill, in New Iorlc, an eminence of Put- ment, excessive accumulation of milk, or undue pres- Breast-plois4'h, (breslplow,) n. (Agric.) A kind of nam co., on the E. baink of the Hudson, at the N. ap- sure on the parts. It occurs most frequently within spade or shovel, with a cross piece at the extremity of proach to the Iighlandsd; it is 1,187 feet above sea-level, the first three months after parturition, and is charac- the chandle, which is applied to the breast, and by which and has, at its termination, the.headland'called St. An- terized by great heat, pain, redness, and swelling of the the operator skims off a tihin slice of turf firom a grassy tihony's Nose. B. The pain is intense, and of a throbbing nature, and surface, as if he were ploughing. Breaklu/s, n. Causing a cessation, breaking-up, or ter- often extends to the axillary glands. The B. become Breast'-rail, n. (Naut.) Tihe upper rail of a ship's mination; as, tie break-cp of an entertainment. tense, heavy, and painful to the touch; and there is balcony, or of the breastwork on the quarter-deck. Break/water, n. (.Marine Engineering.) An artificial high inflammattory fever. The treatment consists in the Breast'.rope, n. (Naut.) Tile same as BREAST-BAND, q.vt. bank of stones, or a timber structure, sunk to break the application of leeches and warm fomentations to the Br east-sttmmer, n. See BEAM. violer'ce of the sea before its entrance into a roadstead part, and the administration of purgatives. If the it- Breast'-wheel, a. (ilyd-aulics.) The nane given or harbor. The Itoman emperors erected many struc- flarenmation do not subside in a few, days, suppuration to a water-wheel so placed as to be struck by the stream tures of this description, which survive to the present may be expected. In general, the abscess may be left of water nearly on a level with the axle, the lower quadday to show the mode of construction adopted, such as to nature; but when it occasions much pain, it is ad- rant of the circumference on the side opposed to the the B. of the harbor of Civita Vecchia, still in good re- visable to get rid of it by a free incision. Chr-onic in- stream being placed in asrace or channel concentric with pair, and many of the ports of Italy. More recently, flarnscation is sometimes seated in the B., in which case the wheel, through which the water is conducted in its the system of thus forming an artificial barrier to the stimulant applications will be found useful. Whiere this descent from the higher to the lower level, and in fallsea has been adopted at Cherbourg and Cette in France; is attended with abscess, it should be opened, so as to ing on the float-boards within the channel acts both by at Plymouth, Porthcrod, anccd Holyhead, in England; at give free exit to the pus, and pressure applied to the its momentum and weight. Buffalo, and at the mouth of the Delalware, in the U. pacrt. The B. is also subcject to various kiinds of tumors, Breamstw'werk,, n. (Fortif.) A hastily construccted parStates; in all of which positions B. are formed of irm- socce of which may be got rid of by simccple pressure, and apet, about reast-high,, generally without a banquette. mense magnitude. The mode of construction adopted attendance to the genersl health. Socmetimes some of See EPetLuMvsmc; PAiAPET. in all such cases is to cast down large stones, firom either the lactiferous ducts are blocked up, producing an en- (Naent.) A row of stanchions with rails stretching ships or railway wagons, whenever it is possible to con- largesient termed lacteal tumor. It is to be remedied across the quarter-deck and fore/astle of a ship. nect the works with the mainland; and to allow them bjy puncturing tice duct, and keeping it open for some Breath, (b-eth), n. [A. S. breth, from ethm, with a preto assume their angle of repose under the action of the time. OcCasionally great pain and uneasiness is felt in fix, vapor, breath; Ger. atheen; allied toGr. admi, from 360 BREA BREC BREE aS, to breathe, to blow.] The air drawn into and driven it. Engineers have remarked that those parts of ma- mountainous the highest summits being the Beacons of out from the lungs by respiration. chines which are in contact with, or near each other, rap- Brecknock, Capellante, and Cradle mountains, respec" This bud of love, by Summer's ripening breath, idly and easily inmpress their inages upon each other. The tively 2,862, 2,391, and 2,545 feet above the sea. It is May prove a beauteous flow'r when next we meet."-Shaks. famous Parisian watchmaker Breguet has stated that the watered by the Wye, the Uskl, and the Taaf. Climate, -The state or power of breathing naturally and freely; letters and inscription on the back of the inner cases rather severe andl humid. Agriculture is in a baclkward opposed to the condition of being spent or breathless. of his watches have been often found impressed on the state. There are large irson works at Beaufort and Clyd"A simple child, inside of the outer cases. Perfect inpressions of objects dach. Prin. towns. Brecos, Crickhowell, and Builth. That lightly draws its breath."- Wordsworth. may be produced b.y means of electricity; and remarka- Iop. 65,440 -Life; power of respiration. ble varieties of figures can be impressed upon glass BRECON, 01or BRECKNocK, a town, cap. of the above co., on "'Can storied urn, or animated bust, surfaces by means of a small electrical machitne, a Leyden the Usk, 144 m. W. by N. of London; pop. 5,497. Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? "- Gray. jar, and a discharging-rod. Photographers know that BIled, imp. and pp. of BtEED, q. v. -Respite; pause; relaxation; time to breathe; as, to take the state of the breath has a very considerable influence Breda, (brai'du,) a fortified town of Holland, prov. Brabreath. on the plates they use; and the artists in enamel-paint- bant, on the Mterk, 24 m. W.S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. It is "There was silence deep as death; ing are taught that no one should be allowed to ap- one of the strongest places in the kingdom; and its And the boldest held his breath, proach their work wiho has been taking mercurial medi- position in thle middle of a marsh that may be laid unFor a tise."-Campbell. cnlues, or eating garlic. der water, contributes nmaterially to its strength. Its -A single respiration; an instant. Breath'ing, so. Respiration; act of respiring, or in- trade is unimportant. It was taken from the Spaniards "W ho pants for glory, finds but short repose; haling and exhaliing air. by Prince Maurice in 1590; retaken by thle Spaniards in A breath revives him, or a breath o'erthrows."-Pope. "We watched her breathing through the night, 1625; and finally ceded to Itolland by the treaty of -A gentle breeze; a softly-mnoving air; as, a breath of Her breathing soft and low."- Hood. Westlhalaia in 1648. Pop. 16,110. wind. -Air, or wind, in soft agitation. Brederode, IsEnY, COUNT, (brai'dai-rod,) a Dutch " Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea, "There's not a breathing of the common wind patriot, who joined with Counts Egmont antd Horn in When not a hrealh of wind flies o'er its surfaca.'-Addioson. That will forget thee." — Wordsworth. opposing the tyranny of Cardinal Granvella, the Span(Hygiene.) There are few thlings more offensive than -Breathing-place; vent. ish governor of the Netherlands. In 1566 he presented a foul or foetid breath, not only as a source of annoyance The warmth distends the cheeks, and makes to Margaret of Parsoa, whlo had succeeded Granvella, to the person himself, but a positive nuisance to all swho New breathings, whence new nourishment she takes." Dryden, the fatmous "RRequest," which gave rise to the insurrechave the miisfortune to approach him. Impure breath, -Gentle inspiration, or moral guidance; as, the breath- tion of the Gucoux, or "Beggars." Under the grinding except in cases of illness, and when the patient is under ings of religion. oppression of the Duke of Alva's adminsistration in the a course of mercury, proceeds from two causes - a neg- -Aspiration; secret prayer. Low Countries, ihe retired to Germany. D. 1588. lected state of the stomach and bowels, or friom decayed Bredouillelm ent, n. A French word, applied to a teeth and an unclean mouth; and as in eiter case the While to high heav'n his pious breathings turn'd, remedy is easy, it must be owing to n innate disregard Wteeping he hop'd, and sacrificing mourned." -Prior. precipitate and indistinct mode of utterance, in which remedy is easy, it must be owing to can innate disregard a praart of the words is pronounced, and several ot the for otlhers' comfort, and neglect of his own, that any per- — Exercisin the breath; increasing the respiration. a ar e w i ou and see e son allows so noxious oi offence to continue. When the'iers is a lady that wants breatineg, to." syllules are viciosy changed. This difefct isng dependentntlogooss to stuttering. bsst differ~s from it in being dependent cause proceeds from the bowels, two or three colocynth, — Utterance; communication by words breathed. on too great rapidity of speech; while stuttering is charor comnpound rhlubarb pills, taken once every six hours, "I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose." - Shabs. acterized by continual hesitations, and frequent repetiand a black draught, or half an ounce of Epsom salts (Gram.) Aspiration; the sound expressed by the let- tion of the satne syllables. afterwards, will almost always remove it; while, if the ter h. Bred'owi, GatRIEL GOTTFRIED, a German historian, B. it mouth or teeth are the cause, a weak solution of the Breath'ing-hole, n. A vent-hole, as in a cask. Berlin, 1773. His Memorable Evenls of UrTiversal Hischloride of lime, used twice a day as a wash for the Breath'ingplala ee, n. A pause; a vent, or orifice. tory, and Elaborate Narrative, have passed through mouth, rubbing the gums and teeth after each time with Breath'ing-pore, n. (Bet.) See STOMA. many editions. D. 1814. a dry cloth, will soon remove all cause of complaint; or, Breath'ing-time, n. Relaxation; pause; rest. Bredsore, or Breedler. See BREEDING-SORE. what is still better, the daily employmentofatooth-brnsh Breath'isng-while, n. A short tinme; time sufficient BrBe, MATTHAUS IGNAZIUS VAN, an excellent Flemish and a dentifrice composed as follows: powdered char- to miake a brief ptause. painter, a. at Antwerp, 1773; D. 1839. coal Y2 ounce, cuttle-fish 2 drachlms, myrrh 1 drachm, Breath'itt, in Kentucky, an E. county, with an area of Breech, (briech,) n. [From BREAK, or lREACH.] That used as a tooth-powder night and morning with warnm about 600 sq. m. Watered by the N. andi Middle forks part where the body separates or divides into two legs water. - See DENTIFRICE. of Kentucky Rliver, and by Troublesome Creek. Surface, the lower part of the body behind. Breath'able, a. Capable of being breathed; that may heavily wooded, and diversified. Soil, fertile. Iron ore "As quick as lightning in the breech... be breathed; as, breathable air. and stone-coal are abundant. Cap. Jackson. P2p. abt. Because a iick in that place more B]reath'ableness, n. State or condition of being 5,250. Hurts honor, than deep wounds before." - Hudibras. breathable. -A village of the above co., on Kentucky River. -A garnment for the breech. See BaEECHES. Breathe, (brithe), v. i. To draw into and eject air from Breatlh'less, a. lleing out of breath.. — Exhausted Ahl I that thy father had been so resolv'd I the lungs; to respire. with labor, excitement, or violent action; as, breathless That thou might'st still have worn the petticoat, "And breathed the long, long night away, from running. And ne'er had tol'n the breech front Lancaster." - Shaks. In statue-like repose."-Aldrich. "The holy time is quiet as a nun (Gunnery.) The solid part of a piece of artillery be-To take breath; to rest. Breathiess with adoration." - Wordsworlth. hind the bore. See GUN. "When France had breath'd after intestine broils."-Roscommon. -Dead; as, a breathless body. "So cannons, when they mount vast ditches, "Breathe a while, and then to it again."-Shaks. "Yielding to the sentence, breathless thou Are tumbled back upon their breeches." - Sir C. Sedley. -To pass, as air; to exhale. And pale shalt lie, as what thou buriest now." -Prios. -The hinder part of anything. " There breathes a living fragrance from the shore." - Byron. Breath'lessness, n. State of being breathless, or ex- (Slsip-build.) The angle of a knee-timber, the inside -v. a. To inspire and expire; to isthale and exhale air; to hansted of breath. of wlict is catted tse tl. - Wealr. hansted of bi~~~~~~e~th. ~of which is called thle thr~oat. -- Wtteed~. ~live. " rea Breaax's Bridge, in Louisiana, a post-office of St. -v. a. To put into breeches.'Breathes there the man with soul so dead, Martin's parish. -To fit anything with a breech; as, to breech a field-piece. who never to himself hath said, Breccia, (britlcha,) n. [Tt., a pebble.] (Geol.) A term To connect by a breeching. This is my own, my native laud I " —Scott. applied to a smass composed of angular fragments of Breeches, (brchl'ez,) n. pl. [A. S. broc, pl. brec; Dan. -To infuse, or inject by breathing, (generally followed by rocks of the samne or different kinds cemented together brock; It. brache; Pt. braies; Swed. and Goth. brackor; into;) as, to breathe air into the lungs. by an enveloping paste, or by infiltrated iron or carbon- Lat. bracca; derived by Junius from breechen, to part, "I would be young, be handsome, be belov'd, ate of liue. The name of B is derived from the well- separate, dividte.] A garment worn by men, covering Could I but breathe myself into Adrastus." —Dryden. known Italian B. marble, which has the appearance of the hips and thighs, and resaching to the knees. (Panta-To eject, or exhale by breathing. being composed of fragments joined together by catrbon- loons, or trousers, are sometimes erroneously given this I His altar breathes ate of limle, infiltrated among such Iragments after the name.) Ambrosial odors, and ambrosial flowers." —1ilton. lhtter were Iuroduced by sonme disruptinug lorce. " But the old three-cornered hat, — To utter softly or in private; as, to breathe a profession Brec'ciated, a. Composed of angular segments co- And the breeches, and all that, of love. mented together. Are so queer I" -Holmes. "I have tow'rd heaven breath'd a secret vow, Breche-de-Roland, (brdsh'-de-r6-lcn,) adefile of the To wear the b'eeches. A popular colloquialismh exTo live in prayer and eontemplation."-Shtaks. Pyrenees, between lFrance and Spain, about 11 m. S. of pressive of a wife who usurps her husband's authority. — To blow into: to isnfsse sound into by breathing; as, to St. Jean de Luz, with an elevation of about 9,500 feet "The wife of Xanthiu was domineering, as If her fortune, and -T lwit:t nuesudit ybreathigasher etatiohad Eentitle hetoWarptebece. EEtrne breathe the ZEolian harp. above the sea. It is a difficult passage of from 200 to her extraction, hadentitled her tear the breechs. trange. The artful yoth proceed form the quire; 300 feet is width, between precipitous rocks rising to a Breech'-band, n. Part of a horse's harness. See,, The artful youth proceed to form the quire, They breathe the flute or strike the vocal wire." - Prior. height of firom 300 to 600 feet. BREECHItNG. -To exercise; to keep in breath. Brech'in, a town of Scotland, in Forfarshire, 8 m. from Breeching, (brich'ing,) n. Chastisement on the The greyhound ar wft as beathed tag.-Shas. Bontrose, supposed to have been the capital of the kings breech; as, to give a boy a breeching. of the Picts. It was burned by the Danes in 1012; thaken (Saddlery.) Part of the harness of a carriage-horse, -To rest; to pause in order to breathe; as, to breathe a by Edward I. in 1303; and burned by the Marquis of by means of which he is enabled to push the carriage, dog. Montrose in 1645; pop. 6,769. to which he is attached, backwards; or to support its "A moment breathed his panting steed."-Sir Bf. Scott. Breck'inride, in Coblorado Territory, a p.-vill., cap. pressure in going down a hill. -To give air or vent to. of Summit co., near the Rocky Mountains, 70 m. W.S.W. (Naut.) A rope on board a ship by which a gun is " The ready cure to eool the raiging pain, of Denver. firmly lashed or fastened to her side. Is untderneath the foot to breathe a vein."-Dryden. Breckinridge, in Kentucky, a N.W. county on the Breech'ing-loop, n. (N2aut.) A loop of metal at Breathler, n. One who breathes, or lives; sne who confines of Indiana. Area, 450 sq. m. Bounded onthe thet breech-end of a ship's gun, through which the rope utters anything; one who animates or inspires. N.W. by the Ohio River, and on the S. by Rough Creek. called a breeching is passed, oand secured to the sides of "The breather of all life does now expire; Sttrface. Undulating. Soil. Fertile. Cop. Iardinsburg. the vessel to prevent the guns recoiling too far, or rollHis milder father summons him away."- Norris. Ptrp. abt. 14,500. ing across the ship it a sea-way. Breatlh-ligures, n. pl. (Physics.) If a clean surface Breekinridge, in Minnesota, a village of Andy John- Breech'-loadiang,s n. [Fr. briche; Ger. bruch, a of glass or any other polished substance be written on son co., at the mouth of the Sioux Wood River, 125 m. breach; A.S. ulad, to load.] (Gunsnery.) Tshe method of with a blunt-pointed instrument, and the surface be W. of Crow Wing. making heatvy pieces of ordnance and field-pieces, as afterwards Ibreathed upon, the characters written will Breckllinridgae, in Missouri, a post-village of Cald- well as rifles and fowling-pieces, with a movable breech, become visible; or if the surface be first breathed upon, well co., 61 us. E. of St. Joseph. to admit of the charge being inserted at the breech end and the characters then markced upon it, they cats be Breckinridge, in Texas, a post-office of Dallas co. of the gun instead of the muitzle. Breechl-loading guns agaoin made perceptible by breathing again upon the sur- Breckrisrldge, in Wiisconsisn a P. (. of Vernon co. are infinitely superior to those constructed on the old face. These form what are called bretth-figuses, which Breck'nok, in Pennsylvania, a township of Berks principle, as thley can be loaded with nluch greater ramay be produced i'a several ways. In 1842 Moser in- co.; pop. abt. 1,020. pidity, and can be cleamned with greater readiness and formed Humboldt t that, "If any two bodies br brouight — A township of Lancaster co.; pop. abt. 1,770. safety; the booe of thu gun can also tbe more accurately sufficiently near esach other, and fice to face, one of them Brecks'ville, in Ohoio, a township of Cnyahog a co.; grooved in the case of rifled pieces, and the calibre eximpressees its image on the other;" thus, if a coin ise pop. abt. 1,230. actly preserved in the construction of smooth bores; plaoced for any length of time upon it piece', polished B.rek~'ville. in Missisoippi, a P. O. of Madison co. and the boullet or psrojectile can be better adapted to fit metal, the metal will retain an impressioss of the coin, Bre'c'on, or Breeks'noek, an inland co. of England, the grooves of the psiece or calibre of the bore. The adand exisosure to the vapor of water, iodine, or mercury, in S. Wales, hsaving N. the cos. of Cardhigaon and Raodnor; dition of mechanismt is required to sectr-e the breech to will miake it visible. A glass used to protect'-n engrav- W. Cardigan and Caermarthens; S. Glaomorgan and Mion- the main part of the gun, and to insure sufficient strength ing will receive an impression of the engraving g on its mouth; and B. the hottter and Hierefordb. It is abt. 35 m. to resist the explosive force of tile powder. This renders inner sorfaco, althtotnsh it is not in absolute contact with it leesgth, by abt. 30 is breadth. The surface Is very a weapon constructed on this principle more expensive; BREE BREI B3REN 361 but the outlay is counterbalanced by the saving effected ticular properties which they possess. The first point Blreitenfeld, (PATTLES OF.) See LePzrG. in metal, expenditure of powder, and the fkcility with of importance in B. is the selection of the animals with B]rem'en, one of the three German Hanseatic cities, at which the pieces composing a field-battery can be moved which to propagate a useful race. These should always the mouth of the Weser, 60 in. S.W. of Hamburg, and from one place to another, as rifled breech-loading guns be the finest animals possible; and great improvements 70 In. from the North Sea. Sea-going vessels being Unare not more than hialf the weight of pieces of ordinary in the stock existing on a fartm are often produced by able to come up to the city, B. purchased from tanover, construction and of the same calibre. Among heavy the introduction of males of a superior quality. In B., in 1827, a piece of ground on the right bank of the ordnance constructed on this principle may be named the purposes for which an animal is reared must always mouth of the Weser, and fbunded the port of Breimer the Armstrong and WhLitworth guns, and, among rifles be taken into account. Tile B. of horses lhas occupied at- haven, which has since beconie a flourishing town of abt. and fowling-pieces, the French crutch gun, or "le Fan- tention much longer than that of oxen and sheep. One 8,000 ithabitants. The largest portion of B., called the cheaux," a comparatively old invention, the Prussian class of hlorses is bred for speed, another for conveying Altstadt, or old town, lies on the right, and the Neustadt, needle-gun, the French Chassepot, and Jacob's and Henry's rapidly between different places, another for Itere labor, or new town, on the left bank of the river. The princiri~les, &e. - Fig. 414, taken from Stonehenge's Shst-gun or to assist human strength. By attention to the B., pal edifices are, the Cathedral, built in 1160: the Church and Sporting-rifle, represents part of the mechanism of great excellence has been arrived at in each of these of St. Ausgarius, with a spire 325 ft. in height; the new varieties. Strength and speed in their extremes are Town-hall; and the Exchange. B. has a museum, a never present in the same animal; but a combination theatre, a school of commerce and navigation, and nu, of the two is most useful. (See HoRse.) The properties merous charitable institutions. Both sides the river are desired in sheep and oxen are very different from lined with handsome and convenient quays. The manuthose required in horses. The fleeces and hides of the fiactures are considerable, the principal being those for former are used as raw materials for manufiacture, and the preparation of snuff and cigars, which employ a their flesh as food. The breeder of oxen and sheep great many hands. A large trade is also carried on in sometimes has the perpetuation of good qualities in view, the building and fitting out of vessels. The situation of and somnetimes the production of the largest quantity of B. at a navigable river, and connected by railroad with beef or mutton possible. Since attention has been paid all the imlportant towns of Germany,renders her the printo the B. of these animals, they have been sent to mar- cipal emporium of Hanover, Brnnswick, Besse, and oth~ ~ Itr~ket at a nmuch earlier age. Sheep and oxen which have er countries traversed by the Weser. In consequence, been thus improved are both distinguished by sinmaill she has an extensive and increasing trade. The great Fig. 414. - BREECH-LOADER. heads, small bones, short legs, andl fine skin. Wild ani- articles of import are tobacco, coffee, sugar, and other r emals have precisely opposite qualities. In B. any do- colonial products; whale-oil, cotton, and cotton-yarn, the "Le Faucheaux: a is a lever which opens the e mestic animal, a near relationship should always be vegetable oil, cheese, butter, wine, tea, rice, iron, spices, chanism, but which lies flat against the gun at other avoided. The principal points to be observed in B. are and dye-woods Of the articlesofexport, liiens occnpyby times; b is a notch which, when a hook is liberated as follows: — The kind of animal firom which the breed far the nmore prominent place; and next to these are snuff fiom it, allows the barrels to be so adjusted as to be is desired should have distinguishing points, which and cigars, hams and bacon, oak-bark, rags, bones, chiceasily loaded at their bieech end; c is a central pivot ought always to be kept in view. The most perfect ory, oil-cake, refined sugar, quills, soap, lead, and vitriol. around which the movement is made; d is a side that fornis should be selected, and all defects should be cor- Duiiriiig the fiscal year 1867, the commerce of B. with our assists in the openin- andclosiiig. At 14 is a pin Which, rected with patience and perseverance. Sudden crosses country was: imports, $13,600,000; exports, $11,200,000, wohen struck by the hamnmer, transfers the blow to a should always be avoided, and, if possible, two or more gold. In 1867, B. possessed 291 sailing and steani yescap inserted in the cartiidge. families of the same kind should be bired distinct, only sels, (tonnage, 221,192,) and 14 steamers, (tonnage, Breech'-loading, a. (AMdl.) Inserting the charge of occasionally crossing them together. Tile more improved 32,092.) These numbers have been since increased, the a gan tt the breech instead of the muzzle. a breed becomes by this means, the more difficult be- INorth German Lloyds alone possessing 11 splendid steamBreeehl'-pin, Breech'-screw, n. A strong plug comes the selection of the aunials by which to continue ors for the service of a direct and weekly navigation befirmly screwved in the breech of a fire-arm. it, and very often, on account of this difficulty, a highly tween B. and New York. B. has a considerable imporBreechO-sight, n. (Mil.) An instrument used for improved breed will degenerate. - See Hoas-, Ox, tance as the chief port of German emigration. The city pointing a fire-arm. SiiEEP, &C. is governed by a Senate of 80 membners, acting under Breed, (brdd,) v. a. (imp. and lpp. BREa.) [A.S. bredan; Breed'ings, in Kentucky, a post-office of Adair co. the legislative authority of the General Assembly of brcdan.] To generate; to produce; to beget; to pro- Breeds'ville, in Alichigan, a P. 0. of Van Bnren co. citizens, sitting under the name of the BUirger-Convent, create. Breese, in Illinois, a post-village of Greene co., 50 m. or Convent of Burgesses. - Hist. B. is said to have been " None fiercer in Numidia bred, S.V. of Springfield. founded in 788. She was long one of the leading towns With Carthage were in trinstph ied."-oscosmmon. Breese, in Michigan, a village of Allegan co., on an arm of the IHanseatic League. In 1806, it was taken by the -To cherish; to nourish; to foster; to bring up. of the Kalamazoo Ritiver. French; a:*l from 1810 to 1813, it was the capital of the "Bred up in grief, can pleasure be our theme?' —Prior. Breese'ville, in illinois, a village of Jackson co., on dep. of the Mouths of the Weser. Pop. of the city, 70,603. -To educate; to train; to form by education; as, a well- the Mississippi River. The State of B. comprises an area of 73/2 English miles, bred person. Brees'port, in New York, a post-office of Chemung co. with a total pop. of 104,006, of which about 63,000 are "To breed up the son to common sense, Breeze, n. [Sp. briza; Fr. brise.; Dan. bruser, to rush. Lutherans, 30,000 Reformed, 4,000 Catholics, and 1,500 Is evermore the parent's least expense." —Dryden. See ItRus.] A wind that rushes os or rises suddenly; a Christians of other denominations, and Jews. No Jew -To occasion; to cause; to produce; to engender; as, to shifting wind; a gentle gale; as, a strong breeze from can become a B. citizen without the special permission breed suspicion. the North. of the Senate. B. forms a part of the North German "' How use doth breed a habit in a man! — Shaks. "The breeze springs up; the lately flapping sail Federation. -To give birth to; to be the native place of; as, breeding- Extends its arch before the growing gale." - Byron. Brem'en. in Hlinois, a village and township of Cook ponds. -~Metaphorically, a misunderstanding; an altercation; a co., 23 m. S.S.W. of Chicago; pop. about 850. "n Hail, foreign wonder! quarrel. -A post-office of Randolph co. Whom certain these rough shades did never breed.' —Shaks. (Briclcmaking.) The larger refuse arising from pass- ]lBrelnel!, in Indiana, a post-office of Marshall co. -v. i. To produce offspring; to be with young. ing cinders through a sieve; they aire miuclh employed Brena'en, in'Kentucky, a post-office of Mulhlenburg co.' Lucius, it seems, was breeding.'"-Spectator. by bi'ickmakers for the purpose of calcining their bricks, -A post-village of McLean co., 40 m. N. by E. of Hopkins-To be produced, generated, or formed, as young breed in and for miixture with the clay when it is too fit for or- ville. the matrix. dinary purposes. Brenm'en, in Maine, a post-township of Lincoln co., on How could youth last, and love still breed, -v. n. (Naut.) To blow gently. Broad Bay Sound, 35 m. S.S.E. of Augusta. This place Had joys no date, and age no need? " —aleigh. Breeze'-fly, n. (Zo7l.) See (EsTrmnD. has a considerable shipping interest with an improving -To be produced; to have birth; as, salmon breed in yon Breezelless, a. Without a breeze; very calm. trade; principally connected with the deep-sea fisheries. lake. B]reeze'-shaken.,' a. That is shaklen or uioved by a FPp. about 1,100.'Whtre they meat breed and haunt, I have observed the air is lbreeze. Brem'en, in Missouri, a village of St. Louis co., 4 m. delicate. —Shaks. BSeez'y, a. Faned with gentle winds; ect to fre- from St. Louis, on the'Mississippi River. -To propagate; to raise a breed. quent breezes. Brem'en, in Ohio, a post-village of Fairfield co., 10 m. "In the choice of swine, choose such to breed of as sre of long Bege' a mountainos district of the Tyrol, co- E. of Lancaster, and 4 SE. of Colubus. large bodics." —liortgser. prising the Vorarlberg territory; area, 987 sq. m.; pop. Bre'mer, FREDERIKA, a Swedish novelist, known to — n. A caste or kind, or subdivision of a certain species; 10S,565. Its capital, Br'egenz, is a small, but fine town on American readers by her novels of The Neighbour's, The as, horses of the ~Ar ~ breed. Lake Constance, near the mouth of the Aach. Pop. 4,416. President's Daughters, Life in Dalecarlia, and several ace; horogesy offs rn:-plet thing genrall y breed.Lae, AC At1LUI,(rio-at,)aclbte -ace;progeny; offsrng:-appliedto things generally- Bre-net, AsAHna Loums, (brai'go-ai,) a celebrated oter works, which have been translated into alnmost all Rase,pa roeed offsr g caplaietothinsges.al as, a breed of calamities. French clock and watch mechanician, who, at an early the languatges of Europe, and have evsrywhere been de"For when did friesdship take age, went to Paris, and first perfected those continually servedly popular. D. Dec. 31, 1865. A breed of barren metal of his friend? " —Siaks. going watches whichl are selfvwinding. Afterwards, hlie Bre'mer, in iowa, a S.E. county, intersected by the A r eede of barienrea of his Afriend? in C ape Cooy.Irie Bree'le, a river of S. Africa, in Caee Colony. It rises mnvented for watches, repeated movements and escape- Cedar, English, and Wapsipincon rivers. Area, 430 sq. in thie Watrmn-Bokkeveld Mountain, and fills into the se-s ments of all kinds, of' a delicacy and precision before tn- m. Surface, well timbered. Soil, good. Cap. Waverly. at Port Beaufort. It is a deep d large river, but a bar known. He was a member of the Institute, and greatly This co. was named after Frederika Bremer, the popular a Io IIcuot t its mIdto;n lr iv, uth much 1 imp Sedesh naveigati on. bu 0 tit its month mnecla impedes naivigatoim. enriched and extended the scienice of horology. B. in Swedish novelist. P)p. about 10,000. Breedler, h. One that is prolific, aid that produces or Ssitzerland, his parents being French Protestant refu- Bre'mer Green, n. (Chem.) A pigment composed brings up anything; as, lie is a bteeder of cattie. gees; lie D. at Paris, 1823. of carbonate of copper, carbonate of lime, and alumina, "rTime is the nurse and breeder o god.-i. e'liar, or Bau~Hmut, one of the Scilly Islands. Brelmo Bluff, in Virginia, a P. 0. of Fluvanna co. Ti'dreomen ithe nraaspeiand breederofalgd." —Popes. ed recommed her as special Breiast', a small island of France, in the English Chan- Brenean (brenti) River, in Oregon; Lat. 430 30' N.; nel; 3 m. long and 2 broad, lying about a mile fironm Lon. 1150 30 W. It empties into Lewis River. Breed'linc, n. Nurture; education; bringing up; temannd f~ed'ag i.;education; bningnng up; the mainland. It has a light-house. Bren'ford, in Delaware, a post-office of Kent co. training. treinetni. Brehon Laws. (Hist.) The ancient laws of the Irish IBrena ham, in Texas, a post-village, cap. of Washington I am a gentteman of blood and treedissg.`-Shaks. are so termed, from an Irish word signifying Judges. It co,, 100 m. E. of Austin city, and 20 S.W. of the Brazos -Mannors; deportment; knowledge ofceremonious observ- is supposed that some of the written collections of these River; pop. 1,100. ances; social bearing; as, he is a man of fine breeding. laws, which still exist, are of great antiquity; as old, Bren'ner, one of the culminating points of the moun"You write with ease to show your breeding, perhaps, as the earlier ages of the Christian era. Priinr tains of the Tyrol. It rises between the Inn, the Aicha, But easy writing's curat hard reading."'-Sheridan. to the Anglo-Norman invasion, Ireland was governed by and the Adige, to a height of 6,778 feet; and the mounBreeding in and in. The system of close breeding, these laws. tains to which it belongs are traversed at an elevation of which has been applied with much success in tile rearing Brein'igvillie, in Pennsylvania, a P.O. of Lehigh co. 4,050 feet on the way to Innspruck from Brixen. of cattle and race-horses, is somnetimes thus destign~ted. Brei'sach, (anc. Mons Bu-isiaces,) an old town of the Bren'ntsso [Celtic bre'nin, kiing.] Two individuail are (-gric.) The niethod of munltiplying and improving gratnd-dunchy of Baden, on thte Rhine, 12 m. W. of known in history under this name. 1. The first was thie the qu(nality of doUmiestic animals rapidly. Gretat at-tenetion Freiburg. Being regarded as the key to the W. of Ger- hero of an early Roman legenld, which relates to the mlhas been paid to the subject of B. since the commence- mnuny, it was a promninent scene of action duingl the gration of the Gauls into Italy and their march to Ciument of the present centnr'y, one notable result beinsg Thirty Yea-s' Wa;r. annd changod mnasters frequneintly dur- sium tnd Roime. In the account given by Livy (v. 33, &c.), thatt within thie lhist thirty years the weighit of mnttone ing the next century. In l1Om0, the Frenein handed it lie figtres as the "regulus Gallorum," or chieftain of the pronduced hlis nearly tineen doubled in propo-tion to tie over to the liutse of Raden. Pin1. 3,826 Getuis. When he arrived at Clusine, the inhabitants numniber of sheep. If i pronper suilluly of fliod is furnished. Ba'eisg stl; (brfs'gow,) an old division of Germany, in called on the Romans for aid. He engaged with and deany tuieed of tninnas vih perpetnate it-seif; the van-luis the S.W. of Suabia; divided between Batden, Wiirtem- feated the Ronnans on the banks of the Aii, the name breeds of wild animals are instances of this fuent. hut berg, anid Switzerhmand in 1806, of whlich river they ever after held in detestation. ( Vicg. when assiduous attention is paid to the B. of domestic B[-eis'lakite, n. (Min.) A variety of Augitc occurring,'n vii. 717.) The whole city was afterwards plundered animals, varieties are produced which are more useful in wool-like flexible fibres, of a clestni-t-brow n color, and burnt; and the capitol would have been tfaken but and profitable than the wild breeds, on account of par- in cavities of the older lavas of Vesuvius. for the bravery of Manlius. At last, induced by fani ho VOL: I.- 46 * 362 BIRES BRET BREV and pestilence, the Romans agreed that the Ganuls should Berkeley; but the expedition failed. As a naval school Br]e'ton, CAPE, in Lat. 450 55' N., Lon. 590 40' W., on receive 1,000 lbs. of gold, onil the condition that they andl port of construction, it ranked both befbre Cher- the E. coast of CAPE BRETON Island, q. v. would quit Rome and its territory altogether; the bar- bourg and Toulon, until the vast extensions and im- ~Brett, a river of England, in Essex, falling into the barian brought false weights, but his fraud was detected. provemnients made by Napoleon III. at Cherbourg, placed Stour. The tribune Sulpicius exclaimed against the injustice of the latter in advance of all the other ports of France. Bret'tiee, Brattiee, n. (Mines.) One of the wooden Brennus, who immediately laid his sword and belt in Pop. 68,873. plankings used in coal mines to prevent the lflling in the scale, and said, "Woe to the vanquished." The dic- ]Brest, n. (Arch.) The moulding of a column; the torus. of the strata. tator Camillus arrived with his forces at this critical Johnson. Bretwall'~da, n. [A. S., Ruler of Britain.] (Hist.) A time, annulled the capitulation, and ordered hinm to pre- Bret, or Burt, n. A name formerly given to a fish of title assigned by the Saxon chronicle to those kings pare for battle. The Gauls were defeated; there was a the turbot kind. of the Hieptarchy who extended their government over total slaughter, and not a man survived to carry home Bretag ne, Brittauy,(brit'a-ne,) one of the provinces the entire nation. The following are mentioned by thie news of the defeat. The date of the taking of Rome, into which France was divided. It now fobrms the dep. Bede, but Hailam and other historians doubt whether assigned by Niebuhr, is the 3d year of the 39th Olympiad, of Finistbre, Cbtes-du:Nord, Morbihan, and Loire-Inft- any sovereign in those early times possessed such aun.C. 382.- 2. A king of the Gauls, who, B. c. 279, made rieure. Inancienttimes, B., under thenameofAreosrica, thority: A. D. 492, Ella, king of Sussex; 571, Ceawlin, an irruption into Macedonia with a force of 150,000 men was the central seat of the contfderated Armorican kinig of Wessex; 594, Ethelbert, king of Kent; 615, and 10,000 horse. Proceeding into Greece, he attempted tribes, who were of Celtic and Kymaric origin. Traces Redwald, kimng of West Angles; 623, Edwin, king of to plunder the temple at Delphi. He engaged in many bat- of them still remain in the old Kymric dialect of the Deira; 634, Oswald, king of Bernicia; 643, Ossvy, king ties, lost many thousand men, and himiself received many three most westerly departments, and in the numerous of Bernicia. wounds. In despair and mortification hlie killed himselif. so-called Druidical monuments.'The Breton has gener- Bret z'ville, in indiana, a post-office of Dubois co. B]rent, a. [Goth. bryn; Sw. brant.] Steep; high. ally a tinge of melihmcholy in his disposition; but often Brelsughlel, (broi'gel,) thie name of a celebrated family (Preov. En-.) conceals, under a dull and indifferent exterior, lively in- of Flemish painters. -1. B., PETER, the son of a peasant, Bl'eita, (brain'ta,) a river of N. Italy, rising firom two agination and stromg feelings. "TThe tenacity with was born at Breughel, a village in the neighborhood of simall lakes in the'Tyrol. After a course of 112 mm., it which the Breton clings to the habits and belief of hiis Breda. He was placed under Peter Koel of Amlst (Alest), falls into the Adriatic, through tihe canal of Brenta-Nova, forefitthers is apparent by his retention of the Celtic whose daughter he subsequently married. Having or Brentono, at Brondolo. language almost universally in Basse B., and by hiis learned painting under that master, hlie travelled into Brent'ford, in England, a market-town of Middlesex, quaint costume, which in many districts is that of the France and Italy. He took many views by thie way, on the Thamnes, 8 m. from London. Pop. 6,825. 16th century." The gireater number of the people are particularly amiong the Alps. Returning from Italy, BIrent, or Brant, n. (Zo'l.) A species of goose, Ber- found to be ignorant andl coarse in their manners, and he fixed his residence at Antwerp, and was admitted into micla brenta, of the Atlantlic coast of N. America. It re. their agriculture is of a very rude character, by no means the academy of that city in 1551. Here he lived for a sembles the Barnacle-goose, but is sman.ller. calculated to develop the natnural resources of tihe long time with a mistress, whom he would have marBrenti'dw1e, n. pl. (Zoiil.) A family of Coleopterous in- country. Apart fi0om the beauty of its scenery, B. ried, but for a habit she had of lying; which so dissects, which are among the nmiost remarkable of tihe possesses great interest, as the oinly place where men pleased him, that he transferred his affections to the beetle tribe, and almnost entirely confined to tropical cli- can be seen living -and aicting much as our forefaithers daughter of his old ummaster, now dead, and obtained her mates. Distinguishing characters:-body much elon- did three centuries ago. Under the Romans, the hand upon condition of residing at Brussels, where sele gated; tarsi with tihe penultimate joints bilobed; an- country, after 58 m. c., was made the Provimcia Lugdu- lived. As he lay on his death-bed, lie ordered mainy of tenne filiform, or in some with the terminal joint formed aensis Tertia; but its subjugatiom was hardly more than his paintings, which were either satirical or licentious, into a club; proboscis projectinig horizontally; palpi nominal, and it was entirely liberated in the 4th c., to be brought before ihimmn, and made his wife burn them minute. They are found crawling on trees, or umnder when it w'us divided into several allied republican States, in his presence. The dates of his birth and death are the bark, and sometimes on flowers. Their general color which, afterwards, were chaniged into petty mnonarchies. unknown.- IHe painted chiefly connie subjects, after the is black or brown, with red spots or markings. The B. became subject to thIe FI:ranks in the reign of manner of Jerome Bosche, whom hlie excelled; and he Bresthuis septentrionalis, found in Massachusetts, about CharIenmagne, and was handed over by Charles the hals been considered by many inferior to Teniers alone six-tenthlis of an inch, inhabits on the trunk and under Simple to the Northmen in 912. After sonme fierce in that branch of art. His composition has been obthe bark of the white oak: struggles, the Bretons appear to have at length ac- j ected to; but his drawing is correct and spirited, though Bren'tona, il Minncsotsa,a village of Ainoka co., 24 m. N. knowledged the suzerainty of tihe Norman dukes. not very highly finished. Itwas his frequent customm to of St. Anthony. Geoffrol, Count of eenines, was the first to assuime thIe disguise himself and mix with the peasantry at their Bren'tse'onville, in Indiana, a village of Owen co., 18 title of Duke of Bretagne in 992. The duchy of B. was festivals and games; and the happiness with which he m. N.W. of Bloonmtington. incorporated with Fruance in 1532, by Francis I., to whom transferred the living actions hie thus witnessed to the Brents'ville, in Virginia, a post-village, cap. of Prince it had coime by nmarriage, and subsequently shared in the canvas, has been aptly compared to Moli-re's, though William co., on the Occoquan Creek, 104 m. N. of Rich- general fortuncs of the emmpire,'but retained a local in a different kind of saitire. Besides comic subjects, lihe mend. parliament until the outbrealk of thle Revolution. painted landscapes, and a few historical pictures. Two -A village of Owen co., 50 m. S.W. of Indianapolis. During the Revolution, B., which was intensely loyal, sons survived himi, John and Peter. - 2. B., JOHN, B. at Brent'wtood, in New lfampshi-e, a post-township of was the arena of sanguinary conflicts, and especially of' Brussels about 15S9. Hle received the first principles of Rockringhlamn co., 70 m. S.E. of Concord; pop. abt. 1,050. the movements of the Chouans (q. v.), who reappeared as his art from his father, and for sonme time he confined Brement'vooli, im Tennaessee, a post-vilhuge of Williamson recently as 1832. himnself to flower-painting; but travelling into Italy, he co., 9 m. S. of Nashville. BarehI'a ea, n. p1. of Buo'rmrv,, q. v. This plural occurs enlarged his style, and painted lindscapes, which he reseci,, (brai'sha,) the ancient Brixia, a city of N. It- firequently in the New Testanment, and was currently adorned with small figures, executed withli exquisite coiely, cap. of a province of samine name, on tile Garza, at applied to each iother by thie first Ciistians.. It denotes rectness and beauty. Many painters availed themselves tIle foot of the Alps, on the margin of the great plain persons of the same society, and is now only used in the of his liberality, and induced him to enrich their pieof Lombardy, 51 mu. E. of Milan and 30 in. N.N.E. of Cre- Solemnn or Scriptural style. lures with his beautifiul little figures or landscapes; mona. It is strongly fortified, has a fine cathedral, and a Baterethren oSto ial Life, n. (Eccl. Hist.) This as- among them are Steenwick, Van Baelen, Rotenhanmer, is distinguished by its industry and trade. Pop. 35,568. sociation, which probessed to imitate the social condition Mornper, &c. Even Rubens made use of his skill in ]Breslau, (bres'aou,) thle second largest city of Prussia, of the primitive Christians, was bfounded about 1376 by mor'e than one picture, in which Rubens painted theis cup. of the proe. Silesia, at the conlnluence of the smnall Geert Groote and Florentinus Radewin. They had their figures, and B. tihe landscapes, flowers, animals, and river Ohlau with the Oder, comprising various suburbs, goods in common, and were pirotected against the oppo- even insects. John B. was extremely industrious, as some of them built on the islands of the Oder, sition of the religious orders by several popes and coun- the great number of his pictures, and the care with and united to the body of the town by numerous bridges. cils. The last fraternity was founded at Cambray in which they are finished, sufficiently attest. Growinug 4.Manf. Wool, linen, cotton, sillk, alum, &c. It is the 1505. At the Refoirmation many members of these so- rich by his industry, he cultivated a magnificence in his centre of a very extensive commnerce. The fair held cieties joined the reformed congregations, while others apparel, and was nicknamed Velvet B., from the material here in June for the sale of wool is the greatest of its were united withi the Jesuits. They were also called of hins dress, which was a costly stuff. His touch is kind in Germany, the quantity sold being usually abomut Brethren of the Common Lot, Brethren of Good Will, light and spirited, his drawing correct, and his finish 6,030,000 lbs. B. is one of the monst animiated towns in Hieronymites, and Gregorians. elaborate. His pictures are much admired, although Prussia. The inhabitants are wealthy, the town salu- ]Bretresl of the C2hrist$ian Seloois. (Eccl. his landscapes are iujured by an exaggerated blueness brious; with provisions abundant and cheap; educution list.) An order of the Roman Church, established at in the distance. ID. about 1642.-B., PETER, the eldest excellent; its people intelligent, franlk, and sociable; the Rheims by the Abb6 de La Salle in 1725, sanctioned by son of Peter B., was the pupil of Giles Coningsloo. literary institutions numerous and easily accessible; and Benedict XIII, in 1725, and now established in almost From the diabolic nature of his favorite subjects lie ham the country around it beautiful. B. w;is taken from all the Catholic towns of Europe. InFrance principally, been surnamned Ilelish. He did not attain the eminence Austria by Frederick the Great. Pop. 147,696. they number upwards of 800 schools. Thie osbject of the either of his f'tther or brother. Bressi y, (bres'sai,) one of the Shentland Islands; 4/2 m.n order is to provide instruction fbr the poorest classes of B reunn'smerite, mu. (Min.) A native carbonate of maglong:nd 3 broad. Iris separated from thie niainlandl of tihe population. The nimembers of the order take upon nesia and iron. It generally occurs crystallized in deShetland by Bressay Sound. Lat 600 14' N., Lon. 10 12' theinselves the vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. tachled, emnbedded ihombohedrons, in chlorite-slate and W. Pp. about 1,000. Their costume is a coarse blaclk cassock, anid a sinall col- serpentine. Blresstumner, n. (Arch.) A contraction of Breast-sum- lar or band around the meck, for the house, and a hooded fBrewe, (brie,) n. [It. breve; Lat. brevis, short.]. Litermer. - See B1EAM. cloalk and a wide hat for out-door purposes. Their diet ally, a short note or precept. - (Aieus.) A note, now selBrest, a strongly fortified maritime town of Franco. is of tile simplest kind. Their teaching is mainly rudi- dom or ever used except in cathedral music. - See ALLA dep. Finistbre, on the N. side of a spacious bay, near the mnientary, although in some of their schools Latin and BntvE. extremity of the peninsula of Brittany, 30 m. N.W. of tihe higher matheenlatics form part of the course. Priests (Old Law.) A writ. An original writ. Any writ or Quimniper, 314 m. W.S.W. of Paris by road; Lat. 480 23' may be admitted to the order, but no mnember nimay be- precept issuing froiom the kinug or his court. 32" N., Loi. 40 29' 25" W. The greatest part of the come a priest. They are very numerous in Ireland. (Printing.) A curved marki, thus, -, used to give a purtown is built on a hill, and consists of narrow, steep, They have establishedl schools in several towns of the ticular intonation to the sountd of a vowel. winiding, and dirty streets; in the suburb of Recouv- U. Stuttes, wlhere they count about 10,000 pupils. Braevet, (bre-vet',) n. [Fr., fromn Lat. brevis.] In French, ramce, however, these are broad and regular, and the Bretrmen, WVhaite. See WHITEi BRETIIRLN. this term signifies a royal act in writing, conferring Ihouses very handsomne. The harbor, situate between Bretig-ny, (bre-teninye,) a village of France, dep. Eure- some privilege or distinction; as, brevet d'inveestimn, a this suburb and the town, is in the form of a long canal, et-Loir, 6 min. fromm Chartres, celebrated as thie place patent. In England and the U. States it is applied to a and is capable of containing 60 ships of the line. Oi a where, in 1360, Edward III. concluded a peace with commission giving aormy rank, as distinct from regimensteep rodck at the entrance stands the citadel, which is France, by which John II. of France was released fiom tal ranik. Brevet ranlk is attained either by distinguished defended towards the land by strong outworkis. Oppo- his captivity in Englandl, on agreeing to pay 3 million service, or by seniority in the army. site to it is a stutely tower, which serves, with tie cit- crowns for his rtnsomn, Englnmd renouncing her preten- — a. (Ilit.) Holding ranle by brevet; as, a brevet colonel. del and several batteries, to protect the harbor. The sions to Normuandy, Anjou, Maeine, and Touraine, and! —m. a. (Nil.) To confer rank upon by brevet. principal public buildings and objects of cuimiosity in the being confirmuedu in the possession of Gascony, Guiemne, Breveatey, (bre-vet'si,) n. The rank or condition of a town are the bhus-acks, rope-waliks, cloth-mnanumiufuctories, and severuM other puerts in France, recently acquired by brevet. (a.) forges, and foundries; the immense naval tursenutl mind conquest. Brevias', (bm~'ui-a-ri,) a. [Fr. breviarc; Let. breviadockyard; the two quays which encompnass the harbor; Bra'e$sO s e do Ts Iferraeros, DON MANUEL, a Spanish uimem, fi'om buevis.] An abridgment; an epitone; a the house of correction, the hospital, theatre, two muauerine poet, n. 1800, at Quel, proc. of Logrono. He served in brief account. cacademies, and the fine welkIs called Le Cousie. Its comli- the am-my firom 1814 to 1822, and afterwards held severml m" Cresconius, an African bishop, has given us an abridgment, rmerce is principally limited to the supplying of pro- situations under Governient. At the age of 17 he or breviary thereof."-Ayliffe. visions to time town end port. Caerdinal Richelieu wvus wrote A2 la Vjesz Viruelas, a comedy, which was per'- — A bools containing the offices of daily prayer iuccording,the first to take advantuage of the situation of B. and formed with success. Since that period lie has composeud to the usage of the Romnen Catholic Church. The offices pqonvert it into a navwl station. Vauban extended and a very large number of plays, souse original, and othmeis are seven, viz., euatins, lamuds, prisme, tierce, nmsses, vesepeu.s, imuproved its fortifications. It was at B. that Mary either translations or adaptations; Poesias Sueltis and compliuie. Anciently, mull Catholics w'ere require1 Queen of Scots landed, when on her way to St. Germnin. (1831); La Desvecugdenza, a humorous poem (1858), and to recite the B. daily. The injunction is confined to the In 1694 it was mttackedby an English fleet under Admiral numerous volumes of satirical works. clergy, of whom it is still strictly ekacted. BREW EtRIA BRIB 363 e'viate,. [Lent. lr.brevitus, from brevictre, to shorten.] 1808 he undertook the editorship of the Edinburgh ETh- from Piedmont into Italy, B. has always been looked A short summary; a brief epitome or compendium. cyclopcedia, which was not finished till 1830. In 1815 upon as one of the keys of the kingdom on the side of "The whole counsel of God,...is comprised in one breviate he received the Copley medal for his paper on the Po- Italy. In consequence, no expense has been spared on of evangelical truth." - Decay of Piety. larization of Light by J&jlection, and in the fbllowing its lortifications, which are now deenmed all but impreg_Ue'&viatn'e5e n. Au abbreviation. (R.) year, for his discoveries in physics, received from the nable. They consist principally of strong forts built on Brev'ieite, n. (Min.) The saine given to the better Institute of France 1,500 firancs, which was the half of the contiguous heights, and which command all the crystallized variety of Bergmannite, which occurs in their prize. In 1816 he invented the kaIleidoscope, in approaches to the town. The two principal forts, Trois transparent colorless prisms, and in a white radiated 1818 received the Rumford- medal of the Royal Society,: —. mass, in Brevig, in Norway. and in 1830 was presented with the medal of the Royal B]revier, (bri-vir',) n. [Fr. breviaire. See BREVIARY. Society for his further researches on the properties of.....-... (Typography.) A small kind of type, originally used i- light. In the same year, with Davy, Herschel, and e....... printinig breviaries, between the sizes of Bourgeois and Babbage, he originated the British Association, the first Minion, as in the following line: meeting of which was held at York, in 1831. He was ~To be born, to suffer, to die." now knighted by William IV., antd decorated with the i I "Ianoverian Guielphic order. In 1841 he became prinBrerw'ped, n. [Lat. brevis, short, andpes, pedis, afoot.] cipal of St. Leonard's College at St. Andrew's. In 1849 An animal that has short legs. lie was elected president of the British Association, and " -a. Ilsving short legs. the saise year had the high hoior of Iseing chosen, in Brev'ipen, sn. [hat. brevis, short, penna, quill.] (ZoTi.) the place of Berzelius, one of the eight foreign associates ___ __ _ One of the BREvIPENNES, q. v. of the French Academy of Sciences. His discoveries in B1revipen'nate, a. Short-quilled, or short-festhlered. referensce to the properties of light have led to great imBrevipeii'i Pes, Brevipeia nates, n. pl. [/'eo provenments in the illusnination of light-houses. Among IBREVIPEN.] (Zoe't.) A his more popular works are, a Treatise on the Kalcidoname applied by Cu- scope, a Treatise on the Stereoscope, a Treatise on Optics, vier to distinguish the Letters on Natural Magic, Tlhe Martyrs of Science, and -- first fosmily of his or- Mlsmoirs n0 the Life and Writiings of Sir Isaac Newton. der Grallce. The os- D. Feb. 2, 1868. trich (Fig. 395), and B-rews'ter, in /Massachusetts, a post-township of Barnthis Cassovary (Fig. - stable co., 65 m. S.W. of Boston; pop. abt. 1,800. 415), are types of this Bre- stei-te, (broosster-itc,) n. (Min.) A hydrated sill- f! 11/ famnily, corresponding cate of alumina, strontit, baryta, and lime, named after Z5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fig. 416. - BIIAN90N. to thie orderC usRORs, Sir David Brewster. It occurs in small gray or yellow F 416 BRASO q. v. transparent crystals at the Giant's Causeway, Ireland. Tetes and Piandosllet communicate vith each other and Brev'ity, a. [Lat. Br'ewster's ] Law, n. (Optics.) The tangent of the with the town by a bridge of a single arch, 130 feet in b r e vi t a s - brevis, angle of polarization is equal to the refractive index of span, thriown over a deep ravine. With the exception short.] Shortness of the polarizing material. This requires manifestly that of a single street, the town is ill-built, gloomy, and dirty. time or duration; as, the line of the reflected ray, when polarized, should be Abaof. Cottongoods,hosiery, steel,andcitlery. op.4,901. the brevity of one's perpendicular to that of the refracted ray. There are nI.alansk', a town of European Russia, govt. Orel, cap. stay upon earth. several other optical laws discosvered by Brewster, end of a district on the Desna, 55 no. W. of Orel; Let. 530 -Conciseness or brief- passing current under Ihis name. They have, however, 16/ N., Lon. 340 24' E. This is a prosperous and wellness of speechor coon- (- g@enerally been meoged in higher Oauses built place, having extensive manufactories of cannon, position; contraction Brewster's tation, in NeTw Yosk a post-office of ars, and leather. Pop. 13,638. into few words. Putnam co. Briba'r Creek, in Pennsylvania, a township of Colum" Brevity is the soul of -- B5la'e:ia eem, (blrex-i-ai'se-e,) n. pl. (Bot.) An order of bia co. Pop. about 2.100. wit." - Shoats. -~'','-~'iplants, alliance Sa3ifrayqales-DIAG. Consolidated styles, Bri-'are, a town of France, dep. Loiret. on the Loire, B r e w, (br58,) v. a. k yL a many-leaved calyx, alter'nmate leaves end no albumen. 25 so. S. of Montargis. The canal, to which the town is [A.S. brivan; 0. Ger. This small order conmprises bfour genera, namnely, Brexia, indebted for its importance, is the oldest work of the briuvan; IV. bers, a.-w e Ixerba, Argophylflm,, and Roussea, belonging principilly kind in France, having been besun in the reign of Henry boiling; from bers,.- to Madgscar. The properties and uses of the plants IV., though it'was not finished till 1740. It estlabIishes, to boil or bubble.] Fig. 415. - CAso0wAY. are altogether unlknown. They are trees with corie- by means of its junction with the canal of Loing at To boil and mix: to (Casuarius galeatus.) ceous, alternate, and simple leatves: the flowers are Montargis, a communication between the Loire and the stir or agitate with vioIence. green, in axillary umbels; the calyx is five-parted and Seine, and conveys the various products of the prov. -To steep, boil, and ferment malt, &c., so as to make beer, persistent; the petals and stamens are hypogynous, and watered by the former to Paris Pop. 4,319. ale, &c. equal in number to the divisions of the calyx; the fruit RBa'r-t'weae, a. Hundred-handed; relating to, or resemWe have drks ao brewed with everal hes, and roots, is drtupaceous, five-cornered, ansd five-celled. bling, Briaress, q. v. an"Wed ae rinks also brewed with several herbs, an roots, reziie, n. (Chiem.) The coloring matter of Bra- Bs-iaenq; (sbri-a're-u.s) (Myth.) A famous giant, son and spices." — Bacon. -To cococt o prepare; to mingle toether; as, to e zil-wood. of Ccelus and Teroa, who had a hundredl hands and fifty — To concoct or prep,~re; to mingle together; as, to br~ewo rietaP, (surnamed 126rBinrol mlle,) (bo-ru~L,) a celebrated ezli;n s lle b lc gP7 Rd,j h e a bowl of punch. Bri, (suramed Brom,) (o-r,) a celebrated heads, and was called by men,Egeon, and only by the king of Ireland, son of Kennedy, king of Munster, son gods Briareus. He assisted the giants in their war "Take away these chalices; go, brew me a pottle of sack fnely." hn of gods Briareus. H.o a oted the giasts in teir wvar Shaks. of Lorcan. He ascended thbI throne of both Munsters, against the gods, and, according to the accounts of some, -To contrive; to plot; as, to brel mischief i. e. the present counties of Tipperary and Clare, A. 0. was thrown under Mount Aitna.,,I found it to be the most malicious and frantic surmise, 978. 1-l earlier exiloits were agaim.t the Daoes of Bribe, (bohb,) n. [Fr. bribe, from Sp. brlibir, to beg; that I think hoad ever been brewed from the beginning of the Limerick and Waterford; but being elated by firequenmt W. briw. a break, also, broken; bara briw, broken bread.] world." - Wottono. successes against these invaders, ihe deposed O'Maelachs- A price, rewvard, gift, or favor bestowed or promised osith -v. i. To be in a state of boiling, mixing, forming, or aghlin, the supreme Iking of the island, and eventually a views to pervert the judgment, or corrupt the conduct collecting; as, a storm is brewing. became himself monarch of Ireland. Ite derived hlis of ajudge, witness, or other person. "Or brewo fierce tempests on the wat'ry main, surname from the tribute which he mow imposed ulpon Too poor for a bribe, and too proud to importune: Or o'er the globe distil the kindly rain." - Pope. the provinces. King B. supported a rude but royal He had not the method of making a fortune."-Gray. -To perform the business of brewing; as, to brew ale. magnificence at his chief residence of Kincoras, near the -Means of seduction; the thing that allures. " I keep his house, and.. brew, bake, scour." - Shaks. present town of Killaloe, ioi the county of Clare. I-e -oIf a man be covetous, profits er bribes may put him to the Brew, n. Mamnner of brewing, or tie thsing ewed; as had also castles at Tara and Cashel. B. continned for test."-L''stranoge. Br~ewu n. M~anner of brewing, or thle thling brewed; as, ts.~-~Etaze many years to rule his dominions with vigor and prosbeer of a good brew. may yrs to rule is doniion with virnd pos- ibe, v. a. To give or promise a bribe to; to bestow ~Triasi would mdeof5 keee."perity, reducilg the Danes and subduing their native by reward or hire for a bad purpose; as, to bribe a voter. allies, building numerous d'us or castles, causing roads Brew'age, n. Malt liquor brewed; a mixture of vari- and bridges to be constructed, and enforcing the law by "The great,'tis true, can still th' elesting tribe; onus things. The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe." "Wish egos, sir0- taiking hostages from all the petty kings of tfe country. The rd my ppite not rie." "With eggs. sir?-?~Prologue, to Good-natured Han. Simple of itself; I'll no pullet-sperm in my brewage." - Shaks. itnving, however, disputed with Maelmora, the king of — To gain over by bribes.oodntued M. Leinster, Macilmora revolted, aud, inviting a new invaBrew'er, n. One who brews; one whose bosiness it sion of nes to his assitnce, brought wn the bttle powerful are bchaste vows! the wind and tide to brew malt liquors. o ont s t hii kis e, at gni al You brib'd to combat on the English side." —Dryden. of Clontarf, in which king B. felt, after gaining a gloLW hen brewer's mar their malt with water."- Sha be. rious victory over the united forces of the invaders and -v. i. To give a bribe to a person; to seeik to corrupt by Brew'er, in Maisne, a flourishing post-townslhip of Ps- revolted natives, on Good Friday, anno 1014. B. and a bribe. uobscot co., on the Penobscot River, near Bangor; pop. his son Murrough, sho fell io thfe sosme battle, wer e lrnb le's~, a. Without being bribed; innocent of a abt. 3,350. issnMrogwofli t smbalewre bribe. abi~t.~~~. 3,350. I ~burioed together in the Cathedral of Armagh. The fune- bribe. Brew'e-'s illts, in Kentucsly, a P.O. of Marshall co. r obsequies lasted twelve days nd nights, and 1 From thence to heaven's bribcless halt."-Raleigh. Brewer's Rancih, in Nebraska Terriory, a post- possession of the heroic remains was afterwards con- Bibr'er, n. One who gives bribes; he who bribes office of Merrick co. tested by rival potentates. B. is said to have defeated another. Brew'ersviile, in Indiana, apost-village of Jennings the Danes in twenty-five pitched battles. Prior to the "Affection is still a briber of the judgment."-Southt. co., 60 m. S.S.E. of Indioanapolis. battle of Clontarf he had confined them to the cities of Bril'eiry, n. The act or practice of giving or taking Brew'ereton, in INew Yssrk, a post-village of Onondoga Dublin, Wexfobrd, Waterford, and Limerick; and from the bribes. co., on the Oneida River, 144 m. W. by N. of Albansy; final blow which lie gave their power in that engage- (l1st. and Law.) This form of corruption is menpop. abt. 750. mont they never recovered. Ile was the founder of' the tioned several times in the Bible, and is forbidden. Brew'erton, in S. Carolina, a P. 0. of Laurens dist. numerous sept of O'Brien, O or Ua being a distinctive (Deet. xvi. 19.) It prevailed extensively among most Brew'er Village, in Mi, ioe, a P.O. of Penobscot co. adlnomen not assumed by Irish families till after his ancient nations. When Ergocles was convicted of havBrew'ery, n. A house or place in which brewing iN time. This national prefix means "descendant of," or, ing embezzled 30 talents, and payment was demanded carried on. ""of the kindred of," and seas originally supplied by the of his friend Philocrates. his party openly boosted of BrewY-houase, n. A brewery; a house appropriated more ancieunt Moac. which moeans "son." having bribed 2,100 j-srym en at Athens. B. prevailed to bosewing. Brian'ehon's hieorena, n. (Math.) In conic sec- to a fesrful extent in Rome, and existed in various "In our btre.houses,... are made divers drinks." — Bacon. tions, the reciprocasl of Pascal's theorem, first given by: fbrms during the Middle Ages.- B. is an offence against Brew'ing, so. Act of preparing mait liquors. — The its discoverer, M. Brianchon, in the Jouernnal de l''cole public justice, and is committed when a judge or other quantity of liquor brewed at once. - See BoRn. Iioiytecchnique, cab. 13. It is thus enunciated: "The person concerned in the administration of justice, takes (Naot.) A congregation of black clouds, augnring a three diagonals of every hexagon circumscribed to -a any undue resward to influence his behavior in his office. storm. conic meet in a point, and may be easily dedsced from -B. at elections for memnbers of Parnliament in Great Brew.'iusg'ton, in S. C'arolinoa, a P. O. of Sumter dist. the unharmonic properties of conics. By allowimIg two Bri'tain hbos alsvays been held a-crime at common law, iBretwis, s,. [A. S. boiw, es, broth.] Bread soaked in or more sides to coincide, numerous useful corollaries and punishable by indictment or information. An boiling fat pottage made of saslted meat. may be deduced." attempt to bribe, even though unsuccessful, has been ]Frews'ter, Sso Dawvu, r.n.s., in.to., o.t., an enminent ~Brniaaqon, (bre'an-sawung,) a strongly fortified town held to be criminal, snd the offender may be indicted. natural phlilosoplher, a. st Jedburgh, Scotland, 1781. He of France, dep. Iautes Alpes, cap. of an arrond., on the In the U. States similar statutory puovisions have been wsis educated fbr the Chiunch of Scotland, of which hie unrance, 50 m. E.S.E. pf Grenoble.'Ihis is the highest enacted. - "Jodicial purity has been generally mainbecame. a licentiate; and in 1800 received the hionorary town in Frasnce, being 4,280 feet above the level of thie tabned in this country, but all penalties against improper degree of s. A. from the'University of Edinbuarh. In sea. From its commanding a practicable defile, leading influence at elections, anol u501000 menlobers of legislative 364 BRI0C IBRID IBRID bodies, have been ineffectual, both in England and in after axing, the more truly they are axed the less labor Brid'al, it. [A. S. bryd-eale, bride-ale.] A wedding; the this country." (N. Am. Cycl.) there will be in rubbing. nuptial ceremony; a wedding-feast. frib'ery.oath, n. In England, an oath taken by a Brick'bat, n. A piece or fragment of a brick. "Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, person to make assnrance that he has not been bribed "Earthen bottles, filled with hot water, do produce In bed a The bridal of the earth and sky." - Lerbert. bfor the giving of iis vote. sweat more daintily than brick-bats hot." - Bacoe. Bridal Veil Falls, in California. See PssoNs. lribe'-.vorth y, a. Worth the expense of bribing. Brick JChurchl, in North Carolina, a post-office of Bride, n. [A. S. bryd; Frisian, breid; 0. Ger. brit; Ger. Brick,(brik,)on. [Fr. briqice, trom Celt. brig, baked eatth.] Guiltbrd co. braut; Icel. bruda; W. briduw, a solemn adjuration.] A A mass of clay-earth, sometimes mixed with coal- Brick'-clay, n. A common variety of clay adapted to woman newly minarried; a recently espoused woman. ashes, chalk, and other substances, and then moulded the making of bricks. Many mixtures and combinations "To Germany, what owe we not besides? into a rectangular form, which in the U. States varies in of silicate of alumina withr silica, iron, and alkaline earths So oft bestowing Brunswickers and brides." - Byron. size in the different States, runnins from 734 to 8/53 are available; but the best kinds coutiain little of the -A woman espoused, or contracted to be married. inches in length, 4 to 4/2 in width, and firom 274 to 2Y2 il lastter materials, as they are apt to cause the bricks to " Has by his own experience tried thickness. B. have been used in building from a very early melt and run together into a kind of glass in the kiln. How much the wife is dearer than the bride." -Lord Lyttelton. period; the Tower of Babel was a structure of Ikiln-baked There is no special geological age for brick-clays, as they Bride, a river of Ireland, rising is the Nagle Mountains, B., and tihe imposing edifices of Nineveh and Babylon, belong indifferently to the oldest and newest formaticons. co. Cork, and after flowing E. for 25 so. joins the B1lackreared on huge mounds of many acres in extent, also the Thie red color of bricks is derived from the oxide of iron water, in Waterford co., 8 m. N. of Youghal. pyramids of Egypt, were all built of tihe same material. that most clays cosntain. Tihe clay in the vicinity of -Another river, co. Cork, joining the Lee, near Cork city,'Ihe Greeks and Roumans also used B. in many of their Milwaulkee, Wisconsin, is remarkably free from iron, after a course of 11 m. public works: and it is problable, from the inscriptions tand the bricks made of it are of ass agreeable straw color, Ba'de-ale, s. A rustic bridal festival. (Prov. English.) stamped on those of BaSbylon, and the various marks on with no tinge of redness. These are so highly valued, Bride-'.bed, n. The nuptial bed. those of Greece and Rome, that tall were formed in moulds that they are transported even to New York city. Ts the best bride-ted will we, before they were hardened by the sun or fire. One pe- Brlcic'-dust, n. The dust of pounded bricks. Which by us shiall blessed be." - Shaks. culiarity to be noticed with respect to the Roman B., is "' This ingenious author, being thus sharp set, got together a The cae which is made that they are but a little thicker than an ordinary tile, convenient quantity of brick-dust, and disposed of it into several efor the guests at a wedding. amid longer and wider thsn ours. B. were little used papers." - pepctsator. at aoedding. 15 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~And divide the broad b?'id~.cake during the medisval period, although it is to that time Brick'-earth, n. Earth or clay suitable for the man- "And divide the brad ride-ake e Round ahout the bride- stake. -Ben Jnson. that we owe the introduction of glazed B. for ornamen- ufacture of bricks.' talwork. For the last 300 years B. have been exten- Brieklerville, in Pennsylvania, aP.O. of Lancaster co. Bride camberlo ns. Thie bride's apartment; the sively used in Europe. particularly in districts where clay Brick'roinas, n. pl. (Building.) The intersecting nptial roosm. (Buldlz.) Tie ituaeti:: Brride'grrcoon, (br~d'grim,) n. [A. S. bryd-gulma - is plentiful, and it is difficult and expensive to procure or meeting of two circles upon thieir diagonal elevations, bryld, bride, and gums, a man.] The bride's man; spestone.'IThere are many different kinds of B., thich may drawn upon the different sides of a square,, whose pri bIrY cifically, a newly married man; a mats about to be be divided into three classes, as bfollows: — 1. Bricks usedi cipal strength lies in the united force of elevation divided masrried. for walling; 2. Fire-bricks; and 3. Clinkers, or Ptaving by geometrical proportions to one certain gravity. Bricks. There are two methods of burning B. for wall- Brick Hlead, in. Georgia, a distmict of D K:lb co. "As are those dulcet sounds ain break of day, That creep into the dreamtng bridegroom's ear, ing, and they are accordingly called kiln-burnt B., Brick'-kiln, n. A kIiln or furnace in which bricks are And summon him to marriage." - Shaks. or clamp-burnt B. The latter B. are the most coin- baked or burned. m mn, and are generally known as "common B." They "Like the Israelites in the brick-kilns, they multiplied the more rtends upon a bride at a weddig;, s. pretty b wides-oaid.t-,tends nupo n a bride at a weddimg; a, a pretty bids-euaid. ars mmmdc of coa~rse. stiff chsey, whirls reqisires sand to be for tiseir oppression." - Decay of Piety. Bie-aBie'm n.Ami h ted mixed with it to allow it to be workced with facility. Brick'iand, in Virginia, a post-office of Lunenburg co. upon briBride'-madeg Bridesoom and bride at a n h attendsweding. These B. are burnt in clatips or stacks of 500,000 to Brick'layer, n. One who builds with bricks; a brick- Brides oburg, in Pennsylvania, a subvrb of the city mason.Br e'briPnnyanamesbtboisecy mason~d~~~~~ll~. ~of Philadelphia. on the Delaware River, at the mouth of "And ugnorant of hts birth and parentage. Frankford Creek. A U. States arsenal is situated here. Because a hm'ichluyer when he casne st age." - SwiftG.' eame a bricklayer wThe e came of age." -bk ajwift. Bride'-stalie, n. A hole or post set in the ground to Brik'klaty ing, -it. The art by which Ibricks are joined dance around'at a wedding festival; as, "Round about mand cemented, so as to adhere as one body. The thick- the bridle-stake."-Ben Jormson. ness of walls of houses built of brick is regulated by tile Bride'well, n. A house of correction for offenders is length of the B.; walls, therefore, are spoletn of as being commonly so called in England. Tse name is derived half a B., a B., a B. and a half, &c., in thickness. In from the ancient London house of correction, originally houses, generally, the outer wialls are from one B. to two a hospital founded by Edward VI. on the site of`t. in thickness, and the partition watls only half a B thick. Bride's Well, in Blacltfriars, a well-lknown object of In bricklaying, care soust be taken that thie B. are well plilgrimage in Roman Catholic times. The oiginal B. so placed that no joint in any layer shall come imenedi- receptacle for vagrants, &c., within the jurisdiction of t..-.. Y'lZ~7 IEZ Iatcly over another joint in thIe layer below it. Each the city. layser of B. is called a course. When B. are lmid with the Bridge, (bruj,) n. [A.S. bric, brigge; probably from boside facing oitward, and lengthwise in the course, they hricgbe, amd bricon, or-rcucan to reach.] (Atch.) A K. ~i 1L are termed stretchers, and the course is called a stretch- structure erected for the purpose of connecting the opsinig course; but whenm the end appesrs im the face of the posite sides of a river, gorge, valley, &c., by means of Pig. 4 e7. -mANIENT ]EGPTIAN BRIoC EcyKINpt wall, they are called headers, mnd the course a headinqg- certain materials, formuing a road-way from one side to (From Rosellini's Paintings o Ept.) course. Thiere ore fourprincipal methods of bonding B. the other, or occasionally carrying the water-way of a 1,000,000 in number, with the fuel interspersed among together, called English bond, Flemish bond, Iherring camol, in which case it would be specifically called aquethem, that every B. mssy be thorongtly exposed to tIhe bond, tand Garden bond. Esnglish boed consists ofstretcll- duct. It niy be of stone, brick, iron (cast or wrought), action of the fire. If the fire is too strong, it causess the B. ing-courses and heading-courses alternately;'Flemism timber, or suepended from chains or wires (in whmicm ctse to fuse and run together, and form hard irregular masses, boond, in laying a stretcher and header alternately in it is termed a suspesoin-bridge); or the road-way may be called clinkers; but if the fire is not strong enough, the each course; He'ering bond is used for the core of thick carried by means of boats, according to the wants and B. turn out to be soft, and therefore mnfit for builling walls, alternate coirses of B. being laid between the the resonrces of the position where the B. is required. purposes. About one-tenth of every claitp is lost by the outer and inner fices diagonally, at atei angle of 450 to The B. of the anciemts appear to hIve been clumsily and unequamt action of the fire and breakage.'When the the flace, each course beimii also tlaid in an opposite direc- unslkilfilly made of broad stones or planks resting on clamnp is ssfficiently baked. the B. are divided into classes tion to that on which it rests; smus heaves trisngular perpemdicular piers, mlthoigh they were able to conknown as cutteo., fine close-grained B., rather soft, and spaces betweeni the core and the face of thewall, but it struct efficient temporary B. for thIe transplortation of better suited for work in which the B. requmr te cuttin:~; is supposedl to give strength to wvalls the faces of which large bodies of troops across rivers and pieces of wmiter piclck' stoclks, B. of a unifiorm red tint; pavi:ocirs, hard B. are built on the principle of the Flemish bond. Gardlien of considerable breadth, as evinced in time palssage of the fit for paving: coinsmon stocks, or ordimersy B.- gizzles, bond consists of three stretchers and a header in every Hellespont by Xerxes, 480 B.c, when lie led across an or soft B.: and burrs. The B. also vary in color, aic- course; it is only used for walls of time tlliclness of one immense army of Persians and anxili'try troops for tIhe cording to the degree of heat to which they were exposed. bric. invion ef Greece. B aot ome were ade of ocd, r, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~invtsion of Greece. B. abont Rome were niade of wood, Kiln-baked B., also cMlled manul B., are miade of a finer Brilaek'ley, in Mississeppi, a post-office of Jaclson co. even after the Cloaca Maximna, or great sewer of Rome, clay, which contains at considerable quantity of carbon- Brietk'aaaker, n. tne whose trade itis to malke bricks. had been successfully arched over. The famous bridge ate of lime; for which reason great care is taltmen to pre- Brick lMleeting Iouse, in Marylantd, a post-office vent the air getting to the B. while they are baking, for of' Cecil co. this wouild causee the lime to pass into a caustic stat:e; Brick Hill, in Tennessee, a post-office of Blount co. antI, when exposed to the action of the atmnosphere, it Bric'-noggiusg, n. (Building.) Brickiwork carried would absorb moisture, which would cause it to swell up and filled imn otwveen timber firaming. and bumrst the B. in pieces. Tliese rmalms tre slowly Bricks'borossgia, in Ncsc Jersey, a village of Cun mburnt in kilns; they are bietter for ornamental purposes, berland co., on Maurine River, 14 m. S.E. of Bridgeton. being of i pretty bumff color, but they atre not so dimrable e Bricks'burgh, in New Jersey, a P.O. of Ocean co. as the common B. Fromn 20,000 to 30,00: are baked at Bricks'ville, in Ohio, a post-office of Cuyahoga co. once. Fire-B. are made of clay conttaining a consider- Brick'-tea, n. A preparation of tea-leaves made by able qmantity of silicate ofalumin:o, tand as free as pos- satturating tihe fresh leaves with fat, or with analkaline sible fromn lime, in any fiormn, or iron. The clay is care- solution, nti pmessing them into Itrge cales like tiles. fully prepared, and the B are exposed to an intense heat It is used throughout Thibet and Mongolia. - Webster. in kilns, as they are required for building uip furnaces, Brick'tson, in Illinois, a post-office of Cook co. and other purposes, for which it is necessary that they HBrick'-tri nmer, so. (Buildinrg) A sricl arch abmtshould be able to withstand the action of fire. Paving- ting upon the woodenm trimmer under the slab of a fireB. are made of clay vwhiich contains a great amonnt of place, to prevent thIe commmunication of fire. silica, that fuses when the bricks are burnt, and causes Brick'-ltrowel, n. (Building.) A tool used for taking ___ themm to becomue very hard. -See Btimcmtm.AvlN. up mortar and spreading it along the wall, to cement ig. 418.-C ES IDE. -— Bricks taken collectively; as; a thousand of brick. the bricks. &c. togeth4er. -A loaf shsteped lute a brick. Brick'vihle, in Illinois, a village of Morgan co., 26 n tdt Eing-nan.) — ~A term used colloqnially in a cant sense, to denote a W. tiy S. of Springfield. that Htoratius Cocdes so bratvely defended when Lars good fellow; an excellemt firiend; as, he's a regubtr brick.] Brick'-w ork, n. A structure formed of bricks. Porsmna menaced Rome, was mssde of wood; amd it (~uiglgr) Brick'y, o. Formed of, or belonging to, briclts. (R.) appears that the earliest lknoon B. of stone over the Ti—. a. To hay with bricks; as, to brick a wall. Brick'-yard, n. A place or enclosure where bricks her, and, perhaps, thie first stone B. ever umilt, was the "The sexton comes to know whether his grave is to be plain or are mmmde. Pens Senmetorins, now the Ponte Rotlo, built bv C. FTb5 iceed." —Swift. Briesole', n. [Fr.] (Ail.) Men's harness for dragging vius Scipio, 127 Bn C.; bmt in hater ages, thse sosognificemit B. -To fttshion in imitation of bricks. guns when horses are not available. and viteducts biilt under the Cresars in various patrts of ff, brick un. To fill up with layers of bricks. Bricquebec, (bs-eek'bec,) a town of France, dep. La the empire, give the Romman people the credit of having Brlclk, in Ness Jersey, a townshlip of Ocean co.; pep. Manche, cap. of a cant., 8. m. W.S.W. of Valognss. introduced the art of B.-bnuil.ding into Eurotpe, and, inalsout 2.2't0. PoFp. 4,365. deed, show them to have been the originastors of the sart Brick'axee, n. An imoplement imsed for axing off the Brid'al, a. Belonging to a bride, or to a svedding; sup- with respect to the applicattion of tlbe arch to sich a soffits of bricks to the stiw-cuttings, and the sides to the tial; connubial; as, a boidal-day. pusrpose, although the Chinese claimso to Ihlave constructed lines drawn; as the bricks are always rubbed sumooth "Comea, I will bring thee to thy b'idal obh'mber." - Shats., arched B. at a far earlier period, which is a matter of BRID BRID BRID 365 doubt, owing to the uncertainty that exists with regard great size; the magnitude of our rivers, the heavy ex- -To make a passage or road by a bridge, or bridges. to the truth of their chronological records. Among the pense, as well as the amount of time required for the Came to the sea; and over Hellespont nuonerous B. built by the Romans may be mentioned erection of such structures, being ill adtapted to the Bridging his way, Europe with Asiajoin'd." -Milton. that which was erected by Trojan over the Danube, con- pressing wants of tie country. Tile finest are, perhaps, Bridge'.board, n. (Arch.) A boatrd on which the sisting of twenty semicircular arches, with a span of 180 the Iligh B. of the Croton Aqoueduct, over the Harlemo ends of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. Somefeet, springing from abutments 64 feet wide and 85 feet Rtiver, at New York; and the new B. over the Schuylkill, times called notch-board. thick, at a height of 46 feet above the surfice of the bfor the Reading RIt. R., near Phliladelphia. As this book Bridlge'boqrougl, in N. Jersey, a post-village of Burriver. This B. no longer exists, having been destroyed is not intended bfor the instruction of engineers, we wvill lington co., on Rancocas Creek, 12 mi. E.N.E. of Camden. by Hadrian to prevent the D;tci1ns fromn using it as a not enter into the discussion of all the omany points Bridge Creek, in Georgia, filowing into Ocklockonee means of moakioing incursions on the Roman territory. of imoportance to be considered before designing ansd River, is'Thomtas co. With the decline of thie Romans empire, B.-building was commencing the construction of a B. across any Bridge Creek, in Ohio, a post-office of Geauga co. neglected until the time of Charlemagne, who instituted piece of water; and will conclude this article with Bridge Cr'eek, in Wisconsin, a township of Eau a society known as the order of the od-res du font, or some considerations on the construction of the ARCH, Claire Co.; pop. abt. 580. Brethren of the B., whose duty it was to see to the erec- a capital point in general architecture, as well as Bridged-gutters, n. pl. (Carp.) Gutters made with tion and repairs of B. and the establishmnent of ferries in B.-buildingr. The technical terms enmployed in boards supported by bearers. anrd covered over with lead. in various parts of France arnd Gersmany, among whose B.-buildiang with regard to the arch will be found Bridge'hhampton, in.lichigan, a township of Saniearliest works are reckoned the B. of Avignon, over the under tile word ARCh; but it must be added that the lac co.; P"p. abt. 400. Rhone, arnd that of Ratisbon. A firesh ispulse wots given nmasses of masonry erectedat either end of the B., whicht Br.idge'hampton, in New York, a post-village of to B.-building in France by the establishment of the. generaltly sustain the thrust of the whole series of arclies, Sufifolk co., 20 si. W. of Montauk Point. corps of the Fonts et Chaussies, about 1720, who built are called abutments; those in the bed of the stream, Bridge'.lh ead, n. [Fr. te-de-pont.) (Mil.) A fortifithe Pont de lit Concorde at Patris, and many other nots- from which the arches spring, piers, asd the filling in cation designed tbr the defence of a bridge, built either ble B. at Blois, Orleans, and 6aumur, and in various between the tops of the arches and the roadway, the to secure the bridge frosm the sudden attack of an parts of that country. In England, thie first stone B. spandril. It may also be remarked, that the term arch eneniy, and then forming an essential portion of the built was that of Bow, near Stratford, in 1087, followed is applied to tile structure of that form when smade of regular worics constructed for the defence of any town; by Old London B., in 1176. In 1775, Mr. Pritchard com- stone, brick, or cast-iron; while in B. of wood and or, thrown up hastily to secure the retreat of an army nienced the construction of cast-iron B., by putting up wrought-iron, it is called the bay. There is considerable across a river, and to enable a small body of defenders to one at Coalbrookdatle. Since the commnencement of the difficulty in determining the tform which an arch ought hold the enemy in check until the retreat has been present century, the art of B.-builheinsg has rapidly de- to have, in order that its strength may be the greatest safely eflected, and means have been taken to developed itself under the requirenments prodoced by the possible, when it has to sustain a load in addition to its stroy the bridge by which tOhe passage has been made. introdnction of railways and the increased ftcilities of own weight; in lact, such a discrimination cannot be The common form of a B. is a breastwork open is locomotion, and the result is shown in the new lorms of accurately made, unless we know not only the weight the rear, offering a salient angle to the attacking the suspension-B., the wrought-iron girder B., the lat- of the materials the arch has to suplport, but also the fbrce; sometimnes it is formed by bastions regularly contice and truss B.. and the tubular B., as exemplified in manner in which the pressure is connected; that is to nected by curtains, or by a series of redoubts. The England in the Menai and Chelsea suspension-B., the say, unless we know the amount and direction of the army in retreat should gain the bridge toy openings in High Level B. at Newcastle, and the Brittannia, Conwaty, pressure on every point of the arch. Supposing, how- the breastwork, which should be placed in the reesoterand Saltash tubular B., tile last-namned of which is also ever,- thac thie ing angles, if the work be of sufficient extent, and proknown as the Albert B. In Fig. 419 we give an illustration arch has to sus- tected by a cross-fire from opposite ilces of the fortifit —— in only its cation, and a direct fire from traoverses in the interior. __:__::_~;_~ own -weight, The most fisvorable position for a B., ortgte-du-pont, ts it and supposing is generally called, is when tile bridge which it is in______________ f itti.er, tihata tended to defend is situated at a re-entering bend of the the friction of river, or where the river forms an arc, having thie chord _________ cdt-stones ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ bier is whenete ie thors brdg wlo, hsicbs it is inthe arch-stones which subtends it on the same side as the B. — B. are to ___ _:_ ~.....is reduced to t b be found at many ftortined towns on the Rhine. nothing, a rela- Bridgelless, a. Without a bridge. -50 ~ ~totion betaeen' ridre Leyden, in llinois, a village of Cook co., 12 the curweight of min. V.N.W. of Chicago.'~-~ - ~~the weight of 0Bridge'north, a town of England, co. Salop, on the the voussoirs Fog. 420. Severn, 125 m. N.W. of London. It is divided by the j f~-// ~ ~ ~ n may be found by comparing the pressures which are ex- river into upper and lower towns; the furmer is built erred on the different joints. Thus the pressure on any on the acclivity of a precipitous rock, whose summit is joint, sq for example, arises from the weight of that crowned by sn ancient castle and a modern church. portion of the arrch which is between s q and the sum- ialnf. Carpets, tobacco-pipes, and nails. Pop. 8,468. mit C It. Now, the portion of the arch C q s H is sus- Bridge'port, in Alabamta, a post-office of Jackson co, ___ ___ c toained by three forces: the pressure on the joint s q, Bridge'port, in California, a post-vill., cap. of Mono the pressure on C H, and its own weight. Let s q be co., 200 m. S.E. of Sacramento. prolonged till it meets C D in 0, and let n be its inter- -A village and township of Nevada co., 7 m. W.N.W. of ___ ~-~-o.z_~ ~section with A B. It is a tiheorem in staotics, that when Nevada City; pop. abt. 3,200. a body is held in equilibrium by three forces balancing Bridge']sort, in Connecticut, a fine city and seaport Fig. 419. —nRITANrNIA BsRIDG. eatch other, these forces are proportional to the thrlee of Fairfield co., on an arm of Long Isltnd Sound, at the of the Britannia Tubular B., showing also the Menai Sus- sitdes of a triangle formed by lines respectively perpen- entrance of Pequonnock River, 18 no. W.S.W. of New pension B. in the distance. One of the most remarkable dicular to the directions of tile forces. Thie tlihree forces Haven, 54 S.W. of Harttford, andt 58 N.E. of New York. suspension-B. in Europe is that of Freyburg, in Switzer- siustaining C q s It are, therefore, proportional to the Lat. 41 10' 30" N., Lon. 730 11' 46" W. B has a flourland. The VictoriaB. over the St. Lawrence, in Canada. is sides of the triantgle 0 D n; for the pressure on s q acts ishing coasting trade, and transacts considerable busithe largest tubular B. in the world. In modern times, the in the direction perperndicular to s q or 0 n: the- pres- ness in the whale fisheries. Manf' Leai her, smachinery, wooden B. of Germany and France have taken high rank sure on C II is perpendicoular to D 0, and n ID is perpen- hardware, sewing-machines, carriages, projectiles, &c. from their scientific combination in arrangerment, but dicular to the direction of gravity. The pressure on The harbor adnmits only of small vessels, having not the U. States justly claim the precedeuce for simplicity, s q is, theretlore, to the pressure on C H as n D to D 0. more than 13 ft. of water oni the bar at high tides. Pop. mechanical perfection, and boholness of design, as oxern- In like nmasner, the voussoir p r q s being so shiaped (1870) 19,876. plifled in the magntificent railroad bridges in msnoy parts thiat r p, when produced, meets 0 H in the point 0, the Bridge'port, in Illinois, a village of Greene co., on the of the Union; and elso it those over the SchuylkiOll at pressure on the joint rp is to that on C II as m D to D Illinois River, 15 si. N.W. of Carrollton. Philadelphia. The first suspension-B. in the U. States O. IHence, the pressure on s q is to the pressure on r p -A post-village of Lawrence co., 14 rs. W. of Vincennes. were built by Mr. Finley, between 1796 and 1810, and as D n to D m. We are thus led to inftBer that the vonus- Bridge'port, in Inodiana, a village of Elkhart co. were all of small dimensions, and constructed with soirs ougiht to increase in length from the key-stone to -A prosperous village of Harrison co., on the Ohio River, chatin-cables; but during the last 25 years, a lhrge num- the piers, proportionally to the lines D n, D n, &c.; for 130 so. S. of Indianapolis. Boat-building is extensively ber of structures havebeen erected, some of large size, the in this case, the surfaces of the joints being increaseti pursued here. Bop. abt. 200. plan of wire cables being generally adopted in their con- in proportion to the pressure they sustain, the pressure -A post-village of Marion co., 9 m. W.S.W. of Indiastruction. Aiiiong these we notice thie fine sospension- B., oni every point of the arch will be equal. It will also napolis. built in 1869, over the Niagara River, almost immiediately be observed that the angle n 0 D is equal to the angle -A village of Perry Co. below the great Cataract, and neatrly 2 so. above the Rail- made by at tangent to the curve at q, and the horizontal Bridge'port, in lowra, a village of Jackson co., on the way Suspension-B. Its totallength is 1,268 ft. The length line parallel to AB; the angle m O D equal to that Maitkoqueta River, 75 m. N.E. of Iowa city. of the suspended platform is 1,240 ft.; height above the made by the tangent at p and the horizontal line; and Bridge'port, in Kentucky, a post-village of Franklin water, 190 ft.; length of part resting directly on cables, the radius D 0 rermining constoant, D n is the tangent co., 4 nm. S.W. of Frankbfort. 635 ft.; height of towers, 100 and 105 ft.; base of towers, of the point of these angles, and D'rm of the second; Bridge'port, in MAuryand, a P. 0. of Frederick co. 28 ft. squatre; width of roadway, 10 ft. The two cables hence the pressures on the successive joints are propol- Bridge'psort, in Micligan, a villtae ntd township of are each 7 inches ir diameter. In wrought-iron B.. tional to tile differences of the tangents of the arches Saginaw co., on Cass River, 26 m. N.N.W. of Flint;pop. we will mention the magnificent B. over the Ohio reclioned from the crown. From this property, when the atbourt 750. at Steubenville, completed in 1865, consisting of 4 spans intrados is a circle given in position, andi the ldepith of BIridge'port, in Missouri, it post-village of Warren of 235 feet, 3 of 210 feet, and I of 320 feet, each; total the key-stone is given, the curve of the extrados may be co., niear tile Missouri River. length 1,890 feet, with a channel sp;tn of 09 feet above found. When tihe weights of thie voussoirs are all equal, Bridge'port, in New -Jersey, a village of Burlington the warter. The Newport and Cincinnati B., a high the arch of equilibration is a catenarian cuirve, or a co., oni Wading River, 29 m. S.S.E of Mount Holly. permanent structure built across the same river, fotr curve having the form which a flexible chain of uniform — A post-office of Gloucester co. the accommodation of railway and roadway ~ traffic. thickness would assume if hanging freely, tile extremi- Bridge'po rt, irn New Yorkc, a post-village of Madison It hias one spaon over the channel of the river 420 feet ties tbeing suspended from fixed points. - See AqUortDUCor; co., on Chittenango Creek, 12 m. N.E. of Syracuse. in length; the iron superstructure is about 1,700 feet VIADUCT AND BAscULE, DRAW, FRAME, FL0ATIxG, LAoTTICE, -A post-village of Seneca co., on Cayuga Lake, 12 m. W. in length, and it is approached at either end by a PnLE, PoNTOON, SKEIW, SUSPENSION, SWIN, TREsTLE, anti of Auburn. series of brick arches sustaining the rail and roadwatys.'Tuatvon BrIDses. Brid-e'port, in Ohio, a flourishing post-village of This go-eat achievement awill be completed in 1870. (Msus.) The arch supporting the strings in stringed Belntont co., on the Ohio River, opposite Wheeling city; Arid, also, the bridges lately built across tire Mississippi, musical instruments. - pop. auth. 770. a:onely: the Qoincy, the Burlington, the Keokuk and (Gunnery.) The two pieces of timber that connect the — A village of Montgomery co., 10 m. S.5.W. of Dayton. Htmnilton, and the Dubnque and Dunleith. Thie lat- transoms of a gosn-carriage. Brhnilge'port,, in Oregon, a post-village and township ter, completed in December, 1868, has 4 spans of 225 Br-idge of a,Steamer. (N2aut.) The platform raised of Polk co., 8 m. S. of Dallas; pop. about 280. feet each, 2 of 250, and 1 pieot span of 360 feet; total above thei declk for the purpose of connecting the padoile- Bridge'port, in Pesnnsytloania, a thriving borough of length, 1,760 ft. The dimensions of the Keokuk and boxes. It forms a post of observation firom which the Bridgeport township, Fayette co., on the Monongahela Hamilton are as follows: 2 spans of each 259 ft. 6 in., 4 caoptain hots an excellent view of the vessel's course. River, 40 m. S. of Pittsiburg; pop. abt. 1,550. spoons of each 165 ft. 7 in., 1 span of 151 ft. 4 in., 3 spans Bridge of the N~ose. (Asnat.) Tue upper part of the ises. -A village of Clearfiehtl co. of each 162 ft. 9 in., and a pivot span of 370 ft.; total Bridge-train. (Ali.) A train of carriages employed for — A villhsge of Frankliu co., 12 m. W. by S. of Chambersburg. length of iron work, 2,186 ft. 11 in. l This splendid B., the conveyance of materials required for the construe- — A post-loorough of Montgomery co., on the Schurylkill certainly the awidest and the finest of the kind in the tiot of temporoary military bridges. River, opposite Norristoan; poop. abt. 1,250. world, will be completed on Jaon. 1, 1870. In the U. BRridge, v. a. To-build a bridge or bridges over; as, to Bridgel'port, in West Virgini a, a poet-village of LIarStates, there sosc, os 3yot, cooisps-'ootively few stone B. of bridge a streamn, &c. rison co., 5 m. E. of Clarksburg. 366 BRID BRIE BRIG Bridge'aprt, in Wisconsin, a village of Brown co., on Bridge'water, in Michigan, a post-township of Wash- ences to decided casea affecting any legal points in disthe Neenah or Fox River, at the mouth of Plum Creelk. tenaw co., 18 m. N. by E. of Adrian; pnp. about 1,560. pilte. The object of the B. is to inform the person who -A post-village of Crawford co., on the Wisconsin River, Blridge'water, in Minnesota, a township of Rice co.; tries the case, of the faicts important for hbim to know, to 8 m. S.E. of tPrairie du Chien; pop. abt. 800. pp. about 590. present his case properly; when it has been prepared Bridge'port Centre, in Michigan, a post-office of BIridge'water, in New Jersey, a township of Somerset by another person,- as is the general practice in EtgSaginaw co. co., containing Somerville, the co. seat; p,p. abt. 6,0W0. land, and to some extent in this country, —or as ai Bridge Prairie, in Illinois, a township of St. Clair co. Bridgewater, in New Rnampshire, a post-township of aid to the memory of the person trying a case, when lie Baidgie'-stolle,a n. (Arch.) A stone laid from the pave- Grafton co., 48 El. N. by W. of Concord; p/p. abt. 680. has prepared it himself. In some of the State courts, ment to the entrance-door of a house, over a sunk area, Bridgewaiter, in North Carolina, a P.O. of Burke co. and in the Supreme Court of the United States, it is cusand supported by an arch. Bridgewvater, in Nvew York, a post-village and town- tomrnary or requisite to prepare briefs of the case for the Bridget, (St.,) (bridejet,) or ST. BroDE, a Roman Ca- ship of Oneida co., 15 m. S. of Utica; pop. abt. 1,700. perusal of the court. These are written or printed. - tholic saint, native of Ireland, who flourishied in the Britgewater, in Ohio, a post-township of Williams In the Entglish Prayer-Book, the name B. denotes the end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th centuries, and co., 30 min. N N.W. of Defiance; pop. about 1,250. sovereign Letters-Patent authorizing a collection for a was renowned for her beauty. To escape the tenmpta- Brfidgewater, in Penznsylvania, a borough of Beaver charitable purpose. tions to which this dangerous gift exposed her, as well co., on the Ohio River, near the mouth of Beaver R'iver, (Papal Brief.) A pontifical letter dispatched from as the offers of marriage with which she was annoyed, 28 m. N.W. of Pittsburg; pop. about 1,000. the court of Rome to princes or other high personages. she prayed God to make bher ugly. Her prayer was -A post-office of Bucks co. A papal brief is issued to decide affairs of inferior imgranted, and she retired frtom the world, founded the -A village of Mercer co. portance to those adjudicated ipon by a pap 1 bull, and monastery of Kildare, and devoted herself to the educa- -A township of Susquehanna co.; pop. about 3,700. diffiers front it by being less ample, and in being always tion of young girls. Her day falls on the 1st of Feb. Brid-gewater, in:rmonsiit, a post-township of Wind- written upon paper sealed with red wax, sitlh the pope's She was regarded as one of the three great saints of Ire- sor co., watered by the Queechy River, 52 in. S. of Mont- private seal, "the fishermain's ring; hence it concludes land, the others being St. Patrick and St. Colnumba. She pelier. Soapstone and iron ore are abundantly found. with Datum Ronaii, sub anusl,piscaloris (given at Rome, was hold in great reverence itn Scotland, and was re- Pop. about 1,560. under the ring of the fisherman). -A-4 papal bull, on the garded by the Douglases as their tutelary saint. Under Bridg'ewater, in Tlsrginia, a post-village of Rocking- other hand, is always written upon the rough side of a the n:ame of Sisters qf St. B., an order was founded in harn co., on the North River, an arnm of the Shenasndoah, sheet of parchm ent, and in ancient Gothic characters. 1803. by Dr. Delany, bishop of Kildatre, and sfterwsards 125 m. N.W. of Richmond. oBrief, v. a. To make an abridgiment of; as, to brief a aplproved by Gregory XVI. It was named after St. Braidg'ingl -leoors, n. pl. (Building.) Floors in which cause. Bridget. The rule enmbraces three vows —peverty, bridging-joists are used. Briefless, a. Without a brief; having no client; as, a chastity. and obedience; and the sisters specially direct Bridg'in'g-joist~, us. pl. (Building.) The smallest briefless barrister. themselves to the education of girls. beanis in naked floorings, for supporting the boarding lBrie'ly, ade. Concisely; laconically; in few words. Bridge'ton, in Indiana, a post-village of Parke co., for walking upon. "The modest queen awhile, with downcest eyes, on Racoon Creek, 10 m. S.E. of Rockville. Bridg'ing-pieces, n. p. (Bssiding.) Pieces placed Ponder'd the speech; then briefly thus replies. - Dryden. Bridge'ton, in Maine, a post-township of Cumberland between two opposite beamis to prevent their nearer ap- Briefa~nan, n. One who writes a brief. An amanuco.. 35 m. N.W. of Portland, possessing many tannieries proach, as rsafters, braces, struts, &c. ensisl; a copyist. and saw-mills; pop. abt. 3,100. Bridle, (bri'dl,) n. [A. S. bridtl, or bridel; Goth. bridol, Briefn"ess, n. Shortness; conciseness; laconism. Bridge'tonk, in Michigan, a post-village and township ride, and ol, a strap or rein.] A restraint; a curb; a " They excel in... quickness and briefntes." - Camden. of Newaygo co., on the Muskegon River, 34 m. N.N.W. check. Brieg, (breCg,) a town (,f Prussia, in Silesia, on the Oder, of Grand Rapids; pop. abt. 280. "A bright genius often betrays itself into many errors, without -(over which there is here a stately wooden bridge,) 24 m. Bridgetton, in Missouri, a post-village of St. Louis co., a continual bridle on the tongue." - Watts. fromn Breslau. It has a ducal castle, a gyssmnasium and 15 Iu. N.W. of St. Louis. (Mil.) A guard to protect the arm; -used by cavalry. liubrary, and there are various work-houses and estuabBridge'ton, in Newu Jersey, a flourishing city and port (Saddlery.) A riding strap or rein; specifically, the lishments for the poor. — Alaif. Linen, cotton, and of eitry, cap. of Cunberland co., situate on both sides contrivance by which a horse is curbed, governed, asnd woolles fabrics. A little to the W. of B. is the battleof Cohansey Creek, 20 mn. from its embouchuiire into restrained bya urider, comprising the headstal aund reins. field of Mollwits. Delaware Bay, 60 mn. S.S.W. of Trenton, and 40 S. of (Ynaut.) A short rope used on boartd a ship, serving to Bliel, or Bia'elle, (breel,) a fortified sea-port of the Plhiladelphia. It is a neatly built town, with u consider- connect vwrious portions of a base of a sail withl thie bow- Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, on the N. shore of the able shipping trade, and possessing maniufactures of line, which otherwise only draws on the corner of the island of Voorn, near the isouth of the Meuse, 13 mi. W. iron, glass, nails, woollens, &c. Pop. abt. 8,000. sail. -Br-idies of the bowlines. The spans of rope at- of Rotterdum; LaS. 510 S4 11i N., Lon. 40 9, 51" E. Bridigetown, the capital of the island of Barbadoes, tached to the leeches of square sails, to which the bow- Adm uiral Vin Tromp (. v.) wvs born here. B. is also situate in Carlisle Bauy, which is 4 miles broad and lines are niade fast. - Bri(dile-cable. In the navigation of famous iin Dutch history as being the place where the 3 long. It is esteemed one of the finest cities in the a vessel, when a vessel is moored by laying down a cable first foundalion of the Republic of the Seven United West-India islands. Lut. 130 4' N.; Lon. 590 37' W.- upon the ground, wituI an anchor at each end, then Provinces was laid, in 1572. Pop. 4,734. Bridgetown was made a city in 1842, and has suffered, at another cable attached to thie middle of the ground-cable, Brietne, a town of France, dep. Aube, cap. cant., 15 different times, both from fires and hurricanes. It was is called a bridle-cable- m. N.W. of Bar-sur-Aube. This place is remsarkable as burun t down in April, 1668. The greater upart of it was Ba'idle, v. a. (imp. imID)LoD; pp. BISDLING.) To put a formerly possessing a miiltary college where the Emagain destroyed hy fire in 1756, 1766, and 1767. It had bridle on; as, to bridle a horse. peror Napoleon I. received the first rudimients of his scarcely recovered frost the effects of the dreadful confla- "The queen of beauty stopp'd her bridled doves." —Prior. education. - Here also he attacklied Bticher, Jan. 29, grations of these years, when it was torn from its foun- -To check, restrain, curb, control; as, to bridle one's 1814, forcing him fisom the town, which was reduced to dations by the storm of Oct. 10, 1780, in which over 4,000 temper. ashes, and compelling him, on the following day, to reof the inhabtitants miserably perished. Pop. abt. 20,000. With a strong, ad yet a gentle hand, treat to Trnines. Bridge'to wn, in Maryland, a P. 0. of Caroline co. You bridle faction, and our hearts command." —Waller. Briesns'burgh, in Kentucky, a P. 0. of Marshall co. Bridge'town, a parish of Ireland, co. Corki. - There -v. i. To hold sop the head and draw in the chin, as an act Briatz, (bre-udtz',) a small tosn of Switzerltnd, in the are also several small villages of this name in the same expressive of scorn, indignation, or disdain. Often fbl- canton of Berne, beautifully situated at the fbot of the counttry. lowed by up; as, the goodl lady bridleu! stp with dignity. Bernese Alps, on the north-east shore of the lake of tile Bridge Valley, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Bri'dle Creek, in Virginia, a P. 0. of Grayson co. same namue, and about 30 im. E.S.E. of Berne. Its cheese Bucks co. Brdi'dle-lha!st, n. The hand that holds and directs is held in high repste. Pop. 3,511. Bridge'vile, in Alabama, a post-office of Pickens co. the bridle in ridinig on horseback; the left hand. B., (LArE OF.) It is formned by the river Aar, at the foot Bridge'ville, in Delaware, a post-village of Sussex'"In the turning one might perceive the bridle-hand something of the Hasli valley, and by the same river it discharges co.. on the Nanticoke River, 38 m. S.W. of Dover. gently stir.; —Sidney. its surplus waters into Labke Thun. It is about 8 m. Bridge'ville, in Michigan, a P. 0. of Gratiot co. Briudle-patls, Britdle-road, Bri'dlle-way, n. longand 2 in breadth. This beautiful lale is situated at Brigl e'ville, in VesO York, a post-village of Sullivan A path, or road, &c., used by travellers onl horseback. an elevation of 850 feet above the sea; its average depth co.. on thi Neversink River, 106 ii. S.S.W. of Allbany. Bri'dle-port, n. (NSlut.) The foremost port-hole of a is about 500 feet, but in sonie places it is said to have a lridge'ville, in Neuw Jcrsey, a post-village of Warren. ship, through which the hawsers, cables, &c. are passed depthof iorethan 2,000feet. It is surrounded by towerco., on the Pequest River, 3 mi. E. of Belvidere. in order to hbe stowed. ingf moussntains, the principal of which is the hloth-Horn, Bridge'ville, in Ohio, a post-village of Muskingum Bri'dler, n. Onee who bridles, cuirbs, checks, or governs. fromn which splendid views of the whole range of the co., 62 m. E. of Colmbus. Bri'lisagton, (pronounced, and somietinies written, Bernese Alps are obtained. A smnall steanier plies daily ]ridge'water, FIANcIs EGERTON, second DuKE OF, the BURt'LINGTON,) a seaport towno of England, in the E. Rid- on the lake between B. and Interlachen, touching at the "Father of Itilanid Nauvigation in Great Britain," was ing of the co. of York, a mile frosn the sea-coast, 24 N. celeblrated Giessbach Fall every trip. I. 1736. Early inheriting greu:t wealth, and actuated by by E. of Hull, 37 E.N.E. of York, and 96 N. of london. Bril'er, n. [A. S. brier; Ir. briar; W. brath, a bite,'a scientific tastes, hlie devoted hissself to the development The harbor is good, anid B. is nmuch frequented in sum- stab.] A prickly plunt. or shrub. of the resources of his large estates, and the prosperity uer us a sea-bathing resort. Mlanf. Hats, nalt, bones,' What subtle hle is this, of his tenantry and neighbors. For the purpose of con- &c. Pop. 6,350. Whose mouth is cover'd with rude growing briers " — Shaks. necting the two rising cities of Liverpool and Munches- Bridoon', n. [Fr. bridon, from bride, a bridle.] (Mil.) Bri'er Creek, in Georgia, takes its rise in Warren co., ter, he conceived the ideas of cutting a navigable canal, The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which;acts in- and flowing S.E. for more than 100 m., emipties iinto the which would commsercially unite their initerests; and, dependently of the bit, at the pleasure of the ridler. Savwnnuah River, E. of Jaclksonboroughi. HIere, on March accordinigly, in spite of the scepticism ot the men of Brid'port, a seaport town of England, co. Dorset, 127 8d, 1779, General Ash, wuith 2,000 men, was surprised by science of his day, he succeeded wvith difficulty in get- it. W.S.W. of London. It is a haindsome town, with an the English under General Prevost, and defeated with a ting an Act of Parliament passed in 1758-9, to enable improved harbor, and carries on a considerable impout loss of nearly 500 isen. him to enter upon the project. With the assistance of and export trade. Malanf. Sail-cloth, twine, fishing-nets, Bi-ered, (Sst'erd,) a. Set or studded'ith briers. his celebrated engineer, Brindley (sl. V.), and ifter enor- &c. Pp. 8,490. Brierleld, in Aluubania, a post-office of Bibb co. mous expense, and years of difficulty, this great under- Brld'port, in Vermont, a post-township of Addison co., Biter 11111. in Nse lork, a P. O. of St. Luwrence co. taking was successfully accomplished in 1777. He after- 45 mn. S.W. of Montpelier, on the E. shore of Lake Chmn- Brery, a. Full of biers; rough; Shorny; prickly; as, wards promoted the Grand Trunk Canal Navigation, and plain. opposite Crown Point, in the State of New York; a briery hedge. by the two schemes, for a while, so impoverished himself pop. about 1,550. Briese, (St.,) a seaport town of France, ap. of dsp. that lie was freqluently at a loss for $50, lived in a style Brief, (hbrf,) a. [Fr. bref. from Lat. bresis, short.] Short; C3tesu-Ne aord, on the Gofet. near its embouchuie in thi of the closest fruglity, anid denied himuself salmost the concise; expressed in but few words; as. a brief answer. Bay of St. lrienuec, 38 m. W.S.W. of St. Malo. It is a commonest comforts of life. He became ultimately the " The brief style is that which expresseth much in little." fine and well-bsilt town. with a commodio us harbor. possessor of immense wealth, r-eaized froso tie results -eou Josson. -lanf. Linen, serge, flanneli, pa per, leuther. Lst. 4S0 of his life's labors, and D. in 1803. The aunnusal value of — Short of duration; hasting but a little time; as, a bSief 31' N., Lo. 20 45' W. Po. 16,87S. the "Bridhgewater Canssal Estatet' is estimiated at about engagement. B, aigade, (Sri-gd',) as. (Fr.; frosos Celt. luia, a coi$1.250,000. "But man. proudaman, puny of men; It. Ssigala, a compasny, a troop, a crew.] Brid gew~ater, a seauport of England, co. Somerset, on Drest in a little brief authority. —Suuaks. (Mil.) This term implies either the union of two or more the Parset, 28 m. S.S.W. of Bristol, and 152 W. of Len- -Common; customairy; rifs. (Used in suome parts of Rng- reghimoents or battalions of infuintry or cavsalry, or both don. B. is a pisics doing an extensive shipuing-tr~ade land and the U. Stuates.) together, either with or withoot artillery, under one both coastwise and foreign. Pop. 12,452. -n. [Ger.briealetter.] Ashort.orconcise writing; a cossssand. in the U. Stuates arnmy, 2 regimnents of inJBFridge'wat er', intCuuunecticut, a post-township of Litch- short extract or epitome rendered in a ibw vvords. fisntry or cavalry conistitute a B., whsich is commninded field co., 30 m. N.W. of New Haiven..uhknf. Hatts. " There is a brief, hoew many sports are ripe: by a brigsadier-genersah. Bridgeivater, in Maine, a post-township of Areos- liake choice of which your highness will see first." — Shaks. Bsigute iispcloc. An officer ovhsose duty it is So intook co., 130 in. N.N.E. of Baingor; pop. alit. 590. (Law.) An abrhidged stateement of thie facts in a casse spect troops in companies, before they are nmustered into Brltge'water, in Masusachuusetts, a post-tounelsip of before a court, and of the evidence in support thereol, service. -Buigade Major. An officer w'lo is auttachted Plymouth co., 27 m. S. by E. of Boston. Mlaucf. Machiss- with obseovations of the attorney or solicitor engasgeul to a brigade to performss dutites similhr to those of the cry. PEop. oboist 4,500. for the puirty on whose behulf it is prepared, and refer- sdjutsant of a rct.imcnt, and acts as an adc-ie-t -cainp to BRIG BRIG BRIL 367 the brigadier-general. Ho must be a captain or subal- land to the state of things which produced the Irish dence. It is in the Oriental style, being copied from the tern officer, and is generally selected from among the famine. lie appealed unsuccessfully for the dispatch Kremlin at Moscow. It now belongs to thile corporation captains of the regiments formiing the brigade. of a royal commission to investigate the condition of of the town by purchase fromn the royal family. B. has Brig, n. P[Front BRIGANTINE.] In its original sense, a India; and in 1849 he was appointed one of the mem- little or no commerce, being exclusively dependent npon vessel which was used by brigands or pirates; specifi- bers of the celebrated special committee of the House the patronage of its wealthy visitors and partial resically, a general term tbr a two-masted vessel, carrying a of Coinsons on official salaries. In the legislature, and dents. Pop. abt. 97.500. boom-mainsail, being otherwise square-rigged; that is, -in the provinces, especially at Manchester, hlie co-operated Bri'iShto'lag, in Cali/bsrnia, a post-township of Sacrawith Mr. Cobden in the movement which the latter mento co., on the American River, 5 in. E. of Sacrasosught to create in favor of financial retornm, mainly mento; pop. abt. 900. with a view to the reduction of the naval and military Bright'l on.li in llinois, a post-village of Macoupin co., establishments of the kingdom. In 1851, he voted with 60 mn. S.W. of Springfield. those lwho attenmpted to censure Lord Palmerston in the IBriglato'ra, in Indiana, a post-office of La Grange co. Don Pacifico affair, and in 1852 he took a prominent part Bright'osa, in Iowa, a post-village and township of in the welcome given to Kossuth by the advtnced libe- Washingtotn co.. 40 m. S.S.W. of Iowa City;pop. abt. 1,300. rals of Lancashire. On the formation of the first Derby -A townslhip of Cass co.; pop. abt. 100. q~l~ 1, ~ ~~ ~ ministry, B. aided in that temporary reorganization of Briglht'on, in Maine, a post-township of Somerset co., the Anti-Corn-Lhaw League, which the acceptance of fhee 45 m. N. of Augusta; pop. abt. 900. trade by the new governtment. afterwards renidered un- Bright'lon, in Massachusetts, a post-township of Mid7'/ /Th,-'81 snecessary. WitIt thile accession of Lord Aberdeen's diesex co., 4 min. W. of Boston; eop. abt. 4,050. Weekly // /~~~~~$~ an~ministry to power begsan the discussion of the Eastern cattle-fatirs are held here. question, his share in which alienated from B. manty of' Bright'oln. in Mlaryland, a P. 0. of Montgomery co. his bformer supporters. He denounced tite policy of the hBright'on, in Michigan, a post-village and township Russian war with the characteristic energy of what hIis of Livingston co., on Ore Creek, 43 m. S.E. of Lansing; oppo.ents styled his peace-at-any-price principles; but pop. of villiage abt. 600; of township, abt. 1,400. his protests against it. were stopped by ant attack of ill- Ba'ight'on, in Missouri, a post-village of Polk co., 24 M _____ ness thtt compelled hlim to forego all public action and mn. N. of Springfield. ~Fig. 4.~21.- a,~ retire to Italy to recover his health. ThIle news of the Bright'on,, in N3ew York, a post-village and township - 7iS. 121. —nRI~~t.defeat of the Paitnerston cabinet on the Canton question of Monroe co., on the Genesee River, 3 m. S. of Rocheshaving her sails brought to yards hung horizontally by reached B. while in Italy, in March, 1857. Although he ter; pep. (1870) 4,303. the nsiddle.-Hernvapr?-odite Brig. See HErA.-ePaRODIeE. had necessarily taken no personal part in the debate or ]Bright'on, in Oltio, a village of Cuyahoga co., 4 m. Brig, Brigg, n. [See BeIDEo.] A term used it Scot- division which produced Lord Palmerston's appeal to the S.W. of CQlevelantl. land, and sone parts of England, for a bridge; as, the country, yet he expressed his entire aepproval of the vote -A village of Clarke co., 35 in. W'. by S. of Columbus. Brigs of Ayr; Gleandford brigs, &c. of censure which had been proposed and carried on the -A post-township of Lorain co.,'30 m. S.E. of Sandusky "Now, do thy speedy utmost, Meg, motion of Mr. Cobden. At thie ensuing general election, City; pop. abt. 780. And win tihe key-state o' tie brig." - Busrss. B. (et tCist ime very unpopular) was rejected at Maln- iBrightlon, in Pennsylvania, a township of Beaver co., Brigadier-general, (brig-a-dcir',) n. (M.il) Tile chester by a large majority, but was afterwards returned on the Ohio River, contains Beaver, the co. seat. name given to the officer appointed to the commandu of for Birminghatgnm, a seat wvhich he has since constantly Bright'o@, or Oldl Bright'on, in:'Penysylasia, a a brigade. The post is generally given to one of the retained. Fromo that time B.'s nname has been mainly prosperous borough of Beaver co., on Beaver River, near colonels commaanding the regiments of which the bri- ideintified with a scheme for the retorm of the electoral its confluience with the Ohio, 29 m. N.W. of Pittsburg. gade is composed. He holds temporary rank between a representation, by a wide extension of the suffrage, and Mtan[. Cotton, paper, and flour; possesses an active colonel and a major-generatl. a miore equal distribution of the seats with reference to trade. eep. Abt. 1,100. fri-g'and, n. [Fr.; W. brigant, front brig, top, summit.] population, and alterations in the law of entail. Ile -A village of Mercer co. Literally, a mountaineer; specifically, a robber; a froe- wets an unompro nlsising advocate for the Union durinsg Briglht'o s, in Southl Carolina, a post-office of Beaufort bootelr; a eandit; as, a brigand of the Ahbruzzi. tile Civil War, and has since distinguished himself hey district. Brigasldage, (beeaaned-cZj,) n. [Fr.] The avocation of his strenuous support of Mr. Gladstone's Reform Act,'Brightlon, in Vermont, a township of Essex co., O60 m. a brigeand; freebooting; robebery; plunder; as, the Ital- which, after keen opposition, was passed in 1868. After N.E. of Montpelier; pop. abt. 1,140. ian government is endeavoring to suppress brigandage. the genieral election in November of tihe sasme year, Mr. ]Brighton, in Wiscoesin, a post-village and township Br'igmnminie, BrctvANTINE, n. [0. Fm. brigantl; front L. Gladstone and the advanced liberal party acceded to of Kenoshas co.; pop. abt. 1,500. Let. brigans, a light-armed soldier.] (Mil.) A Mind of power, when B. became a ememsteer of the Cabinet as -A townshiip of Winnebago co. scale armor, worn during the Middle Ages by a descrip- President of the Board of Trade, with tihe rank of a Brightesn, a post-village of Upper Canada, Northurnmlion of light troops called B-igands, who were employed Privy Councillor. - B.'s reputation as a statesman bears berland co., on Presque Isle IIarbor, Lake Ontario, 100 as skirmishers. no comparison with that for his parliamsentary eloquence. m. E.N.E. of Toronto; pop. abt. 850. " Then pet ton tby belmet, Ho is one of the triumvirate of great orators now adorn- Bright's Bisease, n. (Mled.) A peculiar disease of And brigandinc of brass." — Milln tleIiles o nae r D.~Bi~t ieA~tt l And brigandine o brass." -M n. ins the British Senate, viz., Gladstone, Disraeli, Bright; the kidneys, so naned ftom Dr. Bright, the first to draw Bri-aiittie, (bri91'an-tjn,) n. [Fr. brigantin, fr-om nr BrigPantine (lesig-aee-ties,) a. [FEr. brigntin, from amand despite the comnparative unpopularity of his extreme attention to the existence of this singular affection, the briueend; She. bergantin.] The name sometimes applied radical political views,. le is one of the most admeired chief chiaracteristic of which is the presence ofa greater to a brig. Tihe latter term, as an abridgment of B., is and respected of the public men of his country. His or less amounnt of serumu separated frome the blood, and now commeonly used.- See Biets. tbiography was published by Felt & Dillinghanm, New found in the urine voided from tihe bluadder. - Syseptems. Briggs, in Misnnesota, a township of Sherburne co.; York, 18t9. Pain in the back aned loins, at first slighht and occasional, pop. about 70. Bright, in Indiana, a post-office of Dearborn co. but becoming heavy, dull, and settled, accompanietd Brigg's Logarithmnsr, n. p. (Matsh.) The common B;i'Ist, a parish of Irelanld. co. Down. with restlessness and fever, and tile usnual fumnctional or vulgar systne. of togarithms, constructed on thr base Briglatlee, (br-t's,) v. a. To make briglht or erighter; disturbance in tile other organs; loss of appetite, hectic 10, is sometimes celled Bi-jg's system, after their con- to increase the lustre of; to make to shine; as, his looks flushes, and general disturbance. These symptonms are struetor Henry Bri-gs, a contemporary of Lord Napier, strIuctor H Ienry Brrigg, a costmpary of Los-t Naptee, Lbightened. succeeded by enlargement in the loins, edmema, or swellwho discovered logarithenis in the ecerly pert of thie 17th -- Salutes the Spring, as her celestial eyes ing ofthe lime and extremnities, and finally a state of century. -See LOGA ITHMS. Adorn the world, and brighten up the skies."-Dryden. general dropsy. Should these synmptoDms lail to point Briggsville, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Luzerne co. -To nake illustrious; to addlustre or distinction to. out the disease, heat mapplied to the urine will at once Briggs'ville, in Wisconsin, a post-village of'3Marquette "1Hoe blessing bighten as they take their fight I "-s oun. indicate its character; tbor the sernum nwill beconmecoaguco., 11 in. N.W. of Portage city; pop. about 300. -To ma gay or cheerful; to relieve b throwing light latel, an, accoding to the tmo nt preseit, either the Brig'haan City, in Utah Teerritory, a post-village, cap. w-Tomole will be rendered solid, or masses of coagaulst will of Box Elder co., sear Beaver River, 60 m. N. of Salt _upom gloom; as, brightenling prospeCts. be seen oatieg about the water.- The causes of lthis Lake City; pes. about 1,100. To become acute or witty. terrible mltiedy are any which cause congestion of the Brig-ht, (brat'l,) a. [A.S. beor~t, br~iMt, byht, or br;r " How the wit brightens i h ow the style refbrightens I howthestylerefines I "-P'ope. Bright, (bm-Fl,) a. [A.S. beorht, beiht, Syt-ht, or Se-p/it; "Mm b i eess e Cssysrls!epte hkidneys-imindulgeince in streeng drinkls, long-continued probably relatted to bar, bear, bare, nalked; Goth. bar, — v. i. To grow bright or more bright; to clear up; as, the suppuration, exposure to wet and cold. the exanthenianaked, manifest, clear, conspicuoUs.] Glancing; twink- sky brightens. tons fevers. and pregmniancy. The cure is very uncertain. ling; clear; luminous; shining; full of light and splen- "And, all his prospects brightening to tbe last, Bright'soine. a. Bright; hluciel lustious; brillimmt. dor; as, a brig/t moon..i ee i utHis heaven commuences ere the world be past." - Goldsmith. Bright Star, ie Texas, a post-office of Hopkins co. "t were aa l one B'righlt-harnaessee, (brtt'hcfr-nest,) a. Decked with gBa rights'ville, in Souti Carolina, a village of Marlnhat I shoule d tlove a brigt, particusar -tar, glittering armor. (Poetical.) borough district. And think to wed it.5' - Sliks. - s t gttnuehBrigt-hed, (bthd,) a. With a bright tint or Brig-ht'wood, in District of Columbia, a post-office of — Transmitting liht; translucent; transparent; as, bright color. h e (rhid, )n co. Cnbryst atenl. dm denb innd'-rsu Brighst'ly, adv. Splendidly; with lustre; as, how ecBrignais, ia village of France, near Lyons, where, April " Bright as young diamonds in their infant dew." - Dryden. brig~htly the stars shine. 2, 1YB1, the French, under Jacques de Bourbon, were debsig/mtly the stare shins. ~~2, 1:161, the French, under Jacques tie Bournbon, weven tie. -Resplendent with shiming or attractive qualities; as, a " Safely I slept, till brightly dawning shone feated by the Free Comeanies im the service of England. bright young face. The moon, conspicuous on her golden throne." - Pope. BrignL' leisn a town of Frances dep. Var, cap. arrond., All that's bright must fade, - ri-ght'ness, n. Quality of being bright, splendid, or on the Carnmi, 22 mi. N.N.:E. of Toulon. Thie town is The brigbhtet stilt the fleetest." - noorer. clear; lustre; splendor; glitter. neat snd well-built, and is finely situated in a felrtile -Sparklic ng with wit; acute in intellect; cheerful in ", The blazing brightness of her beauty's beam... basin, serrouded by ligh, wooded hills. Masf. Oil, spirit; brilliant in manner and presence. To tell, were asto strive against the streanm." - Faerie Queens. wiee, liquors, bracndy, ind the choice prunes known as " Blrightest and best of the sons of the morning."-Bishop Heber. -Acuteness of intellect; perspicuity of understanding; bSigneel s. Pop. 6,757. -Lucid; clear; manifest; evident to the mind; as, a keeenness of wit. Bri'gownm, a parish of Ireland, co. Cork. bright idea. -" The brightness of his parts... istinguished him in an age Brihne'ga, a town of Spain, in New Castile, on the That he may with brighter evidence draw the learner on.'" Watts. of great politeness. — Prior. Ftjuna, 20 m. E.N.E. of Guadalaimara. Here, Dec. 9,1710, (Painting.) Shining with light; a term applied to Brightlon, (formerly BrtasnIuELMsToNE,) a fashionable the French, under the Duke de Vend6One, defeated the a picture in which the lights preponderate over the watering-place, and parliamentary borough of England, allies commanded by Lord Stanhope. shadows. co. Sussex, 47 us. S. of London. This place —which lieas Brill, (bril,) n. (Zobl.) The Pleuronectes rtho bus, a fish Brightn&, Jotrm, a distinguished English orator and states- teen called the modern Baice —is sitfuate on the coast resembling the turbot in its general form, but inferior man, n. 1811. He is a partner in the firm of'John of the British Channel, betw-een Beechy Heaed sied to it in size and qumality. It is distinguished from the Bright A Brothers," cotton spinners taed malnufsmtur e rs Selsey Bill, and is one of the handsomsest towns it the turbot by the perfect smoothmness of its skin, which is at Rochdale, and entered public life by taking pamrt ie kIeingdoim, and so constant a resort of the upper claesses covered withs sceiles of noderate size, and by its pale the reform nagitation of 1831-2. In 1839, he distinguished of metropolitan society thiet it has received the elppella- brown color above, marked by scattered yellow-ish or himself heolitically by becoming one of thie earliest mem- tion of Loindots-super-Maue ("n London-by-the-Soes). B. rufbus spots. bers of time Aneti-('orn-Law Leeeqeee, which grew out of is ipre-eminmently distingeished for its architectursal BILl~, PAcL, an eminent fresco-painter, B. at Anftwerp, an associestion formed in 1838 to obtain the repeal of th.ee teauty, its fine surronunding scenery, its superb prome:. 1554. Eimulating the example ofl his brother, a painter Corn Laws. He was thesrepresenmtaetive of the city of hiade- neindos and drimves, and fosr thie gemneral aim- of fashion, of some neete in hilt day, he placed himself under his ham from 1843 until 1847C, wheen he wats returned for weealth, and gayety. It would be going beyond our tuition, etnd aessisted him in his wovrks at the Vatican, Manchester. During the interval between liis election limits nere we to panrticularize the various attractive where they were employed by Pope Gre-gory XIII. On for Mamchester and the accession of the first Derby Bin- features of B.; we mnty mesntions, hon-ever, the neagnifi- the accession of Sixtis V., B. was engaged in time Sistine istry to power, B.'s activity in P'rliament and on the cet but fa ntastic palac erected here hy Geo-ge IV., Chapel, St. Manea Maggiore, and the Scala Santa of St. platform was varied and contimeuous. In the House of bearing the name of The Paviiost, but which has, since John Lateran. By direction of Clement VIII., he painted Commons he proposed to applytie remedy of freetCreedsi mlthat monarch's demise, been disused as a royal resi- his great work in the Scala Clementina, a landscape on 368 BRIN BRIiN BRIS a grand scale, 68 feet wide, in which he introduced the Brinudle, n. Quality or state of being brinded, varie- To bring down. To abase; to humble; to cause to subject of St. Clement thrown into the sea with an gated, spotted; as, "A natural brindle." - Richardson. descend from a certain position; as, to bring down her anchor roundi his neck. D. at Rome, 1626. Brin'dled, a. [Fronm A. S. blresnsan, to burn.] Marked pride. Brill'iance. Brill'iancy, n. Quality or state of with streaks of different colors, as if burned in; varie- To bring qff. To clear; to procure to be' acquitted; to being brilliant; splendor; glitter; great brightness or gated; spotted; brinded; as, a brindled cow. cause to escape; to bear or convey away; as, to bring off lustre; as, b'illiace of execution, "The boar, my sisters I aim the fatal dart, a prisoner, to bring q0' water firom shore. Brilliant. (brili-ant,) a. [Fr. brillant, from briller, to And strike tile brindled monster to the heart."-Addison. "Set a kite upon the bench, and it is forty to one he'll bring of shine. sparkle, or glitter; allied to beryl and pearl.] Grin'dletown. in North Carolina, a P.O. of Burke co. a crow at the bar." - L'Estrange. Shining; glittering; sparkling; twinkling; splendid; Brind'ley, JAMES, an eminent English civil ellgineer Tb bring on. To produce as an occasional cause; to lustrous; as, a brilliant gem. and mechanician, B. 1716. On account of the poverty induce to begin; to originate; as, to bring on a battle, a "Replete with many a brilliant spark, of his family, he received little mtore than the mere rudi- disease, &c. As wise philosophers remark." - Lord Dorset. ments of education, and becatnc, at 17, apprenticed to a "The great question which... has brought on them all those -Eminent by admirable qualities of mind or manner; as, wheelwright at Macclesfield, where his natural abilities miseries." — Locke. a brilliant orator. soon developed themselves. After distinguishing him- To bring over. To carry across; as, to bring over re- Just knows, and knows no more, her Bible true, self by the contrivance of water-engines and other me- infotbrcemnents, passengers, &c.; to convert; to make prosA truth the brilliaut Frenchman never knew." - Cowper. chanical apparattlus, lie became known to the Duke of elytes, &c. — n. A diamond of the finest cut, formed into a number Bridgewater (q. v.), then planning his great schetre of "The Protestant clergy will find it, perhaps, no difficult matter of facets, so as to refract the light, by which it derives inland navigation for connecting Liverpool sail Man- to bring great numbers over to the church." - Swift. increased lustre. Tihe principal tfce, which is called the chester by means of a canal. This work, ridiculed as it To bring out. To exsibit; to show; to introdtce to table, is surrounded by a fringe composed of at numtber hadl been by all the scientific men of the day, the duke society; to expose; to detect; to britg to light. of facets, which is all that is visible above the bezel persevered in, and B. undertook the charge of it; when, These shake his soul, and, as they boldly press, when set. The proportion for the depth should be half after encountering altnost insuperable difficulties, and Bring out his crnines, and force him to confess. - Drpden. the breadth of the stone, terminated with a small face for the timne almost financially ruhinin the duke, the suc- T bing nder. To subdue; to repress; to redce to To bring under. To subdue; to repress; to reduce to parallel to the table, and connected with the surface by cess of this bold attelnpt was triumphanltly establislhed. obedience elongated facets. As the octohedron is the most corn- In 1766, B. commenced the fortatioc of the Grd Tosay tat the more capable,. ath such right to oer, mon naturatl form of thle stone, and the brillianut cut is Trunk Canal, uniting the rivers Trent and Mersey; as he may compulsorily bring under the less worthy, is idle." by far the most advantageous it point of effect, besides which nndertaking was completed after his death, in Bacon. being the most economical formt that can be adopted, it 1777. Tihe valriety of his inventions aind the fertility of To bring up. To educate; to instruct; to form; to is generally preferred. - See DIAMOND. his resources were only equalled by the silmplicity of' the rear; to trn; as, to ig p a child; to ce to adBrilliante, (bril-ldn'te,) n. [It.] (Music.) Prefixed means he adopted. He sildom used any nodel or draw- vance; as, to b riing sop troops. to a movement, this term denotes that it is to be played in-, but relied on the retentiveness of his memory; and e that kes upon him the charge of ini p young en, W 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~He that takes upon him the charge of bringintg uip young men, in a gay andr lively, or brilliant manner. wlien conceiving any great design, passed days itn bed to.... should have something more in him tha'n Latin." - Locke. Brill'a.ntly, adv. Splendidly. meditate over it. When asked, on hiis examination beBrill'iantness, n. State of brilliancy; splendor; fore the House of Commons, "For what purpose do yto ruetrn lu s t r e. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~as, to bring back a truant. — To bringforwvard. To place lustre. consider rivers to have been created?" B. at once re- om to briny bac a trunt.- To bl'id gfsrsiarn. To place Bril'lion, in Wiscosin, a post-township of Calumet plied, " Undoubtedly, to feed navigable canals." D. 1774. prominently before; to lead forth into notice;, to co., 13 min. E.S.E. of Appleton; pop. about 380. Brine, n. [A. S. bryne, fom ry, the sea ce. ri rinSoar a sugestion.- bring to. To restore Bril'lon, a town of Prussia, prov. Westphalia, reg. Tie sea or oceas. to life or consciousness; as, to bring to a halt drowned Arnasberg, cap. circ., 24 m. S.E. of Soest. Mnf. Lie, man. -' bring to. (Nant.) To check a ship's course, M~rn~ inetl, " The air was calm, and on the level brine b ialn h al ou ocntrc ahohr and brass goods. Silver, lead, and calumine are found Sleek Pauope, with all her sisters, played." -Milton. by brailing the sils as to co teract each otherin the vicinity. Pp. 4,730. -Salt vater; water strongly iupregeated with salt; as, To bring by the lee. To stand to the leeward, when a Brills, n. pi. The hairs on the eyelids of a horse. to steep meat in brine, ship is sailing large, so as to bring the leeside rapidly to B~inl, n. A. S. b,~~!n~m _ bet and?~yma?~,~ to en~argo, towindwardl, and th~erefobre, by throwing the sails abackr, Brimn, n. [A. S. bryutno - be, and. rymana, to enlarge, to "Add to it as much salt as will make a strong brine." —Mortimer. widwaro, and terefore, by throwing tie sails abac, extend.] The rim, edge, lip, margin, or brink of a vessel expooing ber to be capsized. orxtendt! T r ee i agno r o v — Metaphorically, tears; so designated from their salthess. Bring'er, n. The person who conveys or brings any or other thing; as, tie brim of a hat. " hat a deal of brine thing. "Ho my hed tn ointent swim t Hath woh'd thy "What a deal of brine tiring.' How my head in ointment swims I Hath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline I "- Shaks. "O'he first bringer of unwelcome news How my cup o'erlooks her brims!" - Crashaw. — v. a. To steep in brine: as, to brine beef. h",.a but a losing office." - Shaks. -The brink, margin, or verge of a fountain, &c.; a border. -To strew salt over; as, to brine a meadow. Bringer-up. A trainer; an instructor. "Within whose cheerful brims. "Within whose chaerrul otbrims, kBrine'-cock, Brine'-valve, n. (Marine Engi- "Italy and Rome have been breeders and bringers-up of the That curious nymph had oft, been known To b'cIke her snowy hiusbd. - Drbetokn. neering.) An apparatus for allowing the escape of tihe worthiest of men." - Ascham. brine at the boiler, at every stroke of tle feed-punmp. Bring'iers, in Louisifana, a vill., cap. of St. James par. Brim, v. a. To fill to the brim, edge, or top. Bi, v. a. To fill to the brim, edge, or top. It consists of two cocks, or valves, fixed on the same Brin'ish, a. [See HarN in.] Hutving the taste of brine;,'Then brims his ample bowl; with like design "Tenimo his ample howl; with like desin vertical spindle; the one valve is in the passage between saltish; saline. The rest invoke the gods with srprinksled wine." —Dryden. The rest invoke the gods with pinkled wie."-Dden. the feed-pump and the boiler. and the other to the brine "Expecting ever when some envious surge -v. i. To be full to the brim; as, a brinsming stream. discharge; the feed-wutter acts on the under-surface of Will, in his brinish bowels, swallow him." - Shako. "Now horrid frays Commence, the brimming glasses now are hurld the tpper valve, by whicuh means it is raised, and allows Brin'ishness, n. Saltness; tendency to saltness. With dire intent." - Philsps. the feed-water to-eniter the boiler. But in rising, it Brink, (bringk,) n. [Dan. and Swed. brink, from tke W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~]ink~ (brin).[a.adSed binknt fro theip Brim'i eld, in Illinois, a post-village of Peoria co, abt raises also the lower valve, because they are connected rootof brlealk.] Literally,a breakl or ternination; hence, 20 m. W.N.W. of Peoria; pop. about 1,250. together by the spindle, and thus the brine is permittel the edge, mnrgin, or borderof a steep place, as of a precBrim'Ifield, in Indiana, a post-office of Noble co. to escape; on the up-stroke of the teed-pumip, the feed- ipice, cliff, gully, or river. Brilhn'mfield, in Massachu.lettf, a post-township of -amp- water ceases to flow, and the entrance of water and exit And from the precipice's brink retire, den co., 70 min. W. by S. of Boston, possessing manufiac- of brine stop at the sanme time. A difference in the arests Afraid to venture on so large a leap." - Dryden. tures of carriages, leather goods, &c.; pop. abt. 1,650. of the valve regulates the proportion between the quait- aBrink'erton, in Pennsylvania, a P.O. of Clarion co. Brim'field, in Ohio, a post-village of Portage co., 40 tity admitted and that expelled. Brinkleyville, in North Carolioa, a post-village, of m. S.S.E. of Cleveainssd; pep. atsont 1,100. Brine'-pan, n. The term applied to a receptacle of Halifax cc.. 00 too N.E. of Raleiwh. Brim'fal, a. Full to the brinm or top; as, brimful of salt water, where salt becomes crystallized by solar B]rinley's Station, in Olio, a post-office of Preble co. liquor. action. Briin'ton, in Ohio, a post-office of Champaign co. "The good old king at parting wrung ty hand, Brine'-pit, n. A salt spring or pit, whence water is Brainvilliers, MARIE MARnCUERIT, MAnQVtsE DE, (bratnHis eyes brioofu5 of tears." - Addison. ttaken for cisemical evaporation into salt. veel'e-ai,) a notorious poisoner, was the daoughter of Dreux Brim'less, a. Without a brimo; as, a brinldessp cap IBrPie' - pin s], a. (Moasrine ngineeoring.) The pump d'Arlbray, liutetonant of Puaris, and received a ccareful Brimmtr ed, (briald,)p. a. Hlaving a brim X- used gen- it a st quanlity, used occasionally for drawitg off a suit edsucation. In 1651 she was married to the marquis, and eraly with a compound qualification; as, a broad- ficet qttity of water, to prevent the salt fo e- formed an improper attachment to St. Croix, a yonng erally swith a otunspottud qustliostcangon; ase boader brimnmedl hat. potO i the boiler cavalry officer. Tihe ltter wvas imprisoned in the Bastile, Brim'mer, n. A bowl full to the top; as, a b'rimoneo Brine spring, a. A spring of salt water. and there learned from Exili, an Italiant, the composition of wine. Brin', v. a. (iuuup. and pp. BRaouwT.) [A.S. bringan; of poisons, which art he aftewvards taught to his mistress. ",When healths go round, and kindly brimmcre flow, Gsr. suisgen; Goth. briggaso; Swed, and Goth. bringa They then commenced a series of poisonings, the first Till the fresh garlaonds on their foreheads glow."-Dryden. probably allied to bear, or to reach.] To lead, draw, or victim being the mnarqnis's father, then his two brothers Briin'ning, a. Full to the top or brim. cause to come; to guide; to induce. and his sister, with a view to the ultimate possession of "And twice besides her beestings never fail,'I was the chief thaut raised him to the crown, tlheir fortunes. These crimes were not discovered until To store the dairy with a bim ing pal." Doyden. And I'll he chief ito brig him down again." - Skake. the death of St. Croix, in 1676, when there were found To store the dairy with a-o, bar, onvey or arryto a, he -ing badnews Brimstone, (brim'st5e,) n. [A. S. bryne, a bourning. -To bear, convey, or carry to; as, he brings bad news. o b hitm soine papers which cast suspicion on the marand stone; Goth. briunao, to burn; Sansk. bhrs; Icel "In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts chioness. She fled, but was arrested at Liege, and bebcwunstein.] (Min.) A commercial name for refined sul- Btsng sad thougrhts to the oindu" - Wordhworeu. heeaded, 1676. Her career had excited such terror in phur.-See SuLPHun. — To fetch; to procure; to producs; as, lie brought her France, that Louis XIV. instituted a distinct tribunal, (Scrip.) Sodom and the other cities of the Plain were home. the C/ambubre Ardente (q. v.), to investigate cases of pohdestroyed "by B. and fire." (Gen. xix, 24.) "Take away the sword; soniinsg by the "succession powder" used by the mar-a. Made of, or petainig to, brimstone; as, istone- States can be saved without it; bring thie pen I "-Bulwer Lytton. chiotess. — a. Made of, or pertaining to, brimstone; as, br~imstone- c h os. colored. — To prevail over; to attract; to induce; to lead by Brin'y, a. Pertaining to brine, or to the sea; as, the Brian'stony, a. Full of brimstone; containing suil- degrees. briny deep. plaur; soulpiurous. "In years that bring the philosophic mind." - Wordsworth. "Then, briny seas, and tasteful springs, farewell." - Addison. Brin'ded, a. [See BarcoDon.] Streaked; brindled; va- -To convey; to move; to carry; to draw along; as, that Bri'ony, n. (Bet.) See BRo0NaA. riegated with different colors. cloud brings rain. Briesee, (bre'yhide,) (anc. BRIVAS,) a town of France, "She tam'd the brintded lioness,;' In distillation. the water ascends difficultly, and brings over dep. IIaute-Loire, near the river Allier, 29 m. N.W. of And spotted mountain pard." - Milton. with it some part of the oilof vitriol." - Newtoln. Ie P. t is birthplace of Lfyette. Pop. 5,128. L~e Puy. It is the birthplace of Lafayette. Pop. 5,128. Brindisi, (brin-di'se,) (anc. Brundusium,) a seaport To bring forth. To give birth to; to produce; to make Irisach, (Nlew,) afortified town of France, dep. Hautandcityof S. Italy, prov. Lecce. cap. dist., at tile bottomn manifest; to bring to light; as, to bring forth a child, Rhin, near the left bank of the Rhline, opposite to Old of a bay between capes Cavallo and Gollo. In antiquity, an argument, &c. B., 9 m. S.E. of Colmar. B. was built, in 1690, by Lotis this was one of the most imnportant cities of Itsfly, and os The good queen, XIV., and fortified by Vauban. it is a regular octagon, was the port whence the intet'course between Italy saud For sloe is good. hath brought you forth a daughter." — Shaks. and is regaorded as one of the finest works constructed Greece and the Easut wvas usually carried on. It is now "Idleness and luxury bring forte poverty and want." —Tillotson. by thttcelebrated engineer. P - 3,05. a poor, decssyed place; butt a vast pla-n for the rcon- To bSuing about. To bring snything to pass; to effect; ]nais'basse, ito Australia, a county of Qoeensland; Lat. struction of the old Ihatbor (long ago filled up) was ap- to cuause to occur; as, to brirsg abotet a qutarrel. between 360 and 370 S., Lot. 149~ E. It was formnerly a proved of by thise Italisn governnent in 1565, atud pron- big about, British penal settlement, which it ceased to be in 1842. ises to be ca\rried out. It is pur~posed to makle this port, "Ti ecnevsnthr o~.~naol If ail of you would join to help him out." — Dryden. BoRISB aNE, a ses-port, formerly cap. of thie above cotunty, when so improved, the connecting point of a great lieto To bo'ing in. To gather, as persons or things dis- ansi now the chief city of Queensland. It is sitoouute usbuout of steamers, intendesd to be establishedl by a nes cors- persed; to introduce, ns an odserett; to produce, as 640. N. of Sydney, near the usouth of a river of its mercial organizatisun in England, called the G,'eat Or]- onln name, which falls into Moreton Bay. ental Csomupany, (with a capital of $30,000,000,) usnd monoy; Co reduce wi.iin certain limits. cot usume, ic fal intoof Wood co. "Hie protests he loves you, Bi'o uniiT.Vsisa.0 fWo o w~hich will forns Clue neortest mail route between Rug- A he s r, b ut his liking, Bnri.seits, (bo'i-se'is.) (Anc. Lit.) A girl of Lyrnessue, land and India, vid Egypt. Pop. of B. 9,728. To brinsg you in again.' - Shubs. called also H"ppodamia. When her country was takea BBRIS BRIS BRIT 369 by the Greeks, she fell to the share of Achilles in the deavored to destroy his courage and self-possession. The century it suffered severely, being alternately taken and division of the spoils. Agamemnon afterwards took pos- only regrets hlie expressed were at the political errors he retaken by tile hostile armies. Sebastian Cabot, Chatsession of her, and Achilles thereupon made a vow to had committed, and at leaving his wife and children in terton, Soutlhey, and Sir Thomas Lawrence, were born absent himself from the field of battle at Troy. This absolute poverty. lie was condemned, of course, and here. Pop. about 174,390. incident 1Homer makes one of the chief features of his went to the guillotine with twenty other Girondists, his Bris'tol, in Connecticut, a post-village and township of Iliad. associates and friends, on the 31st of October, 1793, just Hartford, 15 min. S W. by W. of Hiartford. Here are exBrisk, a. [IW. brysg, from brhys, extreme ardor or eager- nine months and ten days after they had voted the death tensive factories of clocks, anti iron and brass bfoundries. ness; Fr. brusque, from It. brusco.] Lively; quick; ac- of Louis XVI. (whose life however they attempted to Pop. about 3,120. tive; nimble; vivacious; gay; sprightly of action; as, spare), and fifteen days after the execution of the Queen Bristol, in Florida, a post-office of Liberty co. a brisk walk. Marie Antoinette. They marched to the scaffold with Bristol, in Illinois, a post-township of Kendall co.; pop. "Kind, and brisk, and gay, like me." - Denham. all the stoicism of the times, and singing, as it was the about 1,6:30. -Full of spirit; sharp and effervescing to the taste; as, fashion to do, the Marseillaise, or song of the republic. -A post-village of above township, on the Fox River, 6 brisk cider. They all died with courage. B. was only 39 years old. m. from Oswego, and 52 W.S.W. of Chicago. "Our nature here is not unlike our wine; His companions in death were Vergniaud, GensonwG, -A village of Effingham co., 12 m. S.W. of Kwington. Some sorts, when old. continue brisk and fine." - Denham. Fonfrnde, Ducos, ValazG, Lasource, Silliry, Gardien, Car- Bristol, in Indiana, a flourishing post-villsge of ElkA brisk fire. One burning with freedom, activity, and ra, Duprat, Beauvais, Duch'atel, Mainvielle, Lacaze, Boi- hart co., on the St. Joseph's River, 156 m. N. of Indiaclearness, lean, Lehardy, Antiboul, and Vig6e. B. stood at the napolis. A brisk fire of artillery or musketry. A rapid and con- head of the party, which he embraced. At one time in Bristol, in Towa, a post-village and township of Worth tinuous discharge of heavy guns, or small-armis. his political career a large section of the house was called co., of which it is the cap., 128 in. N. by E. of Des Moines. -v. a. To cheer; to enliven; to animate; to render after Ihis nasme, Tshe Brissotiss. lie was singularly hun- Pop. about r, 1,0; of township, about 450. sprightly. eat and disinterested; hlie sincerely wished the good of Bristol, in NMaine, a post-township of Lincoln co.. on To brisk up. To make brisk or lively; to animate. his country, but he knew not how to accomplish it. His the Atlantic, 30 m. S. by E. of Augusta. Ship-building -v. i. To conme up in a sharp, lively, active manner. biographers have recorded of him, that lie was mild and is extensively carried on. Pop. about 4,000. Bris'ket, n. [Icel. briosk, a gristle, from Goth. brusts, simple in his manners, small of stature, weak, and some- Bristol, in Maryland, a post-office of Anne Arundel co. the breast: Fr. brechet; Gael. brisgean, a gristle.] That what deformed in person, and that his countenance was Bristol, in Massachusett.s, a S.E. county, area 517 sq. part of the breast of an animal that lies next to the ribs, frank, open, and expressive. m. It is bounded S. Ihy Buzzard's Bay, and watered by Brisk'ly, ade. Actively; vigorously; with life and Bristersburg, in VTrginia, a P. 0. of Fauqisier co. the Taunton River, &c. Its sea-coast, about 18 m. in exspirit. Bristle, (br oh) n. [A. S. brist; Frisian, boarstel; Di. tent, is indented by numerous bays and good harbors, Brisk'ness, n. Liveliness; vigor; quickness; gayety; borstel-bour, and sleb, a stalk.] The long, stiff, coarse affording facilities for navigation, and the fisheries are vivacity; effervescence. hair growing on the back of the hog mnd wild-boar, asnd extensively prosecuted. Su,:face. Mainly level. Soil. Brisson, B.kaNouL, (brees'son,) an eminent French jn- extensively used itn the manufacture ot'f brushes, and also Partially fertile; iron is extensively found. Prin. Towns. rist, B. 1531. He attained to tihe highest honors of the by shoeosseakers and esaddlers. The quality of B. depends Taunton, and New Bedford. Pop. about 95.000. French bar, and became president a neortier in 1583. on the length, stiffness, color, and straightness. Bristol, in Minnesota, a township of Fillmore co., neat hienri III. used to say that no other king could boast of (Bit.) Rigid, thick-walled hair, usually of a single the frontier of Iowa; pop. about 700. having in his service so learned a man as B., and he con- cell; or any similar bodies, of whatever nature; as the Bristol, in.Missostri, a post-office of Webster co. missioned him to collect and edit the ordinances of his pubescence on certain plants. Bristol, in Nesw Hampsshire, a post-township of Grafton predecessors and his own, which appeared under the -v.a. To erect in bristles. (Sometimes followed by up.) co., 30 m. N. of Concord. Maf. Leather and woollens. title, CLde de He nri Il., Roy de France et de Pologne, re- " Boy, bristle thy courage tip." - Shaks. Pop. about 1,350. digg en osrdee par messire Barnabi Brisson, fol., 1587, -To attach a bristle to; as, to bristle a thread. Bristol, in Neso Yos7', a post-village and township of afterwards republished, with additions, under Henri IV., -v. i. To rise or stand erect, as bristles. Ontario co., 212 m. VW. of Albany; pop. about 1,980. by Le Caroen, 1609, anrd commonly called Code Henri. B. "Thy hair so bristles with unmanly fears, Bristol, in Ohio, a post-township of Morgan co., 30 m: was also the author of many other woks,. exhibiting the As fields of corn that rise in bearded ears." - Dryden. N.WV. of Marietta; pop. ablout 1,850. highest erudition. In 1589, he was made first president p t an appearance of standing close and erect, A village of Perry co., 48 m. W.N.W. of Marietta. -To present an appearance of standing close and erect, of' the Parliament, and after Henri's death, in Aug. of li bistles. -A township of Trumbull co.; pop. about 1.350. like bristles. thi same year, proclaimed this Duke de Mayeine, te "The hill of La Hays Saints bristling with ten thousand bayo- -A village of Wayne co., 100 m. N.E. of Columbus, and chief of the League, lieutenant-general of tihe kingdom. nets."- Thackeray. 14 from Wooster; pop. about 400. B. soon after became suspected by the faction of the rn. Bristol, in Pnnsylvania, a handsome post-borough of "1Sixteen" who ruled in l'aris, and who thought that he B bristle p. To mnifest courage, defic, or scorn. ucks co., on the Delaware River. 19 m. above Philadelwas favorable to Hemri IV. He was accordingly arrested W licl makes him plne himself and bristle p phia, and 115 E. by S. of htiarrisburg; pop. about 4,000. The crest of youth against your dignity." - Slhaks. and summarily hanged on the 15th Nov., 1591. — A post-township of Bucks co., on the Delaware River. Brissot, JEAN PI tauE, (brees'so,) one of the leading men Bris'tle-bearing, a. Possessing bristles. -A suburb, forming part of the city of Philadelphia. of the French Revolution, B. at Ouarville, near Chartres, Bris'tleness, n. State or quality of having bristles. Bristol, in Rhode Islad, an E. county, possessing an 1754. He was thesoe of a pastry-cook, and bred to the Bris'tle-pointed, a. (Bat.) That terminates gradually area of about 25 sq. mn., bounded S. and W. by Narraganlaw, which he never followed. An acquaintance with in a sharp point, as the leavesof certain mosses.-Lindley. sett Bay, and E. by Monnt Hope. Surface. Undulating. English booiks gave himn a turn for politics; when, for a Bris'tle-slaped, a. Resembling a bristle in shape. Mil. Fertile. The inhlabitants are largely interested in time, he settled at Boulogne, and edited the Courier de Bris'tle.tail, n. (Zo'Il.) The GADFLY, q. v. the fisheries. Cap. Bristol. Pop. about 10,000. t'Europe. On the suppression of this journal, he went Bristly, (bris'ly,) a. Thick set with bristles, or with -A flourishing port of entry, seat of justice, and town to Paris, where he soon afterwards published his T/leeoy hairs lilke bristles; rough. ship of the above co., on a neckI of land extending S. into of CIriminul Laws, 2 vols. 8vo. Itie began, also, a book " Thus mastful beech the bristly chestnut hears, Narragansett Bay, 16 mn. S.S.E. of Providence, 14 N. by entitled A Pi/ilosophical Library of Criminal Laws, and And the wild ash is white with blosmy peiars." -Dryden. E. of Newport, and 7 W S.W. of Salt River. The town wrote a volume on T'uth, or Meditations on the Means Bris'toe Statiomn. in Virginia, a post-village of Prince is well built and prettily situated, and has an excellent of reaching Truthi in all Branches of Human Knowledge. William co., 4 m. W.S.W. of Mlanassas Junction. Here, harbor accessible to ships of large tonnage. Its shipAbout this time he married Mademoiselle Dupont, who on the 15th Oct., 1863, a battle was fought between ping-trade, both coastwise and foreign, is very active, was employed as reader to the daughter of tihe Duke of Warren's corps of the Army of the Potomac, and the and it is much resorted to in the summer as a sanatoOrleans. Finding little encouragement in France, how- Confederates under Gen. Hill. The attacki of the Con- rium. King Philip, the enemy of the early New Engever, he went to London, where he conducted a periodi- federates was bravely repulsed, with heavy loss on their land settlers. resided at Mount Hope, in the vicinity, cal journal called Universal (orerespondence on all that part, and Gen. Warren, then confronted by nearly the and was killed at this place in 1676. During the war of concerms the I-,ppiness of len in Society. This journal whole of Lee's army, succeeded in joining tihe main army the Revolutidn, B. was bombarded by the British, and was designed todisseminate in France such political prin- on the heights of Centreville. the greater part of the town destroyed. Pop. of townciples as were based on reason. It therefore gave offence Bris'tol, an ancient and important city, county, and sea- ship about 6,400. to the French government, and was seized and sup- port ofEngland, at theconfiuence of the Avon and Froine, Bristol, in Tennessee, a post-village of Sullivan co., 15 pressed. On his return to Paris, in 1784, ihe was sent to the 8 ni. S. E. of the embouchure of tihe former into the Brit- m. W.S.W. of Abingdon, and 130 E.N.E. of Knoxville. Bastile on the charge of having assisted in the publication ish Channel, 108 m. W. of London. The city extends Bristol, in Vemsnont, a thriving post-township of Addiof a libel; but obtained his release through the inlter- over7 hills and their intermediate valleys, amidst a pictu- son co., 28 in. S.W. by W. of Montpelier; pop. 1,620. cession of the Duke of Orleans, whose ambitious projects resquemand fertile district. Some portions of it are very Bristol, in Wisconsin, a township of Dane co., 18 m; on the government he labored, by his talents, to advance. quainlt and old-faishioned, hut the major and newer parts N.E. of Madison; pop. about 1,500. His political pamphleteering activity forced him to flee of the city are finely built, spacious, well paved and -A post-village and township of Kenosha co.; pcp. about from France, whence lie went to Holland, and thence to lighted. B. is famous for its magnificent cathedral 1,650. the U. States, where he wrote against slavery, having (700 years old) and churches; the principal of the latter, Bristol Bay, an arm of the Pacific Ocean, in Alaska, previously been one of the original founders of " La St. Mary's Redcliffe, being one of the finest Gothic edi- Laet. about 540 N., Lon. 1600 W. It lies immediately N. Soci-t6 des Amis des Noirs." In 1789, the progress of fices in the ilingdom. and renowned for its superb tower. of the peninsula of Alaska, and receives the waters of events in Fr'ance enabled him to return home. Ils floated B. is replete with other handsomne buildings; mnnicipal, two considerable lakes, which, communicating with each forward on the revolutionary torrent. He was elected commercial, educational, literary, and domestic, too other, afford an opening into the interior. member of the first municipal council of the city of numerous to be enumerated, but comprising the Guild- Bristol-board, n. A description of strong pasteParis, andl in that capacity received the keys of the cap- hall, Exchange, Banks, Mechanics' Institute, literary in- board, made smooth by glazing, and used for artistic tured Bastile, on the 14th of July. Soon after he was stitutions, libraries, assembly rooms, theatres, &c. At purposes. elected by the citizens of Paris to be their representative Clifton, one of its suburbs, are the celebrated hot wells, Bristol-brick, n. A kind of brick employed in cleanin the Constituent Assembly. He joined the party baths, and pump-rooms, so well known and resorted to ing steel; — so called from the seat of its original manucalled the Girondins, and co-operated with Vergniaud, by invalids. In consequence of the highl tides in the facture, Bristol, in England. Guadet, GensonnG, the Provencal Isnard, and others, who British Channel, vessels of the largest size ascend the Bristol Centre, in New York, a P.O. of Ontario co. were wesak and imprudent politicians, but among the river almost into the centre of the city. The harbor is Bristol Channel, an inlet of St. George's Channel, most eloquent and best men in France. The Girondists about 3 m. long, and very spacious, with docks, basins, between South Wales, and Devonshire and Somersettriumphed over the IFeuillansor moderate constitutional and magnificent quays. The river here is spanned by shire, in England. Its upper extremity forms the erstumonarchy party; but they were in their turn defeated numerous bridges connecting the two divisions of the ary of the Severn. in much the same manner by the Jacobins or party city, and commenication by canals and railways extends Bristol-diamond, BRaSToL-sToNE, ft. (Min.) A small called the Mountain, who went as much farther than the thence to London and the greater part of the kingdom. and brilliant crystal of colorless quartz, found in the Girondists, as the Girondists had gone farther than the B. was for a lengthened period the second most impor- mountain limestone in the vicinity of Bristool, England. Feuillans. The Gironde was nothing more in the rev- taut commnercial seaport and emporium after London, It is occasionally used, in a cut and polished state, lor olution than a party of transition from the power of the monopolizing nearly the whole of the American and W. ornamental purposes. umiddling classes of society to that of the mob. -- The mene- Indian trade, until excelleed and surpassed by Liverpool. Bristol Station, in ll1inoi., a P. O. of Kendall co. bers of it put themselves and their country in a position It still, however, maintains a most important trade with Bris'tolville, in Ohsio,, a lost-sfIe of Trunsbull co. from which there was no escape except through seas of the W. Indies. the E. Indies, and China, and may be ac- Bristow Station, in Kentucky, a post-office of Warblood. During the fearful struggle, B. incurred the counted time third great seaport of Engloend. - Manf. ren co. deadly hoetred of Robtespierre, which was equivalent to Tobacco, sugar, brass and copper wares, soap, glass, Brisure, (bSe-zoor.) [Fr., from bSnser, to break.] (Fort.). a deaths-warrant. On the 2d of June, 1793, a sentence of machsinery, steam-engines, pottery, iron and tin goods, Any part of a parapet or ranmpart which is constructed arrest wis passed agatinst hsim. B. was calm and firm, chiain-cetbles, hardwaere, shot and projectiles, chemicals, in a direction different to thast part of the fortification and at filst not inclined to do anything to escape death, liquors, &c., &c. 380 sailing-vessels and 41 steamers, ag- of which it forms a continuous portion. In field-works, bust on the entreotties of Isis family and friends he at- gregating about 75,000 tons, belong to the port of B. — the term brisu-e is aheplied to the faces of a star fort, or tempted to get to Switzerland. Being arrested at Mou- The city sose to notice towards the close of the Saxon those of any line of defensive works consisting of a so lins, he was carried back to Paris, and brought before the dynasty, and was at times frequented by ships from ties of re-entering, and salient angles. revoletionary tribunal, where the Jacobins in vain en- all parts of Europe. During the civil war in the 17th Brit, n. (Zoil.) fee CLuPas. VOL. I.-47 INSET 47 370 BRIT BROA B IROA Britain, (GREAT.) See GREAT BRITAIN. entitled The Architectural sAntiquities of -Egland. One -Unrestricted; unreserved; extended; as, a broad method. Britain, (Now.) See NErw BRITAIN. of the most important of his subsequent publications "Broad based upon her people's will." — Tennyson. Britain'nia. See GBEAT BRITAIN. was The Calthedral Antiquities qf England, 14 vols. fol. -Vulear; gross; indelicate; as, a broad jest; broad mirth. Britannia Mfetal, n. An alloy of tin with a little and 4to., 1814-1835, with upwards of 300 highly finished "Because he seems to chew the cud again, copper and antimony. It is much used for spoons, tea- plates. Altogether, his illustrated works in the depart- When his broad comment makes the text too plain." — Dryden. pots, &c., on account of the ease with which it may be ment of architectural and topographical description Broad as long. Equal in all respects. worked and polished, and antiquities, number 87. D. 1857. "For it is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or Britannic, (bri-tan'ik,) a. [Lat. Britannicus, from Brit'ton's Neck, in South Carolina, a post-office of bring others down to them." - L'Estrange. Britannia, Great Britain.] Pertaining to Britain, or to Marion district. Broadal'ln, in New Yorlk, a post-township of Fulton the British Empire. Britt's ]Lanaitsg, in Tesnnessee, a P. 0. of Perry co. co., 40 in. N.W. of Albany; pop. about 3,100. Britannicus, (bri-tdn'i-kus,) son of the emperor Britzslka, (bris',a,) n. [Inuss. britschka; Pol. bryzcka.] Broad-arrow, a. (Her.) See PEoN. Claudius, by his third wife, Messalina. His original An 0opn, lutlr-wheeled carriage, with shutters to close -In England, a cuneifbr Inark, painted or branded, thus name was Tiberius Claudius Germanicus, which was sub- at pleasure, and space for reclining when on a journey., on all stores and materials belonging to the British sequently changed to Britannicus, from the conquests W Encycl. Admiralty and the Board of Customs. It is unknown which were made in Britain. D. 42; poisoned by Nero Brive-la-Gailla~rde, a town of France, dep. Colrrze, when this mark originated; but a penalty was affxed, in his fourteenth year. cap. arrond., in a beautiful and fertile plain on the Cor- in 1698, to the use of it by any private person under the Brite, Briglht, v. i. To be over-ripe, as wheat, barley, raze, 15 nm. S.W. of Tulle. It is a well-built place, hav- Act 9 and 10 Will. III cap. 41. hops, &c. (Used in some parts of England.) ing a large trade in wine, cattle, chestnuts, and truffles. Broad'-axe, n. An axe with a broad edge, used for.Brit'ish, a. [A.S. Brittisc.] Pertaining to Great Britain, Pep. 10,839. felling timber. or its inhabitants. Brixf'ei, a fortified town of the Tyrol, 40 m. from Inn- Broad Axe, in Pennsycasy ia, a post-office of MontBritish Emapire (The). This empire, embracing, spruck; pop. 3,975. Near it is the Fort of Francis, or g y co with its colonies and dependencies, about one-third of the Franzensveste, commanding the valley of Eisach, and Bad-i, c. See FIX. Br'oad~-bill, it. See FULIX. surface of the globe, and nearly a fourth of its popula- the 3 roads from Gernmany, Italy, and Carinthia. Broad'-sainn, so. A peculiar kind of bat for men's tion, has its nucleus in one of the most imiportant and Brix'hsarn, a seaport of England, co. Devon, on Tor- wear; more particularly applied to the head-covering powerful States of Europe, viz., the British Islands, or, bay, 186 m. W.S.W. of London. It is a thriving town, used by the members of the Society of Friends. -A colin other words, the Usnited Klingdosm of Great Britain with a fine and secure harbor. Its principal trade is loquialism for a Quaker, or male member o' the Society and Ireland. Great Britain, the largest, and by far the connected with the Torbay fishery. William III. landed of Friends. richest and most poptilous of the two islands, includes here, and inaugurated the Revolution, Nov. 5, 1688.- Broad'-brin med, a. That has a broad brim.,vha- wvere formerly the independent kingdoms of Eng- Pop. 4,829. Broad Brook, in Connecticut, a thriving post-villsge land and ScQtland; the former occupying its S., most B]rixmton, in Virginia, a post-office of Alexandria co. of Hartford co., 15 in. N.N.E. of Hartford. extepisive and fertile, and the latter its N., and more Bri'za, n. [Gr. brizo, I nod, on account of the quakling Ba'ast,. (Agric.) metod of sowig seeds Broadleast, n. (Agric.) A method of sowing seeds barren portion. These two kingdoms having been character of the spikelets.] (Bst.) The Quaking-grass. by csting then or scattering tem aboad, so as to diZ!, n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~by casting them or scattering them abroad, so as to dissisted nnder one crown, form, with the sister kingdom a genus of plants, ord. Graminacee. The species B. tribt them evenly ove te eni surface of the soil; P. i..,.,.- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tribute them evenly over the entire surface of the soil; of Ireland, the cenitre and radius of the wealth and civi- media is naturalized in the vicinity of Boston. Its in opposition to sowing in drills or rows. The operation lization of the whole emupire. To give in this place a dense clusters of flowers hang upon the ends of very of sowing B. is generally performed by tme hand. thi comprlelensive view of the home states and foreign pos- delicate filamentous peduncles, forming elegant panicles, operator carrying the seeds in a bag or sowing-sheet, or sessions of this monarchy, we tabulate from the latest which shake with the slightest breath of air. in a baset. There are also machine for sowing B. but in a basket. There are also machines for sowing B., but pfficial returnus -n ibstract as follows: Brize, n. (Zobl.) See GAD-FLY. they are not mucli in use. In general, grasses are sown rBriz'aure, n. [Fronm Fr. briser, to break.] (Her.) Any broadcast; while grain, pulse, and broad-leaved plants Area incaretaiinaboecodtoorbus. taltes s'and Possssons. ssm Pop. charge that is in a broken condition or bruised. The grown for their roots or leaves are sown in drills or rows. ~Sc~'n Zosengon. s q~. rs. 7 P~'______________ _ _..... ~terms brizi and brisi are used synonymously. The term is sometimes appliedto planting, but it is more EutopE. - Great Britain and Ire- Br.oach, (b-Bclh,) n. [Fr. broche, a spit; from Celt. broc, generally restricted to sowing. land, Gibraltar, Malta, nd He- a point; Gael. brag,t an awl; W. proc, a thrust, a stab.] Broal'cast, adv. By scattering or loosely distributing ligolapd....~~~........PJl.... 2, Originally, a spit. (o.) ligoland........................... 121,256 29,484,971 Originally, ra spit. o.) on the hand; as, to sow a field broadcast. ASlA.-British and Farther India, "And drip their fatness from the hazel'broach." — Dryden. Breoadcsast, a. Scattered over the ground with the.song Kong, Aden, Straits Set- -An awl or bodkin; a pointed or penetrating instrument. hand, as seed in sowing.-Widely diffused or spread over. lenments, Labuan, Cey.lon....... 959,611 146,258,965 -An ornament for the person; a clasp. SeeBnoocH. Broadel'cloth, n. A fine quality of woollen cloth, over AFRIcA. —Cospe of Good Hope, Na- -A sharp piece of wood used in sosie parts of Enlgland 29 inches in width, fabricated for men's outer garments. tal, Gold Coast, Gamnbia, Sierra for thatching. - A candle-rod. Broad Creek, in Delaware, Sussex co., empties into Leone, M1auritius, asd St. He- (Mech.) A tool of steel, generally tapering, and of a the Nanticoke River. lens.a..................... 256,759 854,034 polygonal form, with from four to eight cutting edges, Broad Creek, in Mlaryland, a P. 0. of Queen Anne co. BnrrIsn NORTR AMEorcA.-Can- for smoothing or enlarging holes in isetal; sometimes Broad Creek Neck, in Maryland, a post-office of ada, New Brunswick, Nova made smooth or without edges, as lor burnishing pivot- Talbot co. Scotia, Prince Edward Island, holes in watches. The broaclh for Broad'en, v. i. To grow broad. Newfoundland, British Colum- gun-barrels is commonly square tand "Low walks the sun, and broadens by degrees." - Thomson. bia and Vancouver's Island, without taper. - Also, a straight tool -v.. To make broad; to amplify in width or volume. Hudson's Bay Territory, and with file teeth made of steel, to be Broad'-eyei, a.'Itaving a wide survey or scepe of Bermuda...................6...... 656,105 3,860,790 pressed through irregular holes in vision. nmetal that cannot be dressed by reBahW. INDIEmas, CENTurk's IslandMERICA, &Ja C.ai volvin tools. - ebster. "In spite of broad-eyed, watchful day." - Shahs. Bahamas, Turk's Island, Jamai- Yolvi tools. - Webster. Pennsylvania, aopost-village of}Faystee ca, Virgin Islands, St. Kitt's, (iArch.) A small steeple or spire oad'd, i Penslania, a post-village of yete Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, Do- that is built on the top of a tower, co., 2 m. N. of Connellsville. minica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, rising imniediately on the sunmiit of Broad-ganae, n. (Civil Engineering.) See GAUGE. miica S iBroad'haven, a bay on thi W. coast of Ireeind, co. Barbadoes, Grenada, Tobago, its walls, without being surrountdd Trinidad, and Honduras......... 26,183 968,036 at the base by a parapet or battle- Mayo, 11 m. N.W. of Bangor, and near Ernis b-ead. Broad'-horn, n. In the U. States, a term given to and Falkland Islands.............. 83,600 155,674 — A start of the head of a young stag, the broid, fstt-bottomed boats plying on Western rivers. AUsrtRLAsSA. — New South Wales, growing sharp like the end of a spit. -roadl-horneda. Possessingwidelyextendec hornis amid Falkland Islands. 83,600 155,674 -A start of the -Broaci'-hortu el, a. Possessing widely extended hornss, Victoria, South Australia, West -v.. [Fr. brochele To pierce, as with Boal'ils, a. Somewhsat broad; broad in moderation. VicortpiSuthAusralapest-va [Fr rs.]Tpec,] Broad'kill, in Delawusre, a hundred of Sussex co.; po Australia, Tasmania, Queens- sit; to spit.abo 3,650. ]and, and New Zealand........... 2,734,021 1,599,58(] a ~ ~ ~bout 8,650. jaid, and New Zealand...I........ 2,734,021 1,599,580 1r"1Sas, Bringing rebellion broached on hisBr (Bot.) SeeTEINAL -~~ sword-Posts.'o~~es~o~oo Bi'o,'o, -Ilesif, a. (Bet.) See TER,,IrALinA. sword."-Shaks. B~~~~~]roadU-lleafed~, Br.oad'-lleaved, a. Itaving broad Total...... -............... 4,837,535 183,182,050 -To tap; to let out; to pierce a cal B a'- f ad-eaved, a. Iing broads e eh name as quoted above, and the general article in order to draw liquid; as, to broach; ier eah name as quoted above, and the generaofl article. "Narrow and broad-leaved Cyprus grass." - Woodward. GREAY~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ]}A~b.I barrel of ale.N ~~~~GREAT BRITAIN. And lsed was ready te be Er' EBroald'ly, adv. In abroad manner. Bri$t'isher, n. An American vulgarism for a Briton, or WheAnd blood was ready to be broacd, Broad Moutaia, in Pennsylvania, an extensive native of Great Britain, (excluding Ireland.) Wn' ridgo, stretching SW. from thi middle of Carbon co., Bri9~~~tish ~ridge, stretchin.W fom the middle of Crrbon cS., British Gum1, n. (Whe sa.) See DEXaRP. 0-To open for the first time in order through Schuylkill co., into Dauphin, as distance of abt. Brito'h -A ollow h in Wisconsin, a P. t0. of Grant co. o u stobsa h50 m., and forming along its sunsmmit, about 2,000 feet to give out; as, to broach the cabin I I stores.. sot~ly~na, at. pails. b?~yted Ce.?-i van inhabatst, pof aiient stores.' ----— ~- above sea, a broad table-land, wwhence its name. It is Originally, a painted man; an inhabitant of ancient the highest mountain in the anthracite coal region of Britain; in the modern sense, a native of England or "I will open the old armories, I will Fig. 422.-BROACH. Pennsylvania. Scotland (Great Britain proper). "Britons ne'ye shall, broach my store." - Knolles. Broat-molis Creek, in S. Carolina, enbouching be slaves." T/somSnon. - See GREAT BRITAIN. — To utter; to open up; to publish first; as, he broached into Saluda River, in Abbeville district. Brittany, in France. See BIETAGNE. the matter gently. Broad'ness, n. Breadth; extent from side to side; Brittle, (-brit'l,) a. [From AS. brytian; Swed. and "This error, that Pison was Gauges, was first broach'd by Jo- coarseness; grossness; as, broadness of style. Goth. bryta; Ice! briers, to brea.] Apt to break; sephus." —Sir Wr. IRaleigh. Goth. bryta;~ Icel. ha-iota, to break.] Apt to bres.; 1Isephus."-Eir aeig. " have used the cleanest metaphor I couln find to palliate the easily broken; easily breaking short; not tough or tens- To broach to. (Naut.) To fall off so much, when a ship broadness of the meaning." - Dryden. cious; as, a brittle vase. - See BI'ri'TENESs. is going free, as to bring the wind round on the other Broad'-peianant, n. (Naut.) The pennant ctrrief' From earth all came, to earth must all return, quarter, and take the sails aback. at the mast-head of a cominmodore's vessel. - See CoxFrail as the cord, and btrittle as the uin?Prior. Bi.roa'eP, a. A spit; a binoach. lonIRE. Brit'tlely, adv. In a brittle manner. (a.) ".The youth approach'd, and, as it burn'd, Broad'-piece, n. A piece of gold coin broader than Brit'tleness, n. (Plhys.) A property of bodies which, On five sharp broachers rank'd, the roast they turn'd." Dryden. a gaines. - Webster. although solid, yet are so weakly bound together that -One who broaches a matter: the first author of a com- Broad Ripple, in Indiana, a P. O. of Marion co. a very small mnechanical force suffices to separate thleir munication made; an opener or utterer of anything; Broad River, in Georgia, rises in Habersham co., and, particles. They can be easily reduced to powder. The as, a broacher of bad news. after a S E. course, empties into the Savannah River at cohesive force between their perceptible particles alnmost "The first broacher of an heretical opinion."' -A1'strange. Petersburg. vanishes, but they differ fIrom liquids in possessing Broachs'ing-to, a. (N2eaut.) In navigation, to allow — A post-office of Elbert co. a considerable cohesive force, acting between the parti- the ship's head to incline rapidly to windward of her Broad River, in N. and S. Caorosinua, springing at tlse cles, which are so small as to be almost imperceptible. proper course. This is occasioned bty negligence, and base of the Blue Ridge in the first-named State, amid Brit'ton, JoaN, an English architect, antiquary, and may result in the sails being taken saback, and the dis- passing into S. Carolina, in York District, takes a S: topographical writer, o. 1771. He was the son of a small roasting of the vessel. — See BRoAca. course, and joins the Saluda at Columbia, there to befarmer, and received but a scanty education. Some Broad, (bhaoed,) a. [A. S. brad; Ger. breit; Swed. and come the Congaree. short notices which he had contributed to the Sposting Goth. bm'aedd, the side: Goth. br'aids; allied to spread.] Broad River, in South (arolina, a strait between the Mfagazine brought him into acquaintance with its pub- Wide;expanded; extended in breadth from side to side;- mainland and Port Roymsl Island. lisher, Mr. Wheble, who employed him to compile the opposed to narrow; as,; broad river. Broad Run Stationi, in Vir-ginia, a post-office of Brauties of Wiltshire, which he did in conjunction with "The top may be justly said to be broader, as the bottom is nar- Fauquier co. a young literary friend named E. W. Brayley. They roswr." - Temple. Broad Rttun, in Vir-ginmia, a stream of Loudoun co., also prepared the Beauties qf Bedfosrdshi nir in the sanie — Extended in all directions; wide; ample; open; as, which, after a N. course, falls into the Potomac a few manner. B. afterwards issued a more elaba'ate work, broad day. miles S.E. of Leesburg. BIROC BIROD BROG 371 — Another stream, rising in Fauquier co., and flowing catel; It. brocatello.] A coarse kind of brocard used in in appearance, but has a most extensive trade (princi8.E., enters the Occoquan River, 1 m. from Brentsville. tapestry. pally transit), the value of which amounts to about -A post-office of Loudossn co. 1Broccoli, (broki/o-li,) in. [Fr. brocoli; It. broccolo; Sp. $15,000,000 annually. Its fairs, too, are conducted on a Broad'-seals n. The Great Seal of England; the pub- broculi.] (Hort.) The Brssoica oleraceo, a cormyon garden great scale. On account of the great nusber of Jews lic seal of a country or state. - W1ebster. vegetable differing fromi the cauliflower only in having in this town, it has been nicknanmed the German JeruBrLoad'side, n. (Naut.) The side of a ship above the colored instead of white heads. - See CAULIFLOWER. salem. Pop. 20,617. water's edge. When a vessel is pressed down on one Brochl'aintite, n. (Miin.) A native sulphate of copper, Broek, a village of Holland, 6 m. N.E. of Amsterdam. side in the water by the wind, she is said to be on her thus named after Brocharnt the French mineralogist. This village is celebrated obr tihe wealth of its inhabibroadside. - (Naval Gunnery.) A discharging of the lBroche, (brdch.) See BuOXCH. tants, but more from the extreme cleanliness of its whole of the guns contained in one side of a ship at the Brochette', n. [Fr.] A skewer to stick meat on. — A houses and streets, the attention to which is carried to same moment; precisely tihe same operation as soldiers mode of frying chickens. almost ani absurd excess, The entire ptp. (about I,U0) would call a volley. The weight of shot and shell that Broehure,-(br5-shsir',) n. [Fr., firom brocher, to stitch, consists of retired merchants and their families, who can be delivered by the B. of a line-of-battle ship is very from broche, a needle.] A pamphlet; a printed and amuse themselves in keeping their dwellings free fronm great; one of 131 guns being able to fire off at one B. a stitched publication on a small scale; as, the author of every speck of dust. weight of metal amounting to 2,400 lbs. a witty brochure. Broffe'rio, ANGaLO, a distinguished Italian dramatic (Printing.) Any large page printed on one side of a Brock, (broc,) n. [A.S. broc; Dan. brok; Ir. broc; Corn. author, and historian; n. in Piedmont, 18t2. Ils princisheet of paper. Modern B. are of various sizes, some- and W. brock; Gasl. breac, spotted, speckled, piebald.] pal works are, A History of I-',edrm,,t; the dramaus of times consisting of several sheets, which, when put to- (Zo6t.) A badger, so named fronm the white streaks on its Tie Corsair; leturn of the tS-oscript; Iicoiworth Cttsgether, frequently cover a great space. The letters used face. - See BADOGER. tlie; Saltvator Rosa, &c. in the largest are often two or three feet in length, each "Or with pretence of chasing thence the brock."-Ben Jronson. Bro'ganl, v. A strong, clumsy shoe. See BROGUE, one occupying a whole sheet. Old English B. are fre- -A BRoCKET, q. v. Bro'glesville, in Tennessee, a P.O. of Wasinrgton co, quueutly valuable as ihllustrating the history of the period. Brock, in Ohio, a post-office of Darke co. BrogBlie, Vrct o0 MAURICE, CouNTr DE, (brS'le,) (brog'lJ,) Broad'-spread, a. Wide-spread. Brocken, (brok'lken,) the culminating point of the Hartz a French general, was horn of u good family ait Quercy, Broad'-spreadinlg, a. Spreading out widely; as, a Mountains, in Prussia, in the province of Saxorny, culti- served with credit in the wars of Louis XIV., oad was broad-spreading view. vated nearly to its summit, which is 3,740 feet above the made a nmarshal of F'rance. D. 1727. PBroad'sword, n. A sword with a broad blade and level of the sea. The phenomenon called thee" Spectre of BROGLoE, Frav'ois Marie, Duke de, son of the preceding, a cutting edge, but capable of being used like the rapier the Brocken " is here occasionally seen at sunset and sun- was also a marshal of Frarce, and distihsguished }tinfor thrusting. When made so as to be emrrployed in the rise. It is caused by the perpendicular rising of the self greatly in Italy, in the canmpaigns of 1733 and 1734. latter way, as well as for cutting, it is called a sabre, anrd mists from the valley opposite to the sun, at tihe same BsnotLIE, Victor Frae 0fois, auke de, son of the preceding, forms one of the weapons of tihe modern cavalry sol- time leaving the top of the mrountain clear. The effect B. 1718, was a lieutenrant-general during tie 7 Years' dier. The modern representative of the old Englisih B. produced is a wonderfirl enlargement of every object Wsar, routed the Prussians at the battle of Bergen, was is the claymore (q. v.), with which the Highland regi- reflected by this dense mass of vapor ascending from created a prince of the German empire by Francis I,, ments of the British army are still arnmed. The English the valley. and promoted to the rank of a marshal of France in peolple became more and more skilful in the use of the Brockl'et, ni. [See BRocK.] A red hart two years old, so 1759. He became Minister of War in 1789; rnd, in 1792, B., according as the wearing of suits of mail began named fronm its having only a single snag to its antler. he led a body of French engiris, who invaded Chaimto grow out. In the days of Queen Elizabeth, the (Sometimes written brock.) pagine. D. 1804, at Muinster. "swash-bucklers,'" or "bullies," of that period achieved Brock'ett's Bridge, in N'ew IYork, a post-office of Bi;oGrIE, Claude Victor, Dule de, son of the preceding, g1, an unenviable notoriety for their skill in it. The buck- Fulton co. 1757, becrnme active on the side of the popular party at ler, or shield, a very ancient piece of armor, generally Brock'islh, a. Brutal; animalish; beastly. the commencemernt of the French Revolution, and was accompanied the B., forming as it did the principal Broek'port, irn New York, a thriving post-village of made a nmar6chal-de-camnp. Guillotined 1794. meauns of defence against it. At the close of the 16th Sweden towuship, Monroe co., 17 m. W. of Rochester. BROCIEtr, Aclille C/,arles Liossce Viclor, Daue de, son of century, sword-and-buckler combats began to decline, There are a number of mills and factories here. Pop. the preceding, s. 1785. Entering early in life upon a having been superseded by the continental mode of about 4,000. career of diplomacy, hie was charged with difflerent fighting with the rapier, or thrusting-sword, and the Brock's'ville, in Texas, a post-office of Ellis co. foreign missions, and went in the suite of the Abbi do dagger. Tnhe Scots Hlighlanders, however, continued to Broek/town, in Arkanosas, a post-office of Pike co. Pradt, in 1812-13, to the Congress of Prague. After use the B., as well as the target, or buckler, until they Brock'ville, in Pennsylvania, a mining village of the Restoration he was made a peer by Louis XXII., were disarmned after the insurrection of 1745. Among the Schuylkill co., a few miles N.E. of Pottsville; pop. and in this capacity he sat in judgment on Marshal Ney. Highlutnd clans, the B. was termed the claymore, and it abHot 300. He spoke strongly in favor of that illustrious man. and was their national weapon. Brock'ville, in Indiana, a flourishing village of Steu- voted in the minority who voted against hiis being put "I heard the broadsword's deadly clang." - Sir W. Scott. ben co., 9 m. N.E. of Angola, the county seat. Pop. to death. B. married the daughter of the celebrated abt. 400. Madame de Stail (q. v.), and his first political acts trerw Broad Top, in Pennsylvania, 8 township of Bedford Brock'ville, in Upper Canada, a county town of the him necessarily into the opposition. Hie supported, co.; pos-fi. abt. 800. Hngounited counties of Grenville and Leeds, on the St. Law- against the various ministers of the Restoration; differ— A post-office of Huntingdon co. rence, 140 m. S.W. of Montreal. This is a well-built and ent measures of rebrm, and advocated with great elqBroad Top Mlountain, in Pennsylvania, situate prosperous town, producing steani-engines, machinery, quence, fireedom of political discussion and of the ppess, partly in Bedford co., and partly in that of Huntingdon.ine, macinery puartly in Bedford co., and paurtly in that of Huntingdon. and other fatbrics. Pop. about 4,200. In a nmultiplicity of questions hie showed himlself a good'ohe highest point is abt. 2,600 t c et above s ea. Tlh e Broeklway, in Michigan, a post-township of St. Clair economist and jurist, while the sincerity of his convin mountain contains two principal coal-basins, lying paral- co.; pop. about 900. tions and the vigor ot'his logic, joined to a certain sharl 00 - pap. abourt 000. l~~~~~ions ared thee vigor of his logic, joined to a certain shearp lel, side by side, N. 250 E., united by the passage of the Broek'wary, in Minnesota, a post-office of Stearns co. irony, established his repute as an orator. In 1828, io lower coals from one over the principal anticlinal into Berock'wTay Centre, in tichigan, a post-office of founded the evue faise, to whic he contrbuted tl~e therand ech conpo~ldad o seveal suordinte BB)~1S BfY~ CI~~~t~dtQ?, i I~tbunded the Jt-oievue t'rad tfaise, to which he contributed.ritute~ the other, and each compounded of several subordinate St. Clair o. several articles anonynously. Tne revolution of July St. Ciair co. ~~~~~~~several articles anonymrously. The revolution or July parallel troughs. This isolated double coal-basin is Brockway illsmade M. de B. a doctrinaire throgho te wole ofi separated f'om the bituminous coal-fields of tihe Alle- way s, in aie, a post-office of Piis g y n pdw an l 2, cataquis co. the reign of Louis Philippe. lie did not fear liberty, ghany Mountain upland, with an interval of 25 m., by nBro ektwavle, in tennsylvania, a post-o ffic e of the great lowver silurian anticlireal axis of Morriston' Broek'wsayville, in Pensnsylvania, a poet-office of but lee was afraid of thee densocratio ten'dencies WhirnIh Cove and Nittnery Valley. It contains in its deepest Jefferson co. the revolution sad encourtged. I-le acted for a lew doay troveughs abt. 00nd Nittll. of coal-measure, and take in is in tdeepes Broc'ton, in New York, a post-office of Chautauqus co. as Minister of tne Intemior, a.d yielded his positicn to Pittoughs bt. 900 ft. ofrg coal-bed with one of the imetonakes bove it.e Brod'beeks, in Poennsylcaania, a post-office of York co. his frierd A. Guizot. a bolder org.n of is own ideas 2Oittsbnlrg coal-bted with one of the limestones above it. 11[odhad'.OtRI:N nAentnr icansl wih istortia,li n.Pllc rsrc B~oa~di~vay in Ilinois. See MrIncaE. I~Biod'hlsoad, JOerN R]MEYN, an Amnerican historian,. cotenting himself with the portfolio of Public Instruec B~rad o'wday, in Illinois. SeQ MINsxR. B y, in New Jersey, a post-viag f arren co., at Philadelphia, in 1814. In 1839, the New York State tions in the first ministerial conmbination attenepted by iir~oad'way, in New Jersey, a post-village of Warren co., on t Potoong Cree, 8. S. of Belvidere, Legislature commnissioned him to proceed as their agent the new king. Botle men were obliged to give way to Broadwy in 0/tie. a post-office of Uvioto Europe, there to transcribe documents relating to the the Lafitte ministry, then better suited to the tenmper Broad'way,, in Ohio, a post-office of Union co. history of that State. B. employed three years in the of the tines. Associated with MM. Thiers and Guizot, Broadwvay Depot, in Virginia, a post-village of Rockigha o., about 34. N.N. of Staunton. task of exploring the government archives of England, and Marshal G6rard, he ormed, October, 1832, aministry Broano iwell in inois, ab pti g of Logan co21 France, and Holland, and brought home the fruits of that lehad a longer existence than most of those which Broadt'w~ell. in Illinois, a post-village of Lo-an co., 21 us. N.N.'-rtE. of Springied ps-his researches in 1844; which were printed by authority held office under Louis Philippe, and in this cabinet he m. N..E. of Springfiein 10 lare 4to. vols. From 184 to 1849, B. held the ad the portfolio t Foreign Affairs. is pripal act Broadl'well, in Kentucky, a post-office of Harrison co.. s m 18 to 184, B held the h r wise, a. According to the direction of t post of secretary of legation under Mr. Bancroft, at tile in thlt capacity was the arrangement with lEngland to Bro~a~l'wiYse, a. According to the direction'of the... ~~~breuud~ti~tlr. ~English Court. On his return he begun his long- thle suppression of the slave-trade. le retired from the breadth. 1 Broad, (brd-',) n. [Sp.brocd Fr. brocart, from cherished work, A History of the State qf VNew York, tie ministry in April, 1834, in consequence of the rejection Brcdte, (b r -c,) mu. [p.rot, ae1st vol. of which, comprising the Dutch period fronm 1609 of the law on the American indemnity, but was shortly ~Celt. brocpoint~~aneedle.] Adescription of stout silken to 1664, was published in 1853. after recalled by the king to the same portfolio, and stuff; variegated with6 gold and silver, raised ard en- Brod'head, in Pennsylvania, m P. 0. of Alleghany co. with the title of Presidenit of the Council. It was unriched with foliage, flowers, and other ornamseents, and Bred'hea d, in t'ennsylvania, a P, 0. of Allegheny co. icsed for the dresses of both sexes during the 17th and Brod'head, in WVisconsin, a prosperous post-village of der B's presidency that the famous laws respecting the for tine dresses of bothsexesd gthe 17th ai Green co.. on Sugar River, 18 m. W. by S. of Janesville. press, called the Laws of September (1835), so contrary 18th centuries. In an inventory of the;wardrobe of ]rO]li~~ re~i enyvna orec. 8Charles c., in the Harlei vn ibrary, is mentioned "owhite BBrod'hsead's Creek, in Pennasylvania, pMonroe co., tto the principles he had maintained on this subject unCan e II., in thbrocade at two pounds three and sixpsence per emptying into the Delaware River. der the Restoration, vers passed. In 1836, le retired an d gold ir-uyin brocade at two po unds three andsxpneerBrod'ieadsville, in pennsylvapea, a post-office of finally fron office, and vithstood every solicitation to yard, and coliere-dui-prince brocade at two pounds three yand chererdo c Brocade wat twowun tnE Monroe co. enter upon it again. With regret he saw the destrucshillings per yard." rede was not hnov in Lug- Bro'die, SIR BENJAMIN COLrINs, BART, sD,, FRs., an tion of the royalty lie ad assisted in founding,in the land till after the 13th century, and was a great rarity ansd luxury upon the 1tConturinent in the 14th. r eminent English surgeon, B. 1783. having devoted revolution of February, 1848. For a time he was silent; Brocaded, a. Worked hike brocade; as, himself earnestly to the study of practical surgery, he but after the election of Louis Napoleon, he entered the Brocade'd, a. Worked like brocade; as, a brocaded robe. was, when omp rtively young, appointed surgeon at Legislative Assembly, and proposed the law for a reviSt. George's Hospital, London; and, a'ter the death of val of the Constitution, in the hope of reopening tihe' Should you the rich brocaded suit unftold, Sir Astley Cooper, became the first consulting surgeon door to a monarchy more in harmnony witi his choice. here risig fow'rs grow iff with frosted gold."-ay. of his day. B.'s reputation did not rest so much upon The coup d'itat brought about an order of things B. -Apparelled in brocade; as, a lady in brocade, his operative skill as upon his powers of diagnosis, and never expected, and he afterwards lived in retirement. Bro'cage, Bro kage, n. A commission or profit lipon his knowledge of the advantageous effects of con- In 1861, hIe prosecuted the prefect of police for the ilgained by transacting business for others. - The bust- stitutional treatment in surgical affections. He was a legal seizure of a work on which he had been long occuness of a broker; brokerage. prolific writer. Early in his career, he made a series of pied, Considersations on the Governmenrt of Frcanrce, but Bro'calrtds BRaOCAIDUS, BsOCARnDICA, n. pl. Properly, most valuable ansd interesting observations on the action which was smot intended for pulslicastion. He succeeded maxims or principles of law, as the Brocardica jussis of poisons, arid he published various works on surgical inr recovering the greater portion of the copies which of Aco; but tire word has come to be applied to science, whimicb are held in high authority. Prominent had been seized at his printer's, who, in presence of M. maxims or provertbs gornerally. It is said by Vossius to amtreommg thsems stands his Treatise on Diseases of the de Persigny's harsh construrctissn of the laws governing be derived from the Greek termr protas-chlia, first ele- Joinets, which will ins all time coming be a standard the press, Was not sorry to be rid of such perilous ments; but others, with more pinobrutility, derive it from turthority. Latterly, he brought out essays on psycho- mastter. Busichaurd, or Brocard, bishop of Wormns, who made a col- logical science of the most powerful character. Sir Ben- Brogute, (b~g,) n. A Isrogan; a stout, heavy leather lection of canons, culled fronm him /irocardica; and as jamin ws seerjsant-ssurgeon to kings George IV. and shoe, resembntsling in form tine French sabot. Applied gen. they abonnded in short sereteptious sasyings and proy. Wililam IV., and also to Queen Victoria. D. 1862. erally to tire pedele coverings of the Scottish Itighland,ersns, tine neanme caste to be applied to works of that lBro'dy, a town of Austria, prov. Galicias, cire. Eloczow, era, and the Irish pesesuntry.: description. 52 m. E. by N. of Lemoberg; Lat. 500 7' N., Lon. 250 18' E.,I... put Broc' t', Boeantel'lo, n. [Fr. brocatelle; Sp. bro- Nearly half thb6 residents are Jews. It is u moean place.ty ela.ato4l 8 aen from off my feet." —Shas. 372 B3iOK BROM BROM -A cant phrase for a corrupt dialect, or mode of pronun- vious inflammation of the lungs, by which a portion of ralizedbothin Asia andAfrica. The best nown plant ciation; as, spoken with the Irish brogue. them has been rendered impervious, and thus greater of the order, and the only one much valued for its iruit,'Or take, Hibernia, thy still ranker brogue."- Lloyd. labor thrown on tile remaining parts. The delicate is the Pine-apple, AnaBroid'er, vt. a. [Fr. broder, by transposition froni bin — structure of the cells, probably weakened by the inflam- sassa sativa. B., with der, to bind, to edge, to border; because the bsrdeorsof mation in which it had shared, yields to the unnatural their strong spiny leaves, garments are embroidered.] To ornament with needle- distention to which they are thus exposed. Many a cover the ground in many ork. By modern usage, EMRoE, q.. horse has become broken-winded when urged to extra places, so as to form imwork. By modern usage, EMIBa1D~R, q. v. pntal hctt.M exertion immediately after hlie has been fed; for the air penetrable thickets. Many "In mantles broider'd o'er with gorgeous pride." — Tickell. te r phyi o In mantlees b o'er wit gorgeouspride."- T rushing violently into the lungs in the act ot'f sudden and of them are epiphytic, Broid'erer, n. One wh o embroiders. (o.) forcible inspiration, and the full stomach lying against grow upon trees, without Broid'ery, n. Embroidery. (o.) the diaphragm, with which the body of the lungs is in being parasites, particu"The golden broidery tender Milkah wove.'"- Tickell. contact, their perfect expansion is prevented, and those larly the species of Ti'i Broil, n. [Fr. brouille, from brouiler, to mix; from It. parts, as the edges, which are free from this pres- landsia, one of wllich is brogliare, to confound.] A disturbance; agitation; brawl; sure, are unnaturally dilated and ruptured, The kind the New Orleans Moss, a noisy quarrel; a confused tumult; as, their anger led of food also to which the horse is accustomed has nmuch Long Beard, or Old Man's to a broil. to do with this disease. If it is comparattively innutri- Beard of the West Indies "Rude were their revels, and obscene their joys; tive, a greater bulk of it must be eaten, and the distended and of the southern parts The broils of drunkards, and the lust of boys." —Graanville. stonsach will oftener and longer press upon the diaphragm of the United States, (Cookery.) A piece of meat broiled over a fire; as, it and impede the dilatation of the lungs, or render it tn- hanging from the trees will make a nice broiL. equal in different parts. Thus, broken-wind is a disease like the lichens of colder -s. a. [Fr. bri2ler, for brusler, from braise, burning or of the farmer's horse fed too much oil hay or chaff; it is climates. The leaves of glowing charcoal.] To agitate with heat; to dress or often produced in the straw-yard, where little more than some are so formed and cook over coals or before the fire; as, to broil a beef- the coarsest food is allowed; but it is comparatively sel- placed as to retain near steak. dom seen in the stable of the coach-proprietor, in which their base a quantity of Some strip the skin, some portion out the spoil, the food is of a better quality, anid lies in a smaller coni- water, often affording a Some on the fire the reeking entrails broil."-Drydet,. pass, and is more regularly administered; and it never delicious refreshment to -v. i. To be subjected to heat; to be greatly heated; to disgraces the hunting or racing stable. It must how- the traveller in a hot clibe cooked by being placed over a fire; as, it is a broil- ever be confessed that there is sometinies an hereditary mate. The water is, perlag day.' predisposition to this disease, consisting in a narrowness haps, of use to the plant "Where have you been broiling? of chest or a weakness of structure in the lungs. There itself in droughts. Not a Among th' crowd i' th' abbey, where a finger Could not be wedi'd in more." -- Shaks. vgtin o wh Eg 43 Could nt be weg'd in ore." -Shaks.is no cure for broken-wind; no art can restore the dilated feofteBaecpbl bro iler, n. One who broils; one who incites quarrels. cells to their former dimensions, or build up again a wall of vegetating long with- Fig. 423. Cookery0. On wiroi; one oncits qurbreils between them. But palliative measures may be adopted out contact with earth, (meoke.y.) A gridiron; a kitchen-utensil for broiling to a very considerable extent. The food should be of' a and of sustaining long FRUIT OF ANANASSA SATIVA. meat. dogtwtotIcne Pn~pl. Bro'kam e, a. Sae as Baoantx q.. more nutritive kiindand contained in a smaller compass. drought without inconve- Pineap.) 1Rro~ltrge, n. Same as BRO0KERAGE, q. v. MBro 9ke, at.[. S. broos to usAe, dicare prft Straw and chaff should be forbidden, the quantity of hay h ience; for which reason, wroke, v. i. [A. S. brucat, to use, discharge, profit perhaps a little diminished, and that of corncorrespond- and because of their beautiful and fragrant flowers, Sweds and aoth. bruka, to use, exercise.] To transact ingly increased. A mash should constitute a part of some of them are very frequently suspended from halbusiness for another. (R.) the evening's faire; water should be sparingly given conies in South America as air-plants. But tile plants -To act as broker or procurer in amatory intrigues. during the day, and exercise should not be required when of this order are more generally valuable for their fibres "And brotes with all that can, in such asuit, the stonmach is full. Occasional or periodical fits of than on any other account. The principal genera are, Bo iCorrupt the tender honor of a maid-ats. vgreater difficulty of breathing should be nmet by small Aaonassa, Bromelia, Billbergia, and Tiflandsia, q. v. Brolke, isup. andpp. of B cxx, qv. anda. Pt bvo bleedings and gentle laxattives. By this management Brom'ie Acid, n. (C0em.) The only known conmpound Bro'ken, (pp. of aso xa, q. a., and a.) Parted by vio- not only will the broken-winded horse be rendered use- of bromine and oxygen. Equivalent 120. It corresponds, P', q "' ntol lnthe broent-winder; aose beroendptcered se lence; rent asunder; as, a broken pitcher. ful for many ordinary purposes, but will be capable of in composition to chloric acid, but has never been ob" When some traveller from New Zealand shall, in the midst of service and labor, which it would otherwise be cruel to tained in an anhydrous condition. In combination with a vast s61itude, take his stand on a broken arch of London Bridge water it fns a clorles liquid, which fistredtlens and to sketch the ruins of St. Paul's." —Macaulay. require of him. -Infirm; incapacitated; weakened in body; as, broken Bro'lken-wladed, a. Iatvingashortenedrespiration, then bleaches litmots. With btses it forms broniates, ~~~~health. ~as a horse. which are similar in their properties to chlorates. /'oor. " The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay Bro'ker, n. [See BROKE.] One who does business for BO05. - The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay, Sat by his fire, and talked tha night away."-Goltsmitc. another.-(Cbom.) An agent or negotiator who transacts Bro'smine, n. [Gr. bromos, a stench.] (Chemin.) An elebusiness for merchants; as, a ship-broker. mentary substance discovered by Balard, in 1826, in mii-Humbled; contrite; abashed; subdued; as, brok in "Some South-Sea broke from the city, nte quantities in sea-water, in which it exists as brospiritit. Will purchase me, the more's the pity."-Swift. mine of magnesium. It also occurs in a native bromide Broken number. A fraction of a unit.-fceo t-One wlo deals in old furmiture, goods, &c., or who sells of silver foundl in Chili, and in union with various alkaBrokhen trrowv, in Alaba~ma, a post-office of- st. — 0nc who deals in old furniture, goods, &cc., or who sells Chai Arr owicolabaaapst-ofico personal effects, &c., after being distrained upon for lies in certain mineral waters. It is prepared by passing Clair co. rent. chlorine through a solution of alkaline bromides, until Broken. Arrow, in Geoegia, a village of Walton co., -A pimp or procurer. (o.) the yellow color produced remains uniform. Ether is 7 m. W. of MonroTo pay the broker mine own behalf."-Sks. added, which isolates the bromine. This is separated brolen.SeBmnoa; (bxokte-backt,) a. Having. the bare tcs from the saline solution and shaken tp with a solution broken. See BILL-BROKER; EXCHANGE-BROKE R; INSURANCE-BROKER; of caustic potash. The solution is then evaporated to (Naust.) A ship is said to be brokeo-backed when, in MRcHANDIsE-BRooKEr; MONEY-BmOKEa; PAWN-BRnOER; dryness, and the reside distilled wis binoxide of manconsequence of being loosened froom age or injury, her REAL ESTATE —BROKEr; SHARE-nROKIMn; Ssalp-BROnER; nes and s ie iIts aspect is tolaly differZ5 n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ganese and sulphuric acid. Its aspect is totally differ;frames droop on either end. Often called, technically, STOCK-ROKER. t from that of any other element, for it distils over in hogged. Blro'kerage, n. The business of a broker. t fro that of any other element, for it distils over in to a broker for his trouble in ef- the liquid condition, and preserves that form at ordinary Bro'ken-bellied, a. Having a ruptured belly. -The percentage paid to a broker for his trouble in ef- tempeatures, beingthe only liquid non-metallic eeent. Bro'kenburgh, in Virginia, a post-office of Spottsyl- fecting a sale, or in negotiating any particular business. Its dark red-bronc color, sad the peculiar orange color I~ts darkr red-brown coolor, and the peculiar orange color -canis co. lBro~lking, p. a. Pertaining to the business of a broker: vu ~ co. j~Bre'kl~nag, p. a. Pertaining tothe tbusisess of a broluser; of the vapor which it exhales continually, are also charBro'ken-hearted, a. Having the spirits crushed or practised by brolkers; relating to brolkerage. (o.) ctristi; but, aov ll, its etrordiry and disgree Z5 ~~~~~~acteristic; but, above all, its extraordinary and disagreeruined by grief or fear. " Redeem from bro;ing pawn the blemish'd crow." —shaks. atle odor, from which it derives its smme, heaves no "Had we never loved so blindly, Bro'mnsn. [GOr.] (Medl.) Food of any kind that is mas- doubt of its identity. The odor has somesligllt resemNever met or sever parted, ticated. blance to that of chlorine, but is far more intolerable, We had noe'er been broken-hearted 01"-Buns. Bro'mal, n. (Chent.) An organic compound consisting often giving rise to great pain, and sometimes even to Bro'kenly, adv. Without a regular series; in a shat- of Aldehyde, in which three equivalents of hydrogen bleeding of the nose. Liquid B. is twice as heavy as t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~beredin or tuenoe.Lqual/ istatwie.a ha ya tered or ucequal state. oare replaced by chlorine. It is an oily liquid of unpleas- water (sp. gr. 2'96), and boils at 1450, yielding a vapor "And thus the heart will break, yet brokenly live on." — Byron. ant odor. Sp. gr. 3'35. 5i times as heavy as air (op. gr. 5-54). It mty be frozen I~~~~ro~~~~~~ken-ni~~~~~~~~~~~eat,~~~~~5 ti ramens of meat; refse aitr (spa'yr. gr1i.55). Sema e frozAYen Bro'kenla-nea,. Fragnts of met; rfue after Bronr' e n. (Min.) See BaOM.AsTrE. at 9.50 to a brown crystalline solid. It requires 33 times a mreal. Bro'mate, s. (Chemo.) A conmpound of bromic acid its weight of cold water to dissolve it, and is capalble of Bro'lenness, n. Unevenness; state of being broken. with a base. forming a crystalline hydrate corresponding to hydrate Compuniction; contrition; penitence of heart. Bromatol'ogy, n. (Med.) A discourse on food. of chlorine. In its bleaching power, its aptitude for diBro'ken Straw, in New York, a post-office of Chau- Bromn be'ag, a town of Prussia, prov. Posen, cap. of a rect combination, and its other chemical characters, it tauqua co. circ. of the same name, on the Bratd. 6 mIn. from its june- very closely resembles chlorine - so closely, indeed, that Bro'lken Straw, in Pennsylvania; a township of War- tion with the Vistula. This place is one of the most it is difficult to distinguish, in many cases, between the rein co.; pop. about 1,400. thriving towns of E. Prussia. Mauf. Tobacco, liquors, compounds of chlorine and B. with other substances, Bro'ken Straw Creek, in Pennsylvania, Warren and chicory. Pop. 24,721. unless the elements thenmselves be isolated. A necessary co., entering the Alleghcany River. Brome, n. (Ohem.) Same as BRoMIrNE, q. V. consequence of so great a similarity is, that very little Brotken Sword, in Ohio, a post-office of Crawford co. Broune Corner, a village of Lower Canada, Missis- use has been made of B.. since the far more abundant Bro'ken Sword Creek, in Ohio, falls into the San- quoi co., 60 m. S.E. of Montreatl. chlorine fulfils nearly all the purposes to which B. duiskly River, in Wytndot co. Brome'-grass, no. (Bot.) See Bosnius. might otherwise be applied. In the daguerreotype and Bro'ken-wiad, n. (Farriery.) A peculiar affection Bromelia,. (Bt.) A genus of plants, order Brome- photographic arts, howvever, some special applications of the wind or breathing of the horse, in which the ex- liacer. The green fruit of B.pioguin is used as a diu- of B. have been discovered, and for some chemical oppiration of the air from the lungs, occupying double the retic in the W. Indies; the prickly leaves yield long erations, such as the detenrmination of the illuminating tione that the inspiration of it does. requires also two fibres, which are twisted into ropes and woven into hydro-carbons in coal-gas, B. is sometimes preferred to efforts rapidly succeeding each other, anid attended by coarse cloth. chlorine. The principal compounds of LB. are Ilydroa slight spasmodic action, in order fully to accomplish Bromeliaceme, (bro-me-li-ai'se-e.) (Bet.) An order of broesic acid, a compound of one equivalent each of hyit. Examination of the anim;al after death has satisfac- plants, alliance N'arcissales, named after Brromel, a Swe- drogen and B. The action of hydrobromic acid on metorily explained the reason of this. Some of the air- dish botanist. — IAG. Tri-petaloidous six-leaved flow- tallic oxide is precisely similar to that exerted on them cells, particularly round the edges of the hlugs, are rup- ers, having imbbricated divisions, and mealy albumen. - by hydi-ocslorc acid. Thins hydrobronnic acid and pottured; they have run into one another, and irregumlatrly They are herbs or sonmewh at woody plants, stemless or ash combine, forming bromide of potassium and water. formed cavities have thus been made into whivch the air wvith short stems. andl rigid, channelled, often spiny and It is soluble in water to a considerable extent. It is may easily enter, but cannot, withoomt cousshlertoble diffi- scaly leaves. The flowers are in racemes or panicles; colorless, strongly tacid, and suffers no change on expoculty, be expelled. This disease maty also be recognized the cahyx 3-parted or tubular, persistent, more or less ears to the air. On the addition of nitric acid, deromby a chauracteristic low grunuting cough, likewise easily cohering with the ovary; the petals three, withering or position takes place, and a bromnic aqua regia is flrmed, explained by this morbid structure of the lungs. If the deciduous, equal or unequal, imnbricated in bud. Tse which, lts the ebloric aqua regia, dissolves gold acd usual breathing haos beel rendered thus labosioss, it is stamens ore six, inserted into the tube of the calyx and platinum. With oxygen, B. forms only one compound, evident thot th te horse, withoct slcilful mcanagement, will corolla, the anthers opelning inwvards. The ovary is 3- br'm ic acid, q. v. With chlorine, B. fornms a chloride, a be utterly incapable of raspid and conticnued exertion. celled, the style single, thue fruit capsular or succumlent, reddish-yellow volatile liquid, soluble in wator, acnd poeIn fact, if he is but at little hurried he evinces evident n many-seedsch; thie seeds witlic a minute embryo lying in sessing bleaching properties. It also unites, in two pro-.distress, and if still urged on, he drops and dies; this the base of mealy albumen. -- The order contains 28 portions, with phosphorus and iodine. With sulphur it therefore is one of the worst species of unsoundness. genema and about 175 species, all nattives of the warmter forms a single bromide. None of these compounds The cause of the rupture of thie air-cells may be pre- parts of America, although some of them are now catu- merit notice. The equivalent of B. ia 80; its symbol 1Br. B RON BRO N B'R 0 373 B]ro'mlze, v. a. (Photog.) To treat with bromine; as, medical man cannot be too strongly insisted upon. The turer on Zoblogy in succession to Leonhard. Among his to bromize a silvered plate.W- Webster. great object of the treatment is to reduce and remove various scientific works may be named, A System of Brom'lite, n. [Gr. brontos, a stench, and lithos, a stone.] the inflammatory condition of the organs hence a mus- Antediluvian Zo6phytes, (1827;) Letherca Geognostica, an (Min.) A carbonate of lime and baryta. tard-poultice should be applied to the chest, the feet important geological work, (1837;) History of NVature, Bro!snoform, n. (Chema.) A compound of bromine bathed in hot water. and warmn diluent drinks, as bar- (1841-9;) and Universal ZoUlogy, (1850.) and formyl; corresponding to chloroform. It has no ley-water or linseed tea, given. It is fiequently neces- Bron'son, in Florida, a post-village of Levy co., 140 m. particular interest. Form. C2lHBr2. sary to administer emetics, in order to remove the accu- S.E. of Tallahassee. Bromnohy'drie, a. (Chemnt.) Applied to an acid com- mulations of mucus. The Lowels should be kept mod- Broen'son, in Ohio, a township of Huron co., 20 m. S. by posed of one equivalent of bromine and one of hydrogen. erately. open during the whole course of the disease.. of Sandusky City; pup. about 1,430. Brolnp'ton, a western suburb of London, 4 m. from See ASTHMA, CATARRH, COUGH. Bron'son, in Michigan, a village and township of St. Paul's; pop. 12,000. Bron'ehi, BRONICuIA, BRON'CHIA, n. pl. [Gr. bronchos, Branch county, 130 m. W.S.W. of Ietroit, and 66 W. of Broms'grove, a town of England, co. Worcester, 108 the windpipe.] (Anat.) The bronchial tubes; though Adriatn. in. N.W. of London. It is a prosperous and well-built strictlymeaning Bron'son's Prairie, in Mfchigan, a post-office of place, doinig an extensive trade in nail-making, buttons, the biiurcations, Branch co., 97 m. S.WV. of Lansing. and chemicals; pop. 5,788. or the two tubes Bronte, or Bronti, (bros'te,) a town of S. Italy, in Broanuret, n. (Cliem.) A basic compound of bromine into whict the...." A Sicily, Val di Catania, near the Giaretla, at the W. base with other elements, trachea or wind- of Mount Etna, 22 m. N.N.W. of Catania. Alonf. WoolBro'rmns, n. [Lat.; from Gr. bromos, wild oat.] (Bot.) pipe splits on iu lens and paper. The country around is productive of The Brome-grass: a genus of plants, order Graminacece, e n t ering the wine, oil, and fruits. B. gave the title of duke to the characterized by the flowers being in lax panicles; the chest. The word English admiral Lard Nelson. Fop. 12,791. glumes many-flowered; the outer palea bifid, and the B., or air-passag-............. Bronte, a post-village of Upper Canada, Halton co., 28 extremities awned beneath; and by the very short es, signifies ev- m. S.W. of Toronto; pop. about 300. stigma growing finom the face of the germen beneath its ery division,sub- []ront6 CHARLOTTE, a distinguished English novelist, n. division, and mi-.';'..... 1816. The daughter of a clergyman living secluded in nute ramifica- M. J //- the wild Yorkshire moors, she astounded the literary tion into which world in 1846 by the productiori of Jane Eyre, one of the division of lthe..ost renmarkabIe novels in the English language. the trachea sep- She was at once placed on the pinnacle of popularity, arates till open- and under the pseudonym of "Currer Bell," she, in coning into the air- junction with her two sisters Emily and Anne, who recells in the sub- spectively assunmed the cognomnens of "Ellis Bell" and stance of the E A+" ~' "Acton Bell." brought out a seriesof novels sufficiently lungs. The fiunc- meritorious to stamp them as writers of eminent mark; tion of the bron- / though, perhaps, no succeeding work from Charlotte's chia is to convey pen may justly rank with her first and most powerful the air received effort. Villette; Shirley; Wttheriig Heig!hts; Agnes by the mouth Grey; The Professor, &c., are the best known of the proand nostrils and /e?, ductions of the three sisters, and have had a wide poputhe windpipe to /r larity. Charlotte married in 1854, and D. the following every part of the year. three~~~~'V/?'' loe of ~ E', ~ \~' y~~ 3ear. three lobes of E:'3;'ef~,,.~,~ Bron'tern, n. [Gr. brovte, thunder.] (Greek Arch.) the lungs, and Brazen vessels under the floor of a theatre, used for carry it to the Pig. 425. imitating thunder, by rolling stones in them.- Weale. bronchial cells, BLUN AN TRAHA IN N Bron'tolite,. [Gr. brosnte, thunder, and lithos, a where itmingles t p i the windpipe sad stone.] The thunder-sitone. with the impure nhiwng Brlatively to the lungs. Brontol'ogy, n. [Gr. broafe, and lcges, a discourse.] A / blood, convert- ~~~~~~roachial tuhes, relatively to the teags. drainn ld blood, convert- dissertation upon thunder. i/ng it into arte- A, Larynx and superior extremity of the n n. ria[l blood arnd trachea; B, trachea; C, division into bron-Brontozou,. (al.) A genus of the large, appr~l blood_, and chi; D, one of the lungs; E, bronchial ra- ently cursorial, fossil birds of the triassic deposits in changing it to muscules. the Connecticut valley, has been thus called. It is only a bright scarlet Lknown by its gigantic footprints, some of which meascolor. -See BRONCHITis. ure 12 inches between the tips of the inside and outside Bron'ehial, Bron'ehic, a. Relating to the bronchi. toes. Bronchial glands. (Anat.) Numerous small, dark-col- B]ronx, in 2New York, a small stream of Westchester ored glands, situated on each side of the bronchial tubes co., emptying into East River. in their course from the trachea to the lungs. Bronx'ville, in New York, a small lint improving Bron'ehcocele, n. (Med.) The surgical name for a dis- post-village of Westchester co., on Bronx River. eased enlargement of the thyroid gland. -See GoITre. Bronze, n. [Fr.] (Metal.) An alloy of copper and tin, Bronehop)h'ony, n.. [Gr. broychos, the throat, and to which are sometimes added small portions of zinc and Fig. 424. - nY BR0ROE-GRASS. phone, voice.] (Med.) A thrilling sound in the bron- lead. Gun, bell, and speculum metal partake nmuch of tBromus secatinus.) dhal tubes, audible by auscultation, and occurring only the nature of bronze. The manufacture of bronze is in certain diseases. very ancient, having been brought to a considerable apex. Some species are very common in the United Bronchot'o y, in. (Sterg.) See TRACHEOToMrY. state of refinement 700 years before the Christian era. States. The B. secalinus is a handsome grass in fields, Bron'chus, n. (Anat.) One of the two BioNcHt, q. 7. The ancients used it for weapons and tools, on account often among wheat. In a young state it has a great re- Brongniart, ALEXANDRE, an eminent French chemist of its great hardness; but it was at length superseded semblance to rye. Its seeds, which are large, retain and geologist, B. at Paris, 1770, was son of Alexandre for these purposes by steel' and is now only employed their power of germination for years, and do not lose Theodore B., a distinguished architect. Appointed, in for statuary and nmedals. For the fbrmer purpose, bronze it by passing through the intestines of animals. Dele- 1800, director of the porcelain mnannutctory at SKvres, he is p;articularly well fitted, being tough, hard, and little terious effects have been erroneously ascribed to bread held that office for the remainder of his life, and revived affected by atmospheric influence, besides possessing made from rye, along with whtich these seeds have been the almost lost art of painting on glass. In hiis Essai the valuable property of flowing freely when melted, ground; but poultry are very fond of them. d'une Classification des Reptiles, 1805, he established the and expanding when solidifying; by which means the Brosn'wich (West,) a town and parise of Stafford- four divisions of reptiles, and first gave thenm the names most intricate detail in the mould is copied with sharpshire, Englanud, 3 m. from Wednesbury, with mines of of Saurians, Batrachians, 0helonians, and Ophidians. ness. Bronze may be tempered in an exactly contrary coal and iron in the neighborhood; pop. 41,795. iis T'raitM Elimentaire de Mindralogie, published in mnner to steel. If cooled suddenily, it becomes so soft Broml'yrite, ni. (Min.) Native bromide of silver. 1807, at the instance of the Imperial University, became that it may be hammered and turied in the lathe; but When pure it is of a yellow color, with a slight tinge of a text-book for lecturers. In 1814 appeared his Migmoire if' allowed to cool slowly, it becomes brittle, h'urd, and green. It is met with in Mexico and Chili, accompany- sur les Corps Organists Fossiles soeams Trilobites, a elastic. In casting large statues or other works, the ing other ores of silver. name which, as well as a basis of classification for those greatest skill and care are necessary, from the circumBronchitis, (bron-k.'tis,) n. (Mfed.) There are few singular crustacea, naturalists owe to Brongniart. In stance thast alloys of copper and tin hbave a tendency, diseases affecting the respiratory organs more common, 1815 ihe was elected a menmber of the Academy of Sci- when melted, to separate, the tin rising to the top of the and more serious, than that form of inflammatory ac- ences of the French Institute; he was also a umember of melted mass, and forming a more fusible mixture. tion attacking the air-passages, known as the bronchial the Royal and Geological Societies of London, and of From thle following analyses, it will be seen that bronze tubes, or any form of disease calling for more promlpt or other learned bodies. In 1845 appeared his Traiti des differs greatly in composition: - Ancient bronze from energetic action. The great exciting cause is cold, espe- Arts Ciramiques. D. 1847. Celtic antiquities,- tin, 12; copper, 88. Egyptian cially when combined with moisture; but, whatever B., ADOLPuE TmEODORa, son of the preceding, B. at Paris, bronze, —tin 22; copper, 78. Chinese bronze, - tin, tends to diminish the general vigor of the system, antd 1801. He early devoted himself to the study of the nat- 20; copper, 80. Roman bronze, —tin, 15; copper, 85. excesses of every kind, predispose to it. Any sudden ural sciences, especially to that of botany, selecting Modern bronze from the statue of Louis XV., - copper, change of temperature is apt to produce it. It is espe- cryptogamous plants for special notice. In 1823, he 82 45; zinc, 10'30; tin, 4'10; lead, 3'15. cially prevalent during the spring mnonths. Its first published a Classification des Champignons, and, in 1828, Bronze, v. a. To color, harden, or give a superficial symptoms are generally those of a common cold, accom- presented to the Institute the first portions:of his His- appearance to, as of bronze. panied with an occasional cough, and a sense of weari- toire des Vigitaux Fossiles, ou Recherches botaniques et -To make hard in a manner of feeling; to brazen. ness and headache. The cough increases, and there is giologiques sur les vigitaux renfermis dans les diverses Bronze, Ao or. (Geol.) See STONE, (AGE or.) a feeling of oppression in the chest, and the breathing couches duglobe. The publication of this valuable work Broinze-powder, n. See BRoziNG.. produces a kind of wheezing noise. The pulse is rapid was stopped in consequence of the gifted author's ill- Bronz'ing, n. (Applied Chem.) The process of coyand weak, anti there is extreme tlassitude, with pain in health. In 1834, B. was elected a member of the Aca- ering plaster or clay figures, and articles in ivory, metal, the limbs, mental heaviness, &c. If the feverish syup- demy of Sciences. ie has also been Professorof Botany and wood. so as to communicate to them the appearance toms increase, the breathing becomes difficult from the and Vegettable Physiology in the Museum of Natural of ordinary bronze. The nmaterials usually employed for clogging of the tubes with mucus, which is, to some ex- History since 1833, and Inspector General of the Uni- B. are termsed Bronze poueders. -- The base of most of tent, expectorated during the cough. In severe cases, versity for the sciences since 1852.'He is one of the prin- the secret compositions for giving the antique appearthe symptoms become more and more alarming; the cipal founders of, and contributors to, the Annales des ance is vinegar with sal-aunmoniac. Skilful workmen breathing becomes so embarrassed that the patient can Sciences Naturelles; wrote the botanical portion of the use a solution of 2 ounces of that salt in a quart of no longer lie down, but requires to mainttain an upright Voyage de la CiequillE in 1831, and published Esnumie-a- French vinegar. Another compound which gives good posture, and use all his muscles in respiraetion. At last, lion des Genres de Plantes cuotivies au Mausnume d'ilistoire results is made with an ounce of sal-amunoniac, and 14 he is so exhausted that he ceases to expectorate, amid natlirelle, in 1843. ounce of salt of sorrel (binoxahete of potash), dissolved dies of suffocation from the accumulated usucus, usually Bro'ni, a town of Italy, pray. of Alessandria, 11 m. S.E. in vinegar. The piece of metal being well cleaned, is to in from five to seven days. Even its less severe cases, the of Pavia, at the foot of the Apennines. Near it is the be rubbed with one of these solutions, and then dried by delicate respiratory tubes are frequently permanently castle of Breuni, where Prince Eugene obtained a victory friction with a fresh brush. If the hue be found too injured, so that the proper arSetion of the blood is is- over tite French in 1703. Pop. 5,076. pale at the end of two or three days, the operation may terfered with.'lue treatument of this disease will vasry, B]ron, IlcutINcssH GCoao, a German natmuralist. B. 1800. be repeated. It is found'to be more advantageous to according to its natture and the constitution of tlie ia- Hie wses educated at the university of Heidelbetg, whe.re operate in the sunshine titan in the shade. In B. plastient; and tlie ~eassity of always havitig recoutrse to a he was tiominated Professor in 1833, and appdinted Lec- ter figures a cement mnay be used or not; if used,-the B. 874 BIROO PI ROO 10BROO Will be more durable; the powders are mixed with 0n his return from China, he undertoolrk an expedition Brook'line, in Vermont, a post-township of Windham strong gum-water or isinglass, and laid on with a pencil. at his own cost to Borneo, whlere he assisted thile Malay co., on the Connecticut River, 85 m. S. by E of MontThe subject may be covered with gold-size diluted with king, 3Mudth ilassein, in suppressing a native insurrec- pelier; pop. about 320. turpentine, and when nearly dry, rubbed with a piece tion. Afterwards beCinityg Reajlh of Sarawak, he cx- Brook'lyn, in Alabamca, a post-village of Conecut co., of soft leather. — Copper coins and medals may be erted himself in suppressing piracy, in ficilitating Euro- on the Sepulga River, 100 ni. S. of Montgomery; pop. bronzed thus: dissolve in vinegar two parts of verdigris pean commerce, and in introducing civilization among about 120. and 1 part sal-amninloniac. Boil, skim, and dilute the the Dyak tribes. When the English govt., in 1847, took B1rook'lyn, in Calefornia, a post-village and townsliip Solution with water until it ceases to let fall a white pre- possession of thile island of Labuan, B. was appointed of Alameda co., on the E. side of the Bay of San'rancipitate. The solution is then boiled and poured upon the governor and commander-in-chiet, and created a K.c.n. cisco, and 10 in. off the city of that name; pop. of townobjects to be bronzed, being previously made perfectly lie held authority at Labuan till 1856, acting also as ship, about 1,800, blean and free fi-om grease; the articles are then washed commissioner and consul-general to the Sultan and in- Brook'lyn, in Connecticut, a thriving village, postand dried.- A deposit of tfass or bronte tiiay be thrown dependent chiste of Borneo. Sir James became the pio- township, and seat of justice of Windham co.,;8 In. E. on objects by the electrotype processi by employing a nIeer of civilization and conmmerce in this remote part by N. of Hartford; pop. abotft 2,560. solution of 500 parts carbonate of potash, 20 parts chlo- of the East, and resolved to govern these Asiatics not Brook'lyn, or Fish Trap, in Georgia, a villageof ride of copper, 40 parts sulphate of zinc, 250 parts nitrate only for themselves but by themselves. There is no in- Baker co., 145 S.S.W. of Milledgeville; pop. about 900. of ammonia.- Dr. Wagner published in 1868 the for- stance in ancient or modern history of an experiment Brook'lyn, in Illinois, a township of Ogle co. mulas of metallic bronze powders that give the most fa- sto successfully carried out as in this case. B. governed -A post-village of Schuyler co., on Crooked Creek, a *orabols results.'The metals employed are, for the most the island, through a native council, for the benefit of branch of the Illinois River, 76 m. W.N.W. of Springpart, copper and zinc, an alloy of the two being reduced the native races. He quelled intestine feuds, reconciled field; pop. about 1,150. to an impalpable powder. The proportions are given as opposite races, introduced Christianity to a great ex- -A township of Lee co.; pop. about 1,580. follows: for a bright yellow shade, 83 parts of copper, tbnt, and exercised the sway of a suzerain over the na- Brook'lyn, in lndiana, a post-village of Morgan co., and 17 of zinc; for an orange shade, 90 to 95 of copper, tire chiefs and princ es. During the war between Eng- 24 m. S.S.W. of Indianapolis. and 5 to 10 of zinc; for copper;ed, 97 to 99 of copper, land and China, Sarawak was seized by the Chinese, Brook'lyn, in Jowe, a flourishing village of Poweand 1 to 3 of zinc. s aid the greatef part of its inhabitants, European and shiek co., ]10 m. W. of Davenport; pop. about 620. Bronz'ing-liquid, n, (Applied Chen.) Asolution native, Were massacred, Sir James, however, escaped, Brook'lyn, in Kansas, a village of Douglas co., 11 m. containinig chloride of antimony and sulphate of copper, and returned to England in 1858. In 1861, lie again went S. of Lawrence. used for bronzing iron gun-barrels. Brass is sometimes to Borneo, and suppressed an internecine war which had -A post-office of Linn co. bronzed by washing it over with a solution of chloride broken out in the island. Thile independence of Sarawak Brook'lyn, in Kentucky, a village of Campbell co., on of platinum. having been at last acknowledged by England, an oh- the Ohio River, 2 m. from Cincinnati, and 74 E.N.E. of Bronzi'st, n. One who fabricates or Imitates bronze. ject bfor which Sir James had toiled for manmy years, he Frankfbrt; pop. about 620. Bronz'lte, n. (Min.) A variety of Diallage, with a bade his adopted home hfo so mmany years a last adiem, -A prosperous village of Jessamine co., on the Kentucky pseudo-metallic lustre, frequently approaching to that and returned in broken health to England, where he D. River. of bronze. 11th June, 1,68. Brooklyn, in Maine, a township of Hancock co.; pop. Bronz'y, a. Resembling, or pertaining to, bronie. BrOoke, in Vir-ginia, a N.W. county, boidering on Ohio about 1,250. Brooclh, (br5ch,) n. [Fr. broche, a spit, a needle, from and Pennsylvania. Area, 75 sq. min., anid bIounded on the Brooklyn, in Michigan, a thriving post-village of Celt. br,sc, a point; Slav. obrutch.] Atn ornamental pin W. by tihe Ohio River. Surface. Hilly. Soil. Very fer- Jackson co.. on the Raisin River, 53 mn. S.S.E. of Lansing; or buckle used to fasten dress; an ornament for the tile, containing coal and iron ore. Pop. about 6,000. pop. about 620. bosomm; a jewel. -B. were much used in antiqnity, tand Briookfield, in Connecticut, a post-township of Fair- Brooklyn, in Mississippi, a village of Noxubee co., on varied in form as much as in modern times. They were field co., on the Housatonic River, 29 m. N. by WV. of Noxuibee River, 126 m. E.N.E. of Jackson. worn both by men and women, and with a view both to Bridgeport. Pop. about 1,470. Brooklyn, in Missouri, a post-office of Harrison Co. ornament and use, from the time of lHomer to the fall Brooklield Iron Works, a post-village in the B]rooklylnt, [Du. breuck-landt, broken land,] in NVew of the Western Empire. above township. York 6State, a city and seaport, cap. of King's co., at (Paintig.) A painting all of one color, as an India- Brooklfield, in Illinois, a township of La Salle co.; the W. end of Long Island, opposite New York city, ink painting. pop. about 1,050. from which it is separated by East River, an arm of -v, a. To adorn as with a brooch or breast-ornament. Brook'lield, in Indianla, a post-village of Shelby co., the sea, about Y of a mile wide, crossed every few " Not th' imperious show 14 m. S.1E. of Indianapolis. minutes by the Filton, Wall Street, South, Catiharine, Of the full-formun'd Cesar, ever shall Brook'field, in lowa,, a post-village and township of Jackson, H-Iamilton Avenue, and other steam-ferries. Be bsroocid with me."-Jiaks. Clinton co., 55 m. E.N.. of Iowa city, and 36 S. of Diu. Tihe city extends along New York Bay and East River Ilfrool, v. i. [A.S. bred, brid, from blredan, to nourish, bnuque; pop. about 770. to NeWtown Creek; Lat. at tihe Navy Yard 400 41' 50" N., to cherish; Ger. briiten.] To sit, as on eggs; to hatch Brtookfield, in Massachusetts, a thriving post-town- Lon. 730 59' 30" W. The exterior line of B. is 22 m.; by warnming and covering; as, to brood a covey of birds. ship of Worcester co., 55 m. W. by S. of Boston; pop. its area, 16,000 acres. The S. mmnd E. borders are occu-: They breed, they brood, instruct, and educate, atbotlt 2.720. pied by a broad range of low hills, which extend E. into And make provision for tihe future state." —Dryden. Brook'field, in Michigan, a post-township of Eaton Queen's co. Along the shore opposite the lower point -'To regard or think of with long anxiety; to ponder co., 24 mn. S.S.W. of Lansing; pop. about 1,000. of New York is an irreguhlar bluff known 5s B. Heights. anxiously and constantly; as, to brood over one's Brook'field, in Miss(.;uri, a thriving post-village of A considerable portion of the S. part of the city is low troubles. Linn co., 102 mn. E. of St. Joseph, and 104 W. of Han- and level. Newtown Creek, forrmiig tihe N. boundary, is Defraud their clients, and to lucre sold. nibal; pop. about 750. an irregular arm of the sea, receiving several smalt tfreshSit brooding on unprofitable gold." —Dryden. r Sit ks-setting en unitte gd.'-D- en. Brook'field, in New Hampshire, a post-township of water streams. Wallabout Bay is a deep indentation ly— v. a. To be in a state of care or watchfulness, as a Carroll co.. 30 m. N.E. of Concord; pop. abt. 270. ing between the old cities of Williamsburg and B. Gomother over her young. Brookflield, in 2VNew oisk, a post-village and town- wanus Bay extends into the S. part of the city. The land Here nature spreads her frumtful sweetness couna, ship of Madison co., 88 mn. W. by N. of Albany, on the that borders hipon these batys is flat and marshy. Within Breathes on the air, aud'broods upon lthe ground."-1-Dryden. BUreathes en tie sir, a kea pemn the rumd.-Dde. Umitdilla River; ptop. about 3,570. the limits of the city are several districts known by the -n. [Ger. brstt.] Offspring; progeny. (Generally used in a Brook'field, in Ohio, a township of Noble co.; pop. natmes which they bore when they were distinct localicontemptuous sense, when applied to tihe human species.) about 1,250. ties. B. includes the old settled parts of the city S. of:' The lion rors and gluts his tawny brood! " —Vordswortlh. -A village of StarIre co., 12 mn. W. of Canton; pop. abt. 600. Wallabout Bay. Upon East River, in this district, are -That which is'bred, or the number produced at once; -A post-township of Trumbull co., 15 m. E. of Warren; numerous large manufactories. The water front is enspecies generated; as, a brood of difficulties. pop. about 1,450. tirely occupied by wharves amnd warehouses.-lVWi~iams-', tssainted sir, and all its broods of poisor:l "-Addison, Brook'field, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of Tio- burg (annexed in 1854) includes the thickly settled -A. hatch; the num.eber'of young birds bred at once; as, gos to. 0 rn. N.s. of Welboronh; po.. 1,070. a brood of chickens. Brook'field, in Ve-mout, a post-townshdp of Oranke "In was rndetuItly pleased'tuboes a hen followed by a brood to., 15 M. S. of Montpelier; pop. about 1,760. et -ducks.'-Sp ectator. ]-rook'liell, in Wiscomsin, a post-township of Wan- ~ (Mining.) A heterogeneous mixture. Ikeshla co., 14 in. W. by N. of Milwaukee; pop. alt. 2,550. Brood'-inare, n. A mare kept for bleeding p'uposes. Brooli-field Centre, in Wisconsin, a post-office of Brood'y, a. In a state of sitting on egga for hatching; Wartumkesha to. i inclination to brood. (a.) Br-ook'fieldl Junctionm, in Wisconsin, a village of inclination to brood. (a. ) W a u k tilesha co, 14 mn. W. of' Milwaukee.' The common hen, all the wvhile ~he s broody, sits." —aRay. W. o Milwakee. BZrook'lsaven, in Mississippi, a post-village of Law- Brook, n. [A.S. broc or broac, from broocen, the p. renc to 60 mi. SW. of Jackson; pop. about 1,200. of brecas, to burst or brealr forth.] A sallnl nattur;al Baook'lbiaven, in New Y-ork, a township of Suffollk'trean'l of vvater which breaks forth fro a, source, and. strea iofales-widthbesks tforth founmu sons-e, a id co., extending across Long Island; pop. about 10,250. strgges leoulhsobsaces itin ablimg coie;a in-v- Brookling-, in Dakota Tmrritory, sins JOSE. coauinty, oC I 5l 1let; a burn; a smlalt'stream of running water. thie frontier of Minnesota. Area, mboint 2,500 sq. in. "ll habits gather by unseen degrees, It is wa-tered by tihe Big Sioux, and the Lac qui Parle As brooks make rivers, rivess iun to seas. " —Dryden. rive's. Su:c. Diversified. rvs.&face. lDive,'sified. — v. a. [A.S. brucan; Cr. brualra, bruxd.] To bear; to iBrook'land, in Pennsylvania, a P. O. of Potter co. endure; to support; to be patient under; as, he cannot Broosk'landiville, in Maoryland, a post-otico of Balba/ook an affront. tinore to. "H5eav'n, the seat of hliss, Brook'let, e. A small brook. Brook not the work of violence and war." —filton. Brook'ini, in Illinois, a township of Lee co,; pop. abt. Pig. 426. — sEAit op R00TKLYN. Broolk, in./uoiaamt, a post-office of Newton co. 1,700. portions N. of Wfallabout Bay. It contains a large numBrooi'dale: in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Susque- -A township of McHenry co. ber of manufacturing establishsnents, and its emtire h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~bro anufactuigesalshet, an i'W.o ats Bentir hannatmn co., 5 m. V. of Great Bend. Brook'lin, in Kentucky, a post-offie of Butler co. water front is devoted to comnmercial purposes. Green Broolie, tIENRy, an English poet, politician, dramatist, Brook'lin, in Maine, a post-office of Hancoclr co. Point, comaprising thi 17th Ward lies between Busliwick novelist, and divine, e. 1706. He was one of the most Brook'lin, in New Jersey, a village of Middlesex co., 6 and Newtown creelis, and occupies the N.W. part of prolific tand popul'ar authors of his time, but Ihis best m. N.E. of New Brunswic. thi city. It contains extensive shityurds, and manukown work is the lb of Qality, which has gone Brook'lin or B ook'iyn, in iinnesota, on the fctories of po-elain coal-oil lifebos, and mny other throegh manumey editions, and is still popular. With many Mississippi River; pop. about 769. articles. * Wuilabout (or Lst) B lies E. of Wailtuout faults it lins rare bueauities of style and incident; it is -A towuishiip of Moweu- co.; pop. about 240, Bay. Bce/food ans Ncuu B ane hoc-duties on the 5tH., in thoroughly original, aamd written in the puirest Enagish. Brookline, n. (Bet) See VYnoNacs. the B. part of ~le mity Bushwtct 6ross Beads and John Wesley published an edit'on of it, and spoiled it. Brook'lnee, in Georigia, a village of M/adison co., 80 n. Bushwick Green are villages ol Imii omsuurg. Goaauus B. was a man whose mind was a humndrsed years in N. of Milledgeville. is avillas near the lee u of Gowan hay. Souith B. madvusmce of his time on political and religious questions. Brook'line, in Louisiana, a P. 0. of Jackson parish. conpses the pos-tion of the cmty yin S. of Atisuntic St. D. 1783. Brlook'iine, in Massachusetts, a post-toawnship of It hbss an extensive water front; nd along the shore ][Broolke, San atEs, rtc.n., (RAJhf, oP S snhWA.,) an Rng- Norfolk co., 5 m. S.W. of Boston, with which it for-ms a immense works lave been comim macles to foclittte comlishs explorer, n. 1803, He served in the Busrmnese war, and jumnction by3 means of a mill-danm across Chmarles River mesce, tce Atlantic Dock aone montaimus- an area of 40 impelled by a spirit of ensterprise, sailed in his own Bay. This place is remarkable for its picturesque beauty, acres, with sufficient depth of wavitem for any vessel. uThee yachdt, in 18:0, for China, and in iis passage through the and the mamny fine private residences that adorn it. Polp comnerce of B. is conom.lem ble tion h it scarce hcs sn Eastern Archipelago saw enoasgh to convince hism that abouat 5,500. ~E3;cstern Arfiipelngo s~~ erlou~h toconvince hj'l that ~zbvu 5i n d e p endent existence, from its intimate relation with wit if the island of Borneo were acquired, it might be mcade Bfhook'line~ in New flamps/sia-e, a post-township of u e existe from ste aitauc t some within that of New Voork-. Thee locks antl pin-ers at Sou th B. are o powerful and wealthy dependency of Grea~t Britaine. Htilsbor-oughcto., 80a. Shy bW. of Concord;p-op. abt. 900. anmong the most extenesive auiu commeodious ime tha BROO BROO tROT 37 country. Ship- and boat-building and repairing are ex- Since 1840 the increase of population and the growth of Broolks'ton, in Indiana, a post-village of White co, tensively carried on at Williamsburg and Green Point. the city have been very rapid, scarcely paralleled even by ]lrookP s Vale, in Connecticot, a post-office of New Thile whole water firont of the city is occupied by ferries, the magical growth of the cities of the West. Although Haven co. piers, ships, and boat- and ship-yards; and the aggre- possessing a separate municipal government, in all its B1rooks'ville, in Maine, a post-township of Hancock gate amount- of business transacted there forms an in- business and interests it forms an integral part of the co., on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, 50 us. E. of Augusta; portant item in the commerce of the State. In the ex- city of New York. In the summner of 1776, New York pop. about 1,700. tent and variety of its manufactures, B. rankls among the and vicinity became the theatre of stirring military Br.ooks'ville, in Alabama, a post-village of Blonut co. first cities in the Union. Located near the great con- events. After the British had evacuated Boston, Gen. Brooks'ville, in Georgia, a village of Randolph co., mercial centre, it has beconme the seat of an immense W'ashington marched inslediately to New York, believ- 140 m. S.W. of Milledgeville. manufacturing interest. Tie Ui. S. Navy Y'ard is located nlug that the enemy would nake this the next point of at- ]Br.ooks'ville, in Vermont, a post-office of Addison co. upon Wallabout Bay, and occupies an area of 45 acres, tack. Every effort was made to construct and strengthen Brook'ville, in Illinois, a post-village and township E. of it is the U. S. Marine Hospital for the care of sick the military defences of the place. Strong works were of Ogle co., 20 m. N.W. of Oregon city; pop. of township, and infirm seamen belonging to the navy. The city is erected in B. and other points upon Long Island, and about 1,300. well supplied with pure, soft water, derived fromn Hemp- large bodies of troops were posted there to defend them. B]rook'ville, in Indiana, a post-township of Franklin stead, Hook, Valley, and Springfield creeks. B. has a The British arrived, and lanided their troops upon Staten co., 50 m. E.N.E. of Columbus. paid fire department, and is supplied with gas by three Island, July 5; and on the 22d of Aug. they passed -A prosperous post-village, cap. of above co., well situated companies. Among the numerous parks in B., we will over to Long Island, to the number of 10,000 strong. at the junction of the forks of the Whitewater Sliver, 41 notice Prospect Park, laid out at a cost of $3,000,000, They landed in New Utrecht, whence three roads led mi. N.W. of Cincinnati, and 70 E.S.E. of Inclianapolis. It which contains 600 acres. — The Court House, situated over the hills to where the Americans were encamped. possesses an active trade. Pop. about 2,950. at the rear of the City IIall, is a flue building, as also One of these roads passed near the Narrows, the next Br]ook'ville, in iowa, a post-village of Jefferson co., is the City IHall itself.-The Public Schools are under the led from Flatbush, and the third far to the right by tie 9 m. W.N.W. of Fairfield. charge of a board of education, consisting of 45 members. route of Flatlands. It was the design of Gen. Putinasi, Brook'ville, in Iowa, a village of Clayton co., on the The Packer Collegiate Institate, for girls, occupies ass who commanded the American forces, to arrest the Mississippi River. elegant building. to whiich is attached an astronomical enemy upon the Heights; and the appearance of columns -A post-village of Jefferson co. observatory. Besides the public schools, there aire in of troops early on the morning of the 27th on the mid- Brook'ville, in Kentucky, a thriving post-village, cap. the city more than 100 private schools andc seminaries, die road, led to the belief that the main attack was to be of Bracken co., 65 m. N.E. of Frankfort; pop. about 650. several of which are large institutions with permanent inmade at that point. While intent upon this movement, Brook'ville, in Maryland, a post-village of Montgonminvestments. The B. Institute has a firee libratry, and it was found that the main army of the enemy were ery co., 25 min. N. of Washington. provides free lectures, and lessons in drawing send paint- approaching firom the direction of Bedford, and that Brook'-ville, in JAiississ2ipi, a post-village of Noxubee ing for apprentices. The B. Atheneumse, the Mlercantile there was imminent danger of being surrounded by co., 27 m. S.S.W. of Columbus. Library and Reading Roonm, (erected at a cost of them. Attacked in fi-ont and rear, the Americans fougit Brook'ville, in North Carolina, a post-office of Gran$200,000,) the Law Library, the Naval Lycecum, and the with bravery; but a part only succeeded in ga.ining ville co. King's Counlty Lodge Library Association, are also very their intrenbchments. The loss of the Americans was Brook'ville, in Ohio, apost-viltageof Montgomery co., valuable establishments. Among the societies for in- more than 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners; that 13 mu. W.N.W. of Dayton. tellectual improvement are the Hamniltmo Library Asso- of the enemy, less than 400. Gens. Sullivan, Stirling, Brook'ville, in Pennsylvania, a post-village, cap. of cialtom, the Pranklia Debating Association, the Yousng and Woodhull were taken prisoners,-of whom the last- Jefferson co., on the Redbank Creek, 170 m. W.N.W. of Men's Association, the St. Charles Institute, the Great named died firon wounds inflicted after his surrender. Harrisburg; pop. about 1,650. North-western Zeplhyr Association, the Philharstsonic cS- The Americans withdrew to New York early on the 30th, Brook'ville, in Wiscomzsin, a post-village of St. Croix ciety of B., the B. Horticultural Society. the Hant under the personal direction of Ger. Washington. The co., on the Eau Galle River, 27 m. -E. by S. of Hudson. Horticulturat and Botanical Garden,e and the Histor- American prisoners taken at this battle, and those taken Brook'weed, n. (Bot.) See ScAMoLus. icat Society. — The churches of B. are justly celebrated afterward during the war, were confined in the hulks of B]room, n. [A.S. brom.] A common name for different for their general elegance and beauty of architec- old ships anchored in Wallabout Bay, where they per- shrubs belonging to the genera C'fsus and SPAnTITMi, tural design. Large numbers of people doing buss- ished by hundreds and thousands firom violence, cold, q. v. ness in New York reside in B.; and this has led to foul air, and stinted food. BDuring the war of 1812 a -A brush or besom; so named because frequently made of the erection of so great a number of churches that the considerable amount of voluntary labor was expended in broom twigs. city has been denominated the "city of churches." erecting a line of fortifications around the city, and -v. a. (Vaut.) To clean the sides of a ship. —See BREAn. The church of the Pilgrims, represented in yig. 427, bodies of troops were stationed there to protect the peo- Br.oom'-corn, BooM-GRnAss, n. (Bet.)- See SORGHU,. pie. Pop. According to a census taken about 1698, the ]Broome, iin Nesw York, a S. county, enmbracing an area pop. of tie town numbered 509 persons, viz.: 77 men, 101 of about 680 sq. sm. Drained by the Cheneango, Susquewomen, 240 children, 26 apprentices, and 65 slaves. In hanna, and Olsetic rivers, and by some minor creeks. 1706 it contained 64 freeholders; 96 years later, tlle Sunface, hilly. Soil, generally fertile. Cap. Binghanmnumber had only increased to 86. The total pop. in 1800 ton. Pop. absout 45,000. was 3,298; in 1810 it was 4,402; in 1820, 7,175; in — A township of Schohsarie co. Pop. (1870) 1.836. 1830 it had reached 15,292; in 1835, the year after its Broo.ome Centrte, in New'orkc, a post-office of Schoincorporation as a city, 24,310; in 1840 it was 36,233; in harie co. 1845 it was 59,574; in 1850 it had grown to 96,850; in Broom'-rape, n. (Bot.) See OROBiNuTE. 1860, the pop. was 266,661; while the census of 1870 gives Broom'stick, BROOsm-STArF, n. The handle of a broom. a return of 399,600. Broom'towss, in Atlabassa, a post-oflice of Cherokee co. Brook'lyn, in Ohio, a post-township of Cuyahoga co., Broom Town, in Georgia, a village of Chattooga co., 5 m. S.W. of Cleveland; pop. about 6,500. 200 m. N.W. of Milledgeville. Brook'lyn, in Bennsylvansia, a post-township of Sus- Broomn'y, a. Full of broom; containing broom. ~-~- ~~z quehanna co., 7 m. S.E. of Montrose; pop. about 1,450. Brose, n. A Scotch dish made by pouring boiling water _ _Brosaokllyn, in Virginia, a post-village of Halifax co., on oatmeal. __-__- —?-__ —: ~140 m. S.W. of Richmond. Btrose'ls-y, a town of England, co. Salop, on the Severn, a- 4 ~ ~%~ Brook'lyyn, in Wisconsin, a village of Grant co., on the 127- i. N.~W. of London. This place is celebrated for its -/ "....~~ Wisconsin River. itofi foundries, and its manufactures of tobacco-pipes and -A post-township of Green co., on Sugar River, 18 m. S. garden-pots. Pep. 5,196. of Madison; pop. about 1,300. Bro'senmun, n. [Gr. brosisnos, eatable.] (Bot.) A genus -A township of Saulk co. of phlts, order Artocarpacew. The species B. utile, some-A township of Green Lake co.; pop. about 1,150. times called Galactodendron atile, is the celebrated palo iBrook'lyn, in Upper Canada, a flourishing post-villtg'e de vaca, or cow-tree, of South America. It yields a milky of York co., 34 m. N.W. of Toronto; pop. about 750. juice, said to be almost as nutritiouis as milk from the 1Brookd lyn Centre, in 0/io, a village of Cuyahoga cow. From the bark of B. namagssa strong fibres are co., 4 m. S.W. of Cleveland. Obtained, which are much used in Fananea for making Brook'minat, n. (Bot.) See MENTHA. sail-cloth and ropes. B;rook'neal, in Virginia, a post-village of Campbell ] Besas:ses, CnARLeS, born at Dijon, 1709. He became -' -i K -i - I -~ co., 120 m. W.S.W. of Richmond. president of the Parliament of Dijon, and in 1746 was Brooks, CARLE.s Susa.LEY, a popular English novelist moiitiated memlber of the Academy of Inscriptions. He and dramatic author, D. 1815. A barrister by profession, aas the first person to write a description of the ruins he early showed a predilection for literary labor, and is 0f' Herculaneum, and was the first to use the names of one of the oldest contributors to the London cosiic jour- Austsraiae and Polynesia in his Histoire des navigations nal "Punch," and of the political articles in the "Illus- aux terres Astrales. His other principal works are, tratedLondonNews." hlisbest-knownnovelsare Aspent Jissai sur lafermatien micaniquedes ltangues; and HiuCourt, The Gordian Knot, the Silver Cord, and Sooner tosse du septime siicle de la Bepublique Ronsaine. Letters and Later, the last being pul)lished in 1866. Among his froem _Italy have been published under his namne, but the dramas,/The Creole Honors and Tricks, and The ANeei Gov- book is of doubtful authenticity. D. 1777. erness, which have been highly successful on the boards. Broth, n. [A. S. See BREW.] Literally, that which is ]Brooks, JooN, an American officer and statesman, B. at brewed or boiled; specifically, an infusion or decoction Medford, Massachusetts, 1752. He was a medical prac- of vegetable and aninmal substances in water. It is cusPg. 427. u CHURCH OF THE PILGRIMS, (Brooklyn.) titioner at Reading, when, on the news of the expedition tonsary to use more or less meat, generally ox-flesh, with is a commanding object to those approaching the city to Lexington, he marched with a compatny of minute bone, and certain vegetables, as cabbage, greens, turnips, from the Bay.- The religious and charitable institu- men, in time to see the retreat of the British. le was ecrrots; peas, beans, onions, &-c. The whole are mixed tions and societies here are very numerous. The Free- made lieutenant-colonel in 1777, stormed the intrench- togetherm an cold water, heat slowly applied, and the mamasons, Odd Fellows,, and Sons of Temperance all have ments of the German troops in the battle of Saratoga, terials allowed to simmner for some hours. The meat lodges in the city; and there ire, besides, numerous so- and was a faithful adherent of Washington' during tihe yields up certain ingredients, while others are retained cieties for mutmiul relief and protection. —Greenwood conspiracy at Newburg. In tile war of 1812, he was in the residual flesh. Thile real nutritive material present Cemetery, comprising an area of 400 acres, beautifully adjutant-general of Massachusetts; and was goverior in broth is less than is generally thought, though it aids located upon the elevated ground E. of Gowassus Bay, is of that State frnm 1816 to 1823. D; 1825. in satisfying the cravings of the appetite. To invalids, one of the oldest and most beautiful of the rural ceme- B]Irooka, M}ImA. See MARIa vEa OthinDrsa.i. however; the form of broth known as heefitea (q. v.) is terins connected with our great cities. -- History. The *13rookis, in Georgia, a S. county, touchi'ng Florialk. of great importance, as it affords the weak and sickly first settlements were made under the Dutch govern- Avea, about 550 sq. m. It is wvateiredh'b the Withiacoo- stonmach a light paslatable article of diet, at a time when nient, in 1625, by several families of French Pm'otestant s chee and Ocopilco rivers. Serfaee,, level. Soil, poor. stronger food would do the weakened system much harm. from near the river Wad, in the Netherlands, who locasted Pop. about 6,700. ]Broath'el, n. [Fr. bosdel.] A house of lewdness; a bawdy near Wahllabout Besy. They seamed their settlement Barooks, in Michigan, a townshlip of Neamaygd cO.; pop. house. "l Walloons," and the bay" Westloons Boght," from which about 700. Br~'ot$h'eller, a. One who frequents a brothel. is derived its present namue Walelabout. Little progress Br saksli, in Maine, a post-townohip of Waldo co., 40 m. Brotlher, n.;pl. BOTrEtaS, or BacTuvEe. [A.S. brothnr; was made in the settlemenst for many years; and no oyv- N.E. of Augusta; poos. about 1,200. soth.b. brt/sar; Sans. b-herdtrJ; Zend. brithtra; Solav. ernmental organisation was effected under the Dutch. Up Brookis'ba rg, in TVirgioia, a village of Jefferson co., leeatet; O. Ger. bm-Jdar.] One who is born fi'om the sanme to the commencement of the present century the popu- on the Ohio River, 8 m. E. of Madison. telther and mother with another, or finom one of them lation was principally confined to severnl little barnlets Brook's Gr'ove, in New IYoLr, a P.O. of Livingston co. only. Brothers are of the whole blood whems they are scattered over the territory now esmbraced in the city. Brook'siede, in New Jersey, a post-offide of Morris eo. horn of the sauce father and mother; and of the half 376 BROYU BIROU B3ROW blood when they are the issue of one of them only. In quetice had a wonderful effect in securing on her be- Lord Byron, whom he accompanied in his travels in the civil law, when they are the children of the same halt; whether as queen, wife, or woman, the enthusiastic Italy and Greece. Oin his return he entered parliament, fathier and mother, they are called brothers germain; sympathy of the public. In 1825, B. was elected Lord (being then Sir J. C. Hobhouse,) owing to the strong when they descend from tile same father but not the radicalism of his political views, as eviniced by the pubsame mother, they are consanguine brothers; when they lication of his Letters to an hnglishman, for which he are the issue of the same mother but not the same had been committed to prison. lie subsequently became father, they are uterine brothers. A half-brother is one a member of Lord Melbourne's ministry, and was crewho is born of the same father or mother, but not of ated Lord Broughton, after which latter event he ceased both; one born of the same parents before they were to take part in public affairs. Lord B. was the author married, a left-sided brother; and a bastard born of the of A4 Journey through Albania and other Provinces samie ftther or mother is called a NATURAL BROTHER. of Turkey with Lord Byron, (1812;) Last Reign qf Na-Any one closely united with another or others. poleon, (1816:) Historical Illustrutions. of the Fourth "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers; Canto of Childe Harold, &c. He D. July, 1869. For he toeday that sheds his blood with me, Broussa, in Natolia. See BRUssA. Shall be my brother."-Shals. Brous'sais, FRaxqoms JOSEPHa VICTOR, a celebrated — One who resembles another in manners. French physician, B. at St. Male, 1772. Professor at the "He also that is slothful is his work, is brother to him that is - military hospital of Val de GrBce in 1820, he became proa great waster."-Proverbs. lessor of general pathology in the faculty of medicine in -An associate; one of the same society or denomination; Paris, 1832, and afterwards was made a member of the a btellow-creature.-See BRETHRErHN. Institute. The influence of B. in his generation was unB3rothesr-erman, n. See BROTHER. bounded, and his so-called Physiological Doctrine rapidly Broth'erhood, n. The state or quality of being a acquired a great sway, the traces of which are visible brother. even now, thomgh a more exact knowledge of physiology "This deep disgrace of brotherhood has demonstrated that the views of B; were one-sided Teaches me deeper than you can imagine." —Shaks. and exaggerated. lie announced himself as the founder -An association of men for any purpose; a fraternity. of a pathology which, for the first time in the history "There was a fraternity of men at arms, called the brotterhood of pathologies, was based upon am enlarged asd compreof St. George." —Davis. mhensive acquaintance with anatomy. The basis of B.'s Brother-in-law, n. The brother of a wife, or the doctrine was the assumption that the animnal tissues are husband of a sister. See AFFINITY, and REL.ATIONSHsIP. l:jl endowed with a property called irritability, a property Broth'erless, a. Without a brother. which is called into play by the action of stinmuli of variBrother-like, a. Becoming a brother. Kg.428 - LORD BROUGHAM. ouS kinds, and by the operation of which all vital pheBrotherliness, n. State of being brotherly. nomena are produced. D. 138. Brotherly, a. Like a brother; becoming brothers; ectoroflsg University, as a marofppreciton Broussone'ti, n. (Bt.) A gen. of plants, ord. MoZ5 o Recto~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r ofuGasowniersity, as (Ba. mArke of aplecatin rc~.Tiribtoescs,B oagi-rad. epkind; affectionate; pertaining to brothers. of his untiring efforts in the cause of educ;ation, and tie race. There is but pecies, B. p ra, e s-ads. After the manner of a brother; with kindness and founding of mechanics' institutes. In 1827, he laid thie e mulberry, the bark of which is used in Chima and affection. foundation of the "Society for the Diffusion of Useful Japan as paier material, and in the SotthbSea Islands Brothers, The, a group of islets at the entrance of Knowledge," of which hlie was the first president. The for m ing a kimd of cloth. The plant forms a small the Red Sea, 10 min. W. from Perim Islaund, Lat. 120 28e N., first publication of this society was B.'s discourse On tree, With solt, brittle, woolby branches, anti barge, hairy, Lon. 430 22' E. troe Obgjcts, Pleasoaes, and Advantages of Science. Soon rouh leaves, either heart-shaped and undivided, or cut Lon. 43~ 22~ E. ~~~~~~~~~~the Objects, Pleasur:es, and Advantages of Science. Soon! Brother's Valley, in Pennsylvania, a township of afterward, he took tihe lead in establishimg the Penn Bto deep irregular lobes. Somerset co.; pop. aout 2,700. ycaopedia. In 1830, tme county of York retur ned B. row (bran,) n. [A.S. brew, bruwa; O. Ger. brdwa, the Broth'erton, in Missouri, a post-office of St. Louis co. as its representative in Parliament, where hlie be e row; oth. v; Sts. b. Te prominent Broth'ertown, in Wiiscoa-sin, a post-township of Cilu- the acknowledged chaimpion of the great cause of Par- ridge over the eye; tIe arch of hair on it. -The foremet co., on Winneb ago Lake, 14: m. N.E. of Fond du entry Reform. 0i a new and liberal.dminist hd.-The general air of the countenance. W~~~~~~~~~~iametrymebarg. Lnakne, n liamemoryl admimnistra-.-otiecuenmce Lac; pop. about 1650. tion being formed under Earl Grey, B. was appointed "Then call them to our presence, face to face, asd frowning Brotz'manvllle, in New Jersey, a post-office of War- Lord Chancellor of England, and raised to the peerage ow to brow." - Sthaks. Lord Cha;ncellor of England, and raisedl to the peerage ren county, as Lord Braugham and Vux. From 1830 to 1834 Lord -TThe edge of a precipice, hill, or any high place. Broultham and Vax, HEgNRY, LORD, P.r.s., &c., B. had the sole conduct of the Reform Bill in the Ihouse "And to the brow of heaven (brooaa,) a yvery eminent English advocate, jurist, philos- of Peers, and the series of mesusres identified with his Pursuing, drive them out from GSod and bliss." - Milton. opher, and statesman, D. (of an ancient English flmily) name, and which were carried into effect during that -v. a. To bound; to limit; to be at thie edge of. —Milton. at Edinburgh, 1779. Ie studied at the University of period, may be summed up thus: —Tlhe abolition of Brow-antler, n. The first shoot on a deer's head. that city, where he early made himself remarkable for slouvery in the British colonies; the opening of the East Start. his aptness for mathematical and physical science; his India trade, and thei destruction of the Conmpany's mo- Brow'beat, v. a. (imp. BROWBEAT; pp. BROWBEATEN.) first published prodluction being a paper on The Refrac- nopoly; the amendment of the criminal low; vast im- To depress or bear down with a stern brow, or with titon ant Rqftection of Light, which was printed in the provcments in the whole system of municipal jurispru- lhaughty, stern looks, or with arrogant speech. "Transactions of the Royal Society" folbr 1798. During dence, both as regards law and equity; the settlement Brow'beatillg, n. The act of depressing by stern or the following year appeared fronm his pen, General The- of the charter of the Bank of England; the total re- haughty looks. oerems, being c!iefly Potists in the higher Geomnetry. form of tihe Scottish municipal corporations; the entire' What man will voluntarily expose himself to the imperious After an extended tour in Germany and Hollamd, he alteration of the loor Laos-u; an a ample commence- Srowbeatings and scorns of great men? "- L'Estrange. was admnitted an advocate at time Scottish Bar, in 1800. ment mode in reforming the Irishl Church, by the aboli- Brow'bound, a. Crowned; having tihe head encirResiding at Edinburgh, he was one of the chief writers tion of 10 bishoprics. In 1831, B. reaigned office along cled as with a diadem. in the ilVitbargh Review, when it was first established, with his colleaogues. From that time forwoard, B. held "He was brow-hound with the oak." - Shako. and contributed to it regularly till 1823S. In 1803, when an indepencident position in the House of Lords, criticis- Brow'er, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Berks co. only 2t years of age, he published his Inquiry into the ing all parties alike, but principally devoting himself to Brow'er's M[ills, in N. Caurolina, a post-office of RanCo'onial P,licy of t!t. European P.ow:'r., a work of vast the legal business before it. In 1848, B., who had pur- dolph co. research, and of great breadth acid comprehensiveness chased ani estate at Cannes, in the S. of France, pro- Brow'less, a. Without a brow; without shame. of view for so youn.g a mAn. In 1814, B. exchoanged the posed to the newly established French Republic to be Brown, (b'oun,) a. [A.S. brun; 0. Ger. brdn; Gter. Scottish for the English Bar, and tookt up his abode in naturaliz,-d as a citizen in that country; but lie was in- braun, allied to brennen, to burn; Fr. brun.] Of a London. lit 1803S, hlie was called to tihe iBar at Lincoln's formied thait his wish could be carried out only on his burned color: dusky; of a dark or dusky color, inclining Inn, ondcomonenced practice as;u barrister in the King's ceasing to be an English peer. During the period which to red nr itack. Bench, and oni the Northern Circuit. The first occasion elapsed from his partial release from the duties of thie — n. (Painting.) A daurk dusky color inclining toward red, oni which hlie c;ome prominently before the public, was sen:ate and the forum, Lord B. contributed largely to of various degrees of depth, of which there are many his advocacy of tihe cause of tihe merchants of London, modern literature. In 1838, he published tihe collected sorts. It belongs to the tertiary colors, known its rusLiverpool, and Manchester, who comnplained of the in- edition of his speeches, with notes and introductions, sets or olives, in which the hue is mmodified by an admixjury done to their commerce by the operation of tihe and a discourse on the eloquence of the ancients. He ture of dark or black pigtment. famous "Ord:!rs in Council," issued againat Napoleon's edited Paley's Nitural Thoeology, and wrote Dissertations -v. a. To make brown or dusky; to give a bright brown Berlin and Milan decrees. Thoummh unsuccessful of olh- on Subjects of Science conected with Naturalt Theology. color to. taining the repeal of time orders ii question, he added In 1839 appeared his Iistorical Sketches of Statesmen -v. n. To become brown. consideralbly to his reputation as an advoc;ate, and was who flourished in the Reign of George ilII., a work com- Brown, CuuARLas BROCKDEN, an American novelist, B. at returned to thie British Parliaument, where, in the Itouise pleted in 1843. He next edited tile speech of Deimos- Philhdelphia. 1771, was of a highly respectablo hunmily, of Commons, he made his first speech, March 5, 1810, in thenes de Cbronal, and published his own tolitical Pti- of Quaker descent. lie studied hIw with great ardor, the delate on Mr. Whitbread's motion of censure on the los phy. B., now retired fromn officiuM life, gave his but took os disgust to the practice of the profession, and Earl of Chatham, for privately tnmsmitting to the hing whole energies to the amendment of the law; obtained abandoned it for literature. His first publication was his narrative of the expedition to the Scheldt. Tihe the establishment of county courts, and labored for Alcuin, a Dialogue an the Rights of Wonen, wiich apspeech was good, and even eloquent, but it g:ave little Bunkruptcy Refora with a zeal approaching to enthu- peared in 1797; followed in 1798 lby Wieland, or the promose of those subsequent oratorical aclhivements siasmn. In 1850, hlie contributed to the Royal Society a Transeformation, a novel: and in 1799 by Ormond. or the which pluced him in thIe foremmost rank of thie public paper of Experitnents and Observations on tihe Properties ecred Tlbtness. In 1798 hlie established himself in the men of his time. It would be impossible to give any- of Liqht, followed up by further treatises, in which he city of New York; anid when the yellow fever broke out thing like a complete account of B.'s politicab career showed the principle upon which Newton established there, B. refused to forse his friends and meighbors; while he held a seat in the Lower House. It will be his theory of light to be inconclusive. In 1855 appeared and after performing the last offices of affection for one sufficient to say, that after the close of the war, in 1815, his Analytical View of Newton's Principia; which vas of them, a young physician, was himself attacked sy the the attention of the governument anrid of tile people was succeeded by a treatise On the Integral Callculus, and pestilemce. His conception of tis disease he embodied turned to domestic affairs mand matters of internal regu- many articles on "Lihit " contributed to the Transac- in his next work, Arthur Miervyn, or Memoirs of the lation: and that to the discussion of thfse subjects, B. tions of the French Institute, of which body he was a Year 1793. The publication of "Arthur Mervyn" was brought a well-informed and versatile mind, an enlighlt- member, and before whom he delivered an address in quickly succeeled by tmat of Edgar Hontly, or the Adened philanthropy, liberal opinions, and a burning zeol French, on this suttject. B. in his latter years ws vnturs of a Sle- alker. The second part of" Arthr agaimust tyrasny, wrong, and oppression. His efforts for elected Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh, Pre- Mervyn" appeared in 18t0:; and (flra Howardl in 1801; the abolition of flogging in the army, the repeail of Ro- sident of the London University, and a.c.L. of Oxford; and in 1804 the seria-s of his romances was closed with man C:atholic disabilities, reform in the govt. of India, took little or no part in political affoairs, and lived in re- - Jane Talbot, first printed in England. In 1801 he ret~ha diffusion of education, this inmsrovomont of prison tirenment at his seat at Cannes, on the Mediterranean; turned to Philadelphia, and soon undertoohk the manmanagement, the abolition of slavery, law reform, and devoting himself till almost the very last day of his life agement of the Literary Magazineand Ame-ican Registhe independence of the newspaper press, will never be to philosophical and scientific pursuits. D. May 9,1868. her. In 1804 he married Elizabeth, doaughter of Dr. Wilforgotten. In 1818, B. obtadined a parliamentary com- Broughasn, (broom,) n. A kind of small two- or four- liam Linn, a Presbyterian divine of New York. lie meittee for inquiry into abuses coummiected with the edu- wheeled carriage for general mss. projecteu the phan of an Annual Register the first w.rk cational fouundations of the kingdom; the commence- Broughshane, (broh'shain,) a town of Ireland, c. of the kind in tme Umited States, and edited this first ment of the movement in favor of popular educootion. Antrim, 4 m. E.N.E. of Ballymena; pop. 1,045. volume of it in 1806. Between 1803 and 1809 he pubIn 1820-1, he wous professionally engaged in Westminster Brougiht, imp. and p. of BuomNo, q. v. lished 3 political pamphlets, which excited general atHall as Attorncy-General to Qumeen Carolinc, whose cause ][rosghtton, JoHN CAN HonaoIosse, r..t., Lon, an Rung tention. His huealth gave way, ond a voyage to Euirope he advocated witho something muore than the zeal of a lish author and statesman, n. 1786. lHe was educaotod att was recommended; but he could not make up his mminul common advocate, and his fearless and burning elo- e Cambridge, and while there bhtoome acquainted with to leave his family for any length of time, and tried only BROW BROW BROW 377 a short excursion into New Jersey and New York in the and Pleiades, and The Four Seasons; besides busts of Creek. Surjface, tolerably level; mixed timbered land summer of 1809. Finding this was of no effect. hlie agreed Bryant, Spenser, Nott, &c. In bronze he has executed a and prairie. Soil, productive. Cap. Mount Sterling. Pp. to go abroad in the obllowing spring, which hlie did not colossal statue of De Witt Cliiton, the Angel (f' Retri- about 17,000. live to see; D. 1810. Brown's life was blameless: his bulion, &c. Brown, in Indiana, a county in the S. central part of the mattners were gentle anl untiffected; and his conversaL- Brown, ROBERT, B. 1550; the founder of the sect of the State, area 3;:0 sq. m., watered by the Salt and Bean tional resources considerable, though hlie was sonimewhat BowNis'rs, q. v. Blossom creeks. Suiface, undulating. Soil, fertile. Cop. silent in large or miixed companies. Stis reading, thoughl Brown, 1 ROBERT, a Scotch botanist, B. at Montrose, Nashville. Pop. about 11,000. desultory, was very extensive; and his ftlcility in writ- 1773. Having studied medicine, he became, in 1795, -A township of Hancock co.; pop. about 1,390. ing only too great, as it induced himi to compose story assistant-surgeon in a Scottish Fencible regimenit. De- -A township of tendricks co.; pop. about 2,600. after story, trusting apparently to luck for the disen- voting himself to the study of botany, he resigned his -A township of Martin co.; pop. about 1,050. tanglemnet of his plots. tie threw off 3 romances in one commsission in 1800, iand the following year was, on the -A township of Montgomery co., 12 m. S.S.W. of Crawyear, "with the printer's devil literally at his elbows." recoimmendation of Sir Joseph Banks, engaged as natu- fordsville; pup. about 2,560. His style was often deficient in ease and simsplicity; and relist in the expedition sent out under Captain Flinders -A township of Morgan co.; pop. about 770. he was apt to stop short in the midst of Ihis miost excit- bfor the survey of the Australian coasts. On his return — A township of Ripley co.; pop. about 2,350. ins narrations to philosophize upon them; but Ihis ro- in 1805, hlie brought home nearly 4,000 species of Austra- -A township of Washington co.; pop. about 1,600. mances were much admsired in his time, and are still lien plants, a large proportion of which were new to sci- Brown, in Iowa, a township of iuinn co.; pop. abt. 1.200. read with interest. He had a powerful but sonmewhat ence. Soon after, hlie was appointed librarian to the Brown, in Aarnsas, a N.E. counsty, oil the confineds of morbid im;agination, considerable descriptive power, and Linnuean Society. T thile Transactions of tihe Edin- Nebraska, with an area of about 650 sq. mn.; watered niuch intensity of conception. burgh Wernerian Society, and those of the Lislmman by tihe a. fork of tihe Nemrhoa, and the Giasslhopper and Brown, JAcoB, an American general, B. in Bucks co., Society, he contributed memoirs on Asclrepiadecrw snt Wolf rivers. Suuiface. varied. Soil, fertile. arp. IlmaPennsylvania, 1775. Descended from menmbers of tile Proteacece, and published Prodromus Florce Novc Hol- wathat. Pop. about 7,000. Society of Friends, he was one of the pioneers of Jeffer- landice et Insula Van Diesmen's, vol. i. 1810; a sup- Brown. iin Michigan, a township of Manistee co.; pop. son co., N.Y. In 1812, he joined the militia service as a plement to this work appeared in 1830, relating to tihe about 260. militia general. HIe was appointed major-general in the Proteacece only. He also wrote the General Reuiarks, Brown, in.M'invesota, a S. county; area, 450 sq. min.; regular service in 1814, and distinguished himself isl the Geographical and Systematical, on the Botany if Terra watered by the Minunesota and Big Cottonwood rivers. battles of Chippewa and of Niagara Falls; also at the Australis, attached to tihe narrative of Captalin tlin-. Ssfa2/ce, diversified. Soil, excellent. Cap. lvew Ulm. siege of Fort Erie. He received the thanks of Congress ders's expedition, 1814. 1is adoption of tihe natural Pop. about 2,800. and a gold medal, emblematic of his triueemphs. Gen. B. system of Jussieu, the French botanist, led to its general Brown, is Ohio, a S.S.W. county, near the Ohio River succeeded to the supreme command in 1821, and D. 1828. substitution in place of the Linnuean method. B.'s which divides it frons Kentucky. It is drained Iy tihe Brown, JAMes, an eminent Americain publisher iand numnerous memoirs in Transactions of societies, and East fork of Little Miami River, and also by the White bookseller —the "John Murray." as lie was called, of the other contributions to botanical science, secured for uni- Oak, Straight, and Eagle creeks. Area, about 500 sq. ui. United States —died at his seat in Watertown, near Bos- versat approval the title conflerred on him by Alexander Sumface, uneven. Soil, excellent, with ai sub-stratum ton, March 10, 1855, aged fifty-five. The son of a farnier von IHumiboldt of Botanicorum facile Princeps. In of limestone. Cap. Georgetown. Pop. about 42,000. in very humble circumstances, in Acton, Mass., he raised 1810, B. received the charge of the library and splendid -A township of Athens co. himself by his shrewdness, sagacity, and enterprise to be scientific collections of Sir Joseph Bmanks, which, in 1827, -A township of Carroll co.; pop. about 2 420. the head of one of the largest and nmost successful firms were transferred to thIe British Museum, whefi he was -A township of Darke co.; p p. amlout 1,270. in the b6ok-trade in Anmerica. Their publications were appointed keeper of the botanical department in that -A township of Delaware co.;pp. about 1,400, stanudard works of a high clmracter; and Mr. Brown's establishment. In 1811, hlie was elected F.R.s.; in 1832, -A uownship of Frsnklin co.;pop. about 1;120. fine taste and patriotic pride were gr;atified by so far D.c.t., of Oxford; and in 1833 was elected one of the 18 -A township of Knox co.; pop. about 1,610. improving the mechanical execution of thei —thie pa- foreign associates of the Academy of Sciences of the In- -A township of Miami co.; pop. about 2,070. *per, pnirut, and bundind —that they rivalled time hanul- stitute of Fransce. In 1839, the Royal Society awarded -A township of Paulding co.; pp. mbout 930. somest productions oh the English and Scotch press. him their Copley niedal for his Discoveries during a Se- -A township of Vinton co.; pop. about 1,010. Very rarely were his excellentjudgment tand instinctive ries of I'ea:s uwn the Subject if Vegetable Implregnatlio,. Brown, in Pennsylvansia, a township of Lycoming co.; anticipaition of the public taste deceived in his gigantic He was president of the Linnvean Society from 1849 to pop. about 780. speculations. Ile wvas himself well acquainted with 1858. D. 1858. -A township of Mifflin co.; pop. about 1,270. bibliography; his shop was a favorite resort of atll the Brown, Sun GcORGE, an English general, a. 1790, at El- Brown, in Texas, a central county, with an area of literati of New England, and hlie never forgot the name gin, Scotland. HIe entered the anrmy in 1806, was made about 1,050 sq. m. The Colorado River bouinds it on the of a book once inquired for, or the well-considered judg- a lieutenant in 1807, and took part in the bomubardment S., and it is also watered by the Pecan River. Pop. osent of a competemit person upon its merits. Thie for- of Copenhagen. He served throughout tihe whole of the about 1,000. tune which hie had fairly won was munificently used in Peninsular war fromu 1808 to 1814, during which he was Brown, in Wisconsin, a N.E. county at the head of Green numerous liberal benefactions. wounded at Talavera, and led the forlorn Ihope at the Bay. Area, 525 sq. min. The Neeuah or Fox, and East Brown, JHoN, the founder of the Brumnnian system, n. stornluing of Badajoz. He was, in 1814, mnade a lieu- and Ccntre rivers flow through it. Sumeace, uneven. in Berwickshire, Enugland, 1737. He divided, in his tenant-colonel, and served in the American war. He hSoil, partly fertile. Cap. Green Bay. P'op. abt. 27,000. famous system, all diseases into sthenic and asthienic; was made a lieutesnant-general in 1851, iand in 1854 conm- Brow'bill, n. See HALBERT. in the first of these, the excitability, which he considered manded the light division at the battle of Alma, in Brown Coal, n. (Ain.) A variety of coal distinguished the source of life, was increased, lwhile in tihe second, it tihe Crinimea. On Nov. 5, 1854, hlie was severely wounded fromi stone coal!y its streak when scratched, which is was diminished. The treatment to be adlopted for the at Inkliermainun. He had the command-in-chief of tihe brown and different from the black streak coal. There cure of all, except the sthenic affections, was to stimu- storming party which was unsuccessful in thle first at- are, however, two distinctions of greater importance late. Accordingly he prescribed rich diet, wine, and tack on thie redan of' Sebastopol. In 1856 ihe was ga- than streak, affecting brown coal: one is. that they despirits in large quantities; and, as the physiciains of that zetted general ill the army ".Ior distinguished services teriorate by exposure to the air, tending to split and fidtll day probably erred in the opposite direction, it is not in the field." to powder; the other, tlihat they contain water, which strange that, for a while, B. obtained a high reputation. Brown, The REv. HUGR STowEL., B. in Douglas, Isle of intcrferes with their value as economic fuel. As almost Towards the end of the last century, tile Brunonimn sys- Man, 1823. At thie age of 15, hlie cime to Engltnd to learn all thle lignites belonig to a more recent geological period ten had extended its influence over time whole continent the profession of engineer. This occupation lie lollowed than that called casbotiufeous, they have been often of Europe, and in Germany its author was designated until he canme of age, and he drove a locotmotive engine spokcen of as modern cual. They are, however, confined the Medical Luther. -B. professed the greatest contempt on the London anud North-Western Railroad for six to no tge. many troe lignites occurring in rocks much for all systems of medicine which had preceded his own, months. It was Ihis custom, mfter his day's work at older than the tertiary period, while some tertiary rocks yet it is obvious that he was less original thamn he ias- Wolverton was done, to spend 4 or 5 hours in reading contain excellent stone coal. unted to be. I-is faculty of excitability is the Ralleriatn and in uneditating on whnat hie had read; antd his fidst Brownae, SIR THOMAS, aln English physiciaun and author, irritability, but elevated into so distinct a fobrm that, as classical exerciseJ were written with a piece of chalk a. in Loindon, in 1605. Haiving taken his degrees in arts, is justly remarked by Bronussais, it takes tihe rank of an inside the fire-box of a locomotive engine. Resolving hlie wesnt to Leyden, where he became an mN.D., and in ontological creation; in fist, it was as purely the worlk to become a clergyman of the Church of England, he 1642 published his fanious book, the Beligio Medici. In of fancy as was the Archieus of Van Ielhmont. But entered as a student at King's College, and studied there 1646 appeared his book on Vtdgar Errors, in folio. thete is a gireat merit which belongs to B., and deserves for three years. Douiibts, however, ciame over his mind Charles II. honored him witllh knighthood in 1671. D. to be remembered, namely, his ppreciaition of the ftct respecting the truth of the doctrines in the Liturgy intd 1682. IHis lifll has been written by Dr. Johnson. thmft disemse, in by far the greatest number of cases, im- Cstechisum of the Church of England. These doubts ul- BrowIlne HIill, in Iiuginisa, a tpost-oftice of Wythe co. plies a debilitated condition of the organism. D. 1788. titnately produced in his mind the conviction thiamt the Browzn'field, in Maine, a post-township of Oxiord co., Brown, Joen, an officer in tile Americanu aerny during baptismal doctrines of the Establishlment were at v:mmi- 60 m. S.\A. of Augusta; pop. tmt. 1,6W0. the Itevolution. was a. in Smndisfield, Mass., in 1744, ance with Holy Scripture, and lie accordingly became am Browns'ielm, in Ohio, a post-township of Lorain co., graduated at Yale College in 1771, atnd commienced tihe member of the B:sptist denomination. In 1848, he was on Lake Erie, 2 ms. E. by S. of Sandusky city; pop. abt. practice of law at Caughnawaga, New York, where he appointed minister of Myrtle Street Chapel at Liverpool, 1.500. was appointed king's attorney. But he soon returned and soon became one of the recognized leadeus of tihe Brown Hill, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Crawford co. to Pittsfield, in his native State, and took an active Baptist body there. As a lecturer to the working Brownie, (brou'ue.) A kind of faoiry, formerly beli-ved share in the patriotic movements it the opeuning of tihe classes, ihe is so succeasful that he collects an audience int in tihe Hebrides and North of Scotland. lie was an Revolution. In May, 1775, he served under Allen and of between 2,000 to 3,000 artisans on Sunday afternoons, obliging sort of elf, that used to conme into hiouses by Arnold in their successfuhl expedition against Ticonete- tanm from 15,000 to 25,000 copies of his lectures tire sol. night, and perform lustily any piece of work that might roga and Crown Point, and was sent as special messenger Brown, THOMAs, a celebrated Scotch metaphysician, n. remain to be done. At osne tiue every fataily s-f impiorto the Congress at Philadelphia withl the mnews of tlhei at Kirlmabreck, Kirkcudbrightshire, 1778. He studied tance believed that they had a special brownie, and success. When Ethan Alhln, in Sept. of' time same year. at Edinburgh, and, in 1806, entered into co-partnersimip they gave him offerings of the vnarious products of the made his attenmpt to surprise Momtre;ml, B. cooperatted with Dr. Gregory. Dugaid Stewart, professor of moral place. Thus, sosme. when they churned their milk, or with him, but was fortunate enough to escape, wsile his philosophy, being indisposed in tle winter of 1808-9, en- brewed, poured some of the milk or iwort through the leader was captured. Thie next Dec., Major B. joinemi gaged B. to read lectures for him in his class. In this hole of a stone called the brownie's stone. The browinie Arnold and Montgomnery before Quebec. While leadling capacity his success was so great, that in 181.0 ihe was of Scotland bore a veiry striking resemblance to the a party of men ump the Molhawlc to the relief of Gen. induced to resign his practice, and accept thie appoint- Robin Good/ellow of England. Schiuyler in 1780, ihe fell into an ambuscade of Indians mient ofcolleague toDugald Stewartin thie chairof moral Brown'insg, n. (hem.) A process by which the barand was slain. philosopmy in theUniversity of Edclinbuirgh. His lecture rels of muskets and rifles are partially oxidized and Brown, Jolhn, See IIAntPER's FEnRY. ous tle P/tilosophy ofhthe Human Mind, puiblishedmmfter his suslphuurized, and so prevented fIom nnbeinug eassily rusted. BIrO%~ts, HesNPa KIsRK1s, an American sculptor, n. at death, have beets pronounced musterpieces of their kind. The barnel laeing brightened mnd cleanued thomroughsly Leydiein. Massachutsetts, 1814, received tine eduucation of His style is certainly the most captivating that has ever froom oil, a mixture of nitric acid, chloride of iron, sala flrimns-r's boy, working in summer, and studuying in beaen employed to convey a knowledge of phmilosophiy. D. ammoniaic, usund sulphnte of copper, is laid on, amid ilwinter. At 18, he went to Boston, ansu studied Iportrait- 1826. howed to remain sevenrl hours. The procuss is repeasted paintisng. It was by chance that he becaune a sculptor; ]BFroi-'n, ULYssEs MAXIMILusm, a field-marshal, of Irish several timses, and time bansel is cleaned ultimately with for, having modelled the head of a lady, it wis so muc h origin, in the Austriasn army, who rendered great services alkalinue wauter. and polished. commendled that he resolved to piursue thmmt buranuch of to the Enpress Mmsria Theresa. gaininug in 1746 the battle Browninsg, RoniRT, a modern English poet, n. at Camart. By the aid of friends, he was enablled to visit ItlSy, of PIacentia, and taking Genoa. In 1746 he defeated the berwell. 18i2. his first ackunowledged work, P'araceland alter stuudying there for soumine time, he retumnused to Prussians, who huid invadedl Bohemius, and won thie battle sus, wian published in 186, and fotund some eulogists, if the U. States, msmd settled at Broolklyn, whtere, having of Losowitz. He was omortally wounded at the battle of buint few ruamders. IIis I inppa Passes, a fantastic but many commissions for umonument al art, he perfected the PraguSe. B. at B~le, 1705; D. 1757. gnmmcehul dranmmticc poem, obltsined omore favor with thie castimng of bronze, as ai timiterial better adaspted to expo- Brown, in Illinois, a W. couitty with anu area of 320 publuic. In 1837 he psiblished his tragedy of Strafford, sure thmaun marble. Ansong his principal worhks in ninr- sq. us. It hats for its E. frontier the Illinois River, and which waus a fasiure. Sordello und F/se Blot on the ScutBlrs are the statue of Hope, 8he bat-relifts of the Hyades N.E. Crockett itier, amid is watered also by McKee's thetm, were not more successful. In 1856 appeared his vetO. -I —N48 378 BROW BROW BRUC Men and Women. In addition to the above-mentioned This review has been for many years the leading Roman- Brown, Esq., to whose liberality it has been largely inworks, B. has published King Victor and King Charles, Catholic periodical in the U. States. Mr. B. has written debted. The college was founded on the following plan: Dramatic Lyrics, Return of the Druses, Colomb's Birth- The Spirit-Rapper, and a work entitled The Convert, a "That all the members of' the institution shall bforever day, Dramatic Romance, The Soul's Errand, and a new metaphysical account of the mental processes by which enjoy full, free, absolute liberty of conscience; and that volume of poems (1861). His tragedies and dramatic he has arrived at his present convictions. the places of professors, tutors, and other officers, shall lyrics are included in the collection of his works en- Brown Spar, n. (Mis.) A magnesian carbonate of be free and open for all denonmiations of Protestants. titled Bells and Pomegranates. B. has especially culti- lime, tinged by oxide of iron and manganese. The name The government of the college is vested in a Board of vated the arts of music and painting, with the history is applied more especially to those varietihs of brown Fellows, consisting of 12 members, of whom 8, including of both of which he is minutely and widely acquainted. crystallized Dolomite which contain carbonate of iron. the president, must be Baptists; and a Board of Trustees He married Miss Elizabeth Barrett, a poetess, and author Brown's Point, in n2ew Jersey, a village of Mon- consisting of 36 members, of whom 22 inmust be Baptists, of Aurora Leigh, The Drama of Exile, isabel's Child, Casa mouth co., on Raritan Bay, 5 nm. S.E. of Perth-Amboy. 5 Friends or Quakers, 4 Congregationalists, and 5 EpisGuidi Windows, &c., who D. in 1861. Browns'port, in Tennessee, a village of Decatur co., on copalians. This venerable institution, presided since Brown'ing, in Illinois, a post-township of Schuyler the Tennessee River, 110 m. W.S.W. of Nashville. 1867 by Dr. Alexis Caswell, is in a highly prosperous co.; pop. abt. 1,450. Brown Stout, n. A superior kind of porter. condition. Browneing Ferry, in Missouri, a P.O. of Ienry co. Browns'towns, in Arkansas, a P.O. of Sevier co. Brown'ville, in Indiana, a village of Vigo co., 12 nm. Brown'ing's, in Georgia, a district of De Kalb co. Browns'town, in Indiana, a post-township of Jack- S.E. of Terre Haute. Brown'ington, in Plennsylvania, a P.O. of Butler co. son co., 25 us. S.S.W. of Columbus; pop. abt. 2,300. Brown'ville, in aowa, a post-office of Mitchell co. Brown'lngton, in Vermsmt, a post-township of Or- -A post-village, cap. of above co., 70 m. S. of Indianapo- Brown'ville, in!Michigan, a village of Lenawee co., leans co., 43 m. N.E. of Montpelier; pop. abt. 900. lis; pop. about 600. 56 m. WV.S.W. of Detroit. Brownington Centre, in Vermont, a post-office of Browns'town, in Michigan, a post-village and town- Brown'ville, in Nebraska, a thriving post-town, cap. Orleans co. ship of Wayne co., 14 in. N.E, of Monroe city. of Nemaha co, on the Missouri River; pop. about 550. Brown Iron-ore, n. (Min.) A native hydrate per- Browns'town, a parish of Ireland, co, Meath. Brown'ville, in Newo York, a post-village and townoxide of iron, composed of 85-6 per cent. of peroxide of Browns'town Creek, in Michigan, Wayne co., emp- ship of Jefferson co., oni Black River, 4 m. from Wateriron and 14-4 water. There are several varieties of this ties into Lake Michigan. town, near Lake Ontario; pop. about 4,800. ore, which generally occurs in stalactitic, botryoidal, and Brown-study, n. Gloomy study; dull thoughtful- Brown'wood, in Texas, a post-village of Brown co. mammillated forms, with a fibrous structure, a silky ness; absorption of the m.ind in listless meditation. Brown'wort, n. (Bat.) See ScnoRPUL.ARiA. lustre, and often a semi-mnetallic appearance. In color Brown's Valley, in (altifornia, a post-village of Yn- Brow'-post, so. (Carp.) A cross beaim. it is of various shades of brown, and is distinguished ba co., 12 m. N.E. of Msrysville. Browse, v. a. [0. Ger. prosa, a shoot; l'Fr. brouter.] To eat from other ores of iron by a brownish-yellow streak, Brown's Valley, in 1ndiana, a post-office of Mont- or feed upon leaves, twigs, buds, or sprouts; to feed upon free from any tint of red. goniery co. branches or shrubs. Brown'ish, a. Somewhat brown. Browns'ville, in Alabaona, a P.O. of Talladega co. "And being down, is trod in the dust Brown'ism, n. The tenets of the BROWISTBs, q. v. BrownS'vilie, in Arkansas, a post-village, cap. of Of cattle, and browsed, aud sorety hurt." - Spenser. Brown'ists, a. pl. (E'cl. Hist.) A sect of Christians, Prairie co.,'27 m. E. of Little Rock. -v. n. To feed on leaves, sprouts, or buds. or on the tenwhich arose in England towards the end of the 16th Browns'ville, in ('alifornia, a post-village of Yuba der branches or shoots of shrubs and trees. century, and took their name from their founder, Robt. co., 30 m. N.N.E. of Marysville. "Savages browsing on herbage, like cattle." - Arbuthnot. Brown, a man of some learning, but of an impetuous Browns'ville, in Georgia, a village of Monroe co., on -n. Buds, sprouts, or leaves, or the tender branches or and fiery temper. lIe began to inveigh against the cere- Ocmulgee River, 35 m. W. by S. of Jackson. twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for thIe food of goats, &c. monies of the Church of England in 1580, and zealously Browns'ville, in Illinois, a village of Jackson co., on " The greedy lioness the wolf pursues, diffused his sentiments by preaching from place to place, the Big Muddy River, 175 m. S. of Springfield. The wolf the kid, the wanton kid the browse." — Dryden. principally in the county of Norfolk. Being greatly op- Brownls'ville, in lndiana, a village of Montgomery Brows'er, n. One that browses. posed, he left England with a congregation which he had co., 40 m. W.N.W. of Indianapolis. Browse'-wood, n. Bushwood or twigs on which ancollected, and settled at Middleburg, in Zealandl; but, -A post-township of Union co., 4 m. N.W. of Liberty; iimals ifeed. - Booth. quarrelling with his flock, he, three years afterwards, pop. about 1,600. Brows'ing, n. The same as Btowse. left them, and returned to England. He again itinerated -A post-village of the above co., on the E. fork of the Brox'ton's Bridge, in South Carolina, a post-offico through the country, and preached with considerable White Water River, 13 m. S.W. of Richmond, and 50 of C,ulleton district. success; but he afterwards conformed to the Established N.W. of Cincinnati; pop. about 450. Broyles'ville, in Texas, a post-office of Washington co. Church, obtained the rectory of Oundle, and D. 1630. Browns'ville, in Kentucky, a village of Barren co. Bruat, AtlMAND JOSEPH, a French admiral, a. at Colmar, His followers, however, continued to increase, so that -A post-village, cap. of Edmondson co., situate on Green 1796. Commander-in-chief of the Ocean squadron in Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1592, estimated their number at River, 130 m. S.W. of Frankifort, and 10 nm. W. of the 1852, he served in 1854 in the fleet in the Black Sea, as upwards of 20,000, exclusive of women and children. Mammoth Cave; pop. about 220. vice-admiral, under Admniral lhamelin,,tnd took a promThe B. underwent great persecutions under Elizabeth, Browns'ville, in Maine, a post-village and township inent part in the first bombardment of Sebastopol. The and retired in considerable numbers to Holland. From of Piscataquis co., 100 m. N.N.E. of Augusta. Slate is same year, he succeedced Admiral Hamelin. D. of the them, however, have sprung the powerful sect of the largely produced here. Pop. of townslhip, about 850. cholera at Messina, Nov. 25, 1855. Independents or CONaeEOATIONALISTS, q. v. Browns'ville, in Maryland, a post-office of Washing- Bruce, the name of a Scottish family of Norman origin. Brown Mlarsh, in N. Carolina, a P. 0. of Bladen co. ton co. Robert de Brus, or Bruys, came over to England with Brown'ness, n. The quality of being brown. Browns'ville, in Michigan, a village of Kent co., on William the Conqueror, and was rewarded for his serBrown Pigments, n. pl. (Painting.) A term ap- Thorn Apple River, 55 m. W. by N. of Lansing. vices by a grant of land in Yorkshire. Robert, his son, plied to those substances in which the three primary -A village of Lenawee co., on the Raisin River, 11 m. was the companion in arms of David I. of Scotland, at colors unite in unequal proportions, red being in excess. N.N.E. of Adr'ian. the court of IHenry I. of England; and when the ScotB. P. are chiefly mineral, and are used sometimes in a Browns'ville, in Michigan, a post-village of Cass co.; tish prince succeeded to the throne of his ancestors, he raw but usually in a burned state. The most important pop. about 100. bestowed the lordship of Annandale upon his early are bistre, asphaltum, umber, terra di sienna, Mars Browns'ville, in Minnesota. a post-village and town- friend, Robert de Brus. Tihe eldest son of the second brown, Cassel earth, and brown madder. ship of Houstoin co., on the Mississippi, 11 mn. from La Robert carried on thie English line of tihe family, while Brown'-rust, n. (Agric.) A disease of wheat, in which Crosse; pop. of township, about 1,000. his younger son became the proper founoder of the Scota brown powder is substituted for the farina of the grain. Browns'ville. in Mississippi, a village of Hinds co., tish branchl. His great-grandson inarried Isabel, second Craaig. 20 m. N.W. of Jackson. daughter of David, Earl of IIuntingdon, brotther of WilBrownslborough, in Alabama, a post-office of Madi- Browns'ville, in Missouri, apost-village of Salineco., liam the Lion; and their eldest son was Robert de Bruce, son co. on Lammine River, 40 m. W. of Booneville. the competitor with Baliol for the Scottish throne. Browns'borough, in Kentucky, a post-office of Old- Browns'ville, in North Carolina, apost-office of Gran- (See BALIOL, JOHN.) Ibis son, also called Robert, marham co. ville co. ried under singular and romantic circumstances, a young Browis'borough, in Texas, a post-office of Hender- Browns'ville, in Pennsylvania, a prosperous post- and beautiful widow, only child of Nigel, Earl of Carson co. borough of Brownsville township, Fayette co., on the rick, and Margaret, a daughter of Walter, the HighBrowns'burg, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Buacks co. Monongahela, River, 35 m. S. of Pittsburgh, and 190 W. Steward of Scotland, and thus added largely to the esBrowns'lburg, in Virginia, a post-village of Rock- by S. of Harrisburg. Steamers ascend thus far from tate and feudal influence of the family of this union. bridge co., 143 m. from Rtichmond; pop. tabout 220. Pittsburg. A splendid bridge, 630 feat long, spans the Bauce, ROBERa, the restorer of Scottish Independence, was Browns'burgh, in Indiaina, a post-village of IIen- river, and, taken generally, this is a busy town with the first firuit of the above marriage. lie was a. the year dricks co., on White Lick Creek, 14 m. N.W. of Indian- manufactures of iron, glass, paper, &c. Pop. abt. 5,500. (1274) in which Edward I. of England was crowned. In apolis; pop. abt. 250. Browns'ville, in Ohio, a village of Knox co., 54 no. 1296, as Earl of Carrick, he swore fealty to Edward I. at Brown's Cove, in Virginia, a P. 0. of Albemarle co. N.E. of Columbus. Berwick. Shortlyafter, heabandoned the cause ofEdward, Brown's Creek, in North Carolina, Anson co., joins -A post-village of Licking co., 40 m. E. of Columbus. and with his Carrick vassals joined thle Scottish leaders the Yadkin from the S.W. -A village of Washington co., 5 m. W. of the Ohio River. in arms for the independence of their country. On the Brown's Creek, in hV. Virginia, a post-office of Har- -A village of Harrison co., 14 m. W.N.W. of Cadiz. defeat of the Scots a few months afterwards, at Irvine., rison co. -A village of Monroe co., 27 m. N.E. of Marietta. B. made his peace with the English monarch. After Browns'dale, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of Butler co. Browns'ville, in Oregon, a post-village of Linn co., Wallace's defeat at Falkirk, B. burned the castle of Ayr Browns'ford, in Iowa, a village of Madison co., on on the Calapooya River, 22 m. S.E. of Albany; pop. to the ground, to prevent its falling into the hands of North River. about 439. the English, and retired into the recesses of Carrick. In Brown's IMills, in 7llinois, a post-office of Clark co. Browns'ville, in South Carolina, a post-office of Marl- 1299, the year after Wallace had resigned the regency, Brown's Mills, in Iowa, a post-office of Davis co. borough district. B., then in his 25th year, was admitted one of the four Brown's Mills, in New Jersey, a post-office of Bur- Browns'ville, in Te',nessee, a post-village, cap. of THly- regents, who ruled the kingdom in the name of Baliol. lington co. wood co., 117 mo. W.S.W. of Nashville. An extensive In the three campaigns which subsequently took place, Brown's Mills, in Ohio, a post-village of Washington trade is carried on here. Pop. about 800. B. continued faithtful to Edward. With John Comyn, co., 16 m. W.N.W. of Marietta. Browns'ville, in Texas, (formerly FoRT BaowN,) a called tihe" Red Comyrn," the nephew of Baliol,heappears Brown's Mlills, in Pennsylvania, a village of Mercer flourishing post-town, cap. of Cameron co., on the Rio to have entered into some agreement as to their rival co., on Sandy Creek. Grande, facing Matasmoras, 40 m. from the embouchure claims to the throne. In an interview between them, -A village of _lifflin co. of the river, and 300 S. of Austin. This is one of the in the church of the Minorite Friars, Dunmfiics, Feb. 4, -A post-office of Franklin co. most enterprising and busy places in the State, having 1305-6, a quarrel took place, and B., in a paroxysm of Brown's Mlills, in West Virginia, a post-office of Har- an active trade with Mexico, carried on by steam-navi- passion, st;sbbed Comyn with his dagger. B. hastened rison co. gation. Pop. about 3.500. to Lochmaben Castle, assembled his vassals, and asserted Browuson, O0.sTEs A., LL.D., it. in New hhampshire in Browns'ville, in Utah Territory, a village of Ogden his right to the throne. Two mnonths after (March 27), 1802, is to a great extent a self-educiated man. Origi- co., on the E. border of Great Solt Lake. he was crowned king, at Scone. An English urnty under nally a Presbyterian, he becaome a Universalist preach-l Browns'ville, in Vermont, a post-office of Windsor co the Earl of Pembroke, nominated by Edward governor er, then a Unitarian, and afterwards a Socialist, of the Browns'vil e, in W. Virginia, a village of Cabell co., of Scotland, took possession of Perth, and on the night school of Robert Owen and Frances Wright, in support on the Ohio River, 24 m. from Ironton, Ohio. of Ju a 18, attacked B. lo he wsod of Methven, conof whose tenets he delivered lectures. He contribulted Brown'towinl,, in Pennsylvania, a yost-village of Brad- pelling him to retreat into the wilds of Athole. Sendextensively to the periodical literature of the Socialist ford co., 150 m. N. of Harrisbuing. lug lis qoeen ond her ladies to Kildrummie Castle, and Rationalistic party, wrote an autobiographical isovel B]~rownl'toxwrn, in Oregon, a township of Josephine co.; under the charge of Nigel Bruce and the Earl ofAthole, entitled Choarles Ellwood, and several other works. About pop. about 260. he, will 200 followers, crossed Loch Lomond, ard had 1847, he conomencd the puoblication of the Boston Quar- /Brown Ufniveisity, a seat of learning fountled by recourse for subsistence to tle chase. B. next took rafterly Reeview, a title which wavs afterwoards changed to the Baptists in Providence, Rhodelsland, in 1764. Known nge in the little island of Rathhlin, on the north coaost of that of Brownsoo's Qoarteilly, on his removal to New at first under the name of Rhode Island College, it re- Ireland, where he remained all winter, and was supYork, after lis adosption of tbie Roman Catiholic creel. ceived afterwoards its actual name in honor of Nicholas posed to be deaod. In his absence, the English took the BRUC BRUG BRUM 379 castle of Kildrnmmie, hung Nigel Bruce and other chiefs Brnce'ville, in Maryland, a post-office of Carroll co. tore is the most important; it employs 7,400 persons. - who had defended it, and tore the queen, and princess BrUceville, itn Washinglon Terrilory, a village, cap. Hist. From the 7th century, B. was rapidly acquiring Marjory, ifronm the sanctuary of St. Duthac, Ross-shire. of Chekalis co., 35 in. N.N.E. of Pacific city. importance. During the government of the rich and All B.'s estates were confiscated, and himself and adhe- Bruchus, n. (ZS61.) A genus of insects, family Cur- powerful Counts of Flanders, who resided there from the rents excommunicated by the Pope's legate at Carlisle. culiosidce. The female deposits an egg in the yonng In the spring of 1307, witth about -00 menl, B. landed in and tender germ of various leguminous or cereal plants, Carrick, and at midnight surprised'the English garrison &c., upon which the larva feeds, and within which it unin his own castle of Turnberry; but betbre a superior dergoes its transforce, he retired into the mountainous districts of Ayr- formations; the shire. At Loudoun Hill, May 10, 1307, he defeated the perfect insect, in English under the Earl of Pembroke. In less than two order to nmakle its years he wrested from the English nearly the whole of escape, detaches Scotland. His authority being now established, in 1309 a portion of the B. advanced to Durham, laying waste the country. The el)idermis, lik hie a same year Edward II. of England invaded Scotland, but small cup; hence was compelled to retreat fronm Edinburgh to Berwick- the small holes upon-Tweed. During thie harvest of 1312, the Scots again often observed in invaded England, but unsuccessfully. B. now reduced heas, dates, &c. thi Isle of Man also. On iis return, in the autumn of The family is 1313, he found his brother, Edward Bruce, engaged in very extensive. the siege of Stirling Castle, held by Sir Philip Mowbray B. pisi, which is Fig. 429. - BsuciUs scr, PES. for the English. A treaty was entered into, by which two lines long, Mowbray bound himself to surrender it, if not relieved black, with gray spots on the elytra, in some years does before 24th June following. This led to tile memorable great mischief to peas, particularly in our country. B. battle of Bannockbrrn, q. v., at which B. commanded in seripes (Fig. 429), with the head and posterior limb, is person (June 21, 1311). In 1317, B. passed over to Ire- a fine example of this faitmily. By some authors it is lssnd, to assist his brother Edward, q. v., and defeated the placed in a separate genus. Anglo-Irish under the Baron of Clare; and in the spring Brucia, BRUCIrNE, (b-u'se-c-,) n. (Chem.) An alkaloid ocof 1318 the Scots army invaded England by Northum- curring in large quantities in conjunction with strychnia berland. Another invasion of Scotland by the English in tihe strychnos nux vossica. It is less marked in its king, who was compelled to retreat, was followed by B. properties than strychnia, which it closely resembles. again marching iito England. After besieging Norham It crystallizes in colorless transparent rhombic prisms, Castle, he defeated Edward once more at Bowland Abbey, which are insoluble in ether. Its poisonous properties Yorkshire. A truce was, in consequence, ratified be- are less active than those of strychnia. By thi action tween the two kingdoms at Berwick, June 7, 1323, to of nitric acid on B., compounds are obtained which renlast hor 13 years. On the accession of Edward III., in der it probable that miethyl eniters into tile composition 1327, hostilities recommenced; and the Scots being again of this alkaloid. Formt. CG6H1:N20 s.N victorious, a final treaty was ratified in a parliamellt it Bru'eite, n. (Min.) A fibrous hydrate of magnesia Northampton, March 4, 1328, recognizing the indepen- occurig in silky grayish or bluish-hite imasse. This g. 40.- TE ELFRY OF IUS. Z5 n r, F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ig. 430. - THE BELFRaY oF BRUG s. dence of Scotland, and B.'s right to the throne. His name was given to chondrodite in hounor of Pr. Bruce object was now accomplished, and suffering under the of New York, by whom the mineral was first describedl. 9th to the 15th centuries, its woollen mannfactures grew disease of leprosy, hlie spent the last two years of his life ]Bruek, KaRL LuDwIG, BARON VON, an eminent Austrian and flourished to an amazing extent. The wealth mind at Cardross Castle, on the N. shore of the Frith of Clyde. stattesman and fimnisuscier, B. 1798. After achieving great splendid attire of the citizens of B. haid long been subD. June 7, 1329. He was twice married, first to Isa- honor by his successful foundation of the "Austrian jects of wonder; for when the queen of Philip le Bel, bella, daughter of Donald, tenth earl of iMar - issue, a Lloyds," he received, in 1848, fi-om tihe imperial govern- of France, visited this city in 1300, she is said to have daughter, Marjory, wife of Walter the High-Steward, ment the appointment of miniister-plenipotentiary to exclaimed with sastonishment, "I here see hundreds whose son ascended the throne as Robert II.; and second the National Assembly canwoked at Frankfort. After who have more the appearance of queens than myself." to Elizabeth, daughter of Aymer de Burgh, Earl of Uls- the revolution in Oct. of the same year, B. was named The wealth of the citizens was enormous; a single ter —issue, one son, who succeeded him as David II., Minister of Trade, a position in which his talents were merchant gave security for the ransom of Jean sans and two daughters. exercised to the inestimabsle advantage of the commerce Peur, the last Count of Flanders, to the amount of BRaucc, Es)wARD, brother of the above, was distinguished for of the empire. In 1851, he resigned his portfolio, but 400,000 crowns of gold. Under the Austrian dynasty, his indomitable courage, which, however, degenerated in the following year was recalled to the imperial ser- at the close of the 15th century, the rebellious conduct into recklessness. In 1315, the chieftains of Ulster tender- vice, and in 1853 appointed to the dignified and momen- of the inhaibitants of B. called upon it such destructive ed to him the crown of Ireland, on condition of assisting tons post of internuncio at Constantinople. In this po- vengeance that henceforth its greatness died away, its them to expel the English from the island. His rapid sition he exerted himself strenuously to avert the rup- trade was transferred to Antwerp, and the religious pervictories soon made hinm master of the province of Ulster, ture between Russia and the Ottoman Porte. In 1855, secution and ferocity of the Spanish under Philip II. and he was crowned, but was slain at the battle of Dun- he became Minister of Finance. After the Italian war, and the Duke of Alva completed the process of its ruin. dalk, Oct. 5, 1317. an unsuccessful lottery loan, and the scandal of the cel- Its subsequent. history is comparatively unimportant. BaUCE, DAVID, only son of king Robert Bruce, ascended ebrated Cynattan process (relating to robberies commit- Pop. 49,889. the throne, 1329, when only about five years old. The ted in Italy), in which B. was indirectly involved, ren- Bru'in, n. [0. Ger. brdn; Fr. brun, brown.] A familiar celebrated Randolph, Earl of Moray, tihe regent, died in dered it incumbent upon him to tender his resignation name given to the bear. - Pupe. 1332, and immediately afterwards the kingdom was in- of office, which was contemptuously accepted by the Bru'iin, in Kentucky, a post-office of Carter co. vaded by Edward Baliol. The total overthrow of the emperor (1860). In his chagrin. B. committed suicide, Bru'in, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Butler co. Scottish army at Dupplin, the coronation of Baliol at being found dead it his bed, with his veins opened by ]Blru'lingtosn, in Virginia, a P. 0. o' King and Queen co. Scene, the invasion of Scotland by Edward III., and the his own hand, on 23d April of the samie year. From Bru'inssburg, in Miississippi, a village of Clhiborns defeat of the Scots with great slaughter at Halidon Hill, what wiss elicited at the searching inquest held after his co., on the Mississippi River. compelled B. to escape to France, where lie resided till death, it would appear that B. was innocent of the accu- Bru'in's Cross Reoaeics, in Indiana, a post-office of 1341, when, the nobles Murray, Douglas, and Stuart hav- sations that brought about his untimely end; and it Park co. ing expelled Baliol from the throne, he ventured to re- must be said, that even if he ihad been unsuccessful in Bruise, (brez,) v. a. [A. S. brysan; Fr. briser; Gael. turn. In 13416 he ilnvaded Englhnd, but his troops were relieving his country from a financial crisis, he inaau- bris, break, fracture.] To crush; to press or dash tototally defeated, and hlie was made a prisoner. lie was gurated the future prosperity of Austria by the many gether so as to break or reduce to smsall fragments; to detained in the Tower of London till 1357, when hlie was reforms he introduced into the old fiscal and industrial bray; to nmake a contusion ipoi the flesh. liberated, on the condition of paying the then enormous systems of the empire., Fellows in arms, and my most loving friends, sum of $1,500.000, the laist isttalmnent of which was not Blruck'eunau, a town of Baivaria, on the Sinn, 36 m. N. Bruis'd underneath the yoke of tyranny." - Shafs. paid till the 7th year of Richard II. David D. 22d Feb- of Wtirtzburg, in the middle of beech forests and beau- -n. A contusion; a hurt or injury from a blow with somerulury, 1370. tiful scenery. At 2 m. from the town, in the valley of thing blunt or heavy, without breaking the skin. Bruce, JA sE, an English traveller, n. in Stirlingshire, the Sinn, are the chalybeate springs and baths of B., Brauised, p. a. Crushed; hurt or broken by a blunt or Scotlaid, 1730. Till the time of this intrepid explorer frequented in the summer season by the Bavarian court. heavy instrumlient. of Africa, our knowledge of the interior kingdomns and Pop. 1,628. Bruis'er, n. He who, or that which, bruises.-A boxer. resources of that vist continent was of the most imper- Bruges, (brooezh,) a city of Belgium, cap. of W. Flanders, (Low.)-A tool for grinding the specula of telescopes. feet kind; but Bruce's journey to Abyssinia and the at the junction of the canals filom Ghent, Ostead, and Bruise'wort, it. A popular nutme for any plant supsource of the Nile forms an epoch in the annals of dis- L'Ecluse, 7 m. front the N. Sea, and 60 m. N.W. of Brus- posed to be efficacious in healing bruises, as comfrey, cevery. By his travels and researches great accessions sels; Lat. 510 12' 30" N., Lon. 30 13' 44/' E. The city soapwort, &c. were made both in the science of geography and that of has a circumference of nearly 4Y/ mn., mand is entered by Bruisling, n. The act of crushing or contusing by a natural history; and though the marvels hlie revealed 6 gates. Many large and noble ancient mansions and blow. were long and derisively treated as fabIrications, a more spacious public edifices present their pointed gables to bruit, (brit.) n. [Fr., from bruire; Gr. brucbs, to roar.] extensive and perfect knowledge of E. Africa has gen- the streets, and afford-interesting specimens of the orna- A noise spread abroad; report; rummor; fitmse. erally confirmed the truth of his assertions. D. 1794. mental Gothic architecture of the Middle Ages. Among A tu-it ran froe one to the stter, that the king was slain. Bruce, in Illinois, a township of La Salle co.; pop. abt. thie most remarkable public edifices are, thie Cathedral Sidney. 1,500. of Notre Dame (Onser Vrouw), the old Gothic Hospital -v. a. To report; to noise abroad. -A post-office of McDonough co. of St. John, and the elegant church of St. Saviour. In Brul'yenment, or Brul'ziement, n. (In Scot. Bruce, in lsua, a township of Benton co.; pop. abt. 250. the great square is a lofty Gothic tower or belfry (Fig. and N. Eng.) A brawl; a quarrel; an embroilment. Bruce, in Michigan, a post-township of Macomb co., 35 430), the most beautiful in Europe, and its chimes or Bruly Lauiding, in Louisiana, a post-office of West in. N. of Detroit; pop. abt. 2,200. carillons are esteemed the most complete andharmonious Baton-Rouge parish. Bruce, in Canada West, a N.W. county, bordering on in the Netherlands, where only superior qualities are Brumaire', n. [Fr., from brume, fog.] (Chronol.) The Lake Huron; area, 922 sq. m.; pop. 2,837. approved in this species of musical instrument, or second month of the year in the French revolutionary Bru'eea-, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Simarte- rather, machine. In this tower there are 48 bells, some calendar. It commenced on the 23d of October, and bacere. The species B. antidysefterica possesses pro- weighing 6 tons; they are placyed upon every qutarter of ended on the 21st of November, thus comprising 30 days. perties similar to those of quassia, q. v. an hour by means of an immense copper cylinder coin- It received its name from the fogs that usually preuail Bruce'port, in Washingtsn Tesritsry, a post-village of municating with the clock, and weighing about 9 tons. about this time. - The 18th of B., vims. year (9th of Nov. Pacific co., on ShoalwaterBay, 50 m. W.S.W. of Olymipia. Its surface is pierced by 30,500 square holes, so that an 1799), is celebrated for the overthrow of the Directory, Bru'cerv ille,'in Alabasua, a post-office of Pilte co. infinite variety of airs may be set upon it, by merely and the establishment of the sway of Napoleon. Bruce's Lake, in Indiana, a post-office of Fuller co. shifting the iron pegs that lift thie hammers. - The Os- Bru'mal, a. [Fr., from Lat. bruma; probably formed Bruceton Shills, in W. Virginia, a post-office of Pres- tend canal presents an expanse of summ-t cc thiat resembles from brevissisuus, brevissus, brevimna, the smmperl. of bte-sis, ton co. a stately river, and is sufficiently wide to admnit the short.] Pertaining to the season of the shortest days; Bruce'town, in Virginia, a post-village of Frederick passage of ships of 500 tons from the sea. There are belonging to the winter. county. 54 bridges across the numerous caunals, by which theillBrume, n. [Fr.] Mist; fog; vapor. (a.) Bruce'sville, in Alabama, a post-office of Pullock co. streqts are intersected; hence the Flenmish name of the Brasmieled Statioss, in Kesntsccky, a post-office of Bruceville, in Illinois, a post-office of La Saulle co. place r t-tigge, that is, bidges; in Freuch, Brumsges. — Boyle co. Bruceville, in Indiana, a post-village of Kmnox co., 8 Ianof. Woollens, linens, cottons, lace, dye-wuorks, sugar- BIrum~'ielsvd iie, in Pennseytvania, a post-village of m. N.E. of Vincennes. refineries, and ship-building yards; The lace mnanufac- Berks co., 62 m. E.N.E. of Harrisburg. 380 BRUN BRUN BRUN Brnmley. in Missouri, a post-office of Miller co. into the hands of a brutal soldiery, drawn at the tail of as ambassador to England in July, 1840, taking part durBrunm'mell, GEORGE BRYAN, (the sometime famous a wild horse, and finally burned piecemeal. IIer char- ing the following 15 years in man3 memorable negotiaBeau Brusinrell,) was B. in London, 1778. He was edu- acter and government have been the source of endless tions. Leaving England, Feb. 8, 154, on occasion of the cated at EIton, and there formed intimacies with the controversy. The best authorities, nevertheless, are in outbreak of the war withlRussia,hewasappointedambasyounger nobility of the day. On his father's death, in- favor of her blameless character and excellent govern- sador at the German Diet in Oct., 1855, attended in the heriting a fortune of about $150,000, he commenced his ment. Killed t14. following year the peace conference of Paris, as 2d repcareer as a man of fashion, and became the intimate as- ]Brunlel, MARK IsAMBARD, (broo-nel,) a xrench civil resentative of Russia, was nominated ambassador at sociate of the Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV). engineer, B. at Htacqueville, near Rouen, 1709. lie Berlin, Feb. 19, 1857, and resumed his post at the court lie it was who inaugorated the reign of dandyism, and entered the mercantile marine, made several voyages to of St. James', in March 1858. In 1862 he received the fbr a period of twenty years exercised almost despotic the V. Indies; and when the French-evolution of 1793 insignia of the order of St. Andrew of Russia, together sway over English society in the matter of dress. tis drove him firom his country, he landed in New York, with a most flattering autograph letter from the Emperor taste was decidedly superior, and he did much to mitt- with the resolution of endeavoring to turn his en- himself, as a testimony of lils lonmg and valuable services. gate, if not extinguish, the bizarre foppery in costume gineering skill to some account. Accordingly, he con- lie represented Russia at thile Conference in London, on then prevailing. Ills fortune being soon swallowed up, jointly with another, surveyed the ground tfor the canal the Danish question, in 1864. hie maintained hIis position in society by his success at wwhich now connects the river Itudson at Albany with Bruuo, GIORDANo, an Italian philosopher, one of the play, and the indescribable charmm of his manner and Lake Champlain. Desirous, however, of returning to boldest and most originail thinkers of his iage, n. at Nola, conversation. Ills abilities were good, thonugh little ex- Europe, hecamne to England, where hlie produced several about 1550. lIe became a Dominican nmonk, but his ercised; he possessed wit, a cultivated taste in mwutic inventions, and submitted to tihe government a plan for religious doubts, and his censures of the monastic orand letters, and a supremie knowledge of the arts of dress making block pulleys for ships, by miachinery. This ders, compelled hinm to quit hits misonastery and Italy. He and manner. After a rupture with the Prince, his influ- was carried into execution in the dockyard at Ports- enimbraced thile doctrines of Calvin at Geneva, but doubt ence graduanlly declined; and oppressed by debt and the mouth, anid proved a wonderful sniccess. Brunel was now and free discussion not beingi in favor there, he went falling off of former friends, he retired to Calais, and after- a made man; he continued to exercise his talents in com- after two years' stay to Paris. ile gave lectures on wardls to Caen, where he wins appointed British consul, structive works, and in 1825 commenced excavating philosophy there, and by his avowed opposition to tihe andl finally D. in a luniati, hospital, 1840. for the Thanes Tunnel. This extraordinary work was scholastic system, made himiself imany bitter enemies. Brum'inel's, in N. Carolina, a P. 0. of Davidson co. opened to thIe public in 1843; but, previously, in 1841, He next spent two years in England, and became the Briun, BoeiM, BRiAN, BOURN, n. [A. S. burn.] A river or thie honor of knighthood had been conferred upon hini. friend of Sir Philip Sidney. In 1585, hlie went again to lrook. D. 1849. Paris, and renewed his public lectures. After visiting Brun, in Kentucky, a post-office of Carter co. BRUNEL, Isambard Kiungdom, son of the above, finished his and teaching in various towns in Germany, he returned Brunai', a Matlay State of Borneo, extending from the education at thie college of Hlenri IV. at Caen, in France, in 1592 to Padua, and went afterwards. to Venice, where mounth of Batang-Lupar River, in Lon. 1080 38' E., along and commenced the study of civil engineering under he was, in 1598, arrested by the Inquisition and sent to the N.W. coast to the Bay of Sandakmn. The coast-line his father. I-e was the resident en-giiieer of tie Tliames Rome. He lay in prison two years, and onmthe 17th is abt. 900 m.; area 28,000 sq. ni. The territory of B. is Tunnel, and the designer and civil engineer of the Feb., 1600, wias burned as a heretic. B. was a mian mostly covered with a dense tropical forest, accessible Great Western, which wits the first steamsship built to of powerful undlerstanding, vigorous and fertile inmagionly to the Dyaks and orang-outangs. Along the wv- cross thie Atlantic. He was also the constructor of the nation, and rich and divursified learning. His theolry of ter-courses, which are numerous, Europeans are engaged magnificent, but till niow unsuccessful, iron steamnship the world was pantheistic. He was well versed in asin the mining and exportation of the fossil coal and anti- the Great Eastern, whiclh was built at tMillwall. In 1833 tronomy, and adopted the views of Copernicus. But he mony, the latter being found in this territory more he was appointed engineer to the Great Western Rail- was also a believer in astrology. His works in Latin abundantly than in many other part of the world. The way, anid all the tunnels and works connected with that and Italian are numerous, and abound in bold and nocountry is inhabited by a tribe of the Dyaks, q. v. In line anditsbranclhes wereconstructed underhisdirection. ble thought and rich eloquence. Spinoza wais indebted consequence of a treaty made with tihe Sultan of B., in Ie also superintended the erection of many bridges; to B. for some of his theories. Annong tihe works of B. 1850, which secures to Americans the right of acquiring among which nmay be mentioned the HIungerford sus- are the following: Della CLiusa, Principio ed Urno, Dell' and holding property in B. territory, tihe Congress of penmsion-bridge across tile Thames, since removed to lntfinito Universo e.Mondi, La C'ena delle Ceneri, Speccio the United States established a consulate at the port give Ilace to a railway-bridge, anid the bridge of the della Bestia Trionfante, &c. of B.; but the tade between the two countries has not, Cornwali Riilway, crossing tihe Tamar at Saltash. This lBruno, St., the apostle of the Prussians, B. at Quertill now, been of great extent. Estimated pop. 300,000. latter is sunpported by a central pier from a depth of 80 furt, 970. HIe was of a noble Sauxon family, converted BIRoNAI, the capital, is a nlaritinle city, like Palembang feet of water, which is the deepest yet achieved in civil the emperor Henry II., mnd was assassinated by the paand Acheen in Sumatra. It is situated on a river of the engineering. It was opened in May, 1859, by Prince gaas of Lithuania, in 1008. same name, Lat. 40 55' N., Lon. 1140 55' E. Pop. abt. Albert, after whom it was named, and is one of the Bruno, St., the founder of the Carthusian order of 15,000. greatest undertakings of its kind in the world. D. 1859. monks, B. at Cologne about 1030; D. in Calabria, 1101. Brulndu'sinum, BuUminsium, (Anc. Geog.,) a city of Brun'ersburg, in 0/io, a post-village of Defiance co.; See CARTHUSIANS. Calabria, now Brindisi, q. v., on thie shores of the Adri- pop. about 250. Brunolnian System, n. See BROWN, Jonu. atic. It was taken by tile Rommans, n. c. 267, and became Brun'erstown, in Indiana, a post-village of Putnam Brunst, in Mlissouri, a post-office of Wayne co. a colony of the Republic B. C. 241. During the llyrian co., 50 mr. W. by S. from Indianapolis. Bruns'wick, Ducmm- or, in Germany, consists of 5 dewar, a. c. 229, it was the naval and militsry station for Brunette', n. [Fr., dimin. of brun, brcune, brown.] tached portions of territory on tile rivers Weser, Seine, the Roman fleet and army, and its fine harhbor rendered A wuoman with a brownish or darlk complexion. Ocker, and Aierl, between Lat. 510 38' and 520 59' N., and it on many sulabsequent occasions the centre of warlike Bruninacee, (bru-ne-as'se-e,) n.pl. (Bet.) An order of Lon. 90 10' and 110 22' E. It occupies part of the vast operations. Virgil D. here, B. c. 19. plants, alliance Uinbellales. They are smail heath-like plain which stretches from the tbot of the Iartz Moun-Brune, GUILLAUME MARIE ANNE, a marshal of France, shrubs, found at the Cape of Good Hiope, and in Mada- tains and their continuations (the Selling) to the German a. at Brives-la-Gaillarde, 1763. He wms brought up to gascar. Their properties and uses are unknown. Ocean and the Baltic, with a portion of the rise of those thle law, but when the IRevolution broke out, he took Brun'ion, n. [tr. brakqnon.] See NECTARINE. chains on the N. side. The largest: portion contains up arms and served under Dumourier. He rose rapidly, Brunn, a town of Austria, cap. of Moravia, at the con- the districts of Wolfenbiittel and Schlningen, in which and in 1795 became ai general of brigade under Napoleon fluence of the Schwarza and Zwittawa, 70 m. N.N.E. of the cities of Bruniswick and Wolfenbiittel, and the I. He was appointed conimmander-imn-chief of the army Vienna. Tihe town is built on the declivity of a hill, towns of Kbinigsbutter and lelmnstadt, are situated. which invaded Switzerland, alter the peace of Campo having the cathedral on its summit, anid thie suburbs at Two small detached portions of territory, viz., the circ. Formio; and also of that of Italy after the fall of Berne. its foot; it is encircled by walls, and was formerly defended of Thedinghsausen on the Weser, and that of Badenburg, In 1805 he was made a marshal of the French empire, by the citadlel of Spielberg, on the hill of that name to thie are enclosed by the HIlanoverian territory, and form and in 1807 became governor of the IHanseatic towns, W. of the town; but the defences of the latter having part, the former of the Weser district, the latter of the but fell into disgrace for omitting the titles of Napoleon been destroyed by the French, it was subsequently used Seine district. F'inally, the detached circ. of Kailvorde, in tile text of the convention which procured for France as a State prison, and has more recently been con- enclosed within tihe Prnssian prov. of Saxony, belongs from Sweden the surrender of tihe island of Rtigen. IIe verted into barracks. Silvio Imellico was shut up in the to the district of Schbsingen. The duchy has an area now went into retirement till the first abdication of Spielberg for over 8 years. B. is the seat of a bishopric, of 1,526 sq. m. The inhaibitants are mostly engaged in Napoleon, when he submitted to Louis XVIII., who of a Protestant consistory, a court of appeal, the land- agricuitnural and mining pursuits. Iron is the chief gave him the cross of St. Louis. In tihe "Hundred recht, or court of nobles for the prov., &c., and has numer- produce of the mines worked in the three districts of Days," hlie joined Napoleon, but after the battle of Wa- ous scientific and charitable institutions. Its manunfic- the Hartz, Weser, anid Blankenbnurg. - Armiy. The militerloo, proclaimed tile king. Leaviing his corps and pro- tures are of great importance; those of woollen goods, tairy organization of B. is on the Prussian systenm of genceeding to Paris, hlie entered an inn at Avignon, where which are the most extensive in the empire, occupy eral liability to the service of arms. Practically, howhe was attacked by an infunriated mob, who accused him about 18,000 hands. P)op. 62,790. ever, no more men are raised by conscription than are of having been a terrorist, and tlaken part in the massa- Brunnelleschi, FILIPPO nI SEan LAPPI, (broo-nel-les'/e,) required as contribuution to thie army of the Confederacres of 1792. At that timne, however, he sumid he was fight- a very distingunished Italian architect, D. at Florence, tion. - el. Nearly the whole of the inhabitants are ing on the frontiers of his country against the enemiy. 1377. After receiving a good education, hlie learnt the memubers of the Lutheran church, with the exception of Nevertheless, thiey immediately shlot himn, dragged his goldsmith's art, practised sculpture for a short time, and 1,107 Calvinists; 2,458 Ronial Catholics; 88 members of body through tihe streets, and threw it into the Rhone, finally adopted architecture as his sole pursuit. His en- other Christian sects, and 1.078 Jews. Pop. 289,520.-Hist. 1815. thiusiasm bfor art was intensified lby a visit to Rome with The present Duke of B., Wilhelm I., is the lineal deBrune Island, off the S. part of the E. coast of Tas- his friend Donatello. About 1407 he wais chosen to un- scendant of Henry the Lion, the last of the house of mania, frorm which it is separated lby D'Entrecastauux dertake tihe great task of completing the Duomo of his Welf, who held the duchies of Bavaria mand Saxony. Bay. Lengthi 32 m., breadth 1 to 6 m. Adventure Bay native city; its noble cnpolm is his principal title to Henry the Lion was deprived of both duchies by the emis on its E. coast. fame. IIe built also the Pitti Palace and the church of peror Frederic Barbarossa, 1180, and left only the possesBruieliant, or B3SoNEHILmDE, a famous queen of Aus- St. Lorenzo at Florence. He was competitor with sion of his allodial domains of B., and Liineburg, which trasiai, daughter of Athanuagildas, king of the Spanish Ghiberti tfor the execution of the gmites of thle iBaptistery. were subsequently split into numerous branches, but Visigoths, D. 534, and espoused Siegbert, king of Aus- He was long a member of the supreme council of Flor- merged finally in the till recently reigning line of Liineirasia, in 568. Aboust the same time, Chilperic, king of ence. D. 1444. burg (or Hanover), and that of Brunswick, which is the Neustria, married her young sister, Galswintha. This Brunnen, (broon'nen,) a village of Switzerland, near elder brancih. The intimate family connection which in prince having put hiis wife to death anid invaded Aus- the mouth of the Muotta, on Lake Lucerne. Ilere tihe thelast centurysubsistedbetween theHouseofB.andthe trasia while Siegbert wits engaged in repelling an in- basis of the IHelvetic republic was laid by the three reigning families of Great Britain anid Prussia, engaged vasion of the Huns, B. urged her husband to retaliate original cantons, Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden, in the princes of B. in political alliances with these two by a war in Neustria, in the course of which Siegbert 1315. powers, in opposition to France. The Prussian army, at was assassiriated mmd B. herself ttlcen prisoner. On her ]Brumlnne'r, in Arkanusas, a post-office of Sebastian co. the outset of the disastrous campmign of 1806, was cornescape firom Rouen, after her marriage with Meroveus, Brui'nmervihle, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of mandedl by the Duke Charles William Ferdinand of B., son of the king of Neustria, she returned to Metz, afnd Lancaster co. who fell in the battle of Jenum. His duchy was incorpocombatinsitgsnnccessf ullytfeypp ositionofthenobles,wielid- Brurn'slo%~, ERNEsT PHIIPmr. BARON DE, a Runssian di- rated in time kcinmgdom of Westphaliaa. His son and suced the royal authority during the uminority of her son plommatist, m. at Dresden, 1797. tIaiving completed his cessor, Frederick William, fell at the head of his troops Chihulebert. After the death of that prince, and the ac- education at tire University of Leipzig, ihe was received while maintaining the position of Qua'tre Bras, two days cession of her grandsons, Thierry and Theodetuert, the into the diplomatic service of Russia at the Congress of before the battle of Waterloo. Ilis successor, Charles, nobles of Amstrasiacompelled her to flee into Burgundy. Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1818. After the signature of the was driven awasy in 1830, and the throne made over to These two prinuces having quanirrelled, d she took pan-t with treaty of Adrianople, in 1829, he anccompanied Count his brother Wiliam, the present duke, and the last of Thierry, who put his brother to death in 612. Thierry Orloff to Constantinople, and on his return to St. Peters- time line. He being without legitimsate heirs, the duchy dying the fbllowing year, she ag-aims assumed the aun- biun, in 1830, he wums promoted to the rank of senior at his death will fll to the ex-king of Htanover, in conthority of regent; bnt being attacked by her ancient councillor to the Foreign office. In 1839 he was ap- formity with ancient treaities. enenmy, Fredegonde, 2d wife of Chuilperic I., she waus be- poinuted ambassadorat Stuttgart and Darmstadt. In the BRUNsWIcK, tChe cap. of the mibove duchy, on the Ocker, 8 truuyed by her noibles into the hands of the Neustnians, course 9f tire sume year he was sent on aspecaluulpissiou m., S.1. of Ha nouer. Although beasring-rathem- an antiand, as some historians report, delivered during 3 days to Londonm1 and (after abrief visit to Gormany a3ctradittd qnated appe- rarc, B. has some good strict, affd BRUS BRUS BRUS 381 abounds in interesting remains of the Middle Ages. A -v. n. To move nimbly as in haste. To move lightly. its finely carved pulpit. The chapel of NOtre Dame is splendid new ducal palace, built at an enormous ex- ", A thousand nights have brushed their balmy wings over these likewise an elegant building. There are, besides, within pense, to replace the residence of Duke Charles, de- eyes."- Dryden. the walls, several elegant mansions, belonging to noblestroyed by the mob in 1830, was burnt down in 1865. -To move or skim over. men. The Opera-housesis astately edifice, in the Italian The Museum has some paintings of tie Flemish and "Love... awakes the sleeping vigor of the soul, style, built in the year 1700. Thle public fountains are Dutch schools. JMasf. Wool, yarn, linen, porcelain, paste- And brushing o'er, odds motion to the pool." - Dryden. numerous, and are all enmbellished with sculptures. A board, paper-lhaangings, and a variety of chemical prepa- Brush Creek, in Alabama, a post-office of Perry co. statue to Godfrey de Bouillon was inaugurated in 1848. rations. i'op. 43,190. Brush Creek, in Arkansas, a township of WashingBruns'wiek, in Georgia, a port of entry, cap. of Glynn ton co. -- co., on Turtle River, 80 m. S.S.W. of Savannah. It has Brush Creelx in California, a post-village of Butte: - a spacious harbor, and carries on a prosperous trade. co., 23 m. N.E. I Oroville. Pop. about 1,000. Brush Creek, in Illinois, a village of Knox co., 80 m. _ Brunswick, in Illinois, a post-office of Peoria co. N.N.W. of Springfield. Brunswick, in Illinois, a post-village of Peoria co., 60 Brush Creek, in Indiana, a post-office of Ripley co. -. m. N.N.WV. of Springfield. Brush Creek, in Iowa, a post-office of Fayette co. Brunswick, in Indiana, a post-office of Lake co. Brush Creek, in Michigan, a village of Van Buren co., BrIunS swick, in Maine, a town of Cumberland co., on on the Paw Paw River, 27 m. W. by S. of Kalamazoo. the Androscoggin, 26 m. S.W. of Augusta; Lat. 430 53' Brush Creek. in 1dinnesota, a township of Faribault N., Lon. 690 55' W. It is a place of considerable trade. co.; pop. about 100. —On the opposite side of the river is Topshan, with which Brush Creek. iin Missouri, a post-office of Laclede co. town it is connected by two bridges. The falls of the Brush Creek, in N. Carolina, a P. 0. of Randolph co. river afford a convenient supply of water-power, which Brush Creek, in Ohio, joins the Ohio River in Adams is used, to some extent, to give motion to saw-mills, and county. ---- woollen and cotton factories. Bwdoin College, founded -Another, in Scioto co., joins the Scioto River, about 10 --- _ in 1794, stands on an elevated plateau near the town. in, N. of Portsmouth. T:- It possesses a philosophical and chemical apparatus and -A township of H-ighland co.; pop. about 1,850. laboratory, a cabinet ofminerals, gallery ofpainitings, and -A township of Jefferson co.; pop. about 81i0. a splendid library. A medical school, connected with -A towinship of Muskingunm co.; pop. about 1,600.. -- the college, was established in 1820. Pop. of town about -A towvnship of Scioto co.; pop. about 1,250. 5,500. Brush Creek, iin Pennsylvania, a township of Fulton Brussswiek, in Minnesota, a post-village, sap. of Kan- co.; pop. about 600. abec co., on Snake River, 64 m. N. of St. Anthony; pop. -A post-office of Beaver co. about 100. Brush Creek, in [Iinnessee, a post-office of Polk co. Brunswick, in Missouri, a post-village and township Brush'er, n. One who brushes. Boonville; pop. about 4,300. Brush lHill, in Illinois, a post-village of Du Page co., Brunswick, in New York, a township of Rensselaer about 10 m. W. of Chicago. co.; pop. aboit 3,500. Brusht'iness, n. Quality of being brushy; roughness. -A village in the S. part of Ulster co. Brush'ing, n. The act of brushing or sweeping. Brunswick, in N. Carolina,'a S.E. county, bordering Brush Lassld, in Ness York, a P. 0. of Delaware co. on S. Carolina, wvashed by the Atlantic, and drained by Brush'-like, a. Resemnbling a brush. Cape Fear and Waccamaw rivers; area, 950 sq. min. Sus- Brush'-maker, n. One who makes brushes. face, level and swampy; soil, poor and sandy. Prod. Brush fountain, in Pennssylvania, a short ridge, Rice and cotton. Cap. Smithville. Pop. about 9,000. SW. of Bali Eagle Montain, in the N. part of Blair co. B]runswick, in O/io, a post-township of Medina co., Brush Point, il Illinois, a post-office of De Kalb co. a N 22 m. S.S.W. of Cleveland; pop. about 1,500. Brush Prairie, in Minnesota, a P. O. of McLeod co. Brunswick, in Vermont, a post-township of Essex co., Brush Rusn, in Pennsylania, a P. 0. of WTashington co. on the Connecticut River, 50 mi. N.E. of Montpelier; Brlush's Mills, in New York, a post-village of Frank- I pop. about 250. lin co. Brunswick, in Virginia, a S.S.E. county, bordering Brush Turkey, n. (Zosl.) See MEGAPODIIDM. on N. Carolina. Area, 600 sq. mn. It is drained by the Brush Valley, in Pennsylvania, a post-towsshiip of Nottaway, Roanoke, and Meherrin rivers. Its great Indiana co., 55 in. E. by N. of Pittsburg; pop. abt. 1,850. product is tobacco. Organized in 1820. Cap. Lawrence- Brush'ville, in Nuew York, a post-office of Queens co. ville. Pop. about 18,000. -A post-village of Livingston co. Brunswick, in Wisconsin, a township of Eau Claire Brush'ville, in Wisconsin, a post-office ofWaushare co. co., on the Chippewa River; pop. about 500. Brush'-wiseel, n. (Mech.) One of the wheels use(d Fig. 431.- nHOTEL DE VILLE, or CITY HALL, (Brussels). Bruns'wick Green, n. (Chem.) A pigment obtained iu light miuachinery, to turn each other by means of brisby exposing metallic copper to the action of ouriate of ties or brushes fixed to their circumference. Brussels has mony charitable foundations, and establish. ammonia. It is a compound of chloride and oxide of Brush'y, a. Resembling a brush; rough; shaggy. ments for punplic instruction. There are, besides a copper. It is also generated by the action of sea-water Brush'y, in A/rkansas, a P.O. of the Choctaw nation. library (containing nearly 100,000 volumnes, mostly saved upon copper, as is thCe green uatter which incrusts the Brushy Creek, in S. Carolina, a P. 0. of Anderson co. from suppressed convents), an extensive and valuable copper sheauthing of ships. Brushy Creek, in Texas, rises in Lavacca co., and collection of paintings, a cabinet of natural history, a Brunswick Landing, in Mississippi, a post-office falls into Lava;cca River. polytechnic institute, an academy of painting, sculpture, of Issaquena co. -Another, rises in Williamson co., and falls into Little and engraving, and numerous primnary and industrial Brunswick, (New.) See NEw BnuNswrc. River. schools. Tlere are several literary and scientific establishBruntt, n. [O. Ger. brand, a burning, from Lr /uenes, to -A post-office of Wiiliamson co. nments, an academy of belles-lettres, and a botatnical garburn.] The heat of battle; the onset wien it burns or Brushy Fork, in Illinois. See Buss~ FonK. den.-Mavnf. Lace, camlets, carpets, carriages, tickling. varages most fiercely; violence. Brushy Fork, iin 0/ho, a post-office of Scioto co. riois kinds of'cotton and woollen stuffs, silk stoclkings,' Eeona chose rather to bide the brunt of war, than venture Br slU]ity Prati'rie, in Indiana,a P. 0. of LIs Grange co. galloons. earthenware, &c. It carries on a considerable him." - Sidney. Brushy ]sun, isn IW Virginia, a P. 0. of Pendleton co. trade by means of the canals which bring it into commu-Shock; force of a blow; as, "the heavy brunt of cannon- Brusk, Brusque, (brssk,) a. [Fr. brusque. See BoSK.] nication with the Scheldt. - Hist. This city is supposted ball." -Hudibras. Sharp; rude; rough. to have been founded at the commencement of the7tls Bru'ree, a parish of Ireland, in Munster, co. Limerick, Brussa, BsUS., PrPusA, or BItoussA, a city of Turlkey in century. Otlto II. held his courtherein the 10th century, 4 m. N.W. of Kilmallocc. Asiut, Natolia, about60 in. from Constantinople, at the ftot and it was fortified in the 11th century. In its palace, Brush, n. [Fr. br-osse, a bush; from Celt, brouss, a of.Mount Olympus; Lat. 270 N., Lon. 400 E. - B. is sost whidch was built in 1300, and had been the residence of thicket: Cer. borste, a bristle.] An instrument used for pleasantly situated, f acing a beautiful ant luxuriaut the dukles of Brabant since thle time of John II., Charles painting, or for removing dirt by light rubbing, from plain, covered for many miles with lplantations of mnul- V. of Spain abdicated his crown in favor of his son, floors, furniture, &c. They are generally made of hair, berry-trees. The city uaid suburbs are about six miles Philip II., on October 25, 1555; and, twelve years after, bristles, or whalebone, amid are divided into two classes in circumsference. The town is divilded from the eastern the tyranny of the Diuke of Alva, Philip's loodelthirsty — simple and cooepound. Simple B. are composed of suburb by a deep channel or vale, over which there are governor. drove 10,000 of its citizens to seekt refuge and a single tuft, and compound B. consist of several tufts several bridges, one of them -with shops on each side — to settle in England. Under the French empire, it was inserted in a handle. Painters' B. are examples of the being 90 paces long and 16 broad. The streets are re- the capital of the department of the Dyle, and previous former, and ordinatry hair-B. of the latter. The smaller marlably clean, and the bazaars very good, being sup- to 1830 it was one of the capitals of the kingdom of the kinds of simple B. are known by the name ofpencul, plied with European goods from Constantinople. - Prusa Netherlands. In 1848 the first peace congress was held and are made of camel- or sable-hair, inserted iu quills is said to have been built by Prusias, king of Bithynia, in it, and in1853 a general European statistical congress of different sizes. When coarser and stronger material q. v. It is one of the most flourishing commercial ema- also assembled here. Pop., including 8 surrounding is used, they are generally mounted in tin tubes, and poriumrs of the Turkish dominions, and in all ages has parishes. 310,217. known by the name of tools, the;larger kinds being been celebrated for its thermal springs. Pop. 70,000. Brus'sels, in Wisconsin, a post-township of Dow co., bound around sticks with string or copper wire. After Brus'sels. [fr. Bruxelles (broox'el); Flem. Brussel; 24 mn N.E. of Green Bay; pop. about 1,200. these comne TVW'iteiwash B., which consist of two or mnore Lat. Bruxellce.] Capittal of the kingdom of Belgium, and Brussels Sprouts, n. pl. (Hort.) A variety of Braalarge tufts fixed side by side on a fiat handle, and se- of the prov. of Brabant, 20 m. firom Antwerp and about sica oleracea, or common cabbage, distinguished by procured firmly with string or wire. Conmpond B. are 50 min. E. by S. from tlhe sea, on the Senne, a small rivet' duicing in the axils of the leaves, little clusters of leaves so made that a number of tufts are inserted into holes which falls into the Scheldt, through the Rupel. Lat. which close together and form miniature cabbages. These perforated at regular distances in the back, or stock, of 500 51' 11u N., Lon. 40 21' 10" E. Its circumference is are used, like other greens of this species. for the table, the handle. said to be 7 English miles, and its ramparts are planted and are very delicate. The plant is cultivated muchli in -A rude assault; a sklirmish. with trees, and form most beautiful walks. It has ex- the same way as cabbage or kale, requiring, however, "Let grow thy sinew- till their knots be strong, tensive suburbs. consisting of various villages joined to less space than the other vsrieties. It may be planted And tempt not yet the brushes of the war.' -Shak. the city by a continuity of streets. It has, besides, sev- in shady situations, or between the rows of crops, such -A thicket. - The tail of a fox. em-al public squares of great beauty anti elegasnce. Its as peas, beans, scarlet-runners, &c., which are to be reE/leesical bruss.'lhe brush-shaped or luminous rays chief ornamoents, however, are its public promenades, moved from the gronnd in autummn. The sprouts are fit diverging from painted bodies that are highly charged no city in Europe possessing one superior to that which for use in winter and spring. The stem sometimes atwith positive electricity. is called the Allie Verte, or Green Alley, or to the great Coins a height of 4 feet, and the Isead resembles a small -v. a. To sweep or rub with a brush. — To paint with a interior squoare called the Parlc, in which the chief imperfectly luoiled savoy; but there is ait sub-variety with brush. etriuggle in the revolution of 1830 took place. In the sluorter stems, preferable for many situations. In some " You have commissioned me to paint your shop, snd I have gireat marhestt-plauce stands tihe Hotel-le-ville, an old but places, it is custonmary to remove the head early iu windone my best to truss you up like your neighbuos." — Pope. hantlsome edifice in the Gothic style (Fig. 431). Its ter, in order to promote the development of the lateral — To strlt~e, mrub) over, or tomoch lightly in passing. turret is 361 feet iii hIeight. anud surmomnted by a gigan- shloots in spring, luut if the heasd is allowed to remain, tic figure of St. Michstel, in copper, 17 feet high. The the plant becomes taller, and new shoots are fornmed as churchb of St. Gudule is a mnagnificenst structure, contaiin- the lower ones are removed. The seed is sown in Feb. or — To remove by brushing; as, bthe water brushed off by ing no less than 16 chapels, adorned in the interior with March. None of the many varieties of the species to the winds." — Benlley. beautiful paintings and sculptures, and celebrated for which it belongs is better deserving of cultivation, but 4 382 BRUT B~RYO BUBO as the seed frequently degenerates, it is better to import caressed and trusted. But the stern republican spirit of indigenous perennial, growing in hedges and thickets, it from Belgium. — Ch. Encycl. - See BRAssIcA, CABBAGE. B. rendered it impossible for all Coesar's kindness to him and blossoming during the month of May. The flowers to reconcile him to C esar's ambition; and he at length are yellowish-white, with green streaks, and are dicez-,7d ll; ~conspired with Cassius and others, and slew him on the cious; that is, the male and female flowers are borne Ides of March, B. c. 44. Antony succeeded in exciting by distinct plants. The stems are put forth annuthe popular indignation against the murderers, who fled ally, and climb by means of tendrils. The root is frlom Rome, and raised an army, of which B. and Cassius large, white, and is sold by herbalists under the names took tie command; but being totally defeated at the of white bryony and mandrake-root. (For the true ri ~~ i battle of Philippi, where they encountered tile army of mandrake, see MANDRA(ORtA.) The root contains a pecuAntony and Octavianus, B. escaped.-witlh only a few liar bitter principle, ternmed Bsryonine. It is a violent friends, passed the night in a cave, lind, as he sav his emetic and purgative, and is highly poisonous, giving cause irretrievably rumined, requested Strato, one of his rise to syrmptoms much resembling those of cholera. A confidants, to kill him. For a long time his friend re- remedy often resorted to in homoeopathic practice. B. fused; but at last presenting the sword as he turned is also employed as a topical application to bruises. away his face, the noble Roman fell on it and expired, B. Albac, Americana, and Africana have similar propB. c. 42, in the 43d year of his age. erties. Bru'tus, in New Yorkc, a township of Cayuga co.; pop. Bry'onine, a. (CThen.) See UtYrOMA. about 3,200. Bry'osny. a. The English name for JRYONIA,. Bru'uyere, JEAN Dv LA. See LA BRuvY~E. Bryophyyl'lum, n. [Gr. bryo, to grow, p/yllon. a leaf; Bruyins'wick, in New t/rk, a post-office of Ulster co. i. e. germinating from a leaf.] A genus of plants, order Brya'ceeae, n. pi. [Gr. hrmuo, I sprout.] (Bet.) An order Crassulacece. of plants, alliance Muscales. — DIAG. Spore-cases valve- Bryozo'a, POm.YZeA, n. [Gr. beion, moss, zdon, an aniless5 with. an operculuim, without elaters. — They are mal.] Ai order of animals of the class Acalepha. They erect or creeping. terrestrial or aquatic, cellular plants, are very small or minute mollusks growing in clusters having a distinct axis of growth, destitute of a vascular upon rocks, shiells, and sea-weeds, which they ornament system, and covered with minute imbricated, entire or with their delicate ramifications. Some kinds, however, serrated leaves. The B. are chiefly distinguished firom inhabit only fresh winers. All are polyp-like in general other mosses by the sporangium delhiscing transversely, appearance, but molluscan in structure. The aggregated either from the separation of the operculum or in an cells of sonme genera are coral or coral-like. irregular manner. Bry'son, in Nebraska, a post-office of Johnson co. Bryant, in Georgia, an E. county, bordering on the At- Bry'usn, n. [Gr. bryom, moss.] (Bet.) A genus of moss, lanmtic; area 472 sq. m. It is watered by the Ogeechee and order Bryace. _____._~ ~the Cannouchee rivers. Su)fafce. Generally level. Soil, lBrzese Litewski, or BREST LIToWSKY, a fortified sandy, most of which is covered by pine forests. -- Cap. town of Russia, gov. of Grodno, on the river Bug, about ~Pig. 432. InRU5EL5s 5Pie~T5. Eden. Poep. about 4,200. 110 mI. S. of Gmeodmo. In 1794, Suwaroff gained hers a Bruta, BRUTE, n. [Lat. breuus, heavy, stupid.] (Zoi.) Bry'an, in Missouri, a post-village in Saline co., 70 m, victory over the Poles. Pop. 18,500. The term by which Linnmmus designated an order of nmanm- N.W. of Jefferson city. Brze'zani, or BJIZEZANY, a town of Austrian Galicia, nmals, including the elephant, manati, cnd walrus, with Bry'an, in Ohio, a post-village, cap. of Williams co., 54 on tihe Zlota-Lipa, about 54 m. S.E. of Lemberg; yop. the quadrupeds now forming the order Eslentata of m. W.S.W. of Toledo; pop. (1870) 2,700. 8.765. Cuvier. ]Br3'yar, in Texas, a post-office of Brazos co. Buache. See GARDEN ISL.AND. ]Bru'tal, a. Pertaining to a brute; unfeeling; like a Biry'an Court-House, in Georgia, a village of Briyan Buaze. (bu'aize.) (Bet.) A South-African plant found brute; as, "brutal force." co., about 20 m. W. by S. of Savannah. growing in the Maravi country by Dr. Livingstone. It -Innhuman; savage; cruel; ferocious. Bry'ansbur.g, in Indiana, a post-village of Jefferson affords a remarkably strong fibre, which is used by the "The brutal bus'ness of the wer co., 76 min. S.S.E. of Indianapolis. natives for stringinig beads upon. The botanical characIs msnag'd by thy dreadful servants' care." - Dryden. ]~Bryan's Store, in North Carolina, a post-office of ters and relations of the plant have not yet been ascerBrutal'ity, Bru'taliesm, n. Quality of being bru- Moore co. tained. tel; inhumanity; savageness; cruelty; insensibility to Br'yatns svlHle, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. of York co. BEub'ble, n. [Du. bobbel.] That which rises in boils or pity or shame. Bry'ant, WILLIAM CULLEN, all eminent Anmerican poet bmulbs; a small bladder or vesicle of water or other fluid, Brutaliza'tion, n. The act of brutalizing or neaking and main of letters, B. at Cummington, Massachusetts, inflated with air; - that which will burst easily and sudbrutal. (m.) 1794. When lie was but 13 years old, he wrote The Ent- denly. B]ru'talize, v. a. To make brutal. barge, or Sketches of the Times, a satire; and the Span- -A vain project; a delusion; a fraud. -v. n. To become brutal. ish. ievolution, and other Poems, Boston, 1808. The -v.n. To rise in bubbles; to run with a gurgling noise. ]Bru'tally, ads. In a brutal manner. youthful poet was admitted to the bar in 1815, and was -v. a. To cheat; to deceive or impose upon. Brute, (brdt,) a. [Fr. breut; Lat. brutues, from Gr. baric- enuigged in the legal practice for ten years, mostly at Bub'bler, n. A cheat. (R.) tis, heaviness, senselessness.] Senseless; stupid; un- Great Barrington, Mass. In 1825 he finally quitted the (ZdEl.) A fish found principally in the Ohio River, and conscious; irrational; bestial. profession, and went to reside in New York, where he has so designated fimom a peculiar grunting noise it nmaekes. "Not yet are we the sons of bruite earth." - Beintley. since exclusively devoted himself to literary pursuits. Websler. -Rough; uncivilized; insensible. Tha/atopsis, the unrivalled production of a youth only Bulb'bly, a. Abounding in bubbles; bubbling.' The rute philosopher, who ne'er has prov'd 18 years old, was published by him in the North Asseri- BLub'by, n. [0. Fr. poupe, ia eet, a womae's breast.] A The joy of loving, or of being lov'd."-Pope. can Review, in 1816. In 1821, B. published at Cambridge cant term for a woman's breast. -n. A beast; any animal destitute of reason; a brutal a volume containing T/e Ages,'Thanatopsis, and a few Bub'lby, n. [Froam BROTHER.] A brother. (A term colperson; a savage; a low-bred, unfeeling mamn. others of his finest productions. The book established his loquially used among small boys.) Brut'ify, v. a. To mnake brutish or brutal. position in tie front rank of English poets. All the BIUbo, (bi'b6,) n.;pL BunEs. [Lat. bubo; Gr. boubon, "0 thou fallaious womanm I m I then brutified pieces in it are polished to the last degree of nicety; the the groin.] (Anat.) The GOomm, q. v. Ay; I feel it here; I sprout; I bud; I am ripe horn mad." forms of expression, the imagery, and the general turn (Ned.) A tumor in thie groin, or a swelling of the Coigreve. of thought, are perfectly simnple and natural. The first glaneds situated in the armpit (axilla), or anmong those Brut'ish, a. Like a lbrute; beastly; ignorant; stupid; outbreak of B.'s genius was the most rich and abnn- in groin (inguen), and generally caused from the abunfeeling; savage; cruel; br-utal; inhuman; ferocious; dent. Since the appearance of "Tile Ages," he has sorption of irritating matter, such as venereal or other grossly sensual. published only short poems, and at considerable inter- specific poisons. - B. are either constitutional or local. Brutlishly, ads. In a brutish manner. vals.'lThe whole of his published poetry, the production In the first instance they may occur in any part of the Brut'isl!ness, n. Qumatity of being brutish; brutality. of a full half century, is contained in a single volume body, and in any number, - as in thie disease known as Brut'ism, n. The quality of a brute; extreme stu- of very moderate size. Several of B.'s poems appeared the plague, when the B. becomes a symptom of the dispidity. (a.) first in the Neis leore/ Review, which he edited in 1825- ease; or they occur localily, from irritation applied to Bru'ton, a town of England, in Somersetshire. Manf. 27. In 1826 he became the editor of the Evening Post, some part in the neighborhood, - as in the armpit from Silks, woollens, hosiery. Pop. 4,364. one of the oldest and most influential neswspapers in a prick in the finger or hand'during dissection, and in B]ru'tus, Lucius JuNIUS, one of tihe most celebrated New York. with which he has ever since been connected. the groin fiomn a cause already hinted at. B. are, again, characters of early IRoman history, but whose story is B. has always been a generous and uncompromising ad- sympathetiic, and arise entirely from over-exertion, or half mythical, and full of contradictions and improbabil- vocate of free soil and firee il~stitutions. He has also in injury applied to the glands in some remnote part, but ities, was the son of Marcus Junius, a wealthy patrician labored effectuailly to diffuse a taste for the fine arts in ie connection with the one that hbrms the swelling. of Rome. Tihe fimther and brother of Lucius Junius were Anmerica, has been president of several associations for Thus, long standing, or a fatiguing journey, will cause a assas, sinated by order of their relhtive, Tarquinius the this purpose, and has always slhown himself a kinsd and B. in the groin to rise in a few hours. In consequence Proud; and LuciussJunius ewed tie preservation of his judicious friend to young artists. As a prose-writer, his of their hardness and slow suippuration, B. are generlife to an assumed idiotism. It Was Sextus'Tarquinius style is pusse-, easy, tiand idiomatic. Few who have been ally extremely painful, and cause considerable inconwho, by his criminal outrage on Lucretia, the witfe of compelled by circunmstances to write so much, have venience. Collatinus, afforded him an opportunity to arouse the written so uniformly well. An edition of his works, il- (Zoil.) The Great-horned, Cat, or Eagle owls, a people against the king and his sones. Throwing off his lustrated with 71 engravings, was published in London genus of the St'igidcv or Owl family, characterized by pretended stupidity, hlie joined with Collatinus, assembled in 1858. large size, robust and powerful form, conspicuous earthe senate, and caused a decree to be made tfor banishing Bry'ant, in Illinois, a post-office of Fulton co. tufts, and very large eyes. There are 15 species of this the king mnd establishineg a republic. This clhange took Bry'atatowsn, in Indiana, a post-otrffice of Monroe co. genus. The Great-horned Owl, B. Virginianus, is but place, and B. andt Collatinus were appointed chief magis- Bryantoi n, in Maryland, a post-office of Charles co. little inferior in size to the golden eagle; and is very trates, with the title of consuls. The change in the form Bryant$s Creek, in Indiana, a P. 0. of Moniroe co. destructive to young fawns, hares, rabbits, rats, moles, of government gave offence to many of the patricians; Bryant's Ponld, iu Maine, a post-office of Oxford co. reptiles, partrid-es, grouse, and other gase. It is found and the two sons of B. aend three nephews of Collatinus Bryanlt's Swainp, in N. Carolina, a post-office of in ualmost every quariter of the United States; firequlentconspired, with others, to murder the consuls, and re- Bladen co. ing deep tbrest glens, anul miking its nest in the fissures of store thee mon'urchy. Tihe plot was disclosed by a slave, Bry'ants~ iHle, in Indiana, a post-village of Lawrence rocks, ruins of buildings, &c. "-Along the nmountainous and the conspirators were brought before the consuls co., 10 m. firomn Bedford. shores ofthe Ohio, and amidst the deep forests oflIndimana," for judgment. B., disregarding the entreahies of the - Bry'antsvile, in Kentucky, a post-village of Grrar-Id says Wilson, "e this ghostly watschmnesn has freq-uently multitude and his own feelinugs as a paient, sentenced his co., 48 m. S. of Frankfort. warned me of the approeach of morning, and amused me sons to deaethl. Collatinus endeavored in vain to save his Bryg'msss, n. [Gr. br-uc/o, I grind my teeth.] (Med.) with his singular exclamations, sometimes sweeping nephiews, and retired fimone the consulshlip. The cause The grinding of the teeth, or the gnashing and chatter- duown tnd around my fire, utterineg a loud anml suddlen of the Tacquinii was espeoused, according to the legend, ing of the teeth which takes place in epilepsy and Waueghs 0 / Waug/mh O sufficient to have alarmed a whole by sonme of the neighboeor ing cities, and B. fell in combat other convulsive disorders. garrison. He has other nocturnal solos, ito less melodious, with Aruns, one of thee sons of the deposecd kisug. The Brynhilda. (S'caid.A/. ylt/.) Thie name given in the one of whichm very strikingly resemnbles the half supconflict ending in the victory of the Romnans, the body Scandinsvia n legends to a mystic personige, probably pr-essed screamus of a person suffocacting, or throttled, and of B. was intem-red switih great solemniity, and a statue was connected with Attila, Sigumrd, Curnar, or Gunther; casm inet fail of beinug exceedingly entertaineing to a lonely erected to his meenosy. playing the principal part in the series of extraordi- benighted traveller, in the midst of an Immdian wilderBru'Uts, MARcUS TuNusS, an illustrious Roman, one of nssry adventusres attrit-uted to those persons. ness."' Thesie is something in thee character of the owl the murderers of Julius Caesar. Mis ummothuer wets time sis- Brysmn Fyisron, in Tenne.asec, a P. O. of Scott co. so recluse, solitary, and mysterious, somethinmg so dister of Cato. tiet t first sided with Pompey, but, being B~ryo'nia, n. [Gr. bruo, I sprout.] (Bst.) A genus of cordanset in the tones of its voice, heard only amid the treated with greast henity after time battle of Phamsalias, plants, o-deer Cucaurbitacea. The most interesting spe- silence and gloom of night, and iii the most loimely and be attached himself to Caesar, by whom he was greatly cies is B. dioica, the red-berried bryony, or wild vine, an sequestered situations, as to have strongly impressed thee BUCC BUCE BUCH 383 minds of mankind in general with sensations of awe, and seas. By French writers these rovers are commonly made divinity professor at Cambridge. B. in Alsace, abhorrence of the whole tribe. Tie poets have indulged called Flibustiers, apparently a corruption of the Eng- 1491; D. 1551. In the reign of Mary, his body was taken freely in this general prejudice; and in their descriptions lish word./j'eebooters. The History of the Buccaneers of up and burnt. His writings are very numerous. and delineations of midnight storms and gloomy scenes America, by James Burney, is a well-known and enter- Bucerlid, n. p. (Zo'l.) The Hornbill larn. of birds, of nature, the owl is generally introduced to heighten taining work. ord. Issessores. The species are remarkable for the very the horror of the picture. Ignorance and superstition, Buccaaneer', v. i. To act as a buccaneer; to commit large size of the beak, and for an extraordinary prottin all ages and in all countries, listen to the voice of the piracy. berance with which this is surmounted. They are both owl, and even contemplate its physiognomy with feel- Buccella'tion, n. [From Lat. buccella, a mouthful.] carnivorous and frugivorous, feeding not only on various ings of disgust and a kind of fearful awe." " Nothing The act of dividing into large pieces. berries, fruits, and other vegetable matter, but also on is a more effectual cure for superstition than a knowledge Bucci'na, n. [Lat.] (Antiq.) A kind of horn-trumpet, the smaller kinds of animals, as mice and small birds, of the general laws and productions of nature; nor more anciently made out of a shell (buccinum), the form of as well as on insects and any putrid animal substance. forcibly leads our reflections to the first, great. self-ex- which is exhibited in the two specimens annexed. In Their large bills are of much less real than apparent istent CAusE of all, to whom our reverential awe is then the former it is curved for the convenience of the per- strength, and they vary considerably in appearance humbly devoted, and not to any of his dependent crea- former, with a very wide month, to diffuse and increase during the different periods of their age, the upper protures. With all the gloomy habits and ungracious tories the sound. In the next, it still retains the original form cess, or excrescence, not exhibiting its genuine forin till of the owl, there is nothing in this bird supernatural or of the shell. The buccina was distinct from the corne; the:full growth of the bird. When cut across, it is found mysterious, or more than that of a simple bird of prey, but it is often confounded with it. The buccina seems to consist of a very loose bony substance; its interior formed for feeding by night, like minany other animals, anid being traversed in every direction by osseous fibres, the iiterspaces being quite hollow; all the bones, inideed, of this remarkable bird being more permeated by air than in any other species. They inhabit the warm parts of Asia and Africa; and in their general habits they seem to bear a considerable resemblance to the Crows. The larger species are very difficult of approach; and they perch on the branches of high trees, where their vision can command an extensive range. They may be said to hold the same rank in the old continent that the Toucans do in America; not only from the enormous size of the bill, but also from their habit of swallowing their food whole, throwing it up into the air, and catching it as it falls. There are many species; but one will sullice for our description. —The Rhinoceros hornbill, B. rhinoceros, is about the size of, though rather more slender than, a hen tiurkey; its color black,'except the lower part of the belly and tip of the tail. which are white; the bill is about ten inches in length, slightly curved, Fig. 434. - nuccINA, (trunmpets.) sharp-pointed, irregularly serr;ated on the edges, antd filurnished at the base of the upper mandible with an imto have been chiefly distinguished by the twisted form nmense appendage in the form of a reverted horn; a lonof the shell, irom which it was originally made. In gitudinal black line divides this process, the part above late( times it was carved from horn, and perhaps front it being of a bright red, the part below yellow, and the wood or metal, so as to imitate tihe shell. The buccina base of it black; the bill itself is black at the base, was chiefly used to proclaim the watches of the day and tinged with bright red, and the remainder is yellow; of the night, hence called buccina primia, seclrsda. &c. the legs are short, strong, and of a ltalt yellow color. It was also blown at funerals, and at festive entertainimerits, both before sitting down to table and after. - In modern times, the name is sometimes applied to a hierdsman's horn. ]Bnucleinal, a. [Lat. buccina.] Shaped like a trumpet. ~"'I31~P@ ~ ]Buccizsa'to4r, n. [From Lat. butccina, a trumpet, because it is chiefly used by the trumpeter in sounding his instrument.] (Anat.) The name of the principal muscle of each cheek. It assists in nmastication, by pushintg the food back towards the teeth; and if the cheeks be distended by air, its contraction forces it out. Blue'einumra, n. (Zoe/.) See,IIELK. Fag. 433.- GREAT-nORNED OWL, (Bubo Virginianus.) Buic'co., n. (Z,:tl.) A gen. of birds. See BARBET. Bucen'taur, n. [Gr. bois, an ox; kentauros, a cenof reposing by day. The harshness of its voice, occasioned taur.] (Myth.) A mythological monster, half man and by the width and capacity of its theat, may be intended half ox. - See CIENTAUR. by Heaven as an alarm and warning to the birds and (Hist.) The name of the state galley of the Venetian animals on which it preys to secure themselves from doges, in which they annually sailed over a portion of danger. The voices of all carnivorous birds and anismals thIe Adriatic on Ascension Diy, aind dropping a ring into are also observed to be harsh and hideous, probably for the sea, espoused it in the name of the republic, with this very purpose." Its general color is felrruginous, these words, " Desponsamus to, mare, in signurn veri pervaried with larger and smaller spots and markings of petuique Doieminii." The date of the original B. is not brown, black, and gray; together with innumerable very clearly ascertained, but its use on the feast of Asminute specks. The larger wing- and tail-feathers are cension is traced to a vic-tory obtained in the year 1177 obscurely varied by dusky transverse bars; the bill is by the Doge Sebastiano Ziani over the Emperor Fredblack; the eyss very large, and of a golden-orange color; eric Barbarossa. The Venetians had espoused the the legs are short and strong, thickly clothed down to the cause of Pope Alexander III., who had taken refuge very claws with fine downy plumes; and the claws are in the Lagune. The doge with a fleet not mustering extremely large, strong, and black. It rarely lays more than two eggs, which are larger and rounder tlhatn those of a hen, and of a reddish-brown color, with darker blotches and variegations. [ Bubon'ocele, n. (Med.) An old medical term for a FPig. 436. - RHINOCEROS HORNBILL, (Buceros rhinoceros.) rupture at the bottom of the belly. - See HERNIA. Bucatunm na, in Mississippi, a post-office of Wayne co. Bulceros, n. [Gr. boklcerds, firom bous, an ox, and keras, Buc'cal, a. [From Lat. bucca, cheek.] Belonging, or re- a horn.] (Zo'l.) A genus of birds, faron. BUcERIDE, q. v. lating, to the cheek. ] Buch, LEOPOLD VON, a distinguished German geologist, B. Glands. (Anat.) Mucous follicles, seated in the buc- - B. 1774. Hle is chiefly rememibered by his explorations cal membrane, opposite the mol:tr teeth. They secrete in, and investigations o, the volcanic nmountain-system a viscid humor, which mmixes with the saliva, and lubri- t'g. 435.- BUCENTAUR. of Auvergne, biy means of which he succeeded in laying cates the mouth. - B. Artery, arises from the internal half the number of vessels which Pisa, Genoa, and An- the sure foundations of the rational dynamics of geology. maxillary, and distributes its branches to the cheek, and cona had placed under tlhe command of the emperor's D. 1853. especially to thie buccinator muscle. - B. Membrane, the son Otho, encountered them off the coast of Istria. ]Buc(isas, (b55clkan,) JOHN STEWART, EARL or, the second mucous memtbrane which lines the interior of the After a battle which lasted more than six hours, Otho, soni of IRobert, LDuke of Albany, Regent of Scotland, and mouth.- Dun~liston. with 48 out of his 65 galleys, was taken prisoner, two of graandson of Kiig Robert II., B. 1380. In 1420, B. passed BucW'can, n. A hurdle comiposed of sticks. his ships having been destroyed. The Pope receivedl the over to France at the head of 6,000 Scottish troops, to the ]icclean, v. a. To prepare beef by cutting it into long conquerors ou the Lido, and presenting Ziani with a assistance of the Dauphin, afterwards Charles VII., then pieces, and salting, and smoking over a buccan or boucan,. golden ring, addressed him in these words: "Take this hard pressed by the English; and on March 22d, 1421, See BUCCANEER. ring, and with it take, on my authority, the sea as your gained a signal victory at Beaug6 in Anjou, over the Eig]Buccaneer, IBucanier, (buk-a-nlr',) n. [Fr. bou- subject. Every year, on the return of this happy day, lish conmmanded by the Dulke of Clarence, brother of canier, from boucan, or buccan, a word of the Carib you and your successors shall make known to all pos- Ilenry V., who was slain in a personal encounter with Indians signifying a place or apparatus made for cook- tority that the right of conquest has subjugated the the Earl. For this service the Dauphin rewarded B. with ing and feasting on neat prepared in a peculiar manner Adriatic to Venice as a spouse to her hlusband." After the office of Constalble of France. He was killed at the (see BUCCAN); hence those who estabtlislhed themselves the fall of the Venetian republic the cerenmony was dis- battle of Verneuil, Aug. 17, 1424. on the West India Islands for the purpose of smoking continued. Buchuan'an, GEORoE, an eminent Scottish divine and meat were called " Busccaneers." — Wedgewoocd, Dint. BuEceph'alns. [Gr. bous, hiull, le. phatos, head.] ([[ist.) historian, B. 1506. After being educated at the univerof Euy. Etyrn.] The pirates who infested the coasts of The celebrated horse of Alexanuder the Great, whose sities of St. Andrew's and Paris, he returned to Scotland, the West Indies and Spanish America during the 17th mand head resembled thalt of a bull, whence his staine. Alex- where he soon turned his attention to litermature, produc18th centuries were so called. The association of these ander was the only one who could mount him. In an ing the famous satires Fmaociscanus and the Somniusmm, pirates is said to hamve commenced as early as the mid- engagement in Asia. where he received a heavy wound, in which he lashed with caustic severity the mode of life die of the 10th century; but in 1625 they obtaineed pos- he immsediately hatstened out of thie battle, and dropped of the monastic orders of thamet damy. For this he was persession of St. Kilt's, mind afterwavrdls of Tobago, which dead as soon as lie had set down the king in a safe place. secusted, and taking refmsge in France, becamme professor thenceforward benanet for a long timie the heaid-quarters Alexander built on thie river Itydaspes, in India, a city of Latin in thie College of Guienne at Bordeaux; while of the B., who fonrmed a sort of se*afaring republic, coin- which hie called after his nsame. here, he wrote his remiarkmatle Latin tragedies, the Bapposed chiefly of English and French adventurers. Their Bu'cer, MAARTuN, one of the Protestant reformers, who tistes and the Jephihes, and enmjoyed the friiendship of chief object was war against the Spaniards, and plunder first united with Luther, but afterwards inclined to Montaigne and the elder Scaliger. He next successively of their ships and settlemeents. After the peace of Zuinglius, though he labored much to bring the two par- resided at Paris, and in Lisbon, and in 1a54 published Ilyswick, in 1697, they gradually disappeared from the ties into a union. He came to England in 1549, and was his celebrated translation of the Psarlms, commenced 384 BUCH BUCK BUCK during his incarceration in a Portuguese dungeon. Re- of the hospodarship of Wallachia, on the DanImboritza, delivered to set the wheel in mation. By the revoluturning to Scotland, he became classical tutor to Mary 37 m. friom its confluence with the Danube, and 280 W. tion of the wheel the B. are alternately placed so asto Queen of Scots, and received high ecclesiastical prefer- N.W. of Constantinople; Lat. 440 26' 45" N., Lon. 460 47' receive the water, and inverted so as to discharge it, the ment. In 1571, B. became preceptor to the young King E. It is situated in a vast swanipy plain, and presents a loaded side always descending. James VI. (afterwards James I. of England.) In 1579 curious conglomeration of civilization and barbarism, (Alarine Eng.) Thie float of a paddle-wheel. appeared his great work the DLe Jure Regni apud Scotos, it being built on no regular plan, but affording to the'ire-bucket. A bucket in which water is carried to an eloquent appeal on behalf of civil liberty; but which view niud cabins, shingle-roofed brick-houses, and spa- put out a fire. was afterwards condemned by the parliament, and sup- cious niodern hotels in heterogeneous medley. B. also BIuek'ety, n. A pasty substance obtained from buckpressed. His last work was the History if Scotland, presents a curious mlixture of European and Oriental wheat, with which weavers dress their webs. written in Latin, and remarkable for thie richness, force, habits and costunmes, hall' the inhabitants weariing hats Buck'eye, n. (Bet.) See XEscoLUS. and perspicuity of its style. B. has beeni much censured and coats, and the other half culpacs and pelisses. Most -A citizen of the State of Ohio; a cant word probably for the Iharsh manner in which hie has treated the charac- of the streets, are boarded over, as it were, with large used in allusion to the abiundance of buckeyes in that ter of the unfortunate Mary; a censure fromn which, how- trunks of trees, under which rude pavement the filth State. — The State is sometimes called the Buckeye State. ever, he muist be exonerated, if we iare to trust the rev- of the city collects. B. is generally an unhealthy and Buckl'eye, in California, a village of Shasta co., 6 m. elations which lately discovered documeints have thrown disagreeable place of residence. It containis the palace N.E. of Shasta, on that sad and eventful history. B. D. 1582. of tile hiTspodar or prince, a vast number of churches -A post-village of Yolo co., 13 m. W.S.W. of Woodland. Buclsu anamn, JAmaEs, a distinguished American states- anid mionasteries, several hospitals, and a large number Buckleye, in Georgia, a village of Laurens co., 12 m. muan, and 15th President of the U. States, was B. in of Khans or Oriental inns. Since 1834, the college of N. of Dublin. Franklii co., Pa., April 13, 1791. After conmpleting his St. Sauvain has been organized, and a lyceum, a society Biuck'eye, in Illinois, a township of Stephenson co.; education at Diclkinson College, he studied law, and of belles-lettres, a public library, and all agricultural pp. abt. 1,520. was a successful practitioner during the short portions society. B. is principally distinguished for tile profli- B]uck'eye, in Kentucky, a post-office of Garrard co. of his life which were not devoted to politics. Ile began gacy of manners that prevail. Ganibling-houses are Bluck'eye, in Minnesota, a post-office of FreeUorn co. his political career as a Federalist, and as such was:a abundant, and prostitution obtains to a greater extent 9Bueki'eye Cottage, in Ohio, a P. 0. of Perry co. member of the Pennsylvania legislature in 1814-15. In than in any other European city of the same size. The i Buc]k'eye Cove, in W5 Yirginia, a post-office of Po1821, he was chosen to tile House of Representatives, of trade of this place is very conIsiderable — the exports cahiontas co. which he continued a memniber fob 10 years. Upon the chiefly consisting of horiied cattle and hogs, wool, but- lBuck'eyed, n; Itaving bad eyes; a term used among Democratic party being formed upon its new basis by ter, wheat, hides, tallow, and wax. WNatchmatking and horse-dealers. the adherents of Gen. Jackson, B. jewelry work is also extensively carried on. B. was vis- iBuck'eystown, in Maryland, a post-village of Fredbecaire a prominent and active ited in 1847 by a tremendous fire which made great rav- erick co., tbt. 40 m. N.W. of Washington. member of it, and shared its hen- ages; it has, however, been partially rebuilt oi an imi- Buck'field, in Maine, a post-village slid township of ors and fortunes for over 30 years. proved plan. In 16A8 the seat of govermnent was trans- Oxtford co., 40 mu. N. by W. of Portland, 13 m. from MeIn May, 1831, he was appointed ferred to B. (then a miserable village), fi-om Tergovest, chanic Falls; pop. abt. 2,050. miniister-plenipotentiary to Rue- the ancient capital. J'op. estimated at 100,000. Buakhan'nosn, in TV. Virqginia, a post-village, cap. of sia, as successor to tie celebrbted Bucilolzite, a. (J1n.) A variety of sillinmanite, of Upohir co., 95 In. S.S.E. of Wheeling; pop. sbt. 500. John Randolph, which post ha. whitish-grayish, or pale brown color, with a lustre ap- Buck'hart, in Illinois, a township of Fulton co., pop. held for three years. On his re- preaching to adamantine. It is a sesquisilicate ofalum]- abt. 1,53o. turn he was elected a sen;]tor of na, and is found in fibrous masses at Chester oil the -A post-office of Christian co. the U. States, and continsed so Delaware, and at other places in tile Northern States. Buckheted Creek, in Georgia, flowing into the for 8 years. On the formiation of Buchu. Leaeves, n. ph. See BlmtosmuA. Ogeechee niver, in Burke Co. the Polk administration, begun Buckl, (buk,) n. [Swed. and Goth. byka, to steep clothes — A post-village of Morgan co., 96 m. W. of Augusta. in'1845, B. was appointed Secre- in lye, and rub tlihem with the hands; 0. Fr. buquer, to Buck Itollow, in Vermont, a post-office ofFranklin co. tary of State, and retained that strike, to thump, because clothes so steeped were also Bu]ick Horns, in Arkansas, a post-office of Indepenoffice until the Whigs camne into Fig. 437. thumiped.] Ani alkaline lye ii which clothes are steeped demce co. power under Gen. Taylor, four BUCHAnNA. or so;aked in order to their being cleansed or whitened. Buck Horn, in Illinois, a post-office of Brown co. years afterwards. In 1853. B. Buck I I would I could wash myself of the buck." - Shaks. Buick H[ormn, in Iowa, a post-office of Mahaska co. was appointed American minister to Great Britain, and, — Thie clothes so steeped; a wash of clothes. lBuck Horn, in Kentucky, a post-office of Oldio co. in 1856, was chosen President of the U. States by 174 Of le not a to travel wit her rred pack, she washes Buck'ltorn. in Louisiana, a P. 0. of Bienville ps!:ish. electoral votes, against 114 swhich were cast for Colonel tnorbluck to travel with her- iai. Buck'ehorla, in Missis.silpi, a post-office of Winston c. elecoralvote, aains 111whic wee cat fo Colnel bucks here at lmme." —,Shake. Frenmont, and 8 for Mr. Fillmore.i During his term of a. To seep or wash clothes in lye. Bucktorn, in Pennsylvania, a P. 0. ofColnmbit co. presidency, B. found hiniself placed in a difficult position, - Buck Hlorn, in IV. Virginia, a P. 0. of Pendleton co. owing to thie acting of the h'u-itive-Slave Law, the Kan- - Hene is a baslet; hie may creep in here, and throw foul linen B]uckie. n. A Scotticisrn tbfor the Fusus antiquns, aind civing upon him; as if it were going so bucking." - Shaks. sas business. and the growing hostility of the Southern other marine shells, hiich, when applied to the ear, people; lie did his best, hlowever, to avert for as long as (Miniing.) To bruise small copper by hand, in order emit a souiind likie the roariong of the waves. possible the impending contest. His MSS. aind papers to separate the pure ore from the useless waste. Bevi's (or Deil') Buckie. A madcap young fellow; a were left at his death to Mr. Reed of Philadelphia, to edit. Buek, n. [A.S. buc, bucca. a he-goat; 0. Ger. boch; mischievous youth; a froward youngster. (Scot.) 1). let June, 1868. Gem. bock; Norse, buck, bukki, a hlie-goat; Sansi. chdga, IBuck'ing, n. Act or operation of steeping linen in Buehaanan, ROBERT, an emninent English poet, n. 1841, a sohe-goat. Root bug; Sansk. bhin, to bend.] Literally, lye for bleaching. -'the lye so used. - A washing of and educated at (Glasgowv University. Ills principal an aniimnal with bent horns; specifically, thei muale of thie clothes. - A punishment used in the U. S. Armty. works are, Uinderstones, (1860;) Ilyls and Legends of In- fallow deer. A B. is called a fawn in his first year; a (Mlining.) A term applied in England to a method of vomuerun, (1865;) London Poems; WVayside J-isies, and pricket in his second; a corel in his third; a sore in his breaking the poor fobul copper-ore smaller by hand, with the Danish Ballads, in 1866. B. is considered one of fourth; a B. of the first head in his fifth, and a greut B. small fat-irons, called bucking-irons, in order to wash this most rising poets' of the day. Iin his sixth. The femnale of theis B. is termed a doe. Thie and separate the pure ore tfom the waste dross; thli Buchsn'am n, in Georgia, a post-village, cap. of Hiaral- term B. is also applied to the male of the goat, sheep, same term is used in the lead-mines; but Pettus, in his son co., 50 ii. W. by N. of Atlasnta. rabbit, and hare. The male of the red deer is termed a P'lata Mine?., gives it tile signification of washing or Buelhanan, in Iowa, a N.E. co., with an area of 576 sq. stag, or hart, and never called a B.-See ANTLER, DEER, wet-stamping ores. us. Watered by Watpsipinicon River, and by Buffalo S'TAG. Buck'ingham, a title borne by many heads of great Creek. Smil, fertile. Su):/ace, well timbered. Cap. In- -A cant term for a gay, smart, dashing young fellow; a houses conspicuous in English history. Of the early dependence. Plp. about 20,000. fop. holders of this title we maly mention THOMAS PLANTAu;-A townsmhi p of Jefferson co.; pop. about 1,600. Bick, v. i. To copulate as bucks and does. NKv, youngest son of King Edward III.; his heir, Huo-A township of Piags co.; pp. abnout 1,203. Buck, in illinois, a townslip of Edgar co.; pop. abt. 900, PHREY, EARL OF STrFFORD, WaS created'DuKE op B. in Buchanan, in IKentucky, ia P. O. of Lavroence co. -A post-office of Hamilton co. 1401; and his grandson, HENRY STAFFORD, "the deepBuchananl, in Michigan, a floumuishinig post-villge and Buck, in Ohio, a township of IlIardin co.; pop. abt. 980. revolving, witty Buclkingham" of Shakspeare, after astownslhip of Berrien co., on Sn. Joselp)'s River, 197 mi. Buck, in Pennsylvania, ii post-office of Lancaster co. sisting Richard III. to mount the throne, was put to death W. by S. of Detroit, and 6 m. W. of Niles; lpop. about -A township of Luzerne co.; pop. abt. 780. 1,100. Buckataw'in ng River, in Miississippi, flows into the Buchana,1 in mMinnesota, a village of Dodge co., 20 m. Chiclkasawhia River froiui the N. N.W. of Rochestir River. Buck'-baslket, n. The basket in which clothes are -A village of Luke co., on the N.W. bank of Lake Su- carried to the waish.:perior, 25 in. N.E. or' Stuperior city. Buck'bean, n. (Bot.) SeeMENTANTmES. Buchanan, in Missouri, a W.XN.V. co., divided from Bucuk'board, Buckf'wagon,.. A kindof clumsy Kansas by the Missourni River. Area, 415 sq. n. It is foumr-wheeled vehicle, lormned of a long board resting its drained by Little Platte River, and Castite ausd Livings- either end on each axle-tree, and having a seat placed ton creeks. Cap. St. Joseph Pop. (1870)26,963. upon it. -A post-office of Bollinger co. Buck Brancsll in Georgia, a district in Clark co.; Buchana11t in hu,mbraska, a village of Platte co., near pp. 380.. the Platte Itiver, 6i m. VW. by N. of Oumhiaia city. Buck Branch, in Illinois, a post-office ofDo Kalb co. Builclilanan, in N. Carolina,; post-office ofGranvills co. B1uck lBridge, in New York, a post-otffice of St. Law-':s' Buelahanan, in Ohio. a post-office of Perry co. rense co., 18 in. E. of Ogdensburg, on Grass River. o5 nBuciaumanm, in Pennsylvania, a post-ollffice of Alle- Buck Bridge, in Illinois. a village of De Kalb co.,,,,. sgimauly co. 150 m. N.N.E. of Springfield. t ]Blucllanan, in Texas, a central county, watered by the Buck Creek, in Indiana, empties into Sugar Creek in KI Clear Fork of the Brazos River, and the Caddo and Hub- She lby co. bard creeks. Area, abt. 900 sq. m. Pop. abt. 500. -A stream of aiarrison co., filling into the Ohio at Manks-A post-village of Johnson co., 50 mu. S.W. of Dallas. port. ]Buchlanan,, in Virginia, a village of Bottetourt co., -A stream of Henry co., emptying into the W. tork of\ 181 m. W. of Richmond, on James River. White River at Yorktown. uluclan, ain Virginia, a county on the confines -A township of Greene co.; pop. abt. 2,000.,.( Q' of Itemtuclty. Area, 500 sq. m. Drained by the Loumisa -A township of Hac-oclt co.; pop. abt. 1,220. fork, and the Russell fork of the Stmd~y River.~ au,7'ace, ]] u e k 2r e elk, in Io w a, a post-o l ice o f Bre mer co. mountoainous. Calp. Grundy. Pop. abt. 3.400. Buck Creek, in Michiga.i..a post-office of Kent to. ~Buchanan, in Wisconsin, a~ villag~e of Iowa co., on th~e l3uek C riCPeek, in OI~o. See LA~~oNq~) CazEr:.? t ~ "',~:9-'''~.'~. ~0 Wisconsin Rliver, 22,n. N. of Mimieral Point. Bluck Creek, in S. Carolina, a village of Spartanburg,rci Buclhanan, in }iscomsin, a towshiip of Lo. Crosse co.; district. A\ b r uise o,,". / pop. mast. 650. Bmsck'ern. (Miusisg.) Atruiseroftheore. 1Q uo -A township of Oumtagamie c., on Fox River, 4 m. E. of ifflasek'et, n. [A. S. buc, withi D;n. postpositive article,'q \si\ \ Appleton; pop. fist. 400. -et. Thse Damn. is buk, whence Scot. bucket.] A small — A township of Manitowoe co.; pop. abt. 1,350. tuils, pail, or vessel im wvhichi water is drawn or carried.;iFog. 438.- OEOROE VLT!ERS, DUKE OF DUCKI~(nIInAM. Buceanian River, in W. Virginia, rising in Randolph " The old oakerlca Iecs, the iron-bound nucket, (From a print after MrLuhase Mierevelt.) co., and flouwinig E N.E., empties into Tygart's Valley The uoicsvs-oesed hucket, which hung in the well." Woodworul. by him in 1481. His son EDWARD, DUE Os B., offended River. (Generally spelled Buckhannon.) (Mech.) A species of cavities placed on the circum- Wolsey, become suspected by Henry VIII., and was atBuchareso., or Bukorest, a city of Europe, cap. ference of a water-wheel, agd into which thp water is taiuted an;d beheaded im 1521. tI was tha last noble BUCK BUCK BUCK 385 who held the office of Lord High Constable of England. Bnelk'inglsamn, a borough of the above co., on the (Pal.) The anterior segment of the carapax or shell in The title of B. was not revived till 1617, in the person Ouse, 56 nm. N.W. of London, lying in the centre of a trilobites.- Dana. of B., GEORE VILLIERS, DUlE OF, Owho occupies a curi- fine agricultural conntry. 3anf, Paper. Pop. 8,388. (Naut.) A block of wood made to fit in the hawseous place in history, being in many respects the lord B elc isghsinm, in Connecticut, a post-office of Hart- hole of a vessel to prevent water from entering when anid master of two English monarchs, and the reputed ford co. lurching in a heavy sea. favorite lover of a French queen. Ile was B. in 1592, in Becsaki'ltshcia in Iowa, a post-township of Tame co.; -v. a. To support; to defend. Leicestershire, of good linmily, and was educated in all Pop. 451. "Fear not, sweet wench, they shall not touch thee, Kate: the fashlionable accomplishments of the day. As a h ItegTc'iisghan, in Pennsylvaneia, a post-township of I'tl bucle thee agaiust a million." - Sclaks. youth he was premininently gracef'ul in dress, in man- Bucks co., 27 im. N. by E. of Philadelphia, watered by B iae-'ler-heafted, a. Arned with a head like a nor, in riding, in dancing, in speech; and friom his ear- Neshaminy Creek; pop. abont 3,700. cler. LI b ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~buckiler. liest years hejiad the position of one of those arrogant -A township of Wayne co.; pop. ant 1,700. Baaek'lex-insstard, n. (bot.) The common name livorites who win easy pardon for every caprice. ie Bauei/i'lstgn-1am, iln Virginia, a S.E. central county, f the gens Bicte, oer Brssicaee, so named in was sent to France for two or thiree years, during which with ee area of 60SO sq. us. It is bounded oil the N. and allusion to their seed-vessels when bursting. They are Ihe devoted himself to the tarts and chaem is of high so- N. V. by the Jamnes iver, and on the S. by the Apponeat- generailyo unieportnt nsell annual or perennial plants cietyu, and returned to England at the age of 21. Pre- tax tsiver. Suofuace, ucndulating. Soil, tolerably febrtile. aitlh sl bright-yelloa foaaers. withh small1 brigfht-yellow flowers. senting himself at court, hie attracted the notice of Cp. Mayysville. Pop. about 18,300. e'es tsr, C's-no, s. (Bet.) See James I. Afew days after his appearance, young Vii- aBuckeinghic'ae Court- tol~5e, in irgtinia, post- PuenuS. liers was made cup-bearer, and in af lfw weeks succeeded village of Bunclkingham co. e. i ii, a villag of innebgo c., n. the Earl of Sotmerset as chief favorite. Offices and Baek;]'a lg atn1l lisue> in Virginia,a post-village of nWa of W tinnerd. honors were showered upon him in profusion. IHe was BCkinghatlta cot Co. knighted and made gentleman of the chaucber, and Bleaak'iacg-ir'una, n. (Mining.) The tool with which.neklipi, in Missouri, a poet-village of Lion co., 94 m. Knilght of the Garter, and Ice becamce by rapid strides a the ore is pulvecrized. X o c ib i bU'on, a visconuct, en earl, a nmarquis, Lord ight Admit BaUekitg-kier, (bttckl'eieg-lr),) at. A large boiler of Bulakeey, in illinois, a post-vill. of Iroquois co. sEMaaoek tey, in Ohio, a post-viil. of llighland co. l of England, Maoster of t re ose, and estire dis- pnculiar construction, esed in the proces of bleaching cBlea/salc5 vle, in Ptenucsylfcnuia, apost-village of poser of the favors of the king. lie hlad learned that clothes. ck. in dealing with a weak mmuarch, arrogance is victory. B g late, n. (Minincg.) An iron plate to re- ek- ast,. [Scot. cc, beech, ad mast.] The Called to guide the grrave affairs of a kingdoen, through ceive the ore far thie process of buclking. frut-it or [Scot of lie beech-tree. 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fruit or masst of the beech-tree. his influence with Janees, Villiers treated events ashich Balsea hag-l.te'c. A wooden bench or block on which Bs a{ es clast5lia, in Penansylvania, a post-villageof determined the destinies of nations as tlhougi they were. bnucking-utensi l is set. to co. Z, ~~~~~~~~~~~Carbon co. intrigues to gratifr personal prinle andc passion. Tile B ek'lilga, a. Pertaining to a buck; foppish in iman- atelatsser, in Calsfornia, a village of Sacramento co., ahenous journey of Prince Clh:rleh to Sptuit, for the pur- nor; as, a bieckish fellow. 10 in. S.E. of' Sacramecnto city. pose of seeing Ihis intendedl trid, tcr Ic'antin, was kBa /iseum, in. Quality or condition of being a buckr or 0. e n Sento t planned by ~ illiurs. In Spain, B.'s gay awn indepell- dandy; filpery. (c.) cBuekeeh,~eek in 7~xas, etptying into the dent familiarity of eannuer astonished the firmeal cour- BslcalIteaa I, in (onnuecticut, a post-vill. of Iartlfbrdl co. BaCo aeorado R iver.a, iiitcy, post-villge of tiers. Tlhe preliuinarteies ot the iarriac uhe e egerrae erearuanged, Base tisa,, ien c1assachuccetts, a plost-townshilp of lurankl- l e' tl i Ketucky, apost-village of but afterwards broken off by -James ulIder B.'s influ- lii co., on lDeerfied Itiver, aboate 100 en. Vi. by N. of Bos- cti! a oa'p t in inie, a township of Oxford co., 30 m. ence, guided as much probably by hatred of the Spanish ton; hpop. abnut 2,050. Oc S. ofAgusta. miniister, Oivarez, as by Imotives of state policy. On isaaekiB aci, in 1irciia a, a post-vill. of Prince Williame.. of ohAsu gusta. eth heacc rt, in Micssoe'i, a village of Leawrence co., tho death of Janes and l tics arccessioe of C~hearles I., the co., 110 uNa. N. of ichniond. S o Jeeron city. Duke's position at court was ulchamegedn; as herctolore, Backl 1ant, WeILLIA, o.D., F.R.S., an eininent English see e;. S.u. of Jefferson city. IgBnelfr, it. A white man; used generally by the the patronage alilke in church and state was at his dis- geologist, B. 1784. He was reader in geology to the unioposal, but his generald popularity was on the wane. IIo versity, and president of the Royal Geological Society. nego radce. 1-1' hi nc, Bzieksflr a, ~tipulc 7itlii Iia~sa a'ra a. W~hite; in contradistinction to black. resented his increasing distevor awith the pubic wiith a Hits greatestrworks are Vindcicice Geologicra (1820), the (Uced by the lact people.) 11 I~~~~~~~- ~ u d 1 B uI -- (Used by the black people.) proud and indienaent scorn, and to save hint from in- ileliqutice Diucviance (1823), and the Bridaewate-'aa,). [r. e a; It. Saec11 Hncliraiin, (buk~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~acasaralu~'n,)2, n. [Fr~. bou~ra~n; It. buchepeachment by the Cuommons, Parliamsent was lhastily ise (1836). In 1845 he was appointed IDean of West- sette, fionn bco, a hole.) A coeree linen cloth stiffeeed dissolved and'B. dispatched to Paris to conduct thle minster, acnd. in 1856, having far souse years lprevious vwith glue, and originally having open holes or interPrincess Henrietta to England as Chaluers's bride; and, snuffered trom a darkening of his fine intellect. the r,~~ss tile BUCKLAND, FrA~~~~~cis TR~sticcs while there, it is s cd that hie vectuered to addres s ice c, aNets Tav LYv, a ditinghuisled Engiish French Que B Anne of Aiot, iot as ass bassadr, eet natrclist and writer an pisciculture, is the son of the "Four rogues in huckrm let drive at one." - Shaks. Freneh Queen Anne of Austria, not as anl ambassador,' I but as a lover. Threatened with assassination if hle above, Lrid was a. in 1820. B.'s best-lknown workls tire — pl A name given to the wild garlic. dared to repeat such insolence, he swore th:lt he "a would his popular Curiosities of Natural Iiistory, and Iish- — a. Made of buckcratmut. see and speae with that lady, in spite of the strength /atchtiuct. "I have peppered two of them,... two rogues in buckram suits." and power of France," and rumor went that hie did not Bnecla5stE e, n. (Mite.) A variety of epidote, con- Shaks. break his wild vaunt, and more, that the Queen herself sidsting of silica, aluminai, oxide of iron, and limue. -Stiff; precise; haughty in manner; as, a buckram secretly favored his addresses. Be this as it many, he B enhale, (buck'l,) n. [Fr. boucle, from L. Lat. buccula, spinster. was obliged to leave the French court; and being un;ble the part of the shield through which the arsm passed; -v. a. To make stiff; to fortify as with buckram. to obtain permission to return, he openly espoused the Gee. buckel, a knob, a stud, a boss.] An instrutenet (per- BIucek lRaien, in California, a village of Plumas co., cause of the Huguenots. The Duke himself went as haps originally round and protuberant) to fiasten dress, 16 In. W. of Quincy. admirn l and general of the expedition against France, harness, &c.; a link of mnetal with a tongue or catch, B]ucks, in Michigan, a township of St. Joseph co. which terminated in his defeat at the Isle of Rh6; and made to fasten one thing to another. B]aaelas, in Ohio, a post-vill. of Colunmbiana co. subsequently made preparations for a new expedition to -A curl of hair, or the state of the hair crisped and curled. -A township of Tuscarawas co.; pop. abt. 1,570. relieve Larochelle, then hotly pressed by the royal "The greatest beau was drest in a flaxen periwig,... an lets Brael;ks, in Pennsylvania, an E.S.E. county, with an area forces. B.'s unpopularity now reached its acme. The it lie in buckle for a whole half year." —Sectator. of about 600 sq. m. It is bounded on the N.E. and on Commons impeached him as the cause of the national -A grimtnce; a peculiar wry expression of the face. the S.E. by the Delaware River, whlich separates it from misfortunes, and the people sang ribald ballads antici- -v. a. To fasten with a buckle or buckles. New Jersey. - Area, 600 sq. mn. - SuIface, hilly and dipating his downfatll. B., willing to stlake all upon the "Thus ever when I buckhe on my helmet, versified. - Soil, highly fertile, containing valuable deexpedition to assist Larochelse, spent ~60,000 of his ownr Thy fears afflict thee." — Pli/iues. posits of limestone, sandstone, plumbago, &c.- Cap. money upon the fleet, and declared that hue would be -To prepare for action (reciprocal); to enter vigorously Doylestown. It is one of the three counties founded by the first man who should set his foot on the dyke be- upon work, W. Penn, in 1682. The inhabit:nts are generally farmers, fore Larochelle, "to die or do the worlh." Proceeding to And catching up in haste his three square shield whao supply Philadelphia with grain, hay, cld dairy proPortsmouth to emubark with the fleet, hlie was there as- And shicing helmet, soon him buckled to the field."-Spenseer. duce. P'op. (1870) 01,997. sassinated by one John Felton, a lieutenant whose — To join in battle. Bra]u' silwe, in Neew Iorc, a village of Madrid claims he had slighted, Aug. 213, 1628. " Until the front of the avant-guard were bucklea with them in townsheip, St. Leawrence co., 6 11e. N. of Clult01t. B., GEanGE VILLIEuS, second DUlo Or, son of the pro- front." - Hayward. ]Buck's Crokeel. in Georgia, a streamn of Macon co., ceding, a. 1627. Ie e;uly shlared in the troubles of time -v. i. To bow or bend, as with heat or other motive flowing into Flint River. civil war, as a devoted adherent of the roytal cause, and power. BIueka's -lhoi'as, n. (Bot.) See LotLuIA. became the attendant of Charles II. in his exile in France "The wretch, whose fever-weaken'd joints, Biack[st]liltlemtf in New Jersey, a village of Cumberand HoIland. At the Restoration, B. became. like his Like strengthless hinges, bucekle under life." - Shalks. land co., 15 m. S.E. of Bridgeton. father, first favorite to the reigning kinug, and distin- -To engage with; to encounter; to enter upon some close B] elk'skkin, it. The skin of a buclk; whence a kind of guished himself by his wit, profligacy, mnagnificence of contest. (Generally followed by with.) leather so called. life, and political versatility. He succeeded in overthrow- "For single combat, thou shalt bhuckle witit me." - Slhaks. -A person clothed in buckskin, particularly an American ing Lord Clarendon, and forming the famnous Cabal (q. v.) To buc/lee to. To apply to in earnest; to enter upon soldier of the Revolutionary war. - Webster. government, when hle became virtual prime minister of with energy; to prosecute with vigor. — pl. Breeches made of buckskin, as worn by English foxEngland. IHe eventually lost to a great extent the royal "Endeavouring to make them buckles to the law." - Lockes. - hunters, huntsmen, jockeys, &c.; as, he appeared in favor, and impoverished by his lavish expenditure, retired Bueklo, HENaY THOMAS, an Esglish autlor, B in Sent, scarlet, with buckskins and tops (i.e. top-boots). to one of his estates, where hie D. in1688. B. was a man of 1822. He early devoted himself to study, relieved by Buauhslailn, in'olorano Territory, a vill. of Park co. brilliant but prostituted talents, and the author of several the relxation of chess, at hich he became one of the k' in Indiana, a post- vill. of Gibson co. terelaxation of chess, at arhiehs ho becaeno one of the ukkii alae ot il fGbo n comedies and satires much esteemed in their day, but of first players in the world. In 1857 appeared the first B]ucla'skint, in Ohio, a township of Ross co.; poop. abt. which The Rehearsal alone is now considered noteworthy. parts of his History of /ivilizcntion in England, a wvork 2,566. Buclainghamn, JOHN SarEFFIELD, EARL or MULGRAvE, which caused a sensation in the world of letters, and of B ilelksport, in Maiae, a flourishing post-village and and Puas or, an English posth andeda sen tioetneteeenldaolettrs, nthe and D leE OF, an English poet and statesman, and the which many editions have been published both in Eng- township of Hancock co., on the Penobscot, 18 m. S. of repute lover of ueen Anne of Engand, B. 1649. He land and the U. States. This wvork may be termed a Bangor. Thisplacepossessesaflourishingshipping-busiserved aith gallantry in the navy during his youth, brilliant fragment, inasmuch as its completion was ness, and is largely engaged in the fisheries. Pop. of maintained a politic and dignified attitude during the t ort by the preatre death of the author 29th township, about 4,300. Revolution of 1688, and was, on the raccession of Anne a, t o1862. ]BbeakaS',sl[ort, in Texas, a village of Falls co. May, 1862. created Duke of Buckinghaeashire. He was an active Buc'lr, a. [Fr. uci, from L. Let. cculaiu, B cks'aort Centre, in Main, a pot-vi. of lanally of the Tory party, and D. 1720. Dryden is said to or hncalei.,a, flone Saccaue., the hsendh a of a shield.] code co. have revised B.'s Essay em Set~ir~e, while his Essay en Literally, that which is buckled or fastened to the areo; c lie ]t~litell~ in Oaifornla, a rill. of Pluucaas co. Poetry ares applauded both by Peyden and Pops. aspecifically, a kintd of shield or defensive armor, for-'Bulck'stall, n. A contrivance to enmesh deer. Buck'iughaan, or BacaS, an inland cc. of England, spcfcor mnerly used in warfaure. Among the ancient Greeks and Buelk'stoue, Josu BALDWnae, a popular English diahaving N. Northamptonshile, E. the counties of Bedford, Rain-ns (Fig. 104) the B. ars about 4 feet long, by 22,. 1802. He is one of the IIcrtford, and Middlesex, S. Berks, and W, Oxford. Shape needs of boards, covered on the mnels aith linenstage, a nd is favorably known awideaeobors, cvetrans of Ohs Egishs nsde wistavral kinean very irregular. Area, 456,032 acres, of which about and sheep-skin, and on the outside with iron plate. In in the U. States as the autheor of the Greisn Bus/es, T/e 410,000 are arable, meadow, and pasture lands. The vale the Middle Ages (Fig. 192), the B. was round, oval, or Fismers oft/e Forest, the ls-c]e As/se, Our Mary Ann, of Aylesbury,'one of the richest tracts in the kingdom, square in shape, and was fi-equently made of wicker- GCod for Nolth/ng, and neany other comedies, dramas, occupies tee centre of the county, and is noted for its work or of hide, strengthened by metal plates. —Hence, and faeces of the most genuine stanp. He has been for fine dairy produce and poultry. Agriculture and the nmetephorically, anything that defends or shields fl-m many years the lessee and manager of the Haymeeket rearing of farm stock form the principal industry. harm. Theatre, London. Strear plazt is also nssenuefoctnred on a pretty extensive, "This medal compliments the emperor as the Romans did die- ucks1ta31't[ oW sl, in Pennsylvania, a vil. of Somerset so. scale. P/ia. towns. Aylcsbury, Marlow, Buckingham, tator Fabius, whes they idled him the buckler of Rome." Buleks~'v lll, in Pennsylvania, a vill. of Bucks so. and X'ycombo. b Pop. 184,792. Agdiols. Buc tho rn, n. (Bet.) See IsBUsu voL. 1. -- 4,(.) INSET "ub 386 BUD BUDD BUDD Bullck'ton, in Virginia, a village of Warren co., 5 m. the sap from that part of the stem with which it is in China, where it will be examined under the name W. of Front Royal. communication; that part so acted upon attracts sap in of Fo. The votaries of this religion number about Buck'town, in Maryland, a P. 0. of Dorchester co. its turn from tile tissue next it, and so a general move- 300,000,000, or, in other words, more than one-third of Buck Valley, in Pennsylvania, a P. O. of Fulton co. ment towards the buds is established as faras the roots, the entire population of the earth,-B. has not been studBuck'wheat, n. [A corruption of beechwheat.] (Agric.) by which fresh sap is absorbed from the soil. Thus is led for much more than 40 years, yet its original princiA kiind of grain produced by the Fagopyrus esculentum. caused the phenomenon of the flow of the sap. Every ples are better known than those of other religions, It has a triangular rinrm, not unlike that of beech-mast, leaf-bud is in itself a complete body, consisting of a vital without excepting our own; all the details of the life of but smaller. In some countries it is cultivated as food for centre, covered by nutritive organs or hair. Although its founder have been recorded in the archives of history, man, particularly so in the U. States, where its flour it isordinarily called into life while attached to its parent and we are in possession of all those canonical writings enters into the composition of the thin cakes known as plant, yet it is capable of growing as a separate portion, wherein are deposited the doctrines declared and deB,.ckwhleat Cakes, but which in England are called and of producing a new individual in all respects the fined by 3 successive councils. These- books, at first 6r'Ltuupets. In the latter country it is extensively used same as that fronm which it was divided; hence it is a written in Sanskrit, or in some dialect of this language, as food for pheasants, who are so fond of it that they propagating organ as much as a seed, although not of the have been translated into the idioms of other nations imay be decoyed from their covers by its employment. same kind; and advantage has been taken fronl this for among which the iBuddhic I iith was propagated, as the It is a good healthy grain, and may be grown on poor horticultural purposes. (See BUDDING.) In general, a Cingalese, Thibetians, Tartahrs, Mongols, Chinese, Jalight soils. - See FAGOPYvUM. bud is developed into a branch; but that power is in- panese, and Burnmans. WV are in possession of these Bucolic, Bucolical, (bl-collik,) a. [Gr. boukolikos, terf'ered with or destroyed by several causes. This miust translations, which secure to us a truthful and infallible relating to boukolos, a herdsman - boues, an ox or cow, be evident from thle following considerations iide- knowledge of the original waorks. The most successful and koleo = Lat. cole, to take care of.] Pertaining to the pendently of all others. Every one knows tlhat leaves investigator in these important matters of research was care of cattle; pastoral; as, a bucolic youth. are arranged with great symmetry upon young branches; Mr. B. 11. ltodgson, appointed in 1821 British Political — n. (Lit.) The Greek term for a pastoral poem, mean- as buds are axillary to leaves, the branches they produce Resident at Nepaul, for the East India Company. lie ing, literally, the song of a herdsman. To this class ought therefore to be as symmetrically arranged as was informedl that in Buddhic monasteries were reiibelong the poems of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus, and leaves; and this we see does not happen. We may ac- giously kept manuscripts said to contain the canonical the Eclogues of Virgil. The metre universally em- count for this in two or three ways: accidental injuries doctrine of Buddha, which works were written in the ployed is the hexameter, or heroic; but in pastoral poetry wvill doubtless destroy some; from want of light others Sanskrit tongue. Mr. Hodgson had a list of these writan easier flow of the lines was more studied than in will never be called into action; and of those which are inugs, remitted to an old Buddhist priest of Patan, and the epic, and this was generally acconmplished by intro- originally excited to growth a part is always destroyed by his instrumnentality hlie secured the works themselves. ducing a larger proportion of the metrical feet called by the superior vigor of neighboring buds, which attract The Thibetian translations were even more easily prodactyls in the former than in the latter. This species away their food and starve them. There is moreover in cured, for in that country books were almost as humerof poetry has been cultivated also by most modern na- many plants a special tendency to produce their leaf- ous as in Europe, uleing reproduced by wood-engraving, tions, as in England, France, and especially in Germany, buds in a stunted or altered state. In Fir-trees the which art had been imported into that country from where it has been attended with great success. side-buds push forth only two, or a small number of China. Mr. Hodgson achieved this important result in Bucra'lia, n.pl. [Lat.] (Arch.) A term to denote the leaves, and never lengthen at all; in the Cedar of Lebanon 1824-5, and at tihe same time he offered to the Royal heads of oxen, flayed and lacerated and decked with they lengthen a little, bear a cluster of leaves at their Asiatic Societies of London and Paris, 60 Buddhic volwreaths; sometimes represented on friezes. points, andresemble short spurs; in the Sloe, tile White- umes, uand 250 in tile language of Thibet. The same Bucyrus, in Ohio, a vill. of Crawford co., pop.(1870)3,074. thorn, and many other plants, they lengthen more, pro- offer he had previously nmade to the Asiatic Society of Budtn. [A.S. boda, O:Ger. boto, a herald, a messenger; duce no leaves except at their very base, and grow into Bengal. Almost tabout the same time a young HungaFr. bemtonu; O. Fr. bouter, to push, put, or thrust.] hard sharp-pointed spines. Bulbs are nothing but leaf- rias physician, Mr. Csomna, firom Kbrbs, in Transylvania, (Physiol. Vegetable.) The organized rudiment of a branch buds (Fig. 439), with unusually fleshy scales, and with was equally successful in mnakling discoveries. Starting (leaf-bud), or a flower (flower-bud). Whatever becomes the power of separating spontaneously from the mother from Hungary, full of enthusiasm, but with scanty a branch is, when first organized, a bud; but it does not plant; and flower-buds are theoretically little more than means, he penetrated into Thibet, acquired the language therefore follow that all buds become branches; on the leaf-buds without the power of lengthening, but with of that country, and read the great works named the contrary, owing to many disturbing causes, to which the organs that cover them in a special state. Hence Ka/ggoor and the Bstanlggoor. These two encyclopereference will presently be made, buds are subject to flowers are modified branches. - See FLOWEn. dias, the first in 100 vols., the second in 225 vols., printed transformations and deformities which mask their real (Zobl.) A protuberance on polypi, &c., growing into in 1731 in the mionastery of Snuarthang, in Thibet, were nature. A leaf-bud is constructed thus: - In its centre an animal as a bud blows into a flower. a full translation of the books brought from India, and it consists of a minute conical portion of soft succulent — v. i. To put forth or produce young shoots, buds, or everything pertaining to Buddhic literature. Mr. Csoma cellular tissue, and over the surface of this are arranged germs. gave, under thes auspices of Mr. Wilson, the illustrious rudimentary leaves, is the form of scales. These scales " The budding rose above the rose full-blown." - Wordsworth. Orientalist, and member of thle Calcutta Asiatic Society, are closely applied to each other; those on the outside To eanrinate; to begin to gro or shoot forth a analysis of the two works, and in that edition were — To germinate; to begin to grove or shoot forth. fnc lottl h ns~t bosdsoee yir are the 1,Lrgest and thickest, and the most interior ones found alnost all the Sanskrit books discovered by Mr. are the smallest and ost delicate. In cold countris the Tho laring yokes n their own necks they ear'd, Wilson at Nepaul. Mr. Csoa died young, exhausted And felt four kududiung horns on their smooth foreheads rear'd." external scales are oftea covered with hair, or a resin- Dryden. by his great labors, but consoled with the idea that lihe ous varnish, or some other contrivance, which enables -To be in bloom, or growing into maturity, as a plant. 1usd lelt souuethina lehind him, in a work which is a thuem to drevent the access of frost to thi young abd thremsure of Asiatic reseurch, and whiclh consecrates his them o petaeos1 Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet." - Shaks. tender centre whiich they protect; but in warm countries, nmemnory. In 1829, Mr. L. J. Schmidt, a member of the where such a provision is not required, they are green and -v. a. To graft or inoculate by inserting a bud. St. Petersburg Academy, demnonstrated that nearly all smooth, and much less numerous. The cellular centre "Of apricocks, the largest is much improved by budding upon the Buddhic works translated in Thibetian were transof a bud is tihe seat of its vitality; the scales that cover a peach stock." - Tempule. lated also into the Mongolian tongue, and under the it are the parts towards the development of which its BuI'dca, [Slav. Budin; Ger. Ofen.] A royal city of the same conditions; thus happily confirming the assertions vital energies are first directed. A leaf-bud usually Austrian empire in Hungary, of which, in conjunction of Mr. Hodgson, while other confirnmations were still to originates ini the axil of a leaf; indeed there are no leaves with Pesth, it is the cap., and seat of govt., on the right come from different countries. In the S. of the island in the axil of which one or niore buds are not found bansi of the Danube, immediately opposite to Pesth, 116 of Ceylon, where B. was known to have penetrated either in a rudimentary or a perfect state. Its cellular m.W. of Debreczin, and 135 SE.S.. of Vienna. B. is built three centuries before our era, Mr. George Turnour centre communicates with that of the woody centre of on and around the last hill of a range which decreases in found, ashsost in the same shape, the canonical books. the stem, and its scales are in connection with the bark of height as it approaches thie Danube, and is divided into He discovered that the Cingalese priests were in possesthle latter. When stems have the structure of Exogens, 6 quarters. It has a fine observwtory, and is celebrated sion of a complete collection of time Buddhist writings, thle bud terminates one of the medullary processes; in for its hot and Turkish baths, which procured for the brought to Ceylon by a certain Indian king, a protector Endogens it is simply in communication with the cellu- city its German namne of Ofcue (oven). There are, in ad- of B., 316 B. c. These books weiree written in the Pall lar matter that lies between the bundles of woody tis- dition, some fine libraries, and scientific and charitable language, a Sanskrit dialtect. These Pali writings, 17 in sue in such stems. It is moreover important to observe institutions, including 4 hospitals. A magnificent sus- number, are almost identical copies of the books of Mathat this is true not only of what are called normnal pension bridge, 34 of a mile in length, with a clear wa- gadha and Nepaul; they also contain tihe lifed and docbuds, that is to say, of buds which originate in the axil ter-way of 1,250 ft., spans the Danube, connecting the trinal system of Buddhia. So that in the North, the of the leafy organs, but also of adventitious buds, or city with Pesth. This was the first permaanent bridge Sanskrit version of Magadhia was the text from which such as are occasionally developed in unusual situa- erected over the Danube, below Vienna, since the time the Thibetian translation was made; while in the South, tions. It would seem as if, underfavorable circuinstances, of Trajan. B. is the usual residence of the governor- the Palu version, ifromn Ceylon, sas used for the Sianmese buds smay be formed wherever the cellular tissue is pres- general, the seat ofthe vice-regal council, and of the high- and Burmanic translations, the island of Ceylon (the ent; fcr they occur not only at the esud of thle medul- est administrative authority. It lhas much less of a Taprobana of the Ancien t Books, fiom the Hindoo Tasnlary processes of the root and stem of exo-ens, but bustling and commercial chlaracter than Pesth. There rapanna) having always been in religious accord and on the margins of leaves, as in Bryophyllum, Ma- are a few manulfactures of linens, woollens, siliks, velvets, relationship with Siam and Burnmah. But Ceylon had lexis paleida, and many others. A leaf bud has three leather, gunpowder, earthenware, and m calson-foundry; still something momre. Besides tile sacred volumes, the special properties, those of growth, attraction, and pro- but its principal trade is in its fine wines, of which priests had written chrlonicles in which were recorded, pagetion. In warm damp weather, under the sfiu- about 3,450,000 gallons are produced annually from the year by year, the most important facts touching their ence of light, it has the power of increasing in size, of vineyards around the heights in its neighborihood. B., religion and history. Mr.'iuriour obtained the Cingadeveloping new parts, and so of growing into whatever the ancient Curta Aqouisacum, was held by tihe Romans lese annals, and published the leading parts of that till nearly the end of the 4th century. Arpad, the Ma- valuable work, the hlahatvassa, and the analyses of gyar chief, maade it his head-quarters in 900, and it then many others. lThese historical works, the only ones became the cradle of the tIungarian monarchy. It was produced by the HtinDloo genius, go back to the conver~~~~~ ~~ I ~enlarged and improved by succeeding Hungmarian mnon- sion of the island to Buddhism, and contain the life of archs, and made a free city by Bela IV., in 1245. It was Buddha and his religious traditions. The portion of the tiaken by Solymnan in 1529, and was held by theu Turks Mulahavasa published by Mr. Turnour was composed till 1686, when it was recovered by the Imperialists, af- in the 5th century of the Christian sere, from older ter a desperate resistance. Joseph II. removed the seat materials which the author hadl collected. The sacred of the Hungarian govt. thither in 1783. The city suf- books of Ceylon in the Palu language must therefore fered much during the revolutionary war of 1849. Pop. be considered as the most authentic documents reabout 51,800. lating to B. After the various countries already Bu'dta, in Illinois, a post-village of Bureau co., 12 m. mentioned, and which bear testimony to the authenW.S.W. of Princeton. ticity of the Buddhist volumes, comes China. The Bliud'dha, n. The title given to the founder of Bun- anluss of that emaire, compiled d momud preserved wvithi a eHnSM, q. V. care never equalled tiy any government even amomug B][sddh']sm, n. One of the most remarkable religious the most civilized nations, show that B. was introduced systems of the East, partly from thue peculiar character into China 217 years a. c., by some Indianm apostles. of its doctrine, and partly on account of tCle vwst hum- In 61 a. c. it ssas adopted, in thue reign of the. emperor ber of its followers. From Hindostan, or India proper, Ming-Ti, as the public worship of the empire, and at the Fig. 439. the country which gave it birth, nearly every trace of end of the first century was commenced thue translation 1. Leaf-bude. B. has now disappeared; but under several nmodifica- of the Sanskirit boolks into the Chinese language. One 2. Tho scaly bulb of the lily, showing its analogy to the bud. tions ithas become the religion of the great majority of of the most renowned of thuese waorks, the Lalitavistara, body it may be eventually destined for. As soon as the inhabitants of the high table-lands to the N. of the a kind of biography of Baddiha, was four times transgrowth commences, thb sap which a bud contains is either Himalayas, as far as thue boundasry of Siberia, and it is lated into Chinese; numerous bookes were thus published, expended in forming new tissue, or is lost by evapo- thue prevailing creed of theu peninsula of India beyond and Mr. Stanislaus Julien gives time titles of 1,000 vols., ration; in order bus peovide for such loss, the bud attracts J the Ganges, of Ceylon, of thu eusupir' of Japaun, and of from the catalogue of books gotten ip by the govt. of bbs BUDD BUDD BUDD 387 Celestial empire, and now the Buddhic literature in to the wilderness of Ourovilva, where he spent his time He ignores God so utterly that be not once thinks of deChina forms libraries of countless volumes. We have, in the practices of austerity, fasting, meditation, and nying him; he does not destroy him, he is silent regardbesides, the testimony of the pilgrims who went from prayer. tIe would remain for weeks plunged in deep ing him; neither explaining the origin and previous China to India to visit the places sanctified by Buddha, abstraction, attempting to solve the mysteries of life, existence of man, nor his present state, nor offering and especially those of Peo-hien and Hiovec-Thsang, pub- death, sin, goodness, wisdom, and the like. At length, conjecture as to his future fate and final liberation. lished by MM. Abel ttemusat and Stanislaus Julien. Fi- after six years of meditation, being then 36 years old, he The Buddhist knows not God in any way, and wholly Dally, we may consult the inscriptions engraved on the was enlightened, he felt that he was the BuDDHA, i. e. occupied with his own heroic aspirations and self-symstones, rocks, and columns in India. Mr. James Prin- theperfect sage. The place where he had this revela- pathies, he has never looked up so lfigh nor so for. sep, one of the secretaries of the Bengal Society, deci- lion is most celebrated, and called Bodhimanda, i. e. the Again, and on the authority of the Sfitras (or doctrinal phered these hieroglyphics with a sagacious accuracy "seat of intellect." The tree under which lie was seated discourses and apophthegms of Buddha), it must be that miade himncelebrated. These inscriptionswere in the when he received-that gift was a fig-tree, wwhich was maintained that Buddhism does not admit the inmmorMagadha dialect, and contained the edicts of a king visited in 632, A. D., by the famous Chinese pilgrim Hio- tality of the soul any more than it admits God. No named Piyadasi, recommending to his people morality, ver-Thsang, who saw many monuments erected around Buddhic text can be produced in wisich the simplest advisimg tolerance, as ndfisvoring new religious creeds. A it, and spent seven days in worshipping thmemam. From distinctiveness of the human soul and body is stated, short time after Mr. Prinsep's elucidations, Mr. Turnour, Bodhimuanda Buddha started to preach his doctrine in or, indeed, would seem to be even suspected. Death is well acquainted with the monumental antiquities of Cey- small places, and then in the great capital, Benares, the but a modification as fallacious as the rest of these lon, showed that the Piyadasi of these Magadha inscrip- "holy city." For upwards of 40 years he continued to matters. It is held that man, unless he follow the tions was the samie as Acoka, time king of Magadma, one preach his system, traversing a great part of Northern creed of B., is revivified in one species of being or inofthepillarsofB. during its first period. Amnother Cingal- India, combating the Brahmans, and making numerous other, according to his merits, but that no special desese work, Le Diparassa, quoted by Mr. Turnour, states converts. HIe died in the 80th year of his age, B. c. 543, tiny is provided here for his body or there for his soul. that Acoka reigned 218 years after Cttyamouni, that is, after having lived to see his doctrine spread all over The soul may be transmigrated into another body, 325 before our era, or in that of Alexander the Great; and India. For several centlavies B. seems to have been it is true, but it is not more divided from the latter altiough Mr. Wilson dissents, we think it probable that tolerated by the Brahmins. At length, it seems to have than it was froom the former one; it never exists withlie is the identical Acoka, or at least a Buddhist promumD endured a long-continued persecution, which ultimately out corporeal entity, (not even in that famous heaven gating the doctrines of Cakyamouni at the end of the had the effect of entirely expelling it from the country of Tomushita, where the gods of time Brahmanic Pan4th century. Am0mong the Greek writers we find some- where it had originated. What was the cause or the theon sit oms their thrones, promiscuously with the inthing int relation to the Buddhists. Nearchus and Aris- nature of these persecutions is unknown, but the last numerable Bodhisattvas of the Buddhist superstition.) tobulus, who followed Alexander, mention only the traces of thei system disappeared about the I1th or 12th It must be remembered, however, that this teaching, Brahmans; but Megosthenes, who, 30 years after, pene- century. By this time it had taken firm root in othei' absurd and to be deplored as it is, was nothing new in trated to Patalipootra (the Palibothra of the Greeks), at parts, where it still continues to flourish. Numerous itself when first proclaimied andf publicly preachedas B.; it the court of king Tchandragoopta, represents the Bud- remains of Buddhist temples are scattered over India: is known to havebeen started by the school of Sdnschya, dhists in naminmsg the Sarssassai and Germana, who, lie and, during the period of persecution, when they were fromi Kalps, or Kaopil, who is identical with S&nkhya the says, are philosophers living in celibacy, begging their driven from the cities, they retired among the hills of godless, or, as he is called by the Brahimans, Nerievara; daily bread, and are accompanied by women following the west, and there constructed those cave-temmples, the Sismikhmya, long before the rise of B., taught the libthe same tenor of life. The name of Buddha is found which, from their number, vastness, and elaborate struc- erationm of man by means of science and of virtue, but in the writings of St. Clement of Alexandria. All these lure, still excite the wonder of' all who see thens. — B. the absorption of the human soul into God, who was exauthorities peremptorily prove that B. was established differs fromim Bramsisanasm in the extreme simplicity of cluded from his system, could not be possible; then in India before the reign of Alexander. Of time sacred its religious doctrine, and the almost complete absence what did lie do with the soul, and what does it become books which contain the iluddhic predictions, two have of dogmias or ritual. It is, or rather wsas - for it has when redeenmed? On this point, the only one of imporbeen translated into French, the first under the title of been much corrupted by other creeds - an essentially lance, the philosopher was silent, and his reticence "The Lotus of the Good Laws" (Saddharmapourdarika), moral system. Its object was to teach main how to at- darkened his solution with doubt and uncertainty that by H1. Eugene Burnouf, who extracted from this mine lain to a pure and holy life. Hence, it did not so much B. cleared away. The soul, or rather that compound his golden bookt' Isntroduction d etlIistoire du Bud- destroy other religioms with which it came in contsact, of soul and body called man, is not really liberated undhisuue;" the other," Sountra," is a boots called the Lalita- as engraft itself' upon them. It did not abolish castes less annihilated; for, if the least atonm of it should revistara, translated from the Thibetiin by M. Philippe de where they already existed, but it did not introduce niain, the soul might still be revived into one of the Fourcaux. Following in the footsteps of the above au- them where they were unknown. The Buddha is not numiberless appearances pertaining to existence, and thorities, our venerated master, M. Barthelemy de St. Hi- a god, he is the ideal of what any maun may become; anmd its pretended liberation would be but an illusion like so laire, one of the most profound Orientalists of the day, the great object of Buddhist worship is to keep this nmsany others of the samie kind. The only abode and the has published his two admirable works, DBn Buddhismee ideal vividly in the mmimids of the believers. This vene- only reality is annihilation: from that state nothing re(1855), and Le Bouddha, et sa Religion (1866), from which ration of the memory of Buddha is, perhaps, hardly turns; and once resting in the Nsirvana, the soul has no is taken the following resum6 of the life and tenets of di stinguishsamble, longer anytihing to fear or to hope. Fromi this point of the founder of this Oriental creed.-Buddha, was born amuoing the igno- view, B. is mmo longer that monstrous doctrine the existabout the end of the 7th century, B. c., in the city of rant, from wor- ence of which we would willingly doubt. No, it is not a Kapilavastou, the capital of a realn bearing the same ship of him as a spontaneopisly formed doctrine; step by step India name, in Central India, at the foot of the mountains of god; but in the- reached the attainmuent of it. The Sinkhya approaching Nepauml. His father, Couddhodamina, belonging to time ory, the ritual to therejectionoftheauthorityoftheFVedasanddthedeny-,makyas family, and descended fromi the great Solar race is strictly comr- ing of God vas not self-comstituted in ome day. Ages of the Gotamides, was the king of that country. His moth- menlmorative, and examination and controversy had to elapse to produce it, er, Maya Devi, was the daughter of king Sonprabudidha, does not necessa- hideous as it is. The Buddha was at once the most logiand of such bemamty that she was called diaya, or the rily involve idol- cal and the boldest of Kapila's disciples. He perfected "IIllusion," sbecause her body, according to the "Lali- atry, any more the teaching of the school, and puhlished it for the saltavistdra," was a bewitching illusion. But her virtue than the gar- vation of mankind for whom his big heart overflowed and piety even excelled her beauty. Couddhodanma was lands laid on the with pity; but he did not discover the whole of it, he worthiy of such a wife, and " King of the law, lie ruled tonmb of a parent nusst share the responsibility, if not the glory, of it, according to the law." Such was the fanmily from which by a pious child. with his predecessor Kmapila. Buddha has but reproduced theliberator sprang. He belonged to the caste of the Ks- Theritual orwor- those sad principles, urging them to the utniost, with hattriyas, or " warriors," and when lie gave himself up shipisextresmely a severity that phlnged him headlong into the abyss, not to religion, he was called Ca6cyaimauni, that is, the simple, consist- unseen nor perhaps unfeared by the philosopher; such "monk of the Clkyas," or Oramana Gaouisma, "the inig in offering J is the true mmeaninmg of all the Buddhic Sfitras. The ascetic of the Gotasmides." His personal name at his flowers and per- Nirvana is always introduced and presented as the eterfather's court was Siddhcmrta, or Ssrrvdrthasidd/sa, which fume, the repeat- nal liberation, the infallible ending of all miseries and he held until he acquired that of " Buddha." His moth- ing of sacred for- revivifyings, through the annihilation of all the princiem, wvho rehired to a garden, awaiting her hour, was sum mulas, and thi pies which compose man. The Sfitras must be believed; prised under a tree by the pains of labor, and gave birth S i n g i mm g o f their language..may be....rd to understand, but clearto Siddh'irta on the 3d of the mnonth of Outaracadha, hymns. Thertet- ness in this matter would be surprising. The idea of but debilitated by fasting, she died seven days after his pies contain only absolute extinction is full of mystery, and consequently birth. The orphan was entrusted to his maternal aunt an image of Bud- the terms intended to depict it shed but a dubious and Pradydpati-pessstausi, wimo seas also one of his father's dim and a Bags- siuister light. Bmt the S-atras are the best, we ssould wives. The child was as handsome as his mother, and ba, or shrime cons- say, the only authority, and they are not more objecwhen still a boy showed extraordinary talents. When taininghisrelics. tionable than the Gospel would be when the Christian admitted to the schools of writing, he soon excelled his There a r e n o faith is to be expounded. It sometimes happens that, own master, and avoiding the amusements incidental priests or Clergy, / ins new legends, the production of imaginative chronito his age, lie seemed absorbed in his own meditations. properly so call- clers, Buddhic personages are represented as escaping, When hie arrived at a marrying age, his elders, fearing ed, but only an Fig. 440. -BUDDmHA. replete with life, froum the Nirvmam, in whichm cases the that lie, according to the prediction of the Brahimians, order of mmonks, Nirvana would appear to be other than nothingness; had abandoned his right to the crown by giving him- the Staiesanas or Bilcshus (mendicants), who have but when grave doctors learnedly treat these matters, self up to religion, asked the king's consent to cause given themnselves up to a life of sanctity, and who are they speak always of the Niransa as we have done, viz., him to marry forthwith; the king refused to i nterfere, generally very numerous. They are obliged to live in as the land of oblivion and annihilation. It is true, howbut granted the elders the privilege of bringing a bride celibacy; but they may retire from their order if they ever, that they take mnore care to speak of what is not, for his son. This was done, and the virgin selected was desire it, and are permitted to minarry. Time four sub- than of what really is; the idea of nothingness finding the virtuous and beautiful Gopa, but in order to obtain lime verities, or axioms, upon which the system of a very imperfect expression in the disordered and excither, lse was obliged by her father, Dandapuni, to show B. is built, are: -1. That there exists pain; 2. that ed imagination of the Buddhist monssi: truer to nature talents of the first order. He had, accordingly, to en- the cause of pain is desire, or the attachment of the than their own narrations, they forget, that, having gage ins contest against 500 young men in all the games soul towards certain objects; 3. that pain can be ended confined them insan everm1sting prison, they reclaim from and exercises esteemied in India. Siddh5&rta came off by Nirvana; and 4. that, by the practice of six tran- their retreat of oblivion those holy nmien whose existence victorious not only in scholastic exercises, knowledge scendent perfections - alms, morals, science, energy, they had previously aannihilated. It appears that Budof the Vedas, moralS, and philosophy, but also in calis- patience, charity- a man might hope to arrive at the dia himself never understood the Ninvana in any other thienmics ad gssammes of bodily sill. Among isis com - state of Nirmvm a — repose or annihilation. Existence igh; if eein thi s-phauatins of if use been since al~petitors serem hits conusin Ananida, swho afterswards became is vieeved mas a curse ranther than a blessing; amid this lered, thin originsal chiractem ol time doctrinein remains unone of Ihis imost filithfusl disciples, aind Devadatta, swho, endless lransumigrations through otlier beings that have changed. Thme schools still mm existence at Nepaul aem to nsohasmed of isis defesit, becaume thesnceforsvard isis ima- to be enudurmed, are causes of suffering; and hence this be consideredl is truthfnul sentmmesses, whlien we have before placsable eusnemy. The beauttifmil Copa thmen becanme his highest object of desire is to be delivered from the us- us the prinsnmstie nmonuments.n ins domubt, B. has been,,and price,, aind once his swife,, mime refused ho veil her face, cessity of being bornm again. There are flee moral pine- is even nosw actuallhy muodintsiningeintsa on dogmas. By B., it sasyiug that "the asipremee and magnainimuous Rhcehi, and cepts of universal obhigations, viz., not to htilh, umot to niuist be uindernstood, we umeans thin t doctrinne founded by thseothiem gods, kusew lier thoughts, qualities, and actions, steal, not to comniit adultery, not to his, and not to be Bunddhma himeefselfwinch ins -adopted inn thle eanonical workss. amid thmat sims had nothing to conceal. Siddalberta, drunkten; but timers are othiers moms strict for those en- This, as we unidemrstanmd it, is this B. of this Theory' of Anthmougih hansppy, aspired to somie life better and umore per- terming eupon a religious hife. -- Tuners is not in thin whole nihmihation. linn time progress of tnine, thse Buiddhfihsts confect, mid, after long meditation, he left his father's pal- doctrine of'B. thisleast appearansce of a belief in God, and ceived an A4d/sitmsst/ia, resemibling our owinn Supn-emne ace, gsave hins inicim dress to a hmunter, whiose niean gain- when it is suipposed thamt it amidits the absorption of lime Being; binit it does not tollosw froum thhi tihat the Buidisha ments lie tools in return, amid sousght some eminmenit huinman soul inuto time divine essence, it is a gratumitous of Oum.ovilva amid Bodhimanda, &d, hmas e'eqr thuii0uht Brahismans; but, dissenting from thinsim visews, he retired admissionm, entirely contrary to the ihdeas of Buddha. of God. To the precedinge we mayadd tfile esmtimcnm-of 388 BUDD BUEL B3UEN the Brahmans, who call their opponents, the Buddhists, that of the stock, the operation is almost sure to be suc- in the second day's battle of Shiloh, and was engaged "Men of Nothingness" (_castikas), which reproach they cessful. This is by far tihe most common meithod of B. in various important operations till the close of the war. accept as a title of honor; and the testimony of their It is generally distinguished as shield-B. Another Busensa, (bwae'za,) in Ohio, a post-office of Van Wert co. best philosophical work, known as the Preadyndpa- method, called scallop-B.. consists in removing entirely ]Buaenavei tura, (bwd-na-ven-toos'a,) a small town of ramita, in which we are taught that the supreme degree a thin slip of bark from the stoclk, and fitting into the Mexico, state of Chihuahua; Lat. 290 55' N., Lon. 1060 of human knowledge is the negation of the known ob- wound a similar slip bearing the bud. The proper time 30' W'. At about 10 m. N.W. of this place there are ject and knowing subject, a perfect vacuity of all exist- for B. is a little after midsummer, when the bud is per- ruins covering an area of several square miles, called ence and all knowledge. So we have manifold proofs fectly formed. The process is particularly well adapted Casas Grandes. The ancient town to which they bethat the Nirvana is but another. name for Annihilation; for trees which are apt to exude gum when wounded, as longed was evidently very large, and inhabited by a and in this the missionaries, both Catholic and Protes- the plum, cherry, peach, and stone-fruits in general; comparatively civilized people. taut, as Mr. Spence Hardy, Father Brigandet, Father Jos. also for roses and many other flowering shrubs. The Buenaveastu'ra, a small maritime village of S. AmeMullens, and M. Wassilieff, who resided many years in B.-knife has a point like a lancet, and the handle gen- rica, in New Granada, on the bay of Choco; only imIndia, agree with M. Barthelemy St. Hilaire. In China, erally terminates in a thin ivory blade, to be used for portant as being tihe port for a large tract of country. the same opinion prevails, and in the works of Confu- raising the bark of the stock. The effects of B. are pre- Buena Venturaa, in California. See SAN BUENA cins, or Lao-Tsen, we do not discover even a faint idea cisely similar to those of GUArdING, q. V. VENTURaA. of God; and if the Chinese are absolutely atheists, we Bud'dle, n. (Missing.) A pit dug in the earth near the Buena Vista., (bwd'na-vees'ta.) [Span., "fine view."] muast confess that they are very reticent on this subject. stamping-mill, 7 feet long and 2'/ feet deep, where the The name of several places in Mexico, at one of which, The modern Tai-pings, who endeavor to plant the Chris- stamped tin is curiously washed from its imspurities by 10 mu. from Saltillo, and 90 S.W. of Monterey, occurred, tian Trinity in their country, are considered as religious water constantly running through the buddie, while a Feb. 22-23, 1847, a great battle between the Ameriinnovators, not less than rebels. B. has been a success boy, called a buddie-boy, is standing in the body of it, cans, numbering about 5,000 men, under Gen. Taylor, in the Celestial empire, and produced remarkable nmen. and working both with a shovel and with his feet. and a force of 20,000 Mexicans, under Santa Anna, in Some may object that the ideas of Godsand the Immortal- -v. a. To wash, as ore. which the latter were utterly defeated. Thle American ity of the Soul being, so to speak,co-natural to man, thle Bu~ltllea, (bud-le'a,) s. (Bet.) A genus of plants, ord. loss was small. This action has been also called the explanation given hers of the Buddhic belief can not be Scrophuslaricece. Thie species are slhrbs, natives of the Battle of La Angostura. true. But this theory, noble and rational as it is, should warmer regions of the world, and are remarkable for Bueaa Vista, in Alabaman, a village of Monroe co. not prevail against matters of fact. We have asong us their gay and sweet-scented orange-colored flowers. B. BLsesira Vista, in.Arkansas, a post-office of Onacsita co. men of intellect who do not hesitate to profess infidelity seemda is said to be one of the most beautiful plants of Buena Vista, in California, a post-village of Amador both as regards the Deity and our own immortality. India. B. globosa, a native of Chiili, is hardy enough to co., 13 min. S.W. of Jackson. Buddha was one of these earnest but, we hope, deluded endure a temperate climate, and has become a conmmon B stenria Vista, in Georgia, a post-village, cap. of thinkers. B. is not only an opinion, but also a religion; ornament of our gardens. Marion co., 101 m. S.Wg. of Milledgeville, and 33 S.E. of and the admission by it of such singular opinions can be ]Buedis Creek, in Mearyland, a P. 0. of St. Mary's co. Colsmnbus. explained by the influence of the religious leaders, and B ildl's Lake, in lNew Jersey, a P. O.. of Morris co. lueua Vista, in liiois, a township of Schuyler co.; the weakness of those numerous populations, who, tired iasseles'toe n, in Ness Jersey, a village of Burlington pop. abt. 1,100. of a life of poverty and subjection, and fearing to be co., 8 mi. from Mount Holly. -A post-village of Stephenson co., 10 min. N.N.E. of transformed by metempsychosis into the several species B stiid'tvilie, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Centre co. Freeport. of animals who dwell beneath the sky, have sought re- B cie ]i-'let, n. A term applied to various forms of Buena Vista, in Idiana, a village of Franklin co., 15 fuge in the state of utter nonentity. They are terrified by oil and gas-burners contrived by Mr. Gurney, of Bude, min. WV. of Brookville. the prospect of passing through a series of suffering ex- in Cornwall. -A village of Gibson co., on White River, 110 min. S.S.W. istences, and their only resnedy, as they conceive, is to ]eldge, (baj,) v. a. [Fr. boenger, firom 0. Ger. wegas, to of Indianapolis. seek the place, the Nirvana, where transformation shall move.] To move off; to stir; to wag. — S/akcs. -A village of Hamilton co., 12 min. N. of Noblesville. be an impossibility. Christianity has taught us better -a. [O. Fr. bouge, fur.] Tlhe dressed skin or fur of lambs. -A village of Harrison co., on Mosquito Creek. principles; it has supplied us with ideas to live by, with -a. [Probably from the aspect of the ancient schoststie -A village of Monroe co., 13 m. S.W. of Bloomington. hopes to live for; but because we are the superiors of habit, which was lined with bouge.] Surly; stiff; formnal. -A village of Pulasli co., on Tippecanoe River. these unbelievers, have we any cause to declare them'" o foolishness of men I that lend their ears -A village of Randolph co., 8 mi. S.W. of Winchester. foreign to humanity? Their books ssnd teaching are er- To those budgte doctors of the stoic fur." -BNiltot. -A village of Waslhington co., 8 m. N.W. of Salem. roneous and dofective, but still merit some respect. The Buldge-Ba slelori, n. One of a company of men Buaena Vista, in Iowa, a village of Clayton co., 80 m. Veda comes immediately after the Bible, and the misfor- dressed in a long gown lined with hnmbs' fur, wlho ac- N.N.E. of Iowa City. tune of B. has been in repudiating the principles of company the Lord Mayor of London at his inauguration. -A township of Jasper co.; pop. abt. 900. the former. But Brahmanic India did not succeed much Bailey. -A post-office of Clinton co., 46 m. E. by N. of Iowa City. better than the Buddhic, and could not raise flom their Busl ge'-B a rrel, n. A small barrel used in carrying -A N.W. county embracing an area of 576 sq. ms., and sacred seeds the promised fruits. At first the Aryans gunpowder. - COraig. drained by tihe Racoon and Little Sioux rivers, and some were the brethren of our ancestors who sprung like Bigtl'ger., n. One who budges. - Shaes. smaller streams; pop. abt. 500. them from tihe N.W. of the Ilimalayas: they were then tadget, (bzld'jet.) [Fr., from bougetle.] A bag or satchel, Buen a Vista, in Maryland, a post-office of Prince equal, but tlhe progress of ages worked against them, such as may be easily carried. - A poclket used by George's co. anmd whtile the Western nations had their development tilers for holding the nails in lathing before tiling.- A Buenia Vista, in sichigan, a village of Saginawco., into superior civilization recorded by history, the Aryan stock or store. on the river of the same name, 100 m. N.N.W. of Detroit. races proper could not rise above the Vedic faith, and -A condensed statement of the income and expenditure B]eene Vista, in Mississippi, a post-village of Chickathey bore B. in their bosom, a quasi-legitinsate son, but of a nation, or of any particular public department. A saw co., 11 m. E. of Houston. despised and banished.- In conclusion, it mnust be said B. contains two leading elements -a statemnent how thle Buena Vista, in New York, a P. 0. of Steuben co. in fisvor of B., that, where it took root, it imparted nation's account of charge and discharge stands in rela- Buena Vist$a, in Ohio, a post-office of Tuscarawas co. to the people who received it some ideas of morality, tion to the past, and an explanation of the probable ex- -A village of Fayette co., on Rattlesnake Creek, 46 inm. which made theme less ignorant and degraded. Christ penditure of the ensuing year, with a scheme of the S.W. of Columbus; pop. abt. 300. alone excepted, there is not among the founders of re- msethod in which it is to be met, whlethler by the exist- -A village of Scioto co., on the Ohio River, 100 m. from ligious creeds a purer and more touching figure than ing or newv taxes, or by a loan. In Englatnd, the annual Cincinnati. that of Buddha. His life is spotless, his heroic constan- B. is submitted to Parliament by tihe Chancellor of the Buena Vista, in Oregon, a post-office of Polk co. cy equals his convictions, and though the theory he an- Exchequer. In Framnce, it is submitted at first at the Bueeena Vista, in Fennsylvania, a village of Bednounces be untrue, his personal example is above re- o'sambres des Diputss by thle Ministre des Finances. In fbord co. proach. He is the perfect pattern of all the excellences both countries the presentation of the B. gives rise to -A. village of Lancaster co. Ihe preaches; his self-abnegation, charity, meekness, do the discussion of the most important questions of politi- — A post-office of Alleghany co. not falter for a momnent. Leaving the court of the king, cal finance. Buena Vista, in Tenanessee, a post-village of Carroll his fsther, to become a monk and a beggar, he prepares Buel'let, n. [From BUD.] A small bud springing from co., 96 in. W. of Nashville. for his career of preaching by six years of seclusion and a larger one. BuIsena Vista, in Texas, a village of Shelby co., 20 m. meditation; he extends his doctrine by his strength of lBusslekI-isitan, (bud-sek'leis-tan',) a prov. of Central W. of Sabine River. mind and persuasion of speech, and when he dies in the Asia, now a dependlency of the Khan of Khoondooz, be- fitaena Vista, in Yisconsin, a post-village and townarsss of his disciples, he presents the serene counte- tween Lat. 360 and 360 N., and Lon. 700 30' and 720 30' ship of Portage co., 7 m. S.E. of Stanton; pop. of townsnace of a sage who did well throughout, and dies secure E.; having N. and N.E a chain of mountains inhabited ship abt. 510. in the possession of the truth. The nations who adopt- by tribes clainming a MaLcedonian origin; S.E. aind S. the -A township of Richland co., on the Wisconsin River; ed his tenets never thought of making a divinity of Bolor-Tagh mountains and the high country of the Can- pop. abt. 1,150. Ihim, for their ideas were foreign to such a notion, but firs, and W. the other territories of iKhoondooz. The e nesaa rit sta Bar, in Idahoe Territory, a mining vilthey made him a prototype whom they strove to imi- scenery of this country and its natural productions are lage of Boisue co., about 2 m. fi'om Idaho City; pop. tate, and hence B. could prodiice soue few souls worthy highly spoken of; it contains ruby mines and cliffs of abt. 300. of holding companionship with those admired and re- lapis-lazsli. Its inhalabitants are Tadjiks; very social Buenaea ista X', tsar.iaae, in firnyinia, a post-office vered by manlcind. and ihospitable, speaking the Persian language, and re- of Rockbridge co. lstsidh'ist, n. A worshipper of Buddha; a believer in taining the manners and customs prevalent N. of the B]uesa,' Vista Springs, in Kentucky, a post-office Buddhism. Hindoo-Coosh before the Tartar invasion. The cap., of Logan co. BladlchI'ist, Butdhis't$ie, a. Relating to Buddha or also called Budukhistan, or 17yzabad, is on the E. bank fuei Ayrd, or BoeN AmiR, one of the Dutch islands, in Buddhism. of the river Koocha, in Lat. 360 28' N., Lon. 710 231 E., the W. Indies, about 30 min. E. of Curaeao, Lat. 120 20' N., Butl'ding, n. (Hort.) A peculiar mode of grafting, in and its inhabitants are of the Shiak sect. This country Lon. 680 27' W. It has a tolerable harbor on its S.WV. which a leaf-bud is used instead of a young twig or was almost destroyed and depopulated by an earthquake side. Pop. abt. 3,000. scion.. The bud to be employed is cut out of the branch in 1832. Bueleos Ayres, (be'nos a'sis.) [Span., "good air."] A along with a small portion of the bark and young wood, fiealweis, (bud'aise,) a town of Bohemia, cap. of a circle prov. of the Argentine Confederation, extending fiom and the woody part is then carefully separated (Fig. 441, of the same name, on the right banlk of the Moldau, 75 the Rio Negro, on the S., in Lat. 410 S., to the prov. of a). Two incisions are made in the bark of the stock, in- m. S. of Prague and 159 N.W. of Vienna. Maof. Wool- Santa FO, on the N., in Lat. 330 S.; and from the Atlantic tended to receive the bud (b); the bark is raised on both lens, damask, saltpetrs and musical instruments. Pop. Ocean on the N. to the upper waters of the Telquin sides of the longitudinal cut, and the bud, with its 16,392. River, and the W. limit of the Sierra Ventana, or a shlield of bark, is inserted in such a way that the upper B'el, in News Yoe-k, a P. 0. of Montgomery co. breadth N. to S. of about 540 us., and a length E. to IV. edge of the shield Ba'ei, in Michigan, a post-township of Sanilac co., 8 min. of 750 mn. iArea, 63,000 sq. m. This prov. presents an joins exactly to the W XV. of Lexington. almost uniform level surthce of vast extent, fotbrising transverse cut in the -E]', Dose CAaees, an American military commander, whlat is cosumsonly called the Paosepas, and yielding permark of the stock (c). 1 a in Ohio, in 1819, took his degree at West Point in haps the finest area of rich and open pasture ims the Tis leaf in the axilof.- 141, and entered the U. States army ms 2d lieutenant of world. It is, consequently, the habitat of immense which the bud grew. minfstntry. itse highly distinguished himself during the herds of wild cattle and horses, which, in a merchssntis cut off, and the Mexican war at the battle of Monterey, where he evs able forum, afford the staple commenrce of the territory. stewly inserted bud is daungerously wounded. In 1848 hIe was appointed asst. Grlain, fruits, and vegetables are also thriving products for a while held in I adj. general in Texas. I)uring tIme civil war, B. wvas of some parts of the prov., though cereal crops are not its place by strands made lieuit.-col. of the adj.-general's dept., and placed cultivated to atny great extent; while the latter are of btass matting. If bSy Gen McClellan at thie head of 12,000 men in the dept. chiefly produced on the shores of the River La Plata, in' the bud is sufficiently of the Olsio, rin.lieving Gen. Sherman. tIe co-operated the neighborhood of the city of Buefios Ayres. In the S. matured, and if the with Gen Gmnout in the advance on Forts HIenry and portion of the proy. a vast number of saline lakes are bark attached to it CZ C6 Donelson, and, in 1862, wevs placed in command of five iinterspersed over the surfisce of the country, which is is prope-ly fitted to Fig. 441.u- nunsses. divisions, evith which he advanced in tinte to take part here almost uninhabited, except by roving Indian. BUFF BUFF BUFF 389 tribes. The climate is, in general, healthy, though ati though a true Bison. — 1. The European Bison, called herd of buffaloes, his fate is certain. The whole herd times rendered alnost unbearable by the hot winds, by naturalists Bos Bison, Bos Urus, or Bos Priscus- will band against the common foe, and, assailing him called passperos, which strongly resemble the sirocco of called also Aurochs (OGer., wild ox)-is now chiefly found with hoofs and horns, rend his striped hide to gory ribthe eastern hemisphere. As before stated, cattle and in the marshy forests of Poland, the Carpathian moon- ands, and trample, hinm maimed and crushed into the horses, and their prepared produce, as hides, tallow, tainls, and Lithuania. It is as large as a bull, but looks mire. — The Cape Buffalo (Bos Ca-e), found in large horns, jerked beet; &c., form the principal wealth of the much bigger, on account of its wealth of shaggy hair, herds in the interior of S. Africa, is generally regarded prov., and are largely exported to foreign countries. and is ten times as formidable, because of its trenmen- as a different species. The horns are very large; they Chieftown, Bueios Ayres. This prov., in commonwith dous strength and intense ferocity. Its head is small; spread horizontally over the top of the head, and are the otlher Spanish-American states, became independent its horns short, sharp, and strong; and its eyes red and then bent down laterally, and turned upwards at the of Spain in 1816, and formed part of the Argentine Re- point. This animal is regarded as more formidable than public until 1854, when it seceded, but in 1860 resumed any other in S. Africa; and the hunter willmore readily its allegiance to the Confederation. Esti/e. pop. 450,000. risk an encounter with a lion than offer any provocation BuEsos AYiEs, a maritime city, cap. of the above prov., to a B. without great advantages for the combat, or and of the Argentine Confederation, is situate on the great facilities for escape. The hide is so thick and S.W. shore of the great estuary of La Plata, 125 m. tough that the Caffres make shields of it, impenetrable W. by N. of Monte Video, and 90 N.W. of Point Piedras to musket-shot; and the balls used by the huntsmen in Lat. 340 360 29" S., Lon. 580 23' 34" W. The city stands shooting the animal are mixed with tin, and yet are on a bank elevated about 20 ft. above the level of the often flattened by the resistance. river, ha;ving a length of upwards of 2 m., with a can- / in B rsf'falo, in Arkansas, a township of Marion. co. tral breadth of 1/u m. It is built in a rectangular forni, r -A post-office of Washita co. and is a tolerably well paved, lighted, and drained city, Bulfalo, in Illinois, it township of Ogle co., 10 inm. great improvements having been made in late years. W.S.W. of0 Oregon City; pop. about 3,180. The housees are tolerably well built, after the Spanil sh -A town.ship of Rock Islland co., pop. about 1,470. fashion, and are surrounded by gardens; though soiue Buff a lo, in Indinsa, a village of Brown co., 50 us. S. of quarters of the city, inhabited by the lower classes of - Indianapolis. inhabitants, present at mnean and squalid sappearanc e. -A post-office of White co. Water is scarce and bad; indeed, it is thle crying wen1t of Builffl, in loaen a post-village and township of Scott the place. The principal public builbings are the Cathse-'ig. 442. — ArCr IcAxN IsON (aUFFALo.) co., 50 m. E.S.E. of Iowa City, on the Mississippi River; dral, situate in the Plaza, or great square; the Town- (Bos Assesicanus.) pop. about 1,35i. Hall, University, &c. Like every other large Spanish- Bufailo, in Kansas, - post-office of Wilson co. Anmerican town, it possesses a multiplicity of churches fiery. The color of its hide is rufous-brown. — The Buffalro, in Kentucsa, a post-office of La Rue co. and convents, many of which have an attractive aspect. AuAerican bison (Bos AMnericassus), cosismonly called thie Baaffalo, in linenesota, a post-village and township of Nearly all these buildisigs are erected of fine white A"merican bufftlo, is larger, shaggier, and fiercer even Wright co., 44 m. W.N.WX. of St. Paul; vpop. of townstone. B. A. has no harbor, and vessels drawing 16 or than the European species. The hair about its neck and ship about 750. 17 ft. water anchor in the oster roads, called the Moser- shoulders is bushierm and of a fine texture. The hump, ]Buffl'alo, in iissozuri, a thriving post-village, cap. of 17~~~~~~~~~~~~~~hc is. oblor dianishes in hegth oterowardscle the tmail radees, 7 or 8 us. from thi shore, loading andw discharg- hich is oblong, diminishes in height towards the tail, Dallas co., 4 m. W. of Niasngua River, and 35 N. by E. ing by means of liglsters. Notwithstanding this end lending a considerable obliquity to the outIine of the of Springfield; pop. about 250. other drawbacks, it is the prisicipal outlet for the pro- back. On the crown of the head the hair rises in an in- Buffalo, in N. Carolina, a village of Randolph co., 65 duce of the vast countries traversed by the La Plate, Umesse mass, and shows in thick, close curls before the m. W. of Raleigh, on Deep River. and especially for the provinces situated on its right h s belo the cin the h gos ie erd, and Bffalo inNebaska, a central county, bounded on ti forns; aselows the khnees. Thai rwie B e rad]~a]r~inVeaska eta ounty budifeds fo all bank. The markets of this city are well supplied gen- falls as low as the knees. The Bison differs from all S. by the Platte River, and drained by the Loop Fork orally, but poultry, vegetables, and fruit are dear, the varieties of the common Ox, in the arched line of the and other streams. a-ea, about 2,000 sq. m. Ssfjuace, first-named article selling for as much as an ox The back, which rises in a sudden elevation behind the neck; undulating. Soil, various. Pop. about 500. inhlabitants are said to be observast, intellig'ent, and de- the hump, which is formed, not consisting, however, of -A pest-village of Dodge co., near the Platte River, 40 m. sirouens to improve. Education obtains to a nioticeble ere fat, but in great part of ti very thic and strong W.N.W. of Omaha City. extent, and the city supports numerous schools fewa muscles which support the large head. Its horns 5re B] elffalo, in Ncwz Yeork, a city, port of entry, and seat of children of 10 or 12 years of age being fund who are short, tapering,verydistant, spreading,and little curved justice of Erie co., at the E. extreusity of Lake Erie, unable to read and write. As might be presumed from inwards at the point. The figure of the forehead differs where it contracts into Niagara River, 22 m. S. of Niagits commnercial importance, the element of a foreigo also from that of the Ox in its greater breadth, and in era alls, and 293 m. NW. of New Yore City. Tis resident population is lhere very marked, and no doubt its convex profile. Another important anatomical dif- toswn stands partly on a low marshy tract, intersected tends chiefly to maintain the growing progress of its ference is in the number of ribs, of which the Bison has by Buffalo Creek, which forms its harbor, and partly on civilization. The coisserce of B. A. is usest eats sive 14 pair, while the Ox has only 13. Theo number of si- an elevated terrace, leading to a still higher plateau. civilization. The coninierce of B. A. is nisAnaxteeaivpraIrles is5 soi the gross value of the imports bfor 18066 amounting to sons roanaing the vast N. American praiis i said to The principal streets descend from the high ground over $32,269,085; against total exports of $23,029,710. The grow less year by y: still, herds consisting o th- the terace towards the crek and harbor, tand are imports asre in the shpe of comsoditi es fromu all parts sands exist at the present writing. )During the pairing crossed by the others generally at right angles. It is a of the civilized world. Speaking generally, and from season, the roaring of the bulls is terrific, and the cons finely situated amd remelkably wall built and drained the hatest sonsces of isthrnsatsion, this city is highly bats that take place between them are unequalled even place all the houses in the principal streets are lofty prosperous, and likely still flsther to progress, should among the carnivora. They swim broad rivers in nearly and substantial, and are either of brick or granite. B. war and ill governmnent offer no obstruction. During the same order as they traverse plains, viz., in a dense possesses no public park, but has several papcious, the above year, the shipping statistics of this port show animated mass pressing so close at each others' heels pleasant squares. Its public buildings are many and 1,100 vessels, or 252,670 tons, as having entered (of which that the foremost dare not stop froom peril of being trod- handssome; among them are 70 churches of various 56 arrived fromn the United Stites); wshile the clcarance den to death. iThe Indians profit by this peculiarity, denominations, many of which are conspicuous for gave a return of 1,184 vessels, 343,451 tons. Pep. esti- and, creeping up to a herd, drive them forward, with their architectural beauty. The State Arsenal, U. S. mated at 120,000, of which;ssdut one-fifth t re foreisgn- hideous shouts and yells, to the verge of a precipice, Custom-House, the City Hall, and Penitentiary, its 4 srs. - B. A. was hountied by thie Spaniards, under Dion over which a score or so will certainly topple. -2. The Markets, Young Men's Association Building, &c., are Pedro do Mendoza, in 1534; but, in consequence of the Buffalo (Bos ubalnas) differs from the bison in having no other noticeable edifices in this city. B. contains litopposition of the Indians to thle settlement, it was not hump on the back, and only a small dewlap on the breast. erery, scientific, educationel, asd philanthropic instipermmenstly colonized till 1580. In 1620, it was erected Besides this it carries no shock of hair about its neck tutions in profusion, and sustains about 28 newspapers. into a bishsopric, and in 1700 contained 16,000 inhabi- and shoulders. It is a native of the East Indies, from But this city is more especially pre-Sminent for its extents. In 1776, it wass mude the seat of the vice-royalty Nwhics it was carricd to Egypt and the S. of Europe. They tensive menfacturing interests, and its vast imporof La Plata, and in 1778, upon the trade of the river generally live in flocks of about a hundred, and affect tance as the great entrep~t of the Western trade, combeing thrown open by Spain, it began rapidly to aug- mnlsy regon, bt on account of the coarse but xu- inandig, as it oes, the navigation of the greet upper ment in importance. In 1806 it was taken by the Brit- riant vegetation there to be found, as well as the oppor- lakes of this continent. The manufacture and machenish, and retaken by the Spaniards. —See ARGENTINE, CON- tunity for a "mud" bath, of which the buffalo is re- ism of iron forms a leading feature of industry here, and F,sDEAsTolsN. isarkably fond. The vay he indulges this ugly predi- its smelting furnaces and various engine and nail-works Bulet, (ILe,) (boo'lai,) one of the Alps of Savoy, between lection is singular: throwing himself flat upon his side are among the largest in the U. States. Spirit-distilleChaneciuni and Sixt, to the N. of Mont Blanc, with en in the mire, he suffies remnd and round, the soil yield- ries, oil-refineries, and flour-mills, flourish here, also, to elevation of 10,128 feet above sea. ing to his immsnense weight the exudation of any moist- a greet extent. Rut it is to its imns se traffic in grain Bituiff, n. [Contracted from buffelo, or busflhe.] Leather nre it may contain, till he manufactures for himself a that B. owes chiefly its importance and wealth. Its prepared fm-om the skin of the buffalo, eli, &c., by iu- delicious basin of mortarcovering himn to his very eyes. creek, formed by the confluence of three small streams, buing it with an aluminous compound, and afterwards When hlie emerges and has basked a while in the sun, he is navigable for about eight miles. A bar at its mouth sue oily matter, such as yolk of egg; formerly much looks like some hideous slack-baked clay image. This has been dispersed, so as to admit vessels drawing 8 used foir aist-belts and other military accoutrenents. — manouivre, however, is not without its purpose. Among feet of water into the harbor, and a pier 1,500 feet in A military coat formerly worn by soldiers, made of buff the rank vegetation, and in the air, swarm millions of length, with a light-honse upon it, has been carried out or other strongleather; as, a trooper in buff and breast- stinging flies, and until the buffalo's numid coat peels off into the lake, to facilitate their ingress and egress. pI~~lau~te. ~throngh loaisg wvear, lie is as issspregssalls Isa tc-helir attaches Still, however, the harbor is not accessible at all seasons "A wolf, nay worse, a fellow all in buff." - Shaks. as the clay image Ihe represents. The buffalo is one on account of the accumulation of ice brought down by the W. winds, and a ship-canal has been cut from it to — A color somewhat between pink and primrose yellow; so crlo~ie soneersassit bofff(In Eingland,~ thisc — otn-e...of. the lake W. of the town, which has done a good deal to is, he wore a suit of buf (In England, the costume of obviate this inconvenience. The enormous increase thle Whig or Liberal party was, until comparatively a thi dWg L a a s, tc yiursing the last few years in the receipts of grain at this "recent d ott, a blue coat, and bia vestca, or waistcoat.) port have originated the establishment of great waredIt's gude to support Caledthonia's cause, Bhouses, called elevators, for its reception and storage; And bide by the buff and the blue." — Bu..... And~ bide btbf delthese buildings, some 30 in number, are conveniently -A buffet, (q. v.)-The nude skin; as, to be stripped to the located along both sides the creek, and are capable bueff. of discharging large cargoes in an incredibly short space (Mlech.) A sheel coated with buff-loather, and used in of time. The " Niagara Elevator," the largest of these pohishing cutlery, Ac. = —- buildings, can, it is said, afford storage-room for nearly (led.) A yslhellv viscid substance, whaiths, in infians- 600,000 bushels of grain at one time. These structures motion, ferss en theo blood. - ~T~1~ceste l~. were introduced in 1842, since which time the commerce — a. Of the color of buff leather; light yellow.-Made of -a. Of buff leather; as, a erkin.-Sturdy; valliant; rese-e __ - of the city has increased tenfold. B. was an inconlut~ le.ither; as, a, bulij~j e~kiu. —Sturcly; valijT~ - ____ siderable place previously to 1812, in which year it was late. a military frontier station. Its destruction, in 1814, was'alst mn syr a Sitter kick sod oaF.' - fdi-.- effected by a party of British and Indians; but in 1817 it was resuscitated. In 1832, it was incorporated as a city, and divided into 5 wards, with the municipal govt. Buffialo~ a.; ph. BussALOrs. [It.'bufoso; Sp. bscfalo.] among the yesry fewv annseals who manifest no fear at the vested in the Mayor and Common Council chosen annu(Zob'l.) tUnder this title we have to describe the Bison approsch of the tiger; indeed, sportsmen concr that ally by the citizens. Pep. (1870) 117,715. sissd the Buffilo, two very distinct species of the genus unless a tiger be finll-grown and in possession of all hsis Bu ffalo, in Ohio, a post-township of Guernney co.; pep. Ox, but which are often confounded, at least as far asi strength, he will not venture to attscik thse scull buffalo. about 1,000. concerns the Bos Aamssicreaaas, commonly called Buffalo, Should the tiger, made desperate by hungees attack a — A township of Noble co. 390 BUFF BUFF BUG B!uffaulo, in Penns pylvania, a post-township of Wash- Bufflalo Shoals, in Virginia,a post-office of Wayne co. of thie Woodpecker (picus), are examples of this habit; ington c,., 30 m. S.W. of Pittsburg, on Buffalo Creek; Bulrahloville, in _Indiasa. a post-office of Spcncer co. upon the woodpecker lie is quite pathetic, but, as in all -pop. abt. 1,b00. 00]i]sl.-coat, n. A military outer garment worn in the such cases, he bestows his pity upon a very unworthy -A township of Union co.; po. t. 1,80. 17th century as a deftnsive covesinsg. It was made of a oblject. IIe has been charged with infidelity; but this, -A township of Butler co.; pop. abt. 1,450. thick and elastic material, as the buffalo-skin, had no like some others, is a charge easy to be made and hard -A townshlip of Peiry co.; pop. abt. 1,250. sleeves, end seas laced tightly overi tihe chest. to be disproved, thoughli it must be admitted thliat his Buf' faflo, ion Telessee, a village of Perry co., on Buffalo Buffet-duclk, n. (Zoil.) I The _lenas bscepala, of Linn., works afford ground lobr it. His son, the Comte Henri lhivcr, 100 si. S.W. of NTashville. ordc. L'ltgtula albeola of Audubon. a species of duck found de B., fell undier the guillotine at the beginning of the uaf'fa lo, in exeas, a post-village of IHenderson co., on in winter in the rivers of N. and S. Carolina; -- so called revolution, the name of his illustrious faiher being unthe Trinity River, 200 s. N.E. of Aiistin City. froim the flirness of the feathers about the head. able to save him from the penalty attaching to the no]Bi-ufft in, in V. sTircginss, a thriving post-village of Blufee-, n. (Mlch.) A rod wite enlasged end os strikiug bility at that period. Pot'ham1 co, on the CGreat Ranawhhl liver, 340 in. W. Iy block, projecting ifrom thie endis of the fi'ame of a rail- Buffotnt', n. (Costume.) A projecting covering of N. orf Ricdimo nd.C Coil aid iron-ore are hsr-gely found way carriage, and attached to springss, for deadening the gauze or linen for a lady's breast, in fashion in and in the vicinity. Jobp. abt. 320. force of concussion witlh any obiject of collision. after the year 1750, a period when English and IFrench Buf'fitlo, in Wciiscsin, a W. county, on the confines Buv'ffer-heaed, n. (Alc/i.) The head of the buffer of a lady's costune was very ungraceful. Thle B. entirely of Minnesota. sitth an area of 650 sq. min. It is watered railway carriage, which receives thle firce of a concussion. concealed the neck and bosom, aind stuck out from beby the MIississippi River (which bounds it on the N.W.), Bulfet, (buhij'/:t,) n. [It. buellto; O. Fr. bulei, a slap oni neath the chin like the breast of a pigeon. It was thle Chippewa (on thie W.), and the Eagle an-d Tranpea- the cheek. Formsed froii the sound.] A blow which generally accompanied by some other ugly articles of leai rivers. Suisface. Diversified. Soil. Fertile. Ctp. produces a dull, hiollow sounl; a thumnip; a box on the costume which were invented at that tinie. The B. was Alma. Pop. abt. 10,850. ear; a slap; as, I gave him ai good but/Jt. worn in Paris as late as 1788. -A post-townsship of the above co., on the Mississippi, 5 "Go, baffled coward, lest I run upon thee, BIla-fif en (bftofb.n',) n. [Fr. botffos, from bouffecr; It. mn. below IFountain City; pop. abt. 740. And with one bu.est lay thy structure low." —iltons. baffare, to puff; to trifle, to jest, to play the fool.] One -A village of the above co., on the Mississippi, 8 mn. from — Violent concussion, or meeting of force and resistance; who excites laughter by puffing out his cheeks and Alm. as, the bhottt of thie waves. making griumaces; one who nmaklces sport by low jests, -A township of Marquette co.; poej. abt. 980. "Thlose eplans that used... to brave the buffets of the Bay of antic postures, and low gestures; a droll; a minsic. Bisffalo Cayot, in B'xas, flows E. througlh Harris Biscay." -- Burkcs. -In England, the name B. was sometimes applied to co., and empties into Galveston Bay at Lynchburg. -A sosall stool. those persons who were employed as fools at court orat Steamners ascend as far up as IHouston, 45 m. from its — v. a. To strike so that the blow produces a dull sound; the tables of great men. embouchure. to thump; to beat; to strike; to box on the ear; to cuff. — v. i. To play tihe part of a buffoon. (a.) Bauifalo-berry. n. (Bot.) See STEPrERDIA. "Our cars m'e cudgelled; not a word of his -v. a. To render or mu.kc ridiculous. Buffalo-elies, n. VI. The sun-dried excrement of But buffets better than a fist of irance." —Shaks. Buffoon', a. Rtesembling, or pertahning to, a buffoon. the ttbuffalo, used as fuel on theAnmeric an plains. -To contend against; as, to beel/Jt the frowns of fortune. Baiiffoo~n'iery, n. The ars;lanid practices of a buffoon. Biuffalo C;ity, in Vsconsina a. post-village of Buffoan ftgteilo w nd ss/eie to her resces." —Sato. "In an ill-bred man,... learning becomes pedantry, and wit co., on the Mississippi River, 8 m. fromn Alma.'ffooey."Loe. -v. i. To play in a boxing-match. BletihTalo-clover, n. (Bit.) A name applied in the U. -, T 1 Ci J ish aooxing-oateri -Low jests; ridicunlous pranks; ribald nonsense. States to a species of Ti'i/blcu/,, common to the prairies'f1 nmight be for cmy lve, I could lay n lik a butcher." Shaks' " And whilst it lasts, let bufifoonsrysuoceed wlhere bisons (bnffiaoes) fecd. -To strive to make one's way by buffeti ng. To make us laugh; for never was neore need." - Dryden. Bufftalo Creela, in Georsgia, Glynn co., falls into the Bea eetr, (bu-J;:t') n. [Pr. buf/et, fromn L. Lat. btcfetagiuom, Bssffoona'ing, n. Buffoonery; low msirth. Ocisee River, 12 se. S.W. of Sandersville. the t x lor drinking wine in taverns.] A kiind of cup- Bu~ffoon'isl, a. Ineitatory of a buffbon; ridiculously BuItla lo'raeelk, in Iowa, Buchanan co., empties into board or closet for holding wine, plate, china, &c. It nonsensical in voice and gesture. the Wapsimicon River, near Ananmosa. ihas now been superseded by the muodern sideboard. Euf'foqd;, in Missousri, a village of Reynolds co., on Butffalo Csee-, in Nississippi, passes tlhrough Wil- Buff~eter, n. A boxer; one who buffets. Itig Blhci Water Biver, 90 n. S.S.W. of St. Louis. krinson co., and rempties into the Mississippi. tBuff'etiug, n. A striking with the hand. - A series Bieff'-t c,ie s. (Mech/.) A stickl of wood covered with BeihllA o Cr eelh, in N Coreolina, ftells into Roclky of blows; attack; assault. buff leather, used in polishing silver-plate, &c. River, in Cabarrus co., 12 m. N. of Concord. Bse-f'fet-stool, n. A little portable seat, without arms Bias'fly, a. Of the color of buff; light-yellow; applied BEutffmlo Ca-reea, in.New York. Erie co, formed by or a back.- Craft. to thle blood. Caysuga, Seneca, and Cazenove creeks, empties into Lake B uf'fiea g-al larat'taeS, a. (2lech.) See BUFFwR. B ail"A, y 0eot, nt. (hAled.) When the coagulation of blood Erie at Buffalo. BEafflfe-seated,( a. IHaving a large head like a buf- is retarded so as to allow the red.particles to sink, and Bufialo Creek, in IPennsylacssiaea, in the V. part of the ftale; dull; stupid; obtuse; foolish. the lighter wnhite corpuscles to rise towards the surface, State, flows into the Alleghany River, 25 isa. N.E. of' Be fif1, Esauffa, sn. (Mlis.) The term applied by the Ital- the supernatant opaline plasmia coagulates without the Pittsburg.-Amnotlher, in Perry co., empties into the iains to an actor and singer wnho takes the humorous red particles, but includes the white ones, and forms a Juniata Rfiver, 12 ie. from its mouth. - A third, in and ludicrous parts in their operas. There are twosorts light-colored clot of fibrin and white corpuscles resting Union co., falls, near Leswisburg, into the N. branch of of Buffos, - the bus/b cantaste, who has frequently an oni the main body of the coagulunm which has included the Susquehanma. ismportant part to play, requiring considerable musical the red corpuscles, and constitutes ewhat is called the Brulfalto Creeta, in S. Carolina, empties into Broad talent, and the bue/b cornico, whose part consists nmore bee y-coat. It is indicative of inflammatory disease, River, York district. in acting. The term is also applied to the pieces thena- during which the coagulation of the blood is retarded Bufft' alo Cross Rloats, in Pennsylvania, a post- selves; as, opera buffer, a conmic opera. beyond the ordinary time. office of Union co. Beaea0, GEORGnE LOUIS LE CLEIsC, C0sITE DE, (boof-fawsge',) B f'Io, a.. and B ~fo'nslse, n.pl. (Zo'l.) See.ToAD. Eugfatl o-lslh, n (ZoB.) See TAuRcHc YS.ns an illustrious French naturalist, a. at Montbard, 1707.,Buqfotlcite a,. (Pal.) The obsolete nanme of the roundB:u]ffalo Ford, in I. Carolina, a post-office of Ran- Son of a counsellor of the Parliament of Dijon, lie stu- ish teeth of fossil fishes found in ob1ite formations. dolph co. died for the law; but his inclination led him into the BuavYo'fa' l, in tllivois, a post-office of Macoupin co. Butfalo Fot'ge, in Virginia, a P. 0. of Rockbridge co. paths of science, and lie paid much attention to astron- OalBtulf'd, in A-eatuzcl/y, a post-office of Ohio co. Buffalo Foerl, in Asrkansas, a township of Marion only and geometry. At the age of 20 he made the tour Eut'fordt, in Ohio, a post-village of Ihighland co., 45 nm. co.; psp. abt. 260. of Italy, visited England, and in 1735 published some E. of Cincinnati. Buffalo Foar'lK, in Iowa, a post-office of Kossuth co. translations from the English. In 1739 he was admitted Bu'fol,tls, in Virginia, a post-office of Bedford co. Buffalo Grove, in Illinois, a village of Ogle co., 15 into the Academy of Sciences, and appointed Superin- au'forts ffitatioat, in Tennessee, a P. 0. of Giles co. nm. W. by S. of Oregon City. tendent of the Jardindes -lasetes and Cabinet of Natural Butg, as. (ZoTl.) Of thle numerous tribe of Hemipterous Buffalo Grove, in Iowa, a P. 0. of Buchanan co. Ilistory, which, by his care, were considerably enriched insects lelonoing to the genus Cimex, we may specify Buffalo_ -thea~rt, in -Ilinois, a village of Sangamon sned improved. Profiting by the resources of the estab- tho troublesome and nauseous insect, the Citaex lectulaco., 15 m. N.E. of Springfield. lishment over which lie presided, lie devoted himself en- rius, or communion domestic B. To give a very particular Buffalo lianob, in Missosuri, a village of Pike co. timely to the studyof natural history. In 1749 appeared description of this noxious tormentor would be superBuffalo L]ake, in Wiscosin, Marquette co., abt. 12 the first of his great works, NVatural History, Gencr'al fluous; it may be sufficient to observe, that it is of an m. long, connects with Puckawa Lake. asud 1articuilar, Nwhlich was not comnpleted till 1767, when oval shape, about the sixth of an inch long, of a coneBuffalo Lake, in British N. America. The name of it amounted to 15 vols. 4to., and 31 vols. 12mo. To it pressed and fiat form, and of a reddish-brown color. three alakes: one in Lat. 660 20' N., Lon. 1130 W.; an- swere afterwards added several volumes more by way of The English assert that they are indebted to our coonother in Lat. 560 N., Lon. 113e 45' W.; and the third in supplement. In 1771 appeared his History orBirds, and try for the introduction of this little pet, but it appears Lat. 520 15' N., Lon. 1120 10' W. in the same year he was created a count. In 1773 lie to have been very commson in Europe before 1670, the Butiffalo HMills, in Pennsylvania, a post-offics of began his History of nlierals... 1788. The character year fixed for its iipoCrtation firom America anmong the Bedford co. of B.'s mind seemns to have been comprehensive, exhibit- timber used in rebuidting the city of London' after the -In Virginia, a post-office of Rockbridge co. ing m n insatiaable desire of knowledge joined with a per- great fire of 166". Its blood-sucking properties, and the Buffalo Mouaatain, in -Pennsylvania, Union co., in severing fondness and appetite for study rarely to be offensive smell it emits when touched, are toe well its N. part. found. To these gifts nature had added a most fervid inown to require comment. The Blnffalo-1nut, n. (Bst.) A namee given in the U. States inisgination, and his biographers have superaddecd no femalne B. deposits her eggs in the to the nut of Pirularia oleifera. small portion of vanity. If by vanity be meant an beginning of summer; they are very Bulffalo Papetr Ti11l, in N. Carolina, a post-office asixious solicitude for a literary immortality, "that last simall, white, and of an oval shape; of Cleveland co. infirminity of noble minds," which was continually be- each is fixed to a small hair-like Buffalo Plains, in ew'orkc, a P. 0. of Erie co. traying itself; B. was without doubt a vain man. B. was stalk, which is glutinous, and readily BttllFlal Pral.tie, in 1lisnois, a post-village of Rock of a noble countenance and commanding figure, and his adheres to anything it touches. The Island co. fondness for magnificence and dress steem to have places in whlich the eggs are genBuffalo'ra, a village of N. Italy, prov. of Lonbar'dy, amiounted alnmost to a passion. It is curious to observe crally deposited are the crevices of 25 mn. N.N.W. of Pavia. There is a niagnificent bridge such an intellect as his finding time, in the midst of fhe bedsteads or other furniture, or the of 12 arches over the Ticino, that was partially blown severest studies, to submit his head to the friscur often swalls of a roon. During the winte tr ly. 44.4 -aG. up by the Austrians, at the beginning of the Italian twice and sometimes three times in the day, and to months these odious inisects secrete teu eiuis camnpaign of 1859. nmetke his toilet in the extreme of the fashion. Ihis de- temselves behind ls, old ainthemsnlelves b~ehind walls, old wain-(~me etars. ]Buffalo'ra, in W. Virginia, a P. 0. of Logan co. votion to study soon ripened into a habit, and became scoting, or any seglected places, where they are capaBulufalo Rildge, in Tlnnessee, a post-office of Wash- his solace under the excruciating tornments which era- ble of bearing the most intense frost without injury, ington co. bittered the last years of his life. When asked how he and on Che return of swarmo wesather again emerge firom Bauffal o Rivet-, or RInvinE At' Baur, (re'ee-air'0-bi,) had found time to do so much, he would reply, "Stave their concealnent. A bug always avoids the light, if pesin AiSsoursi, flows through Gasconade und Franklin coun- I not spent fifty years at my dese?" B.'s style was bril- sisle, snd tames advantage of every chink and cranny ties, into the Missouri Sriver. liasit and eloquent even to the verge of poetry; and it to mnake a secure lodgment; its motion is slow and unB]uffalo IRivee, in Tennessee, rising in the S.W. of is sorthy of remark that amind which had been trained wieldy; but its sight is so exquisite, that, although it the State, and taking a course'XV. and N., empties into and disciplined in the severity of the exact sciences persecutes its victim with unceasing assiduity in tie Duck River. should surrender the reins so entirely to the most luxu- dark, the momeut it perceives the light it generally B]uffalo Rivet-, in Wiscsesein, forms the boundary rilsit, bust fanciful imaagination. Hence, as is observed in makes good its retreat. — fle best preventive of bugs between La Crosse and Chippewa cos., and empties into the article on Birds, he was often arraigning nature at in a house is scruspulous attentian to clealisness; but the Mississippi. - Another streane, flowing S.W. through tCue bar of his fancy for some supposed defect of design, where the nuisance exists it is not easily removed, and Chippewa co. into Chlppesea River. when the fault was in his own want of perception of the various means areeemployeyi for this purpose, of which ]Buffalo-r'obe, n. A buffalo-skin retaining the hair, end to which that design was directed, arising foeom his one of the best and safest is thorough washing with prepared and used in N. America as a covering or gar- not teing acquainted with the habits to whiche it minis- spirit of turpentinee, although recourse is even had to ment, and held, as such, in high estimation. tered. Ilis observations on the bill of the Avoset, on the washing with a solution of corrosive sublimate. — See Buffalo Run, in.Pennsylvania, a P. O. of Centre co. structure of the Sloth, and on the melancholy condition CsMzx. BUHR BULB BULI 391 Bug, BOG, or BOUG, a river of European Russia, rising in sylvania andl E. Ohio; but they cannot compete in the by their fleshy character. They are easily detached from the S.W. of Volhynia, and flowing S.E., falls into the great marlkets with thle French rock. the parent stem, and, when placed in favorable circumestuary of the Dnieper, 25 m. below Nicolaieff. It is B]uild, (bild,) v.a. (imp. and pp. BUILT. The regular stances, they produce new individuals. They may be navigable from Yosnesensk. - Also, a river which rises imp. and pp. BUILDED is sometimes, but rarely, used.) seen in Liliums bulbiferam, Dentaria bulbifera (coralin Galicia, and, after a course of 300 m., joins the Vis- [A. S. byldan, to confirm; Du. beelden, to form; Ger. wort), and in Ranunculus ficaria (pile-wort). tula 18 in. N.W. of Warsaw. bauen, to build, from Goth. bauan, to dwell; Swed. and Bul]bo'liulm, n. (Bet.) A kind of underground stem Bug'bear, Bug'absoo, Bug, nit. [Bug and bear; W. Goth. be, busa, to prepare; Swed. bygga, to build. Root resembling a rhizome. bwg, a hobgoblin or scarecrow; from bi; Eng. be! an bt?, Sansk. bh/s, to be.] To prepare, raise, or construct a iBulbogen'-nlma, n. (Bet.) A term applied to those exclamation used to scare or terrify children.] A friight- habitation; to construct and raise; to erect a structure bulbs that grow on the stems of plants, as in the tigerful object; a walking spectre; anything imnaginary that by the use of materials; as, to build a church. a lily and other species of that genus. is considered frightful; anything that excites needless "He builded better than he knew, ]Buibose', Bul'bouss, a. (Bet.) Containing a bulb fear. The conscious stone to beauty grew." - B. W. Emerson. or bulbs; growing fi'om bulbs; round or roundish; as,,Would he not, naughty man, let it sleep? -To raise or erect on a basis or foundation; as, to build a bulbous root. A bugbear take him." - Shats. up one's hopes. B]ul'lbo-tu!}er, so. (Bot.) That kind of stem which "LTake you abread? Indeed net I I "Love built on beauty, soon, as beauty, dies." - Donne. the old botanists ternmed.a solid bulb, and the moderns For all the busaboos to fright ye." - Lloyd. -To cofirm; to establish; to strengthen; to consolidate. more generally a corm. It is a solid underground stem, Bug'bear, a. Exciting or causing needless terror; as, (Sometimes followed by up.) generally round or roundish, clothed with the withered a tugteas' thouglet. (ob e. emrhyrudo onihcohdwttte ilee abugbear a. ah. T gtwhl p eo -. i. To exercise the art, or practise the business, of remains of leaves, and producing buds on its surface as ]BPug'tear, v. a. To fi.ighten with idle apprehensions. in the crocus. Butge~a~d de@ l Picnerie, Tbosuas ItOnERT, building, in time crocus. Duan T'IL, (eOZh'o) irshal of France, i. at Oi- "To build, to plant, whatever you intend, Bul'bul, n. [Per.] (Zobul.) The Persian nightingale uK D'IsY, (boozho,) a marshal of France,. at Li- To rear the column, or the arch to bend." -Pope. Bulbule, n. [Lat. bulbulus.] (Bet.) A young bub moges, 1784. In 1804 he entered the French army as a springing fTom an old one. private, distinguished hinmself at Austerlitz, served in - construct, rest, or depend, as on a foundation. i ng o olde the crampaignls of Prussioa ntud Posand, stud was after-., Some buCild rather upon the abusing of others, and putting Bulgar'ia, (bool-gairie-a,) (anc. Mtesia Inferior,) a warssnthe tapaigns f Psiea rhmdaind wtil tricks upon them, thanu upon soundness of their own proceedings." large prov. of Turkey in Europe, in the beglerbeglic o wards sent to Spaine, here he remainted till 1814. On Bacois. Roumeliat; lying between Lat. 420 85 and 440 10' N., and his return to f'ratce lee was proneoted to a colonelcy, -_o. Construction; make; form; as, the botild of a cvessel. Lon. 220 14' and 290 360' E.; having N. Wallachia and and, at the first Restoration, seemed favorable to the (Sometimes written built.) Bessarabia, W. Servia, S. Roumnelia, and E. the Black dynasty; but, during the Hundred Days, he followed the As is the built, so dierent is the sight, Sea. Length N.E. to S.W., about 50 m. Area. Estifortunes of Napoleon. In 1831, he was cr'eated a near- "si h uls odfeeti h ihSa eetmNE oSYaot30m ra si fornesia of FrNeepoleon. e n 1831tAl, he was c deated a n- Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light." - Drydlen. mated at from 30,000 to 34,000 sq. m. This country is for al of b rilncanpaid sent to Algeria, where he condlcted Builder, (bildier,) n. One who builds; a constructor. the seoet part moumtaioous, asd eminently so in the S., abrillias nte caovernorgentoteArab s f.ha cnutry, hei This term is applied both in civil and naval architecture: where the principal chain of the Ballan Mountains cwas a ppointed Governor-General of that country, then ill the formner, tihe B. is generally employed under the su- formns its boundary; the Danube constitutes its N. limit; tbecome partially a Fench province, ant had hoot held perintendence of an architect, by contract, or at measure but excepting that river, B. has none of any magnitude, the office long before he recommended the home govt. and value; in the latter, under the nawd architect, although sufficiently watered by small streams. Its clito adopt measures for tise entire subjugettiose of that and value; itt ties latter, under tise seavel archsitect, alhuhsefceel aeedb ml tem.Isci to adopt measures for the entirea suljugation h mostly by contract. nmate is temperate, and its soil fertile and well adapted country. In three years this was realized. In 1844, hos- eeoB uild'ig, iu. The art of putting together certain ma- for the culture of corn, vines, the mulberry, and other tilities broe out between B the 1 0renche and the e4pe0or terials, such as stoneso bricks, timber, slates, &c., wrougst fruit trees, and tobacco; but agriculture is rather backof Morocco, when t, wit h 10,000 men atainst 40,000, into various necessasy forms, for tshe puaposs of con- war'd in regard to modern improvements. There are routed the emperor's armsey at t he e[attic of Isly, fir structing dwvelling-houses and other edifices required but few marshes; the pastures are extensive and rich, which hee was rewarded with the title of doke. In 147 for public or private purposes. In building, the builder and feed numnerous herds of cattle; the higher lands are he retired, discotented that his plans foir colonizing practically carries out the ideas of the archlitect, who often covered with forests of pine, oak, and beech. The Algeria were thwerted. Sue oned to the aid of Louis contrives he plan of the required edifice, tht it ay Bulgrians are descended fro a Savonic horde, forcont~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ugriv t panso aere esciend edifct;ti frma aer Slhavotnic t bn o h pgho rde,~ forPhilippe on the night of the 23d and 24th of Februlary, be well fitted for the purpose for which it is intended in merly inhabiting the banks ofthe Volga, who crossed the 1848, thle command of the army was, a few hours after- every respect, and be suitable for the locality in which anusbe and established themselves in this country in the wards, taken from him, just as he had adopted decisive it may happen to be placed. This subject is too compre- 7th century, and have since gradually spread themselves measures to save the monarchy. After the election of hensive to be usefully treated in a geineral notice, so over a large part of the region S. of the Balkan. The Louits Napoleon, in the December following, as president that for the different departments and dotnils of the art present race have laid aside the military character of of the republic, B. was taken into favor, and received and also the materials employed, reference is mnade to their ancestors; they are pastoral in their mnode of life, thecommandof the armyoftheAlps. HeD.ofcholera, the articles Ashn, A, Actis, E Nn, DBmci, BDtCIC-LAYINO, dwelling in siall hamlets of about 40 or 50 windowless in Paris, 1849. CPENT, CIN, Doo, FOUNa ION, LE, INTL and unwholesome e houses each, and occupying themBugenhagen, JOHANN, (surnneed PoesERAcNS, or Da. STALCE, selves ciefly it agricu t soe nd cAINTN, ttle-breeding, eith POMNER,) a German Protestant theologian, B. at Wollin MAselves Pchiefly with agriculture and cattle, Poseiart,) aGerm an Protestant thiseologian,. at Wolhin,' STONE, TILING, TiIBER, WiNDOW, &C. some manufactures, as those of coarse woollens, riflenear Stettin, 1485. He was a friend of Luther, and -Ani edifice; a raised structure; anything built, as a house. barrels, miorocco leather, and attar of roses. Large garsisted him in the translation of the Bible. His numer- alt, ip. andp. of BUL, q.. dens are devoted to thu culture of roses; and ee are inous wol~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lr~~~~es are deot eldtom thea D 5. cu ml~ture~.zd of roses; and we rein ous worhes are now seldom read. D. 1558. t Built, a. Shaped; formed; fashioned; constructed; as, debted to these people for the finest and most elegant of Buggabo, in [Fr. bCaolou' On guilty of lskes of a stroingly built non. perfumes. They are kind, hospitable, and benevolent. ]]ng'g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~Tel..[r evonge.n]h nei freelty ofit the mrienf a srenl baimndunnaugera n. [i r. bougrse.] One guilty of tAevile ecris.e of 1i, p. a. Resemnbling; having a likeness to; after a The women, who mix freely with the men, are handunnatural intercourse; a sodomite. - A vile wretch. g n manner; used generally after thee ord specifying ome, industrious, and dress neatly; all wear trinkets, ]~u,'lery, n. Unn.tural intercourse sodomy. Gray and the girls have their heads uncovered, and hair aess, n. Th~e stite ~of being infected eith bugs. the type; as, a clipper-btilt vessel.-Built beam, east, and the girls have their heads uncovered, and hair Buggiless, n. Thee state obectc., one fornmed by the joining of two or more pieces breided and ornamented with coins, as among the tBuuggy, a. Abounding with bugs; as, a bteggy hlouse. mortised or kneed together. Albanians. The male peasantry dress in brown sheepBug'gy, eu. A term used in the U. States to specify a light Bsj al'lasce, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, prov. Cor- skin caps, jackets of undyed brown wool, (which their four-wheeled carria-e with a novable calasis top. dovaw 22 m. from the latter city, ald 7 from the Guot- wives spin and weave,) white cloth trousers, and sandals Bu'gla or Bojelais aspotoveof, dov,2nifrmteatrciyad fomt Ga rlg'i, or Blonjelah, a seaport town of AfAd ica, in dalquivir. It is a well-built place, with manufactures of of raw lea;ther, and carry no weapons of offence. Their French Algeria, at the mouth of the Aduse, 122 m. woollens. sPop. 9,808. language is a dialect of the Servian. They nominally be[E. of Algiers. There is good anchorage off t he town arukfl.asusi0. See BoKrARA. long to the Greek Church. Schools, chiurches, and books in 8 or 10 fithoms, but N.E. winds throw in a sheavy sea. Blasaowi'tsa, a prov. of Austria. See GALIcIA. are rai'e, and education almhost unknown, yet, notwithIt was bombarded by the English in 1671, and taken by B;lss'slseesh s s. See BaeCKSHsrs. standing these deficiencies, they are a moral, amiable, ~the French in 1831~. Rsteal1, on. (Zeol.) The comnon floutder. and industrious people. B. is divided into the 4 sandjacks Biugle, (be'gl,) n. [0. Fr.; from Lat. buculus, a young B1uela, in Virginia, a post-office of Goochland co. of Silistria, Rustchuk, Widdin, and Sophia. Chief lowns. buhiloche.] A buffalo. (It.)'' bullocBk.] A buffalo. (nR [rblyfoOu.)l Bs111b, n. [Or. bolbos; Lat. bueltbus; W. batl, bol, a protu- Sophis, the cap., Shumnla, Silistria, Rustcheuk, Widdin, ]ano, fn Buge-le-htorwan, n. [Prohbably ftrom. Fr. btle, t beranc.] (Bot.) A shortened stem or branch, usually and Varna. Pop. Estimated at 3,000,000. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~bge eanc. Bot., s'ortne stein wa or, branch, egally andloarna. lan oxw, ao aet bufl, an obx, orh.nce Lieralel to low, to subterranean, bearing on its surfatce a iumeber of fleshy Bilgar'fti~, THADDEUS, a Ruesian author, i. in Lithuabellowof an ox or buffalo spbullal, or ox.] Literally, a th a bran scales, which are modified leaves. It is only tblund in Iiae, 1789. He received a military education in St. Peo f an ox or buffo; spe cifically, a hunting- horn; a brass nonocotyledonous plants, and is seese in the hyacinth, tersburg, and, in 1805, served in the campaign against wind-instrument of military music, latterly so much iThe. may e loed upon Franc. Later, however, lie forsook the Russian army improved by the addition of six kIeys, that it now is of y (Fig. 4t), and onion. The FB. nay te looked n for the Fenh, and after sundry reverses was, in 1814, as a subterranean leaf-bud, arising from a shortened the greatest service both in solo and concert music, axis, From its centro an herbanceous steo arise, and appointed by Napoleon to the commaend of a division of and is very commonly found in orchestral and military fole subtrrnn axis ew B. or, a they re volueer. After Napoleons fall, B. went to Warsaw, bands. The bugle, wvhen played with taste, forms a de- colled, are produced. Every snew B. is formed in the axil where he contributed several poetical and humorous lightiful accompaniment to the pianoforte, and possesses of a scale lilte a btd, q. v.; soleetimes it remains st- evorks to Polish literature. But, ultimately, he settled the advantage over most other hlorns, of a methodical tachied to the parent B., and sends up an axis and leaves; ih St. Petersburg, and devoting himself to the study of fingering, by whichl the trune tones can be produced with- t other times, it is etched in the cose o gth, Russ, soon became a popular author. In 1825, together m-ecouroe to the ear'o evousid th' be sst otheer times, it is - hetached he the couses oh' giowth out so muchr e oseo h e arswou oterisv e eand forms an independent plant. The new B. feeds on withe his fiiend Gretsch, he began the eNortheri, Bee, and necessary. the parent one, and ultimately causes its complete ab- since then he has written several romances - of which (Bet,) See AJUA_. 0sorption. The scales are generally thickened by the Deesetrius, tod Mazeppa, are the best —and published The nme given to horn drinin-vess l f ormerly used deposition of nutritive matters, intended for the ture different periodicals. B. is humorous and graphic as a in England. use of the plant. In the onion, equill, and leek, these writer, judicious as an editor; as a critic, severe, and by And drinketoth of his bugle-hor'e the wine." - C0haucer. scales are covered externlly by thin menmbr aunons coats no means dispassionate. IHis large work, Russia in its -[Ger. biigel, a bent trinlket.] An elongated glass bead, or tunics: hence the B. are said to be temricateod Wahen Historical, Statistical, Geographlical, and Literary Aspect, generall, of black color. the mnembranos coats are absent, the B. is said to be has been, with his sanction, translated into German. "Bugle bracelets, necklace amber, naked or scaly, as ins the white lily. The solid, rounded His last work, Vospsomienaniya, contains interesting rePerfum'd for a lady's chamber." - Shaks. undergroond stem, cthled by botanists a ersol, is cou - miniscences of his stirring life. B. 1859. Bu'gler, n. The player on ble. oy rground stem, callred a by botanists a B.corm, is co- Bulge, (bulj,) n. [Ger. bulge, a swelling wave; 0. Ger. Bugle-weed, n. (Bot.) See Lcus. (ioat.) A name given to different parts whicl resem- bal, a bag made of an animnal's hide; Swed. b83ja; Bu'l loss, n. (Bet.) See Lycosis. blh, in shape, certain bulbous roots. The B. of the aorta Dan. bblge; Gael. bolg, buily, a bag; W. bw g, a rotunBulg'1wort, s. (Bet.) See CMICIrFUeA. is the great sinus of the aorta; the B. qf a tooth is the dity. Root bal; O. Ger. belgan, to swell.] Literally, Buhl, (btl,) n. Sme esas BOULE, q. v. vascular and nervous papilla contsained in the cavity of a swelling out; a protuberanc; specifically, the bilge Bu]ll-wolrk, n. See BOULE. a tooth; the B. oe'root of th/e hair is the part whencs tiss or protiberant part of a cask. Bulir-s'tone, u. (Bliss.) A variety of quartz contaieing hair ori iieates.-Dunglissn. (Naut.) That part of a ship which bulges out at the muany small empety cello, which give it a peculiar rough- -A round body, or sphericael expansion on a stem or pipe; floor-heads, to assist the vessel when talking the ground. uess of surfioce. Thsey ere used principally as mill-stones. as, the B. of a thermom eter. Sometimes called bilge. The best kinds sre cresmsy wevliite, with a granular and Bulb, v. a. To form bulbs; to grow into bulbs. -v. i. To swell out; to be protuberant. somewhat cellular texture, snuh aere obtained in the ter- Btulibed, (bulbd,) a. Iheeving a bulb. " Any timber that bulges from its bottom or foundation." -Afoszss. tiary formeition of the learis tbasin, and chiefly at La- Bulq'hel, n. (Bot.) Samne usBUnLE't', q. V. Fert6-sous-Jouaere. Tely are cut into wedge-shaped Bullsbeiif'e~ro us, a. (Bet.) Producing or giving out paralelopipeds called pdandes, which are bound together teslbs; as, a bulbeliferous plant. "And scattered navies bulge on distant shores." - Dreams. with iron hoops to fers large millstones. Numerous B saalit'let, n. (Bet.) Small conical or moounded bodies B]ulge'wayS, so. (Naunt.) See BIseowxAs. substitutes lor the Fresnclh B. have been found in the U. produced in the aoxil of the leaves of some monocotyle- ]Bulim'ia, Bua~'li my, n. [Gr., literally, ox-hunger.] States, thee leoest iimpoelant beiseg fureniseled by the B. donous plants, and which are of the nature of bulbs. (Med.) An inordinate or voracious appetite; a disease of rock of the tbitueineouss coatl-ieaesueres of N.W. Pelsle- They can be readily distinguishsd frona ordinary leaf-buds the stomach and thie digestive organs. Persons lab~ring 392 BULL BULL BULL under this disease feel all the effects of hunger, even "In bulla domisni Papce slat imago Pauli a dextris cru- the projection of its lower jaw. The head is massive when the stomach is full; and the stories that are told cis io mcdio bullce figuralce, et tPetri a sinistris." Bulls and large, and the firontal sinuses broad; the lips are of the quantities of' bfood consumed in such cases are are generally designated by the first words of their thick and pendulous; the ears pendent at the extremity, scarcely credible. The real nature of this disease is text; thus, the B. Unigenitus, or In ccana Doeeini, &c. the neck robust and short; and the legs short and thick. very imperfectly known. In some cases, the health ap- Golden Bull. (Hist.) A term particularly applied to Though inoffensive and harmless when properly domespears to be otherwise good; but usually, B. is a con- a statute or enactment of the Emperor Charles IV., pub- ticated, the Bulldog presents to the eye a most savage comitant of other diseases. Its consequences are, lean- lished in 1535, in two diets held in succession at Nurem- appearance: the doubtful and designing leer, the tigerness, pulnonary fevers, conisumiption, dropsy. - Some- berg and Metz, for the purpose of fixing the laws in thile like shortness of the head, the under-hung jaw, the times there exists on extraordinary cravinig lfor food election of the emperor, and of regulating the number width of the skull, the distention of the nostrils, and the after the system has been much exhausted, or from a aincrprivileges of the electors (Chucsfilrsten). The original alaost constant sight of the teeth, hold forth a very certain condition of tihe stomach, which causes it to di- copy of this instrument is preserved sat Franlkfort-on-the- formidable proof of the power hlie can exert, when that test the food with too great rapidity; but these do niot iMaine, and has a seat of gold appendaut; whence tihe power is angrily brought into action. The breed is by indicate disease, but only excessive appetite. Tie appellation "Golden Bull" is derived. no means so numerous as formerly, in consequence of amount of food consumed by persons laboring under -A verbal blunder or contradiction. (The Irish people the abolition of the barbarous sport of bull-baiting. In this ravenous state of appetite is enormous. Ancieit are peculiarly noted for their liability to this kind of Europe, the butchers, use Bulldogs in.catching and throwhistory is full of accounts of men and women whose lapsu.s lingact.) ing down cattle; and it is surprising to see the apparent consumption, though beyond all precedent, never " I confess it is what the English call a bull, in the expression, ease with which the dlog will seize an ox by the nose, seemced to bring satiety. The gEniperor Maximus, a man though the sense be manitest enough." -Pope. and hold him perfectly still, or throw him on his side, eight feet high, dispatched daily for his dinner40 pounds BIaal, (Johit.) The popular sobriquet or characteristic at his master's comman d. They become very vicious, of beef and 19 bottles of wine, without counting bread name applied to the English nation. Its origin is ob- and sometimes extremely dangerous, as they advance in and vegetables. In consequence of this immense diet, sccre. It appears to have been first used in Arbuthnot's years, inflicting dreadful bites for the slightest provocahis frame expanded to such dimensions that his wife's famous satire, the History of Joan Bull, written in ridi- tion; in their unrestcrained state, indeed, they are a real bracelets served him for rings to his fingers. But even cule of the Duke of Marlborough. This work is in- nuisance, and therefore ought never to be allowed their Milo the Cretonian, the gormanldizing of the Emperor eluded in those of Dean Swift. full liberty. Claudius, and all other cases recorded of B., sink into B] l'lia, n.; il. BULLtt. (31ed.) A portion of the cuticle, Biasl Creek, in Georgia, a post-office of Tatna11 co. insignificance before the achievements of the bloated detached from the skin by the interposition of a trans- B11al Creek, in Missouri, Taney co., empties into monster Vitellius, who ransacked Europe, Asia, and parent watery fluid. It forms the 4th order in Willan's White River. Africa, to find luxuries for his inordinate appetite, every and Bateman's arrangement of cutaneous diseases, and Bualtl Creek, in W. Virgicia, a post-office of Wood co. road being covered with couriers, and every sea with includes erysipelas, pemphigtus, and pompholyx. — aun- Bailled,, (bulld,) a. Swelled out. (a.) ships, stored with dainties for this Cesar's symposia. glison. Bul'len-tiail, n. A nail with round head and short IIe made four immense meals a dclay, fiequently taking (Aotiq.) A stud or boss, but more particularly an or- shank, turned stand lacquered, and used principally for an emetic an hour before the next, to enable himn to eat nament in the shaipe ofah heart, wornaround the neckl by hangings of rooms. more and enjoy the feast longer. So insatiable was his noble Rtonian children till they were 17 years old, wheni BullLet, n. [Fr. boclet; diicin. of boule, a bowl to play appetite, that during the pontifical sacrifices, when, as they assumed the virile dress of the toga, and suspended with; from Lat. bula, a bubble.] (Guan.) The general high-priest, he officiated, hie wouldfrequently snatch the the B. as a consecrated offering to the lures or house- name for any kIind of leaden projectile discharged from half-heated entrails firom the sacredfire and devour themi hold gods. a rifle, fowling-piece, or pistol. Prior to the introducbebfore the congregated people. His brother, Lucius Vitel- (Zoib'l.) A genus of molluscous animals with univalve tion of the various kinds of modern rifles with barrels hins, once gave him a least, at which there were 2,000 shells, whose genceral characteristics are-that the shell furnished with numerous spiral grooves, the B. was fishes cooled, 7,000 of the most rare and delicious sing- is sub-oval, thiat the aperture is oblong and smooth, and spherical in form, and made by pouring lead in a molten ing-birds, besides other varieties from all quarters of the that one end is a little convoluted. The animal breathes state into a mould, the diameter of which cocrresponded wvorld. Some idea of the enormous gluttony of this eca- by gills, but has no respiratory tube, and consequently with the calibre of the weapon for which it was intended. perer may be formced when it is known that in the four the margin of the aperture of thei shell is entire. Most For the old rifle with two deep grooves in the interior of monthis of his reign his table alone cost a sum equal to of this genus, especially of the larger sizes, are furnished the barrel, the bullet was surrounded with a projecting 35 million dollars. A standing order in this despot's do- with an organ exactly resenmbling the gizzard of a fowl, rib, and was made by casting the lead in a gcooved mould. ruestic arrangements was, that several thousands of and which they appear to use for the purpose of masti- B. of all shapes are now made by compression, a mcethod pheasants' livesrs, tongues of fishes, peacocks' brains, and eating their food. infinitely superior to that of casting them, as there can tsils of lampreys, should be always Ikept in stock. Bitlltae, so. (Bot.) The English name of a species of be no irregular cavity or air-hole in any bullet formed by Btltlik, n. [A. S. buce; Du. bsilc; Swed. bukc; W. bwig; plum, the Priunus insititiia.- See PauNus. pressure, a thing which would seriously affect the flight Gaol. boeg. Of the same origin as bulge.] The whole Baslla.n'tio, a. Pertaining to, or dcnoting the orna- of any projectile, and cause it to fall wside of the mnark, nmagnitude or dimensions of anythcing; size; mass; as, a mental capital letters used in Apostolic bulls. oi naccount of the eccentricity of motion that would be man of great bulltc. - The gross; the majority; the main ]u~lasladim ss Ba.', in California, a P. 0. of Yuba co. imparted to it, arising from the cavity causing it to be part; as, tihe bslk of the people. Bull'l.ary, cm. A series or collection of papal bulls. lighter on one side than on the oither. The spherical B. is "The bulk of the debt must be lessened gradually." — Swift. (Salt Manscf.) A boilery; a place where salt is boiled. now entirely superseded by conical elongated projectiles (Law.) Merchandise which is neither counted, B slitse, cta. [Lst. bullatics.] (Meit.) Htving inflated of various formis, oneof the principal of which is that used weighced, nor measured. - A sale biy bulk is a sale of a elevations lilke blisters. for the Enflhd-Pritchettrifle. This B c sphericalct one quantity such as it is, without measuring, counting, ullatte Leaf. (Bot.) Applied toasurfaceappearing end and hollow at the other, vhich is next the ponder or weiginig. as if blistered, puckered, or bladdery. when the musket is loaded. The cavity is in the ferm of a (Naut.) The chief contents of a ship's cargo when Btll'- itidne -, sn. (etasits.) The practice of baiting trcte coe, nd extends ito the bullet nearly half laden; as, iron ibrumed the butlc of her fireight. or exciting bulls to comtbast by the attacks of dogs. The its length. A little boxwood plhg, about lslf thile depth -A projecting front of a building; a place jutting out, as animal was usually tied to c stakle, wit the poits of of th city in heigt, is fitte to t of e ba stall. his horns miiffled. and then attackied by the clogs, wvho let, leaving a small hollow space in its interior between "Here, stand bsehind this bul. Straight will he conime; tore him to death for the acusement of the spectators. the plug anid thie botto of tce cavity. When the powWear thy good rapier bare, and put it home." - Shals. This baribarous practice wvas a favorite sport among der explodes, this wooden pluig is driven deeper into the In bulk. In a solid mass or body; as, gai-a in bulk. the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans, and being cvity, and causes the head, clich presents the forc of Stoswcsd ice boctic. (LNaist.) iHavinsg tics cargo stoued iccroduced into England about 1209, becanme for centu- a tolerably thin ring at the fiat end of the bullet, to exloose in the hold, and not packed in bales, cases, &c. ries thie leading amiusemcent of the lower orders of the Ld ad fit tht o t grooves of the rifle by To breatc bculk. To commence the discharge ofa cargo. people. It cas put down by the Act for Prevention of whcch cindags is prevemted, ud the accurate flight of Sale by bucl:. A sale of conmmodities as they stand, Cruelty to Animals, in 1835. the missile towards the ciark insured. There aie miany without weight or measllremsent. BillS'-bee, 1a3s 1-fly, n. (Zoatl.) The GAT)-iLY q. v. kinde of B3. of the conical tfrm, wvitl nulmcrocs conBaakaa l'ar, n. (C'a-j.) A beami orm rafter, B]ull'- e~'g'ax'. A bugbear; any frightful objiect. (i.) ricvances fos obtaining expansion at the miomnent of disBlnik'er, n. (Nao.ut.) A person employed to determine Ball'fbbrier', se. (Bet.) A namue applied in thie U. States chasr, the princip: I of which, such as the Mfin&_N 1othe carrying capacity of a shlip. to a large brier, called also bamboo-brcicr, found in the ton, 1rto,0las, G'esnier, _obins, &c., uill be briefly noticed Battalie'iaemae, so. (Ncoul.) A iccrtition built up ill sererat Southiern States. it Connection parts of a ship, to firm cindl seplmrate the ar-ciouss comi- Bull]'ca]l, c. A male calf; sometimes applied as a wicth the ac- ".. Iarticents. Mloderin steaimers fbr ocean tralfic are rein- term of reproach to a stupid fellow. coocte of the dered adcditioinally safe by being divided isoto several B all dlo~g, n. (Zo't.) The Can cis aolosss, a variety rifles tocahich compartnment s of water-tghlld cl/:he Jldd. of the Dog, remarkiable for its short, broacd muzzle, acid cisy bvslong.'lT i;.as,:exBastllhlve' s s, n. Qocahity of heccig, buhley;greatness inc'nsc1 iINJihiIHccfcc ae n ll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ibicbcc at tie - bucli, size, oc statucre. iJi!!J~ bcillillci s l~\: cc~' cra I it sP~a.is uWliverP VlWeat-... cannot serve instead ofsoney, besause of cts bsmlcisu ocsso:' S a l Exposftion of' 186s7, Bzal'y, a. Lcarge; of giecat size or bulk; of great li- [4c. - ---- ieusiocs; is, c bcsrcy piclesge. mifiic il;Fiji ( I le -bll"]t, of "Latreus, the builkcest of the double race." - Drydei. i i-~:, ~,::., ~ I~ ~ (t ]Y, -renchlivenBull, n. [Ger. busle; probably lfrom Ger. betlcn; A.S. bel- cc Nsda j )~/'/'..,/// / i'?/l t~)j!.,'l / ij:j luan, to rotr, to be!low; Swerdl. bo/a; Icel. bcac.li; W / " ill ciese ol i. 416. -mitxcur bwla; Hincloo, bucel.] (Zo'l.) The maatle of any quadrsu- cig ci tIc 1. Miioh c2. Enficid Bauist. n~~i~~; li~~~n~.,~~. a~i1 (,,,, 11, ~, j,~';~t:;)~;....... ~'~ [[[I tlliii ing in7 theO 1. M1inid; 2. Enfield Bullet. pei of the bS/dec fciy. ci heart of icc (Ast,'on.) A.4 si Jiiomn, o f the zo diac; Ts q. (Aaco) sins of tics zodiac; Tctrus q. v. I) K..d oak piank 8 in. in thiclkness, breaks itself inlto five fiag(Coca.) A camt tsrcsc used ems the Stock 1,Exchsnge, andi i I I ments, tearing the plank to pieces. Such'a bullet,!odg-,,I I ['(!!/,! I. aicplieditothosebrolers whso c'ontract oilocy ci,,icy quacctity {! in [in a limb, if it did not shatter it, so as to ccuse the of stocke or shares, without having- the ictention or the ounded sode to bleed to eh, od erinly ability to pay for them,, aid whco cre. therefolre, obliged ic pan as oud be at ont to necea y to sell agiuii, either at a pirofit or aic les, Iefore tle tine cismeiy ouch toissace at chll cruelty and torture. at which they ]iv.. contracted to Iaike it. It is the op- )1 c B s'letau,. so r[, fcom boutc,because votes'cee gccen — a. A tern used icc cornpositiomc as aI qstuaslificati0loni of haamge use. s.chsn 0 iginay a slip ol p.iarc eccccic aces; is, a bull-is-soil, a tassU-eso.1-c. ci alent to shesedeste, asnd vciriousl ly cpplied to differentm subi Bsizl, as [t battrouLt. a. cll-i islcshe;a, roi bct to-. boil, to iccibblceA scsi cf orossmcd hsulos, ao stnncl lic acts. In the modern sense, it is used to specify' a report of a state of facts issued by cuthlority; as, but([ccl. H/st.) Aci icnstrument c edict, omdinance, or deree sio of the pope, esquicallent ic thise poroclhscato ns, edicts, let- — Any public halt....cem e nt of ]ta ea t.ws. ters-pcltentmt ulc:c.sese. of sc-nlihar hrsinces. B. are ccit- "ccl'~' //~:;- ~ -A work phblishecd periodically, to record the proceedings tema oma this cc:clon'cite oil ssci'chnlccct Is us hirch a is iden of a lear~ned societyr, &c. seal ma aflaredl.icccc mc "rl~~ieccccd b;L~r this couscm~stsiou of Bul'lle ticc- marsi, n. A board in a necs-roooac, &c., isishop this portismsmiclcc to l~oecefi-es -smid lice cehebmatmon L~~lB&p ~P$ n i~ne t eitteiytGo~ ult Mshofpjucis, c ticshpbce ctrocmofio p.tp'1 bules ma th c branwhere on are posted the notice s of latest intcllie'ince. of jubilees, &cc..The p dblication of clpb5a bulls ises. Mcde to resist 1le impact of a bmlhet. termed f.,d'mi~natl~ionio lL; andtl it is d(;nect by!r thrL1~ee commission- [ Fig. 15B. -- ~UL~.~)o~. 11l'Blet-tree, or Btmll y-traee, a. (Bot.i A tree much ers to cvhouc they.sce a-n-lllr -'ochc' -cci Tics se ci or (Awarded the premium at the Exhibition of Canine Races, Paris esteemed fbr its timber, which is hard and durable. It "bull," is thus described by MaIltthew Parics, A D. 1257:]i9.) yields a delicious fruit cabout the size of a cherry. A BULL BULL BULW 393 native of Guiana, it is supposed to belong to the genus soft low twitter; but, when tamed, it becomes remark- (Arch.) The technical name given to a description of Mimusops, order Sapotacece. ably docile, and learns with great facility to whistle glass lens used for tile purpose of concentrating the light [Bull'-faced, a. Having a large face. musical airs, which, if properly taught, it seldom wholly of a given centre upon an object; it is also applied to a Bull'-feast, n. (Sports.) See BULL-FIGHT. fiorgets. The bill is strong, short, black, and thick; the circular window of plain glass. BuIll'fice, BULL-FISe, n. (Bet.) See FROGc'S-CEESeE. upper part of the head the ring round the bill, and the (Arclhery and Gunnery.) Thie centre, or point of aim, of Bl111-flght, in. (Sport.) A conmbat with a bull, wherein a tar-et. a man is the animal's antagonist. B. are a very ancient — In England, a policeman's dark lantern, having a glass and barbarous kind of amusement, and were common in re-ector, opening and closing at pleasure. Greece several centuries before the Christian cera. In (Ashen.) The bright ssar ALDEAcAN, p. "~j,'~%~ (Astr~on.) The bright star ALDE~BAnAN, Q. V). Rome, under the emperors, they were also common, and (Neut.) A small oval block of hard sheaves, having a ~afterwards they became popular in many of the ote.groove round the outside, and a hole in the middle. countries of Europe. At present Spain is the only Eu- — The name given by sailors to a small cloud with a redropean country where they are still held. In Madrid, dish centre, which, in the Mediterranean, and tropical and all the larger towns of Spain bull-fights are fire- latitudes, is regarded as the precursor of a sudden and quent. In the capital, the season lasts from April to. violent gale of wind. November, during which time these contests take place /I', -A thick, bossy protuberance made on sheet-glass by the at least' once a week. Wise combats are held in a lae end of the blow-pipe. amphitheatre called the Pletza de Toros (" place of the -An Americanism for a small, and thick, old-fashioned bulls"), open at the top, and with seats rising one above f 4f~ watch. another round the circle, and capable of accommodating ___ Bes llt's-Gap, in Tennessee, a'post-village of Hawkins co, from 10,000 to 12,000 spectators. The arena is divided Bull's Uead, in New York, a village of Dutchess co, into an outer and an inner circle, separated front each Bull'skiaa, in Pennsylvania, a township of Fayette co.; other by a strong fence, the latter (or asrena) being the pop. about 1,840. place where the combats take place; the former affording Bu ] 1ll's Iitlls, in Missouri, a post-vill. of Christian co. shelter to the nien on foot, when hard pressed by the Fig. 44. -BULLFINCH. Bsll's-nose, ni. (Arch.) The external angle of a polybull, in order to effect which there are a series of open- gou, or of two lines which meet at an obtuse angle. ings in the fence just large enonugh to allow a mess to margin of the neck, fine glossyblack; theback,ash-gray; iBull-stag, n. A castrated bull. pass through. The actors on the arena are the bull breast and belly, red; weigs anid tail, black; the upper Bsall'l-towia, in sediana, a village of Franklin co., 15 m. 1. 1 i 1i1 A:biii!n 111iltail-coverts and vent are ewhite; legs, dark-brown, W.N.W. of Brookville. I) ikl~~~~h~l~~n~~sia> p tiny.) A lighh stiff licdge, girowi to an unusual Biall'-to was, inl IF. irginia, a post-vih. of Braxton co. Belize~ ~~~~~~~~~tiii!t',~',~!iemcatl height, in order to afford an obsteuction to lox1hunters Bull'-troa, n. (ZoOS.) See -GRaY-TRoUr. in England. illul'luetah, in Mississippi, a post-village of Lealre co. Bull1-frog, n. (Zoel.) The Dana epipens, the largest Bultl'ville, in New York, a post-village of Orange co. _________________________I____ of the species Rana, or Frogs. It is generally six to Bull'-weed, nit. (Bot.) A species of CENTA.UREA, q. v. >1iil. ~~ eight inches long, exclusive of the feet, and four inches Builly, n. [A.S. bulgrtis, to bellow; Swed. buller, noise, broad. It is an inhabitant of North America, particu- clamor; bullerbas, a blusterer; Swed. and Goth. bullra, larly of the Southern States. At a distance, its voice to make a noise or tumult; Ger. poltern, bultern; akin resembles the lowing of a bull; hence its name. to Lat. polsare.] A noisy, blustering, overbearing, v Bull head, n. (Zoel.) The name of the fish MILLER's- quarrelsome fellow. THUliB, q.'v. "Ass on a sudden the doors flew open, and in comes a crew of — A stupid fellow; a bloclkhead, roaring bullies, with their wenches, their dogs, and their boti — A small, black water-insect. ties.-L'Estran Buil linger, ilEINrcnH, a Swiss Protestant theologian Baul'ly, a. Jovial; staunch; merry; genuine. (A slang B. near Zurich, 1504. In 1531, he succeeded Zuinglius as phrase.) preacher in the cathedral at Zurich, which office hlie held "'line host of the Garter I- What says my bully rook? " —Shaes. to his death. He assisted in drawing up the first IHel- BiutllIy, v. a. To insult and overbear with noise and blusvetic confession of faith at Basle in 1536; and was sole tering menaces; to act thle part of a bully towards one. author of the second IHelvetic confession. D. 1575. "Prentices, parish clerks, and hectors meet, Bull'ion, n. Uncoined gold and silver, or, more strictly, He that is drunk, or bullied, pays the treat. " —King. refined gold and silver in bars or other masses; but in -v. i. To bluster; to be noisy and quarrelsome. political economy the tern is frequestly used to denote EBul'lyia g, n. Act or conduct of a bully. the precious metals both coined and uncoined. The "As remote from the spirit of true philosophy as bullying and word is said to be derived fr:omnt the French tilltn, base cowardice are from valor."-Beattie. coin, from the currency in France having been much -State or condition of being bullied; as, I will not subN debased by the kings.- See CUnccrcv, MONEYs, &c. mint to your bullying. __?_', Bull'ioist, n. One who sadvocates an exclusive me- Bully (Vinasagre de). [Fr.] See~VINEGAP (AroMATic.) tallie currency, or a paper equivalent always converti- B.1 w, FsRIEcDlr WILHELsi, (COUNT VON DENNEwITZ,) c- i 7Lt-~~~~~~ I ~~~E~~sb~leinls, n n in t io gdoc:ts a xldsv e w i3 r(Vn ~~ e. [~~. e IIGI AOA I! hles into gold. (boo'lo,) a celebrated Prussian genleral, B. 1755. He enBail]lirag, v. a. [bu ly and rag.] Same as BALLARnAG, q.v. tered the army when 14 years of age, and in 1792 was _ Bull isis, a. Partl;aking of the nature of a bull, or a appointed governor to Prince Luldwig Ferdinand of blunder. (a.)- 11ebLoter. Prussia. lie served with distinction it the campaign on _____ —; - BaaBillist', a. [Fr. bulliste.] One wto transcribes papal the Rhine; fought under Blticher at Eylan, Friedland, bulls. (u.) and Tilsit, and was ennobled in 1813 for his victories at Bailitsville, in Kentuc/ay, a post-office of Boone co. MBckliern, Luckau, Gross-Beeren, and Denniewitz. Ile took ]_Bu] llt, in Kentucky, a N.W. county near the centre a pronilnent part in the battle of Leipzig, and afterwards ____________________________ ~of tShe State, hasving sn area of about 300 sq. mi. It is served with great distinction in Westphalia, Holland, watered by Salt River and Rolling Fork, whiich drains and BelgiuIn, and throughout the campaign of 1814, its S.W. frontier. Surlace, wooded and diversified. Cop. especially at Soissons. As commander of the 4th divi-:-:......___~ Shepherdsville. toyp. about 8.750.o sion of the allied army hlie greatly contributed to the P;ig. 447.-13uLL-rrGTI IN, T ~HE MARIk)D AMPI~nTHEATRrEr. ]BIaLU Ino ath Cr, in M'sssp~ Clw ina te PTig~. 447. usm-so" IN Ti sInsn AeIeI-,dA~En. B-l,'snogaota Crcn Me@, Aiississioppi, flows into the victorious close of thie battle of Waterloo. D. 1816. (The vault with the pole.) Tombigbee River, near the N. of Monroe co. B l'a'ash, n. (Bot.) See PAPYUS. usually of the fierce Andalusien or Castilian breed; the Bul'lock, n. [A. S. billaca, dimin. of bull.] A young Bulalsaur, a seaport of Hindoestan, pres. Bombay, on picadores, or combatants, oni horseback; the banderil- bull.h-As ox; a castrated bull. the Gulf of Bombay, 45 u. SW. of Surat; tat. 200 360 oeros, who are arnired with sharp goads decked with col- B ]tFlek, in -labaia, a post-village of Coffee co. N., Lon. 730 5, E. Acxp. Grain, jaghery, and timiber. ored streasmers; the ch/los. who wear verylight-colored BaIl'loeki in Georgia, an E. county, adjoining the Ogee- Baulge, n. A specific weight or number of diamonds. cloakes; and the matarlrr, who dispatches the bull. The chee River. Area, 900 sq. us. Sius2oce, fiat and wooded. (A term used in India.) contest biegins with tihe picadores, who are each armed soil, tolerably fertile. Ca(p Statesobousg0h. Ps al t. 0,000. Baap l'tel, n. [L. at. bteibs.] A bolter-cloth or bolter. - writh a lance, and imounted usually oss a very worthlless Bullock's Cr{eekl, in 5ostls Carolnia, Yorlk district, The bran after sifting. -Wrcester. horse. Ilheir oblject is to eround the b ull wi hith the Isclance, flows into Broad River. Btul'ti, or IBULTISTAN. See LITTLs TSHIBET. and then to avoid his onuset. The horse is frequently - post-village of York district. o n. A mode of fihing y fstenin severl gored in the encounter, and when a picadore is closely Bull oel's-eye, n. A small, round sky-light. See hooks on one line, and thus taking many fish at one pressed, the banderilleros and chulos rush in and with- BULL'S-EYE. time. It is practised by the Newfoundland fishermen. draw the bull's attention by pricking hiim wi th teir ]Bull ]Polat, in MAissouri, a village of Dallas co. Btraltwarik, (bii'werk,) n. [Swed. bolsrck; CGer. bolldarts and waving their cloaks. When the bull begins Bull Rgutss, or BtIl'Ms lane, in Vi'rginia, a stream di- werkc; Fr. bsolevard; Swred. and Goth. bol, the trunk of to flg the hspiadores withdraw, an d are succeeded by aidilng Fairfax and Prince William counties, in the N.E. a tree, and werk, worlk.] A defensive work around any the bndersilleros, who are arsmed with bardcrilas. or part of the State, and flowing into the Occoquan River place, originally constructed with the truniks of trees; derts, about two feet long, ornamented w ith a colored 14: u. from tse Potonac. On its bainos were fought two any means of defence, safety, or security. flag. These thei banderillero sticks into the bull behind of the most ImemIorable battles during the Civil War.'Britannia needs no bulwarks, the horns, when it is preparisu" to toss him. After a After a series of heavy skirmishes, July 16-19, 1861, No towers along the steep."-Campell. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ thUiow ryners aGon. Mcoel sterep." —nampe timne, the third act of the play commences, and the mna- the Union army untder Gen. McDowerell weere, on the (Ps-l(tif.) A bastion; rampart; outwork, &c. tador enaters upon tlue stage, attended ly sosne chulos as 21 st, utterly routed by the Confederates under the con- "Our naval strength is a bulwark to the nation."-Addison. assistants. Over li left stin lie le-ss a seel Iscalitle, ie- mand of Gens. Beauregardc and J. E. Johnston. The hind which is concesled a swosd whi ch lie les in his National loss was about 3000 men, while that of the (Nut.) A parapet of'eoodwore raised around a yesright band. tIe asaits the chsarga of the stul,-und, if Confederates was estimnated at nearly 2000 men. The sel's deck, for the purpose of preventing nmen and goods wcel slkilled, dexterously plunges tihe swordl between the former lost, in addition, 27 gmuns, Ibesides aso immense froa shipping overboard, and it the sanos time for proshouhlder ansd the bltadel, sn thlie auisnsl drops rdead at its qusantity' of smnll asllrms, aimmunition, stores, provisions teesing tie dece from the waves. Is ships of war, this should~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~erting the ldeckafro the waes.l In shps ofl war the faet. Twenty minutes is the tims uneualy ttleus to ter- aid accontremenits. On the 30th Aug., 1803, another bulwnrk ie of considerable solidity and height, to afford nileteto thie contest, and 8 or 10 bulls are soften tlispatched great battle wvas lfought here between the National forces the crew co'er fron an snows's email shot. The hamin a single day. Lord Byron thus vividly describes the comnsuseded by GeCn. Pope, and the Confederates under modes are ordinsorihy stoeve in thi hislasirl during thi closing scene: Gens. Lee, Longstreet, and "Stonewnall " Jackson, when day. (Almost invariably used in the plural.) " Foil'd, bleeding. breathless, furious to the Iast, the former were asgain defeated with heavy lose. The -o. a. To fortify vith a bastion, K-c.; to strengthen eith Full in the centre stands the bull at bah, three battles of Groveton, Bull's Run, and Chantilly, bulrarkls.'aid eounds, and clinging dorts, and lances brast, fought in tioree successive deys, cost the Union cause "And yet no btsivark'd town, or distant coast, snd foes disabled in the bSrutl fuae; about 20,000 men in kiilled, wounded, missing, and pris- Preserves she Sesteoss yosth from heing soen."-Acldieeei. And nose tie maetadoersareund sueslay Shake the red clo~[k, and poise the ready brannd; Sheh~~~~~~~~~~~~odtheroclasodptetesioS o ur, 30 guns, and 30,000 susahl armes. The first battle Bsl'ulwer, Ssit Ilcrwv lvar~oas', n~.ec.., an eminent English Once more throueh oll he hursts sis thuendesrin wary- of B. R. is sometimes lkuown as the battle of lanassas. dipiomsatist and author, brother to Lord Lytton, wcas vain rage l the mantle quits the cunning hand, Bull Basis, in Tenneessee, a post-village of Knox co. e. 1805. tie has held successively the posts of secretary Wraps his fierce eye —'tis past- he sinks upon the sand I" B~astl's Bay, or ]t~Baboull Bagy, on the E coast of to the English Embassy at Paris; minister to Madrid Bullfilneh,,n. (Zobl.) The PFysnhula, family Fs-ingil- Nerfoundlasid, in Lat. 470 25' N., Lou. 52~ 20' XV. (where he brought about the peace beteween Spain and lidce, a pretty bird, about the size of a sparrow, very BaLil's-eye, n. A small circular aperture for the ad- Morocco, in 1844); nminister to the U. States (where the common in masly parts of Europe. Its wild note is a, mission of light and air. flomous "Bulweer-Clayton Treaty" was, in a great measVOL. r. -50 INSETT 394 BUNC BUNG BUNK ure, his work); minister to Tuscany; and, lastly, 1859- (AMining.) A small isolated mass of ore. large collection of plants. He again visited the Altai 66, ambassador to Constantinople. Having retired from -v. i. To swell out in a bunch or protuberance; to be Mountains at the requcest of the Rtussian govt. He was the diplomatic service of his country, he is now a Liberal protuberant or round. subsequently appointed-profeosor of botany at Kazan, memliber of the English House of Commons. Sir IHenry — v. a. To torm or ifasten in a bunch or bunches; as, to and, finally, in 836, lie succeededil Ledebour as professor is the author of Tie Monarchiy if the Msiddle Classes; bunch flowers. of botany and director of the botanical garden at DorFrance, Social atd Literary; and ot'at Life of Lord Byron. Bssna hll-backe1d, a. I-Having bunches on the back; pat. His chief works are, a Treatise on the Natural Bul'wer-Claytonl T'reaty, n. (Hist.) Tue name crook-backted. Sy.,'tet, Eeanumeration of' (hintese Plants, and Catalogue given in Great Britain to a treaty entered into between The day shall come, that ttou shalt wish for me qf'nltai Plats.. that country aind the U. States, relative to the establish- To help thee curse this pois'noas buhchback'd toad." —Shaks. Bulliug'-hlole, is. The hole or orifice in the bilge of a ment of a com.ununication by ship-canal between the ]Bunch'isess, n. Thei quality of being bunchy, or cask. Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It was so called fronm tihe growing in bunches.'"Why may anot imagination trace the noble dust of nanmes of the contracting parties, viz., Sir Henry Lytton Bttl]a'sy, a. Growing in bunches; having tufts; as, "a Alexander, till he tind it stopping a hoigli " - Shal. Bulwer (q. v.), on the paitt of lGreat Britain, anid J. M. bnIsciy tail." Growt. -Swelling out in masses or protu- Bungle, (bzneg'yi,) v. i. [W. bwu, y gler, the lowest class Clayton. on behalf oh this country; and Was signed berainces; as, bunchy joilnts. of minstrels; probably allied to jogylcear.] To perform at Washington, April 19, and ratifications were ex- -(Mining.) A itine that is sometimes rich and at other in a clumasy, awkward manner. changed there, July 4, 1850. It consisted of 9 articles. titiies poor, is said to be bltechy. -v. a. To malke or mend clumsily; to botch; to manage Tile contracting paities declncared that they would not Bil'eoesilmbe, in Iowa, a NNW. county, touching Miii- awlkwardly; as, repatired in a bunsgledl annier. erect fortifications on the' banks, or in the vicinity of nessta, withi an area of abt. 00 sq. in. The Sioux Iliver e devils.,. do botch ad gle dmati,. " Other devils... do 1),tcth and bucngle up damnation,... the proposed canal, and that they would not assume do- forims its W. boundary, and it is drained by Inyan Rea- From glittering semblances of piety." - Shaks. minion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica, tie Mosquito Coast, kah River and other strealts.A or any part of Central America. Opposite and contrary -A post-office ofi Dubuque co. -. A botch; an inccurcy; a gross bluder; a clumsy constructions having been placed upon this treaty by Bun'eonabe, in Mississippi, a post-oflica ofPettis co. performance; as, he Ihas made a bungle of it. the two Powers interested, anotiher, called the Clarendon- Banlu'eomnbe, in ~. Carolina, is W. county, bordering Bun1 gl'er, n. A clumsy, awkward, inexpert workman; Dallas Treaty (q. v.), was, after various negotiations, oil Tennessee, having an area of 450 sq. ni. This county oto who herforcs without skill. signed at London, Oct. 17. 1856; but objections beitg is traversed by the Blue Ridge of the Appalachian chait Herd featercs every tungler can commend, 15 Zn To dr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"arw fetrures beauty shosngmaser' hand commaend raised by both parties to this also, it was ultimsately re- of nsounllt;ti nS, and is watered by the French Broad River. T dra tre eay shos a maer hd" den. jected, and the Presidest, in his message for the year Soil, fertile. Cap. Ashville. )p. about 13,500. Bung'ling, a. Clumsy; unskilful; awkward; as, a 1859, recommended the abrogation of the Bulwer-Clayoto n Bustneonlbe, BuelnRiuin, n. [From Buncombe, a bungling operator. Treaty as the best method of solving the difficulty, county of North Carolina.] Ani American tert applied -Awkwardly dotne; inexpertly performed. Beuih er-ILytton. See LYTTONx, (Loan.) to it speech delivered inerely for the purpose of coneili- "When men want light, Bainl, it. [A corruption of bottoni, q.v.] A low phrase sting popular favor, or gaining public applause. The They make but bunglintg work." — Dryden. tfor the buttockis; the seat. origill of the phrase tallting for Buncombes" is thus ex- Bun'l1ingly, adr. Unskilfumly; clnmsily; avlwardly. This said, he gently rais'd the knight, plained: Several years ago, in Congress, the auember Bungo, is. (Naut.) A kitd of boat or canoe, used in Aed set him ou his tote upright." - LtHditrss. fronm this diastrict arose to address the House, without ti Sotrn Stsn i Central A rica. the Southern States, and in Central America. Bum1, v. i. [Du. bomsmen, to sound as an empty barrel: any extrao'odinary powers, in manner or meatter, to in- Baulnas, it. (Bot.) A genus of European plants, order formed from the sound.] To make a booming noise like terest the audience. Many nmembers left the hall. Very Brassicacece. that of tile bittern or bee. naively he told those who remnained that they might go Bunion, (bacu'yus.) C-r. Sunos, an oninence.] (Med.) Bumnlbailiff,. [A corruption of bound-bailfi('.] (Eog. too; lie should speak for soume timne, but lie was only Ans inflamed aind painful swelling of the bursa mucosa, Law.) A subordinate officer whose duty it is to serve talking for Buncombe." — ( Wreeler's History of V. C.) or sac coetainisg the oil of the joint chiefly situated on awrits, and effect captions of debtors. (Used in a vulgar B]anera'~n, a seaport sud bathing resort of Ireland, the inside of the great toe. This disease, if not reinoesense.) co. Donegal, on Lough Swilly, 11 m. W.N.W. of London- died in time, is certaiu to ieud to a peruanent enlarge" Go, Sir Andrew, scout me for him at the corner of the orchard derry; ipop. 1,097. ment and disfigurement of the toe.'lte exciting caliss like a bumbailiff." - Shalks. BunteleCnu1d, (boon-del-koimdi,) a large division of i generally a lon-continued prssure from a tight boot Baun:bard, n. See BoMnARo. Ilindostan, prov. Allahabad, between Lat 210 3i and 260 or shie. The treatmunt shoucld cammuience with a waarm ]Bu n'allltarge, it. Saume as nUMBOAAT, q. V. 26' N., and Lon. 700 48' and 810 33` E.; hLVihg N. the bran poultice, continued for oil or two hours, so as to Bumnbast, n. See B0ocnAsT. Jumna; S. Berar and Malwah; E. Begitecund, and W. softei the cticle of the parc; a piece of hint, wetted in Bucnbe'Io, Bonmbe'lo, it. (Cteeo.) A glass flask of Scindia's dominions; area, 23,817 sq. m. This country is the extract of lead, is thec o tbe applied cold, round the B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eetacteonead, s outain ouse appid iefctld, roultvtd;themoflattened ovoid shape, in which camiphor is sublimeed. mountainous, and imperfectly cultivated; the monn- toe, andci the lint moistened finoit tinme to time awith more Brlun'ie, n. An English proviucialismn for the bittern. tains belong to the Vindhyan chaitn, and run in parallel of the extract. In a few houers all inflammation will -v. i. To make a hollow, booming, humnuing sound, lilke ranges, each buttressing a table-land, and fornming a have subsided, and if care be takene not to repeat the that of a bittern, or bumble-bee. series of natural fortifications. The Cane, Desan, and pressure, but use a large boot, the bunion will be cured. "As when the bittern nbumbeth in the mire." — Chaucer. Betwah are the only rivers of importance. The soil is If it be preferred, a couple of leeches may be applied, Bnum'ble-bee, n. (Zob'l.) See APIm.. of every variety, from rich black to sterile conkar, and and, after the bleeding, a lotion. Buit in almost every a large extent of country is covered with jungle. DiaBum'boat, n. [Du. boom, a tree, and boat, a canoe.] lr extent o country is covered ith case, the above treatment once or twice repeated will be mendls ar1e found and extensively workred. At the fall eti fec u. (Naut.) A large boat allowed to attend a ship to supply nds are found and extensively rked. At the certain to effect a cure. the sailors with articles of provision, liquors, clothing, &c. of the Mogul empire, the Mahrattas, under Alt Bahaw- Bu-lck, n. [Swed. bunke, a coop, a tub.] A wooden reBum~ane'lia, a. (Bet.) A genus of tress, order (ipstaceeJZ dec possessed thselves of prt of this prov. unti 1817, ceptacle in the form of a box, which serves for a seat by 131itm'll, n (Bt.)A gnusof ree, oderSaptac~r.when it was ceded to G1~eat Britain. Pop. 2,40)0,000. ceadfrabd tngt U. The bark of B. aigra and other species is bitter, astrin. p. 2,400,000. day, and for a bed at night. (U.S.) gent, and febrifugal, and thie wood very hard. The fruit Bundle, (bund'l,) u. [A. S. byndel; Du. bundel; O. Ger. (Naut.) A sleeping-berth on board ship. of B. retusa is said to be milky; while the flowers of B. beadil; from the root of Sind.] A unmber of things Bunk, v. i. To retire to rest in a bunlk. (U. S.) geraveoleus have a heavy, unpleasant odor. bound or put together; a package or parcel made up Bunk0laiia, or Bcue BIveW, in Colorado Territory, a Bun'kiun, Boom'kin, n. [Ger. baunt, a tree, boom.] loosely; a cll; as, a bundle of straw. river which, rising in the Rocky Mountains, takes a S.W. (Naut.) A Yshort boon fixed on each side of time boxw "She carried a great bundle of Flanders lace under her arm." course, unites with the Gunnison River in Lake co., and for the purpose of stretching the foresail farther to Seeeiator. forns Crand River. windward than the width of the deck at that par~t pervindoard than the avidth of the deckc at that part per- -v. a. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. (Generally used Bunkier, n. [Scot. butker, a bench.] A large bin, or mits. It has a strong block at the end through which with up.) hollow bench, used's a receptacl r for various things. the back of the sail is worked. -An outrigger extended "As if a man in making posies, -A description of box which serves as a seat. (Used in Should bucndle thistles LPc with roses." -- $wuiJt. Soln. out from the stern of a boat to stretch out the mizzen S d bne ttes p with roses." - Sif. Scotland.) Buaun'llin, a pariah of Ireland, co. Roscommon. To bundle of: To cause to depart in a hurry; as, he ]unlker 11111,ill an eminencer 110 fcet high, situate in B mHtp, n. [Goth. and Iteel. bomps, a blow.] A thump or wvas bundled oqf about his business. Charlestown, Massachusetts, connected byt ai ridge with heavy blow, or the noise of it. - A lump producqd by a -sv.i. To make preparations for departure; to leave in a another elevation, 75 t high, naed Eueed's Hill Thess blow; a swelling or protuberance; as, the bumps of the hurry, heights are menmorable skafli of the head. -To sleep together on a bed while fully dressed; spoken ac being the seat of skull of the head. as being the seat of "His eyes ofa man and woman who ac'e courting. the first battle fought Hung by a string, hin btmps his forehead rise."-Dryden. BiBl'dlle-pillar, n. (Arch.) A column or pier, with for American indepen-v. i. To strilkeo against anything large or solid; to others of small dimensions attached to it. deuce, June 17, 1775, thump; as, to bunip against a boat. Bunidliug, n. The act of one that bundles, and known under the B nu'pass, in Virginia, a post-office of Louisa co. Buancado'ran, a watering-place of Irelanl, co. Donegal, name of Bunker Hill. Bumrnlpier, n. [Fromin bump.] A cup or glass filled to on the bay of the hatter name, 5 u. S.W. of Balyshan- The cty ofBoston was the brimn, or till the liquor swells up and runs over; as, Inon;. 351. occupied by the British to drink a bumper of wine. ng,. [A.S. ynan, to prick; Sed. and Goth under Gen. Gage, who "Pledge it meriny, i year giasses, tbnga, to strike through; L. Ger. pungecu, inpungen, to had resolved to begin Let the bumper toast go round."-Sheridan. pack in or up; Fr. bondau, a stopper.] The stopple of offensive operations -A crowded house at a theatre, to compliment a favorite theorifie in the bilge of a cas. against the rebels. This performer. The orifice itself; called, properly, the bung-hole, q. v. design being known in Buanmpg'klin, a. [Du. beoot, beam or log, and kin, kind.l -A vagabond; a sharper; a low fellow. (o.) the Americatn camp, it A clumsy, heavy, awkward rustic; a lout; a country "You filthy bung, away." - Shaks. was determined to seize clown. -v. a. To stop the orifice in the bilge of a caska with a and fortify the heights -- "In his white cleak the magistrate appears, buun; to close up. of Charlestown on the The country buompkin the same liv'ry wears."-Dryden. Bungalow, it. [Bengahee, bdingl.] An East-Indian night of the 16th of Bumptious, (buetschus,) a. Self-conceited: offensive- term for a sort of house, or villa, with a thatched or tiled June. The execution ly forvard. (Used vulgarly.) roof. They are occupied by Europeans, and vary in size of this perilous nission Bumpnqtiousness, n. Quality of being bumptious or and accommodation to meet the taste or requirements was confided to Cols.W. self-conceited. of their ownei'. They generally consist of a ground- Prescott and PepperBuss,- a. [Scot. bun, bunn.] A stall cake; as, a Chelsea floor, surrounded by a verandah; but some are of two ell at the head ofa bribSun. stories. In the cities of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, gade of1l,Oaf umen; and Fig 449 "Thy songs are sweeter to mine ear the B. of the wealthier class of Europeans are spacious at dawn of day a strong naXa Hith 5ONUMENT Than... bhe-ts and sugar to the damsel's tooth." - Gsy. and magnificent. Public B. are mnaintsined by govern- redoubt was ealready Bunlch, (bunsh,) a. [GCoth. puggs, a purse; 0. Norso, ment for the reception of travellers, tnd somewhat re- completed on Breed'as hill. About 1,500 Americans adbunki, a heap.] A heap; a protuberance; a hunch; a semble inns in other countries. Mlilitiry B. are for the vateced successivuly t(t the relief of Psescott, and GeCnWarknob; a hunip. accommodation of troops its cantonmenets, and are on the ren entered thee redoubt as I voluntier, refuising the coin"Little round balls or bunches, lite hard boiled eggs." - Boyle. seime extensive scale as barracks. muand wrcich waas tendered to him. At eabout 2/2 o'clock, ~A cluster; a collection; a number of things put or tied Bguta'ga-y, a town of England, co. of Suffolk, 98 ca. N.E. two columns of the British aoumnceed to a simunltaneous together; mso, a bonch of keys. of iondon. It is a neat, aveI1 built town, awith a con- assaumlt; they weae received with a terrific fite, and twice siderab-e agricultural trade, and manunhctures of hemp. repulsed in disorder. When the Americans had ex"F~or thee, large bunchess load the bending vin~,Pp:8.hut c i lei~amnto, rso gv h de A nd the l as t blessings of th e year are thine." - Drydon Pep. 4185. hansted all their am unitiomn, Prescctt gave the omdor for — Anything bound into a knot or tuft; as, a bunch of Bssnge, ALaX^cDoa VON, a Russian botanist and tray- retreat. They received ai destructive volley as they left rbbon. ribbon oeller, 5. 1803. IIe travelled with Ledebour into Siberia the redoeut, and Warren fell, slot through the head with'"Upon the top of,ll his lofty crest, amid visited the Altsi Mountains. In 1833, B. was sent a bullet. The retreat was harassed by a raking fire A smvch of hairs...cith sprinkled pearl, by thee tussiatn govt. as nmatsrahlist with the misusion to frout the Eritisd ships and batteries, but there was no And gbtid full richly drest." —Sp'enser. Pekin, where lee remained for soume mdnths, atid miade a pursuit beyoscd Chasrlestown Neck. The British loss was BUNZ BUPR BUIRD 395 226 officers and men killed, and 828 wounded; that of Broilicek, a parish of Ireland, co. Tipperary. oval form; the legs are rather short, and the feet are the Americans 145 killed or missing, and 304 wounded. Buol-Scliau'ednsteil, KARLn FRDINAND, COUNT VON, formed for standing firmly, rathler than for rapid moAlthough a defeat, the moral result of this action was In Austrian statesman, B. 1797. HeI-I was ambassador at tion. The larwse are wood-eaters or borers; and both great. The Americans had seen superior numbers of Carlsruhe (1828), at Stuttgart (1838), at Turin (1844), at fruit- and folrest-trees are very slubject to their attacks. the disciplined soldiers of Engband retreat before their St. Petersburg (1848), and at London (1851). On There exist nearly 500 species, the most brilliant of fire, and given the glorious proof that they were able to Schwartzenberg's death, B. became minister for foreign wliich are found'chiefly in tropical climates. preserve their liberties. On Breed's Hill, and near the affisirs, and retired in May, 1859, the mouth following Bu'pha ga, sn. (Zs'l.) There is but one species whlich spot where Warren fell, stands now tile Bu/ker Hilt the declasration of war against Sardinia., constitutes this genus of birds of the f'amily PringilliclT, Msonusment, the corner-stone of which was laid by the B]uo tuatrot;i.' See MICHAmL ANGELO. and tha.t is the Atifrican Beef-eater, or Ox-pecker, B. MIarqulis de Lafayette, June 17, 1825. This mnonument Buoy, (beoi,) n. [Fr. bsoue, firom Sp. bdya; Du. boei.] Africauss. It is said to be frequently tobnnd inl Senegal, was inaugurated June 17, 1843. It consists of a plain (NAsut.) A block of wood, cork, &c., used as a float; a and that its chief food coinsists in the larvw of cesti-, or granite shaft, 220 feet high, 31 feet square at the base, floating body formed of wood, sind very often of hollow bet-flies, which it sedulously extracts from the backs of and 15 at the top. Within is a winding staircase, by iron, moored over a certain spot, to indicate the sitna- cattle: hence its nanme. It measures about eightinches which it is ascended to a chamber inmmediately under lion of a shoal or sand-bank, and to mark out the course and a halsf in length l;,.is rufous-brown above, and of a the apex, 11 feet in dianmeter, containinug four windows, dull yellowish white beneath. The bill is nearly an inch which afford a msagnificent panoramic view of the sur- long, yellowish, with a red tip; the legs and claws are rounding country. brown. - It is extremely wild or shy, anid is usually seen Bunker till, in illinois, a post-village and township in sinall flocks of six or eight together. of Macoupin co., 20 m. N.E. of Alton; pop. abt. 920. ] Bu', Burn', (bt,) n. [Fr. bouse, down, fiom L. Lat. Bulinker l11i, in Indiana, a post-village of Miami co., borrar; W. bc r, a bushy head, a bunch; Ir. bors, a abt. 6 inm. S. by W. of Peru. bunch or knob.] The rough, prickly head of the burtalBunker 11ill, in Mitcsgoan,, a poot-township of ugn- Jdock, chestnut, &c. ham co.. 70 in. W.N.W. of Detroit; pop. abt. 800. — The indurated edge leftby a tool,incutting, or trimming Blinker Uill1, in Missouri, a P. 0. of Lewis co. metal, &c. The rough neck lelt after casting a bullet. Bunker HIll, in Ohio, a post-village of Butler co., 10 — The lobe of the ear.- The sweetbread.- A clinkerut. W. by N. of Illamilton. 7 - stone or brick.-A broad circle of iron on a tiltingBun111ker Hill, in Tennessee, IS post-office of Giles co. "- spear. Bunker 1-1111, in Virginia, a P. 0. of Bedford co. -A guttural enunciation of the r, formed by trilling the Bunker's Ui-11, in Wisconsin, a P. 0. of Grant co. surface of the palate against the back part of the tongue. B]t'k1111ui[1u, it. See BUNCOMBEs. Fig. s 450. VARIous FoRmS OF BUOYS. Frequently called the NoSsrthumsbrian burr, from its peBunmnahon, (busn'sssds,) a bathing resort of Ireland, co. culiarity to the speech of the people of Northumnberlanid, of Waterlbrd, anid 14 in. S.W. of the latter city; pop. 1,048. a s is to steer. WIhen used fos this purpose, B. are and the English Border. Buniu, st. [Scot. butn; Ir. bCnna.] A kind of sweet usally close vessels of conscal lorm, of large duoen- (Mech.) A small circular saw.- A sort of triangular bresd; a cake. sions in order tlhat they isay be seen fioom a distance; csisel. Bun'tner"s, in IF. Virginia, a P. 0. of Marion co. and genesslly painted of some paiticlsr color, so as to (Engravivg.) A slight ridge of metal raised on the Bun']ian, ciu11yOll 9. See BUNION, be readily distinguished fsom one snother. Soie B. edges of a line by the graver or the dry point. As thil Biltuuy~ n. (Mining.)l In tin and copper mining, a large baur bell attacpsed to them, partick lrly those sta- bur produces an effect like a silear, it is usually regarded tioned on coasts liable to obgs. Small iron B. are used a collection of ore without any vein coming into, or going for the puspose of indicatilg the situation of ships' as a deadct, and scraped ofo; Some etchers, however, out of it. ~~~~~~~~~for the purpose of indicating the situattion of ships' ~leaintle o tt iee hi hlOVadnm out of it. anhr t hc hyaefsee yarp) nodr take advantage of it to deepen their shadows, and RemBunrat'tgy, a par. of Ireland, co. Clare, on the Shannon. cor (o wich thy asteed by rope), in ode brandt made use of it in thie wavy with telling effect. Bnrat'y, (U a and L s,) tvo baronies of Ire that the ship isay be prevented from running foul of Bveras Settlement, in Louisiana, a post-office of l ralsdco. C aadWls)tobrnefIere. the alnchor, and that the anchor and cable may be re- Piaquemines co. laud, co. Clare.Paq mneco B u's, heN CiiRSTIAN KARL Josi, an eminent covered when the latter has been broken or cut. - 1b B1l'r.-tl ite,;. (Minl.) Ahydrated carbonate of copper, ]]11tllt8elll, B.Il1N CHRISTIAN KA~RL J0Sl~ti~, an eminent Gernmn diplomastist. theologian, and anuthor, U. 1791. Ie fcsif/se th s bsoy. To sslov it to drop inito tse ater iy cutaiuing also zinc and linse, occurring in the radiating was educatedl at GWittingen, andi early distinguished the vesselsbefore lettingi go the anchor. needles at Chesey in France, and in the Altai Mountains. hiniself by Iis schohlsrly ascsluiremeutn s and knowledge -V. a. To keep afloat; to bear up. (Used generally be- Bun'bank, in Ninvesota, a post-office of Monongalia co. of the Old Gersmin, Icelasdic, Persic, Arabic, and other fore up.) Burlsbank, in Ohio, a post-office of Wayne co. languages. In 1818 he was appointed secretary to the "Presbytery,...was lately buoyed up in Scotland by the like IBir'bois, in Missouri, a post-office of Gasconadle co. Prussian embassy at Rome, under Nielsthr. In 1827, artifice of a covenant." — King Clha'les I. B[r'bot, ss. (ZoUl.) See LOTA. he succeeded the latter as minister there, and amidst -To support or sustain; to keep firom sinking into de- Bu1'elH Creelk, in Indiana, Clay co., empties into Eel his archicologicels and other studies, his attention was spoedcenoy; as, bsoyed osn hope. River. directed to Egyptian antiquities by Champollion's visit -To place or fix buoys; to marik by buoys; as, to buoy Burei'~'ille, in Nichigan, a post-township of St. Clair to Rome, in 1826. To the importance of the great dis- a channel. co., 80 m. N.N.E. of Detroit; pop. about 2.170. covery made by Chanipollion, B.'s eyes were immedi- -v. i. To float; to rise by specific lightness. Burelkhardt, (burk'lhard,) JOSANN LUDwIG, a celeately opened; iand, in his gralid workl on Egypt, hlie has brated explorer, B. at Lausanne in 1784. Hle studied at " IRising merit will buoy me up at last." - Pope. done ample justice to the genius of the great French- Leipzig and Gittingen, went to England in 1808, and in umen. In 1841, he xcwas a~ppointed meinister to the court Bu'yag-'e, (boi'age,) n. Buoys collectively; a complete 1809s was sent by the English Afirican Society on ain exof St. James', wh1eri lie sremained for 14 years. His set of buoys for the service of a hsrhor. -Duties or tolls ploring expedition into Africa. He first repaired to works are too numerous to notice here, embracilng, as levied on vessels for the use of buoys. Aleppo, where, during a three-years' residence, hie metethey do, almnost the entire range of theological and Buoy]~ tSaee, to. Buoyancy. (Used poetically.) (n.) morphosed both his outwarssd sd inward man into a archleological study, but we mention his Egypt's P/sce BuoytneXy, (boi'an-si,) i. The quality of being buoy- true MVussulman: an operation which he performed with in Universst Hislor!, (Hamburg sid Gotha, 1845-57, 5 ant, or floating, or of floating on the surface of wvater, such success, that, ifterwards, when a doubt sad sees or~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~sc inces theato aftere;ars, then oanc dofb had corkn vols.,) perhaps the greatest production of his pen. or in the atmosphserc; as, the boyancy of a cork. raised as to his creed, he waxs examined by two uelemas Bunt, n. [Dan. bundt; Swed. bunt, a bnndle, a bunch, at "All the winged tribes owe their flight and buoyancy to it." (or priests), and by them declared not only a true, but protuberance.] (Vaunt.) Thie middle part of a sail Derham. adeeply learned Moslem. In 1812 he travelled through foruned into a bag, belly, or cavity, that it may gather -Lightness of spirits; vivacity; cheerfulness; as buoy- Egypt, up the Nile to Nubia, through the Nubian usoem scisid. assei of suasslnerl. desert, and across the Red Sea to Mecca, in order to (Agric.) A disease of wheat and other grains. - See (Phsys.) The weight of a floating body, measured by study Mohammedanism at its fountain-head. Thence URcED. the volume offlusid dicplaced. he joined in a pilgrimage to Mount Ararat, by which — v. i. To swell or belly out; as, the sail bunts. Bneaty'att, a. [From buoy.] Floating; light; elastic; he acquired the title of hadji, i. e. pilgrim. In 1815, -To butt with the hornbs; - spoken of a stag. as, buoyast as a wave. B. returned to Cairo, and made preparations for his ]Bun'tam Fasllls, in Connecticutn, a village of Litchfield " I swum with the tide, and the water under me was buoyant." long intended journey to Fezzan; wvhen, however, the co., 25 m. W. of IHSartfoclrd. Dryden. caravan was just about to start, lie died of a fever, i7th Bu[aat'e., n. [O. Eng. bsnt, a msushroom.] A cant phrase -Vivacious; sprightly; cheerfiul; as, a buoyant mind. Oct., 1817, and was honorably buried in a Mohammedan for a felmale rag-picker; hence, by implication, a low, cemietery. His journals were published safter his death, coa onceso ivid nerves, oat London. A German edition appeared at Weimar. coarse woman. So full of buoyant spirit, now no more B]xuu'tiie, tn. (Yat.) See BUNTINO. Inspire the course."- Thiomson. For truth, accuracy, and minute observation, they are RunBtqlin- na. [Swed. bunt.] (Zssl.) See PLECTROPuANtS. hardly to be excelled. His iNotes on the Bedouins and L"e.bn. Z6. SeP~T0H~.S Ruo-ylatitly, adv. In a buoyant manner. B1 t'lig, n. [ bots, psrticoored] (Nut Thin b a. In a bo t manner. WVahabees, (London, 1830,) and his Arabic Prsoverbs, (LonBaiiut'lu~, is. [ls., I. (n., ~ Buo-rope~ss.(lNesat.) A roise awhicha fasteni a buoy do,13)eralohgsyvussea-rs woollen stuff of different colors, of which ships' colors B -t o t ( t.) rope ic faten buoy don, 1831,) are also highly valuable works. are muade; hence, the flags themselvesare often so called; BCoptes'hsr,..,Ba KAPREsTsRDC, p. (Zob.) A genus Bur'lael, KArL FaERncn, a well-known German as, there was a fine display of bsntinig. isce'snssadphysiologist, s. in Leipzig, June 12, 1776. He was proBunt'line, n. (Nant.) A rope used for gathering updistinguished by fessor of anatomy and physiology in Dorpat from 1811 the centre part of a square sail. - Busztline cloth, thei to 1814, when he accepted the same chair in the Univerlining sewed up the sail in the direction of the buntline, sity of Kssnigsberg, which hlie held until his death in 1847. to prevent the rope from chafing the sail. He was a man of fine ability, and an arduous worker in ]Bunl'y, n, JOHN, one of the most popular of religious science; he is the author of many works on anatomy, English writers, B. at Elstow, 1628. He was originally a physiology, &c., and is well known for hIis woriks, The travelling tinker, anii having neither been taught to Formation and Life of the Brain ansd Spinal Marrow; read nor to write, led a p-otane kind of life for some Medical Juris-prudence; Physiology of the Nervcus Sysyears; at length his attention was happily drawn to seri- tersi, &c. ois subjects, and he began to study the Scripteres, of B riile-Ney, JENNY, one of the most faumous German which he acquired a great knowledge. In the civil war singers of the present day, B. in Gratz, 1828. She was hlie toolk the side of the Parliament. About 1655 hlie be- educated filom girlhood for the stage, appearing in chilcame a member of, and was accustomed to address, a dren's roles at ienna and Pesth. Her d6but as an operaBaptist congregation at Bedford. On this account. hlie singer was made in the latter city. She was then called was, at the Nestorationr confined in the jail of that to Olmtitz, Prague, Viesnna, and Dresden, to fill engsgetown for twelve years and a half, supporting himself ments. She Isis filled two engagements in London with and family by tagging laces. Here lie wrote his es- great Iclat. In 1854 she msarried the actor Eusmil Btirde. teemed_ Ps/grim's Progress, a religiols allegory, asich mBurdellais', a. [Fr. bouodelas, flom Bor-deaou.] A has received universal praise and been translated into sort of grape. many languages. On his release frons prison, he bee ue Burden, (ier'dss,) a. (Writteis also BotEN.) rA.S. teacher of the Baptist congregation at Bedford, often bysdesn, byrthesn, flsom bes-an, to bear; tier. biirde.) fhat travelling through different parts of England to visit wihich is borne or carried; a load; a weight; as, he bore the people of thtit persuasion, and was consequently sR burden on his back. F~ig. 4l51. —BUPRESTRIS. called' Bishop Bunyan." D. imi London, 1688. a'And the gay grandsire, skitI'd in gestic lore, ]llunz'lsusi, or BUNTZLAU, (bsonts'loss,) a town of Prus- this toothed or ssrrated forms of this antenna, and tue Has Cick'd beneath the burdea of three-score."-Godsdmith. sia, iui Silesia, on the Bober, 25 m. W.N.W. of Liegnitz; splendor of its colors; many of its species having spots — That which is grievous, opprescive, or wearisome; as, pop. 8,1 25. of golden liue upoms an emerald ground, ahilst in otisers the biurdesn of pain. finuzl2 uIs, (JUNG,) a town of Austria, in Bohemia, on azure glitters upon the gold. The B. are hard-shelledD the hser, 12 m. NJ.E. of P'rague; psp. 5,8t6. beetles, often brilliantly color"Deafa giddyr h elpless, left alone, the Isr, 32m. N.E of Pague; pop.,866.be'etles, often brillian tly cotored, of an elliptical orf oblong To all my friends a b ur1der~ ~rowvn." —Swift. 396 BURE BURG BURG -A fixed quantity of a certain commodity; as, a burden ltBureaureatie, a. Pertainingto, or having the form Bu.rgh'l-mote, n. [B;urgh and mote, meeting.] Thb, of steel, (120 Ito.) of, a bCureancracy. Court of Wards of a borough; a municipal court. (Naut.) The contents of a ship; freight; cargo; tile Bureau'eratist, n. An upholder, or supporter of Burglar, (berg'ier,) se. [Burg, and Arm. laer, a thief; tonnege capacity of a vessel; as, a ship of five hundred bureanucracy. Lat. latto; Fr. larron.] One guilty of burglary. tons burden. Bunreau Cree:i, in Illinois, empties into the Illinois Bgvar'lla'rieo us, a. Pertaining to burglary; constitut. B1ar'den, n. [Fr. bohesdee.] The chorus or refrain of Rliver, in Putnam co. ing the crime of burglary. a song; the bob of a melody; hence, that which is often B sl'reata Jullant4oa, in Illinois, a post-village of Bu- Bur-gla'riouasqly, adv. In the manner of a burglar; repeated, or on which one dwells; as, the burden of a reau co., 47 m. N.N.E. of Peoria, and 30 W. of Ottawa. with an intent to commit burglary. tale. Bc'lireu, MARTIN VAN. See VAN BUORN. ] Burgl'lary, n. [L. Lat. burlgi latrcinium.] (Law.) "At ev'ry close she made, th' attending throng Burette, (bu-ret',) n. (Ceema.) An instrument occasion- The breaking and entering the dwelling-house of anReply'd, asd bore the burden of the soeg." —Drydea. ally used in the laboratory, and the assay office, fbr the other in the night-time, with intent to commit a felony. (Mius.) The drone or bass of a musical instrument; purpose of dividing a given portion of any liquid into This offence is punishable by penal servitude or inthe drum of a bagpipe. 100 or 1,000 equal parts. prisonment. (Mining.) The tops or heads of stream-work which lBaur';orUds ]taUadintg, in Alabama, a post-office of "Flat burglr as ever was committed." - Shaks. lie over the stream of tin, and which must first be Wilcox co. cleansed. - Beast of burden. Any animal employed in Burg, Burg]l, (berg,) cc. See Bonouma. Beourgogne, (boor'gcn.) See BuRcUNDY. carrying a burden.- Burde n of proof. (Law.) The B]urg, a walled town of Ptrussia, prov. Saxony, reg. Btargomaster, c. See BUaGEaccIEcsrea. duty of proving a fact in dispute on an issue raised. 1Magdebnrg, on the Ille, 13 mn; N.E. of Magdeburg. (Ztil.) See GULL. B]ur'dein, v. a. To load; to encumber with a weight; lanucf. Woollens anid snuff. Pp. 16,632. B1ur'gonet, n. See BURGANOET. as, to burdeez a camel. Burgage, (berg'aj,) n. [Fromn burg.] (Eng. Law.) A Butrgos, (boor'gos,) a city of'Spain, cap. prov. of same "Burden not thyself above thy power." —Eccl. xiii. 2. s)ecies of tenure in boroughs, cities, aid towns, under name, on the Arlanqon, 134 sm. N. of Madrid, and 59 S.W. -To oppress with anything bard to he bornc; as, to bur- which citizens hold tenements of the sovereign, or other of Vittoria. The city is of irregulatr shape, but is clean dcen one's self with a wife. person, at a certain rent. and generally handsome. It has a fine Gothic cathe"With meats and drinks they had suref'd, Burg a.ll, n. (Zou1.) See CTENOLAAsUS. dral; and from having been the cradle of the two nmost Not burden'd nature." —Milto. Burrgauiot', n. A vatriety of pear. — A perfume. See renowned warriors of Spain, - Ferdinand Gonzales, and -To impose a weight upon as a load to be borne; as, to B AoT. the d Cupeador, -B. contains a triuphal arch in burden another with one's owni responsibility. Bur'ganet, Bur'gonet, n. [Fr. bourzsuignotte, firom memory of the former, and a monument to the latter. tBaurdena er, se. An oppressor; one who loeads. -lBurgundy.] The upper part or ridge above the crown- Jlanuf. Leather, woollens, and hats. B. was formerly Baurn'elenoa us, a. Grievous; oppressivc: wearisome. piece or curvaliere of the ancient helmet, upon whiclh the residence of the counts of Castile, and of many of "'Nor let it ha light to thee, which to me is so bucdenous." the heraldic crest of the knight's fianily swas attached, the Castilian kings. Pop. 28,694. Sir P. Sidney. and to which a panache of feathers was sometimes su- Bur'goet, Bur'goo, n. A kind of thick porridge -Useless; cumbersome. peradded. Hence, B. is sometinmes usneed to signify the eaten by seamen. "But to sit idle on the household earth, heraldic crest itself; and, at other times, the entire Bu'rgoyne', JOIjN, an English general, and dramatic A burdc'nous drone, to visitants a gaze."-Awilton. knightly casqlue so crested. author, c. abt. 1730. After hIaving served with distincBurl'densome,~ a. Grievous to be borne; heavy; Bsr'gas, or BUnauHz, a town of Turkey in Europe, pr'v. tion in Portugal, he was sent to Anerica' in 1775. ItIe weighty,; oppressive. Iouncelia, on a proncontory of the Blaclk Sea, 7t6m N.E1. joined General Gage at Boston, with large reinforceof Adrianople; pop. 8,538. meuts, and witnessed, fron one of the batteries in that "Could I but live till burdensome they prove. My life would bie immortal as my love."-Dryde]. PBuaa~gawY ]Dejot, in NV. Carolina, a post-office of New city, the famous battle of Bunker 1ill, of whicih he has Hanover co. left au animated description. After proceeding to CanB ur'decnsomely, adv. In a burdensonme uannec. Basr'gee, n. Small coal for burning in thIe furnaces of ada as governor, he returned to England, but, in 1777, Bc;san"eteasomen ness, n. Weight; heaviness; causing engines. was dispatched to take commamnd of that expedition from unceatsiness or oppression. (Haut.) A distinguishing ensign or pennant ending in Canada against the U. States, the failure of which so Beeribtet', ScIR FRANcIs, BART., a celebrated English two points, used by yachts and merchant-vessels. largely contributed to the establishment of Amterican politiciacn, B. 1770. He sat in the British parliament Bar'geo Islands, between Newfolundland cnd Cape freedon. Few battles, indeed, have achieved, in their for 40 years, as a Liberal of the most ultra type; was Breton, Lat. 470 33' N., Lon. 570 44' W. They belong ultinate infinemce, results so great as the surrender of one of the earliest advocates of parliamentary reform, to Great Britain. Pp. abt. 800. B., ith 5,791 fighting-enwll provided with artillery, _p. abt. 800. ~~~B., with 5,791 fighting-m-en, well provided with artillery, acid suffered bitter persecutions at the hands of the Tory Bargeois, st. See Bounocecs. at Saratoga, to the army of General Gates. It gave heart government of those times. i-e was twice imprisoned Bur'geocs, v. i. See BRocEuN. to the colonists, confirmed them in their resistance, aid, in the Tower of London for his out-spoken Liberalism, -n. (eort.) A knot or button put forth by the branch of in England, greatly strengthened Ice hands of those opfined $5,000, and condemned to three mouths' further a tree in spring. oe to a continuance of the strugle. B., on his rposed to a continuance of the struggle. B., on his roe imprisonment in the King's Bench. IIo was idolized by Burg er, (oo'jer,) GoTraD AUuST, a German poet, turn hoe, s received by the ig it marked itime great msass of the Englisrh people, and D. in 1844. cc. 1cm in Molmerswende, 1747; D. 1794. Well known for his flavor. Ito defended hinself with eloquence, and deTics daurghter is Miss Burdett Coutte, wehll khownv for ballads, most o r which have been translated into all the acanded an inquiry. The inquiry was commnenced, but her boundless wealth and philanthropy. langiages of the civilized world. Ito wrote Lenore sumnm'i cly stopped by a prorogation of parliament. Aliartvalettie, (beur-ret',) in occ Yet/c'', ar village of Tocmp- (translated by Sir Walter Scott); Lenardo and Blan- though B. did inot possess the genius of a great general, kins co., on Seneca Lake, 180 mi. W. by S. of Albany; lice; Tl/c Wc.Ilt lluttet, &c. and was in many respects utterly inadequate to thi 1)p about 600. Blaugerngaaelsters, n. The title of the chief magis- tasks imposed upon him, yet no one can read the work — A post-village of Schuyler co., 3 mu. from Watklins; pep2. trate of a city or town in Germany; corresponding to published in his defence-State of the Exp'it n oe publise i n h s dnc - paeofteJ edition fron, about 550. our ciayor, and to the French caaie. Canada, London, 1780 —witho ut acknowledging his B r'tiilkvde liheH in Miictigan, a P. O. of Leehenaw co. Baanr'ges? TRIsTAN, an American statesman and orator, coumage and detectiitr qualities, which, in a les exaltBiar'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~clourag, and deot.Sectnultes whichA i n a eseat ~B]ar'~tohek, s. (iBt.) See L.~eA. c. in IRochester, Massachusetts, 1770. Ito was elected as ed station, might have been of service to his country. staf'flon, lta r'cer a,. [Fr. bourdan.] A pilgrim's a representative to Congress in 1825, and successively re- D isgusted with his treatmenet by the govt., he retired ~~~sti~ff. - 0 ~tat~cer. ~elected till 1835, when lie was defeated by the candidate into private life, and devoted his leisure to the producB lBaeiwan, (bsord'euan,) a district of Hindostan. pres. of the Democratic party. During the ten years of his tion of dramas, nmany of which, as the Maid of the Oaks, and prov. Bencal; betveen Lab. 2~20 asd 2410 N., andc Lon. cugressional career, there was scarcely a question of The Lord of the Mancos, &c., were highly popular in their 870 U20'cnd cheO 25' E.: leaving N. Beerbhoton, E. Nucddea, any itnportance which hlie did not illustrate with his day. His best play, IThe teiress, still keeps the stage. S. Hooghly, and W. the Jungle Methals dist.; ac-en, 2,000,conlvincing logic, his persuasive eloquence, or his blight- D. 1792. sq. m. This is one of the most productive territories of ing satire. B. 1853. B rgss,. (Bot.) See CEacucuws. India, and being environed by jungles N. and S., appears B'e n. [r. buri, from L. L. besis,'r,. See UR vE. ]11"' n. [Fr. bourgeois, fromt L. Lat. bltrge.nsis, Rn"grave, n. See [BuRGGRAVE. like a garden surrounded by a wilderness. The chief frone bcryg.] An inhabitant of a borough or walled gr CFr. Bourgogne.] An ancient province articles of produce-are indigo, sugar, cotton, tobacco, anti town; a freeman of a borough; a representative of a of France, now formning the departments of Cote d'Or) uculberry-trees. A principal part of the wealth of B. borough in the English parliament. Saone-et-Loire, Ain, and part of' Yonne. Dijon was the lies ii its coal nines, whidch are very extensive. The -A mnagistrate of a borough. An officer who discharges capital of B. The ancient Burgundians (Burgundi or zemnindars (or proprietors) are very opulent, and the the sarne duties for a borough that a imtyor does for a Bur-gundiones), originally a German tribe, were at first proportion of Mohainmedans to Hindoos is about one to proportis of Mohca nn to Hidos is about one to city. The word is used in this secse in Pennsylvania. settled on the baneks of the Oder and the Vistula, and fire. B. becanee tsubject to the British in 1760. CLa3 - Dw sess or Bu1n0csscco,a a paurise of Irelalnd, co. Tip- afterwards extended themselves to the Rhine and the Burdcwan. Pop. Estbinated at 1,500,000. perac(ry. Necltar, and, in 407, penetrated into noman Gaul. Their BunweAN, a city, acd cip. o thei above pror., tO m. N.N.W. Btergess in eowa, a post-village of Clinton co., 38 ne. conversion to Christianity took place in the course of of Calcutta; Lat..230 15' N., Lou. 870 57' E. Pop. about S.S.W. of Dubuque. eight days! They adopted a brief Arian coifession of 54,000. ]Bari'gessshails, c,. State, privilege, and position of a fcith, and were baptized. From 407 to 534, thle kingdom ]tur'eaait, (b/~'rS,) n. [Fr. bureau; 0. Fr. bure, bureZ, bures ~Bui~reasae~, (bS~'c~,) u2. [Fr. baueesa; 0. Fr. batcl, barth, bof B. was several times divided; cnd in 451, Gundicar, thick cloth incide of wool dyedI eel or riusset, fronm L Bar'get's Coraer, in Indian, a P. 0. of Clinton co. kin of B., with 10,000 men, confronted Attila, but was Lat. haircuts, red and blaickl.] Origincally. a thick, coarse, Baa"gettstowna,m in Peannsylvanca, a post-village of debfeated and slain. The tradition of this overthrow of brounish ki ccd of cloth inade of cwool; hence, a writing- Washington co., 20 m. N.N.W. of Wcashington, the the old Burgundians is still preserved in a confused form table, fo~r which it formed a covering, with drawers to tccbhe, fir vhich it faorsmed a covering,'iith drawers to co. seat. in the Nibelungen Lied. In 534, B. passed cnder the rule ~~~~~~~contain papers. Bs~urg'grave,e B]ur'grave, n [Ger.burg-graf.] In of the Franks; but the weak government of tihe later For not the desk with silver nails, Gerinany, the feudal title for a castellan, or lord of a Carlovingian kings allowed it to become once more inNor tutreauc or expcesc,.... avails castle, having the right of private justice, and of impos- dependent, and itwas named the kingdoca of Arles, from To writing of good sense." -- ffwift. To writin c good seue." - St. ing taxes, &c. the residence of its first king, Bose, who died 887. IIe -An office, court, or place wherein public business is Burghlt, n. See BRoUoe. was succeeded by his son Louis; and after a time of contransacted; as, a banker's bureau. Bcarglc'bote, n. (Old Blng. Law.) An impost levied for tention, and division of the French territories, Duke Ru-A department, or organized company of persons, ap- the raising or repairing of the defences of a borough dolf, nephew of King Hugo of France, made himself pointed to control or taklie charge of certain public du- or city. ruler of Upper B., and was followed by Rudolf II. ties; as, the Freedmen's Bureau. -In the classification Bur'gh-lsreel, (buzrg'brlch,) n. (Old Eng. Law.) A (912), who was crowned king of Italy in 921, and united of public officers of government, and the distribution breach of the peace. Louer B., or ArIes, to his own kingdom in 928. Conrad of duties anueng then, a B. is understood to be a dlvi- B]urgher, (borg'er,) n. A burgess or freeman of a the Peaceable succeeded, and after him Rudolf III., who sion of the great departments of ehich the secretaries, burgh or borough. dying eithout male issue k11032, bequeathed Ida king or chief officers, constitute the cabinet. (ccl. Hiet.) In Scotland, a member of the seceding dom to the Esmperor Conrad II. of Germany, whose son, — A wardrobe, or article of furniture for the safe-keeping party from the Scottish church (1747) which cisserted Henry III., nado it a ducly of the Geruan enspire. of clothes, &c. (Used in the U. States.) In England, the legality of the burgees-occth (abidinmg by " time true With Philip the Good, the founder of the neew ducal a name someseilmes given to a closet, or garde-de-eica. religion professed within the realm"), their opponeucts dynasty of B., a new and splendid aera eras comnsmnced, BIPurea~u, (bebO,) im Illinois, a N.W. county, bounded being denominated auti-burg/Teu-e. in 1353, and was continued to the deahh of Charles the SE~. by the Ihlinoi Hirer-, and cratered by Green Ri~er B~ag].h'er.cna ster, n. See BURGEcneEIsTER. Bold (q. v.), in 1477, who left no male issue. B. eras then and BureausCrC ek. A-ea, 800 sq. m. Surface, diversi- Baarg-'''ec'shlap, cc. Quaclity or privile-e of a buirghmer; inicorporated with France. fled. Soil, fertile. C(sp. Princeton. Pop, abt. 21,800. citizenship, Bargucatly Pitaic, u. (Mcd.) A resin obtained fron -A townehip of Bureau co.; pep. abt. 1,100. Bara'gta I:ill, in Ohio, a post-village of Trumbuthl co., the species of fir knoewn as the white pine. It is, hoeB'esr ~ea a r.uy, (lc-rO'crna-sy,) n. [Fr. bu reaucran tic.] 17 m. E.N.E. of Warren. ever, seldomc obtained pure, a common pine resin being Tics syobe~m icy whlet thee business of admniucistratioce is I Bsar'gh'-X]older, it. See BORsIsuIDER. mixed with it. Burgundy pitch is only used in the comcarried tin hut cleic:c~`rricuesrccta eucch, n.der lie cocmtric ci a B argla'-ncaster, A bum-geroeister. position of plasters, in which it is retained on account chief; icen cccctrcccietiuctiof inc those syoteucts icc cni officer in tin-mines, called also baa — of its wcarm, stimulating p-operties. It is emphoyed in govei~nneent oficltals!ltae ii~ co-ordii nuttoumbiority'. c~ma'aer ancd tailiff the manuafacture of the pitch plastem-, ecplastalucn t imcFsl BURK BULZL BURM 397 an(1d ill making the conimmon warming plaster-a combi- or insight into the tortuous spirit of party. Within the Bi.r'lington, in Indiana, a post-village and township nation of Burgundy pitch, litharge plaster, and blister year, 19,000 copies of this work were sold in England, of Carroll co., 52 mn. N. of Indianapolis; peCp, of townplaster. and 13,000 in France. It produced an effect such as no ship, about 1,000. Bia'.rR-un jy -bVines, n. ph. These celebrated French other political essay ever had; it arrested the violent -A village of Delaware co., on Prairie Creek, 7 mi. S.E. of winesderive their name from the ancient province of BUr- progress of the revolutionary spirit in Englaind, anid Muncie; pop. about 150. gundy. They are wines of delicious flavor and bouquet, gave the first and niost decisive clieck to the disoirganiz-i — A village of Rush co., 8 in. W.N.W. of Rushville. iindo reoften r eomnlnended in the cure of disease, as a ing influences which were rapidly spreading tihrough Bu rlington, in iozoa, a thriving post-city, and seat of light, diffusibl.e stimulant, on account of the sinial per- Europe. This great Irishlsan D. 7th J uily, 1797. justice of Des Moines co., and fsrmserly the State cap., on centa-e of alcohol contained in thenm. They are inoper- Buripke_, in Georqia, as E. county, divided from S. Cairo- the Mississippi River, 45 m. from Keokuik, 210 sol WI.S.W fectly known in this country, to which it has been be- lin. Iby the Savannah River; area; 1,010 sq.. It is of Cliicagov, vald 250 fromn St. Louis. This is a well-built liesed that they would not well bear a sea-voyage. It drainedi by the Ogeechee River and Roclky and DcBrier and rapidly improving city. anid most picturesquely sithais been ascertained that, iu well-corlked bottles, the creekrs. S:iface. Undulating. Soil. Excellenit, with sub- uated. lip. abt 10,0Co0. B. wines lnay be imported in goodl condition, but we strata of liniestone and gypsuill. Agate and jasper are Busrlisngttos, in Kasisos, a post-village and township do not believe, as has been said, that they inprove by also obtained. Cpqo.W aynsesborou gh. Pop. abt. 17,000. of Coftfy o., oi tve Neshve Itives', tO iii. S.S.W. of Lawcvossing the Atlaatic. The nimostrenowned red wines of Burkllie, in Veiv rlio, a post-township of' Franklin co. renue; pop. of townssliip, about 550.:. are Roonau-Cooti, Clos FITuceSot, Chlasmbertiva, ANuits, Bu rike, in NsVorth Carolina,, a W. county, having an area iBurlng'tingto, iin Iviatucvgy, a thrivingpost-vilhlage, cap. Jichebolurg, auid Beaune. The Chablis, a white wine, of about 450 sq. m. It is watered by Catawvia and Lin- of Boon, co., 16 in. S.W. of Cincinnati; -pop. abt. 600. is relatively inferior to the red products of B., though ville rivers and by Mulberry Creek. Sueuhce. IHilly, being Bu rliingtos, in Maaine, a post-township of Penobscot preferred by somne to the best growths of white Bor- slkrted on the N.W. by the Blue Bidge. Soil. Tolerably co., 40 ii. N.Ei of Bangor; pop. about 570. deaux (claret). The annual product of wine in B. is good. This county was named after the illustrious Eng- Burlina'tois, iln assschiuse.ts a post-township of Midabout 7,000,000 gallons. lish stateslSau, Edmund Burke. Cal). Morgantown. Pop. dlesex co., 14 i. N. by Br. of Boston; pp. about 650. B]arial, (berbi-al,) a. Act of burying; interment; a about 4,250. Bisrlnigstoi, in Miiclgci, au post-village and township sepulture; a funeral.-See SEPoruvoa. nBurke, in Verumsnt, a post-township of Caledonia co., of Calhoun cot.; pupj, about 1,000. (Lawu.) No B. is lawful unless made in conformity 43 ii. N.E. of Montpelier. Mancf Starch, leather, &c. -A township of Lapeer co.; piop. about 700. with the local regulations; and when a dead body hais PPop. about 1.330..l3arliengtoi i, in _Mivoe,'ota, a uillage of Clay co., on been found, it cannot be lawfully buried until the core- Boaaoe, in WVisconsin, a post-township of Dane co.;pop. thie Red iver of tlhe North. ner has held an inlquest over it. abfout 1,240. uraSlisaag' oi, in iI'issov'i, a post-office of Boone co. Buriaut Service. That portion of a religious service re- B lrai'ce', in. One who burks, or commits buriing. Boao'li-2ag1tonu, in iiiew Jersee, a central county, eollhuracrLting to the intersment of tha dead; as, the English osrakes'ville, in Keantac/cy, a post-village, cap. of ing an area of it lout 00O sq. m. Besuided on thle N.'W. burial-service. Cumibeurland co., on Coumberhand River, 116 so. S. Ivy W. by the Delawire ILiver, ani S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean. Bturial-ground, n. A place appropriated for de- of Frankfort; pop. about 500. Eg Harbor Oliver, acd Rlanor: us, Ascisculsv and Crosspositing the dead; a cemetery. BMi. tlkesville, in Virginia, a village of Prince Edward wicvks creeks drain this couentsy. Sac:/ vvce, level. toil, B]]a'risif'as JEaN, a Prench scholastic philosopher, n. at co., 52 i. W. of Petersburg. generally fertile. Cap. Mount Holly. l'opt. abt. 78,000. Bethune, flourished in the 14th century. The events of Bsun'Iettsilll, in Macryland, a post-office of Fred- -A city, port of entry, and township of the iabove co., on his life, as well as the manner of his death, are very ob- crick co. the Delaware, nearly facing Bristol, 20 m. from pliilaseure. One account states, that he was throuwn into the Bla. ke'ille, in 7exas, a post-village, cap. of Newton delphia, and 12 S.N. of Trenton. This is a very handSeine, by command of Margu erite de Bourgogne, co., on little Cow Creslo, 34s m. E. by N. of Austin City. some, and well built and lighted town, posseessing a coldauighter-in-law of Philippe le Bel, whose infidelities lie B ]ara''issn, n. The practice oft' quietly murdering people, lege gssd many fine buididgs. It is in sunser i great had rebuked. Another, later, but less mnythical-lookling in ordler to sell their bodies for dissection. resort of Philadelphia pleasure-seekers, and was norigiaccount, states that B. was driven from France as a dis- s!'Waa'kl G4am den, in T irginitu, a P. 0. of Tazewell co. nally called New Beverly. IJop. about 9,000. ciple of Occam, and fled to Austria, where hue founded a i-. ata'5stile, in mllisoies, a P. 0. of Monroe co. Btsas'lin Agtn, in Noew eark, a post-offl'ice of Otsego co. school. IfIe is now but known for ain apologue which avrkvalle, in Virginia, a P. 0. of Nottiaway co. il asis as, in Ohio, a village of Clinton co., 11 m. he invented to illustrate the doctrine of firee ivill. "An B 1aa,] (ber,) v a. [Froim bur.] To remove lburs, knots, N.W. of Wislington; pop. about 470. ass," says he, "placed midway between two bundles of loose thread, &c. fiom cloth. - iacnf. To dress cloth as -A village of Belhont co., on the Ohio River. hay, would maintain his position, aid ilie of starvation, fuillers do. — A village of IHamilton co. if lie had no choice; but if he turns to one side or tihe -A knot in thread or cloth. -A township of Licking co. other for the purpose of satisfying his appetite, then Bar'lae, n. Samine as BUsncELAS, q. V. -A post-village, cap. of Lawrence co., on the Ohio, 145 in. lie ha;s choice, and of course fireedaom of will." This prop- IBa. leigh, LOD. See CLCIL. S.E. of Colunbus. ositioni, commonly called "Buridani's ass," was long a vIs'lea', n. Onue who dresses cloth; one who removes -A village of Marseiles township, Wyandot co. source of great perplexity to the schools. It has been Iknots, &c. fronl cloth. Bu l']ia gtoln a, in Oregon, a village of Lynn co., 11 im. said that this celebrated sophism was adduced, not by ]Burlne'son, in Alabamaa a P. 0. of Franklin co. S.S.'W. of Albany. B., but by his adversaries, who wished to ridicule his Buraleson, in Texas, a S. central county, bounded N.E. Ba llsgtig'oai, in Pennsylvania. a post-villageand townmtitaphysical doctrine of Determinisv. by Braczos River, and S. by Yegua Creek. Ar-ea, 1,025 ship of BradfoIrd co., 8 m. W. of Towanda; pep. abt. 2,300. Bua1ier, a. One who buries; that which covers or con- sq. n. Soail. For the most part fertile. CLap. Caldwell. B1asington, in VYerout, a flourishing city, port of coals. Pop. about 1,820. entry, anid seat of justice of Chittenden co., on a bay of Bo'a.sa, n. [Fr. burin: It. bolrin, bolino, from the root Bu' aessaie, (sbe, es, ) a. [Fr.; It. bure/sco, from L. the snus nnme, on thus E. bank of Lake Champlain, 40 of botre or bite.] A graver; an instrunent for engrav- Lat. buirtlae, to jest, play the fool; L. Lat. buleschus, m. W.N.Nr. of Montpelier, and 82 N. of Whitehall, Lat. hin. See GaavEc. satirical.] Jesting; jeering; jocular; tending to excite 440 27' N., Lon. 730 10' W. This is a finely built and Bnr, in Iowa, a post-office of Benton co. laughter by ludicrous imnages. pleasantly situated place, and contains the State UniBa'h.le, v. a. [From the name of an Irishman who first — n. (Lit.) A style of composition in which thei humor versity, and many handsome buildings. It is largely perpetrated the crime in 1829.] To mnurdcler in order to consits in a ludicrous mixture of things high and low, engaged in shipping, and is abusytown generally. Pop. obtain the body for dissection. (R.)-To dispose of in a of high thoughts clothed in low expressions; or vice about 9,500. quiet, unobtrusive manner; to shelve; as, to btinc'e a versa, of ordinary or base topics invested in artificial Burling'ton, in Virginia, a village of Rloanoke co. question. dignity. The B. style may exist in conversation as well as -A village of Hampshire co., on Patterson's Creek, 205 Burke, EDMUND, an eminent author, statesman, and in written composition, and even in acting and drawing. m. N.W. of Riichmond. orator, B., of a good Irish family, at Dublin, 1730. After It is, however, most commons in poetry. B. appears to Burlington, in W. Virginia, a P. 0. of Mineral co. leaving Trinity College in that city, where he lhad have been unknown among the ancients; but speci- Bsu'lington, in Wisconsin, a flourishing post-village acquitted himself brilliantly, he resorted to London in smens of it are found in most modern languages, particu- and township of Racine co., on Fox River, 26 mi. W. by 1749, where he became an,associate of the most eminent larly the Italian. Butler's liudibras is a well-known S. of Racine City; pop. about 1,970. literary characters of that day. In 1756, he published his exanmple in English. Bunrlisg-ton Flats, in NYew Perk, a post-village of celebrated Essay on the Subime acd Beautifaui, which at — v. a. To turn into ridicule; to make ludicrous by per- Otsego co., 25 m. S. of Utica. once placed him in the front rank of authors. In 1765 verted representation. 1Burly, (be-Ili,) a. [A. S. gebutr; Du. boer; Ger. bauer, a B. became secretary to the Marquis of Slockinghai, Ba'Srlesquea', (ber-lesl'er,) n. One who burlesques, or boor, boor-like.] Like a boor; great in size; of full figprime-uinister of England, and obtained a seat in Par- acts in a burlesque. ure; clumsy. liament, where he joined the Whig party. In 1769 up- ]Bsrlet'Sta, n. [It. burlare, to jest.] A comic operetta or II "Too butrly and too big to pass my narrow gate." - Drycetn. peared his observations On the Present State of the Naflion, musical fhrce. which elicited such admiration as to draw upon B. the BItur'liness, n. State of being burly; bulkiness. Boisterous; coarse and rough. credit of the authorship of the letters of "Juninus." Bngsar'lin~ag ne, ANsoex, a. at New Berlin, New York, It was the orator's swn burip way of nonsense." - Cowley. which appeared about the same time. On the outbreak 1822. Having embarked in politics, he was elected a IBlnr.mah, BImiAHu, or the BmRMAN EmPIEe, in Asia, an of the American War, B. espoused the side of the cola- member of the senate of Massachusetts, and afterwards extensive country of India beyond the Ganges, formerly nists, and on the 19th April, 1774, in the debate for re- of Congress. He was sent as U. States Minister to the the most powerful State of that peninsula, and conpealing the duty on tea, levied on the Americum people, Chinese gov. in 1861. On his retirement frnom this post, siderably larger than at present; extending between the lie delivered a speech that electrified the British senate. in 1867, he was requested by the regent, Prince Kung, to lat. of 90 and 270 N., upwards of 1,000 m. in length, and B. steadily continued to be the champion of liberal go on a special mission for the Chinese gov., to some for- nearly 600 in breadth. At present it comprises the tsrmseasures in the English parliament, and, in 1782, was eign courts. After visiting the U. States, where he con- ritory between Lat. 150 45' and 270 22a 300 N., and Lon. made a privy-councillor, and paymaster of the forces. cluded a treaty, July 4, he sailed from New York, and 920 43' and 990 E.; having W. the British proves. of AraShortly afterwards, on Mr. Pitt talinug the head of the arrived at Liverpool in Sept. with the Chinese sinssion, in- can, Chittagong, and Pegn; N., Upper Assam and Thibet; govt., B. became, in conjunction with his illustrious cluding 10 Chin ese and 2 European secretaries. The mnis- E., the Chinese prov. Ynnnan, Laos, the country of the friend Fox, one of the leaders of the opposition. In sion, received by thle Queen, Nov. 20,1868, left England for independent Shuns, and pryov. of Martaban belonging to 1788, on the trial of Warron Hastings (q.v.), late gov- Paris, Jan. 2, 1869, and B. D. at St. Petersburg in Feb. the British; and S., the kingdom of Siam, and the British eruor-general of India, for "high crimes and misde- Burlisnga eme in Kansas, t post-village, cap. of Osage province of Pegu. Area, about 2,000,000 sq. m. B. is meanours," B. was one of the managers of the impeach- co., 22 m. S.S.W. of Topeka; pop. about 200. enclosed E. and W. by two principal offsets of the Himent. On the third day of this momentous trial (which Bsri'linglsam, in New Pork, a post-village of Sullivan malaya chain of mountains, which again ramify into sublasted for 10 years), B. delivered in the English House county. ordinate mountain ranges. Fron Cape Negrais to 230 of Commons a speech only equalled by the famous Burliaghiam, in Ohio, a post-offic. of Meigs co. N., the Yoomnadcong range constitutes the WV. boundary, "Begumnl" speech of his friend Sheridan. This wonder- Bslrl'ing-ir'o n, c. An instrument used in burling giving a maximum altitude of 5,000 ft. The highest ful masterpiece of commanding oratory held parliament cloth. sunimnit, however, in this country is the Phungan, attainfor nine days under a spell of mingled awe and adnmira- Btr'lingtons RJcciaD BoVIc, third EARL OF, and fourth ing to a height of 12,474 ft. above sea-level, and covered tion. On the outbreak of the French revolution, he de- EARL OF Cosux, i. 1950. Ite was distinguished far isis ar- with perpetual snow. —Plaics, ctk. There are many fousled the cause of the French royal faumily, and de- chitectural taste and skill, and designed many fine edi- plains, but none of them very extensive; numerous valnounced the excesses of the revolutionists in such un- fices in England; and he was not less eminent far his leys of the highest fertility and beauty are found in the moeasurei language as estranged him from his old politi- munificent patronage of arts and letters. He was the S. of the empire; in the N. they are mostly defiles or cal ussociates. In particular, his championship of the friend of Pope and Bishop Berkeley, and published at his narrow steppes. - Bivees. The principal are the Irralovely and unfortunate Ilarie Antoinette was one of those own expense one of Palldiao's works. D. 1753. waddy, with its affluents; and the San-lmen, stnd Si-tang; episodes of the old knightly spirit of past days, resusci- Bs~r'~ling'ton, in England. See BamntaxevoN. all streams of the first class. The largest lake is that toted to redeem the barbarous proletarianism of the BoIr'ingioss, in Cocnnecticut, a post-township of Hart- of Kandangyee, or the" Great Royal Lake," 25 m. N. of time. It was in this speech, when describing the woes fbrd co., on Farmington River, 15 m. W. of Hartford; Ava, which is 30 us. long by 9 broad..Min. TheN. prey. of this hapless queen, that hue uttered his memorable pop. about 1,400. ause the richest in vhauable minerals. Besides fine marwords, "The age of chivalry is past,'tis gone!" B. next Burlington, in linois, a post-village and township ble, serpentine and nephrite, and amber mines are produced his Iieftlcfions osu the Revolution of Fiance, a of lane co., 54 m. W. by N. of Chicago; poop. of town- uvorked bsy toe Chimnese, gold, silver, rubies, sapphires, work vwhich liha had no equal in knowledge, eloquence, ship, about 800. diamonds,, nd topazes; iron, copper, tin, lead, antimony, 398 BUiM BURM BURN arsenic, vitriol, sulphur, and nitre are found. Coal is also India, although, in other respects, a kind of feudal sye- where he received the diploma of doctor of medicine. believed to exist largely. Petroleum has been obtained tent prevails. - Revenue. Besides the government mo- Was elected professor of zoJlogy in IHalle in 1842. In to the gross annual anmount of 80,000 lbs.; but its ex- nopolies, - 1-10th of the produce of the conntry, 10 per 1850 he started on a scientific tour through Brazil,returnportalion hlos been considerably diminished since the cent. on imports and on exports, -a system of wring- ing in 1852.-He returned again, in 1856, to South Amegreat development of this product in the U. States. rica, passed through Uruguay and the Argentine ConTihee government hts a nmonopoly of gold, silver, andi federation, and in March, 1859, over thie Andes to Coprecious stoncs. —(Cl//. Generally healthy, especially in piapo, by a route that no European hlad traversed before, the hilly tracts. The extremnes of heat and cold are and went from there by sea, visa Palnma, to Cuba, whence rarely experienced. except before the periodical rains. he shipped in May, 1860, for Germany. In 1861 hle reBot. 16,000 different species, natives of this country, were signed his profssorship in Halle, and went to Buefos collected by Dr. Wallich, in 1826: the teak-tree abounds; 6 Ayres as professor and director of the nmuseum of natuthe saul and varnish-tree are most plentiful; and the ral history which he had established there. All his wrihbamboo grows to the circumnference of 24 inches in the ings show great clearness and comprehensibility of their jungles. The mimosa cateclhu, sugar-cane, indigo, and subject. His works are numerous; ansong them are: — cotton-plant are common; and the tea-plant, of a genuine Bo3unaua of Natueral Ilistorsy, /obtogicatl Atlas, Manual character, besides inferior sorts, flourishes in the N. and of Eeetomsaolgy, Generoa enscctorusm, Geologfcat 11istorsy of central provinces. The banana, cocoa, palm, pine-apple, the Earth and ils JIhabitants, Travels ice Brazil, T'avels guava, jambe, and mango are abundant; but citrons, lhrough the States of the La Plata, The Climate of the pomegeraenates, and oranges are the only fruits shared in Aryentine Republic, &c., &c. common with iEarope. Pulse of all kinds, wheat, mil- Busas, v. a., (p. BURNEac or RNT.) A.S. berean, treelet, and rice are extensively cultivated.-Zobt. Elephants eoan, or byrnan; Goth. brenuian; Ger. hrenen.] To conof three different varieties, the single-horned rhinoceros, sume with fire; as, thehouse was burned down. (Somewildh boar, tiger, leopard, &c., inhabit the jungles; buffa- times used bit up.) Icas, porcupines, civet and wild cats, and great numbers -To injure or wound by fire; as, to burn one's finger. of apes, deer, and antelopes are fsund. Occasionally a -To exert the qualities of lhecat, as by drying or scorchwhite elephant is met with, which is much prized, and ing; to heat; to inflame. one is always Ikept as part oT the royal establishment at " 13ut this dry sorrow burns up all my tears." - Dryden. Ava, where he is treated with the greatest care and atten- (ig) To cuteiz; s, to bs a Sre. tion. Parrots, and other tropical birds of rich plunmage, Ts are plentiful; while the serpent tribe, reptiles, acd yen- (Chest ) To conbine with oxygen; as, i nen burns a certain amnounti of carb~o n at each r~espirattion. - Webster, omous insects flourish here to a formidable extent. — c n nt of carbon at ach respiratio.-estr, Inhab. Several dlistinct tribes inhabit the B. territories: ate Lo 2o btrult togetlier. (Ml3lct.) To fuse two surfaces of viz., 1. The Miammae (Burmnans), between 19~ and 240 N. Tt tethr (ea o f t w uac of Lat.; 2. Ihlains, between the Shan-luen river and the tot b pin over tien a cautity of te Anopectomoo hills: 3. Shaos, with more affinity to the s alne entul ice a liiieid sette. Toburnt one'sfiggers. A mletaphoricall phrase signifySitamese than other races, and spreading over the E. and. ing to got into troubles by interfering in matters one's N. provinces; 4. 6Cssayers, chiefly in the capital; 5.to le by itein in n rs on Khyens, a rude people, scattered among the other pop- U'iY. 453. sell is cnt cocerned ill. ulation; 6. the YP, probably a Chinese tribe who have 1. iKee Wogee, or prime minister. 2. A trooper. TIo buteu a bowl. (Games.) To displace the bowl accidentally, when playing tit bowls. adopted lurenese, cusctoemsI and thee tiaryens, Zabanigs, ins money, in the form of forced presents, from the b burn) eoc. To obliterate by burning. and several others. Most of these nations, though dif- people, prevails to a great extent, and altogether, bu. T consu entirely by the ctio of fire. peetplrey pTcae tormese are gecat exten andt, alitagrhee, Isbtou op. To cons eue entirely by the action of fire. combine to form the financial resources of this country. — v. i. To be on fire; to be kindled; to flame; as, the... I..... -. c'rse. The Burmese are not, as a nation, a military place is btoning. people, bnt would nmake good soldiers nnder able officers.' The light burns blue." - Shaks. /./)p ~/7~/i// 4~,~~~~~~ >~ "They have no standing army, but every man is liable to _To shinee; tio sparkle. serve, and, in emergency, can bring a respectable force Te re he t i, i a gied thre, " The batrge she sat in, like a gilded throne, of about 50,000 men into the field.-Reigion aod Educ. Burnt on thie water. - Shaks. The religion of the Burmese is Buddhism, but toleration with regard to foreigners is fully permitted, although -To be inflauned with passion or desire. they are most intolerant among themselves; no Burnean' Tranio... I burn... if I achieve not this young, modest girl."'n Shaks. dare change his religion under the severest penalties; -To act as fire, or with destructive violence. — To act as fire, or w-ithl destructive violence. and the most rigorous measures are adopted for sup-pressing all religious innovations. Education is so far The roa t e, d the cot u."-Pope. ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"h groteanr sth ill dhe epse nst andy th comba bus." —.P ec; lIop~ e hel ~,s. J3(i_ fi ci diffused that almost every male Burman can read and -To be heated; to glow; to be affected with a sensation write; and this is the case with niany of the females.- of heat; as, howr her cheek bttos. Manners aild Customs. The dress of the people in many — I certin plays, to app roach near to a hidden object, as respects resembles that of the Hindoos, although in the ill blindmaanss-buff. N.E. of the emnpire the Chinese costume is adopted. 2I butrn oot. To bIurn till thee fuel is exhausted. Chewing betel is common, and smoking universal, eveen Bulmrn, n. A hurt, injury, or nmark caused by burning. with children. Slavery, and especially the selling of — The operation of burning in relation to brick-ntaking;. ms-a- women, is general; polygamy is allowed; marriage, as, bricks of a good burn. / ~~~~- -. ~~~thiough a mere civil contract, is universally respected, (Aled.) No species of accident is more painful to wit5 s-5a-c and the sovereign hinoself has no right to seize for his ness, or more serious in its consequences, than burns, harem a nmarried woman. Divorces are exceedingly especially when the result of the clothes catching fire; common. Boxing, cock-fighting, foot-ball, chess, and for they not only cause immediate and terrible agony, dancing, are samong the chief recreations of the people. but produce meost serious local injuries afterwards, often They are good minic cs, fond of acting and music, and inmpairing ail the enjoyments of life, and too often their drama is by far the best among the Indo-Chi- proving hatal on the spot. So thoroughly is the mind nese nations. —Chie towns. Mandalay (the capital), paralyzed by the instant terror, that no previous teachAve Martaban, Bhamo, Prome, &c. Pop. Estimated at ing, no experience, is of any avail to tile victim, who, Rig. 452. —a nurMsae civeL orrIcca.- 4,000,000. tist. Thie earliest records of B. go back to losing all presence of nmind, rushes wildly into the ailr, the year li. c. 543. The first monarclhs are said to have creating ant extra draught by the flight, and doubling fering in language and manners, are of the physical comes from Behar, in Ilindostan, and fixed the seatt of the danger by its fanning power. Till female gartype common to all those situated between India and govt. at Prome, where it continued for 366 years. In ments are made of less inflammable material, there China, resembling most, however, the Mialays. They are the 18th cent., the Burmese became the most powerful seems no way by which the present firightful sum of generally well-featured, robust, and active; more lively nation of the t. peninsula of Asia. Ava had been gov- annual deaths by burning might be reduced, thie foolthan their Bengalee neighbors, thieving, lying, deceitful, erned by the Iing of Pegu fobr some time previous to ish fashion of crinoline having fearfully added to the servile, and proud, but at the samoe time courteous, be- 1753, when Alonmpra, the founder of the present dynasty, yearly list of mortality through such accidents. As it nevolent, and religious. -Agric. Farming is on a very expelled the Peguans, and in 1706 conquered their seems hopeless to impress on the mind of the persons in rude and limited scale; rice, millet, sad maize being country. The Shan country was conquered by his son in flames the observance of any code of rules, (the fright the produce generally raised; cotton, of good texture, 1768; Ccssay, in 1774; Aracan, in 1783; in 1790, the making them for the time delirious,) it should be fismilbut short staple, is extensively cultivated. Oxen are Ten asseriun provinces were taken from the Siamese; and larly known to all, what steps to adopt in case they are used only for draught. Thc Bnrue:en horse is stirong asd Assent rwas conquered in 1823. Hostilities were then suddenly called on to render assistance to man or cwoman active, and used only for the scaddle. The eleph nt is commencced agaienst British India, ancd ita wvar followced, in icn such an extremity, though, anfortunately, the cases domesticated and used tor draiug-ht purposes. -Manf. which the Burnmese were defeated, and a treaty of peace are seven to three of women over men. The moment a Manufactures sere in the most ceLde snd bt:ckward state; was si-ned in 1826, by which the provs. of Aracan, Y6, person is seen in flames, the by-standers should instantly bells, cutlery, and mnatchlocklis, lcqteered cware, coarse Tevoy, Mergul, and Martaban, were ceded to the British, pull her or push her to the ground, whether in a room cottons, &c., form the principal erticles. —Cm. The prin- together with $5,000,000 to defray the war-expenses, and or the street, as the fire on that part of' the person on cipal foreign trade is wietl China, and its chief seat the the king of Avrc ceased to have dominion ovccr Assam, cvhich they lie will be thereby, in part at least, extintown of Bhamo; whither the Chinese caravans come, anI Cassay, an other Iproves. Another war between B. and guished: the rug, the carpet, the table-cover, whamtever meet the Burmuese and Molhaummedaef ustrchlsnts-; aced, the English broke iout in 1851, when the latter stormeed maoterial is at hand, nmust be snatched upp- no miatter from Dec. to April, this town presentcs a move a'niumated Martaban acndE Roangoon, captured Pegn and Promo, and at what risk of damage — and flung on the bIody, being scene of active industry, and a greater variety of peopl.s, annexed Pegu to thle British dominions. Peace was at the samme tie tightly pressed down, so as to suffocate than is, perhaps, to be found at any other actirein Asia. fhee declared, 20th June, 1853. the nflames. To a man, the first idea'will be to takle off total antnual value of the trade with China is variously Bss'ulaarsasaimenw, BURMANNIrADS, (bur-manlni-aitse-e,) his coat, and, if a large one, hardly anything better could estimated at fron o;oo000,00 to $1,500,000C. — tc-uucg. cn. pi. (B9t.) An order of plants, order Orchidales. DeAn. be obtained; bult still hoe must not attempt to stifle tie There is no coined mnoney in B., excepting scome of very Reguilar flowers and f'eeperyginous stamens. They are fire by wrapping it round the victim as she stands; she base qccuelity, and of lead, strucc tt Anearcapoirai; gold and herbaceous plcseets, vitlhout true leaves, and wvith tuefted noust be forced lowe; for while site believes he is consilver ingots, of a fical wright, and varioucs decrees of radicle ones. Flowers heermecaphrodite, regular: perhtnth quering tile flances aboe. the deadly enemy may be, purity, form the rest of the cuerrency. Gold iesveluced at tetubular, reg'ulcr, superior, usually wcith 6 divisions; unseen, destroying the suffeere belocw. If water is at about 17 times the worth of'silvera ticccl of which latter, stamens inserted into the tube of the calyx, 3 or 6, dis- hbad, a pail suddenly dlshecd over the iperson neiglht exnearly pure, is worthe 80 cents. —Gova. nc lereditary and tincet: ovary inferior, 1-celled, with three parietcal iheecen- tinguish the fire, and act beneficially; but before such absoluts despotism ih the miuling foerm of governement, tas; seeds numeerosus, very nminute; embryo scclih. This a volume could bh obtained floom a top the victimc wvould the emperor beiig "lord of life and liemue " over his sult- order includes 10 generci and 38 species, natives of the be past the beecefli of aid. Independent of' the fatal jects, cwho style him "golden." They approach him tropical parts of Asiat, Africa, and America, Buormaosia consequence s arising fi'om the ignition of the clothes and with their hands joined above their heads, and evoen make being found as dccr morth as Virginia. The species have from the violent shsock convseyed to thee nervous system, obeisaunce to thee palace walls, before whicheall linest dis- no important peroperties. all burns over the Sead, chest, thesoat, and bousels are commount and take off their shoes. Thee wclole eatioe is di- Bssrsn'-asiaigsa'l{1, -or Beaa-MAta0oD,,n. (Bet.) See sidered mortal, therough tile inflamnmation certain to vided into the royal family, nobles, and commnonoalty, BneoNS. ensue, by the poeverful stnimeuhls applied to ilte parts and none dare assume the dress of a superior grade. The Bur tmeister, Hca.rx~, a German naturalist, a. in covering thee vital or gans. Before proceeding to the Btrrmese have no further distinctions of caste, as in Strblsund, 1807, and studied at Greifswald e and Halle, treatment of burns, there are three points wcich cannot BURN BtURiN BURN 399 be too firmly fixed on the mind of those who undertake Of hiis own paintings, the best-known engraving is that recognized as the worthy successor of Silvestre de Sacy. the care of the sufferer. First, never to expose the of Greenwich Pensioners's receiving News of trhe Battle D. 1852. burnt part to the air. Secondly, as quickly as possible of TIafalgar. lie has written several works on art, B]urrnis, ROBERT, the national poet of Scotland, B. in to cover it firom all contact with the atmosphere, 1or the illustrated by drawings and engravings of his own, the Ayrshire, in 1759. His father, a small farmer, was able cold air coming in contact with the inflamed part is tihe most imnportanit of which is a Practical Treatise on to afford his son but a scanty education, and B.'s adolessource of all the suffering. Thirdly, tihe blisters raised'Painting. ItIe is also the author of Bensbrandt and his cent years were passed in working at the plough, and, are not to be cut or broken, and burnt clothes never re- lVosrlks, 4to, 1849; and, in conjunction with Mr. Peter in his spare hours, writing scraps of verse. Ie enlivened moved from the flesh to which they adhere. — Treatlesl. Cunninghau, of the LiJe and aIs/ks of J. 211. W. Tur1les, his dull, prosaic mode of life, however, by occasional fits Sheets of wadding, the wool next the skin, are as quickly 4to, 1852. In 1860, he received a pension on the recomu of tippling and love-mraking. His innate spirit of poetry, as possible to be placed over the burnt parts, or fblded nimendation of Lord Painmerston. fostered by a perusal of tihe writings of Pope, soon deround tihe arms and legs, removing everything firom the tlBur'anet, T1~MrAS, B. at Croft, in Yorkshire, 1635; chief- veloped itself into active and powerful life. his Poers body but such fragments as adhere to the lskin. This ly known friom iris Theory oJ the Earth,, published in appeared in 1786, and mrade himii at once faumous,-the operation cannot be perfirumed too quickly, so as to ex- 168U-1689. It is an ingenious speculation, written in Cotter's Saturday lVight alone being sufficient to stamp elude the cold air, a second coating of the wadding ignorance of the facts of the earth's structure, and is him a poet of the truest and best class. In 1786, B. tbeing in the same way laid over and round the first, so therefore a nmere system of cosmusgony, and not geology. went to Edinburgh, where lie was received with the utas to exclude all access of air to the parts. Ift' an abun- But it abounds in sublime and poetical conceptions most distinction by the literati of tire "Modern Athens." dance of soft wool is at hand, it may be substituted, the and descriptions, conveyed in language of extraordinary There is no need that we should here enter upon tihe same prec;utions being adopted to protect all parts eloquence, and called lbrth the highest applause at that story of the too well-known wealirness of this gifted equtally froam the air. This must be done at the time time. I). 1715. mn; suffice it, that, in 1788, hlie married Jean Armour, while a person rushes for a doctor. - For trivial burns Bur'net' in Missouri, a villrage of Dallas co., on Nian- the "Bonny Jean" of some of his earlier poemis, with on the hands, arnms, and face, apply lint soaked in gua River. whom he had previously fornmed a connection. The pubthe extract of lead, over which lay a piece of wadding, Btur'lnet, in Texas, a central county, with an area of lic success of his works enabled B. to purchase a farm, and secure the whole withi a bandage; or the wadding about 950 sq. m. Tlihe Colorado River intersects it, and and also to assist, in a pecuniary manner, Iris father and may be used alone, so tha;t the pa;rt is not uncovered till is, also, its W. boundary. Sunrface. Hilly. Soil. Tolerably brothers. But the irian's generosity of disposition, and the burn is healed. - See SeCLD. fertile. Poe. abtout 3,000. addiction to good-fellowship and tihe "flowilag bowl," BBurn, n. [See BaUN anti BounN.] A smniall river; a brook; -A post-office of tile above co. soon made serious inroads upon his means. In 1791, he a stream. (Used in Scotland.) Bur'net-saxitra'e, n. (Bet.) See PIMPINErLLA. was, through the patronage of powerful friends, apBurn/'able, a. That mnay be burnt; combustible. e 11Bsr'elltt, JAMrs. See MseONBoUDO, (LORD.) pointed an officer of' excise, and went to reside at DumBurln'er, n. One who burns something. - Thei part of a Bnurr'nett, in Cfaluforia, a post-office of Santa Clara co. fries. Here his unconquerable habits of intoxication lamp that holds the wick. tBur'nett, in Iisconusin. ait N. W. county on the border again got the mastery over him, domestic afflictions (Gas Fixtures.) The jet-piece at wvhicsl comlunstion of Minnesota; s reie about 1,100 sq. in. It is watered by added their share to the dranra of a sad life, and he died takes place. Carburetted hydrogen of the specific gravity the St. Croix, Naeruktbaann, Yellow, and Shell rivers. in poverty and sorrow, in his 37th year, July 18,1796. - ~-390 (which is about thie density of gas' when arrived at Seuuritce, tndurttilng anud wooded. Soil, fertile. Cap. the point where it has to be burnt) requires two vol runes Gordon. Poa9. about 350. of pure oxygen for its complete combustionr and con- -A post-village and townshiip of Dodge co., 55 us. N.W. version into carbonic acid and witer. Atioslpheric air of Milwaukee. Iop. about 1250. contains, in its pure strite, 20 per cent. of oxygen (in Bultlr'nett's Ct'reek, in lndiara, emptying into tihe populous cities less; but 20 per cent. iuy hbe takuen us e Wabashl, 4 um. troin Lafayette. feir average); a cubic foot of carburetted Ihydrogen, -A post-office of White co. then, requires for its proper comnibustion 10cubl.ic lest of' Bur'net Sntaitin, in Wisconsin, a post-village of air; if less be admitted oni to the flaime, s qnuntity of Dodge co., 25 m. 6.S.W. of qoud-du-Las, and 22 N. of free carbon will escape (fromn its not findina a proper vol Wat.ertown. umne of oxygen for conversion into carbonic acid), and Bir'mnettsville, in Miaryland, a P. 0. of Somerset co. be deposited in the form of dense black siroke. Wbrhen Bt I'sey, CanARs0, ro.n.s., anr eminent English musical the flame from an Argand burner is turned np hligh, tihe comnposer, B. 1726. In 1776 hie published his General air which rushes through tile interior ring beconmes de- History of Alusic, a masterpiece of profound learning composed before it can reach the air on the top of tire and critidal acumen. In 1784 appeared froim his pen flame, whlich consepruently burns in one undivided mass, tlie Life of Handel, which stili hiolds its place in Engthe gas being in part nnconsurned, tihe prodlucts uncon- lirh stalldurd biography; and in 1196, the Life and Letverted, and carbon deposited altundantly. If an excess ter's of' Metastasio. Hiis rmerits as a composer are over- of air is admlitted, it would appear at first to be of no sh:adowecl ty his huanors of eauthorhii. B. was tie fn- consequence, but it will be found that tile quRantity of tiler of tile celebrauted Madarne D'Arblay, ried D. in 1814. nitrogen accmp:utnying this excess has a te ndeny to B-eari'tey, FRANcEs. See D'AnerBAY, (3IADAME.) extinguish tihe flirus. while it tares no mirt in the elec- Bleas'iney's 11 Vi s, inr Arths Car-linuc, a post-office of five affinity constantly going on between the several tRandolph co. elenmentary g;ass, viz., hydrogen, oxyg-en rod the B urtet~'lhisun, in Mtaine, a post-villuge and township of vapor of carbon; ind aliso that the qucantity of atnios- Waldo co., our tie Sebasticook Itiver, 30 m. N.E. of Anpheric air passing through the finle uncihanged, tendsl gesuc; p)op. about 1,100 to reduce the temperature below thait necessary for igni- u/Bsrnicre n. Tir act of burning, or the state of tion, rand therefore to dinrrinish tihe quantity of light. being consunedbl ty fire. - State of iufimrnun.tion. For the proper combusti onu of the gas, neither more nor -a. SMiucih heated; very ]lot; ardent; fiery; scorching; less air than the exact quantity rmquired for tihe forrce- as, tile bueuriung leeurte of'u Arica. tion of carbonic acid and vwater can be adrintted through -Flagrant; powerful; vehenment; as, a burniug shame. 44 OBRT URN Z, 1Yg~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3~. 454.- ~ROBERT BURNS. the flame without being injurious. It is not possible "Like a young hound upon B burning scent." - Dryden. practically to regalate the supply of air to such a nicety;. (Bt.) eEunrs. The history of literature scarcely affords another in-,Bu.nliiag..butsh, n. (B(Jt.) See EuoN~i~us. it is preferred, thurefore, to drrururish tie cqumtity of ~IB~rsn'aing —g-lass, B.srn'ing — ni.rror,n. (Oyptics.) stance of a popularity either so sudden or so complete light by having a slight excess of air rather ethan to pro- A las ih collects the y f the s, roducing that obtained by tihe poetry of B. Even in his own 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~A glass which collects the rays of the sun, producing?~tmadide lotimdaeyatrhsgnu duce smnoke by a deficiency, the fobrnmer being unques- t heat. lifetime, and iudeed almost inmediately after hi genius C, an intense heat. tionably the least evil. irirP..f r-hnia, u. (Mining.) Tie furnace in first burst into public notice, hris name and his poems ur'nersvillles, in virP.irini, P.. of Brbour co. ere tfnmiliar to all ranks of his countrymen. Nor did which tin ores are calcined to tublimeo the sulphur froin -Burntes, Sia ALEXDxMslc an English explorer, B. 1805. sulme e sp r the enthusiasm for his poetry die away with the generapyrites; the lattier b~eing thlus decomlposed, a~re. Inoro He, early in life, went to Inudia, and after his arrival vol- readily related ry wbeingt tion among whom it was first kindled. His works are unteered to explore the N.t. fsaontier of therst country Burnips Corners, ill Mic/igan, a post-office of still everywhere a cottage-book in his own land, and anend descend e Inus to the sea. ile afterwards tr.a- r ts rv T they are read wherever the English language is undere~~~ed to C~~~~~~tbu ~Al,:n vrtegaindo os ~Hon 1" co. ~elled to Cabul, and oertltohon-B iish, v an. [r. brunir, ftrosn Khon, vow.. T stood. No poetry was ever better fitted to obtain extendoss~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F. Bkbror, andoBokhar, ridcemsblrown.] Pesi dooz, Balkh, and Bokhnara, ianed thence through Persi ml brown o of fl -olor, as ra; to i. sive popularity than that of B. It has little of either m iake brownl or of Itlaie-color, as brass; to polish. to Bushire. The information he had thus collected was grandeur or richness of imagination, but it is all heart of inestimraable value to his goverunaet. In 1839, B. was "The shadow'd livery of the burnisl'd sun." - Seeaks. and passion, and every human bosom capable of feeling appointed commnercius resident at C;ubul for tile Eughlis1 -To makle smooth, bright, glossy, or resplendent. strongly must be stirred by its fire and tenderness. govt., and on Nov. 3, 1611, was minurdered by a-e Afghan "I've seen a snake in hunian form.... Nothing can be more masterly - more demronstrative mob. B. was the author of Travels iun B;iuharsa. Burnis, and moake a gaudy show, both bfl' high slill anrd of general elevation of mind - Bur'saet, n. (Bat.) See SANGuISoRBk Beosoe ageenralr peer, aed beau." - Swif. than the marnner in which lie triumphs over the disad — Bur'net, GILBreRT, bishLop of Saisbury, B. at Edinburgh, -v. i. To grow bright or glossy. vantages of a dialect so rnuchl vulgarized as that of Scot1613. Ir 1664 he went to Holland, where lie setudiedi "The slender poet must have time.to grow, land had come to be at the time when he wrote. Familthe Hebrew language, and on his retaurnr was ordained And spread and burnish as his brothers do." -Dryden. iar as his subjects generally mre,and bold and expressive and presented to the living of Saltoun. lie subse- — n. Gloss; brightness; lustre. as his diction constantly is, we will venture to say that quently became bishop of Salisbury, and is known cs Baur'nisher, n. I-e, or that which, burnishes. — A there is not one instance of real vulgarity in all that he principally by his History of the Ri/brmaution, and by tool used for smoothing and polislhing a rough surfice. has written. Of mere license and indecorum there is that of His oonu Times. He was interredoc in the church Agates, polishlecd steel, ivory, &c. are used for burnishing. certainly no want in somne of his productions; but eveni of St. James, Clerkenawell. Besides the above, he pub- Bur'nislihng-, n. The act of polishing, or giving a in his broadest hunior, in hiis most unpardonable violalished an excellent treattise on Pastoral Care, andi sev- gloss. tions of moral propriety, in the rudest riot of his meroral Sermons. The Hiastory qf his oora Times appeared Burl'ley, a flourishing manufacturing town of Eng- rimnent and satire, there is never anything that is mentan in 1721, and is very entertaining, though tar from being land, co. Lancaster, 180 m. N.W. by N. of Londonm, and or grovelling, anything tlihat offends our sense of whut imipartial. The bishop possessed many virtues, althoughI 21 N. of Manchester. Afana. Cottons, iron nd ibra ses is noble and elevated. Some of tihe most inlmoral of somewhat valn and credulous. D. 1715. founding, machine-mnaking, a ngrd tanning. Great coal- his pieces are distinguished by a studied propriety of I~~~~~~~~~~~ Bur'nset, JacoB, one of thie founders of Cincinnati. n. at fields surround the town. Pop. 33,r270. expression springing froin the finest taste and most delNewark, 1770. Admitted to the bar in 179'/., he removed Bes' noose, Bir'naos, it. See BoUoiNovs. icate smusibility to the beantifiui. —In 1859, the centeto Cincinnati, then a village with about 50.) inhabitant s, Bt'rlanouf, EUaEN, a French orientalist, B. at Paris. nery of the birth of B. was celelbrated sith enthusiasml and was a member of the territorial governut:emut frorn IS/1i, cwho, after entering on the sturdy of h1w, ebetook in every country where the Enelish language is spoken; 1793 till the establishmuent of a State govurnmenruuet ih himiuroel f to the Oriental halmsuags,e especially those of and mnowhere moire entluuusiasticaly thrn in tmie U. States. 1803. In i821 he was- appointed juoge of the supreme Indi~ anmid Persia. In 1834, he putnlisheul the first volume ]i.'s two sons, Colonmel B. and Major B., of the Britishr count of Ohio, and was elected UI. S. seunater ihn 1S2S. 1/. of Iris Co6'seunentaioes suro se Yatna l'uas drs Licrees L-tur- army, mine still living. was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences giques des Pe-ses, as wor k which, lair thie first time, inen- Burns, in ]llinonis, a post-office of HIenry co., 55 m. N.W. upon the recommendation of Latfyette, and published in dered possible a knowsledge, not only of the dogmas, of Peoria. 1847 a vol. of Flutes oe the NVorth- Western Tr'ritosuiss. One but hlsor of the lan'uage of Zoroaster. Ii 18-10, Ie pub- B unrsns, in Michigan, a post-township of Shiaswassos ca.; of the principal hotels of Cincinnati is called after him lished the text along with a translation of the Bhrga- pop. about 1,280. the Bernet House. D. 1853. vat-Pao-/uua, a system ru of Indian mytholugey end tfundi- B~a'n~, in feus YoTort, m post-toavnship of Alleghany co., Bsrtounet;, Joaa, an engraver, painter, and-uart-critic, B. tion. As the fituit of his stody of the Ssmnslkrit boohrs 50 m. S. huy W. of Rochester; pap. about 1,270. near Edinburgh, 1784. He weas first brought under the of the Buddhists, appeared, in 1845, the 2/utuoeductiots d s'aB,as, in Wricsoosiu, a post-village and township of La notice of the public through his engravings of Wilkie's t'Histoisre du B/oaud/nisone. This g'eat wseak ebsorbed Cross co., 15 m. N.E. of La Crosse; pop. about 630.' woras, which he executed in a most admirable manner, during six years the whole energies of B., who was noe lBurnstdee, ihn Connect/c i, a post-otfic of Hartford co. 400 BURR BURR BURT Blurn'side, in Illinois, a post-village of IlHancock co. force before Boston, volunteered for the expedition (Mining.) The heap of attle, deads,or earth (voidofore), Btcrni'side, in Indiana, a post-villige of Clinton co. against Canada, where he distinguished himself, was which are raised out of a mine, and commonly lie 1~Burn'si(de, in Michigano, a post-township of Lapeer co., raised to the rank of umajor, and invited to join the around the shafts; any heap or hillock of deeds orwaste. 65 is. N. of Detroit. faminly of Geo. Washington. Some event soon occurred, — v. n. [A. S. beorgan, to protect, to shelter, to fortify.] lBur'd'sioe, in Minnesota, a township of Goodhue co., the precise character t' which is not vell knovn, which To excavate a hole underground; to lodge in any deep 6 s. fr'oi Rted Wing, oil the Missssipsi pi River. comspelled B. to leave l headquarters, and produced on the or concealed place. Beel-'x'sidLte, in New Jork, a post-village of Orange co. smind of' Washingtnon an imlpressio n against him, wh ich B eirW'/orev.o-dclc n. (Zoi;.) The Assas tadonea, an iritea'side, in P'cenns!ylvania, a post-village and town- wass never removed. In 1779 B. resigned his commis- aquatic bird; iiamsed also Shell-drake. shipi of Clearfield co., 30 m. N.W. of Altoona, and 75 sion; lie was admsitted to the bar at Albany in 1782, ugrtar,'rowin,a p. a. Lodging in a burrow. E.N.E. of Pittsburg; gJ9)O. about 1.300. nud married the sainme ear Mrs. Prevost, the widow of B erl'iows, in Itdiana,, a post-office of Carroll co. -A township of Centre co.; pop. about 520. a British officer. In 1789 he wa s appointed attorney- ]Burr's Itii as, in Niew Yocr/k, a vill. of Jefferson co. Bnrn'siIe, in WVisconsian, a post-village of Buffalo co. general of New York, and U. States senator in 179t. s 1ar s'villte, in Mcarirndl, a vill. of Caroline co. Bgran'silde, AMenosE ELVEeiTT, moejor-general in the U. In 1800, being then one of the leaders of the republican ]Burr''v lte, ite Connecticut, a vill. of Litchifield co. States -risy,'. 1821, at Liberty, Union co., Indiana, firon party, hle was elected vice-president. His conniection Bur"ry, a. Covered with hooked stiff hairs, like the which Staete he was appointedl a cadet to West Point witli the relpublicans was soon dissolved, and in 1804 hle heads of bur or lburdock. Academy in 1813, and 2d lieutenant of the 3d Artillery, was nominated for governor of New Yorki by the Feder- B rsa',' in Asia Mlinor. See BRUSA. 1817. Ii 1851 he was appointed to a Ist lieutenancy, alists, but some of the leading mecn of that party re- I ua"'sme l1aeo'c,, nt.. [Lat., nmucus-lbags.] (Aeet.) but resigned his connection with the rceguSlar service in fused to support him, anid the bitter contest which ter- Small emeebranous sacs, situated about thie joints of 1853, and acted as treasurer of the Illinois Central minieted in Iis defeat led to a duel between B. and Col. tihe bones, and containing ca kIind of mucous fat, which Railwasy, the sae line of whicl-h Gen. McClellan was pres- Ilarhilton, in ewhich the latter was killed. Ic 1805 ihe serves to lubricate the joints, in osrder to render their ident. This position hie hel atl thie ibreaking out of the made a journey to the South-west; and on being sus- nmotion easy. They are of different sizes and firemness. Civil War. The "call" of tihe President tor troops to pcteld of organizing an expedition to. invade Mexico, ]Buraan'sog'y, n. (Anat.) A treatise on, or description defendl the capital bcrought B. frolt his private phosition, eitlh the project of establishing there an empire whlich of; the burste umncos. and at the head of tice Ist regiment of Rhiode Island should enmbrace some of thel S.I. States, he was ar- Btr'ssar, n. [Fr. boesrsier, firom bourse. See BURSE.] A volunteers, a corps of 1,300 men, hle smade huis way to the rested and taken to Richsmond for trial, upon ace indict- treasurer or cashl-keeper of a college or convent. - A capit;a, April 27, 1568. WheneI tlie aruny of N.E. Virginia mient foir treason. lIe was acquitted, Sept., 1807, and student in a Scottish university maintained either in was org-nizsied ucnder Gen. McDowell, Col. B. was ap- went to Europe in 1808. iHe returned to America in whole, or in part, by funds derived eirom endowments. pointed commen deer of tihe 2d 1brigade of thie 2d division, 1812, uand resnmced in New Yorkl his profession at the bar, Bu'sa'ry, u. Allowance paid to a bursar or student; and on tihe return home of hiss regimuent, Aug., 1861, but without rcegaining his lbormer influence. Hle. 1836, an exhil.ition to a college. was commcissioned as briga-diaer- uecrali of voluteelrs. leaving no children, hisu only easegster, Theodoshc Ails- Ecuseh or Far Icle, (boorsh.) [Ger.] A student at a After talcing part iu various operations in the war, lie ton, having been lost at sea, Jan., 1813. lIis principles uneiversity in cGierinis. wocs, Nov. 5, 13%12, appointed to succeed Gen. McClellan were very loose, but his manners and presence wvere so -'coels l!afletcf (bos'o/hen-sOla.ft.) (Hist.) The in coemm:eed of the army o tIhe Potonmac. After a rapid very attractive, and he mainly owed his political iicflu- nmice of n assusoclation of tihe students in Germany, march u1pon Fretderiockseug, i hae i csice a raish attemspt to ence to his skiill in enlisting the good-will and syms- fiormed in 1815, aned which ihad for its object tice politistorm the heights, and was ideteBted wcith tetrricole loss in pathy of those. with whom lie came in contact. eIl regeneration of' GeIst cany. the following month. HIe was relieved, ac t his own re- Boasra-'' aevillte, icn Massachusetts, a post-rill. of Wor- ]B uase, n. [Fr. bourse; Lat. busrsa, fIom Gr. byrsa, aeshin, quest, of the conmmand of that ariy in J.nanry, 1863, cester co. a hide.] An Exchange ibr money or nmercantile transwas employed in lthe nmovemeentsl arounsd Chalttanooga, icn Eur'e~a -maDiseo, su. (Susrs.) A utensil for holding cor- actions. See Bounsc,. -A find, or foundation, for tilhe conjunction with Gen. Rosecrans, was transfrroedl to the roesive sbstancers. maintenance of poor scholars in thie French universities. West, and on the re-opening of tihe cenpaign in Virginia, MBar e-r'eet, as. (Bet.) See SxeoCx~Aeoa. Bliua'seac, nu. (Bot.) A genus of plants, order Aenp/riin the spring of 1864, commn anded a corps of reserve in Ba.a"'ae, n. A sort of pear, called also reed butter-pear, daceae. The species B. guenssic-ra end acucoinata yield G-en. Grant's army, having a large force of negro troops which has a delicious soft pulp. - P/illips. fragrant resinous substlances; that from the former beunder him. TIhe aid of that corps was required at the B-turr l-e]ly, n. (Zoijl.) The GAD-FLY, c. v. ing termned Clsibou, or Cach/ibou resin, and that fron- the sanguingary contest of the Wilderness, and its services Ecarrlell, in Pensoy.yvania, a township of Armstrong latter, resin of Ctraena. wveres chiefly relied upon to secure the advantange that co.; pop. about 1.550. Bgaa'.'lean, a town of England, in the Potteries district Gen. Grant hoped to gain through springing a mine -A post-towns hip of NWestmsoreland co. of Staffordshire, 3 m. N.W. of Newcastle-under-Lyme, near Petersburg. Owing, however, to some "blunder," i Errn ita'cna, a town of Spain, 8 nm. S. of Castellan-de-la- 19 m. N. of Stafford, and 161 N.W. of London. This is the attacc failed, and the Union army was repulsed with Plane, on the Rio Seco, about 1 m. from its mouth in the one of the principal places engaged in the earthenwoar great slaughter. An inquiry as to thle cause of this Mediterranean; pop. 6,769. mnanufcture. Pop. 25,097. failure ensued, and led to B. being superseded in his EBur'rill, in Iowa, a township of DeCatur co.; pop. abt. Bar'sonv-Ile, in P nnsyvan/e, a P. 0. of Bucls co. commanad. 670. Buaret, v. n. (Imp. and pp. BURST.) [A. S. berstan, byrstan, B]urns' Station, in Tennessee, a viii. of Dickson co. BEr'a'illville, in Rhode Island, a post-township of burstan; Dut. and Gelr. bersten.]J To break in pieces; to Baurns'ville, in Alabama, a viii. of Dallas cc. Providence cc.,20s-. N.W.ofProvidence. Ithasfloor- start or break open. Baurnsville, in Illinois, a village of McDonough co., ishing cotton and other nmanufactures. Pop. abt. 5,200. "It is ready to burst like new bottles." —Jtob. 90 in. N.W. of Springfield. Baarriselioole', a parish of Ireland, co. Mayo. -To fly asunder; to rush, or gush, forth. Elrlneville, in Indiana, a post-village of Bartholomew Ecu"'r isl, ALEXANDER M., jurist, n. in New York, about "Yes, I asm thankful; if hay heart were great, co., 11 m. E. by S. of Columbus. 1807, received his education at Columebia College, where'T would burst at this." — Shaks. BErnsville, in Msinnesola, a township of Dakotsh co.; he graduated in 1824; was admitted in 1828 to the bar -To break away; to break forth. pop. about 280. in the State of N. Y., and practised with much success. "eou btrt, ah creel I cros my eras. - Ppe. Burnsville, in Mississippi, a vill. of Tishemingo co. In 1840 he published a treatise on the Practice of Bnrnsville, in North Carolina, a village, and cap. of the Supsre-ie Court of the State of New -or. HIis best -T ome suddenly, or ith olene. Yancey co., on the Nolichucky Rtiver, 250 m. W. of Ra- work, A Law Dictionary and Glossary, which did not' Young spring protrudes the tuscting gems." - Thontsos. leigh; pop. abt. 250. appear till 1850, is recognized as an authority by all U. -To begin an action violently or suddenly; to rupture. Bula'snt, imp. and pp. of BUrNe, q. v. States jurists. In 1853, Mr. B.published his Treatise on "She btarst into tears, and wrung her hands." -Arbuthinot. EBuraSt Cabinrs, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of the Law and PPractice qof Voluntary Assigncments fos- the -v. a. To break by force or violence; to rend; to open Fulton co. Benefit of Creditors, and, in 1856, his Treatise ot Cs'cus- suddenly. Buarnt Carmine, n. (Paint.) The carmine of cochi- stantiel Evidesce. -n. A sudden breaking forth; a violent disruption; a neal partially charred till it resembles in color the pur- E.aurritit, ErLau, an American linguist, a. in New Bri- sudden explosion; a rupture. pie of gold, tfor the uses of which in miniature and water- tain, Connecticut, 1811. His fither was a village shoe — p.a. Opened or sent acsueder by violence. — Diseased color paenting it excels. malker, and himself a blacksmitlh; but he ehad a great. with a rupture or hernia. llBurnt Corn, in Alabama, a post-village of Monroe co. facility, however, in the acquiremnent of languages, and Batarst'ea, n. One who bursts. Burant-ear, n. See UoEDo. while serving his apprenticeship at his tr' de, he labored B a't'rswou', n. (Bot.) See tasRNIAnRA. B]uarnt EFort, in Georgia, a villageeof Camden co., on at self-instruction, and made considerable progress in BaEurt, n. [See BoRT and BIET-.] A species of turbot. the Santilla River. the Latin and French languages. When his term ofl ap- Johnson. Burnt HIills, in New York, a vill. of Saratoga co. prenticeship had expired, he hadl six months' education Eura't, or BRTr, a parish of Ireland, co. Donegal. Eanrni~island, (burnt-t'land,) a seaport town of Scot- at the school of his brother, where he made further ad- Btaa'$, in Nebraska, an E.N.E. county, on the confines of cland, in Fifeshire, on the Frith of'orth, 6 mn. N. of vancement in tlhese languages, and also gained sone Iowa, and bounded on the E. by the Missouri River. Granton. It has a good harbor, and is smuch resorted to knowledge of mathematics. On returning to his tradec, Area. About 500 sq. m. Drained by Logan's Creek. Surfor sea-bathing. Pop. abt. 4,000. he assiduously pursued lhis studies, and made him- facet. Uneven. Soil. Fertile, with a substratum of limeBi raaul-oTI'eriaug, n. (Script.) See SAclrscE. self acquainted with the Itebrew, Greek, Syriac, Spanish, stone. Pop. about 600. Eani:~t Ordinary, in Virginia, a post-office of James Bohsemucian, Polish, and Danish languages. In 1842 he B]aar'tleasn, n. and v. a. See BuvDEN. City co. translalted some of the Icelandic Sagas, and contributed Baua"on, JOHN H4ILT, an English historian and biograEcraraat Pr'air'ie, in Ilinois, a vill. of White co. to the'Amnerican Eclectic Review" translations froom pher, a. at Aberdeen, 1809. His best work is the ITiseBuart Itaecsh, in California, a village of Triniity co., the Saeslaritan, Arabic, and Ilebrew. In 1843 he comn- tory of Scotland, fros, tihe ef ariest Peeriod to the Revolu35 in. W. of Weaverville. menced tihe stdy of the Piersian, Turkish, and Ethiopic tio/ of 1688. BUrnt Sienna Eartth, n. (Paint.) The Tierra di languages, and in the following year started a news- B]ua'ton, RomER, an English divine and writer, a. at Sienna burnt, which is of an orange-russet color. paper called "The Christian Citizen." Since then he Lindley, Leicestershire, 1576. His Anatosmy of MelanEurant Umaber, n. (Paint.) A pigment obtained from has edited several journals, cod lectured throughout choly consists mainly of an extraordinary mass of quoa fossil substance, which when burnt assumes a deeper Europe and Acmerica, endeavoring to form a "League tations from old and obscure writers, strung on a thread and more russet hue; it contains manganese and iron, of Universal Brotherhood," and establish an ocean penny of rambling reflection; often tiresomely pedantic, but and is very drying in oil, in which it is employed as a postage. He has also producedseveral works advocating relieved by quaint touches of humonr and feeling. Dr. dryer. It is a fine warnm brown, and a good working these schenies, and others of a kindred nature. Johnson said it was the only book that ever took him strong color, of great use for tihe hair of the human Eur"'ritt, in Illinois, a post-township of Winnebago co., out of bed two hours lefore Ihis usual time. It supplied head, and mixes finely with the wariln shades. 10 m. N.W. of Riocktford; pop. abt. 1,300. Sterne with much of his wit, and Byron declares " it is Burnt Verdigris, n. (Paint.) An olive-colored Ba'rritt's Raapia I, in Upper Canada, a post-village the most anmusing and instructive mnedley of quotations oxide of copper deprived of acid. It dries well in oil, of Grenville co., on the Rideau Canal, 73 m. N.E. of and classical anecdotes hlie ever perused." D. 1640. is snore durable, and in other respects an imnproved and KIingston; pop. about 420. sa'$rtoaa, in Illinois, a township of McEtenry co.; pop. more eligible pigment th-e in its original state. ]E~nar-naaa'ro-ncaig, cn4. (Bot.) See BIOEucS. a bout 400. Eurut'vilte, in Vsisi,cisa, a P.O. of Bronswick co. ]Burr Ida, in lowse, a post-townsoehsip of Winesicce I post-vilbeus and toevohip of Adams co., 10 m. E. by Eat'row, JUeesa, (Sirs. Pfaunenscheneidt,) a Gremaon criter co., 17 no. N.N.W. of Decorab; pole. 914. S. of Qeuinscy; }eop. about 1,750. of reoineece, n. Feb. 21, 1806. Sue has written, A LZfra's tEuia'n' @45a, in Kiansacs, a towenship of Doniphan co. Bnuaa"tf o, in M/ichigauc, a township of Genesee co.; pop. Dscass., A Doct-r ins c. Little City, Joh/u Keprj, Pictusres pop. about 900. bout 1,550. f-oos Lfe, Ti/e Busrgoaster, &c -c., and tlie ouch ad- Erac'er Oak, inichbigan, a post-township of St. Joseph I.nr'tona, in N~ess York. See Ami.aEGANw. mired wornk, I/ce /,rs cisng and Attenleion of Ch/ildecs. co., 73 m. WX. of Adrian; pojo. about 1,330. Eur'tes%, in Ohio, a post-village and township of Geauga Eaarr, sn. See Bun. Eaarr ala, in TWisconsin, a post-bill. of-La Crose co. co., 30 m. E. by S. of Cleveland; pop. about 1,250. -en.. To pronounce with a burr; to tale or whisper Bear'roela, n. A small weir, or dam, for catching fish. Ea"i$o in I'oost Virginia, c post-office of Wetzel co. hoarsely; to inurnur. W Vebstee. - See Bun. Banr'ow, (tcer's-o,) se. [A.S. beoeh, a hill, defence, csfuge. ] B "tBon-oil rexaa, a town of England, cos. Stafford Bua'o, Ahons, tice third vice-president of the U. States, A hollow place in the earth, made by sneall animals, as and Derby, 22 m. E. of Stafford, and 128 N.N.W. of Lona. uct Newark, New Jersey, 1756. He was but thneesyears rabbits, wiere they lodge for defence, security, or shelter. don. B. is facmsous, all the world over, for its ale. Brewold when his parents died, leaving him a considerable "They will out of their burrows like conies after rain. " ing is conducted here on the niost extensive scale; and estate. At the outbreck of the Revoeution he joined thie Staks. the India Ptoe Ale, made by the great firms of Bass and BUSH BUSS BUTE 401 Allsopp, bears a noted reputation both at home and -A post-village of Pike co., near the mouth of Bushkill formation to Charles de Chambres, Count of Montsoreau, a:jroad, more especially in India, its greatest market. Creel. of an intrigue which B. carried oo with his wife. The ~~P)?)p~~. 15,947. Buaslkill Creek, in Pennsylvania, falls into the secret had been revealed to the king by his brother Bslrl'ton'S Corners, in Illinois, a village of Booneco. Delaware Rliver, near the S. extremity of Pike co. d'Anjou, to whom B. had jestingly written in one of his Bar'tonsville, in New Yorkc, a post-office of Mont- -In Northanmpton co., enters the Delaware at Easton. letters that he "had the game of the mighty master in gonemry co. Bushinan, n. See BosJEss:ANs. his toils." Montsoreau compelled the wretched adulBttrt'seheid, or Bo0CETTE, a town of Rhenish Prussia, Bushi'nnan's, or Bosjesalal's River, in South teress to write a letter withl her own hand, making an and a suburb of Aix-la-Chapelle, celebrated lor its sul- Africa, in the E. part of Cape Colony, empties into the assignation in the Chateau de Constancihres, where the phur springs and baths, with a temperature of 1060 to Indian Ocean, and torims, in its lower course, the W. injured husband awaited B. with a numerous ambuscade 1550; pop. 6,827. boundary of Albany. of armed men, and, in spite ofa most courageous resistBuirt'ville, in Pennsylvania. a post-office of Potter co. B[ushnmills', a town of Ireland, co. Antrim, on the ance, put hinm to death. 1579. -Btmr'fl~ a, or BARUWA, a walled town of Central Africa, Bush, 8 in. N.E. of Coleraine; pop. 855. Busso'ra, in Turkey in Asia. See BAssoaA. on tihe W. bank of Lake Tsad, kingdom of Bornou; Busls'nell, in llinois, a post-township of McDonough Buss'ville, in Illinois, a village of Jefferson co., 12 m. pOp. about 6,000. co., 77 m. N.E. of Quincy; pop. about 800. W. by N. of Mount Vernon. Buar%'ood, in C'alifornia, a post-village of San Joa- Bushnell, in Michigan, a township of Montcalm co.; Bussy, ROGERa DE. See IRABUTiN. quin co., 25 m. S.E. of Stockton. pqp. about 700. Bust, n. [Fr. buste; It. and Sp. busto; L. Lat. bustum, ]Bur'y, v. a. [A. S. byrian, broyan; Du. and Ger. brge.n, Bushnell Centre, in Michigan, a post-office of Mont- allied to uro, ustum, to burn, t lie place where a corpse is to conceal, to hide.] To secrete; to cover; to conceal or calm co. burned and buried. In this place the portrait of the pout into concealisent. - To put into a grave or sepul- -In iVew Yo'rk, a post-office of Monroe co. deceased was placed in bats-relief.] The chest and thorax. chre; to inter; to entomb; to deposit in the earth; to Bushnell's Basin, in Nrew York, a post-village of (Sculp.) The figure of a person in bas-relief (Fig. 74), overwhelm. Monroe co., 217 m. W. by N. of Albany. showing only the head, shoulders, and breast. -n. [A. S. burh, a castle, a town; bur, a cottage.] An Bush'nellsville, in New York, a P.O. of Greene co. Bas/stamnente. See GauERnro. obsolete naine for a dwelling-place; a manor house. It is Bush River, in S. Carolina, a small stream flowing Bus'tamite, n. (Min.) A grayish-redl variety of Rhostill found as a termination to the names of several into Saluda'River, in Newbury district. donite (or native silicate of manganese) occurring in irplaces, as Aldermanburyb, &c. Bush's fills, in W. Virginia, apost-office of Lewis co. regularly disposed Iprismatic crystals. -n. [Fr. beusrri.] A nanme applied to several varieties of Bush's Store, in Kentsc/cy, a post-office of Laurel co. Buls'tard, n. (Zo'l.) See OTIS. delicate pears. Buslh'ville, in Georgia, a post-village of Franklin co., Bus'ter, n. Aniything very large. -A spree. (Vulgar.) Bury, (ber're,) a manufacturing town of England, co. 109 m. N. of Milledgeville. BItuns'ti, in Iowa, a post-office of Howard co. Lancaster, 8 im. N.N.W. of Manchester, and 196 N.N.W. Bush'ville, in New IYork, a post-office of Sullivan co. Busti, in New YorPk, a post-township of Cmmutauqua co., of London. Cotton goods, calicoes, and woollens fternm Bush'-whaek'er, n. One accustomed to beat about on Chautauqua Lake; pop. about 2,500. the leading m;anutfctures. B. is fsmuous as being the or travel through bushes; a raw countryman.-A stout Bustle, (bus'l,) v.i. [A.S. brastlian, to crackle, to maks original seat of the English cotton imanufacture, first scythe or other instrmnent for cutting bush or bushes; a noise.] To stir quick; to be very active; to be very established here in 1791, by the'father of Sir Robert a bushs-scythe. ( VWebster.) — A GUERILLA, q. v. (U. S.) quick in motion. Peel. Pop. 35,525. Buslh'-whaek'ing, n. A word applied in tihe U. " Come, bustle, bustle, caparison my horse.'-Slhaks. Baur'ying, n. Burial. —John xii. 7. States to the action of travelling, or working a way -n. Hirry; great stir; rmpid motion vith iloise and Bur'ying-beetle,.n. (ZoiUl.) See NscROPRoaus. through bushes; or, of pulling by the bushes, as in haul- -ittion tunmult. Bmir'ying-ground, BURYING-PLCE, n. A burial- ins a boat along the bushy margin of a stream. -n article of fle attire; a ISo, q.. M t" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-An article of femiale attire; a BisnroP, q. v. ground; a C, srTSav, q. v. B]ush'wiek, in New York, formerly a township of Bus'tler, n. One who bustles; ani active, stirring person. 9Bury St. Ednmund's, a borough of England, co. King's co., now included in tihe limits of Brooklyn. Bus'tleton, in Pennsylva nia, formerly a village of Suffolk, 60 ni. N.E. of London. This is one of the most Blush'y, a. Full of bushes; full of branches; thick and Philadelphia co., 11 us. N.E. of the State-House; now ancient towns in England, and was formerly noted for spreading like a bush. included im tie limits of Philadelphia city. its magnificent abbey. The town now bears a modern- B1ushy Fork, in Illinois, a village in the N.E. of Busy, a. [AS. bysi, bysig; Gots. budum, budsns, to izeds aspect, is handsomely built, paved, and lighted, Coles co. order, to comomand.] Occupied; fully employed; acand is, altogether, for its size, a neat and prosperous Bushy Fork, in N. Carolina, a P.O. of Peston co. tively engaged. -Earnestly diligent; active. - Officious; place. Pop. 14,649. iBus'ily, ads. In a busy manner; actively; earnestly. meddling; biustling; troublesome. Busaehi'uno, or Busaqui'mso, a town of Italy, in Busines.s, (biza'es,)n. [Fromn busy.] That which msakes "Theyrepulsed the proud enemy, still busy with them." —Knoiles. Sicily, prov. Palermo, 29 mi. S.S.W. of Palermo city; pop. busy; employme nt; that which occupies the time, atten- -. a. To malt or ep busy; to employ with constnt 8,326. tion, and labor of men. —0ccupation; concern: sriouss attention; to keep eo gged. (Ued ciefly with osthe reattention; to keep engaged. (Used chiefly with the reBus]tw, in Indiana, a post-office of Miami co. engagemient; affair; a point; sonmethinig to be transacted. Ciprocal onoun.) Bus'bayville, in Gworgia, a post-village of IIouston Trade; profession; office; celling. iprlpoon. co., 16 mm. S. by Wr. of Macon. Bnt.1llu essblslrg, in Ohio, a post-office of Belmont co. B sy-oy,. An offcious meddling person.!uts'ea, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, about 9 m. N.WC. ~Business Corner, in Iowa, a P. 0. of Vmn Buren co. toBusy-bodies ad intermeddlers are a dangerous sort of peoples of Coni; pop. 10, 212. Bu'siris, n. (Egypt. Myth.) A fabulous personage, of Bush, m. [Du. bosch; Get. busch; It. bosco.] A thicket; whose origin, exploits, and character the most ctrit- Bt,1 con;. andprp. [A.S. butan, buton; originally thm im1perative- of A.S. beon-utan, to be out.] Except; be, a cluster or clutilp of trees or shrubs; a shrub wish dictory acounsts are given, sosise smmaintmsining thmat lie sisdperatise of AS. be.m-utan, to b out.] Except; bebranches; a thick shrub.-Somethi ng resembling a bush. was a king of Egypt, others that the name signified only ids; unless; save. -The sign of a tavern in England; - formerly an ivy- tihe tomb of OsitIs, q. v. Vour psem bbth been printed, and we have no objection but the obscurity of several passages, by our ignorance in facts and bush. It was somnetimes applied to the tavern itself; Bussk, n. [Fr. busc, from L. Lat. pboxs, i wood.] A persons."-Swift. as, "you will find him at the Bush." —Beau. & Fl. piece of something, originally wood, -woriin by women to -Excepting that; were it not that; unless. (Hlunting.) A fox's tail. (Usually called brush.) strengtihen their stays; the quilted belly of a doubelet; "And but infirmity.. (lech.) [Da. bus, a box.] A circle or hollow cylinder a piece of steel, whalebone, or wood, worn by wones aalh smethig sed his ished aity, of metal which lines the box, or hollow of the nauve of a on the breast. He had himselfhi the leands and waters measur'd."-Shaks. wheel im which the axle works. —A similar circle let Biskedl, a. WVearing a busik. into other hIoles or orifices. Bus'ket, n. [It. boschett,.] A sprig or small bush. — -Yet; nevertheless; othervise than that. Buslh, v. a. To grow thick or tushsy. A compartment of shrubs in a garden. (m.) Our t ae many, and rievous to be borne, u qie of Bisish'lber, in Missoursi, a post-oifice of Jefferson co. B s'akin, a. [Du. brosken; Fr. brodequin; prolbably ~-A -Only; solely; notBitg more thn;mrl.~ Buslh-bok, n. See BosH-1OK. irons bsotikin, a little boot ] A species of coverimig for the -Only; solely; no thing more than; merely. ]Bush Creek, in Arkansas, a township of Washington leg, or rather for the ankle and foot, generally used by id b e nider the tr notin f d, he wold appea co.; pop. alit. 650. Emglisi writeis, as timej transutions of cot/uaerus, catigcI to be full of goodness." —Tillotson. co.; pop. aht. 650. ~~~~~English writers, as the translations of cothurnus, caliga. O tecnar:y;sil;evtees hwe. Buslh Creek, in Ohio, a township of Highland co.; and other Greek and Latin words, denoting diflferent -0mL the contrmary r yet; still; nevertheless; however. pop. abt. 1,800. kinds of boots, &c. IIenice B., in the sense of colturn-as, " Now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; b1t the great-A township of Scioto co. stands for the tragic dramllsm, in contradistinction from est of these is chariy." —m Cotr. xiii. A t. Butsh'el, n. [Fr. boissaeu, from Celt. boessel-boes, wood, soccus, the boot or sock worn by comedlians,.tund used but, n. [Fr. bout, from Celt. bed, an end.] A limnit; a ~ rd lel, in comp. sel, hollowed.] A dry measure, con- in the comic drama bod. See BU,andBuD. r ~aining genera~lly 8 gmsallons or 4 pectesad in coins bo. ns. To be bounded by; to lie contiguous to; to abut. ~tas~ining generslly 5gloso4pek.T s Great Fletcher never treads in buslins hBereT. ter B., established by 13 Will. III. c. 5 (1701), was made Nor greater Jonson dares in socks appear. - Dryden. the standard of grainm. A cylindrical vessel, 18il incihes Bus' knee~, a. Dressed in buskins.-Tragic; as,'Bus- Buteher, (bucuewh,) n. [Fr. boucher, fromu bouthe, the in diammeter, and 8 inches deep inuside, contains a B.; kined meassure." —Gray. uonis.] One who provides for tse uouth; one sho the capacity is 2145-42 cubic inches. The B. estab- Bass'kirk's Bridge, in New York, a post-vilIage of frihes anial food; one who slughters animals for lished by 5 and 6 Geo. IV. c. 74, is to contbin 2218'192 Washington co., on Hoosick R., 29 m. N.N.E. of Albany. uaarkset. cubic inches. This measuise has been adopted in many Bmts'ky, a. Woody; shaded with woods; boskly. Line a bmutcheu doar'd fe life of the U. States. In New York the heaped B. is allowed, Blas'rata, in Asiatic Turkiey. See BASSORA. In is ot to er he kni. - Sl. containing 2815 cubic inches. The exceptions, as fir as s] Busroen li3His, in Indiana, a P. 0. of Sullivan co. -One who delights in slaughter or bloody deeds. known, are Connecticut, where the B. holds 2193 cubic Buss, n. [Fr. baiser, fromn Ltt. basio; Gael. bus, m umouth. " Honour and renown are bestowed upon cnmquerors, who, for inches; sentuclky, 21502/; and Indiana, Ohio, Missis- a lip.] A kiss; a salute with the lips. (Vulgar.) the ms part, are hit the great buncieal of msfod irfr-locae. sippi. and Missouri, where it contains 2150-4 cubic inches. -A two-inasted vessel. 50 to 70 tons in burden, formerly — v. a. To ill or slaughter animals for food, or for market. Buhsl'el'lage, n. In England, a duty payable on goods much used by the Dutch and English in tihe herring -To murder; to slaughter cruelly. by the bushel. fishery. The poison and the dagger are at hand to hbutcher a hero, Bansh'eller, n. In the U. States, one who repairs gar- -v. a. To kiss; to salute with the lips. (Vulgar.) when the poet wants brains to save him."-Dryden. unem'ts for tailors. Bus's.elville; in Illinois, a villsage of Lavwrence co., on Bagteh'er-bird, e.. (Ziil.) See COLLYvmO. B ishl'et, an. A vood. See Buosmr. the Wabashsm River. Butth'ering, a. The act of slaughtering; killing with BItsl-havrros v, n. AIl implement used in harrowing Bus'sero Creek, in Indiana, rises in Wigo co., and wanton cruelty. grass launds. falls into the Wabash, about 15 ni. above Vincennes. -Avocation or trade of a butcher. Bush Hlill, in N. Carolina, a post-office of Randolph Buls'seron, in Indiana,. a post-village of Knox co.. 12 Blutch'erliness, n. A cruel, brutal, savage, butcherly coiunty. mn. N.N.E. of Crawfordsville; pop. of townshipI, abt. 1,500. manner. Bui'shi, in Alabama, a post-office of Clutk co. Bais'seron, in Indiana, a post-office of Knox co. Buteh'erly, a. Cruel; bloody; grossly barbarous. Blrsh'iness, n. Quality of being bushy. Bus'seyville, in Wisconsina, a P. 0. of Jefferson co. Bluteh'aer-ineat, Buteher's-ineat, n. The flesh Busha'isg-, n. (Mcch.) The operation of fitting a lin- Bus'sl, or ]Bussy dAmr boise, LoUms DE CLERMONT of animals slain for humnan hood, as distinct from gaime ing of isetal in an orifice in which an axis or journal Ds, one of thie fiuvorites of the Duke d'Anjou, brother of or other aninmal food; firesh meat bosught from a butcher. tuirns. — Ogileie. Henry III., kcing of Fraance. Little is kunown of this Buteh'er-row, us. A rom' if ~)fshlsmbles. ]utshaire', Anoo-Savnsc, Aeausscna, ("Father ef (ili/.i,") minion but the history of his desperate turavery mund his Butch'er's-hroom, n. (Bst.) See Ruscus. a seauport town of Persisa, preo. Fsurs, and excepting Buss- crimes. During the massacre of St. Bartioolomew, losv- Butch'er's Store, in Vir-ginsia, a post-office of Ransorse, the principal port of the Persian Gmlfi on the N.E. ing joined the assassins, he murdered with his own iaund dolph co. coast of which it is situatedl, 120 m. WV.S.W. of Shimraz, his relution, Antoine de Clerniont, wito whom he had a ]Bttch'ery, n. The trade or business of a butcher. and 255 S. by W. of Ispahan; Lust. 290 N.; Lon. 50~ 48' lame-suit for the imnarqmmisate of Renel. I-e afterwsvau-ds -Murder; catrnage; massacre; slaughter. B. It is built on a low, sandy spit of ground enclosing cousmmnded sit Angers, wh'ee his exactions renderedl "If thou delight to view thy heinous deeds, a deep say or hiarbor, and is nesarly surrounded by the him most unpopular; and hasving lons interrupted the Behiold the p tron of thy butc/,eries." —Shaks. sea. It was bombarded by the English in 1856. Estiumi. tranquillity of Paris by private brawls and comibmats, in Bulte, an island of Scotland, in time Frith of Clyde, and pop. 15,000. which he set at nought the terrors of the Bastile and forming, with the island of A-ruan, the county of BmtsBush'l!kll, in Pennsyclania, a post-township of North- the authority of time king, he became so odhiouss to Htelmmy shire; it is sepaurated from Argyleshir e by a narrow. amsptou co.; pump. abt. 2.400. III. by frequent acts of presumption, thaft!le gsve in- winding channel called the Kjlyes of Bute, is 5 pm. We VOL. I. -51 INSET 402 BUTL BUTL BUTT from tie nearest point of Ayrslhire, and is about 19 min. New Orleans, which city, having been rendered unten- Butlter's Larndlilig, in Tennessee, a post-village of long by 4 broad. Surbface. Hilly. Soil. Tolerably fertile, able by the destruction of the Confederate fleet by Far- Jackson co., 85 min. N.E. of Nashville. The entire island belongs to the Marquis of Bute, whose ragut, surrendered April 2S, 1862. B.'s conduct towards Butler's Sp'ing, in Alabama, a P. 0. of Butler co. seat, Mount Stuart, is tihe chief ornament of the island. the citizens during the occupation has been diversely Bu;t'lersville, in South Carolina, a post-office of AnCap. Rothesay. Pop. 7,153. appreciated. InNov.,1863, he was appointed to the cons- derson district. BUTET, a county of Scotland, consisting of the above island, mand of thie 18th army corps, relieving Gen. Foster, and B]ut'lerville., in Alabnama, a P.O. of Butler co. and those of Arran, the Cumbraes, and Incihmarnock; in 1864 to that of the forces operating on the Jamnes Btile.vi] le, or Butlersville, in indiana, a postall in the Frith of Clyde. Area, 171 sq. mn. Cap. Rothe- River, in conjunction with Gen. Grant, against Rich- village of Jennings co., 6 si. E.N.E. fironom Vernon. say. Pop. 17,964. mend. He was relieved of tihe command of the trnry of But'lerville, in Ohio, a post-office of Warren co. Bute'a, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, order Fabacece. the Janmes River, Jan. 8, 1865; was elected a imember of BItatlm'an's Plills, in Maiane, a P. 0. of Penobscot co. The most important species is B. freondosa, a inative of Congress from Massachusetts in Nov., 1866, and was one Butine nit, n. (Arch.) The support on which the feet India. This tree yields an astringent gium called hutea of the bitterest opponents of President Johnson. I1e of archies stand; an AsurUENT', q. v. yrrn, which resembles kino in its properties. The dried was re-elected to Congress, in Nov., 1868. Buttlneist-c.heeks, n. pl. (Carpentry.) The two solid flowers of this species and those of B. superba, are BuLtler, SAMRUEL, an Enilish poet, author of Hudibras, sides of a muortise varying in thickness. known as Tisso and Kessaree flowers, and are exten- a. at Strenshainm, 1612. HIe ihad only a scanty education Butoieualcewe n. pl. (Bet.) An order of plrnts, allisively used by the Indians in the production of beautifuli in his youth, but afterwards cultivated his mind by anse Alismales. DIAG. 3-petaloidois flowers, and manyyellow and orange dyes. The fibres of tihe inner bark study and reading. He held thie office of secretary to seeded, netted, and parietal placente. —They are aquatic of B. frondosa are known under thie narne of Pules cor- several eminent persons in succession, and was acquaint- plants, with parallel-veined leaves, sometimes milky. cdaps. ed with the wits rnrd vwriters of the age. His witty poem Flowers perfect and showy, with inferior pertanth of But'-end, Butt-end, 9?. The end of a plank where it was intended to throw ridicule on thie Presbyterian and six pieces arranged in two whorls, the inner being coluniites with another; tihe blunt end of anything; as, Independent parties. It appeared in three parts, the ored; ovaries superior, 3 to 6 or more; ovules nunmerous, the bult-end of a musket. first in 1663, the second soon after, and the third in 1678. arranged tll over the inner surface of the ovaries; fruit ]llte'o, n. (Zo'l.) The Buzzards, a genus of birds of A subsequent editiorn, published in 1726-7, vas rendered miany-seeded, separating more or less into as many parts prey, ftirrily Pltcontidce. There are many species. Thile additionally attractive by 18 illnustrations contributed by as there aire component carpels; seeds without albumen. Harhni's buzzard, B. Harlani, of Western N. America, Ilogarthi. Though sparkling with wit, the poem is now Thie Butoseacece chiefly inhabit the northern parts of the which may be given as a type of the genus, has a thick little read, and is probably seldom obtainable. It is world, but a few occur in tropical countries. There are heavy body, mieasures about twenty inchIes in length, defaced by irany objectiorable passages. B. died at tfour genera, and seven species. anid the full expansion of its wings is about 50 in. It is London, very poor it is said, in 1680. Butornmus, n. [Gr. boues, an ox; teemno, I cut.] (Bot.) A But'ler, in Alabarar, a S. county,,on Sepulga River; genus of plants, order Butoiacece. B. unmibellaltus, the bounded by WV. fork of Conecuh River. Prod. Chiefly typical species of the genus and order, is very common cotton anrd Indian corn; surface, uneven; soil, moder- in ditches and ponds in Europe. The leaves, which ately fertile; area, 375 sq. m. Pine is abundantly tbund. spring from the crown of the root, are fi'om two to thiree Cap. Greenville. P4p. 18,122. feet long, and of a triangular shape. The scape, or flow-A post-village and cap. of Choctsw co., abt. 100 m. S. by ering steom, is longer than the leaves, and terminates in W1. of Montgomery. ua large umnibel of rose-colored flowers. The plant posButler, in Georgia, a post-village, cap. of Taylor co., sesses acrid and bitter properties, and was at one time abt. 44 m. E. by N. of Coluinibus. used in medicine. The roasted rhizome is edible. The -A post-office of Talbot co. sharp leaves of the Brrtomrss were believed to cut tihe Butler, in Illinois, cc post-office of Montgomery co. mouths of the cattle that cropped it —whenrce the narre. But.ler, in isdiana, a flourishining township in Frnnklin Brnutt, t. [Fr. but, a nmark.] (Gun.) A screen, generally co.; pop2. ab't. 1,700. nmade of earth-work and masonry, for protecting the — A post-township in De Kalb co.; pop. abt. 1,200. markers during rifle-practice at a target.-The bank, — A prosperous township in Mianmi co.; pop. abt. 1,700. screen, or earth-work, against which the target leans is __________f~ —; —-A post-village of Moontgounery co., 63 rn. N.E. of St. Louis. also called a butt. __ Butler, in iowa, a N.E. co., ihas an area of 576 sq. in.; is Bltt, ]Butg, n. [It. botto, a blow; botta, a thrust.] The intersected by Shell Rock RItiver, and is drained by tihe striking end of a thing; the thick end of anythirng; as, _W. Foric of Cedar River; pop. abt. 11,000. the butt of a musket.- A mark to be shot at; the ob-A township of Jackson co.; pop. abt. 1.200. ject of aim; as, an archery butt. -A post-vilhage of Keokluk co., 60 m. S.W. of Iowa City. " The groom his fellow groom at butts defies, t]Butler, in Kansas, a S. county, washed by VWalnult And bends his bow and levels with his eyes." - Dryden. Crseeki scrd other streaos. Area, 720 sq. sri.; ssrfuoce, — The person at wrhorn ridicule, jests, or contempt are diundulating; cap. Chelsea. ~'op3. abt. 500. undulating; cap. Chelse. op. abt. 0. rected; as, he was tile butt of the company. Bultller, in Kerctuckly, S.W. co.; cap. Morgantownv; area, B-uter, n T~enticlcya S.. c.; cp. Mrganown;area III played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very 500 sq. mn. It is intersected and drained by Greene and I ed a sentence t at my, which thoght very smart. — Spectator. Barren rivers, the former navigable for steamboats; soil, anial as, moderately fertile; surface, uneven. Pop. 7,927. -A p or thrust given by the head of a th~e b~utt of a ram. Fig. 455., UTEO. Butler, in Louisiana, a post-office of Franklin parish. te butt of ra. i. oButler, rin Marylad a post-ofaice of Baaltimore co. — A stroke or thrust given in fencing. usually of a ferruginous brown above, and yellowish- utle, in arla To prove who gave the fairer butt, Butler, in Michigan, a post-township in N.E. of Branch white beneath. It breeds in extensive woods, and lays co.; pop. 1, 120. John shews the chalk on Robert's coat." -Prior. 2 on 3 eggs. Tie yosng ssccompany the old iirels for -, soe tioe; a circnotungcun al in oather birds of Butler, in Missouri, a S.S.E. co., bordering on Arkansas. -A mound of earth placed to receive the projectile at proof some time;,% circumstance unusual in other birds of Aeal 50s.l one i E yS.FacsRvr of, aind practice with, -fire-arms. Ar-ea, 560 sq. m. Bounded on E. by St. Fr-ancis River. of, rid practice with, fre-anus. prey, which always drive off their young nas soon as they and intersected by the Big Blackc River and Cane Creek. -A large-sized cask, sonetirnes called a pipe. A butt of can fly. The buzzard is very sluggish and inactive, re- ce. el. Ned honor of W.. utle of i conins 126 gllos; a beer btt, 108al gallos; Subsface. Level. Named in honor of Win. O. Butler, of mainhig perched on the saine bough for the greatest ~~~~~wine contains 126 gallons; a beer butt, 108. ale gallons; nnirirng perched on tire scirre boungi for thi greates Kentiuckiy. Cap. Poplar Bluff. Pop. (1870) 4,256, and a butt of sherry, 108 inmperial gallons. part of the (lay, and always found ut the same place. (Slp-build See BT-ND. It feeds on birds, frogs, insects, moles, nc mice. A post-village, cap. of Bates c., 8 m. N. of the Osage River; po1. nbt. 600. (Carp-ntry.) See BU-.T-:INGE. Iluteville, in Oregon, a post-office of Marion co. Apiver; pob. 8cb. 6. ((Crpentr-.) See BUn600Nco.`B~~~~$e'vB11Pe,~~~~~ ~ River;goni poito.fc a b t 600io c. — Thle metalllic ring at th~e end of the hose of a fire-engine. Bu'tic Acid, n. (Chlem.) A solid matter contained in -A small post-village, now named KENNETT, q. V. -Te metic ring at te end of te hose of a fie-gine. Butaler, in Nebr-~aslca ans E. consty, vitl an area of h76 A butt's length. The distance between the place of covs'butter iiiconnection with glycerin. Foun. C4011404 sq. si. It is washed by tihe Platte aind Big Blue rivers; shooting and the mark. B~kt'inae, n. (Chefm~.) See BUTTf:I. g i flIutuiLue, na. P(Olnein.) See BUTTERa. ruztli9, f~m - slrfce, neashy hevul, ostl fertile; pop. a —d. 50 -n. pl. Short ridges of different lengths, which necessaBut'ler, n. [0. Fr. bouteillier; Fr. boutillieir, from bon- B lface, nenear l ost. feotie of ayne c.0. rily occur in Ine angle of a feld vhen the direction of Butlter, in Vew fork, a post-office of Wayne co,; pop. riy occur in the angle of, field when the direction of tcille, ia o ottle.] A bottler; specifically, one who has 2,3i8. the ridges is not parallel to one of the sides. charge of wine-bottles; one who has the care nand managIenent of wines amd other iiqsocs hr greut irouses.0 Butler; in North Carolina, a post-office of Rutherford co. Buctls and bounds. Tie lines ibounding an estate. The -19~ ge o adohr ur i ra hue Butler, in Ohio, a S.W. county bordering on Indiana, angles or points where these lines change their direction. "Butlers forget to bring up their beer time enough." - Swift. intersected by tihe Miami River, and drained by St. Clair's See AuUTTAL. But'ler. JosErP, an English theologian and mor-alist, B. Mill and Four Mile creelics. Sur:face. NeBrly level. Soil. Butt and butt, spoken of planks when they join end to at Waintage in 1692. His father was a Presbyterian, IIighly productive. The Trenton limnestone (a good end without overlapping. and sent hiu to the Dissenting Academy at Gloucester. material for building) is procured fm-om this State. Area, RButt, v. i. [It. buttare; W. pwtiaw, to poke, to thrust, But he soon conforied to the Church of Enlghcnd, studied 455 sq. m. Cap. Hamilton Pop. cbout58,00. to butt.] To join at tie buit-end; to abut. it Oxford, and in 1718 becnme preacher at the Rolls. In -A township of Columbiana co.; pop. abt. 1,900. -To tirust tre head forward; to strike by thrustisg the 1724 he was appointed rector of Stanhope, and two — A township of Darknie co; porp. abt. 1,700. head against. years afterwards settled there, renounc ing his Rolls -A township of Knox co.; pop. abt. 900. "T w harmless anmbs are butting one another."-norton. preachership. Tlirough the influence of Bishop Seeker, -A township of Mercer co.; pop. abt. 1,250. — v. a. To strike by thirusting the head or horns against, his fellow-student and firiend, lie becamrie chaplain to Lord — A township of Montgonmery co.; pep. abt. 2,800. as at raim. Chuancellor Talbot, and cleri of the closet to Queen Caro- -A post-township of Richland co.; pop. abt. 1,250.' A ranm will butlt with his head thougr he be brought up tame." line. In 1738 hie was raised to the see of Bristol, soon Butler, in Pennsylvania, i WP. county, bounded N.E. Bay. after made dean of St P-ul's, and in 1750 was translated and S.E. by the Alleghany River, aind also watered by lButtefiaat'chie, a small river, which takes its rise in to Durham. His health soon fiiled hiim, and he only Slippery Roclk and Conequenessing creelks. Area, abt. tire N.W. of tle State of Alabama, and flowing S.W., held his see two years. B.'s great work is the Analrogy 800 sq. mn. Ssur/fice. Undulating. Soil, in many parts enters the Tombligbee near Hamilton,in the State of of'Religior, Natural and c evealed, to the Constitution sandy. It has very vlunable minies of iron, and abounds Mississippi. and Course of,Nature. It was published in 1736. Its in bituminous coal. Cap. Butler. Pop (1870) 36,485. Buttahlatehle, or Buttahatelhy, in Mississipi, admirasble argument had been foreshadowe d in his vol- -A township of Adams co.; pop. abt. 1,600. a post-office of Monroe co. unie of Sermrons, published ten years earlier. D. at — A plecasant post-town, cap. of Butler co., on Coneque- Bautte, is. [Fr.] An abrupt eminence, too high to be Bath, 1752. hessiuig Creek, 30 in. N. of Pittsburg; pop. albt. 1,700. called a, hill, and not high enough to be designated a Biat'ler. BENJAMIIN FRANKLIN, un American statesman, -A township of Luzerne co.; pop. about 1,300., mountain:-peculiar to the U. States. and major-general in thc U. States ariny. B. at Deer- -A township of Schnuylliill co.; pop. about 1,800. Ba$tte, in Califorznia, a county in the northern part of field, New Hampsshire, e5518. Havingo been educated at Butler, in Southl Carolina, a P. 0. of Lancaster diet. the State; area, abt. 5,000 sq. m. It is watered icy SciLowell High School and Wa sterville College, hIe wnso sd- lBea$eIr, in Tenunessee, s post-office of Cnrrter co. r anmento River, which forms its P1. boundary, and by nitted to the cri inu 1840, and became a successful advo- -— A post-office of Johnson co. Feathelr River. Simiface, uneven, and in some parts cate, especitlly in crimsina-l c-nies. In 185c7 he xxa-s ucp- BuSlera, in Wisconsii,,' c post-village of Milwvaulee co., 5 mountainous, the county heing trnversed by Butte Meounpointed brigadie -genercalc of militia, and wus in 1859 an mo.Nu. of Milw auakee City. tains, from which it is named, and having several reunsnuccessful candidudate for the post of goveenor of Mas- Bc terag e, re. (Old EBrg. Lace.) A duty of two shil- mnarkable elevastions, one of wvhich, called Table.ihioussrsichusetts. In 1860 he was a ctelegaste us the Democratit lings on every tun of wine inmported into EEnglnnd by taon, beacrs a stroug renemclance to a castle. The county Presidential convensti on at Clharleuston, crnoc sftesrxard s at foreigners or merchant strangers; -- so called because is rery rich in mrinerials, eumubracing not only gold, but Barltitmor e. On the hcreucaking out oi tsie civil wuan, hie corn- criginratly paid to tre kingb's btler for- thre king. }ebster. also platinum, silser. quicksih'er, iron, and lend. CGa. mannled the F ederal torce encamsped at Annapolis, his BIgutler CJents're, in iowa, a post-village of Butler co., Hamilton. Pop. about 18,000. commarnd extending to the city cf IBltilmoore. He 24 m. N.W. of Cedcar halls. Blutte, in Culmforucic, is N.E. town of Butte cc,, on the became conmrmandler of the Yiurmini a deli,artment in May, B3utller'~s Creek1, inn Georgia, Richhmond co., uc fine Saccranmento River, 125 m, fromn San Francisco. 1861, was imsiitacy commander at the cpturme of Fort streanum floring into the Savannah. -, or Br'TT-c CIs-Y, inn Caell/rnoreia. a minninog village of AmaP [laterlns, ini Aug., and crcsnized tine expedlition agaminst But'le'rslip, n. The office of a bntlers. dcr co,, 42 ins. N.E, of Stockton. B13UTT BUTT BUTY 403 — In California, a township of Sutter co.; pop. abt. 1,000. Bst'tertiell, in Wisconshi, a village of Ashland co., tons are made by pressure, the horn being previously BI[utteb ar, ii Ca(ltsbsri,, a mining camp of Plumas co., on Lake Superior, 8 in. N. of' Ashland. softened by heat. 8 m. from La Porte; cc p. about 150. Bvat'ter'lly, nt. (Zot61.) The popular name of an exten- -The bud of a plant; as, the boltoe of a daisy. Butte Bes Hlorts, (biit-d-9soer',) in Wisconsin, a post- sive group of beautiful insects, belonging to the sub- The canker galls the infants of the spring, village of Winne bago co., S5 m. N.N.E. of Madison order LEPIDOPTERA,. V. Too oft before their buttocs be disclosed." -Shaks. But'ter, n. [A. S. bster: Ger. bzttter; Lat. btyruLi; Gr. But' ers'y, in ews'bor'lc, a post-oflice of Oswego co. (Assaying.) The round mass of nmetal collected at the boutyr'on-bous, a bovine amnimal, and tyros, cheese, some- Butl'terl'ly-vt-lve, n. (lechi.) The double valve of an bottom of a crucible after fusion, or which remains in thing coagulated; Fr. be'rr'e.] A fsitty matter aggre- air-pilump's bucket, cousisting of two clack-valves, hay- the cupel in the process of ass'ying, is called by this gated from ainial milki; ian oily substance obtained ing the joiints opposite, and on each side of the pump-rod. namie. from creamln or milk by churning. Considered chemically, BtL$tert'ty —weel1, n. (Bet.) A popular nanie of tilhe (Sgithecry.) A brass, china, or glass knob of a lock B. from cow's milk contains about two-thirds of its weight planilt Asctpqias tuiberose. - See ASCLhEPIAS. serving to open or shut a door. of sblid fat, which consists ill great part of marsga rinee, esBut.'tIerollH, in Neew Yei'k, n ems inence in Orange co., (Carp'sentry.) A piece of wood or metal upon a nail, but contains also butine, which yields glycerine and butic on the WY. side of thile Hurdson; heiglht 1,530 ft. to keel) a door closed. acid when saponified. Tlie liquidportioi consists cidefly ]Bult'~eri', n. (Fsrsriery.) An instrumeit ot'f steel set in 12b hold by the button. To detain a person in insoughtof oleine. B. also contains smsall quantities of bsotyrine, a wooden hmandle, used for paring the hoof of a horse. for communication; to bore; to wetvay. camproine, and capfine, which yield, when saponifiod, Butte Ri'ver, in Califbirnia, rises in Butte co., and -v. a. T(, fsten withl a button or buttons; to, iniclose or glycerine and butyric (IIO.CsH 700), caproic (HO.C12HI1 after a S.S.W. course emnpties into the Sacramento River make secure with buttons. Somietimes precedimig up; 3Os), and capric (HO.CoHl1903) acids, distinguished for in Sutter co. as, lie bettoled ip his coat. their disagreeable odor-. Fresh butter has very little But'teniataillf, is. The milk which is left after the but- -v. i. To be fastened with a button or buttons; as, to odor, beiing free of those volatile acids, but if kept for ter has been separated by means of churiiningg, or other button a garment. some timre, especially if the caseine of the milk has been process. B. contains thie caseine, sugar, and salts of But'toan-baush, n. (Bet.) See CePnALANTviUS. imperlectly separated in its preparation, spontaneous ordinary miilk, and is only deficient in oily miatter. It is ta'tlon.lleole, a. The hole or loop in which the butresolution of these fats into glycerine and the volatile therelbre tolerably nutritious. It maey be drunk ad libi- ton is cau-ght. disagreeable acids takes place. By salting the B., this teo, is a very agreeable, coolingbeveatge, and is thereore -v. a. To take or hIold a man by the bu tton, or button-hole, chlanmge is in great nicmasure prevented. Cow's milk useful ill certain flbrile and inflaummatory conditions. 0so as to detain him for'conversation; to bore one by is compiosed of three ingredients, -- the cheesy portion BetLter'sneillk liahaIanel, in New Yeork harbor, seps- wearisome talk. or cued', the whey or watery part, and the B. Millk rates Governor's Islanmd from Lonm Islanud. But'to-n-moultl, n. The shaped material- as bone, when examined by the microscope is found to conisist Btut'termn1ailk Ftalls, of Neto 151/);. a cascade on the ivory, &c., which forms a button, when covered with of a number of fktty globules floating in the whey. W. bank of the I-Iudson, 2 ni. below West Point. cloth, &c. These globules, which are little sacs contlaining the B., Baeetter'meilk B/F,-il, in -'enrnsylvania, a post-village _ieissil betlto-moulds, n. pl. (Pal.) See ENCPINITE. are broken during the process of churning, which allows of' Wyoming co., on the Susquehannia Rive r. The water- BEut'tons -treee, n. (Bet.) See CoNocAurUs. the liberated fitty matter to aggregate in small masses power here is excellent. Beettos-a. eed, n. (Bet.) See DIODIA; SPERamACOCE. and float on the top of thie whey. These are generally But'teeo-eu$t, n. (Bet.) See JCGLANS. But'to s-wood, v. (Bet.) See PLATANUS. unlitedl by pressure against the bottom of tihe churn, and Bttll'terlluts, in Nrew YIrs/, a post-township of Otsego Buta'tress, n. [1r. aboutir, to border oni to abut; from time remaining butter-meillk is used often for beverage. co., drained by Unadilla IRiver, 90 mn. W. by S. from Al- boet, ill end, from Celt. bed, bottom, end.] (A-ch.) A The B. is afterwards spread out in a thin laIyerin a shal- bany; pop. 2,365. mass of 111asonrf'3 or low pan, and washled with clear spring-water to free it Butlter'sutl hlley, in M/finnesota, a post-village of briclsn'wlrk, built to }' ~ frome any buttermsilk thalit may remain in its pores. It Blue Earth co., abt. 20 mi. W. by N. of MIankato, oni Lit- resist the horizontal is then formed into rolls if intended to be sold as fresh, tie Cottonwood Iiver. trimet of amother but if it is to be kept for any length of time, it is mixed eut'ltere-prheet, n. A piece of carved wood, used to nmass; though whsen with salt, in the proportion of three or four pounds of minren pats of butter. they are on the opsilt to half s, hu'i.dredwseigit of butter, and Isclked i Butt e-tootli, a. One of fle broad fiont teeth, posite side to the casks for the miarket. The quality and quantity of B. Joh/isoeL. thfrust, and below \ \ containled in cows' nlie depend materially oil the na- Beut'ter=wife, BuCt te'-womaan, ns. Awoman who the line of its effort, ture of the pasture. Rich mnatural meadows afford the prepares or sells butter. they are fi'equently best food for cows intended to produce B. Poor pas- Butte'- woit, n. (Bt.) See PIN cu. called counteufe'sls. ) \ K' / tures are objectionable, not only from the quantity of Buit'tery, a. Having the qualities or appearance of B. are much used in B. contaielled in the milk being diminishied, but from its butter. Gothic architectie -' mreceiving an unpleasant talste from certain plants or -is. As apartment in sa house or college, where butter, to counterbalhmce weeds growing onI all unfertile oi- marshy soils. ThIe meilk, provisions, and utensils are kept. the outward thruinst ammount of B. produced by a gallon of milke should be Bete Vitltey, in Calia/breim, t pIost-viillage of Butte of the arches, or of', fiomm three to four ounces. B. is much adulterated smith co., 115 is. N.V. of Orovilile. the vaulting which water, dripping, and msutton-tfat. The fist meay be de- Baet'tevamt, i town of firesand, Corkl co., is about 32 cove-is tie a s tected by the wetness of the B. when squeezed, and thie ni. WV. of Doneriile, and on the river A wtboeg; pop. 1,600. and aisles of cathe- twso last by small white Iparticles being visible in the Busi'tevihlle, in Oregoll, a post-village of Marion co., 28 d r a s. Whlcn they newly-cut surface of tile B. —" P'ihiladelphia print is me. N.N.E. of Salem, on the Willamiette River. are open, and carry known in the central cities of tihe U. States as butter nn- iBuItlltl'-im 4-ese n. (Ctlbsoentry.) A hiinge used in hanging down the thrust to surpassed for sweetness, solidity, and golden color; it doors, shut ers, &c. a point of support at always comm ands,a fitncy price. Excellent B. is found Bst'tling-, n. A boundary of land. somie distance fronom elsewhere, as in N. Englsnid, N. Yorle, and northern Ohio, But'ltg/ n -jolist, n. (Cat'pentey.) See JoINT. the spot whsere it is'ig. 456. —A BUTTRESS. but inferior qualities are the rule in tihe dairy sections Bu toClk., ns. [Fr. bout, the end.] The protuberant ter- exercised. they are (Canterbury Cathedral.) proper, whlich these exceptions only prove; while in a ninmation of the body behind; the rump. called fyioyg bultresses. large portion of the West and South tilre is very little (Natit.) Tihe round part of aship abaft, frois the wing- — s. a. To prop; to support by a buttress. superior butter, a large amount of it being not fit to eat, transom to the upper wvater-line, or lower dowsi. But'trice,n. (Farriery.) See BuTERmss. of less value for cooking thaln good lard, and unworthy ]yBut'$ton, n. [Fr. boeton; W. botwn, oisom bet, a round Buati$s, in Georgia, a central co., bounded on the E. and of thie epute of thle American tinimeif. Greater advances body.] An article of dross used fbr tile lastening of cloth- N.E. by the tconee River, and drained by Tessahliaw, have of late beem made in cheese-makiin mg thian i the ing or for ornament. Buttons are nlmade -of an end- Yellow Water, and Sandy creelks..Area. abt. 180 sq. m. art of butter-meaking.: The factory system has secured less variety of materials, the processes employed in the Suss:face, genelrally level. Soil, fairly productive; granite umniformiity with positive progress in processes and manufocture varying according to tine substance used. beds are pretty numerou.s. Cap. JacCson. Pop. about knowledge of principles. B. dairies are insdividual and Metal, wii'e, wood, bone, glass, shell, mother-of-pearl, 7,500. isolated, and excelleInc in their product is the result of precious stones, velvet, silk, paste-boisrd, &c., are used, B tt-cgsh,-tft, a. A bolt or arrow used to shoot at archpeculiar cuare in the iiianager, and special adaptation to Birmsinighlsami is, in Europe, thie place whlere they are most cry butts with. his business. It is of the utmost importance that the extenisively mamlUfait-tred.'They are miade ihn a great B-tatts'ville, in Afissossts, a post-office of Grundy co. very best Iuodes of' manuam cture shouldc be understood; variety of shapes; but, at the piresent time, these msay Beatt-wveld, me. (Alech.) See JUmMP-WvinLD. thast thIe dairymnan usnd tihe farmer's wife who cares hbr be classed under four heads: —buttons with shanmks, Be11 1y, T'ETIYL, VALYL, se. (fliene.) An organic radical, the sraMlei dsiry of the ordinary ftrmin should compare buttoss without shankls, buttons on rings or wire discovered by Kolbe among the products obtained by their pirocesses (which they may now deeum to be the moulds, and buttons covered with cloth or other mate- electrolysis, firom valerate of potash. Form. C119. best because they knmow no other better) with those of rial. Buttons with shalnks are usmmlly made of brass, When pure, it is a limpid oil, with an agreeable ethereal muodel establishlments, and learun to stamep a higher ex- which is supplied to the manufacturer is sheets of the odor. It boils at 2260 Fiahr., iand may be distilled withcellcuce upon the yield of their dairies.'The difficulty required thicihness. By means of fly-presses and punch- out alteration. It is one of the lightest known fluids, of obtaining really good B in the city malrkets appears es. circular discs, callsd btano.-s, are cut out of these its spec. grayv. being only 0-694. It is the radical of a to be increasing, probably firoom agrowing lfastidiousness lsheets. This is mostly per'formedd by females, wviso cain great numbelsr of very interesting organic comnpounds. of B.-eaters, as well as f'ome the increasing disproportion furnisih about thirty blankls per minute, or twelve gross It has been called "valyl" by certain chemists, from in the nimbers of consumers and producers. This flact in an hour. SIansi-punchinmg is the gemntlel'i msode o' cut- being formed firom valeric acid, and by others " t'cryl'," gives urgent and paraimount importance to efforts for ting out blanks; but meore complicated mnacmhines, which frome being feiu'th in the series of hydrocarbon radicsis, iimprovenment. The best Phsiladelphia B. comes mainly cut out eight or ten bl enks at a time, are in use. After as follows: 1. Methyl, C1Ha1; 2. Ethyl, C4H5; 3. Propyl, fromn Chester, TLancaster, and Delawa're countics."-(Re- being punchied, tihe edges of the blaunks are very sharp, CA17; 4. Tetryl, Cslf9. port of/ the Comrnsis. oj A ricEdtzurefor the year 1S67.) and require to be smoothed eand rounded. Their sur- Bu'tytleuee, But'yllime, n. (Chem.) Butyl less an B. of Antimony, terchlomride of antimony. See ANTI- flices are then plasnished on the face by placing them equivalent of hydrogen.'orsin. C8[Is. This compouind NiONe.- B. qf Salphur, an obsolete nmsiie for precipitated separately in a. die under a smeill stanip, and allowing was discovered by Faraday amongst g the products of dissulphiur. - B. of Tin, biehloride of tin. See TIN. -B. thein to receive a sharp blow fromn a polished steel leam- tillation of oil, and is firequently called oil-gas. It is a of' Zinc, chloride of zinc. See Zi.c. mer. In this stte tihey are ready to receive the shanlos, colorless gas, burning with a white lunminous fame. It B. ( Vgetablte), a name commonly given to any concrete or small meetal loops by which they are attaclhed to the is one of the principal products of thie distillation of Inoil of vegetable origin swhich at all resembles the butter dress. The shanek mnumfacture is a distinct branch of dia-rubber. It was afterwards obtained by Kolbe fromm obtained from animal milk, or which is employed for trade in Birmingham. They are inade by a mnachine in vlerante of potash, and by Wurtz by acting on bumylic similar purposes. The mmoset immportant solid oils or fists which a coil of wire is graduslly advanced towaris a alcosol with chloride of zinc. It is similar in its i'oipscumreds from plants ale, Buftt er of cacao, fromu pair of shiears which cuts off short pieces. -A nistal perties to ethyline C4H4, or ohefiamt gas, the corrrspondl/escbu'rou Cfcao; ofh cinnamonon, from C/n-ssdnaotslus. finger then presses against the middle of each piece, first ing product of ethyl. zey/a-/icdsmso; of nutmseg, frios Myis t/ca oinosc/iatsu; of bencling it and thems pmressimig if into a vice, where it is B]~utylUie Aleoh ol,, a. (Chlews.) Hydirated oxide of bucocoa-nut, from flcos nascsera; of hmairel, fisom Lasseis comepressed so is to los sam aoo; a hale-mmnes then strilees tyl, discovered by Wurtz, in ibeetroot miolaissea. It is a nasbi/ts; Shoe or G-shlusi butter, fimom a species of Bassia; the two eids, sireasding them into t flat suifisce, and the colorless, Ihiglily refr'active liquid, boiling at 2280, sued palm-oii, froom Elais gssioseensis; and vegetable tallosw, shissnse is pusheed out o' the maeihino rmesedy for use. The has a slightly viunoums odor, somewhlat resembling that of from SAitlingia sebifesa in China, firom Vtcrteai isdsce in shsankisi alre ettlached to the blaniks by wvelsen, with ironu amyic alcohol. It is quite similarm in its peroperties to Indias, and from Postsdeessla buOyracea in Sierra Leone. wire, soldem, amid resin. They're theen pit into sn oven, the other alcohols of tIme sause group. Sp. gr. 0803. All thesee oils contain a sargs proeportion of st-eaine, asad cud, swhen finmly uniited, fosmni plain mbuttons. If' crest Peoe-ho. CsHI9t, tO. mmamny are used as substitutes tof anissl hit in canldle- or inscripltionu is mmanted, the boutton is plticed in a die and Butytic Elt/er, or Oxide of Butyl, smas first describedl makssiing. The plastss ysieldinmg theem are frequently stasmped. After being clesned, they cin be silvered by Kolbe as a Iproduct of the voltaic decomposites of termamed buttes —trees. or gilt. (See GiLmoNo.) )Te meanutuacture of gilt but- valerate of potash. orsm. CeCsltaI. B[lut'ebr, u.a. To smeas or spinead swith butter, tomes has fashllen off greatly of lite years, the Florentine Buetye'al'l us,}~; Bm'&tyroes, a. [Lat. butys-em, but1ut'ter-bete, na (Bat.) See TussLm.eo. and silk buttons usemvinm suierseded tfhem. Wire but- ter.] ilaeving the qumsities of, or r'eseumblinsg, butter. Bu~t't erup, si (Ist.) See RteauzecULus, tons are rings of wire coyermed with cloth. Horn but- Bus'tgya.'lut of Lilmle, n. (Clses,) rhemi sugar, chalk, 404 BUY BY BYP A and cheese are mixed with sufficient water to form a so- To bzy out. To pnrchase another's interest in a prop- value by. - To come by. To gain possession of; to ohlution of sp. gr. 1-070, and exposed to a temperature of erty so as to become sole propricetor; to buy off.- To tain; to realize; as, to comse by a fortune.- One by one, 800 or 900 for some weeks, butyric fermentation ensues, buy in. To purchase stock in any interest, fund, or prop- day by day, piece by iece. Each day, piece, thing, perthe liquid becomes ropy, and gives rise to lactic acid, erty. —To buty oly. To cause to yield or surrender, by son, &c., singly, or severally.- To do by. To behave which unites with the lime and forms lactate of lime. some consideration; as, to buy off an opponent. -To buy or act towards; to treat; as, lie has done nobly by The lactate of lime in turn becomes decomposed, giving on credit. To purchase on a given priomise, or written se- me. - To stand by. To aid, support, uphold, sustain; rise to butyrate of lime in abundance. curity, to pay at a certain specified time. —To buy the as, I will stand by him to the last. - hoenty feet by ten, B]ityr'ic Acidl, n. (Chrer.) A liquid with a sharp, rel'sal. To advance money for the right of purchasing, a length or distance measuring twenty feet one way acrid taste, and a smell of rancid butter, having a spec. at a given price, on a future day. and ten the other. —By the head, or stern. (Naut.) gray. of 0973, and boiling at 3140 Pahr. It is prepared -v. i. To negotiate or treat about a purcchase. Said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water by distilling three parts of butyrate of lime with twelve I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you." —Shaks. than tile stern; or conversely. -By the lee. The postparts of water and one of hydrochloric acid. Butyric Btyer, (b'er,) e. One who buys a purchaser. tion of a ship when going free, or, in other words, when acid exists ready-formed in certain fruits, and is one Biuy'erstwvaxa, in Pennsytlvanias P.0 of Lacaster co. she cas fallen off so nich from tie wind, as to bri.g it of the products of oxidation of fibrin or caseine. All BuLyz, a nephew of Abraham. Elilhu, the Buzite, is sup- round her stern, and take the sails aback oni the other substances which form htctic acid may be made to posed to have been of his falncily. quarter. —By the ceun. To let go altogether, or at once; yield butyric. Its salts, Wihen dry, are inodorous, but Buzaunlais, a town of Fiance, dsp. Indre, cap. cant., as, to let a sail go by the rese. Opposed to slacking, or when wetted, tihe strong smell of rancid butter is per- on the Indre, 14 m. N.W. of Chatecauroux. It is a qulint, letticg go gradually. - Good-by, see GooD-BYE. - Southceptible. /rm). H00sCH703. ill-built place, in a good situation, and has a trade in westby Soet/. Further Souththen Sooth-west. (Used Buetyic Ether, a colorless inflammable liquid, with a wool. Pop. 5,517. in telling off the points of a compass.) peculiar odor and taste of pine-apple. It is a conlbination BRuzz, (beuz,) v. i. [Formed from tihe sound.] To malke a By, adv. Near; beside; in presence; as, he was not by of ethyl and butyric acid. Dissolved in alcohol, it is used low humming sound, as bees; to hum; to whisper. at the time. in confectionery under the name of Pine-apple oil. Tihe "Pris'ners and witnesses were waiting by, "'Among tile bulzzing multitude." —Shlaks. peculiar odor of old rum is due to the presence of a small -haT ieThese Sad Seen taught to swear, acd those to dte.- Roscommon. qucantity of this ether. It nmust not be confounded with — v. a. To whioper; So spread, as report, by whispers. -Passing; going or gone past; asthe troops have passed by. teetylic ether. - Did you not hear I did Antyi sectanceA buezzing of a separation "I did hear Bu]i tyrine, n. (Chem.) Anoleaginous substance,dis- Between lhe king and Catherine?" — Shaks. The galloping of horse. Who was't came by? "- Shaks. covered by Chevreul in butter. It is prepared by expos- -_To sound by buzzieg. -Aside; on one side; as, So put by something for future ing purified butter to a tenmperature of 660 for several "flerewtth arose a buzzing noise among them." - Haywnud. Ils. days. Steam-ins sepaerates in grains, and an nily corne- Te e hodys. Steobtined spchrateis ein gxrainsad lcoilo a ondr- -n. ceming eotse neade by bees, wasps, i-c. By, a. Something out of the direct or comnmon way; pound is obtained, which is mixed with alcohol and fro —-n. The hu mming noise mde by bees, wasps, &e. quently shalken during twenty-four hour's. The alcohol -A whisper; a ro; a i of tal aside; anything of a collaterel or incidetal ickture; as, a by-law. (Used in comlpositionl g~enerall y as al pre~cfix.) is then distilled off, carbonate of magnesia added to the "I found the whole outer room in a buzz of politics."-lAddison. a by-hav. (Used ie conposit gecerly as a prefix.) By, Byegy, n~. Soinethiffil not directly the object of; an oily residue, which is washed and treated with aclcohol, Buzzard, (ouzc'erd,) n. [Fr. busard. from Ger. bueesaar; object by the way, or of secondary impohtjcte; as, a when, on being once more distilled, it leaves the butyrici said to he from the verb to bezz; Pers. baeec, a hw, bye at crblctet. w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~adt efo hevenbt zz;Pt.bu, Ishawit.] bye at cricket. behind. (ZobT.) The popular name of the predatory birds form- By the by. Digressively; in passing; apropos or touchBu'tyroiae, n. (Choem.) A substance similar in prop- in the genus BUTEO, q. V. g the itter in view, or subject of reUark. erties to acetone and propione; obtainedel by Chevreul -A blockhead; a nuniskull; a dunce. By'ird, n. (Mining.) A piece of leather worn across amongst the products of distillation of butyrate of lime.', Those blind buzzards, who,.. would neither learn them- the breast by those who drag tile sledges in coal-pits. Bitztown, in Pennsylvania, a. post-office of North- selves nor could teach others."-Ascham. By'berry, in Pennsylvania, a former township of cen-pton 5co. -a. Stupid; thickiheaded. (a.) Philadelphia co., 14 m. N.E. of the State-House; now inBux'eous, a. [From Lat. hbua.s, the box-tree.] Per- Butt'znzar!et, n. (Zoel.) A species of Buzzard. cluded within the limits of the city. taining, or relating to, the box-tree. Basz'zzar'e's Bay, on the S. coast of Massachusetts, By'-bidder',e n. One who is engaged by an auctioneer Butxile, (bukl'sine,) n. (Choeeo.) An alkaloid obtained seiarated fromn Vineyard Sound by tihe Elizabeth Islands, or seller to imaslke mock bids in order to run up the price frnom the hurl of box-wvood, which contemins nearly one and containing the harbors of New Bedford, Fair Haven, of articles; sometimes called, in a vulgar sense, a per cent. of it. It has a bitter taste, is insoluble in wa- Rochester, and Wareham. It is 30 us. long, with a mean soeeteeer. ter, but slightly soluble in alcoholic ether. It forms width of 7 cm- Bycbisi. (Aic. Geog.) See GIntAn. -neutral salts ~~~~~~width o7m.ytl.(Athe aGeds.) e IL neuctreal sats with the acids. q,~[Bi zaz 5'Oz svile, in Indiana, a village of Madison co., lBy'-blow, ee. A side blow; a blow incidentally given. Bux:om, (buc/ksuem,) a.. [A.S. bocseroe - boga, anything 44 min. N.N.E. oh Indianapolis. -An illegitinate child. (. or a.) cu-ved, a bow, and terunimation seue, ng. soeems.] Gay; &Buzzeer, e. Onee who buzzes; a secret whisperer. By'-bausit ness, n. Business transacted out of the conmlively; brisk; wanton; jolly; healthy; vigorous; cor- And wnts nt sss o ines his ear mon or ctomay w. 0 11 ~~~And wants not buzzer's to infest his ear meon or customary way. pulent; as, a buxon-l woman. With petulant speeches of his father's death." - Shaes. B[y-colf'eeouse, em. A coffee-louse In an obscure " A daughter fair, Buz'z~~iz] -, n. A hummning noise; incessant talk in an situation. So buxom, blithe, and debouuair." —Milton. F. Ss Cusin.ithe, and debouair."-eifteo. undertone. "I afterwards entered a by-coffeehouse that stood... at the -Originally, this word signified obedient or obsequious; B]uz'zisgrly, adv. With a low, murmurous sound, lise end of a narrow lane." — Addisou. and in the old form of marriage, the bride promised to that of bees. By'eoxnneerssemesat, a. An affair apart from the be fait'hful and buxom to her hlusband. h'e faitheful and buxn]om to her husband. By, (bi,) prep. [A. S. be or big; Goth. hi; Ger. bei; Sanski. main business. xomly, ode. Briskly; lively; amorously. a/i. At; near; beside; close to; not far from; in the Our plays have underplots, or by-concernments." — Dryden, Buolx'onness, n. State or quality of being buxom; vicinity of:- noting proximity of place; as, by the By'- rces', a. A private corner. liveliness. _ EB x'os, n. (Bet.) A genus of plants, order Epho- church. By'- le e,. A ppede; soething inbiacece, consisting of evergreen shrubs or small trees with " Stay by me; thou art resolute and faithful." — Dryden. cidentally depending upon anotheer. opposite leaves, entire at the margins, and easily split -Near to in motion or passage; past; firom one to the By'-desigial, n. An incidental purpose or design. into two plates. The flowers, which are very small, other side of; as, to sail by a port.'And if she miss thee mouse-trap line, grow in little axillary clusters, the males and femaleauemner grow in little axiay closters, th ale ad fele — Used to denote the instrument, agent, cause, manner They'll serve for other by-lesige." -Hudib,,as, flowers beinug distinct, but borne on the same plant. way, or musemns; through; with; as, by the aid of justice. Bye, By, (eT,) s. [Da/d. bye; Icel. le; Goth. beidac, to There are only two species known, nanmely, B. hseper- "Death's what the guilty fear, the pious crave, dwell.] A dwellicng; a way out of the comnemon road; Vicreeos and B. baleas-/ca. The forner, whichei tohb con Sought by the wretch, and vanquish'd by the brave." - Garth. as, a bye-say. vires ad B baeatca. The lb~rmer, whichl is the corn- na ewy uoen box, is remarkiable, botanically, for being the nmost In the above sense, as a means or instrument, it denotes — In certain games, a station or place of an individual neorthern arborescent European species of Ep/eorb/aceu the cause of any effect. player. - lVebster. In the S. of Europe it attains frequently a height of By woe the soul to daring action steals, gy'.end, oe. Private end; secret interest or advmantage, 30 feet. It grows wild in this country only on the dr By Foe ih plainsess patience it excels.- Savage. "FPear, profit, or some other bye-end." - LYEstrange. chalhy hills of the south. Many varieties are knowve in -It denotes the means by whiclh anything is performed By'ersville, in Nesow York, a post-villags of Livingstoli gardens, the most nremailable of which is the dwarf- or obtained; as, by thei action of umachinery. co., 16 is. S. of GOnesee. box, so much used for the edgings of wallks.'The wood "You must think, if we give you anything, we hope to gain by Bel, i Bsachett, apost-village of ssx o,, In. you." - Shaks~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~]t. Myfe~ld, in MIassachusetts, a, post-village of Essex co,, of tile arborescent B. seoopervirens is hleavier then that you. — 35 m. N. by E. of Bostom. of eny other Eumopean trie, and will sink when placed -Used to show the manner of an action; as, it w;es By'-gone, a. Past; gone by;vanislhed; as, by-gone days, in vwater. It is of a beautiful pale-yellow color, and of brought about by shance.-At or in; specifying place. Som ething pastor gone by; a past occumren ce or event. a fine, regular, and compact texture. It is preferred to or position Let by-gones be by-ones. A phrase implying the.t thi every other kind of wood for the manufacture of flutes. B/y land, by water they renew their charge." -Pope. past should be forgotten. flageolets, and other reed-instruments; of rules and -According to;- denotimg permission. Byhaqi,-, in Mississioppi, a post-village of Marshall co., inmathemiatical instruments; and of the handles of nmost " It is lawful both by the laws of nature and nations, and by 1S us. N.W, of Holly Springs. small tools. For the purposes of the turner, the wood- the law divine." —Bacon. Bylia'lia, in Ohio, a post-office of Union co. carver, and especially the wood-engraver, box-wood is -Noting the quantity had at once; at the rate of; ac- Byin goas, (le'iag-ton,) in Oeio, a P. 0. of Pike co. invaluable. Spain and Portugal export large quantities cording to the proportion of; as, eggs by the dozen. Bly-i.'terest, n. Private interest; self-advantage. of it; so also do Circassia and Georgia. "The North by myriads pours her mighty sons." — Pope. By'-1nc,, n. A private lane, or one out of the usual Bssx'tonla, a tosswmm and fashlionatble cwaeteming-place of -Io comparison, it denotes the ratio of excess, or dimi- road. England, co. Derby, 150 min. N.W. by N. of London, in nution; as, older by ten years. By'-law, n. (Law.) A private lacw; the local or suborthe middle of a romanatic country. The temperature of "H er brother Rivers, dinate law of a city, town, or private corporation. — the springs ranges from 660 to 88~. B. waters are much Ere this lies shorter by the head at Pomfret."- Rowe. The power to Iake by-laswss Is usually conferred by exvalued in cases of dyspepsia, gout, and rheumatism, and -From; denoting ground, or comparison; as, by what has press terms of the charter creating the corporation; were celebrated for their medicinal virtues during the passed. though, when not expressly granted, it is given by irna time of the Hnomans. Pop. 2,237.,, The son of Hercules he justly seems plication, and it is incidental to the very existence of Busx'ton, in Maine, a post-township of Yorlk co., on By his broad shoulders and gigantic limbs." - Dryden. a corporation. The Constitution of the United States, Saco Iliver,60 m. S.W. by S. of Augusta; pop. abt. 2,900. -As soon as; not later than; as, by four o'clock. and Acts of Congress made in conformity to it, the con-A post-village of York co., 15 m. W. of Portland. stitution of the State in which a corporation is located, Bruxa'tol anLd Bal —]liHl. in Maine, a village of Yorls,' By this time the very foundation was removed." - Swi.ft. and all acts of the legislature constitutionally made, co., 18 in. W. of Portland, on tie E. bank of Saco River; — Pointing to the author, contriver, inventor, or pro- tegether vith the common llv as there accepted, are of pope. about 400.' ducer; es, a poem by Longfellow. superior ibrcc, to any by-law: and such by-law, when Buxton CUentre, in Maisne, a post-village of Yorlk co., -At hand; os haned; in one's possession; as, he kieeps cont/cuany to either of them, is therlsore void, whether 10 m. Wh. of Portland. couch money by bins, the charter authorizes the mnaking of such by-lacw-, or Bu]y, (bh,) (imp. aced pp. nouav.) [A. S. bycgan, bygan; — In the same directionu cwith/; as, fmreowced by tlie length. not; because no legislature can ge-ant poc-er larger thmau Gothe. bugjaa.] To acquirs, procure, or obtain by pay- -Used in the form of adjunration, swcering, or protestation. it iosesses. - Beeee/es'. menc or purchase; to purchase; to obtain by pSeyug ay "ale gedleend Sinvoge by him I swear. - Duyden. By'ier's PIlls, in Mokisses-i, ay village of Morgan so., price or an equivalent in money: —used in contradistinc- —.According' to; he dlirection, testimony, or authority of; 56 m. W.S.W. of Jefferson City. tion to sell. as, wvhlst is the tine by yosr wcatch S By-mattes' a. Socething incidental. "They must busy up no corn growing within twelve miles of By-and-by. Presently; shortly; in a short time; be- By'-uane, e. A peculiar or incidental name; a iickGeneva." —Addison. fore long. umame. — To procure by a consideration given; to bribe; as, to " Now a sensible man, by and by a feel, and presently a beast;" — v. a. To confer a nickname upon. buy a vote. Sha/s. By'Isumvi-ille, in Ohio, a post-office of Pike co. "I have baoue/t By one's self. Denoting the absence of all othems; By'-passage, n. A by-way or passgsol out of tics Go lden opinions from all sorts of p'eople. " —ShakCs. alone. — To set by. To. esteem; to renard; as, to set a coummon roid. BYRO BYRO BYZA 405 ZBy.-past, a. Past; gone by; as, "These three hundred terial of war in aid of the Greeks, who were, at that By'ron. in New York, a flourishing post-village and years by-past." - Cheyne. time, engaged in a war of independence, and on Jan. 5, township of Genesee co., 25 m. W.S.W. of Rochester; By'-path, n. A private or obscure path; as, the by-palth 1824, he joined their ranks in person, at Missolonghi, pop. about 2,200. of knowledge. and was appointed commander-in-chief of an expedition Byroni, in Ohio, a post-village of Green co., about 11 m. By'-place, n. A retired or private place. intended to be sent against Lepanto. Before this could E. by N. of Dayton. By'-play, n. A scene which is carried on in dumb show, be carried into effect, however, he was seized with a Byraon, in lVisconsin, a post-township in Fond-du-Lac in the background of the main performance. fever, and, on the 19th of April, he expired, to the inex- co., abont 10 m. S. of Fond-du-Lac; pop. 1,366. By'-pu'rpose, n. A clandestine or indirect purpose. pressible grief of the Greek people, who went into Byron Bay, in N. Anmerica, on the N.E. coast of LabByq'ran, in Mississippi, a post-village of Hinds co., on rador; Lat. 540 40' N., Lon. 570 30t W. Pearl River, about 13 in. S. by W. of Jackson. - Byron'ie, Byronesque, (bi-ron-eslk',) a. PertainByramn, in New Jersey, a township of Sussex co.; pop. g to Lord Byron, or to his poetry; after the manner about 1,450. of Byron; as, a Bysoic style of expression. Byrarn Rivear, in Connecticut, flowing into Long r Byron Islani, in the Pacific Ocean, about 12 m. in Island Sound, separating this State from New York. length; Lat. 10 15, S., Lon. 1730 16' E. Byrd, (bird,) in Oi/o, a townshipof Brown co.; pop. 1,283. 6 By'roniville, in Georgia, a post-office of Dooly co. Byrd's lSprings, in Arkansas, a P. O. of Jefferson co. By'-room, n. A private room situated within another. Byre, (ber,) n. A term for a shippon or cow-house; — "I pr'ythee, do thou stand in some by-room." - Shaks. peculiar to Scotland and the north of England. Byr'rbus, n.; Byr'rhishle, pl. (Ze&.) A genus and By'-respcet, v. Private end or view.' ~Byg~'-re~si~eezt, s. Private end or view. family of Coleoptera. B. pilbla is about the size of Byrguis, JusTUs, (ptoperly Joi;sT BURCi,) an inventor Byrguis, Jesi-us,(pioperyf JQoesv~ Bi ~asos,) an inventor the common Lady-bird; its color is a dull brown; it is and noannfistctrer of "Globes of the Heavens," and asof an extremely convex shape, and, when disturbed, tronomical instruments, B. in Lichtensteig, cant. St. G mallen~ Sw ~intzerland, 1552. In 1579chewasappoi nted.' contracts its limbs and lies in an inert state, like an Gallen, Switzerland, 1552. In 1579 he was appointed oval seed or pill, while thus counterfeitin g death as a horologist to the court of William IV., Landgrave of or if g means of escape fronm danger. It is found on various Hesse. His first work was a globe of the heavens made ~.;i ~~ ~ plants in gardens and elsewhere. of silver plate, on which the stars were indicated -fter....:;i Byrson'llma, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants, order MALthis own observations. The landgrave sent this globe to PIG IIICEA, C1. v. B]y'-speech, n. An incidental or casual speech not thle Emnperor Rudoloph II. of Germllassy wis uaso eIenmACEI, q. e1. pleased with it that he called B., in 1604, to his own court as his mechaniciian. lIe returned to Cassel in 1022, - exactly relating to the point. >570.'!1~D, B3L:-Iefre 163 ~thut tie Byssaceous, (bis-sa'shses,) a. [See Bvssos.] (Bet.) Rewhere he D., 1632. —Before 1603, without the knowledge ~!/':~f~!]1: / ~)/k'~sembling byssus; composed of fine entangled threads. of Napier's work, he discovered. or calculated logarithums, ws~ics he ~iublissed in the As-/tsseticot and Gessetscest BlBys'sine, a. [See Bvssus.] Silky; made of silk; having which he published in the Arithnnetical and Geometrical] a]!]] ppaane a silky appearance. Progressions ITbles, Prague, 1620.- HIe also constructed Bys.soid, a. (Bet.) See Bvssus. a geometrical triangular instrument, which was de- Bs's e,.. bsss, fl fx, ds, a branch.] 17, B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lys'solite, n. [Gr. bussus, fine flax, ],lados, a branch.] Scribsed bjy his brother-in-law, Bess). Ba:rmen, 1648. 4 (MnA/.) A name applied to fibrous varieties of amianthus, ]]yrfisville, in Indiana, a post-village of Harrison'' Byrnsab'ouille, in SIdaofnia psaost-villago of Ha.rrieon'- tremolite, and other minerals of a filnamentous nature. so, about 30-5 in. S. of avndia apliageo. Sc/ -o-l