~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-..~i ii~~~~~~~ II~~~~~~~~~~~: —.~.%!jx~ II ~..... % ~ ~,~::?'i~? ~:~: ~;? ~~~~~~~~~~i ~ ~', ~~:.:'.?'.:,.,:..-.."". +.-.,., ~l~i x \_-../:,...m ~.xx. /~y~i._,......a A OF THE GXLISH LANGUAG: EXPLANATORY, PRONOUNCING, ETYMOLOGICAL, AND SYNONYMOUS, WITH A COPIOUS APPENDIX. MAINLY ABRIDGED FROM THE QUAARTO DICTIONARY NOAII WEBSTER, LLo Do, AS REVISED BY CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, D. D., AND NOAH PORTER, D. D. BY WILLIAM A. WHEELER. u~tt;rate britlj more t-ar ~ir ~untret uEntIngralbing. ol waf. SPRINGFIELD, MASS.: G. & C. MERRIAM, STATE STREETo PHILADELPHIA- J. B. LIPPINCOTT AND CO. 1872. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by GEORGE, CHARLES, AND HOMER MERRIAM, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts, RIVERSIDE. CAMBRIDGE: ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY. PREFACE. THIS volume is designed as in some sort a revision and enlargement of the Octavo Abridgment of Webster's "American Dictionary" known as the "University edition," which was prepared by the late Professor Goodrich of Yale College, and was first issued in 1856. But as the " American Dictionary" was itself thoroughly revised in all its departments, and greatly augmented and improved, as recently as 1864, it was found that the original Abridgment could only in part be taken as the basis of reconstruction. The present work must therefore be considered as in the main an abstract from the last edition of the larger Dictionary, while the general plan is the same as that of its predecessor. Like that, it is intended to meet the wants of that large class of persons who wish to obtain in a single volume of moderate size and cost as complete a presentation as possible of the meaning, pronunciation, and orthography of the words which make up the main body of our modern English tongue. Like that, too, it has a specific end and object, having been "framed expressly for the benefit of those who are cultivating English composition on a broad scale, and are desirous to gain an exact knowledge of our language, and a ready command of its varied forms of expression." How far the work will answer these purposes may appear from a more detailed statement of its chief features, and of the principles on which it has been constructed. I. Introduction. - Instead of the " Principles of Pronunciation " and the " Remarks on Orthography" contained in the former edition, the fuller and more elaborate articles on these subjects in the Quarto Dictionary have been substituted. The orthoipic notation is also the remodeled and simplified notation of the Quarto, which contains a few characters additional to those of the one previously employed. A " List of Words Spelled in Two or More Ways" is subjoined to the "' Principles of Orthography," and will be found to be an addition of much practical usefulness. An explanatory list of the more common Prefixes and Suffixes, with illustrative examples, forms a new feature of the work, and one which adds not a little to its value. As these formative syllables enter into the composition of multitudes of words, a knowledge of their signification is very important, and the preliminary information which is furnished renders it unnecessary to explain them in each particular instance in the body of the Dictionary. II. Dictionary Proper. - 1. The Vocabulary contains a wide and careful selection of those words in regard to which miscellaneous readers may be presumed to need information. It comprises, or is meant to comprise, all English words in actual use at the present day, including many terms in the various departments of Science and Art, especially such as pertain to those departments with which all well-educated persons are supposed to have some acquaintance. Obsolete words have for the most part been omitted, as their insertion would increase the bulk and enhance the price of the volume to too great a degree. Rare words and self-explaining compounds have been omitted for similar reasons. Important phrases, bhowever, are given, accompanied with explanations, which, though necessarily concise, will be found to be clear and exact. 2. Definitions. Most Dictionaries designed for popular use are distinguished by an imprecision and unsatisfactoriness of' definition resulting from the fact that the meanings of the words are to a great extent expressed by a mere array of other words of similar signification. This fault, it is hoped, has been avoided here, an attempt having been made to fix and exhibit - after the manner of the larger work - the various shades of meaning of all the more important words by means of formal, discriminative definition conveyed in brief descriptive sentences or clauses. 3. To words thus defined, Synonyms are often subjoined, printed in a separate paragraph, and in smaller type. The object is, after giving a clear conception of the peculiar imlport of a word, to bring others into view which have the same general signification, thus opening a wide range to a writer for selecting the most appropriate terms, and aiding him to acquire a iv PREFACE. varied and expressive diction. With the same end in view, synonymous words are carefully discriminated in numerous instances, the distinctive Mfeaning of each being carefully drawn out, and a comparison made between them, showing the points of difference. 4. Etymology. A leading and novel feature of' this Abridgment is the introduction, in a reduced form, of the etymologies of the new edition of the Quarto Dictionary, which work has been declared by eminent philological authorities to be " the best general etymologicon we yet possess of the English language." The value of this portion of the volume to those who desire to gain a thorough knowledge of their mother-tongue does not need to be enlarged upon. 5. The Pronunciation is that of the Quarto, upon which great care was bestowed, distinguished orthbepists both in England and America having been consulted on doubtful points. The system of referring from the words in the vocabulary to the preliminary "Principles" is one which the consulter of the work will find exceedingly useful. 6. The Orthography, in disputed cases, - and these embrace only a few limited classes of words, - is to a great extent given both ways, though with a clear indication of the form to be preferred on the principles of Dr. Webster. In every instance, the fobrm preferred has been sanctioned by distinguished English grammarians and orthoipists, as Lowth, Walker, &c. Their claims to general adoption are based upon the fact that they are conformed to the acknowledged analogies of the language, and are designed merely to repress irregularities and remove petty exceptions. With both forms before him, every one can decide for himself which to adopt. 7. The Illustrative Engravings on wood, about six hundred in number, have been selected and engraved expressly for this work. They are intended, not for mere ornament, but to elucidate the meaning of words which cannot be satisfactorily explained without pictorial aid. "There is no knowledge of things," says Locke, " conveyed by men's words, when their ideas agree not to the reality of things. The shape of a horse, or cassowary, will be but rudely and imperfectly imprinted on the mind by words; the sight of the animals doth it a thousand times better..... Such things as these, which the eye distinguishes by their shapes, would be best let into the mind by draughts made of them, and more determine the signification of such words than any other words set for them, or made use of to define them." III. Appendix. — The range of the Dictionary has been much extended by the addition to it of various useful vocabularies appropriate to the work as a manual of popular reference, as will be seen by an inspection of the Table of Contents on the ensuing page. Most of these vocabularies are abridged from those given in the larger work, but they will be found sufficiently comprehensive for all the ordinary wants of the general reader. The " Etymological Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names" has been very carefully revised and somewhat enlarged by the aid of recent works of great value, and in its present state possesses increased accuracy and usefulness. The " Concise Account of the Chief Deities, Heroes, etc., in the Greek and Roman Mythology " was given in the previous edition of this work, but has now received numerous additions and emendations which render it more worthy of the public favor. The "Vocabulary of Perfect and Allowable Rhymes" - a peculiar feature of this edition —is based upon the corresponding "Index" in Walker's'" Rhyming Dictionary"; but it is more copious and far more correct. Walker calls attention to the fact that " this collection of words," besides its designed and most obvious application, "is in some measure a dictionary of pronunciation, and may answer very useful purposes to foreigners and provincials, who, by understanding the sound of one word, may become acquainted with the pronunciation of a whole class." The " Glossary of Scottish Words and Phrases," with preliminary remarks on the peculiarities of Scottish pronunciation and orthography, - which is also a new and peculiar feature of this work, — has been prepared under the supervision of a native of Scotland, Mr. William Russell, who is well-known as an elocutionist and scholar. The evident superiority of this Glossary to all others of a similar kind, will doubtless cause it to be warmly welcomed by lovers of Scottish literature. As a whole, it is hoped that this volume may fairly lay claim to the character of a " NATIONAL DICTIONARY," fully suited to meet the requirements of all who are seeking a standard reference-book of this nature. In conclusion, it is due to Mr. William G. Webster to state that the editor has had the benefit of his co-operation in some portions of the work. DORCHETER, MASSACHUSETTS, August 10, 1867. CONTENTS. PAGE KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION,.......... i PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION,............ vii to xx VOWELS....................... vii VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED SYLLABLES,.... ii REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS........... x VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES,............ SILENT VOWELS................. Xi CONSONANTS..................... xiii ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS.............. XVii DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS.............. Xii ACCENT......................... xviii DIVIDED USAGE.................. XViii DISSYLLABLES......................... xviii TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES........xi SYLLABICATION..................... X PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY,.............. xxi to xxxiii OBSERVATIONS................ xxi RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS,....... XXii LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS,. Xxvii PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES,..... xxxiv to xxxviii LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH,......... xxxviii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK,......... xl A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE,.. 1 to 83 ADDENDA,.................... 835, 836 APPENDIX. A GLOSSARY OF SCOTTISH WORDS AND PHRASES,...... 839 to 856 A VOCABULARY OF PERFECT AND ALLOWABLE RHYMES,.. 857 to 870 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES,. 871 to 880 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GREEK AND -LATIN PROPER NAMES............. ~.......... 881 to 894 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,................... 895 to 910 EXPLANATORY INDEX OF PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND FORMATIVE SYLLABLES................ 895 A BRIEF ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, WITII THEIR DERIVATION AND SIGNIFICATION,.. 902 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES,................ 911 to 942 PREFATORY REMARKS,................911 ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE,............. 911 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS,....... 914 OBSERVATIONS NECESSARY TO BE BORNE IN MIND...... 915 VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,...... 916 VOCABULARY OF MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES,........ 933 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN N AMES, WITH THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, &c.,...... 943 to 948 NAMES OF MEN,................... 43 NAMES OF WOMEN,.. 946 QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC., FROM THE GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES,. 949 to 956 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING..... 957 to 959 ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING,.... 960 to 962 A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY,......... 963 to 969 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS,.. 971 to 1000 KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. VOWELS. REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. A1, i, long, as in.. Ale, Fate, Chiimber, Gray. 0, 5, long, as in... Old, Note, L6af, Depose. A, ~, short, as in.. dd, ]FAt, Hlve, RA ndom. 6, 6, short, as in.. Odd, N6t, T6rrid, Res6lve. 13, e, long, as in.. Eve, Mete, Peace, SEizure. U, -, long, as in... Use, Tuibe. Eiite, Feudal. i, 6, short, as in.. ~ nd, MVdlt, Check, Ldopard. I, A, short, as in. s, Tib, Biit, StUdy. I, i, long, as in... Ice, Fine, Mire, Thrive. Y, Y, long, as in... Fly, Style, Sky, Edify. 1, i, short, as in... Ill, Fin, Admit, Tribute.., -r, short, as in.. Cyst, Nyqmph, Lyric, Abyss. OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. A, a, as in. A....Air, ShAre, PAir, BeAr. 0, 6, like short u, as in Other, D6ne, S6n,Wb6n. A, ii, Italian, as in.. rm, ]FiAther, MFir, Palm. 0, o, like long oo, as in Prove, IDo, l~.Move, Tomb. A, a, as in.... Ask, Grass, lDAnce,BrAnch. 0, o, like short oo, as in BQosom, W~olf, Woman. A, a, broad, as in... 1l, Talk, tHaul, Swarm. 6, 6, like broad a, as in 6rder, Fbrnm, St6rk. A, a, like short o, as in What, Wander, Wander, llow. 0, Vo0, as in... d. MIon, Fd-obd, Bdoty. J6, oo, as in... Wdol, F6P ot, Gdood. i, 8, like &, as in.. re, Thdre, ]Hdir, Where. E, e, like long a, as in Eight, Prey, Obey. 1U,,precededby r, as in Rutle, lRlmor, l.iral. A, ~, as in.... mrine, Verge, Prefer. U., L, like short oo, as in Bull, IPt, P.tsta, Pullg. t, t, as in.... trge, BaSlrn, Fei-rl, ConeiOr. i, i, like long e, as in. Pique, Mlachine, Police. i,, like e, as in... irksome, Virgin, Thirsty. e, i, o, (Italic) mark } Fallen, Token, Cousin, a letter as silent lMason. REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. Oi, ol, or Oy, oy (unmarked), as in...... Oil, Join, Moist, Oyster, Toy. Ou, ou, or Ow, ow (unmarked), as in..... Out, H[ound, Owl, Vowel. CONSONANTS. A, 9, soft, likes sharp, as in. 4ede, Vite, Acpept. Th, th, sharp (unmarked), as in Thing, Breath. -C, e, hard, like k, as in.. Call, -oneur, Success. Th, th, flat or vocal, as in. T. hine, Smooth. Ch, ch (unmarked), as in. Childl, bch, Touch. Ng, ng (unmarked), as in. Sing, Single. AVh, sh, soft, like sh, as in. Chaise, Aiarphioness. N, vs (See ~ 82), as in.. ~. Linger, Link, f~h, eh, hard, like k, as in. Chorus, Echo, Distieh.:, A, like gz, as in.... Eist, Aunilary. G, g, hard, as in.. Get, Tiger, Begin. Ph, ph, likef (unmarked), as in Phantom, Sylph. G, g, soft, likej, as in.. eaem, Enagine, Elegy. Qu, qu, like kw (unmaarked), as in Queen, Conquest. S, s, sharp (unmarked), asin Saine, Yes, Rest. Wh, wh, like hw (unmk'd), as in What, Awhlaile.,, ~, soft or vocal, like z, as in H[a, Amulle, Roseate. Zh, zh, as in.. V.. Vision (vizh'un.) %ta When one letter of an improper diphthong, or of a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the sound of the combination, and the letter or letters which are not marked are to be regarded as silent; as in dim, clean, ceil, people, route, sSul, jofrnal, tow, &c. The combined letters ce, ci, sci, se, si, or ti, occurring before a vowel in a syllable immediately preceded by an accented syllable, are generally equivalent to sh; as in o'cean, ceta'ceous, so'cial logfician, suspitcion, auspitcious, con'science, nau'seous, controver'sial, dissen'sion, iniftial, ora'tion, ficti'tious, &c. Such syllables are not always respelled, as, in general, they will naturally be pronounced correctly by an English speaker.'But in all exceptional, doubtful, or difficult cases, the appropriate respelling is used. %* For an explanation of foreign sounds occurring in the Dictionary, see pp. 911-15. RESPELLING FOR PRONUNCIATION. -(1.) In respelling the French an, en, on, &c., the letters ng are not to be pronounced themselves, being designed simply to marlk the vowel as nasal, that is, as pronounced through both the nose and the mouth at the same time.- (2.) The respelling of a word when a number of related words follow, applies to all of them down to some other word which is respelled. REFERENCES. - The figures which immediately follow certoain words in the Vocabulary. refer to corresponding sections in the Principles of Pronunciation. ACCENT. - The principal accent is denoted by a heavy mark; the secondary, by a lighter mark; as in Suaperintend'ent. In the division of words into syllables, these marks, besides performing their proper office, supply the place of the hyphen, except in some compound and derivative words.:(vi) PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, WITH EXPLANATIONS OF THE KEY. VOWELS. factually spelt by Spenser in his "Faery Queen." Smart ~1. The vowel sounds in monosyllables and accented refers, also, with approbation, to another mode of identifysyllables are marked in the Dictionary by pointing the let- ing the sound in question; viz., that of prolonging our ters according to the Key. Each of the vowels will now be short e before r. Thus, ther (with the e as in thhn), drawn considered under three heads; viz., its regular long, and out into long quantity, gives us there (thar); and er (the short, and its occasional sounds, as heard in monosyllables first syllable in eror) gives us ere or eve (ar). Thus, in the and in accented and unaccented syllables. view here presented, the initial sound should always be that of a in fate (the radical without the vanish; see ~2), I. VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED though the final impression upon the ear is that of an SYLLABLES. open or broad sound, in consequence of the " opening A. power " of the r. In primitive words like flare, lair, pair, and the others mentioned above, it is very important not to ~ 2. Regular long sound, marked A_,, as in ale; heard dwell so long on the a as to make it diphthongal; for, if also in pain, day, gdol, gauge, aye, break, veil, Vcliey, &c. the close vanishing element of the vowel is retained, it is NOTE. — This sound of a is in most cases dipthongal, impossible for the open r to blend with it in the same sylhaving a slight "' vanish " in e annexed to its " radical " or lable. But in derivative words likeyflayer, layer, payer, it initial sound, as in pay, where the y may be regarded as is essential to preserve the terminational soud of the a in representing the vanish. Writers are not agreed as to the nature of the radical part, some considering it to be the order to keep up a distinction between the two classes. sound of short e, while others assert that it is a distinct, Some, however, especially in New England, give these though very similar, element, being like the other long words a slightly different sound; viz., that of our short a vowels as compared with their true corresponding short before the r, in air, pronounced er, with a somewhat sounds, of a slightly less open quality. - See ~ 11, and ~ 8, lengthened sound of the y with the first syllaNOTE.' X lengthened sound of the cs. So hArr-y, with the first sylla~N3. Regular short sound, marked.,, ss in add; ble protracted, gives us hairy. This sound is rather more open than the one mentioned above, and is apt, in the heard also inpldid, bade, &c. heard also -Thinplisd bddstincte, &Oamouths of our common people, to become too broad and NOTE. —This is a distinct element from the long a. coarse. Ifwe executed Like the other shut or stopped vowels (e,, 6, o, ( on), its coarse. If well executed, however, it is scarcely at all insound is exceedingly short, and has a certain abrupt, ferior to the other in smoothness and grace. It is freexplosive character, which is hardly found in any language quently heard among the well-educated in England; there but our own. With respect to its position in the scale of is a tendency in many to intermingle the two, and it often sounds, it is a palatal vowel, intermediate between a and, requires a nice ear to determine which is used. Dr. Webthe tongue being raised higher than for a, and not so high as for e. ster, who adopted the former in his own practice, once remarked to the writer that he regarded the difference as OCCASIONAL SOUNDS OF A. unimportant, provided the New England sound be given ~ 4. Sound of a before r, in such words as air, care,fare, without coarseness or undue breadth. bear,prayer,parent, marked A, A. The letter e has the same ~ ~. Sound of the Italian a, marked A,, as in ars, sound in a few words, such as there, where, their, heir-, &c. fither,fir; heard also in iih, hearth, iscnt, guard, are, &c. Two errors in opposite extremes are here to be avoided: NOTE. - This sound occurs in monosyllables and in the 1. That of the vulgar, who pronounce where, whar; bear, accented syllable of many words, before r final or r folbar; care'ful, car/ful, &c.; 2. That of some among the lowed by another consonant (as in scar, tar, tart, yard, bar;,, 2Thatofsomeamongthede-bar/, de-part/), and in the derivatives of such words (as educated classes, who pronounce pair, parent, &c., as if in scarred, tarry, of, or resembling, tar, sebarring). But spelt pay/er, pay/rent, &c. when a occurs in an accented syllable, before r followed by Some have considered the a in care as a distinct element; a vowel or by another r, in a word not a derivative, it has this, however is not admitted by Smart, who maintains its regular short sound, as in rable, b delay. that it is our long a in fate, and owes all its peculiarity to The Italian a is the most open of all the vowel sounds, the subsequent r. Such, also, is the statement of Dr. Web- and is one of the extremes of the vowel scale, the other ster and most English orthotpists. The sound of r in these extremes being e, and doo. In its formation the mouth and words is what Smart calls a "guttural -vibration -a throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left in its natural position of rest. It was formerly much more common sound -which he represents by usr, and Dr. Webster by er. in English than it is at the present day. The loss of it to In care we touch lightly on the a sound (the radical alone, so great an extent has been an injury to our language, and weithlut the vanish; see ~ 2), and then pass fully and any further exclusion of it is therefore undesirable. strongly into the guttural vibration (ca/ur or ca/er), drawing the two as closely as possible into the same syllable - ~ 6. Sound of a in certain words (chiefly monosyllables) so closely that Smart (not aiming at philosophical exact- ending in 7, ft, ss, st, sk, sp, with a few in nsce, and nt. ness) speaks of the r as actually blending with the previous marked A, a, as in staff,grdft,pass, aist, aisk, gcasp, chdnce, vowel. In like manner, parent is sounded p'/ur-ent, or pal- chaat, &c. er-ent; andfairy has the sound offa'er-y, as the word was NOTE. Down to the close of the last century, words of (vii) viii PRINCIPLES OF PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. this class were universally pronounced with the full Italian the Italian a in such cases, especially among the officers of a. Some, especially among the5 vulgar, gave this too broad- government, and the nobility and gentry with whom ho ly, or with a kind of drawl (as pass like pahss, fast like was led to associate. Such, also, is said by members of fahst), so that Walker, disgusted with this abuse, and Oxford and Cambridge to be the case now at those univerhaving a prejudice against intermediate sounds, marked sities; and some of the most eminent preachers of the kingall such words in his Dictionary by the sound of short a, dom, such as the Bishop of Oxford (Wilberforce), have been giving the vowel in past, staff, &c., the sound of that in mentioned in confirmation of this remark. It is for such psit, Stdffa (the island), &c. It will not be surprising - reasons that the words in question are here marked with a if we bear in mind the remark in ~ 3 on the extreme short- shortened or brief sounsd of the Italian a, in accordance ness and abruptness of this sound- that this change was with the views and practice of Dr. Webster. strongly condemned by the orthobpists. Jones declared it to be "a mincing affectation; ";' and Mitford said, " No ~ 7. Sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in all, talk, l.a.u, English tongue fails to express, no English ear to perceive, swarm; heard also in sauce, a.le, geSrg/icfrk, groat, the difference between the sound of a in passing and in bought, &c. pcssive. No colloquial familiarity will substitute the one NOTE. - This has sometimes been called the German a, for the other." Still, the high characterof Walker, and the but is a broader and more guttural sound. being formed by increasing disgust for every thing like a drawl in speaking, a depression of the larynx, and a conequent retraction of gave currency to the change. It prevailed in London, and a depression of the larynx, and a consequent retraction of in some of the larger cities of America, until there sprung the tongue, which enlarges the cavity of the mouth poste-'up, on both sides of the Atlantic, what Smart has called a riorly. "' new school " and an " old school " on this subject. The ~ S. Short sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in what, extreme shortness of the a as marked by Walker, was still wander, wallow, &c.; heard also in knowledge. objected to; and Smart, in his Dictionary, first published in 1836, censured Walker on this account, saying, " Ie NOTE. - This is the extreme short sound of broad a, and allows no compromise between the broad Italian a, with coincides with the sound of o in not. It differs, however, which a vulgar mouth pronounces ass, and the sound nar- in quality as well as quantity from broad a, being a more rower (if possible) than the a in at, with which an affected open sound; that is to say, the aperture of the lips and speaker minces the same word." He therefore spoke of a the internal cavity of the mouth, though of the same shape " medium sound " of the a in words of this class, saying, in both cases, are somewhat larger for the former (a) than " Wye are apt, even in London, to give a sli,,ht prolongation for the latter (a), while the position of the tongue remains to the vowel (a) which would, in other cases, be quite ru naltered throughout. Nor is this difference peculiar to a tic." This prolongation has passed into America, and is and a; it also exists between the other pairs of vowel sounds now heard extensively among the followers of Walker in that have essentially the same organic formation, but differ this country. It is a kind of drawl on the a in such words in length or duration: in each case, that which is the as Idpst, p fist, fasc, &c. Smart states, however, in a recent briefer in quantity is the more open in quality of the two. letter, that in lEngland this prolongation is now wholly There is a sound of a1 as heard in salt, although, &c., laid aside. " Custom with us," he remarks, "is much which is intermediate between that in awe and that in changed. It is no longer affectation to say d2ss; and grant, what. No distinctive mark is used to indicate this intergrdft, &c., at present indicate the pronunciation of well- mediate sound, but the inquirer is referred to this section educated London people under sixty-five or sixty years of from all words in the vocabulary in which the sound ocage." In other words, Walker's extreme short sound of curs. -See ~ 21, NOTE. stdff, like Stiffa, and pdss like passive, is now adopted by ~ 9. An exceptional sound of a occurs in the words any, many Londoners as the true and only proper sound. many. It is as if they were spelled En/y, mrn y, being the The change introduced by Walker never had any great regular short sound of e. currency in this country, except in a few large cities and in places immediately affected by their influence. Our leading lexicographers, Webster and Worcester, declared -E. against it. Many who were taught it in childhood have since laid it aside; and there is an increasing disposition ~ 1D. Regular long sound, marked E,, as in lue, mete, among our teachers and literary men to unite on some inl- &c.; heard also in Cwesar, beard,feet, leisure, people, key, termediate sound between the extreme broadness, orlength, machine,field, esophagus, quay, &c. of the a infather, and the extreme narrowness, or shortness of the a infat. That of Smart (mentioned above as now NOTE. — In the formation of this element, the tongue is disused) was intermediate in quantitty; and so also is an- raised convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing other, which Fulton and Knight have introduced into their against its sides, and leaving only the smallest possible pasDictionary, viz., a shortened sound of the Italian a. They sage through which a vowel sound can be uttered. E is give the word I lard " as an example of the long Italian therefore the closest lingual or palatal vowel, and is one of sound (as in father, &c.), and " last " of their short Italian the extremes of the natural vowel scale, a and oo being sound; and mark with the latter the entire class of words the other extremes. now under consideration, such as staff, graft, pass, last, ~ 11. Regular short sound, marked:k, t, as in and, mitt; ask, gasp, and a few words in ace and sit, as dance and heard also in many, apharesis, said, says,flatler, ilsfer, chant. In this way they guard against that undue prolongation of the a which offended Walker, and still retain in leopard,frgind, asaf(etida, bury, guess. use one of the finest sounds of our language. This is the NoTE. - This is not a short sound of the long e. It has sound recommended in this volume, and marked A, a. usually been considered as the shuzt or extreme short sound Some might possibly prefer one a little less open, verging of the a infate; but most ortholpists at the present day, slightly more towards that of a in an; and there is cer- while allowing it to be a nearly related sound, regard it as tainly room here for a diversity of taste and practice among distinct, being slightly more open than the radical part of those who agree in the main point of rejecting the extreme a, and lacking the vanish: both are intermediate between shortness of Walker's sound. If it be proposed, however, a and I, the tongue not being so much depressed as for the to give these words a sound intermediate in quality between former, nor raised so high toward the palate as for the the Italian a and our short a, one thing is important to be latter. - See ~ 2, and ~ 3, NOTE. considered. Mr. Smart states, in answer to an inquiry on the subject, that, although he can exemplify such a sound, he is not aware that any thing of the kind is used among OCCASIONAL SOUNDS OF E. the educated classes in England. The only alternative ~ La. Sound of e like b (as in care, fair, bear, &c.,) there seems to be between the Italian a and the extreme short sound of Walker; and it is natural and desirable marked 1, 0, as in ere, there, heir, I'er, &c. This, as is that those among us who reject the latter should adopt the stated in ~ 4, is the same sound with that of a in care. - same sound with those who led the way in that rejection See ~ 4. upon the other side of the Atlantic. Any one who heard ~ 13. Sound of e like a, marked E, e as in eh, eight, the lectures of Mr. Thackeray during his visit to this country in 1855-6. and noticed his pronunciation with reference prey, zein, &c. - See ~ 2. to this subject, must have been struck with the definite NOTE. — This is essentially the sound which this letter sound of the Italian a which he gave to all words of this generally has in the leading modern languages of Continenclass. He even gave that sound in the word answer, which, tal Europe. though common in England, is comparatively rare in America. A gentleman who held for many years a higli diplo- ~ 14. Sound of e before r, verging toward the sound of matic station at the court of St. James, told the writer u in urge, marked:i, e, as in ermine, verge, prefgr; heard that, except among Londosners, he almost uniformly heard also in earnest, mirth, myrtle, &c. PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. ix NOTE.-The case here contemplated is that of e before r, in which belongs to the vowel, and giving to the radical pora monosyllable or in an accented syllable in which the r is tion a somewhat more open quality; but this practice is not followed by a vowel or by another r, or in derivatives of such fwords,when the syllable retains its accent, as in herd, wholly opposed to English usage. The provincialism hero defer, deferring, err, erring, termn, mercy, maternal. When pointed out obtains, more or less widely, in respect to the e occurs before r, followed by a vowel or by another r, in a following words, viz.: boat, bolster, bolt, bone, both, broke, word not derived as above, it either has the short sound, as broken, choke, cloak, close, a., coach, coat, coax, colt, colter, inferry, peril perilous, heritag,ferule, or the long sound, comb, dolt, folks, goad, hold, holm, holster, home, homely, as in period, ecro, material. The vulgar universally, and many cultivated speakers hope, jolt, load, molten, most, molt, none, only, open, pole, both in England and America, give the e in such words the polka, poultice, poultry, revolt, road, rode, rogue, soap, full sound of u in surge, as, murcy for mercy, turm for t'rm, sloth, smoke, sofa, sol (the name of the note G of the musi&c. But, in the most approved style of pronunciation, the a scale spoke, v., soken, stone story,swollen (or swol), organs are placed in a position intermediate between that a a,, requisite for sounding lb and that for sounding e, thus throat, toad, opholsterer, upholstery, sohole, wholly, wlolemaking (as Smart observes) "a compromise between the some, wrote, yoke, yolk, and possibly a few others. Most two." In other words, this element is radically distinct persons in New England sound the o in a part or all of from both lb and e, being less guttural than the former these words without the vanish, while some among the and less palatal than the latter, from which it was doubt- vulgar go farther, and give to a number of them almost less originally evolved. the sound of short u, as, hum for home, &c. They should I. all, however, have the full sound of the o as heard in ac~ 15. Regular long sound, marked I, i, as in ice; heard cented syllables, though not in all cases with quite the also in aisle, height, eying, eJe,,vie, guile, bnu, the, rge, same prolongation of the sound. Thus the full o of dome &c.; in pint, in child, mnild, wild; and in monosyllables should be given to home; of hole to whole; of slope to ending with nd, as bind, find, kind, &c., except wind, hope; of poach to coach; of moat to coat; of joke to spoke, meaning air in motion, and woind, to scent, to cause to lose cloak, smoke, and broke; of hone to bone and stone; and or to recover wind or breath. similarly in the other cases. Still the theoretic phonologist can not but regard the true short o described in this NOTE.- This sound, though represented by a single character, is not a simple element, but a diphthong. It is section as an important and legitimate member of the famcomposed of d and 5 as extremes, with the d accented, but ily of vowel sounds, and must look upon its absence in the made so very brief that the ear with difficulty recognizes established orthoipy of our language as a defect and an the precise character of the sound. anomaly. To him, therefore, its rise and growth in the ~ 16. Regular short sound, marked I, l, as in all; heard popular speech are interesting facts, and its final prevaalso in English, beazufin, been, seeve, women, busy, guinea, le-nce and admittance to equal rights with the other vowels snmph, &c. is a thing he would rather desire than deprecate. NOTE. - This is not a short sound of long i. Many have ~'21. Regular short sound, marked 0, S6, as in odd, considered it as the shet or extreme short sound of long e; toit; heard also in wander, knowledge, &c. - See ~ 3, but it. is really a distinct, though closely allied, element, NOTE, and 9. and is so regarded by the best orthoipists at the present time. In its formation, the tongue is slightly relaxed from NOTE. - This is the shut or extreme short sound of broad the position assumed for producing c; this is the only dif- a, and coincides with the sound of a in wohat. There is a ference between the two sounds. - See ~ 3, NOTE, and ~ 8, medium sound of this letter which is neither so short as in NOTE. nsot, nor so long as in zaught. This medium sound is usually given to the short o when directly followed by ss, st, OCCASIONAL SOUNDS OF I. and th, as in cross, cost, broth; also in gone, cough, trough, qff and some other words. To give the extreme short ~ 17. Sound of i like that of long e, marked fi, i, as in sound to such words is affectation: to give them the full pirque, machine, caprice, &c.- See ~ 10. sound of broad a is vulgar. NOTE. - This is appropriately the sound of i in all for- OCCASIONAL SOUNDS OF 0. eign languages. Most of the English words in which this sound is represented by this letter are from the French. ~ 22. Sound of o like short u, marked 0, 6, as in other, ~ IS. Sound of i before r, verging toward oi in erge, dfve, &c.; heard also in dies, g/gn, flood, double, &c.marked 1, x, as in irksome, v'rgiu, th7rsty, &c., identical See ~ 31. with that of e in ermine. 23. Sound of o like do long, marked O,., as inprove, NOTE. - I in this case is sounded by many speakers like b &c... Se ~ 2. A, as vurgin for virgin. The observations made under ~ 14 ~ 24. Sound of o like o short, marked 0, o, as in as to short e in words like ermine, verdure, &c., apply fully bosom, wolf, wonman, &c. -See ~ 8, NOTE, and ~ 27. to this sound of the i. NOTE. — This sound coincides with that of u in bull, which is also used for oo short. - See ~ 33. 0~ 25. Sound of o like a (broad a), marked 0, 6, as in ~ 19. Regular long sound, marked 0, x, as in old; Order, form, stork, &c. - See ~ 7. heard also in hautboy, beau, yeoman, sew, roam, hOe, door, NOTE. - The letter o generally has this sound when it shoulder, grow, owe, &c. occurs before r in a monosyllable (as in for, firm, lord, NOTE. - This sound of a is in most cases diphthongal, nrth) or in an accented syllable when not followed by a having a slight " vanish " in oo annexed to the " radical vowel or by another r, as in f'rdmer, Or/chard, abhOr', and or initial sound, as in below, where the w may be regarded also in the derivatives of such words, as in firmed, nOrth'as representing the vanish. The radical part of the sound ern, abhOr/ring. But when o occurs, in an accented syllable, is a simple element, intermediate with respect to the mode before r followed by a vowel or by another r in a word not of its formation, between a and oo, the tongue being less a derivative, it has its regular short sound, as infor'eign, depressed than for a, and the labial aperture greater than or/ange, tr'rid. These two sounds of o, viz., the broad, for oo. It is essentially the same element as that described like that of a in call, and the short, like that of a in what, in the next section, but of a slightly less open quality. The have been confounded by some orthoe pists; but there it vanish of the o is omitted in unaccented syllables, as in an obvious difference between them, not only in quantity, o-pin/ion, to-baco, &c., but ought not to be omitted else- but also in quality, the short vowel being more open than wohere.. This remark is important as bearing on a very the broad. - See ~ 8, NOTE. prevalent error, which will be mentioned in the next section. 00. ~ 20. It is exceedingly common, in some parts of the ~ 26. Regular long or open sound, marked -00, 6o, as United States, to shorten the long o of certain words, as in moon,f6obd; heard also in rheum, drew, to, canoe, manbolt, most, only, &c., by dropping the vanishing element cesuvre, grqp, rude, ru.e, recruit, &c. x PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. NOTE. -This sound is the same element with the u of i, as in bull, put, push, pull, &c. - See ~ 8, NOTE, and the Germans, Spaniards, and Italians, and coincides with ~ 27. the French ou in route. It is the closest labial vowel; that 34. Sound of u before r in such words as is to say, in forming it, the lips are more nearly closed than ~ 34. Sound of before r in such words as urge bu for any other vowel, the sides being brought into contact furl, concur, &c., marked lJ, ft; heard also in worm, joOrwith each other so as to leave only a small central aperture ney, &c.,for the escape of the voice. NOTE. - This is often called the natural vowel, because ~'27. Regular short sound of oo, marked (Y0, 6o, as it requires almost no effort to utter it, the mouth being in wool,foct; heard also in wolf, should, bsll, &c. - See ~ slightly opened in the easiest or most natural and uncon8, NOTE' strained manner for the passage of voice in a nearly unmodified form. But the name is scarcely appropriate; for ~ 2S. The following words, room, root, roof, rood, broom, the sound is altogether wanting in many languages, and - and soon, have properly the long sound of oo, as in fiod with the single exception of the English - it occupies a (see ~ 26); but many pronounce them with the short sound, comparatively subordinate place in the vowel systems of the principal tongues in which it occurs. It has been more as in foot (see ~ 27). New Englanders especially are often aptly termed the neutral vowvel, with reference to its want recognized abroad by their habit of pronouncing room, of any strongly-marked distinctive character; and this robm; root, root; r6oof, roof; rood, rood; brdoom, brdom, name is here adopted as, on the whole, preferable to any vand sios, vsdn. other. The sound differs from that of short u (with which it has often been identified) in length, and in a somewhat greater degree of closeness. (See ~ 8, NOTE.) It occurs, U. in monosyllables, before r not followed by a vowel (as in cur, fur, furl, hLurt, burst, purr); in accented syllables, be~ 29. Regular long sound, marked U, as in mntte, fore r final or r followed by one or more consonants different ~tnit, &c.; heard also in beafuty, feodal, feed, pew, ewe, from itself (as in recur/, cur/few, fur/long, disbursed'); and liedu, view, cTe, silit, yew, you, yule, &c. in derivatives from any such words (as currish,furry, purring, recuerring). Except in the cases here specified, the NOTE. - This is a compound sound, formed of the vowel letter u before r has its short sound, as in ciir/ry, hJr'ry. oo, with a slight sound of the consonant y or of the vowel / or I before it. When the ut begins a syllable, or is preceded by any one of the palatal or labial sounds k, g, p, b, f, v, m, the sound of y iseclearly perceived, as in the words ~ 35. Regular long sound, marked Y,, as infi, stl1e usage, cube, gules, puny, burins,futile, mule.. ~ 30. When the long ss is preceded, in the samesyllable, N, edif-, &c. by Sny one of the consouauts d, 1, l, s, s, anti lt, it 2 NOTE. - This is the same sound as long i.- See ~ 15. by any one of the consonants d, t, l, n, 35, and th, it is peculiarly difficult to introduce the sound of y; and hence ~ 36. Regular short sound, marked,.y, as in cyst, negligent speakers omit it entirely, pronouncing duty, nmph, lric, abyssj coincidingwiththesounofshort i.dooty; tune, toon; lute, loot; nuisance, noosance; suit, See ~ 16. soot; thurible, thoorible, &c. The reason is, that, in form- OCCASIONAL SOUND OF Y. nlug these consonants, the organs are in a position to pass with perfect ease to the sound of oo, while it is very difficult oy one occaswona soun, viz., sn suc in doing so to touch the intermediate; hence the in words as myrr/, myrtle, in which it has, like the e and i in in doing so to touch the intermediate y; hence the y in such cases is very apt to be dropped. On this point Smart similar circumstances (see ~ 14 and ~ 18), very nearly the sound of u in urge. This is indicated in the Dictionary by remarks, " To say tube (tyoob), lucid (lyoocid), with the it as perfect [i. e. with a distinct sound of y prefixed to oo] espelling, the words in which y has this sound being very ss as perfect [i. e. with a distinct sound of y p rofixed to oo] few in number. as in csube, cuebic, mute, &c., is either northern or laboriously pedantic," -a description which applies to the vulgar in II. REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS. our Eastern States, and to those who are over-nice at the South. The practice of good society is to let the y sink into a very brief sound of long e or of short. i, both of ~ 38. The sound of oi or oy (unmarked), as heard in oil, which have a very close organic relationship to consonant join, oyster, &c. y. Special care must be taken not only to make this sound NOTE. - The elements of this diphthong are o as in cord as brief as possible, but to pronounce it in the same syllable (the same as broad at), and i as in fin (short i), with the with the oo. We thus avoid the two extremes, of over- accent on the former. Oy is always regular in English the oe to of words, and oi is regular also, except in the following cases; doing, on the one hand, by making too much of the y, and, viz., avoirdupois (av-ur-du-poiz'), connoisseur (kon-is-soor'), on the other hand, of sounding only the oo after the man- shamois (sham'szy), choir (kwire), tortoise (tor/tis), turner of careless speakers. quois (sometimes pronounced tur-keez/). It ought to be added that wherever the sound of sh or of Until near the beginning of the present century, oi was e xtensively pronounced like long i, as jine for join, rile for zh1 precedes the u, the?y is omitted, as in sure, sounded roil, &c.; but this pronunciation is now confined exshoor; sugar, shoogar, azsure, azh'oor, &c. clusively to the lowest classes. ~ 31. Regular short sound, marked Pt, A, as in bit; heard also in sun, dies, blood, ttech, &c. OW. NOTE. — This is not the short sound of long st. It is a ~ 39. The sound of ow (unmarked), as heard in owl, distinct and simple element, and derives its peculiar gut- v'owel, flower, &c. tural character from the influence of the pharynx and back N. This diphthong is compounded of the elements part of the mouth. In its organic formation, it is essen- NOTo. -This diphthong is compounded of the elements tially the same sound as u in urge, but is shorter in quan- U/and oo. the former of which is accented, but made extity, and of a rather more open quality. -See ~ 3 N OTE, tremely brief. In a considerable number of words, ow and ~ 8 a NOTe. represents the sound of long o; in the single word hcnowledge and in its derivatives, it has the sound of short o. These are accordingly distinguished by the proper mark, OCCASIONAL SOUNDS OF U. as, blow, slow, knlw, knowledge, &c. ~ 32. Sound of u when preceded by r in the same syl- OJ. lable, marked U,!.t, as in rude, runor, r7fral &c..a.e mrkd1, sin.ode, r.nr, mc, &~ 40. This diphthong has two leading sounds. NOTE. -All the English ortholpists agree that the it in this case drops the y or i which is generally an element of (1.) That of ow in words derived from the Anglo-Saxon, its compound sound when preceded, iri the same syllable, as in out, housnd, &c. by any other consonant than r, and becomes simply o;o, so (2.) That of oo in words derived from the French, as in that rue is pronounced rfo; rule, rool; ruby, rd'oby, &c. soup, group, &c. ~ 33. Sound of u like that of short oo (do), marked V1, ~ 41. The diphthong ou has also, in a number of words, PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xi the sound of long o, as in sSul; in a few cases, the sound sound as short e unaccented, as in mis'cel-la-ny, mo/mentof the broad a, as in bought (bawt); sometimes that of a-ry, &c. short u, as in couple; sometimes that of u in urge, as in ~ 45. (No. 2. See ~ 43.) Here the a has sometimes its adjofsrn (adjurn); and, in the three words could, would, long sound, particularly in verbs ending in ate, as, ded'ishould, that of olo as in foot. These peculiarities are indi- cate, ed/u-cate, &c. In other parts of speech, the sound cated in this Dictionary by the appropriate mark over the of the a is more obscure, verging toward short e, as in ul'tisignificant or sounded vowel, or by respelling. mate, night/in-gale, preface, &c. In some instances it is apt to verge toward short i, as in vil'lage. III. VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. ~ 42. When an unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, E. its vowel, if single, has, in strict theory, its regular short ~ 46. (No. 1. See ~ 43.) Here the e has its long sound, or shut sound, though uttered somewhat more faintly, or slightly obscure or abridged, as in e-vent', e-mo/tion, sowith a less proportionate force, than in an accented syllable, ci/e-ty, &c. Care should be taken not to sink the e into as in ds-sign/, conldiclt, con/flict, &c. In many words of an indefinite sound of short u, as, soci'/ity for society, &c. this class, however, the vowel is apt to suffer a change or ~ 47. (No. 2. See ~ 43.) Here, also, the e has usually corruption of its distinctive quality, passing over into some its long sound a little shortened and slighted, as in ob/sosound of easier utterance. Thus the vowel sounds in the lete. In a few instances, it verges toward short e, as in unaccented syllables ar, er, ir, or, yr (as in altar, offer, college. tapir, mirror, zephyr), are coincident with that of the second u in sulohur. As a general rule, a and o, in unaccond u in sulphur. As a general rule, a and, in unac- There is great diversity in the case of this letter. Hence cented syllables ending in a consonant, verge toward, or it is difficult to lay down general rules; and, as Smart fall into, the sound of short u, particularly in colloquial remarks "The inquirer must be sent to the Dictionary to discourse, as in balllad, barlrack, ver'bal, bed/lam, cap/start, learn, in each particular case, the true pronunciation." juld/p, bi/as, balllast, havyoc, meth/od, pis/tol, ven/osn, coraalap, bi'as, vballas, havoe, moth/ad, ptl, vnon, com- ~ 48. (No. 1. See ~ 43.) 1, when final in a syllable, pel/, flag/on, bish/op, pi/lot, prov/ost. In such words, itonly its short sound, as in ph has more commonly its short sound, as in phi-los/o-phy, would ordinarily be the merest pedantry or affectation to &c. But the i is usually long in the initial sy di-rect/, &c. But the i is usually long in the initial syllagive the vowel its regular short sound. bles i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri as in i-de/a, bi-ol/o-gy, cr1The vowel e, in unaccented syllables ending in a consonant, is, in some words, liable to be sounded like short val c. ~ 49. (No. 2. See ~ 43.) In these terminations, usage (as in barrel), and, in others, like short u (as in silent); but 9. (No. 2. See 43.) In these terminations, uge is greatly divided. On t.he whole, the i is more generally these changes are usually avoided by good speakers.e, e mr ie short, as in ac-com'pltce, n/fi-nlte, fer/tle, mari-tsme% It may here be remarked, that some of the diphthongs nin ad-a-man/tine, an/ise, pos/i-tive, &c.; but there are some are similarly affected by the absence of accent. Thus asi, important exceptions, as, cock/a-trice, ex/tle, gen/tZle, con&which, in an accented syllable, is usually sounded like lon important exceptions, ascocka-tr, g cu-bine, ar/chZve, &c.; also all names of minerals ending a (as in com-plain/), sinks into e or i in an unaccented, &c. Here the Dicin tile or lte; as, chrys'o-lite, ste'a-tlte, &c. Here the Dicsyllable, as in mountain, pronounced moun'/tn or menu/- tionary must be consulted for the several words. AccordtYn. So ei, ey, and ie become changed in pronunciation ing to Smart and Cull, chemical terms ending in ide (as into i (as in seur'fetl, honae, car/red), and ou is sounded as bromide, chloride, &c.) should be pronounced with the i dl; (as in irsev/oits). long; but all other orthospists are unanimous in malking It is also to be observed, that, in the unaccented sylla- the vowel short; and the propriety of the latter mode of bles of some words from the Latin, the vowel is long, pronunciation is established by, the fact that this whole though followed by a consonant in the same syllable, as in class of words is not unfrequently spelt without the final e, cantharides;.but, in such cases, the long mark is, in the thus, bromid, chlorid. Dictionary, placed over the vowel. ~ 43. When the unaccented syllable does not end in a consonant, two cases arise; viz., — (1.) The syllable may consist of, or may end in, a vowel, ~ 50, (No. 1. See ~ 43.) Here the o has usually its long as in the words a-bound', di-rect/, e-vent/, no-lest', &c. sound slightly abbreviated, and without its " vanish" (2.) The syllable may end in a consonant with final e (see ~ 19), as in o-pin/ion, croc'o-dile, to-bac'co, &c. Care mute at the close of words, as in ul'ti-mate, finite, rep'- should here be taken not to sink the o into short si, as caretile, &c. less speakers often do, pronouncing o-pin/ion, ucp-pin'ion, The former of these will, for the sake of brevity, be called &c. An exception, however, is perhaps to be made in the No. 1, the latter No. 2. These will now be considered un- case of the terminations -o-ny and -o-ry, in which, according der each of the vowels. to universal usage in England, the o is sounded like short u unaccented, as in mat/ri-mo-ny, prom/is-so-ry, &c. Yet A. most speakers in this country give the o in such words its ~ 44. (No. 1. See ~ 43.) Here the a has properly a long sound, slightly abbreviated, as in other unaccented brief sound of the Italian a, as in Cu/ba, a-muse/, A-mer/i- syllables. The practice - too common among us - of layca; but, in familiar speech, it is almost always so slighted ing a secondary accent on the o is a fault which should be and obscured as to be indistinguishable from the neutral sedulously avoided. - Sec ~ 110. vowel, or it in urge, mzrnmur, &c. In some words, like ~ 51. (No. 2. See ~ 43.) The o in these terminations d-e'ri-al, cha-ot/ic, &c., the a has its regular long or name has usually its regular long sound, as in tel'e-sclpe, ep/'de, sound, somewhat shortened by the omissound of short o, as in di/a-logue: ish." This is due to the influence of the subsequent vowel, in other cases, it verges toward short a, as in pur/pose. which, in fluent utterance, refuses to take the Italian a before it without the intervention of one or more con- U. sonants. Some speakers in this country give the same ~ 52. (No. 1. See ~ 43.) Here the u generallyhas its brief sound of long a to this letter when it occurs in an long sound slightly abridged, as in ac'cu-rate, e-mnol'finitial unaccented syllable followed by a consonant in an ment, man-u-mit/, an/nu-al, dep/u-tize, u-til/i-ty. hiut accented syllable, as in a-bound', fa-tal/i-ty; but this prac- when the ts is preceded by d, t, or s, these combinations, du, tice is not sanctioned by the best orthoepists. In the ter- tu, and su, are by the great majority of speakers changed minations -a-ny and -a-ry, the a has usually the same into joeo, choo, and shoo or zhoo, respectively, as in ed/i xii PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. u-cate (Sj/oo-kate), ha-bit/se-al (ha-blch/oo-al), sen/su-ous preceding vowel. In unaccented syllables, it sometimes (sWn/shoo-us), vis/uz-al (vlzh/oo-al). (See ~~ 66, 77, 92, 93, keeps the vowel in its long sound, as in ges'tile, su/pine, 95, and 107.) In the notation of words of this class in the fi/nite, ar/chive; but in a great many instances it exercises Dictionary, the regular pronunciation is generally given no such influence, as in jus/tice, hos/tile, mnarli-lime, douinstead of the irregular, in conformity with the views of Dr. trine, an/se, gran'ite, plain/tive. Webster; but, in many instances, reference is made to the remarks contained in the present section. When the is is EN with E silent. preceded by r, it simply drops the y sound, and is pro- ~ 58. Most words ending in en drop the e in pronuncianounced oo, as in er-uz-di/tion (er-oo-dish/un). (See ~ 32.) tion, as, often (of'n), heaven (heav'n), even (ev'n), &c. One ~ 53. (No. 2. See ~ 43.) The u in these terminations of the most prevalent errors of the present day, especially should generally retain its regular long sound (see ~~ 29, among our clergy (for the laity have fallen into it much 30) slightly abridged, as in grat/i-tftde, in/sti-tfste, ridti- less), is that of pronouncing the words even (ev'n) evun, cfele, trib'ate, im-post'hasme, sub/ter-Yftge, &c. There are heaven (heav'n) heavsn or heaven, often (of'n) often, &c. a few exceptions, as minsute (min/it), n., and let/tuce (let/- Walker remarks with great keenness on this error, declartis). If the letter r precedes the au, the initial element of ing it to be a " puerile and false pronunciation." If the the'vowel is dropped, as in ce/'rzse (se/roos), per/uke (pfr/- writer is correctly informed, it is never heard among good ook), &c. (See ~ 32.) On the other hand, when the u is speakers in England. The following are nearly all the immediately preceded by the letter t, it should never be words in which the e should be sounded: aspen, chicken, changed into mere oo, as grat/i-tood for grat'i-tztde, in/sti- hyphen, kitchen, jerken, latten, lichen, marten, mynchen, toot for in'sti-tftte —a practice which prevails among the paten, patten, platen, rowen, wicken, and yewen. The e vulgar. is also sounded when preceded by the liquids 1, an, n, r, as The terminations dure, ture, and szure, though sometimes in woolen, omen, linsen, siren, &c., though fallen, stolen, pronounced with the regular sounds of the letters, are more and swollen omit the e in pronunciation. With regard to commonly pronounced joor, cheeoor, and shoor or zhoor, re- Eden, bounden, heathten, mnitten, sudden, and sloven, there spectively, as in the words tem/per-a-tdtre (tem/per-a-choor), is a diversity of usage among good speakers in this country, ver/dure (ver/joor), cy/no-sutre (si/no-shoor), ex-po/sure (eks- some suppressing, and some sounding, the e. po/zhoor). (See ~~ 60, 77, 92, 93, 95, and 107.) When these terminations are immediately preceded by an accented syl- ON with O silent. lable, many speakers change them still further into chur, ~ 59. Many words ending in on preceded by c, ck, s, and jur, and sheur, or zhur, as in na/ture (na/chur), ver/dalre t, omit the o in pronunciation, as in reckon (reckon), bacon (ver/jur), cen/sure (sen/shur), ex-po/svre (elks-po/zhur). The (bak'n), treasons (treas'n), nzuttoss (mutt'n), &c. Dictionary follows the practice of Dr. Webster in giving to dztre and ture the regular sounds of d, t, and u (pronounc- ED -with E silent. ing verdutre, verd/yoor, creature, kreet/yoor, &c.), while sure ~ 60. The termination ed is usually shortened in prois respelt shoor or zhoor, as in the examples given above. nunciation by dropping the sound of the e (as in loved This, it is true, is an inconsistency; but it is one of little (lov'd), aimed (aim'd), diffused (diffus'd), &c.), unless this moment, inasmuch as general usage is so fluctuating, and letter is preceded by d or t (as in amvended, contented, &c.), as reference is in most cases made to the present section. when its omission is organically impossible. But in adverbs formed by adding ly, and in nouns formed by adding ness Y. to words ending in ed, the e of this termination is uniformly ~ 54. (No. 1. See ~ 43.) Here y has usually its short sounded, as in assuredly, confusedly, renewedly, amazedsound, as in h/-poc/ri-s/, m/-thol/o-g/c, van'i-t/, mer/ri-l, ness, composedness, &c. There are also some participial proph/e-ce, &c.; but verbs ending in y have the y long, adjectives, and some adjectives not derived from verbs, in as in jus/tifg, mag/ni-f'/, &c. also the three verbs, oc'- which the e is commonly sounded, as, aged, beloved, blessed, cu-p/, mul/ti-pl/, proph/e-s/. crabbed, cragged, crooked, crutched, cursed, ceusped, deuced, ~ 55. (No. 2. See ~ 43.) The y in these terminations dogged, hooked, jagged, learned, legged, naked, peaked, (which are few in number) is generally long, as in an/o- picked (sharp), ragged, rugged, stubbed, wicked, twinged, d/ne, per'i-st/le, ne'o-ph/yte, pros'e-l/te, &c. swretched. The e is also pronounced in the derivatives formed from such adjectives, as, learnedly, blessedness; but IV. SILENT VOWMELS. is generally omitted in the compounds, as, full-aged (-aijd), shieath-winged (-wingd). In poetry, the meter often requires ~ 56. Vowels which are printed in Italics are not to be sheath-winged (-wingd). In poetry, the meter often requires s oun. Vowels which are printed in Italics are not to be us to pronounce ed as a distinct syllable, when it would not sounded, as the e in used, burden, the i in cousin, &. be so pronounced in prose. In all cases where it should Some of these cases require a more particular consideration, properly be sounded, its omission is a mark of great vuland will now be mentioned. garity. NoTE. - In reading the Scriptures and Prayer-book, E final. some persons, chiefly among the clergy, make it a practice g 57. The letter e is always mute when final, except in to pronounce the participial termination -ed, in most cases in which it is not preceded by a vowel (as in believed, remonosyllables containing no other vowel, in classical words, vealed), as a distinct syllable. Thus, " Whom he did preand in some words from modern foreign languages; but, in destinate, them he also call-ed; and whom he call-ed, them a monosyllable or in an accented syllable of a word, though he also justified; and whom he justified, them he also glosilent, it generally serves the purpose of indicating that a rifled." This usage was formerly a very prevalent one, but at the present time it is much more limited, and is preceding single vowel-followed by a single consonant, a con- commonly regarded as savoring of affectation or of an oldsonant digraph, or the combined letters st or ng, has its reg- school education. ular long sound, as in plane, hope, cube, inscribe, paste, change. When a silent e follows c or g at the end of a word, EL with E silent. it serves also to show that the consonant is to have its soft, ~ 61. As a general rule, the e is sounded in these terand not its hard, sound, as in ace, nice, age, hulge, oblige. minations, as in gravel, level, vessel, chapel, &c. To omit In a number of monosyllables (as bdde, comne, give, were, the e in such cases, pronouncing level lev'l, chapel chap'l, done, &c.) and in the accented syllables of a few words de- &c., is generally regarded as a vulgarism. The following rived from them (as forbdde/, becdmne/,forgive/), the e does are nearly or quite all the words of this kind in which the not have its usual effect of lengthening the sound of the e is properly omitted; viz., barbel, betel, chattel, drazel, PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xiii drivel, easel, grovel, hazel, mangel-wurzel, mantel, mis- common, except in the single word righteous, which is pickel, mussel, navel, ousel, ravel, rivel, scovel, shekel, properly pronounced rit/yus, or rl'chus. shovel, shrivel, snivel, swingel, swivel, teasel, toggel, towsel, ~ 67. C/h marked thus, (h, sph (French ch), has the weasel, and, according to a few orthotpists, model. sound of sh, as in chaise, marchioness, machine, &c. - See SH, ~ 95. Most words of this kind are derived from the French. ~ 6S. Ch marked thus, Ch, ]eh (Latin ci), has the CONSONANTS. sound of k, as in chorus, epoch, distich, &c. This is the usual sound in words derived from the ancient languages; but B. cherub and charity, with their derivatives, are exceptions. ~ 62. The sound represented by this letter (which is un- Ch is always hard (like k) before I and r, as in chlorine, marked) is heard in the words barn, rob, labor, table, &c. chrism. NOTE. - This sound is formed by the compression of NOTE. — The prefix arch, denoting chief, is pronounced vocalized breath, or voice, within the mouth, while the ark in archangel and its derivatives. and in words from lips are shut and the back nostrils are closed by covering foreign languages in which the other component part is not them with the soft palate. When preceded by sn, or fol- separately current in English, as, architecture, archipelago, lowed by t, in the same syllable, b is generally silent, as in architrave, &c. In all other cases, it is pronounced artch, bosnb, climb, tomb, debt, doubt, su1bt'le, &c. Accussnb, dith- as in arch-bishop, arch-enemy, arch-fiend, &c. yramb, iamb, succumb, rhomb, trhumb, are said to be exceptions; yet, in this country, the first and the fourth of these C 6 C silent i the word drac/m (though not in words are commonly pronounced without sounding the b. drachma, drak/ma), and also in schism, yacht (yot), and B is also silent in bdellium. their derivatives. C. D. 6~ 79. The sound of d (unmarked), as in dale, sad, rider, ~ 63. Cmarked thus,;, A, (soft c), has the sound of s,tradesman &e. as in cede, trace, acid, cypress, &c. tradesman, & NOTE. -It takes this sound whenever it occurs before NOTE. - The sound of this letter is formed by pressing (even if silent), i, or. - See, ~ 90. the end of the tongue against the upper gums, and then (even theif siletters ce or ci are immediately preceded by an forcing up vocalized breath, or voice, into the mouth, the he the letters ce or cand are immfollowediately pre i n the next soft palate being raised to prevent its escape through the accented syllable, and are followed by a vowel in the next nose, nose. syllable, the c combines in pronunciation with the e or i to This is the regular and usual sound of d; but when this form the sound sh, as in oceasn, social, saponaceosts, &c. In letter follows a whispered or non-vocal consonant in the some words, c alone has this sound, or, rather, the e or i is same syllable, it uniformly t akes the sound of t, as in hissed used twice, first combining with the c to represent the ame (hist). (See, it~ 08.) unissilent only in the sd ords in issednessound of sh, and then, in the same syllable, taking on itsday and hancl(erczef customary vowel sound, as in so-ci-al'i-ty. - See SH, ~ 95. ~ 64. C marked thus, -C, e (hard c), has the sound of k'. when it comes before a, o, u, I, or r, before k, s, or t final, ~ 71. The sound off (unmarked), as infame, leaf, defand when it ends a word or a syllable, as in call, cot, cut, inte, softly, &c. clot, crown, black, act, zinc, tralffic,pic/ture, fac/cid, eth/ics. -See, Krown, ~la8., act, zinc, traffic~pic d, Xt. NOTE.- This letter, which is never silent, is uttered by — See K, ~ 78. applying the lower lip to the upper front teeth, and emit~ 65. C has the sound of z in the words sacrifice, sice, ting the breath. F has only this one sound, except in the suffice, and discern, and in their derivatives. It is silent in single word of, in which it has the power of v. In the the wvords czar, victsals, indict, and their derivatives, and conpounds hereof, thereqf and whereof many speakers als'worin theztermvintatils, s i X preserve the customary and regular sound of the f; but also in the termination scle, as in muscle, corpuscle, &c. good usage allows it to be sounded as in the simple word. CH. ~ 66. Ch unmarked (English ch) has very nearly the sound of tsh, as in child, szuch, richer, speechless, &c. ~ 72. G marked thus,-G, g (g hard), has the sound of. that letter in the:or go; as in geth gase give begundo NOTE. -The compound sound signified by this digraph that letter in the word go as in get, gae,, is not precisely equivalent to that represented by tsh. The keg, sluggish, smuggle, &c. ordinary sound of t is uttered with the tip of the tongue NOTE. - This sound is produced by a compression of inpressed against the gum of the upper front teeth. The first tonated breath, or voice, confined within the mouth by a element of c/h is uttered with the upper flat surface of the contact of the root of the tongue with the posterior part tongue, near the tip, applied to the gum at a point higher of the palate, which is at the same time raised sufficiently up, just where a relaxation of the contact produces the to cover the back nostrils, or openings from the pharynx configuration requisite for sounding sh, the second constit- into the nose. uent of the compound. The two elements are so closely G is hard before a (except in the single word gaol and its blended in pronunciation that, like a diphthong, or com- derivatives), o, A, h, I, and r, as in gate, gore, gum, ghastly, pound vowel, they have the effect of only a single sound or glad, grain. It is sometimes, though not usually, hard beat upon the ear. before e, i, and y, as in get, give, gibboues, muggy. This When the letter t comes before us (= yoo) in an unac- occurs chiefly in words from the Anglo-Saxon, and in a very cented syllable, and is at the same time preceded by an ac- few from the Greek. It is also, and always, hard at the cented syllable (as in nature), or when it is preceded by s or end of words, and in the derivatives of such words, even x in an accented syllable, and is immediately followed by ia when the g is doubled and followed by e, i, or y, as in crag, (- ya) or io (= yo) in an unaccented syllable (as in Chris- drsug,fog, cragged, druggist,foggy. tian, question, admixtion), both this letter and the y vir- When a, i, or i, is preceded in the same syllable by the tually following it are, by some speakers, preserved in their sound of g, or of k, very many speakers, particularly in usual and appropriate sounds; thus, suature (nat/yoor) England, interpose a slight sound of e, as in card, kind, Christian (krlst/yan), question (kwesttyun), adsnixtion (ad- garden, guard, girl, guile, guise, sky. Some persons affect mlkst/yun), &c. But by others they are suffered to sink the introduction of a full and distinct sound of long e, or into the easier and closely allied sound of ch in chuzrch; of consonant y, in such cases; saying kee-ard or k-yard, thus, nature (na-choor), Clzristian (kris/chan), question kee4nd or k-ypnd, ske-9 or sk-y2, &c. The practice of a )kwbs/chun), adsnixtion (ad-miks/chun), &c. In regard to very large portion, if not a majority, of the best speakers the pronunciation of words ending in teous, when this ter- in the United States, and also of many educated persons in mination is not under, but is immediately preceded by, the England, is to join the sound of the g or k to that of the d accent (as in boun/teouss), usage is far from being uniform, or i, without suffering any other sound to slip in between some calling it t-syus (as bouznt/yus), others reducing it to them. chus (as bostn/chus), while others corrupt it into che-us (as bosun/cheuls); but that mode which keeps both the t and ~ 73. G marked thus, G, g (g soft), has the compound the e in their customary sounds (as bounate-us), is the most sound of j, as in gem, rage, engine, caged, &c. - See ~ 77. xiv PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. NOTE. - The letter g generally takes this soand when it a vocal utterance; the organs are placed in the same posicomes before e, i, or y; but there are some exceptions. (See tion for forming both sounds. Before n, in the same syllathe preceding section.) G has also its soft sound before a ble, k is silent, as in knack, knell, knit, know, &c. It is in the single word gaol (now commonly spelt jail), and in also silent after c, as in back, barrack, &c. In regard to the its derivatives and compounds. pronunciation sometimes given to such words as kind, sky, ~ 74. In a few words from the French, g retains the &c., see ~ 72, NOTE. sound of zh, which it has before e and i in that language, L as in rouge (roozh), mirage (mT-r'zh/), &c. Gs is sient before mirande dulad also whenin~ 79. The sound of I (unmarked), as heard in left, bell, G is silent before m and n final, and also when initial be-, chalice, melting, &c. fore n, as in phlegm, sign, gnat. NOTE. - This letter has only one sound, which consists,, For the office which g performs in such words as longer, of an effiux of vocalized breath, or voice, over the sides of stronger, &c., see ~ 82. the tongue, while its tip is pressed against the gums of the upper front teeth. L is silent in many words, especially GH. before a final consonant, as in almond, malmsey, palmer, ~ 75. This digraph (which is unmarked) is sounded, at alms, calm, walk, half, could, would, should, &c. the beginning of a word, like g hard, as in ghastly, ghost, gherkin, &c. It is silent after the vowel i, as in high, sigh, weigh; and it is generally silent before t, as in bought, ~ SO. The sound of m (unmarked), as heard in make, fraught, taught, &c. The words draught and laughter, aim, clamor, armed, &c. where it has the sound off, are exceptions. In other NOTE. - This letter has one uniform sound, produced by cases, gh is generally pronounced likef, as in chough, cough, closing the lips, and letting the voice issue through the rough, tough, trough, enough, &c.; but it sometimes has nose. It is silent when it precedes n in the same syllable, the sound of k, as in hough, lough, shough. In the word as in mnemonics. hiccough, it is usually pronounced like p. N. ~ S31. The sound of n (unmarked), as heard in nail, ten, panel, entry, &c. ~ 76. This letter (which is unmarked) is a mere aspira-' NOTE. - In the production of this sound, the tip of the tion or breathing, and represents no fixed configuration of tongue is pressed against the upper gums, as for ld; but the the vocal organs. voice, instead of being confined within the mouth, is suffered to escape uninterruptedly through the nose, the nasal NOTE. - It is an emission of unvocalized breath through whatever position of the mouth-organs is required by the passages being uncovered for that purpose. succeeding element, the organs being always placed to form When final after I or m, n is uniformly silent, as in kiln, the next following letter before the h/ is pronounced. Thus, condemn, solemn, hymn, iesn, &c.; but it is generally in he the tongue is put in a position to sound the e before sounded in the cerivatives formed from such words by addte is uttered; and similarly in hall, ad, home, &. It ing to them a termination beginning with a vowel, as in the h is uttered; and similarly in hall, hard, home, &c. It condemnatory, solemnize, hymnic, limner, &c. In the differshoamere whispered vows n condemnatory, solemnize, hymnic, limner, &c. In the differs, however, from a mere whispered vowel, in being an present participles of verbs ending in nz, as contemn, expiration of breath through the open glottis, whereas in preoent participles of ending in sn as costemn, whispering a vowel the glottis is almost closed by the ap- properly sounded as cotemhghotg iynpnzing, &c proximation of the vocal cords. In the following words, heir, heiress, herb, herbage, honest, ~ S2. The sound of n as heard in linger, link, uncle, honor, honorable, hosur, with their derivatives, and also in &c. (marked N, n_). hostler (more properly spelt ostler), h is silent. It is also marked as silent by most orthotpists in hospital, hunmor, and NOTE. - This is essentially the same sound as that reprehumble, with their derivatives. There is, however, an in- sented by ng; but its length varies greatly according as it creasing tendency to sound the h in these words. H is is followed by a whispered or a vocal consonant. When it silent after g initial, as in ghost, gherkin, &c.; after r, as in is followed in the same syllable by the sound of k, as in link, rhyme, myrrh, &c.; and also when preceded by a vowel in it is cut so short by the instantaneous and perfect closure the same syllable, as in allh, eh, oh, buhl, Jehovah, &c. In of the organs which form this pure mute as to add almost many parts of England, the sound of this letter is almost nothing to the length of the syllable. It is therefore undealways omitted where it ought to be uttered, and uttered sirable to respell words ending in nk by the use of ng; and, where it ought to be omitted; as'olese for hoszse, dapple for in this volume, this is not done, a diacritical mark being apple, &c. This very gross and vulgar error is rarely, ifs placed below the n instead, as a sufficient indication of the ever, heard among natives of the United States. true quality and quantity of the sound. But when this sound of n is followed by that of g in a separate syllable, J.. as in the primitive words anger,finger, conger, hunger, it is long and sonorous, and increases the duration of the syl~ 77. This letter (which is unmarked) has very nearly labic utterance very perceptibly. As a general rule, the the sound of dzh, being precisely the same as that of g change of n into _n takes place only before g and k (or before soft asin jar jeer joke &c.See ~ 73. the equivalents of k, namely, c, q, andx = ks). It takes place as in jar, jeer, joke, &c. XSee ~ 3. before k or its equiyalents when any one of these letters folNOTE. -The sound of j, though almost identical with lows n in the same syllable, as in link, cinque, minx, bethat of dzh, differs from it as the sound of ch in chins dif- think/, adunque/, phar/ynx; and before g or k, or an equivfers from that of tsh. (See ~ 63, NOTE.) his never silent. alent of k, when any one of these letters begins an unacIn the word halleljaht, it has the sound of consonant y. cented syllable and the is ends a preceding accented one, In words in which d precedes a letter having regularly as in con'cord, con/gress, un/cle, &c. Pen/guin and a few the sound of y, and occurring in an unaccented syllable, as other words are exceptions; also words beginning with the in modulate (mod/u-late), soldier (sSld/yer), the sound of j prefixes in, non, quinque, and un; as, iln/come, non/conis very often substituted for the combined sounds of the d formnity, quin/quevalve, un/compound'ed, &c. It is to be and y (thus, minj/oo-late, sl/jer); — just as the sound of ch observed that, if the n ends an usnaccented syllable, and the is substituted for the combined sounds of t and y, in no- g or k begins an accented one, the n invariably retains its ture, question, righteous, &c. (See ~ 66, NOTE.) Smart regular sound; as in con-cord/ant, con-gres/sional, &c. remarks, "' It is possible to preserve the pure sound of the It is also to be observed that in most derivative words, t and d in nature and verdure; yet nothing is more certain like hanger, singer, wronger (from haoing, sing, and worong), than that they are not preserved pure by the best and most the g is not sounded, but unites with the n to represent careful speakers." the sound which in the primitives just cited is represented K. by n alone. But in the comparative and superlative degrees of the three following words, viz., long, strong, and ~ 78. This letter (which is unmarked) has one uniform younlg, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal sound, as heard in keep, king, kitchen, &c., and is precisely (from diphthong and triphthong), the g is always, though very irregularly, pronounced, taking its hard sound, as in go; thus, lon/ger, stron/ger, &%c. It is further to be obNOTE. - The sound represented by this letter differs from served that there is a small class of words in which the n that of g in go (hard g) only in being a whispered and not has its ordinary sound, as in nail, and the' its soft sound, PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xv as in gem. Of this class, the words danger, stranger, gin- florid. Often the r is doubled in the written word, as in ger, and plunger are examples. barren, merry, torrid; but, in these cases, only one r is ~ S3. The sound of ng (unmarked), as in sing, singer, heard in the pronunciation, providing the preceding vowel singly, &c. is short. - See ~ 109. NOTE. - This is a simple, elementary sound, and is not (2.) R as infar,formn, terse, surge, &c. (sometimes called (as might be supposed) a compound sound made up of the smooth, palatal, gutttural, obscure, otr Jfal r). sound of n in conjunction with that of g. In forming ng, By most orthoepists at the present day, the letter r, when the tongue is placed in the same position as for forming g; it occurs before any consonant, or hen final, is regarded the nostrils, however, are not completely closed, but yet so much so as to produce a marked resonance (somewhat sim- as a distinct element from the last, and as formed by a ilar to the sound of n), which may be continued to any slight vibration of the back part, or root, of the tongue length, as in sing, bring, &c. - See ~ 82. against the extremity of the soft palate. Many writers, however, do not admit any such distinction in the sound P. of r, maintaining that the value of the letter (apart from ~ S4. The sound of p (unmarked), as heard in pay, ape, the obscure vowel element described in No. 3) is uniform in paper, aptly, &c. all situations. NOTE. - The position of the organs necessary for forming (3.) R, connected with a guttural vowel sound, as heard this sound is the same as for b, but the sound itself differs in such words as fare, mere, ire, ore, cure, poor, pure, &c. from that of b in being an utterance of the breath instead Here the character r represents two sounds: viz., an obscure of the voice. vowel sound resembling that of u in urge, and a smooth or P has but one sound it is silent when initial before n, s, and t, as in. psneutmatics, psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan. It is palatal r, so that the above words are pronounced faur (see also silent or very indistinct when it occurs between m and ~ 4), meur, Tur, &c. t in the same syllable, as in temnpt, exempt, &c.; but when ~ 88. In the pronunciation of accurate speakers, r is preceded by mn in the same syllable and followed by t or by never silent; but when it occurs after a long vowel or a k in the next syllable, it is more properly sounded; as in temp-ta/tion, exempfthon, redemp/tion, consump/tit'e, sumpl- dipththong in the same syllable, as in here, fStr, murmur, tuous, bumpkcin, pumsp/kisn, &c., though, in colloquial ut- our, mire, &c., it is commonly and entirely suppressed, terance, it is very often suppressed in words of this class, both in the United States and the south of England. In It is also mute in the following words, and in their deriva- the northern counties of England, and in Scotland and Iretives: viz., raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, and corps. land, with equal impropriety, it is, when so situated, always PH1. ]trilled. ~ 85. This digraph (which is unmarked) occurs chiefly ~ S9. In English usage, when the letter r is preceded in in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the so an accented syllable by a long vowel or a diphthong, and is off, as in phantom, sylph, philosophy, &c. In Stephen it followed by a vowel in the next syllable, it uniformly reprehas the sound of v; and, according to most orthotpists, it sents both the palatal, or smooth, and the dental, or trilled, has the same sound in nephew (nev/ew), though in this sound of this letter, as in hero, iris, glory, lurid, pronounced country it has commonly its regular sound off in that hir'ro, ir/ris, glor/ry, lr'rid. In the United States, this word. double power of the letter r is chiefly, though not invariBefore th initial, ph is silent, as in phthisis; it is also si- ably, restricted to the derivatives of words ending in r or lent in apophthegm. In diphthlog, triphthong, ophthalmy, re preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, as in poorer naphtha, and other allied words, together with their deriv- (poor/rer), from poor; boritg (b-r/ring), from bore; airy (aratives, the phb is often sounded as p, or the h may be re- ry), from air; peerage (peerlrage),from peer; wiry(wir/ry), garded as silent. garded as silent, from wire; securing (sec/r/ring), from secure; but, on the other hand, we say he/ro, ilris, glolry, lulrid, &c., because Q"~ these words are not derived from any other words in the ~ 86. Q is followed in all cases by u, and these two let- language. In Scotland, however, the universal practice is ters, taken together, have usually the sound of kzwt, as in to join the r in all cases to the following vowel; or, in other queen (kween), conquest (konk/west), &c. In a few words words, to give it only its dental or trilled sound; thus, derived from the French, qu is sounded like k, as in co- pee/rage and he/ro, ul/ry and ZVris, boSrisg and glo'ry, secalquette, quadrille, &c. It has the same sound in the com- rig and ldrid, &c. mon termination que, as in antique, oblique, burlesque, &c. It is to be observed that those orthotpists who maintain that r has one invariable sound, assert that the only pecuR. liarity in the English pronunciation of such words as heto, ~ 87. This letter (which is unmarked) may be viewed iris, &c., and in the English and American pronunciation under three aspects:- of such words as poorer, boring, &c., consists in the inter(1.) R as in rip, trip, carol, &c. (sometimes called rough, position between the r and the preceding vowel of an obtrilled, dental, or initial r). scure vowel sound like that of u in urge, which obscure In forming this sound, the tongue assumes nearly the sound is omitted by the Scotch. same position as for d; but the voice, instead of being confined within the mouth, is suffered to flow freely over the S. tip of the tongue, producing a very slightly trilled and ~ 90. S unmarked has its regular sharp or hissing peculiarly liquid sound, closely resembling that of z in the sound, as in same, yes, massy, resting, &c. mode of its formation, but not partaking of its harsh, buzz- NOTE. -This sound is an utterance of unvocal breath ing quality; the difference between the two sounds, in this forced between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, respect, resulting from the fact that the tip of the tongue the tongue being placed in the proper position for sounding is approximated more closely to the upper gum for z than t and d. S always has this sound at the beginning, and frequently in the middle and at the end, of words. - See for r. R is sometimes strongly trilled or rolled by a forcible frequently in the midde and at the end, of words.See expulsion of the voice; but in customary speech, it is very ~ 9, when marked thus, S, $, has the buzzing gently pronounced, and any marked vibration of the tongue sound of z,, amse, ros, &c. - See 108. should be carefully avoided as a pedantic affectation. The sound here described is heard in English in the two follow- NOTE.- There has been much diversity among orthodpists as to the sound of s in words commencing in dis, as lug cases: 1. When ris not preceded by a vowel, as inream, disarms disburse, sc flkeulf ad domnting in dis, as disarm, disburse, &c. Walker laid down this rule -"It dream, prompt, spring; 2. When it stands between two [s] ought always to be pronounced like z when unaccented vowels of which the first is short, as in baron, merit,.spirit, and followed by an accented fiat mute [b, d, g hard, v], a xvi PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. liquid [1, m, n, r], or a vowel." Hence he gave pronuncia- Cooley by an apostrophe, thus, enunciate (e-ntin/sh'ate), tions like the following: disbud, dizbud; disedify, diz- expatiate (eks-pdish'ate), &c.; others, again, as Sheridan' edify; disjoin, dizjoin; dislike, dizlike; dislodge, dizlodge, Perry, and Dr. Webster, considering it an error to use the &c. Scarcely any subsequent ortholpist has gone so tar. vowel twice, pronounce these terminations, and others like Webster's Dictionary gives s the sound of z in the following them, in one syllable; as, enlznciate (e-ntin/shate), expawords only: viz., disarm, disaster, discern, disease, disheir, tiate (eks-pa'shate), &c. In this Dictionary, however, dishlonest, disXhonor, dissmal, disoewn, dissolve. these terminations are given in two syllables (-shl-ate), in There are a few verbs ending in se, which are also used as accordance with what is believed to be the best and most nouns or adjectives. To distinguish between them, the s is general usage; but a reference to the present section is vocalized in the verb, and whispered in the noun or adjec- generally appended to words of this class, that the inquirer tive; as close, a., and close, v.; house, n., and eounse, v.; may not be left in ignorance of the fact that there is a want use, n., and use, v.; diffuse, a., and difuse, v. of uniformity in their pronunciation. ~ 92. When the letter s, having regularly its sharp or hissing sound, follows a liquid or another s, and precedes a T. letter having the sound of consonant y, as i in reversion, mansion, passion, and, in a few cases, when it precedes fi ~ 96. The sound of t (unmarked) as heard in tone, note, (=yoo), as in sure, sugar, censure, sensual, the sounds rep- noted, assets, &c. resented by these letters are exchanged for that of the sim- NOTE. — This sound differs from that of d (see ~ 70) only ple but very similar element represented by sh. Thus the ex- in being a whispered and not a vocal utterance; that is to say, the position or configuration of the articulating organs amples just given are actually pronouncedre-ver/sun, nzan/- is the same in both cases, but for d the breath, confined shun,pashl/un, shoor, shoog/ar, cenzsshoor, sen/shoo-al, though within the mouth by a close contact of the fore part of the the theoretical pronunciation would be re-verstyun, mansl- tongue with the upper gusm, is vocalized and rendered audiyn pcsspyu, s-poor, s-yoog'ar, celspyoor, sens'yooal. ble in a sort of murmur heard before the organs separate, while for t it is kept pure or unvocal, and cannot therefore In a few words, s alone takes the sound of sh, as in nan- be heard until the contact is forcibly broken. sea, Asiatic; or rather the e or i, in such cases, does double T is silent in the terminations ten and tle after s, as in duty, uniting with the s to signify the sound of sh, and at fasten, listen, often, castle, gristle, throstle, &c. It is also the same time retaining its usual vowel character. silent in the words chestnut, CLhristmas, hostler or ostler, mistletoe, and nortgage. ~ 93. When s is preceded by a vowel in an accented syl- mistletoe, and ortgege. ~ 97. When t precedes any one of the diphthongs ia, ie, lable, and is followed by a vowel having regularly or theo-!able, ahaving larl ore and io, and, at the same time, follows an accented syllable retically the sound of consonant y, these two letters are not ending in s or x, it assumes, in some words, the sound commonly pronounced like zh, as in adhesion, revisionx- not ending in s or x, iton; butmes, in some words, the scompound of sh, as in negotiation; but, in most cases, the compound plosion, confiusio, pleasure, visual, ueszry, &c. (See ~ 107.) sound resulting from the coalescence oft and i is exchanged So also in scissions, abscission, rescission, though the s is not preceded by a vowel in the accented syllable for that of sh, as in patient, station, partial, &c. When s not preceded by a vowel in the accented syllable. or x precedes the t, this letter and the i following it either ~ 94. S is silent in the words aisle, isle, island, demesne, preserve their own sounds pure, or exchange them for the.puisne, viscount, and generally at the end of French words sound of ch in chin, as in question (kwest'yun or kwes/adopted into English, as clhamois, corps, vis-a-vis, &tc. chun), mixtion (mikst/yun or miks/chun), &c. - See ~ 66, NOTE, and ~ 95. Sh. Th. ~ 95. This digraph (which is unmarked) represents the Th simple sound heard in shel~^, esh usher &c. ~ 98. Tit unmarked has its sharp or whispered sound, simple sound heard in shelf, flesh, usher, &c. as in thing, breath, author, athlete, &c. NOTE. - This element is formed by a partial contact of NOT. - This is the sound made in lisping. It is prothe upper surface of the tongue, near the tip, with that duced by putting the point of the tongue between the side of the arch or dome of the palate which is just above teeth, or by placing it against the back of the upper front the gums of the front teeth, and by an effusion of unvocal teeth, o cg t int t b t breath through the narrow aperture left for its escape. Or- teeth, and forcing out u nintonated breath. ganicaly considered, thesoundsintermediatebetween Th has this sound generally at the beginning and at the ganically considered, the sound is intermediate between end of ords but there are some exceptions. those of s and consonant y; genetically considered, it has been evolved from the combination of these two sounds, ~ 99. Tit marked thus, Th, th, has its soft, flat, or vowhich, in rapid utterance, do not easily maintain their dis- cal sound, as in thine, then, with, mother, writhed, &c. tinct character. Thus, if we pronounce the word special in three syllables, speg/i-al, and then try to reduce it to two, NOTE. - This sound differs from the foregoing only in we shall find that it is difficult to articulate the c (= s) and being an utterance of voice instead of simple breath. It. the i (=y) by one continuous effort of the organs, and that occurs chiefly between two vowels in words purely English, the intermediate sh is naturally substituted as an easier and as in leather, wither, heathen; also at the end of the verbs a closely allied sound. So with version, mission, sure, &c. mouth, bequeath, and smooth; and when followed by a final In motion, and other words ending in tion not preceded by e mute, as in breathe, clothe, &c: s or by x, we may suppose the t to have been originally Nouns which, in the singular, end in th sharp, usually sounded like s, as in words of the same class in French; or preserve the same sound in the plural, as death, deaths; the process of development may have been, first, mosti-on sabbath, sabbaths, &c.; but in the plurals of the following (with the t kept pure); then mtl/pyun; next snot/shun or seven words the th is vocal; viz., bath, cloth, lath, mouth, mo/chcn (see ~ 66); and finally, by sinking the t, mo/shun. oath, path, and wreath, as, baths, cloths, laths, paths, &c. Shi is never silent. It is expressed: 1. By c, as in o-ce- Some pronounce truths, in the plural, with the vocal sound an/ic, e-ma-ci-a/tion; 2. By s, as in nau/se-ate, A-si-at/fic; (truths), but this is sanctioned by no orthoepist. 3. By t, as in ne-go-ti-a'tion; 4, By ce, as in o/cean; 5. By Although th in with has its vocal sound, yet in the comci, as in so/cial; 6. By se, as iu nau/seous; 7. By si, as in pounds herewith, therewith, and awherewith, it is, according ten'sion; 8. By ti, as in cap'tious; 9. By the si implied in to the orthoipists, pronounced with its sharp or whispered xzi (=ksi), as in noxious; 10.,By the sq implied in sz (= sound. Good usage, however, allows it to retain in the syoo), as in men-ssu-ra'tion (men-shoo-ra/shun); 11. By the compound the same sound that it has in the simple word. sy implied in xit (=ksyoo), as in lux/us-ry (luk/shoo-ry; 12. ~ 100. Th has the sound of t in phthisic (tizlik), thyme By ch, as in chaise, charsla-tan, ma-chine; 13. By chs, as in (tim), and their derivatives; and also in the proper names fu/chsi-a; 14. By sc, as in con-sci-en/tious; 15. By sch, as in schorl; 16. By sci, as in con/science. - See ~~ 63, 92, Thomas (tom/as)and Thames (temz). This is also its sound 97, 104. in all modern European languages except the Greek. In In some words, particularly those ending in ciate and asthma and isthmus, it is said by the orthoipists to have tiate, some orthoipists and speakers pronounce the vowel the same sound;'but the great majority of speakers, in the distinctly after the c or t sounded as sh; as, enunciate (e-nun/shl-ate), expatiate (eks-pd/sh~-ate). &c.; oters pro- United States at least, entirely suppress the th, pronounnounce it with a slight sound, as of a very brief or half- cing the former word az/mA or.s/m6, and the latter is/mus suppressed e, represented in the Dictionaries of Smart and or Iz/mus. - See ~ 108. PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xvii V. s which is the second element of the x, and the following i or the first element of the following u, instead of retaining ~ 101. The sound of v (unmarked), as in vane, leave, their usual sound of y, are generally exchanged for the civil, &c. sound of sh/; thus, ank/sh-us, noklshus, lhck/shoo-ry, &c. NOTE. - This sound differs from that of f only in being At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z, as in an utterance of the voice instead of the breath, the organs xanthic (zan'-), xeiec (ze-), xylograp/y (zI-), &c. assuming precisely the same position for both sounds. Vis never silent, except in sevennight (sen/nit), which is Y. also written seLnnigh/t, anld, according to some orthoEpists, ~ 105. The sound of y (unmarked), as in yawn, year, in the word twelvenmonth, colloquially pronounced twel/- yonug, beyond, &c. mnusnt/c. WT. NOTE. - This sound - which is heard in English only at the beginning of a word or a syllable - is formed from the ~ 102. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, as vowel e by a closer approximation of the tongue to the roof wet, worse, inward, this letter (which is unmarked) is a of the mouth, which destroys the pure vocality of the e. consonant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel As w is often confounded with oo, so y is often confounded cio, but requiring for its utterance a closer position, or with e; but it may be proved to be a distinct sound by an experiment on the word ye similar to that by which w was greater contraction, of the labial aperture; and this com- to be istinct from oo. - See 102. pression of the lips changes the quality of the sound, giv- In the middle or at the end of a syllable, y is a vowel, ing it a buzzing and articulative, instead of a smooth and and has precisely the sound that i would have in the same purely vocal, character. situation. - See ~~ 15, 16, 35, 48, 54, &c. Yis often represented by i, when this letter occurs in an NOTE. - Some writers, however, maintain that the sound unaccented syllable before another vowel, and, at the same is merely that of a brief oo; in other words, that it is no time, follows an accented syllable, as in familiar, minion, consonant at all; but a simple experiment will serve to poniard, &c. show the incorrectness of this view. If w is the same as oo, the word w'oo must be equivalent to oo pronounced twice in succession; but oo-o-o/ is evidently a word of two ~ 106. The regular and leading sound of this letter syllables, and woo'o, as universally pronounced, is confess- (which is unmarked) is heard in zone, maze, hazy, frozen, edly a monosyllable. Another consideration will help to is,,, establish the consonantal nature of wu. Like the other con- &c. It is the vocal or sonant form of s. (See ~ 90.) In a few sonants, it is capable of stopping or shutting a vowel, that words it takes the sound of zh, as in seizure (sE/zhoor) &c. is, of causing it to assume its regular short sound, as in (See ~ 107.) In rendezvous it is silent. the cockney pronunciation of very as vt/wy, of mnarry as mnV/wy, of Itorrzd as h'/wid, &c. Zh. After a vowel in the same syllable, w is generally silent, as in gl9w, thrown, &c.; though sometimes significant, as ~ 107; This sound is the vocal correspondent of sh, and in flaow. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is is uttered with the organs in precisely the same position. generally soundedl like long u, as in deu, few, nezu; but it NOTE. -It has arisen, in all English words, from an atis sounded like 6or, or like u in ruode, if the letter r stands tempt to pronounce the sound ofz in maze (see ~ 106) and before it, as in crew, shrew, &c. It is often joined with a that of consonant y (see ~ 105) in immediate succession. preceding o to represent the diphthongal sound otherwise On account of the vicinity of the contacts represented by expressed by ou, as in brow, cwO, laosie, &c. - See ~ 39. zh/ and y, the effort to do this causes the tongue to assume TV is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in the position requisite for sounding zh, or nearly so; and wring (ring), wurote (rot), awry (ai-ry); also in the words hence zh was naturally substituted as being a very similar answer (an/ser), sword (sord), toward (to/ard), two (too). sound of easier utterance. Thus,fusionl may be supposed it is often represented by ic occurring before another to have been originally pronounced fitzlzyln, and then fu'vowel in the same syllable, as quail, query,- langzid, as- z/ccs; grazier, first graz/yer, and then gradzher. -See ~ 95. suage, &c.; The combination zh is used in works on pronunciation to WVh. indicate the sound here described, on account of the rela~ 103. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse tionship of this sound to that commonly expressed by the order, viz., hw, as they were written by the Anglo-Saxons; digraph sh. But the two letters zh never come together in e. g., wcet is pronounced hsvet. The h is here a free emis the proper orthography of any English word. The sound for which they stand is represented by zi (when the z occurs sion of breath through the position taken by the lips in the in, or is immediately preceded by, an accented syllable, and formation of wo, the vocal cords being all the while com- the i is followed by another vowel and occurs in an unacpletely relaxed. (See ~ 76.) Many recent phonologists, how- cented syllable, as in glazier); by the zy implied in zu (= ever, contend that the combination wh represents a simple zyoo), as in azure; by s in symp7siuzm, &c.; by si in certain situations (see ~ 93); by ti in the single word transwhisper of the ordinary t, to which it stands in the same ition, as sometimes pronounced; and by g in one or two relation as any surd consonant does to its corresponding so- wordsadopted from the French, as rouge. nant. Those who hold this opinion not only wrongly apprehend and describe their own pronunciation, but they over- ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. look the fact, that, as a closer approximation of the lips in ~ 108. When a whispered and a, vocal consonant come pronouncing oo-et changes the sound to wet, so hoo-etin like together in the same syllable, it is generally very difficult, manner gives rise to whet; and they forget that all words in fluent,pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and of this class originally began with an aspiration or a gut- appropriate sound. IIence it frequently becomes necessary tural, as their etymological history clearly shows. Thus to change the character of the one or of the other, in order what is from the A.-S. huwnt, O. Sax. hluat, Icel. hvater, to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is &c. Compare also Scot. qthile and English while, Lat. generally done, in English, by assimilating the sound of the quid and English what. In who, whole, whoop, whore, second consonant, whether whispered or vocal, to that of and their derivatives, the w is silent. the first. Thus, in chintz, the vocal consonant z assumes X. the sound of its whispered correspondent s, in order to ~ 104. This letter has two sounds; viz., its regular unite ivith the whispered t. On the other h and, the s in sharp sound (unmarked) like ks, as in expect, tax, &c., and cends is vocalized, or assumes the sound of z, for the sake its soft or flat sound (marked:, Y) like gz, as in exist, of corresponding with the vocal d. Sometimes, though example, &c. rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to NOTE. - This latter sound usually occurs when the syl- that of the second, as in spasm (spazm). lable which immediately follows the x begins with an ac- This affinity between these two classes'of consonants is cented vowel, as in aeuxiliary, exert, exalt, luxurious, and an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly' Fometimes also in the derivatives of such words, even known. Frr there are four very'common inflectional terthough the x is under the accent, as in exemplary, exhalation, &c. minations which invariably come under its influence, viz.: In anxious, nouious, ntcxury, and a few other words, the 1. Possessive forms in s, as maid's (maidz); 2. Plurals in s, xviii PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. as tubs(tubz),groves (grovz); 3. Sin the third person sin- diftfi-czFl/ty, cir'cum-stdn'ces, in'ter-Pst/ing, &c. This gular of verbs, as loads (loadz), smooths (smoothz); 4. Pre- droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented sylterits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dashed lable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly through the rest of the word. It is also a vulgar American (dasht), ingulfed (ingulft). custom, in many words having an unaccented initial sylla-' It is necessary to observe, that there are a few words end- ble followed by an accented one, to lay a nearly equal stress ing in dth, as breadth, hundredth, &c., where the aspirate of voice on both, as in Ex/acttly. gi/gan'tic, iltal'ic, p(Olittth is not assimilatedlo the vocal d; and also that, after tng, cal, pre'cssely, sdlvattion, std/pen'dous. and the liquids 1, m, n, r, - all of which are vocal conso- DIVIDED USAGE. nants, -a whispered consonant can be pronounced with- ~ 111. In quite a large number of words, there is a diout difficulty, and actually is pronounced, as in melt, terse, versity of practice among good speakers as to the place of tempt (ternt),fence, strength, &c. temp7t (temt),fe ce, strength~, &O. the primary accent. This arises mainly from a conflict beDUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS. tween certain great principles which affect the seat of the ~ 109. In many words, a consonant is doubled between accent. A few of these will now be mentioned, with a view two vowels; yet, in such cases, no more than one articula- to account for this diversity. It is all that can be done in tion is ever used in speaking. In banner, for example, we a brief sketch like this. close the organs but once between the first and skcond syl- ~ 11. FIRST PRINCIPLE. - Derivatives take for a time, lables; nor is it possible to use both of the letters n with- if not permanently, the accent of the original words from p o ibwhich they are formed, as resolve', from resoevo, aspectt out pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely,, rom rso o, asect/ opening the organs, and closing them a second time. (Shakespeare, Milton), from aspectus, Hindostanlee, from Hindos/an/, &c. So also words derived from other English Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written H ostan', &c. So also words derived from other English twice between vowels, as in banner, robbing, madden, let- words by adding one or more syllables to their beginning ter, horrid, one of them only is represented by an articula- or end, as within', from in, isnprop/er, from prop/er, po'ettion of the organs; and the only reason for repeating the ess, from po/et, pleas/antly, from pleas/ant, ser/viceable, consonant is to indicate the fact that the preceding vowel from serlvice, re-adjnst'ment, from adjust', &c. has its short sound. ~ 11:3. SECOND PRINCIPLE. - Ease of utterance has some But, although only one articulation is ever used, or, in influence in deciding the place of the accent. Ac'ceptable, fluent speech, possibly can be used, where a consonant is ref'eptacle, and ustensil, fashionable in the days of Walker, written twice, yet in- some words the articulation is dwelt have now taken the easier accentuation of accept/able, reupon for an appreciable space of time, producing an appar- cept'acle, and 2cte'sil. Dits/crepant and dis/crepaney are eat duplication of the sound. This effect takes place in marked discrep/ant and diserep'ancy by Richardson, Boar, many derived words in which the primitive ends or begins Craig, Wright, Clarke, and others. Subal'tern (instead of with the same letter as that with which a superadded suffix Walker's sub'altern) is the accentuation of Richardson, or prefix of English origin respectively begins or ends, as in Knowles, Barclay, Craig, Clarke, and many more. Dyssoulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatural. pep/sy has taken the place of dys.pepsy in the marking of The same effect takes place in most compound words, in Webster, Smart, Cull, Wright, Clarke, Cooley, &c., and is which the second part begins with the same sound as that now the prevailing accentuation. On the same ground, with which the first part ends, as in post-town, head-dress, ancestral is preferred to an'cestral by Jameson, Webster, half-filled. -See ~ 127. Boag, Clarke, and Cull, in conformity with campes/tral and other similar words. Confes/sor, like profes/sor, has superseded confessor in this country, and has the supAC CE NT. port of Perry, Ash, Rees, Barclay, Boag, Clarke, Cull, Webster, and Worcester. Rem/ediless, from the difficulty ~ 110. Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice of the sound, has been changed in this country into reupon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them med'iless, as sanctioned by Perry, Ash, Rees, Fulton and from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of Knight, and Webster. Con/sistory has given hway to conpronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in in- sist/ory in the marking of Knowles, Barclay, Reid, Brande, tend/, where the full force of the voice is on the last sylla- Craig, Boag, Clarke, Cooley, and others. In like manner, ble, and secondary, as in su/per-in-tend', where the first ac/cessary and ac'cessory (as marked in most English Dicsyllable is distinguished by a stress greater than that laid tionaries) are commonly pronounced in this country acceslon the second and third syllables, though less than that sary and acces/sory, as recommended by Bailey and Ash. laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary These may serve as instances of the application of this or subordinate accents, as in in-com/pre-hen/si-bilbi-ty. principle. It is an important one in its place; and, though NOTE. -(1.) The general tendency of accent, whether it may give rise for a time to a diversity of pronunciation primary or secondary, is to shorten all vowels but it, when (since some will cling to that which is older and harder), further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten/ement, changes of this kind, which promote ease of utterance, will neV'essariness, anatom.ical, personification, &c.; but e finally prevail. say lfi'bricate, and not IAib/ricate; tru/culency, and not triic/ulency; sfi/perabunrdant, and not siperabundant, &c. DSSYLLABLE This tendency generally fails, if the accented syllable is followed by two unaccented vowels, as in pe/ri-od, ma/ni-ac; ~ 114. THIRD PRINCIPLE. — In words of two syllables, or by two vowels of which the former only is unaccented, there is a tendency (though with numerous exceptions) to as in de/vi-a~tion, o/ri-en'tal. ~~as in delvi- ~ o'ri-enf~tal..accent the former or penultimate syllable, as in a/gue, bar/. (2.) The primary and secondary accents are, in certain oner cases, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely, on, common, dis/cord, &c. "making," as Walker remarks, "the secondary principal NOTE. -(1.) This tendency meets with a powerful counand the principal secondary.)" He specifies violin, referee, teraction in Principle No. 1, viz., that of derivatives reprivateer, artisan, courtesan, charlatan, and might have taining the accent of their primitives, as in amuse/, deter', added ambuscade, cavalcade, caricature, etiquette, reverie, offend/, &c. It is natural, in such formatives, to place the confidante, governante, invalid, n., parachucte, and others. accent on the radical part of the word; and hence some Nearly all of these, except the first three, have now (accord- hundreds of our dissyllables, especially verbs and adverbs, ing to able orthoispists) transferred the primary accent from have their accent on the last syllable. the last to the first syllable, as in artisan, &c., under the (2.) Still, there is a constant struggle (especially among operation of a principle which is stated in ~ 117. the common people, who are unacquainted with the deriva(3.) Many in this country give a marked secondary accent tion of words) to draw back the accent to the first syllable. in certain words which properly have but one accent, and Here arises another conflict, which produces a diversity of that on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in ter'ri-td'ry, accent; and the common people, being a majority, are, on PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. xix the whole, slowly gaining upon those who are tenacious of NOTE. -This tendency is counteracted by that of deriraPrinciple No. 1. Hence con/sate and in/late (instead of tion (Principle No. 1. See ~ 112); and here arises another connatel and innate') are generally prevalent in this coun- " conflict,"': which, to some extent, arrays our scholars on try, and are now sanctioned by Reid, Boag, Craig, and the one side, and the body of the people on the other. others. Allcove (for alcove') is more common among us, Many scholars, for example, are strongly inclined to say and it is so marked by recent English orthoipists, Boag, contem'plate, demon'strate, confis/cate, obdu'rate, &c. (forCraig, Cull, and others. Con'tents (for contntts') has be- getting that they come from participles, contemnpla/tus, demcome the general usage of this country, as sanctioned by onstra/tcs, &c.), because by Latin rules their second syllaCull, Clarke, Webster, and Worcester. Reltail (for retail/) ble is long; while the mass of the people, who know nothis now the marking of a majority of the orthoipists. De'- ing of Latin, and are governed by English analogies, are tail (for detail') is less prevalent, but is sanctioned by equally bent on saying con'template, demln/ostrate, ob'duSmart, Clarke, Cull, Cooley, &c. Pro/lix and pre'text (for rate, &c. The latter pronunciation is now very extensively prolix' and pretext/)are widely prevalent (especially the for- heard, and thus we have a " divided usage'? in respect to mer), and are authorized by some recent lexicographers. these and similar words. There is a class of botanical and Bom'bast (for bombast/) is the accentuation of Walker, Bar- mineralogical terms ending in phyllous and phyllite (from clay, Richardson, Cull, and Webster; it is admitted by Gr. 4dAXov, a leaf), as quzadriphyllous, anthophyllite, &c., Worceste.r, and is extensively used in this country. Bu/- in which the same struggle is going on. Words having; reau (for bureaut') was admitted by Dr. Webster, and is very these terminations are differently accented by different augenerally applied to the article of furniture, while buLreaus' thorities, and sometimes even by the same authority. is sometimes used in reference to a department of the gov- Knowles, Gray, and Worcester are the only authorities ernment. Ac/cess (for access') is authorized by a number who are self-consistent in their pronunciation of such. of orthoipists, and especially, among the later ones, by words - Knowles accenting them all on the antepenult, Knowles, Boag, Wright, Clarke, and Cull. Gray as uniformly on the penult, and Worcester giving an (3.) No orthoipist has given any sanction, it is believed, alternative in every ease, the penultimate accentuation to ro/mance and fi/nance (for romance/ and finance'), or to being his preference. There can be no doubt that that re'search and re'source (for research' and resoturce/), though mode of pronunciation which places the accent on the anthese pronunciations are not infrequently heard in America. tepenult is most in accordance with the genius of our lanThe two last ought especially to be discountenanced; for guage; and, in all probability, it will ultimately prevail search and sousrce are English words, and should therefore over the learning or the pedantry of those who contend for remain (as they were from the first) the chief objects of the penultimate accentuation. In like manner, bal/cony thought. (for balco'ny) has now, according to Smart, become the true English pronunciation, and is so marked by Knowles, Web~ 115. We have about eighty cases among our dissylla- ster Cull, Wright, Cooley, and many more. bles in which the same word is used for a verb on the one Ele'giac (for elegi/ac) is the general pronunciation of this hand, and a noun or an adjective on the other. To distin- country (in accordance with maniac and most other wvords guish between them, we accent the nouns and the adjec- in -iac), and has the sanction of Perry, Knowles, Wright, tives on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last, as, a Clarke, Cull, Cooley, and Webster. - Quanedary (for qoandary ), in accordance with boundary and nearly every other con/rert, to convert/; a con'tract, to contract/, &c. It is word of three syllables in -ary, is our prevailing pronunciunnecessary to give the list infull, since the accent of nearly ation, and is sanctioned by Maunder, Cull, Craig, Clarke, all these words has been long settled by general usage. Cooley, Worcester, and Webster. Many are disposed to reduce vagairy to the same accentuation (va'gary). NOTE. - There are a few cases of divided use in nouns, vwhich will sooner or later be made to conform to the gen- ~ 11S. It is a just principle, laid down by Walker, that eral rule. For example, usage will probably soon fix per- " when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, manently on per'fect for the adjective, and perfect' for the the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original." verb; per'mit for the noun, and permnitl for the verb; pro'- Hence the following words ought to be accented as here test for the noun,'and protest' for the verb; persfitme for the noun, and perfume' for the verb; pro'ceeds for the marked: viz., Abdo'men, hori'zon, deco'rum, diplo'ma, noun, and proceed' for the verb; de/tail for the noun, and muselum, sono/rous, acu/men, bitu'/nen, and, on like detail' for the verb; in1crease for the noun, and increase' grounds, farra'go, and others. Yet the strong tendency for the verb; re'tail for the noun, and retail/ for the verb; of our language to accent the antepenultimate in all words sur/vey for the noun, and survey' for the verb. There is a tendency among many to accent thefirst sylla- of three or more syllables has caused this principle to be ble of the noun ally, allies; and, although without sane- violated in some cases, as in am/azon, cic/atrix, min'ister, tion as yet from a single orthoepist, it would not be sur- oerator, pleth/ora, &c. prising if this tendency should prevail on the ground stated ~ 119. Words of mor than to syllables having the above, making the noun al/ly, al'lies, and the verb ally/. The noun cement has been extensively pronounced cem'ent, same orthography are generally distinguished by a differas distinguished from the verb to cement'; but Smart ence of accent, as at/tribltte, n., and attrib/ute,.v., miscon/thinks this will not finally prevail; and the tendency does duct, n., and misconduct', v., olertlrow, n., and overcertainly now seem to be toward cement/ for the noun as throw, v. n such cases, the nouns have the accent furwell as the ve the accent further from the end. ~ 116. We have a few dissyllables which are at once ~ 120. With a very few exceptions, words of more than nouns and adjectives. These are distinguished by accent- two syllables having the following terminations take the ing the nouns on the first syllable, and the adjectives on accent on the antepenult, or last syllable but two: - the la.st. -cracy; as, democ/racy, theoc/racy; NOUNS. ADJECTIVES. -ferous; as, somnif erous, umbellitferouzs; Au/gust, the month. August/, noble. -fjsent; as, affluent, circsumfJueent; Comrpact, an engagement. Compact', close. -fluous; as, mellifluous, super'ftuous; Ex/ile, banishment. Exile/, small, slender. -gonal; as, diag'onal, hexag/onal; In/stinct, an impulse. Instinct/, animated. -gony; as, cosmoglony, theog'ony; Min/ute, of time. Minute/, very small. -grapher;. as, lexicog/rapher, stenog/rapher; Su/pine, in grammar. Supine/, indolent. -graphy; as, photog'raphy,. typog'raphy; The word gallant departs from the above rule. When it -loger; as, philol'oger, astrol/oger; denotes a suitor, or " attentive to ladies," it is accented -logst; as, entomol/ogist, physiol/ogist; gallant', and is changed into gal/lant when it means high- -logy; as, chronol'ogy, nythol'ogy; spirited or daring. -loquy; as, colloquy, solil/oquyy; -snachy; as, logom/achy, theom/achy; TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES. -mathy; as, chrestomlathy, polym/athy; ~ 117. FouRTH PRINCIPLE. - In words of three or more -meter; as, barom/eter, hygrom'eter; syllables, there is a strong tendency to accent the antepe- -metry; as, altim/etry, geom/etry; tult, or ttird syllable from the end, as in el/oquent, ac/ci- -nomy; as, astron/omy, econ/omy; dent, opportu/nity. -paroues; as, ovip'arous, vivip'arous; xx PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. pathy; as, aplathy, antip/athy; Ye icefalls! ye that from the mountain's brow -phony; as, antiphlony, coloph'bny; Adown enormous rav'ines slope amain. Coleridge. -scopy; as, aeros'copy, deuteros'copy; ~ 127. When two words of similar formation and the -strophe; as:. aposltrophe, catas/trophe; same accentuation are contrasted with each other, the ao-tomy; as, anattomy, lithotlomy; cent is transferred to the syllable of difference (unless this -trophy; as, at'rophy, hyper/trophy; is already accented, as in em'inent, im'minent), and the -vomous, as,flammiv/omous, igniv/omozus; regularly accented syllable takes a secondary accent; thus, -vorous, as, carniv'orous, graminiv/orous. undo/ is pronounced un'do/ when opposed to do or to outf~ 121. Words of more than two syllables, ending in do', and in'tervene' is pronounced in'tervene/ when used -cate, -date, -gate, -fy, -tisde, and -ty, preceded by a vowel, antithetically to.supervenel. So also with amn'psta'tion have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult; as, and im~'putation, biennial and trien'nial, op'pose' and dep/recate, rtcs'ticate, recipirocate; an/tedate, elzt/cidate, ac- supposel; exlerrcise and ex/orrcise, al-le'ga/tion and al-li'comlmodate; prop/agate, del/egate, futmigate; rariefy, ga'tion; prophet and prof'it'; do'nor' and dopneey, guar'sanc'tify; qui'etude, lat/itude; soci'ety, acidlity, dep'uty. antor' and guarantee'. ~ 12'2. The penultimate syllable is to be accented in al- ~ 128. When separately pronounced, all monosyllabic most all words having the sound of sh, of zh, or of conso- words have their vowel as distinctly sounded as if under acnant y immediately before their last vowel or diphthong, cent. But in connected discourse, certain classes of monoexcept those words in which ch is sounded like sh (as capu- syllables, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjuncchin, kap-y!;-sheen/); e. g., dona/tion, conces/sion, illu/sion, tions, and auxiliary verbs, are usually unemphasized, and controver'sial, vermilion, opin/ion. their vowel is liable to the same corruption of quality as that in an unaccented syllable of a word. But when used THE TmEIRMINATIONS IC AND ICS. antithetically to other words, they are emphasized, sIceiv~ 1123. W'ords ending in ic and ics (derivatives from ing a full and distinct stress of voice. Thus, the possessive words in tose or icus, in Greek or Latin, or formed after the pronoun their, when emphatic, should take the full sound same analogy) have their accent on the penult; as, epi- of e; as, " Their (thr) interests, and not yours, aro to be dem/ic, scientifjic, &c. The following words are exceptions, consulted." But when unemphatic, the sound becomes having the accent on the antepenult; -viz., ag'aric, Ar'abic, more obscure, verging toward, or falling into, that of the art'melic, ear'esic, n., cath'oic chot'eric, ephem/eric, her- neutral vowel (u in urge); as, " They will not neglect their etic, mle/natic, plet//orcc, pol/itgc, rhet/oric, and tiur/meric. (thur) interests." 8o, also, there, when used as an adverb Climacteric has usually the antepenultimate accent, though of place, is distinctly pronounced with the appropriate some pronounce it climacter/ic. In like manner, the nouns sound of the vowel; as, " I shall be there (thlr)." When, empiric and schismatic, and the noun and adjective sple- however, it serves merely to introduce a verb or a sentence, netic, are sometimes accented on the penult, and sometimes it takes the obscurer sound; as, " There (thur) is no diffion the antepenult. culty in the case." In like manner we say a, your, thdt, the, frm, for, &c., when we pronounce the words by themTIIE TERMINATIONS E-AL, E-AN, AND E-UM. selves; but in actual use they become nearly or quite ii, ~ 124. A'part of the words having these terminations yur, thCt, thi, frum, fur, &c. The following passage from follow the lEnglislh analogy, and take the antepenultimate the Spectator, No. 80, well illustrates this tendency to a corruption of the vowel sound in unemphasized monosyllaaccent; as, cerzt/lean, hyperbo/rean, Hercu/lean, fediterra/bles:-'" My lords, with humble submission th~at that I nean, subterra/nean, Tarta'rean, marmo/rean; petro'leum,b say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced is perios/teuzm, succeda/neum. A part accent the penult; as, dman'Atne'a oossea emre ure not thiat that he should have proved to your lordships.?' adamantelan,Atlantelan, colosse/an, empyre/an,:Epicurelan, Europe'an, pygmne/an; mazusolelum, msusec/um. Orphean, being derived from Or'pheuls (or/'fs), is more properly accented Or/phean. Most words ending in eal accent theantepenult; as, lin'eal, etlhe/real,fune/real; but hymene/al and ide'al take the accent upon the penult. SYLLABICATION. THE TERMINATION OSE. ~ 129. Words are sometimes divided into syllables for ~ 125. There is a considerable number of adjectives the sole purpose of showing their proper pronunciation (as, ending in ose, as animose, comatose, operose, &c., in the a-dorn, o-void); and sometimes in order to exhibit their accentuation of which the dictionaries are at variance with etymological composition merely, without the least regard each other, and many of them inconsistent with them- to their pronunciation (as, ad-orn, ov-oid). In ordinary selves. But all words of this class, as Walker remarks, cases - as where a word requires to be divided at the end ought, from their form and derivation, to be pronounced of a line - these modes of syllabication are to a certain alike. Walker himself accents them all upon the last syl- extent combined. In the United States, the etymological lable, and in this he is followed by Worcester and Cooley; principle is allowed to operate only in separating prefixes, but, in trisyllables having this termination, most recent suffixes, and grammatical terminations from the radical authorities, following the natural tendency of the language, part of the word, where this can be done without misrepreas well as the prevailing usage, give only a secondary ac- senting the pronunciation. In English practice, however, cent to the last syllable, placingthe principal accent on the words are usually divided in such a'manner as to show their antepenult. (See ~ 110, NOTE, second paragraph.) As to constituent parts independently of the pronunciation (as, dissyllabic adjectives ending in ose, as jocose, verbose, mo- hypo-thess, philo-sophy, belli-gerent, &c.), and a single rose, &c., they take the accent on the last syllable, with a consonant or a consonant digraph between two vowels goes few exceptions. to the latter (as, a-na-to-my, de-li-cate, ma-the-ma-tics, &c.). In this Dictionary, words are uniformly divided so, as to represent their pronunciation in the most accurate ~ 126. In poetry, words are frequently used with an ac- manner; but very frequently the root of a word may be centuation different from that adopted in ordinary speech, exhibited to the eye without violating the orthodpical prinas in the following examples:- ciple of syllabication, and, where this is possible, it has -Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier/! generally been done, more: particularly in. the caOe of aoForever separate, yet forever near. Pope. cented syllables. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. OBSERVATIONS. THE English language, as being the offspring of two par- urges his copyists to follow his orthography with the utent languages very different in form and spirit, and having most exactness. So also Chaucer, more than a century been, in no inconsiderable degree, modified in its growth by later, carefully revised and corrected his own works; influences from various other tongues, contains, as was in- and he enjoined upon his scribe to " write more trew:' evitable, very many anomalies; and in no particular are that which was intrusted to him, saying that he was these anomalies more numerous and striking than in its obliged " it to correct and eke to rubbe and scrape,:' beorthography, with the single exception, perhaps, of its cause of the negligence and haste with which it had been orthoipy. Neither the Anglo-Saxon nor the Norman- copied. French could boast of any great regularity in orthography, The invention of printing began a new era, though for a though the spelling of words in these two languages was long time even this had little effect to fix the exterior form far less arbitrary than it is in the modern English. When, of the language. Indeed, much of the perverse orthogtherefore, the vocabularies of these two languages, widely raphy of books printed two or three centuries ago is to be different both in their orthographical structure and their attributed to the printer, who often inserted or expunged phonological character, were combined, the result was a letters, as the length of the lines or convenience of spacing language in which the orthography has almost reached the required. It is no uncommon thing to find, in the works extreme of irregularity. To such an extent, in fact, have of Chaucer, Spenser, and other early writers, or in books the signs representing sounds been multiplied, that many printed two or three centuries ago, the same words occurof the letters are pronounced in several different ways, ring in several different forms upon the same page. Even while the letters, or combinations of letters, for a single as late as the time of Shakespeare, orthography was very sound amount, in some cases, to scores. Indeed, it is com- unsettled; and, as Halliwell states, the name of the great puted that many words of no more than two syllables may bard himself was written in more than thirty different ways. be spelled in several thousand different modes, by the use of The printers, however, were not solely, nor even chiefly, combinations actually employed in other words in the lan- responsible for this confusion; for it is certain that their guage. The word scissors, for instance, may be thus writ- arbitrary changes and deviations from uniformity would ten, as is computed by Ellis, in nearly six thousand different not have been tolerated had they been made in defiance of ways. Of course, comparatively very few of these possible established usage; and there is abundant evidence to prove forms of spelling are ever employed in the case of any one that writers themselves were careless in the extreme. The word; yet the causes of disorder mentioned above have fact must not be overlooked that in the writings of Wycliffe, operated so effectually, that the words in respect to which Chaucer, and other early authors, there were still many even the most careful writers are at variance are numbered remnants of the Semi-Saxon inflection, which have since by thousands, while those in which an orthography con- utterly disappeared, and which gave to some words a vatrary to analogy has been universally adopted are equally riety of form to be attributed neither to the carelessness of numerous. the writer, nor to an unsettled orthography. Bad, however, as is the orthography of the present day, it The irregularities found in early books, though continuis order itself compared with that of a few centuries ago. ing for so long a time, were neither unnoticed nor looked It would, of course, be unreasonable to expect that there upon with indifference. On the contrary, not only have should' be any general correspondence of orthographical numerous complete systems for the reformation of orthogforms in the works of different authors before the types of raphy been proposed, but various scholars have advocated, the printer gave prominence to certain forms, which finally with more or less acuteness and learning, changes in rebecame recognized as standards; and manuscripts conclu- gard to a great number of particular points. Sir Thomas sively prove that the wildest license prevailed in spelling Smith, Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, was the first words. Even proper names, which would naturally re- who endeavored to introduce a regular system of orthogceive more attention, and be written with more care than raphy; after him, William Bullokar brought forward anany other class of words, are found recorded in great mul- other system; a few years after this, Dr. Gill, Master of St. titudes of forms, several variations being sometimes found Paul's School, in London, a teacher of considerable emiin the same manuscript or work. Disraeli states that nence, proposed another scheme; and, still later, Charles "Leicester has subscribed his own name eight different Butler devised a new method of spelling, and printed a book ways," and that " the name Villers is spelled fourteen dif- in which it was employed. These writers agreed essenferent ways in the deeds of that family."- A still more re- tially as to the manner in which they sought to attain the markable instance is stated by Lower; namely, that the end proposed, their plan being to reduce the spelling of family of Mainu aring has the extraordinary number of words to uniform principles and make it practically phoone hundred and thirty-one variations of that single name, netic, by the use of new characters, by applying various all drawn from authorized documents. But there is evi- diacritical marks to the old letters, and by making the dence that, in the midst of all this confusion, there were letters, or their combinations, represent certain definite some writers who were attentive to the proper forms of sounds. It is needless to say, that these projects were never words, and who were notable exceptions to the general rule. carried into practice. The spelling of the Ormulum, which was written in the In the time of Charles I., many changes were introduced, thirteenth century, though strange and cumbrous, is very and it was very common, even among eminent scholars, to remarkable for its regularity; and the author strenuously spell words according to their pronunciation, omitting such (xxi) xxii PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. letters as were deemed superfluous. These attempts at im- however, is not peculiar to Hare, since it is merely a return provement, being made upon no settled or uniform prin- to the usage of the early writers. This spelling of the ciples, had little or no permanent effect upon the language. preterit is also not unfrequently found in modern poetry. Another elaborate plan was proposed, in the seventeenth Besides the imperfect attempts mentioned above, many century, by Bishop Wilkins, similar in its general charac- plans have been devised at different times, for reducing the ter to those of Smith, Bullokar, Gill, and Butler, and spelling of words to absolute uniformity and the greatest equally unsuccessful. simplicity, by a complete reform in the method of repreThe celebrated Dictionary of Dr. Samuel Johnson, first senting the sounds of words by written characters, that is, published in 1755, has contributed more than any work by employing a new alphabet in which each sign stands written either before or since, to fix the external form of for one and only one definite sound, and each sound is rep. the language and to diminish the number of irregulari- resented by one and only one character. Such a method ties; for, though numerous inconsistencies are to be found of spelling was invented by Dr. Franklin, in the last cenin it, and many oversights, the learning of the author, and tury, though he never brought it to perfection, and scarcely the sound judgment and practical wisdom which he dis- used it, except in a brief correspondence with a friend. played, gave it at once an authority which it has not even The most recent, and in every respect the most comprehenyet entirely lost; and the orthography of the present day, sive and philosophical scheme of this kind, is that of which though it has received some important modifications since Mr. Alexander John Ellis, of Cambridge, England, has his time, is substantially the same as that exhibited in his been the most prominent advocate and representative, and dictionary. The changes in the spelling of words, intro- to a large extent the inventor. The alphabet in this system duced by Dr. Johnson, were generally made in order to contains about forty characters, each of which represents restore the ancient orthography, or to remove some anom- but a single sound, so that a word written according to this aly; and perhaps the most important office performed by method could be pronounced in only one way. Although his work was its having settled usage definitely in favor this system has received great publicity, and has had many of some one of the numerous forms in which many words earnest supporters, it has gained no ground in the public were written, thus removing the cause of much confusion. favor, and has finally been abandoned by its author as a Among the most prominent alterations made by him were means of reforming orthography. The schemes of Lepsius, the restoration of k to many words which had long been Miiller, and others who have endeavored to form philowritten without it, as in musickc, rhetorick, and the like, sophical alphabets of universal application, are hardly to and the insertion of u in the termination of many words be mentioned here, as they are but indirectly related to which previously ended in or, as in ancestour, aut2hoztr, er- English orthography. rour, and others. The former of these changes, a revival In 1828, Dr. Webster published his Dictionary of the of the " ancient practice," was not received with favor, nor English Language, and the changes in spelling advocated was this spelling adopted by subsequent writers; the latter, by him have had no inconsiderable influence upon orthogas it was thought to be justified by the analogy of the cor- raphy, especially in the United States. These alterations responding termination eur in the French, through which were proposed by him chiefly on the ground of etymology language many, perhaps a majority, of the words affected and of analogy, from a desire, on the one hand, to make the by it were derived from the Latin, was generally followed. words correspond, as far as practicable, with their primiJohnson's practice in this respect, however, was not in har- tive forms, so as to reveal more clearly their etymological mony with his theory; for he wrote only about half the affinities, and on the other to reduce as much as possible words of this class with the ending our, leaving the rest in the number of anomalies and exceptional cases. Of the or, though for no reason that would not equally apply to words whose orthography had been changed for the former them all. Yet this notable inconsistency was not only reason, many were restored to their ordinary forms by Dr. overlooked, but was perpetuated, and still exists in the Webster himself in the second edition of his work published orthography of English writers. In the United States a in 1840, and others still were restored in subsequent edidifferent practice prevails, as will presently be mentioned. tions. The alterations of the second class have been reThe scheme of Pinkerton, who, in 1785, under the name ceived with favor and adopted by a large portion of the of Robert Heron, proposed to render the language more writers in the United States, and by some authors also in euphonious by adding vowels to words ending in conso- England. nants, and by pronouncing the silent final vowels of others, It is to be observed that many of Dr. Webster's deviations in a manner perfectly arbitrary, is too ridiculous to deserve from the usage of his time were not innovations, but restofurther mention. About twenty years later another absurd rations of older forms which were once very generally emplan was published by Elphinstone, who printed a book in ployed. The most important points in which his orthography order to introduce it, but without success. During the last differs from that of most other modern lexicographers, and century, several English divines, as Lardner, Benson, and in reference to which there is still difference of usage among others, employed in many words methods of spelling pecu- scholars, are stated in the following list, in which the numliar to themselves, chiefly such as had long beenabandoned, bers refer to the sections of the Rules for Spelling Certain as in writing ie for final y; in adding e to words ending in Classes of Words (see p. xxiii.), wherethe cases arementioned ss; and in the use of such forms as pr.eface. persue, precede, particularly. These are, the not doubling the final consosais (for says), and the like. So also Mitford used many nant in derivatives of words like travel, worship, &c. (~ 8); singular forms, such as iland, intire, endeveor, meer (for doubling the 1 in installment, enrollment, &c. (~ 9); doubmere), tho (for though), spred, &c. It is proper to men- ling the final letter in such words asfjlfill, instill, &c. tion here also the innovations of Archdeacon Hare, in the (~ 16); retaining the i in derivatives of villain (~ 27); writpresent century, who, on the ground of pronunciation, ing defense, offense, &c., for defence, offence, &c., and etymology, and analogy, employed in his works such forms practice for practise (~ 27).; writing the termination er for as atchieve, comnpell, esnure, fJiry (for fiery), forein, invey re in words like center, meter, &c. (~ 31); writing mold and (for inveigh), highth, plotuhman, smugler, and the like. He molt without it (~ 34). "also omitted the hyphen in many compound words where With respect to certain cases, it seems proper to add a it is usually inserted, and advocated the omission of the few words. Dr. Webster wrote the chemical terms ending apostrophe in the possessive case, and the substitution of t in ide and inse, as chloride, chlorine, &c. (~ 82), without the for ed in those preterits in which the latter termination is final e in most cases, deeming the letter superfluous, and pronounced like t; as in exprest,fixt, psublisht, &c., for ex- not demanded by usage, which was variable. This letter pressed,fixed, published, &c. This substitution of t fored, is retained in this volume, in accordance with the almost PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxiii universal practice of the present day. The word written often written with the termination re, but which in this by Dr. Webster oxyd is now spelled oxide, for reasons book are spelled with the ending er, that this orthography stated in section 32 and under the word itself in the Dic- is but a restoration of the older spelling; and the same is tionary. It may be remarked further with regard to words true of the substitution of the termination or for our. RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS. FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. ~ 1. The lettersf and 1, at the end of monosyllables, nant is doubled: as, clan, clannish; plan, planned, planand standing immediately after single vowels, are generally ning, planner; bag, baggage; hot, hotter, hottest; wit, doubled; as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, hill, toll, null. witty; cabal/, cabal/ler; abet/, abet/ted, abet/ting, abet/tor; The words clef, if, of, and sol, are exceptions. b beginn, beginning, begin/ner; infers, inferred', isqfer/ring. ~ 2. The letter s, at the end of a monosyllable, and ihe consonant is doubled in -these words in order to prestanding immediately after a single vowel, is generally serve the short sound of the vowel, as otherwise the latter doubled, except when it is used to form the possessive case would be liable to be pronounced long. Thus, pldnned, or plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb; hottest, and abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, as in grass, press, hiss, moss, tritss. The only import- hotest, and abEted, if the consonant were not doubled. ant exceptions are as, gas, has, was, yes, kIis, is, thus, and Words of this class, in which the final consonant is preus. ceded by qu, followed by a single vowel, form no exception ~ 3. Besides f, 1, and s, the only consonants that are to the rule, since the u performs the office of the consonant ever doubled at the end of a word are b, d, g, m, n,p, r, t, w; as, squab, squabbish, squabby; squat, squatting, squatand z. The following list contains all, or nearly all, the ter; quit, qscitted, quitting; acquit', acquit/ted, acquit/ting. words in which these letters are doubled; namely, abb, The derivatives of the word gas (except gassing and ebb; add, odd, rudd; bigg, egg, snigg; lamm, scomm, gassy) are written with but one s; as, gaseous, gaseity, muymm (to mask); inn, bunn; wapp; gnarr, parr, err, birr, gasify. Ex'cellence, as being from the Latin excellens, reshirr, skirr, burr, burr, murr, purr; mitt, plitt, smnitt, butt; tains the double 1, though one I has been dropped from the fizz,fuzz, buzz, b;uzz, muzz. termination of excel'. Besides these, the only exceptions NOTE. - The words let, net, and set are sonmetimes incor- to the rule are those derivatives in which the accent of the rectly spelled lett, nett, and sett; and some other words primitive is thrown back upon another syllable: as, cabal', which should have the final letter single are spelled, by cablalism, cab'alist; prefer', pref/erence; refer/, reference; some writers, with it doubled. defer', deference. It is no exception to this rule that chan~ 4. A consonant standing at the end of a word minme- cellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as metalloid, diately after a diphthong or double vowel is never doubled. metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written The words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are exa~mples. with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively from The word guess is only an apparent exception, as the s the Latin cancellaries (through the French), and metallum, does not strictly form a diphthong with the e, but servesand the Greek pi-raXX. So also the word tranquility merely to render the g hard. retains the double I as being from the Latin tranquillitas, ~ 5. Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with the while the English derivatives of trnqzeii, though often sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel, have usually written with two l's are k added after the c; as in black, fleck, click, knock, and one, as tranquilize, more properly written with only one, as tranquil ize, tranquilizer, and the like. buck. The words lac, sac, talc, zinc, ploc, roc, soc, arc, marc, 8. When a diphthong, or a digraph representing a vowel ore, and.sc, are except~ions.. sound, precedes the finalconsonant of a word, or the acWords of more than one syllable, ending in ic or iac, cent of a word ending in a single consonant falls on any which formerly ended in k, also words derived from the Lat- other syllable than the last, or when the word ends in two in or Greek languages, or from other sources, and similar to different consonants, the final consonant is not doubled in these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written derivatives formed by the addition of a termination beginwithout the k; as, maniac, elegiac, cubic, music, public. ning with a vowel: as, daub, daubed, dauber; need, needy; The word derrick is an exception. Words of more than brief, briefer, briefest; rev/el, rev/eled, rev/eling; trav/el, one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i trav'eling, trav'eler; profit, profited; act, acted, actor; or ia, commonly end in ck; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, perform, performer; stand, standing. /i~lock, wedlock. The words alumarnac, sandarac, limbec, The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a few zebec, manioc, and havoc, are exceptions. Almanac, linm- words ending in g, in order to diminish the liability to its bec, and /havoc, however, are sometimes written with k being pronounced like j, before e or i: as, humbug, hum-.fter the c, especially in England. The word ~ 6. In derivatives formed from words ending in c, by wonlen is more generally thus written, in the United States, adding a termination beginning with e, i, or y, the letter k with one i; but in England it is written woollen. is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may not be NOTE. - There is a large class of words ending in a single inaccurately pronounced like s before the following vowel: NOTE.There is a large class other syllable than a ingle as....~e, colicky; ta~z~ic, Ir~iclcea, tal29icking consonant, and accented on some other syllable than the as, colic, colicky; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, trafficker; last, the final consonants of which are, by very many talc, talcky; zinc, zincky. writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, ~ 7. In derivatives formed by adding a termination be- unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. This practice apginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words accented pears to have arisen from a desire to prevent the vowel of the final syllable of the primitive from being inaccurately on the last syllable, when these words end in a single con- pronounced long in the derivatives. These words are chiefly sonant (except x) preceded by a single vowel, that conso- those ending in 1, with also a few of other terminations. The xxiv PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes itg, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, swinge, the most important of those in regard to which usage tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, varies: namely, apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, and its swinging,' tinging (from die, sing, spring..wing, ting). compounds, cancel, carburet and all similar words ending in uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, compromit, counsel, cud- The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the gel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled nailequal,funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchet, im- age. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though apparperil,jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, mar- entlyexceptions arenotreallysuch sincethey ae deived shal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, parallel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, not directly from line and pine, but from the Latin linee rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tipisel, trammel, travel, (through the French), linealis, and pinea. The e, standing, tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, the final letters of all these words, except parallel, in form- and inmediately after c or g, is retained in order to preserve ing derivatives by the addition of terminations beginning with vowels, though he remarks, with respect to those end- the soft sounds of these consonants; as, pace, peaceable; ing in 1, that " it better accords with the analogy of the notice, noticeable; manage, manageable; change, changelanguage" to spell their derivatives with but one i. Smart able; advantage, advantageous; outrage, outrageous; retains the double consonant in this class of words solely mortgage morgageor. The latter word is sometimes very on the ground that usage favors it, but remarks that " the mortg h e latte r word is sometimes very double p in worshipped, worshipper, &c., the second I in improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced moIrga-jor. travelling, traveller, &c., are quite unnecessary on any ~ 12. In derivatives formed from words ending in ie, by other score than to satisfy the prejudices of the eye.' adding the termination in, the e is dropped, and the i Cooley doubles the consonant in a majority of the derivatives of words of this class, but writes a single consonant in changed to y, in order to prevent two i's from coming tomany, as in those of apparel, barrel, bevel, channel, drivel, gether: as, die, dying; hie, hying; lie, lying; tie, tying; gambol, &c. Perry wrote the derivatives of these words vie, vying. with but one I, according to the rule, and the same prac- ~ 13. In derivatives of words ending in y, preceded by a tice was advocated by Walker. Conformity to the regular rule has been advocated also by Lowth and other eminent consonant, and formed by appending any termination exscholars. cept one beginning with i, the y is usually changed into i: as, icy, iciest, icily; mercy, merciless; tidy, tidiness; mzod~ 9. Derivatives formed from words ending in a double ify, modifies; foggy, fogginess; earthy, earthiness; pity, consonant, by adding one or more syllables, commonly re- pitiful. tamn both consonants: as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly; stiff, The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in y, stiffness: fell, fellable; skill, skillful, skillfulness; will, by a consonant, are exceptions, and usually re willful, willfulness; dull, clullness; full, fullness. So also tain the y: as, shy, shyness; sly, slyest; dry, dryly; spry, the double I is retained in the words installment, inthrall- spryer, spryest; wry, wryness. But the adjectives drier, ment, thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent the false pronuncia- of. erivatives formed by adding the termination ship tion they might receive if spelled with one 1. Many writers secretaryship, serretyshIipr ladyship, and the like, alsoreand lexicographers, especially in England, omit one I in tin the y, though some-authors write them with i, acthese words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dill, cording to the rule. The words babyhood and ladykin are and full, formed by adding the syllables ly and ness. likewise exceptions. The y is also retained in the possessive The derivatives of pontif are exceptions to the rule, be- case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the ing iritten with only onef; as, pontific, pontifical, ponti-apostrophe; as, cozntry's, everybody's. ficial, and the like. One l is also dropped in a few words ~ 14. Derivatives formed by affixing a termination to formed by adding the termination ly to words ending in words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally retain the 11, in order to prevent the concurrence of three l's; as, ill, unchanged: as, gay, gayety, gayly; play, player, plays; illy; dull, dully; full, fully. Words similarly formed by sway, swayed; obey, obeying; joy, joyful; enjoy, enjoyed; adding the termination less, however, are written either buy, buying; gluey bey, beeing; gluey, glueyness. with the three l's, a hyphen being inserted before the ter- The words daily, laid, paid, said, sait., slain, and staid mination, or with two l's, and without the hyphen; as (from day, lay, pay, say, slay and stay), with their combell-less, or belless, skill-less or skilless, smell-less or smelless. pounds, are exceptions. Stad, however, is sometimes ~ 10. In derivatives formed from words ending with written stayed. Derivatives from words ending in uy, as silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as begins with a consonant: as, pale, paleness; hate, hateful; u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the incite, incitement; chaste, chastekj, chasteness; move, move- consonant w. ment. When, however, the e is immediately preceded by. ~ 15. Derivatives formed by appending a syllable beginanother vowel (except e), it is often dropped from the de- ning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel sound, genrivative: as, due, duly; argTee, argument; true, truly; erally retain the letter or letters representing such sound: awe, awful; and the derivatives and compounds of these as, huzza, huzzaed; agree, agreeable, agreeing; weigh, words. wveighing; dough, doueghy; echo, echoed; woo,.wooes; The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgrent, ac- bow, bowed; beau. beauish. knowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as some of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are also those formed from words ending in double e, by adding written, by many authors, abridgemnent, ackEnowledgement, a termination beginning with e, drop the final e: as, hoe, lodgement, jutdgement. hoed; site, sued; owe, owed; free, freer, freest; agree, ~ 11. In derivatives formed from words ending with agreed. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 are silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, the e is also exceptions. generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in the ~. 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more syllanext paragraph: as, bride, bridal; guide, guidance; plume, bles to words ending in a double consonant commonly replumage; use, usage; grieve, grievance; come, coming; tain both consonants: as, tipstaff, rebuiff, befall, inthrall, shape, shaping; move, movable;- sale, salable; fleece, disinthrall, foretell, undersell, fisdfill, enroll, emboss (from fleecy; force,forcible; true, truism. stagf bfffall, thrall, tell, sell,fill, roll, boss). The e is retained in the word hoeing, shoeing, and toeing The word until is an exception, being always written with (from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent a doubt as to one 1. Those words of this class which end in 11 are written the pronunciation, that might arise in case it were omitted. by some authors, especially in England, with one l: as, beIt is retained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springe- fal, inthral, foretel, fulfil, enrol. The words distill and instill PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxT should be written with the I doubled, though they are often vowel (except u having the power of w), the plural is regunwritten distil and instil, with only one i. larly formed by adding s only: as, day, days; key, keys; ~ 17. Compound words formed by joining two or more money, snoneys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, words commonly retain all the letters of the simple words; guys. Some plurals of the latter class are often inaccuas, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, wuide-mouthed. rately written with the termination dies: as, monies, attorThere are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of sies, and the like. them compounds which by long use have acquired the force NOTE. - Nouns now ending in y formerly ended in ie, of single words. They are the following: namely, some and formed their plurals regularly by adding s: as, nemcompounds of all and well; as, almzigrhty, almost, alone, orie, memories: mercie, mercies. Ywas finally substituted already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, tlere- for ie in the singular, but the plural was not changed, and still retains its old form. withal, lwherewithal, welcome,' welfare; — compounds of mass; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lanmmas, Mlichaelmas, ~ 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending inforfe are &c.;- words of which the second part is the adjective irregularly formed by changingforfe into yes. The folfull; as, artfuil, hateful, ruefil, woefitl; also, the words lowing words, with their compounds, are the principal exchilblain, fulfill, nasnesake, neckerchief, nuttnskull,pastime, amples: namely, life, lives; knife, knives; wife, wives; standish, ald wherever. leaf, leaves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf, loaves; beef, beeves; ~ 18. The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, in thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, elves; shelf, certain classes of words, in es. shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. The plural of staff is When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, exthat the sound of s can unite writh it, and be pronounced cept when it means a corps of officers, either military or without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in form- civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural ing the plural: as, sea, seas; tree, trees; woe, woes; canto, of wharf is generally written wharfs in England; in the cantos; virtue, virtues; purlieu, purlieus; claw, clates; cab, United States it is more commonly, but improperly, written cabs; panic, panics; bead, beads; chief, chiefs; bag, bags; woharves, as it is also by some recent.English writers. The path, paths; lock, locks; bell, bells; gem, gems; hn, fans; plurals of hoof and ttuf, formerly written hooves and tzurves, cup, cutps; ear, ears; act, acts. A few plurals from nouns. are now written hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es; as, echo, nouns ending inf, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the echoes; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes; motto, mot- addition of s only. toes; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class gener- ~ 21. In the following nouns, the plural is distinguished ally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs from the singular only by a change of the vowel or vowel with regard to some of them. Those in which final o is sound of the word: namely, mans, men; woman, women; preceded by a vowel forn their plurals regularly. The goose,geese;foot,feet; tooth, teeth; brother, brethren; louse, plural of alkali is written alkalis or alkalies; that of rabbi, lice; mouese, mice. Compounds ending with these words either rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns end- form their plurals in the same manner: as,foeman7, foeing in i usage differs, though they are more properly writ- men; dormouse, dormice. Words which end in the syllaten with the termination is. ble man, and are not compounds, form their plurals reguWhen the noun in the singular ends with such a sound larly, by adding s only: as, cayman, caymans; desman, (as that of ch, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s can not dessnans; firmans, firnmans; talisman, talismans; G'erunite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate man, Germans; Muttsstldman, MIussulmans. The plurals syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless of talisman and lStitssulman. are sometimes, by a gross the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves blunder, written talismen and litussulmen. to form a separate syllable with s: as, church, churches; ~ 22. A few plurals end in eel: namely, brother, brethrush, rueshes; age, ages; lace, laces; gas, gases; case, cases; ren; child, children; ox, oxen. To these may be added the loss, losses; box, boxes; maze, mazes. obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen (from eye, To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character cow, shoe, hose, house), the first three of which, though or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard tolits they have received a slightly different form, end, as promeaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, nounced, with the sound of n. is appended, as in the phrases, " The two l's in all;:' " The ~ 23. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have cach two 0's in 400; " Two V's in Orion;" " The why's and two plurals of different forms and with different signiuica-' wherefore's of the question." Some writers, however, omit tions: as, brothers, male children of the same parent, also, the apostrophe in such cases, joining the s immediately to members of the same society, association, class, or profesthe letter, character, or word, as in the phrases " The two sion; brethren, members of the same religious or'ecclesiastils in all;:' " Two Us in Orion;" "I The pros and cons." cal body, the word in this form being rarely used except in Others still write the names of the letters with their proper religious writings, or in scriptural language, where it also plural endings, instead of the letters themselves; as, the has the same meaning that brother has in ordinary lantwo ees, efs, ells, esses, and the like. The plurals of letters guage; dies, implements for making impressions by stampare also rarely expressed by simply doubling them, without ing; or for making screws, also the cubical parts of pedesadding any plural sign; as, the two ee in bee, the two 11 in tals;. dice, the cubical blocks used in games of chance; all; but this practice is not to be commended, as ee, ll, &c., peas, seeds of the pea-plant, when a definite number is are properly read double e, double 1, and the like. mentioned; pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of collect~ 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form ively; pennies, the coins, especially when a definite numtheir plural by adding es and changing y into i: as, mercy, her is mentioned; pence, the amount reckoned by these mercies; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, armies; pity, coins. See also these words in the Dictionary. The word pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u, acquaintance is Written, in the plural, either acqeaintance being pronounced like uw, is strictly a consonant; as col- (supposed to be a corruption of acquaintants) or acquaiatloqsuy, colloquies. The plural of proper nouns ending in y ances, the two forms having little or no difference of meanpreceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into ies, ing. according to the rule; as, c The -three Manries." Many ~ 24. A few words, mostly names of animals, have the writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply same form in the plural as in the singular; as, deer, sheep, adding s: as, " The three Marys; " but for this practice trout, and the like. there seems to be no good reason, ~ 25. Many words adopted from foreign languages reWhen the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a tain their original plurals: as, datum, data; criterion, xxvi PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. criteria; genus, genera; larva, larvx; crisis, crises; mat- ibilis: as, mutable (Lat. mutabilis); potable (Lat. potabilis); rix, matrices; focus,foci; monsieur, messieurs. credible (Lat. credibilis); vendible (Lat. vendibilis). Those Many words of this class, while retaining thb original formed from English words generally end in able; as, avoid. plurals, have also a second, formed after the analogy of able, eatable, fordable, laughable, liable, salable, serviceable. English words of similar termination: as, formuzla, fbrm- There are a few words respecting which usage is variable: ula or formulas; beau, beaux or beaus; index, indices, or as, addible or addable; conversable or conversible; in/ferindexes; stratumn, strata or stratums; bandit, banditti or able or isifer/rible; referable or refer/rible. bandits; cherub, cherubimt or cherubs; seraph, seraphim or ~ 29. There is a class of words beginning with en or in, seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensucre or insure, incorrectly written cherubims and seraphiuss, with double and the like, many of which take either form of the prefix plural terminations, from ignorance or forgetfulness of the indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, fact that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending. either directly or through the French, the prefix in belong~ 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun ing to the former language, and en to the latter. In some followed by an adjective or other qualifying expression, the of these words, en. is to be preferred; in others, in; in plural is commonly formed by making the same change in many of them, either may be used indifferently. See the the nounas when it stands alone: as, court-martial, courts- List of Words Spelled in Two or More Ways, and the differmartial; cousin-gersman, cousins-german; son-in-law, sons- ent words of this class in the Dictionary. in-law. When, however, the adjective is so closely joined ~ 30. There was formerly considerable diversity of to the noun that the compound has the force of a simple usage in respect to the terminations ant and ent, both of word, the plural of the compound is commonly formed like which were in certain cases used almost indifferently; as in that of any other word of the same termination: as, cupful, the words confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, cupfuls; handful, handfuls. and the like. Present usage, however, is definitely settled ~ 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned in favor of one or the other form, in nearly or quite every in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which usage, even word of this class, though not always upon uniform princithat of the best authors, is variable. The most important ples. In the few words in which both these terminations of these words are mentioned in this and the succeeding are retained, it is the more general practice to write the sections. adjective with ent, and the common noun with ant, while The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, vil- the corresponding abstract noun ends in ence, as in the lainy, &c., though often written villanoeits, rillany, &c., adjectives confident and dependent, the common nouns conproperly retain the i, according to the practice of many fidant and dependlant, and the abstract nouns confidence writers, like those of other words similarly ending in aiss: and dependence. In the case of very many words, however, as, mountainous, from mountain; captaincy, from captain; the adjective ends in ant, as also the common noun; while and the like. the abstract noun ends in ance, as in the adjectives attendThe words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- ant and repentant; the common nouns attendant and retion, follow the spelling of the words connect, deflect, inflect, pentant; and the abstract nouns attendance and repentand reflect, though often written, especially in England, con- ance. It may be remarked that the terminations ant and.lexion, defiexion, inflex-ion, and reflexion. See Note under anace belong properly to words derived from the French or CONNECTION, in the Dictionary. from Latin verbs of the first conjugation; ent and ence to The word woe, though often written without the final e, words derived from Latin verbs of the other three conjugashould retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and tions. Ence and ansce were also formerly confounded in of similar form; as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and the some words, the one or the other being used indifferently. like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more ~ 31. There is a class of words ending in er, some of than one syllable, having a similar termination, omit the which are written by most authors with the termination re; e; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato. as, center, meter, theater, &c., which are often written cenThe words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are tre, metre, theatre, &c. Acre, chancre, lucre, snacre, massaproperly written thus, though often spelled with c instead cre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to preserve of s, for the s belongs to the words from which they are the hard sound of the c and g. derived, and is also used in all their derivatives. See Note ~ 32. There are two classes of chemical words ending under OFFENSE, in the Dictionary. respectively, as. more commonly written, in ide and ine, in The words drought and height were formerly written regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them droLutI and hight, and are still very often thus written in were formerly written without the final e; but it is now the America. almost universal practice to retain it: as, bromide, chloride, The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in iodide, sulphide; chlorine, fluorine, salicine, stearisne; and preference to the form practise, though the latter spell- the like. The word tannin is always written without the ing is used by many writers, especially in England. The final e. Oxide is now generally written with the terminadifference in spelling between the noun and the verb is tion ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, from the properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as supposition that the y of the last syllable represented the v are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. See of the Greek bad, from which the word is derived; whereas Note under PRACTISE, in the Dictionary. the last syllable is simply the same as the termination of the Derivatives of the Greek 9ipa (seat, base, side; pro- words bromide, sulphide, and the like. See Note under nounced hzd/ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, OXIDE, in the Dictionary. and the like, are properly thus written with h before the e ~ 33. There is a class of words ending as pronounced, of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, with the sound of long i, followed by z, some of which are tetraidron, octaldral, &c., without the h. differently written, by different authors, with either ise or ~'28. There is a class of adjectives ending either in ize to represent this sound: as, criticize or criticise; civilable or in ible, of which a large majority have the termina- ize or civilise; naturalize or naturalise; patronize or pat. tion able; as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, naviga- ronise. These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly deble, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words ending rived from Greek words ending in &s5, or from French in abilis or ibilis; some are from the French; and not a words ending in iser or ise. There are a few from other few are formed by adding the termination to English words. sources, but formed in analogy with those derived from Those from Latin words end respectively in able or ible, these languages. Those formed from Greek words have the according as they are derived from words ending in abilis or termination ize; as anathematize, characterize, dramatize, PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxvii tantalize. Thewords catechise and exorcise are exceptions. and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with o inThose formed in an analogous manner from English words stead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt, gold, are likewise written with ize; as, albumenize, bastardize, &c., from which the u has been dropped. Most authors, memorize, sensitize. Those derived from the French verb however, write these words mould and mzoult, and their deprendre (participle pris or prise) end in ise; as, apprise, rivatives in like manner. comprise, emprise, enterprise, surprise. Of those formed ~ 35. There is a numerous class of words almost unifrom French words other than prendre, or which have cor- versally written, in the United States, with the termination responding forms in the French, a majority end in ize, or, many of which are written, in England, with the termithough in respect to some of them usage is variable; as, nation our; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor. civilize, formalize, organize, satirize. The following are English usage, however, is not uniform with respect to the principal English verbs ending in ise: namely, adver- these words, many of them being written with or in English tise, advise, affranchise, apprise, catechise, chastise, circum- books. See the Observations on Orthography, prefixed to cise, comprise, compromise, criticise, demnise, despise, devise, these rules. disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, en- ~ 36. There is a small class of words ending with the franchise, enterprise, exercise, exorcise,franchise, manumise, syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination slisprise, premise, reprise, revise, supervise, surmise, sutr- of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, prise. It may be remarked that most of those in respect written pede; as, biped, centiped, milliped, palmiped, quadto which usage varies are more frequently written in Eng- ruped, soliped, and the like. The words biped and quadruland with the termination ise, and in the United States with ped are universally written without the final e, and the the termination ize. others, according to the best usage, should be written in ~ 34. The words mold and molt, and their compounds the same manner. A LIST OF WORDS SPELLED IN TWO OR MORE WAYS. The design of the following List is, in the first place, to is, from their great number, omitted. It is that of words present those words in reference to which present usage, in of more than one syllable ending in ic or ick; as, music, the United States or in England, sanctions more than one musick, public, publick, &c. It is deemed sufficient to mlethod of spelling the same word; and, secondly, a consid- mention the class, and to state that the termination in ick erable number of words, which, though not differently is wholly disused. A similar remark is applicable to a porspelled by living reputable writers, yet are to be found in tion of the words terminating formerly in our, now in or. the orthography of the second column in the works of Those of this class in the following List, in which both respectable authors of the last century, or the early part forms are given, are still sometimes used in both forms, the of the present century, and are, therefore, often presented termination in or being that most favored in the United to the eye of the modern reader. Such a list, it is thought, States, while our is the form generally preferred in England. will be found very convenient for consultation. For any Words of this class not given in the List are used only in or thing more full, a Glossary would be the appropriate resort. by living writers. Subject to a like remark is a class of The first column, in the following List, presents the orthog- words terminating in ise or ize; as, systematise or systemaraphy recognized in the body of this Dictionary as the tize, &c., - the latter being the mode in which such words preferable one, or that in general use; the second column, are spelled in America, and the former that adopted by one less desirable, or the usage of former times. Those English printers. When in this List the word in the first forms in the second column which a good writer at the column is followed by or, as, " Abatis, or Abattis," it is impresent day would not probably employ, but which are plied that the second form is nearly, often quite,in as good found only in writings of the past, have a dagger prefixed. use as the first. One class of words which might properly have been added, A. Alleluia, or I Allelujah, Appareled, -ing, Apparelled, -ling. Alleluiah, ) i Halleluiah. Appraise, -ed,&c.,or Apprize, -ed, &c, Abatis, or Abattis. Alloy, tAllay. Apprise (to notify), Apprize. Abettor, Abetter. Alum, Allum. Apricot, tApricock. Abreuvoir, Abbreuvoir. Almanac, Almanack. Arbitrament, tArbitrement. Abridgment, Abridgement. Ambassador, or Ambassadour, Arbor, Arbour. Accessory, Accessary. [&c. Embassador, Embassadour. Archeology, Archaiology. Account, -ant, &c., tAccompt, -ant, A be. f tAnlbergrease, Ardor, dour. Accouter, &c.,or Accoutre, &c. Ambegris, Ambergrise. Argol, or Argal. Acetimseter, or Acetometer. Ambes-ace, Armor, -er, &., Armour, -er, &c. Ache, tAke. Ames-ace. Arquebuse, Arquebus, tHlarAchieve, tAtchieve. [ment. Amend, -ment, tEmend, -ment. Arrack, tArack. [quebuse. Acknowledgment, Acknowledge- Amice, tAmess. Artisan, Artizan. Addible, Addable. Ammoniuret, Ammoniaret. Asafetida,. Assfoetida. Adipocere, Adipocire. Amortize, -ment Amortise, -ment. Asafoetida, Admittable, Admittible. Amphitheater, Amphitheatre. Asbestus, or Asbestos. Adopter (Chem.), Adapter. Anapest, Anapaest. Ascendant, Ascendent. Adulterer, -ess, tAdultrer, -ess. Ancient, -ly, tAntient, -ly. Ascendency, Ascendancy. Adz, or Adze. Andiron, tHandiron. Askance, Askaunoe..Edile, Edile. Angiotomy, Angelotomy. Askant, Askaunt. AEgis, Egis. Ankle, Ancle. Assuage, tAsswage. AEolian, or Eolian. Anotta, Annatto, Atheneum, or Athenseum.'Erie, or Eyrie, Eyry. Annotto, Anota, Annotta, Attar, or Otto..'Esthetic, -s, or Esthetic, -s. Arnotta,Arnotto. Aught, Ought. Aghast, tAgast. Antechamber, Antichamber. Author, &c., Authour, &c. Agriculturist, Agriculturalist. Anterior, fAnteriour. Autocracy, Autocrasy. Aid-de-camp, or Aide-de-camp. Anti-emetic, Antemetic. Autoptical, Autopsical. Ajutage, or Adjutage. Antihypnotic, Anthypnotic. Awkward, tAukward. Alcaid, Alcade. Apostasy, Apostacy. Awm, or Aum. Alchemy, tAlchymy. Aposteme, or Imposthume. Ax, or Axe. Alcoran or Koran, Alkoran.- Apothegm, or Apophthegm. Ay, or Aye. Alkahest, or -Alcahest. Appall, Appal. Allege, tAllcde. Appallment, Appalment. xxviii PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. B. Butt, or But. Chine, Chime, Chimb. Byzantine, Bizantine. Chintz, Chints. Backshish, Bakshish, Buk- Chiseled, -ing, or Chiselled, -ling, Bade (v.), tBad. [sheesh. C. Chock-full, Chuck-full. Baldric, Baldrick Baw- Choir,?Quire. Balk, Baulk. [drick. Caboose, Camboose, Co- Chorister, fQuirister. Balister, or Ballister. Cacique, Cazique. [boose. Choke, fChoak. Baluster, Banister. Caddice, or, Caddie. Choose, fChuse. Bandana, or Bandanna. Caesura, Cesura. Chore, Char. Bandoleer, Bahdelier. Cag, or Keg. Cigar, fSegar. Banderole, Bannerol, Band- Caique, or Caic. Cimeter, r Scimetar. Banyan (Bot.), Banian. [rol. Caisson, or Caissoon. Scimitar, Scymetar. Bans, Banns. Calash, Caleche. Cipher, Cypher. [&c Barbacan, Barbican. Caldron, Cauldron. Clamor, -ous, &c., Clamour, -ous, Barbecue, Barbacue. Calendar, IKalendar. Clangor, Clangour. Barberry, Berberry. Calends, fKalends. Clarionet, or Clarinet. Bark, or Barque. Caliber, or Calibre. Clew, or Clue. Barouche, Barouch. Calipash, Callipash. Clinch, Clench. Barytone, Baritone. Calipee, Callipee. Clinique, Clinic. Basin, Bason. Calipers, Callipers. Ciinometer, Klinometer. Bass or Base. Caliph, Calif, Kalif. Cloak, ICloke. Bass-viol, or Base-viol. Calk, or Caulk, Caique. Clodpoll, Clodpole. Bas-relief, Bass-relief. Calligraphy, Caligraphy. Clothe, -ed, &c., fCloathe, -ed, &c Bastinado, or Bastinado. Caloyer, or Kaloyer. Clough, Cloff. Baton, or Batoon, Baston. Caltrap, or Caltrop. Clyster, Glyster. Bateau, Batteau. Calyx, Calix. [let. Cockswain, or Coxswain. Battledoor, or Battledore. Camlet, Camblet, Chai- Coeliac, or Celiac Bauble, Bawble. Camomile, Chamomnile. Cognizor, -zee, Cognisor, -see. Bazaar, or Bazar. CCamphine, Coif, Quoif. Befall Befal. CanCamphogen. Coiffure, IQuoiffure. Behavior, Behaviour. Camphor, Camphire. Colander, Cullender. Behoove, Behove. Candor, Candour. [&c. Color, Colour. Beldam, or Boldanoe. Canceled, -ing, &c., or Cancelled, -ling, Comb, Combe, or Coombe. Belligerent, Belligerant. Cannel-coal, Canal-coal. Comfrey, Comfry, Cumfrey Benedict, or Benedick. Cannoneer, or Cannonier. Complete, iCompleat. Benumb, tBenum. Cannuy, Cannie. Complexion, WComplection. Belfounder, tBelfounder, Calion (Sp.), Canyon. Confectionery, JConfectionary. and similar compounds. Cantaloup, or Cantaloupe, Connection, Connexion. Bequeath, Bequeathe. Cantalever, or Cantilever. Contemporary, or Cotemporary. Bergamot, tBurgamot. Carbine, Carabine. Contra-dance, Country-dance. Berth (Nav.), Birth Cariner Carbinier,Carabi- Controller, -ship Comptroller, Beteli Betle. nierCarabieer. -ship. [troul. Beveled, -log, or Bevelled, -ling. Carapace, Carapax. Control, lComptrol, ConBevile (Her.), Bevil, or Bevel. Caret, Caract, Carrat. Cony, Coney. Bezant, Byzant. [-ses,&c. Caravansary, or Caravansera. Cooly, or Coolie. Biasing,-ed,-es,&c., Biassing, -sed, Carcass, Carcase. Coonb, or Comb. Bigoted, Biotted. Carnelian, Cornelian. [&c. Copaiva, or Copaiba. Bilge, Bulge. [ards. Caroled, -ing, &c., or Carolled. -ling, Copier, Copyer. Billiards, IBalyards, Balli- Cartography, Chartography. Copse, Coppice. Billingsgate, Bilingsgate. Cask (a vessel), Casque. Coquette, i., Coquet. Bin, Biun. Casque (helmet), Cask. Coranach, Coronach. Binnacle, fBinacle, Bittacle. Cassava, CassadaCassado. Corbel, Corbeil. Bister, or Bistre. Cassimere, or Kerseymere. Corselet, Crosslet. Blende (MIin.), Blend, Blinde. Caster, Castor. Cosy, Cosey. Blessed (a.), or Blest. [&c. Catchup, or Cats} Cot, or Cote, (a hut). Blithcsome, -ly,&c., Blithsome, -ly, Ketchup, Cot, or Cott, (a bed). Blomary, Bloomary. Catechise, -er, or Catechize,-er,&c. Cotillon, or Cotilion. Blouse, or Blowse. Cauliflower, Collifiower. Councilor, or Councillor. Bodice, Boddice. Causeway, Causey. Counselor, or Counsellor. Boil, n., Bile. Caviare, or Caviar. Count, fCompt. Bombazet, or Bombazette. Caviler, -ed, &c., or Caviller, -led, &c. Courtesan, Courtezan. Bombazine, or Bombasine. Cayman, Caiman. Courtesy (Law), Curtesy, Curtsy. Bonnyclabber, Bonnyclapper. Ceil, -ing, -ed, ICiel, -ing, -ed. Cozen, -age, Cosen, -age. Bourgeois, or Burgeois. Center, Centre. Craunch, Cranch. Bourse, Burse. Centered, Centred. Cray-fish, or Craw-fish. Bouse, or Boose. Centimeter, or Centimetre. Creak (V.), Creek. Bousy, or Boozy. [&c. Centiped, Centipede. Creosote, Kreosote, Bowled, -ing, &c., orBowelled, -ling, Cercoon, or Seroon. Creasote, Kreasote. Bowlder, Boulder. Cess-pool, or Sees-pool. Critique, Critic (a eritiBowsprit, tBoltsprit. Chalcedony, Calcedony. Croup (buttocks), Crup. [cism). Brahman, Brachman, Chameleon, Cameleon. [my. Cruet, Crewet. Brahmin, Bramin. Chamois, Shamois, Sham- Crupper, Crouper. Brake (Railways), Break. Champaign, Champain. Cruse (bottle), f Cruise. Brazen, lBrasen. Champagne, tChampane. [&c. Cucurbit, or Cucurbite. Brazier,. IBrasier. Channeled,-ing,&c.or Channelled-linog, Cudgeled, -or, -ing, or Cudgelled, -ler, Brier, Briar. Chant, -or, -ed, &c., Chaunt, -or, -ed, Cue (def. 1), Queue. [-ling. Brooch, Broach, Broche. Chap, Chop. [&c. Cuerpo, tQuerpo. Bryony, Briony. Chase, Chace. Cuneiform, or Cuniform. Buccaneer, Bucauier. Check (n.), Cheque. Curb (delf. 3), fKerb, Kith. Buddhism, or Boodhism. Checker, -ed, &c., Chequer, -ed, &c. Cursed (imp.), Curst. [lasso. Buffet, or Beaufet. Chemist, Chymist,Chimist. Curtal-ax, Curtie-axe, CurteBuhrstone, Burrstone. Chemistry, Chymitry, Cutlass, or Cutlas. Bun, or Bunn. IChimistry. Cyclopedia, or Cyclopaedia. Buncombe, Bunkum. Cherif, Sheriff C a, Simar. Bur, or Burr. Scherif, J Schereef. Cymarst, Chimere Smat. Burden, -some,?Burthen, -some. Chestnut, Chesnut. Czar, -ina, Tzar, -ina. Burin, Burinu. Chevron, or Cheveron. Burned (imp.), Burnt. Chicory, Chiccory. D. Burganet, or Burgonet. Chilioliter, Kiloliter. But-end, or Butt-end. Chiliometer, Kilometer. Dactyl, Dactyle. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxix D)amasken, Damaskeen. Embarkation, Embarcation. Envenom, tInvenom. Damson, Damascene. Embassador, or Enbassadour, Eolipile,' 2Eolipile. Dandruif, Dandriff. Ambassador, Ambassadour. Epaulet, or Epaulette (Fr.). D anegelt, or Danegeld. Embassy, Ambassy. Epauleted, -ing, Epauletted,-ting. Debarkation, Debarcation. [&c. Embassage, Ambassage. Equaled, -ing, or Equalled, -ling. Debonair, -ly, -ness, Debonnaire,-ly, Embed, -ded, &c., Imnbed, -ded, &c. Equiangular, tEquangular. Decrepit, Decrepid. Embezzle, &c., limbezzie, &c. Equivoque, or Equivoke. Defense, -less, &e., or Defence,-less,&c. Emblaze, tlmbiaze. Era,.Era. Deflection, Deflexion. Emblazon, -ed, &c., ftlmblazon,-ed,&c. Error, &c., Errour, &c. Deboor, Deflower. Embody, -led, &c., Imbody,-ied,&c. Escalade, tScalade. Delf, Delft, Delph. Embolden, -ed, &c., Imbolden,-ed, &c.Escapement, or Scapement. Delphin, or Delphine. Emborder, &c., tlmborder, &c. Escarp (Fort.), or Scarp. [ote. Deltoid, IDeltoide. Embosom, or Imbosom. Eschalot, Shallot, or ShalDemarkation, Demarcation. Emboss, -ed, &c., timboss, -ed, &c. Escheat, tExcheat. [toir. Demeanor, Demeanour. mbo, -ed, ( tEmbowell, -ed, Escritoire, Escritoir, ScruDenmesne (Law), Domain. Embowl, -eds c Escocheon, Dentiroster, Dentirostre. ti bowel, -e, c. Scutcheon. tlImbowel, -ed,&c. Scutcheon. Dependent, Dependant. Emboweler, Emboweller, &c. Estafet, or Estafette. Dependence, Dependance. -ment, tlhnboweller, &c. Esthetics, or 2 Esthetics. [pie. Deposit,. tDeposite. Embower,-ed, &c., fhnbower,-ed,&c. Estoppel, tEstopel, EstopDesert (n.), tDesart. Embrace, -ed, &c., nImnbrace, -ed, &c. Estrich, Estridge. Desh-tbille, Dishabille. Embracer, -mnent,. [,Imbracer, -ment. Etiology, or ZEtiology. Dessert, tDesert. Embrasure, tEmbrazur.e. Etui, or Etwee. Detecter, Detector. Embrocation, Imbrocation. Exactor, Exacter. Detortion, Detorsion. Embroil, -ed, &c., tInbroil, -ed, &c. Expense, [&c., [Expence. [&c. Deuce, Dense, Duse. Enerods, or Emrods. Exsiccate, -ed, -ing, Exiccate,-ed,-ing, Develop, -ment, Develope, -ment. Emeroids, Exsiccation, Exiccation. Dexterous, Dextrous. Emir, or Emeer. Exsuccous. Exuccous. Diseresis, or Dieresis. Empale, -ed, &c., Impale, -ed, &c., Exudation, Exsudation. Diarrhea, or Diarrhoea. Empanelled,&c., Exude, &c., tExsude, &c. Diarrhetic, or Diarrhoetic. Empaneled, -ing, [Impanel,-led,&c.,Eyrie, or A e. Dike, Dyke. &c., [Empannel, -led, Eyry, Diocese, Diocess. &c. Disheveled,-ing, or Dishevelled,-ling. Emperor, Emperour. F. lDisk, or Disc. [-ing. Emrpoison, Impoison. Dispatch, -ed, -ing, or Despatch, -ed, Empower, -ed, &c., Impower, -ed,&c. Feeces, Feces, [-ting. Disseize, -in, -or, Disseise, -in, -or. Emprise, Emprize. Fagot, -ed, -nlug, Faggot, -ted, Distention, or Distension. Empurple, t impurple. Fairy, [Faerie, Fabry. Distill, or Distil. Emu, Emneu. [&c. Fakir, or Faquir. Distrainor, Distrainer. Enameled,-ing,&c., orEnamelled, -ling, Falchion, tFauchion. Diversely, Diversly. Enamour, -ed, Falcon, -er, -ry, Faulcon, -er, -ry. Divest, -ed, &c., Devest, -ed, &c. Enamor,-ed,-ing, -lu -ing. Fantasy, tPhantasy. Dockct (Law), fDoquet. Encage, -ed, &c., Incage, -ed, &c. Fantastic, tPhantastic. Doctress, or Doctoress. Encamp, -ed, &c. tIncamp, -ed, &c. Farthingale, Fardingaie. Dolor, -ous, Dolour, -ous. Enchant, tInchant. Fattener, tFatner. [&c. Domicile, Domicil. Enchise!ed, -ing, or Enchiselled, -ling. Favor,-er, -ed, &c., Favour, -er,-ed, Doomsday-book, Domesday-book. Encloister, Incloister. Fecal, Feecal. Dory, or Doree, Dorey. Encounter, &c., fIncounter, &c. Fecula, Feecula. Dormer-window, Dormar-window. Encroach, &c., [Incroach, &c. Feldspar, Felspar, Dots, Doat. Encumber, -ed, [Incumber, -ed, Feldspath, Felspath. Dotage, [Doatage. &c., &c. Folly, Felloe. Daubloon, tDoublon. Encyclopedia, or Encyclopsedia. Feoffor, or Feoffer. Dowry, tDowery. Endear, tIndear. [&c. Fervor, Fervour. Downfall, lDownfal. Endeavor, -ed, &c. Endeavour, -ed, Fetal, Foetal, Dram, and Drachm. Endow, &c.,, [Indow, &c. Feticide, Foeticide. Draft, Draugh. Endue, or [Indue. Fetus, Foetus. Draft, and Draught. Endure, -ance, tIndure, -ance. Fetor,.. Foetor. Dragoman, Drogoman. Enforce, -ed, &c., [Inforce, -ed, &c. Feud, -al, -atory, tFeod,-al, -atory. Dribblet, dr Driblet. Engage, -ed, &c., tIngage, -ed, &c. Feudalize, -ism, tFeodalize, -ism. Drier, Dryer. [&c. Engender, Ingender. Fie, Fy. Driveler, -ing, or Driveller, -ling, Engorge, -ed, &c., tIngorge, -ed, &c. Filbert, Filberd. [bustier. Drought, Drouth. Engross, tlIngross. Filibuster Fillibuster, FliDryly, Drily. Enhance, tInhance. Filigree, Filigrane, Duchy, Dutchy. Enigma, tfEnigma. Fillagree, Filigrain. Duchess, Dutchess. [-list. Enjoin, &c., Injoin. &c. Fillibeg, or Phillibeg. Dueler,-lng, -ist, or Dudbler, -ling, Enkindle, -ed, &c., tInkindle,-ed,&c4 Finery (a forge), Finary. Dullness, Dulness. [geon. Enlarge, &c., tinlarge, &c. Firman, Firmaun. Dungeon, Donjon, [Don- Enlist, llnlist. Fishgig, or Fizgig. Dunghill, tDunghil. Enroll, Enrol, or Inroll. Fives, or Vives. Duress, -Duresse (Fr.). Enrollment fEnrolent, In- Flageolet, Flagelet. Dye, &c. (color), Die, &c. Enrolment. Flavor, -ed, &c., Flavour, -ed, &c. Dyke. See Dike. Enshrine, Inshrine. Flier, Flyer. Enshroud, Inshroud. Floatage (Law), Flotage. Ensphere, Insphere. Flotsam, or Flotson. Enstamp, Instamp. Flour (of grain), [Flower. Eavesdropper, tEvesdropper. Entail (Arch.), Entaile. Flower-d-lue, Flur-di, Eccentric, -al, &c., tExcentric,-al,&c. Entangle, &c., t antangle, &c. Flower-de-lis. Economy, (Economy. Enterprise, Enterprize. [&c. Fluke (Naut.), Flook. Ecstasy, EcstacytExtasy. Enthrone, -ed, &c., tinthrone, -ed, Fluke (Zob'l.), Flowk, Flooc. Ecstatic, tExtatic. Entire, -ly, &e., Intire, -ly, &c. Fogy, Fogie, Fogey. Ecumenic, -al, (Ecumenic, -al, Entitle, -ed, &c., tIntitle, -ed, &c. Font (Typog,.), Fount. Edematous, or (Edematous.. Entrance, -ed, &c., tIntrance,-ed,&c. Forbade, [Forbad. Edile, -ship, 2Edile, -ship. Entrap, -ed, &c., Intrap, -ped, &c. Foray, or Forray. Eloign, -ment, Eloin, -ment. Entreat, -ed, &c., Intreat, -ed, &.,c. Fosse, Foss. Emarginate, Imarginate. Entreaty, ntreaty. Foundery, or Foundry. Embalm, -ed, Ie., tImbalm, -ed, &c. Entresol, Entersole. Franc (coin), Frank. [etic. Embalmer, -ment, tImbalm er,-ment. Entwine, -ed, &c., Intwine, -ed, &c. Frantic, Frenetic, PhrenEmbank, -ed, &c., Imbank, -ed, cc. Envelop (v.), Envelope. Frenzy, tPhrenzy. Embargo, limbargo. Envelope (so.), or Envelop. Frieze (Arch.), Frize, Freese. Embark, -ed, Ic., tImbark,-ed, &o. Envelopment, Envelopement. Froozy, Frowzy. xxx PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. Frumenty, Furmenty, Fru- Haggess, tiHaggis, Haggiss. Imbibe, tEmbibe. Frustum, Frustrum. [mety. Ha-ha, Haw-haw. Imbitter, Embitter. Fueled, -ing, or Fuelled, -ling. Haik, Hyke. Imbosom, Embosom. Fulfill, -ment, Fulfil, -ment. Hake, Haak. Imbrue, Embrue. Fullness, Fulness. Halberd, Halbert. Imbue, -ed, -ing, Embue, -ed, -ing Furthr-, and Farther. Halibut, Holibut. Immarginate, or Emarginate. [&c. Furtherance, Fartherance. Hallelujah, Halleluiah, -luia. Impanel,-ed -ilg Impannel -led. Furthermore, Farthermore. Halloo, Hallo, or Hello, Holloa. idmpanel, -led. Furthest, and Farthest. Halidom, Hallidome. Imparlance, Emparlance. [&ac. Fuse (n.), Fuze. Halyard, HIalliard. Impassion, Em passion. Fusil (Gun.), Fusee. Handicraft, tlandcraft. Impeach, Empeach. [ling. Fusileer, or Fusilier. Handiwork, tlHandwork. Imperiled, or Imperilled, -jLg, Handsome, tHandsom. Implead, tEmplead. G. HIIandsel, [Hansel. Imposthume, Impostume. Handseled, or IHandselled. Impoverish, Empoverish. Gabardine, or Garberdine. Harbor, -ed, &c. Harbour,-ed,&c. Imprint, tEmprint. Galiot, Galliot. Harebell, Hairbell. Incase, Encase. Garish, or Gairish. Harebrained, IHairbrained. Inclasp, Enclasp. Gallias, or Galleas. Harem, Haram. Inclose, -ure, &c., Enclose,-ure,&c. Gamboled, -ing, or Gambolled, -ling. Haricot, Harricot. Increase, jEncrease. Gamut, tGammut. Harrier, Harier. Incrust, Encrust. Gang (Min.), Gangue. Harry, Harrow (def. 4). Incumbrance, Encumbrance. Gantlet, or fGauntlet. Haslet, Harslet. Indefeasible, tlndefeisible. Gantlope, Gauntlet. Hasheesh, or Hashish. Indelible, fIndeleble. Gasteropod, Gastropod. Hatti-sherif, Hatti-scherif. Indict (Law.), fEndict, Endite. Gargoyle (Arch.), Gargoil, Gargle. Haulm, Halm, Haum, Hawm. Indictment, tEndietment. Gauge, Gage. HIaul, tHale. tEnditement. Gault, or Gait. Haunch, Hanch. Indite, -er, fEndite, -er. Gauntlet (Her.), or Gantlet. Hautboy, tHoboy. Indocile, lindocil. Gayety, Gaiety. IIawser, Halser. Indoctrinate, fEndoctrinate. Gayly, Gaily. Headache, tHeadach. Indorse, -ed, -ing, Endorse,-ed,-ing. Gazelle Gazel. Hearse, Herse. Indorser, -ment, Endorser, -ment. Genet, or Jennet. Hectoliter, or IHectolitre. Induce, -ment, fEnduce, -ment. Gerfalcon, Gyrfalcon. Hectometer, or Ifectometre. Inferior, Inferiour. Germane, Germain, Ger- h-egira, Hejira. Inferable, or Inferrible. Germ, Germs. [man. height, -en, &c., or Hight, -en, &c. Inflection, Inflexion. Ghibelline, Gibeline. heinous, -ly, -ness, tIHainous,-ly,-ness.Infold, Enfold. Gibe, tJibe. Hematite, Hsematite. Infoliate, Enfoliate. [-ment. Gimbals, Gimbols. Hematology, Hoematology. Ingraft, -or, -ment, Engraft, -er. Gimlet, fGimblet. IIemistich, lHemistick. Ingrain, Engrain. Girasole, or Girasol. IIemorrhoids, fEmerods. Ingulf, Engulf. Girt, or Girth. Heretoch, or Ileretog. Inkle, Incle. Glair, Glare. Hermit, -age, tEremite, -age. Innuendo, Inuendo. [&c. Glamour, Glamer. Herpetology, Erpetology. Inquire,-er,-y,&c., Enquire, -er, -y. Glave, Glaive. HIexahedron, ftHexaedron. Inscribe, fEnscribe. Gloze, Glose. [ed. Hibernate, IHlybernate. Inscroll, Enscro!l. Gnarled, tKnarled, Knurl- Hiccough, hiccup, Hickup. Inshare, Ensnare. Gore, tGoar. Hinderance, or Hindrance. Install, fInstal. Good-by, or Good-bye. Hindoo, -ism, or Hindu, -itm. Installment, or Instalment. Good-humor, Good-humour. Hip (of dog-rose), or iHep. Instate, SEnstate. Gormand, or Gourmand. Hipped-roof, Hip-roof. Instill, Instil. Governor, Governour. Hippogriff, IHippogryph. Instructor, Instructer. Graft, -ed, fGraff, -ed. Hippocras, IHippocrass. Insure, -ed, -ing, Ensure, -ed, -ing. Grandam, Grandame. tio, tHoa. Insurer, -ance, Ensurer, -ance. Granddaughter, tGrandaughter. IHoarhound, Horehound. Intenable, Intenible. Granite, f Granit. Hockey, Hookey. Intercessor, tIntercessour. Graveled, -ing, Gravelled, -ling. Hodge-podge, or Hotch-potch. Interior, tInteriour. Gray, -ish, &c., Grey, -ish, &c.'Hoiden, -ish, Ihoyden, -ish. Inthrall, Inthral, Enthral. Grenade, Grenado, Gran- holiday, and IHolyday. Intrench, Entrench. Grenadier, tGranadier. [ade. HIollo, Holloa, or IHollow. Intrust, Entrust. Greyhound, or Grayhound. Iolster, hIoldster. [mony. Inure, Enure. Grewsome, or Gruesome. hominy, Homony, Hom- Inurement, Enurement. Griffin, or Griffon. Homeopathy, or Homoeopathy. Inveigle, tEnveigle. Grisly, or Grizzly. HIomonym, HIomonyme. Inventor, Inventer. Groats, Grits, Grouts. Honeyed, Honied. Inwheel, tEnwheel. Grogram, Grogran. Lonor, -ed, &c., honour, -ed, &c. Inwrap, Enwrap. Grommet, Gromet. Hoop (v.), or Whoop. Inwreathe, Enwreathe. Grotesque, -ly, &c. tGrotesk, -ly, &c. Hooping-cough, or Whooping-cough.Isocheimal, or Isochimal. Groundsel, or Groundsill. Hoopoe, or Hoopao. Ixolite, or Ixolyte. Groveled, -er, -ing, or Grovelled, -er, Hornblende, HIornblend. Group, v., tGroupe. [-ling. Horror, tHorrour. Guaranty, or Guarantee. Hostelry, Ostelry. Guelder-rose, Gelder-rose. Hostler, Ostler. Jacobin, and Jacoline. Guelf, or Guelph. Hough, Hock. Jaconet, Jacconet. Guerrilla, Guerilla. Housewife, IHuswife. Jail, -er, &c. Gaol, -er, &c. Guilder (coin), Gilder. Howdah, Houdah. Jalap, Jalop. Guillotitle, Guillotin. Howlet, Houlet. [moc. Jam (Min.), Jamb. Gulf, tGulph. Hummock, or Hommock, Hom- Janizary, Janissary. Gunwale, or tGunnel. Humor (def. 1), Humour. Jasmine, Jasmin. Gurnard, or Gournet. Hurra, or Hurrah. Jaunt, -y, -ily, Jant, -y, -ily. Gurnet, Hydrangea, Hydrangia. Jean, Jane. [ating. Gypsy, Gipsy, Gypsey. Hypethral, Hypethral. Jenneting, fJuneting, JuneGyrfalcon, Gerfalcon. Hyperstene, or Hypersthene. Jeremiad, or Jeremiade. Gyves, Gives. Hypotenuse, Hypothenuse. Jetsam, or Jetson, Jettison. Hyssop, Hysop. Jettee, or Jetty, Jutty. ~~~~~~~H. ~~~~Jeweled, -er, or Jewelled, -er. Jewelry, Jewellery. Hackle, Hatchell, or Heckle, Hetchel. Jointress, Jointuress. Hagbut, Hackbut. Icicle, tIsicle. Jonquil, or Jonquille. Haggard, tHagard. Illness, tllness. Jostle, or Justle. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxxi Jowl, Jole. Mamma, Mama. Nombles, Numbles. Judgment, Judgement. Mandatary (n.), Mandatory. Nonesuch, Nonsuch. Jupon, or Juppon. Manikin, Mannikin. Novitiate,' Noviciate. [ghau. Just, Joust. Maneuver, or Maneeuvre. Nylghau, Nylgau, NeelMantel (Arch.), Mantle. K]E(.~ ~ Mantel-piece, Mantle-piece. Marc (coin.), Mark. Kaffer, Kaffre, or Kafir. Margaron, or Margarone. Oaf, Auf, Ouph. Kale, Kayle. Marquee, Markee. Ocher, or Ochre, 0Oker. Kaylei Keel, Keil. Marque (letter of), Mark. Octahedron, Octaedron. Keelhaul, Keelhale. Marquess, or Marquis. [eschal. Octostyle, Octastyle. Keelson, lKelson. Marshal, tMarischal, Mar- Odalisque, Odalisk. Keg, or Cag. Marshaled, -nlug, or Marshalled, -ling. Odor, Odour. Kenneled, -lug, or Kennelled, -ling. Martin (Ornith.), Marten. Offense, or Offence. Khan, Kaun, Kan. Martinet (Naut.), Martnet. Olio, jOglio. Kiln (n.), Kill. [Chilogram. Martingale, tMartingal. [&c. Omber, or Ombre. Kilogram, or, Kilogramme, Marveled,-ing,&c., or Marvelled, -ling, Omer, IHomer. Kiloliter, or Kilolitre. Mark, Marque (Fr.). Oolong, Ouloug. Kilometer, or Kilometre. Meslin, Mislin, Opaque, Opake. Knob, fKnap (n., def. 2). Maslin, Mastlin. Opobalsam, Opobalsamum. Koran, or Alcoran, Alkoran. Mastic, Mastich. Orach, or Orache. Kyanite, Cyanite. Matrice, or Matrix. [ress. Orang-outang, On-utn, Mattress, Mattrass, Mat- Ourang-outang. Lf;. i~Mauger, or Maugre. Orchestra Orchestre. Maul n.(nmallet) & v. Mall. Oriel, Oriol. Labeled, -ing, or Labelled, -ling. Mayhem, and Maim. Oriflamb, or Oriflamme. Labor,-ed,-ing,&c., or Labour,-ed,-ing, Meager, -ly, &c., or Meagre, -ly, &c. Orison, 0Oraison. Lachrymal, Lacrymal. [&c. Merchandise, (Merchandize. Osier, Ozier. Lac (coin), Lack. Meter, and Metre. Osprey, or Ospray. Lackey, Lacquey. Mileage, Milage. Otolite, or Otolithi Otolitte. Lacquer (n.), Lacker. Milleped, Millepede. Ottar (ofroses), Otto, Attar. Lacquer, -ed, -ing, Lacker,-ed,-ing. Milligram, or Milligramme(Fr.) Outrageous, n0utragious. Lagoon, Lagune. Milliliter, or Millilitre. Oxide, Oxid, Oxyd, OxLambdoidal, or Lamdoidal. Millimeter, or Millimetre. Oyes, Oyez. [yde. Landau, Landaw. Milrea Millrea0 Landscape, (Landskip. Millreis, Lantern, fLanthorn. Misbehavior, Misbehaviour. Lanyard, Laniard. Miscall, fMiscal. Packet, (Pacquet. Lapsided, Lobsided. Misdemeanor, Misdemeanour. Painim, Paynim. Larum, or Alarum. Misspell, (Misspel, (Mispel. Palanquin, or Palankeen. Launch, Lanch. Misspend, (Mispend. Palestra Paloestra. Leaven, (Leven. Misspent, (Mispent. Palet, Pllet. Lecher, -y, -ous, fLetcher,'-y, -ous. Misstate, (Mistate. [toe. Palette, Lecturn, Lectern, Lettern. Mistletoe, Misseltoe, Misle- Palmiped, Palmipede. Ledgement, Ledgment, Loge- Miter, -ed, or Mitre, -d. Panada, Panade, Panado. ment, Lige- Mizzen, Mizen. Pander, (Pandar. Ledger, Leger. [ment. Mizzle, Misle, Mistle. Panlore, Bandore. Leger-line, Ledger-line. Moccasin, Moccason, Mog- Pandour, Pandoor. Leggin, or Legging. Mode (Gram.), Mood. [gason. Panel (Lawo), Pannel. Lemming, Leming. Mocha-stone, Mocho-stone. Paneled, -ing, or Pannelled, -ling. Lettuce, Lettice. [-ler. Modeled, -ing, or Modelled, -ling. Pntograph, Pantagraph, Pen-pag, -er, 0 ~~~~~~Modillon. tagraph. Leveled,-ing, -or, or Levelled, -ling, Modillion, Moillon. tagraph. Libeled, -ing, &{., or Libelled, -ling, MMahomedan, Ma- Papoose, or Pappoose. License, Licence. [&c. Mohammedan, hometan. Paralyze, Paralyse. Lickerish, Lickerous. Mohawk, or Mohock. [ses. Parceled, -ing, or Parcelled, -ling. Licorice, Liquorice. Molasses, Moelasses, (Molos- Parcenary, Parcenery. Lief, Lieve. Mold, or Mould. Parlor, Parlour. Lilac, Lilach., Molt, or Moult. Parol (a.), or Parole. Linguiform, Linguaform. Moneyed, Monied. Parquet, or Parquette. Linneean, or Linnean. Mongrel, tMungrel. Parsnip, or Parsnep. [quito. Linseed, (Lintseed. Mocesque, (Moresk. Parrakeet, Paraquet, ParaLinstock, or Lintstock. Morris, Morrice. Partible, Partable. Liter, or Litre. Mortgageor, or Mortgagor. Partisan, (Partizan. Mo~~~~~~artgsag e P~ria ~~~~~iLithon thriptie, Lithontriptic, Lithonthriptic, Mortgager, 3 Pasha, Pacha, Pashaw, Bashaw. Lithonthryptic. Mosque, lMosk. Pashalic, Pachalic. Llama (Zob'l.), Lama. Musketo, usqui- Pask, or Pasque. Loadstar, -stone, Lodestar, -stone. Mosquito, to, Musketoe. Patrol (n.), Patrole. Loath (a.), Loth. Mustache, Moustache. Paver, Pavior, Paviour, Pavier. Lode (Min.), Load. Mullein, Mullen. Pawl, Paul. Lodgment, Lodgement. Multiped, Multipede. Pean, Pvean. Logogriph, Logogryph. Mummery, Mommery. Peart, Peert. Longiroster, Longirostre. Murder, &c., Murther, &c. Pedicel, Pedicle. Louver, or Louvre, Loover. Murky, Mirky. Peddler, Pedler, Pedlar. Lower, Lour. Murrhine, Myrrhine. Pedobaptist, P dobaptist. Luff, fLoof.,Muscadel, Muscatel. Pemmican, Pemican. Lunet, and Lunette. Muscle (a shellfish), Mussel Penciled, -ing, or Pencilled, -ling. Lunge, Longe. Musket, Musquet. Pennant, Pennon. Lustring, or Lutestring. Pentahedral Pentaedral. Lye, Ley. N. Peony, Peeony, Piony. Periled, -ing, or Perilled. -ling. ~d. ~ Nankeen, Nankin. Peroxide, Peroxid,-yd,-yde. Narwal, or Narwhal, Narwhale. Persimmon, Persimon. Macaw, Macao. Naught, Nought. [&c. Persistence, Persistance. Maccaboy, Maccoboy. Negotiate, -or, &c., Negociate, -or, Pewit (Ornith.), Pewet. Maggoty, Maggotty. Neighbor,-ing, &c., Neighbour, -ing, Phantasm, (Fantasm. Maim, and Mayhem (Law.), Net (a.), Nett, Neat. [&c. Phantom, fFantom. ~MaD~, Male- (/rePfix). Neb ( Orn.), or Nib. Phenomenon, Phenomenon. Mall, or Maul. Niter, or Nitre. Phenix, Phoenix. Malkin, Maukin. Nobless, or Noblesse. Phial, or Vial. Mamaluke, or Mameluke. Nomads, or Nomades. Philter, -ed, or Philtre, -d. xxxii PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. Phthisic, tTisic. Rabbi, Rabbin. Sciagraphy, or Sciography. Piaster, or Piastie. Raccoon, or Racoon, Rackoon. Scion or Cion. Picked, or Peaked, Piked. Raddock (O)rnith.), or Ruddock. Scirrhosity, Skirrosity. 4~icket, Piquet. Ramadan, Ramazan, Scirrhus, Slkirrhus. Pie, i Pye. Rhamadan. [-ly. Scissors, IScissars. Piebald, IPyebald. Rancor, -ous, -ly, Rancour, -ous. Sconce, fSkonce. liepoudre, or Piepowder. Ransom, fRansome. Scot-free, Shot-free. Pimento, Pimenta. Rare (adj.), tRear. Scow, Skow. Pinmpernel, Pimpinel. Rarefy, Rarify. Scrawny, Scrauny, [Scythe, Pinchers, or Pincers. Raspberry, [Rasberry. Scythe, 1Sithe, Sythe. Pistoled, -ing, or Pistolled, -ling. Rattan, Ratan. Seamstress, tSemstress, SempPlacard, tPlacart. Raveled, -ing, or Ravelled, -ling. Scar, Sere. [stress. Plaice (Ichth.), Plaise. [senses. Raven (plunder), Ravin. Sedlitz, Seidlitz. Plain, Plane, in some Raze, -ed, -ing, Rase, -ed, -ing. Seine, [Sean. Plane-sailing, Plain-sailing. Rasure, Razure. Secretaryship, Secretariship. Plaster, tPlaister. Real (coin), Rial, Ryal. Seethe, tSeeth. Plait (v.), Plat. Rearward, [Rere ward. Seignior, Signior, Signor. Plat (n.), or Plot. Recall,' Recal. Seigniorage, -ory, Seign6rage, -ory. Plethron, or Plethrum. Recompense, Recompence.' Seizin: Seisin. p)liers, tPlyers. Reconnoiter, or Reconnoitre. Seleniuret, Selenuret. Plow, or Plough. Redoubt, [Redout. Sellender, Sellander. Plumber, tPlummer. Referable, or Referrible. Selvage, or Selvedge. Plumiped, Plumipede. Reflection, Reflexion. Sentinel, [Centinel. Pluviometer, Pluviameter. Reglet, or Riglet. [deer. Sentry, [Centry, Sentery. Point-device, or Point-devise. Reindeer, Raindeer, Rane- Sepawn, or Supawn, Sepon. Poise, tPoize. Re-enforce, Re-inforce. Sepulcher, or Sepulchre. Polacca, Polacre. Re-install, -ment, Re-instal, -ment. Sequin, Chequin, Zechin. Pole-ax, or Pole-axe. Relic, [IRelique. Sergeant, or Serjeant. Poltroon, [Poltron. Remiped, Remipede. Set, (n.), Sett. Polyhedron, -drous, Polyedron,-drouse.Rcnard, or Reynard. Sevennight, or Se'nnight. Polyglot (s.), Polyglott. Rencounter, or, Rencontre. Shad, Chad. Polyp, Polype. Rennet, or Runnet. Shah, Schah. Pommel, Pummel. Replier, Replyer. Shawm, or Shalm. Pommeled, -ing, Pomelled, -ling. Reposit, Reposite. Shampoo, Champoo. Ponton, or Pontoon. Resin, and Rosin. Shard (def. 1), Sherd. Pony, Poney. Rcsistance, &c,, [ Resistence. [&c, Sheathe (v.), [Sheath. [Sheikh. Poniard, Poignard. Restive, -ly, -ness, tRestiff, Resty, Sheik, Shaik, Scheik, Porgee, Porgy(Ichth.), Paugie. Retch (to vomit), Reach. [-ler. Sherbet, Scherbet, Sarbot. Porpoise, Porpus, Porpess, Reveled, -ing, -er, or Revelled, -ling, Sherry, [Sherris. Porpesse. Reverie, or Revery. Shill-I-Shall-I, or Shilly-shally. Portray, tPourtray. Ribbon, Riband, Ribband. Shore (n.), Shoar. Porteress, or Portress. Reversible, Reversable. Shorl, or Schorl. [-ling. Possessor, [Possessour. Rigor, -ous, &c., Rigour, -ous, &c. Shoveled, -er, -ing, or Shovelled, -ler. Postilion, -Postillion. Risk, [Risque. Show, [Shew. Potato, [Potatoe. [share. Rivaled, -ing, or Rivalled, -ling. Shrillness, fShrilness. Potsherd, Potshard, Pot- Riveted, -ing, Rivetted, -ting. Shriveled, -ing, or Shrivelled, -ling. Powter (Ornith.), Pouter. Roc ( Ornith.), Rock, Rukh. Shuttlecock, Shittlecock. Pozzolana, or Pozzuolana. Rodomontade, [Rhodomnontade. Shyly, -ness, Shily, -ness. Practice (c.), or Practise. Rondeau, Rondo. Sibyl, Sybil. Prsmunire, Premunire. Ronyon, Runnion. [quelo. Sidewise, Sideways. Proenomen, Prenomen. Roquelaure, or Roquelaur, Ro- Silicious, or Siliceous. Predial. Pr edial. Rotunda, Rotundo. Sillabub, or Syllabub. Premise, Premiss. Route, Rout. Simoom, or Simoon. Pretense, or Pretence. Ruble (coin), or Rouble. Siphon, Syphlon. Pretermit or Prtetermit. Ruche, or Rouche. Siren, fSyren. Pretor, Praetor. Rummage, fRomage. Sirloin, or Surloin. Profane, [Prophane. Rumor, &c., Rumour, &c. Sirup, or Syrup, Sirop. Protector, Protecter. Rye, (Rie. Sizar, Sizer. Programme, Program. [-yde. Skein, SiSkain, Skean. Protoxide, Protoxid, -yd,. Skeptic, Sceptic. Prunella, or Prunello. [ion. Skillful, -ly, -ness, or Skilful,-ly, -ness. Pumplkin, Pompion, Pump- Sabian, Sabean, Sabeean. Skill-less, Skilless. Puppet, (Poppet. Saber, -ed, &c., or Sabrej -d, &c. Skull (cra rni), [Scull. Purblind, or Poreblind. Sackbut, Sacbut. Slabber, Slobber. Purr, Pur. Sainfoin, Saintfoin. Sleight, Slight (def. 2). Purslane, Purslain. Salam, Salaam. Slyly, -ness, Slily, -ness. Putrefy, [Putrify. Salep, Saleb, Salop, Saloop. Smallness, [Smalness. Pygmy, Pigmy. Salic, Salique. Smolder, or Smoulder. Pyx, Pix. Saltpeter, or Saltpetre. Smooth, [Smoothe. Samester, Samestre. Snapped, (imp.), Snapt. [-ing. Sandaled, or Sandalled. Sniveled, -er, -ing, or Snivelled, -er, Q~. ~ Sandarac, or Sandarach. Socage, Soccage. Quadroon, Quateron. Sandever, or Sandiver. Socle, Zocle. Qu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aranie Q&ua utino, { ~uaran tain. Sanskrit, or Sanscrit. Solan-goose (s.), Solnd-gooseand Quarantaine. Sapajo, Sapajou. [dilla. Solund-goose. Quarrel, or Carrel (an arross). Sapodilla, Sapadillo, Sappo- Solder, &c., or Soder, &c. Quarreled, -inlg, or Quarrelled, -ling. Sarcenet, or Sarsenet. Soliped, Solipede. Quartet, Quartette, Quartett. Sat, Sate. Solvable, Solvible. Quaterfoil, Quatrefoil. Satchel, Sachel. Somber, or Sombre. Quaterfeuille, I Satinet, Satinett. [krout. Somersault, Summersault, Quay, -age, Key, -age. Sauer-kraut, or Sour-crout, Sour- Somerset, Summerset. Questor, Qusstor. Savanna, Savannah. Sonneteer, Sonnetteer. Quinsy, Quinzy, Quinsey. Savior, or Saviour. Soothe (v.), [Sooth. Quintain, Quintin, [tetto. Savor,; Savour. Sorrel, asod Sorel. Quintette, Quintet, Quintett, Quin- Scallop, -ed, -ing, Scollop, -ed, -ing. Souchong, Soochong. Quoin, Coin. Scath, or Scathe. Spa, [Spaw, [Spga. Scepter, -ed, or Sceptre, -tred. Spelt, Spelt. R. Scherif, Cherif, Shereef, Sherif. Specter, or Spectre. Sdhist, Shist. Spew, Spue. Rabbet (Carp.), or Rebat, &c. Schorl, or Shorl. Spinach, or Spinge. PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. xxxiii Spinel, Spinelle. Tetrahedron, Tetraedron. Verderer, or Verderor. Spite, tSpight. Tetrastich, Tetrastic. Verdigris, Verdegris. Splendor, Splendour. Theater, or Theatre. Vermin, tVermine. Sponge, tSpunge. Thole, Thowl, Thowle. Verst, Werst. Sprite, Spright. Thorp, Thorpe. Vertebra, Verteber, Vertebre. Spirt, or Spurt. Thralldom, or Thraldom. Vervain, Vervine. Spunk, Sponk. Thrash, or Thresh. Vial, Phial. Staddle, Stadle. Threshold, Threshhold. Vicious, -ly, -ness, tVitious, -ly, -ness. Stanch, or Staunch. Three (n.), Throw (def. 6.). Victualed, -er, Victualled, -ler, Stationery, tStationary. Ticking (n.), Ticken. -ing, or -ling. Steadfast, fStedfast. Tidbit, Titbit. Vigor, -ous, &c., Vigour, -ous, &c. Steelyard, tStilyard. Tie (n. & v.), tTye. Villain (cdef. 1.), Villein. Stillness, tStilness. Tier, Tire (n., def. 1). Villainy, -ous, or Villany, -ous. Stockade, Stoccade. Tierce, Terce. Vise, Vice. Story (aJfloor), Storey. Tiger, tTyger. Visitor, Vilsiter. Strait (n., def. 2), Straight. Tincal, Tinkal. Visor, Vizor. Strengthener, Strengthner. Tithe, Tythe. Vitiate, Viciate. Strew. IStraw. Toll (v. t., def. 2), Tole. Vizier, Visier, Vizir. Strop, n. Strap. Tollbooth, Tolbooth. Volcano, tVulcano. Stupefy, Stupify. Ton, and Tun. Sty; Stye. Tonnage, and Tunnage.W Style, iStile. Tormentor, Tormenter. Styptic, Stiptic.Was. Styptic, Stiptic. Tourmaline, Tourmalin, Tur- Wadsett, Wadset. Subpoena, Subpena. Tour maline, maline. Wagon, Waggon. Subtile (thin), Subtle. Toweling, or Towelling. Waive, Wave (v. t.). Subtle (artful), Subtile. Trameled, -ing, or Tramelled, -ling. Wale, (n., def. 2), Weal. Successor, 1Successour. Tranquilize, or Tranquillize. Walrus, Walruss. Succor, Succour. Transferable, Transferrible. Warranter, and WVarrantor (Law). Suite, Suit (n.), Transference, Transferrence. Warrior, tWarriour. Suitor, tSuiter. Transship, -menrt, Tranship, -ment. Warwhoop, tWarhoop. Sulphureted; Sulphuretted. Trapan (a snare), Trepan. [-ling. Waucht, Waught. Sumac, or Sumach, Shumac. Traveler, -ed, -ing,or Traveller, -led, Waywode, Waiwode. Superior, tSoperiour. Traverse, Travers. Waul (as a cat), Wawl. Suretyship, Suretiship. Travesty, Travestie. Wear (v., Naut.), Ware, Veer. Surname, Sirname. Treadle Treddle. Wear, (n.), Weir, Wier. Surprise, &c., Surprize, &e. Trebuchet, or Trobucket. Weaeand, Wezand. Survivor, -ship, Surviver, -ship. Treenail, Trenail, Trennel. Welsh, Welch. ~S~ainmote, Sweinmote, Trestle, Tressel, Trussel. Whang, Wang. Swanimote. Trigger, Tricker. Whelk (na.), Welk, Weal. Swale (v.), or Sweal. Trevet, or Trivet. Whippletree, Whiffletree. Swap, Swop. Tricolor. Tricolour. Whippowill Swart (adj.), or { ~~~~~~~~~~Whippoowill. Swart (adj.), or Swarth. Trihedral, Triedral. Whippoori, Whipperwill. Swathe (band- Swath. Trod, Trode. Whisky, or Whiskey. age,) or Trousers, or Trowsers. Whoop, (Hoop. Swiple, Swipel, Swipple. Troweled, or Trowelled. Whooping-cough, tfIooping-cough. Swob, -ber, &c., or Swab, -ber, &c. Truckle-bed, Trundle-bed. Whortleberry, Huckleberry. Swollen, Swoln. Tryst, Trist. Widgeon, Wigeon. Syenite, Sienite. Tumbrel, or Tumbril. Willful, -ly, -ness, or Wilful, -ly, -ness. Sylvan, Silvan. Tumor, Tumour. Windlass, Windlas, WindSymploce, Simploce. Tunneled, -ing, or Tunnelled, -ling. Wintery, Wintry. [lace. Synonym, Synonyme. Turquois, Turkois, Turcois. Wiry, tWiery. Syphilis, Siphills. Turnip, Turnep. Witch-elm, Wych-elm. Turnsole, Turnsol. Witch-hazel, Wych-hazel. T. Tutenag, Tutenague. Withe, With (n.). Tweedle, Twiddle. Wivern, or Wyvern. Tabard, Tabert, Taberd. Twibil Twibill. Wizard, tWisard. Tabbinet, Tabinet. Tymbal, Timbal. Wizen, Wizzen, Weazen. Tabor, &c., Tabour, &c. Tyro, tTiro. Woe, Wo. Taffeta, or Taffety. Woful, or Woeful. Taffrail, Tafferel. U. Wondrous, tWonderous. Tailage, Talliage, Taillage, Tallage. Woodbine, tWoodbind. Talc, Talk, Talck. Umber, Umbre. Woolen, -ette, or Woollen, -ette. Tallness, tTalness. Unbiased, Unbiassed. Worshiper,-ed, &c., or Worshipper, -ped. Tambour, Tambor. Unboweled, or Unbowelled. Wrack, Wreck (def. 4). Tambourin, Tam- and others of the same class. Wye, or Y. Tambourine, borine, Tam- Unroll, Unrol. barine. Until, Untill. Y. Tarantula. Tarentula. Tarpaulin, Tarpauling,. Yataghan, Ataghan. Tarpawling. Yaup, Yaulp. Tasseled, -ing, or Tasselled, -ling. Vaivode, or Waiwode. Yawl (n.), fYaul. Tasses, Tassets, Tasces. Valise, Vallise. [-ously.Yelk, or Yolk. Taut (Nat.), Taught. Valor, -ous, -ously, Valour, -ous. Yttria, -um, Ittria, -um. Tawny, Tawney. Vantbrace, Vantbrass, VamTease, Teaze. Vapor, Vapour. [brace.Z Teasel, Teasle, Teazle. Vat, tFat. Teetotal, Teatotal. Veil, Vail. Zaffgr, Zaffar, Zaffir, Zaffre. Tenable, Tenible. Vedette, Vidette. Zinc, Zinck. Tenor, Tenour. Vender, or Vendor. Zinciferous, or Zinkiferous. Tenuirosters, Tenuirostres. Venomous, tVenemous. Zonnar, Zonar. Terror, tTerrour. Veranda, Verandah. Zymometer, Zumometer. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. PREFIXES. tion denotes two, twice, doubly; as, bidentate, twoA. toothed; biternate, doubly ternate, &c. 2. (GChem.) Bi in composition denotes that the comA, a prefix to many English words, is in some eases a pound contains two parts or equivalents of the firstcontraction of the prepositions on, in, at, of, to,for; as mentioned ingredient to one of the other; thus, a biin asleep for in sleep or on sleep, ablaze for in a blaze, chromate of potash contains two parts of chromic acid to aboard for on board, afoot for on foot, aground for on the one of potash. ground, adays for on days, ado for to do, await for wait Bis. adv. [Lat. bis, twice, for duis, from duo, two, like.for. In other cases, it is contracted from the A.-S. in- belluni from duellum.] Twice. See BI. separable particle ge- (in Gothic ga-), which forms verbs from verbs, substantives, adjectives, and is a sort of augment to the- past participle. In some cases, it only in- C. creases the force of the word, without any essential addition of meaning, as in afar. -In some words of Greek Cftt'A. [Gr. cKaTA.] The Latin and English form of a origin, a is privative, giving to them a negative sense; as Greek preposition used in composition to signify dowen, in apathetic: before a vowel it becomes an; as in an- downward, dowon upon, downright, completely, &c.; as onymous, from voeia, name. In a few words of Latin in cataclysm, catacomb, catalogue, cataract. It someorigin, it is another form of the prefix ab (q. v.); as in times drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is someavert. times changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic. Ab, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latin preposi- Sir'-eum. [Accusative of circus, a circle, Gr. KcipKco.] A tion, as in abduct, is the same as the Greek Lrr6, Skr. Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English apa, Goth. cf, A.-S. and Eng. of. It denotes from, sep- words; as in circutmscribe, circumspect, circumvent. In oration, or departture. Before c and t, it is generally circuit, circuitous, &c., the nz is dropped. changed into abs, as in abscess, abscond, abstain, abs- -C6m- or -Can-. [The same as cum, which is akin to Gr. temious. See A. c-rv, old Attic rv.] A Latin preposition signifying with Ad. [Cf. W. at, to, toward, Goth., Icel., and Eng. at.] or against, used in composition as an inseparable prefix. A Latin preposition, signifying to, as in adhere. —In The form cow7 is used before the labials b, p, and uz, and composition, the last letter is usually changed into the con before the other consonants. Before 1, however, cosn first letter of the word to which it is prefixed. Thus for or comrn is changed into col, as in collect, from colligere; adclamare, the Romans wrote acclamare; for adgrediere, before r into cor, as in corrupt, from corrzumpere, coraggrediere; for adfirmare, affirmare; for adlegere, al- ruptum; while before a vowel or h, the n or m is dropped, legere; for adponere, apponere; for adripere, arripere; as in co-operate, coalesce, cohabit, &c. for adscribere, ascribere; for adtinere, attinere. C6nttrA. A Latin preposition, signifying against, in op1A. 1. In Arabic, an article or inseparable prefix, an- position, entering into the composition of some English swering to the Italian il, and the Sp. el. Its use is to words: as, contradict, contravene, &c. It is. properly render nouns definite, like the English the; as. Alkoran, the ablative of an adjective, conterus (formed from con, the Koran, or the Book, by eminence; alcove., alchemy, with), which is not in use. In old English, it. took the alembic, almanac, &c. form counter; as in counteract. 2. A form of the Latin prefix ad. See AD. Eo. See CON. A.mb. [Lat. ambi, amb, amn, an (as in ambidens, am- ~oun'ter. See CONTRA. bages, amicire, anhelare), Gr. a4us, A.-S. emb, ymb, N. H. Ger. um.] About; around; —a prefix used in composition in words derived from the Latin; as in ambient, D. amnbition, &c. Amtphi, a. [Gr. aqbt. See supra.] A prefix in words De. A Latin prefix denoting a movingfrom, separation; of Greek origin, signifying aboszt, around, ott both sides, as. in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. Hence, on all sides, &c.; as in amphibious, amphitheater. it often expresses a negative, as in derange. Sometimes A'na. [Gr. avd.] A prefix in words from the Greek, it augments the sense, as in deprave, despoil. It coindenoting on, eupon, uspward, lup to, throughout, backward, cides nearly in sense with the French des and Latin elis. back to, again, previously, or against; as in analogy, DI. 1. [Gr. ies, twice.] In chemistry, a prefix denoting analytic, anatomy. two equivalents of the substance indicated by the noun Ant., I [Gr. aVTi, against.] A prefix in many words following that of which the prefix forms a part; as, diAn'ti-. J from the Greel, meaning against, over against, chloride of mercury; i. e., a compound formed of two or opposed to; as in antarctic, antidote, antipathy, an- equivalents of mercury and one of chlorine. tithesis.'2. See DIs. Aln.te. A Latin preposition, the Gr. &avT, A.-S. & Goth. D]'A. [Gr. Sit, akin to Lat. dis.] A prefix denoting and (cf. ANSWER); much used in the composition of throsugh, right through; as in diameter, diagram, diaEnglish words, especially in words from the Latin and logue. Greek languages. It signifies before in place, in front; Dis (91). A prefix or inseparable preposition, from the and figuratively,. before in time. Examples are ante- Latin (whence Fr. des), denoting separation, a parting chamber, antecedent, antediluvian. from, as in distribute, disconnect; hence it generally has A'po. [Gr. &r6. See AB.] A Greek preposition used in the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, discomposition, and signifying from, away from, off, or oblige, disagree. It sometimes passes into the forms di asunder; as in apoplexy, apothecary, apologue. and dif; as in divert, differ, diffuse. Dys-. An inseparable prefix, from the Greek uva-, hard, ill, and signifying ill, bad, hard, difficult, unlucky, B. dangerous, and the like; as in dysentery, dyspepsy. BE psefix, as in because, before, beset, bedeck, become, is originally the same word as by; A.-S. be and bi or big, E. Goth. bi. It denotes nearness, closeness, about, on, at, and generally has an intensive force, though it is some- E. A Latin prefix; the same as Ex. See Ex. times apparently insignificant. ]flm. See EN. iBm. [suIm Lat. bis, twice, which in composition drops ].n. A prefix to many English words, chiefly borrowed the s.] I. In most branches of science, bi in composi- from the French; as in enchant, enamor, encore, &c. It xxxiv) PREFIXES. xxxv coincides with the Latin in, Gr. eVv; and some English these consonants. In a few words in is changed into ig,. words are written indifferently with en or in. For ease as in ignoble, -ignorant. of pronunciation, it is changed to em, particularly be- Inster. [From in, with an adverbial ending.] A Latin fore a labial, as in employ, empower. preposition, signifying among or between;- used as a ip, [OGr. brn. See OB.] A prefix, signifying on, above, prefix; as in intercept, interfere, interrupt. pPi. toward, by, to, among, near, &c.; as in epi- In'tro. [Lat., contr. from intero (loco)]. A prefix signilogue, epithet, &c. fying within, into, in, and the like; as in introduce, inEu. A prefix from the Gr. e, well, used very frequently tromission. in composition, signifying well, easy, adrantageous, good, and the like; as in eulogy, euphony, &c. Ax. A Latin preposition or prefix, Gr. dt or eK, signifying M. out of, out, proceeding from. Hence, in composition, it allied to pis, Eng. signifies sometimes out of, as in exhale, exclude; some-. [r., allied to at. medis, Eng. times off,from, or out, as in exscind; sometimes beyond md, middle.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signitimes offfrom, or out, as in exseind; sometimes beyonld fying in the midst of; also, beyond, over, after, behind, as in excess, exceed, excel. In some words, it intensifies fying betwee midst of; also, beyond, over, after beaphin the meaning; in others, it has little effect on the signi-metaphsics, fication. The x regularly remains only before the vowels metamorphose. and before c, h, p, q, s, t (example, exert. excel, exhaust, Ms. [AS., Icel., and Goth. missa-, having thesame oriexpend, exquisite, exsiccant, extort); it is assimilated to gin with the verb to miss.] A prefix denoting error, a followingf (effusion), and drops away altogether before erong, defect, unlikeness, and the like; as in mistke the other consonants (elect, event, edition, &c.) In a few mismanage, mispronounce, mistrust. words it changes into ec (eccentric). Prefixed to namesof office, it denotes that a person has held that office, but has resigned it, or been left out, or dismissed; as, ex- N. chancellor, ex-president, and the like. 1Ix'tra. [Contracted from exter& (parte), from exter, be- NT$n, adv. [Lat. non, 0. Lat. nanut, nenu; naonum, nening on the outside, from ex, out of, from.] A Latin tin, from ne-ernum, or ne-unum,not one.] Not;-used preposition, denoting beyond or excess, often used in in English as a prefix, generally and properly to subcomposition as a prefix signifying outside of, or beyontd stantives and verbs only, giving them a negative sense, the limits or jurisdiction of that denoted by the word to ordering and varying their meaning, as do the prefixes which it is joined; as in extradition, extravagant. us and in those of adJectives; as, on-residence, nonperformance; also, in some cases, prefixed to adjectives; as, non-acid, non-electric. For. [A.-S.for,fore, Goth.faur,faura, allied to Lat.pro, 0. Gr. irpi, Skr. pra-.] As a prefix to verbs, for has usually the force of a negative or privative, denoting before, that Ob. [Kindred with Gr. nrA].] A Latin preposition, signiis, against, or alway, aside; as in forbid, forsake, for- fyig, primarily, ill front, before, and hence against, swear, forego. In a few cases, it is merely intensive, as toward; as in objicere, to object, i. e., to throw against. inforbathe. In composition, the letter b is often changed into the Fore. [A.-S.fore. SeeFoR.1 An adjective much used first letter of the word to which it is prefixed; as in ocin composition, to denote advancement in place or time; casion, offer, oppose. It means reversed or back in oboas inforebode,forefather,*foreshorten. vate, occiput, &c., and often on or in. HI. P. HB'per. [Gr. bnrcp, allied to Lat. super, Skr. tpare, Ger. Pyr'a. [Gr., prob. akin to Lat. prm andpreter.] A preptiber, Eng. over.] A prefix used in composition to denote osition, used in composition, and signifying beside, to excess, or something over or beyond; as in hyperbolical, the side of, to, amiss, wrong (like for in.f/rswear, &c.), Itypertrophy. Sometimes it is used in the composition beyond, contrary to, &c.; as in paradox, paragon, paralof chemical terms, instead of super, to denote excess, or ysis, parasite. It is sometinmes contracted into par; as that the substance first mentioned in the name of the in parody, paroxysm, &c. compound enters in a greater proportion than the other; Pe~r. A Latin preposition often used in composition as a as, hyper-oxide, one containing an excess of oxygen. prefix denoting through, passing, or over the whole exHy'po. A prefix from the Greek preposition isro [allied tent,; as in perambulate, perfunctory, persecute. It is to Lat. sub, Skr. upar], under, beneath, and frequently used, in chemistry, with the signification very, fully, or used in composition to signify a less quantity, or a low to the utmost extent; as in peroxide, a substance oxidated state or degree of that denoted by the word with which it to the utmost degree. is joined, position under or beneath it, and the like; as Pir'i. [Gr. 7rept, Skr. pari.] A prefix used in many in hypochondriac, hypostatic, hypothesis. In chemical words derived from the Greek, and signifying with, language, prefixed to the namne of a compound contain- around, about, near, and the like; as in pericarp, period, ing oxygen, it designates another compound containing periphrase. less oxygen; as, hypo-nitrous acid, which contains less Poist. A Latin preposition, much used in composition as oxygen than nitrous acid. a prefix, signifying after; as in postpone, postscript. Prg. An English form of the Latin prefix prwe, before, originally dat. f., answering to pro, as dat. m., of per, I. through. It expresses priority qof tine, place, or rank; as in preclude, predict, prefer, preponderate. It someIt. A prefix, the form of in when used before words be- times signifies beyond, and may be rendered very, as in ginning with 1. See IN. prepotent. Xm. A prefix from the Lat. in; n being changed to m, for Pre'ter. A prefix, from the Lat. pr eter (from prxs, with the sake of easy utterance, before a labial, as in imbibe, the'adverbial termination ter), used in the composition immense, impartial. The same prefix is sometimes used of some English words, and having the signification of in compounds not of Latin origin, as in imbank, imabit- past, beyond; hence, beside, more; as,preterit, pretermit, ter. For im, the French write em, which is used in preternatural. words introduced into the English from the French Pro. [Originally neuter dative for proi, Gr. nrp6.] A language. See EM. Latin preposition, used in composition as a prefix, and In. 1. [Allied to Gr. ev, Skr. ina.] A prefix from the denoting fore, forth, forward; as in produce, project, Latin in, often used in composition. and signifying with- profess, promise, protract; in, into, or among, as in inbred, incase, or serving to Pr6s. [Gr. srpos, Cf. Skr. prati.] A Greek preposition, render emphatic the sense of the word to which it is used in composition, and signifying motion towards, a prefixed, as in inclose, increase. - In, before l, is changed being on, at, by, or beside, a remaining beside, and hence into il, as in illusion; before r. into ir, as in irregular; connection and engagement with any thing; as in prosbefore a labial, into im, as in embitter, immaterial, im- elyte, prosody, &c. patient. Psefiido (si/do). [From Gr. frev84i, lying, false, from 2. [Allied to Eng. un. See UN.1 A Latin particle of eiSetv, to belie.l A prefix usedin words from the Greek, negation; as in inactive, incapable. Before b and p, it and signifying false, counterfeit, pretended, or spurious; becomes im; before 1, in, r, the n assimilates itself to as, pseudo.martyr, pseudo-philosophy, pseudonym. xxxvi SUFFIXES. R Stis pra. [Orig. supera, from super.] A Latin preposition, a. signifying above, over, or beyond; used in composition; RM See RE. as in supralapsarian. R3. A prefix or inseparable particle in the composition Sfr. A prefix, from the French, contracted from the of words, denoting return, repetition, iteration; as in Latin super, supra, and signifying over, above, beyond, recur, reduce,refrain. It is abbreviated from red, which upon; as in surcharge, surmount, surprise. the Latins retained in words beginning with a vowel, as Syn. A prefix from the Greek preposition ouv (the Lat. in redimere, redire, redintegrare. From the Latin the cum, akin to Lat. simul, Skr. sa-, sam), with, along Italians, Spanish, and French have also the prefix ra, wita, together with, at the same time; as in synonym which is found in some English words derived from these syntax, synthesis. Before b, m, a, ph it changes into ~~~~~~languages. ~sym (symbol, symmetry, sympathy, symphony); before languag~es. 1 into syl (syllogism); and sometimes the n is dropped, RISttro. [Lat., from re and the adverbial termination in sy (syllogism); and sometimestheisdroped, ter.] A prefix in words from the Latin, signifying back as in system. or backward; as in retrocede, retrospect. T. So TrAn2. A Latin preposition, used in English as a prefix, signifying over, beyond, throuzgh, on the other side; as in So. [Orig. form of sine.] An inseparable preposition used transalpine, beyond the Alps. Hence, in a moral sense, in some words from the Latin, and signifying without, it denotes a complete change; as, to transform. It someaside, by itself; as in secure, seduce, seclude, &c. times drops the two last consonants; as in traduce. SI'ne. A Latin preposition, signifying without, and used Tri. A prefix, signifying three, thrice, from Gr. rpit, in composition; as, sinecure. It drops the final e in thrice, Tpert, Tpla, Lat. tres, tria, three; as in triangle, sincere, and also changes the It into m in simple. trident, triennial. Stdp. [A.-S. ste6p, from ste6pan, stipan, 0. II. Ger. stiufan, to bereave.] A prefix used in composition before father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, U. &c., to indicate that the person thus spoken of is not a blood-relative, but is a relative by the marriage of a Ul'tra. [Lat.,orig. fem. of ulter, being beyond, from suls, parent. beyond.] A prefix from theLatin, having in composition SBib. [Allied to Gr. O7ro.] A Latin preposition, denoting the signification beyond, on the other side, chiefly when under or below, used in English as a prefix, to express an joined with words expressing relations of place; as, ultrainferior position or intentionz, and also a subordinate de- marine, ettra-montane, &c. In other relations, it has gree, or imperfect state of a quality. Before c,f, g, p, r, the sense of excessively, exceedingly, beyond what is comand m, the b is changed into those letters, as in succeed, mon, natural, right, or proper; as, ultra-conservative, suffer, suggest, suppose, surrogate, and summon. ultra-despotic, &c. w- When prefixed to the name of a chemical compound, tn. [A.-S. un, and sometimes on, aloth. ecn, Icel., allied sub denotes that this, if an oxysalt, contains a less number of to Gr. n, an, L. ae ie patie equivalents of the acid than of the base, or that the base is a to Gr.,, Skr. an, a, Lat. in.] A neative prefix atsub-oxide; or, if it is a haloid salt, or analogous compound, tached at will to almost any English adjective, or partithat the electro-negative is in a smaller proportion than the ciple used adjectively, and to less numerous classes of electro-positive constituent, or is combined with it in the nouns and verbs. See UN in the Dictionary. smallest proportion possible; as in sub-bromide, sub-iodide, &c. Sib'ter. [From sub and the adverbial termination ter.] A Latin preposition, signifying tender, used as a prefix in W. English with the same meaning as sulb; but it is less general in its application; as in subterfuge. With. [See in Dictionary.] An English preposition, SIl'per. A Latin preposition (same as Greek P7rep), used sometimes used in composition, and signifying opposition, as a prefix, and signifying above, over, or in excess; as in privation, separation, or departure; as in withdraw, superfine, superintend, supervise. withstand, withhold. SUFFIXES. A. usually with a bad signification; as in drunkard, dotard, bastard, niggard, braggart, &c. Ae. [Gr. -aKoe.] A suffix signifying of or pertaining to; A-ry. [Lat. -arius.] A termination of adjectives from, the Latin, denoting of or pertaining to; as, auxiliary, as in demnoniac, hypochondriac, military, &c.; and of nouns, denotingthe doer of a Age.- [Fr.] A termination of nouns having a collective ting; as, adversary, mercenary, denoting the doer of a or abstract meaning; as, advantage, average, herbage, Ate. [Lat. -atus.] A ternination, 1. Ofverbs, as, de~foliag~~e, pillag~e,~ ~liberate, initiate; 2. Of adjectives, as, moderate, ultiAl. [Lat. -alis.] A termination of words from the Latin mate; 3. Of nouns deotin denoting of or pertaining to; as, annual, cordial, fnal, pontificate; (.) the possessor of such(a.) office or dignity, legal, martial. See CAL.) the possessor of such offce or dignity, Alal. [at. -anus.] A termination of some nouns and ad- as, magistrate, delegate; (c.) salts containing more than An. [Lat. -anus.] A termination of some nouns and ad-.one degree of oxygen, as, sulphate, phosphate. jectives from the Latin, denoting offi'ce, proJission, or character, as, Christian, commedian, tragedian, elysian, tertian.B Ange, t [Lat. -antia.] Terminations of nouns having B. Ann-py.I an abstract signification; as, elegance, abundance, brilliancy, vacancy. Ble. [Lat. bilis.] A termination of adjectives derived Ant. [Lat. -ans, -antis.] A termination of adjectives from the Latin, or formed on the same model, and signifrom the Latin, as, vagrant; and of nouns denoting the fying capable of being or worthy to be; as, flexible, mudoer of a thing; as, assistant, commandant. table, sensible, warrantable. Ar. [Lat.-aris.] A termination of adjectives derived from the Latin, and denoting of or pertaining to; as, angular, jocular, perpendicular, similar. C. Ardl, the termination of many English words, is taken from the Goth. hardus, A.-S. heard, Icel. & Eng. hard, -al. [Lat. -cus.] A termination of adjectives derived and appears in proper names; as, Renardl, strong in from the Latin or following the analogy of such, and sigcounsel: Goddard, strong in, or through, God; Bernard, nifying of or pertaining to; as, anatomical, comical, magstrong like a bear, &c. We find it also in appellatives, ical, practical, technical. SUFFIXES. xxxvii nouns derived from the Latin, or formed after the same anology; as in ambition, conception, probation, evaD. sion, version, crucifixion. Iish. [A.-S. isc, Goth. isk, N.H. Ger. isch.] A termination DIm. A termination denoting jurisdiction, or property of English words denoting diminution, or a small degree and jurisdiction. It was originally doom (q. v.), judg- of the quality; as, whitish, from white; yellowish, from ment; as in kingdom, earldon. Hence it is used to de- yellow. Ish annexed to proper names forms a possessive note state, condition, or quality; as in wisdom, fieedo. adjective, as in Swedish, Danish, English. Annexed to common nouns, it forms an adjective denoting a particlvE pation of the qualities expressed by the noun; as foolish,. ifromfool; roguish, from rogue; brutish, from brute. Iom. [Gr.-Lal-oe.] A termination of nouns from the E-an. [Gr. -adoc, or -eto, Lat. -eeus, -eus.] A termina- Greek, or of nouns formed on the same model as these, tion of adjectives derived friom Greek adjectives, or formed denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of on the pattern of such adjectives; as, cerulean, hercule- being, viewed abstractly; as, atheism, catechism, hero an; hyperborean. ism, mechanism, sophism. Ee. A termination of nouns, denoting one on or to whom fst. [Gr. -tr-Tq.] A termination of nouns denoting men somethinig is done; as, appellee, donee, referee, trustee. from their occupations, pursuits, or principles; as, bapEer. See IER. tist, chemist, eulogist, theist. En. A plural termination of nouns and of verbs formerly Ite. [Lat. -itus.] A termination of nouns and adjectives; in use, as, in housen, escapen; and retained in oxen as, appetite, exquisite, favorite. It is often used to form and children. It is also still used as the termination of collective or gentile names; as, bedlamite, Jacobite. In some verbs, as in hearken, from the Saxon infinitive. It names of minerals it is derived from the Gr. AlOos, a is also used to form from nouns adjectives expressing the stone; as, steatite. material of which a thing is made; as, leaden, wooden, I-ty. See TY. golden. lve. [Lat. -ivus.] A termination, denoting ability, pow]Pngee,. [Lat. -entia.] A termination of abstract nouns er or activity, of nouns and adjectives from the Latin; as, En-py. from the Latin, or of nouns that follow the authoritative, incentive, persuasive, vindictive. analogy of nouns so derived; as, abstinence, circumfer- -ze, [Gr. -tSetv.] A termination of verbs from the Greek ence, reticence, agency, contingency. Ige. J or of verbs formed on the same model, and deItnt. [Lat. -ens, -entis.] A termination of nouns from noting to make, to cause to be, to become; as, agonize, the Latin, denoting the doer qf a thing; as, dependent, characterize, tantalize, criticise, exorcise..recipient, student; or of participial adjectives; as, fervent, ardent. Er. A termination of many English words, and the K Teutonic form of the Latin or. It denotes ant agent, and was originally of the masculine gender, but is nlow ap- Kln. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, kind, offspring, race; Goth. plied to men or things indifferently; as in hater, farmer, kuni, Icel. kyn, allied to Lat. genus, Gr. -yivo, ySvos.] heater, grater. At the end of names of places, er signi- A diminutive termination of English words, denoting fies a man of the place; thus, Londoner is the same as small, from the sense of child; as in lambkin, mannikin. London man. napkin, pipkin. _s'pent. [Lat. -eseens, -escentis.] A termination of participial adjectives from the Latin, denoting progression, growuing, or becoming; as convalescent, putrescent, qui-. escent. Ess. [Fr., from Lat. ix.] A termination of nouns fem- Le. A diminutive termination; as in crumble, bundle, inine, distinguishing them from correspondent nouns girdle, joggle, fondle, dimple, throttle. masculine; as, authoress, lioness, negress, shepherdess. Less. A terminating syllable of many nouns and some adjectives. It is the A.-S. leds, Goth. Idus, allied to Engr. loose, fr. A.-S. leosan, Goth. liusan, Eng. lose. Hence F. it is a privative word, denoting destitution; as, a witless man, a man destitute of wit; childless, without children; ~ Fiul. [The same as full.] A termination of adjectives fatherless; faithless; penniless; lawless. denotingphen itude, and generally formed from substan- Lot. [French dim. termination et, as in islet, eaglet, cirtives; as, artful, beautniful, peaceful. clet, goblet,floweret, baronet, with I inserted, as in streamFy. [Lat facere, fieu, Fr.bJer.] Atermination of verbs, let, branchlet, ringlet.] A termination of diminutives; as, denoting to make, to become; as, amplify, deify, gratify hmlet, a little house; rivulet, small stream. liquefy, rarefy. Ling. [A.-S.] A termination denoting state, condition, ofspring, or progeny; as in hireling, earthling, worldling, foundling, darling, firstlislg, underling, starling, H. ground-ling, gosling, sapling. L y. [0. Eng. lich, being an abbreviation of A. Sax. lic, like, Hlod. [A.-S. hMd, from hhd, state, sex, order, deree, Goth. leiks, Icel. ligr, Ulkr.] A termination of adjectives; person, form, manner, Goth. ha ieles.] A termination "as in lovely, manly, that is, love-like, man-like. It is denoting state orfixedness, coZndition, quality, character, also a termination of adverbs [0. Eng. Iiche, A.-S. lice, totality; as in manhood, childhood, knighthood, brother- Goth. leikO, Icel. liga]. hood. Sometimes it is written head; as in maidenhead, godhead. M. I[ M nt. A termination of nouns (formed often from verbs); as, engagement, maaagement, impediment. fe. [Gr. -eoe, Lat. -icus.] A termination of adjectives Mo-ny. [Lat. -moniun, -monia.] A termination of nouns from the Latin, signifying action or an activefacdenoting of or pertaining to; as, authentic, concentric, nouns from the Latin, signifying action or a act lefacmagnetic, seraphic. magnetic, seraphic. >sil2 a 2etty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly; as, allIes. A termination of nouns, plural in form but singular mony, matrimony, testimony. in signification, applied to certain arts or sciences; as, optics, mathematics. N. Id. [Lat. -idus.] A termination of adjectives denoting quality; as, acd, liquid, i rigid, sordid.. Nss. [A.-S. ness, niss, Goth. nassous.] A termination of ler, t [Fr. -ier, -iere.] A termination of nouns denoting abstract names, denoting state or quality; as in blindness, Eer. ) men from their occupations or employment; s, goodness greatness, sweetness. brigadier, cavalier, mountaineer, volunteer. Ile. [Lat. -ilis.] A termination of adjectives from the Latin, denoting of or pertaining to; as agile, docile, 0. fragile, versatile. Ine. [Lat. -inus.] A termination of adjectives from the 6ck. [A.-S. ca or -uca.] A diminutive termination of Latin, denoting of or pertaining to; as, adamantine, fem- nouns; as in bullock, hillock, mattock, paddock. inine, pristine. Or. A termination of Latin nouns, denoting an agent; Iosn. [Lat. -io, gen. -ionis.] A termination of abstract as in actor, creditor. It is annexed to many words of Xxxviii LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. English origin; as in lessor. In general, or is annexed ess was appended to it; thus, songster became sonigstrers to words of Latin, and er to chose of English, origin. See with a double ending. ER. 0-ry. [Lat. -orius.] A termination of words from the T Latin, denoting of, or pertaisining to; as, amatory, consolatory, promissory, satisfactory. Ose, [Lat. -osus, -us.] A termination of English adjec- -S.] A termination of abstract nouns of Anglo tives, many of which are derived directly from dtifhe ouls. J tives, many of which are derived directly from'Th..f iSaxon origin; as, depth, growth, strength, wealths the Latin; as, dubious, conscious, atrocious, operose, rift, gift, theft. verbose. Tilde. [Lat. -tudo.] A termination of abstract nouns from the Latin, signifying action or an active faculty, R. being, or a state of being; as, amplitude, fortitude, gratitude, solitude. Wie. [Goth. reiki, dominion, A.-S. rice, or rnc; from the Ty. [Lat. -tas, -tatis, Fr. ti.] A termination of words same root as Lat. regere, to rule, and region.] A termi- denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of nation signifying jurisdiction, or a district over which being, viewed abstractly; as, antiquity, difficulty, hugovernment is exercised; as, bishopric. mility, necessity. S. U. Shp. [A.-S. pe, scype, from scyppa, sceppan, to re. [Lat. -ura.] A termination of words derived from mold, form, shape.] A termination denoting state, office, the Latin (often through the Italian or French), and dlig~nity, profession, or art; as in lor ri ndship frienoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of chancellorship, stewardship, horsemanship. beatureng, eed abstractly; as, creature, fracture, legisSbme. [A.-S. sum, Goth. sama, like, the same.] A ter- ature, nature, superstructure. nination of certain adjectives. It indicates a considerable degree of the thing or quantity; as, mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit; gladsome, very glad orjoyous. Stdr. A.-S. estre, istre.] A termination, as in drugster, gamester, songster, spinster, denoting skill or occupation. Ward, or Wards. [A-S. -weardc, -weardes; Goth. It was originally applied to denote the female agent in:airths, allied to Lat. vertere, to turn, versus, toward.] an action. Thus, songster signified, at first, a female A suffix used in the composition of a large class of words, who sings; but the ending ster having at length, in a and denoting direction, or tendency to, motion toward, measure, lost its peculiar force, the feminine termination and the like; as, in upward, onwards. LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. 1 i. Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Indo-European. The and Xerxes. The modern Persian has lost nearly all the English language is the descendant and representative of ancient inflection, and with the Mohammedan religion has the Anglo-Saxon. It has lost very much of the inflection, adopted a multitude of words from the Arabic. Other lanand very many of the words, which belonged to the parent guages belonging to this branch are those of the Kurds, the language; and, on the other hand, it has borrowed words Afghans, the Ossetes (in the Caucasus), and the ancient and,very largely, to the extent even of half its vocabulary, modern Armenians. The Indian and Iranian are often from other languages, especially the French and the Latin. classed together as forming the Indo-Persian or Aryan Yet all the inflections that remain in it, and most of its branch of our family. formative endings, the pronouns and particles, and, in gen- ~ 4. III. The GREEK. Of its numerous dialects, the eral, the words which are in most frequent and familiar first to receive literary culture was the Old Ionic or Epic, use, have come to it fromn the Anglo-Saxon. With all its followed by the.Eolic, the Doric, the New Ionic, and finally mixture of foreign elements, it is still a Teutonic language, the Attic, which became at length, though with some change like the German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and others. of form, the common language of literature and society. These again make one branch in that great family of lan- It is represented now by the Romaic or MIodern Greek. guages, which, as it extends from India westward, and cov- The Albanian, spoken in a large part of modern Greece, is ers nearly the entire area of Europe, is called Indo-Euro- supposed to be a descendant of the ancient Illyrian. pean. Anmong all families of kindred tongues, the Indo- ~ 5. IV. The LATIN. This is often joined -with the European is pre-eminent, both for the perfection of its or- preceding, as the Greco-Latin, or Classical branch. Closely ganic structure, and for the value of its literary monuments. akin to Latin were the other Italian languages - the OsThe parent of the whole family, the one primitive Indo- can, Umbrian, etc. -in Central Italy. The modern deEuropean language, has left no such monument of itself; scendants of the Latin are called the Romance languages. but its forms and roots may be made out, to a great ex- They are the Italiatn, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Protent, by the scientific comparison of the languages which venfal (of Southern France, used in the middle ages as a are descended from it. The main branches of the Indo- literary language), and the French (originally the popular European family are the following:- dialect of Northern France). All these contain a small ~ 2. I. The INDIAN. The Sanskrit of the four Vedas, proportion of Teutonic words, brought in by the barbarian the sacred books of the Brahman religion, is more ancient I conquerors of the Western Roman Empire. But another than the common or classical Sanskrit. Even the latter Romance language- that of the Wallachians, the descendhad ceased to be the language of common life as early as I ants of the Romanized Dacians - is largely intermixed the third century before Christ. It was succeeded by the with borrowed words, taken chiefly from the neighboring Prakrit dialects, one of which, the Palli, is the sacred lan- Slavonic tribes. guage of the Buddhists in Ceylon and Further India. ~ 6. V. The CELTIC. This branch is divided by strongThese, in their turn, were succeeded by the modern idioms; ly-marked differences into two sections: 1. The Gaelic, of Northern Hindustan, the Bengali, larathi, Guzerathi, including the Irish (or native language of Ireland), the and others. The Hindustani (or Urdue), formed in the Erse (or Highland Scotch), and the Manx (the corrupt idcamps and courts of the Mohammedan conquerors of India, iom of the Isle of Man). The last two are little more than is largely intermixed with Persian and Arabic. The widely- dialects of the Irish. 2. The Cymric, including the 1Welsh scattered Gypsies speak, with great diversity of dialect, a (or native language of Wales), the Cornish (which was language which is clearly of Indian stock. spoken in Cornwall, but went out of use in the last cent ~ 3. II. The IRANIAN. To this branch belong, 1. The ury), and the Armorican (spoken in the French province Zend, which is believed to have been the language of an- of Britanny, the ancient Armorica). The oldest manuscript cient Bactria, and is preserved in the Avesta, or sacred specimens of the Gaelic belong to the close of the eighth writings of the Parsis. 2. The Old Persian, which is seen century: for the Cymric, the oldest which are at all copi-' in the cuneiform (or arrow-headed) inscriptions of Darius i ous, are three or four centuries later. LANGUAGES KINDRED TO THE ENGLISH. xxxix ~ 7. VI. The SLAVONIC. The earliest monument is the part of the thirteenth century. The Flemish, spoken in version of the Bible, made in the ninth century, by the Flanders, is a dialect'of the Dutch. (e.) The Low German, Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius, into the Old strictly so called (or Plattdeutsch), the idiom of the comSlavonic, the idiom spoken by the Bulgarians of that time. mon people in Northern Germany. In the fourteenth and This widely-diffused class of languages divides itself into fifteenth centuries, it was used as a literary language; but two principal sections: 1. The eastern and southern Sla- political circumstances, giving ascendency to the High Gervonic, including the Russian, the Bulgarian, and the three man, have reduced it to,the inferior position of a popular Illyrian idioms, Servian, Croatian, and Slovenic. 2. The dialect. western Slavonic, including the Polish, the Bohemian (with ~ 12. 3. The Norse, or Scandinavian. The Old Norse the Moravian and Slovack dialects), the Lusatian or Wen- is also called Old Icelandic, as most of its abundant literadish, and the extinct Polabian. ture (Eddas, Sagast etc.) was composed in Iceland. The ~ 8. VII. The LITHUANIAN. The language of Lithu- oldest manuscripts in which it is preserved are of the thirania has no monuments older than the middle of the six- teenth century; but many of its productions are of earlier teenth century; but it has preserved in a surprising degree origin, going back even to the heathen times of Scandinathe ancient inflection and structure. To the same stock via. The modern Icelandic has adhered with remarkable belong the Lettish of Courlandand Livonia, which is much fidelity to the forms of the ancient language. But the less ancient in its form, and the Old Prussian, which was modern idioms of the Scandinavian mainland, the Swedish, once spoken on the coast of the Baltic east of the Vistula, and, still more, the Danish (of which the Norwegian is but became extinct in the seventeenth century. The con- only a dialect), have undergone extensive changes. nection between this and the preceding branch is such ~ 13. Languages not kindred to the English. The that they are often classed together as the Letto-Slavic Indo-European family has no isolated domain, but comes languages. in contact with various other families of languages. It is ~ 9. VIII. The TEUTONIC. Here again the earliest bounded along its whole northern frontier by the Tartaric monument is a version of the Bible, made by Ulfilas, an (or Tataric) family (called also the Turanian, or theAltaic), Arian bishop of the fourth century, into his native Gothic which includes the numerous andwidely-different languages (or Mceso- Gothic), the language spoken at that time by the of the A.lanchoos, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and Goths on the Lower Danube. This work is preserved only Europe), the Mlagpars (in Hungary), the Finns, and a in fragments, but these are of considerable extent, and are multitude of other tribes. To the south-east, it touches on of inestimable value to the philologist. Among the Teu- the so-called Dravidian family, the Tamil and. its sister tonic languages we distinguish, - idioms in Ceylon and Southern India. In South-western ~ 10. 1. The High Germanic, in upper or Southern Asia it is in contact with a more remarkable family, —the Germany. The Old High Gernman is seen in Otfrid's Krist. Senitic, - including the Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Notker's Translation of the Psalms, and other monuments, Ethiopic, with their ancient and important literatures. most of them in verse, from the eighth century to the end Even in South-western Europe, it is doubtful whether the of the eleventh. The Mliddle High German, from the ancient Etruscan belonged to our family. It is perfectly twelfth to the fifteenth century, has a rich poetical litera- clear that the ancient Iberian did not belong to it, which ture, including the Nibelungen Not with its attendant was once the prevailing language of the Spanish peninsula, epics, and the lyric poetry of the Minnesinger. The iVeio and which still lives, on the two sides of the Pyrenees, in High German is the language of Luther's Bible-version the strange language called Basque (Biscayan, or Euscarra). and of all German literature since the Reformation. Whether the Indo-European has a primitive connection ~ 11. 2. The Low Germanic, in Northern Germany and with any of the adjacent families, is a question which has the Netherlands. Here belong, (a.) The Friesic, which was not been, and perhaps never will be, decided by philologionce spoken along the whole northern coast of Germany, cal evidence. At all events, it is certain that between from the Elbe westward. Its early monuments consist Welsh and Sanskrit, distant as they are in space and time, almost wholly of laws, beginning with the fourteenth cen- there is an infinitely closer connection than between the tury. For a long time it has existed only as a popular neighboring pairs of Russian and Finnish, German and idiom, and is now confined to a few small and scattered Hungarian, or Greek and Hebrew. It is true that some localities. (b.) The Anglo-Saxon (sometimes called simply languages of our family have borrowed particular words Saxon), which in the fifth and sixth centuries was trans- from languages of other families. The English, for explanted from North-eastern Germany to Britain, and has ample, has taken from the Hebrew such words as shekel, had its subsequent development and history in that island. cherub, seraph, jubilee, pharisee, cabala, etc.; and from (c.) The Old Saxon, which was spoken in Northern Germany some of them has formed derivatives, such as seraphic, between the Rhine and the Elbe, south of the narrow sea- jubilant, pharisaical, pharisaism, cabalist, cabalistical, etc. coastregion, which was occupied by the Friesic. It is known But this borrowing can only occur where there are historialmost solely from the Heliand (i. e., Savior), a metrical cal conditions that favor it: even then it has its limits and narration of the gospel history, preserved in manuscripts of its distinctive marks, and must not be confounded with a the ninth century. The language of the Netherlands in radical affinity between two languages. All etymologizing the same period can not have differed much from the Old which assumes or implies a radical affinity between English Saxon, which may be regarded as the common parent of and Hebrew, English and Finnish, or the like, is, in the the two following idioms. (d.) The Dutch., or Low Dutch, present state of philology, unscientific and illusory. spoken in HIolland, and used in literature since the last ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. a.. stands for adjective. H. stands for High. prin. stands for principally. abbrev........ abbreviated. Heb..........Hebrew. Print........ Printing. abl....... ablative. Her......... Heraldry. priv.......... privative. acc.......... accusative. Hist.......... History. Prob., prob... probably. adv......... adverb. Hort......... Horticulture. Pro pron.. Pronunciation, proAgric......... Agriculture. Hfung....... Hungarian.' nounced; pronoun Am., Amer.... America, American. hypoth...... hypothetical. prop.......... properly. Anat........Anatomy. Pros........ Prosody. Antiq.........Antiquities. Ichth.........Ichthyology. Prov........ Provincial. aor.......... aorist. 1cel.......... Icelandic. Ar..........Arabic. i. e...........id est (that is). q. v.........quod Vide (which see). Arch......... Architecture. imp....... imperfect. Arith........ Arithmetic. inf.......... infinitive. Rhet......... Rhetoric. Armor........ Armorican. intens....... intensive. Rom........ Roman. A.-S......... Anglo-Saxon. interj....... interjection. Rom. Cath... Roman Catholic. Astrol....... Astrology. Ir..........I..rish. Russ........ Russian. A4stron........ Astronomy. It.... I........talian. aug......... augmentative. Sax........ Saxon. [stood). Joir.......... Joinery. s............ scilicet (being underBib..........Biblical. Scot.......... Scotland, Scottish. Bot..........Botany. L...... ow. L. i Script........ Scripture, scriptural. Braz......... Brazilian. Lat.......... Latin. Scalp........Sculpture. Lit., lit.......Literally, literally. sing..... singular. Carp......... Carpentry. Lit........... Literature. Shr........ Sanskrit. Catal......... Catalan. Slav......... Slavonic. Celt...........Celti. M....... Middle. Sp........ Spanish. Cf........... Confer (compare). m............masculine. superl........ superlative. Chald......... Chaldee. Mach.........Machinery. Surg........ Surgery. Chem........ Chemistry. Malay...Malayan. Surv.... Surveying. Chin.........Chinese. Math........ Mathematics. Sw......... Swedish. Chron.... Chronology. Mech........ Mechanics. Syn.......... Synonyms. Civ......... Civil. Med....... Medicine. Syr......... Syriac. Colloq., coll... Colloquial, colloquially. Metal........Metallurgy. Com......... Commerce, Common. lIetaph...... Metaphysics. term........ termination. comp........ compound, compound- Meteor.......Meteorology. Theol.........Theology. compar.......comparative. [ed. Mil...........Military. l-ans........ Tranislation. Conch........ Conchology. Min.........Mineralogy. Turk......... Turkish. conj..........conjunction. Mits.......... Music. Typog........ Typography. contr......... contracted, contraction. iMyth........ Mythology. Corn.........Cornish. U. S..........United States. corrupt....... corrupted, corruption. N............New. Copt........Copticn............ noun... e...........verb. Nat. Hist.....Natural HIistory. vb. n......... verbal noun. D............ Dutch. Naut......... Nautical. v...........verb intransitive. Dan.........Danish. neut......... neuter. v. t.......... verb transitive. dat.......... dative. ANorm. Fr.... Norman French. def...........definition. Numis.......Numismatics. W........... Welsh. dim......... diminutive. 0O....... Old. Zolt....... Zoilogy. ccl.....c. Ecclesiastical. Obs.......... Obsolete. Eccl. Hist....Ecclesiastical History. Opt......... Optics. ** In this Dictionary, words from e. g.....e...exepli gratia (for ex- orig........ original, originally. foreign languages, both ancient and Blec..........Electricity. [ample). Ornith....... Ornithology. modern, are usually printed in Italics, Bng.........England, English. though many of them are not ordiEngin........ Engineering. p............ participle. narily so printed in other works; as, Bntom...... Entomology. p. a.... participial adjective. Addendum, Alg2cazil, Alibi. equiv....... equivalent. Paint........ Painting. %* Compound words, which in oresp........... especially. Paleon......Paleontology. dinary writing and printing have their etym........ etymology. pass.........passive. constituent parts separated by a hyPathol...... Pathology. phen, are here distinguished from those f............ feminine. Per..........Persian. which are usually and properly written Fig..........Figurative, figuratively. perh........perhaps. and printed without one, by the use Fort..........Fortification. pers....... person. of a heavier hyphen than that emfr............ from. Pg.......... Portuguese. ployed for the mere division of words Fr.......... French. Philos....... Philosophy. into syllables; as, Able-bodied. Words freq.......... frequentative. Photog....... Photography. having prefixes or initial syllables which fat........... future. Phren........ Phrenology. are commonly separated from the other Physiol....... Physiology. syllables by a hyphen, are distinguished Gael....... Gaelic. pl........... plural. in the same way; as, Re-enfore, Galv......;. Galvanism. Poet........Poetry, poetical. Electro-magnetic. gen..........generally, genitive. Pol........Polish. %*$ For the " KEY TO THE PROGeog......... Geography. Polit. Econ..Political Economy. NUNCIATION,"' see page vi. It is deGeol........ Geology. p. p....p... participle past. sirable that those who use this DicGeom........ Geometry. p. pr......... participle present. tionary should make themselves familGer.......... German. Pr.......... Provenpal. iar with the Key, as they will then find Goth.........Gothic. pref..........prefix. it easy to understand the notation by Gr........... Greek. prep......... preposition. which the pronunciation of every word Gram..... Grammar. pret..........preterit. is expressed. (xl) A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. A ABB A 1. The first letter of the alphabet in most of the praved in heart without showing it in his outward life, and A. known languages of the earth. It is naturally the ence he may not be Jforsaken or deserted by the virtuous. first letter, because it represents the first vocal sound A-bin/don-eet, n. (Law.) One to whom a thing is naturally formed by the organs of speech; namely, that abandoned. heard in far, mYast, &c. See Prin. of Pron., ~~ 2-8, 44, A-bAn'rdon-er, n. One who abandons. 45. 2. An adjective, commonly called the indefinite _A-be nldon-menlt, n. Act of abandoning, or state of article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. being abandoned; entire desertion or relinquishment. It is placed before nouns of the singular number denot- A-biset',. t. [imp. &- p. p. ABASED (a-blst/) pi. pr. & ing an individual object, before collective nouns, and also vb. n. ABAAsING.] [(Fr. abaisser, from Lat. basis, base.] before plural nouns when the adjectivefesw or the phrase To bring low, as to the ground; to cast down. great nanyll is interposed. It'is a contraction of the Syn. - To depress; degrade; reduce; humiliate; humble. Anglo-Saxon an, or ane, one, and is substituted for an, for the sake of euphony, before all words beginning with a consonant somid, except words beginning with isSyn. - -Humiliation; depression; degradation. - Abasement acen oanote is a hsumbling, as of the proud; debaserenst is a corrupting, as the sound of h and having the accent on any other of coin; depriessloz is a sinlkiin down, as of s)irits;. degraldation syllable than the first; as, a table, a woman, a year, a is a bringing down from a higher ranlk or grade, as of a peer. unit. a eulogy, a oneness, &c. Formerly, anl was used both vowel and consonant sounds. 3. (Miss.) The A-hbshl, a. t. [imuip. &8 p. p. ABASHED (a-bdsht'); p. pr. before both vowel and consonant sounds. 3. (&Mlus.) The & vb. n. ABASHING.] [Fr. abaisser. See ABASEr.] To nominal of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in nominal of the sixth tone in the minor scajor scale (thais in destroy the self-possession of, as by exciting suddenly a C), or of the first tone of the minor scale, which is named consciousness of guilt, error, inferiority, or the like; after it the scale in A minor. A sharp (A )), thelname to strike with sudden shame or fear. of a musical tone intermediate between A and B.-AJftat f(A a) the name of a tone intermediate between A and AG. Syn. - To confuse; confound. - We are confised when we (A ~) the name of a tone intermediate between A and G.. lose our self-possession; we are confoundedl when our faculties Aa-r6an'ie, a. Pertaining to Aaron or to his priestly are overwhelmed and brought to a stand. Aa-1'ial ( Naoct.e) Backward, against theAmast — A-boAshtlameent,. Confusion from shame, fear, or the A-b-ck', adv. (Naut.) Backward, against the mast; - - said of the sails when pressed by the wind. A-,at-l, a. Capable of being abated. [like. A-balte', a. t. [inp. & p. p. ABATED; p. pr. & vb. n. Taken aback, taken by surprise; unexpectedly baffled. ABATING.] [Fr. abattre, from Lat. ab and batuere, to Ab'a-cus, n.'[Lat.] (Arch.) strike.] Literally, to beat or batter down; hence, to 1.r The upper plate upon the;c sc e bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, capita oe ap clu, upportheEl~-f QeeeCT number, degree, or the like; to diminish; to lessen; lug the architrave. 2. An in- I -s s specifically (Law), (a.) to cause to fail, as a writ; (b.) strument for performing arith- to destroy, as a nuisance; (c.) to enter into a freehold metical calculations by means of s'iding halls or counters after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir tactical calculations by means of sliding balls or counters. or devisee takes possession. A-laft' (6), prep. (Naitt.) Towards the stern from decrease; o becomepossess in strength back of; farther back than. A-b.te', v. i. 1. To decrease; to become less in strength Ab-ill'elon-lite (-al/yen-), a. t. [imp. & p. p. ABALIENry- or violence. 2. To be defeated; to fail, as a writ. ATrED; p. pr. & aECb. a. ABALIENATING.] [Lat. iabae- Syn. —To decline; subside; diminish. - Lessen, deciease, sdiminish, refer to quantity or size; decline is to fall off; abate nare; ab and alienes,~ foreign. See ALIENATE.] (Law.) supposes previous violence, as the storm abates; subside previTo transfer the title of from one to another. ous commotion, as the tumult subsides. Ab-iallie-inia'tion, n. (Lawo.) Act of abalienating. A-.bite'ment, n. Act of abating, or state of being A-b n.'cloND an. t. F[op. & p. p. eAB fANDoNEtD;'p. pr. & abated; decrease; specifically, (a.) a remitting, as of a Lowl. n. ABANDONING.] [pr. amatikon, ile~te, fr. d Lct. ]To and tax; (b.) failure, as of a writ; (c.) removal, as of a nuiLou Lat. hazduina, proclamation, interdiction.] To give sance; (d.) entry of a stranger into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or dclevisee. Syml. - To relinquish; forsake; desert; surrender; leave; Syn. — Lessening; decline; deduction; reduction; mitigaforego. - We leave what we may again resumle, as an einptoy- tion; diminution; discount. vteant; we abandlon what we give up finally, as Lice; we relinqutish what we have prized or sought, as a claiim or ropes; we Ab'ta-tiS, n. [Fr. See ABATE.] (Fort.) A row of desert what we ought to adhere to, as dltty; we surrender (usu- Abtat-tls, sharpened branches of trees turned outward ally under a necessity) what we have held as our own or in for defense. trust, as a fortress; wre resnounce a thing publicly or as a duty, its allegiace or the;worlrl; we forego an enjoyment; we for- A-biitt'or, n. One who, without right, enters-into a freesake what we have frequented, as society. hold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir ~PA-bant'donesl, p. a. Given up entirely, as to a vice. or devisee; one who prostrates or removes a nuisance. Abattoir (a/bittworr), n. [Fr.] A public slaughterSyn.-Forsaken; deserted; profligate; depraved; corrupt; house in a city. reprobate. - A reprobate is one so utterly abandoned as to leave no hope of his recovery; a profligate is one who is Abb, n. [A.-S. ab, ob.] Among weavers, yarn for the openly and shamelessly wicked; a man may be corrupt or de- warp. Hence, abb-wool is wool for the abb. a, e, &c., long; a, 5, &c., short; care, fir, ask, all, what; Are, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, do, wilf, food, foot; imrn, rude, pull; 9ell, Chaise,; all, eeho; iem, get; a~; exist; linger, link; this. 1 ABBA 2 ABLE Ab'!d, n. A Syriac word meaning father, used to denote A-bgt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABETTED; p. pr. & vb. n. a religious superior. ABETTIN G.] [0. Fr. abeter, from the root of bait. See A ltba-gy, n. The condition or privileges of an abbot. BAIT.] 1. To encourage or incite by aid or counteAb-bF'tial, a. Pertaining to an abbey. nance; - used chiefly ih a bad sense. 2. (Law.) To Abbd (ab/b'), n. [Fr.] Originally, an abbot; but now encourage to commit a crime, or assist in a criminal act. an ecclesiastic without charge, devoted to teaching, liter- Syn. - To aid; support; sustain; help; assist; favor; furature, &c. ther; succor; promote. Ab'bess, so. The governess of a nunnery. A-bstfment, n. Act of abetting or encouraging; support. Ab'bey, in.; pl. YBBEY,~. 1. A residence of monks or A-bdt'ter, ( i. One who abets, aids, or encourages; an nuns. 2. The dwelling of an abbot. 3. A church at- A-bdt'tor, instigator. tached to a monastery, as W1estminster Abbey. Syna. - Accomplice; accessary. - An abettor incites to a 8yan. - Monastery; cloister; convent; nunnery; priory. - crime; an accosmplice takes part im it; an accessary is involved The distinctions will be found under the several words. in it by giving countenance or aid. Ab'bot, n. [Lat. abba, gen. abbatlis. See ABBA.] IHead A-bey'aanie, i. [Fr. bayer, Old Fr. baer, beder, to gape, of a society of monks; superior or governor of an tarry.] 1. A state of suspension or temporary extincabbey. tion with the expectation of a revival. 2. (Lawe.) ExAb'bot-slaip, n. The state or office of an abbot. pectation or contemplation of law. Ab-brl'vi-Rte, v. t. [imnp. & p. p. ABBRlEVIATED; p. Ab-hlSr',. t. [imp. & p. p. ABHO RRED; p. pr. &S vb. n. pr. & ab. o. ABBREVIATING.] [Lat. ab and bre'viare, to ABHORRING.] [Lat. abhorrere, from ab and lhorrere to shorten.] To bring within less space; to make briefer; bristle, shiver.] 1. To regard with horror or detestato reduce by contraction or omission. tion. 2. To dislike or hate extremely. Syn. - To abridge; contract; curtail; compress; condense. Syn. —To detest; loathe; abominate; shudder at. Ab-brt/vi-Rtion~, s. 1. The act of abbreviating. 2. Ab-lihr'renqge, n. Detestation; great hatred. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by con- Ab-hl{'arent, a. 1. Abhorring, detesting; hating; traction or omission; as Gen. for Genesis. 3. (Mus.) struck with abhorrence. 2. Contrary; repugnant; inOne dash, or more, through the stem of a note, di- v consistent;- with to. viding it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or f Al-hrer, s. One who abhors or detests. demisemiquavers. Abibi, n. The first month of the Jewish year. Ab-lbrF'vi-il'tor, n. One who abbreviates or reduces to A-bIde', a. i. [imp. & p. p. ABODE; p. pr. & ab. n. a smaller compass. ABIDING.] [See BIDE.] 1. To continue in a place. Ab-brb'vi-a-to-ry, a. Abbreviating; shortening. 2. To continue firm or stable, as to abide by a contract. Ab-brP~v~'i-a-tii~rem (53), n. 1. An abbreviation. 2. An Syn.- To sojourn; reside; dwell; stay; tarry; remain; abridgment or compend. hold to; persist. A, B, C. T'he first three letters of the alphabet, used for A-bIde', v. t. 1. To stand firm under; to endure or bear the whole alphabet. without shrinking, or patiently. 2. To await firmly. Xb'di-eaant, n. One who abdicates. A-bti'er, n. One who abides, dwells, or continues. Ab'di-*eate,.. [,imp. &pp.p. ABDICATED; p.pr. & a.. Ab'l-gal (42), r. A lady's waiting-maid. n. ABDICATING.] [Lat. abdicare, from ab and dicare, A-bil'i-ty, ii. [Lat. habilitas, from habere, to have, to intensive form of dicere, to say,.] To give up right or hold.] Quality, state, or condition of being able; power claim to; to withdraw from (as an office) with or with- to act, whether bodily, moral, intellectual, conventional, out formal resignation. or legal; - in the plural, intellectual capacity. Syn. - To relinquish; renounce; forsake; quit. Syn.- Force; might; potency; capability; faculty; talent; i-,. i. To relinquish an ofie, right, poer, skill; dexterity; efficiency; address.- As to mental powers, ability is the generic term; capacity is the power of easily gaintrust, or the like with or without resigning. ing or retaining knowledge; talent is the power of executing; Ab/di-eli'tiosa, n. The abandonment of a public office dexterity, skill, and address relate to ease of execution. or of a right or trust, with or without a formal surrender. bain-tds'tate, a. (Lae.) Inheriting the estate of one Wbtdi-eRi/tive, a. Causing, or implying, abdication. dying without a will. [ity. Abtdi-to-ry, n. [Low Lat. abditoriumn.] A place for Ab/dy-rintw iont n. (Med.) Wan of strength; debilsecreting or preserving goods. Abfject, a. [Lat. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere, to throw Ab-diimen, n. [Lat.] 1. (Anat.) The belly, or the i e to o uperpartof the belly. 2. (Estom.) The most pos- away, fiom ab and jaeere, to throw.] Sunk to a low condition; hence, low in estimation; despicable. terior of the sections into which the body is divided. [The Lat. pl. Abdonitina is sometimes used.] Syn. - Mean; worthless; base; groveling; debased. Ab-d6m'i-nal, a. Pertaining to the abdomen. Ab'jeet, n. One in a miserable state. Ab-dSm'i-nal, n. A kind of fish, like salmon, &c., Ab-jae'tion, n. Meanness of spirit; baseness. with ventral fins back of the pectoral. Ab'je-et-ly, adv. Meanly; wretchedly; basely. Ab-d6mn'i-noits, a. Having a big belly; pursy. _brje-et-ness, n. State of being abject; baseness. A.b-d-iite', a. t. [issp. & p.p. ABDUCED; p.pr. & ab. n. Ab-jfR'dl- tee, v. t. To give away in judgment. ABDUCING.] [Lat. abducere, from ab and ducere, to Ab-jti/di-eti'tion, n. Act of abjudicating. lead.] To draw away; to draw to a different part. Ab'ju-ri'tion, n. The act of renouncing under oath, Ab-diiet',. t. [ismp. &p.p. ABDUCTED; p.pr. & avb. n. or solemnly. [tion. ABDUCTING.] [Lat. abductus, p. p. of abducere. See Ab-jfilra-to-ry, a. Containing, or relating to, abjuraABDUCE.] To take away by stealth or by unlawful force. Ab-jfire', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABJURE D; p. pr. & va. i. Ab-di'~tion, n. The act of abducing or abducting; a ABJURING.] [Lat. abjurare, from ab and jurare, to drawing or carrying away, especially of a person, by swear.] To renounce under oath, or with great solemnity. fraud, or stealth, or force. Al)-jiir'er, it. One who abjures or renounces. Ab-diie'tor, n. 1. A person guilty of abduction. 2. A[b/ltae-t'tion, n. [Lat. ab and lac, milk.] 1. A wean(Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out or ing of a child from the breast. 2. A method of grafting from the median line of the body. by approach or inarching. [of a tree. Aa-biam', adv. (Naut.) On the beam; at right angles Ab-li'que-Ate, v. t. To lay bare or expose, as the roots to the ship's keel. Ab-lil/que-Ri tion, n. [Lat. ablaqueatio.] The act or A-bearfanqe, n. (Law.) Behavior; demeanor. process of laying bare the roots of trees. A/be-eve-di'ri-an, n. One who teaches or who learns Ab'la-tlve, a. [Lat. ablatiasts, fr. ablatus, p. p. of auferre, the a, b, c, or letters of the alphabet; an alphabetarian. to carry away, fr. ab and ferre.] Taking away or removA-b~d', adv. In bed; on the bed. ing; - applied to the sixth case of Latin nouns, in which A-ble, or A'bel-tree, n. The white poplar. case are used words when the actions of carrying away AX'bel-m6ssk, n. The musk-mallow, or Syrian mallow. or talkingfrom are signified. Ab-6r'raiti se n. [Lat. aberrare, aberrans, from ab and A bla-tive i n. The sixth case of Latin nouns. errare, to wander.] Deviation from rectitude. A-blizef, adv. 1. On fire; in a blaze. 2. In a state of Ab-6r'rant, a. 1. Straying from the right way.'2. ardent desire; highly excited. Exceptional; abnormal. _'ble (a/bl), a. [comp. ABLER; superl. ABLEST.] [Lat. Aib/er-rii'tion, so. 1. Act of wandering; deviation, es- habilis. See ABILITY.]. Having ability or competency pecially from truth or moral rectitude, or from the of any or every kind; possessing sufficient physical or natural state. 2. (Med.) Alienation of mind. 3. mental power for the accomplishment of some object; (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in a having property, means, skill, or the like, rendering star or other heavenly body. competent for some end.:', 5, &c., long; A, 6, &c., short; care, fiir, Askr,.a., what; 6re, veil, te~rm i pique, firm; s6n, 6r, dq, w91f, ABLE-BODIED 3 ABSCISSA Syn.- Strong; powerful; efficient; effective; mighty; skill- and another. 4. Nearly; approximately. 5. To a refll; dexterous. versed position; in the opposite direction. A'ble-bl'd/ied (-bid/id), a. Having a sound, strong A-6vee' (a-buv),prep. [A.-S. abufsn, from bzefan, above, body; robust. compounded of prefix be, and stfans.] 1. Higher in place Ab'lep-sy, n. [Gr. eifXeqda.] Want of sight; blindness. tthan. 2. Surpassing or superior to in any respect; more AWIlu-ent, a. Washing clean; cleansing; purifying. in number, quantity, or degree than. Ablt'-eant, nt. (lMed.) Soulething reputed to have the A-b6ve', adv. 1. Overhead; in a higher place. 2. Bepower of purifying the blood; a detergent. fore in order of place. 3. Higher in rank or power. Ab-lii'tiona, sn. [Lat. ablltio, fr. ablutere, to wash away.] A-b6vet-b5ard, adD. Above the board or table; not 1. Act of cleansing or washing. o. Religious purifica- concealed; without trick or deception. tion. 3. Water used in cleansing. Ab/ra-ea-dabFr'r, n. A A B i A C A D A B R A A'bly, adD. In an able manner; with ability or skill. combination of letters with- A B R A C A D A a R Alf'ae-gRte, a. t. [Lat. abnegare.] To deny and reject. out sense, formerly used as A B, A c A D A Ab/nLe-gliltion, n. Denial and renunciation. a charm against fevers, and A B R A C A D Ab-ndrm'al, a. [Lat. ab and norma, rule.] Contrary arranged as in the margin; A B R A C A to rule, law, or system; irregular. hence, unmeaning babble. A B A A C Ab-ntmranl'-ty, n. State or quality of being abnormal Ab-raide', v. t. [isnp. & p. A B 0R or irregular. [board of. p. ABRADED; p. pr. & v:b. A A-bliard', adv. In a vessel; on board. -prep. On a. ABRADING.] [Lat. abrad- A A-biide', imp. & p. p. of abide. See ABIDE. ere, from ab and radere, to scrape, shave.] To rub or A-bide', n. [From abide.] State or place of residence. wear off. Syn. - Dwelling; continuance habitation domicile. Ab-rtlsion, n. 1. A rubbing or scraping off. 2. Substance worn off by attrition. A-b1q'ish, v. t. [Lat. abolescere, abolere, fr. ab and oles-, A-brdast', adv. Side by side; on a line. cere, olere, to grow.] To do away with utterly; to put ALbrceuvoir (A/broo'vwor'), n. [Fr.] A joint between an end to; hence, to annul or destroy; to make void. stones in a wall. Syn. — To subvert; overturn; destroy; nullify; abrogate; A-brdlge', a. t. [imp. & p. p. ABRIDGED; p. pr. & atb. annul; repeal. — Abolish, stbvert, overturn, and destroy, cx- n. ABRtIDGING.] [Fr. abrager. See ABBREVIATE.] 1. press under different imnages the same idea, that of doing To bring within less space; to make shorter, especially wholly away with. We abrogate and annul by an authoritative act, as custosms or a treaty, &c.; we repeal by a legislative by using fewer words. 2. To deprive; to cut off;- with act, as laws; we nullify when we set laws, &c., aside, without of. 3. (Mlath.) To reduce to a more simple expression, their being repealed. as a compound quantity or expression. A-bsl'ish-a-ble, a. Capable of being abolished. Syn. - To contract; shorten; condense; compress; curA-1bl'ish-er, ns. One who abolishes. tail; lessen; reduce; diminish. A-b61'ish-ment, n. Act of (abolishing; abolition. A-bridal'ment, n. 1. A cutting off, curtailing, or shortAb/o-ll'tion, (-lish/un), n. Act of abolishing, or state ening; contraction or diminution. 2. A work abridged of being abolished; a doing away with finally and for or epitomized. ever; —applied particularly to slavery. Sysn. — Reduction; restriction; restraint; compend; comAb/o-l'tiol-i m (-lish/un-izm), si. The principles or pendium; epitome; summary; abstract; synopsis. — A contmeasures of an abolitionist. pensclium or epitome is a condensed abridgment; an abstract or Ab/o-l'tiosn-ist, si. One who favors abolition, especially summiOaryil' is a brief statemnent of a thing in its main points; at the abolition of slavery. [abolitionism. synopsis is a bird's-eye view of a subject or work in its several XAb/o-Il'tiou-ixe, a. t. To imbue with the principles of parts. Ab/o-mit'sn-ie, 1 i. [Lat.] The fourth stomach of a A-kbracht, ada. 1. Broached; letting out liquor, or Ab'bo-mna'suS, rumin.[La.]ant animal. c h of a in a condition to do so. 2. In a state to be diffused or &b o-m~nfsus, } ruminant animal. A-bSm'i-na-ble, a. Worthy of, or causing, impreca- propagated. tion or abhorrence; odious in the highest degree. 1. At large; with out confinementwit narrow limits; over a wide space. 2. Beyond or out of Syn. —Execrable; detestable; loathsome; hateful; shocking. a house, camp, or other inclosure. 3. Beyond the bounds A-b6m'i-na-bly, adv. In an abominable manner; de- of a country; in foreign countries. 4. Before the public testably; execrably. at large; extensively. A-bbm'i-nuite, a,. t. [imp. & p. p. ABOMINATED; p. Abiro-gte, tn. t. [imp. & p. p. ABROGATED; p.pr. & pr. t& ab. n. ABOsMINATING.] [Lat. abointhsare, abomi- vb. 2i. ABROGATING.] [Lat. abrogate, from ab and atari, from ab and omen, foreboding.] To turn from as rogare, to ask, propose.] To annul by an authoritative ominous of evil; to hate in the highest degree, as if with act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his religious dread. successor; - applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordiSyn. - To ha; detest; loathe; ar. nances, the abolition of established customs, &c.,ye.- To hate; detest; loathe; abhor. A-b6m'i-nil'tion, n. 1. Act of abominating; - strong Syn. - To abolish; repeal; revoke; rescind; cancel; annul. aversion or loathing. 2. An object of hatred and dis- Ab'ro-gi'tion, an. The act of abrogating, annulling, or gust. setting aside..Ab'oo-ri4'i-nal, a. First, original, or primitive. Ab-r-ipt', a. [Lat. abruptuts, p. p. of abriumpere, to Ab o-ri'li-nal, n. A first or original inhabitant. break off, from ab and ru.mpere, to break.] 1. Broken, Ab'o-rlg'i-neP5, sn. pl. [Lat., from ab and origo, origin.] steep, craggy, as rocks, precipices, and the like; precipiThe original inhabitants of a country. tous. 2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the A-bdr'tion, n. [Lat. ahortio, from ab and or/ri, to rise, event; sudden. 3. having sudden transitions from one to be born.] 1. The act of miscarrying; expulsion of subject to another; unconnected. an immature product of conception. 2. The immature Syn. - Sudden; bold; broken; unconnected; unceremoproduct of an untimely birth. 3. Any thing which fails nious. to come to maturity. Ab-rftp'tion, at. A sudden breaking off; a violent sepA-bdr'thve, a. 1. Immature; rudimentary; failing in aration of bodies. its effect. 2. Pertaining to abortion. 3. Causing or Ab-riilt'ly, ado. In an abrupt manner; suddenly. procuring abortion. Ab-riipt'ness, n. State of being abrupt; steepness; A-bound', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ABOUNDED; p. pr. & suddenness; great haste. ab. n. ABOUNDING.] [Lat. abundare, from ab and unda, Abtscess, n. [Lat. abscessus, from abscedere, to depart, wave, stream, crowd.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be separate.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in an prevalent. 2. To be copiously supplied; to possess in accidental cavity of the body. abundance; - usually with in or with. Ab-seifnd', a. t. [Lat. abscindere, from ab and scindere, A-bout', prep. [A.-S. abuttan, from btetan, without, com- to rend, cut.] To cut off. pounded of prefix be and autan, outward.] 1. On every.Ab'sqiss, n.; pl. AB-SIYS/SIE5. See ABSCISSA. side of; all over or around. 2. Over or upon different Ab-sVQsts'a, n.; pl. Lat. AB-SiFrS/ SsX,Eng. parts of; through or over in various directions. 3. In AB-SCIS/SAk. [Lat. abscissas, p. p. of ab- I contiguity or proximity to; in connection with; near, in scisdere.] (Geom.) One of the elements of place, time, quantity, or the like. 4. In concern with; reference by which a point, as of a curve I occupied upon; hence, ready to; on the point of; also, is referred to a system of fixed rectilinearl relating to; touching. coordinate axes. A-bout', adv. 1. On all sides; around. 2. In circuit; In the diagram, OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of around the outside. 3. Here and there; in one place the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, tisa intersecting lines OX and lfood, foiot; Urn, rude, pll; Ie11, alse, ahase, ealleho; gem, et; at; exist; Stager, link; this. ABSCI S SION 4 ABSTRUSELY OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and means. 2. Process or act of being made passively to disthe point 0 their origin. appear in some other substance, through molecular or Ab-segiou (-sazh/un), n. [Lat. abscissio. See AB- other invisible means; as, the absorption of light, heat, SClND.] 1. Act or process of cutting off.'. The electricity, &c. Also, in living organisms, through the state of being cut off. 3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech, vital processes of nutrition and growth; specifically, (a.) when, having begun to say a thing, a speaker stops ab- The imbibition by the tissues of nutritive material; (b.) ruptly, as supposing the matter sufficiently understood. the removal from them of excrementitious substances by Ab-sce6nlld', v. i. [imp. & pp. ABSCONDED; p. pc. &z the blood-vessels and 13mphatics; (c.) the passage from vb. n. ABSCONDING.] [Lat. absconsdere, fiom ab, abs, without into the blood-vessels or lnmphiatics of any and condere, to lay up.] To secrete one's self; — used liquid whatever. 3. Entire engrossment or occupation especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal proc- of mind. Ab-s-enadlr,,n. One who absconds. [ess. Ab-s6rp'ivve, a. Having power to absorb. Ablsene, ns. [Lat. absentia, from abssum, abesse, to be Ai sorp-tivi-ty, a. Power or capacity of absorption. away from.] 1. A state of being absent or withcdrawn Ab-stdi n', v. i. [ip.p. & p. p. ABSTAINED; p. pr. & vb. ni. from a place or from companionship.'2. Want; destitu- ABSTAINING.] (Lat. abstsszere from ab, abs, and teserse, tion. 3. Inattertion to things present; heedlessness. to hold.] T'o forbear, or refrain, voluntarily, and espeAb'sent, a. 1. Withdrawn fromn, or not present in, a cialtly from an indulgence of the passions or appetites. place.'2. Inattentive to what is passing; heedless. Ab-stB'mi-oii, a. [Lat. abesssnliss from ab, ate, aid Ab-sdlit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ABSENTEeD; p. pr. &,b. termetumls, strong wine.l: 1. Sparing in diet; refiraining 2s. ABSENTING.] To take or withdraw to such a dis- from a free use of food and strong drinks; temperate; tance ms to prevent intercourse; - used with the recipro- abstinent. 2. Sparingly used, or used with temperance. cal pronoun. 3. Devoted to, or spent in, abstinence Ablsen-tee',n. Onewho absents himself from his coun- Ab-stsxnaiioiis-ly, adv. Temperately; sparingly. try, ofisce, post, or duty, and the like; especially a land- Ab-sti' nli-ofis-:ness, n. Quality of being abstemious; holder who lives at a distance from his estate; as, an a sparing use of food or strong drink. Irish absentee. Ab-stdrke' (14), v. t. [Lat. abstergere, from ab, abs, and Ab'sein-tee'lirn, a. State or habit of an absentow; the tergere, to wipe.] To make clean by wiping; to cleanse practice of living at a distance fronm one's estate. by lotions or similar applications. [Rare.] Ab-sat'e-er, as. One who absents himnself. Ab-st.rieint, a. Serving to cleanse; detergent. Ab-siithlie', n. [Fr., from Lat. absinthiurm, Gr. aC"v- Ab-stdrse', v. t. To cleanse by wiping. Oaov, wormwood.] A cordial of brandy tinctured with Ab-st~r'sioas, se. Act of wiping clean, or a cleansing by wornmwood. lotions or similar applications. Ab-shintlhi-an, a. Of the nature of wormwood. Ab-sttr'sive, a. Having the quality of cleansing. Ab-shn'tti- -Rte, e,. t. To impregnate with wormwood. Ab'sti-nente, n. [See ABSTAIN.] The act or practice Ab'so'j-ljtoe, a. [Lat. absohttuss, p. p. of absolvere. See of abstaininig; voluntary forbearance of any action, esABsoLVE.] 1. Freed or loosed fronm any liniitation or pecially the refraining from anll indulgence of appetite, or condition; uncontrolled; unconditional.'2. Completed, fromn customary gratifications of animal propensities. or regarded as complete; finished; perfect; total. 3. Pos- y -Tempernc. —Ast e is shon in fiig, In S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~yn. -- Temperance. -- Abstinence is shown in refraining, itive; clear; certain; authoritative; peremptory. [Rare.] temqcerance in a moderate and gu.irded use. 4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any Ab'sti-ntent, a. Refraining from indulgence, especially other being; self-existent; self-sufficing. In this sense God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also i the use of food and dink; temperate. applied by the Pantheist to the universe. 5. (P/hilos.) Ab-straft',v. t. [catp. &p.p. ABSTRACTE T. D.pr. &sab. Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone; B. ABSTRACTING.] [Lat. abst/rarss, p. p. of atstrahere, unconditioned; unrelated. 6. ( Cheas.) Pure; unmixed to draw from or separate, from at, ats, and t.ahers, to. (Gram.) Not ediately dependent on the othe draw.] 1. To draw from or separate. 2. To draw off part ofthe sentence ingovernm ent in respect to interest or attention. 3. To separate, as parts of the sentednce in gove spmentic trnil;n ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by itSyn. - Unlimited; arbitrary; despotic; ty rannical; nneondi- A. To epitomize or retioral; positive; peremptory; certain; unerring; infallible. self; to contemplate separately. Abso-Mte-yad Inanabsolutemanner;positively; duce. 5. To take secretly for one's own use from the _)b~l~,so~-jlfite- lyr, a d. In an absolute manner; positively; _~,et faohr;t u~o o a property of another; to purloin. ~~~arbit~rarily. ~~Ab'sTranet, a. 1. Distinct from something else; sepaBABb'so-1M~te-ness, as. Quality of being absolute; com- rate.'2. Withdrawn fromi the concrete, or from particupleteness; -rbitrary power. lars; separate; hence, difficult; abstruse; refined. Ablo'so- i'taion, at. 1. (C(ia. Laes.) An acquittal, or Aj3/solitiftoii, n 1. ( iv. La.) An cquittl, or ibstract idea, the idea of sonic quality as distinct fr'om the sentence of ajudge declaring an accused person innocent. bstact id, t id f s ll as diii fm the object in which it inheres, as ewhiteness. - Abstract tersm, one 2. (Reom i. Cath/. Church.) A remission of sin pronounced expressing an abstract idea, as beasuty, rousdness. in favor of one who makes due confession thereof. g&btso-l-dtism, n. Absolute- government or its princi- Ablstrt-t-t, n. 1. That which comprises or concentrates pAb'so a Abolue-goermet o is rici in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing, or of sevpies. Ab'eso lu tst a ning o abolutsmeral things; specifrally, an inventory, sunmniary, or epitAb/so-lu-tlstqie, a. B3elousing to absolutism.,i lAb-s-l'u-tfo-y, a. Absolvoing; that absolves. oome.'2. A state of separation fronm other things; as, Ab-siivla-bl a. Capable of being v absolved. to consider a subject in the abslract. ~Ab-s51v ta2- b le, a. Capable of being azbsolved. ~ a-~i~~e- 1, ld ~Iyisl;i eaaesae Ab-solv'a bla Ab-str-ewtsed-ly' Ab-s1lv'a-to-ry, a. Containing absolution, pardon, or Ab'straet-ly, adv. By itself; in a separate state. release; having power to absolve. A-6vrelease, hav. mn p pver to absolvVe. p bAb-strActted-ness, n. The state of being abstracted. Anb-ABOLve IN, a I [pr. & p.p. ABSOLVED;fo p. pr. &at.Ab-striAetion,. 1. Act of abstracting or separating, a. ABSOLVISS.] [fiat. absolacre, from at andi solacese to loose.] To set free or release from as from some hti or the state of being separated.'2,. (setfrph.) Act or process of leaving out of consideration one or more propgation, debt, or responsibility, or from that which sub- es of ove t cnseato ne o orer je a person to a burden or penalty. -en erties of a complex object, so as to attend to others; ects~ a persn to aburde or panalysis. Thus, when the mind considers the focn of a Syn.- To release; set free; exonerate; acquit. - We spek tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate fro of a man is atsslsed f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~trsisoelbis tha bindscelsesef, or the color of the leaves as separate from of it man as absolred from something that binds conscience, as guilt or its consequences; exonerated fi'om soinme load, as un their size or figure, the act is called abstractios. So, also, imputation or debt; acquitted wi.th reference to a trial and when it considers wthiteness. scftczess, alirie, existence,as a decision thereon. separate from any particular objects. 3. An idea or noAb-s vaer, is. One who absolves. tion of an abstract or theoretical nature. 4. A epaAb-s61-bt, a. t. [ismp. & p. p. ABSORBED; j p. pr. & ab. ration firom worldly objects; a recluse life. 5. Absence n. ABSORBINCG.] [Lat. absorbere, from ab and sorbere, of mind; inattention to present objects; heedlessness. to suck in.] 1. To drink in; to suck up; to imbibe as 6i. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part a sponge. 2. IIence, to swallow up, or overwhelm; to of the property of another. [IReceslnt usage.] engross or engage wholly. Alb/strae-t'tioi s (-tish/us), a. Drawn from other subAb-sirb'a-bil'i-ty, a. Capacity of being absorbed; stances, particularly fronm vegetables, without fermentaquality of being absorbable. tion. Ab-s6rb'a-ble, a. Capable of being absorbed. Ab-str.%etfhve, a. IHaving the power of abstracting. Ab-strb'ent, a. Sucking up; imbibing. Ab'straet-ness, n. State of being abstract. Ab-srb'tent, n. A substance or a bodily organ which Ab-str..se' (32), a. [Lat. abstrssus, p. p. of abslrusdere, absorbs. to thrust away.] Literallyj, thrust away; hidden; hence, Ab-s6rp'tion (-sdrp/shun), c. 1. Act or process of be- hard to be understood. ing absorbed and mnade to disappear by mechanical Ab-strl!sely, adv. Not plainly; darkly. c, 5, &c., long; 5,, &c., short; cAre, fur, Ask, sll, wvh: t; 6re, veil, te~rm; pique, firm; sm, Or, do, wolf, ABSTRUSENESS 5 ACCEPTANCE Ab-struser'ness, i. State or quality of being abstruse. between a university, or college, and a common school. Ab-sfil:, a'. [Lat. absurdus, proceeding fronm one that 3. A place of education of high rank; a college or uniis dealf, or from that which is dullConUding; hence, in- versity. 4. A society of men united for the promotion congruous; fromn ab and surdis, deaf.] Opposed to of arts and sciences in general, or of some particular art nmanifest truth; inconsistent with reason, or tile plain or science:as, the French Academny. 5. An institution dictates of commuon sense; logically contradictory. for the cultivation and promotion of the fine arts, or some yns. — Foolish; irrational; preposterous; ridiculous. - Ab- banch of science. s55l) is stronger than ts/oluh or irrational, but not so strongas ci a-nlepPH. LAPh,, A sreposteroius, whiich s'upposes a tota inversion of the order of A.C/a-ealo'piht~, n ycAaEPl I.tiei upposes a tot _17 and Xt/A-LE IPIIANS. [Gr. tiKa~o-qb,/ thlings. d A sfdltthing1 heqalt f engasu SorA' le'1i~)iai,, )a nettle.] (Zeiil.) A radiate animal ~ ~Ab-sa iir'i-ty, nt. 1. The quality of being absurd, or of the class MedLtes, or jelly-fisiess - so called fromnt the inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judg- stingin or nettling poer they possess and exercise. rentu. ~. That which is absurd. _kc/aan-th ~%1eofs (-tha/shus), a. Armed with prickles, yi. -- Folly; unreasonableness; preposterousness. as a plant. Ab-sfvred'y, adYv. In an absurd manner;preposterously. A-een'tli is i pl. Eng A-CXN/T-U5-Es, Lat.A-NAb-sflrf e'iss, ns, Absurdity; inconsistency. T/ir. [Gr. ticavoe, fronm aKj, point, and v0os, flower.] A-bril'dasntae, a. [Lat. abundantia. See ABOUND.] 1. (Arc/i.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves An oveilowing fulness; ample sufficiency; great plenaty of the acanthus - used in the capitals of the Corinthian -strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes and Composite orders. ti. (Bot.) A genus ofherbaceous ised of number. prickly plants. Syn. - Exuberance; plenteousness; riches; wealth; affin- A —eli/'a-id'tie, a. [Gr. draaXhqK7sos, not defective at ence. - We hsise slutb whenn we have e-eoug/h; blut ahbzidnce the end.] (Pros.) A verse which has the complete numnis msore than ceol.th, it is an overflowing. ~xttberatce is still strou'e-e it ts a lbuisteing forth. ber of syllables without defect or superfluity. A- t'/a-6c'tiJe, a. (Pros.) Not defective; complete. A-biin'dbant, a. Fully sufficient; being in great quan- A ta tie, a. [fr. dsavdAsrs, from.i priv. ant lily. tity. tKa aAalx[aictv, to seize, comprehend.] Incapable of Syn. —Plentiful; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; co- ne ran comprehende o pious; tunlpie. being certainly comprehended or discovered. pieus;i tisiple. A-bfua'dasit-ly, adv. Plentifully; amply. A-eaii'ne, a. [Gr. doavXos, from a priv. and eavX6l, A]~-btuet,;. t. S[iship. 5& p. p. ABUSED; p. pr. & cb. n. A —ar-nlo-a[s, stalk.] Iaving no stem, butfiowersres tnABUsINe.] [Lat. absils$, p. p. of abtti, fronm ab and iug on tao ground..tti, to use.] 1. To snake an ill or improper use of; to Aec-oede', v. i. [imnp. & p. p. ACCEDED; p. pr. & vb. use ill; to misuse; to use with bad motives, to wrong ni. ACCEDING.] [Lat. accedere, from ac aandt cedere, to purposes, or in a wrong way. 2. To treat rudely, or with move.] To agree or assent, as to a proposition, or to reproacliftil lngtage; to maltreat; to revile. 3. To torms proposed by another; hence, to become a party, by deceive or impose on. agreeing to the terms of a treaty or convention. A-A-s'Le', t'. [1 Ill use; improper treatment or employ- A c-c Ql'r-[te, a,. t. [isp. & p. p. ACCELERATED; meut; application to a wrong purpose. 2. A corrupt p. pr. & sb. n. ACCELE EATJNG.] [Lat. accelerare, from practice or custom. {. Inude or reproachful language ad and celerate, to hasten.] 1. To cause to move faster; addressed to a person; contumely. to quiclken the mnotion or action of. 2. To add to the flyn. - Misuse; maltreatm ent; t rcproachl; derision; insult natusal or ordinaay irogiession of. A-bf'sive, a. 1. Practicingabuse; offerhng harsia woids Syns Ts listen, expedite; further; hlispatch. or ill treatment.'. Containing abusce, or being the in- A-c-V51'/er-o tion, si. The act of accelerating, or the strument of abuse.;. Perverted; misapplied; improper. state of being accelerated; increase of motion or action. Syvi. —Scurrilous; insulting; reproachful; opprobrious; A-c91'er-a-tlve, a Accelerating; quickening moinsolent; rude. A-cCC l' r-a-toi-ry, t ion. A-b-Ft5sve y, advt. In an.l abusive i manner. A-cqpl'eer-l'tor, s. One who, or that which, accelerA-bi7Vs:v' e-T,1, it. s Qusality of being,abusive; ill ussagee ales;,specifically, in English usage, a light van for carAt- ir ~C~ -i -sp &p. p. AB~UTTED; p. yr. 0 rying mails between the post-office and railway stations. A-biltt, v'. i. [impz). &; p. p. ADUTTED/; p. pT. &9 vO. it.- ABUTTING.] [Frr. abostir, from bout, end, extremity. A-e'qenlt, it. [Lat. accentm s, froms ad and carntus, song.] me tobecont u 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon See BUT, n.] To terminate or border; to be contiguous; ~~~~~~~to meet.~~ - 1 some particular syllable of a word, distinguishing it from A-~'mt Tatsshicathigatsorth the others. (See Pri. of Pron. ~ 110.) 2. A urark used A-Wittnme it,, n. That on which a thing abuts, or that'whic's mcc'~s or abuts on any thino; hence, the sait in writing to regulate the pronunciation. 3. A peculiar -which meets or abuts on anly thinge; hence, the solid: or characteristic modulation or modification of the voice. pait of a pier or wall, &c., which receives the thrust or 4 X os nss atieral pressure of an arch, or from. which it immediately, languge, or expressions in geeral. (.) A slight stress upon a tone to marlc its position in the splitrtqn Tebtings orbudryo ad zA- s~'~l 1 The bnttin0 or bousadary of land. measure. 6. (M3ath.) A marke placed at the right hand ARL-* y i a. P'etilainig to, or reseusling, an abyss, of a letter or number and a little above it, to distinguish Ai-?o~.%~tial, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss; bottomless; unending. bot~otsslejs; - ulen us.magnitudes of a similar kind, but differing in value. A-eC-V~litt vo t [inip. g5 ]. p. AC C ENTE D; ]9. pr. c% vb. ~A-byss', a. [fir. atswCcoe, bottomless, from & priv. and A-cent' us t. [isnir & p ACCENTED c pr. & cb. bt. ACCENTING.] To express or note the accent of; to [svcroos, depth, bottom.] A bottomless depth; a gulf, pronounce, utter, or mark with accent. hence, any deep, immeasuratble space, and, specfically, Ae-c qa6it't-al, a. Relating to accent. hell, or the bottomless pit. Ae-Acenti'-iate, uv. t. To mark or pronounce with an A-bis s' al, a. Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss. accent or accents. A-eq'tci-mt (a-kd/shI-A), it. [fr. dar.& aa from dets, point, A2 -a tii't-lttion, n. Act of placing accents ia writing, originally the name of a thorny tree, found in Egypt.] or of pronounciug them in speaking. 1. (Bet.) A genus of leguuminous trees and shrubs, usu- A-ccutt''v,. t. [iops. & p. p. ACCEPTED; p. pr. c& b. ally with thorns and pinnate leaves, and of an airy, ele- 1. ACCEPTING.] [Lat. acceptare, from tad and capere, gant appearance. 2. (died.) The inspissatedjuice of the to take.] 1. To take or receive with a consentisng ind, unripe friuit of the dli/sosa Nilotica. as an offer or present. 2. To receive or adisit and agree -c/a-d C mu-c, a. 1. Belonging to the school or to. 3. (bCoi.) To receive as obligatory and promise to A'a-~Mile~ci'-al, philosophy of Plato. 2. Belonging pay; as, to accept a bill of cxchange. to as academy or other institution of learning. A-e-~s tt'a-bi, a. Capable, worthy, or sure of being aeAm'.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —-(~ -ddi'l- so —S/cra-dtexndqe,'. 1. One holding the philosophy of cepted or received withl pleasure; hence, pleasing to a Socrates and Plato. 2. A student in a college or uni- receiver. versi ty. Syn. — Agreeable; welcome; gratifying. A -c/a-4m'iq -al-ly, adv. In an academical manner. A-c-0d3t'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being acceptA-c'. de —d -sn'eian (-minlsh/an), n. A member of an acad- Ae-slt'- -bl'i-ty, J able or agreeable. emy, or society for promoting arts and sciences; partic- A -cdpt'ta-bly, ae.v. In an acceptable nuanner. ularl y, a muemnber of the French Acatemy. A-c-cdpt'asnqe, n. 1. The act of accepting; favorable A-chPd'e-my, n. 1. A garden or grove near Athens, be- reception. 2. (Cosn.) (a.) An assent and engagement longing originally to a person named Academus, where by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to Plato and his followers held their philosophical confer- pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. ences; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato (b.) The bill itself when accepted.' 3. An agreeing to was the head. 2. A school, or seminary, holding a rank terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and 16iod, f6iot; iam, rude, p1ill; 9ell, v9haise, -call, echo; gem, get; a5; eaist; lingqer, 11hik; tils. ACCEPTATION 6 ACCORDING the parties bound; the receipt or taking of a thing bought A-e-elfvo-is, a. Rising with a slope, as a hill. as that for which it was purchased, or as that agreed to Ae-c/o-lfdea, a;. [Lat. ad and colluem, neck.] A cerebe sent or delivered, or as owner. 4. (Law.) An agree- mony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting ing to the act or contract of another, by some act which of an embrace and a blow on both shoulders, with a form binds the person in law. 5. Signification; meaning; of words. -acceptation. [Obs.] Ae-ec6m'no-dlRte, v. t. [-imp. & p. p. ACCOMSIOA-ce/ep-t['ttioi, n. 1. Kind reception; acceptance. DATED; p. pr. & vb. a. ACCOi3MIODATING.] [Lat. ac[Obs.] 2. Meaning or sense. cosmmodare, fronm ad and cossmodare, to make fit.] 1, Ae-Olptt'er, ns. A person who accepts; specifically, who To render fit, suitable, or correspondent; to adapt; to accepts or receives a bill of exchange so as to bind him- conform. 2. To furnish with something desired, needed, self to pay it. See ACCEPTANCE. or convenient. 3. To bring into agreement or harmony; Ac-,0sst,orAe'tess, n. [Lat. accessus. See ACCEDE.] to reconcile. 4. To apply by way of analogy. 1. A coming to, or near approach; admittance; admis- Syn. - To suit; conform; harmonize; compose; adjust; sion. 2. The means or way by which a thing may be furnish. approached. 3. increase by something added; addition. A-e-aem'mo-dF tuing, a. Affording, or disposed to afAe-9ds'sa-ry, a. 1. Additional; accessory. 2. (Lawe.) ford, accommodation; kind; helpful. Uniting in, or contributing to, a crime. A e-ci jl/mo-dfiitiona, a. 1. The act of fitting, or the Ae-c/s'sns-ry, on. (Law.) He who is not the chief actor state of being fitted; — followed by to. 2. Whatever in the perpetration of an offense, nor present at its per- supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenformsnce, but in some way accedes to or becomes con- ience; - chiefly in the plural. 3. An adjustment of difcerned therein, either before or after the deed is coin- ferences; reconciliation. 4. Application of a writer's mitted. language, on the ground of analogy, to something not A c-ss/si-b/1b i-ty, n. Quality of being approachable. originally referred to or intended. 5. (Corn.) (a.) A Ae-9ds'si-ble, a. Easy of access or approach; ap- loan of money which is often a great convenience. (b.) proachable. A note or a fictitious bill drawn and accepted to raise Ae-Vdsisions (-shsh/un), so. 1. Act of acceding and be- money on, not bosnafide given in payment of a debt, but coming joined. 2. Increase by something added; that lent merely to accommodate the borrower. which is added. 3. (Law.) A mode of acquiring prop- As accommaodation coach, or train, one running at such erty, by which the owner of a corporeal substance, which times, and making such stoppages, as best to accommodate receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right passengers. - An accosomsmodatio laidder, a light ladder hung, to the part or thing added, or the improvement, provided ver thc side ofa ehip at the gasgway. - An accossnsatiod bill, or note, one to which a party) has put his name without the thing is not changed into a different species. 4. c onsideration, or twhich a purpose ofbes efiut ig oisr accmodati Act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. 5. some other person who is to provide for the bill or note whea (Med.) The commencement of a disease. due. Syn. - Addition; augmentation. Ae-e- mn'ano-qd'/tor, n. One who accommodates. Ake-is'sionn —al (-slsh/un-), a. Additional. [Rare.] A-c-cm'tpa-i-a-nxesat, n.'TIhat which accompanies; -c'e/~es-sa'ri-al, a. Pertaining to an accessory. something that attends as a circumstance, or which is -c-ces-V so-ri-ly, ad,-v. In the manner of an accessory. added by way of ornament to the principal thing, or for A~e-c-ls'so-ri-iess, s;. State of being accessory. the sake of symmetry; specifically (Mus.), a part perAe-eBC s'so-ry, a. t1. Aiding in producing soume effect, or formed by instruments, accompanying another part or acting in subordination to the principal agent; contrib- parts performed by voices; also, the harmonyofa figuting; - used in a bad sense. 2. Additional; accompa- ured bass. nying. A-e-dsm'paa-n.st, n. The performer in music who takes Ae-9e'so-ry, s.. [See ACCEssARY.] 1. (Law.) One the aceompany ngu part. who is guilty of a felonious offense, though not present A-c-cmaa'pa- ny (-kvfm'-), a. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCOMIPAat its perpetration. 2. That which belongs to some- NIED; p. pr. & Z'b. so. ACCOMSPANYING.] [See Cousthing else as its principal; an accompaninent. PANY.] To go with or attend as a companion or assoA-eti-del e, ia. A small book containing the accidents ciate; to keep company with. or rndiments of grammar. A-c-n-edmt'ij e, so. 1. A co-operator or associate in gen-.&c~ti-~dent, s. 1. An event which proceeds from an eral. 2. (Law.) An associate in a crime. unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known Ae-ecm'tish,. t. [imPsa. & p. p. ACCOsoPLSHED; cause, and therefore not expected; chance; casualty p. pr. & ab. a. ACCOMIPLISIHING.] [Fr. accoaplir, from contingency. 2. pl. ( Grasm.) The properties anti cluali- Lat. adcl anti cosplere, to fill up.] 1. To finishI entirely ties of the parts of speech, as gender, number, and case. in time; to complete.. To bring to pass; to perform. 3. (Log.) A property or quality of a being which is not 3. To furnish with whatever may serve to rendier a peressential to it, as whitesness in paper. son or thing complete, &c. Ae'Vi-ddint'1l, a. 1. Happening by chance, or unex- Syn.- To execute; fulfill; effect; realize. pectedly. 2. Non-essential; not necessarily belonging. A-c-cdm'ptislici (-kim/plsht),. a. Complete and Syn. - Casual; fortuitous; contingent; ineidental.-A thing perfected; specificsally, complete in acquiremients, as the Is accidentcl when it comes without being planned or sought restlt ososally of training. as a mecting; it is iscidenltal when it comes in as secondslary or out of thie general course, as, resarkc; it is catsudl orrfortsaitos As A-e- n'lmlsh-lslinesat, n. 1. Act of accomplishing. as opposed to what is constant and regular, as an oce;rrence; 2. That which constitutes excellence of mind, or e!eit is contingent as opposed to what is settled and fixed, as an gance of manners, acquired by education; acquirement; event. attainment. Ac'/i- cl-dnttal, ns 1. Any thing happening accident- Ae-eonlpt'ant (-kount/-), n. See ACCOUNTANT. ally; a casualty. 2.'(Ms.) A sharp, flat, or natural, Ac-c6rdl', n. [From Lat. coo, cordis, heart, after the anoccurring not at the conmmencement of a piece of music alogy of concordia, discordia, &c.] 1. Agreement or as the signature, but before a particular note. concurrence of opinion, will, or action; consent. Ac//gi-dentoal-ly, advc. By chance; unexpectedly. Harmony of sounds; concord; chord. 3. Agreement; Ae —elaim', v. t. [Lat. acclasare, from ad and clamare, just correspondence of things. 4. Voluntary or spontato cry aloud.] 1. To honor or meet with applause. B. neous motion; - preceded by owno. 5. (Law.) An agreeTo declare by acclamation; to salute. ment between parties in controversy, by which satisfacAcclEe-c-lam-' asI. A shout, expressive of assent, tion for an injury is stipulated, anti which, when executAe'el-a-an'htion choice, or approbation. ed, bars a suit. Ae-~cl's-m',-to-ry, a. Expressing applause. A-c-c6rdm~l, v. t. [iimp. & p. p. ACCORDED; p.. pr. & atb. Ae-c-clomaite,.. [iamp. & Ps. p. ACCLIMATED; p. pr. at. ACCORDING.] 1. To mnake to agree or correspond. & vb. n. ACCLIIATING.] To habituate to a climate 2, To bring to an agreemnent, as persons, or to settle, adnot native. just, hlarmonize, or compose, as things. 3. To grant as A/cli-lann! a iia, s. The process of becoming, or the suitable or proper; to concede. state of being, acclimated. Ae-c- rd'l, a:. i. 1. To be in accordance; to agree. 2. A-c-eli'ana-tize, a. t. [-imp. & p. p. ACCLT5OATIZED; To agree in pitch and tone. p. pr. & ab. n. ACCLIiOATIZING.] To acclimate. AX-cd6rdfanc, n. Agreement; conformity. Ae-eli'ma-tire, no, Act of acclimating. Ae-c6rd'aan t, a. Corresponding; consonant; agreeing; Ae-eltIvi-ty, so. [Lat. acclivitcas, from ad and clivats, as- agreeable. cent.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side -f A-c-edrd'ant-ly, adv. In accordance or agreement. a hill, considered as ascending — opposed to decliv,a.y; A-c-c6drd'ng, p. a. In accordance or harmony with; rising ground; ascent. agreeable; suitable., 6, &c., long;, 6, &c., shoart; e're, fur, Ask, aliwhlat; tire, veil, tdron; p1ique, firan; s6n, 6r, d, wQlf, ACCORDINGLY 7 ACEPHALOUS uX According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but of accroitre. See ACCRETION.] To Increase; to augseems rather to have the participial sense of agreeing, followed mnt to arise, proceed, or spng; to be added, as nby to, as tn the line, "~~mat snrdse ocrcits~ to ht tl', arise, proceed, or spring; to be added, as inby to, as in the line, "WHath honored me according to his will." -Accordinsg as is an adverbial phrase, of which the propriety crease, profit, or damage. has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. Syn. - To spring up; follow; arise. A-e-e6rd'iang-ly, advc. In accordance with. Aec-arerstmes t, it. Addition; increase; augmentation. Ac-c6r'di-oa, it. A small keyed wind - instrument, ne/eAa's ~2iou, i. A lying or reclining on a couch, as whose tones are generated by the play of wind upon practiced by the ancients at their meals, with the head metallic reeds. resting on a pillow or on the elbow, and the feet of one Aie-6st. (21), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCOSTED; p. pr. & extended behind the back of another. vb. n. ACCOSTING.] [Lat. ad and costa, rib, side.] To ~-e-amf'benl-ey, n. State of being accumbent. address; to speak first to. A e-cmn'bent, a. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients Ae-ea st'a-ble, a. Easy of access; affable. did at their meals. Accouchc;emnt (ak/koosh/mdng'), n. [Fr.] Delivery in A-ie-i'snu-1dte, v. t. [-imp. & p. p. ACCUIMULATED; child-bed. p. pr. & vb. st. ACCUMULATING.] [Lat. accurzsulatus, Accoeccheuev (ak/koosh/lr'), n. [Fr.] A man who as- p. p. of acurula re, from ad and cumsslarre, to heap.] sists women in childbirth; a man-midwife. To heap up in a mass; to collect or bring together. A — conlnt', is. 1. A reckoning, ennumeration, or record Syn. - To pile up; amass; gather; collect. of some reckoning. 2. A detached written or printed statement of debts and credits in pecuniary transactions, Aeem-l-u te, v.i. To grow to a great size, number, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or re- or quantity; to increase greatly. view. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, Ae-einamu-mulatedi, n. Act of accumulating, state of grounds, &c., explanatory of some event. Hence, the being accumulated, or that which is accumulated. word is often used simply for reason, grounzd, consider- ya.-ile; mass; heap. tios, &c.; as, on no account, on every accourt, on all Ae-e-l'Umu-la-tive, a. Causing accumulation; accuaccounts. 4. A statement of facts or transactions; a nmlating; cumulative. relation, narrative, or description. 5i. A statement and Ae —ciPmu-iai/tor, n. One who accumulates. explanation or vindication of one's conduct with refer- Ak-' -ez-gra, y, i. State of being arenaate; preence to judgment thereon. 6. An estimate or estima- A-a- ate-ness, csion which rests from care tion. 7. Importance; value; advantage; profit; that exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; exactis, a result worthy of estimation. ness; correctness. Syn. —Narrative; narration; recital; description; detail —In'c-au-rate, a. [Lat. accsratus, p. p. and adj., fionn giving sn accouzt of a ithing, if we make it a continuous story, accu?'are, from ad and curare, to take care, from cura, it is a narrative or naatrtios; if we dwell on minute particu- care.] In careful conformity to truth, or to a statadard, kiss, it is a recital or detail; if we picture a thing out, it is a rule, or model; free front fatima-s error, or defect. description. descripti~~~~~~~~onta p&ppAC N Dpp. Syn. - Correct; precise; just; nice. - A man is accurate or Aqke-soutl~t, v. t. [imzp. &; p. p. ACCOUNTED; p. pr. & rorrect when he avoids faults; exact when hlie attendls to all the ib. i&. ACCOUNTING.] [Lat. acr, ad, and coampetare, to minutia, leaving nothinig neglected; precise when lie does reckron. See COUNT.] 1. To reckon or compute. any thing according to a certain rule or nmeasure. 2Z. To hold in opsuion; to estimate. A-a'e -s ate-ly, adv. In an accurate manner. Syn.- To consider; regard; estimate; esteem. A u-arso', a. t. [issp. & p. p. ACCURSED); p. pr. & A-a-co-unt', a-. i. 1. To render an account or relation 2vb.?i. ACCURSING.] TO devote to destruction; to imof particulars. 2. To cnstitte reason; - with for pecate evil or misery upon; to curse. 3. T o render reasons or answer for in a reckoning or A ei-'rs' d, p. p. or a. (part. pronounced ak-kfirst/, a.. To render reasons or answer for in a reckoning o a /ed).. Doomed to destruction or misery. judgment. a-~r/d.1 omdt et bigjudgment. 2 uWIorthy of a curse; detestable; exccrable. Ae-a-ounst'a-ol'i-ty, it. The state of being accounts- A/a-u s[a tioia, n. 1. Act of accusing.'2. That of ble, or liable to give account, and to suffer punishment w hich one is accused. or pay dansages for wrong or injury done. A -au'-o-tive, a. 1. Producing or containing accusaA-c —count'a- le, a. Liable to be called to account, and i tions. 2~ (Gram.) Applied to the fourth case of Greek to suffer punishment or pay damages for wrong or injury and Latin nouns, being that on which the action of a done. verb terminates or falls. Syn.- Amenable; responsible. A e-eii'a-tive, n. (Gram.) The fourth case of Greek Ae-eount'a-bie-ness, ni. Accountability. and Latin nouns, corresponding to the objective case in - A-e-ount'ant, n. One who keeps, or is skilled in, ac- English. counts. Ae-e-iia-t-ve-ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner. A — cip'tle (-kip/i), v. t. [See COUPLE.] To join 2. In relation to the accusative case. together; to unite; to couple. Ac-a —'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to, or containing, an acA.e-a-ou'ter, }v. t. [isip. & p. p. ACCOUTERED, or cusation. Ae-e-iuf'tre, ACCOUTRED; p. pr. & vb. so. ACCOU- A-a-ciid',. t. [[imp. & p. p. ACCUSED; p. pa. & ab. is. TERiING or ACCOUTRING.] [Fr. accouttrer from Lat. ACCUSING.] [Lat. accusare, from ad and causa, cause, ac, ad, and consusere, to sew together.] To furnish with lawsuit.] To charge with, or declare to have committed dress, equipage, or equipments, especially those of a sol- a crime, offense, or fault; in law, to charge with an ofdier. fense, judicially or by a public process. Ase-ueofter-mets, n. pl. Dress; equipage; trap- Syn. - To arraign; censure; impeach. - We censure or acAe-aaou'tre-menets,, pings; specifically, military cuse a man for what is wrong; we arrraign himn for trial; we dress and arms; equipage for military service. isqpeach him for maladniistration or impropriety. A-e-erdd't, a. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCREDITED; p. pr. A-ea-feil r, it. One who accuses, or brings a charge. & vb. i. ACCREDITING.] [Lat. accreditus, p. p. of ac- A-ca-is'tomn, a. t. [imp. & p. p. ACCUSTOMED; p. pa. credere, to assent to, from ad and credere to. believe.] & vb. is. ACCUSTOOIING.] TO make familiar by use; to 1. To give trust or confidence to; to credit. 2. To habituate or inure. receive, as an envoy, in his public character, and give Ac-chs'tous-a-ry, a. Usual; customary. him credit and rank accordingly. 3o To sendt -with crehim credita and avant accordingly. Ts. To send wVith cac- Ae, n. [Lat. as, unity, unit, pound; Gr. Doric ag, asi dentiais, as an envoy. A-a-ls' eio.Graualgrothricrese. equiv. to fe, one.] 1. A single point on a card or die; A.e —erP s1Venge, n. Gradual growth or increase. A —crset, a. [See ia. Growing, increasing or the card or die so marked.'2. IHence, a very small Ae-er~st(;e~tt, a. [See in./ka.]1 Growing, increasing;. a-cr'os. [Lot. aceti, r. acer/his-, from Lt quantity or degree; a particle; an atom. A-e-~erF_-tton, n. [Lat. aceretic, Fr. accrdtion, from Lat.Ae61d min Cadkhkl1-b.hle flad accrescere, to increase (Eng. accrue), from ad and crescere, A-@ l'd.-in, so. [Chald. Ael, Iech. /e/e/,fietd, avld to grow.] 1. An increase by natural growth, especially suho. J a, pod.] A field wy id to havelain south of Jera-salem, purchased with the bribe which the increase of organic bodies by the internalaccession Judastoo of parts.'2. An increase by an accession of parts ex- o for btrin his Master, and therefore called oernally. 3. A growing together of parts naturally the field of blood; - sometimes used in a figurative separate, as of the fingers or toes. sense. Ae-erkach t, v. i. [Fr. acerocher, from croc, crochet, A-n6phsa1aai, s. (Zob'l.) An animal of the sub-kinghook, Eng. crook.] ~~~~~ dom gI~olluscaC. See MIOLLUSK. hook, Eng. crsook.] To hook, or draw to one's self a do llsa. See MOLLUSK. with a hoolk. A-dpht'a-loiis, a. [Gr. &qS~alhoa, from a priv. and A-e-r.e' (32)i a. i. [imp. & p. p. ACCRUED; p. pa. & Keea\As, head.] 1. Without a head; headless; as certain vb. n. ACeaUING.] [Fr. accrue, increase; accrit, p. p. fetuses; — applied specifically to animals of the class or difo~iod, idot; Arnrr, rude, Velli eP, 9halse, -call, e-ehoa; gemr, get; as; exist; linger, link8; thiis. ACE-POINT 8 ACQUIREMENT vision Acephala. 2. (Bot.) Having the style spring from the A-dcl'f-ty, 1 n. Quality of being acid or sour; sharpbase, instead of the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries. Aysid-ness, ] ness; sourness. 3. Without a leader or chief. 4. Wanting something A-eid'fu-1dr e, v. t. [ip. & p. p. ACIDULATED; p. pr. pre-eminently essential to completeness. 5. (Pros.) De- & zb. n. ACIDULATING.] To make slightly acid. _ficient at the beginning, as a line of poetry. A-eipdlu-lotis, a. [Lat. acidulss, dim. of acidiss.] Slightly A2ep-epoia t, s. The side of a die which has but one spot. sour; sub-acid; sourish. A-e~rbX - (14), a. [Lat. acerbus.] Sour with bihbtterness. A-ef'i-f 6rla, a. [N. Lat. aciniforinis, from acinits, A-V;grbqi-ty, n. 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness grape, grape-stone, andforma, shape.] Halving the form and astringency, like that of unripe fruit.. -. Hence, of a cluster of grapes or of a grape-stone; full of small harshness, bitterness, or severity;- applied to persons kernels. or things. A-e-kiaawl'edV.e ( —n51/ej), v. t. [imnp. & p.p. AC KNOWLA-ldr'ie, a. [Lat. acer, a maple-tree.] Pertaining to, or EDGED; p. pt. & vb. n. ACKNOWLEDGING.] [0. Eng. obtained from, the maple; as, aceric acid. aknzowledge, from prefix a and knowledge.] 1. To own, A-e as-cei-S y, n. The sourness created by spontaneous avow, admit, or confess a knowledge of; to recognize as a decomposition; hence, a moderate degree of sourness, or fact or truth.'~ To own or recognize with particular a tendency to sourness. regard or in a particular character. 3. To own with A-,s6s'Vieat, a. [Lat. acescens, p. pr. of acescere, to turn gratitude; to own as a benefit. 4. To own, avow, or sour.] Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid. assent to in a legal form, to give validity. Ag'e-tate, n. A salt formed by acetic acid united to a Syna. —To concede; confess; allow; recognize. —Ie acbase. knowleclge what we feel bound to make knowi, as a f/cult or a tA-etPiee or A-eCftl~, a. [N. Lat. acet/esa, from acetonu, Sfavor; we concede and allowo what is claimed or asked; we vinegar.] (Chemn.) (a.) Composed, as a certain acid, of seeognize when at first we were doubtful; we costcss wiat is wrong or may appear so. four parts each of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (b.) A-k i — nt (-n-), n. 1. Act ofacknowlRelating to such an acid; as, acetic ether. Act ofcknowl- ti-i-t n i. The actofmakingace edging. 2. Something given or done in return for a A-c6t/!i-ti-e- Rttio n, n. The act of making acetous or sour; or the operation of maia vinegar favor. 3. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to Z, ~~~~~~~give it legal validity. A-eitli-fy, a. t. or i. [imop. & p. p. ACETIFIEn); p. r. ie it l valiit. & vb. s. ACETIFYING.] [Lat. acetcum, vinegar, and A-clan'i e, a. [Gr. a priv. and e2/cIetc, to incline.] With-,facere, to make.] To turn into acid or vinegar. out inclination; - said of the magnetic equator, or tihe A *C/6-iin'e-ter, n. [Lat. acetum, vinegar, and oetrcion,- line near the earth's equator on which the magnetic needle measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength is exactly horizontal, and has no dip. of vineoar or other acids. A/'mnZ, s. [GEY. a~Imu.] The height, top, or highest Ac'e-tsn'e-try, n. The art of ascertaining the strength point, of a thing; crisis. of vinegar or other acids. ]A —i'tons a. 1. Sour. 2. Causing acetification.'Aco-iyte, n. [Gr. aK6oAe0, from dKs/sasS i, to folA2' -i th, ]low.] 1. A companion; an associate. Alche (ak), v. i. [[mp. & p. p. -ACHEOD; p. pr. & vba. n. 2. (Asotzon.) An attendant or companion star. 3. (ccl. ACHING.] [A.-S. acan, Gr. &Xe[r; Skr. a/ca, pain.] To Hist.) An inferior church servant. suffer pain; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain; o-'eo-nite, n. Wolf0s-bane, a poison. to be distressed. _A'-coraa, n. [A.-S..cern, from wc, oak, and corn, corn, A-else (ak), n. Continued pain, in opposition to sudden grain.] The seed or fruit of an oak. twinges, or ~iasnodic pain. ~jA-cdt'y-i'ldoin, n. [Gr. a priv. and sorvhsqVGr, hoollow A-chMi,,V'- Ife, a. Capablo of being achieved. knob or button.] A plant in which the seed-lobes, or A-chi ve' v. t. [iimp. & p. p. ACHIE IVE); p. pr. & ab. cotledons, re notesent s. ACHIEVING.] [Fr. achever, from Lat. capuct, Fr. ldnaeotpse A-e~t/y-16~dt~_-inos, a. Having either no seed-lobes; cChef,' head, end. See CHIEc F.] To carry on to a final chef;.heac I I. See CI-II~F.] To carry on Do a final or such as are indistinct, like the ferns, lichens, &c. close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish. A-e-oistti~p (-kow/stik), a. [Gr. &KorVrrtKgd1, from a KOdeCV, y. —To conmpiete; accomplish; fulfill; realize. (-oste)a[c/oocefrmeon, Syn. - tTo complete; ccomplish; fulfill; realize. to hear.] Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of hearing, A-ehiiPvetmeat, n. 1. Act of achieving or perform-. or to the doctrine of sounds. ing: accomplishment. 2. A great or heroic deed; some- A-eous'ties, n. sing. The science of sounds, teaching thing accomplished by valor or boldness. 3. (Her.) An their nature, phenomena, and laws. escutcheon or ensign armorial, granted for the perform- A-c-q aiint', a. t. [inp. & p. p ACQUAINTED; p. pr. & ance of a great or hoIorable action. va. so. ACQUAINTING.] [0. Fr. accointer, from L. Lat. accogenitare, adcognitare, to make known.] 1. To make fully or intimately known; to make familiar. 2. To ~-chtiivteer, n. One who accomplishes a purpose. commnnicate notice to. A'-iho7', n. [Lat.,from Gr. dXocp, dandruff.] A cutaneous Syn. - To apprise; to infornm. disease on the head; scald-head. Ac- ea-quintla' cne, n. 1. A state of being acquainted,.-cth/ro-mht'i-e, a. [Gr. &Xpoioa-roe, firom' priv. and or of having intimate or naore than slight or superficial P;a, color.] (Opt.) Free from color; not shoing knowledge; familiar knowledge. ~. A person or persons pcjtacolor.](p.)Fe from hdcolomp otshowiong fiht color, from the decomposition of llight. well known. [In this sense the wordcl adniits a plural acA-ch'ro-n-ma-tie-ty, so. The state of being aebro- quaintance and acqccuictances are both in use.] A —chrTmJa3n-ti sm, I smatic. Sva. - Familiarity; fellowship; intimacy. - itinacy is the A-l-ec'u-lar, a. Slender, like a needle; needle-shaped. ressit of close connection, and hence is the stronger yword; - - -arul aity fro sp; ri fcs/ilicsity siringo foom frequent intercourse. A-_aeu-c', lt/ed a. In the fornm of a needle; aciular. _cpqud-Ssne' (ik/'kwI-6s'), a. [i-op. & p. p. ACQUIAq'id, a. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; hay- ESCED; p. pr. &8 ab. so. ACQUIESCING.] [Lat. acq;iing the taste of vinegar. escere, front and qc-ciescere, to be quiet; qcties, rest.] 1. Aq'id, n. 1. A sour substance. 2. (Chem.) (a.) An To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest withelectro-negative s;bstance having the properties of con- out opposition and discontent. 2. To concur upon conbining with allkalies and alkaline oxides, and of reddening viction. most blue vegetable colors, ands usually with a strong, Acquiesced is, in a passive sense, complied with; submitted sharp taste. (b.) That substance which in the cdecompo- to, without opposition. sition of a given compound is relatively electro-negative, Syi. - To accede; assent; consent; comply is borne to the positive pole, and in its compounds cx- an s'ose. A silent assent or submission, or changes hy drogen for a uetal. a submission with apparent content. A-Vld'l-fl/a- ble, a. Capable of being acidified. A.eq Pesl -iat, a. Submitting disposed to submit. A-9i~/i-f-e.~tion,~?,,The act of'acidifv'ing. Aeqc-sVe A-qidi saco'tao so Tieact ofacidif ing. Ae-qufol'a-blle, a. Capable of being acquired. A-Vidli —fa-e, n. (Ch/eoo.) A simple or compound prin- A -qoal'e', cv. t. [L m. & p. p. ACQUhRED; p. pr. & ab. ciple, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as it. ACQUIRING.] [Lot. acqs;/rcre, from ad and qsmerer, oxygen, chlorine, baomine, iodine, &c. to seek for.] To gain, usually by one's owvn labor or exA-qld'i-f~, a. t. [i/ssp. & p. p. ACIDIFIED; p. pr. & ab. ertions. in. ACIDIFYING.] To make acid; specifically, to eon- Syn. - To attain; obtain; procure; earn; win; secure. vert into an acid, chemically so called, by combination with any substance. Ae-qulrefment, n. The actof acquiring, or that which jAc'-i-dim'e-ter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the is acquired. strength of acids. Syn. - Attainment; gain; acquisition. U, &, &c., long; h, P, &c., short; care, fhr, ask, all, wha:t; 6re, veil, tdrm; pique, firm; sn~, 6r, do, wolf, ACQUISITION 9 ACULEATE A-e/quit-sition, n. 1. Act of acquiring. 2. The thing -et, v. t. [imnp. & p. p. ACTED; p. pr. & vb. is. ACTacquired, or gained; acquirement. ING.] 1. To perform, especially upon the stage. 2. A&e-qua~'s-tae, e a. 1. Acquired. [Rark.] 2. Disposed Hence, to feign or counterfeit. 3. To perform the part, to make acquisitdons. of; to assume the office or character of; to play. Ac-quipal-tive-ly, adv. In the way of acquisition. Act, n. 1. That which is done or doing; performancee; Ac-qu!'i.s-tave- ness, n. 1. State or quality of being deed. Hence, in specific uses, (a.) The result of public acquisitive 2. (Phren.) The organ which is supposed deliberation, or the decision of a prince, legislative body, to give rise to this desire. council, court of justice, or magistrate; a decree, edict, Ace-quit', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACQUITTED; p. pr. & vb. law, judgment, resolve, award, determination. (b.) A n. ACQUITTING.] [Fr. acqistter, from ac, for ad, and book, record, or writing, containing laws and determinaquitter, to forsake, from Lat. quietcts, quiet; See QUIT.] tions; any instrument in writing to verify facts. (c.) 1. To set free; to release or discharge, especially from One of the larger or principal. divisions of a play. (d.) an obligation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or A thesis nmaintained in public, in some English universiwhatever lies upon a person as a charge or duty.. ties. (e.) The time when masters and doctors complete leflexively, to bear or conduct ones self. their degrees, at the university of Oxford, Eng. 2. A Syn. -To clear; absolve. state of reality, or real existence, as opposed to a possiA-c-pq.uit'Lment, is. Act of acquitting, or state of being bility, or possible existence. 3. A state of preparation, acquitted; acquittal. readiness, or incipient action. A-e-quilttal, n. (Law.) Deliverance from the charge Ac-tin'i, a Belonging to actinism. of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. A-tcfi-f~rnm, a. [Gr. dnicg, ray, and Lat. foena, Ae-qulit'taai9e, n. 1. The act of acquitting or dis- form.] I-Raving a radiated form charging from a debt, or other engagement or obligation. Ac'tisn-7~in, it. A property in the solar rays which pro2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt duces chemical changes, as in photography. in full, which bars a further demand. Ac'ti-nbin'c- ter, n. [Gr. &KT6;, ray, and oI4apov, meas~A-erd v.tTo make crazy; to impair; to dsry ure.] (Opt.) An instrument for measuring the intensity To make cry; to impair; to destroy. of the sun's actinic rays. Aftre (/sker), i. [A.-S. acer, cer, Lat. cager, Gr. Aps. _etion, n. 1. Exertion of power or force, as when one The primitive sense is an open, plowedl, or sowed field.] A body acts on another; or the effect of pooer exerted on piece of land containing 160 square rods or perches, or one body by another; motion produced; agency. 2. An 4840 square yards, oc 43,560 square feet. act or thing done; a deed; especiallp, the result of an A'-ere-a4e (Jker-), n. A sum total of acres. exercise of volition; hence, conduct; behavior; demeanA'stidd, a. Of a biting taste; sharp; pungent; harsh. or. 3. The event or series of events, either real or imAx-erid-ness, it. A sharp, harsh quality; pungency. aginary, forming the subject of a play, narrative, poem, A'vr-i-rnti't-odis, a. 1. Aboundlinug with acrimony. or other composition. 4. (Orat.) Gesture or gesticula2. Sarcastic. tion. 5. (Law.) (a.) A suit or process, by which ta lde y. - Shrp; evere; bitter; orrsive; cstic mand is made of a right in a court of justice; a claim c-i ni-os-y, d. With sharpness or bitterness made before a tribunal. (b.) A right of action. 6. Ac'i-rn-oy, is. 1. A quality of bodies -which cutr- (Coen.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock com_~etri-moa~-nyg, n2. 1. Auality of bodies w~hich corcodes, dissolves, or destroys others. 2. Sharpness or pany, or in the public funds; in the pl., stocks. [A t-alsevesty, as of langage or temper. licisen.] 7. (Paint. & Sc;tp.) The attitude or position of the several parts of the body. S. An engagenment beSysa.-Asperity; harshness; tartness.-Acriseon? springs tween troops in war. from an emnbittered spirit; tartness from an irritsbie teiiper; Ac'tnio -a-ule, a. Admitting a suit, or the bringing of asperity and harshness from disregard for the feelings of others. aspcits and e;shcs fron diserd for hiss feeligs of others. an action at law which will lie; as, to call a man a thief Ac'seti-tic~e (53), n. [Lat. acnritudo, from acer, sharp.] is actionable. An acrid quality; biting heat; acrimony... Aetion-a-bly, adv. In an actionable manner. Ac/''ro-a-mat'c, [ a. [Gr. depoapaersee, from &epo- A_'tion11a-ray, i. (Coin.) A proprietor of stock in a A'/ros-ca-nmate-a, c a OaL, to hear.] Designed only to Ac2'tion-st, joint-stock company; one who owns be heard; oral; — applied to the esoteric teachings of actions or shares of stock. Aristotle, which were confined to his immediate hearers Act'ive, a. 1. IIaving the power or quality of acting; or disciples, in distinction frois his e tsice doctrines, communicating action or motion;- opposed to passive. which were taught by means of books. 2. Constantly engaged in action; hence, eergetic; diliAe-o-t' a [Gc. dpsed. See siqr.] The same gent; busy. 3. Requiring or implying action or exerX/oas ACRoatitnaTGr po Se.ThsmeIC. tion; practical; operative; producing real effects; - op-'ro-it,. [Gr. cps, on hi, and ce', to g] posed to speculative. 4. (GiGram.) Expressing the transition or passing of an action from an agent to an' object; One who practices highl vaulting, rope-dancing, &c. as certain verbs do; transitive. Ae/ro-bti'ice, a. Belonging to an acrobat or to his exSyn. - Brisk; alert; agile; Aiimble; sprightly; prompt; ~~~~~~~~~ercises. qfcuick. —Agile and nimtbe relate to bodily movements, the Ac'ro-gen, n. [Gr. epipo, extreme, and yiyvve'Oa, to be others imay apply either to the body or the mind. born.] (Bot.) A plant of the highest tribe of Crypto- Aet'ive-ly, adv. In an active manner; nimbly. gams, including the ferns, &c. See CRYPTOcGAIA.. Aetve-o ess, n. Quality of being active; nimbleA-crS64'e-no5is: a. (Bot.) Increasing in growth from A -tIvI-ty, I ness; agility. the extremity. c'aetor, as. One who acts; especially, one who plays on A —er6.'yc- al, a. [Gr. dpdevvTros, JKPOV/esT-oq, from _ the stage. dKpoa, extreme, and ve/, night.] (Astroa.) Rising at smn- Aectress n.. A female who acts or plays. set and setting at sunrise, as a star; - opposed to cos- Actu-al' a. [Let. actualis.] 1. Existing in act, and inical.,,- truly and absolutely so; really acted or acting; carried out; — opposed to poten~tial, possible, virtual, Ior theoretA-crbp'o-lis, is. The upper or higher pact of a Grecian out; - opposed to sostectiol, p osor/Se, n ittisol, or p leet retical. 2o Existing att the present time i present. city; hence, the citadel or castle, and especially the cita- det/al.2lEixiti at. The state of beine actual. del of Athens. [at the end of a seed. Aetu-Mi-ty, i. The state of being actual.ee sen -eAt'u-al-i-z?'ttlon, s. A making actual or really existAc'sri-sIsre,-c, i. [Gr. aepoc and ore;ppa, spire.] A sprout Act.u-ai ze, v. t. To make actual. [ent. A-erbss' (21), prep. From side to side of; athwart; quite A et'u-al-ly, ade. In act or fact; really; verily; truly. over; crosswise of, or in a direction opposed to the Aet'1 -al-ness, n. State or quality of being actual; length of. actuality. A-crbss', adv. From side to side; crosswise. Aet'u-a-ry, n. 1. A registrar or clerk. 2. The manA2-erfsrti, so. [Gr. &aepars2os, from s/epoi, extreme, ager of a joint-stock company, particularly of an insurand Us,Xo9, order, line, verse.] A composition, usually in eance company. verse, in which the first or the last letter of every line, or A-et'u-Ste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ACTUATED; p. pa'. & of every word, read collectively, forma name or sentence. it. s. ACTUATING.] To put' into action; to miove or A-ers'tie-c-al-ly, adv. In the manner of an acrostic. incite to action. Acet, v. i. [Lat. actuss, p. p. of agere, to drive, lead, do.] Syn.- To move; impel; instigate; induce; rouse; animate. 1. To exert power. 2. To be in action or motion; to A-cA'le-ete, a. (Bet.) IIving prickles,orsharp points perform an action or actions. 3. To behave or conduct, pointed; - used chiefly to denote prickles fixed in the as in morals, private duties, or public offices; to demean bark, in distinction from thorns, which grow from the one's self. wood. food, fdot; -trn, rude, pxli; ell, jhaise, call, eheo; gemn, get; a2; ePist; linger, link; this. ACUMEN 10 ADIPOCERE A-et-Wmen, n. Quickness of perception or discernment; one half. 5. (Law.) A title annexed to a man's name, penetration of mind; the faculty of nice discrimination. to show his rank, occupation, or place of residence. Syn.- Acuteness; astuteness; shrewdness; perspicuity; Syn. - Increase; accession; augmentation. discernment. Ad-dl'tioln-al (-dLsh/un-), a. Added; adscititious. A-ei'mi-llnte, v. t. To render sharp or keen. Ad-diltion-al-ly, adv. By way of addition. A —c-mlmi-naite, v. i. To end iu, or come to, a sharp Ad'dle, a. [A.-S. adll, sick, diseased; adlia;n, aidlian, to point. be sick.] HIaving lost the power of development, by beA-eii'mli-nate, a. Having a long, tapering point. coming diseaseased, as eggs; putrid; corrupt; hence, proA-eii'mi-l-S'tioln, n. A sharpening; termination in a ducing nothing; unfruitful or barren, as brains. sharp point. Ad'cdl[e,. t. To make addle; to make corrupt or morbid. )e'u-ptinwet'ire, n. The introduction of needles into Ad-dress', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADDRE:SSWE D; p. pr. & the living tissues for remedial purposes. -tb. sn. ADDRESSING.] [Lat. directus, p. p. of dtirigere, to A-eilte', a. 1,. Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp direct.] 1o To prepare or make ready.'. To direct point; pointed;- opposed to blunt or obtuse. 2. Hav- words or discourse to; to apply to by words, as by a ing nice discernment; perceiving or using minute dis- speech, address, petition, or the like. 3. To direct in tinctions; penetrating; shrewd; —opposed to dull or writing, as a letter; to superscribe. 4. To court; to stupid. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility; susceptible woo. 5. (Cosn.) To consign or intrust to the care of of slight impressions. 4. IHigh, or shrill, in respect to another, as agent or factor. some other sound;- opposed to grave or low. 5. (Med.) Ad-drl_~ ss', it. 1. A formal application, speech, discourse, Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and petition, or the like, either written or verbal. A. Mancoming speedily to a crisis;- opposed to chronic. ner of speaking to another. 3o Attention in the way Syn.- Penetrating; piercing; pointed; shrewd; subtle. of courtship;-usually in the plural. 4, Skill; dex-A-eltte'ly, aotd. Sharply; shrewdly; Ikeenly. terity. 5. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the ~Adage e, se. [Lat. adoagium, from radige2re, to adduce; ad name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed. and agere, to lead, do.] An old saying, which has ob- Syn. -Adroitness; tact. tained credit by long use. AdI-dVget' (30), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADDUCED; p. 7.' & Syyn.- Maxim; proverb; aphorism; axiom; saw. vb. 7i. ADDUCING.] [Lat. adducere, to lead or bring to; A-di'yio (-jo), a. [It.] (Paus.) 0Slow;n moving slowly, lei- ad and dzucere, to lead.] To bring forward, present, or surely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, to bring forward by way of proof. it directs the movement to be very slow. Syn.- To allege; cite; quote; advance; introduce. A_-ddii'fo, n. A piece of music in adagio time. Ad-dtl'enalt, a. Bringing forward or together. Ad'a-m ntalt ns. [Gr. a3dlea,, -asTo;, the hardest iron Ad-dfitei-ble, a. Capable of being adduced. steel, diamond, prop. untamable, infrangible, from a Ad-dIf-t'ti i a.ct f ing,Ad-de't-tvle, a. Addclucive; bringing forwvard. priv, annd Saasv; to tame, subdue.] 1. A stone imag- Ad-dri-eftor, n. (Aslat.) A muscle which drtaws one part ined by some to be of impenetrable hardness; - a name of the body toward another. given to the diamond and other substances of extreme Ad'e-nlh'o-Ay, n. [Gr. ahe8j, glard, and XAyos, dishardness.'D. Lodestone. [Obs.] course.] (Anat.) The doctrine of the glands, their naAd/'a-nman-tetai, a. Hard as adamant. ture and their uses. Ad'a-lnnlttline, a. Made of, or having the qualities of, A-dept', n. One well skilled in any art. aclamant. A1-dpt', a. [Iat. adeptuss, obtained (sc. artem), he who Ada;santi;e spar, a very hard variety of corundum, has obtained an art, p. p. of adipisci, to arrive at, to AdLanm'i-qp'ple, 1. 1. A species of citron. 2. The obtain.] Well skilled; skillful; completely versed or acprojection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck; quainted. - so called from a notion that it was caused by the apple A4de-qula-cy, n. The state or quality of being adequate. sticking in the throat of our first parent. Ad'e-quate, a. [Lat. adeqetatus, p. p. of aed/quare, to /adln-sStlni-A, it. The African calabash-tree, one of make equal to.] Equal, proportionate, or correspondent; the largest of trees. fully sufficient. A-dA.pt', v. t. [issnp. & p. p. ADAPTED; p. pr. & avb. n. Syn. - Enough; competent; requisite; commensurate. ADAPTING.] [Lat. adaptare, from ad and aptare, to fit.] To make fit or suitable. Adte-quate-ly, adv. In proportion; sufficiently; fitly. Syn. — To suit; accommodate; adjust; apply; attune. Ad'e- te-u-ess, n. Adequacy; sufficiency. l Ad-hBlre', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ADHIEREI D; p. pr. & ab. A-dp&'t/a-bl'ity,, n. Quality of being adaptable; n. ADHIERING.] [Lat. adh/zrere, from ad and h/erere, to A-tdrpt'a-ble-ueoss, 5 bsuitableness. stick.] 1. To stick fast'or cleave, as a glutinous sub4A-dc pt'a-ble, a. Capable of being adapted. stance does; to become joined or unitid. 2. To hold, Ad'ap-tfl'tiou,, in. The act of adapting, or fitting; or be attached, or devoted. the state of being adapted or fitted; fitness. - To cling; h -t~tl~tter7 in Lo One who adaptSyn2. — To cling; hold fast; abide by..A-~Lfpt'er, n. 1. One who adapts. 2. (Chliem.) A receiver with two necks; an adopter. Ad-_-erten~e (9), n. 1. Quality or state of adhering. Ad-lii~rteau-eY 2. State of being fixed in attachAdd, a. t. [imp. & p. p. ADDED; p. pr. & tb. is. ADD- A-h'esa9Y, State of being fixed in attachING.1 [Lat. addere, from ad and dare, to give.] To join ment; steady attachment; adhesion. or unite, as one thing or sum to another, so as to increase Ai-laP-'eat, a. United with or to; sticking. the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magni- Ad-hllP'rest, n. One who adheres; one who cleaves to itude, or so as to form into one aggregate. or supports some person or cause. Syl. - To subjoin; to annex. - We add numbers, &c.; we yn.-Partisan; follower; supporter; advocate. subjoin an after-thought; we annex some adjunct, as territory. Ad_~-]her'eut-ly, adv. In an adherent manner. Ad'dta-ble, a. See ADDIBLE. Ad-lsO3'1ion, is. The act or state of sticking, or being t-dftet'cltbnm, n.; pl. AD-DPNv/DA. [Lat.] A thing to be attached; the force with which distinct bodies adhere added; an appendix. when their surfaces are brought in contact. Glutild'der, n. [A.-S. netter, nmdre, Goth. nadrs, Lat. natrix, nous bodies unite by adhesions; the particles of a homofrom slare, to swim.] A venomous serpent; a viper. geneous body by cohesion. [stances. Ad/Idi-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being addible. Ad-lPl'slve, a. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous subAd'di-ble, a. [See ADD.] Capable of being added. Ad-lsP'ssve-ly, adv. In an adhesive manner. [ing. Ad-diet', v. t. [iszp. & p. p. ADDICTED; p. pr. & vb. Ad-l-l'slve-uess, n. The quality of sticking, or adhern. ADDICTING.] [Lat. addicteis, p. p. of addicere, to Al-hdr'ta-to-ry, a. Containing counsel or warning; adjudge, devote; from ad and dicere, to say.] To apply advisory. habitually; to devote; to accustom; to habituate. A-die-i' (a-di/, 30), adv. Good-by; farewell. Syn.- To devote; to dedicate to. - Addict is commonly A-dleiie, n. A farewell; commendation to the care of God. used in a bad sense, the other two in a good one; addicted to Ad'/i-po'e-r~.te, v. t. To convert into adipocere. vice; devoted to literature; dedicated to religion. Ad_~i-po/'e-rF'tion, an. Act or process of being changed Ad-diet'ed-ness, n. Devotedness. into adipocere. Ad-di'tioln (-dishlun), n. 1. The act of adding two or Ad'l-po-! ere', n. [Fr. adlpocire, from Lat. adeps, soft more things together. 2. Any thing added; increase. fat, and cera, wax.] A soft, unctuous, waxy substance, 3. (Math.) The branch of arithmetic which treats of into which the fat and muscular fiber of dead animal adding numbers. 4. (ifcits.) A dot at the right side of bodies are changed by long immersion in water or spirit, a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened or sometimes by burial in moist places. i, P, &c., long; a,, &c.,short; cftre,fiir, ask, a.ll wlhat; -re,veil, term; pique, firm; s~6n, rr, dio,w91f, ADIPOSE 11 ADMIXTURE Ad'i-pise', a. [N. Lat. adiposus,from adeps, fat.] Per- Ad-mga~'ure (-m6zh/ur), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADMEAStaaini g to, or consisting of, animal fat; fatty. URED; p. pr. & vb. a. ADMEASURING.] 1. Totake Ad sit, n. [Lat. aditus, entrance, from adire, to go to.] the dimensions, size, or capacity of.'2. To apportion. 1. A horizontal or inclined entrance into amine; a drift. Acl-znia'unre-ment, i. 1. Act or process of ascer2. Passage; approach; access. taining toe dimensions of any thing. 2. The dimensions Ad-jff'1en-ey, n. State of being adjacent or contiguous. ascertained. Ad-j~ftcent, a. Lying near, close, or contiguous, but A ld-mnfaP tur-er, is. One who admeasures. not actually touching. Ad-:n'n/sn-ri'tion, n. Admeasuremcnt. A~l/jee-tI'val, or Ad'jee-tiv-a], a. Pertaining to an A l-nln'is-ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADi)IiNISTERED; adjective. p. pr & vt. Is. ADMIINISTERING.] 1. To manage or Ad~jee-tive, n. [Lat. adjectiwe;m, from adjicere, to add conduct, as public affairs. 2. To supply; to dispense, to, from ad and jacere, to throw.] (Grain.) A word used as justice. 3. To give or tender, as an oath. 4. (Law.) with a noun or substantive, to describe, specify, limit, To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or or define it, or to denote some property of it. whose will fails of an. executor. Adiective colsr, one which requires the addition of a mor-. Syn. -To manage; conduct; minister; contribute; supply. dnt to give it permnanency. Ad-min is-ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid.Ad'jee-tive-ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective. or supplies. 2. (Law.) To perforni the office of adpninAd-join', v. t. To join or unite to. istrator. Ad-join', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ADJOINED; pr). pr. & ab. AdL-mil'is-tPrri-a1, a'. Pertaining to administration, me. ADJOINING.] To be contiguous or next; to be in or to the executive part of-government. contact or very near. Ad-sninfis-tr:a-b] e, a. Capable of being administered. Syn. — Adjacent; contiguous; neighboring. — Things are Ad-lnin/is'-trdtions n. 1. The act of administering. acljacent or neighboring when tlhey are near to each other; 2. The executive part of the government. 3. Dispensaadjoining and contigsuous when they are close by or in contact. tion; distribution. 4. The persons collectively who are Ad-jofrn', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADJOURNED; p. pr. & intrusted with the execution of laws and the superinvb. n. ADJOURNING.] [Fr. ajojrnier, from josir, day; tendence of public affairs.,. (Lawz.) (a.) Management Lat. diureims, belonging to the day.] To put off or defer and disposal, under legal authority, of the estate of an into another day, or indefinitely. testate, or of a testator having no competent executor. Syn. - To postpone; defer; delay; prorogue.-A court, kgis- (b.) Mana.gement of an estate of a deceased person by an Iatre, or ieeliang is aw.ou rned; ptarliament is prorogied at the executor. end ofa session; we delay or dc/c; a thing to a fature time; we Ad-innlfs-tr7'tive, a. Administering. postpone it when we makle it give way to something else. A - s.. One o dministers or 11 Ad-~nili/is-tr,~tor, is. 1. One who administers, or Ad-jofirn', v. i. To suspend business for a time; to awho directs, manages, or dispenses laws and rites. 2. close the session of a public body. (Lawc.) One to whom the right of administration has been Ad-jofillltneontl, i. 1. bhe act of adjourning; the committed by competent authority. putting off to some specified day, or vithout dclay.'2. Ad-inis -ttc'tor-ship, e. Office of administrator. The interval during which a public body defers business. Ad-!n-jls's-tritrx, n. A aroman aho adsministers, Ad-jfedle', v. t. [ionp &k. p. ADJUDGED; pI. pr. & especially one to whom letters of administration have vrb. mc. ADJUDGING.] [Fr. ad:lsger, Lat. adjudicare, fromn been granted. ad and judicare, to judge.] 1. To award or decree judi- d'-a-l, a. orthy ofdrtion. cially or by authority. 2. To esentence; to condemn. m-Woeru ra e srpin Syn. —WVonderful; rare; excellent; surprising. Ad.juci d-e te, a. t. [imnp. & p. p. ADJUDICATED; -d an ppr& isADJUDICATING.] Totryanddetermine, Ad m-ra-bm ly adv. In an admirable manner. j~. ptr. &5 qb. 12. ADJUDICATING.] T0 try and dieter~nu,~~i'kn-~., n n.rm47-lbih ~ on;nde, fhs ns a court; to adjudge. as a court; to adjudge. ~~Acllml-rla, is. t a —. amnir-al-bdhr, comnmander of the sea, Ads ju'di; Ic. 1. Act of adjudicatin,.'2 A the terminating syllable or aaordl having been omitted.] AdJ-jfi/ti —e5%iton, n. 1. Act of adjudicating. 2. A judcicital sentence, judgiment, or deciaion. * 1. A naval officer of the highest rank. 2. The ship which carries the aclniral. Adjun-et, ni. 1. Something joined to another tiing, but ahich carries the adrmiral. not an essential prt of it; an appendage. 2. A colleague. Ai -rl-shi, n. The office of an admiral. onot ant a Addedesni or united.;a pedg Acol A mdtnii-ral-ty (112), is. 1. The body of officers appoint~d 1Ad'.-jusn_-t_11, a 2. Added or united. hig ji for the management of naval affairs. 2. The building Ad~jAn__eltion, at. THeactvjing; the thaing ofjoined.g. ~Ad?, a. Te acofjon thethijoied, where the lords of the admiralty transact business. -Ad-jnet'ive, a. nehaoving the quality ofjoineid. 11Courts of adiniralt?1, couarts havi n c onznce of questions Ad-u-a-t'va, is. One who, or that which, is joined. Cberi o adssrilp, courts having cognizance of questions Ad-jitnt'lly, ada. In connection ait; conaequently. arising out of maritime affairs, and 6f crinies committed on the high seas. Ad/jun-r~/ftioia, it. 1. Act of adjurin-; a soleinn chardAmg y on oath, or under penalty of a curse. a. The for, Ad/mi-ri. o a. Wonder; especially, in present usage, i, o n oatth. o u d r e a y o a ui'. T e rm uwonder m ingled w ith pleasing em otions, as approbation, Ad(]Flref, v. t. [imp. &sp. p. ADJUIRED; p. pr. & tdb. an. esteem, love, or veneration. ADJURING.] [Lat. adjurare, to swear to, from ad and ju- Ad-anlref, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AD dIRiD; p. pr. VbI. t. rare, to swear.] To charge, bind, command, or entreat AD-IRING..] [Lat. admirari, from ad and ninai, to To charge, bnd, commanc- oroeder.] 1. To regardc with wonder or surprise, es~pesolemnly and earnestly, as if under oath, or under the onder.] 1. To regrd with onder or surprise, pepenalty of a curse. - cially wonder mingled with approbation, esteem, reverAcd-jilet', a. t. [hip. &r,i. p. ADJUSTED; p. pr. & atb. n. ence, or affection. 2. To estimate or prize highly. ADJUSTING.] [L. Lat. adcljstare, fromn ad and ju.sts, jsss It is an error to follow this verb witi ai infinitive; as, I just, right.] 1. To immake exact or conforuimable. 2 To admire to see a man consistent in his conduct. reduce to order. 3. To set right. a.A-mre, v.i. To wronder; to marvel. Syn.- To fit; adapt; suit; reigulte; accommodate. Ad-mie'rer, n. One who admires; a lover. AdSy.j-st'o fte, ad apabl oft bobe adjusteda. Ad-mnis/si-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being admissible. -A-d-jfristta-b-le, a. Capable of being adjusted. Ad jst's isOne s-ho orAd-inis'Si-ble,, a. Capable or worthy of hein admitted. Ad-jfistler, n. One who, or 1 that which, adljusts. thaat awhich" adjusts. Ad-mins'siosm (-mush/un), is. 1. Act or practice of adAd 3J-istn'ien l t, is. Act of mitting. 2. Power or permission to enter; access. 3. The granting of an argument or position not fully proved. adjusting; reducing to order C, cue onf~~-i/yi Ad-mlt', a. t. [imp. & p. p. ADMITTED; p. pr. 8 vb. or due conformity; arrangemontdspotio a; tncii-. ADsiITTING..] [Lat. admnittere, from ad and nittere, ment; disposition;;ettlement.' 4dc la-tag;e' See AJUTAGE. to send.] 1. To grant entrance to, wrhether into a place, ~Ad' -tan-~y,~ is The office,~ ~or into the mind.'. To give evidence of a right of enAd'ju-$~atan-y, n2. The offce'"71of an adljutant. of an votdjutasot s.!q trance. 3. To receive as true. 4. To be capable of. Ad'jii-tairt, is. 1. An officer Sym. - To concede; grant; pernmit; allow. - ildsnit has the'widest sense. We grpant or concede whlt is claimed; we allow who assists the superior ofil- what se su Wrec or csd i li a aC achat arc su.fftr is takcephace or yield; are peith arhait are co;;cers in the execution of orders, sent to. conducting correspondence, Ad-mIn'tmene, is. 1. Act of admitting. 2. Permisplacing guards, &c.'2. A very __ sion to enter. 3. (Lawo.) Act of giving possession of a large species of stork, a native7 copyhold estate. of India. i Adl-mix', v. t. To mingle with something else. Adj;'ttmt-general, an officer Ad-mix'tion (-mikst/yun, 97), it. [Lat. admzixtio.] A Who assists the general of an Adjutant. mingling of bodies; a union by mixing different subarmy. ~~~armnn~~~~~y,~~ ~stances together. _ld'ju-vnant, a. elpling; assiosting Ad-mlx'ire, n. 1. A mixing. 2. What is mixed. IrFod, folot; fern, rr!de, jaei; eall, 9liaise, call, echo; iem, get; as; exist; mluer, link; this. ADMONISH 12 ADVENTURE Ad-mbn'ish, v. t. [imzp. & p. p. ADMONISHED; p. pr. A-dtl'lter-Rte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADULTER RATED & vb. t. ADMIONISHING.] [Lat. admnotere, acdmonitum, p. pr. & eb. s. ADULTERATING.] [Lat. adulterare, from ad and monere, to remind, warn.] 1. To reprove from adulter, adulterer, unchaste; ad and alter, other, gently, or with mildness. 2. To counsel against wrong properly one who approaches another on account of unpractices. 3. To instruct or direct; to informn. lawful love.] To debase or corrupt or make impure by Syn. - To reprove; caution; rebuke; reprimand; warn; ad- admixture of baser materials. vise. - We advise as to future conduct; we warn of danger or Syma.- To contamninate; corrrupt. by way of threat; we artmonish with a view to one's improvement; we reprove, reprimaond, and rebuke by way of punish- A-diil'ter-ate, a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. Dement. based; corrupted. Ad-mbn'ish-er, it. A reprover; an adviser. A-diil/ter-11'tioa t,a n. Act of adulteratiug, or state of Ad/aino-niatti n (-nsh/'un), n. Gentle or fiMendly re- being adulterated. proof or counsel; advice. A -dalst.rer, n. [Lat. adulter, with an additional Eng. Ad-miin'i-tlve, a. Containing admonition. termination.] A man who is guilty of adultery. Acl-lnbnii-tor.s n. One who admonishes A-diil'ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. Ad-sim6n'i-to-ry, a. Containing admonition; admon- A-d-il tter-Inie or A-d lltt r-!inee, a. Proceeding friom ishing. acidultery. Ad-nayisvent, a. [Lat. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci, ad- A-df-61ter-lne, or A-dlfter-lne, it. A child born in alatus, to grow to or on.] Growing to or on something else. adultery. Ad'iaate, c 4. [See supra.] (Bat.) Growing close to astern. A-dfil'ter-ofts, a. Pertaining to, or guilty of, adultery. A-do' (23), n. [Prefix a, for to, and do.] Bustle; trouble; A-dfil'ter-y, as. 1. A violation of the marriage-bed. labor; difficulty.. (Script.) Ylolation of ones religious covenant. Adobe (a-dd/ba), a. [Sp.] An unburnt brick dried in the A-dfrlt'ness, n. The state of being an adult. sun. Ad-fmranbrant, a. Giving a faint shadow. Ad/o-16s'tenave, it. Youth; the years between the Ad-ram fbrfte, v. t. [Lat. aditnbirare, fronm ad and ussnages of 14 and 25 in mnan, and of 12 and 21 in wonan. br-a, shade.] To shadow faintly forth; to typify. Ad/o-lvs'Vent, a. [Lat. adolescenss, p. pr. of adolescere, Ad/num-br'itio on, as. 1. The act of shadowing forth. to grow up to.] Growing; advancing from childhood to 2. A faint resemblance. manhood. A- i-al'ei- y, n. [Lat. arducitcas, fr. admctcus, hooked.] A_-d6]p]~ v. t. [imj)p. & p. p. ADOPTEI); p. pr. &t'vb. n. HIookedness, or a bending in form of a hook. ADOPTING.] [Lat. adoptare, firom ad and optare, to A-dfist', a. [Lat. ad;;stu.s, p. p. of adurcre.] 1. Burnt choose.] To select and take as one's own when not so or scorched; hot and fiery. 2. Looking as if burnt or before. scorched. A4-dbpt'er, ie. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chemn.) A re- Ad-v% nee', v. t. [imsp. & p. p. ADVANCE D; p. pr. & ceiver with two necks. cb. am. ADVANCING.] [0. Fr. adv'ancer, from Lat. ab A-dbtI tiomi, n;.,1. The act of adopting, or state of be- aste, lit. fioa bi/orej.] 1. To bring forward. 2. To lug adopted.'. The receiving as ones own what is raise to a higher rank. 3. To accelerate the growth or new or not natural. progress of; to forward; to help on. 4. To ofler or proA-diPtitLve, a. 1. Adopted; as, an adoptive son.'2. pose. 5. To supply beforehand; to pay for others, in Adopting; as, an adoptive fotther. expectation of re-imbursement. A-dtr'1a-bleu a. aVorth aly of adoation. Syn. -To adduce; allege; proceed; heighten. A-dbr'n -y, ads m. The qaolitio of being adorable. Ad-v-bae1', va; i. 1. To move or go forward. 2. To imA-dh r'o-brii'son h tohadoration aor dinship. prove. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence. 2krl/op-r[~tPlion1, gz. 1o l'orshlip paw. to a divine being. )'~e'2. Iomatgte paid to 1. Worship paito diin being At-vIn~e' (6), n. 1. Act of advancing or moving fort2~ Homage paid to one in high esteem. o, v. t. [gnep. & p. p. Ahigh D; p. esteeastb. it. ward; approach.. Improvement or progression, physA-DIr'at [Latap& pp.AoR a p. r &to. pask ically, nmentally, morally or socially. 3o (7Con.) AddiDORING] [Lt scsre, fros cd and sc're, to spea, tional price or profit. 4. A tender; an offer; a gift; - poraY, f~rom os. or~is, mouth.] 1. To wrorship withn propray, fcom n nsum mouth.] 1. To worship with pro- asprcifically, a furnishing of something before an equivafund reverence. 2. To love in the highest degree. fi -bfr,ls qia foudireveace 2A w io love in the highest degree. lent is received (as money or goods), toward a capital or JkA-~dbr'ei, at A wvorshiper; a lover. PtA-dbri!,nr'c. t. [j9p. & p. 1p9. ADORNED; p. pr. & v. stock, or on loan; hence, the money or goods thus fur-.A.-do6rl,'l;. t. [~imp. &: p. p.~ ADOaNEDl; p. pr. &v b. nsel nished.,s. ADORNING.] [Lat. adormacre, friom ad and ornarse, to ni d furnish, embellish.] To render beautiful; to decorate. vance, i front;before also, beforehand; before an equivalemnt is received. Syn.- To deck; embellish; set off; beautify; ornament. -- Before in place, or befoeh in time WVe alecorette and ornamnent fior the sake of show; we emnbellish We trsrtesua s'maueu~ tr im ske f ho; ee ~seti~/mAdl-vanpe', a. Before in place, or beforehand in flute; and adorn to heighten beauty. - used for advanced; as, an arcauance-guard. A-dcbrn'metlt, as. Ornament; embsellishment. Ad- AticsaO east, a. 1. Act of advancimg or state of Acd-6/a~' - i-17''cion. as. I. The ispregnation of plants being advanced; progression; inmprovement; promotion. 2. That which a person has received from a parent livby the falling of the farina on the pistil. -2. A species 2 That hich a person has receied from a pet livof budding or iugraftiug. 3. (PIysioe.) Amn mpre-na- ing, in anticipation of what he might receive by inheritante. 3. Payment of money in advance. tion by mere external contact, without intromission, s astee. 3, Payment of money in advance. in fishes. C[ward. Ad-vin'aer, n. One who [ advances; a promoter. A-doxvnaa',prep. Down; toward the ground. - adv. dlown- Ad-v'tas' (6),. [See ADVANCE.] 1. Any state, A-drlft', a. or adv. [Prefix a and dr)/c.] Floating at condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means particuramm~~nd~om; at large. larly favorable to some desired end. 2. Superiority of A-drdm', at. [Flr. 2d rait to tse ri ht from Lat. directass, state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit. A-dreotll, a. [Fr. d droit, to the ri ght, from Lat. d~irectus' c'A e.t hp.p ANTA6ED~? r p. p; of dirigere, to direct.] Possessing or exercising skill d a e t [p p. ADVANTAGD;. pr. n ~ ~~~~~,,b. n. ADVANTAGING.1 Tro benefit;- to promote. or dexterity; ready in invention or execution. ADVANTAGING] To benefit to proote. A x s-'tn-amne.aa, aad. Ground that gives advanSlyn. - Skillful; expert; clever; dexterous; ingenious. te or supeitority vantage ground. tage or superiority; vantage-ground. A-droit'ly, ads. In anadrot matner. Ad'vana- t t'o s (-ta/jus), a. Being of advantage; A-droit'ness, m. Dexterity; readiness of body or mind. furnishing advantage, convenience, or opportunity to A-drt', a. Thirsty; in want of drinu. gain benefit; gainful; profitable; usefui; beneficial. Ad'/s5i-ti'$tios (-tish/us), a. [From Lat. adsciscere, as- A d/'vaa-tsl'geous-ly, adv: In an advantageous mancisrere, to take knowingly].] Taken as supplemental; yer. [advantageous; profitableness. added; additional. Ad/van-tabgeosass-ess, as. Quality or state of being Ad/'t-15'tioa n, a. [Lat. adultatio, from adulari, to flat- Ald've t, n. 1. A coming; approach;.specifically, the ter.] Servile flattery; sycophancy. first or the second coming of Christ. 2. A season of Syn. - Flattery; eompliment. —A man who respects himself devotion including four Sundays before Christmas. may use the inuaugage of comlnsiment, ant perhaps of flattery, Acd'vean-ti'tiofts (-tlsh/us), a. 1. Added extrinsically; but never of adultaions. not essentially inherent; accidental; casual. 2. (Bot.) A~l -ln-17tor, n. A servile flatterer; sycophant. Out of the proper or usual place. Adl's-1,'to-ry, a. Flattering to excess. Ad/1ven-ti'tiofts-ly, adv. In an adventitious manner. A2-df.ti', a. [Lat. adulttus, p. p. of arotesere. See ADO- Ad-vdnt'ive v, a. Accidental; adventitious. LESCENT.] IHaving arrived at mature years, or to full Ad-v6ait'tu-al, a. Pertaining to the season of advent. size and strength. Ad-vbnt'iire, n. [L. Lat. adaventura, from Lat. cadveA-(dhlt', me. A person or thing grown to maturity. h ire, future p. adventmures, to arrive.] 1. That of which A-dhl'tter-ant, n. A person or thing that adulterates. one has no direction; hazard; risk; chance.'2. An en-, 0, &c., long; a o, &c., short; cAre, fir, ask, a 11, wh.at; are, veil, t~rm; p1que, firmn; s6n, 6r, dwolf, ADVENTURE 13 AERONAUTISMI terprise of hazard; a bold undertaking. 3. A remark- Ad'vo-cate, n. One who pleads any cause; hence, speable occurrence; a striking event. 4. A thing sent to cefically, one who pleads the cause of another before any sea at the risk of the person sending it. tribunal or judicial court. Syn. - Incident; occurrence; contingency. Adrvo-eite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ADVOCATED; p. pr. A[m &pp ADEN& ab. so. ADVOCATING.] [Lat. advocatu.s, p. p. of advodci-v~titfr es. t. [AD NUING. ] p.. A pVENTUREt hd; p.pr. catre, to call to, from ad and vocare, to call.] To plead in &5 vb. nt. ADVENTUIING.] 1. To put at hazard; to favor of: to maintain by argument. favor of; omiti b ruet risk; to jeopard. 2. To run the risk of attenmpting. o mnt b a nt Ad 8-vent'uz a~e, a. s. To try the chances; to danre. BaSyn. - To defend; support; vindicate. A~d-v~nttfitre, v -i. To try the chances; to dare. Ad-~vnt'-tar-er, n. One who adventures; one who relies Ad/vo —ettion, n. Act of advocating or pleading. for success on his boldness or good fortune. Acd/vow-eet, n. [Fr. advoul, asvon,, fi. Lat. cadvocatus.] Ad-vent'usre-some, a. Incurring hazard; bold; vent- One who has the right of presenting to a benefice. uresonme. Ad-vo-vft on, n. (Esi. Law.) The right of presenting Ad-vdSntt'r-ors, a. 1. Inclined to adventure; bold to or nominating to a vacant benefice or living in the encounter danger; daring; courageous; enterprising. 2. church. Full of hazard; attended with risk. A'/d:-nrmf'e, a. (Med.) Pertaining to debility of the Ad-ven1sCtr-oss-ly, adv. Boldly; daringly. vjital powers; weak; feeble. Ad'vdrb (14), n. [Lat. adverbiumz, from ad and aerbitn, A/d'y-tscnc, it.; pl. iD/Y-TAi. [Lat.] (Arch.) A secret word, verb.] (Gram.) A word used to modify the sense apartment, especially a secret place in ancient temples of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and fromn whence oracles were given. usually placed near it. Adz, tz. A carpenter's tool Ad-virb'i-al, a. Relating to or like an adverb. Adze, for chipping, formed Ad-verbi-ail-ly, adv. In manner of an adverb. with a thin arching blade, and Ad'ver-sa-ry, n. [Lat. adversarius, turned toward. See its edge at right angles to the ADVERSE.] One who is hostile or opposed. handle. Syn.-Opponent; antagonist; enemy; foe. —Unfriendly feel- ~I'dIlea, it. [Lat. ddilis, from ings mark the esnecy; habitual hostility the advcersary; atctiv e de.s, temple.] An officer in Ihostility the foe. Opponensts are those who are pitted igainst ancient Rome who had the care each other; antagonists, those who struggle in the contest witit each oll~ier; taiii55i sto, those who stn~le in the contest witll of the public buildings, streets, public spectacles, &c. all their might. Ad'ver-sa-ry, a. Adverse; opposed; antagonistic. M411'-lops, n. [Cr. aiy/swi, properly goat's eye, aom Ad-vdr'sa-tive, a. Expressing contrariety, opposition, ate, goat, and i~j, eye.] An abscess in the corner of the or antithesis between two connected propositions; — ap- eye. plied to the conjunctions bst, however, yet, &c. tE'is, a. [Gr. aley~.] A shield or defensive armor; Ad-vdr'sa-tlve, n. A word denoting contrariety or op- hence, any thing that protects. position; an adversative word. - i-a a. 1. Pertaining to ]Eolia or JEolis in Asia Ad'vrse (14), a. [Lat. adv/ers;;s, p. p. of adlertfere. See pMinor.'2. Pertaining to Aolus, the god of the winds; ADVERT.] 1. Acting in a contrary direction; conflict- hence, pertaining to, or produced by, the wind. ing. 2. Opposing desire; contrary to the wishes, or to supposed good; hence, unfortunate; calamitous. /Eoliian attach;meint, a contrivance often attanched to a pianoforte, by imeans of which it is converted into a wind-instruSyn. - Hostile; conflicting; unfortunate; calamitous. ment at the pileasure of the perfsrmier. — -Eolian hiarp, a minusical instrument consisting of a box, on or within which are Ad'vierse-ly, adv. Witli opposition; unfortunately. stitchled strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes;.Ad'vrrs c-nss, n. Opposition; unprosperousness. usually placed at an open window. Ad-ver si-ty, i. Adverse circumstances; an event or series of events attended with severe trials or umisfortunes. l a. Pertainin to oli. Ater-ate, av. t. [ivsp. &5 p. p. AERATED; p. pr. & tb. n.,Syn. -- Calamnity; affliction; distress; iniscry. Ae-ieV.[in.&p.ARTD.p.&v.n Syn Calamity; fiction; distress; isAERATING.] [See AIR.] 1. Tocombinewith carbonic Ad-ve~rt' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ADVERTED; p. pr. & acid. 2. To supply with conmmon air. 3. To arterialize.,vb. t. ADVERTING.] [Lat. advertere, from ad and vter- Ae rsti, so. 1. Act of combining with carbonic tere, to turn.] To turn the mind or attention, acid 4.'2 The process of respiration; arterialization. 3. Syn. - To attend; regard; observe. Exposure of soil to the free action of the air. Ad-ve~rt'arene, n. Attention; notice; regard; con- A-ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to the air, or atmosphere. ~Ad-ve t'en~y, Cosideration. 2. Cogsisting of air. 3. Produced by air. 4. Inhabita. Attentive; hedfl. aing or frequenting the air. 5. IHaving its place in the Ad-v~~~rtlent, a. Attentive; heedful.. nor eistig i Ad/ver-tH efo, a. t. or i. [igsp. & p. p. ADVERTISED; p. air; high; lofty. 6. Growing, forming, or existing in pr. & vb. n. ADVERTISING.] [From Lat. advertere. the air. See ADVERT.] 1. To give notice, advice, or intelligence Ae'rie (esry or a/rf), n. [L. Lat. a0ria, from Lat. area, an to; to inform or apprise.'2. To make known through open space, a fowling floor; for birds of prey like to build the press. their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of highs Ad-vdr'tise-ment, or Ad/ver-tisefment, n. 1. rocks.] The nest of an eagle, hawk, or other bird of prey. Information. 2. Public notice through the press. A/er-i-~i-7iVtiona, s. The act of afrifying. Ad/cver-tisr'er, s. One who advertises. Aler-i-form, a. Having the form of air, as gas. Ad-vie', st. 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as A'ecr-ify, a. t. [Lat. aer, air, andfacere, to make.] To worthy to be followed; counsel; suggestion.'2. Infor- change into an airiform state. mation as to the state of an affair or affairs; notice; in- A/er-Sg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. dap, air, and ypdqetv, to write.] telligence; - commonly in the pl. A description of the air. Syn. -Information; notice; admonition. A'er-o-lite, n. [Gr. &sp, air, and X(Ooq, stone.] A stone Ad-vie'-blSat, is. A boat employed to convey dis- -falling front the air or upper regions; a meteoric stone. patches or information. [fluent. A/er-6l'o-4ist, a. One who is versed in abrology. Ad-vi'a-ble, a. Fit to be advised or to be done; expe- Aler-6l'o-y, o. [G. [r.p, air, and X5y~0, discourse.] Ad-vi'a-ble-ness, It. Fitness to be done; meetness; That science which treats of the air anid its phenomena. propriety; expediency. A'er-o-mhn'm/y, n. [Gr. aip, air, and [Gavac, propheAd-vi~e', a. t. [imp. & p. p. ADVISED; p. pr. & ab. n. sying.] Divination by means of the air and winds, or of ADVISING.] [Low Lat. advisare. See ADVICE.] 1. To substances found in the atmosphere. give advice to; to counsel. 2. To give information to; X/er-6m'e-ter, a. [Gr. 6np, air, and foirpov, measure.] to apprise; to infors. An instrument for measuring the weight or density of air Syn. - To apprise; acquaint; consult; consider. and gases. Ad-vse', v. i. To deliberate: to weigh well, or cbnsider. A'er-o-mbt'rre, a. Pertaining to airometry. Ad-vi%'ed-ly, adv. With full knowledge; purposely. A/er-Sm'e-try, n. The art or science of ascertaining Ad-vl'eed-aless, n. Deliberate consideration. the mean bulk of gases. Ad-viae'mnent, h. 1. Counsel. 2. Consultation; de- _ler-o-inaut/, i. [Gr.!Op, air, and vdrarV, sailor.] An liberation; consideration. -atrial naigator; a balloonist. Ad-vi er, n. One who gives advice; a counselor. A/er-o-n,-titqe, a. Pertaining to abronautics. Ad-vi'o-ry, a. 1. Having power to advise. 2. Con- _A'er-o-naut'ies. n. siig. The science or art of sailing tainino advice. in the air by means of a balloon. Ad'vo-ea-y, n. Act of pleading fororsupporting; vin- A/er-o-nna.uutfm, si. The practice of ascending and dication: defense; intercession. floating in the atmosphere in balloons. fIbod, foot; irn, rude, plall; (eil, ehaise, call, echo; iem, get; a~; elist; linger, link; this. AEROPHYTE 14 AFFLICTIVELY X'er-o-plahte/, n. [Gr. asp, air, and fVTr&, plant.] A af/Fi-glt'vit, n. [Lat., he made oath.] (Law.) A decplant deriving its support fironm the air alone. laration or statement in writing, signed and made upon A'er-6s'eo-py, n. [Gr. &eposeoTra, fronm asp, air, and oath before an authorized magistrate. See DEPOSITION eKoZsa, a looking out, oKOreev, to look out, spy.] The for the distinction between the two. observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere. Af-fi'I-&te, a. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFILIATED; p. pr. Aer-o-st,. [r. p, air, and ar6, standing, from & vb. n5. AFFILIATING.] [Low Lat. cffiliare, from Lat. iaeras-nv, Fto stanf,.] A machine or vessel sustaining g ad andfilills, son.] 1. To adopt as a son; hence, to reweights h thear a name given to aisr sballoons,.u ceive into fellowship; to ally. 2. To receive into a soweights in the air; - a name given to air balloons. t~lr —~s t~~ini the air;r~ -ciety as a member, and initiate in its mysteries, plans, &c.'er-o-st tiAt'l-e, a. Pertaining to a~rostatics, or the art Affiliated societies, local auxiliary societies, connected with a ~~~~of a~inai navigation,.~ Icentral society, or with each other. A/er-o-sthit'ies, n. sing. The science that treats of the Af-fil'i- t'tlcsaa, n. Adoption; association in tie sme equilibrinm of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained _fily or society. fiamily or society. in them; hence, the science of atrial navigation. f'fa-ae Af~fihl-ae, n. A refining of metals. A'er-os-tfi/tioss, a. Atrial navigation. A,.Ardigo eas Al/~er-cs-tlil ~, n. At~lnavlation. dAf-fs'ill-ty, n. [Lat. qjfinitas, from affinis.]. 1. Rela-X-rl.t'i-noits, a. [Lat. wrzt inos.ts, from Frogo, cop- tionship by marriage. 2. Close agreement; conformity; per-rust.] Pertaining to, or partaking of, copper-rust. connection. 3. (Chem.) That attraction which takes }Es-thlSt'i-e, a. Pertaining to sesthetics, or the percep- place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneEs-tlht'ie, tion of the beautiful. ous particles of bodies, and forms compounds. 4. (Nat..Hist.) A relation dependent on resemblance in the whole AEi's-thti.t'll-s, from sieg dr. ac to p6 perceptive, plan of structure, and making a kinship of species or group. Es-thU~PI-es, from a lta.Ilaciveo-Oac, to perceive.] The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beauti- Syn. - Agreement; conformity; resemblance; alliance; relaful' in nature and art. tionlship. A~/ti-61'o-a ~, n. [Gr. a[-etohoyia, from eic'za, cause, and A-ffirrn' (18), a. t. [imp. & p. p. ArFIRMED; p. pr. & z'b. 2. AFFIR3ING.] [Lat. affirmare, from adiandfiqrmaze k6yso, description.] That department of philosophy, or t firm.] [: T airm, ai a r ar of any branch of science, which is concerned with the to makefim.] 1. To confirm, establish, or ratify. 2. causes or reasons of phenomena. To assert positively; to aver; to maintain as true. A-fli'r, adv. At a great distance; remote. Syn. - To aver; protest; assert. - We affrm a ting with Aff'fa-bil'-ty, n. The quality of being affable; readi- confidence; we assert it against all denial; we aver its truth ness to converse; ease of access. with solemnity; we protest it, as what ought not to be called in question. Syvn. — Courtesy; complaisance; urbanity; civility, qeto.. - Courtesy; complaisanc; urbAf-firm',. i. 1o To declare or assert positively. 2. Af'fsa-ble, a. [Lat. alffabilis, from affari, to speak to; ad (Law.) To make a solenimn promise, before an authorized andfali, to speak.] Ready to converse; easy of access. magistrate or tribunal, to tell the truth, under the pains Syn. - Courteous; civil; complaisant; condescending; ac- and penalties of perjury. cessible. Af-flrmfa-blo, a. Capable of being affirmed. Aff.f -bly, adv. In an affable manner. Af-f1rm'ange, a. Confirmation; ratification. Aff-f ir' (4), n. [From Lat. ad and facere, to make, do. Af-fHrm tfant, n. One who affirms or asserts; specifcatlly See ADO.] 1. lusiness of any kind; especially public (Law), one who solemnly affirms instead of taking oath. business. 2. (Mit.) An engagement of troops, usually Af/fir-naattion, i. 1. Act of affirming or declaring. partial or of minor importance. 2. That which is asserted.' 3. Confirmation; ratificaAf-ftet', a. t. [imp. & p. p. AFrE CTED; s. pr. & vb. n. tion. 4. (Law.) A solemn declaration made under the AFFECTING.] [Lat. affectare, to strive after, from ad penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously deand facere, to make.] 1. To act upon; to produce a cline taking an oath. change in. 2. To influence or move, as the feelings or pas- Af-firm'a-tive, a. I. Affirming or asserting; —opsions; to touch. 3. To dispose or incline. 4. To aim posed to negative. 2. Confirmative; ratifying. at; to desire; to covet. 5. To tend to by affinity or dis- Af-firm'a-tive, n. L. A word expressing affirmation position. 6. To attempt to imitate in a manner -not or assent, as yes. 2. An affirmative proposition. 3. natural; to put on a pretense of. That side of a question which affirms or maintains; — Syn.- To influence; act on; concern; melt; subdue; as- opposed to negative. uhille. Af-firmfa-tive-ly, adv. In an affirmative manner; Afefo-eti'tion, n. Assumption of what is not natural positively; - the opposite of negatizely. or real; artificial appearance; false pretense. Af-firm'ae, n. One who affirms or declares. Af-fSet'ed, p. a. 1. Assuming or pretending to possess Af —fix', a'. t. [isp. & p. p. AFFIXED (af-fikst/); p. pr. what is not natural or real. 2. Assumed artificially; & vb. n. AFFIXING.] [Lat. affixts, p. p. of aftigere, not natural. to fasten to.] 1. To add at the close or end. 2. To Af-fdet'ed-ly, adv. In an affected manner. attach, unite, or connect. 3. To fix or fasten in any _Af-f.~t'ed-ness, n. The quality of being affected; af- manner. fecta tion. [fectation. Syn. — To subjoin; connect; annex; unite. Af-f ietfr, n. One that affects; one that practices af- Af'fix, n. A syllable or letter joined to the end of a Af-f6et'qlng, p. a. I-Iaving power to excite, or move the word; a suffix; a postfix. passions; tending to movethe affections; pathetic. Af-fix'ton, n. Act of affixing; annexation; addition. Af-fMetflng-ly, adv. In an affecting manner. Af-fixt'ire, a. Thtt which is affixed or annexed. f-fde'tion, n. 1. An attribute, quality, or property, Af-fuigtion, n. A blowing or breathing on. which is inseparable from its subject. 2. A state of the Af-flli'tas, n. [Lat. l 1. A breath or blast of wind. n. mind in which it is bent toward a particular object. 3. Communication of divine knowledge. 3o The inspiratio A settled good-will; love; zealous or tender attachment. of a poet. 4. (Med.) Disease; as, a pulmonary cffection. Af-ffiet', v. t. [imp. & p. p. AFFLICTED; p. pr. & ab. Af-fMe'tion-ate, a 1. HIaving great love or affection. n. AFFLICTING.] [Lat. afflictare, to disquiet, trouble; 2. Proceeding from affection. afflictus, p. p. of affligere, to cast down, deject.] 1. Syn. —Loving; tender; fond; devoted; warm-hearted. To strike down; to overthrow. 2. To give continued Af-f 6-'tiona-ate-ly, ada. With affection; tenderly. pain; to cause to suffer dejection, grief, or distress. Af-f-e'tioned, a. Inclined; disposed; affected. Syn. - To trouble; distress; harass; torment; grieve. Af-fdet'ive, a. Affecting, or exciting emotion. Af -flIt'er, a. Onewho afflictsordistresses. Af-fet-tii-6fso. [It.] In music, a direction to render Af-fliet'ing, p. a. Causing pain; grievous; distressing. notes soft or affecting. Af- iie'tion, n. 1. Cause of continued pain of body or Af-fi'ange, t. [0. Fr., fromLat. fides, trust, faith,fiden- mind, as sickness, losses, &c. 2. The state of being tia, confidence.]'1. Plighted faith; the mareiage con- afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief. tract or promise. 2. Trust; reliance; confidence. Af-fI'an~ge, a. I. [imp. & p. p. AFFIANCED; p. yr. & Svn.-Trouble; distress; sorrow; adversity; misfortune. - ~iffnpe.t [imp. & p. p. AFFIANCED; p.. pt. & 1 o eAfJCtion is the strongest of these terms, being a state of pro-,b. 1. AFFIANCING.] 1 To betroth; to pledge one's longed suffering; adversity and misfortune are general states; faith or fidelity in marriage, or to promise marriage to. distress is particular, being the case of one under the stress or 2. To give confidence to; to trust. pressure of severe pain, bodily or mental; the other two words Af-fian-eer, n. One who makes a contract of marriage ace lessstrong. between parties. Af-f-iet'ive, a. Giving pain; causing affliction. Af-fI'ant, n. (Law.) One who makes an affidavit. Af-fliet'ive-ly, adv. In a manner to give pain. i, 5: &c., long;:, 6, &c.,short; cAre, fir, isk, 911, wha t; 0re, veil, t~rm; pique,fim i; s6n, 6r, do w91, AFFLUENCE 15 AGENTSHIP Affllu-enve, n. Abundance of any thing, esp. riches. A]ft'er-birth, e. The placenta or membrane inclosing Syn. - Opulence; wealth; plenty.. the fetus, and coming away after delivery. Af'flu-eant, a. Wealthy; plentiful; abundant. 4ft'er-,Vqi:, e. An unexpected subsequent event. A'flu -eent, n. A stream flowing into a river or lake. Aft'er-*r61p, n. A second or subsequent crop. Af'flu-eunt-ly, adv. In abundance; abundantly. Aft'er-math, n. A second or subsequent crop of grass Af'flux, e n. 1. The act of flowing to. 2. That in the sarue year; rowen. Af-fluxtioii, I which flows to. 4ft'er-unbortf, i. Time from noon to eiening. AAft'e.-na bnP n. Time from noon to evening. Af fo rd', vt1. [imp. &p. p. AFFORDED; p.pr. & tvb. An. i t'e-paa-l:, - n. pl. Pains attending the delivery of the AFFORDING.] [ Orig., the Eng. p. p. of Fr. afforer, L. aft er-birth. Lat. afforare, aforare, to estimate, value, to make laws, ftfer-lPa e, n. A piece performed after a play. judge; ad and forenm, court.] 1. To yield or produce as After-tha lght. Some thing thoug the natural result, fruit, or issue. 2. To give, grant, or of after an act; later or expedient. confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural After-wards, J sequently. [offcer. result. 3. To grant, sell, or expend, with profit or with- n. [Turk. A Turkish commander or chief out loss, owing to one's circumstances. Atid, n. [Turk. a0/sd.] ATurkish commander or chief A-gain (a-96n/), adv. [A.-S. dagn, ongen; gen, against.] Syn. - To give; impart; confer; supply. 1. Another time; once more.'2. In return; back. Af-Mfr'est, o. t. To turn into forest. Again and again, often; frequently; repeatedly. Af-friun'fcla~l, v. t. To make free; to enfranchise. A-gainst' (a-7,6nst'),prep. [A.-S. &gen.] 1. Abreast of; Afifray', n. 1. (Lawe.) The fighting of two or more per- opposite to. 2. In opposition to. 3. In provision or sons, in a public place, to the terror of others. 2. A preparation for. tumultuous assault or quarrel. A.; p A-P r., from yae, to fga-pe, n.; pl., A-PE. [Gr. &7aTr~/,from &ayraAv, to Syn. - Quarrel; scuffle; encounter; brawl. love.] A love-feast, or feast of charity, among the primAf-freigllt' (-frat/), v. t. To hire, as a ship, for the itive Christians. transportation of goods or freight. A-giipe', adv. [Prefix a and gape.] Gaping, as with Af-frlglit' (-frit'), v. t. [isszp. & p. p. AFFRIGHTED; _wonder or expectation; having the mouth wide open. p. pr. & vb. n. AFFRIGHTING.] [A.-S. afpyrhtan, Ag'a-rie, n. [Gr. ayapLKOi, from Agara, a town in Saraforlhtian, frihtan.] To impress with sudden fear. matia.] (Bot.) (a.) A large family of fungi, including Syn.- To terrify; appall; dismay; shock; alarm. the common mushrooms. (b.) An excrescence growing on the trunks of trees, used for tinder, and in dyeing, Af-frighit' (-frIt'), n. Sudden and great fear; terror. and in medicine as a cathartic and a styptic; touchwood. Af-frolat (-frunt'), n. Any reproachful or contemptu- fAgaric mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of lime. ous action or conduct exciting or justifying resentment. Syn. -Insult; offense; ill treatment. gtagnte, n. [Gr. a&Xdr/; so called, because first found near the river Achates, in Sicily.] 1. A precious stone, af-fr.lt (-frb ntl), F.. [imp. & p a. p. AFFRONTEDf; p. a semi-pellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, varepr. & ead. ot. AFFRONTING.] [From Lat. ad and frsogs, gated with coloring matter.'. (Print.) A kind of type, foreherad, front.] To offend by some manifeustation of larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil; - in Engdisrespect, as would be done by crossing a person's path land called rueby. in fr'ont, or seeking to oppose his progress. in fraser, or seeking to oppose his progress. This line is printed in the type called agate. Syn.- Toinsult; provoke; abuse; outrage., Af-fr6lnter, n. One who affronts or insults. ba-tinge, a. Pertain ing to, or reAf-fr6ntllve, a. Giving offense; abusive; insulting. A e,.t. [imp. AGAAf-fiite', v. t. To pour out; to sprinkle. nig exIED; pt.pr. & b. anp.AATIZAf-ffi'~ion, n. Act of pouring upon, or of sprinklin IN.] To convert into aate. with, a liquid substance, as upon a child in baptism g'a-t Of the nture ofte. specifically, (1Med.) the act of pouring water on the body, as a remedy in disease. A-gatve, n. [Gr. ~yarvc, f. ofayavo6q A-field', acv. To, in, or on, the field. illustrious, noble.] (Bot.) A genus A-fire', a. or adv. On fire. of plants; the American aloe, or A-6oat', adl. 1. In a floating state. 2. Moving; pass- century plant. It is from ten to ing from place to place. 3. Unfixed; without guide or seventy years, according to climate, control. in attaining maturity, when it pro-, A-forot', adv. 1. On foot; borne by the feet. 2. In duces a gigantic flower-stem, forty action; in a condition for action, or in a state of being _feet in height, and perishes. planned for action. aXe a. [Lat. setas, contracted from A-fore', adv. or prep. Before. xevstas, from evcum, age.] 1. Whole Agave. A4-fre'g5-lig, a. Going before; foregoing; previous, duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other A-f4re'hslhnd, adv. Beforehand; before. kind. 2. That part of the duration of a being which is ~A-f5re'nmeu-lleti led, ad. Spoken of or named be- -between its beginning and any given time. 3. The A-VPore'smaid (-ced), fore. latter part of life. 4. A certain period of human life, A-fRire'tla6ugLt (-thcawt), a. Premeditated. marked by a difference of state. 5. Mature years; peA-fire'tIme, adv. In time past; formerly; of old. riod when a person is enabled by law to do certain acts A-foul', a. or adv. Not free; entangled. for himself, or when he ceases to be controlled by parA-friid', a. [p. p. of affray, to frighten.] Struck with ents or guardians. 6. The time of life for conceiving fear or apprehension. children. 7. A particular period of time in history, as Syn. - Fearful; apprehensive; timid; timorous; frightened; distinguished from others. S. The people who live at alarmed; appalled. a particular period; hence, a generation. 9. A century. A-frsh', adcl. Anew; over again. Syn. - Epoch; date; era; maturity. 4-fr6nt' (-frtnt/), adv. In front. [abaft. Age, v. i. To grow old; to become aged. Aft, adv. or a. (Naut.) Astern, or toward the stern; A'_ed(a/jed), a. 1. Advanced in age oryears; old; an_Fore and aft, from one end of the vessel to the other. cient. 2. HIaving a certain age; having lived. Aft'er, a. 1. Later in time; subsequent. 2. ('Naut.) A'1ed-ly, ade. Like an aged person. More aft, or toward the stern of the ship'g. Yat.) A en-Vy, n. [Low Lat. agentia, from Lat. agens. See Moreaft, or towardthsti. AGrENT.] 1. Quality of acting or of exerting power; the - In the first sense the word is ofteri combined with the state of being in action; instrumentality. 2. Office or following noun, as after-ages. d sduties of an agent, or factor. 3. Bureau of an agent. After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its genuine signification. Some of the followinfg Syn. - Action; operation; efficiency. words are of this kind; but in some of them after seems rather A-dr9'ndum, a.; pl. A-h N'DA. [Lat.] Somethingto be done; hence, that which reminds of this; a memoranAft'er, prep. [A.-S. after. It seems to be the compara- dum-book; a ritual or liturgy. tive degree of aft.] 1. Behind in place.'2. Later in ANgent, n. 1. A person or thing that exerts power, or time. 3. Moving toward from behind; in search or pur- has the power to act; an actor. 2. One intrusted with suit of. 4. In imitation of. 5. According to the direc- the business of another; a substitute; a deputy; a faction and influence of. 6. Concerning; in relation to. tor. 3. An active power or cause. Aftler, adv. Subsequently in time or place. A'gient-ship, n. The office of an agent; agency. fo6od, foit; firn, rude, pall; sell, Vhaise, call, echo; eem, get as; exist; linger, link; this. AGGLOMERATE 16 AGRESTICAL Ag-glmler-Rete, v. t. [imp. & p.p. AGGLOMERATED; lie money and another. 2. Premium; sum given above p. pr. & vb. n. AGGLOmERATING.] [Lat. agglomnerare, _the nominal value. from ad and glomerare, to form into a glosrus, a ball of At'i-o4tane, n. The maneuvers of speculators to raise yarn.] To wind, or collect into a ball; hence, to gather or depress the funds; stock-jobbing. into a mass. A-&1st'ment, n. [L. Lat. agistamuentum, from gistuon, Ag-gi6m'er-.te, v. i. To collect into a ball or mass. abode, lodging, from Lat. jacere, to lie.] (Law.)(a.) The Ag-glbm/er-5'otion, n. Act of gathering, or state of taking and feeding of other mnen's cattle. (b.) Price paid being gathered, into a ball or mass. for such feeding. Ag-glRfit'i- nant, a. Uniting, as glue. A_'i-tate, v. t. [issp. & P. p. AGITATED; p. pr. & Ag-glI'fti-nal it, n. Any viscous adhesive substance. vb.?a. AGITATING.] [Lat. agitare, to put in mnotion, Ag-glfi'ti-niite, V. t. [iinvp. & p. p. AGGLUTINATED; to drive, intens. of agere.] 1. To move with a violent p. pr. & tvb. n. AGGLUTINATING.] [Lat. aggaltinare, irregular action. 2. To disturb or excite. 3. To disto glue to, from ad and glutinare, to glue.] To unite, or cuss with great earnestness. 4. To consider on all sides; cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to revolve in the mind, or view in all aspects. to unite by causing an adhesion of substances. Syn. - To shake; excite; rouse; perturb; revolve; debate. Ag-glii'ti-qf'tiosal, n. 1. Act of uniting, or state of Ag'/ist'tion, a7. 1. Act of agitating, or state of being being united, as by glue. 2. Union of several words in agitated 3. Discussio. agtae. ~. erturbation of mind.3icusio. one compound vocable, as in the aboriginal languages of S D turb itmn d ibaion. America. Syn. —Disturbance; excitement; debate; deliberation. America. 4g-glfi'ti-n'titve, a.: Tending to unite. A'/i-t'ttave, a. Having power or tendency to agitate. Aiq-t~/ftor, n. One -who agitates; a disturber. Ag'grasn-dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AGGRANDIZED; A tt Oehoaitates; aistuber. p. pr. 2& at. n. vAGGRANDIZING.] [Lat. ad andgrandis, Ag'nagi l, n. An inflammation round the nail; a whitlow. large, great.] 1. To enlarge; —applied to things. 2. A te a elated on the fthers side. Ag~nate, n. Any male relation by the fiather's side. To make great or greater in powder, rank, or honor. Ag'n-ate, o Any male relation by the father's side. _ALg-n&Pt$ion, n2. Relation by the father's side. Syn. — To augment; exalt; promote; advance; increase. Ai/-ns'6et,, ns. [Lat.] Amiong the Ronans, a fourth name Ag-gr-6n'dz n-ment, or Ag'graxi-~Izen/ieent, n. given on account of some exploit, as Scipio AfJicansts. The act of aggrandizing or state of being aggrandized.. r. a illow-lie tree, associ11 A~~~-g~nu~s.-'s~ttus, n. [Gr. a~yvog, a willow-like tree, associA g'gran-diz'err a. One whse aggsran —dizes. e 4g~'gr,,ua-da~z/r,, Onewhlo ~aggrandizes. ted with the notion of chastity from the similarity of its Ag'gra-vate, a. t. [imzp. & p. p. AGGRAVATED; p. pr. & vb. so. AGGRAVATING.] [Lat. acgravaure, from ad name to Ayr,1v chaste.] The chaste-tree, a kind of tree and grais, heavy.] 1 To ake ore, more severe, so called from its imaginary power to preserve chastity. and gravis, heavy.] 1. To make worse, more severe,more enormous; to enhance. 2. To give coloring to in /Afrnus.D~' s. [Lat., lamb of God.] (Rosn. Cath. description; to give an exaggerated representation of. fi/essee.) A cake of wax beaing the figure of a lamb; n Church.) A cake of wax bearing the figure of a lamb; dsrpi3. To provoke or irritatexar; to teaasei o also a prayer beginning with these words. 3 v r o-g5'1 adz,. or a. [Old Eng. agove.] Past; gone..-V The last sense has been recently introduced, and though A-g', a or a [ uge se Pt gn no/ uncommion, Is oi~ questionable proprlety. not unc~ommon, i's of qeuestionoble;sropsrsety. A-gf', a. or aorv. [Corruptcd and contracted from a-goiSys. -- To heighten; raise; increase; magnify, isng.] HIighly excited by eagerness after an object. A-gSing,, p. pr. In motion; going; ready to go. Ag'gra-vd'tioss, n. 1. Act of aggravating, or making -g I pc. Inmtion oi re A-to n,. Contention for a prize. worse. 2. That which aggravates. 3. Exaggerated - representation. 4. Provocation; irritation. [loderns Ag'o-nist, n. [Gr. Jyssrsover. See AGONIZE.] One asnd not legitissnte.] who contends for the prize in public games. Ag'gre-gite, v. t. [isp. &p. p. AGGREGATED; p. pr. Ag/o-nas'i e, a. Relating to prize-fighting, or to any & cb. s. AGGREGATING.] [Lat. aggregare, to lead to a Ag'o-nisti-e-al, violent contest bodily or mental. herd or flock, from ad and grex, flock, herd.] To bring'o Z.. [im. p. p AGONIED; p. p. &. together; to collect into a sum or mass. 2. AGONIZING.] [Gr. a/oyvieaEOaa, aoywrgivet.] To Syn. - To accunuwlatc; pile. writhe with agony; to suffer violent anguish. Agtgre-gate, a. 1. Formed by acollection of partincu- Ag~-onize, v. s. To distress with great pain; to torture. lars into a whole mass or sum. 2. Formed into clusters. za d. ith etreme anguish. 3. (Lawo.) United in one body corporate, with a capac- Ag'o-ny, n. [Gr. eycwvia.] Pain that causes writhing ity of succession and perpetuity. or contortions of the body, like those in athletic conAg'gre-gatc, n. A sum, or assemblage of particulars. tests; hence, oxtreme pain of body or mind. Syn. - Malss; assemblage; collection; sum total; lump. Syn. - Angish; png. - Agoml and poang denotea severe paroxysm of pain (agony being the greatest); coirticsh is proAg'grte-g~i'tiou, a. Act of ag/gregating, or e state of ned suffering; the anguish of remorse, thle pangs or agonies Aglge-giltoii n.Act of aggregating, or state of ofdslui.' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~of diseolutions. being aggregated; collection into a sum or mass; a collection of particulars; an aggregate. A-gr,'ri-a (89), a. elating or tending to equal divis4g'gre-g?/tive, a. Causing aggregation; collective. ion of lands. [property. PAglgre-gd3/tor, sa Onenwho collects into amass. A-grf'rt-as, n. One who favors an equal division of Ag-grds'sion (-grlsh/un), n. [Lat. aggressio, from ag- A-grR'rl-an-4m,... Equal division of land or property, gredi, to go to, approach.] First attack, or act of hos- or the principles of those who favor such a division. tility or injury; first act leading to a waror controversy. A-gre', e. i. [isigp. & p. p. AGREED; p. pr. & at. a. Syn.- Attack; assault; invasion; encroachment. AGREEING.] [Lat. ad and oraltss, pleasing, agreeable.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action. 2. Ag-gris'sive, a. Tending to aggress; making the first To yield assent. 3. To come to terms. 4. To resemattack or encroachment. [sive. ble. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects. 6. (Gram.) Ag-grdss'ive-ness, n. Quality or state of being aggres- To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. Ag-grdss'or, n. The one who first makes an aggression. Syn. - To accede; assent; consent. Syn.- Assaulter; invader.- An aggressor is one who begins a quarrel or encroachment; an assaulter is one who makes a A-gree/a-bIlq-ty,, n. Quality of being agreeable. violent onset; an invader is one who enters by force into the A-grreea-ble, a. 1. Agreeing or suitable; conformable. possessions of another. 2. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance. 3. PleasAg-grifv'atgeo, n. Injury; grievance. ing, either to the mind or senses. 4. Willing or ready Ag-griilve', v. t. [imvp. & p. p. AGGRIEVED; p. pr. to agree or consent. & ab. n. AGGRIEVING.] [Lat. ad and gravis, heavy.] A-gree'a-ble-ntess, n. The quality of being agreeable To give pain or sorrow to; to aiffliict; hence, to oppress or suitable; conformity. or injure; to vex; to harass. A-gree'a-bly, adv. 1. In an agreeable manner; pleasAg-group',,. t. To bring together; to group. ingly. 2. In accordance; conformably. A-ghai.st' (-g0ist/), a. or adv. [A contraction of agaxed, A-gree'&nent, ss. 1. A state of agreeing, or being in p. p. of agaze.] Struck with amazement; stupefied with harmony or resemblance. 2. (Gram.) Concord or sudden fright or horror. [motion. correspondence of one word with another in gender, A'file, a. [Lat. agilis, from agere, to act.] Quick of number, case, or person. 3. (I.eaw.) Union of two or Syn. — Nimble; active; lively; brisk. more minds in a thing done or to be done; hence, a barA41'le-ness, n. Quality of being agile; power to move gain, compact, or contract. A-~ili-ity, ].quickly; quickness of motion. Syn. - Union; concurrence; accordance; contract. Aigl-o, n.; pl.'/GI-5S. [It. aggio, agio, same as agia, A-grds'tie, a.. [From Lat. agrsiis; ager, field.] ease, comfort.] 1. (Con.) Difference in value between a-grs'tie-al ertainin to the fields; rural; unmetallic and paper money, or between one sort of metal- polished; rustic. Z B &c., long; Fe, 5, &c., short; cre, far:s, As all, whlat; dre, veil: tdrm; pique, f~im; sfn, 8r, do, wolf, AGRICULTOR 17 ALATED kg'ri-efilt'or, n. A farmer; a husbandman. terial, made air-tight, and inflated through tubes closed Ag'ri-efilt'iir-al, a. Relating to agriculture. ^ by stop-cocks. Agfri-tilt/iire, n. [Lat. agricultura, fr. ager, field, and Air'-bliid/der, n. A peculiar organ in some kinds of clltura, cultivation.] The art or science of cultivating fishes, containing air, by which they are enabled to mainthe ground, especially in fields or in large quantities; till- tain their equilibrium in the water. age; husbandry; farming. Air'-cdll1, so. pl. Cells containing air. Ag/ri-efilttir-ist, sn. One skilled in agriculture; a Air'-gin, n. A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. husbandman; farmer. Air'-hile, n. 1. An opening to admit or discharge air. Ag'ri-mo-lly, n. [Lat. agrimonia, from Gr. apyela, a'2. A hole produced by a bubble of air. disease of the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.] Air'i-ly, adv. In an airy manner; gayly; merrily. A genus of plants; liverwort. Air'i-ness, n. 1. Openness to the air.'2. Levity; gayety. Agr6n'o-m-y, ss. [Gr. A'ypoi, field, and vYaew, to as- Airnlug, n. 1. A short excursion in the open air. 2. sign.] husbandry; agriculture. - Exposure to air and warmth. Asiroun.] d' ad. On the ground; stranded. Air'-pipe, n. A pipe for drawing off foul air. _Ak ir'-pl,%nt, n. A plant nourished by air only. A'giie, n. 1. Chilliness; a state of shaldking with cold, 4ir'pu,. Ala n hed by air only. though in ordinary health. 2. (tiled.) An intermittent fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. the air from a closed, for exhaustingel. Agno-lsh, a. Having the qualities of an ague; chilly. th air Ah, intej. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, 1 In the figure, a syringe, A B C, communicates, by means of a small complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, exultation, &c., accord- pipe, E, with a receiver, or vessel, D, ing to the manner of utterance. from which the air is to be exhausted. A-hit, intedj. An exclamation expressing triumph, con- air'-shdft, n. A passage for air Air-pump. tempt, or simple surprise; but the senses are distinguished into a mine. by very different modes of utterance. Air'-tlght (-tit), a. So tight as not to admit air. A-hdad', adsv. Farther forward; farther in front or in Airt-vis'sel, n. A vessel in plants or animals which conadvance; onward. tains air A_-hill', adv. AWith the sails furled and the helm lashed. airy, a. Havingthenatureorproperties ofair. 2 Aid, s. t. [imp. & p. p. AIDED; p. pr. & vb. n. AIDING.] Belonging to air; high in air. 3. Exposed to the air. [Lat. adjutare, to help, freq. of adjusvare, to help, from ad 4 Resembling air; unsubstantial. 3. Without reality; and jioare, to help.] To support, by furnishing strength having no solid foundation. 6. Full of vivacity and or means to effect a purpose, or to prevent or remove levity. 7. (Paint.) Having the light and aerial tints evil. true to nature. Syn. - To assist; help; succor; support; relieve; sustain. Aisle (1l), n. (Arch.) (a.) The wing of a building. (b.) Aid, n. 1. Help. 2. The person or thing that aids; a One of the lateral divisions of a Gothic church,separated helper. 3. An aid-de-camp. from the middle of the nave by two rows of piers. (c.) A passage in a church into which the pews or seats open. Syn. — Support; succor; assistance; relief. A-iar', ode. Partly open, as a door. AicIt'la,nso. Aid; assistance; help. 8Aj'u-tage, so. [Fr. aoutage, a thing added; Lat. ad Aidf-dce-eamp (a-d/de-kUng), i.; pl. AIDES-DE-CAMP. Ad'ju-tage, ] and juxta, near to, nigh.] A discharge[Fr.] (Mil.) An officer selected by a general officer to tube, as of a fountain. assist him in his military duties. A-kim'bo, a. With a crook; bent. Aildless, a. Helpless; unsupported; friendless. A-kin', a. 1. Related by blood. 2. Allied by nature; Ai'gret, n. [Fr.] 1. Thesmallwhite heron. 2. A partaking of the sameproperties. Ailgrette, tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, &c. Al'a-bas/ter, ns. (Mmin.) (a.) A compact variety of sulAil,: s. t. [imp. & p. p. AILED; p. pr. & vsb. so. AILING.] phate of lime, or gypsun), of fine texture, and usually [A.-S. eglan, to feel pain, egle, sharp, troublesome.] To white and semi-pellucid. (b.) A hard, compact variety affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental; of carbonate of lime. -to trouble; to be the matter with. A-lick', interj. [Corrupted from alas.] An exclamation All, v. i. To feel pain; to be troubled. expressive of sorrow. [gret or sadness. Ail, s. Disorder; indisposition; pain. A-lickl'a-diy, interj. An exclamation expressive of reAi-l'qn'tus, n. [From aiianto, i. e., tree of heaven, the A-1ie'ri-ty, It. [Lat. alacritas, from alacer, or alacris, name of the tree in the Moluccas.] A genus of beautiful lively, eager.] Cheerful readiness. trees, natives of the East. One species has an offensive Syn. -Briskness; liveliness; glee; hilarity; joyousness. odor. [Commonly, but improperly, spelt ailanthlus.] Aia-xmode, ads. According to the mode or fashion, Ail'ment, sn. Morbid affection of the body; disease. Al'a-mlidel, n. A thin, glossy, black silk. Aim,',. i. [Lat. 6estinare, to estimate.] 1. To point with A-l Intus. See AILANTUS. a missive weapon.'2. To direct the intention or purpose A-,. [It aam fom aNTUS. to arms A-Eiirml, n. [It. allarme from all' arme, to arms!] Aim, sv. t. [isnp. & p. p. AIMED; p. pr. & sob. s. AIM- 1. A summons to arms. A'. Any sound or information ING.] To direct or point, as a weapon; to direct to a intended to give notice of approaching danger. 3. Sud_sparticular olbject. den surprise with fear or terror, excited by apprehension Aim, n. 1. The pointing or direction of any thing, esp. of danger. 4. A mechanical contrivance for awaking a missile weapon, to a particular point or object, with persons from sleep or rousing their attention. a view to strike or affect it, as of a spear, a blow, a dis- Sn; terrou consternation; arehension. course,or remark. 2. The point intended to be hit or Sy — Fright; terror; consternation; apprehension.course, or remark. c. The point intended to be hit, o r Alarsn is the dread of impending danger; apvprehension, fear object intended to be affected. 3. Purpose; intention. that it may be approaching; terror is agitating and excessive fear; conrsternation is terror which overpowers the faculties. Syn. —Direction; end; scope; scheme. p. & b.. Aimfless, a. Without aim or purpose; purposeless. A-ir,. t. [ip. & p. p. ALARMED p. pr. & sb. Aim'es4, n [a.ar]1Tefudwih ALARMING.] 1. To call to arms for defense. 2. To Air (4), s. [Lat. air, Gr. dijp, air.] l. The fluid which fill with apprehension; to disturb. we breathe, and which surrounds the earth; the atmos- A-larlm'-bdll, n. A bell that gives notice of danger. phere. 2. A particular state of the atmosphere, as re- A-lirm' —el6ck, n. A clock made to ring loudly at a spects heat, cold, moisture, and the like, or as affecting particular hour. the sensations. 3. Any atriform body; a gas. 4. Air A-liirm'ing-ly, adv. So as to alarm. in motion; a light breeze. 5. Publicity. 6. (Maus.) A A-lEirm'ist, n. One who intentionally excites alarmmusical thought expressed in a pleasing and symmetrical A-Tarm'-post, n. A place to which troops are required succession of single tones; a melody; a tune; an aria. to repair in case of alarm. 7. Peculiar look, appearance, manner, mien, or carriage A-larm'-watch, n. A watch that can be so set as to of a person. 8. pl. An artificial or affected manner; strike frequently at a particular hour. show of pride. A-la'rum, s. Same as ALARM; - applied chiefly to a Air, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AIRED; p. pr. & sob. i1. AIRING.] contrivance attached to a clock for sounding an alarm or 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, re- calling attention. freshing, exhibiting, or purifying; to ventilate. 2. To A-_ls', interj. [From Lat. lassus, weary, languid.] An ^ expose to he'at, for the purpose of drying or warming. exclamation expressive of sorrow, grief, pity, concern, or Air'-biith, n. An arrangement for drying substances in apprehension of evil. "air of any desired temperature. A-lte', I a. [Lat. alatus, from ala, wing.] Winged; Air'-bdd, It. A case of india-rubber cloth, or other ma- A-lit'ed 5 having expansions like wings. food, fodot; frrn, rude, p-uVll; 9ell, Vhaise, call, echo; gem, get; as; eist; linger, link; this. 2 ALB 18 ALIENATE Alb, t. [Lat. albus, white.] An ecclesiastical vestment A-lset'try-o-mln'n/y, n. Divination by means of a of white linen, reaching to the feet, and enveloping the cock. entire person. A-lee', adv. [Prefix a and lee, q. v.] (raut.) On the Al-b'tfta, n. German silver. side opposite to the side on which the wind strikes. Alfba-trSss, n. [Corrupt- Ale'-hloof, I. Ground-ivy;-formerly used in making ed from Sp. & Pg. alca- ale. traz.] A very large, web- i Ale'-house, n. A house or place where ale is retailed. footed sea -bird, found A-16ntbie, n. [Ar. al-ambiq, which chiefly in the Southern was introduced into Ar. from Gr. aiqp3,L Ocean. _ _ cup, the cup of a still.] A chemical Al-b'it, conj. or adv. - - - _ vessel, usually of glass or metal, used Although; be it so; not- in distillation. withstanding. i -- -~ A-le~rt' (14), a. [From It. all' erta, upon Al-bdst'ege t, a: [Lat.. one's guard; erta, from Lat. ex, e, from, albescere, to grow white.] A ce out of, and regere, to lead straight.] 1. Becoming white; whitish. Watchful; vigilant; active in vigilance; Al/bi-fi-eii'tion, n. [Lat. Albatross. hence, upon the alert, upon the watch, Alembic. albus, white, and facere, to make.] Act of whitening, or guarding against surprise or danger. 2. Moving with making white. celerity. Al'b2bi-gntseS, | n.pl. (Eccl. Hist.) A party of reform- Syn. -Brisk; prompt; lively; nimble. Al/bi-meoisn h ers, who separated from the chunch A-lrt'ly, adv. Quickly; nimbly; briskly. of Rome in the 12th century - so called from Albi, in A-lert'ness, n. Watchful activity or readiness. Languedoc. Al'bit-ni!m, n. The state or condition of an albino. - yn.-Briskness; watchfulness; promptitude. Al-bi'no, n.; pl. AL-BI/NOQ, sn. [From Lat. albus, white.] Ale'wvlfe, n.; pl. ALE/WIVES. A woman who keeps an Any person of a preternatural whiteness of the skin and ale-house. hair, and a peculiar redness of the iris and pupil of the Alle'wlfe, n.; pl. XLE/WiVEs. [Ind. Aloof.] An Amereye. ican fish resembling a herring. Al1bun -in'te-ofis, a. [Lat. albugo, whiteness, from albus, Al/el-ln'drlne, n. A verse of twelve syllables, or six white.] Pertaining to the white of an egg, and hence to Iambic feet;-so called from a poem written in French the white of the eye. on the life of Alexander. Altsbum, ni. [Lat. albzts, white.] 1. (Romn. Antiq.) A A-lx/i-phirt'mie, n. [Gr. aettdappuaKoo, fr. aXkefev, white table or register, on which any thing was inscribed. to keep off, and s4pesacov, drug, poison.] What expels 2. A blank book in which t6 insert autographs or lit- or resists poison. erary memorials. 3. A book at public places, in which A-lx'/i-phsrmi le, a. Expelling poison or infection. visitors enter their names. A-1ex/i-teir e, a. [Gr. aAC0l p sit, aiitetV, to keep Al-bUi'men, sn. [Lat., from lbus, white.] 1. (Bot.) A- -t off.] esisting poison; obviating Nourishing matter stored up between the embryo and the effects of venom. integuments of the seed in many plants. 2. (Physiol.) A-l6x/i-ttr'i-e, n. [See sepra.] A medicine to resist the A thick, viscous substance, which forms a constituent effects of poison, or the bite of venomous animals. part of both animal fluids and solids, and which exists aefct, n. pl. AL/Gc. [Lat.] (Bot.) A grand division nearly pure in the white of an egg. of cryptogamic plants, embracing sea-weeds or waterAl-biitmen-lze, ea. t. (Photog.) To cover or impreg- plants. nate with albumen. igAile-baxr, n. [Ar. al-gabr, al-jabr, reduction of parts Al-~bl'mi-nouis, a. Pertaining to albumen. to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, from gabara Al-bfrirnum, n. [Lat., fr. albus,white.] The whiteand or jabara, to bind together, to consolidate.] (lMath.) softer part of wood next to the bark, called sap-wood. That branch of analysis whose object is to investigate Al1'ea-hdst, s n. A pretended universal solvent or men- the relations and properties of numbers by means of letAltka-hest, j struum of the ancient alchemists. ters and other symbols. Al-eaid', n. 1. In Sain, the governor of a castle, fort, Age-roi', a. Pertainingto,orperformedby,alor the like. 2. A jailer or warden. A'e-brieI'-al, gebra. Al-eAlde, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judge. Al/ge-brii'ic-al-ly, ada.u By means of algebra. Al-ehfim'ti-al, a. Relating to alchemy. Al'/e-bri'ist, n. One who is skilled in algebra. Al-ehmln'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy. Algo-rL~M, I a. [Sp. algoritmoe Old Sp. algsarismo, Al&ehe-mnst, n. One skilled in alchemy. [to it. - go-rit Al'lehe-mlstfie-al, a. Practicing alchemy, or relating Al'go-rithm, taken by the Arabs from Gr. aprop6s, Al'ehe-my,-n. [Ar. al-kitmi, which is taken from the number, and transformed by the Spaniards by inserting Gr. XLei, which stands for v, from x, juice, the letter g between the article al and the vowel a.] Gr. Xliquid, which stands for acted from plants.] Ojuicet (ath.) The art of computing in any particular way. liquid, especially as extracted friom plants.] Occult ligoe s, a. Pertaining to sea-weed. chemistry; an ancient science which aimed to transmute Alnquazil (al-ga-zeel/), n. A Spanish officer of justice. the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or grand A'tli-as, adaz. [Lat.] Otherwise; otherwise called; —a catholicon, the universal solvent, &c. term used in legal proceedings to connect the different Al'-eorhol, sn. [Ar. al-kohl, a powder of antimony to names of a party who has gone by two or several, and paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterward ap- whose true name is for any cause doubtful; as, Smith, plied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly alias Si pson. rectified spirits.] Pure or highly rectified spirits; more A'li-as, n. [Lat.] (Law.) (a.) A second or farther writ loosely applied to ardent spirits in general. issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (b.) Al/'eco h 1ie1, a. Relating to alcohol. Another name; an assumed name. Al'teo-hol-ize, v. t. To convert into alcohol. AlZfi-bl, n. [Lat., elsewhere, in another place.] (Lass.) Al'eo-hll'me-ter.. [Alcohol and Gr. i/erpov.] An When a person, on trial for a crime, shows that he was instrument for determining the strength of spirits. in another place at the time when the act was committed, Alteo-rAn, n. See KORAN and ALKORAN. he is said to prove an alibi; hence, the plea, allegation, Al'eove, or Al-eoive' (114), n. [Ar. al-gubba, arch, vault, or defense under which this proof is made. from gabba, to arch.] A recess, or part of a room, Al'ien (al/yen), a. [Lat. alienus, from alius, another.] separated from the rest by a partition, and containing 1. Not belonging to the same country, or government, shelves for books, a bed of state, or seats for company. or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign.'2. Wholly Al'ider, n. [A.-S. aler, Lat. alnus.] A tree of several different in nature. varieties. Alfien, n. A foreigner; a foreign-born resident of a coun-.Al'der-man, n.; pl. AL/DER-MEN. [A.-S. ealdorman, try, in which he does not possess the privileges of a aldorman, from ealdor, aldor, eald, ald, old, and man.] citizen. A magistrate or officer of a city or town corporation, Al/ell-a-billi-ty, s. The capacity of being alienated. next in rank below the mayor. Al'ien-a-ble, a. Capable of being alienated.,Ale, n. [A.-S. eale, from alan, to nourish, Lat. alere.] Al'ienl-age, n. The state of being an alien, or foreigner. 1. A liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermenta- Al'ien-iate, a. t. [imp. & p. p. ALIENATED; p. pr. & tion.'2. A festival in English country places, so called ab. n. ALIENATING.] [Lat. alienare.] 1. To convey from the liquor drank. [measures. or transfer to another, as title, property, or right. 2. Ale'-e6n/ner, n. An officer who inspected ale-house To make indifferent or averse; to estrange. R, e, &c., long; A, d, &c. short; cqre, fr, rask, all what; re, veil, te~rm; pique,firm; s6n, 6r, d, wolf, ALIENATE 19 ALLEVIATIVE Al'ien-ate, a. Estranged; stranger to. All, adv. Wholly; completely; altogether; entirely. Al'ien-ii'tion, n. 1. (Law.) A transfer of title, or a 411, n. The whole number, quantity, or amount the legal conveyance of property to another. 2. State of aggregate; the whole; the total; totality; as, all in all; being alienated or transferred. 3. Withdrawing or es- a phrase which signifies every thing desired. trangement, as of the affections. 4. Derangement, as At all, a phrase much used by way of enforcement or emphaof the mental faculties; insanity. sis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signifyAl'ien-ii'tor, n. One who alienates or transfers property. ing in the leaslt degree or to the least extent; in the least; nder _l-iflne', v. t. 1. To convey or transfer, as property any circunslcnces.'2. To estrange. i- All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, Al'ien-ee', n. One to whom a thing is sold. or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely incorporated into words, and its fihal consonant is dropped, as in Aloaena-i5m, n. Thestate of being an alien. almighty, already, always; but in most instances, it is an adAl'i-fdrm, a. [Lat. ala, wing, andfornma, shape.] IHav- verb prefixed to other words, but separated by a hyphen, as, ing the shape of a wing. all-bountfitd, all-gloriovs, all-inmlpoltt, all-surroundiny, &c. (-lit'),. i. [imp. & p. p. ALIGHTED; P. pr. Such compounds usually explain themselves, and therefore AP-Hght, (-lit/), v. i. [imnp. & p7. p. ALIGHTE~D; p. pr b f wl hr ie. A-l~~~~~~~ght' ~~~~~~~but few will be here given. & vb. n. ALIGHTING.] [A.-S. bliletan, gelihtan.] 1. To get down or descend, as from on horseback; to dismount. 4l'lah, n. The Arabic name of the Supreme Being. 2. To fall, or descend and settle, or lodge. Al'lan-tt'lc, a. Pertainingto the allantois. A-lign' (a-lin'), v. t. [Lat. ad and linea, line.] To adjust Ai-4ln'toi d, or Al'lan-toid, n. [Gr. dhXavroet84%, or form by a line, as troops. A-lin'tois, or AL'lan-tois, gut-shaped; IX A-lign' (a-lin), a. i. 1. To form in line, as troops. 2. gut, and eleos, shape.] A thin membrane, situated be(Engin.) To lay out the ground-plan, as of a road. tween the chorion and amnios in animals. A-llgna'm ent, (-1in/-), n. [Fr. alignesnent, Pr. aliga-. t. [im.. ALLAYED; r. & b. n. men.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line; the stateof AL-bYING.] [Partly fom A.-S. aleD;an, to lay down,'.(ngn) ALLAYING.] [Partly from A. -S. alecgan, to lay down, beisoadjusted; thelineofadustmnt. 2. (Egi) confine, diminish, depress; partly from Fr. allier, to ally, bhein sroadustd;-telne of adjusment confinhe, mrmd. The ground-plan of a railway or other road. to mix, as metals, Lat. aliigare, to bind to something.] A-lik-e', a. [Prefix a and lidse.] Having resemblance or 1. To make quiet or put at rest; to pacify or appeam. similitude; similar; without difference. similitude; similar; without difference. 2. To abate, mitigate, repress, or subdue. A&-like', ada. In the same manner, form, or degree.'2Toatemigtrpesrsud. A-', adv. In the stoe manner, formor degree. d Syn. -To check; appease; calm; soothe; pacify; assuage. Al'ji-ment, n. [Lat. alimentum, from alere, to feed, nourish.] That which feeds or supports. Al-lyt, n. See ALLOY. Syn. - Food; nourishment; support; nutriment. Al- iiyer, n. Ho who, or that which, allays. Al-liy'ment, n. 1. Act of allaying or state of being Al/i-m/nt'al, a. Pertaining to food or aliment; sup- allayed.'2. That which allays. Al'i-mdant'a-ry, plying food; nutritive. Al/le-giition, n. 1. Positive assertion or declaration; Al'/-men-t~i'tion, n. The act or power of affording nu- affirmation. 2. That which is alleged, affirmed, or astriment; stafe of being nourished. serted. AI/i-mndnt'ive-naess, n. The phrenological organ of Al-lfe' (al-lij/), v. t. [imp. &p.p. ALLEGED; p.pr. & appetite for food or drink. ab. t. ALLEGING.] [Lt. allegare, from ad and legare, Al'i-mS'ni-ofis, a. Affording food; nourishing. to send dispatch.] 1. To bring forward with positiveAl'i-m o-ny (50), n. [Lat. alimeonia, alimni, from ess.'. To produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse. alere, to feed.] An allowance made to a wife out of her Syn.- To declare; affirm; assert; urge; adduce; advance; husband's estate or income for her support, upon her cite; quote. divorce or separation from him, or during a suit for the Al-lkel'a-ble, n. Capable of being alleged. same. Al-1&'i-anee, n. [L. Lat. allegiantia, from Lat. alligare, Al'i-ped, a. Wing-footed. to bind to, from ad and ligare, to bind.] The tie or obAl'l-ped, n. An animal whose toes are connected by a ligation which a subject owes to his prince or government; membrane which serves as wings, as the bat. loyalty. Ali-qtuint, a. [Lat. aliquantus, some, moderate, from Al/le-gr'ie, a. In the manner of allegory; figuraalts, other, and qtantus, how great.] Not dividing an- Al/le-g6ric -al, tive; describing by resemblances. other number without a remainder. A.l'le-g6r'ie-al-ly, adv. In an allegorical manner. Al'i-quot, a. [Lat. aliquot, some, several, aliquoties, AIl/le-gir'i-e-al-ness, n. Quality of being allegorical. several times.] Dividing exactly, or without remainder. Al'le-go-rst, n. One who teaches by allegory. A-live', a. Having life; not dead; active; susceptible. Al'le-go-rize, a. t. [imp. & p.. p. ALLEGORIZED; p. Alika-aest, n. A pretended universal solvent. pr. & vb. n. ALLEGORIZING.] 1. To form or turn into Al/ka-lgs'tent, a. Tending to the properties of an alkali. allegory. 2. To understand in an allegorical sense. Al'ka-ll, or Al'ka-il, n.; pl. XL/KA-LYS, or XL/KA-LIl.. Al'le-go-rize, v. i. To use allegory. [Ar. al-qali, ashes of glgsswort, from qalaj, to roast in a'le-. [Gr. hya; h oher, nd pan, fry.] (Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, soda,, potash, ammonia, and lithia, distinguished by their solu ayopee, to harangue, from yp, assembly.] story bility in water and alcohol, their uniting with oils and or figurative discourse, in which the direct and literal fats to form soap, their neutralizing and forming salts meaning is not the real or principal one, but is designed maigis tot blue. r e a wit grenal,b t iesine with acids, and their changing reddened litmus to blue. to image forth some important truth with greater vividAL-kilfi-fTor nAl~a;-l 5 aL. 5. [imp. & p. p. AL- ness and force; a figurative manner of speech or descripHALIFIED; p. pr. & vb. s. ALKALIFYING.] To form tion. or convert into an alkali. Al-le-grf-t'o, a. [It.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, Al-Ik~~~~~~lli47 ~~~~~but not so quick as allegro. Al-kiL'i- f~l, or Al'ka-li-f3y, a. i. To become channed but not so quick as alte~re. into an alkali. Al-le'lflo, a. [It., merry, gay.] (Mus.) Quick, brisk, AIl'ka-ll4'e-noiis, a. Producing alkali. - lively.- As a noun, a quick, sprightly strain or piece. Allka-limre-ter, n. [Eng. allkaliand meter, Gr. A'l/e-lzdila, PraisetoJehovah. fSeHALLELUIAH. A1 le-indiahle, n. [Pr., Germaon (dance).] A German measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength l-le- nt' n. [Fr. Germ n (da nce).] A German or purity of alkalies. waltz; formerly a German dance in A or A measure, of a Al/ka-lim'e-try, n. The art of ascertaining the strength moderate movement. of alkalies, or the quantity present in any mixture. Al-1'vi- l-ite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLEVIATED; p. pr. fAl'ka-llne (or -lIn), a. Having the qualities of alkali. &va.. ALLEVIATING.] [L. Lat. alleaiare, from Lat. PAl'kn-ln'i-ty, ie. Quality which constitutes an alkali. levis, light.] 1. To make light or easy to be borne in a AI'k/a-ll-zdl'Ition, a. The act of rendering alkalino by literal sense. 2. To make light, in a figurative sense; impregnating with an alkali. h t'-ea.. To make alkaline; toalkhence, to remove in part; to make easier to be endured. ffltka-lize, v. t. To make alkaline; to alkalify. Syn. —To lessen; diminish; mitigate; assuage; allay.Al'Ra-loid, n. (Chem.) A salifiable base existing in These words are all figurative. Alleviate supposes a leed, as some vegetables as a proximate principle, of care, which is lightened; miligate, something fierce, which Al-khr'mPi5, n. [Ar. al-qirmiz, alqermez, the coccus in- is made mild, as se,;fering; assuage, something violent, which is sect.] A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, quieted, as sorrow; allay, something excited, but now brought made chiefly of kermes berries. cdown,as grief; lessenand dinzinish refer to amount or degree. made chiefly of kermes berries. 1 l1'ko-r[tn, n. The Mohammedan Bible. See KORAN. Al-lP'Vi-'t!ion, n. 1. Act of alleviating, or haking more All, a. [A.-S. call, al.] Every one, or the whole number light; a lessening or mitigation. 2. That which mitiof; the whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, qual- gates or makes more tolerable. ity, or degree of. It always precedes the article the, and Syn. - Mitigation; diminution; relief. the definitive adjectives my, thy, his, our, your, their. Al-l1v'i-a-tive, a. Something mitigating. fo-od, f6ot; Airn, rude, pV'll; 9ell, Vhaise, call, eeho; gem, get; as; eeist; linger, liUk; this. ALLEY 20 ALLY Al'ley, n.;pl. AL/LEYg. [Fr. allide, from aller, to go.] Al-1it'ment, n. 1. Act of allotting. 2. Part allotted. 1. A walk in a garden.'2. A narrow passage, as dis- A/lo-tr6p'ie, a. Pertaining to allotropism. tinct from a public street. Al-Ii6'ro-plim, n. [Gr. diueo, other, and pChor6;, Al-15tro-~m, ~. Gr. iiAho~: other, and ~'porr6s~.Alley, vs. [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was Al-141tro-py, way; fr. rpcrEiv, to turn.] (C/en.) originally made.] A choice taw or large marble. The property of existing in two or more conditions which All-fd-olsl —~y,y n. The first of April, when it is a popu-.ll-f6o159'us-dit s. The first of April, when it s a. are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. lar custom to play off trcks or make fools. Al-low', a. t. [isnp. & p. p. ALLOWED; p. pr. & ab. n. All-f eurie, n. p1. [From all andfour.] A game at cards, ALLOWING.] [Lat. ad and locare, to place.] 1. To give, which derives its name from the four chances of which it afford, or yield. 2. To own or acknowledge. 3. To abate consists, for each of which a point is scored. The player or dednct. 4. To grant license to; to permit. who has all these is said to have all-fours. Syo. - To grant; yield; admit; consent. To go on allffours, to move on four legs, or on two legs and low',. - To make abatemet or deduction. two arms or hands. Al-low, v. i. To make abatement or deduction. 1- l itrj Allhealth;-a phrase of salutation Al-low'a-blo, a. Capable of being, or proper to be, alAll-h~APf, interj. All health; -a phrase of salutation, lowed, or perumitted as lawful. expressing a wish of perfect health, or safety to the pe -lowa-l, ad. In an allowable manner. son addressed. r- ~~~~Al-lowla-bly' advJ. In an allowable manner. Alson addressed. 15w n AtefrtayAl-lowl'aige, n. 1. Act of allowing, granting, or adofNrAll-Saints'-day the firs do mitting. 2. Permission or license; usually slight approj~ll-Ball'lqSv, ofNoeme;; eatin hno - h'of November;a feast ~in honor bation. 3. That which is allowed; a stated quantity, j~kll-hhq~w-maso~ all the saints. 1All-hh&l'lhw- mts,) ot alln the na lsaints, as of food or drink; hence, (NauYst.) a limited quantity j.ll-hA1t1;Gw-/de, it The time near, All-ins.illas'1wtie s.Th im ea llSins, of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. 4. AbateAl/li-CJ'ceois, a. [Lat. allium, aliums, garlic.] Pertain- ment; deduction. i. (Comn.) A deduction from the ing to garlic; having tho smell or properties of garlic. gross weight of goods. Al-li'.ane, s. [Fr. alliance, from allier, to unite; Let. Al-los'antie, a. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOWANCED; p. alligare, to bind to something.] 1. State of being allied; pr. & vb.; n. ALLOWANCING.] To put upon allowance. a union or connection of interests, especially between Al-loy', a. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLOYED; p. pr. &:b. n. families by marriage, and states by compact, treaty, or ALLOYING.] [Fr. aloi, lot, good alloy, fixed standard league. 2. The compact or treaty which is the instru- of gold and silver, from Lat. lex, law, ad legesm, accordment of allying. 3. The persons or parties allied. ing to law. This word has been confounded with allay, Syn.-League; confederacy; affinity; coalition. q. v., and the signification of the latter attributed to it.] Al'li-gta, a. t. To tie together; to unite. 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuaAl'li-gaition, n. [Lat. alligatio, ft. alligare, to bind to, ble metal.. To abate, impair, or corrupt. fr. ad and ligare, to bind.] (Arith.) A rule relating to the Al-loy', n. 1. Any compound of two or more metals, solution of questions concerning the compounding ormix- as of copper and zinc to form brass. 2. A baser metal ing together of different ingredients, or ingredients of dif- mixed with a finer. 3. Evil mixed with good. ferent qualities or values. Al-boyfa', a. 1. The act of alloying or mixing metals. l The rule is named from the method of connecting to-' A mxture ofdifferent metals. gether the terms by certain ligature-like signs. inAlsinorofdaly, ah. The first day of November; a feast Alfqi-g,7/tor. n. [Corrupted ~,' a. [Corrupted n. in honor of all the saints. fron Sp cilagrlo A H 4-smuI," -dFiy, n. The second day of November; a front Sp. el lagarto, the Ilz g ard from at. elaccrtos, hequv i z / Roman Catholic solemnity held to pray for the souls of ard, from Lat. lacertus, equiv.thfahfl to lacerta, lizard.] (Zoil.) A 4a_ tfiT-f-l. large carnivorous amphibi- I. large carnivorous amphiba- 4lI — ~ A~l'sgI~e, a. The berry of the pimento, an aromatic ousT ~ rtree of the West Indies. It has been supposed to comone reptile, of the Saunean ibine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves; hence fabmily, peculiar to America. t the name. Al-ll'ion(-1izh/un), nt. [Lat. Sfetvyi allisso, from allidcre, to staike AlIde allisio, from allidere, to strike c. H-sudf-fltient (-flfsh/ent), a. Sufficient to every thing. or dash ginst, from ad and liator l-Tc,. i. [imp. & p. p. ALLUDED; p. pr. & ab. n. dashto dash against, to hurt by stAking ] A striking ALLUDING.] [Lat. alludere, from ad and ludere, to play.] xdcrc, todsaanttutbysrkig]As To refer to something not directly mentioned; to hint against. Al-CLter -ii'ion,. [Lat ad andllctra] Therepetition by remote suggestions; to have reference. of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words y. - To sggest; intimate; glance at; advert to. immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals. Al-l'Rtmi-nor, n. [Lat. illuminator, from illtuminare, Al-lIt'er-a-tive, a. Pertaining to alliteration. to illuminate, from lussen, light.] One who colors or A-'1lo-cEt'tion, se. [L. Lat. allocatio, from Lat. ad and paints upon paper or parchment, giving light and ornalocare, to place.] Act of putting one thing to another; ment to letters and figures; a limner. hence, the admission of an article of account, or an al- Al-lfre', a.. [imp. &p. p. ALLURED; p. pr. & ab. n. lowanco made upon an account; -a term used in the ALLURING.] [Fron ad and lure, q. v.] To attempt to English exchequer. draw to; to tempt by the offer of some good, real or ap-.l'o —caFtu'u, s. [Low Lat., it is allowed.] (Law.) The parent. allowance of a thing or proceeding, by a court, judge, or Syn.- To entice; decoy; seduce. -We are allrted to evil judicial officer. [of the pope to his clergy. by somine promised good; we are enticed into it through ourpasCAl'lo —eit'ftlon, a. An address; particularly an address sions; we are seduced when drawn aside from the path of recAl-15'ci-al, a. (Law.) Pertaining to allodium; free- titude. hold; free of rent or service; - opposed tofeudal. Al-l-ire'ment, n. That which allures or entices. Al-di'dl-um, a. [L. Lat., from 0. Ger. al, all, all, and Al-'er, e. One who allures or decoys; a tempter. A/l-lHix'er, n. One who allures or decoys; a tempter. Od, 6t, A.-S. cad, possession, property. It means, there- Ayl-lictson, h. Indirect reference; in rsetoric, a figure fore, all-property, or whole estate.] (Law.) Freehold es- by hich soetn s applied to, or understood of, - tate; land which is the absolute property of the owner; other, on account of some similitude between them. — oppolsed tofeud. Al-lfi'slve, a. IIinting at; referring to indirectly. Al-l16n4e' (-linj/), n. [Fr., from allonger, to lengthen, Al-lit'sive-ly, ada. In an allusive manner. strike; Lat. longus, long.] A pass or thrust with a AI-li'slve-ness, n. Quality of being allusive. rapier or sword, as in fencing. Al-l'vi-al, a. P. Pertaining to, contained in, or comAl'lo-pUtl'ie, a. Pertaining to allopathy. posed of, alluvium. 2. Washed ashore or down a Al-16p'a-thlst, n. One who practices medicine accord- stream; of fresh-water origin. Al-lfitlvi-ont, n. Same'Is ALLUVIUM/. lug to the rules of allopathy. AI-hi'vi-on, a. Same as ALLUTIU I. Al-1t'athe rulesyof a. rl otn sf A-lt'ivi-tum, n.; pl. AL-LU'VI-A. (Geol.) Deposits of ~a-thy, n. [Gr. a ~, otler, and 7 su~ffer~- ~earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made ing, from 7rraXecv, raaecv, to suffer.] Employment of by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not pertamedicines in order to produce effects different from those nently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. resulting from disease; —a term invented to designate All-v1~e', a. Possessed of infinite wisdom. the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. A_ l-1, v.. t. [imp. & p. p. ALLIED;p.pr. & ab. n. ALLYAl-l5th, a. t. [imp. &p. p. ALLOTTED; p. pr.&,ab. n. ING.] [Lat. adligare,fromadandligare, tobind.] i. To ALLOTTING.] [Old Fr. allotir, alloter, from lot, share, unite, or form a connection between, as between families Goth. hlants, A.-S. hlot.] 1. To divide or distribute, as by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, by lot. 2. To distribute in parts or portions; hence, to league, or confederacy. 2. To connect or form a relagrant, as a portion; to give, assign, or appoint in general. tion between by similitude, resemblance, or friendship. Syn. -To divide; assign; apportion. Al-y' (115), n.; pl. AL-LIEr/. 1. One who is united by, 5, &c., long; 6,, &c. short; cre,fiir, Ask, all, what; hre,veil, tirm; 1i3que, firm; sbn, 6r, rdq wolf, ALMAGEST 21 ALTILOQUENCE compact, marriage, &c.; a confederate. 2. One related Al'pha-bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALPHABETED; p. pr. to another by any tie. & ib. 2s. ALPHABETING.] To arrange in the order of an Al'ma-&est, n. [Gr. ty/y~aros, superl. of /.eyas, great, alphabet. [abecedarian. and the Ar. article al, the; so called by the Arabs, be- A-'pha-lbet-atri-an, n. A learner of the alphabet; an cause this book of Ptolemy was considered as the great- Al'/pha-btt'ie, t a. Pertaining to, furnished with, est or largest on its subject.] A book of problems in Al/pha-bdt'i-e-al, expressed by, expressed by, or in the order of, astronomy and geometry, drawn up by Ptolemy. the letters of the alphabet..Alt'nc l dltter, n. [Lat., fostering mother.] A college A'plia-bdt'ie -al-ly, adv. According to the alphabet. or seminary where one is educated. Al'pleae (-pIn or -pin), a. Pertaining to the Alps, or to Al'lna-nae, n. [Ar. manaklh, from manaha, to give as any lofty mountain. a present; manay. to define, determine; sacsca, measure, Allredacly, adv. [All and ready.] Before this time; now. time.] A book or table, containing a calendar of days, Al'so, adco. [From az andso.] In like manner; weeks, and months, to which astronomical data and va- likewise; too; further; in addition to. rious statistics are often added. Alt, a. or n. [From Lat. alt/us, high, lit. grown great by Al'masn-zdlae, st. [Lat. alabandina, named after Ala- nourishing, p. p. of alere, to nourish.] (Mls.) The banda, a town in Caria, where it was found.] (Min.) higher part of the scale. See ALTO. The red variety of garnet, translucent or transparent. Al'tar, ns. [Lat. altare, altar, Al-lnlghtti-ness (-mit/-), n. A power to do all things; from the same root as altus, omnipotetnce. high.] 1. A table or elevated C Z \A? Al-might'y (-mit'-), a. All-powerful; of unlimited place on which gifts and sacri- 0, ponver; omninpotent. fices are offered to some deity. Al-might'y, n. Go d; the Supreme Being. 2. In Christian churches, the ~lghtfy,~~~~ n. God communion table. Al'snonad (a/mund), n. [Low Lat. amandola, corrupted ALctar-pibe c, s. 1. A paint-, fromn Lat. anzygdala, Gr. otEv~yld6Xl.] 1. The fruit of the ing placed over the altar. 2. almond-tree. 2. One of the two glands called tonsils, Entire decoration of an altar. near the base of the throat. [for another. Al'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALAll'nmon-er, n. [See ALMs.] One who distributes alms TERED; p. pr. &c cb. n. ALAl'mons-ry, n. A place for distributing alms, or where TERING.] [Low Lat. alterare, they are stored for distribution. from Lat. alter, another.] 1. To L Al-in st', ard. Nearly; wvell-nigh; for the greatest part. make some change in; to vary in AlmS (imz), n. pl. [A.-S. a/lnes, elmesse, from Gr. &e-q some degree, without an entire uocorvvs, from eAeeov, to have pity or mercy.] Any thing change. 2. To change entirely Altar. gratuitously given to relieve the poor, as money, food, or or materially. clothing; a charitable donation. Al'ter, v. i. To become, in some respects, different; to Alms'-house, n. A house appropriated for the use of vary; to change. the poor; a poor-house. Al'tera-.e- ble, a. Capable of being altered. Al'nasug-tree, ( n. (Script.) A tree supposed to be the A.l'ter-a-ble-ness, tn. Quality of being susceptible of Al'lgum-ttreeJ ree, red sandal-wood. Al/ter-a —bli'i-ty, change. Al'nage (45), n. [From 0. Fr. alne, N. Fr. anne, from Al'ter-a-blly, adv. In an alterable manner. Lat. ul/na, Gr. bkcdve, elbow.] A measuring by the ell. Al'ter-anlt, a. Producing a gradual change; alterative. A.irvge ('l/o), n.; pl. AL'Eo5. [Lat. alos, Gr. &-1q, IIeb. Al'ter-anLt, n. A medicine which gradually corrects the adld/zi, pl. of a/al.] 1.' (Bet.) A genus of evergreen state of the body; an alterative. herbaceous plants, from some of which are prepared ar- Al/ter-g'tios, so. 1. Act of altering or state of being ticles for medicine and the arts.`2. pl. (Mled.) The in- altered; change. 2. The change made. spissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purga- Al'tez-a-tvve, a. (Med.) Having power to restore the tive. healthy functions of the body without sensible evacuations. American or Century aloe, the agave. See AGAVE tions. mer/ce or C. Alter-a-vr ae, the agve. See Av A medicine which gradually induces Al/o-t/itea, ( a. Pertaining to, obtained from, or par- a change in the habit or constitution, and restores healthy Aloa-St'ie-al, taking of the qualities of, aloes. functions without sensible evacuations. A-1hftt (21), adv. [Prefix a and loft.] 1o On iig h. 2. Al'ter-egte, v. i. [inmp. & p. p. ALTERCATED; p. pr. (Naiut.) In the top; at the mast-head; above the deck. & cb. n. ALTERCATING.] [Lat. altercare, altercari, from ~A-15ief, a. [From all and one.] I1. Apart from, or ex- alter, another.] To contend in words; to wrangle. clusive of, others; single; solitary;- applied to a per- Al/ter-eft'tion, sl. Warm contention in words; conson or thing.. [ Sole; only. [Rare.] troversy; dispute carried on with heat or anger. A-k-1ngf (21), adv. [A.-S. an'dlang, ondlong, from prefix aS-yn. - Wrangle; dispute. - An altercation is an angry disand, ond, against, toward, and lan b, long, long.] I. In pute between two parties; a wrangle is a noisy altercation. a line with the length; lengthwise.'2. In a line, or with a progressive motion; onward; forward. 3. In Al-ter~lnamte (14), a. [Lat. alternatsus, p. p. of alternare.] company; together. Being by turns; one following the other in succession of time or place; hence, reciprocal. Al-tr'lnate (14), on. That which happens by turns; viA-1ing' (21), prep. By the length of, as distinguished cissitude;.a substitute. from across. Al'ter-nlate, or Al-tr'nlaSte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ALA-lg'selidge, adv. By the side of a ship. TBERNATED; p. pr. & cb. n. ALTERNATING.] To per2A-lfof' (26), adv. [Either for all off, that is, quite off, or form by turns, or in succession; to cause to succeed by of the same origin with aloft, q. v.] At or from a dis- turns; to change reciprocally. tance, but within view, or at a small distance; apart. Al'ter-na ite, or Al-te~rliite, v. i. To happen or to _A_-ldoff, prep. At or to a distance from; away from. act by turns. -lo-utl, adv. With a loud voice, or great noise; loudly. Al-tg.rfate-ly, adv. In reciprocal succession; by turns. Alp, it. [Of Celtic origin.] A Al/ter-naf'tioin, n. 1. Reciprocal succession of things very high mountain;- specific- s in time or place. 2. (Mallth.) The different changes or ally, in the plural, the elevated alterations of orders in numbers; permutation. mountain ranges of Switzerland. X Al-trtnna-tlve, a. Offering a choice of two things. ~Al- ab'a', s. [The orig. Peruv. m l Al-ter'na-tlve, n. That which may be chosen or n-ame.] 1. (Zol.') An animal omitted; a choice of two things. of Peru, having long, fine, Al-t6rfna-ttvre-ly, adv. In an alternative manner. polly hair; a species of the s) Al-ther'a-flve-ness, n. Quality or stato of being allama. 2. A thin kind of cloth ternative. made of the wool of the alpaca, -tll, n. [Gr. hala, from /celvw, aBaivecv, to make miAxe, with. Tilk fir th cotton.. to grow, to heal.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including MklptlL]ll, n. The first letter of ~' [,_ the common marsh-mallow and the garden hollyhocks. the Greek alphabet, used to -"' Al-tlBuigh' (awl-thi), conj. [From all and tl/hough, q. v.] denote first. Alpaca. Grant all this; be it so; allow all; suppose that; admit Altpha-bet, n. [Gr. a6Aoi'o; ose from eA/a and,pla, all that; notwithstanding. the first two Greek letters.] The letters of a language ar- Al-til'o-quenee, n. [Lat. altus, high, and loquesntia, a ranged in the customary order. speaking.] Lofty speech; pompous language. food, fdoot; firn, rude, plfI; Vell, 9haise, call, eeho; gem, get; as; eyist; linger, link; this. ALTIMETER 22 AMBITION Al-tlm'e-ter, n. [Lat. altus, high, and metrum, meas- Am'a-ranth, n. [Gr. &.4LpavTo9, from a priv. and ure.] An instrument for taking altitudes by geometrical oapaiseLv, to wither, decay; so called becaus its flowers, principles. when cropped, do not soon wither.] 1. (Bot.) A genus Al-tim'e-try, n. The art of ascertaining altitudes by of ornamental annual plants of many species, with green, means of a proper instrument, purplish, or crimson flowers in large spiked clusters. Al-tls'o-nant, a. [Lat. altus, high, and sonans, sound-'. An imaginary flower that never fades or perishes. Al-tis'o-nofis, ing.] High-sounding; lofty or pomp- 3 A color inclining to purple. ous..A.na'a-ranth'ine, a. 1. Belonging to, consisting of, Al'ti-tiide (53), n. [Lat. altittdo, altus, high, and a or resembling, amaranth. 2. Not fading or decaying, common termination, denoting state, condition, or mnan- like the fabled amaranth of the poets. 3. Of a purplish ner.] 1. Space extended upward; height; the perpen- color. dicular elevation of an object above the ground, or above Agnsaa llis, n. [Name of a country girl in Theocritus a given level. 2. (Astron.) The elevation of a star, or and Virgil.] (Bot.) A family of beautiful plants, inother celestial object, above the horizon, measured by cludin$ the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, and others. the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such A-mass' (6), e. t. [i2p. & p. p. AMASSED (a-nlist/) p. point and the horizon. 3. Height of degree; highest pr. & vb. n. AMASSING.] [L. Lat. amassare, amascere, point. from Lat. massa, mass.] To collect into a mass or heap; Al'to, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the lowest female to gather a great quantity of. voices, between the tenor and soprano. In instrumental Syn. - To heap up; accumulate; pile up; gather. music, the tenor. -s To heap up; accumulate; p ile up; gater. music, the tenor. Al/to-;-th'er, adv. [From all and together.] 1. With 4A-a ss'ment, n. A heap; accumulation. united action; conjointly. 2. Without exception; An'a-teur' (am/'-t!jr'), n. [Fr., from Lat. amator, wholly; completely. lover.] One who cultivates any study or art from taste Al/to-re-liP'vo, n. [It. alto rilievo.] (Sculp.) High re- or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. lief; the figure standing out nearly detached from the ALm'a-tive, a. Full of love; amorous; amatory. background. Am'a-tive-ness, n. [Lat. amnare, to love, as if from Al'u-del, it. [Prob. of Arabic origin.] A chemical pot amativus.] (PIren.). An organ supposed to influence open at each end, used in sublimation. sexual desire; propensity to love. Alta-tm, n. [Lat. alhenen.] A double sulphate of alu- Ama'-t'i-al, a. Relating to, induced by, or expressmina and potassa. It is white, transparent, and very Am'a-to-ry,) ive of, love. astringent. A.n'/au-ro'sis, s. [Gr. apaeipoats, from ajiavpir, dark, A-1li'mi-n, } n. (SHin.) One of the earths, consisting dim; 5 avpo, dark, with a intens.] (3Ied.) A loss o_ deAlt'u-mine, J of two parts of aluminum and three of cay of sight, without any visible defect in the eye, usually oxygen. from loss of power in the optic nerve. A-li'mi-nif'er-ois, a. Producing or containing alum. A-m-aze', v. t. [isnp. & p. p. ABIAZED; p. pr. & vab. n. AJ'll'-lnsh'i-um, 1n. [N,. at. See ALUM.] The metal- A]IAZINl.] [Prefix a and maze, q. v.] To confound A-" i-'mi- nun, lie base of alumina; a very light, with fear, sudden surprise, or wonder; to confuse with white metal, with a bluish tinge, and not easily oxidized. terror and astonishment; to astonish. A-lFi'mi-naois, a. Pertaining to, or containing, alum, A-manze', ns. Astonishment; perplexity; amazement. or alumina. A-mazx'ed-ly, adv. With amazement. Altum-Isl, Xn. Having the nature of alum. A-miazed-ness, n. Astonishment; great wonder. A-lUtm'ntus, n.; pl. A-LUhIm/NI. A pupil; a graduate of A-minaze'ment, n. A feeling of surprise and wonder; a college, or other seminary of learning. perplexity arising from fear, surprise, or wonder. Al've-a-ry, n. [Lat. alvearium, alveare, from alveus, Syn. —Astonishment; admiration; perplexity; confusion. hollow vessel, bee-hive; from alwes, belly, bee-hive.] in y, dv. Inamazing ee. 1. A bee-hive, or something resembling one. 2. The hollow of the external ear. Am'a-zon, n. [Gr. attaJsv, from a priv. and 1Iad6g, the Al've-o-lar, } a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the breast, from the fable that the Amazons cut off their Ail've-o-la-ry, sockets of the teeth. right breast, so that they might more easily hurl the Al've-o-la-ry, a socke a ho ney -.omb. Al've-o-]late, a. Pitted, like a honey-comb. javelin.] One of a fabulous race of female warriors, who Al-vit'o-lZ s, n.; pl. AL-V'/0-L. [Lat., a small hollow founded an empire on the coast of the Euxine; - hence, or cavity, dim. of alverts, a hollow, deep vessel, from al- a warlike or masculine woman; a virago. vus, belly.] 1. A cell in a honey-comb. 2. The socket Am/a-zx'ni-an, a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an in the jaw, in which a tooth is fixed. Amazon. 2. Belonging to the River Amazon, or to the Aif'vlne, a. [Lat. alEus, belly.] Pertaining to the lower country through which it flows. belly or intestines. Am-bAis'sa-dor, n. An envoy of the highest rank sent Al'way, / adv. [From all and way, pl.,ways.] 1. Per- to a foreign governnent. See EMBASSADOR. iX1'way1, ) petually; throughout all time; continually. Am-bAs'sa-clress, n. A female ambassador; the wife 2. Constantly during a certain period, or regularly at of an ambassador. stated intervals; invariably. Am'ber, n. [From Ar.'anbar, ansbarum, a kind of perAtway is seldom used, except in poetry.. fume; ori,,. a fish, from which, it was believed, the gray l is. seldom used, e t in amber, or ambergris, came; afterward applied to the Asam. The first person singular of the verb to be, in the aellow amber.] (in.) A aellowish resin found as a mindicative mode, present tense,. lSee BE. fossil. By friction, it readily becomes electric. Am'a-dou, n. [Fr., tinder, prop. lure, bait, sc. of the ber, a. Consisting of, or rsemblingaer of the fire.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from color of amberi a species of agaric which grows on old trees. An'ber-g is (-grees), O. [See AMsER.] A fragrant A-main', adv. [Prefix a and main, q. v.] 1. Violently -mand suddenly. [Prefix. (Naut.) Suddenly, orq. a.]. Violently substance used in perfumery, &c. It is a morbid secreand suddenly. B. (Naut.) Suddenly, or at once. tion of the intestines of the sperm-whale. tion of the intestines of the sperm-whale. A-m.il'gam, n. [Lat. malagnma, Gr..oadhaysae,1 any mn/'bi-ddx'ter, n. [Lat. ambo, both, and dexter, right, emollient; aXaXaacetv, to make soft.] 1. A compound dextra (sc. manus), the right hand.] One who uses both of mercury, or quicksilver, with another metal. 2. A hands with equal facility; hence, a double-dealer. mixture or compound of different things.'m/bi-dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. The power of using both A-mhl'gam-ite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AMALGAMATED; hands with equal ease. 2. Double-dealing. p. pr. & vb. n. AMALGAMATING.] 1. To compound or Am/bi-ddx'trouis, a. 1. Having the faculty of using mix, as quicksilver, with another metal. 2. To mix, so both hands with equal ease. 2. Practicing duplicity. as to make a compound. Xm'bi-ent, a. [Lat. arnbiens, p. pr. of ambire, to go A-mril'gam-Ate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam. around.] Encompassing; surrounding. 2. To coalesce, as a result of growth. Amn/bi-gi'i-ty, a. Quality or state of being ambiguous; A-ml'lga-ml'tion, sn. 1. Act or operation of com- doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly of signification. pounding mercury with another metal; especially the Am-big'u-ofis, a. [Lat. ambiggtses, from aszbigere, to process of separating gold and silver from their ores by wander about with irresolute mind.] Doubtful or unmixing them with mercury. 2. The mixing or blending certain, particularly in respect to signification. of different things or races. Am-big'u-oLts-ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner. A-mln/u-Sn'sis, n.; pl. A-MXN/U-N'tSE.S. [Lat., from Am-big'u-oiis-ness, n. Ambiguity. prefix ab and mantes, hand.] A person whose employ- Amnbit, n. [RIat. ambitsus.] Circuit or compass. ment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what Am-bi'-tion (-bish/un), s7. [Lat. ambitio, a goingaround, another has written; a copyist. especially of candidates for office to solicit votes; hence, a, e, &c., long; f, t, &c., short; care,far, isk, all,what; 6re, veil, t6rm; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, do, wolf, AMBITIOUS 23 AMIANTHUS desire for office or honor; from ambire, to go around.] it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces An eager and sometimes an inordinate desire of prefer- a declaration, it has the force of an adv., and is equivament, honor, superiority, or power. lent to truly, verily. It is used also as a noun, to denote Syn.- Eagerness; avidity; aspiration; greediness. Christ as being one who is true and faithful; and as an adjective, to signify made true, verified, orfulfilled. Am-bi'tiofis, a. 1. Possessing, or controlled by, am- A-mi/na-bll'i-ty, 1 bition. 2. Springing from, or indicating, ambition. A-mel'na-ble-ness,. A state of being amenable. Am-bl'tiois-ly, adv. In an ambitious manner. A-m n'la-ble, a. [Fr. amener, to bring, esp. to bring to Am-bittiowhs-ness, n. The quality of being ambitious. account, from a, for ad, and ozener, to lead, from Lat. Am'ble, v. i. [Lat. ambulare, to walk, in L. Lat. to am- minare, to drive animals (properly by threatening cries); ble.] 1. To move, as a horse, by lifting together the minari, to threaten; mninxr, threats.] 1. Liable to be two legs on one side; to pace.'2. In a ludicrous sense, brought to account or punishment; answerable; responto move affectedly. sible.'2. Willing to yield or submit; submissive. Am'ble, n. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both A-mdnd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. AMENDED; p. pr. & vb. legs on one side are moved at the same time. n. AMENDING.] [From Lat. eanendare, from e, ex, and Am'bler, it. A horse which ambles; a pacer. mendum, menda, fault.] To change in any way for the trn'bo, tn. [Gr. s3esowv, any rising, a raised stage, better, as, (a.) By simply removing what is erroneous, An'tbon,3 pulpit.] An oblong pulpit, in the early corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the like; (b.) By supChristian churches. plying deficiencies; (c.) By substituting something else in Am-bri't~iA (-brolzhA), n. [Gr. 4ull!pooae, prop. f. of the place of what is removed. eallpotLos, alIPpoTro, immortal, from & priv. and tlporOS, Syn. - To correct; reform; rectify. - To amnend is literally mortal, because it was supposed to confer immortality on to take away blots, and hence to remove faults; to reforyn is to Xthose ho partook of it.] 1. (iyth.) The foo __7d of the form over again for the better; to correct is to make straight or those wh o artook of it.] 1. (lyth.) The food of the right; to rectify is to set right. We rectify abuses, mistakes, gods, which conferred upon those who partook of it eter- &e.; we correct errors; we reform or antend our lives. nal youth. 2.- (Beot.) A genus of plants, including some A-mind, a. i. Togrowbetter; toimprovemorally. coarse and worthless weeds, called rag-weed. A-mend'a-le, a. Capable of being amended. [lye. Am-briiatial, a. Partaking of the nature or qualities of ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious. A-mene lto-ry, a. Containing amendment; correctA3ln-briYFiaall a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. AaIaewzdc (a/mingd'), An. [Fr.] A pecuniary fine or puna.[Gr. o, immortal ad ishment; reparation; retraction. Amlbro-type, n. [Gr. agllporos, immortal, and Trvo;, impression.] (Photog.) A picture taken on a prepared Amens honorable, formerly in France an infamous punishglass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and ment, now a public recantation or apology for injury done. the shades'are produced by a dark background visible A-mnend'er, n. One who amends; a corrector. through the unsilvered portions of the glass. A-mndlt'ment nit. 1. An alteration or change for the _m abry, n. 1. An almonry.'2. A pantry. better; correction of a fault or faults; reformation of AanbS'- -gi e (amz'as), as. [0. Fr. ambes, ambs, Lat. ambo, life by quitting vices.'2. In public bodies, any alteraboth, and ace, q. v.] A double ace. tion in a bill or motion by adding, changing, or omitting. Am'bu-lange, na. [From 3. (Law.) The correction of anerror in a writ or process. Lat. ambulare, to walk.] A-mgndt', as. sing. & pl. Compensation for a loss or (iMil.) A flying hospital, so injury; recompense; satisfaction; equivalent. organized as to follow an ar- A-mnlti-ty, n. [Lat. awaenitas, from arnensts, pleasmy in its movements, and in- ant.] Quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in tended to succor the wound- respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition. ed as soon as possible. Am'ent, n. [Lat. amentuan, thong or strap.] (Bot.) A Anmztlance cart, a two- species of inflorescence, consisting of a scaly sort of wheeled or four-wheeled vehi- _ spike, as in the alder, birch, &c.; a catkin. ce, desined forthe conveyance A.-mirget (14),. t. [imp. & p. p. AMERCED; p. pr. & of the wounded from a field of Ambulance. [. battle. sab. an. AMERCING.] [L. Lat. anterciare, from Lat. nerAm'bu-lant, a. Walking;* moving from place to place. ces, wages, penalty.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary penAm'bu-lii'tlon as. The act of walking; walling about alty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to 1, ~l'b~~-l a'i,. Abl e*-e ao. oacsodt the discretion of the court.'2. To punish, in general. Am'bu-la-to-ry, a. 1. Able or accustomed to move m ItaY, a. move A-itnsreaa'a-nrable, a. Liable to amercement. from place to place; walking.'2. (Law.) Not fixed in A-l mea-e,. (Law.) A pecuniary pemen alty inits legal character, but capable of being altered, as awill. _- re lmeiat, n. (Lawt.) A pecuniary penalty inA nlu-la-to-ry,. Any part of a building intended flicted on an offender at the discretion of the court. kmlbu-la-to-ry, n. Any part of a building intended A-mer'eper n. One who amnrces orfines. for walking in, as the aisles of a church; — specifically, A-mr'~er, a. One who amerces or fines. A-anSir'i-ecan, a. Pertaining to America; - in a rea place inclosed by a colonnade or arcade, as a portico. strited sense, pertaining to the United States. An'bu-ry, n. [A.-S. ampre, a crooked swelling vein.]. A native of America; -formerly apAnll'bu-ry, A soft swelling on a horse, fulln. A native of America; —formerly apAnhu'bn-ry;, A soft sweinonau horse full of blond: plied to the aboriginal inhabitants; but now to the deAmrbus-e ldet, as. [It. imboscata; iemioscar, -to set in scendants of Europeans born in America, especially to bushes, to place in ambush, from pref. in, im, and bosco, the inhabitants of the United States. L. Lat. boscus, buscus, a wood; Eng. buesh.] 1. A lying. A concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by sur- curtlean-mrica. 1. The loved, ph rase, or idiom eh hid, in culiar to America.'2. The love which Americans have prise; 2. A concealed place in which troops lie hid, in for their own country, or the preference of its interests. order to attack an enemy unexpectedly; ambush. A-mfr'i-*an-1ze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. AMERICANIZED Ajm'bus-clide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. AMBUSCADED; p.r.'& s. a. ICANIZING.] T render American. pr. & vb. n. AMBUSCADING.] To lie in wait; to attack AME.ICANIING.a Tr from a concealed position. nm'e-th~;st, n. [Gr. d(iOeVarTo, a remedy for drunkenAu'baush, an. [See AMBRUSCADE.] 1. Act of attacking ness, also the precious stone amethyst, supposed to have an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. 2. A this power] A subspecies of quartz, of a bluish violet concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to color, of different degrees of intensity. attack by surprise; an ambuscade. 3. Troops postedid Am'e-thm st'iae, a. Pertaining to, composed oforrea concealed place, for attacking by surprise. sembling, amethyst. Am'tbush, va. t. [imp. & p. p. AMBUSHED; p. pr. & A'mi-a-bll'-ty, a. Amiableness; loveliness. tvb. a. AMBUSHING ] To lie in wait for; to surprise; to A'mi-a-ble, a. [Lat. arnicabilis, friendly, with a mixture place in ambush. of the sense of amrabilis, lovely.] Worthy of love; doA-niSl'io-rite, a. t. [imp. & p. p. AMELIORATED; p. serving of affection. pr. & vb. n. AMELIORATING.] [Lat. ad and mleliorare, Syn.- Lovely; charming; delightful; lovable. to make better.] To make better; to improve. A-m1l'io-rate, a. i. To grow better; to meliorate. A'mi-a-ble-ness, a. The quality of deserving love; A-m1l'io-rl'tion, n. Act of ameliorating, or state of' _loveliness; agreeableness. being ameliorated; improvement; melioration. A'mi-a-bly, adv. In an amiable manner. A-mZl1io-ra-tive, a. Producing amelioration or im- Am'i-ln'thus, i1. [Gr. ediavrog AkiOo (lit. unsoiled _provement. stone); from d priv. and attaivesv, to stain, to defile; so A'mSn' (in singing, pron. n/mbnt). [Heb., from amen, called from its incombustibility.] (Min.) A mineralsubfirm, true; Gr. s&tzIv.] An expression used at the end of stance somewhat resembling flax. It is composed of deliprayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, cate filaments, often long, and resembling threads of silk. foIod, fdot; uirn, r.de, p.11ll; Vell, Chaise, call, eeho; gem, get; a~; eist; linger, liunk; this. AMICABILITY 24 AMPLY It is incombustible, and has sometimes been wrought' from dtkut, on both sides, and Pios, life.] (Zo'l.) The into cloth and paper. class of reptiles which includes the saurians, crocodiles, Am'i-ea-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being amicable; friend- lizards, serpents, frogs, turtles, and salamanders. liness; amicableness. Am-phlbii-all, n. An amphibious animal. AmYni-ea-ble,a. [Lat. amicabilis, from aicus, friend,fr. Aml-phibi-oiis, a. 1. Ilaving the power of living in amare, to love.] Harmonious in mutual intercourse. air and water. 2. Adapted for living on land or wvater. Syn. —Friendly; peaceable; fraternal.-Amicable always 3. Of a mixed nature; partaking of to natures. supposes two parties, as an anticable arrangement. We cannot Am-plib'i-os-ness,. Quality of being amphibisay of a single individual that he was amicable, though we can ous; ability to live in two elements. say he wasfriendly. Am-pllhb/o-16g'ie-al, a. Of doubtful meaning; ambiguous. Am'i-ea-ble-ness, n. Quality of being amicable; bm'i-g l'ous. r. u eoyi, from ifriendliness; kindness. Amfi-ea-blvy adv. In an amicable manner. fshob, ambiguous, and X~yo;, speech.] A phrase, proposiAmlmpe (am/is), at. [Lat. ainictus, from amicire, to wrap tion, or discourse susceptible of two interpretations. about.] 1. A loose flowing garment like a cloak; formerly Amnphi-braeh, n. [Gr. ai,(ippaXvs. short at both ends, worn by pilgrims. 2. (Eccl.) An oblong piece of embroid- from atig,, on both sides, and 3paXde, short.] (Anc. ered linen, made to wear on the head, covering it like a Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the hood, or to rest on the shoulders like a cape. first and last short; as, hdbure. A-mid', ) prep. [Prefix a and mid, midst.] In the Am-phi'ei ty-S6n'ie, a. Pertaining to the council of the A-midst', J midst or middle; surrounded or encom- Amphictyons in Greece. passed by; among. [stern. Am-phl-e'ty-ons, n. pl. [Gr.'A/licKTsoveS. Prob. the A-anld'ships, adv. Half-way between the stem and the word was orig. dytlUcrTove,7 dwellers around, neighbors.] A-mlss', a. [Prefix a and miss.] Wrong; faulty; out ( Gr. Hist.) A assembly or council of deputies fiom th of order; improper. different states of Greece. A-mlss',adv. [Wrongly; improperly; inafaultymanner. Amn-phlie*ty-o-ny, n. [See supra.] ( Gr. Hist.) An asAmri-ty, n. [Fr. amitis, fromami, Lat. anzicss.] riend- sociation of several neighboring states for the promotion ship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or of common interests. nations; harmony; good understanding. Am-mi'ni-a, n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first Am-phlm'a-Ver, n. [Gr. &aisltzaKpos, long on both obtained near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning sides, from Aaji, on both sides, and laKp6e, long.] (Alar. ctsels' dung.] A volatile alkali of a pungent smeli; Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and epiiels' dung.] A volatile alkali of a pungent smell; spirit of hartshorn. the others long, as in cdstltds. Am-m'nni-ae, } a. Pertaining to ammonia, or pos- Al-phip'ro-sty/le, n. [Gr. haCut7rpoaTvr~o, from 4atsl, Am/mo-ni'ae-al, ) sessing its qualities. on both sides, and 7rp6orTvks, with pillars in front.] Am-mno'ni-ae, or Giim-am-mn l'ni-e e, n. [Gr. &x- (Arch.) A double prostyle, or an edifice with columns in savtaKov, a gum, said to distill from a tree near the tem- frnt and behind, but not on the sides. pie of Jupiter Ammon.] (Mled.) The concrete juice of Am-pheisci-I (-fish/il-), n. pl. [Gr.!L144iswcl0, an umbelliferous plant, brought from Persia. Am-phis'ei-an. (-fIshi-anz), J throwing a shadow Am/mu-ni'tion, (-nish/un), is. [Low Lat. admunitio, both ways, from ~at, on both sides, and aoial, shadow.] from ad and mrunire, to defend, fortify.] Military stores (Geog.) The inhabitants between the tropics, whose or provisions for attack or defense; the articles which are shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, used in charging fire-arms and ordnance of all kinds; as and in the other to the south, according as the sun is powder, balls, bombs, various kinds of shot, &c. south or north of their zenith. Am'nes-ty, n. [Gr. xvr7q-Tia, a forgetting, from d priv. Am'phlli-th'a-ter, a g. [Gr. Atsi0qadfpopv, from dtigbi, and LttzrVhKeaEV, to remember.] A general pardon of Alm'phi-thg'a-tre, about, and Oiarpo,,, theater, from offenses against government. efr0aea, to see.] An oval or circular edifice having rows AmIcenl -bea an, a. [Gr. &aoteaaos, alternate, from (afoL- of seats one above another, around an open space, called [3, change; atzeS3erv, to change.] Alternately answering. the arena, and used for combats of gladiators and of wild A —m6ngt, 1prep. [A.-S. ansang, onmang, from ge- bests, and other public sports. A-mo6ngst', 1, mang, mixture; snengan, to mix.] 1. Aln/phi-the-,%t'rie-al, a. Pertaining to, or exhibited Mixed or mingled with. 2. Conjoined, or associated in, an amphitheater. vwith, or making part of the number of. Xnm'ple, a. [Lat. amphts.] 1. Of large dimensions; A-mnon/til-la'do, A. [Sp.] A dry kind of sherry. great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk. 2. Fully sufAnmo-rou~s, a. [LowV Lat. amorosus, from Lat. amor, ficient. 3. Not contracted or brief; extended; diffusive. love.] 1. Inclined to love; having a propensity to sex- Syn. - Spacious; capacious; extensive; abusdant; plenteual enjoyment. 2. In love; enamored. 3. Relating to, ous. - When we mean by asm;ple large in extent, we say s2aor produced by, love. cious or extensive; large in size, capacious; large in quantity, Am'o-roiis-ly, adv. In an amorous manner; lovingly. abunidant orplenteous. Amto-rofis-iess, n. Quality of being amorous. Am-pldx'i- -aul, a. [N. Lat. amplexicaulis, fr. amplexA-mbr'phism, n. [Gr. a priv. and,oprl, form.] A are, awnplcxaui, intens. of amplecti, to encircle.] (Bot.) state of being without crystallization even in the minutest Nearly surrounding the stem as the base of a leaf. particles, as in glass, opal, &c. Am'/p-fi-ea tio, a. 1. Act of amplifying; enlar A-mrt'phoiis, a. [Gr. a~iopqos, from d priv. and pop by, ment. 2. Exaggerated description or diffuse narration. form.] 1. Having no determinate form; of irregular Am'pli-fi-e i'tive, a. Serving or tending to amplify shape. 2. Without crystallization in the ultimate text- Am'pl-fii-eaii/to-ry or enlarge. ure of a solid substance. 3. Of no particular kind or Am'pli-fi/er, n. One who amplifies. character; anomalous. An'pli-fy, V. t. [imp. & p. p. AMPLIFIED; p.pr. & tb. A-mir'ti-zgfoti iol, a. 1. (Law.) Act or right of n. A5MPLIFYING.] [Lat. amplificare, from ampluLs, amAn-mort'ize-ment, | alienating lands to a corpora- pie, andfacere, to make.] 1. To render larger, more extion, which was considered formerly as transferring them tended, or more intense, and the like. 2. (REet.) To to dead hands, or in mortmain. 2. Extinction of debt, treat copiously. particularly by means of a sinking fund. Xm'pli-fy, a. i. 1. To grow or become large. 2. To A-m6r'tize, a. t. [L. Lat. amortisare, from Lat. mors, be diffuse; to dilate. death.] (Law.) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to A m'pli-tiide (53), n. 1. State of being ample; largeconvey to a corporation. See MORTMAIN. ness of dimensions. 2. Largeness, in a figurative sense. A-mountt, v. i. [imp. & p.p. AMOUNTED; p.pr. & tb.] (a.) Extent of capacity or intellectual powers. (b.) Exn. AMOUNTING.] [L. Lat. admontare, from Lat. ad and tent of means or resources. 3. (Astron.) An arc of the mons, mountain.] 1. To rise or reach by an accumu- horizon intercepted between the true east or west point lation of particular sums or quantities; to come in the and the center of the sun or a star at its rising or setaggregate or whole. 2. To rise, reach, or extend in effect, ting. 4. (Guns.) The horizontal line subtending the substance, or influence; to be equivalent. path of a body thrown; the range. 5. (Magnetisln.) A-mount', n. 1. The sum total. 2. The effect, sub- The arc of the horizon between the sun or a star, at its stance, or result. rising or setting, and the east or west point of the horiA-mour', n. [Fr., from Lat. amor, love.] A love intrigue. zon, by the compass. Am-ph^Ibi-de, n.pl. [Gr. dtkbiPtos, living a double life, Akm'ply, adv. Largely; liberally; fully. a, e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short; care, far, ask, all, what; ore, veil, term; plique, firm; s6n, 6r, de, wolf, AMPUTATE 25 ANALYST Amnpu-tAte, a. t. [imp. & p. p. AMPUTATED; p. pr. word or words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning & vb. n. AMPUTATING.] [Lat. amputare, from amb, of the next, with an adjunct idea. about, and putare, to prune.] To cut off, as a limb. Ain1'Gs-tAe'ss, a. [Gr. dv priv. and a'io0arose, feeling.] Am'pu-ti'tionl, n. Act or operation of cutting off a (MHed.) A state of insensibility produced by the inhalalimb or other part. tion of chloroform and other agents. A-muck', n. [Malay.] Act of killing; slaughter. An'ms-tlit'ie, a. (Med.) (a.) Capable of rendering To run amuck, to rush out frantically, attacking all that come insensible by being inhaled. (b.) Characterized by inin the way, as is done by fanatics in the East. sensibility. Axmtu-let, n. [Ar. ham&lat, hisn&lat, any thing worn, An'aes-tht'ie, n. (Mled.) That which produces insenfrom hamala, to bear, to wear.] Something worn to pre- sibility, as chloroform, &c. vent evil; a kind of charm inscribed with mystic forms Anla-glsplh, n. [Gr. drdyavay ov, from dv6, up, and or characters. yA;seLv, to engrave.] An embossed or chased ornament, A-mRiie', v. t. [imp. & p.p. AIMUSED; p. pr. & vb. n. usually of metal and worked in relief, as a cameo. AMUSING.] [Fr. amuser, from 0. H. Ger. nzozon, inuo- Asla-gly phi e, (a. Pertaining to the art of chasing Zon, to be at leisure.] 1. To occupy or engage wholly. Ala-glai'i-c-a J or embossing in relief. [ Obs.]'2. To entertain agreeably; to occupy in a pleas-a'a-glp'tie, a. [Gr. dryhmro. See ANAGLYPH.] ant manner. 3. To keep in expectation; to delude. ant manner. 3. To keep in epectation; to dee Relating to the art of carving, engraving, enchasing, or Syn. - To divert; entertain.- We are amused by that embossing plate. which occupies us lightly and pleasantly; entertaised by that... which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as nln/a-gog1Cnal, a. [From Gr. dvaywyo74, from drva up, conversation or a book; diverted by that which draws off our and ysoywj, a leading, from dyecv, to lead.] Mysterious; thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sport- mystical; spiritual ive nature, as a humsorous story or a laughable incident., p Mystical interpretat, espe~nain-gSigiies, n. pl. Mystical interpretations, espeA-mfise'ment, n. 1. Deep thought; muse. [Obs.] 2. cially of the Scriptures. That which amuses.,. Tht which amuses. Ana-gram,. [Gr. dvaiypayxtxa from vao, back, again, Syn. - Diversion; pastime; entertainment; sport. and ypat/xa, letter.] A transposition of the letters of a A-niri'er, n. One who amuses. name, by which a new word is formed. Thus, astronoA-nfiislive, a. Capable of amusing; entertaining; di- mers may be turned into moon-starers. verting; pleasing. An/.-a-gramn-mAt'ie, a. Pertaining to, or making, an A-mng-da-late, a. Made of almonds. anagram. A-mryg'd —1,tet, n. [From Gr. da.trysaAov, almond.] An An/a-gr'ihanm a-tism, n. Act or practice of making emulsion made of almonds. anagrams. A-m.yg'da-line, a. Pertaining to almonds. Ani-a-grama-ltst, n. A maker of anagrams. A-mlyg'da-lhne, n. A crystalline principle obtained from An'a-griinL'ma-tize, v. t. To transpose, as the letters bitter almonds. of a word, so as to form an anagram. A-mrn gk'a-lo oid, n. [Gr. dw.6y~aXov, almond, and eo, l'a-glh -' z, v. i. To make anagrams. form.] A variety of trap-rock, with embedded almond- Atlao1, a. Belonging to or near the ansts or opening at shaped minerals. the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. A-yml g/da-loird'al, a. Resembling amygdaloid. Aln/a-10eetie, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of selections..Am'y-lhi'aeou s, a. [Gr. sadvAov, starch.] Pertaining An'a_-ldets, n. pl. [Gr. dvdeeao7 from dva, up, and Xito starch. An, a. [A.-S. an, ane, Goth. aints, Lat. untes.] This word A'n-lZe'ti, yeLv, to gather.] A collection of literary is properly an adjective, but is commonly called the in- fragments. definite article. It is used before nouns of the singular Alt/a-l6fnm, n. [Gr. dvdXhqlzroa, a support, or thing number only, and signifies one, or ansy, but somewhat supported, from dovahaxaidveLv, to take up.] 1. (Geom.) less emphatically. In such expressions as " twice an A projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, hour," " a shilling an ounce," it has a distributive force, orthographically made by straight lines, circles, and and is equivalent to each, every. ellipses, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, i- An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; and in the east or west point of the horizon. 2. An inas, an enemy, asz hour. It is also used before h sounded, whllen strument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the accent of the word falls on any syllable except the first; the sphere is made, and having a horizon fitted to it. 3. as, an historian, an horticulturist, all humanitarian. It was A tabular mark, usually in the shape of the figure 8, depicted across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial An, conj. [Imperative of A.-S. unnan, root ann, to grant, globe, to notify the sum's declination on any day in the to give.] If; -a word used by old English authors. year. A'snd, n. [Gr.] (Med.) An equal quantity of each. Alnla-iiip'tic, a. [Gr. dvaX77-7rTLo', from dvaXaopaPverv, A'nA. [The term. in the neut. pl. of Lat. nouns in -anus.] to take up.] Corroborating; invigorating; giving A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a strength after disease. collection of memorable sayings. Thus, Scaligerana is Anla-/lpttie, n. Restorative medicine. a book containing the sayings of Scaliger. The termina- I/a-ie -al, a. According to, or founded on, analogy. tion is sometimes used alone, as a noun. An/a-16io'ie-al-ly, adv. By way of analogy. _nl'a-b3ht ltists n. [Gr. avapa=rTrcCv,, to baptize agQin, An/a-iog'ie-al-ness, n. Quality of being analogical. from dr, a-gain, and iars'rigeLv, to baptize.] (Eccl. Hist.) A-nilt'o-glrm, n. 1. An argument from cause to effect. One who denies the validity of infant baptism, and there- 2. Investigation by analogy. fore maintains that those who have been baptized in A-nil'o-glze, a. I. To explain or consider by analogy. their infancy ought to be baptized again. -asn1lo-gou s, a. Having analogy; correspondent. Anz-teh'o-ret, n. A hermit. See ANCHORET. JiAn'a-l6gue, n. A thing analogous to some other thing. knL-.~h'ro-nama, n. [:Gr. dvaxpo~v, o'l~ froml dyvai up, P'A-nlf~o-gy, n. 1. An agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things against, and Xpovos, time.] An error in chronology, by are otherwise entirely different. 2. (Geom.) Equality, which events are misplaced in regard to each other. proportion, or similarity of ratios. An-iseh/ro-nilstlie, a. Involving an anachronism. A-llly-sis,n.; pl. A-NXL/Y-SEs. [Gr. dvyavatpfrom A'n-el s'tices, n. sing. That part of optics which d treats of the refraction of light;- commonly called di- vaXoeLv, to unloose, from dv', again, and AUetv, to opytrics. loose.] 1. A resolution of any thing, whether an object An/a-. nelta, o. (iers-p.) A large snake of the Boa fan- of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or ily, which lives.in South America. original elements; - opposed to synthesis. 2. Hence, (a.) A-nae/re-6n'ttie, a. Pertaining to, or after the manner A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a continued of, the Greek poet Anacreon; amatory; convivial. discourse, disposed in their natural order. (b.) A brief, A-ni'e/re-6n'tie, n. A poem in the style of Anacreon; methodical illustration of the principles of a science. (c.) a little poem in praise of love and wine. (Chrem.) Separation of a compound by chemical proc. clt em, n. [Gr.dvadlspm,, from dvae, to tie up., to esses into its constituents. (d.) (Logic.) Tho tracing i naen, an. [OLGr. dva~rlfs from ~vaoeLv, to tie up, t of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge wreathe.] A garland or fillet; a chaplet or wvreath. into its original principles. (e.) (M1ath.) The resolving.n/a-di-plSf'sis, n. [Gr. dva66rrsossr, from idvs, again, of problems by reducing them to equations. and trhkoiv, to double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last An'a-list, n. One who analyzes any thing. food, f ot; firn, rude, pt1;. sell, Shaise, eall, echo;;enm, get; ah; exist; linger, link; this. ANALYTIC 26 ANDROIDES Aa-'ti, a Pertaining, to A-nAt'o-my, n. [Gr. dvarolex, dissection, from d5a, up, la. erain up, gn/a-l'~tqec-al~, anls;reov An/a-1qt'i-e-a1,j analysis; resolv- )-~ —5t~4{~] and TEJ/VeLV, to cut.] 1. Art of dissection. 2. Science ing into component. parts or first prinipng into component parts or frst prin- of the structure of animal bodies. 3. Act of dividing eiples; fond of analysis. cAna-1*t'ic-a-1y, adv,. By way of I( il any thing, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of 2)[n/a-ljrtqie-al-ly, adv~. By waLy of Al hn isce o zv analys; in an analytical manner. examining its parts. 4. Any thing dissected, or hayan~a-lyt'iis, an. pal. The science of loig the appearance of being so; hence, a skeleton. Am/la-lytfcs, n. pis. The science of An'Ves-tor, n. One from whom a person is descended analysis. at any distance of time. Am/a-lyz'a-ble, a. Capable of being analyzed. Syn. - Forefather; progenitor. An'a-iyze, so. t. [imp. & p. p. ANALYZED; p. pr.& vb. n. ANALYZING.] An-e sltral, a. Relating to, or [See ANALYSIS.] To separate into the descending from, ancestors. component parts; to resolve into first An'ces-try, n. 1. A series ofanprinciples or elements. cestors or progenitors; lineage. - scent. Anua-lz/er, n. One who, or that 2. Hence, birth or honorable dewhich, analyzes, scent..1n/a-rkn6'pipho-sis, or In/a-mo — n_ Aelh'or, n. 1. An iron instru- Anchor. 7hotsis, n2. [Gr. OiVarl~Pq~~~Lg, from ii ue c, rs \iixs/ frmment for holding a vessel at restaa, stock;b, shank; cc,.phi'lsis, so. [Gr. dva,,~p~wo-~S, ftom 1W \ in water; any firm support. 2. flukes; d d, arms. dvagopqoirv, to form anew.] 1. (Persp.) VHence, any contrivance or instrument designed to hold A distorted representation of an im- fas asan A distorted representation of an m- Anamorphosis. fast, as an arrangement of timnber to hold a dam fast. age on a plane or curved surface, AaOpoi 3. (Fig.) That which gives stability or security. which, viewed from a certain point, or by reflection from Aneh'or, s. t. [imp. & p. p. ANCHORED; p. pr. & svb. aplane or curved mirror, appears regular and in pro- n. ANCHORING.] 1. (naut.) To place at anchor. 2. portion. 2. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, (Fig.) To fasten; to fix in a stable condition. or change of form, or degeneration. or chang.e of form, or degeneration. Anaehlor, s. i. 1. To cast anchor; to come to anchor. ~A-n'qs as, ss.`[Malay. ndnas, ansnaos.] The pine-apple. 2. (Fig.) To stop; to fix or rest. An'a-pa'est, n. [Gr. dv7ratcr'roe, struck back, an ana- Aneh'or-a4e,s ns. 1. A place where a ship can anchor. pmst, i. e., a dactyl reversed, or as it were struclk back; 2. The anchor and all necessary tackle for anchoring. from dvaraietv, to strike back.] (Pros.) In Greek 3. A duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a harbor. and Latin versification, a foot consisting of three sylla- An-elior-ees, n. A female hermit. hles, the first two short, the last long; as, di-!-tis. In Anlehl'or-et, n. [Gr. dVaXrspIOi,. fro m dvaxowpeZv, to English versification, a foot containing two unaccented n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~rie r ei e f r m Id up, back, and XwopeEr, syllables, followed by an accented one; as, in-ter-vente, retire, from dd, - the reverse of the dactyl. to retire;,Xpoq, place.] A hermit; a recluse; a monk. an'a-pesti-e,. Pertaining to an anapoest; con- n-ehfor-ioe, s. Ice formed at the bottom of running An/a-pest'ic-al. sisting of anap streams, and thus anchored to the ground; ground-ice. A/-nphs-re-a, so.[Gr. ofr. apsto car An-chl'vy, n. [A word of Iberian origin, lit. a dried t-nrphfo-r-rd, n. [Gr. dvaqopa, fr. drva4qpetv, to carry up or pickled fish, from B3isc. antzua, anchua, anchuava, dry.] or back.] (/het.) Repetition of a word or of words at the A small sea-fish of the hering family. beginning of two or more successive clauses of a sentence. malseas th hrrin f An'aireh, n. [Gr. avapXog, without head or chief, from An'shy-I se, s. t. [Gr. d'yKdh'cr, crookedness, dyKVhoiV, civ pr ad bginning. he-author of anarchy. to crook, stiffen.] [imp. & p. p. ANCHYLOSED; p. pr. dv priv. and dpxis, beginning.] The.author of anarchy. & s/. so. ANCHYLOSING.] To unite or fix immovably; A-nir-elfc, a. eingwitout ovenmen; aw- & vb. n. ANCHYLOSING.] To unite or fix immovably; A-nircehiie, a. Being without govermnent; law- to stiffen; to make fast. A-nkr~chlke-al, less; confused. -to stiffen; to make fast. A-n~ar e-als, nehoroless; confused. diodr n a n'eient (an/shent), a. [L. Lat. antianus, anteanus, from An'areh-ist,. One who promotes disorder; an an- Lat. antea, ante, before.] 1. Old; that happened or exnar eiy 1Watogoenetisch. cit;lw isted in former tinies, usually at a great distance of time. An';areh-y, n. 1. Want of government in society; law. S2. Of great age; advanced in years. lessness. 2. Confusion.. Gr. dvy, throughout, and p, gen. Sn.- Primitive; pristine; antiquated; obsolete. —Athilng n~a-sird, n. [Gr. dva, throughout, and ap gen. is ancient when it is old; it is antiquated, alnticque, and obsolete, oapKc69 flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the cellular tissue. when it is gone out of use or fashion. An/a-sa'rseoois, a. Dropsical. A-nds'to-mse, v.. [imp. & p. p. ANASTOMOSED; Ancient, n. 1. pl. Those who lived in former ages, as ~anst-oe. ptEiy.~ q b. p. ANASTOiVIOSIN. Aat o.)T n p. pr. & so/. s1. ANASTO1OSING.] (Anat. & But.) To in- opposed to the moderns. 2. pl. Yery old men; hence, osculate; to communicate with each other, as the arte- governors. 3. The bearer of a flag; -now called an iies and veins; to unite as by anastomosis. ens/gn. A-ssto-m sis, so.; p. A-NXSTO- SE. [OIr. diA- An'aient-ly, adv. In old times; formerly. A-nt~s/ t n.; pi~. A-N.~XS/T~~o-T S [Or. dv An'cient-ry, n. The honor of ancient lineage. arT6p/osE, from dvacro-Togv, to furnish with a mouth or An'(;i-1-a-ry, a. [Lat. ancillaris, from ancilla, a female opening.] (Anal. & Bot.) Inosculation of vessels, or the servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid. opening of one vessel into another, as an artery into An-epi-tal, a. [Lat.anceps,gen.ancipitis,two-headed, another artery, or a vein into a vein. double, from am, for amb, on both sides, and caput, A-~-ds'tro —ph e, n. [Gr. dveaorposr, from dvaeop4ecv, head.] (Bot.) Compressed, and forming two opposite to turn back.] (Rhet.) An inversion of the natural or- angles, as a stem of blue-grass. der of words; as, echoed the hills, for the hills echoed..nf-eo-ny, n. [Prob. from Gr. dIyK/,V from its resemA-n.th'e-msA, n.; pl. A-NXTH/E-MAf. [Or. dicOepa, blance to the arm.] (Iron Works.) A piece of halfany thing devoted, esp. to evil, dvciOlza, a votive offering wrought iron, in the shape of a bar in the middle, but set up in temples, from divasOivas, to dedicate, from dvck, rude and unnrought at the ends. uand ie, to set.] 1. An o riAnd, conj. [A.-S.] A particle which expresses the relation nup, madet to somedetyan h(Antigq. p offaering-or of addition. It may connect words merely, as, three and present made to some deity, and whung urp in a temtle. four are seven; or full sentences, as, the sun shines, and 2. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity the air is mild. by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excom- a iis exom n-ddnfte, a. [It. p. pr. of andare, to go.] (Mv, s.) munication. 3. Any person or thing anathematized. Azdnta I.p r faoae og. Ms. munication. 3. Any person or thingo anathematized. Rather slow; less slow than largo, more slow than alleA-n.th/e-ma-ti-z1tion, n. Act of anathematizing. [time. AnHith'e-ma-tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANATHEMA- gretto. TOZED; p. pr. & sobt.so m.&p. ANATHEMA-ZN~ To doAn-A ddn'te, n. (Mus.) A movement or piece in andante uTIZED; p. pr. s vb. n. ANATHEMATIZING.] To de- And'I-ron (-I-urn), n. [A corrupt. of brand-iron, or of nounc'wth cures. Blnigtantm ordse- hand-iron, or of end-iron.] A utensil for supporting JAn/a-t~m'ie,, a. Belonging to anatomy or dissecAn'a-t~m'ie-al, tion. wood in a fire-place; a fire-dog. Afn/a-t~m'i~e-al, {tion. - YV An/a-t6mlke-al-ly, adv. By means of dissection. An-dr6S'y-nal, a. [Lat. androgynus, Or. jvwpdyvA-nltto-nist, n. One who dissects bodies, or is skilled An-driik'y-noiis,i voi, fr. avsp, avSp6e, man, and yvvi, in anatomy.. womnan.] 1. Having both sexes; hermaphroditical. A-nlt/o-mi-zR'tion, n. The act of anatomizing. 2. Hence, having the mental characteristics of both A-nft'o-mize, so. t. [imp. & p. p.. ANATOMIZED; p. sexes. pr. & sb. s. ANATOMIZING.] 1. To dissect. 2. To An'droid, In. [Gr. dvrsp, Jvsp6q, man, and edos, lay open the interior structure of; to analyze. An-droi'di.,) form.] A machine inthehuman form, i, ~, &c.,long; I, d, &c,,short; cre,fiir,.sk,..U,what; are, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, 6r,do,wolf, ANECDOTAL 27 ANGULARLY which, by certain contrivances, performs some of the course.] (M1ed.) A treatise or discourse on the vessels of natural motions of a living man. the human body. Auneec-d&/tal, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. Ai'/i-6t'o-xny, n. [Gr. dyye/ov, vessel, and 7Tot, cut-.An'ec-dite, n. [Gr. dv3or7eo, not published, from dv ting.] (Anat.) A dissection of the vessels of the body. priv. and Kio7lor, given out, from oK&86ivai, to give out, An'gle (ing/gl), n. [Lat. anguto publish.] A particular or detached incident or fact uies, from Gr. dyiejeo, bent, C of an interesting nature; a biographical incident. crooked, angular; Ko, a Syn. - Story; tale; memoir. bend or hollow.] 1. A corner. 2. (Geogn.) The difference ofB 3 An'/ec-d6t'ie-al, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. d i rection o f two lines in the avetogw-in an -yp~4, direction of two lines in the Ailn'e-miig'ra-phly, n. [Gr. ave/os, wind, and ypaSs, same plane that meet in a point, A description.] A description of the winds. or that would meet if sufficiently C A E, right angle; C A D, An'/e-mSl'o-ioy, as. [Gr oaveolo, wind, X6yog, discourse.] extended; or the difference of acute angle; B AE, obThe doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the subject. direction of two planes intersect- tuse angle. An'e-m6mn'e-ter, as. [Gr. rveogEoo, wind, and tk4pev, ing, or tending to intersect, each other. 3. Fishing maue]An instrument or machine for measuring the measure.] An instrument or machinefor measurin0 the tatckle; a line, hook, and bait, with or Without a rod. force and velocity of the wind. Angle of incidence (Opt.), the angle which a ray of light.&a/e-mnmme-try, a. Measurement of the force and makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any Imedium on which it falls. —Asngle of refraction, the angle velocity of wind, by means of an anemometer. which a ray of light refracted makes with a perpendicular to A-asdln'o-ine, as. [Gr. dvelgsicmv, from &mveooc, wind, - that point of the surface of the refracting medium on which it because easily stripped of its leaves by the wind.] (Bot.) falls. -A ight sngle, one formed by a right line falling on A genus of plants of the crowfoot family; Twind-flower. another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90~, making the quarter of a circle. - An obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle,.A-:nda'O- o-s-e] pe, as. [Gr. avego9, wind, and amcsroCVo, or more than 90~. - An acute asgle, one less than a right anto view.] A weather-cock; — usually applied to con- gie, or less than 9hU. -A rectiliseel or riglst-lised agle, 005 tri-vances for bringing dovna the indications of a wind- formed by two right lines.- A curvilinear angle, one formed by two curved lines. - A mixed angle,,.onefornred by a right vane to a dial below, for accuracy and ease of inspection. line with a curved line. - Adjacent or iofuous angles, such An'ie-roid a. [Or. d priv., v-spog, wet, moist, and elo;, as have one leg common to both angles, and are together equal form.] Dispensing with the use of quicksilver, as a tire rithtles te eages an lea of anghtned figure without'it, when the sides are proauced or lengthened. kind of portable barometer, shaped like a watch. -Internal angles, those which are Within any right-lined figAn'e-roid, n. A portable barometer, shaped like a ure. - Oblique angles, angles that are either acute or obtuse, watch, which dispenses with the use of quicksilver. in opposition to right angles. - A solid angle, the angle produced by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one An'ei-ri-m, n. [Gr. dreupvo'!a,% a widening, an open- point. -A spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two ing, flrom iOvevplJvet, to widen.] (Anat.) A soft, put- arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the sating tumor, arieing from the preternatural dilatation Buorlace of the globe or sphere. - Visisal asgle, the aisgle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the exor rupture of the coats of an artery. tremne points of an object to the center of the eye. A-nev' (a-nd'), adv. Newly; over again; afresh. Au-fiet'u-f y so~. State ofer hozme anfracuos, o nr gle (6ng/gl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ANGLED; p. pr. 8& Ant-f~rfet/iu-Ssql-ty, nl. State of being anfractuous, or Tb. n. ANGLING.] 1. To fish with line and hook. 2. full of windings and turnings. Hence, to use some bait or artifice; to intrigue. Aai-frfct'u-osls, a. [Lat. anfractus, aturning, a wind- Avgle-biir, a n. A rolled bar of iron of an angular ing, from an, for amb, and frangere, to break, p. p.frae- ge on' shapefor the edges of iron safes, tits, broken.] Winding; full of windings and turning. or to connect the side-plates of iron boilers, &c. 2n or to connect the side-plates of iron boilers, &e. An_1&e'l, n. [Gr. ayyehos, messenger, from dyy/Xhkev, An'ngier, n. 1. One who fishes with a hook. 2. (Ichth.) to bear a message.] 1. A messenger. [Rare.] 2. A A kind of fish;- called also fishing-frog. spirit, or a spiritual being, employed by God to commu- An'gili-can, a. [From Lat. Ansgli, the Angles, a Gernicate his will to man; a ministering spirit. 3. An evil manic tribe in Lower Germany.] English; pertaining to spirit. 4. An ancient gold coin of England, worth about England or the English nation. ten shillings, and bearing the figure of an angel. An'gltgi-can, i. A member of the church of England. An'lel, a. Resembling, or belonging to, angels, or par- Angl iL —ean-i-m, n. 1. Attachment to England or taking of their nature or dignity. English institutions; especially, strong partiality to the Aaooel-et, n. A small gold coin formerly current in painciples and rites of the English church. 2. The prin_Englan d- i; a half-angel. _ciples of the established church in England. [nor. tAn9[- tins,. A species of An gli-fs, adv. [Lat.] In English; in the English manshark, taking its name from a__gli-9iqm, n. An English idiom or expression. its pectoral fins, which are An'gi-gsize, v. t. [imzp. & p. p. ANGLICIZED; p. pr. very large, and extend hori- & tb. n. ANGLICIZING.] To render conformable to the zontally, like wings when English idiom, or to English analogies. spread. A~nglo-. [From N. Lat. Anslus, English.] A prefix An-461aqe, Ia. Belonging meaning the same as English - used in composition. An-i,'ie-al, t% or resem- Angel-fish. Asnglo-Aiserican, a descendant from English ancestors,-born bling, angels. in America, or the United States, or pertaining to the descendAn-&dl'ie-al-ly, adv. Like an angel. ants of Englishmen in America. - Anglo-mania, an excessive Aau-,~d1'ia-al -noss, as. Quality of being angelic. or undue attachment to, or reverence for, England or English institutlons. - Anglo-Norman, pertaining to the English RorXAn'gel-ol'o-y,'n. [Or. ~yy~eeo and 6yeo;, discourse.] mans, or an English Norman. - Anglo-Saxon, pertaining to A discourse on angels, or the doctrine of angelic beings. the Saxons who settled in England; also, an English Saxon, A.i/'ner (82), n. [From Lat. angor, strangling.] 1. Pain or tha lan-unge of the English Saxons. of a sore or swelling. [ Obs.] 2. A strong passion or An'gor, n. Intense bodily pain. emotion of the mind excited by a real or supposed injury AU1'gri-ly, adv. In an angry manner. to, or intent to injure, one's self or others. Aij'gry, a. [SeeANGER.] 1. Inflamed as a sore. Touched with anger. 3. Showing anger. 4. StimuSyn. -Indignation; resentment; wrath; fury; rage. - A1n- ger us a stronger term than resentment, but not so strong as in- ated roused viorous. clignation, which is awakened by what is flagiious in character Syn. - Passionate; resentful; irritated; indignant; proor conduct; nor as eratlh,.ftur, rage, in which anegeris wrought voked; hot; raging; furious; tumultuous; wrathful; choleric; up to a still higher point in the order of these words. inflamed; infuriated. An-gullqi-f 6rm, a.' [Lat. anguilla, eel, and forroe, An'ger (6ng/ger), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANGERED; p. pr. An-gUIl'i-frm, a: [tat. amoguilla, eel, and for & ob. n. ANGERING.] 1. To cause to smart. [Obs.] form.] In the form of an eel; resembling an eel. 2. To excite to anger; to rouse to resentment. [at. angsia, from asus nar difficult, from angere, to press together.] Extreme pain, Syn. - To provoke; vex; displease; fret. either of body or mind. Arn-(-~tnca, n. [Lat.] Inflammation of the throat. Syn. - Agony; torture; torment; grief; pang; three. Anginapectorlis, a distressing affection of the chest. An'gu-lar, a. 1. HIaving an angle or angles; pointed. 2. Consisting of an angle; forming an angle. 3. (Fig.) An/5i-6g'ra-phy, n. [Or. diycetov, vessel, and ypaqS, Sharp and stiff in character. description.] (Med.) A description of the vessels in the An/gu-rir'-ty a. The quality of being angular. bnsuen body. An-gu-lar-ly, adv. With anglei; in the direction of Aa/oni-6 l'o-4y, n. [Gr. -iyyeov, vessel, and XMyoq, dis- the angles. fobod, fdot; 1trn, rh.de, plall;?ell, Vlaise, call, echo i gem, get; a~; elist; liniger, linak; this. ANGULARNESS 28 ANNUITY ingu:u-lar-ness, n. Quality of being angular..An'nal, n. pl. [Lat. annalis (sc. liber), from annits, Anlgu-lalt-ed (bng/gu-), a. Formed with angles. year.] 1. A history of events in chronological order, Ai/lhe-ita'ionl, n. [Lat. anhelatio, from anshelare, to each event being recorded under the year in which it breathe with great difficulty.] Shortness of breath; dif- happened; also the title of such a history. 2. A series ficult respiration. of historical events. 3. An annual publication, containAn-hy5'droiis, a. [Gr. )avvSpos, wanting water, from dv lg records of discoveries, transactions of societies, &c. priv. and ~vSp, water.] Destitute of water. XAntnats, n. pl. [From Lat. annus, year.] (En7g. Eccl. Anl'il, it. [Ar. an-nel, for al-nil, the indigo-plant, from Law.) The first year's whole profits of a spiritual preSkr. nila, dark-blue, indigo, zciii, indigo-plant.] (Bot.) ferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope, but in A shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made. the reign of Henry VIII. transferred to the crown; firstAllnle, a. [Lat. anlilis, from anus, old woman.] Old- fruits. womanish; imbecile. Anl-nleal', a. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNEALED; p. pr. & tb. A-n'isi- ity, a. lState of being an old woman; old age n. ANNEALING.] [A.-S. atnElan, oneelan, to kindle, to AnL'le-ness, Jn Ste of bena an woman dotage. - inflame, from the prefix an, on, and elan, to kindle.] 1. nlei-m-er'siosl, ofan. Remarks by way of criticism, To heat nearly to fluidity, and then cool slowly, for the censure vor reproof. n Remarks by way of criticism, purpose of rendering less brittle. 2. To heat, as glass or censure, or reproof. tiles, in order to fix colors. Syn. - Strictures; comment; blame. Anl-nixt', a. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNEXED (an-nikst/); An'i-mad-vr'slve, a. Having the power of perceiving. p. pr. & vb. n. ANNEXINIG.] [Lat. annectere, annexutn, An'i-mad-vdrt' (14), v. i. [imp. & p. p. ANIMAD- to tie or bind to, from ad, to, and nectere, to tie, to VERTED; p. pr. & tb. n. ANIMADVERTING.] [Lat. fasten together.] 1. To unite at the end; to subjoin; animnadvertere, from animus, mind, and advertere, to to affix. 2. To add, as a smaller thing to a greater. 3. turn to, from ad, to, and vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn To connect, especially as a consequence. the mind with intent to notice. 2. To consider or re- An/lnex-aitilon, so. 1. Act of annexing, uniting, or mark by way of criticism or censure. An-n6xion, Jconnecting; addition, union.'2. Syn. - To remark; comment. (Law.) Union of property with a freehold so as to become a fixture. a/'i-mad-vert'er, n. One who animadverts. Aa-ndxfSmexat, n. 1. The act of annexing, or the state An'i-mal, n. [Lat., fr. anima, breath, soul, animus, of being annexed. 2. The thing annexed. soul, mind; Gr. ave'ols, wind, Skr. an, to breathe, live.] Ani-nl'h-la-l-ble, a. Capable of being annihilated. 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and An.-n-ihi-lte, v. t. [i7p. & p. p. ANNIHILATED; the power of voluntary motion. 2. An irrational being, p. pr. & vb. n. ANNIHIILATING.] [Lat. acnliilare, from as distinguished from man. ad and izihilumn, nihtil, nothing.] 1. To reduce to nothalni-mal, a. 1. Of, or relating to, animals. 2. Pertaining ing; to cause to cease to be.'2. To destroy the form or to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished peculiar distinctive properties of. from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part. 3. An-ni'h/i-]l'1ion, nit. Act of reducing to nothing, or Consisting of the flesh of animals. state of being reduced to nothing; destruction. An/-mAle-lare, 5 a. Pertaining to animalcules. l'n/ i-ve ~rsa-ry (14), a. Returning with the year, at a xl/i-ml-eul Pertaining to imalcule s. stated time. [each year. fi/i-m L'aeiffl. e, n. [Dim. of animal, q. v.] A little A~n/ni-ve~r'sa-ry, n. A day celebrated as it returns animal, especially one that is invisible, or nearly so, to Ann-n mn/i-ltn:'tioal, n. [Lat. anccn inzatio, from ad the naked eye. [animalcules. and nomece, a name.] 1. A pun; a paronomasia. 2. An/i-mlAltecu-llst, n. One versed in the knowledge of Alliteration..Al/ni-anclt'u-lun, n.; pl. iN/'I-"IMAL'CUC-LA. [See AN- A4n-*no'nc,, ct. [Lat., from annts, year.] A year's proISMALCULE.] An animalcule. duction or increase; hence, provisions for a year's use. Acnimalculhe, as if from a Lat. singular animalcula, is a Aialno-tite, v. i. [Lat. atnnotare, from ad and notare, gross barbarism. to mark, from enota, mark.] To make annotations, comAnli-mal-flow/er, n. A name applied to several species ments, or remarks. of zodphytes. [ness. An'/no-tiatilon, n. A remark, note, or commentary on Anf'i-nal-!im, n. The state of mere animals; brutish- some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its meanAn-i-minl'-ty, n. The state of animal existence. - ing; -generally used in the plural. An/i-mna-i-zitioln, n. The act of giving animal life, Anl'no-tttor, n. A writer of notes; a commentator. or of converting into animal matter. An-nt'fto, n. A species of red or yellowish-red d eing An'i-mal-ize, v. t. [i & p. & p. ANIMALIZED; p.pr. material, prepared from the seeds of a tropical tree. & vb. n. ANIMIALIZING.] 1. To give animal life or An-nouncge', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNOUNCED; p. pr. properties to. 2. To convert into animal matter by the & vb. n. ANNOUNCING.] [Lat. annunciare, from ad and processes of assimilation. 3. To render or regard as nunciare, to report, from nunccics, mesenger.] To give merely animal or sentient. public notice, or first notice of; to make known. Ati'i-mnite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANIMATED; p. pr. & Syn.- To proclaim; publish; advertise. - To ptblish is to avb. a. ANIMATING.] [Lat. acnimare, from aceima, breath, make publicly known; to cOezounce is to make known for soul.] 1. To give natural life to. 2. To give powers to,. the first time; to proclaie (literally, to cry aloud) is to give the widest publicity; to advertise is to make known through the or to heighten the powers or effect of. 3. To give spirit public prints. or vigor to.... An-nounge'ment, n. Act of announcing or giving Syr. - To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; public notice; proclamation; declaration. instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken; glad- An-nounm e'er, n. One who, or that which, announces. A'l-mate, a. Alive; possessing animal life. An-noy', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNOYED; p. pr. & vb. n. Anli-m Ft-ed, P. a.. pEndowed with animal life. 2. ANNOYING.] [Fr. ennuyJer,. Fr. anoier, from Lat. in Full of life; enlivened; spirited; lively. [animated.] To injure or disturb by continued or An/i-mli'tion, n. Act of animating, or state of being repeated acts..Vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; sprighliness;.Ivel- Syn.- To incommode; vex; disturb;'pester; molest; tease; Syln. —Vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; sprightliness; liieli- bother plague. Syne. promptness. bore; bother; plague. ness; promptness.,.An'i-mos'i-ty, n. [Lat. animositas.] Violent hatred Aia-noy', n. Annoyance. [Poetical.n leading to active opposition; active enmity. A-noyganne, n. 1. Act of annoying, or the state of being annoyed.'2. That vhich annoys. Syn. - Rancor; malevolence; malignity; rage; wrath. Syn.- Vexation; disturbance; injury; bore. An'i-mnus, n. [Lat., mind.] Intention; purpose; spirit; An-noy'er, a. One who annoys or disturbs. temper. - Ant'nu-al (an/yll-al), a. a. Returning or happening Ant'lse, n. [Gr. avcrov, e vqov, Ar. anisfin,jb&nisun.] A every year; yearly. 2. Performed in a year; reckoned plant bearing aromatic seeds. by the year. 3. Lasting or continuing only one year or Ank'ter (82), n. [D.] A Dutch liquid measure, formerly season. used in England, and containing ten wine gallons. Antnu-al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning yearly; Anckle, cc. [A.-S. ancleowt, dim. of anke, bent, neck.] - especially, a literary work published once a year. $. The joint which connects the foot with the leg. A thing, especially a plant, that lasts or lives but one Anfll'ae (45), a. [Either from Lat. anellits, annctlts, ring year or season. (as hanging from one attached to the hilt), or from 0. An'nu-al-ly, ada. Yearly; year by year. H. Ger. laz, Lat. latus, side.] A short dagger worn in An-nfii-tant, n. A person who has an annuity. KAnnai-ist, n. A writer of annals. [the 14th century. An-nii'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. annuitas, from annus, year.] A a, 5,&c., long; A, 8, &c., short; care, far, Ask,., what; /re, veil, term; lique, firm; s6n, Or, do., wolf, ANNUL 29 ANTECEDENCY sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given speech, declaration, argument, &c. 2. In an intensive number of years, for life, or forever. use, to respond to satisfactorily; to refute. 3. To be An-nil', v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNULLED; p. pr. & vb. or act in return to. Hence, (a.) To be or act in compliP n. ANNULLING.] [Low Lat. annullare, from Lat. ad, to, ance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, and nullsum, nothing.] To make void or of no effect; - obligation, demand, &c. (b.) To be or act in opposition used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of to. (c.) To be opposite to; to face. (d.) To be or act in courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, &c. accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to. Syl. - To repeal; nullify; abolish; abrogate; revoke; can- Al'swver (an/ser), Xv. i. 1. To make response. 2. To eel; set aside. make a satisfactory response; hence, to be accountable,.An'nval-lar, } a 1. Pertaining to, or having the form liable, or responsible. 3. To be or act in return. Hence,.As'nlu-la-ry, J of, a ring. 2. Banded or marked with (a.) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, recircles, dots, &c. ciprocation, or satisfaction. (b.) To be opposite, or to ~A n/in-latted, a. Having rings or belts. act in opposition. (c.) To be or act as an equivalent, or Aa'lnai-let, sn. [From Lat. annulscs, ring, with a dim. as adequate or sufficient. (d.) To be or act in conformtermination.] 1. A little ring. 2. (Arch.) A small, ity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, relaflat fillet, encircling a column, &c. 3. (Her.) A little tion, or proportion; to conform; to suit. circle borne as a charge in coats of arms. An'swver (Sn/ser), n. 1. Something said or written in A. sa-eillmentt, n. The act of annulling. return to a call, a question an argument, an allegation, Asnll'nu-iso, a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings. an address, or the like. A2. Something done in return Anl-niit'eri-5te (30), v. t. [Lat. annmsnerare, from ad for, or in consequence of, something else. 3. A solution, and snzenerare, to number, from numerues, number.] To the result of a mathematical operation. add to a number. Ainl'swver-a-ble (an/ser-a-bl), a. 1. Capable of being A11-inf-./sinner —ition, n. Addition to a former number. answered; - usually inmplying that the answer may be An-niiul' ni-dte (-shI-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANNUN- satisfactory. 2. Obliged to answer; liable to pay, inCIATED;'p. pr. & vb. it. ANNUNCIATING.] [Lat. an- demnify, or make good; amenable; responsible. 3. nccnciare. See ANNOUNCE.] To announce. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. 4. An-fitln'ci-ti ltion (-shi-a/shun), n. 1. Act of an- Suitable; suited; proportionate. 5. Equal; correspondnouncina. 2. Name of a festival celebrated by the ent; equivalent. [swerable. church (3March 25th,) in memory of the angel's announce- ikntswer-a-bple-nes s (an/ser-), n. Quality of being anment, on that day, to the Virgin Mary, that she should Anll'sver-a-bly (an/ser-), adv. Suitably; agreeably. bear the Messiah. An'swser-er (an/ser-), in. One who answers or replies. Anll-lnln'ci-a'tor (-shl-a/tur), A. One who, or that An't. A colloquial contraction of am not or are not; as which, announces; specifically, a machine, connected by in the phrases I dne't, we dart, you &n/t, &c. He an't wires with the rooms in a hotel, to ring a bell, and desig- either follows the analogy of the others, or is a corrupnate the number of the room from which it was rung. tion of he is snot. Alto-itle,, on. Any medicine which allays pain, as an Ajiit, n. [Standing for amt, and a contraction of Eng. opiate or narcotic. emmet.] An emmet; a pismire. iAn'o-dyne, a. [Gr. dvdasvvog, from dv priv. and 6l6iv-/, Aint-.G'id, n. (Mied.) A remedy for acidity of the stompain.] Serving to assuage pain. ach, as an alkali or absorbent. A-1noint', Tv. t. [imp. & 2p. p. ANOINTED; p. pr. & vb. An-tag'o-nl nm,a. [From Gr. dvraycovwi'erOat, tostrugn. ANOINTING.] [Lat. inungere, to anoint, from gle against, from dcvri against, and ayiv, contest.] Opand rlTb oere, to smear.] 1. To pour oil upon; to smear position of a'ction; counteraction or contrariety of things or rub over with oil or unctuous substances; also to or principles. spread over, as oil. 2. To consecrate, by unction, or An-thfg'o-ilst, n. One who contends with another, esthe use of oil. 3. To smear or daub. pecially in combat. A-noilnttled, n. The Messiah. A-noint'er, n. One who anoints. [being anointed. Syn.-Enemy; adversary; opponent; foe. A-_Loiit'menlt, n. The act of anointing; the state of An-tAg/o-nist'le, a. Opposing; acting in opposition. A-inS6n1a-]]m, n. A deviation from rule; anomaly. An-taglo-nlze, v. i. To act in opposition; to contend. A-nsla/a-i stel1-, }a. 1. Irregular; departing from Aln-tl'gie, a. [Gr. dVrT,7against,and aAyos, pain.] AlA-n6sni/a-lst1e-ala, I common or established rules. 2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the angular distance of a planet from its perihelion. nA-tna/a-elatsis, n. [Gr. dvrTavkKXaras, from vrTi, A-lal6ml'a-lolhs, a. [Cr.[ dsiWjcaXoc, from dv priv. and gainst, and dv6dkhacs, a bending back and breaking.] km,\s, even, from Ajxq s>ame.] Deviating (Rhet.) (a.) A play upon-words; as, whilst we live, let Cusaein even, hycs gen live. (b.) A repetition of words, beginning a sentence, eral rule, method, or analogy; abnormal; irregular. after a parnthesis.A-Inj6n1i t-o1os-ly, adv. Irregularly; unequally. A —nSbnla-ly, nc. 1. Deviation from the common rule or Ant/aph-ro-dlsi-ae, a. [From Gr. dVTr, against, and analogy; irregularity. 2. (Astron.) (a.) Angular dis- cdpoSroraK6s, belonging to venery, from'Apos8irs, the tance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the goddess of love, Venus.] (Mled.) Having the quality of sun. (b.) Angle measuring apparent irregularities in extinguishing or lessening venereal desire; antivenereal. the motion of a planet. Ant/a lh-ro-diq'i- ae, n. A medicine that lessens or A-ninl', adv. [0. Eng. anoon, anon, onane, lit., in one extinguishes the venereal appetite. (moment).] 1. Quickly; immediately. 2. Atanother Ant/aplh-ro-dltt e, a. Abating the venereal appetite, time; again. or efficacious against the venereal disease; antivenereal. i'cver and anon, now and then; frequently; often. Ant'/aph-ro-dlt'ie, n. A medicine which abates the A-n6i'y-sols, a. [Cr. divcwsytq,.from dyv. and venereal appetite, or is good against the venereal disease. A-nolnty-nous, a. [Gr. vdc.vvgos, from dv priv. and v, for 5ot, name.] Wan-ting a namepv Ant-re'tie, a. [Gr. dVTapKtcS6q, from dVwi, against, vtahe, for evor name.] Wanting al name.] wtithout the real name of the author; nameless. opposite, and pe'ors, bear.] Opposite to the northern or.A-mnoih'y-vmnou s-ly, nad. TWithout a name. arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region Aln-Oti'er, a. [From an, a. one, and other, q. v.] 1. near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from Not the same-; different. 2. One more, in addition to a the pole 230 28'. former number. 3. Any other; any different person, _Ant/fir-thcrltle, a. 9&-This word is often used without a noun, becoming a $0PZTC3 (SC. V60-09), indefinitely; any one else. [c. o dvagainst andX substitute for the name of a person or thing. It is also much used in opposition to one. It is frequently used with one, in a gout.] Counteracting reciprocal sense; as, "love onte another," that is, let one love the gout. another. Ant/iir-thrltie, isn A-n6t'1tA, n. See ANNOTTO. [ing a handle. A remedy against the Alnsfit-edl, a. [Lat. ansatuts, from ansa, a handle.] Hav- gout. An'ser-i-ne, a. [Lat. anserinus, from anser, a goose.] 4Ant-behr, c. An Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or its skin. Ant'-gat-er, J aniA1n'swer (Sin/ser), v. t. [imp. & p. p. ANSWEREED; p. mal that feeds upon Ant-eater. pr. & vb. n. ANSWERING.] [A.-S. andswarjan, from and, ants. against, and scwarjanz, to affirm.] 1. To speak or write An/te-9 dene, tn Act or state of preceding in in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a An/te-peid'enj-cy, time; precedence. fodol, fdot; urn, rlLde, puill; Vell,'haise, call, eeho; gem, get; a~; eiist; linger, link; this. ANTECEDENT 30 ANTICONTAGIOUS Anlte-9esLaent, a. [Lat. antecedens, p. pr. of antecedere, )AlP/tho-lob1 ie-al, a. Consisting of beautiful extracts fr. ante, before, and cedere, to go.] Going before in time. from different authors, especially the poets. Syn.- Prior; preceding; foregoing; previous. —Antecedent Ani-thlilo-gy, n. [Gr. dvOoXoyia, from avgOo, flower, is specific, referring to something conseqtent;,b foregoing, pre- X. ceding, andpreiousremor and Adye to gather.] 1. A discourse on flowers. 2. ceding, and previous, are more general, being opposed to subsequent; prior, like priority, implies a preference if there is corn- A collection of flowers; a garland. 3. A collection of petition, as, a sprior claim. beautiful passages from authors. Aiinte-ved'ellt, n. 1. That which goes before in time. n'ttho-ny1's Fire (an/to-niz), n. The erysipelas. 2. pi. The earlier events of one's life. 3. ( Gram.) The An'thra-9ite, n. [Gr. dv0paKL-ir9, from avOpat, coal or noun to which a relative refers. 4. (Logic.) (a.) The charcoal.] Ahard, compact variety of mineral coal. first of two propositions in an enthymeme. (b.) The first An'thra-pitiec, a. Pertaining to anthracite. and conditional part of a conditional or hypothetical An'thro-pfg'ra- phy, n. [Gr. dOpwoc, man and proposition. J. (lMath.) The first of two terms of a.. and ratio, or that which is compared with the other. ypcuki/ description.] That branch of physical geography An'te-ep ed'itt-ly, ado. Before in time; previously. which treats of the actual distribution of the human race, ante-e,. One who goes before; a leader. as distinguished by physical character, language, instituAn/te- s'sor, n. 1. One who goes before; a leader.customs. 2. One who possessed land before the present possessor. An'te-chm'/ber, n. A chamber leading to the chief An'thro-poid, a. [Gr. mv0ponro, man, and eos apapartment. _pearance.] Resembling man. An'te-chAp/el, n. The part of the chapel through Alithro-po-164l ie-al, a. Pertaining to anthropology; which is the passage to the choir or the body of it. according to human manner of speaking. An'te-efLtrsor, n. A forerunner. Axnthro-p61?o-gy, n. [Gr. avOpwroe, mall, and A6yoc, Anl'te-dlte, n. A date before the true time. discourse.] 1. The natural history of the human species. An'te-dilte, v. t. [isp. and p. p. ANTEDATED; p. pr. 2. The science of man, considered in his entire nature. & vb. ns. ANTEDATING.] [From anlte,before, and date.] An'tlhro-po-mdr'plhie, a. Pertaining to anthropo1. To date before the true time. 2. To anticipate; to morphism. take before the true time. _An/thro-po-mn6rl hlt.sm, n. [Gr. dvOpmrrodtopqos, of Au'te-di-livi-aii, a. Before the deluge; pertaining to human form, fr. avOpworoa man, and E/opq4, form.] Repthe times before the flood. resentation of the Deity as having a human form or atAn'te-di-lil'vi-anl, n. One who tributes. lived before the flood. n An'thro-po-m6r-phlte, n. One who believes that the An'te-1ope, n. [Gr. &vor0ho.] Supreme Being exists in a human form. One of a group of ruminant > An/thro-po-m6r'phoiis, a. Having the figure of, or quadrupeds, intermediate between -resemblance to, a man. the deer and goat. ALn/thro-po-pAlthi-e-al. a. Subject to human passions. ASn/te-liea-can, a. [Lat. antelum- Alln'thro-p6pt a-thjim4 n, [Gr. amrdpro7rsaoiera from canaus, from ante, before, and lux, nthro-ppq-t,, [ &of light.] Being before light; —a Au'thro-p6p'a-tliy, dvOpwsro, man, and as'Con, word applied to assemblies of affection, passion.] Ascription of human passions to the Christians, in ancient times ofSupreme Being. persecution, held before light in Antelope. An/thr-o-poph'a-fit, n. pl. [Gr. dvOpwrroqiyoq, eating the morning. men, from vmpXOprros, man, and 4>ayeiv, to eat.] MfanAn/te-me-rldi-aln, a. Being before noon. eaters; cannibals. An/te-in-6n'diine, a. Being before the creation of the Anitlhro-poiph'a-gy, n. The eating of human flesh, world. or the practice of eating it; cannibalism. An,-tm!n4t n.; pl. AN-TiN/N./. ac AXti/l-at'Lid. See ANTACID. [Lat. antenna, sail-yard.] (Zool.) a< An'tie, a. [Derived from antique, in allusion to the groA movable, articulated organ of sen- tesque figures of antiques.] Odd; fanciful; fantastic; lusation, attached to the heads of in- dicrously wild. sects and crustacea. An'itie,. n 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew.. 2. Odd apAn/te —n/ipt tia l(-np/'shal), a. Be- pearance or device. ing before marriage. a a, Antennas. An'tI-ehrist, n. A great adversary of Christ; the man An'te-p/slehal (-pas/kal), a. Being before Easter. of sin, described 1 John ii. 18. [tianity. An'te-pAst, n. [Lat. ante, before, and pastizs, pasture, An4t'-elhrls'tian (-krlst/yan), n. An opposer of Chrisfood, from pascere, pastum, to pasture, feed.] A foretaste. An/tl-ehrls'tian, a. Opposing Christianity. An'te-pe-n Vlt', s n. [Lat. antepaenultimus, from An-ti!Vi-p]ate, v. t. [istp. & p. p. ANTICIPATED; /..An/te-pe-nilt Fi-md, 4 ante, before, psne, almost, and pr. & vb. n. ANTICIPATING.] [Lat. anticipare, from aeltimaus, last.] (Pros.) The last syllable but two ofa word. ante, before, and capere, to take.] 1. To take or do An/te-pe-nitilt'i-mate,a. Of the last syllable but two. before another, so as to prevent him. 2. To take up An/te-te- te-liltri-mate, n. The third syllable from the beforehand, or before the proper time. 3. To foretaste end of a word; the antepenult. or foresee. An-tt'ri-or, a. [Lat., compar. of ante, before.] 1. Be- Syn. — Expect.-E pect is stronger than anticipate. We fore in time; prior; antecedent. 2. Before in place. may anticipate difficulties when we do not really expect them. Syn. —Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; for- An-ti- i-pf'!ti(on, an. 1. Act of anticipating. 2. Premer; foregoing. - A-nterior is opposed to, and impliesposterior; vious view or impression of what is to happen afterward. the other words are opposed to subsequient. 3. Preconceived opinion, produced in the mind before Anu-t/'rii-Sri-ty, n. State of being anterior; precedence. the truth is known. 4. (Phil.) A conception generalized Anlte-r6oom, n. A room forming the passage to another. from experience and used to suggest the future. 5. An'thei-iuIn'ti e, a. [Gr. divTi, against, and eAtsLvT, (12us.) The beginning of one or more tones of a chord -v~ose, worm.] (Med.) Destroying or expellingworms. with or during the chord preceding, forming a momen-Lveo~ wornm.] (Med.) Destroying or expelling torms. [Written also anthelminthic.] ary iscord. athe- ia'i as. A medicine which destroysor Syn.- Preoccupation; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation; pAisrthel-mllsae, ve. A medicine which destroys orex- antepast; pregustation; preconception; expectation; foresight; pels worms; a vermifuge. forethought. An'them, as. [Cr. Xdmrivae, antiphon, or anthem, from An-tl9'i-p~itla ve, a. Anticipating; or containing anticidVTi, against, and mworm, sound, voice.] Formerly, a pation. hymn sung in alternate parts, but, in present usage, any All-tltl'-pi/tor, n. One who anticipates. church music adapted to passages from the Scriptures; a An-tligi-pa-to-ry (50), a. Taking before time. te,e A.tl-etl —cli'miax, n. A sentence or expression in which.fKnother, n. [Gr. do0vpoq, -a, flowery, from l -. the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at dvOezv, to bloom, 0v'Oo;, flower.] (Bot.) That the close; - the opposite of climax. part of the stamen containing the pollen, or'n/lti-cjv nal,a. [Gr.,vri against, opposite, and KAIVReR, fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is emitted to incline.] Marking inclination in opposite directions. for the impregnation of the ovary. I n/ti-ciinal, n. The crest-line from which strata dip.An'ther-al, a. Pertaining to anthers. in opposite directions, often called the anticlinal axis. An'ther-Wf'er-ous, a. [From anther, and Lat. ~ An'tie-ly, adv. In an antic manner. ferre, to bear.] Producing anthers. a, Anther. AI/iti-con-tFa'giios, a. Opposing contagion. i, e, &c., long; be, i, &c., short; care, far, ask, a.ll, what; 6re, veil) term; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, di, wolf, ANTICOSMETIC 31 ANY An/tl-eo0-mtV'ie, a. Injurious to beauty. An-tiqut' a. [Lat. antiquts, equiv. to anticus, from An'ti-d7'tal, a. Efficacious against poison or other ante, before.] 1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity. evil. 2. Of old fashion. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity. An'tl-dite, n. [Gr. &vCs'SoTov (sc. aptkaKov), from jv- An-tiquef, n. In general, any thing very old; in a il8osros, given against, from dvTi, against, and &S6vat to more limited sense, a remnant of antiquity; relic. give.] That which tends to counteract poison or other An-tiquetness, s. Quality or appearance of being anevil, tique. tl-f rle, or A t-fbrlle, a. That has the An'-tiqlui-ty (-tik/w`-), s. [See ANTIQUE.] 1. Ancient quality of -abating fever, X tl ea.Tth te times; former ages. 2. The people of ancient times. an-tl-fib'rle, or Aating -ffe brle, n. A medicine haye- 3. Great age; quality of being ancient. 4. Any or all ing a tendency to cure fever. Allnti-m'sonl, sn, One opposed to freemasonry. An-tls'ci-ant (an-tish/i-anz), n. p1. [Gr. dvTv, against, Antl-lnFtison-ry, a. Opposition to freemasonry. An —tisci-it (an-tlish/i-l), J opposite, and acid, An/tI-mo-nrreh'tie-al, a. Opposed to monarchy. shadow.] (Geog.) The inhabitants of the earth living An/ti-mitni-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, antimony. on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon An'ti-mnisni-al, n. A preparation of antimony. are cast in contrary directions. AlntI1-sno-ny, a. [Prob. corrupted from Ar. al-ithmi- An'ti-seor-bitie, a. (Med.) Counteracting tho dten, or al-uutdm;;den, antimony.] 1. A whitish, brittle Asn/t-scor-biitie-al, scurvy. metal used in medicine and the arts. 2. An ore of an- Aa_/ti-seript'ir-al, a. Not accordant with Scripturm'e. timnony, consisting of sulphur and antimony. An/ti-spf'tie, a. Opposing putrefaction. Aia'tl-nSlmi-an, s. [Lat. Antinomni, pl. See ANTI- Anut-sdp'tie, n. 1. A substance which resists or corNoMY.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect (originating about rects putrefaction.'2. (Med.) A remedy which coun1538) who were charged with maintaining, that, under teracts a putrescent tendency in the system. the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or Xn/ti-siiv'er-y, ss. Opposition to slavery. obligation. An/tl-s5'%ial, a. Averse to society or hostile to its exAkn'tI-nS'mi-an, a. Pertaining to the Antinomians. istence. An/ti-nuSni-an-lsm, a. The tenets of Antinomians. An/ti-spas.-mSd'ie, a. Opposing spasm. An'ti-no-my, or An-tin'o-my, n. [Gr. avTsvosbua, sn/ti-sp[s'tia, a. [Gr. divtarsr avTW6S fr. dvri7rwaou, a from dcvi, against, and v;gog, law.] 1. Opposition of drawing back.] (Mled.) (a.) Causing a revulsion of luids one law or rule to another. 2. A law or other thing op- or humors. (b.) Counteracting spasm; antispasmodic. posite or contrary. 3. (Metaph.) According to Kant, An/ti-splle-ndt'ie, a. Counteracting diseases of the that natural contradiction which results from the law of spleen. reason, when, passing the limits of experience, we seek An-tis'tro-phe, n. [Gr. dvrTrpos0s, from dVTi, against, to know thet absolute. Opsnpoeyatppand orpdejetv, to turn; orpo4S, a turning.] 1. (Rhet.) An'ti-pivpal, a. Opposing popery; antipapistic. (a.) Repetition of words in an inverse order. (b.) The An/'tl-pa-plsttiec, a. Opposing the papacy or pop- turning of an adversary's plea against him. 2. (Asc. An'ti-pa-plsttie-a1, cry; antipapal. Lyric Poetry.) That part of a song or dance, around the As/'ti-p'r/a-1yt'e, a. Opposing, or good against, altar, which was performed by turning from the left to palsy. the right, in opposition to the strophe, which was perAn'ni-pa-tleit'ie, a. Iavinga natural contrariety formed by turning from the right to the left. An/ti-pa-tlSt'i-e-al,) or aversion. An/ti-str6plhife, a. Pertaining to the antistrophe. An-tip'a-tl1y, n. [Gr. dvsa7rOesa, from dvTi, against, An-tith'e-sis, n.; pl. AN-TITHf/E-SE,. [Gr. drT06eo's, and Kreos, suffering, passion, affection, from rwaoeiv from daVt, against, and Feats, a setting, from TvdVa, to wraXev, to suffer.] 1. An aversion felt at the presence, set.] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition of words or sentiments real or ideal, of a particular object. 2. (Nrat. Phil.) A occurring in the same sentence; contrast.'2. Hence, contrariety in the properties or affections of matter. any thing directly opposed to another. Syn. - Dislike; contrariety; repugnance; disgust; distaste. An/tl-tlietle, a. Pertaining to, or containing, anAn/ti-thtll-e-al, ) tithesis. An/'ti-p's/ti-l1n'tial, a. Counteracting infection. An/ti-trin/i-tEfri-an, a. Opposing the doctrine of the A_'t/i-pjtlo-~is'tle, a. 1. ( Cliem.) Opposed to the doe- Trinity. trine of phlogiston. 2. (Mled.) Counteracting inflamma- Aln/ti-trini-tiitri-an-ailn, n. Opposition to the doction. trine of the Trinity. An/tL-ihlo-4is'tie, n. Any medicine or diet which XAutn -t4;pe, n. That which is prefigured by the type; tends to check inflammation. thus the paschal lamb was a type of which Christ is the Anfti-Phlona, n. An antiphony. See ANTIPHONY. antitype. An-t-pl3lo-n al, a. Pertaining to antiphonies or An'ti-thl'tie-al, a. Relating to an antitype; explainAn/ti-phl Snq-, AT11/t1-J~h61111-e, alternate singing. ing a type. Ass'tI- OsP u'-al, At r alternai singing.aty. [0. Fr. atotillier, andoiller, etdouiller, prob. An-tlpl]'o-nal, s. A book of antiphons or anthems. from Lat. ante, before.] A start or branch of a horn of An-ftiphto-ny, n. [From Gr. &LVTs+0vso, returning a a cervine animal, as of the stag or moose. sound, fr. dvri, against, and 4ovs, sound, voice.] (Maous.) Anto-no-rna'si-d, n. [Gr. drorogaera, fr. drt, inAn anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or con- stead, and ebvgaEv, to name.] Use of-a proper name gregation divided into two parts; a response. for an appellative, as " a Cicero " for a great orator; An-tf14htfra-ss, n. [Gr. dvTrepdase, from dTer, against, or conversely, the use of a namedenoting rank, office, &c., and kpa etv, to speak.] (Rhet.) Use of words in a sense _for him who holds it, as "his majesty" for the king. opposite to their proper meaning. An'vli, n. [A.-S. aufilt, stnfilt, osfilt.] An iron block, Aon/t!-i rA sttie, I a. Involving or relating to an- usually with a steel face, upon which metals are hamAn/ti-p1hra stlia-al, ) tiphrasis. mered and shaped. Ans-ti)o-dnal, a. Pertaining to the antipodes; diamet- An-xl'e-ty (ang-zi/e-ty), n. [Lat. anxietas, from anxius, rically opposed. anxious.] Solicitude about some future or uncertain Asnt'i-pade, n.; 1l. XN/TI-PODuE5, or AN- TIP/ O-DERS. event. [Gr. d'rbrovs, with the feet opposite, pl. o drroSe Anxious (kshus, 82), a. [at. anxis, from anger, ems-.. against, opposite, and erod, foot.] One to cause pain, to torture.] 1. Greatly concerned or f~rom aistId~e, nd, gO foot.]ne solicitous, especially respecting something future or unof those who live on opposite sides of the globo, and known. 2. Accompanied with anxiety. whose feet are, of course, directly opposite..4n'ti-piipe, a. One who usnrps the popedom. FSyn. —Disturbed; distressed; disquieted; uneasy. An/ti-pre-16ttie-al, a. Adverse to prelacy. Anx'loits-ly, adv. With anxiety or solicitude. An'ti-qu?'iri-an, a. Pertaining to antiquity. Anxlioqis-ness, n. Great solicitude; anxiety. Aa/ti-quftri-an, n. An antiquary. Alny (6n/ny), a. [A.-S. anig, nig, from ae, ein, one, Ani'ti-qu-R'ri-a1n-iLsm, n. Love of antiquity. and the termination ig, ic.] 1. One out of many, inAsn'ti-qna-ry (44), a. One versed in antiquities. definitely. 2. Some; an indefinite number or quantity. An'ti-quaiite, v. t. [iLat. antiquatits, p. p. of antiquare, This word was originally pronounced d'ny, which differs from antiquuss, old.] To make obsolete, old, or void. but little from the present pronunciation. (See ~~ 2,11.) It is A'tnl-qufft-ed, p. a. Grown old, or out of fashion; ob- often used as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood. solete; out of use. Afny, adv. To any extent; at all. food, fdot; Airn, rude, pull; 9ell, Vhaise, call, echo; gemn, get; ka; e-ist; linger, link; this. AONIAN 32 APOPLECTICAL A-Atni-an, a.- Pertaining to the Muses, or to Aonia in Aph/o-rist'iq-al-ly, adv. In the form of aphorisms. Boeotia. Alph'thonig (hf/thong or tp/thong, 85), ns. A letter or _'o-rlst, n. [Gr. d6opWaros, from d priv. and 8pos, bound- combination of letters having no sound. ary, limit.] ( Gram.) A tense in the Greek language, Aph'yl-lous, or A-phyl'loiis, (117), a. [Gr. jivLAosq, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but from a priv. and SiAsXov, leaf.] (Bot.) Destitute of leaves. leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate. Afpi-a-rist, n. One who keeps an apiary. A'o-rist'ic, a. Pertaining to an aorist, or indefinite A'pi-a-ry, n. [Lat. apiariumz, from apis, a bee.] A place tense; indefinite. where bees are kept; a bee-house. a-&Sr'tt, n. [Gr. dopTs, from deipetv, to lift, heave.] The Ap-i-,es, cn. pl. See APEX and ANTHIER. great artery from the heart. A-pifie', adv. 1. To each; to the share of each. 2. A-brt'al a. Pertaining to the aorta or great artery. -Each by itself. ~A-dr, a. APertiainingtAsh, a. [See APE.] Having the qualities of an ape; A-papie', adv. Quickly; hastily; speedily; fast. inclined to imitate in a servile manner; hence, foolish; Ap'a-o 6'fe, na. [Gr. dinayswys, a leading away, from foppish; silly; affected; trifling; insignificant. dTrayeLv, to lead away.] (Logic.) An indirect argument Ap'ish-ness, x1. Mimicry; foolery; foppery. which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or ab- A-lp6ea-l&pse, n. [Gr. a7roKn AvtPa, from dtroKaAi7rTetV, surdity of the contrary thing. - it corresponds to the to disclose.] Revelation; discovery; disclosure; —specifreductio ad absucrdausn. ically applied as the name of the last book in the Bible. A-l~5/a-1*p~lie-1, } a.Containing or pertaining to Ap'a-gSg'le-al,'a. Proving indirectly by showing the A-pSe/a-lyp'tie-, a. Containing or pertaining to absurdity of the contrary. A) revelation, or, speccally to A-piirt, adv. [Either from prefix a and part, or from Fr. the Revelation of St. John. d part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or company; Apocalyptic nentber, the number 666, mentioned in Rev. xiii. aside. 2. In a state of separation, exclusion, or of dis- 18. It has been variously interpreted. tinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter A-pS*i'o-pite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. APOCOPATED p. of thought. 3. In two or more parts; asunder. pr. & vb. n. APOCOPATING.] (Gram.) To cut off or A-piirt'ment, n. [From Lat. ab, or a, from, and pars, drop the last letter or syllable of. partis, part.] A room in a building or house. A-p6-e'oe, n. [Or. aneon4, from ant6, from, and _p/a-t]ift'ie, a. Void of feeling; insensible; indifferent. c67or to c Ap'a-tlllst, as. One destitute of feeling. KorTretv, to cut.] The cutting off or omission of the last Ap':a-thly, nI. [Gr. tiderea, from ti priv. and n0oos, letter or syllable of a word; as, yond for yonder. suffering.] Want, or a low degree, of feeling; privation A-pSery-l ha, s2. pl. [Gr. tirOcpvbos, hidden,spurious, of passion, or insensibility to pain;- applied either to from Pdr, from, and Kpi7retv, to hide.] Books whose authe body or the mind. thenticity, as inspired writings, is not admitted, and which aindifference; unconcernre therefore not considered a part of the sacred canon of Syn. - Insensibility; indifference; unconcern.the Scriptue. Bpe, n. [A.-S. apa, Skr. kapi, sh A-piSe'ry-phal, a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. Gr. ici7roe, je7ro.] 1. (Zoal.) 2. Not canonical; of uncertain authority or credit; A quadrumanous mammal false; fictitious; spurious. having teeth of the same num-~ -,.I, i Ap'c~e, n. [Gr. adrov, Jarroho, from d priv. and 7rovu, ber and form as in man, and - nroS6, foot.] An animal that has no feet. possessing neither a tail nors'i~e' A' Xp/o-deli-etle, a. Demonstrative; evident beyond cheek pouches. 2. One who- Ap/o-deieti-e-al, contradiction. imitates servilely, in allusion This spelling is better than apodictic. _to the manners of the ape. Ape, v. t. & p. p. APED;, A p/o-dleittie, a. [Gr. a7nroeiKtK 6Tc, from d7r6, from, p. pr. & vb. n. APING.] To Ape. Ap/o-adi-eti-c-al,1 and eLKivvyat, to show.] Evident imitate servilely; to mimic. beyond contradiction. A-pPak', adv. On the point; in a posture to pierce. A-dcl'o-sis, n. [r. ti.8oat, from an, from, back A-pdp'sy, n. [Or. napieq ia, from an`Enroc, fancooked, un- again, and iti6vat, to give.] (Gram.) The consequent digested.] (Med.) Defective digestion; indigestion. a( rdigested.]- (Meda.) Defective digestion, indigeostprione, to clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing A-pS1'i-ent (89), a. [Lat. aperiens, p. pr. of apeirre, to the result. open.] (Med.) IHaviAg the quality of opening; laxative. the earth, from r6 A-p'nri-ent, n. (Mled.) A laxative medicine. po-ee,. r. a from the earth from a A-pr-ti-tve, a. Deobstruent; aperient. from, and ya a, y7, earth.] (Astron.) That point in the Ap'etr-tire (53), s. [Lat. apertuera. See APERIENT.] orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from An opening through some solid substance; a hole. the earth. Ap'er-y, n. The practice of aping. A-pl1o-ittiev, a. [Gr. d7roAoynr'te6, from dnr6, A-p3t'al1-oes, a. [Gr. nj7rTaXos, a7r'sXeeos, from a priv. A-pl1/o-6t'ite-al, ] from, and Atiyos, speech.] Exand 7reahov, leaf.] (Bot.) Having no petals. cusatory or defensive. A'pex, n.; pl. A/PEX-ES; Lat. pl. Aip/I-CE. The top, A-p6l/o-4;tqe'i-s, n. sing. That branch of theology tip, or summit of any thing. which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the eviA-plhxr'e-sis n. [Gr. aqaipene,, from haqtspem, to take dence of their divine authority. A-phier'e-is I away,from a7r6, from, and tpetv, to A-p6l'o-Aist, n. One who makes an apology. to A-p51,o-glze' v. i. [imp. & p. p. APOLOGIZEDD; p. pr. take.] (Gram.) The taking of a letter- or syllable from & b. Li. APOLOGING.] T make an apology.D; p A-heplipll'n (-Il/yun), a.; p1pr. A-PHE-LI-iL [Or. d Apo-ligue (-log), n. [Gr. drtdhoyoc. See infra.] A A-phillqion (-51/yun), n.; pl. -A-PHR-LZ-.A. [Gr. dr6, moral fable. from, and i{Ato, sun.] (Astron.) That point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun, the A-pol-o-gy,.. Josta, from anri, from, and opposite point being called the perieli. Ayo, speech.] 1. Something said or written in defense A'p7Lis. it.; pi. AP/I-Dcalle. [N. Lat.] (eEntom.) The or justification of what appears to others wrong or anvine-fretter, or plant-louse; a genus of hemipterous in- justifiable, or of what ilay be liable to disapprobation. sects. 2. An acknowledgment intended as an extenuation of.&Xpht'on-m y, ni. [Gr. d~wvta, from Ba"bvoq, voiceless,from some improper or injurious remark or act. a priv. and owvsr, voice.] (2Med.) A loss of voice. Syn.- Excuse. — We make an apology for something rude,'o m [Or. af opsnpti, from df op~et, to tie- unbecoming, or the like; we offer an excuse for somne failure or Aphl'o-rim, n r.[Gr. optcizd;, from dbopiectv, to de- neglect of duty. fine.] A precept or principle expressed in a few words; a short sentence containing some important truth. Ap'o-phleg-m ttle a. [Gr. a7r6, from, and efkaSyn. - Axiom; maxim; adage. - An aionm is a self-evident LK0o full of phlegm; eAyypa, flame, phlegm.] (Mied.) proposition of high importance; a msax i7 expresses some great IIaving the quality of exciting discharges of phlegm or practical truth; an adage is a saying which has gained credit mucus from the mouth or nostrils. by long use. Aip'oph-thegm (Iap/o-them), n. A short, sententious, phl'o-rist, n. A writer of aphorisms. Ap'o-thegm instructive remark. Aphlo-rlst'i e, a. Having the form of an apho- AP/o-pletti-e, - a. [Gr. a7ro7rhlqcstcs, from tiro, Aph'o-rlsti~e-al, rism. Ap/o-pldettie-al, from, away, and nh\troresv, to h, Z, &c., long; ai, i, &c., short; care, fbir, Ask, aU, wlhat; 6re, veil, tersn; pique, firm; s6n, 6Or, dq, wolf, APOPLEXY 33 APPELLEE strike.] 1. Pertaining to, or consisting in, apoplexy. 2. Ap —plr'el, n. [Fr. appareil, from pareil,- like, equal, Predisposed to apoplexy. match, from Low Lat. pariculus, dim. of Lat. par, equal,.Ap'o-pldx/y, n. [Gr. &7rorrXotia. See supra.] A dis- a pair.] Covering for the body. ease characterized by sudden loss of sense and voluntary Syn. — Clothing; clothes; dress; raiment; vesture; vestmotion, usually caused by pressure on the braiu. ment. - The first three words are those familiarly used; apmoio, usually caused by pressure on the brain. prl-n h etaemr oml parel and the rest are more formal. A-ptis'ta-sy, n. [Gr. diroCrzaua, from &sr6, from, and Ap-pAr'el, a. t. [imp. & p. p. APPARELED; p. pr. & a-Tear, to stand.] An abandonment of what one has ab. so. APPARELIIlG.] 1. To dress or clothe; to attire. voluntarily professed; a total desertion or departure from 2. To cover with something ornamental; to cover, as one's faith, principles, or party. with garments; to adorn; to embellish. A-pds'stite, n. One who has forsaken the faith, princi- Ap-p1)r'ent (4), a. [Lat. apparens, p. pr. of apparere, to pies, or party, to which he before adhered. appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen. 2. A-pos'tite, a. Falling from the faith; false; renegade. Beyond question or doubt. 3.. Appearing to the eye, A-pbs'ta —tize, v.i. [imp. & p. p. APOSTATIZED; p. but not true or real. pr. & vb. ni. APOSTATIZING.] To abandon one's faith, Syn.-Visible; distinct; plain; obvious; clear; certain; party, church, or profession. [with pus. evident; manifest; indubitable; notorious. What is obviois A-r~s'ta-nrffalte,7 a. i. To form into an abscess, and fill (irl, lyng in our way) is certain beyond doubt or dispute;.Ap'os-td~m'la-tois,'a. Pertaining to, or partaking of tpl, cle, or eol, has ample proof or illustration. Aaepparent is sometimes used for clear, and sometimes for seeonthe nature of, an aposteme. ing, as, the difficulty was more apparent than real. -l)'os-ttme, sn. [Gr. &Troorasa, fr. asroor~T-aL, to stand Ap-pAr'ent-ly, ada. Visibly; evidently; in appearance off.] An abscess; a sore filled with purulent matter. only. A-pis'tle (-pls/sl), n. [Gr. Tr4a6-rohoq, sent forth or A.p/pa-riltion (-rsh/un), n. [See APPEAR.] 1. Apaway, from &arorrihAcrv, to send off or away.] 1. A pearance; visibility. 2. The thing appearing; a visible person sent forth or deputed to execute some important object; specifically, a preternatural appearance; a ghost; business; specifically, one of the twelve disciples of Christ a specter. sent forth to preach the gospel. 2. ( Civ. and Admiralty Ap-prq'i-tor, n. [See APPEAR.] 1. An officer who Law.) A brief letter dismissory sent by a court appealed attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. from to the superior court, stating the case, &c.; a paper 2. (ILaw.) A messenger or officer who serves the process sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. of a spiritual court. A-ptsstle-ship (-pos/sl-), st. The office of an apostle. Ap-lsPal', n. [See infra.] 1. (Law.) (a.) Removal of 4-1p6sto-late, so. Mission; apostleship. a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or 4p/os-to1'e, a.. _Pertaining or relating to an court for re-examination or review. (b.) The nmode of Ap/os-ttlqe-al, } apostle, or to the apostles, their proceeding by which such removal is effected. (c.) The times, or their peculiar spirit. 2. According to the doc- right of appeal. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. trines of the apostles. 3. A call upon a person for proof or decision, or to grant ap/os-061'i-q$m, (nr. State or quality of being apes- a favor. 4. Resort; recourse. A-p6s/to-lipq'-ty, tolical. Ap-p1a1', v. i. [Lat. appellate, from ad and pellere, to A-p6s'tro-p1eso n. [Gr.!rorarpoq)r, from 4a6, from, and drive.] 1. (Law.) To remove a cause from an inferior or~poqj), a turning.] 1. (itet.) A turning iaway from to a superior judge or court for the purpose of re-examination or for decision.'2. To refer to another for the.the real auditory, and addressing an absent or imaginary iaino o eiin Z orfrt nte o h the real auditory, and addressing an absent or imaginay decision of a question controverted, or the counteraction one. 2. (Gram.) (a.) The contraction of a word by the of testimony or facts; hence, to call on for aid. omission of a letter or letters, which omission is noted p-al',.. [im. & p.. APPEALED; pr. &. by a mark like a comma placed above the line; as, all' s A LI. (Lame0p (a.) To remove, as a calleduse, for called. (b.) The mark used to denote that a word is APPEAING. (contracted. T mr s t eo ta from an inferior to a superior judge or court. (b.) To contpacteS1. ~~~~~~~~~charge with a crime; to accuse. Ap/o-str6phie la. Pertaining to an apostrophe. charge with a crime; to accuse. A-p~-sttr,a. v.tit. [imp. & p. p. APOS eTRO- top —li'alla-ble, a. Capable of being appealed, or called.i-lbs'tro-1)hize, 9. t. [imp. 2z p. p. APOSTROA-pbs'tr~~~~~~~~~~~~o-lze answer by appeal. PRIZED; p. pr. &'vb. 21. APOSTROPHIZING.] 1. T to answer by appeal. E p &T.. T Ap-par', a. i. [isoop. & p. p. APPEARED; p. pr. & vb. address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by onitting a. APPEARING.] [Lat. apparrr, to appear frou ad and letter or letters. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7. APPEARING.] [Lat. apparwere, reappear, from ad and ~~~letter or letters. ~parere, to come forth.] 1. To come or be in sight. 2. A-pthl'e-ea-ry, sn. [From Gr. &7ro0inK, repository, To stand in presence of some superior. 3. To befrom dorr, from, and rOWeeaL, to put; /Oiro, box, chest.] come visible to the apprehension of the mind; to be obOne who prepares and sells drugs for medicinal purposes. vious or manifest. 4. To seem, in opposition to reality. In England, apothecaries also prescribe for diseases, act- Ap-ptparlanqe, n.. Act of coming into sight.'2. A lug as sub-physicians. thing seem; a phenomenon. 3. Semblance, or apparent 4Ap'o-thegm (fp'rSo-'them), so. [Gr. isrri6b0eyoa from lilkeness. 4. Personal presence; exhibition of thie person. Ap'oph-thogmz) dicr, from, and qt(Oiya, saying,'. Introduction of a IAerson to the public in a particular word.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying; a senten- character. 6. (Lan.) The act or proceeding by which a tious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the preva- party proceeded against places himself before the court, lent spelling.] and submits to its jurisdiction. Apeo-theg miiX~tfi, a. p In the manner of an Syn.- Coming; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; Ahplo-te g-anit'ic-al, apothegm. [thegms. air; look; manner; mien; figure; aspect. A'/o-thig'ana-tist, n. A collector or maker ofape- Ap-ptar'er, n. One who appears. Akp/o-thTl'o-sis, s. [Gr. droOdwSoac, from dCad, from, and AP-PvaS'a-ble, a. Capable of being appeased or quieted. Oeic, god.] Act ofelevating a mortal to the rank an Ap-pinasa-ble-ness, n. Quality of being appeasable.,o.] Act oflelevating a mortal to the ranv, and _A.P-pta~e,, t. [imp, & p. p. APPEASED; p. pr. & vb. placing him among the number, of the gods; deification. n. APPEASING.. [iop. &paiser, fpom Lat. pd andpax, Ap/o-thF'o-size, v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a peace.] TomaiG quiet. deity; to deify. ~~~~~peace.] To make quiet. deity; to deifyr. deit'o-ztoem if. [Cr.'scd5Pem, from rcso~rv, to extract by Syn. - Topacify; allay; assuage; compose; calm..A/plo-wemr, n. [Gr. a-Tr6~efka, from mo&vro tv/o extract by boiling.] (M]Ted.) A decoction. Ap-panelment,,n. Act of appeasing, or state of being 4-p-p.11l', a. t. [[imp. & p. p. APPALLED; p.pr. & vb. n. appeased. APPALLING.] [Fr. appalir, from ad and palir, to grow Ap-ptas'er, n. One who appeases or pacifies. or make pale.] To depress or discourage with fear. Ap-ptaislve, a. iHaLving the power to appease. APp-p~elq.~nt, nt. A person whlo makres an appeal. Syn. — To dismay; daunt; terrify; scare; intimidate. Ap-pdl'laat, o. A person who makes an appeal. Ap-pl'late, so. Belonging to, or having cognizance of, Ap-pall', v. i. To occasion fear or dismay. appeals. Ap'pin-age, o. [Low Lat. appanagium, from apanare, A'p/epel-liilfon, n. The name by which a person or to furnish with bread, from Lat. ad and pants, bread.] thing is called; title; address. 1, The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince Ap-pl'la-tive, a. [Lat. appellativ;ts, from appellate, to for the subsistence of his younger sons.'2. Means of name, to call.] Pertaining to a common name. nourishing; sustenance. Ap-p1'la-tlve, n. A common, as distinguished from a p/pa-rltustUS, n.; pl. XP'PA-RI'TUS or XP/PA-RX'TUS- proper name. El. [Lat., fr. apparare, to prepare, fr. ad and parare, to Ap-pl'la-to-ry, a. Containing an appeal. make ready.] Things provided as means to some end; Ap/pel-lee,, n. (Law.) (a.) The defendant in an appeal especially, a full collection or set of implements, or uten- (b.) The person who is appealed, or prosecuted, by a sils, for performing scientific experiments or operations. private man for a crime. fd(od, fbot; irn, rude, pull; 9ell, 9haiso, call, echo; gem, get; a~; elist; linger, link; this. a. ~ APPELLOR 34 APPRENTICE Ap/pel-l1r', n. (Law.) The person who institutes an point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness; to establish. appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. 2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, Ap-pnd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPENDED; p. pr. & ab. or mutual agreement; to constitute; to ordain; to pren. APPENDING.] [Lat. appendere to hang to, from ad scribe. 3. To allot, assign, designate, or set apart. 4, and pendere, to weigh, to hang.] 1. To hang or attach, To provide with every necessary; to equip. as by a string, so that the thing is suspended.'2. To Ap-point', a. i. To determine: to ordain. add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to annex. Ap-pointi'a-ble, a. Capable of being appointed. Ap-pdndfa4e, n. Something added as subordinate or Ap'point-ee&, n. A person appointed. incidental. Ap-point'er, n. One who appoints. Ap-pdndftant, n. Any thing appended to or connected Ap-point'ment, It. 1. Act of appointing or state of with another as incidental. being appointed. 2. Stipulation; arrangement. 3. Ap-pidndfant, a. 1. Hanging; annexed. 2. (Law.) Decree; established order or constitution. 4. Whatever Appended by prescription;- said of a thing of inherit- is appointed for use and management; —used in the ance belonging to another inheritance which is superior plural. or more worthy. Ap-p:tr'tion, a. t. [imp. & p. p. APPORTIONED; p. pr. Ap-p6nd'ix, n.; pl. AP-PtiND/IX-EE; Lat. pI. AP-PPN/ & vb. n. APPORTIONING.] [L. Lat. apportionare, from DI-cEf. 1. Something appended; an adjunct, or con- Lat. ad and portia, portion.] To divide and assign in comitant. 2. Specifically, any literary matter added to just proportion; to divide or part out; to assign in due a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness. proportion. Ap/per-e,4p'tion, n. [From ad and perception.] Ap-ptr'tlon-er, n. One who apportions. (Metaph.) Perception that reflects upon itself; self-con- Ap-priirton-ment, n. Act of apportioning; a dividsciousness. ing into just proportions or shares. Ap/per-tain', v. i. [imp. & p. p. APPERTAINED; p. pr. Ap-p.2'er, n. An examiner; an officer in the English & vb. n. APPERTAINING.] [Lat. appertinere, from ad Court of Exchequer. andpertinere, to pertain.] To belong, whether by nature, Apf'po-~ite, a. [Lat. appssitus, p. p. of apponere, to set right, appointment, or custom; to relate. or put to, from ad and ponere, to put, place.] Very Ap'pe-tenpe, s i. 1. Strong natural desire; sensual applicable; well adapted; suitable or fit; relevant; pat. _Ap'pe-ten-6y, appetite. 2. Tendency to seek or Ap'po-site-ly, adv. Properly; fitly; suitably. select. A~p'po-slte-ness, n. Fitness; suitableness. Ap'pe-tent, a. Desiring; very desirous. [Rare.] Ap'po-~ition (-zishlun), n. 1. Act of adding; accreAp'pe-tete, a. [Lat. appetitus, from appetere, to seek.] tion. 2. (Gramn.) The state of two nouns (one of which 1. Desire of gratification, either of the body or of the explains the other) put in the same case, without a conmind. 2. Specifically, a desire of food or drink. necting word between them. [ment. Ap'pe-tize, v. i. To create, or whet, an appetite. Ap-prisii'al, n. A valuation by authority; an appraiseAp/pe-tiz'er, n. Something which creates, increases, Ap-prli&e', v. t. [iimp. & p. p. APPRAISED; p. pr. & or whets, an appetite. ab. n. APPRAISING.] [Lat. appretiare, from ad and Ap-plaud1, av. t. or i. lamp. Q p.p. APPLAUDED; p.pr. pretiare, in prize, from pretaum, value, price.] TIo set a & ab.s. APPLAUDING.] [Lat. applaudere, from ad and value on; to estimate the worth of, particularly by perplaudere, to clap the hands.] 1. To praise by clapping sons appointed for the purpose. the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign.'2. - In America, this word is often pronounced, and someTo praise by words; to commend. times written, a21prize. Syn. - To extol; cry up; magnify. Ap-prMtie'ment, n. Act of appraising; valuation. Ap-prii'ar, n. One who appraises; specifically, one Ap-plaud'er, n. One who applauds. appointed and sworn to fix the value of goods and estates. Ap-paiute', se. [Lat. applaudere, p. p. applausss.] Act Ap-1prZP i-a-ble (-pre/shi-), a. Capable of being estiof applauding; approbation and praise publicly ex- mated or appreciated. pressed by clapping the hands, beating with the feet, Ap-prP'el-hto (ap-prG/sh!-at, 95), a. t. [imp. & p. p. acclamation, huzzas, or other means; commendation. APPRECIATED; p. pr. & ab. n. APPRECIATING.] [Lat. Ap-plaut'sive, a. Applauding; containing applause. appretiare. See APPRAISE.] 1. To set a price or value Ap'kpli (57), n. [A.-S. eppetl, pl.] 1. A well-known tree on to estimate justly or truly. 2. To raise the value and its fruit. 2. The pupil of the eye. of. [An Americanism.] Ap-pii a-ble, a. Capable of being applied; applicable.. [ s im] Syn. - To esteem; estimate; value.- -We estimate things Ap-pli'aneae, n. Act of applying, or thing applied; in- when we learn by calculation their real amount,as profits, &c.; strument or means. we appreciate when we prize them according to their true value 4p'pli-ea-b!l'i-ty, n. Quality of being applicable or worth, as a man's services; we esteem when we regard them l —b-esF or suitable. with moral approbation. 4Wplpi-ea-ble-nes's, or suitable. Ap'pli-ea-ble, a. Capable of being, or fit to be, ap- Ap-prP'ci-ie te, a. i. To rise in value. plied; suitable; fit; adapted. Ap-pr/ail-lftion (-prt-shi-), n. 1. A just valuation Ap'pli-eant, n. One who applies; a petitioner. or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration. iAp'pli-eate, n. [Lat. applicata (se. linea), from appi- 2. Increase of worth or value. care, to apply.] (Matlh.) A right line drawn across a Ap-pri%'ai-a-tive (-shl-a-tiv), a. Having or implying a curve, so as to be bisected by the diameter; an ordinate. Ap-prl'i-n-to-ry (-shi-a-), just appreciation. Ap'pl-eaae, a. Applied or put to some use. Ajp-prP'i-a-te-l y, ada. With just appreciation. Ap/pli-el'tion, n. [See APPLY.] 1. Act of applying Ap'pre-hind', v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPREI-ENDED; or laying on, in a literal sense. 2. The thing applied. p. pr. & ab. a. APPREIIENDING.] [Lat. apprehendcre, 3. Act of making request or soliciting. 4. Employment from ad and prehendere, to lay hold of, to seize, from prse, of means. 5. Act of fixing the mind; intenseness of before, and root emend.] 1. To seine or lay hold of. 2. thought. 6. Act of directing or referring something to To understand. 3. To entertain suspicion or fear of. a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or Syn. —To catch; arrest; conceive; imagine; believe; fear; disagreement, fitness, or correspondence. dread..Ap'pli-ea-tive, a. Applying; applicatory. Ap/pre-hndl',, v. i, To be of opinion; to believe. Ap'pii-~a-to-ry (50), a. Including the act of applying. Ap'pre-hlinder, n One who apprehends. Ap'pii-ea-to-ry, it. That which applies. Ap'pre-hdn'si-ble, a. Capable of being apprehended. Ap-pi', a. L. [imnp. & p. p. APPLIED; p. pr. & ab. n. Ap'pre-Hdn'sion, n. 1. Act of seizing or taking hold of. APPLYING.] [Lat. applicare, from ad and plicare, to 2. Act of taking by legal process. 3. The mere contemfold.] 1. To lay or place; to put, bring, or carry. 2. plation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing To use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a par- any judgment. 4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; ticular case. 3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, idea. 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived. as suitable, fitting, or relative. 4. To engage and employ 6. Distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. diligently, or with attention. [course. Ap/pre-h in'sive, a. Fearful; suspicious; perceptive. Ap-Bplh', a. i.' 1. To suit or to agree. 2. To have re- Ap/'pre-hn'slve-ly, adv. In an apprehensive manA.Ip-p /ia-t. r (-pld/ja-),;. [It., from appoggiare, ner fearfully. to lean, to rest.] (Ilffs.) A passing tone preceding an Ap/pre-hdn'sive-ness, n. The quality of being appreessential tone or an accented part of a measure, —gen- hensire; fearfulness. erally indicated by a note of smaller size. Ap-prdn'tiee, it. [L. Lat. apprenticius, from Lat. apAp-point', a. t. [imp. & p. p. APPOINTED; p. pr. & vb. prendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to comprehend.] One n. APPOINTING.] [L. Lat. appunctare, to bring back bound to another to learn a trade or art. to the point, restore, from Lat. ad and punctum, a Ap-prna'tlie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPRENTICED (apL, 5, &c., long;, 5, &e.,short; care,fair, ask, al11, what; are, veil, trm pique, firm; stn, 6r, do, wg1f, APPRENTICESHIP 35 ARANEOUS prdn/tist); p. pr. & vb. n. APPRENTICING.] To bind A'pril, n. [Lat. Aprilis, from aperire, to open, as the out as an apprentice. month in which the earth opens for new fruit.] The Ap-prdnu't!ie-ship, n. The condition of an appren- fourth month of the year. tice; the time for which he serves. A'pril-]f[l, n. One sportively imposed upon on the Ap-pri~e',,. t. [imp. & p. p. APPRISED; p. pr. & ab. first day of April. sc. APPRISING.] [Fr. apprise, ordinance by which the A'pron (5/purn or a'prun), n. 1. A cloth, or piece of sentence of a superior judge is declared to an inferior, leatlfer, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the from apprendre, to learn, to teach. See APPREHEND.] clothes clean, or defend them from injury. 2. A piece To inform; to give notice, verbal or written. of leather, or other thing, to be spread before a person Syn. - To acquaint; make known; communicate. ricing in a carriage, to defend him from the rain, snow, or dust; a boot. Aip-pr'izet, v. t. To set a value on. See APPRAISE. o ut ot Ay-prize',.ei. To seta value on. SeeAPPRAISEmN. A~l/ro-pls' (5p/ro-po'), adv. [Fr.] 1. Opportunely; hAp-pJrlze'mer e An appra Samr.e RI APPRAISEMENT. seasonably. 2. By the way; to the purpose. Ap-praz'er, c. An appraiser. See APPRAISER. p si n.; pl. AP?8I-Di. [Gr.] 1. p-prtacl', P. A. [imNp. & p. p. APPROACHED; p. pr. (Ascroc.) One of the two points in an 2& atb. n. APPROACHING.] [Lat. ad and proepare, to elliptical orbit which are at the greatest draw near, frompropius, comp. of prope, near.] 1. TO and least distance from the central come or go near, in place or time; 2. To draw near, in body. 2. (Arch.) The domed part of a a figurative sense; to approximate. church, where the altar is placed. Apsis. Ap-prtach', a. t. 1. To cause to draw near. [Rare.]. To come nearv t1o; to approximate. toda er[ ]Apt, a. [Lat. aptus, from apere, to fasten, fit; Gr. ar~4. To come near to; to approximate.av Ap-prtaclih, n. 1. Act of drawing near. 2. Access, Tce.] 1. Fit; suitable. 2. Havinga tendency; liable. or opportunity of drawing near. 3. A passage or avenue 3. Disposed customarily. 4. Ready; quick; prompt. by which buildings are approached. 4. p1. (Fort.) The Syn. — Appropriate; suitable; qualified; inclined; disposed; works thrown up by besiegers, to protect them in their dexterous; fitted.- One who is disposed or inclined to any advances toward a fortress. thing is apt to do it. He who is apt at any employment is Ap-priaclila'-ble, a. Capable of being approached; ac- qualifteR or dcexterous. An apt quotation is one which is apprsoAcessible. [aalable. ofcb'iute, suitable, orfittcd to the case. cessible. [able. Ap-prta.cch'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being approach- aPter-a, a. [r. rE from priv. and ep, A131ro-lit, v t.[Se APPOVE] T exres orAp~ter-al, a. [Gr. a~rrepol% from a priv. and 7r7-epdv, Apepsao-bbt, v. t. [See APPROVE.] To express or wing.] 1. Destitute of wings. 2. Having no columns manifestapprobatio n of. [Rare.] along the sides, but only in front. Ap/pro-bfltion, ic. The act of approving; consent to'ter-os, a. (.) Destitute of igs; apterl. -~plter-oiis, a. (Entom.) Destitute of wings; apteral. a thing on the ground of its propriety; approval. pt'-te (53),.. Natural or cured diposition:n A~~~~~~~~~~~ptq!-tffde (53), n. 1. Natural or acquired disposition Syn. —License; liking; attestation. or tendency. 2. Readiness in learning; docility; aptness. ppro-b e, a, Approvin Ycontaining appro ptly, adv. Properly; fitliy; readily; wittily. Alyp'pro-b~~i/tlvb, b ation. uroig; Apt'ness,.. Quality of being apt; fitness; readiness. Ihl)~pro-li~~ilt~.b~e. tbp'tvte, a. [tr. 17vrw-0os froin priv. and 7r~ww-6g, A1p-prtipr!-a-ble, a. Capable of being appropriated. Ap-pr3'prl-ite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPROPRIATED; fallen, declined, from 7rbrrecv to fall.] (Gram.) An p. pr. & vb. n. APPROPRIATING.] [Lat. appropriate, indeclinable noun. appropriactum, from ad and proprius, one's own.] 1. A'qua, n. [Lat., akin to Skr. ap, water.] Water; -a To set apart for a particular purpose, or for one's self, word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in to assign. 2. (Law.) To alienate, as an ecclesiastical various significations, determined by the word or words benefice, and annex it to a spiritual corporation, sole or annexed. aggregate, being the patron of the living. uafortis (Che/.), same as nitric acid. - Aqua-marine, or Ap-prt'pri-ate (45), a. Set apart for a particular use aqua-marina, a fine variety of beryl;- formerly so called by or person; hence, belonging peculiarly. jewelers on bccount of its color, resembling the green of seSyn. - Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; pertinent; well- wter. -Aqua regia (Chcm.), the same as nciro-clloro-/cdric timed; peculiar. acid. Ap-prt'pri-r te-ly, adv. In an appropriate manner. A-qusgtrl- en?, n.; pl. A-Q rjlCR -A. [Lat.] 1. An artiAp-pr'i.ri-ate-ness, c. Suitableness; fitness. ficial pond for rearing aquatic plants. 2. A globe or Ap-pr'tpri-5Rtion, n. 1. Act of appropriating or set- tank of glass for keeping alive aquatic aninals. ting apart for a purpose. 2. Any thing, especially A-q t'ie-, I a. Pertaining to, inhabitin, or frequentmoney, thus set apart. 3. (Law.) (a.) The sequester- A_-qui.te'c-al, uing, water.. ing of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual cor-'kqua-tint, t n. [It. acqua tinta, dyed water.] A poration, sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living. AC/qua-ftlnt't, J method of etching on copper by means Ap-pr~'pli-.i/itor, n. 1. One who appropriates. 2. of aqua fortis. (Law.) One who is possessed of an appropriated benefice. [q'ae-d~huct (tk/we-d~kt), n. [Lat. aqucduclus, from Ap-prQv'a-ble, a. Worthy of approbation. aquca, water, and ductCs, a leading, from dueere, to lead.] Ap-prfiv'al, c. Act of approving; approbation. An artificial conduit for water. Ap-prove', v. t. [imp. & p. p. APPROVED; p. pr. & A'que-os (wa/lnve-us), a. 1. Partaking of the nature of vb. n. APPROVING.] [Lat. approbare, from ad and pro- water, or abounding with it; watery.'2. Made by means bare, to approve, from probus, good.] 1. To be pleased of water. with; to think well of. 2. To prove. 3. To make or sihow to hbe korthy of approbation; to commend. 4r Aqueous humor, a transparent fluid, forming part of the eye. show to be worthy of approbation; to commend. 4~._ (Law.) To implrove by increasing the value or profits of. Aquni-f6rxs, a. [Lat. aqua, water, and forca, form.] 5. To sanction officially. In the form of water. Ap-prov'er, c. 1. One who approves. 2. (Law.) One _Aq'ui-line (-lin or -lin), a. [Lat. aquilinucs, from aquila, who confesses a crime and brings out his accoimplices. eagle.] 1. Belonging to the eagle. 2. Curving; hooked; Ap-prtx'i-mate (45), a. 1. Near to. 2. ( Clhem. & _ prominent, like the beak of an eagle. Macnth.) Nearly approaching correctness. Araab, n. A native of Arabia. Ap-prbx'i-mite, a. t. [ispb. &pp. APPROXIiATrD; Ar'a-blsqute (ir/a-bbsk), n. A species of or- ~ p. pr. & atb. sn APPROXIMATING.] [Lat. approxcccare, namentation after the Arabian manner, often from ad and proximare, to come near.] To carry or ad- intricate and fantastic from the intermingling vance near; to cause to approach. of foliage, fruits, &c., with other objects, Ap-prtx'i-mite, v. i. To come near; to approach. real or imaginary. Ap-pr6x/i-mRtion, n. An approach; a coming near. Ar'a-bdsque, a. In the manner of the A~p-prflx'i-ma-tive, a. Approximating; approaching. Arabians; relating to the style of ornament..pc'&pulse, or Ap-pflse', n. [Lat. appiclsus, fronm ad called arabesque. and pellere, pclsusm, to drive.] 1. Act of striking -ri'W-an, a. Pertaining to Arabia, or to against. 2. A touching, or very near approach. Ara-labe, ) its inhabitants. Ap-pitL'sion, n. A striking against by a moving body. r'a-hi, ct. The language of the Arabians. Ap-pftrt'e-iaxanqe, n. That which appertains to some- Ar'a-bist, n. One versed in Arabic literature. thing else; an adjunct; an appendage. - i'a-ble, a. [Lat. arabils, from arare, to Ap-pftr'te-nant, a. Belonging to by right. plow.] Fit for tillage or plowing; plowed. Arabesque. Aprei- 6tt, n. [From Lat. prxecoquus or prrcox, early A-rni'ne-ois, a. [Lat. aracneosucs, from araripe, through the Ar. al-birqlq and Sp. albarcoque.] A neRa, spider, spider's web.] 1. Resembling a cobweb. 2. fine fruit, allied to the plum. Extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb. f6od, fcrot; ~urn, r!de, plU; iell, chaih se, call, eeho; gem, get; a2; e:ist; linger, linia; this. ARBALEST 36 ARCHLY Arbal-est, an. [Abbrev. of arcubalist, q. v.] A cross- The science of antiquities; a treatise on antiquities or Ar'bal-ist, J bow. ancient usages, customs, &c. Ar'bi-ter, n. [Lat.] (Law.) 1. A person appointed or Ar-ehq'ie, a. Characterized by antiquity or obsochosen, by parties in controversy, to decide their differ- Ar-ehi-e-al, ) leteness; ancient; antiquated. ences. [In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical Ar'-eha-lm, n. [From Gr. apXa~oq, ancient, apxs, beword.]'2. Any person who has the power of judging ginning.]. An ancient or obsolete word, expression, and determining, without control. or idiom. 2. Antiquity of style or use. Ar.bi-tra-ble, a. 1. Arbitrary. 2. Determinable. Areh-ini'gel, a. An angel of the highest order. Ar-bit'ra-ment, n. [L. Lat. arbitramentum.] 1. Will; Arhala-geh/n'ie, a. Belonging to archangels. detemnination; decision.'2. Award of arbitrators. Arch-blsh'op, n. A chief bishop; a metropolitan. Ar'bi-tra-ri-ly, adv. By will only; absolutely. Arch-blsh'op-rie, n. The jurisdiction, place, or dioAr'bi-tra-ry, a. [Lat. arbitrarius, from arbitrari, to cese of an archbishop. hear, decide, from arbiter, q. v.] 1. Depending on will Arceih-da'-eon (-dl/kn), n. An ecclesiastical dignitary or discretion. 2. Founded not on the nature of things, next in rank below a bishop. but on mere will or choice. 3. Despotic; absolute in Arch-dla'eon-ry, } n. The office and jurisdiction of power; bound by no law..Lrch-dla'eon-shiip, an archdeacon. Syn.- Tyrannical; imperious; unlimited; capricious.- A.rch-cltiieal, a. Pertaining to an archduke. WVhen a ruler has absolute, unlitisted, or arbitrary power he is Arch-dlich'ess, n. A princess of the house of Austria. apt to be capricious, if not imperious, tyrannical, and des- Arch-dfich'y, n. The territory or jurisdiction of an potic. archduke or archduchess. Ar'bi-triAte, v. t. 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators. Arch-dfike', n. A grand duke; a chief prince; now, 2. To decide, or determine generally. strictly, a son of an Emperor of Austria. Ar'bi-trgte, vc. i. [imp. & p. p. ARBITRATED; p. pr. pr. rch-dfike'dom,. The jurisdiction of an archduke & vb. it. ARBITRATING.] 1. To decide; to determine. or archduchess. 2.' To judge or act as arbitrator. Arch'er, n. One who shoots with a bow; a bowman. Ar/bi-trti'tion, it. The hearing and determination of a Archler-y, n. Art of shooting with a bow and arrow. cause between parties in controversy, by a person or per- Arlch le-cburt, n.. An English ecclesiastical court of sons chosen by the parties. appeal. Ar/bi-trit'tor, n. 1. A person chosen by parties who Ar'fehe-typlal, a. Constituting, or pertaining to, a model have a controversy, to determine their differences. or pattern; original. 2. The person chosen as umpire, by two arbitrators, Ar'l-ce-type, n. [Gr. dpXTv7rov, from dpXsi, beginning, when the parties do not agree. 3. One who has the and power of deciding or prescribing without control. and stamp, figure, pattern.] The originl patter Ar'lbl-triitrix,n. A female who arbitrates or judges. or model of a work; the model from which a thing is Ai'bi-tress, 1o. A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. made. Ar'bor, n. [Lat., a tree.] 1. A bower; a seat shaded by Areh/i -nd -o, a. Th archief of fiends. trees.2. A spindle or axis. Areh/'ie-dl-'-eo-npa-y, a. Pertaining to an archdeacon. 4r-b ifre-ojis, ta. Belonging to, growing on, or having Nr-eh'Y-e-pls'.ee-pa-ey,. Estate of an archbishop. Ar'bor-ature of, trees. o4reh'Il-epl'-ce-so-pal, a. Belonging to an archbishop. ~Ar'bo-1rds'Cenve, alt. The resenmblance of a tree. Ar-tehil, n. [Fr. orcheil, roccelle, N. Lat. (lichen) roccella, Arl'bo-rds'pent, a. [Lat. arbaresens, p. p.c of atrbores- from Fr. roe, m., recite, f., Sp. roca, It. rocca, roccia, Ar/bo-r~s'le it, a. [Lat. arborescens, p. p. of arborescere, to become a tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming rock; because it grows on rocks.] A violet dye obtained tree-like.. from several species of lichen. tei.r-~eh-1m/e-dZ'ani, a. PerXr'bo-ret, n. A small tree; a shrub. Ar-h eng, a. Per-Archies. Ar/bor-i-eiilt'Uire (-ktilt/y.1r), n. [Lat. arbor, tree, and czltelra, culture. See CULTURE.] The art of cultivating Archimecl ean screwc, or Artrees and shrubs. chinzedes' screwv, an instrument for raising water, formed Ar'bor-ist, s. One who makes trees his study. by wininf a flexible tube Ar/bor-i-zaittion, n. A tree-like appearance, especially round a cylinder in the form in minerals. of a screw. 4r'bor-lze, v. t. To form tree-like appearances in. Aifr/thl-pl'ta-go, n. [Gr. Archimedes' Screw. A&rf'btor-os, a. Formed by trees. prefix dpXc-, equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and 7riAayso, sea.] Arebs- ae ( tre/bus-sl), n. [Lat. arbuscula, dim. of arbor, Any body of water interspersed with many isles, or a tre.] A dwarf tree. group of isles. Ar'l tte, na. [Lat. arbtteus, akin to arbor, tree.] The group of sles.'r-bs.btftts, 3 strawberry-tree, a genus of evergreen Ar-/hlI-teCt, n. [Gr. dpX' ttc-,v, from prefix apxt-, shrubs, of the heath family, which has a berry resem- equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and TiKorV, workman.] 1. bling the strawberry. One who plans and superintends the construction of a Are, sI. [ELat. arcees, bow, arch.] Part building. 2. One who contrives or builds up. of the circumference of a circle or XAr/-ehi-t-et'ive, a. Adapted to use in architecture. curve. Arc. Ar/ ehi-tee-tn'ie, 1 a. [Gr. apXVTeyosVtKs.] PerA[-e-dle', n. [L. Lat. arcata, from Lat. arcuTs, bow, Ar'hl-htee-tbn'ie-al, ] taining to, or skilled in, ararch.] 1. A series of arches. 2. A walk arched above;..chitecture; evincing skill in designing or construction. a range of shops along an arched passage. Ar..shi-toetress, it. A female architect. _A' —-eatur, s2.; pl. AiR-eA/VNA. [Lat.] A secret. Ar/ch!-t6etftr-al, a. Of, or pertaining to, architecture. Arlch, a. [Properly cAhief, eminz ent, viz., in art and Air'lhi[-teet'fire, n. 1. The art or science of building; roguery; from the following.] Cunning or sly; mis- especially, the art of constructing houses, bridges, and chievous in sport; roguish. other buildings. 2. Frame or structure; workmanship. Arch (68), a. [From Gr. prefix apXt-, from the same root Ar'ehl-trive, n. [From Gr. and Lat. prefix arclhi-, as pXev,to be first, to begin.] Chief; of thefirstclass; equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and It. trave, Lat. trabs, principal; -much used as a prefix in many compounded beam.] (Arch.) (a.) The lower division of an entablawords, most of which are self-explaining; as, arch-apos- ture, or that part which rests immediately on the column. tie, archl-bucilder, arc!-conspirator, &c. (b.) The ornamental molding running round the exterior Arci, n1. 1. A curve line or curve of an arch. (c.) A molding above a door, or winpart of a circle. 2. Any t dow, and the like. work in that form, or cov- LArt'chlve, n.; pl. iRl/eHT]VlE, (-kivz). [Lat. archizetm, ered by an arch. archiucm, Gr. dpXeov, government-house, from dpxs, the Arch, r. t. or i. [im p. &. first place, government. See ARCH.] 1. Place in which pV. ARCHED (archt, 108); p. public records are kept. 2. Public records and papers npr. & vb. n. ARCHING.] To..which are preserved as evidence of facts. form an arch. Ar-ehl-vist, n. The keeper of archives. Ar/ehwe-o-165g*ie-al, a. Re- - Ar'ehi-v5lt, n. [It. archivolto, from Gr. & Lat. prefix lating to archaeology. archi-, equiv. to Eng. arch, q. v., and It. solto, vault, Arj'ehae-il'o-gist, n. One arch.] (Arch.) The inner contour of an arch, or a band.versed in archaeology. adorned with moldings running over the faces of the Ar/'hae-l1'o-gy, n. [Gr. Arch...arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. apXatoXoyia, fr. apXasoe, ancient, and X6yoe, discourse.] Archfly,,ant. With sly humor; shrewdly. a, ^;g &c., tong;,, e, &c., short; care, far, ask, al, what; 6re, veil, trm; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, dr, w.l1f, ARCHNESS 37 ARISTOCRATICAL Arch'ness, n. Sly humor; shrewdness; cunning. Air'ient, a. [Lat. argentum, silver, fr. Gr. dp~6~; whit.l Ar'-ehon, sn. [Gr. dpXoV, from ipXecv, to rule.] A chief Silvery; bright like silver..magistrate in ancient Athens. Ar'lent, nr. The white color on a coat of arms, designed Arch'wviy, n. A passage under an arch. to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity. Are'o-grph, n. [Lat. arcus, equiv. to Eng. arc, q. v., rn'a16tta, *.Pertaining to, consin Ar-~~ntal, a.Pertaining to, consisting of, resem-. Ar-g(~ntqe, bling, or containing, silver. and Gr. ypdkcetv, to write.] An instrument for drawing arcs of circles without the use of a central point m Ar/en tif'er ouis, a. Containing silver. aAr'keia-tine, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver, or Aire'tie, a. [Gr. dOKn5K69, from a5plroF, a bear, and the sounding like it; silery. constellation so called.] Pertaining to, or situated under, X.r'f-eai-tine, n. [From Lat. argentum, silver.] 1. the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; (Min.) A silicious variety of carbonate of lime, having a lying far north. silvery-white luster. 2. White metal coated with silver. Arctic circle, a lesser circle 23~a from the north pole.'i, [Cr ipyc e or 9pymo, from dpyii, dpyorspk, 2~ ~ ~ ~~~~lril.[r pd~~o py)o, from dpy~g, dpyth~5.Xr-efu-ate, Ika. [La t. arcieatus, p. p. of arcuare, to white.] (lin.) Clay or potter's earth; sometimes pure larc'u-a'&ed, cla~~~~~cayor aluminas. See CLAY. Are'u-R/ted, ] make in form of a bow, from arcus, clay, or alumina See CLAY. ~bow ] Bent like a bow. 4r/&i1l t'ceou s, a. Partaking of the properties of clay..re*u-R/tion, it. A bending; convexity; incurvation. Ar'gil-lif'er-ous, a. [Lat. argilla, white clay, and Ar'eu-ba-lst,o n. [Lat. arcusballista, from arces, bow, */crre, to bear.] Producing clay. and ballista, balista, a military engine for projectiles,.Ar-&iI'los, a. Clayey. from Gr. P'Xec, to throw.] A cross-bow, of different xArg'Ive (ar/jiv), a. Pertaining to Argos, the capital of.kinds, somethnes used for discharging stones or bullets. Argolis in Greece, or to its inhabitants..r'eu-bAil'ist-er, or Ar/eu-ba-list'er, n. A cross- oa The Argive tribe, during the Trojan war, was the most Ar'den-y,o no. Ardor; eagerness; zeal; heat. [bowman. powerful of any in Greece; and hence Argive is often used as Ar'dent, a. [Lat. ardens, p. pr. of ardere, to burn.] 1. a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek. HIot or burning. 2. Having the appearance or quality rg. [Cf.ARIL.] Crude rr. 1-1 X~~~~~~~~r'g51, n. [Cf. ARGIL.] Crude tartar. of fire. 3. Much engaged; passionate; affectionate. o t r. [r.'pyvv, fro py and _;r~go-n.i.ut, n. [Gr.'Apyovat6nq, from'Ap,/6 and Syn. —Fiery; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; - One of the persons keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate. ras, sailor, from a, ship.] 1. One of the persons who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of dr'dent-ly, aerv. With ardor; zealously; affectionately..the golden fleece. 2. (Zoil.) The nautilus. Ar'dor, n. [Lat., from ardere, to burn.] 1. IHeat, in a'r/go-naute,'ic a. Pertaining to the Aigonauts, or to literal sense. 2. Warmth, or heat of passion or affec- their voyage to Colchis. lion; eaaern2ess. Ar'go-sy, It. [So called from Argo. See ARGoNAUT.] A AJd' IUI-oiis (29, 52), a. [Lat. ardtuus, akin to Ir. ard,.large shlip, either for merchandise or war. high, height.] 1. High or lofty, in a literal sense. 2, rgie, v. i. [imp. g& p. p. ARGUED; p. pr. & v.. n. Attended with great labor, like the ascending' of acclivi- ARGUING.] [Lat. argucere.] 1. To use arguments i to ties; difficult. reason. 2. To contend in argument; to dispute. Sysn.- Difficult; hard. — Arduous is stronger than hard, Ar'gfie, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss. 2. To prove or and hard stronger than difficult. evince. 3. To persuade by reasons. Xrdl'u-oiis-ness, n. Great difficulty; laboriousness. Syn. — To discusss; debate; dispute; prove. - To isc;ses, Are (nr). Present indic. pl. of the substantive verb; but debarte, or dispute, is the act of parties interchanging argnmentcs etymologically a different word from be, amn, or was. betweei themselves. To 1prove is the strongest term, imnplyAY're-ma, r.; pl. Ait/E-AI. [Lat., a broad piece of level ing decisive evidence; to evince is next in strength, ini1lyilg Alre-A, n.; pI. X/RE~-AS. [Lat., a broad piece of level - e i ii,! 1Anplnsra asteloofaoo evidence sufficient to remove doubt; to argue is the weakest. ground.] 1. Any plane surface, as the floor of a roo;, of a church or other building, or of the ground. 2. A-r'gu-er, it. A disputer; reasoner. The inclosed space or site on which a building stands; a Ar'gu-mn ent, n. [Lat. argumentcem.] 1. A proof or sunken space around the basement of a building. 3. means of proving; a reason offered in proof, to induce (Geon;.) The superficial contents of any figure. belief, or convince the mind. 2. A process of reasoning Ar/e-fe'ti on, i ns. [Lat. arefacere, to make dry, from or a controversy made up of such proofs. 3. The subarere, to be dry, and./icere, to make.] The act of dry- ject-matter, or an abstract of the subject-matter, of a ing; dryness. discourse, writing, picture, or the like. A-rfl'n{, ot.; pI. A-RE/NAS; Lat. pI. A-REI/N2. [Lat.,.r/gu-mein-tVltion, nr. Process or act of reasoning. sand, a sandy place.] 1. (I Romn. Antiq.) The area in the Ar/gu-mdn. tct-tlve, a. 1. Containing argument. 2. central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators Addicted to argument. fought and other shows were exhibited; —so called be- ji1si-', i. [It. from Lat. aer, the air.] (Mlus.) An air or cause it was covered with sand. Hence, 2. (Fig.) Any song; a tune. place of public contest or exertion. A'ri-an, a. Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church Ar/e-in. —tc,a. [Lot. arencrccits from arena, sand.] of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to his doctrines. Having the properties of sand; easily disintegrating into A'ri-cn, n. One who adheres to the doctrines of Arius, sand; friable. who held Christ to be only a superangelic being. _A-sd'o-1d, n.; pI. A-R/ O-Lr. [Lat., dim. of area, q. Ari- -m,. The doctrine of the Arians. v.] 1. An interstice or small space. 2. The colored Arqd, a. [Lot. aridus, from arere, to be dry.] Dry; ring around the nipple, and also around certain vesicles. parched up with heats A-r'o-lar, a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled A d'i-ty, Absence of moisture ness with interstices or areolve._Arqd-ness, I it. Absence of moisture; dryness. with interstices or areolae. Areola, tissue (Aunt.), a loose mixture of the white, fibrous Ar/i-frtci, n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria, q.v.] (ilius.) and yellow elastic tissues, as the loose texture whIichl connects' Ar/i-dtte, J A little aria. or air. the skin with subjacent parts; — so called from its interspaces. A-right' (a-nt'), odv. In due order; rightly; duly./re-6m'e-ter (110), mc. [Gr. dpaiog, thin, rare,'and without mistake. kicr'pov, a measure.] An instrument for measuring the Ar'i-Sse/, a. [It. arioso, from aria, q. v.] Characterized specific gravity of fluids by melody, as distinguished from harmony. A're-5in'e-try, n. Act of measuring the specific gravity A-rise', v. i. [iimp. AROSE; p. pr. &,b. n. ARTSING; of fluids. P.p.ARISEN.] [A.-S. arisan. See RIsE.] 1. To come Air'e-6p'a-lte,. A member of the Areopagus. or get up from a lower to a higher position; to mount; s. [Cr. hiil of Ares; to ascend; to rise. 2. To come into action, being, or ir/e.ip~~rsgus, i.'Ape-ayoc~, notice. 3. To proceed; to issue; to spring. rocky hill.] A sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for Ar'isterS the-justice and impartiality of its decisions; — so called ris-t -eray n. [Gr. pcoTepania, from 4p-ros, from having been originally held on a hill named in honor best, and Kparerv, to rule.] 1. A form of government, of Ares, or Mars. in which the supreme power is vested in the principal Ar'gil, n. [See ARGOL.] Unrefined or crude tartar. persons of a state, or in a privileged order. 2. The noBAr'gnd IL m6p. A lamp invented by Aim6 Aroand, bility or chief persons in a state. in which a hollow wick is surrounded by a glass chimney, A-ris'to-ert, or Arqi-to-erht, n. 1. One who thus producing a strong and clear light. favors an aristocracy in principle or practice. 2. A An ~~~~~~~~~~~~proud or haughty person. Aganad burto r, a gas burner in the form of a ring or hollow proud or haughty person. cylinder, admitting a current of air through the center to fa- Ar/is-to-ert'ie, a. Pertaining to, consisting in, celiate combustion. Ar/is-to —ri t'i1e- or partaking of, aristocracy. f16od, fot; frn, rude, pIyll; Vell, ihaise, eall, echo; gem, get; a~; elist; linger, linlk; t-his. ARISTOTELIAN 38 ARRAN GE ALr'is-to-tP'li-an, a. Pertaining to Aristotle, a cele- and potess, powerful, p. pr. of posse, to be able.] Powbrated Greek philosopher. erful in arms; mighty in battle. 1r/is-to-ti,;11-an, n. A follower of Aristotle, who Ar'lmis-t]ee, n. [Lat. arma, arms, and stare, statumn, to founded the sect of Peripatetics. See PERIPATETIC. stand still.] A temporary cessation of arms; a truce. Ar'ith-mtn'/y, or A-rithlman-Vy, n. [Gr. dpstlj6q,'.rm'let, n. 1. A small arm, as of the sea. 2. A kind number, and tIaVweia, divination.] The foretelling of of bracelet. future events, by the use or observation of numbers. Armlor,. [O.Eng.armure,from Lat. armatcra.]. A-rith'me-tie, n. The science of numbers; the art of Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering ~~computation by figures. ~worn to protect one's person in battle. 2. The steel or Ar'ith-mt'i'e-al, a. According to arithmetic. [metic. A-rith/ne-ti'cian (-fish/an), n. One skilled in arith- Armnsor-beftrrer, n. One who carries the armor or Ark, n. [Lat. area, from arcere, to inclose, A.-S. ark, eark, arms of another; an esuire. erk, Goth. arka.] 1. A small, close chest, such as that Ar'or-er,. 1. Amaer of armororarms.. One which contained the tables of the covenant among the who has care of the arms of another, and who dresses him in armnor. Jews. 2. The vessel in which Noah and his family were hi in aor. preserved during the deluge. 3. A large boat used on' Ar-m'ri-al, a. Belonging to armor or to the escutchAmerican rivers to transport produce to market. eon of a family. Arle~, n. pI. [A.-N. earles, yearlos, Scotch airles.] Money Ar'm~ory, n. 1. A place where arms and instruments paid to hind a bargain; an earnest. of war are deposited for safe-keeping. 2. Armor; defensive and offensive arms. 3. That branch of heraldry rma, n. [A.-S. arm, earrm, Lat. armus, Or. Apt~6;, shoul- which treats of coat-armor. 4. A place or building in der, from the root &p, to join, to fit together. Cf. Slav. which arms are manufactured. [American.] ramo, shoulder, Lat. ramus, branch.] 1. The limb of Arm'pit, n. The hollow under the shoulder. the human body which extends fi'om the shoulder to the Arm~, n. pl. [Lat. arma. See ARM.] 1. Instruments hand. 2. Any thing resembling an arm; as, (a.) The or weapons of offense or defense; instruments for fightbranch of a tree. (b.). A slender part of an instrument ing, whether offensive or defensive. 2. The deeds or exor machine, projecting from a trunk, or axis, or fulcrum. ploits of war. 3. (Her.) The ensigns armorialof a family. (c.) (Naut.) The end of a yard; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (d.) An inlet of wFater Syn. - Originally arms were for attack, weapons for defense. anchor which ends in the fluke. (d.) An inlet of water - Hence we say fire-arns, not fire-weapons, because fere is not from the sea. 3. (Fig.) Power; might. 4. (11il.) (a.) used for defense. At present the word weapon is applied to inA branch of the military service. (b.) An instrument strumients of attack as well as defense. of warfare; -commonly in the pl. See ARns. of lwarfare- - commonly~in thep. See AMos. Xrm'strong Gun. (Mil.) A breech-loading, wrought-.rm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. ARUED; p. pr. & vb. n. ARM- iron rifled cannon named from its inventor. ING.] 1. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense Aramy' n. [From Lat. armatus, f. armata, p. p. of aror defense. 2. To cover or furnish with whatever will inare,. [From Lat. armcolltsn for body of Pen armat ~nare, to atrm.] 11. A collection or bodiy of men armed add strength, force, security, or efficiency; — hence, or, a 1 ecio boy of re p Ifor war, and organized in companies, battalions, regispecifically, to fit with an armature, as a loadlstone. 3. (Fi r.) To furnish with means of defense. ments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers. (Fig.)9~~~ 1~~~~2. A great number; a host. Akrtm, v. i. To be provided with arms, weapons, or means r ywr (w, A voraios caterpillar (the of attack or resistance; to take arms. rm, i A larvFa of a moth) appearing in lrg~e hosts. Ar-mi'dA, n. [Sp., from Lat. armatuss, p. p. of armare, larva of a moth) appearing in large hosts. to arm.] A fleet of armed ships; specifically, the Span- A'ni-A, n. [Prob. a corruption of paria. (Bot.) lsh fleet intended to act against England, A. D. 1588. A plant used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. sr~'ma-dil'lo, se.; p. XR-3MA- Ar-n6t'to, n. See ANNOTTO. D~L'L~BS. Sp". dim, of arma-.A-r-'ei, n. [Gr.] The fragrant quality in plants. Doarmed.] [ZSp. Anm.o an~- > Aro-mht'iand O-KO7Z, to.of the earths; an oxide, the basis of which is a metalBfalro-s-epe, n. [Or. /lhpoe, weight, and seo-reu, to lic substance called barium or buryt/cm. view.] Any instrument showing the changes in the Ba-rets sn. e (Min.) Sulphate of baryta, generally weight of the atmosphere. Ba-t / spa. conn of bryta generally 1B r~)-sep-ie, 1 eranigto etrind called heavy-spar. [containing, it. Bir'o-s p-i- a. Pe rtaining to, or determin Ba-rie, a. Pertaining to baryta, or formed of, or Bar/o-seSlp-ie-al, ~ by, the baroscope. Ba-rouHlie' (ba-ruTosh/), ns. [From Lat. birotzus, two- Bar'y-tine, a. [Gr. tapreovoe, from (apPv, heavy, and wheeled, from bis, twice, and rota, wheel.] A four- rOvos, tone.] [Sometimes written baritone.] 1. (1q.cs.) wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the out- Grave, and deep, as a kind of male voice. 2. (Greek side for the driver, and two seats on the inside. Gram.) Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, Birara-ean, n. [Ar. barrakc&n, barckhn, a kind of black the grave accent being understood. gown. Cf. Per. barak, a garment made of camel's hair, BAr'y-tnase, n. 1. (M1us.) A male voice, the compass Ar. bark, a troop of camels, b&rik, camel.] A thick, of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor. strong stuff, somewhat like camlet. 2. (Greek Gram.) A word which has no accent marked B.qrlrack, n. [Sp. barraca, from barra, bar.] (Mil.) on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. A hut or house for soldiers, especially in garrison. Ba-ry'tuan, n. (Mins.) A metal, the base of baryta. B~llra-esooxn, n. [Fropa barrack, q. v.] A slave ware- Bl'sal, a. Pertaining to, or constituting, the base. house, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered. Ba-saltt (ba-sawlt/) ic. [Lat. basaltes, a dark and very BAr'ra-tor, n. [L. Lat. baratare, most prob. from Gr. hard species of marble in Ethiopia, an African wood.] rpar'retv, to do, to use practices or tricks.] 1. An en- 1. (Min.) A rock of igneous origin, consisting chiefly of courager of litigation. 2. The master of a ship who augite and feldspar. It is usually of a greenish-black commits any fraud in the management of it. color. 2. A kind of black porcelain. B -rlra-trouis, a. (Law.) Tainted with barratry. Ba-salt'ie (-sawvlt/ik), a. Pertaining to basalt, or formed lB[r'ra-try, n 1. (Law.) Practice of encouraging law- of, or containing, basalt. suits. 2. (Com.) A fraudulent breach of duty on the Bas-bleu (bA/bla' or ba-blo'), a. [Fr. bas, abridged part of a master of a ship, or of the mariners, from bas-de-chausse, stocking, and bleu, blue.] A liteBhr'rel, n. [Gael. baraill, from barra, bar. Cf. Fr. bar- rary lady; a blue-stocling. rique, cask; Sp. barrica.] 1. A round, bulgy vessel or Bas'eiile Bridge. A kind of drawbridge, with a cask. 2. The quantity which such a vessel contains counterpoise, swinging up and down. varying from 314 to 36 gallons. 3. Any hollow cylin- Base, a. [Fr. bas, L. Latin bassus, thick, fat, short, der or tube. humble. Cf. W. bas, shallow.] 1. Of humble birth and B/cr'rel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BARRELED; p. pr. & tb. low degree. 2. Illegitimate by birth. 3. Low in value n. BARRELING.] To put or pack in a barrel. or estimation. 4. Morally low; hence, unworthy; IBAr'rel-dr'gan, n. The common hand-organ. mean. 5. Not classical or refined. 6. Deep or grave Biarfren, a. [Norm. Fr. barein, 0. Fr. baraigne; Arm. in sound. [In this sense, vritten also bass.] 7. (Law.) br/khan, tnark/han.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring, Not held by honorable service. whether animal or vegetable. 2. Producing nothing. Syn.- Vile, mean. —Base is a stronger term than vile, Syn.- Unfruitful; sterile; scanty; unproductive; dull, and vile than mean. The two first denote what is wicked as uninventive; empty. well as low, the latter what is disgraceful or dishonorable. Brtir'ren, n.; pl. BXR/R:ENs. Elevated lands or plains Wise, a. [Gr. /fcnars7 step, base, pedestal, from teduvetv, on which grow small trees, but not timber. [Amer.] to step.] 1. The bottom; the part of a thing on which Bilr'ren-ly, adv. Unfruitfully. it stands or rests. 2. (Arch.) (a.) The part of a colBar'ren-ness (109), n. Quality ofbeingbarren; sterility. umn between the top of the pedestal and, bottom of the BAr'/ri-eade', n. [Orig. a barring up with casks, from shaft. (b.) The lower projecting part of the wall of a, Fr. barrique, Sp. & Pg. barrica, cask.] 1. (M1il.) A de- room. 3. That extremity of any thing, as a leaf, fruit, fensive fortification, made in haste, of any thing that &c., by which it is attached to its support, or to some will obstruct the progress of an enemy. 2. Any bar, more important part. 4. (Cheem.) The principal ele~obstruction, or means of defense. ment of a compound, usually electro-positive in quality. ]lir/ri-eAde', t. t. [imp. & p. p. BARRICADED; p. pr. See RADICAL. 5. (Dyetng.) A substance used as a & sb. n. BARRICADING.] To fortify with any slight mordant. 6. [Fr. basse, bass, base, f. of bas, low. See work that prevents the approach of an enemy. suepra.] (Mfus.) The lowest part; the gravest male voice. Blir'ri-er, n. [Fr. barridre, from barre, bar, q. V.] 1. [Also written bass.] 7. ( Mil.) A tract of country protected (Fort.) A kind of fence made to stop an enemy. 2. A by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which fortress or fortified town on the frontier of a country. the operations of an army proceed. S. (Sutrv.) A line 3. Any obstruction. 4. Any limit or boundary. which serves as the origin from which to compute the Biir'ring-out, n. Act of fastening the doors of a school- distances and positions of any points or objects conroom against a schoolmaster. nected with it by a system of triangles. fo6od, fdot; Cfun, ra.de, pull; pell, lhaise, call, echo; gem, get; as; elist; linger, liluk; fTis. BASE 56 BATCH ]Btse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BASED (bast); p. pr. & sb. n. Bass, n. sing. & pl. [A.-S. bears, baers, Lat. perca, Gr. BASING.] To put on a base or basis; to found. 7rVplcl.] A fish of several species, much esteemed for food. Base'-ball, n. A game of ball, so called from the bases BAss, n. [A corruption or modification of bast, q. v.] or boundis (usually four in number) which designate The tiel-tree, or its bark, which is used for mats, &c. the circuit each player must make after striking the ball. Bass, n. (llus.) The lowest part il a musical composiBase'-btrn, a. Born of low parentage. tion. [Written also base.] Baseqless, a. Having no foundation or support. BAts'set, or Bas-set', n. [See BASE, n.] A game at BElse'-ll ne, n. 1. A main line taken as a base of oper- cards, resembling the modern faro. [outcrop. ations..2. A line round.a cannon at rear of the vent. Bas'set, n. ( Geol.) Emergence of strata at the surface; Bise'ly, adv. 1. In a base manner. 2. Illegitimately. BAs'set, v. i. [Cf. 0. Fr. basset, somewhat low, dim. of Bise'ment, n. [See BASE.] (Arch.) The lower story bas, low, and basil.] (Geol.) To crop out. of a building, whether above or below the ground. BAs'set, a. Inclined upward. Base-ness, a. The quality of being base. Bts'set-ing, a. Upward direction of a vein or stratum. ]Blse'-pllate, a. The foundation-plate of heavy ma-.Bds'so, n. [It. See BASE, a.] (Muis.) (a.) The bass or chinery. lowest part. (b.) One who sings this part. Blise'-ring, n. (Mil.) A projecting band of metal ad- Bds'soS..os'l.-ev.o. [It.] See BASS-RELIEF. joining the base of a breech engine. Bas-soion', it. [It. bassone, augm. of basso, low. See Ba-shaw', n. A title of honor in the Turkish domin- BASE, a.] (Mus.) A wind instrument with eleven holes, ions. "[Now usually written pasha.] which are stopped by the fingers, as in flutes. Bhish'ful, a. [See ABASH.] Having a down-cast look; Bas-soonl'lIst, n. A performer on the bassoon. hence, very modest. BAss'-re-liif/ (bas're-leef/), n. [Fr., from bas, low, and B]sh-ful-ly, adv. In a bashful manner. relief, raised work. See RELIEF.] Sculpture, whose Btshfful-ness, a. The quality of being bashful. figures do not stand out far from the ground on which Syn. -Modesty, diffidence.- lfodesty arises from a they are formed. low estimate of ourselves; bacshfulness is an abashmnent or agi- ss'-vl/ol, n. (MIsts.)'A stringed instrument used for tation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; dirsf- playing the bass or gravest part; the violoncello. dence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust. BAst, n. [A.-S. bast, 0. H. Ger. bast, past.] Tnner bark Bi'si-e, a. ( Chem.) 1. Relating to, or performing the of the lime-tree, and hence matting, cordage, &c., made office of, a base. 2. Having the base in excess. of the bark. Ba'si-fy, v. t. [Lat. basis, base, and facere, to make.] Bfs'tarcl, i. [From 0. Fr. bast, N. Fr. bdt, a pack-saddle (Chen.) To convert into a salifiable base. used as beds by the muleteers, and the term. ard, art. Ba1f'il, a. [From base, q. v.] The angle to which the cut- 0. Fr. fils de bast, son of the pack-saddle.] J1. An illegitting edge of a tool is ground. imate or spurious child. 2. (a.) An inferior quality of BAt'il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BASILED; p. pr. & ab. n. soft brown sugar. (b.) A large size of mold, in which BASILING.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. sugar is drained. Bo, B. [From Gr. PasrTcLKhSe royal, from SasriAes, BAs'tard, a. 1. Illegitimate. 2. Lacking in genuine. king.] A fragrant aromatic plant, one species of which ness; spurious; adulterate. is much used in cookery. BAsfttrc-TLze, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BASTARDIZED; p.'il,. [Corrupt. from Low lat. basanium, bazaa.] pr. & vb. n. BASTARDIZSNG.] To make or prove to be The skin ofa sheep tanned. a as Theskinf a se[See BASEd.] selating to, or situated BAs'tar-dy, n. State of being a bastard; illegitimacy. a. [See BASE, a.] Relating to, orsituated Bliste, v. t. [Cf. Icel. beysita, to strike, powder.] 1. To Bft~l-1a-ry, X at, the baee, beat; to cudgel. 2. To sprinkle flour and salt and drip 3a-til'l-ne,. [Gr. laeAhKn (SC. OtKi a or mroa),-fr. butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. Ba-{lli-~ed, ~I asAs6qs, royal, from ParaAev~e, king.] Balste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BASTED; p. pr. &'b. n. 1. Orig. the palace of a king; afterward, and hence, any BASTING.] [From 0. HI. Ger. bestan, to sew.] To sew large hall or court of justice. 2. A church, chapel, or slightly, or with long stitches. cathedral. Bas-tile' (bas-teel/ or bas/teel), n. [0. Fr. bastille, forBa-~ilict, a. 1. In the manner of a public edifice tress, from bastir, to build.] Orig., a temporary wooden Ba-Il'i-a-l,j or cathedral. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining tower used in warfare; hence, any-tower or fortification. to the middle vein of the right arm. B.e-s,l' —o e, s.l [See supsca.] (MSed.) An ointment com- Tlhe name has been specifically applied to an old fortifi-.posed of- wai-6 n. [See supra.] (olied.) An oi ntme nt oil. cation in Paris, long used as a state prison, but demolished in posed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive-oil. 1789. Bi~:'i-lisk, n. tGr. fiao-rhiArse dim. of fIlatALe,v; a king; so named from some prominences on the head resembling Biis'ti-nl de', a. [From O. Fr. baston, now bton, a a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, called a cockatrice, BAs'ti-n'doJ stick or staff. Cf. BASTE.] A sound and said to be produced from a cock's egg brooded by a beating or cudgeling; specifically, a punishment among serpent. Its breath, and even its look, were thought to the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an be fatal. 2. (Nat. Hist.) A genus of lizards. 3. (Mil.) offender on the soles of his feet. A large piece of ordnance. BA]s/ti-nlade', v. t. To beat with a cudgel, especially Bt'sin (bI/sn), n. [L. Lat. bacchinus, from bacca, a water Bts/ti-'lafdo, ) on the soles of the feet. vessel. Cf. D. bad, trough, bowl, and Ger. bach, brook, B'is'tion (bast/yun), n. [From orig. a cavity where the water flows, 0. Eng. beck.]. 0. Fr. & Sp. bastir, It. bastire, to,. A hollow vessel, to hold water for washing, and for van- build.] (Fort.) A part of the ous other uses. 2. Any hollow place containing water. main inclosure which projects toward the exterior, consisting of 3. A hollow vessel of different kinds used in the arts or ward the exterior, consisting of manufactures. 4=. ( Geol.) A formation, where the strata thefaces and the flanks. dip inward, on all sides, toward the center. 5. (Physical B]s'5le, n. [Gr. PfLaeg base, and A, Bastion. Geog.) (a.) A circular or oval valley. (b.) The entire /hAs, wood, a base.] (Chem.) An electro-positive ingredient tract of country drained by a river. of a compound. BA'sis, n.; pl. BX'/sf8. [Gr. PoiLos. See BASE.] 1. B]t, n. [A.-S. bat, allied to beatan, to beat.] 1. A heavy That on which a thing rests. 2. Groundwork or first club, used in playing ball. 2. A sheet of cotton prepared principle. for filling quilts or comfortables. 3. A piece of a brick. BAsk (6), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BASKED (bAskt); p. pr. & B]tt, v. i. To manage a bat, or play with one. vb. n. BASKING.] [Cf. D. Dbakeren, Ger. bdchern, Eng. B Et, n. [Corrupt. from 0. bake.] To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. Eng. back, backe, Scot. back: Bask, v. t. To warm with genial heat. backie, bird.] (Nat. Hist.) Bastket, n. [W. basgawd, basged, basod basg, plait- One of a class of mammals ing.] 1. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, or other flexible having a body resembling that / things, interwoven. 2. The contents of a basket. of a mouse, and a kind of BAs'ket-fish, n. A kind of star-fish. [basket-work. wings msade by a membranous _-_? BAs'ket-hilt, n. A hilt having a covering wrought like expansion stretching from the BRison (ba/sn), a. See BASIN. fore extremities to the tail. Bat. Basque (bask), n. [Prob. so called because this fashion BAtch, a. [From bake, A.-S. bacan.] 1. The quantity of dress came from the Basques.] A part of a lady's of bread baked at one time.'2. Any business dispatched dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt. at once, or any quantity of things so united as to have B]s-re-1itf' (ba-re-leef/), n. See BASS-RELIEF. like qualities., e, &c., long;,, &c., short; care, far, Ask, all, what; Ore, veil, term; pique, firm; son, or, di., wolf, BATE 57 BAY Blite, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BATED; p. pr. & avb. n. BAT- Blt'ter-inag-rims, n. 1. ING.) [Abbreviated from abate, q. v.] 1. To lessen; to (Mil.) An engine used to beat abate. 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. down the walls of besieged /j,; Bateau (bat-5), it.; pl. BATEAUX (bat-az/). [Fr.]A places. 2. A blacksmith's /Afi light boat, long in proportion to its breadth, and wider hammer, suspended, and _ in the middle than at the ends. worked horizontally.J Bateau-bidge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux. Bit'ter-y, sn. [Fr. batterie,/_ i from battse. See BATTER.] _\ Vg BIt-fowll/ing, n. A mode of catching birds at night, 1. Actofbattering. 2. (Mil. by torch-light. (a.) Any place where cannon Battering-ram. Bithi, e.; pl. BAT-HS. [A.-S. baeth, Skr. btd, r d, to are mounted, for battering a fortification or attacking an bathe.] 1. A place to bathe in. 2. Act of exposing the enemy. (b.) A body of cannon taken collectively. 3. body, for purposes of cleanliness, health, &c., to water or (Elec.) A number of coated jars, so connected that they vapor. 3. (Cheme.) A medium, as heated sand, through may be charged and discharged simultaneously. 4. which heat is applied to a body. 4. A IIebrew measure (Galv.) An apparatus for generating galvanic electriccontaining 7 gallons and 4 pints, as a measure for liquids ity. 5. (Law.) The unlawful beating of another. and 3 pecks and 3 pints, as a dry measure. Bt'ting, s. Cotton or wool in sheets; bat. Order of the B2ath, a high Order of British knighthood. Bit'tle, n. [Lat. battalia, battualia, fighting and fencBiith'-bri-el, at. A brick made of calcareous earth for ing exercises, from batuere, to strike, to beat.] A fight cleanin,, knives. or encounter between enemies or opposing forces. Blithe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BATHrED; p. pr. g& vb.. A drawns battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. BATHING.] 1. To wash by immersion. 2. To moisten -A pitched battle, one in which the ariies are previously ~~with a liquid,.~' drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. with a liquid. Biithe, av. i. 1. To be, or lie, in a bath. 2. To immerse, Sys.- Combat; fight; engagement. - Combat is a close enas-e...oeoe in a bath..o im counter, and may be (like fight) between single individuals; a as in a bath. battle is more general and prolonged; engagentest supposes lBfithe, it. The immersion of the body in water; bath. large numbers on each side engaged or intermingled in the Bitlih'er, n. One who bathes. conflict. B-iti'ia-g-tiib, it. A vessel for bathing. BUIttle, a. i. [imsp. & p. p. BATTLED; p. pr. & vb. a. Bt'-thos, a. [Gr. Wdeoc, from 13a0i, deep.] (Rhet.) A BATTLING.] To contend in fight. ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mtan. Bt'tle-ar-rRyP, n. Order of battle. WBit'ing, prep., or, more properly, a participle. With the ]Blittle-Ax, is. (Mui.) A kind of ax forexception of; excepting. BAt'tle-Axe,. merly used as an offensive Bf]itlet, n. [From bat.] A small bat for beating linen weapon. when taken out of the buck. B]it'tle-dcor (ba t'tl-dBr), n. [Corrupted from Ritoa, (b~-tbng/), }.[r.bt.]Asafot r-!.Rtr~on a (b1-tfung/), n."[Fr. bdton.] A staff or trun- Sp. battallador, a great combatant, fromnt btatlBa-t6iolx (ba-td-on/), Icheon, used for various pur- lar, to combat.] An instrument ofplay, with poses. a handle and a flat board, used to strike a ]Ba-tr!ielhi-an, a. (Zoil.) Pertaining to anhimnals of the shuttlecock. order Batractia, which includes the frog and related Bi'ttle-ment, n. [Either from battle, or animals. fr. Low Lat. bastilla bastillus, tower, fortificaBa-trRI/ehi-an, n. (Zobl.) An animal of the order Ba- tion.] (Arch.) An indented parapet, originally trachian. used only on fortifications. BDts'~-w ~Iang, n. A gas-burner, the flame6 from which is.Bdff..te, so. [Fr., from battre, to beat.] 1. Act Battleax shaped like a bat's wing. of beating woods, &c., for game. 2. The BttleB~at-tV'iA (bat-tal/yd), n. [Lat., battle, combat. See game itself. BATTLE.] Disposition or arrangement of troops, brig' Ba.ua'ble, n. [Fr. babiole, It. ades, regiments, battalions, &c., as for action. babbola, a child's plaything; Bat-tl'ion (-td1/yun), n. [Fr. batailloa. See BAT- Lat. babulecs, foolish.] A trifling TALIA.] (Mil.) A body of infantry; in the British army piece of finery; a gew-gaw. about eight hundred men, under the command of a [Written also bawble.] lieutenant-colonel. In the United States service, an at- A fool's bauble was a short gregation of from two to ten or twelve companies. stick with a head ornamented with ~"M! Bit'tel (bit/tl), is. [See BATTLE.] (Law.) A species ass's ears fantastically carved on it. Battlement. of trial in which a person accused of felony was allowed Bawvd, it. [From Goth. balths, to fight with his accuser, and make proof thereby of his Eng. bold.] A person who keeps a brothel, and conguilt or innocence. ducts criminal intrigues; — usually applied to females. Bt tel, a. i. 1. To stand indebted, at the buttery, at Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes. Oxford, Eng., for provisions and drink. 2. To reside at Biiwdl'i-ly, adv. Obscenely; lewdly. the university. Biwdlli-ness, n. Obscenity; lewdness. Bht'tel, n. [From 0. Eng. bat, increase, and A.-S. dol, B[iwd'ry, n. 1. Practice of procuring Women for the deal.] Provisions taken by Oxford students from the gratificationoflust. 2. Obscenity. 3. Illicitintercourse. buttery, and also the charges thereon. Bawd'y, a. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. Bet'tel-er, so. [See BA'TTEL, n.] 1. A- student at IBi[vd'y-house, s. A house of prostitution. BMt'tler, Oxfordwhostands indebtedt.t the buttery Biwl, a. i. [inp. & p. p. BAWLED; p; pr. & ab. or. -for provisions and drink. 2. One who resides at the BAWLING.] [Icel. baula, to low, A.-S. bellan, Ger. university. bellen, to bark; Lat. balare, to bleat.] To cry with veBst'teten, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BATTENED; p. pr. & ab. hemence, as in calling or exultation, or as a child from a. BATTENING-] [See BATTEL.] 1. To fatten. 2. pain or vexation. To fertilize, as land. Bavl, v. t. To proclaim by outcry; to cry. BfSt'ten, v. i. To grow fat; to live in luxury. Bavwl, n. A loud, prolonged cry. Bit'ten, n. [From Fr. b&ton, stick.] 1. A narrow piece Bjawl'er, n. One who bawls. of board, or scantling. 2. The movable bar of a loom. Ba:y, a. [Lat. badius.] Red or reddish, inclining to a Irit'ten, a. t. To form or fasten with battens. [to. chestnut color; - applied to the color of horses. Blit'ten-ing, n. Battens fixed to walls for nailing laths Biy, q. [Low Lat. baia, Ir. & Gael. badh or ba'Ih.] ]. Bit'ter, v. t. [i-hp. & p. p. BATTERED; p. pr. & ab. An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of n. BATTERING.] [Lat. batuere, to strike, beat.] 1. the same general character. 2,. (Arch.) A principal To beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, comnpartment or division in the architectural arrangeshake, or demolish; specifically, to attack with artillery. ment ofa building; 3. A low inclosed place in a barn 2. To wear or impair with beating or by use. for depositing hay. Blt'ter, v. i. (Arch.) Td slope gently backward. Biiy, i. [Lat. baca, bacca, berry.] The laurel-tree; hence, Bait'ter, n. (Arch.) A backward slope in the face of a in the pI., an honorary garland or crown, anciently made wall. of branches of the laurel. B.lt'ter, n. [From batter, v. t.] A mixture of several in- Buy, it. [See isfra.] A state ofbeing obliged to face an gredients, beaten up with some liquid, used in cookery. antagonist when escape has become impossible. ilt'ter, as. One who holds the bat in cricket. Bay, a. i. [0. Fr. abaysr, fr. Lat. ad and baubari, to Bits'ter, bark moderately.] To bark, as a dog at his game. Bttt'ter-er, n. One who batters or beats. MBy, v.t. To bark at. fdVod, f~(ot; irn, rude, pIll; sell, Vhaise, call, echo; 4em, get; as; elist; linger, link; thiM. BAYADERE 58 BEARING Bilya-d~re', n. [Pg. bailadeira, from bailar, to dance.] part or shank of an anchor. 6. A collection of parallel A female dancer in the East Indies. rays from any luminous body. Biiy'ard, n. [From bay, and the termination ard. See Bam, v.t. t To send forth; to emit. [BAY, a.] Properly a bay horse, but often any horse. Bsoam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BEAMED; p. pr. & vb. n. BWiyber-ry, n. (Bot.) (a.) The fruit of the bay-tree. BEAMING.] To emit rays of light; to shine. (b.) The fruit ofthe wax myrtle, and the plant itself. Biam'-6n'/ Ine, n. A steam-engine having a workingBiy'o-net, n.. [So called, beam to transmit power. it is said, because first Biam'y, a. 1. Emitting.rays of light; radiant. 2. made at Bayonne.] Rtesembling a beam in size and weight; massy. (ibiil.) A short, pointed Bisan, sn. [A.-S. bean. Cf. Gr. rsiavos, W. ffaen.] A wellinstrument of iron, fitted b known leguminous plant, and its seed, of many varieties. to a gun. U Ban'l-fl, n. A beautiful fly, of a pale purple color, a. Sword bayonet. b. Common Biy Bo-net, v. t. [imp. bayonet. found on bean flowers. &; p. p. BAYONETED; ]Bian'-gioose, it. A species of goose, probably so called p. pr. & ab. s. BAYONETING.] 1. To stab with a from its fondness for beans. bayonet.'2. To drive by the bayonet. Behr, v. t. [imp. BORE (formerly BARE); p. p. BORN, Ba'Qou, (bi/do), n. [Fr., from Lat. botellus, a small sau- BORNE; p. pr. & t. sn. BEARING.] [A.-S. beran, beosage.] The outlet of a lake; a channel for water. [South- roan, geberan, Goth. bairan, gabairars, Lat. ferre, Gr. erne States.] bdpecs, Skr. bhri.] 1. To support or sustain. 2. To Byty'-rfim, n. A fragrant liquor obtained by distilling support and remove; to convey. 3. To possess and use, the leaves of the bay-tree. as power. 4. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority B1y-'t-salt, s. Salt obtained from sea-water, by evapora- or distinction; to wear. 5. To possess mentally; to ention bj the heat of the sun. tertain. 6. To endure; to tolerate; to suffer. 7. To Bly'l-tree, s. A species of laurel. sustain, or be answerable for. S. To show or exhibit; BW y'-wIndIow, si. (Arch.) A projecting window form- to relate. 9. To carry on, or maintain. 10. To admit ing a bay or recess in a room. or be capable of. 11. To behave; to act. 12. To afBa-ziiar, n. [Per. bth&r, market.] 1. In the East, a ford; to supply with. 13. To bring forth; to give birth Ba-ziir', market-place, or assemblage of shops, for to. the sale of goods. 2. A spacious hail or suite of rooms is.. In the passive form of this verb, usage restricts the p. p. for the same purpose. born to th% sense of brosght forth, while borne is used in the Bdill'ium (dll'yum), n. [Gr. 1sXhsovs,Heb. b'dolakh.] other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is A gummy, resinous exudation from an Oriental tree. used as the psst participle. B, ao. i. and asxiliary. [imp. WAS; p. p. BEEN; p. pr. To bear s hasd (ffaut.), to assist; to make haste, be quick. at. so. BEING.] [A.-S. teen, beoisso, Skr. tht, to be -- To bear date, to be dated. - bTo bear the bell. See BELL. - e b bear down, to overthrow or crush by force.- -7 bear out, Lat. fui, I have been. This verb is defective, and its to maintain and support to the end. defects are supplied by verbs from other roots, is s was,, a which have no radical connection with be.] 1. To exist I el,.. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful.,whihhae noadialconecionithb.]. Toxis 12. To press. 3. To take effect; to succeed. 4. To be logically, or in thought. 2. To exist actually, or in the To ress. 3 To t effect; to succeed.. To be 11 ~~~~~~~~situated, as to the point of comipass, with respect to world of fact. 3. To exist in some particular state, or sitted, as to the point of compnss, wit respect to in some relation. 4. To pass from one state or relation something else. 5. To relate or refer to. to another; to become. To bear away, or sp (.laut.,) to ehanse the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. - o2b bear back, to retreat. Let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. - To bear dowen s2pon (Naut.), to drive or tend to. - lb bear off BEach, s. [Cf. Dan. & Sw. bahhke, hill, margin.] A sandy ((Naut.), to steer away from land or from another vessel. - Pb or eblyshoe;stanbear u, to be supported; to stand firm. — To bear espon, to act or pebbly shore; strand. upon or be in position to act upon. - To bear with, to endure; Bgach, a. t. To run upon a beach. to be indulgent to. B~a'eon, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen.] 1. A signal-fire to Behr, n. [A.-S. bera.] 1. notify the approach of an enemy. 2. (Nastt.) A signal (Zetl.) A wild quadruped o or conspicuous mark on an eminence near the shore, or the genus Ursss. in shoal water, as a guide to mariners. 3. That whic Among the species are th ~5 Among the species aire the gives notice of danger. brown bear of Europe, the white Ba'eon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEACONED; p. pr. & ab. polar bear, the grisly bear of the is. BEACONING.] To give light to, as a beacon. Eocky Mountains, the black bear of North America. Bia'-eo-asge, nis. Money paid to maintain a beacon, bear of North America. B:ad, n. [A.-S. bead, prayer, from biddan, to pray.] 1. 2. (Astron.) One of two conA little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and stellations in the northern Black Bear. worn for ornament; or used to count prayers, as by 1o- hemisphere, called respectively the Greater and Lesser man Catholics. 2. Any small globular body. Bear, or Ursa 2llajor and Ursa Minor. Bladc, a. t.. To ornament or distinguish with bdead. Bears and bulls, in cant language, gamblers in stocks. A Badl'ing, n. (Arch.) A molding in imitation of beads. bear is one who contracts to deliver, at a specified future time, Bi3a'dle (bg/dl), n. [A.-S. bydel, bedel, from bepdlan, to stocks which he does not own; a bull is one who contracts to command, bid.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court. 2. take them. An officer in a university, who precedes public proces- Behr'a-ble, a. Capable of being borne; tolerable. sions. 3. (Clurch qfEng.) An inferior parish officer B]sard, n. [A.-S. beard, Gr. bart, Lat. barba, W. barf.] having a variety of duties. 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent B7a'dle-ship, n. The office of a beadle. parts of the face. 2. Any thing that resemblcs the BSad'-r1ll, n. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A catalogue of beard of the human face; particularly, the long stiff deceased persons, for whom prayers are to be counted off hairs on a plant; the awn. on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general. BZard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEARDED; p. pr. & rb. s. BRada'-man, n.; pI. BEAD'S/-5ON. A man employed in BEARDING.] 1. To seize, pluck, or pull the beard of. praying, who drops a bead at each prayer. 2. To set at defiance. Bia'gle, n. [Prob. of Celtic origin, and so named from Biardfed, a. Having a beard. littleness; Ir. & Gael. beag, small, little, W. bach.] A Biard'iess, a. Without a beard; youthful. small hound, formerly used in hunting hares. Beer'er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bcers, sustains, Biak, n. [Ir. & Gael. bec, W. pig; D. bekc, It. becco, Sp. or carries. 2. Specifically, one who assists in carr tig pico.] 1. (Nat. Hist.) The bill or nib of a bird, tur- a body to the grave. 3. (Conom.) One who holdsa check, tie, &c. 2. Any thing ending in a point, or projecting note, draft, or other order for the payment of a sum of like a beak. money. BWaked (beekt), a. Having a beak; ending in a point, Beqrtr-giir/len, n. 1. A place where bears are kept for or having a process, like a beak. sport. 2. A rude, turbulent assembly. Biak'er, it. [Lat. bacar, bacrio, wine-glass.] A large Beor'ing, n. 1. The manner in which a person bears drinking-cup or vessel, himself. 2. The situation of an object, with respect to B]am, n. [A.-S. beam, beam, post, tree, ray of light, another object;hence, relation. 3. Act of producing Goth. bagis, N. I. Ger. baum, tree.] 1. Any large or giving birth. 4. (Arch.) Span of a beam, rafter, or piece of timber, long in proportion to its thickness. 2. other piece of timber. 5. (Her.) Any single emblem or A main timber of a building, ship, loom, plow, or other charge in an escutcheon. 6. (/Mach.) (a.) The part in structure. 3. The part of a balance, from which the contact with which a journal moves. (b.) That part of scales hang. 4. The pole of a carriage. 5. The straight a shaft or axle which is in contact with the supports. &,, &c;, long; i, 0, &c., short; chre, fiir, sk, a11, what; 6re, veil, t6rm; 1)Pique, firm; sn, 6r, do, w9lf, BEARISH 59 BED Sy.. —Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; direction; Syn. - Handsome; pretty. - Pretty applies to things comrnrelation; tendency; influence. paratively small, which please by their delicacy and grace, as a plretty girl, flower, cottage. Handsomae is mlore striking and Bear'ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear. the pleasure greater, as a handsonme woman, tree, villa; it inlBer's'f-footit n. (BSot.) A species of hellebore. plies suitableness, and hence we speak of a handsosmse fortune Behr'-skin, or. 1. The skin of a bear.'2. A coarse, or offer. Beoautiful implies all the higher analities which deshaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats.t the taste and Bear'-ward, n. A keeper of bears. Bea-i'ti-ful-ly (bd/ti-fpl-lfy), adv. In a beautiful manner. Belast, n. [O. Fr. beste, beeste, now bete, Lat. bestia, IH. Beaii'ti-fill-ness (bfi/ti-ftjl-nes), on. The quality of beGer. bestie.] Any four-footed animal, which may be used ing beautiful; beauty. for labor, food, or sport; as opposed to mans, any irra- Beafi'ti-fy (bd/ti-fy), v. t. [iemp. & p. p. BEAUTIFIED; tional animal. p. pr. & vb. n. BEAUTIFYING.] [Eng. beasuty and Lat. Syn. —Brute.- They are called beasts, as mere animals facere, to make.] To make or render beautiful. governed by animal appetite, and brutes, as destitute of reason Syn. - To adorn; grace; ornament; embellish; deck. and moral feeling. Hence we say, figuratively, a drunkard makes himself a beast, and then treats his family like a brute. Beai'ti —fy (bf/ti-fy), v. i. To become beautiful. Befast'li-ness, n. The state or quality of being beastly; Beaii'ty (ba/ty,) n. [Fr. beauti, from beau. See BEAU.] brutality; filthiness. 1. An assemblage of graces or of properties which Biiast'ly, a. Pertaining to, having the form and nature pleases the sight or any of the other senses, or the mind. of, or resembling, a beast; brutal; filthy.'2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence. BFeat, v. t. [imp. B1E AT; p. p. BE AT, BE ATE N * p. pi'. 3. A beautiful person, especially a beautiful woman. & ab. n. BEATING.] [A.-S. beatase, Lat. batulere.] 1. BeaI'ty-spbt, se. A patch or spot placed on the face To strike repeatedly.'2. To break, bruise, or pulverize to heighten beauty. by beating. 3. To form by beating. 4. To scour or Bealver (by/ver), it. [A.-S. range over. 5. To overcome in contest. 6. To indicate beofer betfer, Lat. fiber.] 1. by the signal of beating a drum. (Zoal.) An amphibious, roby the signal of beating a drumzdent quadruped.'2. The fur To be beat out, to be extremely fatigued. - To beat ti;me, to of the beaver. 3. A hat made measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. - To beat lsp, to attack suddenly. of the fur. u4. A cloth, some- Caai Syn. - To strike; pound; bang; buffet; maul; drub; times felted, used for making thump; baste; thwack; tlrash; pommel; break; bruise; bray; overcoats, hats, &c. conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome. BiSaTver, n. [Fr. bavidre, It. - vr Bieat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To throb; to bcviera, from Fr. bave, It. ba- Beaver. pulsate. 3. To come or act with violence. 4. To be vai slaver; hence, lit., that part of the helmet which in agitation or doubt. 5. (Nasut.) To make progress catches the drops or dribblings.] Part of a helmet in against the direction of the wind, by sailing in a zigzag front, so constructed that the wearer line or traverse. could raise or lower it to eat and drink. B6e/'a-fieo (-Ulko), n.; pl. BOC/CATo beat about, to try to find. —To beat up for, to go about to F/cOE [I tcf, o cCA enlist men fbr the army. Fi~cSrE.. [It. beccafico, from beccare, els me frteanyto peck, and fico, a fig.] (Orritfh.) A Be5at, n. 1. A stroke, or the manner of giving one; a small bird which feeds on fis, gragpes, blow. 2. A recurring stroke; a pulsation. 3. (MittS.) &c., and is highly prized for thedeli(a.) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, in regulating cacy of its flesh. the divisions of time. (b.) A transient grace -tone, Be-e-ilm'(be-kbm/),V. t. [imp. & p. p. 13c struck immediately before the one it is intended to orna- BECALIED p. pr. & tb. n. BECALMment. 4. A round or course, which is frequently gone ING.] 1. To render calm; to appease 2 To keep from over. 5. A placeofhabtual or frequent resort. motion by want of wind. Beat, a. Weary; tired; fatigued. Be-eiame', imp. of become. See BECOME. BiSatfeln, p. a. Made smooth by beating or worn by use. Be-ecauze', cosj. [0. Eng. bycasuse, from by and cause, Beat'er, n. 1. Onewho boats, or strikes. 2. An in- q. v ] By or for the cause that; on this account that; strument for poundin g. 2 th t.' strument for pounding.. for the reason that. Bi-a —ftiftie, ( a. [See BEATIFY.] Imparting or com- Be-chin uge',,. t To befall; to happen to to occur to. Bii'a-tl,e-al, ) ~pletingr blissful enjoyment.;Be-c~lAnren, v. t. To hbefall; to captivaten to; to enoccur to. iBZ5a-tlf'ie-a1-ly, adv. Inua beatificnmaunnr Be-chiirm', v. t. To charm; to captivate; to enchant. Be.-iAt/'i1-fi-eiton, c,. 1. Act of beatifying.'c2. (Rem. B k, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen, sign, beacian, becnian, oftheBepoec/lar-t lf t ing ad pson to beckon. Perhaps beck is only a contr. of beckon.] A Cath. Chturch.) An act of the pope declaring a person significant nod, or motion of the head or hand. beatified after death; the first step toward canonization. Bitk, v. i. To nod, or make a sign with the head or Ble-uit'i-fa, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEATIFIED; p. pr. & hand. vb. es. BEATIFYING.] [Lat. becatificare, from beatus, Bl]ck, f. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of happy, and facere, to make.] 1. To pronounce or re- the head or hand; to intimate a command to. gard as happy, or as conferring happiness. 2. To bless Bsiall (bek'n), v. i. [See BECK.] To make a sign to with the completion of celestial enjoyment. 3. (lBone. another, by nodding, or with hand or finger, &c. Cath. Church.) To declare, by a decree or public act, that Bl;ck'oun(bek/n),v t. [imp. & p. p. BECKONED; p.pr. a person is received into heaven. & vb. cn. BECKONING.] To make a significant sign to; Bitat'ilg, In. 1. Act of giving blows; punishment by hence, to summon. blows. 2. Pulsation; throbbing. 3. (Naut.) Process Be-eaelol', t. t. [imp. & p. p. BECLOUDED; p. pr. & of sailing against the wind by tacks in a zigzag direction. eb. o v. BECLOUDING.] To caune obscurity or dimness Be-At'i-tulde (53), cc. [Lat. beatituflo, from beates, to; to make dark or gloomy; to overshalow. happy.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind. 2. The dec- Be-e6me' (-kim'); v. i. [imp. BECA-ME; p. P. BElaration of blessedness made by our Savior in regard to COM *; p. pr. & etb. n. BECOMING.] [Prefix be and particular virtues. 3, (Rom. Cath. Church.) Beatification...) Beatifica- come, q. v.; A.-S. becutman, to come to, to happen; Goth. begviman.] To pass from one state or condition Beoau (bLt), n.; pl. pr. B fEAUx, Eng.'Brus (bz). [Fr., to another; to enter into some new state. from Latin bellus, pretty, fine.] A man of dress; a fine, gay man; a lady's attendant or suitor. To become of, to be the fate of; to be the end of. Beau I-dcl'al (bo 1-de/al). [Fr., beautiful ideal.] A Be-ecme' (-kim/), v. t. To suit or be suitable to; to be conception of perfect or consummate beauty. congruous with; to befit. Beau'islh (bS/ish). a. Like a beau; foppish; fine. Be-e6ln'ing, a. Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitBeatu ilosndle (bo mind). [Fr., fineworld.] The fashion- able; graceful; befitting. able world. Be-e6m'ing-ly, adcl. After a becoming manner. Beaii'te-ois (bhi/te-us), a. [From beauty, q. v.] Very 3Be-e6in'ing-ness, n. State or quality of being befair, or very handsome; beautiful. coming; suitableness. Beaxi'te-oiUs-ly (bi/te-us-ly), adv. In a beauteous BSdd, n. [A.-S. bed, bedd, Goth. badi.] 1. An article manner. of furniture to sleep or take rest on. 2. Matrimonial Beair'te-ois-ness (buite-us-nes), n. State or quality connection; marriage. 3. A plat of ground in a garof being beauteous; beauty. den, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. Beafi'ti-fi-er, ic. One ewho, or that which, beautifies. 4. Bottom of a stream, or of any body of water. 5. iBeaFi'ti-fll (bi/ti-fil), a. Having the qualities which (Geol.) A layer, seam, or stratum. 6. Place on which constitute beauty. any thing rests. foiod, foeot; -irn, ri.Lde, pull; Vell, hllaise, call, echo; gem, get; as; exist; linger? lin; this. BED 60 BEFRIEND Bed of justice (Fr. Hist.), a visit of the king to a refractory Beef, s n. [Fr. parliament for the purpose of causing his decrees to be regis- bef, ox, beef tered; —so called from his occupying thle throne (called lit, X bed) on such occasions. — Tb be brotsght to bed, to be delivered (flesh), fr. Lat. 8 9 of a child. - Tob cake the bed, to put it in order. - From bed bos, bovis, ox, and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial Gr. /lo, gen 15 divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bands of 7 1 ou matrimony. o6; Pr. bou, ------------- Bed, v. t. ['imp. &p. p. BEDDED; p. pr. & vb. n. BED- I. bce, Sp. buey, DING.] 1. To place in a bed. 2. To plant and inclose Pg. boy, boi.] or cover. 3. To lay or put in place of rest and security, 1. An animal surrounded or inclosed. of the genus Bed, v. i. To go to bed; to cohabit. Bos, including Be-dhAb'ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEDABBLED; p. pr. & the bull, cow, vb. n. BEDABBLING.] To sprinkle or wet with moisture. and ox, in their Be-dAg'gle, v. t. To soil with mud or dirty water. full-grown state. 1, neck; 2, shakin -piece; 3, chine; 4, Be-dashl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEDASHIED; p. pr. & [In this, which ribs; 5, clod; 6, brisket; 7, flank; 8, loin, sirloin; 9, rump; 10, round; 11, vb. n. BEDASHING.] To wet by dashing or throwing is the original leg; 12, foot; 13, udder; 14, shin; l5, water or other liquor upon. sense, the word cheek. Be-daub', v. t. [imsp. & p. p. BEDAUBED; p. pr. & has a pl., beeves.] 2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, vb. n. BEDAUBING.] To besmear or soil with any thing or of bovine animals generally, when killed. [In this thick and dirty; to daub over. sense, the word has no plural.] Be-d&z'zle, v. t. [imrp. & p. p. BEDAZZLED; p. pr. Beef, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of the flesh of, the & vb. sn. BEDAZZLING.] To dazzle or make dim by too ox, or bovine animals. strong a light. Beef'-Zat'er, n. [beef and eater. Corrupted, in its BWd'-buig, n. An offensive bug which infests beds. second meaning, from buffetier, a keeper of the buffet.] Bdl'-chiamber, n. A chamber for a bed. 1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, well-led person. Bdelce10the, ns. pl. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, &c., for 2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in Englanld. 3. a bed. VOrnith.) A South African bird, that feeds on the magBdl'ding, sn. 1. Materials of a bed, whether for man or gots hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, &c. beast. 2. ( Geol.) State orposition of beds and layers. Beef'steak, sn. A slice of beef broiled, or for broiling. Be-ddek', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEDECKED; p.pr. & vb. in. Bee'-glfe, n. A soft, unctuous matter, with which bees BEDECKING.] To deck, ornament, or adorn. cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells;Be-dvt'ii, (-dev/l), v. t. To throw into utter confu- called also propolis. sion, as if by the agency of evil spirits. Bee'-hive, n. A case or box used as a habitation for Be-dew' (-dui), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEDEWED; p. pr. & bees. ab. n. BEDEWING.] To moisten with dew, or as with Bee'-linle, ss. The shortest line from one place to andew. [bed. other, like that of a bee through the air. Bdd'fil-15w, ft. One who lies with another in the same Bee'-m6th, it. (Estos.) A moth whose eggs produce Be-dfigit' (be-dit/), v. t. [be and dight.] To deck with larves which occasion.great mischief in bee-hives. ornaments; to set off. [Rare.] Been (bin). The past participle of be. See BE. Be-dim', a. t. [itn.p. & p. p. BEDICI1IED; p. pr. & ab. Beer, n. [A.-S. beor, bear, Icel. bior, ID. & Ger. bier.] 1. n. BEDIMtIIING.] To make dim; to obscure or darken. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, with Be-di'zen, or Be-dlz'en, v. t. [be and dizen.] To hops and other bitterflavoring matters. 2. A ferlnented dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. e>ttract of the roots and other parts of various plants, Bd'ltam, it. [Corrupted from BLethlehes, a religious as spruce, ginger, sassafras, &c. house in London afterward a hospital for lunatics.] 1. Beer'y, a. Of, or resembling, beer; affected by beer. A mad-house. 4. An insane person. Bee'-wfvx, n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which Bdd'lam-ite, n. An inhabitant of a mad-house; a their cells are constructed. madman. Beet, na. [A.-S. beta, bete, Lat. beta.] (Bot.) A plant, Bdd'tou-in- (bed/oo-een), n. [Ar. bed&wi, rural, living having a succulent root much used for food, and also for in the desert, from badwr, desert, from bad&, to live in the making sugar. desert.] One of a tribe of nomadic Arabs living in tents, Bee'tte (be/tl), n. [A.-S. bytl, bitl, biotl, mallet; beatan, and scattered over Arabia, and parts of Africa. to beat; bitel, the insect beetle, from bitan. to bite.] BWd'=pi e e, s. (Mlach.) The foundation framing or 1. A heavy mallet or wooden hammer. 2. (ZoUl.) Any BSdl'plite, piece, by which the other parts are held coleopterous insect characterized by having four wings, in place;-called also base-plate and sole-plate. the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others Be-drflg'gle, v. t. [isnp. & p. p. BEDRAGGLED; p. when they are folded up. 3. A machine used to propr. & vb. as. BEDRAGGLING.] To soil, by dragging in duce figured fabrics by pressure from corrugated rollers. dirt, mud, &c.; to bedaggle. Bee'tle (be/tl), v. t. To produce ornamental figures on, Be-drdench, v. t. [isap. & p. p. BEDRENCHED; p. pr. by the use of the instrument called a beetle. & vb. n. BEDRENCHING.] To drench; to soak; to wet Beettle (b/tl), v. i. [Cf. A.-S. beotan, beotjan, to through; to saturate. threaten.] To hang or extend out; to jut. Bdd'rld, a. [bed and ride, p. p. rid, ridden.] Con- Beettle-browed (-broud), a. IHaving prominent brows. BWdlrld-den, J fined to the bed by agre or infirmity. Beettle-hdadled, a. Having a head like a beetle; BdiLr6-om, it. An apartment for a bed. dull, stupid. Be-drpt', v. t. To sprinkle, or cover as with drops. Beeve, a. [See BEEF.] A bull, ox, or cow. BEd'side, o. The side of the bed. ERarely used in the singular. See BEEF, n., No. 1. BWd'stead, n. A frame for supporting a bed. Be-falt', a:. t. [imp. BEFELL; p. p. BEFALLEN; p r. BEd'-tick, n. A case of cloth, for inclosing the mate- & vb. ia. BEFALLING.] To happen to; to occur to. rials of a bed. Be'fall', v. i. To come to pass; to happen. Bed-tldcke, n. Usual hour of going to ber. Be-fit', v. t. To be suitable to; to suit; to become. Be-dnck', v. t. To duck; to immerse in water. Be-figged' (-ftgd'), a. Involved in a fog. Be-diisgt', a. t. To cover iith dutg.'Be-f6blt'. t. [imp. & p. p. BEFOOLED; p. pr. & ab. Be-dfist', v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. nt. BEFOOLING.] To fool; to infatuate; to deceive. Be-dwarf', a. t. To make a dwarf of; to stunt. Be-fSre', prep. [be andfore. A.-S. beforan.] 1. In front Be-dye', v.. To dye or stain. of; preceding in space. 2. Preceding in time. 3. PreBee, n. [A.-S. beo.] 1. (Entom.) A well-known four- ceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth. 4. In winged insect of many genera and species. 2. An as- presence or sight of; facing. 5. In the power of. semblage of persons who meet to labor for the benefit of Be-fr;', adv. 1. On the fore part; in front. 2. In an individual or family. [Amner.] 3;. pl. (NVatut.) Pieces time preceding; already. of plank bolted to the outer end of the bowsprit. Be-f5re'hhlnd, adv. 1. In a state of anticipation or Bee'-brdadl, n. A brown, bitter substance, the pollen pre-occupation. 2. By way of preparation or prelimiof flowers, collected by bees, as food for their young. nary. Beech, n. [A.-S. bece, boc, Latin fagus, Gr. sqsye6, Be-f;5re'hAhnd, a. In comfortable circumstances as W. ffawydd.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus _Fagus. regards property; forehanded. Beechten (blch/n), a. Consisting of, or pertaining to, Be-fure'ttme, adv. Of old time; formerly. the wood or bark of the beech. Be-foul', v. t. To make foul; to soil; to dirty. Bee'-lat/er, n. (Ornith.) A bird that feeds on bees. Be-fridnd', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEFRIENDED; p. pr. &,, &c., long; A, 6, &c., short; cAre, fir, Ask,.all,whsat; 6re, veil, t6rm; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, do, wolf, BEFRINGE 61 BELIE vb. n. BEFRIENDING.] To act as a friend to; to favor; Be-hdld', imp. & p. p. of behold. See BEHOLD. to aid, benefit, or countenance. B5'he-moth, in. [Heb. b'hfmoth, beasts, animals, parBe-fringe', v. t. To furnish with a fringe. ticularly of the larger kind, pl. of b'htmhh, beast. Cf. Bdg (or ba), i. [Turk. beg, which is pron. bay.] The Egypt. p-ehe-mdout, i. e., water-bull.] An.animal degovernor of a town, city, or district in Turkey and some scribed in the book of Job, xl. 15-24, and variously supother parts of the East; a bey. posed to be the ox, the elephant, the crocodile, the masBSg, V. t. [imp. 8& p. p. BEGGED; p. pr. & vb. n. BEG- todon, and the hippopotamus. GING.] [Cf. A.-S. biddan, 0. S. biddian, Goth. bidjcan, Be-lhdst', n. [be and hest; A.-S. behes.] That which is the letter d having perhaps been dropped, and i or j willed or ordered; command; mandate; injunction. changed into g. But it is much more probable that beg Be-hind', prep. [be and hind; A.-S. behindan.] 1. On is only a modification of to bag, since mendicants carry the side opposite the front or nearest part; at the back with them bags, into which they put the provisions given of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a to them.] 1. To ask earnestly, with humility or in char- hill or rock. 2. Left after the departure of another. 3. ity. 2. To take for granted. Left at a distance by,in progress of improvement; hence, Syn. - To entreat; solicit; implore; beseech; supplicate. inferior to. - v. i. To ask aims or charity; to -ractice be rfineg. Be-hind', adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. 2. Be-gtn',pret. of begin. See BEGIN. P Toward the back part or rear; backward. 3. Not yet ]Be —Anr1, pret. of beg-in. See BE GIN. B P-gdt', a. C. [imnp. BEGOT, BEGAT;p.. p EGOT brought forward or exhibited to view; remaining. 4. BEGOTTEN; pV. pi. & sp. BE s. BEGETTING.] [beaBOTnd Backward in time or order of succession; past. BEGOTTEN; p. pr. & v~b. n. BEGETTING.] [be andBeh dhnda.1Inrer;iasteweeex get.] To procreate, as a father or sire;.to generate; to ~Be-hi'anl'h~Id, a. 1. In arrear; in a state where exget; to produce. aa.fteorsr ognrte;o penditures have preceded the receipt of funds, or are inBe-tgt'oer, se. Oneawhobeets. adequate to the supply of wants. 2. In a state of backB1e-gStfter, n. One who begets. Btg'gar, i. [0. Eng. more prop. begger, from beg.] wardess, in seasonableness or appropriateness. ]Bgtgar, n. [0. Eng. more prop. begger, from beg.] Bihlfy.[m.&P.B EL P.frel One who begs or entreats earnestly, or with humility; Be-lBd', v. n. [imp. &p.p. BEHELD (p. p. formerly BEHlOLDEN, now ue nya.a).p.&,b.n specfically, one who lives by begging; a mendicant. B, used only as a p. ); p.. &.. Bg'gar, a. C. [imp. & p. p. BEGGABRED. p. &b. i. EHOLDING.] [A.-S. behealdan, to behold, to hold in EG.GARN..[1 p1. To reduce to be Dgary; Pto iPmvbrih. sight, from pref. be and bealdan, gehealdan, to hold, BEGGARING.] 1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish. (2. To mcake destitute; to exhaust. po. keep.] To fix the eyes upon; to look at; to see with atuetion. Bg'gar-li-ness, n. State of being beggarly. e iBg'gar-ly, a. In, or partaking of, or rescmbling, the Be-lBd', a. i. To direct the eyes to an object; to look. m e-h5ld'een (be-h5ld/n), p. a. [The p. p. of behold, used condition of a beggar; extremely indigent; mean; poor. cdioaeg exelin the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obliged; BWg'gar-y, ni. A state of extreme poverty or indigence. bound in gratitude; indebted. Ile-ildt', v. t. To cover or overlay with gold. Be-hulder, i. One who beholds; spectator. Be-gint, V. i. [imp. BE GAN; p. p. BEGUN; p. pt. &,b. e INv.! i[imp. BEGAN;p. gi,: Goth. di- Be-h5ld'ing, a. Obligedi under obligation. [Impropni. BEGINNING.] [A.-S. beginsas, in, mn, Goth. duginnans. The orig. sense of gsnnaen is to cut, split.]. ery sed fr behlde. To have an original or first existence; to take risc; to e-hf', [See EHOOVE.] That hich is vantageous; advantage; profit; benefit. conmmence. 2. To do the first act; to take the first step. taeous; advantage; profit; benefit. v. To enter on; to commence. 2. To Be-h(Vovei' a. t. [A.-S. behoJfian, from 0. Sax. biheffian, ]Be-~int, 2,. t. 11. To enter on; to commence. S~. To trace from as the first ground. 0. H. Ger. bihefsan, to take, contain.] To be necessary trae from as the firstgound. ylefor; to be fit or meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, Be-gln'ner, n. One who begins; specifdcally, a young or inexperienced practitioner; a tyro. or convenience Se BE-oovE. Bge-h~ovel, and its derivatives. See BEHrOOVE. Be-nlt.'ning, sn. 1. The first cause; origin; source. 2. Bi-hng, p.pr.ofbe. SeeBE. That which is first; first state; commencement. 3. B ng, p.. ofbe. See BE. The rudiments, first ground, or materials. B'ing,. 1. Existence in fac or in thought. 2. C/. [imp. BEGIRT, BEGIRDED; p. p. BE That which exists in any way. Be-ird',v [im. BGI, BEGIRDED; P.. BE- Be-liibor,. t. 1. To work diligently upon. 2. To GIRT; p. Pr. & vb. n. BEGIRDING.] 1. To bind with a beat soundly; to cudgel. band or girdle; to gird. 2. To surround, as with a beat soundly-ite,..; to cugel. b.. band; to encompss or inclose. Be-li~te',,z. t. [imzp. &~ p. p. B3ELATED; p. pt. &r z'b. n. band; to encompass or inclose. BELATING.] To retard or make too late. ]Be-gnaatW (be-naw/, vo. t. To bite or gnaw..Be-gaw.. (b Iw). Co bto ga. Be-Hiy', a. t. [imp. & p. p. BELAYED; p. pr. & sb. n. Be-g6t't, p. p. of beget. See BEGET. several turns with it round a pin or cleat. iBe-gr e', orBe-gr~ase', a. C. To daub wit]h gease. l Be-lay'ing-1P3n, n. (Naut.) A strong pin round which Be-graset, or ]Be-gr1ase, v. t. To daub wih grease. rpsaewudwehyaebly ropes are wound when they are belayed. Be-grIm(e', a. t. [imp. & p. p. BE REeD; P. P. & B6lh (6d), a. t. [imp. & p. p. BELCHED (bllcht); p. a~b. ns. BEGRIiSIING.] To soil with grime or dirt. vb.e-rBEiGRIMde'NG.] Tp soil& p.it grimeDorEdirt. p & vb. n. BELCHING.] [A.-S. bealejan. Cf. belean, ]Re-grfdidet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BrGRUDGED; p. pr. & ab. istp. BEGRUDGING.] To envy the possession of. to inflate.] 1. To throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct. 2. To eject violently from within. ]Be-guiele (-V,,. t. [imp. 8& p. p. B-EtuiLED; p. pr. Be-gnlie' (-zl'), a. C. [imp. & p. p. BEUSLED; p P. 6Bleh, a. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach. 2. & ab. n. BEGUILING.] 1. TO delude by artifice; to im- To issue with violence. To issue with violence. pose on. 2. To evade by craft. 3. To cause to pass lh,. Act of belching; eructation. without notice. Wii~~~~~lbalo, n2. Act of belching; eruciation. without notice. withoutl~ nT~otic ~Be Bl'dhal, Is n. [Fr. belle-dame, fine or handsome lady; Syn. —To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; amuse. B6'1dame, J - a term of respectful address, therefore Be-gnile'ment, n. Act of beguiling or deceiving. used to elderly people; hence the meaning was corrupted.] Be-gudl'er, n. One who, or that which, beguiles. I1. Grandmother. 2. An old woman in general, espeBe-gin', p. p. of begin. See BEGIN. cially an ugly old woman; a hag. Be-half' (-h4l/), n. [Perh. from pref. be and half, in- Be-1ia'guer (-l/ger), a. t. [imp. & p. p. BELEAterpreted for my half, that is, for my part; but more GUERED; p. pr. & vb. n. BELEAGUERING.] [be and prob. a corrup. of the A.-S. behefe, profit, benefit, con- leaguer, n.; Ger. belagern, fr. pref. be, and lagern, to envenience. See BE, soo1.] Advantage; convenience; camp.] To surround with an army so as to preclude benefit; interest; profit; support; defense. escape; to besiege; to blockade. Be-hive', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEHAVED; p. pr. & ab. in. Syn. —To block up; besiege; environ; invest; encompass. BEsIAVING.] [Prefix be and have; A.-S. behabba;, to Be-lmn'nite, a. [Gr. /ehegsavrsp, from flh\pvoo, dart, restrain, to detain.] To carry; to conduct; to manage; to bear; - used reflexively. from /dAetv, to throw.] (Paleon.) A small calcareous Be-hRve', a. i. To act; to bear or carry one's self. fossil, cylindrical and hollow, tapering to a point; the Be-hdv'ior, (-hbv/yur), n. [See BEHAVE.] Mannerof thunderstone. behaving, whether good or bad; conduct; deportment. Bel-esprit (b[les-pree), nI.; pI. BEA UX-ESP1ITS (biz/es-preeP). [Fr.] A fine genius, or man of wit. Syn.-.Conduct, deportment. - Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves toward others; condshct is the BlB1fryS n. [M. H. Ger. bersiiit, bercvrit, N. H. Ger. mode of our conductilng or leading ourselves forward, and in- bergfriede, beurgfriede, from Ger. bere, mountain, or bzrg, volves the general tenor of our actions. The former, like de- castle, citadel, and friede, peace, security.] 1. A movaportraent, is shaped chiefly by circumstances; the latter is a ble tower, erected by besiegers for attack and defense. development of the man. Behavior in society; conduct of life.. A bell-tower. 3. A cupola or turret, or room i a'2. A bell-tower. 3. A cupola or turret, or a rooiii in a~ Be-hslad', V. t. [imp. & p. p. BEHEADED; p. pr. & ab. tower, in which a bell is hung. n. BEHEADING.] To sever the head from; to take off Be-lie', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BELIED; p. pr. & ab. n. the head of; to decapitate. BELYING.] 1. To give the lie to;. to show to be false. food, fdot; timrn, rude, pull; Vell, Vhaise, call, ehelo; gem, get; as; exist; linger, lihk; this. BELIEF 62 BENEATH 2. To give a false representation or account of. 3. To ]Be-ling'ing, n. That which pertains to one, as a qualtell lies concerning; to slander. 4. To counterfeit. ity or endowment. Be-liUf', n. [From believe, q. v.] 1. An assent of mind Be-lMved' (be-ltvd/ as a p., be-lMv/ed as an a., 60), p. p. to the truth of a declaration, proposition, or alleged fact, or a. Greatly loved; dear to the heart. on the ground of evidence, of internal impressions, or Be-15-v', prep. [be and low.] 1. Under in place; beof arguments and reasons furnished by our own minds. neath; not so high. 2. Inferior to in rank, excellence 2. The thing believed; a tenet, or body of tenets.' or dignity. 3. Unworthy of; unbefitting, Syn. - Credence; trust; faith; credit; confidence. Be-lhwv', adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any e-, a. Capable or orthy of eing believed. object; beneath. 2.. On the earth, as opposed to the e-lV e, a. Caimpable orwo n b, heavens. 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. 4. In ]Be-liave', i.t..[.imp. &_ p. p. BELIEVED; p. pt. & b. a court of inferior jurisdiction; n. BELIEVING.] [Prefix be and A.-S. lefan, lyfan, to al- at. oe is dt i o low, permit.] To be persuaded of the truth of; to regard sy opp ee eath.-o v elo. pso opposed to on higi a bensnot is opposed to above. A person who is below us at table is not as true; to place confidence in; to credit. beneath us. Below has not, therefore, like teneatl, the sense of Be-live', av. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, which unbecoming or unworthy of. We say, beneath (not belowe) the often approaches to certainty. 2.' To think; to suppose. character of a gentleman, beneath contemipt, &c. This disBe-ihv'ar, n. One who believes or credits; esp., one ticti should not be oerlooked. who believes in the Scriptures as a revelation from God.,3l6t, n. [A.-S. belt, Lat. balteus.] 1. That which enBe-lihke', adv. It is likely; probably; perhaps. girdles a person or thing; a band or girdle. 2. That Be-lIt'tlel, i. t. To make little or lees in a moral sense; which restrains or confines like a girdle, or which resemto lower in character. [American. Rare.] bles a girdle.. B11, o. [A.-S. belle, bellan, to bellow, to make a loud B l;t, aI. t. [imp. & p. p. BELTED; p. pr. & itb. n. BELTnoise.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel which givecs forth a ING.] To encircle as with a belt; to encompass. clear, ringing sound on being struck. 2. Any thing in B!t'iIng, n. 1. The material of which belts are made. the form of a bell, as the cup or calyx of a flower.'2. Belts taken collectively. To benar away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the B-lg, so. [Russ. bieluag, prop, signifying white fish prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. - To bear from bielyi, white.] (Ichth.) A fish of the cetaceous the bell, to be the first or leader, in allusion to the bell-wrthcr order and dolphin family, from 12 to 18 feet in length. of a flock, or the leading horse of a team or drove that wears B1/'ve-dSr-e', n. [It., lit. a beautiful sight, firom bello, bells on his collar. - To bell the cat, to encounter and cripple bel, beautiful, and ede, to see.] (I A A smll one of a greatly superior force;- a phrase derived from the btutu n t et t ee 1 t Ac. e fable of the mice resolving to put a bell on the cat, to guard structure on the top of an edifice, open to the air on one them against his attack. or more of its sides. 2. A summer-house on an eminence Bl/la-d~lnnA, n. [It., prop. fine lady.] Deadly night- in a park or garden. shade, formerly employed as a cosmetic. Be-minze', v-. t. To bewilder; to confuse. B61le, a. [Fr., from Lat. bellues.] A young lady of sups- Be-mire' a. t. To drag, encumber, or soil, in the mire. nior beauty and much admired. Be-nhan', v. t. [inp. & p. t. BEMOANED; p. pr. & Belles-letthes (bel-leler), c. pl. [Fr.] Polfte or ele- e. a. nBEMOANING.] T exprs deep grieffor bymoangant literature; the humanities. ing; to lament; to bewail. B611'-flow-er, n. A genus of plants; - so named from Be-mock', tv. t. To treat with mockery; to ridicule. the shape of the flower, which resembles a little bell. Bisn, or B]nt'-nitt. [Per. & Ar. bahmen, behmzcan, an B6li'-foua nd/er, na. One who founds or casts belle. herb with leaves like ears of corn; a medicine of two-fold B_~11'-fousdl/er-y, tn. A place where bells are founded nature; Per. & Ar. bailhan, the flower- rosa canina.] B13 l'-found'ryIr j or cast. (Bot.) The seed or fruit of a species of Moringa, from iB5'1i-~Sset, a. [Lat. bellicosus.] Disposed to conten- which a valuable oil is extracted. tion; pugnacious. B1ncha (66), n. [A.-S. benc, lcel. beckr, W. bank.] 1. Bel-11'er-ent, a. [Lat. belliem, Twar, and gerens, p. pr. A long seat. 2. A long table at which mechanics and of gerere, to wage.] 1. Waging war. 2. Tending to, others work. 3. The seat where judges sit in court. 4. or disposed for, war. [on war. The persons who sit as judges; the court. Bel-lI4'er-ent, n. A nation, power, or state, carrying BEnehl'er,. 1. One of the senior members of a society Bel-l11'1o-tent, a. [Lat. bellipoten;s, from bellia, war, who have the government of one of the inns of court. andpotens, powerful, p. pr. of posse, t) be able.] Pow-'2. An alderman of a corporation. erful or mighty in war. Bnichf-mllrk, n. (Leveling.) One of a number of BR1l'tman, n.; pl. BELL/sEN. iA man who rings a bell, marks along a line of survey indicating a series of levels especially to give notice of any thing in the streets; — at different elevations. formerly a watchman. B;ench-'-var/ra- nt, n. (Law.) A process issued by a B ltl'-mdt/a][ (-uimt/i or -mit/al), n. An alloy of copper court agairst a person guilty of some contempt, or inand tin;- used for making bells, &c. dicted for some crime. BPl'lvw, av. i. [A.-S. bellan.] 1. To make a hollow, B ind, av. t. [imp. & p. p. BENDED or BENT; p. pr.. & loud noise, as a bull. 2. To bawl; to vociferate; to vb. n. BENDING.] [A.-S. bendan, a modification of clamor; to roar. bindan, to bind.] 1. To crook by straining; to curve. B6I'115-v, so. A loud outcry; roar; vociferation. 2. To-turn out of the direct course to some certain point. B61'1lws (bkl/lus), n. sing. & pl. [A.-S. bhelg, bag, belly, 3. Hence, to incline or exercise closely or with interest; bellows, blast-belg, a blast-bag, bellows; Goth. balgs, a to exert; to apply. 4. To render submissive; to subleather bag or bottle. It is allied to Lat. fsllis. The due. 5. (Naeut.) To fasten, as one rope to another; or root is contained in 0. H. Ger. and A.-S. belgan, to swell.] as a sail to its yard. An instrument for propelling air through a tube, for vari- To bend the brow, to knit the brow; to scowl; to frown. onus purposes. - B]nd, av. i. 1. To be moved or straihed out of a straight BO1'l6ws-flsh, n. (Ichth.) A kind of fish distinguished line; to bow.'2. To be inclined with interest, or closely; by a long, tubular snout, like the pipe of a bellows; -- to be directed. 3. To bow in prayer, or in submission. called also trumpet-fjsh. BWnd, n. 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or ]lBII'-ring/er, n. One whose business is to ring a bell, direction; a curve; an incurration. 2. (Noiat.) A knot B1'hlu-ine, a. [Lat. bellssinis, from bellua, beast.] Per- by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor. taining to, or like, a beast; brutal. 3. (Her.) One of the honorable ordinaries, made by two B6ll'-wt-]h/er, n. A wether or sheep which leads the lines drawn across from the dexter chief to the sinister flock, with a bell on his neck. base point. 4. (Leather-Bssisness.) A butt. B61'ly, n. [A.-S. bhlg, btlig. See BELLOWS.] 1. B- lnd'a-ble, a. Capable of being bent. That part of the body which contains the bowels, or IBOnd'er,. One who, or that which, bends. intestines; the abdomen. 2. The part of any thing Be-asnath', or Be-nsath', prep. [A.-S. beneodh, benewhich resembles the belly in protuberance or cavity. odhan, from prefix be and needhan, downward.] 1. Lower B6'l1y, v. i. To swell and become protuberant. in place, with something directly over or on; under. 2. Bl'ly-btnd, n. A band that encompasses the belly of (Fig.) Under, as from the effect of pressure. 3. Lower a horse; a girth. in rank, dignity, or excellence than; hence, unworthy Be-15ng' (21), v. i. [imp. & p. p. BELONGED; p. pr. of; unbecoming. & vb. n. BELONGING.] [Prefix be and 0. Eng. long, Be-soFath', or Be-nhath', adv. 1. In alower place. 2. v. i., to belong.] 1. To be the property of; to be the Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region. concern or proper business of; to appertain. 2. To Syn.-Below. - Beneath is oppsed to above; below to be apartof o conecte ~it. 3.To b natve t, or Syn. — Below. -- ]enea~th is opposed to above; below to be a part of, or connected with. 3. To be native to, or higher in place or state, as beneath (not below) notice. See to have a legal residence. BELOW. 0,, &c., long; 6,,, &c., short; care, far, Ask, all, whiat; 6re, veil, t6rm; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, do, wvlf, BENEDICT 63 BERNARDINE BWn'e-Pdie-t, s~. [From Benedick, one of the characters or gentle disposition. 2. Exhibiting or manifesting BWn~e-dick, in Shakespeare's play of "Much Ado kindness, gentleness, favor, &Q. 3. Having salutary About Nothing."] A married man, or a man newly qualities. married. [of St. Benedict. Syn. - Kind; propitious; favorable; salutary; gracious; B]n/e-di-et1'ne. a. Pertaining to the order of monks wholesome; liberal; generous. Bdn/e-diet'ine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of an order of Be-nig'nant, a. Kind, gracious; favorable. monks, known from the color of their dress as Black Be-nlg'nant-ly, adv. With benignity; graciously. Friars, established by St. Benedict in the 6th century. Be-nig'ni-ty, n. [Lat. benignitas.] 1. Quality of being BSn/e-dil-e'tion, n. [Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, benign; condescending kindness; graciousness. 2. Sabenedictus, to speak well of, to bless, from bene, well, and lubrity; wholesome quality. dicere, to speak.] 1. Act of blessing.'2. Blessing, Be-nign'ly (-nin/-), adv. Favorably; graciously. prayer, or kind wishes uttered in favor of any person or dn'i-son (ben/i-zn), n. Blessing; benediction. thing; specifically, the short prayer which closes public Bdn'sliee, it. See BANSHEE. worship. Bdnt, imp. & p. p. of bend. See BEND. ]Bn/e-fie'ttion, n. [Lat. benefactio, from benefacerc, B]gdnt, n. 1. State of being inclined from a straight line; to do good to one, from bele, well, and facere, to do.] flexure; curvity. 2. Leaning or bias; propensity; in1. Act of conferring a benefit. 2. A benefit conferred, clination; disposition. 3. Particular direction or tenespecially a charitable donation. dency. BS'n/e-fiieltor, ns. One who confers a benefit. Bdnt,. [A-S. bcoet, Ger. biose.] 1. (Bet.) BSn/e-f.ie'tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit. Bnt'-grrss, J A grass of the genus Agrostis. 2. A ~~~~~~~11~~~~~~~~~~~ n. [.-S. beonet, Ger. binse.].(o. B]nd e-five, n. [Lat. benefdcium, from benejficus, benefi- stalk of coarse, withered grass. cent, from bcne, well, and facere, to do.] 1. Lit., a Be-ntmb' (-nqm/), v. t. [imp. & pp. BENUMBED; p. benefit, advantage, or kindness.'2. (sChurch of Eng.) pr. 8& vb. so. BENUMBING.] [Pref. be and nucmb, q. v.; An ecclesiastical living; - usually confined to parson- A.-S. benzoman, p. beonumen, to take away, to stupefy.] ages, vicarages, and donatives. [preferment. To deprive of sensation or sensibility. BWntae-fived (-fist), a. Possessed of a benefice or church BWnuzinae, n. Same as BENZOLE. Be-naf'i-gqenge, n. The practice of doinggood; active Ben-zSi'le, a. [See BENZOIN.] Pertaining to, or obgoodness, kindness, or charity. tained from, benzoin. Syn. - Benevolence. - Benevolence is literally well-willing Bea-zoin', so. [Cf. Per. banest, binhsat; banesab, bandbeoeficence is literally well-doing. The former may exist wvith sib, terebinth resin, from ban, wan, terebinth grain, and out the latter, butbeneficence always supposes benevolence. isab, an excrescence on the body.] A fragrant resinous Be-.ndf'i-qent, a. Boing good; performing acts of kind- substance, obtained from a tree of Sumatra, Java, &c. ness and charity.; characterized by beneficence. Bdni'z51e, n. [Eng. benzoin and Lat. oleum, oil.] (Chemn.) Syn. -Bountiful; liberal; generous; munificent. An oily substance obtained from bituminous coal, and ]Geadv. In a mnner. possessing great solvent powers. Be-n.f'i- ent,-ly, agv. In a be neficent manner. I ao'zo-lgaae, so. smeasIENZOLB. Bdn'e-f'ial (-filsh/al), a. 1. Conferring benefits; use- eiz n,itSaeaDrNZLI ful; profitable.'2. (Laee.) Receiving, or entitled to re- Bda'z6yl, n. [N. Lat. and Ger. benzol, and Gr. A, ceive, advantage, use, or benefit. Bd'ziinf.le, wood, matter.] (Chems.) A compound radceive, advantage, use, or benefit. ~ ~'~l Bdn/e-fi'aial-ly (-fish/al-), ade. In a beneficial or ad- ical, consisting of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen; the base of benzoic acid. vantagreous manner. n ]e-plasfter'v' t. To plaster over; to bedaub. Bgn/e-f'lci-a-ry (-fish/I-), a. [Lat. beneofciarins.] Hold- Be-pows'ter,.. To pl e or to h ing some office or valuable possession, in subordination Beirte, a. t. To prinkle or cover with powder. to another. -prciie', a. t. To praise greatly or extravagantly. to another. 1 Bu'/e-fi'al-a-ry) (4-fshli-), so. 1. A feudatory or vassal; Be-quilath', v. t. [imp. &; p. p. BEQUEATHED; p. pr. sa & vb. n. BE qUEATHING.] [A.-S. becvedhan, from pref. hence, one who holds a benefice, and uses its proceeds. be and BedhaE, to saN, to speak; Goth. b vitees, png. hence, one ~~~~~~~~~be and cvecdhaso to saytosekGthqihan. 2. One who receives any thing as a gift, or is maintained ay o sea; qesong by charity. q~uoth.] 1. To give or leave by will; - said of personal b itso. [Lt.bcfatsfrm seacreSe property.'2. To hand down; to transmit. lBnrie-fit, n. [Lat. benefacttm., from benefacere; See BE, cNEFACTION.] 1. An e act of kindzn ness; a favor $Syn. —To devise. - Devise is properly used to denote a BENEACTION.]. An act of kindness; a vor gift by will of real property. Beqeath is properly applied to conferred. 2. WVhatever contributes to promote pros- a gift by will of a legacy; i. e.,of personal property. In popular perity and personal happiness, or adds value to property. usage, bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise; 3. A performance at a theater or elsewhere, the proceeds adt s soeties so construed by courts. of which are given to a particular person or object. 4. Be-quiath'er, n. One lyho bequeaths. (Law.) Benefit of clergy. See CLECRGY. Be-qudst', n. [From bequeath.] (Law.) Something left by will, appropriately personal property; a legacy. Syn. — Advantage; profit; service; use; avail..- Advantage; proBt; service; use; e-rite', c. t. To rate, or chide, vehemently; to scold. Bdn'e-fit,,. t. [imp. & p. p. BENEFITED; p. pr. & ab. Be-rzave', v. t. [inmp. & p. p. BEREAVED, BEREFT; st. BENEFITING.] To do good to; to advantage; to ad- p. pr. & vb. n. BEREAVING.] [be and reave, q.v.; A.-S. vance in health or prosperity; to be useful to. bereajfian.] 1. To make destitute; to deprive. 2. To BWn'e-fit a. i. To gain advantage. take away from. [tion. B e/1se-pleQ'i-to, [It., pleasure.] (Mss.) At pleasure. Be-FSave'tment, n. State of being bereaved; deprivaBe-navto-lenre,,n. [Lat. benevolentia.] 1. Disposition B e-rsaver, sn. One who bereaves. to do good; good will; charitableness. 2. An act of Be-rdft',p. p. of bereave. See BEREAVE. kindness. 3. A species of contribution or tax, illegally BWrg, n. [See BURGII and BOROUGH.] A large mass exacted by arbitrary kings of England. or mountain of ice. Syn. - Kindness; benignity; tenderness. - Kindness and B g-6t,. [From the town of Bergam, in Italy.] tenderness lean to the side of natural feeling; benevolence is 1. (Bot.) A species of orange-tree, having a fruit of fine considerate kindness, and often overrules mere impulse; be- taste and odor, from the rind of which an essential oil of siositts is condescending kindness, as the benignity, of God. delicious odor is extracted. 2. The essence or perfume Be-ngv'o-lent, a. [Lat. benevolens, from beone, well, itself. 3. A delicious variety of pear. 4. A variety of and,osens, p. pr. of eolo, I will, I wish.] Having a dis- snuff perfumed with bergamot. 5. A coarse tapestry. position to do good; possessing love to mankind, and a BWr'gan-der, n. [From berg, for burroso, and gasoder, desire to promote their prosperity and happiness. a male goose.] (Ornith.) A species of duck said to burrow and breed in holes uandor cliffs; shell-drake. Syn. - Beneficent; munificent. - Originally, benevolent rowmandsbreed in holes beder cliffs; shell-drEne. meant well-weishing, and beneficent well-doing; but now (with Berglmfs-ter, n. [A.-S. beorg, hill, and Eng. master.] ait slight tinge ofthe original sense) they differ in their outward The chief officer among the Derbyshire miners. exercise chiefly in degree; a beneficent act being one on a B~rgtmial, n. [Ger. berg, mountain, and mehl, meal.] larger scale than a benevolent one, while a munszficent act is (Min.) An earthy substance resembling fine flour; it is greater and more imposing than either. composed of the shells of infusoria. Be-ndv'o-lent-ly, adv. In a benevolent manner. Be-rhyme' (-rim/), a. t. To mention in rhyme or verse; Ben-g.l'-Light (-lit), n. A kind of firework, producing — used in contempt. a steady and vivid blue-colored fire. [gal. BWr'lin, or Ber-lin'. A four-wheeled carriage, lilike a Ben-gal'ee, n. The language or dialect spoken in Ben- chariot, invented at Berlin, Prussia. Be-night't (-nit/), a. t. 1. To involve in night or dark- B'~rnar-dile, a. Pertaining to St. Bernard, and the ness. 2. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance. monks of the order. ]Be-nignh (be-nin'), a. [Lat. benignus, contr. from benig- BWrdaar-dine, n. (Eccl.) One of an order of monks esnes, from bonus, good, and genus, kind.] 1. Of a kind named after St. Bernard. f6od, fibot; Ain, rude, pill; vell, zhaise, call, eeho; gem, get; a2; eist i linger, link; this. BERRY 64 BETAKE Bgr'ry, n. [A.-S. beria, berie, Goth. basi.] 1. (Bot.) A Be-spAt'ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BESPATTERED; p. pr. small pulpy fruit containing seeds scattered throughout & vb. n. BESPATTERING.] 1. To soil by spattering; it, as the strawberry, currant, &c.'2. One of the eggs to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. 2. To of a fish. asperse with calumny or reproach. B/r'ry, a. i. To bear or produce berries. Be-sps-ak', v. t. [isnp. BEsPOKE; p. p. BESPOKE, BEBWr'ry, v. t. To impregnate with eggs or spawn. SPOKEN; p. pr. & ab. n. BESPEAKING.] 1. To speak B~rth (14), n. [From the root of bear, like birth, natyiv- for, order, or engage, beforehand. 2. To indicate or ity. See BIRTH.] 1. (Nauit.) Tle place where a ship show beforehand. 3. To speak to; to address. [Poet.] lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf.'2. A place 4. To betoken; to show. in a ship to sleep in. 3. Official situation, position, or Be-spew' (-spa/), a,. 1. To soil or daub with spew. employment..Be-spitt',. t. [imp. BESPIT; p. p. BESPIT, BESPITi To give the land or any object a wide berth, is to keep at TEN; p. pr. & ab. n. BESPITT1NG.] To daub or soil a distance from it. with spittle. Be-sp-Hket, imp. & p. p. of bespeakc. See BESPEAK. BWrth, a. t. 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to Be-spke, imp. & p. p. of bespeak. See BSPEAK. li t Z o lo rfrns etsto pat iBe-sp6t', a. t. To mark with spots. lie at.'2. To1d allot or furnish berths to. [plant. Be-spr ad', a. t. [imp.A & p. p. BEspREAD; p. pr. & ]BC6r~tram, n. [See BARTRA~I.] Bastard pellitory, a B-p~dv.[m.&p.Bs~A;P r Br'tram,. [See BARTA.] Bastard pelitory, a b. o. BESPREADING.] To spread or cover over. BWr'yl, n. [Gr. /3~pvAAoq, Ar. ballawr, or bilawr, beryl, Be-sprink'le, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BESPRINKLED; p. crystal, Per. bullitr, btOrl', crystal.] ((Min.) A green or pr. & Zb. fn. BESPRINKLING.] To sprinkle over; to bluish-green mineral of great hardness. It is identical scatter over. with the emerald, except in color. ] Bst, a. superl. [A.-S. besta, best, contracted from betest, BWr'yl-line, a. Like a beryl. betst, Goth. batista. This word has no connection in' Be-serib'ble, a. t. To scribble over. origin with good. See BETTER.] 1. Having good qualBe-seech', a. t. [imp. & p. p. BESOUGHT; p. pr. & ities in the highest degree; most good.'t, Most adavb. it. BESEECHING.] [Pref. be and seek, q. v.] 1. To vanced; most correct or complete. ask'or entreat with urgency.'2. To ask earnestly for. B st, n. Utmost; highest endeavor. Syn. - To entreat; solicit; implore; supplicate. - Beg sup- At best, in thie utmost degree or extent applicable' to the poses simply a state of want; to beseech, entreat, and solicit, a case. - To mnake the best of, to permit the least possible instate of urgent necessity; to imlotore and s2upplicate, a state of convenience. overwhelmning distress. Bdst, adv. 1. In the highest degree; beyond all other.'2. To the most advantage; with the most success, profit, ~Be-seecht'er, n. One who beseeches.' Be-seeacli'er g-y, One. wh a beseeching manner. ease, benefit, or propriety. 3. Most intimately or parBe-seeeh'iag-ly, adv. in a beseeching manner. ttlry otcrety ticularly; most correctly. Be-seem', r. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to become; Be-stiin', r. t. To mark with stains; to discolor. sto befit'. [ S Be-stdad', a. t. [imp. & p. p. BESTEAD.] To be in Be-t. t. [ip. & p. p. BSET; p.pr. b.. BE- the stead or place of; hence, to place, dispose, or cirSETTING.] [be andset/ A.-S. besettan.] 1, To put or eumstanee, as to condition, conveniene, benefit, and the place, on, in, or around. 2. To stop up, as a road; to like; to assist; to erve. waylay; to blockade. 3. To hem in or press on all sides, s'tn (bstyal), a. L. bestiais, from bestia, beast. so that escape is difficult. ~~Bsltia][ (b~Sst/yal), a. [Lat. bestial-is, fr-om bestia, beast.] so that escape is diftieult. so Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. 2. Syn. —To surround; inelose; environ; besiege; encircle; [having the qualities of a boast; below the dignity of encompass; embarrass; urge; rss. roaso or humasity. Be-sd'tmnt, s. The state of being beset, as in ice. BSyn. —Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal;vile; low; depraved; Be-sdt'ting, p. a. Habitually attending, or pressing. sensual. Be-shrew' (-shrl/), a. t. To wish a curse to; to exe- Bes-tish'-ty (best-yill-), n. 1. The quality of a beast; crate. brutism. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast. Be-sidle', prep. [be and side, by the side.] 1. At the Bst-ze,. t. To make bestial, or like a bast. side of. 2. Aside from; out of the regular course or' ad. In bestial manner. ]B3zsfflal-ly, adv. In a bestial nmanner. order; out of. 3. Over and above; distinct from. [In Be-tE', i. [isp. & p. p. BESTUCK; p. pr. & tb. this use besides is now more common.] se. BESTICKING.] To stick over, as with sharp points. To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses. Be-stir', a. t. [imp. & p. p. BESTIRRED; p. pr. & vb. n. Be-sides'fB-~, adav. More than that; over and abzove; BESTIRRING.] To put into brisk or vigorous action. B:e-side', Imoreover; in addition. Be-st5vw', a. t. [imp. & p. p. BESTOWED;p. pr. & Zb. It is now considered an error to use beside as an adverb. BESTOWING.] [be and stow, a place. See STOW.] for besides. [. To lay up in store; to deposit for safe keeping. 2. Be-sidet', prep. Over and above; separate or distinct To make use of; to apply. 3. To give, confer, or impart. from; in addition to. See BESIDE, prep. Be-stvt'nal, n. Act ofbestowing; disposal. i2- This word, though radically the sate as beside, and a Be-stsv'er, so. One who bestows. corruption of it, ought not to be confoundedl with it; for it is Be-stdwv'ment, ss. 1. The act of bestowing; bestowal. rarely used in the senses explained under beside, except in the 2. That which is bestowed; donation. third sense. ~thl~~ird 50050e~. ~Be-stritd'dle, a. t. To bestride. Be-si54e', a. t. [imp. & p. p. BESIEGED; p. pr. & ab. n. Be-stra. ghtt (-strawt/), a. [Prefix be and stra~tght, BrESIEGING.] To beset or surround with armed forcees, prop. p. p. of stretch;'but straaght is used here for disfor the purpose of compelling to surrender. traught, distracted, so that bestraught is equiv. to bedisSyn. -To beleaguer; beset; environ; hem in; invest; block traught, bedistracted.] Out of one's senses; distracted; up; encolmpass. mad; crazy; demented. Be-sTi4f'er, n. One who, or the party that, besieges. Be-strew' (-strll/ or -strl/), a. t. [imp. BESTREWED; Be-slbb'er (colloq. be-slbb/ber), v. t. To beslaver. p. p. BESTREWED, BESTROWN; p. Ypr. & ab. n. BEBe-slv'er, a. t. To defile with slaver; to beslabber. STREWING.] To scatter over; to besprinkle; to strow. Be-slbb'ber, a. t. To soil or smear with spittle run- ]Be-stride', a. t. [issp. BESTRID or BESTRODE; p-p.'Be-slftb'ber, Jning from the mouth. [Vuelgar.] BESTRID, BESTRIDDEN; p. pr. & ab. n. BESTRIDBe-smsar', a. t. [imnp. & p. p. I3BESSIEARED; p. pr. & ING.] To stride over; to stand or sit with any thing ab. so. BES.iEARING.] To smear with any viscous, glu- between the legs, or with the legs extended across. tinens matter. Be-striGde', imp. of bestride. See BESTRIDE. Be-smdke' (20), v. t. 1. To foul with smoke. 2. To Be-stra wn', p. pa. of bestrew. See BESTREW. harden or dry in smoke. [soot. Be-st-ick', irmp. & p. p. of bestick. See BESTICK. Be-smftt, a. t. To blacken with smut; to foul with Be-stbd', a. t. To set or adorn with studs. B]'Iom, n. [A.-S. besma, 0. II. Ger. pesamo.] A brush Bdt, so. [A.-S. bad, pledge, stake, badiaen, to pledge, of twigs for sweeping; a broom. pawn, seed, pledge, weeddian, to promise; Goth.,idan, Be-sdrt', a. t. To sort out or arrange in different classes to bind.] That which is stakled, or pledged, in a contest, or kinds; hence, to suit, fit, or become. to be won either by the victorious party himself or by Befsit', a. t. To make sottish by drink; hence, to make another person in consequence of his victory; a waager. dull or stupid. BZt, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BETTED; p. pr. & ab. n. BETBe-sAt'ted-ly, adv. In a besotted manner. [tion. TING.] To stake or pledge upon the event of a contest; Be-s6t'tecl-ness, n. State of being besotted; infatua- to wager. Be-shught' (be-sawt/), p.p. of beseech. See BESEECH. Be-tcke', a. t. [imp. BETOOK; p. p. BETAKEN (beBe-spbtn'gle (-sp.6ng/gl), v. t. To adorn with spangles, or tak/n); p. pr. & ab. n. BETAKING.] To have recourse with brilliant particles. to; to apply; to resort. R, U, &c.,long; /, 5, &c., short; care, fir, Ask, all, what; re, veil, t6rmn; pique,firm; s6n, 6r, do, wolf, BETEEM 65 BIAS Be-teem', si. i. To allow; to permit; to suffer. [ Obs.] Be-tween'-decks, n. (Naul.) The open space between Bi'tel (b3/tl), n. [Malabar, beetla-codi, Skr. & Malay, two decks of a ship. patra, Malabar leaf, from its growing in Malabar.] Be-twixt', prep. [From pref. be and twyg, twy, tweo, (Bot.) A species of pepper, the leaves of which are tewe, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of; between. chewed by the inhabitants of the East Indies.'2. From one to another of. BeItel-nit (bh/tl-), ss. The nut of the areca palm, Biv'el, n. [Fr. beveau, Sp. baivel.] 1. chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) A slant of a surface at an angle greater and lime. or less than a right angle. 2. An instruBdth'el, n. [Ileb. beth-el, house of God.] 1. A chapel ment for adjusting the surfaces of work for dissenters. [Eng.] 2. A house of worship for sea- to the same inclination. men. [Amer.] BWv'el, a. Having the form of a bevel. Be-thinEk', v. t. [imp. & p.p. BETHOUGHT; p. pr. & slanting. Bevel. vsb. ls. BETIIINKING.] To call to mind; to recall. A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 45~ or 90~. Syn. - To recollect; remember; reflect. Be-th6uglhtt (-thawt'), imp. & p. p. of bethink, q. v. BEv'el, IN. t. [imp. & p. p. BEVELED; p. pr. & vb. v. lie-tIde', v. t. [imp. BETID or BETIDED; p. p. BETID BEVELING.] To cut to a bevel angle. p. pr. & vb. st. B1ETIDING.] [be and tide;e A. -S. tidoansBs;v'el, v. i. To slant or incline off to a bevel angle, or to happen.] To happen to; to befall; to come to. from a direct line. lie-tide',. i. x.To come to pass; to happen. ] Bv'er-age, n. [From Lat. bibere, to drink, Low Lat. Bie-time', ad's. [be and time; that is, by the proper beveragium. See BEAVER.] Liquor for drinking. Ble-timeF', 1 time.] 1. In good season or time; sea- Bv'y, n. [Prob. from Arm. beva, life, to live, to be alive, sonably. 2. In a short tinle; soon. ~bev, living, W. byuwyd, life, byw, to live, alive, so that ie-tso'ken (-tI/kn), v. t. [im. & p. p. pBETOKENED; the orig. meaning is life, a life, living, lively beings.] p.pr. & tvb. It. BETOIRENING.] 1. To signify by some 1. A liock of birds, especially quails. 2. A company; visible object.'2. To foreshow by present signs, an assembly or collection of persons, especially ladies. - Be-wail', v,. t. [imp. & p. p. BEWAILED; p. pr. & Syn. —To presage; portend; indicate; mark; note. ab. n. BEWAILING.] To express deep sorrow for, as by Bit'to-nly, n. [Lat. betonlic,.vettonica.] A plant used to wailing; to grieve for; to mourn; to lament. dye wool of a fine dark-yellow color. Be-wViVl', v. i. To express grief or sorrow. B;e-to'ok', imp. of betake. See BETAKE. Be-wvare, v. i. [be and ware. See WARE, WARY.] lie-trRy', v. t. [inmp. & p. p. BETRAYED; p. pr. & To restrain or guard one's self; hence, to be cautious;'sb... BETRAYING.] [From be and 0. Fr. tratr, trahir, to take care; to take heed. from Lat. tradere, to give up, from trans, over, and dare, g This word is now never used except in the imperative to give.] 1. To give up treacherously or faithlessly. 2. mode. To violate the confidence of; to deceive by treachery. Be-wil'der, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. BEWILDERED; p. pr. 3. To disclose or discover, as something intended to be & vb. is. BEWILDERING.] [be and wild.] To lead into kept secret, or which prudence would conceal. 4. To perplexity or confusion; to confound for want of a plain mislead, or expose to inconvenience not foreseen. 5. road. To show or.to indicate. 6. To fail in respect to reliance placed in or upon. Syn. - To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; lead astray. Be-triiy'al (be-trn/al), n. Act of betraying. Be-wil'der-ment, n. State of being bewildered. Be-trsly'er, n. One who betrays; a traitor. Be-witch', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEWITCHED (108); p. ]Be-tr6th', v. t. [be and troth, i. e., trlth, q. v.] 1. To pr. & vfb. ie. BEWITCHING.] 1. To gain an ascendency contract to any one, in order to a future marriage; to af- over by charms or incantation; to affect by witchcraft or fiance. 2. To contract with for a future spouse; to es- sorcery. 2. To charm or fascinate; to please to such a pouse. 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to conse- degree as to take away the power of resistance. cration. Be-witch'er-y, n. The resistless power of any thing that Be-trbth'al, v. Act of betrothing; betrothment. pleases; charm; fascination. Be-tr6th'meslt, n. A mutual engagement between two Be-witch'ing-ly, adv. In a manner to bewitch. parties for a future marriage between the persons be- Be-witch'ing-nless, n. Quality of being bewitching. trothed; espousals; betrothal. Be-rwitch'ment, n. Power of charming; fascination. lBit'ter, a.; conmpar. of good. [A.-S., bett, bet, betera, Be-wray' (-r'/), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BEWRAYED; p.pr. betre; Goth. batiza, from bats, good, akin to Skr. bhadra, & vb. n. BEWRAYING.] [Pref. be and A.-S. wregean, wreglad.] 1. Itaving good qualities in a greater degree than gan, to accuse, to betray.] To disclose perfidiously; to another. 2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, betray. fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. Bey (ba), n. A governor of a town or particular district 3. Improved in health. of country in the Turkish domninions; also, in some To be better off, to be in a better condition. places, a prince;-the same as beg. See BEG. Uit'toer,. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory.'2 Be-y6nd', prep. [A.-S. begeon;d, from pref. be and geImprovement; greater excellence. 3. One who has a end, yond, yonder, Goth. jaiod.] 1. On the further claim to precedence a superior-usually in the. side of. 2. Before, in place, or time. 3. Out of reach claim to precedence; a superior;, usually in the pi. o t a. a degree exceeding or Bit'ter, adv.; compar. of well. 1. In a superior or moro f; further than; past. excellent manner.'2. Morfe correctly. 3. In a hiogher surpassing; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality excellent manner.'~. More correctly. 3. In a higher any kind. or greater degree; more. of any kind. lBSt'ter, v. t. [imp. & p.. BETTERED; p. pr. & vb.. Be-yndt, ad'e At a distance; yonder. BETTERING.] To increase the goodqualitiesof. Be-zhnt'ler, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. antler.] The second antler of a stag. eeyn.-To improve; meliorte; r end; amend; correct; Bz'eel, n. [Cf. Chald. bezal, limits, confines.] The part of a ring which encompasses and fastens the stone. BUt'ter,. One wo bets; a bettor. B/f'zoar, vn. [Per: b&d-zahr, from bad, wind, and zahr poison; i. e., that which, like the wind, drives away 2. (Law.) An improvement of an estate which renders poison.] A calculous concretion found in the stomach it better than mere repairing; - generally in the pl. of certain ruminant animals. BUt'tor, n. One who bets. B]t'ty, n. [Probably a cant word, from Betty, for Eliza- lBezoar mineral, an oxide of antimony. beth.] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. BI'as, n. [Fr. biais, N. Catalan, biax, slope. Cf. Arm. Be-tween', prep. [From pref. be, equiv. to Eng. by, and bihais, bihays, beskel, oblique line, bias.] 1. A weight twain, two.] 1. In the intermediate space of, without on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight regard to distance; betwixt.'2. From one to another line. 2. A leaning of the mind; propensity toward an of. 3. Belonging in common, or in partnership to two object. 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of of; shared by two or both of. 4. With relation to two, a garment to diminish its circumference. as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject. 5. In intermediate relation to, in re- Syn. - Bent; prejudice; prepossession; inclination. spect to time, quantity, or degree. Bii'as, adv. In a slanting manner; crosswise; athwart; Syn. - Among. - Between applies properly to only two diagonally. partes; as, a quarrel between two men, two nations. Among Blias, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BIASED (bi/ast); p. pr. & vb. always supposes more than two. It is, therefore, a gross blunder n. BIASING.] To incline to one side; to give a particuto speak of dividing a thing among two perscns. lar direction to; to prejudice; to prepossess. food, fdot; frn, rlde, pull; VeUl, haise, call, echo; gem, get; as; exist; linger, link; this. 5 BIAXAL 66 BIG BI —xt'al, a. [From Lat. bis, twice, and axis.] (Opt.) B1-er1ltral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. crural, q. v. Bi-ax'i-a l, Having two axes. Having t-wo legs. ]Bib, n. [From Lat. bibere, to drink, because it receives Bi-eiis'pid, a. [at. bis, twice, and cuspis, point the drink that the child slavers from the mouth.] A BL-eus'pid-ate, cuspidat. bis, twpoiantd.] Having two small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast. points. Bi-bi'ciofis, a.' [Lat. bibax, from bibere, to drink.] Bid, v. t. [imp. BID or BXDE; p. p. BID, BIDDEN; Addicted to drinking. p. pr. & svb. n. BIDDING.] [A.-S. biddan, Ger. bitten, Bi-bi'sie, a. ( Chem.) Capable of combining with two to pray, ask, request; A.-S. beodan, to offer, to comparts or equivalents of a base; or containing two equiv- mand, Goth. bindcan, Ger. bieten, to command, bid.] 1. alents of a base to one equivalent of acid. To offer; specifically, to offer to pay, as for a thing put Bib'ber, n. A man given to drinking; a tippler. up at auction. 2. To declare, as a wish, a greeting, Bl'ble, n. [Lat. biblia, Gr. L3/3Aia, pl. of /3/Lcov, a threat, or defiance, and the like. 3. To order; to dicdimin. of lP*Aoc, book.] THE Boos, by way of cmi- rect; to command. 4. To invite; to request to come. nence; the volume that contains the Scriptures of the To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise. Old and New Testaments. [writings. Bid, n. An offer of a price, especially at auctions. ]Bb'ii-eal, a. Pertaining to the Bible, or to the sacred Bid'der, n. One who bids or offers a price. Bib'li-6g'ra-pher, n. [Gr. /flLoypiosn, fr. 83L0tXov, Bid'der-y-ware, n7. A kind of metallic ware made at book, and ypdqbeov to write.] One who is versed in bib- Biddery in Hindostan, composed of copper, lead, tin, and liography, or literary history. spelter. Bib'li-o-griph'ie, t a. Pertaining to bibliography, Bidl'dy, n. 1. A domestic fowl; a chicken. [Colloq.] Bib/li-o-graph'ie-al, j or the history of books. 2. [A diminutive form of Bridget.] A domestic, or serBib'li-o-grlhph'ie-al-ly, adv. In a bibliographical vant-girl. [Colloq.] manner. Bide, v.i. [A.-S. bidan, Goth. beidan.] To dwell perBib'li-6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ft/Xo-ypa+i.] A history manently; to inhabit. or description of books and manuscripts. Bide, v. t. 1. To endure; to suffer. 2. To wait for. j%110\iov -and X, service, iBi-ddn'tal, a. Having two teeth. IB&'b'li-6l'ta-try, sn. [Gr.?Psesrpov -ed h~ial service, Bi-ddn'tate, a. Having two teeth or tooth-like processes. worship.] Homage paid to books, especially to the Bi-det' (bl-dlt' or bl-d/), n. [Cf. Gael. bideacl, very Bible; or a belief in the verbal inspiration of the Bible. little, diminutive, bide/, a diminutive animal, W. idae, Bib'ii-o-mtn/~y, n. [Gr. flXt;Atov and xaveeia, divin- a weakly or sorry wretch.] 1. A small horse. 2. An ation.] Divination performed by selecting passages of article of bedroom furniture, used in washing the body. Scripture at hazard. BI-en'ni-al, a. [Lat. biennalis and biennis; biennilm, ib/bli-o-miini-A, n. [Gr. 830/xov and pcavia, mad- a space of two years; bis, twice, and annus, year.] 1. ness.] A rage for possessing rare and curious books. Happening, or taking place, once in two years.'2. (Bot.) Bib/li-o-nmiini-ae, As. One who has a rage for books. Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as certain Bibl1i-o-ma-ni'Lae-al, a. Pertaining to a passion for plants. books, especially such as are curious and rare. Bi-en'ni-al, n. (Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, Bib'li-o-pDhle, n. [From Gr. lfAihov and lhXelv, to and then perishes. love.] Ohe who loves books. Bi-en'ni-al-ly, adv. Once in two years; at the return BIb/li-o-phS'bi-A, n. [From Gr. itfXiov and 4opel- of two years. eas, to fear.] A dread of books. Bier, n. [From the same root as to bear.] A frame of wood for conveying the dead to the grave. Bib/li-6p'o-list, n. [Gr. /3lIAitourLXAi, from 8t?/Tiov Biest'ing$, n. pl. [A.-S. beost, byst, or bysting.] The Bib'li-o-pile', 5 and 7raAeev, to sell.] A bookseller. first milk given by a cow after calving. [Written also Bib'li-o-thP'eal, a. [Lat. bibliothecalis,fr. Gr.P r/hiso- beestings.] i04K), library, from iltli:iov, book, and 0sK-0, case, box.] Bl-fai'cial, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and facies, face.] HavBelonging to a library. ing the opposite surfaces alike. Bib'ist, n. [See BIBLE.] 1. One who makes the Bl-fiatri-ois, a. [Lat. bifariuls, from bis, twice, andfari,,,.,. >... >,,..... to spteak or say.] 1. Twofold: in two rows. D O Bet.) Scriptures the sole rule of faith.'2. A biblical scholar. to speak or say.] 1. Twofold; in two rows. 2. (Bt.) Bib'u-lofis, a. [Lat. bibsltes, from bibere, to drink.] Pointing two ways. Having the quality of imbibing fluids or moisture; BI-fl'ri-oAs-ly, adv. In abifarious manner. spongy; porous. Bif'er-o-is, a. [Lat. bifer, from bis, twice, and ferre to Bi-eAp'su-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. capsular, bear.] Bearingfruit twice a year. q. v.] (Beot.) Having two capsules, containing seeds, to Bifffii,. 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. each flower. [Sometimes called beastfin; but properly beefius (it is Bi-eiar'bo-nate, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. carbo- said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] 2. A baked nate, q. v.] (Chem.) A carbonate containing two equiva- apple crushed down into a flat, round cake. lents of carbonic acid to one of base. Bi'fBM, [Lat. bi/idus, fr. bis, twice, and ildere, Bipe, n. [Fr. & Pr. bis, It. bigio, light-gray, tawny.] Bif'id-ate, ] perf. tense fidi, to cleave or split.] (Bet.) Bise, 5 (Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared from the Two-cleft; opening witll a cleft. native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. Bifi-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and.fllem, thread.] Twothreaded; involving the use of two threads. B-Pdph'a-os a. B-flrate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and fios, flower, fiohead. Having twoe, a. [See CHROMATEds. Bi-flMiro-iis, oere, to bloom.] (Bet.) Bearing two BI-liro'mrate, a. [See CHROMATE.] (C/sem.) Hav- flowers. ing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other in- Bi-fosli-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. foliate.] gredients. (Bot.) Having two leaves. Bi-gip'i-tal, | a. [Lat. biceps, bicipitis; bis, twice, and B3I-fo1i-o-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and wfoi/cm, leaf.] B!-iplpi-toiis, J capist, head.] 1. Hiaving two heads; (Bet.) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves. double-headed. 2. (Anat.) HSaving two heads or ori- Bi-ft'rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and foratus, p. p. offogins, as a muscle. 3. (Bot.) Dividing into two parts. rare, to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Having two perforations. Biek'er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BICKERED; p. pr. & ab. B'fr, a. [Lat. biormis, from bs, twice, and s. BICKERING.] [W. bicra; b/cre, conflict, skirmish.] BiLfHrme, forma, shape.] Having two forms, bod1. To skirmish. [Obs.] 2. Especially, to contend in iss or shapes words or petulant altercation. 3. To move quickly; to Bi-r i-y. A double form. be tremulous, like flame or water. Y rm t,. A double form. be tremulous, like flame or water. i-frnted (-frint/ed), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. Syn. —To quarrel; scold; wrangle; contend; quiver. fronted.] Having two fronts. Bi-ffir'eate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. fssrcate, Biek'er-er, n. One who bickers. Bl-fftireai-ted, furcated.] Forked; divided into two Bi-ef61'or, a. [Lat. bicolor; bis, twice, and color, branches. [branches. Bi-c61tored, I color.] Of two colors. Bi-ffir-eSttion, sn. A forking, or division into two Bi'fbrn, a. [Lat. bicornis, from bis, twice, and lI'fftr'eofis, a. [Lat. bifurcus, from bis, twice, and Bl'ebrned, cornu, horn.] Having two horns or furca, fork..] (Bot.) Two-forked. Bio-e6rnoiis, antlers; crescent-like. Big, a. [Contr. from W. beichiog, beichiawg, burdened, Bi-e6rtpo-ral, a. Having two bodies. with child, from batch, burden.] 1. Having largeness of Bi-e6orpo-rate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and corpus, body.] size, bulk, or magnitude. 2. Great with young; preg(Her.) Double-bodied. nant; hence, figuratively, pregnant as with something ~, ~, &c., long; 1, 5, &c., short; cAre, far, ask, a11, what; Ore, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, Or, de, w9lf, BIGAMIST 67 BILLOW portentous; ready to produce. 3. IIaving greatness, Pertaining to the bile; disordered in respect to the bile] fullness, importance, inflation, distension, &c., whether dependent on an excess of bile. in a good or bad sense. Bi-lit'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and litera, letter.] Syn. —Bulky; large; great; proud; arrogant. Consisting of two letters. Bg-~isst, i. One who has committed bigamy, or Bilk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BILKED; p. pr. & wb. n. BILIKtwo wives or husbands at once. hacomtebimyo s INc.] [Cf. Goth. bilaikan, to mock or deride; pref. bi, two wives, o (Lse.)nd The crime of having t.o wives equiv. to be, q. v., and laiecan, to leap or exult. Bilk is orighusbay, n. (atn.) Th rm fhvn w wvs 0. Eng. signifies nothing.] To disappoint, deceive, or B h-siim'i- satoe, a. [Lat. lie, twice, and geminatus p defraud, by non-fulfillment of engagement. p. of gemissare, ato double.] (Bet.) Havning a forted Bill, n. [A.-S. bile, beak, proboscis, Ir. & Gael. bil, bile, p, p gemnar, todoube.](Bot) Hainga foked mouth, lip, bird's bill.] 1. The beak of a fowl. 2. The petiole, with several leaflets at the end of each division; moth lp, bird. Thbeaoffow l. 2. Te - said of a decompound leaf. Bl -. Big'gin, n. 1. [Fr. b/guin, probably from the cap B-11, i. [A.-S. bill bil; Skr. bhil, to split, 0. R. Ger. B~~g'~in, st. i, [Er. ~~~bfuillpoabyfomteca n.] 1. A hook-shapcd cutting instrument, fitted worn by the nuns called Beguines.] A child's cap or billsn.] 1. A hook-shapcd cutting instrument, ftted with a handle, like a hatchet.'2. An ancient kind hood, or something worn about the head.'2. [0. Eng. ~bigisg, from big, to build.] A building. [Obs.] 3 of battle-ax, consisting of a broad, hook-shaped blade, [SeePIGGIN.] Af bsmall wooden vessel. 4. Acontriv: having a short pike at the beak and another at the [SeePIGGN.]A smll wode vesel.. Acontiv- summit, and attached to the end of a long staff. 3. A ance for holding coffee-grounds (being a small bag or ummit and attached to te end of a long staff. 3. C, ~~~pickax, or mattock. 4. (Naut.) The point ofthe fluke a metallic vessel minutely perforated at the bottom) pickx, or mattock.. (N t.) The point of the ue through which boiling water is poured. osenuchor. Bght (bIho t), s. [From Goth. biugss, to bend, A.-S. bs;s Bill, ni. [Lat. bulla, any thing rounded, L. Lat., seal, lBight (bit), n. [From Goth. biugan, to bend, A.-S. bugan, apltediro.]1 (Lw)a)Awifn Cf. A-S. byge, bige, a bending, corner, bay.] 1. (Geog.) stp letter, edict, roll.]. (Lw.)(.) A riten A bend in the sea-coast forming an open bay. declaration of some wrong suffered, or of some fault A bed inthe ea-cast ormig anopenbay. committed by another against a law.' (b.) In England (Naut.) The double part of a rope when folded; a round, committed by another against a lw. (r.) In Enland bend, or coil anly wvhere except at the ends. an obligation given for money under the hand, and bg'ess, i. uality of being big, ep. in the literal sense.d sometime the seal, of the debtor without a condition or Blgfness, n. Quality of being big, esp. in the literal sense. foeiueorn -py nt forfeiture for non-patyment. BIg'ot, n. [Fr. bigot, a bigot or hypocrite, a name originally given to the Normans in France. From the ex- O- In the United States, it is usually called a note, a note clamation, "Ne se, Bigot " (Not so, by God) made of hand, or a prosissory note. use of by the Norman Duke Rollo, on a certain oc- (c.) A proposed or projected law. 2. An advertisement casion. Cf. Sp. bigote, a whisker; hombre de bigote, a posted in some public place. 3. An account of goods man of spirit and vigor; It. s-bigottire, to terrify, appall. sold or delivered, or services rendered, with the price anWedgwood suggests that bigot is from Beghard, or Be- nexed to each article. 4, Any paper, containing a guard, one of a class of monks, noted for the strictness statement of particulars. of their principles.] One obstinately and unreasonably wedded to a particular religious creed, opinion, practice, Sitates, a pacredit, (by within the constitution of the mere faith andited or ritual. of the tate, and design}d to circulate as'money. (b.) Among ]Big'ot-ed, a. Obstinately and unreasonably devoted to merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a mera system or party, and illiberal toward the opilnions of chant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for goods or others. [ciously. money. - Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at the custom-house. - ill oqf exchange (Cora.), a written order or Bigot-ed-ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot; pertina- request from one person to another, desiring the latter to pay Big'ot-ry, n. 1. Perverse or blind attachment to a to some person designated a specified sum of money. It is particular creed, or to certain tenets; excessive preju- frequently called a dcraft.- Bill qf health, a certificate from dice. 2. The practice or tenet of at bigot. the proper authorities'as to the state of health of a ship's company, at the time of her leaving port.- Bill of lading, Big'-wig, n. A person of consequence. [Cant.] a written account of goods shipped, signed by the master _Bijou (beezhso(b), n.; pi. BIJTo ux (be/zhtio'.) [Fr., prob- of the vessel. — Bills of )pains and penalties, a legislative act ably from Arm. bizozc, ring, from biz, finger.] A trinket, inflicting a punishme less thn death on persons supposed or a little box; a jewel. to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. - Bill of Bi-jquftry (be-zh6'o/try), f. [Fr. birouterie.] Small sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of articles of vertu, such as jewelry, trinkets, &c. goods and chattels. -Bill of sight, a form of entry at the cusBI-jfigate, a. - [Lat. his, twice, andjugatus, p. p. of jt- tsm-hsuse, by which goods miy he provisionally landed for gare, to join.] (Bet.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets. exaination. BiBj'u-gois, or Bi-jfiigoits, a. (Bet.) Bijugate. BillH1, v. i. [From bill, a beak.] To join bills, as doves; to Bi-li'bi-ate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. labiate, q. v.] caress in fondness. (Boet.) Having two lips, as the corols of flowers. B f11'-b dbk, i. A book in which a person keeps an Bi-lm'el-late, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, and the Bi-lm'el-li'ted, flamellate, q. v.] (Bet.) Formed like. [bills. of two plates. Br,' -brU/ker, n. One who negotiates the discount of BI-liA'er-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. lateral.] iBl'let, n. [Fr. bi~let, dim. of Fr. & Norm. Pr. bille. Having two sides; pertaining to the two sides of a central See BILL, a writing.] 1. A small paper or note in organ or axis. writing, or a short letter. 2. A ticket from a public li-liit'er-ll'i-ty, n. State or quality of being bilateral. officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge. Bil'ber-ry, n. [Corrupted from blieberry.] (Bet.) (a.) Bilflet, n. [Fr. billot, block, from bille, log, a ball A shrub of the whortleberry family. (b.) The fruit or made of bone. Cf. BILL, a writing.] 1. A small stick berry, which has a blue color. of wood. 2. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, reBilVb5, in.; pl. B!L/'BSE. [From Bilboa, in Spain, sembling a billet of wood. where they were fabricated.] 1. A long bar or holtof iron Bil'let, a. t. [imp. &p. p. BILLETED; p. pr. &:b. n. with a shackle sliding on it, and a lock at the end; used BILLETING.] [From billet, a ticket.] (3fil.) To direct, to confine the feet of prisoners.'2. A rapier. by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence, to quarter, Bile, n. [Lat. bilis.] A yellow, greenish, bitter, viscid, as soldiers in private houses. nauseous fluid secreted by the liver. - Billet-dose (bil/le-do'o), n. [Fr. billet, note, and doux, Bilke, n. [A different orthography of bulge, q. v.] 1. sweet.] A love-note or letter. The protuberant part of a cask. 2. (Naut.) The BjIH11hhdok, n. A small hatchet with curved edge. broadest and flattest part of a ship's bottom. Bii'lard (-yard), a. Pertaining to the game of billiards. 1];l;e, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BILGED; p. pr. & vb. n. Bill'ardt, -i. pl. [Fr. billard, from bille, ball.] A game BILGING.] (Naut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge; played with ivory balls, on a rectangular table. to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. B1'llng.5-g-te,s n. [From a fish-market of this name in Bille'-wa/ter, it. (Naut.) Water which enters a ship, London, celebrated for foul language.] Foul or profane and lies tigon her bilge or bottom. language; ribaldry. Bilk'y, a. Having the smell, &c., of bilge-water. Bill'ion (bil'yun), n. [From Lat. bis, twice, and L. Lat. Bil'ia-ry (bIl/ya-rj), a. (B1ed.) Pertaining to the bile; millis, Fr. million, a million.] According to the French conveying the bile. method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,BI-liu'_gual, a. [Lat. bilinguis, from bis, twice, and 000,000; according to the English method, a million of BI-lin'guar, lingua, tongue, language.] Containing millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See NuJMERATION. two languages. [languages. Bll'1man, in.; pl. BYLL/MEN. One who uses a bill or Bi-lin'guois, a. Having two tongues, or spealking two hooked ax. Bil'iois (bil/yis), a. [Lat. biliosus, from bils, the bile.] Bil15w, n. [Ger. bulge, from the root belgen, to swell.] I6-od, fo'ot; irn, rude, pull; Vell, halise, tall, echo; gem, get; a; eJist; linger, liink; this. BILLOWY 68 BIRTH A great wave or surge of the sea, occasioned usually by Bi-'lPo-;y, s. [Gr. fPos, life, and A~yoe, discourse.] The violent wind. science of life - often applied to a theory based on the ]BUlTw-y, a. Swelling, or swelled into large waves. assumption that there is a life-force, which obeys laws Bill'-stick/er, n. One who posts up bills, or placards, analogous to those of magnetism, and through which one in public places. individual may, under certain conditions, control the BI1'ly, n. A watchman's club. [ Cant.] mental states and actions of another. BRi'libed, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. lobed, lobate, Bi-pii'rou s, or Blpta-roiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Bi-16'bate, j q. v.] (Bot.) Divided into two lobes. parere, to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth. Bi-16ea'u-lar, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and loculus, a little Bl-pair'tl-ble, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and partibilis, parplace, dim. of locus, place.] (Bot.) Divided into, or Bi-piir'tile, tilis, divisible.] Capable of being dicontaining, two cells. vided into two parts. Bi-mi'tnoios, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and manus, hand.] Bi-par'tite, or Bip'ar-tite, a. [Lat. bipartitas, p. p. (Zobl.) Having two hands. of bipartire, from bis, twice, and partire, to divide.] 1. Bl-m'di-al, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. medial, q. Having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract, one v.] (Geom.) Wrhen two lines commensurable only in for each party. 2. Divided into two parts, as a leaf. power (as the side and diagonal of a square) are added Bi/'pir-ti'tion (-tish/un), n. Act of dividing into two together, and the sum is incommensurable in respect to parts. either, the sum is called by Euclid a bimnedial line. Bilped, n. [Lat. bipes, from bis, twice, and pes, pedis, Bl-3mdll sals ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. mensal, foot.] An animal having two feet, as man. ]RI-mdsltri-al. Bi-ph'dal, a. Havin g two feet or the length of two Bi-mnth'ly, q v Occurring once in two months. Bped, a. two feet or the length of two Bill, n. [A.-S. binn, manger, crib, W. benn, men, wain, Bi-pn'tnate, I a. [Lat. his, twice, and Eng. pencart.] A box or inclosed place, used as a repository of Bi-pdi'ntIn-ted, J Sate, q. v.] Having two wings. any commodity. Bli-pet'al-oiis, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. petalous, B3i'na-ry, a. [Lat. binaries, from bini, two by two, two q. v.] (Bot.) Having two flower-leaves or petals. and two.] Compounded of two; double. Bi-pIntnate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinlate, Binary a rithlhetic, that in which two figures only, 0 and 1, Bi-plin'la-ted, piiLnated.] (Bot.) Twice pinnate. are used, in lieu of ten. — Binary compounsd (Cheis.), a com Bi/pin-nitPi-fiad, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. pinnatpound of two elements. ijld.] (tBot.) Doubly pinnatifid. Bi'nate, a. [N. Lat. binatlts, from Lat. bini, two and BI-pli'eate, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and plicare, to fold.] two.] (Bot.) Being double or in couples; growing in Twice folded together. pairs,. t.. BOUNDpon p. formerly a. Relating to books printed at DeuxB113td, a. t. [-imp. BOUND; pe. p. BOUND, formerly Bi-p6nt'ine, J ponts, or Bipontium, in Holland. BOUNIDEN; p. pr. & ab. n. BINDING.] [A.-S. bindan, BI-quadltrate, at.[Lat. bis, twic, and Eg. quadrate, Goth. binsdaln, Skr. bandil.] 1. To tie together, or con- Bi/lquad-rtit-ie, q. v.] (M1ath.) The fourth power, fine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, kc. 2. In a arisin} from tho multiplication of a square number or more general sense, to confine, restrain or hold by quantity by itself. physical force or influence of any kind. i. To prevent B'lqcuad-rht'ie, a. Pertaining to the biquadratic, or or restrain from customary or natural action. 4. To fourth power. protect or strengthen by a band or border. 5. To sew IBi-rS'di-iite, I a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. radiate, or fasten together, and inclose in a cover. 6. To place Bi-ri'tdi-i/adte d, radiated, q. v.] Having two rays. under legal obligation to serve. Birch (18), n. [A.-S. birce, Icel. biorkc; 0. H. Ger. piriTo bind offer, to oblige by bond to appear at a court. - To cha; Russ. bereza.] A tree of several species. The smaller bind np) in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with. branches of the common European birch, being tough Bidndl, v. i. 1. To contract; to grow hard or stiff. 2. and slender, were formerly much used for rods, especially To be restrained from motion, or from customary or in schools. natural action. 3. To be obligatory. Birch, I a. Made of birch; consisting of birch; perBind, is. A stalk of hops, so called from its winding Birchlen, i taining to birch. round a pole or tree, or being bound to it. Bird (18), n. [A.-S. bird, or brid, young of any animal, Bind'er, n. 1. A person who binds; one whose trade brood. Cf. Eng. breed and brood.] Properly, a chicken; is to bind, as books. 2. Any thing that binds; abandage. the young of a fowl; and hence, in modern use, a twoBl3ndler-y, so. A place where books or other articles are legged, feathered, flying animal, oviparous and vertebound. [An Americanism.] brated. Blind'ing, a. Having power to bind or Bird, vo. i. To catch or shoot birds. oblige; obligatory. Bird' —eiige, n. A cage for keeping birds confined. Bnlladillg, is. 1. Act of fastening with ( ) ) Bird'-eall, n. 1. A little stick cleft at one end, in a band.'2. Any thing that binds, as a which is put a leaf of some plant, for imitating the cry bandage, the cover of a book, or something of birds.'2. A very short metal cylinder, having a cirused to secure the edge of cloth from rav- cular plate with a small aperture in the center fastened eling. to each end; —used to decoy birds. Bindt'-weed, n. (Bot.) A plant of differ- Bird'-f ngAill-er, n. One who rears or collects rare or ent species, of the genus Convolvulous. curious birds, or keeps them for sale. Bin'nla-ele, n. [For bittacle, corrupt. from Bird'-lime, n. A viscous substance used to catch birds. Fr. hlabitacle, habitation; Lat. Ihabitacuc- it Bird-of-pbrt'a-dise, it. A lam, from habitare, to dwell.] (Nauzt.) A perching bird of several spebox containing the compass of a ship, and cies, found in Nev Guinea. a light to show it at night. Binnacle. Bird''-eye a. Seen fromGuna Blnto-ele (bn'/o-kl), n. [Lat. binsi, two and two, and above, as if by a flying bird; oculus, eye.] (Opt.) A telescope, fitted with two tubes hence, general; not entering joining. into details. Bi-n6ctu-lar, a. 1. Having two eyes. 2. With, or per- Bird'st-eye MlA[/ple. Wood taining to, both eyes. 3. Adapted to the use of both eyes. of the sugar-maple, full of Bi-nbe'u-late, a. Having two eyes. little knotty spots somewhat Bl-lnotmi-al, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and nomen, name.] resembling birds' eyes. (Alg.) An expression consisting of two termus connected Bird'~tndst, s. The nest in by the sign plus or minus; as, a -}- b, or 7- 3. which a bird lays eggs. Bi-n~otmi-al, a. Consisting of two terms; -pertaining B1i'reme, n. [Lat. biremis; to binomials. bis, twice, and remus, oar.] A Bi-6 g'ra-pher, n. [See BIOGRAPHY.] One who writes vessel with two tiers of oars. the life of a particular person. Birth (18), n. [A.-S. beordh, Bilo-grAph'ie, } a. Pertaining to, or containing byrd, from berasn, beoran, to Bird-of-paradise. Bi'o-grfAph'i al, J biography. [raphy. bear, bring forth; Goth. gabaurths.] 1. Act of comBl/o-griiph'ie-al-ly, adv. In the manner of a biog- ing into life, or of being born. 2. Lineage; extracBi-6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /3io, life, and ypaiqenv, to write.] tion; sometimes noble extraction. 3. Natural state or 1. The history of the life and character of a particular position. 4. Act of bringing forth. 5. That which is person. 2. Biographical writings in general. born, or produced, whether animal or vegetable. 6. Bi/o-ii5'ie-al, a. Pertaining to biology. Origin; beginning. a, a, &c., long; A, e, &c., short; cAre, f1ir, Ask, all, what; 6re, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, dQ, wQlf, BIRTHDAY 69 BITUMINIZE New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a Bit, n. [A.-S. bhate, from bitan? to bite.] The iron mouth. religious life. piece of a bridle, to which the reins are fastened. Birth'dly, n. 1; The day in which any person is born. Bit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BITTED; p. pr. & vb. n. BIT2. The anniversary of one's birth. TING.] To put a bit in the mouth of. Birtht-mark, n. Some peculiar mark or blemish on Bit, int. & p. p. of bite. See BITE. the body at birth. [of origin. Bit, n. [A.-S. bit, bite, from bitan, to bite.] 1. A mouthBirtha'pl ee, st. The place where a person is born; place ful; a morsel; a bite; hence, a small piece of any thing; Birthlright (-rit), sn. Any right or privilege to which a a little; a mite. 2. A small coin of the West Indies, person is entitled by birth. -worth about ten cents; also applied in the Southern Bls'euit (bis/kit), n. [Lat. bis, twice, and coctluts, p. p. of States to a silver coin, the eighth of a dollar. 3. A small coqsere, to cook, bake.] 1. A kind of unfermented bread instrument, of various forms and sizes, for boring. baked hard. 2. A kind of small, baked cake, usually Bitch, n. [A.-S. bicce.] 1. The female of the canine fermented, made of flour, milk, &c. 3. Earthen ware kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. A name of reor porcelain which has undergone the first baking, be- proach for a woman. fore it is subjected to the process of glazing. Bite, v. t. [imp. & p.p. BIT, BITTEN;p.pr. & tb. st BITING.] [A.-S. bitan, Goth. beitasn.] 1. To cut, crush,.Meat biscuit, matters extracted from meat by boiling, com- or seize with the teeth. 2. To cause sharp pain, or bined with flour, smarting to, in a literal or a figurative sense. 3. To ]Bi-stet',. t. [ imp. & p. p. BISECTED; p. pr. & b. cheat; to trick. 4. To take hold of; to adhere to. as. BISECTING.] [Lat. bis, twice, and secare, sectum, To bite in (Etching), to eat into metallic plates by means of to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. (Geom.) an acid. - To bite the dust, or the ground, to fihll in the agonies To divide into two equal parts. of death. Bi-sde*tion, n. Act of bisecting. Bl-sde'tion, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and tng. segmegt,]Bite, v. i. 1. To seize or wound,with the teeth or mouth. Bi-s6gtm ent, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. segmeltt, 2 To cause hurt, pain, or injury of any sort. q. v.] One of the parts of a line, or other magnitude, 2. To cause hurt, pain, or ithnjury of any ort. divided into two equal parts. Bte, n. 1. Act of seizing with the eth or mouth. 2. Bi-sdxru-al (-sdk/sh!l-al), a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. The wound made by the teeth, or by something analoserczt, q. v.] ( aBot ) Bteinig of both sexes. gous. 3. A morsel; a mouthful. 4. The hold or purshatop, q. [A.-S. bisceop, bscop, Goth. apskatpus, fr. chase of a tool. 5. A cheat, a trick. 6. A sharper; Bish'op, si. [A.-S. bisceop, biscop, Coth. aipiskaapas, fr. one who cheats. Gr. E7ri-cKO7ros, 6r, over, and ecosr6i, inspector, from Bt'er, a. Onewho, or that which,bites. rcorerv7 srgrTreo(Oa5t to view.] 1. An overseer; a spir- Bit'ing, a. Sharp; severe; sarcastic; caustic. itual superintendent, or director. 2. In Episcopal usage, Bit'ing-in, is. (Etchisng.) The process of corroding methe highest of the three orders of the Christian ministry. tallic plates, by means of an acid. Bish'op, sn. 1. A mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar. Bltt, v, t. (Nat,.) To put round the bitts.'2. An article of a lady's dress; a bustle; a tournure. Bittta-ele (bitlta-kl), n. [See BINNACLE.] The box Bishtop, a. t. To confirm; to admit solemnly into the for the compass on board a ship. church; hence, to receive formally to favor. Bit'ter, a. [A.-S. biter, Goth. baitrs; from bite, v. t.] 1. Bish'eop-rie, a. [bishop and ric; A.-S. bisceoprice.] 1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like wormwood. A diocese; the district over which the jurisdiction of a 2. Causing pain or smart to the sense of feeling. 3. bishop extends,. 2. Office of bishop. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind. Bi'smuth, n. [Ger. bissnzutlh, wisslutlh, 0. Ger. woesemot.] 4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty. X. A metal of a reddish-white color, crystallizing in rhom- Mournful; distressing; pitiable. bohedrons, which look nearly like cubes. It is somewhbt Syn.-Sharp; severe; cruel; calamitous; poignant; reharder than lead, and rather brittle. Specific gravity, 8. proachful. Bitmuth-al, a. Consisting of bismuth, or containing it. Bi'-muthiae, a. Pertaining to bismuth. Bot'ter, n. [See BITTS.] (ANaut.) A turn of the cable ls~~i'~son (s ~n), ~ a. [Gr. ~which is round the bitts. /,isonv, 0. iler. [Gr. Bittter-ish, a. Somewhat bitter. ft-vOV, O. H. Ger. ~wiosuznts, X S Bit'ter-ish-ness,,. Quality of being moderately bitter. A.-S. wesend, Icel. qisA~-S. w~senc, Icel. a~- Blt'ter-ly, adv. In a bitter manner. undr.] (Zoel.) A quadru- Bt'te,. g. bittrbittr ped inhabiting the inte-* It. [at. tbithe, tier, bttoris, for rior ofNorth America,es- N. taet. butaorus, bustaors, forLat. pecially about the Rockiy gN. Lat. betaurus, bota urus, Lat. pecially about the Rocky tanurs.] (Or ilk.) A widlingM~ountains. - - bird of Europe, related to the Itis popularly called —- i herons. It makes a singular the buff'alo; but the true - noise, which has been thought ebuffalo belongs to the edst-: E to resemble the lowing of a bull. ern continent; and to a different subdivision of the American Bison. Bit'tern, n. [From bitter.] 1. same genus. The brine which remains in salt works after the salt is concreted. Bis-sdx'tile (-slks/til), n. [Lat. bissextiis, fr. bissextus 2. A very bitter compound of (bis and sextns), the sixth of the calends of March, or qua2sia, cocculus indicus, kc twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned Bit ter-esa sc. LState or altwice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.] ity of being bitter, either in a lit- Bittern. Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day is added to era or figurative sense. 2. A state of extreme impiety. the month of February. Blt'ter., n. pl. A liquor, generally spirituous, in which Bis-sdxftile, a. Pertaining to leap year. bitter herbs or roots are steeped. BPis'ter,. [Fr. bistre, perhaps fr. bis, brown, swarthy. Bit'ter-spr, n. A sparry mineral, consisting of car1Bis'tre, ) Cf., however, L. Ger. biester, frowning, dark, bonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia. ugly. See also BOISTEROUS.] (Paint.) A dark-brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood. aN- It is itself tasteless; and is called bitter-spar because it Bis'tiort, n. [Pr. tistorte, It. & N. Lat. bistorta; tat. contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. bis, twice, and tortus, p. p. of torqutere, to twist.] (~Bot.) Bit'ter-sweet, n. (Beot.) A slender, climbing plant, A plant, in popular language called snake-weed. whose root, when chewed, produces first a bitter, then a Bisttou-ry (bis/t!p-ry), n. [From Pistoria, now Pistoja, sweet taste. in Tuscany, where it was first manufactured.] A surgi- Bitts, n. pl. [From the same root as bite. Cf. BIT, in.] cal instrument for making incisions. (Naiut.) A frame of two strong pieces of timber on which Bl-sAlteate, a. [From Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. sulcate, to fasten the cables. q. v.] 1. Two-furrowed. 2. (Zoel.) Cloven-footed. Bi-titmen, n. [Lat. bitumen.] Mineral pitch, a subBl-siilleous, a. [Lat. bisulcus, fr. bis, twice, and slcus, stance having a pitch-like odor, and burning readily furrow.] Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen; bisulcate. with a bright flame, without any residue. Bi-siiltphate (45), n. [Lat. bis and Eng. stulphate.] BI-ti'mi-nite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BITUiMIINATED; p. ( Chem.) A sulphate having two equivalents of sulphuric pr. & vb. it. BITUMINATING.] To impregnate with bituacid to one of the base. men. Bi-siliphu-ret, $s. [From Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. Bi-ta'nmi-nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BITUBINIZED; p. sulphuret, q. v.] (Clhem.) A sulphuret with two atoms pr. & vb. n. BITUMINIZING.] To form into or inapregof sulphur, as the electro-negative ingredient. nate with bitumen. fobod, fodot; tirl, rude, pullI; Vell, Vhaise, eall, eeho; gem, get; as; epist; linger, link; this. BITUMINOUS 70 BLAMELESS Bi-t!'mi-noits, a. Having the qualities of bitumen; Blick'en, a. i. To grow black or dark. compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen. Black'fish, n. 1. A fish caught on the rocky shores of 3i3vfvilve, n. [Lat. his, twice, and valva, valve.] 1. New England; the tautog. 2. A small kind of whale. (Zoel.) A molluscous animal, having a shell consisting ]BlRck'-flfix, n. A mixture of carbonate of potash and of two parts or valves; or a shell consisting of two parts, charcoal. [der. which open and shut. 2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which IBlack'-frl/ar, n. (Ecel.) A friar of the Dominican orthe seed-case opens or splits into two parts or valves. Black'-grass, n. A kind of coarse grass. Bi'vfiIve, a. Having two valves which open and BlAk'gubrd (bldg/gird), n. [Orig. the guard of the Bi'valved, shut, as the oyster, or which open at devil; thence, a fit attendant on the devil, and then a IBi-vrlv'oAis niaturity, as the seed-vessels of cer- dirty fellow of the meanest kind.] 1. The scullions and Bi-vAlv'u-lr, tain plants. lower menials of a court. LObs.] 2. Hence, a person Bvnltral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and Eng. ventral, q. v.] of low character, accustomed to use scurrilous language. Having two bellies. Blckktguard (bldg/gird), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLACIKBiv'i-oits, or BI'vi-ois, a. [Lat. bivius; bis, twice, GUARDED; p. pr. & vb. n. BLACKGUARDING.] To reand,ia, way.] Having, or leading, two ways. vile in scurrilous language. [guard. Blv'oudie (blv/wak), n. [Fr., from H. Ger. beiwache; Bl~Ack'guhrd-im, n. Conduct or language of a blackbei, by, near, and wache, watch, guard.] (Altil.) (a.) BilAckniig, so. A preparation used for blacking shoes, The guard or watch of a whole army. (b.) An encamp- boots, &c., variously made. [dark. ment without tents or covering. Blickkish, a. Somewhat black; moderately black or 1lBv'oud6e (-wdk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BIVOUACKED; p. Bl1Ack'-jfck, n. 1. A mineral ore, called also false pr. & vb. n. BIVOUACKING.] To watch or be on guard, galena. It is the sulphuret of zinc, ozinorinc-blende. 2. as a whole army; to encamp without tents or covering. A species of oak, called also barren oak. BIP-week/ly, a. Occurring once in every two weeks. BlAck-lMad', n. [From its color, and from making Bizas-se (be-zdr/), a. [Fr., of Basque-Iberian origin.] a mark on paper like lead.] A mineral composed of carOdd in manner or appearance; fantastical; whimsical. bon; plumbago; graphite. Blib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLABBED; p. pr. & vb. n. B1lAck'llg, n. A notorious gambler and cheat. BLABBING.] [Ger. blappen, blappern, plappern, 0. Eng. IBlack'-1lt/ter, n. The old English or modern Gothic blabber, to talk idly.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or letter, in which early manuscripts were written, and the indiscreetly. [to tattle. first books were printed. Bl.b, a. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion; ]BlAck'-l6t/ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black-letBlib, n. One who blabs; a babbler; a telltale. ter. 2. Studious of books in black-letter; that is, of Blilb'ber, n. A tattler; a telltale. old books. Black, a. [A.-S. blxc, blac, black. This word ought not BliAck'ly, ada. Darkly; gloomily; atrociously. to be confoundedwith A.-S. blc,Eng. bleak. SeeBLEAK.] IBlfrck'-mlll, so. 1. A certain rate of money, cattle, or 1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting iti of the other thing, anciently paid to certain lawless men, for color of soot or coal. 2. In a less literal sense, very protection from pillage. a. Extortion of money from a dark or gloomy. 3. (Fig.) Dismal, gloomy, or forbid- person by threats. [Amer.] ding, like darkness; destitute of moral light or goodness. Blibck'-miir/tin, n. A bird belonging to a sub-family Blick, n. 1. The darkest color, or rather a destitution of the swallows. of all color. 2. A negro; a person whose skin is black. Blclckiness, n. The quality of being black, in a literal 3. A black dress, or mourning. or a figurative sense. [suet, & c. is black and white, in writing or print. Bl ack'-13~d'ding, n. A kind of sausagemade of blood, BItck, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLACKED (blakt); p. pr. & lAickta'rod, n. The usher belonging to the order of the vb. so. BLACKING.] To make black; to blacken. Garter; so called from the bbick rod he carries. [Esg.] Biisk3'lM-rt, s. Conjuration; magic. Bliicakrist, n. A disease of wheat. i-P' This name was given in the middle ages to necromancy, iBltck'smlth,. A smith who works in iron, and makes under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger, iron utensils; an iron-smith. black, instead of Yecp6s, a dead person, and ptavrea, divina- Blcak'-sniiake, n. A serpent of a black color; two tion. species are found in America. [molasses. BlAka-m r, B. [black and moor.] A negro a black. B k-strAp, n. A mixture of spirituous liquor and Bfl,~~ckta-m (Vor,n. [black; and moor.] A negro;ablack. 1Ll'.iB,1. knoprh BlAck'ball, n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, Bllkitill, s. A kind of perch. boots, 8Si. 2. A ball of black color, used as a negative Black'thirn, n. (Bot.) A spiny plant bearing a small in voting, black fruit. It is much used for hedges. in votinf;. H~~~~~~~~l.:ckt-lv~m/it, n.. A vomi~ting of da~rk-coloredl matter; ]Black'ball, a. t. [imp. & iP. p. BLACKBALLED; p. pr. Bick'.v6m'it, s. A vomiting of dark-colored matter; & vi. 50. "BLACKBALLING] To reject by puttingE black- or the substance so discharged; one of the most fatal.~ zb. 12."BLACKBALLING] T0 reject by putting black- smtm nylo ee. balls into a ballot-box, symptoms in yellow fever. balls into a ballot-box. BltA~k'bdr-ry, n. The berry of the bramble; a popular IBak Wallaut. A well-known American tree, the wood of wlhich is of a dark color. name applied to different species of the genus _Rubus, and Blicldr,. [A-S. dre, coddre. The root is A-S. their fruit. ~~~~~~~Blrid'der' n. [A.-S. blxedre, bladdre. The root is A.-S. their fruit. Bleck'blrd, o. (Orsith.) In ilawan, to blow, flare.] (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some secreted fluid. snglangd, species of thrush, auBlte n. [A.-S. bled, that which springs forth, as a viiery loud. In Americann, this shoot, branch, leaf, fruit.] 1. Properly, the leaf, or fiat name is given to different birds, part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous as to the Qoogisvetos aferseiobor, or plants. 2. The cutting part of an instrument. 3. The crowoblackirdcand tetheArge orbroad part of an oar. 4. (Anat.) The scapula, or scapacrow blpckbirdc, nd to the Ardge- ular bone. 5. A bright, sharp-witted, dashing fellow; laius phozniceus, or red-winged a rake. [shoulder. blackbird. ~~~~~~~~~~~ a rake. [shoulder. Blaick'biard, I. Aboard.used BBlde'-bl ne, n. The scapula, or upper bone in the Bli~ckfb~ard, n. A board used B~ld.p L aigabaeo lds.(1i. to write or draw on with chalk. Blackbird. B d'ed,.. 1. Having a blae or blades.. (i.) BlAck'-bdlok (27), n. 1. One of several books of a po- Composed of long, narrow plates. litical character, published at different times and for linlam,. [A-S. lege, fronr alw, to blow, are. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a pustule; a blister. different purposes; - so called either from the color of Blifmma-te, a. Deserving of censure faulty; culpable the binding, or from the character of the contents. 2. rphble aesrv A book kept at a university for the purpose of registering reprehensible; blameorthy. crimes and misdemeanors. 3. Any book which treats Bllaa'a-ble-ness, n. State of being blamable. of necromeadmdmnr 3 nbowiancy. Bl1m'a-bly, ada. In a manner deserving of censure. Bofnk'rmat'tle, so. Cattle of the bovine gonna reared Blme,. t. [imp. & p. p. BLAMED; p. pr. & ab. n. Bl~ckl-e.ht/tle, n. Cattle of the bovine genus reared for slaughter, whatever their color may be. [E ng.] BLAMING.] [Fr. blamer, from Gr. /iAaoqSVieov, to pealk Bl-Ack'aeck, n. (Ornith.) A large bird, called also black- ill. See BLASPIHIEM.] To censure; to express disapgrouse and black-game. probation of; to find fault with. Bl~ck'-eidr'rasit, so. (Bot.) A garden fruit, used for B nldme, s. 1. Expression of disapprobation. 2. That jellies, jams, &c., of a black color. which is deserving of censure or disapprobation. Blfeck'en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLACKENED; p. pr. & Syn.- Censure; reprehension; condemnation; reproach; vb. n. BLACKENING.] [See BLACIK,. t.] 1. To make fault; sin; crime; wrongdoing. or render black. 2. To make dark; to darken. 3. To B1ame'ful, a. Meriting blame; reprehensible. sully, as reputation; to make infamous. Bliimeq'ess, a. Without fault; not meriting censure. i, 7, &c.,long; A, d, &c.,short; care,fiir, Ask,.al l what; dre,veil, term; pique, firm; s6Sa, r, do, wolf, BLAMELESSLY 71 BLEAR-EYEDNESS. Syn. - Spotless; faultless; stainless; irreproachable; inno- A destructive or pernicious wind. 2. A forcible stream cent; guiltless, of air from an orifice; hence, the blowing necessary to ]Blimetless-ly, adv. Innocently; without fault. melt the supply of ore in a furnace. 3. Exhaust steam Bliame'less-ness, n. Freedom from fault or blame. from an engine, used to create an intense draught through Blfm'er, n. One who blames, or censures. [censure. the fire; also, any draught produced by the blast. 4. 1Blmetwor/thi-ness, (-wfr-), cn. Quality of deserving The sound made by blowing a wind instrument. 5. The Blame'wor-thy (-wfir-), a. L)eserving blame; censur- rending of rocks, &c., by the explosion of gunpowder, or able; culpable; reprehensible. the charge used for this purpose. 6. A sudden, perniBlAnch, v. t. [im??p. & p. p. BLANCIIED (blAncht); p. cious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals pr. & vb. n. BLANCHING.] [Fr. blanchir, from blanc, and plants; a blight. 7. A flatulent disease of sheep. white. Cf. BLANK.] 1. To take out the color, and Bltst, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BLASTED; p. pr. & ab. n. make white; to whiten. 2. To make white by stripping BLASTING.] 1. To injure, as by a noxious wind; to off the peel. 3. (Fig.) To give a favorable appearance. wither; to blight. 2. Hence, to affect with somne sudden iBlAnch, v. i. To grow or become white. violence, or destructive influence. 3. To confound, or BlAAnch'er, n.' 1. One who blanches or whitens. 2. strike with force, by a loud blast or din. 4. To split, as One who anneals and cleanses money. by an explosion of gunpowder. Blanc-mange (blo-mdnj/), n. [Fr., lit. white food, BlAst'ed, a. Confounded; accursed; detestable; -a vul-.Blanc-manger from blanc, white, >and manger, to gar term of imprecation. eat.] A preparation of dissolved isinglass, or sea-moss, BlAst'er, a. One who blasts or destroys. milk, sugar, cinnamon, &c., boiled till thick. Blast'-ffir/nace, it. (iTech.) A furnace for smelting, in [Blaind, a. [Lat. blandus.] Producin'g a pleasing impres- which the supply of air is furnished by a powerful belsion by soft or soothing qualities. lows, or other pneumatic apparatus. Syn.- Mild; soft; gentle; courteous. BlAst'l-pipe, n. The exhaust pipe of a steam-engine. Blii'tant, a. [Prov. Eng. blate, to bellow.] Bellowing, ]Blan-dil'o-quenaea, n. [Lat. blandiloquentia; blanedus, as a calf; noisy; bawling; brawling. mild, and loqli, to speak.] Fair, mild, flattering speech. Blltftter, a. I. [Ger. blaltersz, Lat. blaterare, to babble.] Bland'iish, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BLANDISHED; p. pr. & To patter; hence, to make a senseless noise, to rail. vb. n. BLANDISHING.] [O. Eneg. blandise, Lat. blasLdiri, B[laze, n. [A.-S. blxse, from blesan-, to blow, flare.] 1. from blandus, mild, flattering.] To flatter by kind words The stream of light and heat from any body when burnor affectionate actions; to soften; to caress. [ressingly. ing; flame. 2. Light, as from flame. 3. A white spot Bllnld'ish, a. i. To act or speak affectionately, or ca- on the forehead or face of a horse. 4. A spot made on Bl'Lnd'islh-er, i. One who flatters with soft words. trees by chipping off a piece of the bark. [Amer.] 5. Bliind'ish-ment, It. Words or actions expressive of Wide and sudden diffusion and display. affection or kindness; artful caresses. Blznd'ness, n. State or quality of being bland. Syn. - Flame. — A blaze and a #flame are both produced by ~BBli~k a. [Ger. hblokE, shining, bright, white, Icel. burnig gas, but the former gives light and tlhelatterheat,-tlh - ]ll 7* - one shines and the other burns. blaokr, allied to Ger. blinken, to shine, glitter.] 1. Of a white or pale color. 2. Hence, pale from fear or terror; Blaze, z. i. [isnp. & p. p. BLAZED; p. pr. & ab. n. dispirited dejected. 3. Lacking something; void; BLAZING.] 1. To shine with flame. 2. To send forth empty. 4. Without mixture with anything else; pure. a bright and expanded light. 3. To be conspicuous. Blank cartridge, a cartridge filled with powder, but without MBlize, a. t. 1. To make public far and wide. 2. To ball. - Blcank insdorsenent (Law), one which omits the name mark, as a tree, by chipping off a piece of the bark. 3. of the person in whose favor it is made. - Blank verse, verse or To designate by blazing. poetry without rhyme; particularly the heroic verse of five feet Bla zer, I. One who publishes and spreads reports. without rhyme. Bllz'ing-sti r, n. A comet. Bslinlk, n. 1. Any void space; a void space in any Blitzon (bl/zn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLAZONED; p. pr. written or printed instrument. 2. A ticket in a lottery & vb. n. BLAZONING.] [See infra. 1. To display; to on which no prize is indicated. 3. A paper unwritten; exhibit conspicuously. 2. To deck; to embellish; to a blank ballot. 4. A paper containing the substance of adorn. 3. To explain in proper terms, as the figures on a legal instrument, with vacant spaces left to be filled armorial ensigns. with names, date, &c. 5. The point of a target at which BlR/zon, n. [Fr. & Sp. blason, from A.-S. blxwse, Eng. aim is taken, marked with a white spot. 6. (l1ecch.) A blaze, torch, i. e., splendor. See BLAZE:.] 1. Art of piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a drawing, describing, or explaining coats of arms. 2. The further operation, as a coin, a woodsorew, nuts, &c. representation on coats of arms. 3. Ostentatious disBlZlnk'et, n. [Fr. blancet, from blanc, white. See play; publication; show. BLANK.] 1. A coarse, loosely woven cover, to protect BlIl'zon-er, n. One who blazons. from cold. 2. (Print.) Woolen cloth, or white baize, to Blitzon-ry, n. 1. Art of describing or explaining coats lay between the tympans. 3. A kind of pear. of arms in proper terms. 2. Exhibition of coats of arms. Blinlk'et, a. t. [imnp. & p. p. BLANKETED; p. pr. & Blea'ber-ry, cn. [Corrupted from blueberry, like bilberry, avb. n. BLANKETING.] 1. To cover with a blanket.'2. q. v.] (Bot.) A plant and its fruit, having small leaves To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. like those of box, and little purple berries. Bl~nkfet-ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. The pun- BliPach, v. t. [imp. & p.p. BLEACHED (108); p. pr. & tb. ishment of tossing in a blanket. en. BLEACHIING.] [A.-S. blxecasn, bleceasn, from bliean, BliRk'ly, adv. In a blank manner; with paleness. to shine, glitter. See BLEAK.] To make white, or whiter, [Bllk'lness, n. State of being blank; confusion. by removing the original color; to blanch; to whiten. BlAre, a. i. [Ger. blarren, bldrren, D. blaren, to bleat, to Blach, v. i. To grow white in any manner. cry, weep.] To sound loudly; to roar. BlEacher, 7n. One who bleaches. ]Blare, it. Noise; loud sound. Bleach'er-y, n. A place or establishment for bleaching. Blitrl'ney, nt. [Cf. Ir. bladar, bladaireacht, flattery.] Bl6ach'ing, n. Act or art of whitening, especially of Smooth, deceitful talk; flattery. [Irish.] whitening fabrics by chemical agents, &c. Blar'ney, v. t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. Bleak, a. [A.-S. bloc, blaec, pale, wan, from blican, to Blas-pheme' t. t. [imp. &p. p. BLASPHEMIED; p. pr. shine. See BLEACH.] 1. Without color; pale. [Obs.] & atb. n. BLASPHEMING.] [Gr. 3hXaas(pllsecv. The first 2. Desolate and exposed. 3. Cold; cheerless. syllable, /Aaor, stands for Aactn, from lAcijLA, damage, Blcak, n. [See BLAY.] (Ichth.) A small river fish, so injury from A to damage the last syllable is named from its whiteness. injury, from f~AdrrF ~, to damage; the last syllab Bleak'ly, adv. Openly as to cold and wind; desolately. the Gr. frbcte I say, I speak.] 1. To speak reproachfully Blgak'ness, n. Quality of being bleak. or impiously of, as of God, Christ, or the Holy Spirit. Blear, a. [See infra.] 1. Dim or sore with rheum - 2. To utter abuse or calumny against. applied to the eyes. 2. Causing dimness of sight. lBlas-phanme', v. i. To utter blasphemy. BlBar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLEARED; p. pr. & vb. n. Blas-phem'er, a. One who blasphemes. BLEARING.] [Cf. Sw. blira, plira, to twinkle. It may, Blts'tphe-moiis, a. Containing blasphemy; impiously however, be the same as blare, so that the orig. sense irreverent or reproachful toward God. would be, having the eyes dimmed with blaring, or cryBls'lphe-mous-ly, adv. In a blasphemous manner. ing.] 1. To affect with soreness of eyes, or a watery huBlis'phe-my, n. [Gr. lX;acruptia.] An indignity of- mor. Hence, 2. To make dim, as the sight. fered to God by reproachful, contemptuous, or irreverent Bl1are'-ee, e ss,. (Med.) A chronic inflammation words or writing. Blar'-eyed-ness, ofthe nargins of the eyelids, with BlAst, n. [A.-S. blest, a puff, from blxsan, to blow.] 1. a gummy secretion of the sebaceous humor. fdod, folot; irn, rude, pull; Vell, phaise, call, echo; gem, get; a; eist; linger, link; this. BLEAR-EYED 72 BLOCKADER Blear-eyed (-id), a. Having sore eyes; dim sighted. BLINDING.] 1. To deprive of sight or discernment. 2. Bliat, v.. [A.-S. bletan.] To cry as a sheep. To obscure to the eye or understanding; to deceive. Blieat, n. The cry or noise of a sheep. Blind, n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out Bled, imp. & p. p. of bleed. See BLEED. light; a screen. 2. Something to mislead the- eye or Bleed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLED; p. pr. & vb. n. BLEED- the understanding. ING.] [A.-S. bledan. See BLOOD.] 1. To lose blood, Blind'er, n. 1. One who blinds. 2. One of the broad by whatever means. 2. To die a violent death, or by pieces of leather on a bridle near the eyes of a horse, to slaughter. 3. To drop, as blood, from an incision; to lose hinder him from seeing on the side. sap, gum, or juice. 4. To pay or lose money. [ Colloq.] Blind'fi1ld, a. Having the eyes covered; blinded; hayThe heart bleeds, a phrase denoting great sympathy or pity. ing the mental eye darkened. Blindtflld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLINDFOLDED; p. pr. Bleed, v. t. 1. To take blood from by opening a vein. & 1b.. BLINDFOLDING.] TO cover the eyes of; to 2'. To lose, as blood; to let drop, as juice, sap, or gum. hinder from seeing. 3. To draw money from one. [Colloq.] [rhage. Blind'ly, adv. 1. Without sight or understanding. 2. Bleedling, a. A running or issuing of blood; a hemor- Without discernment or examination. Bldm'ish, t. [. [imp. & p. p. BLEMISHED (108); P. pr. Blind'.m pn'g-bu61f, i. A play in which one person is & tvb. n. BLEMISIIING.] [O. Fr. blemir, blesmir; bleme, blindfolded, and hunts out the rest of the company. blesme, pale, wan, from Icel. bl&mi, a bluish color, from Bllnd'ness, n. State or quality of being blind. bl&, blue, so that 0. Fr. blemir properly signifies to beat Blind'-side, n. Side on which one is most easily assailed. one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty.] 1. Blind'-worm (wifirm), n. A small reptile without feet, To mark with deformity; to mar, or make defective, either like a snake; - called also slow-worm. Its eyes being the body or mind. 2. To tarnish, as reputation or char- very minute, it has often been supposed to be blind. acter; to defame. [or moral. Blink, v. i. [Ger. blinken, blicken, to glance A.-S. blican, ]Blm'ish, a. Any mark of deformity, whether physical to shine.] 1. To wink; to see with the eyes half shut, Syn. - Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; or With frequent winking. 2. To glimmer, as a lamp. taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; turpitude; disgrace. Blink, a. t. [imCp. & p. p. BLINKED (blinkt); p. pr. Blenchl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLENCHED (108); p. pr. & & vb. a. BLINKING.] To shut out of sight; to avoid, or vb. n. BLENCHING.] [See BLANCH.] To shrink; to start purposely evade. back, from lack of courage or resolution; to flinch. Blink, n. 1. A glimpse or glance. 2. (N\aut.) The Blnfch, v. t. To baffle; to disconcert; to break. dazzling whiteness about the horizon occasioned by the Blnlld, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BLENDED; p. pr. & ab. ni. reflection of light from fields of ice at sea. BLENDING.] [A.-S. blanldan and blendan, to blend, blin- Blnckl'ard, n. [From blink and termination ard.] 1. dan, blendjan, to blind, Goth. blandan, to mix, Ger. blet- One who blinks. 2. That which twinkles, as a dim star. den, to blind.] To mix together; hence, to confound, so Blink'fer, n. 1. One who blinks. 2. A blind for horses; that the separate things mixed can not be distinguished. hence, whatever checks or obstructs sight or discernment. Blend, v. i. To be mixed; to be united. Bliss; n. [See BLESS.] The highest degree of ha ppiiees. Blende, n. [Ger., because it dazzles, from blenden, to Syn. —Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy. blind, dazzle. See sucpra.] (Min.) An ore of zinc, consist- Bllssfful, a. Full of joy and felicity supremely happy. ing of zinc and sulphur. Blisstfll-ly, ada. In a blissful manner. Bl6nd'er, n. One who blends. Biss'fAll'ness, n. Exalted happiness; bliss. Bl;n'ny, n. [Gr. lPXevor, o3AevYoe, from lPXwva, slime.] Blls'te{, n. [A corruption and modification of plaister, (Ichth/.) A fish of different species, usually of small size, plaster, q. v.] 1. A thin, watery bladder on the skin. -so called from the shining mucus covering their skin. 2. Any tumor made by the separation of the film or Bldnt, p. p. of blend. See BLEND. skin, as on plants; or by the swelling of the substance Bless, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLESSED or BLEST; p. pr. & at the surface, as on steel. 3. A vesicatory; a plaster aib. cn. BLESSING.] [A.-S. bletsjac, blessjan; blidhs, bliss, applied to raise a blister. joy, from blidhe, blithe.] 1. To make happy, blithesome, BlIs'ter, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BLISTERED; p. pr. & vb. n. or joyous. 2. To invoke a blessing upon. 3. (Bib.) BLISTERING.] 1. To raise blisters upon. 2. To give To praise, or glorify, for benefits. pain to, as if by a blister. Bl1ss'ed (60), a. 1. Enjoying happiness or bliss; favored Blis'ter, a. i. To rise in blisters. with blessings; happy. 2. Imparting happiness or bliss. Blithe, a. [A.-S. blidhe, Goth. bleiths.] Gay; merry, 3. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness. 4. joyous; sprightly; mirthful. Hallowed by associations; heavenly. Bhithe'ly, adv. In a blithe, or gay, joyful manner. Bliss'ed-ness, n. State of being blessed; heavenly joys. Blithe'ness, n. Quality of being blithe. Single blessedness, the unmarried state. Blithes6ome, a. Gay; merry; cheerful; blithe. Syn. -H appiness; beatitude; felicity; bliss; joy. Blithfe's6me-ness, it. Quality of being blithesome. Blss'er, n. One who blesses. Bloat, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOATED p p. pt. & bt. n. Bldss'illg, it. 1. A means of happiness; that which BLOATING.] [Perh. from p. p. of blow, to swell; blowced, promotes prosperity and welfare. 2. A wish of happiness blowt, bloat.] 1. To cause to swell or become turgid, pronounced; a benediction. as with water, air, &c. 2. To puff up; to make vain. Bl6st, a. 1. Made happy. 2. Making happy; cheering. Blat, v. i. To grow turgid, as by effusion of liquid in Blt, n. [Fr. blette.] A decayed spot on fruit. the cellular membrane; to puff out; to swell, 3Bl5toin-i~m, n. The supposed faculty of perceiving and BlIb'ber-llp, n. A thick lip. indicating subterraneous springs and currents by sensa- Bl6ck, it. [Ger. block, Icel. blbkkr, Fr. bloc.] 1. A solid tion; —so called from one Bleton. mass of wood, stone, &c. 2. The mass of wood on Blt'tinlg, n. The spotted appearance of over-ripe fruit which criminals are beheaded. 3. The wooden mold on from incipient decomposition. which hats, bonnets, &c., are shaped. 4. A connected Blew (bl), imp. of blows. See BLOW. mass or row of buildings. [Amer.] 5. A square, or Blight (blit), n. [See infra.] 1. Mildew; decay; -applied portion ofa city inclosed by streets. [Aner.] as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, 6. A system of one or more pulleys or causing the whole or a part to wither. 2. (Fig.) That sheaves, arranged in a frame. 7. Any which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes. 3. obstruction, or cause of obstruction. A species of plant-louse, destructive to fruit-trees. BlScek, av. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOCKED BlIght, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLIGHTED; p. pr. & vb. n. (blikt); p. pr. & ab. sn. BLOCKING.] 1. BLIGHTING.] [Prob. contr. from a hypoth. A.-S. be- To hinder egress or passage from or into; lihtan,to alight, fall upon, blast, fr. A.-S. lihtan, alihtan, to stop; to obstruct. 2. To secure or to alight, descend. Cf. Eng. to light upon, to fall on, support by means of blocks. strike.] To affect with blight; to blast; to frustrate. To block oet, to begin to reduce to shape. Blind, a. [A.-S. blind, Goth. blinds; allied to blend, to Block-Ade', n. [It. bloccata. See BLOCK.] mix, because obscurity arises from mixture. See BLEND.] The shutting up of a place by troops or Block (6). 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing. 2. Not having the ships, with a view to compel a surrender from hunger faculty of discernment; unable to understand or judge. and want, without regular attacks. 3. Morally depraved. 4. Having such a condition as a Block-ide', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLOCKADED; p. pr. thing would have to a blind person; indiscernible; out & ab. c. BLOCKADING.] To shut up, as a town or forof public view; private, hidden; unseen. 5. Undiscern- tress, by troops or ships, so as to compel a surrender from ing; undiscriminating; inconsiderate. hunger and want; to confine. Blind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLINDED; p. pr. & vb. n. Block-id'er, n. One who blockades. 9, e, &c., long; it, 6, &c., short; care, far, ask, all, what; ire, veil, tdrm; pique, finrm; s6n, 6r, dq., w9lf, BLOCKHEAD 73 BLOWER B1Mckt'h/ad, n. A stupid fellow; a dolt. B16od'-wvarm, a. Warm as blood; lukewarm. B1iEck'-house, n. (Mil.) A kind Bibod'y (1ifid/-), a. 1. Stained with or containing blood. of edifice of heavy timber or logs 2. Given to the shedding of blood; murderous. 3. Atfor military defense, having its tended with bloodshed. sides loop-holed for musketry. B15od'y, a. t. To stain with blood; to make bloody. Bl5cEkish, a. Like a block; de- _ B1od'y-f-ii x, n. The dysentery. [position. ficient in understanding; stupid;; Bl16od'y-mind'ed, a. Having a cruel, ferocious disdull. [manner.- B16bom, n. [Goth. blima. The rootis A.-S. bldvan, to iBl5ek'ish-ey, adv. In a stupidit blow, blossom. Cf. BLossoM.] 1. A blossom; the Bl5ckqish-ness, n. Stupidity. ~..'' flower of a plant. 2. The opening of flowers in general. Blick'-tin, n. Tin in blocks or Block-house. 3. An opening to higher perfection, analogous to that ingots. of buds into blossoms. 4. The delicate powdery coatBlfim'a-ry (bloom/-), n. [See BLOOM, a mass of iron.] ing upon certain newly-gathered fruits. 5, [A.-S. blsna, (M.anuf.) The first forge through which iron passes after a mass or lump, isenes blrna, a lump or wedge of iron.] it is melted from the ore. A mass of crude iron undergoing the first hammering. B16nde, n. [Fr. blond, blonde. Cf. A.-S. blonden-feax, Blobm, a. i. [ismsp. & p. p. BLOOMED i p. pr. & ab. n. fair-haired, prop. blended-haired. See BLEND.] A per- BLOOMING.] 1. To produce blossoms; to flower. 2. son with fair complexion, light hair, and light blue eyes. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor; B16nde, n. [Fr. blonde, from its color. See supra.] to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers. B6li-d'l-ldqeje A fine kind of lace made of silk. Bl6om'er, n. [So called from the introducer, Mrs. lli6nde, a. Ofa fair color or complexion; fair. Boomer.] 1. A costume for ladies, consisting of a very B16od (bled), n, [A.-S. bled, Goth. blDth, Icel. blIdh.. short dress, with long, loose drawers gathered round the Cf. Lat. fliutare, for ftuitare, to flow.] 1. The fluid ankle, and a broad-brimmed hat. 2. A woman who which circulates through the arteries and veins of men wears such a costume. [beauty, and vigor. and animals. 2. Hence, relation by natural descent; Bldfom'ing, a. 1. Flowering. 2. Thriving in health, kindred; consanguinity. 3. Descent; lineage; especial- B16omq'n g, n. 1. (ManufJ:) The process of making Iy, honorable birth. 4. The shedding of blood; murder; blooms, as of iron. 2. A clouded appearance which vardestruction. 5. Temper of mind; disposition; state of nish sometimes assumes upon the surface of a picture. the passions. 6. Excited feeling; passion. BIldom'y, a. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing with - Often, in this sense, accompanied with coldl or warm, or the vigor of youth. other qualifying word. Cold Eblood denotes deliberation, or Blbs'som, n. [A-S. bldsma and blbstma. Cf. BLOOM.] an absence of sudden passion. -a-si blood denotes a temper The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproinflamed or irritated. inflamed or irritated. ~~~~The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages.~ 7. A man of fire or spirit; a rake. 8. The juice of any B1sction, ith their appendmges. thing, especially if red. is'or,. i. [imp. & p. p. BLOSSOMED p. pr. & thing, l)v.U~P.p.BOD;.p & Vb. n. BLOSSOMIING.] 1. To put forth blossoms; to Bi dod(d). BLO.OD impNG]. T p. p.BLOODED; tob.lpr. & bloom; to blow; to flower. 2. To flourish and prosper. b. s1. BLOODING.] 1. To let blood from; to bleed. Bl4t, a. t. [inp. & p. p. BLOTTED; p. pr. & vb. it. 2.e To stain with blood. 3. To inure to blood, as;a BLOTTING.] [Icel. bletta.] 1. To spot, stain, or behound. [blood, spatter. 2. To stain with infamy; to disgrace; to disBl6od1'-gult'i-ness, so. The guilt or crime of shedding figure. 3. To obliterate so as to render invisible; to Ble6od'-guIlt'/y (blld/gilt/l), a. Guilty ofimurder. obscure. 4. To cause to be unseen or forgotten. B16od'-hflat, n. Heat equal to the temperature of blood, Bor about 9d 0 Fah. H eaoem a fb d Syn. - To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; destroy; canor about 980 Fahr. ~~~~~~~~eel; tarnish; disgrace. Bl6od'-hlirse, n. A horse whose blood is derived from ccl; tarnish; disgrace. the purest stock. [perature. ISBt, n. 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; blur. Bl6od'-h6t, a. 2As warm as blood in its natural teJo. An obliteration of something written or printed. 3.!B15~lth ~ t a.As warm as blood in its natural ternB16od'-hend so n. A fero- A spot in reputation; disgrace; reproach; blemish. cious, bloodthirsty variety of B16tch, n. [Cf. BLOT and BLOAT.] A pustule or dog, remarkable for the acute- eruption upon the skin. ness of its smell, and employed Bl6t'ter, ns. 1. One wiho, or that which, blots. 2. (Com.) to pursue men or animals by A waste-book, in which are registered all accounts or tracing them by the scent of.transactions in the order in which they take place. their tracks. [manner. their tracks. [manner. B~B1t'ting-piiper, so. A kind of unsized paper, serving Bl6od'i-ly, adv. In a bloody to imbibe wet ink. ll16od'i-ness, n. 1o State offii l ~ t 1i~____ B6od'i-ness, nb. 1. DsState ofBloufe (blouz), n. [Fr. blouse;-of Oriental origin: being bloody. 2. Dispositionu- ~ Bl-_-' —-- -— owe / Pers. balj&d, a garment, or simple cloth.] to shed blood; blood-thirsti- 2 ~ A light, loose over-garment. ness. Blood-lseund. ]Bl5w, n. [0. H. Ger. pluohi.] 1. A blossom; a flower. Blod'less, a. 1. Without blood; dead.. Without 2. A mass, or bed of flowers. shedding of blood. 3. Without spirit or activity. Blw, i. [Goth. bliggaas.] 1. Act of striking; more Bl6odl'less-ly, ada. Without bloodshed,. generally, the stroke. 2. A sudden or severe calamity. B16ood-ld'ter, si. One who lets blood, as in diseases; 3. An egg deposited by a fly in flesh, or the act of dea phlebotomist. positing it. 4. (Naut.) A violent wind; a gale. Bl6od'-lit/ting, n. (Plled.) Act of letting blood by A blow or blow-out, a drunken frolic. — At a blow, suddenly; opening a vein; venesection; phlebotomy. [descent. at one effort. - ib conee to blows, to engage in combat. s-Bl6od'-re-~i/tion, n. One connected by blood or Blow, v. i. [A.-S. bldvan, to blossom, 0. H. Ger.phtsohan..]`Bil6od'rtrot, n. A plant so named from the color of 1. To flower; to blossom; to bloom. 2. To sustain, its root. produce, or cause to blossom. Bl6od'shSd, n. The shedding or spilling of blood; BlPw, v. i. [imp. BLE W; p. p. aLOWN; p. pr. & zb. n. slaughter; waste of life. [derer. BLOWING.] [A.-S. blivan.] 1. To produce a current B1lod'shdd'/der, n. One who sheds blood; a mur- of air with the mouth; hence, to move, as air. 2. To Bl36od'shfd'ding, It. The crime of shedding blood. breathe hard or quick; to pant; to puff. 3. To sound Bl6od'-sh6t, a. Redandinflamed by a turgid state on being blown into. 4. To brag. [Amer. Low.] B16od'-sh&ten, of the blood-vessels, as in diseases To blow over, to pass away without effect. - To blow up, to of the eye. be broken and scattered by the explosion of gunpowder. BI 6od'-spiiVino, n. (Far.) A dilatation of the vein that B15wv,. t. 1. To throw or drive a current of air upon. runs along the inside of the hock of a horse, forming a 2. To drive by a current of air. 3. To sound, as a wind soft swelling. instrument. 4o To spread by report; to publish.,5. B16o-'-st:5noe, n. (MIin.) (a.) A green silicious stone To deposit, as eggs by flies. 6. To form by inflation; sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood; hence the to swell by injecting air.,7. To put out of breath. name. lb.) Hematite; a brown ore of iron. To blowo hot and cold, to favor a thing at one time and treat if Bl60od'l-siiP k'erP n. Any animal that sucks blood; coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and oppose. - To specibcally applied to the leech o to suffer to escape. - To blow ip, (a.) To fill with air. y(b.) To puff up. (c.) To kindle. (d.) To burst, or scatter, by Bl6od'-thirst/i-niess, n. Thirst for shedding blood; the explosion of gunpowder. (e.) To abuse or scold violently. a murderous disposition. [Colloq.]-To blow upon, to bring into disfavor or discredit. lb6od'-tlhirst/y, a. Desirous to shed blood; murderous. B15w'er, n. 1. One who blows; a smelter. 2. (Mech.) Bl6od'-v6s/sel, n. Any vessel in which blood circulates A contrivance for driving a current of air into something. in an animal body; an artery or a vein. 3. A steam-jet to exhaust partially a chimney and createo f(~od, fot; firn, rude, pill; 9ell, Vhaise, eall, echo; gem, get; ad; eist; liuger, lihk; this. BLOW-PIPE 74 BOARD a blast-draught. 4. A plate of metal used to increase ]Blin'der-buiss, a. [Probably corrupted from D. don. the current of air in a chimney or through a fire, by derbus, Ger. donnerbiichse, thunder-tube or box, gun, closing the upper part of the fireplace. musket.] 1. A short gun, with a large bore, capable of Bl5w'-pipe, ni. An instrument by which a current of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution air is driven through the flame of a lamp, so as to direct without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. the flame and concentrate the heat on some object. Bliin'der-er, n. One who is apt to blunder. [ders, ]Blowse (blouz), sn. See BLOUSE. Bliin'der-hdsad, n. A stupid fellow; one who blun]B1wt'y, a. [From blow.] Windy. Blunt, a. [Cf. Prov. Ger. bludde, a dull knife, Sw. & Blowze (blouz), n. [From the same root as blush, q. v.] Icel. blunda, to sleep.] 1. Having a thick edge or point; A ruddy, fat-faced woman. dull. 2. Dull in understanding. 3. Abrupt in address; Blowzed (blouzd), a. Ruddy-faced; blowzy. [ruddy. unceremonious. Blow'zy (blou/zy), a. Coarse and ruddy-faced; fat and Blint, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BLUNTED; p. pr. & qb. n. Blib'lber, n. [See BLEB.] The fat of whales and other BLUNTING.] 1. To dull the edge or point of. 2. To large sea animals, fiom which oil is obtained. repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of Bliblber, v. i. [imnp. & p. p. BLUBBERED; p. pr. & the mind. vb. n. BLUBBERING.] To weep noisily, or so as to dis- Blunt'ly, adv. In a blunt manner; unceremoniously. figure the face. [ing. iBlnt'ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullness. Bliib'ber, v. t. To swell or disfigure the face with weep- 2. Abruptness or coarseness of address. Blid'geoll, n. [Cf. BLOW, n.] A short stick, with Blftr, n. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a i one end loaded, or thicker and heavier than the other. stain; a blot. 2. A dim, confused appearance or vision. lBlue, n. [A.-S. bleoh, ble6, Icel. bl&r, D. blaauw, O..H. 3. A blot, stain, or injury, as to character, &c. Ger. bl&o, pl&o.] 1. The color of the clear sky; one of Bl-fr, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLURRED; p. pr. & vb. n. BLURthe seven primary colors. 2. (pl.) [Contracted firom RING.] [Probably contracted from Scot. bludder, blucther, blue devils.] Low spirits; melancholy. [ Colloq.] to blot, disfigure; Sw. pluttra, plottra, to scrawl, scribBlaie, a. 1. Of the color called blue. 2. Low in spirits; ble.] 1. To obscure without quite effacing. 2. To melancholy. 3. Severe or over-strict in morals. cause imperfection of vision in; to dim. 3. To blemish. Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BLUED; p. pr. & vb. BLUING.] Syn. —To spot; blot; disfigure; disgrace; stain; sully. To make blue; to dye of a blue color. [flowers. Blftrt, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BLURTED; p. pr. & vb. n. Bliie'billl, st.,A plant which bears blue bell-shaped BLURTING.] [Scot. bluiter, to make a rumbling noise, Bliie'ber-ry, n. (Beot.) A kind of whortleberry com- to blurt.] To utter suddenly or unadvisedly; to divulge mon in America. inconsiderately. Buie'lbird, n. ( Ornith.) A small bird, very common in MBlish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSHED (blisht); p. pr. & the United States. The upper part of the body is blue. vb. 1. BLUSHING.] [A.-S. ablisian, to blush, blysa, torch, Bluet-blosk, it. 1. A parliamentary publication, so blysige, little torch.] 1. To have a red or rosy color. 2. called from its blue paper covers, -such being commonly To redden in the cheeks or face, as from a sense of shame, used; also a book containing a list of fashionable ad- confusion, or modesty. dresses. [Eng.] 2. A book containing the names of Blsh, n 1. A red or rosy tint. 2. A red color suffusall the persons in the employment of the government, ing the cheeks or the face. 3. Sudden appearance; with the amount of their pay. [Amer.] glance; view. Bliet'-bt'tle, n. 1. (Bot.) A plant which grows among Bluslter, a. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUSTERED; p. pr. & corn. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shapedl b. n. BLUSTERING.] [Allied to blast, q. v.] 1. To flowers. 2. A fly, with a large blue belly. blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind. 2. To ]Bl1et-brdast, n. A small species of European bird. talk with noisy violence; to swagger. Blfie'-dv'oil (-dev'lz), n. p. Lowness of spirits; hy- BlUster, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm. pochondria. [ Colloq.]'. Noisy and violent or threatening talk. Blfe'-fish, t. 1. (Ichth.) A fish, often called dolphin, found in the Atlantic. 2. A fish allied to the mackerel, Syn -Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confbut larger, common off the Atlantic States; —called also Blion; bo asting; swaggering; bullying. hsorse-meckcrel. Blus'ter-er, n. A swaggerer; a bully. Briet-llght (-lit), n. A composition, burning with a ]BtA, n. [Lat. boa, bova, a kind of water-serpent, which blue flame, used as a night signal in ships, &nc. was supposed to suck cows, from bos, bovis, ox, cow; but Blue'ly, add. With a blue color, probably so called from its size.] 1. (Zool.) A genus of Bliie'ness, n. Quality of being blue, serpents. It includes the largest species of serpent, the Blue' ter,. [A corruption Boa-constrictor. 2. A round fur tippet-; -so -called ]Blief-pS/ter, n. [A corruption of blue repeater,oneof ftom its resemblance to the boa-conftrictor. the British signal flags.] (British il1arine.) A blue flag from its resemblance tor,. [N. Lat. with a white square in the center, used as a signal. B'tA eon-strestr tor,. [N. Lat. Blle'-pill, tn. (Med.) A pill of prepared mercury, used cnstrictr, from Lt. enslias an aperient, &c. gere, to draw or bind together.] Blile'-st6cki/ng, n. A literary lady; a female pedant. (Z pel.) A large and powerful serpent, sometimes thirty or forty C- This term is derived from the name given to a certain feet long, found in the tropical literary association in Dr. Johnsoni's time, consisting of ladies parts of America which crushes -s well as gentlemen. One of the leading members was a Mr. partsofAm Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. Hence these its prey to death in its coils. meetings were sportively called blie-stockisng clubs, and the Boar, n. [A.-S. bis.] The male ladies who attended them, blue-stocki7gs. of swine not castrated; speci.iBlie'-vit/ri-ol, n. (Chem.) Sulphate of copper. cally, the wild hog. Boa-constrictor. Bluff, a. [Cf. 0. Eng. bloughty, swelled, puffed.] 1. B;iard, n. [A.-S. bored Goth. baurd. Cf. A.-S. bredi Rude or coarse in manner or appearance; blustering. 2. board, plank, table, from the root of br&d, broad.] 1. Roughly frank; outspoken. 3. Steep; bold; like a bluff. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length Bluff, n. 1. A high bank presenting a steep or precipi- and breadth compared with the thickness. 2. A table tous front. 2. A game of cards. to put food upon. 3. Hence food; entertainment; - usBluff, v. t. To frighten or deter from accomplishing one's ually as furnished for pay. 4. A council, or any authorends. [Amer. Low.] ized assembly or meeting. 5. (Nlaut.) (a.) The deck of Bluifftniess, n. Quality of being bluff. [land. a vessel. (b.) The interior of a vessel. (c.) The side of a Bluiff'y, a. HIaving bluffs, or bold, projecting points of ship. (d.) The line over which a ship runs between tack Blu'ing, n. 1. Act of rendering blue. 2. Something to and tack. 6. A table or frame for a game. 7. Paper give a bluish tint, as indigo. made thick and stiff like a board. S. (pl.) The stage in Bl'ilsh, a. Blue in a small degree. a theater. Blnl'der, a. i. [imp. & p. p. BLUNDERED; p. pr. & Board and board (Neaut.), side by side. - By tfhe board, over ab. n. BLUNDERING.] [Allied to blend, q. v.] To mis- the side. Hence (Fig.), to go by the board, to suffer complete take grossly; to err through want of care or deliberation. destruction. Bluin'der, n. A gross mistake. Board, a. t. r[isp. & p.p. BOARDED; p. pr. & tb. n. Syn. —Error: mistake; bull. -An error is a wandering from BOARDING.] 1. To lay, spread, or cover with boards. the right; a smistake is the mits-taking of one thing for another, 2. To go on board of, or enter. 3. To furnish with through haste, &c.; a blunder is something more gross, a food, for compensation. 4. To place at board, for comblending or confusion of things through carelessness, ignorance pensation. or stupidity. An error may be corrected; a 7mistake may be. i. To obtain foo or iet stately for compe rectified; a blatdder is always blamed or laughed at. A bltl is Board, v.. To obtain food or diet statedly for compena verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas. sation. a, l, &c., long; a, i, &c., short; cre, fr, isk, all, what; ire, veil, tirm; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, dq, wolf, BOARDER 75 BOISTEROUS ]Bard'er, n. 1. One who takes his meals at another's strument with an eye, fot drawing tape or ribbon through table for pay. 2. (Naut.) One who boards a ship. a loop. Bbard'ing-llouse, n. A house for boarders. Bid'y, n. [A.-S. bodig.] 1. The material substance of ]Bard'ing-seh(dol (-skTYol), n. A school in which the an animal, whether living or dead. 2. The principal scholars receive board and lodging as well as -instruction. part, as of an animal, tree, army, country, &c., in disBoard'-wi/'Aet, n. pi. Wages allowed to servants to tinction from parts subordinate or less important. 3. A keep themselves in victuals. person; a human being. 4. A collective mass of indiBIar'ish, a. [From boar.] Swinish; brutal; cruel. viduals; a corporation. 5. A number of things or parBI[;ast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BOASTED; p. pr. & vb. n. ticulars taken together; a system. 6. Any mass or porBOASTING.] [O. Eng. bost. Cf. Ger. bausen, baueschen, tion of matter. 7. (Paint.) Consistency; thickness. banzsten, to swell.] To vaunt one's self; to exalt, or ex- S. Strength, or characteristic quality. travagantly praise one's self. Bod'y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BODIED; p. pr. & qvb. n. BODYING.] To produce in definite shape; to embody. vuntBd'y —eltle2, n. pl. Clothing or covering for the bhast, v. t. 1. To speak of with pride, vanity, or exul- body, as for a horse. tation. 2. Reflexively, to magnify or exalt one's self. B6d'y-eBat, n. A gentleman's dress-coat. Boast, nt. 1. Expression of ostentation, pride, or vanity. B6d'y-e61/or, n. (Paint.) Color that has body, or con2. The cause or occasion of boasting. sistence, in distinction from a tint or wash. MBast'er, it. One who boasts; a braggart; braggadocio. Bbd'y-guard, n. A guard to protect or defend the perBMast'f -l, a. Given to boasting. son; a life-guard. Bbast'fill-ly, adv. In a boastful manner. Bbd'y-snatchler, n. One who robs graves of dead Biast'fil-ness, n. State or quality of being boastful. bodies for the purposes of dissection. 3B3at (203, n. [A.-S. bdt, Icel. bdtr.] 1. A small open Bce-i'tian, a. (Geog.) Pertaining to Boeotia, which was vessel, usually moved by oars, or rowing, but often by a noted for its moist, thick atmosphere; or to its inhabisail. 2. Hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet tants, who were noted for dullness and stupidity. descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion. MBg, 2c. [Ir. & Gael. bog, soft, moist.] A quagmire covBMat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOATED; p. pr. & vb. n. ered with grass or other plants; a marsh; a morass. BOATING.] To transport in a boat. B6g, v. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire. Boat, v. i. T o go in a boat. B51gey, it. [See BUG.] A hobgoblin; a bugbear; a Bbat'a-ble, a. Navigable for boats, or small craft. B5tgy,' specter; a frightful apparition; a nursery Bbat'-blll, c. A species of wading bird, a native of the B'gle, [ ghost or demon, whose name was formerly tropical parts of South America. It has a bill four inches BMg'gle, used to frighten children. long, not unlike a boat with the keel uppermost. Bog'gle, v. i. [inp. & p. p. BOGGLED; p. pr. & avb. n. B;oat'-hodok, n. (Naunt.) An iron hook with a point on BOGGLING.] [See BOGLE, n.] To exhibit hesitancy. the back, fixed to a long pole to pull or push a boat.- To doubt I-t'7 I. I Syn.-To doubt: hesit..te: waver: vacillate: shrink. Boatstman, n. A man who manages a boat. -- Bg'gler, n. One who boggles. Bbat'swain (colloqucially, bO/sn), a. [A.-S. b~tsw&a; Bog'gy, a. Containing bogs; full of bogs; swampy. bat, boat, and szcan, swain, servant.] (Naut.) An officer BWg'-Bre, n. (Miin.) (a.) An ore of iron found in boggy who has charge of a ship's boats, sails, rigging, colors, or swampy land. (b.) Bog manganese. &c., and who also performs various other duties. Bogt-spfv'in, nc. (Far.) An encysted tumor on the iniB6b, n. [An onomatopoetic word.] 1. Any thing that side of the hough. plays loosely, or with a short, abrupt motion, as at the Big'-tr6tter, n. One who lives in a boggy country; - end of a string. 2. Bait used in angling, as for eels. formerly applied in derision to Irish robbers. 3. The ball or weight at the end of a pendulum or a B5'gus, a. [A corruption of Borghese, the name of a plumb-line. 4. A short, jerking action. noted swindler.] Spurious; —a cant term originally Bbb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOBBED; p. pr. & vb. s. BOB- applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting any BING.] 1. To move in a short, jerking manner.'2. To thing counterfeit. [Amer.] strike with a quick, light blow. 3. To gain by fraud. Bo-hsat, n. [From IWc-i, pronounced by the Chinese 4. To delude. 5. To have the hair cut short. buc-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion. 2. To grown.] An inferior kind of black or green tea, especially angle with a bob, or with a jerking motion of the bait. the former. Bob'bin, n. [Lat. bombues, a humming, because it makes ia The name is sometimes applied to black tea in general. a humming noise.] A small cylindrical piece of wood, with a border at one or both ends, on which thread is habitants... Pert aining to Bohemia or its inwound * a kind of spool. or 2. Pertaining to the gypsies. 3. Pertaining wound;bbl-t', or spob'lol-t/, l.. See supra.] Akind to, or characteristic of, hack-writers for the press. 1b/bin-6t', or Bblacbn-6t/, n. [See supra.] A kind Bo-hti'mi-an, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Boheof lace wrought by machines. iBob-I~nt'eolua (-kun), cc12. (Or- mia. 2. A gypsy. 3. A needy writer for the press; a B6b'o-llnk, nit.) hack-author;-sometimes applied to politicians, artists, The rice-bird, rice-bunting, or dancers, &c., who lead a sort of nomadic life, like the r~eed-bird; an American sin~g~- gypsies, and live by their wits. reed-bird.; an American ~sigBoil, a. i. [Lat. b;ltlire, allied to A.-S. weallan, Goth. buBnb' bird.~, Ic. ~t. (Nasct.)lan, to ferment, boil.] 1. To be agitated by the action Ropes or chains to confine the of heat; - used.of liquids. 2. To be similarly agitated Ropesi or chains dowfnweard teby any other cause; to bubble; to effervesce. 3. To be to the stem or cutasater. do, hot or fervid; to be moved or excited. 4. To suffer boilBb'totile, c. 1. A short tail, ing in water or other liquid. or a tail cut short. 2. The To boil away, to evaporate by boiling.- Boiling point, the rabble; used in contempt. Bobolink. temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the $B6ck'tig, n. A kind of baize or drugget; - so called phenomena of ebullition. from the town of Bocking, Eug. Boil, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BOILED; p. pr. & ab. n. BOILBdle, v. t. [zimp. & p. p. BODED; p. pr. & avb. so. BOD- ING.] 1. To cause to bubble or be agitated by the appliING.] [A.-S. bodian, bod, command. See BID, V. t.] cation of heat. 2. To form by boiling. 3. To subject To indicate by signs, as future events; to portend; to to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. presage; to foreshow. Boil, n. [A.-S. byle, bile, sore.] A hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which commonly suppurates. BMcd'ile, c. [Properly the plural of body.] Stays; a'- Formerly written bile, which conforms to the AngloBMd'dlVe, J corset. Saxon orthography. BMd'ied (bod/id), a. Having a body; - usually in com- Boll'er, n. 1. One who boils. 2. A vessel in which position. [poreal. any thing is boiled. 3. (Mech.) A strong metallic vesB6d'i-less, a. Having no body or material form; incor- sel, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or MBd'l-ly, a. 1. Having or containing a body; corpo- other purposes. real. 2. Pertaining to the body. [pletely. Bollter-y, n. A place and apparatus for boiling, as salt. Bod'l-ly, adv. 1. Corporeally. 2. Entirely; com- Boilling, n. Act or state of agitation by heat; ebullition; MBdl'kin, n. [W. bidogyn, a dim. of bidog, bidawg, 1 act of subjecting to the action of heat, as a liquid. hanger, short sword.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.] 2. A Boisfter-ouis, a. [0. Eng. boistozcs, Icel. bistr, stormy, pointed instrument for making holes, &c. 3. An in- i furious, Scot. boist and boast, to threaten. Cf. WP. bu'yst, food, fdoot; Arnl, r.de, pu1ll; iell, Vhaise, call, echo; gem, get; as; elist; linger, link; this. BOISTEROUSLY 76 BONFIRE wild, savage. See BOAST and BISTER.] 1. Exhibiting Gr. BotBfve, silk, cotton.] A twilled fabric, with a silk tumultuous violence. t2. Involving, threatening, indi- warp, and aworsted weft. [Sometimes spelt bosbasin.] cating, or possessing might. [Obs.] 3. Noisy; turbu- B6m'bie, a. [Lat. bombyx, silk-worm.] Pertaining to, lent. or obtained from, the silk-worm. Syn. —Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; furious; tumultu- B6mb'-kStch l (bm'/-),n. (Naut.) A strong vessel, ons; imapetuous; vehement. l3~~B6rnbm-ves'sel carrying mortars to be used in bom]Bois'ter-oits-ly, adv. In a boisterous manner. [terous bardments at sea. [bombs. ]Bois'ter-oAs-ness, it. State or quality of being bois- Bb6mb'-pr6oof (bim/-), a. Secure against the force of B5old, a. [A.-S. bald, bold, Goth. balths.] 1. Forward B6mb.-shel ll (bum'-), n. A bomb, or hollow globe of to meet danger. 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and iron, filled with powder. See BOMB. contempt of danger. 3. In a bad sense, too forward; Bom-bepik-nols, a. [Lat. boembycinus, from bombyx, over-assuming or confident; lacking proper modesty or silk.] Being of the color of the silk-worm; transparent restraint; rude. 4. Taking liberties in composition or with a yellow tint. expression. 5. Markedly conspicuous. BW/na-part'e-ana, a. Pertaining to Bonaparte. To make bold, to take liberties; to use freedom. Btina-part/'im, n. The policy or manners of BonaSyn.-Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; daunt- parte. [parte. less; valiant; manful; audacious; stout-hearted; high-spirited; B5'na-pirt'ist, n. One attached to the policy of Bonaadventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent..Bo6n'bbin (or bong/btng), n. [Fr., from bone, good.] Sugar ]Bld'ly, adv. In a bold manner. confectionery; a sugar-plum. BUId'ness, n. The quality of being bold. B6]nd, n. [A.-S. bond, bound, for Fi. 1 (AcT.) Syn. - Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness; hard- bunden, p. p. of bindan, to bind.] I, t f I ihood; assurance. 1. That which binds, fastens, or J i Bole, n. [Sw. bdl. Dan. bul. Cf. L. Ger. boll, round.] 1. confines, as a cord, chain, &c.; a The body or stem of a tree. 2. A measure. See BOLL. band; a ligament. 2. (pl.) State English Bond. Bile, n. [Gr. PCAos, clod.] A kind of fine, compact, or of being boud.. A binding earthy clay. force or influence. 4. An obligaBIll, n. [Cf. BOWL, n.] 1. The pod or capsule of a tion imposing a moral duty. 5. plant, as of flax; a pericarp. 2. A Scotch measure, for- (Lae.) A writing under seal bymerly in use, containing two, four, or six bushels. which a person binds himself, his Flemish Bond. Boll, a. i. To form into a pericarp or seed-vessel. heirs, executors, and aduinistra- Flemish Bnd. Bo-1gin'sT Sau'sage (bo-lon/ya). [From s Bologna, in tors, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day Italy.] A large sausage made of bacon, veal, and pork- appointed. 6. (Arch.) Union or tie of the several stones suet, chopped fine. or bricks forming a wall. B5l'ster (20), n. [A.-S. bolster. Cf. bolla, a round yes- Syn. - Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment. sel.] 1. A long cushion; - generally laid under the pil- Blnd, a. [See supra.] In a state of servitude or captivity. lows. 2. A pad uged as a support, or to hinder pressure, Bion ld, v. 1. P[mp. & p. p. BONDED; p. pr. & vb. sn. or the like; a compress. 3. Any cushion, pad, bag, or BONDING.] To secure payment of, by giving a bond. support. Bonded goods, goods left in charge of the officers of customs, B61'ster, v. t. [imp. p. p.. BOLSTERED; p. pr. & avb. for the duties on which bonds are given at the custom-house. as. BOLSTERING.] 1. To support with a bolster. 2. BSndfage, n. 1. State of being bound, or under reTo hold up; to maintain. straint.'2. Binding power or influence; obligation. 3 Bolt (20), I. [A.-S. bolt, Icel. bolti.] 1. An arrow; a dart. (Old Eng. Law.) Villenage. 2. A strong pin, used to fasten or hold something in Syn. - Thralldom; captivity; bond-service; slavery; place. 3. A thunder-bolt. 4. A shackle. 5. Twenty- servitude; imprisonment. eight ells of canvas. Bt~~luc6XlBd'ed-whrefhouse, n. A warehouse in which Bol1t, v. t. 1. To fasten or secure with a bolt. 2. To bonded goods are stored. fasten; to restrain. 3. To blurt out; to utter or throw iuondlmliid, n. A female slave. out. 4. To swallow without chewing. B6ndlllma, n..pl. BONDIMEN. 1. A man slave. 2... Belut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOLTED; p. pr. & ab. it.. ( Old EIng. Law.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. BOLTING.] [O. Fr. bulter, L. Lat. buletare, MI. II. Ger. B ndl-sierv/ant, n. A slave; a bondman.' [slavery. bizteln.] 1. To sift; to separate, assort, or purify by B1iid'-seirv'iae, n. Condition of a bond-serlant; other means. 2. To examine as by siftings e,. a state of lavery. BoUlt, v. i. 1. To start forth like a bolt; hence, to move Bolnds~lan n. A pi. BOND/nasNa. L.o slave a bondabruptly. 2. Topringsuddenlyaside. 3.Todesert, man. [Obs.] 2. (Lawe.) Asurety; onewhoisbound, as a party or organization. [Amer.] or who gives security for another. Bollt, adv. WTitlh sudden meeting or collision. Bolnd'-stone, n. (Masonry.) A stone running through B1t'der, as. One who, or tAhat which, bolts. a wall from one face to another, to bind it together. B]lIt'-hiad, n. (C/hem.) A long glass vessel for distilla- BondSwom an, I n. [bond and woman.] A woma tions;- called also a matrass or receiver. and w.] A woman rB6nd'wo;m'san, slave. WBlt -rope, I. (ANaut.) A rope to which the edges of B]lnd'-tim a/ber, n. Timber worked into a wall to tie or sails are sewed to strengthen them. strengthen it longitudinally. See BOND. BUlt'sprit, n. [A corruption of bowsprit.l (Naut.) BoBne (20), n. [A.-S. ban, Goth. bain.] 1. (Anat.) A See BOWSPRIT. firm, hard, whitish substance, composing the skeleton in lBu'lus, n. [Lat., bit, morsel.] (Mled.) A rounded mass of the higher orders of animals. 2. An integral portion of any thing; a large pill. the skeleton. 3. Any thing made of bone, as castanets. B6mb (bum),' n. [Gr. 86pFloc, a humming or buzzing A bone ofcontention. subject of dispute. - A bo.e to pick, or noise, a hollow, deep sound.] (Mil.) A hollow ball or gnaw, something to occupy or divert. - To make no boles, to shell of cast iron filled with explosive materials, to be make no scruple. [Low.] discharged from a mortar. Bone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BONED; p. pr. & vb. is. BONB6m-biird' (bum-bard'), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOM- ING.] 1. To take out bones from. 2. To put whaleBARDED; p. pr. & vb. n. BOMBARDING.] To attack bone into. with bombs. B5net-blck, n. (Chem.) A black, carbonaceous subB6m/bar-diFr', n. (Mil.) A person employed in throw- stance into which bones are converted by calcination in ing bombs; an artillery-man. close vessels. [fertilizer. B6m-bird'ment, n. An attack with bombs. Bone'-dust, n. Ground or pulverized'bones, used as a B6rn'bAst (bflm/bast, 114), na. [L. Lat. bombax, cotton, Blune'-earth, n. (Clhem.) The earthy residuum after bombasium, a doublet of cotton.] 1. Cotton, or any the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate soft, fibrous material, used as a padding. [Obs.] 2. of lime. (Fig.) An inflated style; fustian. Bine'sit, n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant; thoroughwort. B6mo'bst, a. High-sounding; inflated; turgid. WBine'-sit'ter, ci. One who sets broken and dislocated B6m-bAist'ie, a. Characterized by bombast; high- bones. sounding; inflated. Bone'-sp6v/in, n. (Far.) A bony excrescence, on the B6m-bist'te-al-ly, adv. With inflation of style. inside of the hock of a horse's leg. Bm/ba-zdt', t n. [Cf. BOMBAZINE.] A sort of thin B16n'fire, it. [0. Eng. bonefire, either from Fr. bon, B1hm/ba-zdttel, i woolen cloth. good, and fire, or related to Dan. baun, beacon.] A firo B6ln/ba-zine' (biim/ba-zeen'), n. [Lat. bombycinuam, a made to express public joy and exultation, or for amuseB6m'ba-gine' j silk or cotton texture, from bombyx, ment. A, e, &c., long; a, 6, &c., short; care, fir, ask,.all, what; 6re, veil, t6rm; pique, firm; s6n, 6r, dq, wQlf, BONITO 77 BORAX Bo-ni'tS, n. [Sp., from Ar. bainit and bainitlh.] (Ichth.) Bdlok'stlre, ni. [Amer.] A shop where books are kept A fish of the Tunny kind, growing to the length of 3 feet. for sale..Ion-mot (bing/m'), n. [Fr. bon, good, and mot, word.] Bd'ok'worzm (-wirm), n. 1. A worm or mite that eats A witty repartee; a jest. holes in books. 2. A student addicted to books. BMnsnet, sn. [Fr. bonnet, Sp. & Pg. bonete. Originally B6bom, n. [See BlEAM.] 1. (Naaut.) A long pole or spar the name of a stuff.] 1. A cap or covering for the head, used for extending the bottom of sails.'2. A chain is common use before the introduction of hats, and still cable, or connected line of spars extended across a river used by the Scotch. 2. A covering for the head, worn or other water. 3. A pole set up in shallow water, to by women. 3. (Fort.) A part of a parapet considerably mark out the channel. 4. A hollow roar, as of waves or elevated to screen the other part and its terre-pleine, cannon; the hollow cry of the bittern. 5. (p/.) That usually from enfilade fire. 4. (Naut.) An addition to a space on the upper deck of a ship, where the boats, spare sail. 5. A plate or a dome-shaped casing. 6. A frame spars, &c., are stowed. of wire netting over a locomotive chimney. Bobm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BOOMED; p. pr. & vb. n. B6n'net-ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. 2. (Fort.) BOOMING.] 1. [From the n.] To rush with violence, Protected by a bonnet. [plumply. as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To make a hollow BMiS'ni-ly, adv. [See BONNY.] Gayly; handsomely; sound or roar, as of waves or cannon. 3. [W. bwcmp, BuSllny, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good. Cf., however,. Gael. & a hollow sound. Cf. D. bomsaen, to drum, to sound as Ir. balu', baine, white, fair.] 1. Handsome;;'beautiful. an empty barrel, A.-S. bymiana, to blow or sound a 2. Gay; merry; blithe. 3. Plump; well-formed. trumpet.] To cry with a hollow note, as the bittern. ]Bn'ny-ellb/ber, n. [From Ir. bainne, baine, milk, B6-onm'er-ang, n. A missile and clabar, mud, mire.] 1. Sour buttermilk. [Irish.] weapon used by the natives of 2. The thick part of milk that has become sour. Australia. When thrown forBon /'os (bdng ting). [Fr., good tone, manner.] The ward from the hand with a quick height of the fashion; fashionable society. rotatory motion, it describes very Bi'nus, n. [Lat., good.] 1. (Law.) A premium given remarkable curves, and finally Boomerang. for a loan, charter, or other privilege. 2. An extra takes a retrograde direction, so as to fall near or in the dividend paid out of accumulated profits. 3. A sum of rear of the one who threw it. money paid to an agent, in addition to a share in profits, Bdion, n. 1. [Lat. bonus, good.] Gift; benefaction; or to stated compensation. grant; present. 2. [A.-S. bns, Icel. bO, baen.] A Bons-'vivarnt (blng/v3-vong?), n. [Fr. bon, good, and prayer or petition. oivant, p. pr. of vi'vre, to live.] A good fellow; a jovial Bdion, a. [Fr. bon. See supra.] 1. Gay; merry; jovial. companion. 2. Kind; bountiful. B5n'y, a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones; full of Bior, ia. [A.-S. gebizr, D. beer, N. H. Ger. bauer; from bones; pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or prom- A.-S. bthan, to inhabit, cultivate; Skr. bhf, pres. bhavcmi, mont bones. to be, Gr. (/sw, Lat.fui.] A countryman; a pesant; a D3san/ze (bbn/ze), It. [Corrupted from Japan. busso, a clown; hence, a rude and illiterate person. [illiterate. pious man.] A priest of many different Oriental sects. Beior'ish, a. Like a boor; clownish; rustic; awkward; Bdot'by, a. [Fr. bouble; Sp. hobo, Ituss. bdba. Several B~dorfishl-ly, adv. In a boorish or clownish manner. birds of this species are looked upon as very stupid.] Bdor'ish-ness, a. Clownishness; rusticity. 1. (Ornith.) (a.) A water-fowl allied to the pelican. B~bFe, v. i. [From D. buis, Ger. birchse, box, cup, jar.] It is found among the Bahama Isles, and on various Bdioze, To drink excessively. [Vulgar.] coasts of the Atlantic. (b.) The brown gannet. 2. A B6o~'er, n. One who drinks to excess; a tippler. dunce; a stupid fellow. Bdost, v. t. [Cf. BOAsT, am. i.] To lift or push from Bdio'by-hfit, n. A kind of sleigh, with a covered top. behind; to push up. [Low.] [Local, Amner.] 1(3oPWy, a. [See BOOsE, a. i.] A little intoxicated; B~_ ob'y-hfitch, n. A clumsy, covered carriage. Bio'zy,J fuddled. [Colloq.] Bo'iodlihim, n. See BUDDHISuis. B]ot, V. t. [issp. & p. p. BOOTED; p. pr. &,b. n. Bo1ok (27), an. [A.-S. bie, from bOce, bed6ce, beech, Ger. nOOTING.] [A.-S. bOt,compensation, bftas, to improve, buch/e, because the ancient Saxons and Germans in gen- amend, Goth. bita, advantage, profit, bitaa, bitjan, to oral wrote on beechen boards.] 1. A collection of sheets profit. See B TTE R.] To profit; to advantage. of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, Bdot, n. That which is given to make an exchange equal; bound together. 2. A literary composition, written or profit; gain; advantage. printed. 3. A subdivisiou of a literary work. 4. (Utter.) aB6ot, a. [Fr. botte, Ger. botte, butte, butte, tub, cask, A volume in which accounts are kept. A-S. btte, bytte, byde En bt TWrithout book-, (a.) By memory; without notes. @(b.) With-., r. Ttre mi out authority. P,[vr-, flask.] 1. A covering for the foot and leg. 2. bob, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BOOKED (bkt);A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used to torture a. BOOKING.] To enter, write, or register in a hook. crimninals. 3. A receptacle covered with leather at either Bdbk'-b'r,. One who binds books. end of a coach. 4. An apron or cover for a gig or other ]adVokl-bindl/er, n. One who binds books. JBdok1-nd/mer-y, n-.y A place for binding books. carriage, to defend from rain and mud. 5. (p/.) A serBdb'ok'l-bI'ndldmg, as. Art or practice of binding books. uvnt at hotels who blacks the boots. [ Colloq.] Bct1ok'-e=ise, n. A case with shelves for holding books. BOOt,. [ip... BOO; p. pr. & t. a Bdookqish, a. Given to reading; fond of study. TING.] T put boots n. B6ook'ipsl-ness, a. Addietedness to books. lB6t'.-cerimp, as. A frame or last used by boot-makers B k'keeer (109), a. One who keeps acots for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. Bodsk'-keep/i ng, n. The art of recording mercantile B]iot-ee', n. A half or short boot. transactions in a regular and systematic manner; the ]Bot-h, n. [Icel. bd'dh, Pol. buda, W. bwth.] A tem. art of a itoepin arccountsla adysm ae;th porary shelter of boards, boughs of trees, or other slight Z5 ~~~~~~~~~~~materials. do~k'lansd, as.( Old Eng. Lawcs.) Charter land held materials. B66c1'land, by dee( d under certain rents and free Bebt'.-jick, n. An instrument for.drawing off boots. ]Bck. land, by deed under certain renti and free services. BdotQoess, a. [From boot, advantage.] Unavailing; unBolok'-l~arned (60), a. Versed in books; ignorant of profitable; useless. men, or of the common concerns of life. B6ot-ttree, an. An instrument to stretch and widen ]BdoB~'-I6arn/ing, it. Learning acquired by reading; B~~otf'lmst, the le, of a boot. usually as distinguished from practical knowledge. B6bt'y, n. [hcel. byti, Gcr. beute, Fr. bustin, from Icel. BookPr'lm akaE~er, s. One who writes and publishes by/a, to distribute, exchange, Ger. beuten, to barter, capbooks; particula Orly a compiler. ture.] Spoil taken in war, or by violence; plunder. Books'-mpting, ual. The practice of writing and pub- aBo-)eep', am. A play to amuse children, by peeping from I lshingt books; patceofmpitiong.n lishing books; compilation, behind any object, and crying out bo! B(Vok'-mhrk, n. Something placed in a book to assist B~o-rfeq'ike, a. Pertaining to, or produced from, borax. in finding a particular page or place. B'ra-eoiis, a. ( Cheat. Relating to, or obtained from, ]Bobk'o-sll'/er, as. One whose occupation is to sell books. borax. IB;ok'V-shdlf, n. A shelf to hold books. B6r'ssae (bir/rej), n. [Low Lat. borago, from borra, hair Bleiok'-sh6p, n. A shop where books are sold. of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] A B6'ok'-stal, n. A stand or stall, for retailing books plant, formerly esteemed as a cordial. plant, formerly esteemed as a cordial. ]Book'sttn d, n. 1. A stand or place for the sale of B5'rate, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination B~~o'k~sthiid, n. 1. A stand or place for the sale of of books in the streets; a book-stall. 2. A stand or sup- of boracie acid with a base. port to hold books. BS1rax, as. [Ar. bfsrar, niter, saltpeter, from baraqa, to fiod, fot; firn, rude, pull; Vell, Vhaise, -all, echo; gem, get; a; eyist; linger, link; this. BORDER 78 BOUGIE shine.] (Chem.) Biborate of soda; a salt formed by a B36cc, it. [D. baas, master.] A master workman or sucombination of boracic acid with soda. perintendent. [Amer.] Bfr'der, It. [A.-S. bord, Fr. bord. See BOARD.] The B6ss, v. t. 1. To cover or ornament with bosses; to stud. outer part or edge of any thing. 2. To direct or superintend. [Low.] Syn. - Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary. B6ss'y, a. Containing, or ornamented with bosses; studB6r'der, v. i. 1. To touch at the edge; to be contigu- ded. [called. ous or adjacent. 2. To come near to. Biss'y, n. [Cf. Lat. bos, cow.] A calf; -familiarly' so B6r'der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BORDERED; p. pr. & vb. Bo-tin'ie, a. Pertaining to botany; relating to, or Os. BORDERING.] 1. To make a border for; to adorn Bo-tln'ie-al, containing, plants. with a border.. 2. To touch at the edge or boundary. Bo-titi'te-al-ly, adv. In a botanical manner. BMr'der-er, s. One who dwells on a border. Bt'an-ist, n. One skilled in botany. BIre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BORED; p. pr. & vb. n. B lt'a-nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BOTANIZED; p. pr. S BORING.] [A.-S. borian, allied to Lat. forare.] 1. To vb. a. BOTANIZING.] To seek for plants for the purperforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning an pose of botanical investigation. auger, gimlet, or other instrument. Hence, to form a B6t'a-c1ny, n. [Gr. oeTavbq, herb, plant, from /6-aKecv, to round hole in. 2. To weary by tedious iteration or by feed, graze.] The science which treats of the structure dullness; to trouble; to vex. of plants, their classification, &c. BWre, v. i. 1. To pierce or enter by boring. 2. To be BPteh, n. [Cf. Fr. bosse, It. bozza, a swelling. Cf. Boss pierced or penetrated by an instrument that turns. 3. and PATCH.] 1. A large ulcerous affelction. 2. A To carry the nose to the ground; - said of a horse. patch of a garment. 3. Work done in a bungling manBlre, n. 1. The hole made by boring; hence the cavity ner; a clumsy performance. or hollow of any fire-arm; the caliber. 2. One who, or IBRtch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOTCHED (bWtcht); p. pr. that which, wearies by ceaseless repetition or dullness. & vb. n. BOTCHING.] 1. To mend or patch in a clumsy Bire, n. [Ger. bor, 0. H. Ger. por, height, top, from 0. manner. 2. To express or perform in a bungling manH. Ger. burjsan, purjan, poran, to erect, ascend. Cf. Icel. ner. 3. To mark with botches. byrja, to begin, A.-S. byrjan, to touch; allied to A.-S. BRtchwer, n. A clumsy workman at mending; a bungler. beran, beoran, Eng. to bear.] (Physical Geog.) (a.) A B6t'-fly, n. (Entom.) An insect of many different tidal flood of great height and force formed at the mouths species, some of which are particularly troublesome to of some rivers. (b.) A very high and rapid tidal flow, domestic animals, on which they deposit their eggs. when not so abrupt. B6Stlh (20), a. & pron. [A.-S. b&; bt'tfs, bfttvcf, for btvc&, BIre, imp. of bear. See BEAR. both the two.] The one and the other; the two. ]B5?re —al, a. [Lat. borealis, fi'om Boreas, the north wind.] i'e-l, a. [La. borealis, from oras, the north ind.] It is generally used adjectively with nouns; but with Northern; pertaining to the north, or the north wind. pronouns, and often with nouns, it is treated substantively, Biir'er, n. 1. One who bores; an instrument for boring. and followed by oJ. It frequently stands as a pronoun. 2. (Zobl.) (a.) A genus ofsea-worms that pierce wood. (b.), conj. Itrecede the rst of to co-ordinte ords One of several species of worms1 or the insects producing Bth, con. It precedes the first of two co-ordinate words them, which penetrate trees. or phrases, and is followed by and before the other. B6rn and Brne, pp.p. of bear. See BEAR. Bth'er,.. imp. & p. p. OTIIERED; p. pe. & b. 3iiroon, n. [See BORAX.] (Chem.) An elementarysub- OTHEING.] Toteaseorperpex. eePOTE. stance, nearly related to carbon. Bt,-]h'er, n. One who, or that which, bothers: state of r'uh (brr,. [A-S. burh, bark, brg, Icel. borg, perplexity or annoyance. [Colloq.] [bothered. [Low.] ie.bgL (bsrgas, r[A.-S. h, Goth. baurgs, from B6th/er-aition, n. Act of bothering, or state of being G~er. bzcrg, Lat. bucrgus, G-r. 7rripyoq, Goth. baucrgs, from troi, Ia [G.Ppo acuerfgaesan bairgan, A.-S. beorgan, to hide, save, defend, to be prom- Bt'ry-old, a [or. lfpor, a cluster of grpes, and inent.] An incorporated town that is not a city; in iry-od', s, form.] aving the form of a England, a town or village that sends members to par- u hofgrapes. liament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the B6ts, n. pl. [Prob. from bite, because they bite and li~~~~~~~nlen ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Btt, gnaw the intestines of horses.] (Entomn.) Sma~l inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, Btts, gnaw the intestines of horses.] (Et.) Small with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated worms, larves of the hot-fly, found in the intestines wrs avsof the otri, fud teitsties. town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. f horses. Bbr'6ugh-En/glish (btir'ra-ing/glish), n. (Eng. Law.) BVt'tle, sn. [Fr. bouteille, Low Lat. buticula, puticla, A customary descent of estates to the youngest son, in- botilia, from Fr. botte, cask. See BOOT, n., a covering stead of the eldest; or, if the owner leaves no son, to the for the e.]. A hollo veselith a rro mouth ~~~~~youngest brother. ~for holding liquors. 2. The contents of a bottle. 1yinr'rew (bsr'r), a. t. [imp. &o p. p. BORROWED; B1t6tle, v. it. [ip. & p.p. BOTTLED; p. pe. & ab. n. p. pr. & ab. s. BORROWING.] [A.-S. borgian, fr. borg, BOTTLING.] To inclose i bottles. bork, pledge; from the same root as BOROUGH.] 1 Bttlge,. dark shad ofgree, like tht.of To take from another on trust, with the intention of green glass-bottle. returning or giving an equivalent for. 2. To take from BUt'tle-lahld/er, st. One who aids a boxer, by giving another for one's own use: to appropriate, him refreshment and attention between the rounds. a hr'rfiw-er, on. One who borrows. BptBtom, n. [A.-S. botm, Ger. bodest, D. bodkm, Icel. B6rt, n. Minute fragments of diamonds used to make boan. Cf. Gr. 7rvOtLOv, bottom, allied to 3flaOi, deep.] 1. powder for lapidary work. The lowest part of any thing. 2. That upon which any B6ssetage, Is. [From Ger. busch, bosch, 0. Eng. busk, thing rests oris founded, in a literal or a figurative sense; Eng. bush.] 1. Wood; underwood; a thicket. 2. foundation; base. 3. Low land formed by alluvial de(Paint.) A landscape representing thickets of wood. posit along a river; a dale; a valley. 4. (ataut.) The B6sh, it. [Prov. Eng. bosh, dash, show. Cf. Ger. bosse, keel of a vessel, and hence, the vessel itself. 5. Power joke, trifle.] Mere show; hence, empty tallk; nonsense; of endurance; stamina. 6. Dregs or grounds. folly. [ Colloq.] B6it'tom, V. t. [imp. & p. p. BOTTOMED; p. pr. &S BMsk, n. [See BOsCAGE.] A thicket or small forest. ab. n. BOTTOMING.] 1. To found or build. 2. To furBMsk'y, a. Woody; bushy; covered with boscage. nish with a seat or bottom. Boy'orm, on. [A.-S. bosum, bisem.] 1. The breast of a B1t1tom, v. i. To be based. human being. 2. The breast, as the seat of the pas- BMt'tom-gldde,s n. A low glade; a valley; a dale. sions, affections, and operations of the mind. 3. Em- Bt'tomn-l1nd, n. See BOTTOM, No. 3. brace; affectionate inclosure. 4. Any inclosed place; ]Bt'tom-less, a. Without a bottom; hence, fathomless. the interior. 5. The part of the dress worn upon the B&t'tom-ry, n. [From bottom.] (Mllar. Law.) A conbreast. tract by which a ship is hypothecated and bound as se- In composition, intimate; confidential; familiar; dear; curity for the repayment of money advanced or lent for as, bosom-friend, bosom-lover, bosom-secret, &c. the use of the ship. r~B.om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOSOMIED; p. pt. & vb. ns. Boudoir (boob/dwbr), n. [Fr., from bouder, to pout, to BOSOMING.] 1. To incloss in the bosom; to keep with be sulky.] A lady's private room. care. 2. To hide from view; to embosom. Bough (bou), n. [A.-S. boga, frombe6gan, bfgan, tp bow, B]ss, n. [From Ger. butz, butzen, something cloddy or bend. Cf. Bow.]:An arm or large branch of a tree. stumpy, point, tip; boszen, to beat.] 1. A protuber- Bsught (bawt), imp. & p. p. of buy. See BuY. ant ornament on any work; a stud, a knob. 2. Any Bougjie (bffo-zh5'), n. [Fr., wax-candle, bougie, from protuberant part. 3. (Mech.) (a.) The enlarged part Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, were first imported into Europe.] (Surg.) A long, flexiwhere it is coupled to another. (b.) A swage or die used ble instrument, that is introduced into the urethra, esophfor shaping metals. agus, &c., to remove obstructions, or for other purposes. i, e, &c., long; A, 0, &c., short; cre, far, Bsk, alH, what; ire, vil, te~rm; pique, firm i sn, 6r, dfo, wolf, BOUILLON 79 BOWSPRIT Bouillon (bobl/yong), n. [Fr., from bouillir, to boil. ral condition; to turn; to incline. 3. To bend, as the See BOIL.] Broth; soup. head or body, in respect, homage, or condescension. 4. BMul'der, n. See BOWLDER. TO cause to bend down; to depress; to subdue. Boulevard (be'o/le-vtLr'), n. [Fr., from Ger. bollwerkl Bowv (bou), v. i. To bend, in token of reverence, respect, Eng. bulwark, q. v.] Originally, a bulwark; now applied or civility. to the public walks or streets occupying the site of de- Bowv (bou), n. 1. An inclination of the head, or the body, molished fortifications. in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission. Bounle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. BOUNCED (bounst); p. pr. 2. (Naut.) The rounded part of a ship forward; the & vb. n. BOUNCING.] [D. bonzen, bons, blow, bounce, stem or prow. Low Lat. bombizare, to crackle, from Lat. bombus, Gr. B5Bv (bh), n. [See supra, and cf. BOUGH. See Bow, i061qlzo., a hollow, deep sound. See BOMB.] 1. To leap to bend.] 1. Any thing bent, or in form of a curve. or spring suddenly. 2. To beat or thump. [violently.'. A weapon, by means of which an arrow is propelled. Bovuine, Iv. t. To drive against any thing suddenly and 3. One of several different kinds of instruments or things ]3ounpe, nt. 1. A sudden leap or bound. 2. A heavy, having a curved form, as a fiddle-stick. sudden blow or thump. 3. A bold lie. Bcw'.-e6m/pass-e~, n. pl. 1. A pair of compasses, Bounn'per, n. 1. One who bounces. 2. A bold lie. with an arched plate of metal riveted to one of the legs, 3. A liar. 4. Something big. upon which the other leg slides. 2. A small pair of Bounl'ping, a. Stout; plump and healthy; lusty. compasses furnished with a bow-pen. Bound, nt. [Prob. of Celtic origin. Cf. Arm. bonn, Bliw-drill, n. A drill worked by a bow and string. boundary, limit, and biden, bad, a tuft or cluster of Bow'el (bou/el), n. [Lat. boteltus, a small sausage, dim. trees, W. bns, stem, stock.] External or limiting line of of botulus, sausage, orig. intestine.] 1. One of the intesany object or space; limit; confine; extent; boundary. tines of an animal; an entrail; a gut; —chiefly in the pl. Bound, it. A leap; a spring; a jump. 2. Hence,fi g., the interior part of any thing. 3. The Bound, v. t. [imnp. & p. p. BOUNDED; p. pr. & vb. n. seat of pity; hence, tenderness, compassion. BOUNDING.] 1. To limit; to terminate; to fix the BoVwel, va. t. To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate. furthest point of extension of; to restrain; to confine; Bow'er (bou/er), n. [From bow.] 1. One who bows or to circumscribe.'2. To mention the boundaries of. bends. 2. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a, Bound, v. i. [Fr. bondir, from. Lat. bombitare, to buzz, ship. 3. [Ger. baluer, a peasant, from the figure somehum, from Lat. bombiss, Gr. l6ieol5o, a hollow, deep times used for the knave in cards.] One of the two sound.] 1. To move forward by leaps; to leap; to hi-hest cards in the game of euchre. jump; to spring. 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball. Right bower, the knave of the trump suit, the highest card Bound, imp. & p. p. of bind. Made fast; confined; in the game. — Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the restrained; -often used in composition. [go, &c. same color as the trump, being the next to the higlhest in value. Bound, a. Destined; tending; going, or intending to Bow'er, s. [A.-. bfr, fromGoth. bauan, to dwell,A.-S. Bousadla-ry, n. [See BOUNDER and BOUND.] That bian. See BOOR.] 1. Anciently, a chamber. 2. A which indicates or fixes a limit; especially, a visible mark. country-seat a cottage. 3. A shelter or covered place YBound'en (bound/n), a. [From bind.] Made obligatory; in a garden; an arbor. imposed as a duty; obligatory; binding. Bover-y, a. Covering, as a bower; containing bowers. Boulnd'less, a. Without bounds or confines; infinite. Bwt'-llihnd, n. 1. (Archery.) The hand that holds the Syn. —Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable; illimitable. bow; the left hand. 2. (Mtus.) The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand. Bounlte-oiis (66), a. [See BOUNTY.] Disposed to give twie-Bow iife (-nif), it. A peculiar kind of knife, worn freely; generous; munificent. -as a weapon; - named from its inventor, Col. 0Bo.eie. Bounrte-oiis-ly, adv. Liberally; generously. - Boun'te-otis-ness, n. Liberality; mugenerously. Bow'lnot (bh/not), n. A knot in which a portion of Bonl'te-fulla.Free. Liberalityving; m unificent; gnce. the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, Bosnn'ti-fal, a. Free in giving; munificent; generous. so aS to be readily untied. 1Bovuti-~fol-sly, oad. In a bountiful manner. BSwvl, n. [A.-S. bolla, any round vessel. Cf. TW. bt, belly, Boun'lti-f, l-ness, n. Quality of being bountiful. btwl, rotundity.] 1. A concave vessel to hold liquors. 2. Booun'ty, so. [Fr. bontg, Lat. bonitas, Whom bontss, good.] The hollow part of any thing. 1. Goodness. [Obs.]'2. Liberality; generosity; mu- Blwl,. [rm Lat. bula, anything rounded by art. nificence. 3. That which is given liberally. 4. A pre- Cf. L. Ger. belt, round.] A ball sed for rolling on a level mium offered or given to encourage some object. surface in play; a ball. Bqo-quet' (bdo/kl/ or bodo/ka), n. [Fr. for. boubsquet; Bowl, v. t. [isnp. & p. p. BOWLED; p. pr. & rb. on. bosquset, thicket.] 1. A nosegay; a bunch of flowers. BOWLING.] 1. To roll, as a bowl. 2. To pelt with 2. An agreeable perfume or aromatic odor.y thing rolled. Boftr-geoist (bur-jois/), n. [Prob. from a type-founder of that name, who invented this type.] (Print.) A small To bowl out, in cricket, to knock down one's wicket by bowlIkind of type, in size between long primer and brevier. ing. Bowvl, v. i. 1. To play with bowls. 2. To roll the ball on e This line is printed in bourgeois type. a level plane. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball. Bouryeois (bb'or-zhwaw/), n. [Fr. See BOROUGH.] B5wI'tder (bol/der), n. [See BOWL, ball.] 1. A large A man of middle rank in society; a citizen. [France.] pebble. 2. ( Geol.) A mass of any rock, whether rounded Botz.rgeoisie (bd'or/zhwaw/zee'), n. [Fr.] The middle or not, that has been transported by natural agencies classes of a country, particularly those concerned in trade. from its native bed. [Written also bouzder.] Bofir'geon (bilr/jun), v. i. [Fr. bourgeonner, of Celtic BoSw'-ldfgged (bS/lgd), a. Having crooked legs. origin.] To put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. B;vlt'er (b5l/-), it. One who plays at bowls. BsBolrn, n. [Fr. borne. See BOUND, n. In the sense BSvlqine, no. [Prop. the line of the bow or bend, a slantB1 rnme,) of stream, A.-S. burna, brunna, fi. beornas, ing sail to receive a side wind.] (Naut.) A rope used to byrnan, brinnan, to burn, because the source of a stream keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the seems t6 issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth.] ship is close-hauled. [bowls. 1. A bound; a limit; hence, goal. t'. A stream or riv- Brivl'ing-i'leey, n. A covered place for playing at ulet; a burn. Biwl'ing-green, n. A level piece of ground kept Bourse (bo'orss), n. [Fr., from Gr. ldpa-ra, skin, because a smooth for bowling. pursewas made of skin or leather.] A French exchange. Blwv'man (bI/man), n.; pl. BOW/MIIEN. A man who Bout, n. [Same as O. Eng bought, bend, of which it is uses a bow; an archer. [crawfish. only a different spelling and application. See BIGIHT.] B;wvt-ndt, n. A contrivance for catching lobsters and 1. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial. 2. As much Bow'-Soar (bou/-), n. 1. The oar used by the bowman of an action as is performed at one time; a turn. in a boat. 2. One who rows at the bow of a boat. JBouts-rimds (b(oo/re/ma'), n. pl. [Fr. bout, end, and Baw'-pen, n. A metallic ruling-pen, having the part rime, rhymed.] Words that rhyme, given to be formed which holds the ink bowed out toward the middle. into verse. Bow'f-saw, n. A saw with a narrow blade set in a strong BZi'vine, a. [Low Lat. borinus, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, frame, *and used for cutting curved forms from wood. cow.] Pertaining to cattle of the ox kind. BSiw/.slSt, n. The space which an arrow may pass Bow, (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOWED; p. pr. & vb. when shot from a bow. n. BOWING.] [A.-S. bagan, be6gan, Goth. biugan, Skr. Bow'sprlt (P5/sprit or bou/sprit), sn. [bosw (of a ship) bhudj, to be bent.] 1. To bend; to inflect; to make and sprit, q. v.] (Naut.) A large spar, which projects crooked or curved. 2. To cause to deviate from a natu- over the stem of a vessel, to carry sail forward. mcod, fo6ot; irn, ruLde, pu1; Vell, Vhaise ea, ealleho; gem, get; a; exist; li.nger, link; this BOWSTRING 80 BRAKE D7w'strhng, n. 1. The string of a bow. 2. A string Brhck'et, Is. t. [imp. & p. p. BRACKETED; p. pr. & used by the Turks for strangling offenders. vb. it. BRACKETING.] To place within brackets; to ]B1w'striing, v. t. To strangle with a bowstring. connect by brackets. B6x, n. [A.-S. box, from L. Lat. bsscis, Lat. puxis, pyxis, Britek'et-i ng, n. (Arch.) A series of ribs, or brackets, Gr. 7rv~ic, a box, esp. of box-wood.] 1. A case or recep- for supporting cornices, &c. [wall. tacis of any size. 2. The quantity that a box contains. BriAcket-lghat, n. A gas-light projecting from a side3. An inclosed space with seats in a place of public Brickish, a. [D. & L. Ger. brak, brackish. Cf. Ger. amusement. 4. A money-chest. 5. A small house. brack, refuse, trash.] Saltish, or salt in a moderate de6. (Mach.) (a.) A cylindrical, hollow iron, used in gree, as water. wheels, in which the axle-tree runs. (b.) A hollow tube Brfek'isli-ness, s. Quality of being brackish. in a pump, closed with a valve; the bucket of a lifting BrA-et, n. [Lat. bractea, a thin plate.] (Bot.) A small pump. 7. The driver's seat on a carriage. S. A present. leaf or scale, from the axil of which a flower proceeds. In a box, in an embarrassing position; in difficulty. Brie'te, (Bt.) Furnished with bracts; bracted. BrA-ete-ate, a.o. unse ihbat;batd ]BSx, n. [A.-S. box, Lat. butus, Gr. 7rso,.] A tree or Brl-et'er d, a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracts. a shrub flourishing in different parts of the globe. The Brad, n. [Cf. Dan. braad, prick, sting, Iceel. broddr, any dwarf box is much used for borders in gardens. pointed piece of iron or steel, brydda, to prick.] A kind sox, n. [Cf. Onr. sw, with clinched fist.] A blow on the of nail, with a slight projection at the top on one side inhead or ear with the hand. stead of a head. [of brads. B sox,,. t. [imp. & p. p. BOXED (bbkst); p. pr. & sob. n. Brltd'-awl, n. An awl to make holes for the insertion BOXING.] 1. To inclose in a box. 2. To furnish with Brfg, s3 i. [imp. & p. p. BRAGGED; p. pr. & Vb. s. boxes. 3. To strike with the hand or fist. BRAGGING.] [Cf. Icel. bragga, to adorn, Ger. prachen, to make a show, boast, pracht, bracit, breaking, show, To box the compl.ass, to name the points of the compass in t aeasobat rct rct raig hw theoioxr te costposs, to name the points of the compass in splendor, Fr. braguer, flaunt, boast, W. bragiaw, to swell out.] To praise one's self, or what belongs to one's self ]BSx, so. i. To fight with the fist. in an ostentatious manner. )'SZxler, n. One who fights with his fist. It I':-:'aaa, v'c. t. [imp. & p. p. BOXHAULED; p. pr. & Syn. - To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish. n;.. BOXIIAULING.] (Noseut.) To wear, as a ship, in a Britg, n. 1. A boast or boasting. 2. The thing boasted particular manner, when close-hauled, short round on to of. 3. A game at cards. the other tack; —so called from-the circumstance of Brrg/ga-dU'ci-o (-dd'sh!-o), n. [From Beaggadochio, bracing the headyards aback. a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.] 1. A BMx'-tree, n. The tree variety of the plant called box braggart; a boaster. 2. Empty boasting; mere brag. BZlx'-wd(od, n. The wood of the box-tree, very hard Br~g'gart, it. [0. Fr. bragard, flaunting, vain, bragand smooth, and much used by engravers, turners, &C. ing. See scpra.] Aboaster; a vainfellow. Boy, n. [Prov. Gcr. bua, bure, N. II. Ger. bube, D. beef BrAg'gart, a. Boastful; vainly ostentatious. Cf. Lat. pscpus, Dan. pog Sw. pojke, Arm. bugel, bugul, Brgf'ger, so. One who brags; a boaster. child, boy, girl, Per. batc/s, child, boy, servant; A.-S. & Briil'. [See if.] (yt.) Th first person in _Briihmf&, n. [See infra.] (M~yth.) The first person in Dan. pige, Sw. piga, Icel. pika, a little girl.] A male the trinity of the Iindoos; the creator. child, from birth to the age of puberty; a lad. Some- BjriijfaP n, s. [Skr. Bralman, Bramin, and the first times it is used in contempt or familiarity for a man. Brihimin, deity of the Hindoo triad, Brahmd.] A Boy'flaibld (27), s. Stato of a boy, or of immature age. person of the upper or sacerdotal caste among the HinBoy'ish, a. Resembling a boy in manners or opinions; doos. [Written also Brachman, Brains.] childish; puerile. Briih-mani-e,;oy'ish-ly, adv. In a boyish manner. Brh-mn'ie-a, their doctrines and worship; reBoy'ish-iaess, n. Manners or behavior of a boy. Brdoh-m alkea I athing to tho religon orship; re-m. iBritete, a. [Lat. braccalus, wearing breeches, from Brrih-mlas'iqe-al, bracc, breeches, q. v.] (Oronith.) Furnished with feath- Briilimn-m, he religion or system of doers whic ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Brh cncal- ~ m th et n., The religion or system of docers which conceal the feet. rih'es of th rahmans. lrsieo, n. [From Lat. brachia, the arms (stretched out), Britid, s. t. [imp. & p. p. BRAIDED; p. pr. & sb. n. p1. of brachium, arm.] 1, A prop or support; espe- BRAIDING.] [A.-S. bredan.] 1. To weave or entwino cially (Carp.), a piece of timber extending across a cor- together; to plat. 2. To minglo by rubbing in some ser from one piece of timber to another. 2. That which fluid or soft substance. holds any thing tightly or firmly. 3. (Prist.) A verti- Brlicl, s. A string, cord, or other texture, formed by cal curved line connecting two or more words or lines, weaving together differsnt strands. thus, boel. wA pair; a couple. 5. A thict strap, Brffll, ss. [From Lat. braca, bracr, breeches, a Gallic bee, which supports a carriage on wheels. 6. word. See BRIECcEirS.] 1. (Falconry.) A piece of (Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end of a leather to bin up a hawk's wing. 2. (p1.) (Nast.) yard, by which it is turned about. 7. (pl.) Straps that topes employed to haul up, or truss up, sails, for the sustain pantaloons, &c.; suspenders; gallowses.. more ready furling of them. A bit-stock. 9. State of being braced or tight. DBrfll, s. t. [issp. & p. p. BRAILED; p. pi. & sb. n. lBriie, s. t. [imp. &'p. p. 1BRACED (brast); pi. pi. & IBRAILING.] (Naut.) To haul up into the brails, or to stb. it. BRACING.] 1. To furnish with braces; to sup truss up with the brails. port; to prop. 2. To tighten; to put in a state of ten- Cf. r. p, ppr part of sion. 3. To place in a, position for bracing. 4:. (N~aut.)'in 2 I. S rp. 0 ~~~~~~~Brii~n, n. [A.-S. bragen. Cf. Gr. 8p4dytza, upper part of ion. 3. To place in a position for bracing. 4. (Naut.) the head.] 1. (Anat.) (a.) The whitish, soft mass which Big'To move around by means of braces. am f occupies the upper cavity of the skull, and is considered ]gr &l et,~. [Fr., from Lat. braehisrmto, arm. Cf. to be the center of sensation and perception. (b.) Tho ~B]RACE,.] 1. An ornament for the wrist. 2o A piece of defensive armn orn st for the wiarst. A anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other inverSeof defensive armor for the arm. bas.Tsudrtnig brates. 2. The understanding. BrR'Pser, n. That which braces; a band'or bandage. IBrliehl'i-l1, or BrS'ehi-al-l, a. [Lat. brachialis; bra- ly'In the latter sense, often used in the plural. chium, arm.] 1. Belonging to the arm. 2. Of the Br ni, s. t. To dash out the brains of; to destroy. nature of an arm; resembling an arm. Brlin'-fi'ver, e. An inflammation of the brain. Breh l'y-eAt/a-]Se'tie, n. [Gr. fpaXvcar'aXa-slKso; IBriinfless, a. Without understanding; witless. PpaxUq, short, and KaraetsKsoK6i, inconiplete, from icson- Br[iiiti-phn, in. The bones which inclose the brain;.Asyecv, to leave off.] ( Gr. & Lat. Pros.) A verse want- the skull; the cranium. ing two syllables at its termination. IBrfiin'-sick, a. Disordered in the understanding. Bra-ehyg'ra-phy, ne. [Gr. f(paX6t, short, and yprb~etv, Brffke, n. [L. Ger. brake, brushwood, Dan. bri'ne, to write.] Art or practice of writing in short hand; ste- bregne, fern, W. briwg, wood, brake.] 1. (Bot.) A fern of nography. different genera. 2. A place overgrown with brakes. 3. Brack'en, n. Fern. See BRAKE. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles. Bricek'et, in. [0. Fr. braquet, dim. of brache, Lat. bra- Brike, n. [From the root of break.] 1. An instrument chdium, arm.] 1. (Arch. & lEngin.) A small projecting to break flax or hemp. 2. The handle by which a pump support, fastened to a wall or other surface..2. (pl.) or fire-engine is worked. 3. A contrivance for confining (Naut.) Short, crooked timbers, resembling knees. 3. refractory horses while the smith is shoeing them; also, (Mit.) Cheek of a mortar carriage, made of strong plank an nclosureto restrain cattle, horses, &c. 4. (Mi.) (a.) 4. (Print.) One of two hooks [ ], used to inclose a refer- That part of the carriage of a movable battery, or engine, ence, explanation, note, &c.; —called also crotchets. which enables it to turn. (b.) An ancient engine of war F, 5, &c., long; A, 6, &c.,short; care, f~ir, Ask, p11, what; re, veil, te~rm; pique, irm; s6n, Or, a dp., wl~f, BTRAKEMAN 81 BRAZEN analogous to the cross-bow. 5. (Agric.) A large, heavy baumgans.] (Omrnith.) A species of wild goose; —called harrow for breaking clods after plowing. 6. A piece of also brent and brand-goose. See BRAND-GOOSE. mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by means of Brasish, a. [Cf. Ger. barsch, harsh, sharp, tart, impetufriction, as of a railway carriage. 7. A cart or carriage ous.] 1. HIasty in temper. 2. [Arm. breslc, brusk, fragwithout a body, used in breaking horses. ile.] Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Local, Aner.] BrAke'man, n.;pl1. BRAKE/MEN. One whose business Briash, n. [See BRAsIH, a., 2.] 1. A rash or eruption. is to manage a brake. 2. Refuse boughs of trees; truck. 3. (Geol.) Broken Briik'y, a. Full of brakes or brambles; rough; thorny. and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial deBrAm'ble, n. [A.-S. brWmbel, brimber.] (Bat.) One of posits. 4. Broken fragments of ice. several different species of the genus Rubus, includ- Briitier (brd/zher), n. [From brass.] 1. An artificer ing the raspberry and blackberry; hence, any rough, who works in brass. 2. [Fr. brasier, braisier, from prickly shrub. braise, embers, live coals.] A pan forholding coals. BriIn'bly, a. Pertaining to, resembling, or full of EBrAss, n. [A.-S. bras, W. pr&s. Cf. Icel. bras, cement, brambles. solder, Lith. warns, brass.] 1. A yellow alloy of copBrAi'min, n. See BRAHMAN. per and zinc. 2. Impudence; a brazen face. [Colloq.] 3. BrAn, n. [Fr. bran, excrement, dirt, 0. Fr. & 0. Sp. pl. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles made of brass. bren, bran, W. brdn, braunn, Ir & Gael. bran.] The BrAss'-balnd, n. A company of musicians who perproper coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other farina- form on instruments of brass. ceous grain, separated from the flour by bolting; - often Brtsse, n. [A.-S. bears, baers. Cf. L. Ger. brasse.] The applied to all refuse sifted out of flour or meal. pale, spotted perch. BrAnch, n. [Fr. branche, Ger. brankce, claw, Ir. & Gael. BrAss'i-ness, n. Quality or appearance of brass. brac, W. braich, arm.] 1. A limb; a bough growing BrAss'-lilaf, n. Brass made into very thin sheets. from a stem, or from another branch or bough. 2. Any BrAss'y, a. 1. Pertaining to brass; hard as brass; the arm or part shooting or extended from the main body of colorofbrass. 2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.] a thing, as a smaller stream running into a larger one: a Brat, n. [A.-S. bratt, cloak, rag, WV. brat, bratt, clout, ramification. 3. Any member or part of a body or sys- rag, Ir. & Gael. brat, cloak, veil, apron, rag.] A child, tem; a section or subdivision; a department. 4. A line so called in contempt. of family descent, in distinction from some other line or Bra-vi'do, n. [Sp. bravada, bravata. See BRAVE.] L. lines from the same stock; any descendant in such a line. An arrogant menace; a boast or brag; boastful or 5. (Law.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot. threatening behavior. 2. A boasting fellow. BrAnch, av. i. [imp. & p. p. BRANCHED (brhncht); p. Brive, a. [Fr. brave, Sp., Pg., and It. bravo, courageous. pr. & vb. n. BRANCHING.] 1. To shoot or spread in This word seems to be of Celtic origin.] 1. Of noble or branches; to ramify. 2. To divide into separate parts admirable courage; uniting boldness with generosity and or subdivisions. dignity. 2. Excellent; beautiful. le branch out, to speak diffusively, or with many werds. yn.- Courageou; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; ~BrAnchv To divide as intobranches.bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; high-spirited. Brrineh, ~u. t. To divide as into branches. Brra'-ehi-al, a. [From Gr.Pp4extsov, gill.] Pertaining Erlve,. 1. A brave person; specifically, an Indian warrior. 2. A hector; a bully. to, or performed by means of, gills, as of fishes. Brive v. p. t p p. BRAVED p. pr. & b. n. Br~nchi-ness a. Fllnessof braches.Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRAVED; p. par. & tb. a. Branchqi-ness, n. Fullness of branches. - BRAVING.] To encounter with courage and fortitude; Br1n'_chi-o-pods, n. pi. [Gr. -3pexyL v, gill, and rosv, to set at defiance; to defy; to challenge; to dare. 7rob6%, foot.] (Zoiil.) An order of crustacea, generally Brave'ly, adv. In a brave manner. very small or minute; - so named from their feet having Brav'er-y, n. 1. Quality of being brave; fearlessness been supposed to perform the function of gills. of danger; undaunted spirit. 2. Showy appearance; BrAnch'Iet, n. A little branch; a twig. ostentation. BrAtch'y, a. Full of branches. Syn. - Courage; heroism; intrepidity; gallantry; valor; Br]-nd, n. [A.-S. brand, brond, brand, sword, from brin- fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; nianfulness.-Courage nans, byrnan, beernan, to burn.] 1. A burning or partly (from coy, heart) is that firimness of spirit which meets danger burnt stick or piece of wood. 2. A sword, so called without fear; bravery defies or braves it, and shows itself in from its glittering brihtness. [Poet.] 3. An iron used outward acts; audacstyis bravery running out into rashness. from its glittering brightness. [Poet.p l3. An iron used for burning a mark on something, as a cask, or a crimi- Brrvo, a.; pl. BRA/VOEJ. [It. See BRAVE.] A daring' ".. villain; a bandit; an assassin or murderer. nal. 4. A distinctive mark made by burning with a hot villain; a bandit; an assassin or murderer. iron; hence, figuratively, quality; kind; also, any mark Bra'wvo i Fterj. Well done! expressive of applause. oimBral,. i. [Fr. brailler, WV. bragal, to vociferate, brag; of infamy; a stigma. Brand,.. [ibp. & p. p. BRANDED; p. r. & b. broliaw, to brag, boast, brawl, boast. Cf. BROIL.] 1. __~,.RANDrINS. 1 p pTo bunAE or ipres amrk wit ab hot BRIANDING.] 1. To burn or impress a mark with a hot To quarrel noisily and indecently. 2. To complain iron. 2. To stigmatize as infamous. loudly; to scold. 3. To roar; as water. Brand'-gdiose,.n. [See BRANT.] (Ornith.) Aspecies Syn.- To wrangle; squabble; contend. of wild goose, usually called, in America, brant. Brawl, n. A noisy quarrel; loud, angry contention. Bran'di ed, a. Mingled, flavored, or treated with brandy. Syn.- -Noise; quarrel; scurrility; uproar' Brandling-i/ron (-t/urn),. An iron used to bran Braw'er,. A noisy fellow; a rangle;BrAnd'=i/ron (-V/urn), j with. w Brand'-i'ron (-I/urn), with.Briawn, n. [From 0. II. Ger. brdto, ace. brdtatn, brdton, Braas'd.lsh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRANDISHED (108); p. fMfness.] 1. The flesh of a boar. 2. Full, strong muspr. & rb. n. BRANDISHING.] [From brand, a sword, q. cles; muscular strength; hence, the arm. v.] To wave, as a weapon; to shake or flourish. Brawn'h-ness, a. Quality of being brawny. BrAn'dish, n. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, &e. Brawn'y, a. H-aing large, strong muscles. Bra~n'dish-er, a. One who brandishes. - BrAnd'dish-er, n. One fho brandishes. cooSeB ] Syn. — fusculous; muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky. Br~i~nc'ling, n. [So called f~rom its color. See 3BRAND.: [Brdy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BRAYED; p. pr. & vb. n. BRAY. (Zo0l.) A small red worm, used as bait for small fish. BI at [i p.. BRr. r, t a BRA Braind'-new, a. [See BRAND.] Quite new, as if fresh IN. 1. [. Fr. brayer; el. br, to break, a, from the fire. to crack, A.-S. bracan, to rub.] To pound, beat, or BrAin'dy, n. [Contracted from 0. Eng. brandwine, GOcr. grind small. 2. [See BRAY,. i.] To make or utter with a harsh, grating sound. brntswein, brantewein, i. e., burned wine.] An ardent with a harsh, grating sound. spirit distilled from wine or other liquors. Bray, v.i. [Fr. braire, to bray. Cf. BRAG.] 1 To utBrAn'gle, n. [Scot. brangle, to shake, menace; prob. a ter a harsh cry, as anass. 2. To make a harsh, grating noierahrhryasass'.. [soumk rh rt nd. modification of wrangle, q.v.] A wrangle; a squabble noise. [sound. Brn'gle, v. i. To wrangle; to dispute; to squabble. Bray,a. The harsh sound of an ass; any harsh, grating Braank, n. [Probably of Celtic origin.] 1. Buckwheat. Br'er,. One who brays lieanass. [Eng.].2. [Cf. BRANCH.] A bridle for scolds. Bray'er, n. [From bray, to grind. See BRAY, aV. t. 1.] Brian'hin, n. [From brand, q. v., probably on account (Print.) An instrument for mixing or spreading ink. of the dark-colored marks on the sides of this fish, re- Braze, v. t. [From brass, q. v.] 1. To solder with an alsembling those burned by a brand-iron.] (Ichtl.) A oy of brass and zinc. 2. To cover or ornament with species of fish of the salmon kind, brass. 3. Tohardento impudence. Bran'-new(h), a. See BRAND-NEW. Bra'zen (brh/zn), a. I. Pertaining to, proceeding from, Bran'ny, a. Consisting of, or resembling bran, ormadeof,brass. 2. Impudent. Br~nl-new (09), a. SeeBRAND-NEW.or made of, brass. 2. Impudent. BrAnnt,. [It. Cbranit, breagf, B. & Gcr. brenatgans. Prob. Brazen age (Myth.), the age which succeeded the sit7ver age,.raat is f. branra, brah, so tt itsgnies a when men had degenerated from primitive purity.- Brazen It. branta is for branca, branch, so that it signifies a sea (Jewish Astiq.), a large vessel of brass, cast on the plais of branch goose, same as 0. & Prov. Eng. tree-goose, GeOcr. Jordan, and placed in Solomon's temple. fobod, foot; irn, rude, lpZ.l; 9ell, 9haise, call, eeho; emn, get; a~; elist; linger, liUk; i this. 6 BRAZEN 82 BREATHE ]ri'zen (bra/zn,) v. i. To be impudent; to bully. To break aoway, to disengage one's self abruptly; also, to beBrii'zen-fiivged, (br'zzn-fdst), a. Impudent; bold to ex- come dissipated, as the clouds. -. To break down, to come down cess; ~~shameless,.~ ~by breaking; to fail in any undertaking.- To break forth, cess; shameless. toissue suddenly. as sound, light, &c.; - with in or smto; to ]Brizen-iy, adv. In a bold, impudent manner. give vent to. - 2o break in, or in spon, to enter violently or Bri'zier (hrd/zher), n. [See BRASIER.] 1. An artificer unexpectedly. -- Tb break loose, to extricate one's self forcibly. who works in brass. 2. A pan to hold coals. - To break off, to become separated with suddenness and violence; to desist. - 2To break out, to burst forth; to appear sudBra-zil'-wbvod, n. [Pg. braza, a live coal, or glowing denlys;- also, to show itself in cutaneous eruptions, — said of fire. This name was given to the wood from its color.] certain diseases; to become covered with cutaneous eruptions, A very heavy wood, of a red color, growing in other -said of a patient.- To break sqs, to become separated into tropical countries, and used for dyeing red. parts or fragments. Hence, to be dissolved; to disperse.- To Brkach, o. [A..S. brice, bryce, Fr. briche, Ger. bracke. bseak with, to fall out; to part friendship. See BREAK.] 1. Act of breaking, or state of being Brefk, n. [A.-S. brec. See supra.] 1. An opening broken. 2. The gap or opening made by breaking. 3. made by fracture or disruption. 2. An interruption; A breaking or infraction, as of a law, or any obligation a pause. 3, In writing or printing, a dash, or a blank or tie. 4. A breaking up of amicable relations, or unfinished line. 4. The first appearing of light in the Syn. - Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; disruption; fracture; aper- morning; the dawn. 5. An interruption ofcontinuity. nure; gap; break; infraction; infringement; violation; quar- 6. A kind of large, four-wheel carriage. eel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding. Brefikla-ble, a. Capable of being broken. Brfach, v. t. (Mil.) To make a breach or opening in the Breiik'n e( (45),. 1. A breaking. 2.Anallowance for things broken in transportation. walls of, by means of artillery. [cattle. for things broken in transportation. lrkac'y, a. Apt to break fences; - applied to unruly Breii-kdowsn, n. 1. Act of breaking down, as of a car]Brfaeh~y, ac. Apt to break fences; -- applied to unruly'.Aroosdne emnt a~abl.[o~q. Brdad, n. [A,-S. bread, breed. The root is either A.-S. riage. 2. A riotous dance, terminating a ball. [Colloq.] Bre~~kter~.n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks.'2. breovan, imp. bredv, to brew, bake, or, better, AS Breiik'er,. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. 2. breotan, imp brekt, to break, for an older breoden, i. (Naut.) A small, fiat water-cask, used in boats for balbreotan, imp bred~t, to break, for an older breedan? m, ls in o megnis pi. ~Tte rlig it last and for enmergencies. 3. pl. Waves breaking into bredd.] 1. Food made of flour or meal. 2., Provisions lsand - k a sea o ~~~~~~~in general. ~foam against the shore, a sand-bank, or a sunken rock. ad drn sCrnorgrinofwicbeaimdeBrd'ak'fast (brdk/fast), o. The first meal in the day. ]r.ad@oe6rii,, it. Corn or grain of which bread is made, BZ-akLfastv1 i. [imp. & p. p. 3REAKFASTrD; p. pr. ~ as wheat, r\Be, &c.rdak'fast' v. i. [imp. & p. p. BREAKFASTED; p. p-. ~~~as wheat, rj2e, &e. n& b. or BREAKFASTING.] To break. one's fast in the Brdad'-fruit (32), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree, found morning. [morning. in the isles of the Pacific. When baked, it somewhat mri[m ing resembles bread, and is eaten as food. The name is also Iirdnk'fastc, e. To furnish with the first meal in th applied to the tree. Breff'-asdk, c. A steep place, endangering the neck. applied to the tree. E~~~re,51c-n~ck, a. Producing danger of a broken neck. Brad'stliff,. Bread-corn; meal; flour. [Amer.] Breiikwa-ter, a. Any Produc tuing danger of a broken nec. to Brdadth (108), n. [A.-S. brado, braed, from brad, broad. rei'w-te. Any structure or contrivnce to See ]BROAD.] 1. Distane fromnt side to side; width break theforce of waves. 2. (Paint.) Quality of having colors and shadows broad Branm,. [Fr. breme, brme, from 0. Ii. oee. bralsesn, and'massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to brlahsina, brachse.] (Ichth.) A certain fish inhabiting produce a impression of largeness and simple grandeur lakes and deep water, extremely insipid, and little valued. produce an impression of largeness and simple gratndeur. ~~rz.t ~.BOM n e.enshf r~ze. Breiik,,v.'t. [imip. BROKE, (BRAKE, eta.); p. p. BROKE Brfam, v. t. [Cf. BRoos, and Ger. ein schiff brennen.] or BROKEN; p. p. & rvb. n. BREAKING.] [A.-S. & Goth. (NAaut.) To burn filth, as grass, seaweed, &c., off from. beikr, Icel. ted, alliedt BREAKING.] [A-S. faeeBrfist, r. [A-S. breost, Icel. briost, Goth. braests, Ger. bril to Lat. fresbgere, for fragre, brust. The root is 0. II. Ger. bresta;, A.-S. borstn, Eng. Skr. bhandj, in which the letter r has been dropped, Ge. brest.,.. berat, Eug. wher the initialc nan been omted. rst, so that the word properly signifies a thing bursting pqyvrdvac, where the initial consonant has been omitted.] beyond the adjacent surface.] 1. The fore part of the 1. (a.) To strain apart; to part by. Hence, to lay open body, between the neck and the belly. 2. The proby breaking. And (Fig.) to lay open, as a purpose; to tdberant glands, in females, in which milk is secreted. disclose or divulge. (b.) To infringe or violate. (c.) To 3. The seat of consciousness and of the affections and interrupt; to terminate. (d.) To destroy the completeness passions; the heart. of. 2. To dash or shatter to pieces. 3. Hence, (a.) To shatter or crush, without separation of parts; to bruise. To make a cEeasn breast, to make full confession. (b.) To weaken, impair, or subdue. (c.) To clininish the Brrast, v. -. To meet with the breast, or manfully. force of. And (Fig.) to impart cautiously. (d.) To tame; Brdast'-bfne, n. The bone of the breast to which most to makietractazble. (e.) To makle bt~nrupt. C. oe tomaketractable. (e.)Toakebankrupt. )To de- of the ribs are attached; the sternunm. stroy the official character of; to cashier. Brdast'-bko, or. (Neat.) A piece of timber in the form With prepositions oi- adverbs - of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship. To break down, to crush; to overwhelm. - To brealk in, to Brdnsting, a. (Engin.) The curved channel in which foirce in; also, to train; to discipline. - To break of; to cause - -wheel turns. [breast. to reform, or abandon. — To break off, to separate by breaking; abreast to interrupt; to put an end to. — To break open, to open by Breast'knSt (-nut), n. A knot of ribbons worn on the breaking. - lTb break out, to take or force out by breaking. - Brdast'pin, nt. A pin worn for a fastening, or for ornaTo break over, to transgress; to disregard. - Io break itp, mnt, on the breast; a brooch. separate into parts; to put an end to. t, o r 1 Defensive armor worn upon the ]Brifasttlplite, n. 1. Defensive armor worn upon the With an object: - breast. 2. A strap that runs across a horses breast. To break the back, neck, &c., to dislocate the same. - To 3. (Jeroish Antiq.) A part of the vestment of the high break bulk, to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as priest, consisting of a folded piece of rich, embroidered from boats to ears.- To break cover, to burst forth from a pro- stuff set with twelve precious stones, on which were entecting concealment. - To breakfast, to partake of food afterhe names of the twelve tribes.'n the mornin~~~~g b reay rl~, o g edl the names of the twvrelve tribes. abstinence, especially in the m orning.- Tb break ground, to ga open the earth as for plantin to cmmence xcavation. Brast-plow, n. A kind of plow, driven by the Hence (Fig.), to begin to execute any plan; (aaut.), to release Brast'-plough,) breast, used to cut or pare turf. the anchor from the bottom. - To break the bert, to crush or Brrfast'ri ll, rt. The upper rail of a balcony or of the overwhelm with grief. - To break a house, (Law), to remove breastwork on a quarter-ec any p.'t of the house or of its fastenings, with violence and a felonious intent. — To break the ice, to overcome obstacles Brfast'fwheel, n. A water-wheel, which receives the and make a beginning. — Tb break jail, to escape from con- stream of water at about half its height. finement in jail. - To break a jest, to utter a jest. - To break Brdast'w.ork (-wfirk), n. 1. (Fort.) A defensive earthjoints, to lay bricks, shingles, &Ce., so that the joints in one rork breast-high. 2. (nest.) A railing on the quartercourse shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. - To break a path, road, or the like; to open a way through deck and forecastle. obstacles by frce.- To break utpon a rwheel, to execte or pun- Brd,th,. [A.rS. breedhr.] 1. Air respired. 2. Act or ish, as a criminal, by stretching himn out upon a cart-wheel power of breathing naturally or freely. 3. Power of,or frsmne, and breaking his linbs -ithl an iross bar. respiration; hence, life. 4. Time to breathe; respite; Syn. - To dispart; rend; tear; crash; shatter; batter; vio-. A single respiration, or the time -of late; ufriu~; dcmobh; detroy. vio- pause.,5. A single respiration, or the time of msaking late; infringe; demolish; destroy. 11 it; a single act; an instant. 6. A very slight breeze. BreRk, v. i. 1. To come to pieces; to burst asunder. Br-Pathla-ble, a. Capable of being breathed. 2. To open spontaneously, or by force from within. 3. Bri-athe, v. i. [imp. 8& p. p. BREATHED; p. pr. & Tocome to view; to appear; to dawn. 4. To burst,b. nr. BREATHING.] [From breath, q. v.] 1. To reforth violently. 5. To become weakened; to lose health spire; hence, to live. 2. To take breath; to rest. 3. or strength. 6. To fail in business. 7. To change the To pass, as air; to exhale; to emanate. gait. 8. To exceed the natural compass or power, as the Br-at-e, v. t. 1. To respire..2. To inject or infuse voice. 9, To fall out; to terminate friendship. by breathing. 3. To emit by the breath; to utter softly. With prepositions or adverbs: - 4. To exhale; to emit, as breath. 5. To cause to sound,i, 5, &c., long; i, 6, &c., short; cmre,fiir, Ask, a1, what; 6re, veil, tdrm; pique, firm s6n, 6r, do, wolf, BREATHER 83 BRIDE-CAKE by breathing. 6. To promote free respiration in; to curved mark [-] used to indicate the short quantity exercise. 7. To suffer to take breath, or recover the of a vowel, or some particular quality of its sound. natural breathing. S. To put out of breath. 9. [W. Bre-vdt', n. [Fr., from Lat. brevis, short. See BRIEF.] brathut, to pierce.] To give air or vent to; to open. 1. A royal or imperial warrant, granting a favor, priviBrrath'er, n., One who breathes. lege, title, or dignity. 2. (Mil.) A commission in the ]BrPath'ing, n. 1. Respiration. 2. Air in gentle mo- army at large, in distinction from a commission in a tion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation. 4. Aspira- particular regiment or corps. [brevet. tion; secret prayer. 5. Exercise. 6. Utterance. 7. Bre-vdt', v. L. (Mil.) To confer rank or title upon by Breathing-place; vent. 8. (a.) (Gram.) Aspiration; Bre-vdt', a. (Mil.) Taking rank by brevet. the sound expressed by the letter h. (b.) ( Gr. Gram.) Br&'-vi-a-ry, i. [Lat. breviarium, from brevis, short.] A mark placed over the initial vowel of a word to indicate 1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief aspiration. - Rough breatling (spiritus asper), a mark ['], account or summary. 2. A book containing the daily signifying that the letter over which it is placed is to be service of the Roman Catholic or Greek church. pronounced as if preceded by h, as FeVaL (hi-e-nai). Bre-viSrt, n. [Probably so called from being originally Smnooth breathings (spiritus lenis), a mark ['], indicating used in printing a breviary.] (Print.) A small kind of the absence of the sound of h, as 1evac (i-e-nai). printing type, in size between bourgeois and minion. Brath'less, a. lo. Out of breath. 2. Dead; expired. This line is printed in breier type. Breathll'ess-ness, n. State of being breathless, or exhausted with exercise. Brvq'i-ped, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and pes, pedis, foot.] B~reccia (brdtlchhs), n. [It. See BREACHI.] (Geol.) A (Ornith.) Hlaving short legs, as certain birds. rock composed of angular fragments, united by a cement, Brv'i1- n/tenate, a. [Lat. brevis, short, and pennaand presenting a variety of colors. tus, winged, feathered, from penina, feather, wing.] ( OrBrde'ci-l'ted (brdk/shl-), a. Consisting of angular stith.) Short-winged; - applied to a division of birds, fragments cemented together. including the ostrich, cassowary, swan, &c. Breech, n. [See BRE:ECHES.] 1. The lower part of Br v'i-ty,- n. [Lat. brevitas, from brevis, short.] 1. the body behind. 2. The hinder part of any thing, esp. Shortness of duration. 2. Contraction into few words; the part of a fire-arm, behind the bottom of the bore. shortness; conciseness. Breech, a. t. [imp. & p. p. BREECHED; p. pr. & ab. Brew (bral), a. t. [imp. & p. p. BREWED; p. pr. & Va. n. BREtECHING.] 1. To put into breeches. 2. To fit n. BREWINC.] [A.-S. breovan, Icel. brugga, allied to or furnish with a breech. 3. To fasten with breeching. Lat. feigcre, Gr.