AMERICAN SYSTI'E OF EDYUCATION HAND-BOOK or ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS IN THIREE PARTS. FIRST PART INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. SECOND PART. 1TUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. THIRD PART. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ROOT-WOBDS "The terms whioh first fall upon the ear of cQildhood " —EDIN. RBv. BY fiitcrar soodiatioll. NEW-YORK: D. APPLETON & COMIPANY.S46 & 348 BROADWAY. M.DCC.tLV. Entered according to Act of Contgess ill the year 1S54. By D. APPLETON & COMPANY, In tlhe Clerlk's Office of the District Colrt of the United States for the Southern District of New York. A LETTER. DR. WISDOM TO THE LITERARY ASSOCIATION. GENTLEMEN:- This letter you owe to the request of one of your number. Some time ago Dr. ~ called upon me, and in a very agreeable conference with him, I learned much about your plans. Among other things, he informed me that, you were about to bring out a Hand-Book of the AngloSaxon Root-words of our language. I suggested this to your Committee some time ago. It is part of your work. You act prudently in confining the proposed Hand-Book solely tQ the Anglo-Saxon root-words. These words address the senses. They are easily understood, because the things which they represent are found in the walks of childhood. They appear as distinct words in our language, and retain much of their original form and meaning. Most of the root-words of. French and Classic origin do not appear as distinct words in our language. Many of them have lost so much of their native form as to make it a difficult thing to trace them in the English language-too difficult, at least, for childhood. They cannot be presented at an early age with advantage; and when presented, I am of opinion, it should be in connection with their derivatives. Your present work is needed. I have long felt this. The two Hand-Books already published, I am happy to learn, find an open and hopeful field. But it is too wide for them. The farm, gentlemen, you have cultivated, the garden you have just entered, wants your care also. The Hand-Book on the Anglo-Saxon Root-Words will meet the wants of children about eight years old-the wants of an important class of pupils. The division of your course on Orthography may not so readily gain the appiroval of parents and teachers. It will gain it, however. It is based on some interesting facts in the constitution and life of children. They learn by EXCURSIONS. This is the character of the mind in early life; it is excursive. The bud, the blossom, and the fruitage of thought are seldom gathered at the same time-never in childhood. iV DR. WISDOM TO THE LITERARY ASSOCIATION. The excursions of the young mind are SHORT. The journey whose end is not apprehended at the beginning fails to excite healthy emotions. The large text-book may fill the eye, but rest assured it will soon oppress the heart. Besides, there is a charm in the little for young minds, and the end of a book forms an agreeable break in study. It is a desirable resting-place in the journey, and such resting-places should not by any means be too far apart. You will, I suppose, omit the original word. Excuse my seeming obtrusion upon your deliberations. To give it can answer no end. The child will not be able to understand it, or receive any advantage from it. In many cases he would not be able to pronounce it. The more advanced student would not expect to find it in an elementary work. What use is there, for instance, in saying that DECK is from deckan, and LOVE from lufian? Gentlemen, give the results of your learning, but not the details and show of it. I would advise you to give at least, in the most of cases, the original meaning of the words. It will have a charm for the young mind. The child, I think, would be pleased to learn, for instance, that queen originally meant woman, boor a countryman, husband the house-band, and wife the one who weaves, because women did the weaving in olden times. You will also give the use of the words. This cannot be wisely overlooked. Words are instruments of thought, and are of value to us only when we can use them. I would give their use in familiar questions and answers, the teacher using the word in a simple question, and the child answering with the same word. For instance: Teacher. Is home a dear place? Child. Home is a dear place. The principle of imitation is brought into use here, and by it, the child will be able to acquire a correct pronunciation and a ready use of words. You will also retain the two chief features of your other Hand-BooksI mean the arrangement of words in the three classes of nouns, adjectives, and verbs-an arrangement that accords with the law of mind-and their disposition in groups under the things to which they relate. Such an arrangement and disposition amount to a discovery in education. They accord with the growth of mind. The word becomes a pleasing object of study, and the child, in going forth into the domain of language, finds himself still in company with the form and spirit of nature. Conducted in this way, education becomes a thing of pleasure as well as of duty. The word ceases to be an arbitrary sign; the word becomes a thing instinct with thought. With much consideration, I remain, gentlemen, yours truly, LIONEL WVISDOM. AN INTERVIEW BETWEEN A TEACHER AND A MEMBER OF THE LITERIARY ASSOCIATION. TuE following interview has something more than a local interest. Saturday afternoon, January 14th, 1853. Mr. B, a practical teacher, called upon me to make some inquiries about "The American System of Education." "Sir," said he, "allow me to ask you some questions about the HandBooks." fMember.-With pleasure. We are happy to talk about that which interests us. Teacher.-True, Sir. I have seen your Hand-Book of Anglo-Saxon Orthography, and am much pleased with it. You have another Hand-Book? fMember.-Two, Sir. The Literary Association has three Hand-Books on English Orthography. In these books, the child is led over the whole domain of the English language. He follows its historic growth from the half-formed words, pa and ma, to the awful names of God and eternal things. Teacher.-The growth of language! Sir, has language a growth? Member. -An instructive and beautiful one. It is the body of thought, and, like our own bodies, grows into an organic whole. Every word is a member, and increases with the increase of every part. Besides this, it has a noble historic growth. Teacher.-Explain it, if you please. Mfember.-The English language, as we speak it, is not native to America nor England. It is a mixed language, having at least five lingual elements. All its parts were imported from the continent. Its native home is the farfamed Indus-the first seat of civilization. Teacher.-Sir, this is new and somewhat surprising. I knew that our language contained Latin and Greek words. Proceed, Sir. vi AN INTERVIEW BETWEEN A TEACHER Member.-An illustration will explain what I have said. The English language is like an engrafted tree. The Anglo-Saxon is the stock; and the Gothic, Celtic, French, Latin and Greek are engraftures. History records their inoculation and growth. Teacher.-This is what I have long wished to sAe. The Anglo-Saxon is the stock-the basis of the English language. Member.- Yes. When it was introduced into England by the Angles and Saxons in 450 A.D., the Celtic was the language of the British islands. A few Latin words were mixed with it, the memorials of the Roman conquest. But the Celtic wasted away before the Saxon, as the Indian dialects in this country, have wasted away before the English; and the Saxon became the speech of those islands. Teacher. —Very satisfactory. But how did the other elements come in? Member.-In various ways. The Church, commerce, war, and learned men, introduced them. The old Saxon tongue was poor in some things, and borrowed kindred words from the Gothic; names of places from the Celtic; words belonging to law, chivalry, and taste, from the French; and scientific and theological terms from the Latin and Greek languages. In this way, it has become great-in this way, we propose to study it. Teacher.-How, Sir? You excite my curiosity. Member.-In its historic growth. We begin with the Anglo-Saxon, which is the stock. It is more than this. Let me take a new illustration. As the German, Celt, French, Italian, and Greek, become Americanized by coming among us, so their languages have been Anglicized by engrafture upon the Saxon. Teacher.-I understand now. Allow me, Sir, to return to the HandBooks. What do you propose to do in your first one? Member.-To teach the Anglo-Saxon root-words. We begin with the childhood of the language. It becomes the young mind. What do we want with derivative words till we have learned their roots? Teacher.-Just so. How do you present those words? Member.-As nature teaches us. The child picks up whole words as he picks up whole flowers. He picks them up in connection with things. He goes forth, and names whatever he sees and feels. Then, he learns their qualities, and names them; and lastly, their actions, and names them also. Thus, father; dear father; dear father comes. Teacher.-Your plan is simple. The child, too, studies things while he is studying words. Member.-This is not all. The Anglo-Saxon words are nearly all spelled as they are written. So the ear and eye agree in studying them. Teacher.-What do you propose in your second Hand-Book? AND A MEMBER OF THE LITERARY ASSOCIATION. Vli Member.-The growth of the Anglo-Saxon root-words-their derivatives. They are needed to meet the wants of the unfolding mind. By the use of nine terminations, twenty-fve suffixes, and eighteen prefixes, we form some five thousand derivative words from the one thousand root-words. Language is a necessity of our nature, and is to be furnished as we need it. Teacher.-I see your plan clearly, and admire it. Member.-Every child should build up his own language as necessity requires it. Then, words would be ready weapons of the mind. Teacher. —So they would. You said that the Association had a third Hand-Book. What do you propose in it? Member.-To teach the engrafted parts of our language. This is done according to the plan laid down in the first and second Hand-Books. Teacher.-Nothing can be more simple. The idea of learning our language in its historic growth is beautiful. How could it have been overlooked so long? Member.-I know not. But these views only point out the framework of the system. In5structions introduce the child to the whole building. Teacher.-In what, may I ask? Member.-Instructions in the different parts of the English language; instructions also in the growth of words by terminations, suffixes, and prefixes. Teacher.-These instructions are much needed. Member. —I have not said all yet. The English language has a growth according to the LAWS OF MIND. This is pointed out in the arrangement of words as nouns, adjectives, and verbs. It has a SOCIAL GROWTii. This is seen in the engrafted elements. It has a growth according to REASON. The mind of man begins at home to unfold itself. From thence, it stretches forth to God. This is presented in the arrangement of words under the various things lying between home and heaven. Teacher.-The subject grows in interest. I have been blind to its importance. Member.-One thing more. The English language has an etymology; and this is the root of its orthography. Words are traced to their native languages. They are traced also to their natural sources in the organs of the body. The body is the wonderful instrument from which the soul evokes speech under the influence of the world. Teacher.-Enough, enough, Sir! You have convinced me that I know little or nothing of my own language. The Hand-Books I shall study. Member. -Sir, we have a noble language. Let us understand and teach it to the people. TABLE OF CONTENTS. f tvst gart. MATERIALS OF ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. PAGE INSTRUCTION I.-A WORD....................................... 13 INST. I. —TII E SPOKEN WORD...................................... 13 INST. lII.-IIEARING............................ 14 INST. IV.-SPEECII...................................... 14 INST. V.-TIE ORGAN OF SPEECH................................... 14 INST. VI.-WRITING.............................................. 15 INST. VI. —-TIIE WRIITEN WORD.................................. 15 INST. VIII.-SEEING.............................................. i16 INST. IX.-Toucii................................................ 16 INST. X.-THE HAND........................................ 16 INST. XI. —THE PICTURE................................... 17 INST. XII. —T E SYMBOL.......................................... 17 INST. XIV.-THE LETTER......................................... 17 INST. XV.-THE ALPHABET. 18:{ST. XV. —— THE AL aBET....................................... INST. XVI.-LETTERS AND SOUNDS.. 19 INST. XVII.-A TABLE OF LETTERS AND SOUNDS..................... 19 INST. XVIII.-THE ENGLISH WORD................................20 INST. XIX.-SOURCES OF ENGLISH WORDS.............21 INST. XX.-ANGLO-SAXON WORDS..................................22 INST. XXI.-ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS.............................23 INST. XXII.-SYLLABLES..........................................23 INST. XXIII. —QUANTITY.......................................... 23 INST. XXIV.-ACCENT............................................ 24 INST. XXV.-ARTICULATION.......................................24 INST. XXVI. —ENUNCIATION.......................................25 X TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE INST. XXVIr.-PRONNUNCIATION...................2................. 25 INST. XXVIII.-OUTlOEPY........................................ 25 INST. XXIX.-ORTIIOGRAPIIY.............................. 6 INST. XXX.-SPELLINGG............................... 26 INST. XXXI.-PIONETIC SPELLING................................. 27 INST. XXXII. —THE MEANING OF ~WORDS............................ 27 INST. XXXIII. —TnE USE OF WORDS............................... 28 INST. XXXIV.-How WE USE WORDS.............................. 28 INST. XXXV.-INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS......... 28,iec- leou'cart, STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. CHAPTER -I.-STUDY.............................................. 33 Studies: The Study of Words-The Plan of Study-Model of the Plan of Study-Preparing a Study —Reciting a StudyNames of Things-Things. CHAP. II.-HOMF............................................. 39 Studies: Outhouses-Kinds of HIouses-Groups of HousesParts of a House-Household Stuff. CHAP. III;-HOUsEHOLD...E.................... 45 Studies: Servants-Food(-Clothing. CHAP. IV.-MAN............................. 48 Studies: The Body of Man-Tlie Head —rhe Chest- -The Upper Lihnbs-The Low\er Limhbs-States of thle Body-Diseases of the Body —The Senses. CHAP. V.-THE SOUL.............................................55 Studies: Tile States of 1he Soul —Powers atrid Feelinlgs of the Soul. CHAP. VI.-BUSINESS............................................. 57 Studies: Farlning-I-lunting and Fishing-Smithing-iMlanufac*turing - Warring - Buying and Selling- Teaching-Other Learned Callings-The State and Officers. CHAP. VII.-ToOLS AND WORKS OF MAN............................ 65 Studies: Tools and Works of the Farmer-Tools and Works of the Hunter and Fisher-Tools and Works of the Ilousewright -Tools and Works of the Shipwright-Tools and Works of the Millwright-Tools and Works of the Smith-Tools and Works of the Weaver-Tools and Works of Manufacturers TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xl PAGE Tools and Works of the Housewife-Tools and Works-of the Soldier-Tools and Works of Learned Business-Tools and Works of Different Kinds of Business-Weights and Measures -Numbers. CHAP. VIII.-THE WORKS OF THE CREATOR......................... 77 Studies: The Earth-Bodies of Land-Bodies of Water-Mineral Bodies of the Earth-Vegetable Bodies of the EarthShrubs-Herbs — Grasses-Vegetables-Flowers - Some Productions of Plants-The Parts of Plants-Animal Bodies of the Earth-Wild Animals-Water Animals-Reptiles-Insects -Birds-Domestic Birds-Productions of Animals-Bodies in the Heavens. CRAP. IX. -PLACE AND T [lNE..................................... 92 Studies: Places on the Earth and in the Heavens-Relative Places-Larger Divisions of Time-Smaller Divisions of Time -Relative Divisions of Time —Relations of Things and Events in Place and Time-Connections of Things and Events in Place and Time. CmAP. X.- GoD...9........................................ 98 Studies: God-Attributes of God-Relations of God to ManAbode of God. CHAP. XI.-QUALITIES OF THINGS................................ 100 Studies: Qualities of Home-Qualities of Outhouses-Qualities of Household Stuff-Qualities of the Household-Qualities of Food-Qualities of Clothing-Qualities of Man-Qualities of the Body of Man —Qualities of Parts of the Body of Man-Qualities of the Soul of Man-Qualities of the Hunter and HuntingQualities of the Farm and Farming-Qualities of War-Qualities of the Manufacturer and Manufacturing-Qualities of the Trader and Trading-Qualities of the Sailor and Sailor's LifeQualities of the Learned Professions-Qualities of Officers and Offices-Qualities of the Works of Man-Qualities of the Works of God-Qualities of Vegetable Bodies-Qualities of AnimalsQualities of Light-Qualities of God. CHAP. XII.-AcTIONs............................................. 111 Studies: Actions of the Body of Man-Actions of the Hands of Man-Actions of the Feet of MSan-Actions of Man in the Household-Actions of the Senses-Actions of the Soul of Man-Actions of Food-Actions of Clothing in the House Xii TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Actions of the Housekeeper-Actions of the HouseholderActions of the Hunter-Actions of the Fisher —Actions of the Farmer-Actions of the Housewright-Actions of the Wheelwright-Actions of the Shipwright-Actions of the Millwright -Actions of the Smith-Actions of the Weaver-Actions of the Manufacturer-Actions of the Trader-Actions of the SoldierActions of the Teacher-Actions of the Doctor-Actions of the Artist-Actions of Minerals-Actions of Plants-Actions of Animals-Actions of Wild Animals-Actions of Water Animals -Actions of Birds-Actions of the Earth-Actions of Water -Actions of the Heavens-Actions of God. CHAP. XIII.-EVENTS........................................ 137 Studies: Events of the Household-Events in the Occupations of Man-Eveints in the Earth-Events in the Heavens-Events of God-Last Things. THE BEGINNINGS OF WORDS. CHAPTER I. —THE BEGINNINGS OF WORDS............................145 Studies: Words-The Organ of Speech-The Body and Words — The World and Words-The Soul and Words-The Beginnings of Words-Natural History of Words. CHAP. II. —TE HUMAN BODY.................................... 148 Studies: The Organ of Speech-The Sense of Hearing-The Sense of Seeing-The Sense of Taste-The Sense of Smell — The Sense of Touch-The Hands-The Feet-The MusclesThe Organ of Breathing-The Covering of the Body. CHAP. III.-MAN................................................ 153 Studies: Man-IIousehold-Society-Business of Man. CHAP. IV.-THE WORLD.........................................155 Studies: The Earth-The Heavens-Form-Quantity-PlaceTime-Relations of Things in Place and Time-Connections of Things in Place and Time. CHAP. v. —THE SOUL AND GOD................................... 157 Studies: The Soul-God. CHAP. VI. —THE END OF TIE HAND-BOOK OF ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 158 HAND-BOOK ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. INSTRUCTION I. A WORD. THE lips move when we speak. Something passes from them, and falls upon the ear. It is called a word. A word is that which passesfrom the lips. It has another meaning now. A WORD IS THE SIGN OF A THING. I speak, for instance, the word, rose, and it is a sign to you of what I mean. You see and smell that sweet flower What is a word Give an instance. I NSTRUCTION II. THE SPOKEN WORD. SPEECH is a rich gift, and is shared alone by man. It is the power to think and feel aloud. It gives us the spoken word. 14 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. The spoken word is a sound used as the sign of'a thing. If I say book, for instance, you hear a'spoken word. It is a sound, and is used as the sign of a certain thing-a book. What is a spoken word? Give an instance. INSTRUCTION III. HEARING. THE spoken word comes to the ear. Without hearing, it comes in vain. There is no sound. We could make none ourselves: we could not hear what others make. Hearing is one of the five senses. It gives us a knowledge of sounds. As such, we should use it thoughtfully when we speak ourselves, or listen to others. What is hearing. What do we learn from it? INSTRUCTION IV. SPEECH. SPEECH is a wonderful gift. It is shared alone by man, and gives us the spoken word. It does so when guided by the ear. Speech is the power of making known what we wish in sounds. It breaks up the silence of the heart. We think and feel aloud. What is speech INSTRUCTION V. THE ORGAN OF SPEECH. THE word, organ, is the same as an instrument, or tool. The hand is an organ: so is the eye. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 15 The organ of speech is that instrument by which the soul thinks and feels aloud. It is made up of the lungs, windpipe, larynx, tongue, teeth, palate, and lips. What is the organ of speech.? What are its parts a INSTRUCTION VI. WRITING. THE child is not content to be able to speak what he thinks and feels. He wishes to write his thoughts. The pencil is used almost as soon as the tongue. The word, writing, means smearing, as with wax. In olden times, people covered boards with wax, and wrote upon it with a steel pen. It means more now. Writing is the art or practice of making letters with a pen or pencil. It gives us the written word. What is writing? What did the word at first mean? INS TRUCTION VII. THE WRITTEN WORD. THE spoken word passes away. We wish to keep it, and find out that sound can be written. The written word is one or more letters or marks, used as the sign of a spoken word. If I write the word, buzz, for instance, I think of the sound, buzz, and then of the insect or whatever makes it. What is a written word I 16 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. INSTRUCTION VIII. SEEING. THE written word is brought to the eye, Without seeing, it would be brought in vain. Seeing is one of the five senses. It gives us a knowledye of the color and forms of things. As such, it is useful when we make written words, or read those made by others. What is seeing? What do we learn from it?, I NSTR UCTIO N IX. TOUCH. THE eye could never give us a written word, if left to itself. It needs the help of touch. Touch is one of the five senses. Among many things which it gives us, form is only pointed out here. Touch gives us form. Whiat is touch? What do we learn from it INSTRUCTION X. THE HAND. THE eye and touch could not give us a written word without the hand. As the ear and speech needed the organ of speech to form a spoken word, so the eye and touch need the hand to form the written word. The hand is the organ or instrument by which the soul gives shape to things, thinks and feels so as to be seen. By the hand, the written word has its shape, and becomes a sign of what we think or feel. What is the band ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 17 INSTRUCTION XI. THE PICTURE. THE picture was the first way in which men wrote their words. If they wished to write the words, horse and man, they drew a picture of them. So children begin to write. A picture is a likeness of a thing drawn on a flat surface. The picture, as a kind of writing, meant two things: 1. It was the likeness of the thing. 2. It was the sign of its name. What was the first kind of writing? What is a picture? What did it mean as a kind of writing? INSTRUCTION XII. TIE SYML3BOL. THE picture was a slow way of writing a word. It took up too much time. Men wished to shorten the time and lessen the labor. The picture was changed into a symbol Instead of drawing a picture of a siege, a scaling-ladder only was drawn: instead of drawing a king in royal dress, an eye and sceptre were drawn. A symbol is a part, instrument or some likeness of a thing. Feet in water was the symbol of a fuller: an arm with a whip was the symbol of a charioteer, and a fly of impudence. The symbol, as a kind of writing, was a double sign: 1. A sign of the thing; 2. A sign of its name. What is a symbol? What is it as a kind of writing INSTRUCTION XIV. THE LETTER. THE symbol, like the picture, was found to be a slow way of writing. It took up too much time. The Chinese 18 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. shortened it. They wrote each word by making a certain mark, which became its sign. This way was found not to be the best. Instead of writing EACH WORD by a mark, for then we would have to write and know EIGHTY THOUSAND MARKS to know all our language, we write only the SOUNDS of which words are made. In this case, we have only to learn the marks for FORTY SOUNDS, for these make up all the words in our language. These marks are called letters. A letter is the sign of a sound of the human voice; as, a, b, c. When I see a or o, for instance, I think of the sound. What is a letter? INSTRUCTION XV. THE ALPHABET. WORDS, we have said, are made up of sounds. Thus, the word, man, is made up of the three sounds, m, a, n. The sounds of which words are made, are written by letters. Thus, the sounds which make up the word, go, are written by the letters, g and o. All the letters which mark the sounds of which all the words in a language are made up, are brought together and called an alphabet. Alphabet is a word which we have borrowed from the Greeks. It is the name of all the letters which we use in writing words. The letters of our alphabet are brought together in a certain order. It is as follows: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. What is the alphabet ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 19 INSTRUCTION XVI. LETTERS AND SOUNDS. ALL the words which we use are spoken with FORTY SOUNDS and written with TWENTY-SIX LETTERS. Some of these sounds are made by opening the mouth and forcing out the air. These are called vowels. A vowel is simple voice; as, a, o. It is formed by opening the mouth. Some of these sounds are double. These are called diphthongs. A diphthong is the union of two vowel sounds ~ as, oi in boil. Some of these sounds are made by joining parts of the organ of speech. They are called consonants. A consonant is a jointed sound. It is formed by joining parts of the mouth together as, the lips in sounding P; the tongue and teeth in sounding T. What is a vowel? A diphthong? A consonant? INSTRUCTION XVII. A TABLE OF LETTERS AND SOUNDS. THE letters and sounds may now be brought together in one view, under the heads of VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS and CONSONANTS. They should be studied with great care. 1. VOWEL SOUNDS. 1. a as in father. 7. i as in pin. 2. a as in fat. 8. o as in note. 3. a as in fate. 9. o as in not. 4. a or aw as in water, law. 10. oo as in fool. 5. e as in me. 11. u as in tube. 6. e as in met. 12. u as in tub. 20 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. II. DIPHTHONGS. 1. ou as in house. 3. ew as in new. 2. oi as in boil. 4. i as in bite. III. CONSONANTS. 1. w as in woe. 13. th as in thin. 2. y as in ye. 14. th as in thine. 3. 1 as in low. 15. g as in gun. 4. m as in man. 16. k as in kin. 5. n as in not. 17. s as in sin. 6. r as in ran. 18. sh as in shine. 7. p as in pan. 19. z as in zeal. 8. b as in bin. 20. z (zh) as in azure. 9. v as in van. 21. ch as in church. 10. f as in fan. 22. j as in jest. 11. t as in tin. 23. ng as in sing. 12. d as in din. 24. h as in he. In looking over this table, it will be seen that there are -~TWELVE VOWELS, FOUR DIPHTHONGS, and TWENTY-FOUR CONSONANTS. These are all the sounds which we hear in speech. They make up all our words. Name the vowels. The diphthongs. The consonants. How many of each? INSTRUCTION XVIII. THE ENGLISH WORD. THE words which we speak and write, are called English words. We call them so because we got them from the English-a people who live in England. The word, ENGLISH, was taken from the name of a tribe of people, called ANGLES. This tribe came over from the ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 21 north of Germany and settled in what is now called England, in A. D. 450. (See Lingual Reader.) What is the name of the words we use? What did the name, Enqlish, come from? INSTRUCTION XIX SOURCES OF ENGLISH WORDS. THE words which we use, like the people of our country, have come to us from different sources. We have borrowed words from all quarters. We have borrowed from almost every language under heaven. Merchants and travellers have brought us words from all parts of the earth. We have borrowed words from the Danish. Such are the words, dwell, flap, flabby, gasp. We have borrowed from the Swedish. Such are the words, hassock, lag. We have borrowed from the Dutch. Such are the words, belong, blear, blush. We have borrowed from the German. Such are the words, fresh, boy, booby. We have borrowed from the Celtic. Such are the words, bun, bug, kick, creak. We have borrowed from the French. Such are the words, bias, beef, bottle, search. We have borrowed largely from the Latin. Such are the words, globe, solar, ruby, part. We have borrowed also from the Greek. Such are the words, sphere, poultice, peg, pirate. Ve have borrowed from the Spanish. Such are the words, caste, musquito. 22 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT- WORDS. WT have borrowed from the Italian. Such are the words, solo, stanza, piano, piano-forte. We have borrowed from the Hebrew. Such are the words, jubilee, cherubim. There is another source from which we have got a large part of our words-from the ANGLES and SAXONS,- who settled in England A. D. 450. The words from this source form the root of our language. Name the sources from whence we have borrowed words. What can you say of the Angles and Saxons? INSTRUCTION XX. ANGLO-SAXON WORDS. THE name, Anglo-Saxon, is taken from the names of two German tribes, Angles and Saxons, who settled in England A. D. 450. Their language became the speech of England in A.D. 836. It is our mother-tongue. To make it richer, we have borrowed from time to time from other languages. Some of them are mentioned in the last Instruction. The ANGLO-SAXON words number about TWENTY-THREE THOUSAND. 1. They are the words of home. Such are the names of father, mother, son, daughter, child, home. 2. They are the words of the heart. Such are the words, love, hope, sorrow. 3. They are the words of every-day life. Such are the words, ox, farm, plough, husband, wife, house, hearth, cook, eat, sleep, walk. 4. They are the words of the senses. Such are the names of objects which we know through the senses; as, sun, noon, fire, water. Whence is the name, Anglo-Saxon? What can you say of Anglo-Saxon words ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 23 INSTRUCTION XXI. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. IF we take the cluster of words, HOME, homely, homeless, homelier, homeliest, homeliness, the word, home, is the root of all the others. It is a root-word. A root-word is one that gives rise to others. Thus, the root word, FATHER, gives rise to fatherly, fatherless,unfatherly. We are about now to enter upon the study of root-words of Anglo-Saxon origin. What is a root-word? Give an instance. INSTRUCTION XXII. SYLLABLES. THERE are many words which can be sounded at once. Such are the words, son, child. There are also many words which cannot be sounded at once. Such are the words, father, mother. They are broken into parts, called syllables; as, fa-ther. A syllable is a word, or so much of one as can be sounded at once; as, man, child-like. What is a syllable? INSTRUCTION XXIII. QUANTITY. IF I sound the vowels, a, e, i, o, u, the voice is lengthened. If I sound the consonants, such as k, t, d, the voice is shortened. When I speak the word, father, the voice is long on the syllable, fa, and short on the syllable, ther, This is called quantity. 24 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Quantity is length of voice as heard in letters and syllables. It is long, or short, and is marked thus, v -; as in consume. What is quantity? Give an instance of the long and short quantity of letters and syllables. What are the marks of quantity I INSTRUCTION XXIV. ACCENT. THE voice, in sounding words of more than one syllable, changes its force. It is stronger on one than on another. This is called accent. Accent is force of voice on one or more syllables of a word. It appears on the syllable, ty, in the word, tyrant. Its mark is', as on the word, minute. What is accent? INSTRUCTION XXV. ARTICULATION. WE sound all the letters and words by using the organ of speech. This organ is divided into three parts: 1. The part for breathing; as, the lungs and wind-pipe. 2. The part for voice, as, the larynx, glottis, and epiglottis. 3. The part for articulation, or jointing; as, the tongue, palate, teeth and lips. In speaking words, these parts come together, and this is called articulation. Articulation is the joining of parts of the organ of speech tc form the sounds which make words. Thus, in sounding t, I have to join the tip of my tongue and my upper gums. Articulation should be a daily exercise. The child should repeat the table of letters and sounds daily. What are the parts of the organ of speech? What is articulation I ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 25 INSTRUCTION XXVI. ENUNCIATION. IF we notice the voice as we sound the letters of the alphabet, we will see that it goes forth in different ways. It swells on o, glides on z, hisses on s, crushes on ch, and rings on N. This is called enunciation. Enunciation is the way in which we give out the sounds of letters. It should be clear, strong and distinct; and form a daily exercise. What is enunciation? What should it be? INSTRUCTION XXVII. PRONUNCIATION. LETTERS are formed into words, and undergo some changes. A, for instance, has one sound in father, and another in fate. Tn is sharp in thin, but flat in thine. To mark these changes, and give the true sounds of letters in words, is the part of pronunciation. Pronunciation is the giving of the right sounds to letters in words, and accents to syllables. Thus, neither shbuld be pronounced as if written nee'ther, and not as if written nayther, or neether. What is pronunciation? What two things belong to it? INSTRUCTION XXVIII. ORTHOEPY. THE spoken word comes to the ear. It is a sound, and can be studied. The branch of knowledge that tells us all about it, is called orthoipy. 2 26 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Orthoepy comes from two Greek words, and means correct speaking. It teaches us the spoken word-its sounds, syllables, quantity and accent. What is orthogpy What does it teach What belongs to it? INSTRUCTION XXIX. ORTHOGRAPHY. THE written word is seen by the eye. It has form and parts, and can be studied. The branch of knowledge that tells us all about it, is called orthography. Orthography comes from two Greek words, and means correct writing. It teaches us the written word-its letters, syllables, quantity and accent. (See Lingual Reader.) What is orthography? What does it teach? What belongs to it INSTRUCTION XXX. SPELLING. WE cannot write words unless we know the sounds that make them, and the letters which stand for these sounds. I hear, for instance, the word, child. How shall I be able to write it? By learning that it is made up of the sounds, - - - -; and that these sounds are written by the letters, ch, i,, d. This is spelling. Spelling is naming the sounds that make a word, or writing the letters that stand for these sounds. Thus, I spell the word, thin, by naming the sounds, - - -, or writing the letters, th, i, n. Writing is the only sure way of learning to spell. What is spelling? How many ways can you spell? Which is the better way ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 27 INSTRUCTION XXXI. PHONETIC SPELLING. THE sounds given to the letters in the alphabet are not the sounds which they have in words. The letter, H, for instance, is called aitch, in the alphabet, and never has this sound in words. Its true sound is heh; as in he. This is very troublesome to children in spelling. Thus, we spell the word, hat, aitch, a, te, and pronounce it, hat. Phonetic spelling does away with this trouble. It gives the true sound to each letter-the sound which it has in the word. Thus, we spell in this way, the word, church, cheh, ii, er, cheh-church. What is phonetic spelling? Give an instance. INSTRUCTION XXXII. THE MEANING OF WORDS. WORDS are signs of things, and have a meaning. This must be known, or words are of little use to us. I have, for instance, the word, deck. How shall I use it? Its meaning will be my guide. Deck means to dress or adorn. The child decks her head with flowers. The meaning of a word is what it stands for. It is best learned by seeing or feeling the thing. Thus, the word, tooth-ache, stands for a pain in a tooth. I know its meaning when I feel that pain. (See Sentential Reader.) No word should be allowed to find its way into the mind without its meaning. What is the meaning of a word? How is it best learned? 28 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. INSTRUCTION XXXIII. THE USE OF WORDS. WORDS are a kind of tools. By them, we think and give shape to what we think. By words, we make known our thoughts and feelings. This is their use. The use of a word is the employing it to stand for'what it was made to stand for. Thus, we all have feelings. One of these is named by the word, like, and another by the word, love. I use these words, when I employ them to stand for the feelings, like and love; as, when I say, I like my books and love my parents. No word should be allowed to find its way into the mind without a knowledge of its use. What is the use of a word? How do we use words? INSTRUCTION XXXIV. HOW WE USE WORDS. WORDS, as you have learned, are the weapons or tools of the mind. It uses them to tell what it thinks and feels. It can do so only in sentences. A sentence is two or more words by which we say something of something. Thus, My mother is sick, is a sentence. It says something of something. In the use of words, we use, in this book, two kinds of sentences. The teacher uses an interrogative one; and the child a declarative one. An interrogative sentence is two or more words by which we ask something about something. Thus, Is home dear? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 29 A declarative sentence is two or more words by which we say something of something. Thus, Home is dear. What is a sentence? How many kinds used in this book? What is an interrogative sentence? A declarative one? INSTRUCTION XXXV. INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. THE end of the first part is reached. Here we may pause, and look babk upon our course. We have learned many things by the way. We have learned all that is useful to us at present about the Ango-Saxon root-words of our language. We are now ready to begin their study,. and learn how to spell, define and use above ONE THOUSAND of the choicest words in our language-the words of home, of the heart, of the senses, of childhood and of daily life. What have we learned up to this place? What are we now ready to begin I SECOND PART. STUI)lES IN ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-W()RDS. STUDIES ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WO.RDS. CHAPTER I. STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAX@N ROOT-WORDS. THE study of words may be made a very pleasing one Words are wonderful things. Some of them are TALES, and some of them are HISTORIES. The Anglo-Saxon rootwords, which we are now going to study, are dear ones. They are signs of many sweet things about home and the heart. FIRST STUDY. STUDY. THERE is no growth in knowledge without study. Without it, there is nothing learned well. Study is fixing the mind on what we wish to know, and learning all we can about it. In this way, we study trees and animals; in this way, we study our pains, hopes and sorrows. In the same way, we are to study words. What is study 2 2* 34 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. SECOND STUDY. THE STUDY OF WORDS. THERE are about ONE THOUSAND WORDS in- this little book; and these are all to be studied. Their study is not hard. If you know how to study one, you will find it an easy thing to study all the others. An instance follows: If the written word, manly, is to be studied, we fix the mind upon it through the sense of sight, and find out its letters, syllables, accent, quantity, meaning and use. Thus, manly, is composed of the letters, m, a, n, l, y; the syllables, man, ly; has the accent on main; the syllable man is short, and ly is long; the word means likce man, and may be used thus-Robert is a manly child. If the spoken- word is to be studied, we fix the mind upon it through the sense of hearing, and find out its sounds, syllables, accent, quantity, meaning and use: we also attend to articulation,,.nunciation, pronunciation and spelling. Thus, the word, father, is made up of the sounds,, -, -, -,; the syllables, fa, ther; has the accent on fd; fi is long and ther is short; the word means the male parent of man, and is used in this instance —Father is kind. In speaking it, we join the organ of speech in each sound, enunciate it clearly, and pronounce it thus-fdther. We spell it thus-feh, ah, fah, theh, e, er, thor, fahther. There are some other things to be known in the study of words. They will come before us hereafter. What is study? How do we study the written word? Give an instance. How do we study the spoken word? Give an instance. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 35 THIRD STUDY. THE PLAN OF STUDY. A PLAN is a great help in every thing we wish to do. If we work without one, we will not work well. A plan is a form, copy or model by which we are guided in our work. The plan for the study of Anglo-Saxon root-words, is a very simple one. 1. The words are brought before the mind in GROUPS. Thus, home, stead, homestead, house, form a group. 2. Each group of words belongs to some THING. Thus, the group of words, barn, shed, crib, rack and stall, belong to outhouses. Outhouses are the thing. 3. The names of things are first given; then the names of qualities; and lastly, the names of actions. Thus, under HOME, we give the names of the things, home, stead, homestead, house; then the names of the qualities, sweet, dear; and lastly, the names of the actions, draw, hallow. 4. The meaning of each word is given. First is given the meaning of the word when it was made; as, husband, the house band or bond, binding the family together; and then the common meaning of the word; as, husband, a man wedded to a woman. 5. The use of each word is also given. The teacher asks a question, in which he uses the word, and thus gives a model to the child. The child turns this question into an answer, and gives the same use of the word. Thus: Teacher. Is a barn a place for grain? Child. A barn is a place for grain. (See Readers.) What is a plan? Go over the plan for the study of Anglo-Saxon rootwords 36 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. FOURT I STUDY. A MODEL OF THE PLAN OF STUDY. THE child, in early liie, imitates what he sees and hears. He learns from models better than from maxims or sayings. This is true of the plan of study. We accordingly bring it before the mind in a model. We select HOME and its words. THE MODEL. HOME. HOME is the dearest spot on earth. The heart turns to it, wherever we may be. HOME, a cover; the place where one lives. Teacher.-Is home a dear place? Child.-Home is a dear place. STEAD, a stand; room or place. Teacher.-Shall I answer in your stead? Child. —You may answer in my stead. HOMESTEAD, the place of home; one's abode. Teacher.-Do you like the old homestead? Child.-I do like the old homestead. HousE, a closed place; a building to live in. Teacher.-Is your house large? Child.-Our house is large. In this model, every thing is done for the child. In the following studies, every thing is done, but ONE, the answer to each question, and this is easy. The child has only to learn what is done, and be able to answer each question. Tell what is said about the model. FIFTH STUDY. PREPARING A STUDY. THE study for the day is pointed out to the child. It may be HOME and its words. These are to be studied. He ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 37 takes his seat and opens his book. What is to be done? WORDS ARE TO BE STUDIED. STUDY. Study is fixing the mind on what we wish to know, and learning all we can about it. THE WRITTEN WORD. In this case, the written word is the thing to be studied. The mind is fixed upon it through the sense of sight. What is it? The written word is one or mnore letters used as a sign of the spoken word. See Ins. VII. THE SPOKEN WORD. The written word becomes the spoken one, when we speak it. And what is this? The spoken word is a sound of the human voice, used as the sign of a thing. See Ins. II. THE STEPS. The steps in the study are easily marked. 1. The WRITTEN word. In studying this, the mind is fixed upon it through the sense of sight. We mark the letters, syllables, accent, quantity, meaning and use in the question of the teacher. See Ins. VIII. 2. The SPOKEN word. When we say the study, the written word becomes a spoken one. The mind is fixed upon' it through the sense of hearing. We mark its sounds, syllables, accent, quantity, meaning and use. See Ins. III. 3. The use of the word. This is shown to the child. in the question of the teacher, and is to be studied. The child learns what it means, and shapes an answer in the 38 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. same words. Thus he learns to use words, the weapons of the mind. What is to be studied? What is study? The written word? Spoken word? The steps? SIXTH STUDY. RECITING THE STUDY. THE child or class is called out to recite a study. It may be home. The recitation begins. The subject is home. Teacher. —HoE. This is the subject of study. Robert, what do you know about it? Child.-Home is the dearest spot on earth. The heart turns to it, wherever we may be. Teacher.-HoME. Child.-Home. Heh, o, em, e, (spelling it,) a cover; the place where one lives. Teacher.-Is home a dear place Child.-Home is a dear place. Thus, the recitation goes on till the study is ended. It is a pleasing talk, and cannot fail to bring light to the young mind. How are the lessons to be said? SEVENTH STUDY. NAMES OF THINGS. THINGS are about us every where. Their names are common and well known. They were the first words that we gathered up in childhood. What is a name? A name is what we call any thing by. Tree is a name, for we call a certain thing by it. (See Sentential Reader.) The child first gathered up the names of things. It ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 39 learned the names, pa, papa, ma, mamma, dog, and could call them. So our knowledge of words began. So let our study of words begin —begin with the NAMES OF THINGS. But with what things? Those of childhood. We begin with the names of the things of home, and go forth to the wide, wide world. We end with GOD. What is a name? Do we begin to learn words with names? EIGHTH STUDY. THINGS. THINGS, in some form or other, are ever with us. When we speak, or write, words are their signs. Words and things go together. Words are of no use, unless we know the things for which they stand; and things have little interest for us, unless we have words to make known what we know and feel about them. Things are greater than words. Words wait upon them. This being so, we wisely make them points of interest around which we gather groups of words. They should be made as full of interest as they can be, so that we may not soon forget the words which belong to them. The THING should De held up before the mind till its image is fixed upon the heart. Then its WORDS will abide in our memory. What do you know about things and words? CHAPTER II. HOME. HOME is the NURSERY of life. Here, our first hopes were born. And here, in scenes full of sweetness, we began to 40 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. speak and gather up our first words. Here let us return and begin their study, for home is always dear. "How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood, When fond recollection recalls them to view; The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood, And every loved spot that my infancy knew I" S. WoODWORTH. Repeat what is said about home. NINTH STUDY. HOME. HEOME is the dearest spot on eartn. The heart turns to it, wherever we may be. "Where'er I roam, whatever realms I see, My heart utntravelled fondly turns to thee." GOLDSMITr Repeat what is said about home. HOME, a cover; the place where one HOMESTEAD, the place of home. lives. Do you love the old homestead? Is home a dear place HOUSE, a covering; a building to live STEAD, a stand; place or room. in. Is Robert in your stead? Is the house large? TENTH STUDY. OUTHOUSES. OUTHOUSES are a very useful kind of buildings. They belong to every fine home in the country. Neat outhouses adorn a place. What is said about outhouses? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 41 MIUT, forth * on the outside. Is the shed low? Is the master of the house out? CanB, that which catches; the manger OUTHOUSE, a building without the one or box out of which cattle feed. in which we live. Is the crib long? Is the outhouse old? RACK, something stretched; a frame BARN, a place for barley; a house for from which cattle eat hay. grain and cattle. Was the rack burnt? Is the barn new? STALL, a stand; a stand for a horse SHED, a shade or cover; an open place or an ox. for cattle. Is the stall narrow ELEVENTH STUDY. KINDS OF HOUSES. THERE are many kinds of houses in which man dwells. They range from the Indian wigwam to the royal palace.'A straw-roofed cabin with a lowly wall, Mine is a fair and pillared hall, Where many an image of marble gleams, And the sunshine of picture for ever streams." HEMANS. Repeat what is said of kinds of houses. HUT, a small cover; a small poor HALL, a tent; a large house where place to live in. courts of justice meet; also a noble Have the Irish huts? dwelling-house. HOVEL, an open house, or cave; a Is the hall a noble house? rude house to live in. CASTLE, a closed place of defense; a Is a hovel low? fortified house, or princely buildCOT, something cut off for a cover; a ing. very small, rude house. Are there many castles in EngDo poor people live in cots? land? COTTAGE, a cover to live in; a small CHURCH, the Lord's house; a house in house in which the poor live. which God is worshipped. Are cottages pretty? Is the church holy? 42 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. T W E L F T H STUD Y. GROUPS OF HOUSES. MAN is a social being. He likes to be near his fellowman, and builds near him. Social homes arise, villages, towns and cities. "Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain, Where health and plenty cheer the lab'ring swain." GOLDSMITH. Repeat what is said about groups of houses. rIAMLET, a little house; a small num- Is the town noisy? ber of houses together. BOROUGH, a closed place; a town havIs the hamlet small? ing its own rulers. rowN, a fortified hill; a group of Is the borough large? houses larger than a village. THIRTEENTH STUDY. PARTS OF A HOUSE. THE house has many parts; and all its parts have their,ases. The names of these form a fine group of words "Through that door Was shown: * * * * That deep descent leads to the dripping vaults; Leads to a covered bridge, the Bridge of Sighs; And, to that fatal closet at thy foot, An iron door. But let us to the roof; And when thou hast surveyed the sea, the land, Visit the narrow cells." ROGERs' ITALY. Repeat what is said about parts of the house. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 43 SIDE, drawn out; the long part of a Is the room low? thing. BED, a spread; a tick filled with hair, Has a house two sides? wool, straw or feathers, on which OUT, forth; on the outside. to sleep. Can you go out? Is a feather bed soft? OUTSIDE, the side without a thing. BEDRooM, space for a spread; a room May the outside of a house be to sleep in. stone 8 Is your bedroom large? IN, inclosed; inside. KITCHEN, a cooking-room; a room Were you in the house? used to cook in. INSIDr, the side within a thing. May a kitchen be small? Is the inside of a house clean? COURT, a circuit; an uncovered space END, the point, or limit; the narrow before a house. part of a thing. Do children play in the court? Has a house two ends? HEARTH, earth; the pavement or stone DooR, an opening; a passage into a on which the fire is made. house. Does the fire burn on the hearth? Is the door painted RooF, stretched over; the cover of a POST, set or firm; an upright stick of house. timber. Is the roof of that house flat? Is the post square? FLOOR, spread out; the bottom part DOOR-POST, the upright part of the of a house or room. door-frame. Is the floor wooden Do you see the door-post? GATE, a gap or passage; a large door. SILL, that is laid down; the wood or Is the gate new? stone under a door or window. LxTCH, a catch; a bar to fasten a Is the sill of the window wet? door. RooM, place or space; a part of the Is the latch made of iron? space in a house. FOURTEENTH STUDY. HOUSEHOLD-STUFF. A BUILDING in itself does not form a home. Furniture is also needed. "Yet I saw the idle loom Still in its place; his Sunday garment hung Upon the self-same nail; his very staff Stood undisturbed behind the door." WORDSWORTH. Repeat what is said about household-stuff. 44 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. HousE, a covering; a building for WASHSTAND, the frame or table at storage or dwelling. which one washes. Do we live in a house? Is the washstand light HOLD, grasp; what is embraced or BOWL, a hollow; a vessel to hold contained. water in. Is your hold firm? Is the bowl broken? HOUSEHOLD, those contained in a STOOL, a seat; a seat without a back. house; the persons who live in it. Is the stool made of wood? Do those who live in a house STOVE, a fixed place; that in which make the household? we make fire. STUFF, that which fills; household Do we burn fire in a stove? articles. PAN, spread out; a broad hollow Shall we keep useless stuff? vessel. HOUSEHOLD-STUFF, the things in a. Is the milk pan new? house. CRADLE, a rocking; the bed on which Are chairs household-stuff? small children are rocked. BED, a spread; that on which we Does the cradle injure the head? sleep. CRocK, a pot; an earthen vessel. Are beds useful things? Is the crock made of earth? BOLSTER, that which raises up; a DISE, something flat; a broad open cushion for the head. vessel to eat off. Is the bolster soft Are dishes easily broken? PILLOW, a stuffing; a small cushion FORK, a parted rod; that with which for the head. we Jift our food. Are pillows stuffed with feathers? Are forks made of silver? SHEET, a cloth; a linen or cotton un- KNIFE, that which nips; that with der cover for a bed. which we at any thing. Are sheets made of muslin? - Is the knife made of steel? WASH, a flowing; a cleansing with Cup, a bending; a small vessel out water. of which we drink. Did you see the wash? Do we drink tea out of a cup? STAND, a station; a place or frame TONGs, shafts; a tool of two shafts on which any thing may be laid. joined at one end. Is the stand small? Are the tongs made of iron? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 45 CHAPTER III. HOUSEHOLD. A FURNISHED house always leads us to look for a household-a family bound together by love. "And oh, the atmosphere of home! how bright It floats around us when we sit together, Under a bower of vine in summer weather, Or round the hearth-stone on a winter's night!" PARK BENJAMIN Repeat what is said about the household. FIFTEENTH STUDY. HOUSEHOLD. THERE are many dear names in the household-names of love. "He entered in his house-his home no more, For without hearts there is no home." BYRON. Repeat what is said about the household. HOUSEHOLD, the persons who live in MOTHER, the source; the female paa house. rent of man. Is the household large? Is a mother dear? HUSBAND, the house band; a man SON, light; the male child. joined to a woman by marriage. May a son be idle? Is a husband the head of the DAUGHTER, grace; the female child. family? Is a good daughter a blessing? WIFE, one who weaves; a woman BROTHER, brood; a male child having joined to a man in marriage. the same parents. Does the wife love her husband? Is your, brother kind? CHILD, issue; a son or a daughter. SISTER, set; a female child having the Is a good child loved? same parents. FATHER, one who feeds; the male Should you love your sister? parent of man. BAIRN, born; a child. Do you love your father? Is the bairn good? 46 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. KLN, kind, or class; those connected KINDRED, those of the same familywith us by blood or marriage. relations. Should our kin be dear to us? Do you love your kindred? SIXTEENTH STUDY. SERVANTS. SERVANTS form a very useful class of men and women. "From his sixth year, the boy of whom I speak, In summer, tended cattle on the hills." WORDSWORTH. Repeat what is said about servants. COOK, boiling; one' who makes food PLOUGH, that which thrusts; a too ready. to turn up the ground. Is a cook useful? Is the plough useful? MAID, able; a female servant. MAN, a form or shape; a male of the Is the chamber-maid young? human race. KITCHEN-MAID, the girl in the cook- Is a man strong ing-room; one who works in the PLOUGHMAN, a man who guides a kitchen. plough. Is the kitchen-maid sick? Should the ploughman be strong? HOUSE-MAID, the girl for the whole CAR, that which runs; a vehicle house; one who keeps a house moved on wheels. clean. Is the car drawn by one horse? Is the house-maid busy 8 CARMAN, a man who drives a car. WASHER, one who washes. Are there many carmen in cities I Is the woman a good washer? TEAM, offspring; yoked horses or WOMAN, the source of man; the fe- oxen. male of man. Is an ox team strong? Is woman kind? TEAMSTER, one who guides, or who WASHER-WOMAN, a woman who washes drives a team. clothes. Does the teamster work hard? Is the washer-woman poor? SHEEP, a well-known useful animal. HIRE, price; wages for work. Are sheep clothed with wool? Do servants get hire? HERD, one who keeps. HIRELING, a little paid man; one who SHEPHERD, a sheep keeper; a man works for wages. who takes care of sheep. Is a hireilny honest 8 Is the shepherd kind? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 47 FOOT, that which treads; the part of STEWARD, a place keeper; a man who the body on which we stand. manages house affairs. Do you like a small foot? Should the steward be faithful? FOOTMAN, a servant who waits on HENCHMAN, a serving man; one who foot. serves another. Did the footman open the door? Should a henchman be true? SEVENTEENTtH STUDY. FOOD. ONE of the first cares of a household is food. "Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things."-BIBLE. What is said of food? FooD, what feeds; that which we eat LOAF, a shaped mass; a mass of dough to keep up life. baked. What is food? Is the loaf large? BREAD, a lump of food; a kind of HAM, the thigh of a pig salted and food made from flour. smoked. What is bread made of? Do you like ham? BA1RM, what works or boils; yeast or MILK, what is got by stroking; the leaven. white fluid from female animals. Is barm used to raise bread? Is milk used in tea? MEAT, what we eat; any kind of BUTTER, what is made by striking; food; flesh of animals. the oily substance taken from milk Is meat healthy? by churning. DouGa, a tough mass; leavened flour Is butter made from milk? kneaded, but not baked. CHEESE, drawn or curdled; the pressIs bread made from dough? ed curd of milk. Do we make cheese from milk I EIGHTEENTH STUDY. CL OTHING. CLOTHING, next to food, is an early care of the house. hold. 48 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. "Loveliness Needs not the foreign aid of ornament, But is, when unadorned, adorned the most." THOMSON. What is said of clothing CLOTH, what covers; any thing made TIPPET, the top; a garment for the of wool, flax or cotton. neck. Is cloth warm 8 Is the tippet made of fur CLOTHES, covering for the body. HOOD, a head-cover; a covering for Are your clothes tidy? the head of a woman. CLOTHING, all kinds of garments, or May a hood be thick? coverings for the body. HosE, a heel-covering; a covering for Have you much clothing? the leg. MANTLE, what shuts; a cloak, or loose Are woollen hose warmest? covering for the body. GLOVE, a cover; a cover for the hand. Is the mantle made of silk? Do gloves keep your hands warm I BELT, what is drawn round; a band SHOE, something put on; a covering worn round the waist. for the foot. Do you wear a belt? Are shoes made of leather? CAP, end or point; a low cover for HAT, a cover or defense; a cover for the head. the head. May the boy wear his new cap? Does the boy wear a hat? SLEEVE, the hand; that part of the SHROUD, what wraps; the dress of dress which covers the arm. the dead. Are long sleeves warmest? Are the dead put in shrouds CHAPTER IV. MAN. THE house, food, clothing and furniture, are all little or nothing compared with man. He is the greatest study of life. "The glory, jest and riddle of the world." PoPE. What is said of man? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 49 NINETEENTH. STUDY. MAN. MAN was made in the image of God; but sin has taken away his beauty and holiness. "How poor, how rich, how abject, how august, How complicate, how wonderful is man! A beam ethereal, sullied and absorbed! Though sullied and dishonored, still divine!" YOUNG. MAN, a form or shape; a male of the GUEST, one who goes out; a visitor human race. from a distance. Has man a soul 8 Should we welcome a guest? WOMAN, source of mwn; a female of HEATHEN, a dweller on the heath; the human race. one who does not know the true Can woman love? God. FELLOW, one who follows; a com- Shall the heathen be convertedI panion of the same kind. KNAvE, a boy, a youth; a rogue, or Where is your fellow 8 person who is not honest. GAWK, a cuckoo; a poor simple per- Do you like a knave?. son. CHURL, a male or strong man; a rude Is a gawk foolish? ill-bred man. BooR, a rustic, or farmer; a rude Do you like a churl? countryman. NEIGHBOR, a near rustic or farmer; Were the Saxons boors? one who lives near another. SWAIN, a boy; a young farmer. Who is your neighbor? Is the swain happy? TWENTIETH STUDY. THE BODY OF MAN. THE body is the habitation of the soul. The old Saxons called it the soul's house. "Sure'tis a serious thing to die; In that dread moment how the frantic soul 3 60 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Raves round the walls of her clay tenement, Runs to each avenue, and shrieks for help." BLAIR. What is said of the body of man? BODY, that is fixed; the frame of an FRAME, joined; the skeleton of bones. animal or man. Is the frame of the body made Is the body wonderfully made? of bones? SKIN, a covering; the covering of the FLESH, soft; the soft part of the body. body. Should the skin be kept clean Doesf esh cover the bones T W E N T Y- F I R ST STUDY. THE HEAD —THE CHIEF PART OF THE BODY. THE head of man is the seat of the soul. "Remove yon skull from out the scattered heapsl Is that a temple where a god may dwell? Look on its broken arch, its ruined wall, Its chambers desolate, and portals foul: Yes, this was once ambition's airy hall, The dome of thought, the palace of the soul!" BYRON. What is said of the head? HEAD, the top; the upper part of the MOUTH, an outlet; the outlet of the body. voice. Is the soul found in the head? Is the sense of taste in the LIP, border; the border of the mouth. mouth? Is your lip red? TONGUE, a point or projection; the NosE, a ridge; the ridge of the face. instrument of speech and taste. Is the nose the seat of smell? Is the tongue the chief organ of NOSTRIL, the nose-hole; the passage taste.? through the nose. CHEEK, a side; the side of the face Do we breathe through the nos- below the eyes. trils? Is there a bone in the cheek? TOOTH, a shoot; a bony substance CHIN, an edge; the lower part of the growing out of the jaw. face. Does the tooth ever ache? Is Jane's chin small ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 51 BROW, a ridge; the ridge over the eye. EAR, a shoot; the organ of hearing. Is the brow formed of short Is the ear very delicate hairs BRAIN, the fore part; the soft subEYE, a fount; the organ of tears and stance in the skull. sight. Is the brain in the head? Does the sense of sight reside in THROAT, swallow; the front part of the eye? the neck. NECK, the knob, or nape; the part Is the throat in the neck? of the body between the head and NAPE, a knob; the high joint of the the chest. neck behind. Is my neck short 8 Is the nape of the neck behind TWENTY-SECOND STUDY. THE CHEST-THE MIDDLE PART OF THE BODY. THE chest contains the lungs and the heart. "How his great heart Beats thick! his roomy chest by far too scant To give the lungs full play." BLAIR. What is said of the chest 1 CHEST, a trunk; that part of the body BREATH, vapor; the air taken in and from the neck to the stomach. thrown out of the lungs. Is the chest the seat of the heart? HEART, strong; the vessel that holds BREAST, a bunch or swelling; the fore the blood. part of the chest. Is blood carried away from the Is there a bone in the breast? heart by arteries? BACK, a ridge; the hinder part of the LIVER, weight; a large red organ chest. which separates bile. Should we turn our back to a Is the liver in the right side? person? GALL, yellow; a bitter bottle-green RIB, side border; a bone which forms fluid. part of the frame of the chest. Is the gall bitter 8 Are there twenty-four ribs? BLOOD, that which flows; the red SIDE, drawn out; part where the ribs fluid that flows from the heart. are. Is blood conveyed to the heart Which is your right side? by veins LUNGs, long; the organs of breath- LOIN, leaning in; the side below the ing, consisting of air cells. ribs. Are there two lungs? Do the loins lean inward? 02 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. TWENTY-THIRD STUD Y. THE UPPER LIMBS. THE hand is a wonderful work. No tool in the world is so skilfully made. "I rose up to open to. my beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh, and my fingers with sweet-smelling myrrh."-BIBLE. What is said of the upper limbs 8 LIMB, a branch; a branch of the Is the hand useful? body. FINGER, that which takes; one of the Are there four limbs? extreme parts of the hand. ARM, a joint; the limb reaching from Have you ten fingers? the shoulder to the hand. THIUMB, an inch; the short thick How many arms have you? finger. SHOULDER, a shield; the joint con- Is the thumb shorter than the necting the arm and body. other fingers? Is there a large bone in the FIST, fast or firm; the closed hand. shoulder? Can you knock with your ELBOW, the arm bow; the angle fist? made by bending the arm. KNUCKLE, a coupling; a joint of the Does the elbow contain bones? finger. HAND, that which seizes; the end of. Do you rap with your knuckles? the arm, palm and fingers. TWENTY-FOURTH STUDY. THE LOWER LIMBS. THE lower limbs of the body are wisely framed for carrying us from place to place. "Hold up my goings in thy paths, that my footsteps slip not."-B-BI E What is said of the lower limbs ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 53 TmoGH, thick; that part between the SHIN, a splint; the round bone on the body and leg. knee. Are both thighs alike? Is the shin the largest bone in HIP, lump; the fleshy part of the the leg? thigh. ANKLE, a ball or clew; the joint beIs the hip formed by the thigh tween the leg and foot. bone? Are there three bones in the KNEE, a knob or bunch; the joint of ankle? the thigh and leg. FOOT, that which treads; the lower Can the knee be broken? end of the leg. STEP, stretch or distance; the space Has the foot ten toes? between the foot. HEEL, a lump; the hind part of the TOE, a sprout; one of the extreme foot. parts of the foot. Where is the heel? Are there ten toes? TWENTY-FIFTH STUDY. STATES OF THE BODY. THE body changes from work to rest, and from play to sleep. "All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances." SH1AKSPEARE. What is said of the states of the body? WORK, exercise; labor or active use SLEEP, loose; repose from the use of of strength. body and mind. Is work a means of health 8 Does sleep refresh us? PLAY, a bending; exercise for plea- HEALTH, that is whole; a sound state sure. of the body. Do you like play? Are you in good health? REST, a ceasing; repose from la- STRENGTH, that is stretched; power bor. of body. Do we take rest at night B Has a sick person much strength? 54 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. TWENTY-SIXTH STUDY. DISEASES OF THE BODY. DISEASE follows the steps of health in this world. "Far from his friends he strayed, recording thus The dear remembrance of his native fields To cheer the tedious night; while slow disease Preyed on his pining vitals." BRUCE. What is said of disease? SIcK, loathing; touched with disease. BLAIN, a swelling; a sore on the Is it painful to be sick? skin. PAIN, a straining; an uneasSr feeling. Did God send blains on Egypt? Have the sick many pains? PIMPLE, a little point; a little rising PANG, a torture; great pain or agony. on the skin. Do pangs often trouble us? Do pimples break out on the ACHE, a pressing; constant pain. face? Is man subject to aches? CROUP, a croaking; a disease of the AGUE, a shaking; a cold fit. throat. Is ague common to many per- Are children troubled with the sons croup? TWENTY-SEVENTH STUDY. THE SENSES. THE senses are the instruments of the soul. (See First Thoughts.) "Even so the soul in this contracted state, Confined to these strait instruments of sense, More dull and narrowly doth operate; At this hole hears, the sight must ray from hence, Here tastes, there smellsShe is oje orb of sense, all eye, all airy ear." DR. HENRY MORI Repeat what is said about the senses. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 55 SMELL, warm; the sense by which HEARING, a pointing the ear; the odors are noticed. sense by which we perceive sounds. Is the sense of smell found in the Is hearing found in the ear? nose? SEEING, seeking; noticing by the SMELLING, the sense by which we per- eye. ceive odors. Does the sense of seeing lie in Is smelling one of the five senses? the eye? CHAPTER V. THE SOUL. MAN is more than a living creature. "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living Soul." "Life is real; life is earnest, And the grave is not its goal. Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul." LONGFELLOW. What is said of the soul? TWENTY-EIGHTH STUDY. THE SOUL. THE soul is the chief glory of man. " 0 listen, man I A voice within us speaks the startling word, Man, thou shalt never die I " DARa. Repeat what is said of the soul. SOUL, life; that part of man which HEART, strong; that part or man thinks and acts. which feels. Does the soul die? Is the heart of man evil? MIIND, possessing; that part of man WILL, fixed or set; that part of the which knows. mind by which we plan. Should you fill your mind with Does the will plan to do things't knowledge? 56 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. TWENTY-NINTH STUDY. STATES OF THE SOUL. THE soul undergoes many changes and passes from one state to another. It is cheerful this moment, the next it is gloomy and sad. "'Tis the great art of life to manage wel] The restless mind." ARMSTRONG. What is said of the states of the soul? MOOD, having spirit; temper of the FEELING, a pressing; noticing things soul. by the senses. Should we live in a happy mood? Do all possess feeling? SIN, missing; departure from that WILLING, setting; choosing somewhich is good and right. thing. Does God hate sin? Is the soul willing? BLss, blithe; mirth of mind. WISE, searching; knowing or having Do we hope for bliss in heaven? knowledge. THINKING, drawing out; using the Is God a wise being? power of mind in forming notions. DoM, doom or judgment; state or Are we always thinking? dominion. THOUGHT, that is drawn out; that WISDoM, state of reaching toward, or which is.produced by thinking. knowing; right use of knowledge. Have we all some thought.? Does wisdom come from God? THIRTIETH ST U D Y. POWERS AND FEELINGS OF THE SOUL. THE soul of man is a thing of wonderful powers. Many feelings lodge within it. "By degrees the mind Feels her young nerves dilate; the plastic powers Labor for action: blind emotion heaves His bosom; and with loveliest frenzy caught, From earth to heaven he rolls his frenzied eye." AKENSIDE. What is said of the powers of the soul? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 57 FEELING, a pressing; that which we LusT, a longing; a longing desire. learn by the senses. Should we gratify all lusts? Have all feeling? SMILE, melting; a cheerful play of SHAME, a blush; a feeling of guilt. the lips. Have you no shame? Do you like to see a smile? PRIDE, adorned; great thoughts of TEAR, a drop; a fluid that is seen in oneself. the eye, the sign of joy or grief. Is pride sinful? Can you dry up your tears? HATE, hot; great dislike. BELIEF, leaving with; an assent of the Is hate to a person wrong? mind to what is true. LovE, a leaning; delight in any Is your belief strong? thing. WIT, mind or knowledge. Is love a feeling 8 Has he much wit? SORROW, sore or heavy; pain of mind LAUGH, loose; an expression of mirth. for some loss. Do you like to hear a mar Has a mother many sorrows? laugh? HoPE, a reaching forward; expecta- LAUGHTER, audible mirth. tion of future good. Can you make laughter? Does hope cheer us? FRIEND, freed one; one free to love FEAR, a bearing down; a painful feel- and be loved. ing in view of future evil. Are true friends often found? Has the sinner many fears? SHIP, shape; state or office. GLAD, lifted up; cheerful. FRIENDSHIP, love between two or more Does hope make our hearts glad? persons. GLADNESS, a kind of delight. Is friendship sweet? Does gladness ever beam upon us? CHAPTER VI. BUSINESS. MAN can be studied best in the business of life. Work and rest alike show what he is. "Let us then be up and doing, With a heart for any fate; Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait." LONGFELLOW. What is said of business? 3* 68 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. TIItRTY-FIRST STUDY. FARMING. THE care of the soil is a very old calling. "Abel was a keeper of sheep, and Cain was a tiller of the ground." "Oft did the harvest to the sickle yield, Their harrow oft the stubborn glebe had broke; How jocund did they drive their team a-field, How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke." GRAY. FARMING, getting bread; the business RAKING, reaching; the act of gatherof tilling the land. ing hay or grain. Is farming a healthy occupation? Is raking a work of the farmer? FARM, bread; a tract of land tilled SHEEP, a well-known and useful aniby one man. mal. Is the farm large? Are sheep gentle? THRESHING, beating, or treading; the HERD, a keeper. act of beating out grain. SHEPHERD, a sheep keeper; one who Is threshing hard work? takes care of sheep. MOWING, a heaping; the act of cut- Did the star at Christ's birth apting down grass. pear to shepherds. Is mowing heavy work? LAND, cleared place; ground that is REAPING, cutting; the act of cutting tilled. grain with a sickle. Is land dear Is reaping light work? LORD, a bread giver; a master or PLOUGHING, thrusting; the act of ruler. turning up the ground in fur- Is lord a title in England? rows. LANDLORD, a bread giver to those who Is ploughing a work of the far- hold his land; the owner of land mer I or houses. SowING, swinging or scattering. Should the landlord be kind? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 59 THIRTY-SECOND STUDY. HUNTING AND FISHING. MAN, in a rude state of society, depends for support on fishing and hunting. Nimrod, we are told, was a mighty hunter. "There was an old hunter camped down by the rill, Who fished in this water, and shot on that hill; The forest for him had no danger or gloom, For all that he wanted was plenty of room." HOFFMAN. Repeat what is said. HUNTING, thrusting; the chase of wild FISH, rapid or lively; an animal that animals. lives in water. Was hunting an early employ- FIsHING, the practice of taking fish. ment? Is fishing pleasant? HUNTER, one who chases wild ani- FIrsER, one who takes fish. mals. Does the fisher pass through danAre there many hunters at the gers? west THIRTY-THIRD STUDY. BUILDING. MAN, in early life, shows a taste for building. The house, boat and carriage engage his care. "Cedar of Maine and Georgia pine Here together shall combine." LONGFELLOW. Repeat what is said. HousE, a covering; a building to live HoUSEWRmIGT, one who builds houses in. Is the housewright useful? Is your house made of brick? MILL, that softens; a machine fol WRIGHT, work; a workman. grinding grain. Is the wright busy? Have you ever seen a mill? 60 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. MILWRIGGHT, one who builds mills. Does the shipwright need much Is the millwright needed in the timber? country? FRAME, joined; the timbers of a buildSHIP, shape; a vessel to move on ing joined together. water. Is the frame strong? Has a ship sails? BOARD, broad; a piece of timber SHPWRIGnHT, one who builds ships. sawed thin. Have you ever seen a board? THIRTY-FOURTH STUDY. SMITHING. THERE were workers in metal in the family of Lamech. "Week in, week out, from morn till night, You can hear his bellows blow; You can hear him swing his heavy sledge With measured beat and slow." LONGFELLOW Repeat what is said. SMITHING, a striking; the practice of:GOLD, bright yellow; a bright yellow working in metals. metal. Did smithing arise very early? Are pencils made of gold I SMITH, a stroke; one who works in GOLDSMITH, one who works in gold. metals. Does the goldsmith beat out gold I Is a smith a mechanic? COPPER, named from Cyprus; a pale BLACK, livid, or wan; dark,. or with- red colored metal. out light. Are pennies made of copper? Is night black? COPPERSMITH, one who works in copBLACKSMITH, one who works in iron. per. Does the blacksmith need a Does the coppersmith make many forge? of our vessels SILvER, a bright white metal. LOCK, shut; any thing that fastens. Is silver a useful metal? Has the door a lock? eILVERSMITH, one who works in silver. LOCKSMITH, one who makes locks. Can the silversmithmake spoons? Can the locksmith fit in a key I ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 61 THIR T Y - FIFTH STUDY. MANUFACTURING. BARK of trees, fibres, leaves and other raw materials were wrought up into useful articles of clothing in the early ages of the world. Repeat what is said. WEAVING, moving back and forward; CLOCK, a click or stroke; an instruthe practice of uniting thread into ment that marks time by striking. cloth. Does the clock stand on the Is weaving a very useful employ- mantel? ment? CLOCKMAKER, one who makes clocks. SPINNING, drawing out; the practice BooK, beech, beech bark; thoughts of twisting fibres into threads. printed and bound. Is spinning little heeded now? Is a book made of paper? SHOE, covering; a covering for the BOOKMAKER, one who makes books. foot. Is a bookmaker called an author? Is a shoe made of leather? IIAT, a cover, or defense; a high cover MAKER, one who strains or strives; for the head. one who shapes any thing. Do you like a silk hat? Do you know a maker of shoes? HATTER, one who makes hats. SHOEMAKER, one who makes shoes. Is the hatter a mechanic? Can the shoemaker make many NAIL, claw; a pointed piece of metal. kinds of shoes? Is the nail useful to the houseWATCH, guard or watch; an instru- wright? ment that marks time. NAILER, one who makes nails. Is a watch useful? What does a nailer make-? WATCHMAKER, one who makes watches. TURNER, one who rounds; one who Will the watchmaker mend your forms things with the lathe. watch? Does the turner make tops? THIRTY-SIXTH STUDY. WARRING. WAR too soon became a calling of man. The arms turned against wild beasts, were pointed at the homes and lives of men. 62 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. "No solemn host goes trailing by The black-mouthed gun and staggering wain; Men start not at the battle-cry: O, be it never heard again!" BRYANT. Repeat what is said. WAlr a struggle; the practice of FOE, hated; an enemy, or one whc arms. hates s. Is war cruel? Is the foe near? SHOT, that is darted; a ball or bullet FEUD, hate; a deadly quarrel. thrown from a gun. Should we take part in a feud? Is shot used in war? FIEND, hated; a wicked foe. SIHOOTING, darting; the act of firing Is Satan afiend? FiGrnT, strife or struggle; a struggle guns or arrows. in arms. Is shooting dangerous? Do meniht? Do men fight? THIRTY-SEVE I TH STUDY. BUYLNG A'Y SELLING. As soon as man had mcte of any thing than he needed, We thought of its sale. Trade arose. "Travelling merchants have done much in all ages to add to the comfort nd knowledge of man." What is said of buying and selling? UYING, possessing; the act of get- SiOP, shape; a building in which ting things by paying for them. goods are shaped or sold. Is the merchant buying many rs the shop very large? things? SHOPPING, going to shops; going to. TEIGnT, that bears down; the quan- shops to buy goods. tity of any thing found by weigh- Do ladies go shopping? ing it. MONGER, a trader; a dealer in any Is there a ton weight of but- thing. ter? Has the monger a stall SELING, giving; giving any thing for FisH, rapid or lively; an animal that a price. lives in water. Is fish good to eat? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 63 FISH3MONGER, one who deals in fish. IRONMONGER, a dealer in iron. Does the.fishmonger go about the Does an ironmonger deal in iron? streets? BooT, amends, or more; profit, or IRON, struck or beaten; a hard gray- something more. ish and useful metal. Is boot given in trading? Is iron more useful than gold? THIRTY-EIGHTH STUDY. TEACHING. IN the early ages of the world, parents taught their own children. Parents were both teachers and ministers. What is said of teaching "Early had he learned To reverence the volume that displays The mystery, the life which cannot die; But in the mountains did he feel his faith." WORDSWORTH. TEACHING, leading or drawing; giving MONK, separate; a man who retires knowledge. from the world to attend to reIs teaching useful? ligion. TEACHER, one who leads; one who Do monks live in an abbey? gives knowledge. NUN, not up, or mature; a woman Is a teacher kind? who retires from the world to atPRIEST, one who stands before others; tend to religion. one who waits at the altar. Does the nun live in a convent? Did the priest wait on the dying LEARNING, giving or getting knowman? ledge; gaining knowledge in any CANON, a reed or measure; a church way. law; also a minister in the Is learning useful? church. LEARNER, one who gets knowledge; a Should we obey the canon of the person who is getting knowledge. church Is a child a learner? THIRTY-NINTH STUDY. OTHER LEARNED CALLINGS. THE doctor, lawyer and author arose after the teacher. 64 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. "A placid stillness reigns, Until the man of God, worthy the name, Arise and read the anointed shepherd's lays." Repeat what is said. LAW, set or laid; a rule of life. What does a beadle doI Is the law good? CANON, a reed or measure; a kind of.LAWYER, a law man; one who prac- minister in the church. tises law. Does the canon preach? Does the lawyer plead? Brsinop, an overseer; an overseer in HEALER, one who makes whole; one the church. who cures diseases. Is the bishop an overseer? Is the doctor a healer? ELDER, more old; an officer in the BEADLE, one who bids or orders; a church. crier in a court of law. Should an elder be pious? FORTIETH STUDY. THE STATE AND OFFICERS. KINGDOMS were formed at an early age of the world. Public men arose as officers. "When freedom from the mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there." Repeat what is said of the state. KING, able; the chief ruler in a na- YEOMAN, common; an officer in the tion. king's house. Has the king supreme power? Will the yeoman waif upon the QUEEN, a woman; a female ruler. king? Does a queen rule in England? LORD, bread giver; one having suEARL, noble; a nobleman of the third preme power. rank. Has the lord a castle? Does the earl serve the king? SHERIFF, a shire holder; an officer KNIGHT, a boy; a man of rank bear- who executes law in a county. ing arms. Is the sheriff faithful? Is the knight brave I ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 65 PRovosT, place before; the chief of- Does the watch go about the city ficer in a town or college. at night? Does the provost oversee things? WATCHMAN, one who guards a city by WATCH, awake, that wakes; a strict night. guard; a man set to keep any thing. Is the watchman up early CHAPTER VII. TOOLS AND WORKS OF MAN. BUSINESS calls for tools. The farmer needs his plough and spade; the smith needs his anvil and hammers. "Earth's thousand tribes of living things At art's command to him are given; The yillage grows, the city springs, And point their spires of faith to heaven." SPRAGUE. What is said of tools and works of man? FORTY-FIRST STUDY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE FARMER. THE farmer has now a great many fine tools. In the early ages of the world they were few and very rude. "The farmers crop their living from their crop, And each man shares the blessing of their shares." WATSON. Repeat what is said. PLOUGH, that thrusts; arI instrument Does the farmer throw up earth to furrow land. with a shovel? Does the farmer use a plough in HoE, hack or hew; an instrument spring? to cut weeds and loosen the SPADE, broad; an instrument to dig earth. the ground. Does the gardener use a hoe? Can the boy dig with a spade? RAKE, reach or stretch; an instruSHOVEL, pushing; a hollow instru- ment to gather grass together. ment to throw up earth. Can you use a rake? 66 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. SIcaKL, that cuts; a curved tool to BERE, corn; a kind of barley. cut grain with. Does bere grow in Scotland? Does the reaper use a sickle? HEAP, a mass or bundle; a pile, as of SCYTHE, an axe; a tool for mowing grain. grass. Is the heap large Does the mower use a scythe? OATS, eaten; a kind of grain used for HAY, cut; cut and dried grass. cattle. Do horses eat hay? Do horses eat oats? CRor, a gathering; grain and fruits RYE, rough; a grain like wheat, but of the earth. not so good. Is there a large crop this year? Do we make flour from rye? WHEAT, that is rubbed; a useful grain, FLAX, drooping; a plant from which from which flour is obtained. linen is made. Is wheat a grain? Hasflax a blue flower? BARLEY, corn or grain; a grain some- WHIP, a thrust or throwo an instruthing like wheat. ment for driving animals. Do you like barley? Does the teamster use a whip? FORTY-SECOND STUDY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE HUNTER AND FISHER. THE hunter and fisher at first had only the club, stone and rude spear. Now they have nets, traps, guns and harpoons. "The patient fisher takes his silent stand, Intent, his angle trembling in his hand; With looks unmoved he hopes the scaly breed, And eyes the dancing cork and bending reed." POPE. Repeat what is said. Bow, bent; an instrument made of Was the beaver caught in a bent wood and a string. trap? Does the hunter use a bow? SHOT, that is darted; a ball or bullet ARROW, a shoot or rod; a poisoned thrown from a gun. weapon shot with a bow. Is shot made of lead? Did the arrow pierce the animal? ROD, a sprout; a pole for fishing. TRAP, that trips; an instrument that Has the fisher a rod? shuts with a spring. HOOK, that which snatches; a curved piece of metal. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 67 Was the fish caught with a NET, a knot; an instrument made of hook? twine woven together. SEINE, a drag; a large net for taking Are the fishermen mending their fish. nets? Was the seine full of fish 8 HANDLE, that which is seized; that WEIR, an inclosure; a fence of sticks part of a tool held in the hand. in a river to take fish. Do we take a thing by the Was the weir broken? handle? F O R T Y-T H I R D ST U D Y. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE HOUSEWRIGHT. THE house is one of the most needed of all the works of man. "All are architects of Fate, Working in these walls of Time; Some with massive deeds and great, Some with ornaments of rhyme." LONGFELLOW. AXE, what hacks; a tool to hew tim- GATE, a passage; a large door into ber and cut wood. an inclosed place. Is the axe a good tool 8 Is the gate broken? HAMMER, the beater; a tool to drive BRIDGE, what bears; a building raised or draw nails. over a river. Is the hammer made of iron? Is the bridge strong? SAW, what cuts; a tool with teeth to STEEPLE, that goes up; the tower of cut wood. a church ending in a point. ~~~~~cut wood. ~Is the steeple high? Does the carpenter use a De TowER, a pile; a kind of a house for saw? defense. AUGER, the borer; a tool to make Are there many towers in Englarge holes. land? Can you bore a hole with an Box, what isclose; a case of boards. auger? Is the box made of wood? HousE, a covering; a place for man CHEST, a hamper; a kind of close to live in. box. Is the house large? Is the chest large 8 LADDER, a leader; a frame of wood BIER, what bears; a frame to carry joined by rounds. the dead on. Can you go up a ladder? Did you ever see a bier 68 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. FORTY-FOURTH STUDY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF TUE WHEELWRIGHT. THE wheelwright builds for us the heavy farm wagon and the airy carriage. His skill adds much to our pleasure. CART, what runs; a carriage with HAND, what holds; the palm and the two wheels, drawn by one horse. fingers. Is a cart a kind of carriage? Is the hand used in drawing? WAGON, a way or passage; a car- HANDBARROW, a frame with handles riage with four wheels, drawn by carried by two men. one or more horses. one or more horses. Is the handbarrow a carriage Has the wagon come. SLEDGE, what strikes; a frame moved DRAY, what is drawn; a low cart. on runners. Is the dray used in cities? Is a sledge used to run on BARROW, what carries; a kind of a snow v snow? carriage. Is a barrow useful? RIM, the end or edge; the border of WHEEL, what turns; a round frame a wheel Is the rim covered with iron? of wood for a wagon. Has the wheel a rim SPOKE, a shoot; a rod of a wheel. WHEELBARROW, a frame or box with Is the spoke made of wood? one wheel. NAVE, thick; the thick piece in the Have you ever seen a wheel- centre of a wheel. barrow? Is the nave made of wood FORTY-F IFTH STUD Y. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE SHIPWRIGHT. "IN the ship-yard stood the master, With the model of the vessel, That should laugh at all disaster, And with wave and whirlwind wrestle." LONGFELLOW. SmoP, what is shaped; a large vessel HULL, an outer cover; the frame or made to float on water. body of a vessel. Did the Saxons call their ships Is the hull made of wood? keels? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 69 DECK, an overspread; the covering BOAT, a bag; a bottle, or skin bag; of a ship. an open vessel moved by oars. Is the deck made of plank? OAR, over; an instrument to row HOLD, what contains; the hollow part boats. of a ship. Is a boat moved by oars? Is the hold full of ballast? BALLAST, a load; heavy matter placed KEEL, stretched out; the timber that in the hold of a ship. extends from stem to stern of a Has the ship much ballast? ship. SAIL, what flies; a sheet made of Is the keel covered with cop- coarse cloth. per? Are ships moved by sails? STEM, set or fixed; the fore part of a ROPE, what binds; a thick line of ship. several twirls. Is the stein of the ship slender 8 Do ropes fasten a boat to the pier? STERN, place; the hinder part of a WHARF, what is thrown out; a kind ship. of harbor. Is the stern the hind part of a Has the vessel reached the ship? wharf? MAST, a stock; a round piece of tim- PIER, through; a raised bank or mole ber on which sails are fastened. in a river. Was the mast carried away dur- Is the pier made of stone? ing a storm? F O R T Y-SIXTH S T U D Y. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE MILLWRIGHT. "THE dam is broke, the wheel is still, And moss o'erlays the ruined mill; No voice is heard, no form is seen, Upon the lovely village green." MILL, what is set or made; a machine WHEEL, what turns; a round frame for making flour, or the house in of wood or iron. which this machine is kept. Has the mill a wheel? Is corn ground in a mill? WATER, what flows; a common and DAM, what stops; a wall raised to useful fluid. keep in water. Is water common? Is the dam at the mill high? 70 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. WATER-WHEEL, a wheel turned by OVERSHOT-WHEEL, a wheel where the water. water falls from above. Is a water-wheel large 8 What is an overshot-wheel? BREAST, a swelling; the fore part of UNDER, lower in place. man, or any thing. Is the grass under the tree? Is the breast the fore part? UNDERSHOT-WHEEL, a wheel where the BREAST-WHEEL, a wheel where the water strikes below. water falls on the middle. What is an undershot-wheel? What is a breast-wheel? HOPPER, what hops or shakes; a OVER, above; above in place. wooden box through whiclh grain Is the sky over the earth? passes into the mill. SHOT, throwing out; a shooting or Does grain pass-through a hopcasting. per? F ORTY-SEVENTH ST U DY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE SMITH. "IHERE smokes his forge; he bares his sinewy arm, And early strokes the sounding anvil warm; Around his shop the steely sparkles flew, As for the steed he shaped the bending shoe." GAY. ANVIL, that on which things are SHOE, a cover; a rim of iron nailed shaped; an iron block with a to the foot of a horse. smooth face. Is the shoe nailed on? Is an anvil made of iron? NAIL, a talon; a pointed piece of SLEDGE, what strikes; a large ham- iron with a head. mer. Are nails made of iron? Is a sledge made of iron? HASP, a catch; a clasp that passes TONGS, shoots; a tool of two shafts, over a staple. joined at one end. Is the hasp made of iron? Are the tongs made of iron? LOCK, what closes; an instrument to BELLOWS, swelling; an instrument to fasten doors. blow the fire. Can you break a lock? Can you use the bellows? KEY, what shuts; an instrument to WEDGE, a mass; a piece of iron thick shut or open a lock. at one end, and sloping to the Does the key fit the lock? other. WARD, a guard; part of the inside Does the smith use a wedge? of a lock. Must the key fit the ward? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 71 SrIMNG, what leaps; an elastic body. PIN, what holds; a pointed instruHas a watch a spring? ment. LATCH, what catches; a small piece of Are pins made of brass a iron or wood for fastening a door. LINcHPIN, a pin used to keep on the Is there a latch on the stable wheel. door? Is the linchpin made of iron I FORTY-EIGHTH STUDY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE WEAVER. THE weaver weaves a flaxen web, but we are for ever weaving a web of thought. "Yes; Love is ever busy with his shuttle, Is ever weaving into life's dull warp Bright, gorgeous flowers, and scenes Arcadian." LONGFELLOW. LooM, what is used; a frame of wood WARP, what is bent; the thread that for weaving. runs lengthwise. Did Jacquard invent a loom? Does the warp run lengthwise? REED, a shoot; a weaver's tool. WOOF, what is cast; the thread that Does the reed part the threads of runs across. the warp? Does the woof run across the SPINDLE, extended; thd pin used in loom? spinning-wheels. WVEB, what is woven; a cloth woven Is the spindle made of iron? out of yarn. YARN, what is borne out; thread spun Is life a web which all must from wool or flax. weave? Do we knit with yarn? KNOT, a joining; the joining of SiLK, what is drawn out; the thread threads or cords. of silk-worms. Is the knot tight? Does the silk-worm make us SLAIE, what strikes; a weaver's reed, silk I Is the slaie use in weaving? 72 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. F O R T Y - N I N T H S T U D Y. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE MANUFACTURER. "THE king's daughter is all glorious within: her clothing is of wrought gold. She shall be brought unto the king in raiment of needle-work." BIBLE. GLASS, green; a hard clear substance Can you sew with a needle? made from ashes. PIN, what holds; an instrument of Was glass made at first? brass, with a head and point, used CLOTH, what covers; material made for fastening. of wool, hair, or flax. Is the pin made of brass? Is cloth warm? COMB, what shaves; a toothed instruSILK, what is drawn out; a kind of ment for fixing the hair. cloth made from the thread of the Is the comb made silkworm. HosE, a heel-cover; a cover for the leg. Is silk glossy? Are hose woven? SHOE, a cover; a cover for the foot. LEATHER, the prepared skin of aniIs the shoe made of leather? mals. CAP, what is put on; a cover for the Are shoes made of leather? head of children. LIQUOR, what flows; a fluid substance Is the cap made of cloth? of any kind. NEEDLE, something sharp; an instru- Is wine a liquor? ment of steel, with an eye and FELT, what stuffs; a kind of cloth. point. Is felt used for wadding? FIFTIETH STUDY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE HOUSEWIFE. "OH, pleasant is the welcome kiss When day's dull round is o'er, And sweet the music of the step That meets us at the door." DRAKE. MEAL, broken smooth; the substance LoAF, a set mass; dough shaped and of grain ground. baked. Is meal the flour of corn? Is the loaf large ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 73 BREAD, a portion; a mass of kneaded Is a beetle used for pounding I dough baked. BELL, what sounds; a hollow vessel Is bread the staff of life. used to make sounds. SIEVE, what lifts; a utensil for part- Can you ring the bell? ing flour from bran. GONG, going? a utensil used for a Is the sieve made of wire? bell. KETTLE, a hollow vessel used to boil Is the gong struck to make a water in. sound? Is the kettle made of copper? KNIFE, what nips; that with which CaURN, what turns; a vessel in which we cut our food. butter is made from milk. Is the knife steel? Have you ever seen a churn? FORK, what is notched; that with LADLE, what lays or puts; a utensil which we lift the food to our used for dipping out liquor. mouths. Is the ladle used to lift soup? Is the fork silver? STOVE, a place; an instrument to FAN, what opens; an instrument by make fire in. which air is moved. Is the stove made of iron? Is the fan used to produce a OVEN, what heats; awplace for baking wind? in. BESOM, bound twigs; a brush used to Do we bake bread in an oven? sweep with. FIRE, rushing or raging;' heat made Is the besom a useful article? from wood or coal. TOKEN, a mark; a mark of love and Do you like to see a brightfire? affection. BEETLE, what strikes; a wooden ham- Is a present a token of love mer. F I F T Y-F I R S T STUDY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE SOLDIER. "THIEN shook the hills with thunder riven, Then rushed the steeds to battle driven, And, louder than the bolts of heaven, Far flashed the red artillery." CAmPrBELL. SHIELD, a shoulder-cover; a broad SWORD, what thrusts; a weapon worn piece of armor. at the side. Is the shield worn now? Is the sword used in war? TARGET, what stops; a mark for gun- SPEAR, what runs to a point; a long hers to fire at. pointed weapon used in war. Do soldiers fire at a target? Is the spear used by thrusting? 74 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ARRow, a shoot; a weapon shot from Bow, what is bent; a bent piece of a bow. wood and a string. Is the arrow barbed? Do the Indians use bows? ARMOR, what fits; a kind of dress HELMET, what holds; a piece of armor worn for defense in battle. for the head. Do knights wear armor? Is the helmet worn by soldiers? SPUR, what is pointed; an instrument TOWER, a pile; a kind of building, or worn on the heel to prick the part of one. horse. Are there towers on castles Is the spur much worn? CASTLE, what defends; a house fortiSLING, what is swung; an instrument fled against an enemy. to throw stones. Are there castles in this counDid David use a sling? try SHOT, what is thrown; a weapon cast MOUND, a heap; a bank of earth or from a gun. stone. Is shot made of lead and iron? Have you ever seen a mound? F IF T Y-S E C 0 N D S T U D Y. TOOLS AND WORKS OF LEARNED BUSINESS. Music is a noble work, and lifts the soul towards heaven. "God sent his singers upon earth, With songs of sadness and of mirth, That they might touch the hearts of men, And bring them back to heaven again." LONGFELE~OW. HARP, that which is touched; a string- Is a song pleasing? ed instrument of music. BOOK, beech-bark; the thoughts of a Did David play on the harp? man printed and bound. PIPE, that on which we pip, or pipe; Are books useful? a wind instrument of music. WORD, what passes; the sign of a Is the pipe a wind instrument? thing. PEN, a point; an instrument used to Is a word the sign of a thing? write with. CREED, that on which we rest; what Is the pen made of steel? one believes. DESK, what is flat; a raised stand to Has the Christian a creed? write at. SPEEClH, what is thrust out; spoken Do we write on desks? words. SONG, what is strained; words sung Is speech a gift from God? in a musical way ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 75 FIFTY-THIRD STUDY. TOOLS AND WORKS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF BUSINESS. "GOD made man perfect, but he has sought out many inventions." BIBLE. WATCHI, a guard; an instrument to Do people walk on the road? measure time. PARK, what is kept; an inclosed place Are some watches made of gold? for pleasure. CLOCK, what clicks; a machine for Are there many trees in a park? measuring time. WELL, boiling up; a place dug to get' Is a clock moved by weights? water. SADDLE, that is set; a seat to be put Is the well deep? on a horse's back. TIMBER, wood; wood prepared for Can you sit on a saddle? building. AwL, a sting; a pointed tool used to Do we cut down trees to make make holes in leather. timber? Does the shoemaker use an awl? Tow, what is tossed; the broken and LAST, drawn out; a form of the foot coarse part of flax. made of wood. Are mats made of tow? Is the last wooden? TOLL, a part; a tax paid for some adKILS, a furnace; a large stove or vantage. oven. Do we pay toll on the turnpike? Do we burn lime in a kiln? DITCH, what is dug; a trench made ROAD, a way; an open way for by digging. travel. Is the ditch used to drain land? FIFTY-FOURTH STUDY. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. "WITH what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again." BIBLE. FARTHING, the fourth; the fourth part WEIGHT, heavy; the quantity of any of a penny. thing found by weighing. Is afarthing a copper coin.? Do we buy sugrar by weight? SCALE, a shell; the dish of a balance. POUND, weight; a standard weight of Has a balance two scales? twelve or sixteen ounces. Do we buy tea by the pound? 76 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. HUNDRED, a circuit; the number of Is the yard used for measuring ten times ten. cloth? Is a hundred ten times ten? FATHOM, a thread; a measure of six TON, a cask; the weight of twenty feet. hundred. Is the fathom used at sea? Is hay bought by the ton? MONEY, coin or impress; stamped GRAIN, a kernel; the weight of a metal used in trade. kernel of wheat. Have we copper, silver, and gold Was a grain of wheat used for a money? weight? POUND, weight; the value of twenty FooT, what we step with; a measure shillings. of twelve inches. Is the pound a gold coin? Is thefoot used for a measure? SHILLING, a shield-coin; the value of SPAN, a stretch; the space from the twelve pence. end of the thumb to the end of the Is a shilling a silver coin? middle finger when extended. PENNY, money; the twelfth part of a Is the span used in measuring shilling. now P Is a penny a copper coin YARD, a rod or shoot; a measure of three feet. FIFTY-FIFTH STUDY. NUMBERS. "TRADITION tells us that the numbers, with which we count, came from the borders of the lovely vale of Cashmere." ONE, a single thing; the sign of a sin- SEVEN, full; six and one. gle thing. Are there seven days in the Is one a number? week? Two, one to one; one and one. EIGHT, seven and one. Is two twice one? Is eight seven and one? THREE, a throw; two and one. NINE, eight and one. Is three three times one? Is nine eight and one? FOUR, spread out; two and two. TEN, two hands; nine and one. Isfour two times two? Is ten twice five? FIVE, joined; four and one. FIRST, what bears or leads; before in Is five four and one? time or place. Six, five and one. Do you like to befirst? Is six five and one ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 77 SECOND, what follows; next after the SxTH, next after the fifth. first. What is the sixth? Is second next after the first? SEVENTH, next after the sixth. THIRD, next after the second. What is the seventh? What is the third? EIGHITH, next after the seventh. FOURTH, next after the third. What is the eighth? What is the fourth? NINTH, next after the eighth. FIFTH, next after the fourth. What is the ninth? What is the fifth? TENTH, next after the ninth. What is the tenth? CHAPTER VIII. THE WORKS OF THE CREATOR. "THE works of the Lord are great, sought out by all those who have pleasure therein." "The tall rock, The mountain and the deep and gloomy wood, Their colors and their forms were then to me An appetite, a feeling and a love." WORDSWORTa FIFTY-SIXTH STUDY. THE EARTH. THE earth is the abode of plants, animals and man. "Solitary savannahs opened in the depth of the woods, and far off a lovely stream was flowing away in silence, sometimes among venerable trees, and sometimes through natural meadows, crimson with blossoms." BRYANT. EARTH, dust; the world in which we abundant fluid. live. Is water a fluid? Is the earth rounl like a ball? LAND, a clear place; the solid matter EARTH, the dust and mould on which of our world. we walk. Do people live on the land? Were we made out of the earth? SEA, a basin; a large body of water WATER, what flows; a useful and Do ships cross the sea? 78 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. FIFTY-SEVENT H STUDY. BODIES OF LAND. MANY divisions of land appear on the surface of the earth. "The hills Rock-ribbed, and ancient as the sun-the vales Stretching in pensive quietness between." BRYANT. HILL, what hides from view; a small low land. rise of land. Does grass grow in the meadow? Do you like to see a hill? DELL, a cleft or division; a hollow MOUNT, what goes up; a mass of. place, between hills. earth higher than a hill. Would you like to live in a dell? Is the mount high SHORE, cut off; the land bordering PEAK, a point thrust out; the point on the sea. of a hill or mound. Do we go to the shore in sumAre some peaks covered with mer? snow? ISLAND, water and land; a tract of RIDGE, stretched out; a range of hills land surrounded by water. or mounts. Is New-York on an island? Did you ever see a long ridge of PIT, hollow place; a deep place in hills? the earth. CLIFF, what is cleft; a high steep Do miners go down in pits to rock. get coal? Does the eagle build his nest on SwAMn, a sponge; a low land filled a high cliff? with water. BANK, a bench or seat; a pile of Is a swamp healthy? raised earth. SWARD, skin or rind; the grassy surDoes the bank defend them from face of land. the foe? Does the green sward look cool KNOLL, a little round hill. in summer? Do sweet flowers grow on the LEDGE, what is laid; a high row of knoll? rocks. MEAD, wet; low wet land. Can the goat walk on ledges? Is a mead low land? DUST, dry fine earth. MEADOW, low wet land; a tract of Was man made from dust? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 7! FIFTY-EIGHTH STUDY. BODIES OF WATER. THE sea is the great trading place of the world. "The sea! the sea! the open sea! The blue, the fresh, the ever free I! Without a mark, without a bound, It runneth the earth's wide region round." B. CORNWALL. WATER, what flows; a fluid of great SHOAL, a crowd; a place where the use and very abundant. water is not very deep. Do we drink water? Do ships often run into shoals? FOAM, what smokes; froth formed in STREAM, a flowing course; a flow of water. water. Is the river covered with foam? Does the Indian paddle his canoe SO'UND, a swimming; a narrow sea or down the stream? strait. CREEK, a notch; a small bay or part Is a sound very narrow? of the sea running into the land. BAY, what is bent; a part of the sea Did the boat run into the creek? running up into the land. HARBOR, an army station; a port for Is a bay larger than a creek? ships. Has New-York a good harbor? FIFTY-NINTH STUDY. MINERAL BODIES OF THE EARTH. CLAY, sand, rocks, water and air are all called mineral bodies. "And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones." BIBLE. IRON, hard; a grayish, hard and use- TIN, sprinkled over or spread; a ful metal. whitish soft metal. Is iron made into steel? Are many things in the household made of tin? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. SILVER, a white brilliant metal. Are there many mines of lead in Are there mines of silver in this country.? Mexico? BRASS, bright; a metal made of copGOLD, yellow; a yellow, heavy and per and zinc. precious metal. Is brass made of copper? Is gold found in California? STEEL, what is fixed; iron and carbon LEAD, mass, heavy; a dull, whitish together. and soft metal. Is steel made of iron? SIXTIETH STUDY. MINERAL BODIES OF THE EARTH, CONTINUED. THERE are about sixty simple mineral bodies. These form the earth and all its plants and animals. "This vast assemblage of gigantic hills; Look at the craggy peaks which rise around, At the huge fragments of primeval rock, Those vestiges of elemental war." LAUDSBOROUGH. COAL, glowing; a black substance Is loam a kind of earth? used for burning. BRIMSTONE, a burning stone; roll Is coal a mineral? sulphur. SALT, biting; a substance used for Is brimstone yellow? seasoning. CHALK, close mass; a dull white earth Is salt found in mines? Is chalk white and soft? SAND, fine particles of stone. LIME, clammy; a kind of earth made Is sand plenty? by burning limestone. FLINT, what flashes; a kind of stone, Is lime used in mortar? very hard and used in glass. STONE, firm; a hard mineral body. Is flint very hard? Is a stone hard? CLAY, sticky; oily earth. LIMESTONE, a stone composed of car Is clay soft? bon and lime. LOAM, soft; a mixture of sand and Is lime made from limestone? clay. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 81 S IX T Y - FIRST ST UDY. VEGETABLE BODIES OF THE EARTH. "IT was autumn, and incessant Piped the quails from shocks and sheaves, And, like living coals, the apples Burned among the withering leaves." LONGFELLOW. TREES. TREr, tall; a plant whose body is LINDEN, a fine cone-like tree with large and woody. rich flowers. Has the tree a covering of leaves? Is the linden a flowering tree? WILLOW, twig; a tree of a drooping HOLLY, hard; a glossy evergreen tree. form. Does the holly bear red berries? Do the branches of the willow HA-WTHORN, a hedge thorn; a shrub droop? which bears the haw. SALLOW, pale; a kind of pale willow. Is the hawthorn used for hedges Is the sallow of a pale green? FiR, point-bearing; a kind of pine, OAK, strong; a hardy and noble tree, good for timber. supplying fine timber. Is the'fir good for timber? Does the oak grow from an HEIMLOCK, border-plant; a kind of fir. acorn 8 Is the hemlock an evergreen? MAPLE, cloth; a tree of a cone-like CHESTNUT, castle-nut; the tree which form. yields the chestnut. Does the maple supply us maple Is the chestnut good wood? sugar? YEW, a tree like the pine, often seen Asi, a grayish stately tree, affording in church-yards. good wood. Is the yew an evergreen? Does the ash give us good wood? APPLE, round fruit; the fruit of the BIRcH, a tree with slender tough apple. branches. Is the apple a good fruit I Does the birch make good rods 8 APPLE-TREE, a tree that bears apples. BEECH, bark; a tall fine tree with Is the apple-tree a native of Asia silvery bark. PEAR, the well-known fruit of the Were books made of beech-bark? pyrus. ELM, broad; a stately spreading tree. Is the pear a good fruit? Is the elm a noble tree? PEAR-TREE, the pyrus, or tree that produces the pear. 4* 82 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Is the pear-tree large? PLUM-TREE, the tree that yields the PLUM, a drupe, or stone fruit. plum. Is the plum a stone fruit? Did the plum-tree come from Asia? SIXTY-SECOND STUDY. SHRUBS. MANY of the shrubs which grow on our mountains bear flowers of the most rich and delicate colors. "She sought the crystal brook, along whose banks, With hazel and with honeysuckle fringed, Lay the sweet winding way to school." LAUDSBOROUGO. SHRUB, rough; a low tree. HEATII, clinging; a dry, brownish Is the rose-bush a shrub? shrub. THORN, a shrub having spines. Is the heath used to make brooms? Does the thorn bloom in the WHORTLEBERRY, heart-berry; a shrub garden? bearing a fine berry. }IAZEL, a cop; a shrub bearing a fine Is the berry of the whortleberry nut. good for food? Is the hazel-nut good to eat? MISTLETOE, sticking; a shrub growing B3RIER, rough; a shrub full of little on the oak. thorns. Did the Saxons venerate the Is the brier sweet? mistletoe BRAMBLE, prickly? any rough prickly Ivy, up, climbing plant; a climbing shrub. shrub, growing on walls. Will brambles overrun the gar- Does the ivy climb the church den? wall FURZE, thick; a thorny evergreen MADDER, a plant used in dyeing. shrub, having yellow blossoms. Is the madder used to dye red? Does the furze grow wild? SIXTY-THIRD STUDY. HERBS. HERRS are useful to man. Some of them serve as food, others form his medicines. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 83 " I have given every green herb for meat." BIBLE. NETTLE, stinging; an herb whose prick- FERN, a plant having its fruit on the les raise blisters. back of the leaf. Is the juice of the nettle good for Did you ever see fern? burns? RU:E, bitter; a plant used in mediHEMLOCE, border-plant; a poisonous cine. plant. Has the rue a bitter taste? Will the leaves of the hemlock FENNEL, a plant having scented seeds poison - Is fennel pleasant to eat? SIXTY-FOURTH STUDY. GRASSES. GRASSES, which include the different kinds, of grain, are more useful to man than the trees and flowers. "Let the earth bring forth grass." BIBLE. GRASS, growing; plants that form the Is linen made from flax? food of cattle. HE-IP, binding? a plant whose skin Are grasses useful? is used for cords. PLEED, a rod or shoot; grass with Are the sails of a ship made hollow-jointed stem. from hemp? Do reeds grow near wate,!K? SORREL, sour; a plant of an acid CLOVER, club-grass; a plant with three taste. leaves. Can sorrel be eaten? Is clover food for cattle? WIEAT, next to rice, the most useful RYE, rough; a useful grain. grain. Is rye easily raised Is flour made from wheat? BARLEY, bread-corn; a bearded grain. OAT, a plant yielding a grain for Is barley used in making malt? food. FLAX, drooping; a plant, the skin of Is meal made from oats? which is made into thread. SIXTY-FIFTH STUDY. VEGETABLES. VEGETABLES and fruit formed the food of man in the early ages of the world. 84 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. "The moss his bed, the cave his humble cell, His food the fruits, his drink the crystal well." PARNELL. BEAN, a vetch; a plant with a straight Do leeks grow in the garden? stalk. GARLIC, a spear leek; a plant having a Are beans used for food? root like an onion and an acid taste. PEA, a climbing plant, yielding a pea Is garlic like onions? good for food. PARSNIP, stone and knob; a plan. Does the pea climb round a pole? with a spindle root, used for food RADISH, ruddy; a plant whose root Is the parsnip eaten? is eaten raw. TURNIP, round knob; a plant with Do you like the radish? flat or spindle-shaped root. LEEK, long and pointed? a plant hav- Are turnips good for cattle? ing a root like an onion. SIX T Y - SIXTH STUDY FLOWERS. FLOWERS are used to adorn the living and honor the dead. "In Eastern lands they talk in flowers, And they tell in a garland their loves and cares; Each blossom that blooms in their garden bowers, On its leaves a mystic language bears." PERCIVAL. DAISY, eye of day; a high, button- Is the mallows leaf soft and like flower. large? Is the daisy called the eye of day? BLOSSOM, opened out; the flower of PoPPy, pap; a showy plant, whose plants. juice causes sleep. Will the blossoms open in spring? Was the poppy put in infants' THISTLE, tearing; a prickly plant, food? with a showy head. MALLOWS, soft; a soft, large-leafed Has the thistle prickles? plant. SI XTY-S E VEN T H STUDY. SOME PRODUCTIONS OF PLANTS. PLANTS yield many things for the use and comfort of man ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 85 " The cocoa's root, Which bears at once tgle cup, and milk, and fruit." BYRON. APPLE, round fruit; the fruit of the PLUM, solid; a fine stone fruit. apple-tree. Is the plum of a dark color? Is the apple a large fruit? CORN, grain; the seed of such plants PEAR, a large fruit like the apple. as wheat and rye. Is a pear shaped like a bell? Is bread made from corn? NUT, a hard lump; a fruit having a TAR, wasting away; a thick, dark, shell and kernel. sticky substance. Does the nut contain a kernel? Has tar a dark color? BERRY, a grape stone; a pulpy fruit PITCH, thick; the thick juice of cerfound on shrubs. tain trees. Do berries grow wild? Is pitch useful to man? -Aw, hedge; the berry of the thorn. Gmu, lump cut off? the clear juice Is the haw a small red fruit? of some trees. SLOE, sour; the fruit of the wvild plum. Does gum run from the peachIs the sloe purple? tree? ACORN, oak and grain; the nut of the STARCH, stiff; a white substance, withoak. out smell or taste. Is the acorn small? Is starch made from potatoes? SIXTY-EIGHTH STUDY. THE PARTS OF PLANTS. PLANTS have many parts, all of which have their plact and use. Wordsworth tells us about some of them, in the aged thorn. "No leaves it has, no thorny points: It is a mass of knotted joints." STEM, firm, set; the body of a plant. WOOD, the solid part of a tree. Is the stem always wood? Is the tree cut down for its BOuGH, bent; the arm of a tree. wood? Is the bough very thick? PITH, kernel; the spongy centre of a TwiG, what shoots; the smallest tree. bough of a plant. Does the pith often flow out? Do birds rest on the twigs? 86 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT- WORDS. BARK, what is peeled off; the out- Is the blossom of the apple-tree ward covering of a tree. sweet Does the bark protect the tree? SEED, sown; the part of a plant that SAP, soft; the juice of a tree. produces new ones. Does sap flow in spring? Does seed produce new plants? LEAF, light; the parts that shoot KERNEL, a grain or nut; the part of a from the sides of the nut which may be eaten. Are leaves mostly green? Is the kernel of the almond BLossoM, opened out; the flower of sweet? a plant. SIXTY-NINTH STUDY. ANIMAL BODIES OF THE EARTH. ANIMALS are teachers of mankind. They read us many a lesson. " The kitten sleeps upon the hearth, The crickets long have ceased their mirth; There's nothing stirring in the house, Save one qwee hungry nibbling mouse. Then, why so busy thou?" Ox, large; the male of the cow tribe. RAN, what thrusts; the male of the Is the ox used in ploughing? sheep. Cow, what lows; a well known do- Has the ram horns? mestic animal, with cloven hoof. GOAT, what goes; an animal with Does the cow give milk? hollow horns. HORSE, what rushes; a noble domes- Does the goat give milk. tic animal, with feet not cloven. LAMB, what skips; a young sheep. Is the horse a native of Asia? Do you like to see lambs play? COLT, a young horse. STUD, what stands; a fine horse for Is the colt frisky? war. BULLOCK, what bellows; a little bull, Has the soldier a stud? or an ox. FLOCK, a crowd; a company as of Is the bullock a young bull? sheep. SHEEP, a wether; a small animal use- Does the shepherd tend his ful for food and wool. flock? Has the sheep a covering of SWINE, what grunts; a thick-skinned wool? animal, used for food. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 87 Is a hog the same as swine? HOOF, a horny substance on the feet PiG, a little one; the young of swine. of animals. Has the pig a pen to live in Is glue made from hoofs? HOUND, fawning; a kind of dog used HIDE, what is stripped off; the skin in hunting. of an animal. Is the hound a large dog? Are hides made into leather? HORN, a hard shoot; a hard substance MARROW, fat; that which is found in growing on the heads of some ani- bones. mals. Is marrow good for the hair? Are combs made from horn? SEVENTIETH STUDY. WILD ANIMALS. THE land is the abode of animals, some of which are useful to man. Many of them are wild and fierce. " The brindled catamount, that lies High in the boughs to catch his prey." BRYANT. ELEPHANT, chief or leader; an animal ELK, strong or large; a large deer. with a thick skin, and of great size. Has the elk large horns? Is the elephant a native of Asia? ]HARE, what hears quickly; a small DEER, roving or wild'; an animallike animal, with long ears. the goat. Is the hare timid? Is the meat of the deer used for Fox, cunning; an animal like a dog. food? Is the fox very cunning DoE, roving or wild; the female deer. BEAR, fierce; a large animal found Was the doe killed? in cold climates. STAG, firm or set; the male red deer. Is the bear wild? Did the hunter chase the stag? BOAR, rough; the wild hog. ItI.r, strong; a stag, or male deer. Has the boar large teeth? Is the hart smaller than the stag? OTTER, a small animal that lives in ROE, a ray; the smallest deer. water. Is the roe quick on foot? Is the otter caught for his skin BUCK, what thursts; the male of the RAT, the gnawer; an animal like a goat. mouse, but larger. Does the buck jump far? Do rats live in barns? 88 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. MorsE, what shuts up; a small ani- APE, quick; a four-handed animal, mal which lives in houses. living in warm countries. Did the mouse eat the cheese? Does the ape climb SEVENTY-FIRST STUDY. WATER ANIMALS. THE water on the surface of the earth teems with living creatures. " And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly after their kind." BIBLE. FIsit,. lively; an animal with scales Does oil come from the whale? and fins. CRAB, scraping; a small animal havDoes the fish live in water? ing a crust-like shell. HERRINa, army; a fish much used for Does the crab live in water? food. LOBSTER, husky one; an animal like Has the herring many bones? a crab. TROUT, sharper; a fine fish, living in Has the lobster many claws? fresh and salt water. CLAM, binding; a shell-fish used for Is the trout sweet? food. ROACH, red; a fish with shiny scales. Has the clam a lhard shell? Does the roach live in fresh water? FrN, firm shoot; a limb of a fish used' SEAL, set or placed; an animal having for swimming. a head like a dog. Is the fin very sharp Is the seal found in cold coun- SCALE, a shell; a small crust which tries? covers fish. WHALE, the roller; a large animal, Are scales shiny? partly fish. SEVENTY-SECOND STUDY. REPTIL ES. THE snake is loathed more than any thing on the earth. The memory of the fall of man, as written in the Bible, seems to live on from age to age. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 89 "All turned with disgust from the scene; The worms they crept in, and the worms they crept out, And sported his eyes and his temples about." IEWIS. SNAKE, creeping; a serpent of any LEECH, seizing; an animal like a kind. worm, used to suck blood. Are snakes poisonous? Are leeches found in lakes? ADDER, poison serpent; a poisonous FROG, cracked in voice; a small fourserpent of the viper class. footed animal that lives in water Is the bite of the adder poisonous? and land. SNAIL, crawling; a slimy, slow-creep- Does the frog live in water? ing animal. TOAD, a small animal like the frog. Is a snail black? Has the toad bright eyes? WORM, winding; a ringed animal, TADPOLE, a young toad; a young without feet. frog. Does the worm crawl? Does the todpole become a frog? SEVENTY-THIRD STUDY. INSECTS. INSECTS please us. The butterfly is one of the joys of early life. "I'd be a butterfly, born in a bower, Where roses, and lilies, and violets meet, Roving for ever from flower to flower, And kissing all buds that are pretty and sweet." T. II. BAYLEY. BEE, a small winged insect which BEETLE, mallet; an insect with hard makes honey. wings. Does the bee hum? Has the beetle wings? WASP, an insect like the bee. MIDGE, a kind of gnat. Does the wasp sting? Will the midge bite? HORNET, a kind of wasp. MOTH, what cuts; a winged insect Will the hornet build his nest? which destroys cloth. FLY, moving by wings; a winged in- Does the moth eat cloth? sect of various kinds. FLEA, a fly; a small black insect. Will the fly eat sugar? Is the flea red? GNAT, pointed insect; a small insect LousE, an insect that lives on the whose bite is sharp. bodies of men. Do gnats bite in summer? Is the louse a parasite? 90 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. MITE, small; a very small insect Have you ever seen an emmet? which lives in cheese. WEEVIL, a small insect of the beetle Is the mite very small? tribe. EMMET, a small insect, as the ant. Does the weevil injure grain? SEVENTY-FOURTH STUDY. BIRDS. BIRDS teach us much that is wise and good. "The hen, who from the chilly air With pious wings protects her care, And every fowl that flies at large, Instructs me in a parent's charge." GAY. HAWK, a bird with crooked beak and BIRD, what is brought forth; a winged feet. animal. Does the hawk live on flesh? Can a bird fly? OWL, howling; a strange bird that BLACKBIRD, a kind of singing thrush. flies at night. Is the blackbird caught in nets Can the owl see in the dark? SWALLOW, roof-bird; a small bird of KITE, a kind of hawk, swift in mo- passage. tion. Does the swallow fly quickly? Does the kite move quickly? DOVE, cooing; a kind of pigeon. RAVEN, the plunderer; a bird that Does the dove mourn? lives on flesh. CucKoo, a wandering bird which Is the raven black? sings well. CRow, the croaker; a large black Is the cuckoo named from its note? bird. SWAN, white; a bird like the goose, Does the crow eat flesh? with an arched neck. ROOK, a bird like the crow that feeds BILL, a behk, or shoot; the beak of a on insects. bird. Is the rook like the crow? Is the bill of a bird white LARK, the singer; a bird noted for WING, side; the limb of a bird used its song. for flight. Does the lark sing well? CLAW, a foot-cleft; the sharp nail of THRusH, the throat? a fine singing a bird. bird. Is the claw of a bird sharp? Is the thrush brown? FINCH, fine, or gay; a singing bird. BACK, pale; at pale or sallow color. Is thefinch a small bird? Is black the color of night ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 91 S EVENTY-FIFTH STUDY. DOMESTIC BIRDS. THE barn-yard has something to please and instruct us. "While the cock, with lively din, Scatters the rear of darkness thin, And to the stack, or the barn-door, Proudly struts his dames before." MILTON. FOWL, flying animal; a winged ani- Do you like to feed the chicken? mal. GoosE, what cackles; a fowl that Is the hen afowl? lives in water. HEN, a cock; the female of any bird. Is the goose a water fowl? Does the hen love her chickens? GANDER, the goose; a small goose. CocK, what shoots up; the male of Is the gander the male goose birds. GOSLING, a. little goose. Does the domestic cock crow? Is the gosling a young goose CHICKEN, a small cock; the young of fowls. SEVENTY-SIXTH STUDY. PRODUCTIONS OF ANIMALS. THE song of the bird is the sweetest thing that animals give to man. "The robin warbled from his filil clear note For hours, and wearied not." BRYANT. MrLK, what is got by stroking; a EGG, a body formed in female fowl. white fluid yielded by many ani- Is the egg of the hen good for mals. food? Is milk good for children? WooL, soft; the soft hair of sheep. BUTTER, what is made from carrying Is wool soft? milk in skin-bottles; an oily sub- OIL, what kindles; a greasy substance. stance made from milk. Does oil burn readily? Is butter made by churning? HAIR, a thread-like growth on the NISEAT, what feeds; the flesh of ani- skin. mals. Is the hair a vegetable body I Is meat good for food? 92 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. SEVENTY-SEVENTH STUDY. BODIES IN THE HEAVENS. THE sweat moon and the silent stars early please the young eye. "Nay! start not at that sparkling light;'Tis but the moon that shines so bright On the window pane, bedropped with rain: Then, little darling! sleep again, And wake when it is day." HEAVENS, lifted up or arched; the STAR, the steerer as it guided sailors; regions around the earth. a twinkling bright body in the Are clouds in the heavens? heavens. SuN, shining; that which lights the Can you see a star? earth by day. WELKIN, cloud; the arch of heaven Is the sun bright. as seen by the eye. MOON, the guider; that which lights Is the 2welkin the same as the the earth by night. sky? Does the moon shine at night? CHAPTER IX. PLACE AND TIME. PLACE and time are learned as we think of objects and events. "Art is long, and time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still like muffled drums are beating Funeral marches to the grave." LONGFELLOW. SEVENTY-EIGHTH STUDY. PLACES ON THE EARTH- AND IN THE HEAVENS. THERE is a place for every thing that God has made; and every thing is in its place. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 93 EAST, rising up; the place where the GROUND, bottom, as of a lake; the sun rises. surface of the earth. Does the sun rise in the east? Do we walk on the groundt? WEST, fall, or wasting; the part of EARTHI, dust; the place where we heaven where the sun sets. live. Does the sun set in the west? Is the earth our abode? NomRn, roaring wind; the place in ACRE, open or ploughed field; a piece heaven where the pole star is. of earth measured. Is the pole star in the north? Is acre the name of an open Sourse, softing, or hot; the place in field? heaven opposite the north. FIELD, felled; ground not built on. Is the south opposite the north? Does grass grow in the field? SEVENTY- N INT H STUDY. RELATIVE PLACES. PLACES, like the things which are in them, are related to one another, and to ourselves. They are near, above, below or without where we are. HiRE, the place where we are. Low, cast down; not high in place. Is your book here? Is the sea low? THERE, a place beyond where we are. INWARD, towards a place. Is your teacher there? Is the ship sailing inward? WHERE, at what place. FAR, away in place. WVhere is the sun? Are you going far from home? TmTIIER, the place to which a thing FARTHER, more distant in place. goes. Did you go farther? Are you going thither? OVER, above in place. WHITHER, at what place. Is the sun over our heads? Whither are you going? BELOW, laid down by; under in place. WrrITHIN, inside of a place. Is the sea below us? Is your mother within? NEAR, close by in place. WITHOUT, outside of a place. Do you like to be near home? Is the well without the house? BENEATH, low by; under in place. HENC-E, from this place. Is the ground beneath.us? Will you go hence? NIGH, near in place. HIGH, lifted up; above in place. Is the sky nigh the earth I Is the sky high? OUT, beyond in place. 94 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Has the girl gone out? NEXT, nigh; nearest in place. OUTWARD, a going beyond in place. Is Monday next to Sunday I Is the ship bound outward? MIDDLE, coming between in place. BEYOND, at the outside in place. Is the chair in the middle of the Is the sky beyond the earth? room? UP, high, or upon in place. lMID, inclosure; between extreme Is the sun up? points. TOGETHER, in company; brought near Is it mid-day at noon? in place. YONDER, gone; distant in place. Do the men work together? Do you see the sky yonder? E I G H T I E T H S T U D Y. LARGER DIVISIONS OF TIME. "FAITH'S steady eye alone illumes the eye, For time is pointing to eternity I" R. A. WARE. TIME, what passes; the place of THURSDAY, Thor's dawn; the day of events-succession. Thor, the thunder god. Is time valuable? Was Thor worshipped on ThursDAY, dawn; the time the sun gives day? us light. FRIDAY, Frigga's dawn; the day of Do we work in the day? the goddess, Frigga. SUNDAY, the sun's dawn; the day of Was Frigga worshipped on Frithe sun. day? Was the sun worshipped on SATURDAY, Saturn's dawn; the day of Sunday by the Saxons? the planet, Saturn. MONDAY, the moon's dawn; the day Was Saturn worshipped on Saof the moon. turday? Was the moon worshipped on NIGInT, declining; the time the moon Monday? gives us light. TUESDAY, Tuisco's dawn; the day of Do we sleep at night? the god, Tuisco. WEEK, the space of seven days. Was Tuisco worshipped on Tues- Does the week begin on Sunday? day? MONTH, the moonth; the measure of WEDNESDAY, Woden's dawn; the day the moon's course round the earth. of the god, Woden. How many days in a month? Was Woden worshipped on lVed- YEAR, a circle; the measure of the nesday? earth's course round the sun. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 95 How many days in a year? Is it windy in winter? SPRING, shooting; the sprouting time. EASTERN, place of rising; the place Do plants sprout in spring? where the sun r ises. SUM.MER, warm; the sun or shiny Does the sun rise in the eastersy time. heavens? Is it hot in summer? LENT, lengthing; the space of forty FALL, failing; the time of decay. days from Ash Wednesday to Do leaves fall in the fall? Easter. WINTER, the windy time; the time of Do the Roman Catholics keep winds. Lent? EIGHTY-FIRST STUDY. SMALLER DIVISIONS OF TIME. " LIKE the swell of some sweet tune, Morning rises into noon." LONGFELLOW. MORN, scattering; the first part of the Is it warm at noon? day. NIGHT, declining or resting; the time Does the sun rise at morn? of darkness. MORNUiNG, the opening of the day. Is night the time of rest I Is the morning the time for TWILIGHT, two lights; the time work? after sunset or before sunrise. EVENING, declining; the close of the Is twilight pleasant? day. MoaRow, morning; the day after toIs it cool at evening? day. EVENTIDE, time of decline; the time Will the sun rise on the morrows? of evening. DAWN, opening as rays; the first part Is eventide a quiet time? of the day. NooN, up, or limit; the place of the Does the sun make the dawn? sun at twelve o'clock. EIGHTY-SECOND ST UDY. RELATED DIVISIONS OF TIME. "LIKE the swell of some sweet tune, Morning changes into noon, May glides onward into June." LONGFELLOW. 96 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Now, the present time. WHEN, at what time. Should you study now? When will you come t BEFORE, by the front; time before THErN, at that time. now. May I then go? Is morning before noon? WHILE, staying; during a set time. ALWAYS, all going; time without end. Should you study while in Is the sun always moving? school EVER, at any time. YET, holding; still remaining. Is God ever present with us? Are you going home yet? SOON, early; at a set time. STILL, set, or firm; time up to the Will you go home soon? present. LATE, drawn out, or long; behind the Are you still studying your lesset time. sons? Were you late for school? NEW, moving; fresh, or recent in EARLY, shooting up; before the set time. time. Do you like new things? May you go home early? OLD, putting off; long made, or in AGAIN, turning, or front; once more. use. Say it again. Are some oll things good? EIGHTY THIRD STUDY. RELATIONS OF THINGS AND EVENTS mN PLACE AND TIME. ALL things have their places. All events have their times. We may compare these places and times, and mark their relations. IN, a cave; within, or inside. FROM, source; beginning in a certain Are the chairs in the house? place or time. OUT, going forth; without, or out- Does cotton come from the side. south? Has the child gone out? TOWARDS, looking at; fronting a cerTo, end; to a certain place or time. tain place or time. Where do you go to school? Did the child go towards home OF, out of, beginning; out of a certain BY, being; being near in place and place or time. time. Has the child gone out of the Is the child by the table? room ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 97 WITH, joining; joined in place and ABOVE, over; lifted up in place and time. time. Is the child with the nurse? Are the clouds above the earth? NEARI, next; close by in place or UNDER, on lower side; down in place' time. or time. Should you stand near the fire? Are fishl under the water I ABouT, bounds; round a place or DOWN, dipping; low in place or time. time. Has the moon gone dowum Is the dog about the house? UP, high; aloft in place or time. AROUND, a circle; going round a place Is the sun up? or time. FOR, bearing; in place of. Has the child gone around the Should you do good for evil I house? THROUGH, passage; from side to side. Did you go through the hall? EIGHTY-FOURTH STUDY. CONNECTION OF THINGS AND EVENTS IN PLACE AND TIME. THINGS and events are connected. This we must notice. carefully. AND, giving; addition. LEST, left; that not. Have you a slate and pencil? Should we be holy lest we die BUT, add; more or further. STILL, placing; to this time. Are our wants many, but light? Are you still at work? IF, granting; allowing or giving. TILL, the while; to a certain time. Will a child lie, if he is good? Will you wait till I come I THOUGH, allowing; granting it so. SINcE, seen; after a certain time. Should we trust God, though IIe Have you been well since I saw should slay us I you? OR, one more; one in choice. THEN, placed; at that time. Can you write, or read? Were you then happy? As, which, or it; like, or even. ELSE, leaving off; otherwise. Do you sit as you were told? Were you no where else? So, that; in like manner. YET, getting; still. Why are you so long in coming? Are you yet idle THAT, getting; in order to. THAN, set, or placed; compared with. Do you study that you may be Is wisdom better than richest wise? 5 98 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. CHAPTER X. GOD. ALL things, when seen aright, make known to us something about God. To know IHim is life. "Let the first flower, corn-waving field, plain, tree, Here round my home, still lift my soul to THEE; And let me ever, midst thy bounties, raise An humble note of thankfulness and praise." BLOOMFIELD. E I G H T Y-F I F T H S T U D Y. GOD. "GOD so loved the world as to give his only-begotten Son, that whoso. ever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life." BIBLE. GOD, strong and good; the Maker, GIosT, breath or life; the soul, or Ruler and Redeemer of man. mind. Is God love? Is ghost the same as spirit? FATHER, the feeder; the Author of HOLY, sound; free from all sin. all things. Is God holy? Is God the Father of man? HOLY GHOST, the third person in the SON, issue, or offspring; the second Godhead. person in the Godhead. Does the Holy Ghost teach man? Did the Son die for man EIGHTY-SIXTH STUDY. ATTRIBUTES OF GOD. "THERE is none good, but one, and that is God." BiBLnE. MIGHT, strong; strength or power. KNOWLEDGE, what is held; underIs the might of God great? standing of things. ALMIGHTY, strong above all; having Is knowledge useful? all power. WISDOM, power of holding; the right Is God almighty? use of knowledge. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 99 Is wisdom better than know- TRUTH, trust; what agrees with facts. ledge? Should we always tell the truth.? GOODNESS, state of being strong; HoLINEss, state of being sound; state kindness to all. of being free from sin. Is goodness due to all? Is holiness lovely EIGH TY-SEVENT H STUDY. RELATION OF GOD TO MAN. THE dearest name by which we can call God, is Father. "Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name." BIBLE. MAKER, one who does; the Creator PRIEST, one who stand before; one of all things. who waits at the altar. Is God the Maker of all? Did the priest offer sacrifices? RULER, one who guides; one who HIGH, lifted up; distance upwards. governs. Are the heavens high? Is God the Ruler of the earth? HIGH-PRIEST, the priest who entered DAYSMIAN, the dawn-man; one who the holy of holies. makes peace. Was the high-priest above all Is Christ the daysman? others? SIEPHERD, the sheep-watch; one who PEACE, settled down; a state of quiet. guides and tends sheep. Is peace a happy thing? Is Christ the Shepherd of his PEACE-MAKRER, one who stops anger people? and makes quiet. FATIER, the feeder; the Author of Is Christ the peace-maker beman. tween God and sinners? Is God our Father as Creator? EIGHTY-EIGIHTH STUDY. THE ABODE OF GOD. "HEAVEN is my throne, and the earth is my footstool." BIBLEZ EARTH, dust; the world in which we HEAVEN, raised up, or arched; the live. region round the earth. Is the earth round? Does God fill heaven and earth t L00 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. CHAPTER XI. QUALITIES OF THINGS. No one is able to stop when he has named things. He wishes to do something more. He wishes to name his own feelings. The wood blazes in the' stove. It is named fire. But fire acts upon us. We feel it. It is warm. We see it. It is red or yellow. It is bright also, and sparkling. These are some of its qualities. We will now go back to home, and see some of its qualities. From home, we will go to the house, household, callings of men, and so on, over all the things we have named, gathering up their qualities and naming them. This is the way the mind grows. It first gets the names of THINGS; second, the names of QUALITIES. EIGHTY-NINTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF HOME. "HOME, home! sweet, sweet home! Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home." SWEET, soothing; pleasing to the BARE, open; laid open to view. taste. Is the house bare of shingles? Is home sweet? I HIGi, lifted up; raised far above DEAR, rare; of great value. us. Is home a dear place? Is the chimney high above our SMALL, thin; little in any way. heads 1 May a small house be neat? Low, laid down; raised a little above OLD, falling off; a long time made. the earth. Is an old house pleasant? Is a hut a low house NEw, moving; lately made. DARLING, little dear; much beloved. Does the child like his new Whose darling child are you? house? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 101 N I N E T I E T H STUDY. QUALITIES OF OUTHOUSES. THE old barn and snug wood-house peered through a small locust grove, and a white dove-cot stood by the garden gate. LONG, drawn out; having length. Should the barn be clean? Is the manger long? OPEN, lifted off or up; not closed. NARRow, close; of little width. Is a manger an open frame? Is the stable narrow? DRY, rubbed; free from moisture. WIDE, spread; the space between the Should all outhouses be dry? sides. WET, moist to the touch; containing Is the stall too wide? moisture. CLEAN, open from; free from dirt. Should a manger never be wet? NINETY-FIRST STUDY. QUALITIES OF HOUSEHOLD-STUFF. "Now stir the fire and close the shutter fast, Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round; And while the bubbling and loud hissing urn Sends up a steamy column, and the cups That cheer, but not inebriate, wait on each, So let us welcome peaceful evening in." CoWPER. NIcE, tender; delicate or fine. Is the inkstand heavy? Are chairs nice? EVEN, smoothed down; level oi RouGH, rugged; not polished, or even. smooth. Is the stove rough? Has the desk an even surface? SMooTH, soft; having an even sur- LIGHT, rising up; having little weight face. Is a feather light? Is the table smooth? SAME, like; like in some way. HEAVY, heaved; having weight. Is this the same old chair 102 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. NINETY-SECOND STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE HOUSEHOLD. "SISTERS and brothers, little maid, How many may you be? How many? seven in all, she said, And wondering looked at me." WORDSWORTH. GOOD, strong; kind and comely. Is a happy family fair to beIs a good father beloved 8 hold? BETTER, more advanced; more kind BUSY, closely attending; engaged in than another. some pursuit. Is life better than raiment? Should we be always busy? BEST, most advanced; more kind than IDLE, ceasing; not actively employed. all. Is an idle family poor? Is Jane the best sister of all? GLAD, lifted up; pleased and joyous. KIND, knowing; tender in feelings. Are good children always glad? Is a mother kind? GLEE, music;. mirth or gayety. FAIR, clear to see; pleasant to be- Is the good child full of glee? hold. NIN ETY-THIRD STUDY. QUALITIES OF EOOD. "Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment?"-BIBLE. FRESH, lively; new, lately made. TART, sharp; sharp to the taste. Do you like fresh bread? Are some apples very tart? ENouGH, quieted; that which satis- SouR, what turns; sharp and biting fies. to the taste. Has he eaten enough? Is a lemon sour? NINETY-FOURTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF CLOTHING. "If pall and vair no more I wear, Nor thou the crimson sheen, ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 103 As warm, we'll say, is the russet gray, As gay the forest green." SCOTT. WARM, glowing; that which keeps Is lawn a thin kind of linen? heat. SILK, drawn fine; thread made by Does the child like a warm coat? the silk-worm. SOFT, mild to the touch; gentle and Has the child a silk dress? pleasant to the touch. CHEAP, bargain; of low price and Are silk gloves soft? value. CooL, airy; not keeping heat. Is muslin a cheap cloth? Are thread gloves cool? TIDY, beautiful; neat in dress. THICK, pressed; of some distance from May a plain dress be tidy? side to side. SHABBY, bare or shaven; worn and Are woollen clothes thick? old. THIN, stretched; not thick. Are shabby garments pleasing? NINETY-FIFTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF MAN. "Is every breast there burns an active flame, The love of glory, or the dread of shame." POPE. WEAK, failing; feeble in strength. FICKLE, wavering; changeable. Is man a weak being? Do you despise a fiekle person? EMPTY, void or idle; containing no- EvIL, pained; wicked or sinful. thing. Have all men evil hearts Has the man an empty head? DOUGHTY, able; brave or noble. EARNEST, striving; ardor in busi- Is a doughty man called a chamness. pion? Do you like an earnest person? NINETY-S I X T H STUD Y. QUALITIES OF THE BODY OF MAN. "OF stature tall and slender frame, But firmly knit, was Malcolm Graeme." SCOTT. 104 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. SOUND, whole; free from disease. May a sick person be fretful. Is a sound body desirable? HALE, whole; robust or sound. STRONG, strained; having much power. Do you like to see a hale old Must a strong man' be healthy I man? LITTLE, left or lessened; small in size. SPARE, pressed down; lean, wanting May a little person be brave? in flesh. SIcK, sighing; suffering from disease. May a spare person be strong? N INETY-SEVENTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF PARTS OF THE BODY OF MAN. "AND hazel was his eagle eye, An auburn of the deepest dye His short curled beard and hair." SCOTT. RUDDY, red; a healthy flesh color. HAGGARD, hacked or torn; worn and Is the face ruddy? rough in looks. NAKED, open; bare or uncovered. Are the poor haggard? Is the hand naked? BROAD, spread out; extended in width. WAN, passing away; pale in appear- Have Indians broad faces? ance. GRIM, fierce; having fierce looks Has the child a wan look? Do you like a grim face? WANE, failing or pale; pale or want. LANIK, slack; yielding to the touch. ing color. Are lank cheeks pleasing? Have sick persons a wan look? GAUNT, lean or wanting; thin and STERN, straining; severe and rigid. hollow. Has the man a stern look? Is an old horse gaunt? UGLY, frank; wanting in what pleases. LEAN, thin; wanting in flesh. Do you like an ugly face? Do you like a lean face? HOLLOW, a hole; sunken or depressed. FAT, plump, or fleshy. Has the sick person hollow Are infants fat? cheeks N I N E T Y-E I G HIT H S T U D Y. QUALITIES OF THE SOUL. " HE most lives, Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best." BAILEY. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 105 FaRE, separated; having power to STUBBORN, fixed; stiff-minded or ob choose. stinate. Is the soul free? Can a stubborn child be happy? MAD, passionate; crazed or disor- WICKED, turning away; evil in heart dered in mind. and life. Does sorrow ever make the soul Are all men wicked? mad? RIGHT, straight; according to law. DARK, gloomy; obscured and gloomy. Should we always do what'is Is a dark soul an evil one? right? MEAN, common; base, of little value. SILLY, poor; weak in mind, foolish Is a mean soul happy? Are some people silly? NINETY-NINTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE HUNTER AND HUNTING. "REST thee, old hunter! the evening cool Will sweetly breathe on thy heated brow; Thy dogs will lap of the shady pool, Thou art very weary-O rest thee now." P. BENJAMIN. WILD, roving; roving or savage. BOLD, forward; daring in action. Does the hunter live a wild life? Should a hunter be bold? READY, a going; quick and prepared. QUICK, lively; swift and nimble Is a ready hunter a good hunter? Who is quick? ONE HUNDREDTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE FISHER AND FISHING. "Now, happy fisherman, now twitch the line I How the rod bends I behold the prize is thine I" GAY. HARD, pressed; firm or strong. STEADY, settled; firm and constant in Is a fisher's life hard? mind. LUSTY, extended; abounding in active Will a steady fisher succeed power. well? Is a lusty arm needed by the STARK, stiff; strong, also gross. fisher? Do you like a stark speech? 5* 106 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND FIRST STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE FARMER AND FARMING. "How blest the farmer's simple life! How pure the joy it yields! Far from the world's tempestuous strife, Free,'mid the scented fields I" EVEREST. BLITHE, gay and light; gay and joy- SULTRY, failing from heat; hot and ous. close. Is the farmer blithe? Is sultry weather pleasant TIRED, wasted; weary. COLD, blowing; wanting in heat. Should the tired farmer rest? Is cold weather healthy? FALLOW, failing; not tilled.'DRY, rubbed; without moisture. Is fallow land good? Does the farmer dread dry weaEARLY, shooting out; first in time. ther? Does the farmer rise early? STONY, firm or steady; full of stones. LATE, drawn out so as to be long; Will the farmer clear the stony after the time. ground? Should the farmer be late at his WET, moist; holding moisture. work? Is wet land good 8 ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND STUDY. QUALITIES OF WAR. "Tim horn and the trumpet are ringing afar, As the summons to battle are sounding; And the steed as he catches the signal of war, In the pride of his spirit is bounding." PERCIVAL. BLOOD, gushing; the vital fluid; also Is war a great evil? slaughter. DREAD, shrunk; terror, or awe. Is blood the seat of bodily life? FOUL, pressed; filthy, or wicked. DEAD, sunk; having the properties Are foul deeds done in war? of death. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 107 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD STUDY. QUALITIES OF MiECHANICS AND THEIR CALLINGS. "HE that hath a trade hath an estate; and he that hath a calling, hath an office of profit and honor." FRANKLIN. CRAFTY, skill or strength; full of art, Should a mechanic be wise? or skill. CUNNING, able or knowing; skilled in Can a good mechanic be crafty? art. WISE, reaching, or holding; having Are some men cunning workmen? much knowledge. ONE HUN DRED AND FO URTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE MANUFACTURER AND MANUFACTURING. " SLKS and satins, scarlets and velvets, put out the kitchen fire," as Poor Richard says. MANY, crowd; numerous. RAw, rough; not altered by man. Are there many manufacturers? Is raw silk made into ribbons? SOME, taken together; a certain ALL, the whole; the whole number. quantity. Are all manufactures used by Are some manufactures useful? men? ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE TRADER AND TRADING. " Ir is not more than twenty or thirty years since a young man going from any part of Scotland to England, of purpose to carry the pack, was considered, as going to lead the life, and acquire the fortune, of a gentleman." HERON. CHEAP a bargain; having a low price. OLD, falling off; of long duration. Are cheap goods often bought? Do some traders sell old goods? FREsH, lively; lately made. 108 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF A SAILOR AND SAILOR'S LIFE. "How cheery are the mariners, Those lovers of the sea I Their hearts are like its yesty waves, As bounding and as free." PARK BE.NJAMIN. MERRY, brisk; gay and noisy. Are sailors merry? ONE HUNDRED AND SE VENTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE LEARNED PROFESSIONS. "STRIVE not too much for favor; seem at ease, And rather pleased thyself, than bent to please." CRABBE. HIGH, lifted up; raised above us. Are some wise men wordy? Is the gospel ministry a high BLANK, white, or void; void or empty calling? Is blank paper needed? WoRDY, full of words. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF OFFICERS AND OFFICES. "THME man whom Heaven appoints To govern others, should himself first learn To bend his passions to the sway of reason." THoMSON. FIRST, most advanced; before all Has a prime minister a high others. office? Does the President fill the first MILD, smooth; kind and gentle. office? Should a ruler be mild? PaRmE, beginning or first; highest in STERN, set or stiff; severe and stiff. rank. Are stern officers beloved 8 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 109 ONE HUNDRED AND NINTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF THE WORKS OF MAN. "MAN has sought out many inventions." BIBLE. LIKE, even; nearly the same. SHARP, cutting; having a thin edge Are the works of man like God? or point. LITTLE, less; small in size. Has a needle a sharp point? KEEN, piercing; sharp in cutting. LEVEL, pressed down smooth; flat, Is a new knife keen? not rough. Is the table level? ONE HUNDRED AND TENTH STUDY QUALITIES OF THE WORKS OF GOD. "THE gentle moon, the kindling sun, The many stars are given, As shrines to burn earth's incense on, The altar-fires of heaven." WHITTIER. GREAT, increasing; large in size or IIor, rousing; having much heat. number. Are the rays of the sun hot? Are the works of God great? BLEAK, open; open to the wind. GooD, strong; of fine quality. The hills are bleak. Is God a good being ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF MINERAL BODIES. "ALONE I walked the ocean strand; A pearly shell was in my hand: I stoop'd and wrote upon the sand My name, the year, the day." HANNAH GOULD. HARD, pressed; firm to the touch. BRIGHT, darting, as rays; shiny. Are all metals hard? Is gold a bright metal? ACID, sharp edge; sharp to the taste. BRITTLE, breaking; easily broken. Is aluminum an acid metal? Is chalk brittle? 110 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND TWELFTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF VEGETABLE BODIES. "HEAP'D in the hollows of the grove, The wither'd leaves lie dead; They rustle to the eddying gust, And to the rabbit's tread." BRYANT. RAEK, reaching; strong in growth. MELLOW, soft, or melting; soft with Are some plants rank? ripeness. SHORT, cut off; low or of small height. Are peaches mellow? Is grass short? RIPE, what may be reaped; mature PRETTY, set off; neat and pleasing. in growth. Are all flowers pretty? Are ripe pears pleasant to the ToUGH, pulling; that which may be taste? bent. WHOLE, sound; all, every part, or one. Is hickory wood tough? Is the plant whole? ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF ANIMALS. "HARK! is that the angry howl Of the wolf, the hills among?Or the hooting of the owl, On his leafy cradle swung?" WHITTIER. STRAY, scattered; wandering, or lost. RAMPANT, rearing up, or overleaping. Have you seen a stray lamb? What is a lion rampant? TAME, subdue; accustomed to man. SwIFT, whirling; rapid in motion. Is the ox tame? Is the deer swift in running. GREEDY, reaching forward; having a SLow, slack; lazy in motion. strong desire for food. Are snails slow animals Are vultures greedy animals? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 111 ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEENTH STUDY. QUALITIES OF LIGHT. "My heart looks up when I behold A rainbow in the sky." WORDSWORTH. RED, opening or glowing; a bright Is the sky blue? warm color. BROwN, burnt; a sober cool color. Are some apples red? Are some kind of woods brown? YELLOw, bright; a bright color. GRAY, fair; white mixed with black. Is gold a yellow metal? Is an old man's hair gray? GREEN, growing as a grass; a cool BLACK, waning, or pale; the color of color composed of yellow and blue. night. Is moss green? Are clouds sometimes black? BLUE, a rich warm color. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH STUDY QUALITIES OF GOD. "GOD of wisdom, God of might, Father I dearest name of all, Bow thy throne and bless our rite;'Tis thy children on thee call." SPRAGUE. BLESSED, made blithe; made happy. Is God ourfirst ruler Is a Christian blessed? TRUE, closed fast; real, or according MIGHTY, strength; strong. to fact. Is God mighty? Is there but one true God I FmRST, advanced before; the begin- HOLY, whole, or sound; free from sin. ning of all things. Is God holy in all his ways? CHAPTER XII. ACTIONS. WE have now come to the THIRD stage of the mind in gathering up words-ACTIONS. We began with the names 112 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. of things; as _papa, mamma, dog. NVe then got the names of some qualities; as good papa, dear mamma, bad dog. Afterwards, we got the names of actions; as, good papa comes, dear mamma sings, bad dog bites. In this way, every child- gathers up the words that form his daily speech. Our old Saxon forefathers formed nearly all names of ACTIONS from names of things. They did so by putting gan, to go, anan, to give, or agan, to hold, after the names of things. Thus deal, the name of a part, becomes dealan, to divide into parts. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE BODY OF MEN. THE body has its own actions. The pulse beats and the lungs breathe even while we sleep. But our bodies cease to act. "THEY walked not under the lindens, They played not in the hall; But shadow, and silence, and sadness Were hanging over all." LONGFELLOW. SIT, to cast down; to rest on a seat. RISE, to lift up oneself; to get up Can you sit on a chair? from sleep, or sitting. LIE, to throw down; to rest stretched Do you 7ise in the morning 8 out. SNEEZE, to thrust out air; to emit air Do you lie in bed? audibly through the nose. SLUMBER, to murmur in breathing; to Do you sneeze when you have a take light sleep. cold May he slumber in school? PAIN, to prickle; to produce an unSLEEP, to be loose; to rest unknow- easy feeling. ingly. Does severe cold pain us? Do we sleep at night? NAP, to nod; to take a short sleep. SNORE, to make a sound with the Does grandfather nap in his nose; to breathe with a hoarse chair? voice in sleep. SPIT, to cast out; to cast out from Can you snore loudly? the mouth. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 113 Should we spit on the carpet? Have you ever seen any one SwooN, to fall away; to sink into a swoon? fainting state. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEENTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE HANDS. "SHE stood beside the well her God had given, To gush in that deep wilderness, and bathed The forehead of her child, until he laughed In his reviving happiness, and lisped His infant thoughts of gladness at the sight Of the cool plashing of his mother's hand." N. P. WILIUS. HAND, to thrust out; to reach any CLAP, to strike; to strike the hands thing with the hand. together. Did you hand the book? Did you clap the speaker? HANDLE, to hold; to feel or use with CLIP, to drive quickly; to cut with the hand. shears. Can you handle the hoe? Do we clip the box in summer HOLD, to strain; to keep fast. STRIKE, to rub or thrust; to hit with Can you hold a horse? any' thing, as the hands. CREEP, to grapple; to crawl on the Should children strike each other? hands and feet. STROKE, to rub gently; to rub gently Do infants creep? and soothe. GROPE, to feel; to feel with the hands. Do we stroke the kitten? Do we grope with the hands? Box, to close up; to strike with the GRIPE, to catch; to seize with the fist. hand. Do good boys box? Did you gripe the toy 8 FINGER, to thrust out; to catch with GRAPPLE, to seize; to lay fast hold of.' the fingers. Did the boys grapple? Do you finger your book? CLUTcH, to close fast; to clasp with REACH, to stretch; to put out the the hand. hand. Did the boy clutch the knife? Can you reach across the table? 114 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND cEIGHTEENTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE FEET. "FOR thou didst tread The way that leads me heavenward, and My often wayward footsteps led In the same path with patient hand." G. W. BETIIUNE. WALK, to roll, or press; to move on SLIDE, to move smoothly; to move the feet. along without stepping. Do you like to walk? Can you slide on the ice? SNEAK, to creep softly; to move in a STRIDE, to step, or open; to walk crouching way. with long steps. Do the wicked sneak away? Does the farmer stride over the LEAP, to draw up; to bound or spring field? forward. WADE, to go through; to walk Can you leap far? through water. RuN, to rush; to move quickly on Do you like to wade in water? the feet. WADDLE, to go; to move from side Do children like to run? to side in walking. STAND, to place; to be upon the feet. Should we waddle when we walk? Should you stand straight? STEP, to open out; to move the foot. STALK, to steal along; to walk with Do we step in walking? a high proud step. FETTER, to tie the feet; to bind with SLIP, to move easily; to slide on the a chain. feet. Does the jailer fetter the crimi nal! Did you slip? ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEENTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF MAN. MAN is active, both when he sleeps and when he awakes, lHe dreams of happiness. "Do something-do it soon-with all thy might; An angel's wing would droop if long at rest, And God himself inactive were no longer blest." CARLOS WILCOX. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 115 LIVE, to breathe on; to have life. BrooK, to grind the teeth; to bear or Does man live? endure a check. GROW, to swell; to increase in size. Can children brook restraint? May the boy grow? BEAR, to bring forth; to carry, or HXvE, to seize; to possess. support. Have you a book? Can you bear much weight? Do, to be able; to make or perform. AIL, to be in pain; to bc sick, or Will you do what is right? troubled. LAUGH, to thrust; to make the noise What ails you? of mirth. BELIEVE, to leave with; to trust on a Can you laugh loudly? person or thing. SIGH, to draw in; to draw in and Do all believe in God? exhale a deep breath. WORSHip, to give honor; to adore Do those in pain sigh? God. WEEP, to cry out; to shed tears. Do you love to worship God? Do you often weep? HIIALLOW, to make sound; to make LIFT, to raise into the air; to raise holy. up from the ground. Should we hallow the name of Can you lift a chair? God? ONE HUNDRED A ND TWENTIETH STUDY. ACTIONS IN THE HOUSEHOLD. "AROUND his board his wife and children smile: Communion sweetest, nature here can give, Each find endearments, office of delight With love and duty blending." TIMOTHY DWIGHT. GREET, to cry out; to speak and ad- ANSWER, to speak back; to speak dress one kindly. when questioned. Should we greet each other every Do you answer your parents morning P kindly 8 KIss, to fall; to salute or greet with MEET, to fall to; to come together. the lips. Do children meet their parents Do you kiss your mother every gladly in the morning? night? PART, to break; to separate from each AsIr, to press upon; to seek by other. speech. Do we part at night? Do you ask your parents to teach BEGIN, to go in; to commence any y"'? thing. 116 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Do you begin to study early? YAWN, to open; to have the mouth BURY, to hide or cover; to put a open through drowsiness. body in the earth. Does the sleepy boy yawn? Do we bury the dead in sorrow? GAPE, to tear open; to open the SWEAR, to lay to; to bear witness by mouth wide. appealing to God. Do we often gape after eating? Should men swear? Bow, to bend as a bow; to bend the TAUNT, to tug; to accuse with cutting head. words. Should we bow to those we know? Is it unkind to taunt? WRIGGLE, to move twistingly; to GLIDE, to go gently; to move lightly move with short twists. along the surface. Do some children wriggle when Does the boy glide over the ice? they walk? ONE HUiNDRED AND TWENTY-FIRST STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE SENSES. THE five senses, hearing, seeing, smell, taste and touch, are active, waiting upon the soul. They tell us many things about the world. "UPoN the sodden ground His old right hand lay nerveless, listless, dead, Unsceptered; and his realmless eyes were closed, While his bowed head seemed listening to the earth." KEATS. LooK, to stretch forth; to turn the LIST, to incline forward; to incline eye towards an object. the ear in desire. Does the eye look at things? Do you list to what is said? BLINK, to glitter; to twinkle with the S.MELL, to relax; to know by the nose. eyes. Can you smell the flowers' Do we blink in strong light? FEEL, to touch; to know by the STARE, to strain stiff; to look with touch. fixed eye. Can you feel the round table. Should we stare at any one? LISTEN, to lend the ear; to give atHARK, to directthe ear; to lend the ear. tention to what is said. Do you hark when you hear a Must you listen if you would noise? learn? HEARKEN, to lend the ear; to listen SEEK, to stretch out the eye; to to what is said. search for any thing. Should you hearken to your Should we seek wisdom? teacher ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 117 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SECOND STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE SOUL OF MAN. THE soul, we have reason to believe, never sleeps. It is so active as to have no desire to rest. " MAN superior walks Amid the glad creation, musing praise, And looking lively gratitude." THOMSON. SPEAK, to thrust out; to tell our CHIDE, to press with words; to blame thoughts by words. lightly. Do we speak often? Does your teacher chide you STUN, to strike by noise; to make when you do wrong? senseless. LIGHT, to shoot out; to make things Did the fall stun him? visible. WONDER, to turn; to look or be sur- Does knowledge light up the prised. mind? Does the mind wonder CRAZE, to crack; to make one mad. TIINK, to set in the mind; to exercise Does sorrow craze the brain? the mind about any thing. REeKON, to stretch so as to tell; to Do we think always? count or number. KNow, to hold in the mind; to be Can you reckon as far as ten? acquainted with any thing. HEED, to give attention; to mind Do you know any thing about with care. the sun? Do you heed what your mother GLAD, to be lifted up; to cheer with says? pleasure. PROVE, to try, as by taste; to try so Does God glad the heart of man? as to find the truth. MOURN, to murmur to oneself; to Should we be able to prove sorrow for that which is lost. whatever we do? Does the mother mourn for her HOPE, to reach forward; to desire child? future good. WIsH, to long for; to long for some- Do you hope to go to heaven 8 thing. WEEP, to cry out; to shed tears. Do you wish to be good? Do we weep for the dead? LIKE, to stroke smoothly; to be LovE, to lean forward; to delight in pleased with. any thing. Can you like a bad child? Do you love God 118 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. MOAN, to make a low sound; to ex- Do the sick loathe food? press sorrow. WILL, to set forward; to choose any Do we moan in grief? thing. HATE, to be hot; to dislike greatly. Do you will before you walk 8 Do you hate wickedness? RECK, to tell; to care or mind. I)ATHE, to thrust away; to feel much Do the dead reck any thing disgust. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-T HIRD STUDEY. ACTIONS AND FOOD. " RETIRED Within his gorgeous hall, Assyria's king Sits at the banquet, and in love and wine Revels delighted." ATI]ERSTONE. COOK, to prepare food for eating. CHOKE, to stop up; to stop the wind-.Is it easy to cook food? pipe. SIFT, to separate; to take the coarse Will a bone choke you? from the fine with a sieve. Sup, to make a noise with the lips in Do we sift meal? taking large quantities; to take up KNEAD, to press with the fist; to with the mnouth. make flour and barm into dough. Do you sup fast? Does the girl knead the dough? Sir, to make a noise with the lips in BAKE, to harden by fire; to cook food taking small quantities; to take up in an oven. with the lips. Do we bake bread in an oven? Do we sip our tea? DINE, to take the day meal; to eat DRINK, to draw; to swallow liquor the chief meal. or water. Do you dine at two o'clock? Do children drink much? CARVE, to pluck; to cut in small pieces. GRIND, to rub; to reduce to powder. Is it easy to carve a fowl? Does the girl grind the coffee? CRAM, to force into; to stuff in any SMACK, noise in tasting; to make a thing as food. noise with the lips. Does the child cram food into Is it nice to smack? his mouth? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 119 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FOURTH STUDY. ACTIONS AND CLOTIIING. "Tim old man sunk Upon his knees, and in the drapery Of the rich curtains buried up his face." N. P. WILLIS. CLOTHE, to draw over; to put gar- DYE, to color; to tinge by coloring. ments on the body. Can we dye garments Does the mother clothe her child? KNIT, to make by knots; to make by DECK, to cover; to dress finely. knotting threads. Does the amother deck her child? Does the girl knit gloves? ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIFTH STUDY. ACTIONS IN THE HOUSE. " HER wheel at rest, the matron thrills no more With treasured tales and legendary lore. All, all are fled." RoGERs. ScREaN, to cut off; to shade from heat WASH, to clean by rubbing in water. or cold. Will the girl wash the dirty Does the house screen you from clothes? cold? WIPE, to rub dry; to rub for the SAY, to thrust out; to speak or tell purpose of cleaning. any thing. Did the girl wipe the floor this Can the baby say any thing? morning? SCORCHI, to dry up; to burn on tlIe SPILL, to waste; to let run out of a surface. vessel. Will the fire scorch clothes? Did you spill the milk? CLEAN, to remove; to separate from WHITTLE, a knife; to pare with a any thing dirty. knife. Does the housemaid clean the Do boys whittle sticks. room? SEND, to urge; to cause to gu. SWEEP, to wipe; to clean by brush- Can you send a book? ing, SMOTHER, to smoke; to choke in any Will the girl sweep the stairs? way. 120 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Would smoke smother you? QUENCH, to put out; to put out as a SMOOTH, to make even; to give an flame. even surface to. Will water quench fire? Do we smooth clothes REST, to lay down; to cease from BIDE, to lodge; to stay in a place, or work. dwell. Do we rest at night Do children bide at home? RousE, to shake; to stir up to action. BREAK, to thrust; to drive in pieces. Shall I rouse you in the morning? Will a fall break a plate? ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE HOUSEKEEPER. "AT intervals my mother's voice was heard Urging despatch: briskly the work went on, All hands employed to wash, to rinse, to wring, To fold, to starch, and clap, and iron and plait." BARBAULD. FOSTER, to give food; to feed, or bring Will you singe your dress if you up. stand too near the fire? Does the kind ladyfoster many SOAK, to suck in: to steep in liquid. children? Will the girl soak the muslin in WARM, to rouse with heat; to supply water? heat. REAR, to erect; to raise or bring up. Does the fire warm you? Will the family rear the child? FEEd, to nourish; to give food. MILK, to stroke gently; to obtain Does the nurse feed the children? milk by stroking. SEW, to stitch; to unite with needle Does the girl milk the cow? and thread. RINSE, to remove by washing; to Will you sew your glove? cleanse by water. HEM, to fold and sew down the edge. Do we rinse clothes after they Can you hem your handkerchief? have been washed? SWADDLE, to clothe; to bind with WRING, to strain; to strain and twist bandage. round. Will the nurse swaddle the child? Does the girl wring the clothes? TIE, to strain; to bind with a cord or CHURN, to turn or shake; to shake band, milk into butter. Will you tie your shoe? Does the girl churn to-day? SINGE, to crackle in scorching; to burn a liktl ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 121 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SEVENTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE HOUSEHOLDER. "STRIKE till the last armed foe expires; Strike for your altars and your fires; Strike for the green graves of your sires; God-and your native land." HALLECE. OPEN, to lift off to take away any Should a father rule his chilfastening. dren. Does the householder open the BID, to drive out the voice; to comrnhouse mand or direct. SHUT, to bolt; to close with fasten- Should you do as your father ings. bids you? Is the house shut up? BIDE, to stay; to dwell or continue. GIVE, to send to; to bestow any thing Will you bide long in this house I upon any one. BEQUEATH, to say by will; to leave Is it pleasant to give? any thing by will. WORK, to strive; to perform labor. Did your mother bequeath you Does the man work well? the money? LEAD, to draw forward; to guide or HUSBAND, to keep in.the house; to conduct. use carefully. Should a father lead his chil- Should the farmer husband his dren? hay RULE, to direct; to order or control. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE HUNTER. "BUT dauntless he, nor chart, nor journey's plan In woods required, whose trained eye was keen As eagle of the wilderness, to scan His path, by mountain, swamp or deep ravine." CAMPBELL. 12'. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. HUNT, to rush; to chase wild ani- SLAY, to strike; to put to death by mals. violence. Do many men hunt wild ani- Will the hunter slay the deer? mals? SKIN, to strip; to take off the skin. TRAP, to catch up; to catch by a Has the hunter skinned the anisnare. rmal? Did the hunter trap the beaver? THROW, to hull; to fling or cast away. RUN, to rush; to pass rapidly on foot. Does the hunter throw his spear? Can the hunter run after game? FORD, to pass; to cross a river by RIDE, to go forward; to go on horse- walking on the bottom. back. Does the hunter ford many Will the hunter ride far? rivers? BET, to give a pledge; to stake a FLAY, to bark; to strip off the skin. wager. May the hunter gay an animal? Is it wrong to bet? GAD, to go; to wander about. WEARY, to wear down; to tire the Does the hunter gad about? body. SHUN, to go from; to keep out of Does the chase weary the hunter? sight. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE FISHER. "A LITTLE hovel by the river side Received us: there hard labor and the skill In fishing, which was formerly my sport, Supported life." HOME. Fisu, to take fish; to try to take fish. II-is the fisher to sail much? Is it pleasant to fish? SWIM, to vanish; to pass through HooK, to catch with a bent piece of water.by using the limbs. metal. Is it dangerous to swim? Does the fisher hook fish? WRECK, to break; to dash on rocks SPEAR, to pierce; to kill or pierce or shoals, as a ship. with the spear. Was the vessel wrecked'? Does the fisher spear eels? SwAMP, to suck down; to upset in DRAG, to haul along; to pull or haul. water. Will the fisher drag in the net? Will the boat swanmp. SAIL, to strain in a course; to pass PULL, to drag or haul. through water in a vessel. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 123 Does the fisherman pull in the Row, to urge; to drive with oars. net full of fish - Do boatmen row the boat! WEATHER, to outride a storm; to bear TOIL, to strain; to labor; to become up through a storm. weary. Will a strong ship weather a Do laborers toil daily? storm? BAIT, to feed; to put meat on a hook STEER, to strain towards; to direct, or in a snare. as a vessel. Do fishers bait their hooks? Does the pilot steer the ship ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTIETH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE FARMER. "THE farmer's life displays in every part A moral lesson to the sensual heart. Though in the lap of plenty, thoughtful still, He looks beyond the present, good or ill." BLOOMFIELD. FARMI, to produce corn; to cultivate Do we stall cattle? or lease land. PEN, to close up; to put in a fold. Is it healthy to farm? Does the farmer pen his sheep? TILL, to put in order; to cultivate PLOUGH, to thrust; to turn up the land. soil with a plough. Does the farmer till his land? Do we plough in spring? SEED, to scatter; to sow the land with REAP, to cut; to cut grain with a seed. sickle. Do farmers seed their lands? Will the farmer reap in the fall WEED, to free from noxious plants. DIG, to thrust; to turn up the ground Will the gardener weed the gar- with a spade. den? Must the farmer dig? HARVEST, to be cold or keen; to SHnovEL, to shove; to throw up earth gather in grain or fruits. with a shovel. Does the farmer harvest the Can you shovel sand? wheat? HOE, to chop; to scrape or dig with STABLE, to put in a stall; to put in a a hoe. stable or barn. Will the man hoe the garden Should the farmer stable his cat- beds? tie in winter? RAKF, to scrape; to gather grass or STALL, to stand; to put in a stable or grain with a rake. stand. Does he rake the hay together 124 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. TEImAsH, to beat; to beat out grain FAN, to open; to separate chaff from from the husk. grain. Can he thrash with a flail? Will he fan wheat? Mow, to cut off; to cut grass with a HIRE, to get wages; to engage for a scythe. reward or price. Can he mow with a scythe? Does the farmer hire many men? HINDER, to weaken; to keep back or GATHER, to close up or bind; to bring obstruct. into stores, or heap up. Does rain hinder the farmer from Will they gather in all the grain working? at harvest? SUMMER, to pass the hot season; to EARN, to gather; to obtain by labor. pass or carry through summer. Does the laborer earn much? Do we summer cattle? GATHER, to go through; to collect WINTER, to pass the windy season; to into one place. pass or carry through winter. Does the farmer gather his grain? Do cattle winter well on good fodder? ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIRST STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE HOUSEWRIGHT. "AT art's command, The village grows, the city springs." SPRAGUE. SUNDER, to part; to separate in any When did the man roof the way. house? Does the housewright sunder the BOARD, to spread;- to cover with wood? boards. FRAME, to join; to form the outline Do we board houses? of a building. BUILD, to set or make; to frame and Did the housewright frame the raise a building. barn? Will they build a large house? FLOOR, to make flat; to lay the bot- SAW, to cut; to cut with a saw. tom part of a house or room. Can the man saw wood? Will the carpenter floor the BORE, to thrust; to make holes with house? a gimlet. ROOF, to cover; to put on the cover Will the carpenter bore a hole in of a house. the wood ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 125 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SECOND STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE WHEELWRIGHT. "GoD made the prophet's wheel, And filled it full of eyes." WHET, to sharpen; to make sharp by IIHEw, to strike; to cut with any inrubbing. strument. TURN, to move in a circle; to form on Does he hew his spokes? a lathe. CLEAVE, to split; to divide by cutDoes the wheelwright turn the ting. hub? Do we cleave wood with an axe? ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THIRD STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE SHIPWRIGHT. "HER keel hath struck on a hidden rock, Her planks are torn asunder; And down came her masts with a reeling shock." WILSON. TRIM, to make firm; to put in order. Does he wield a large axe? SHAPEr, to form; to give form to any DECK, to throw on; to furnish with thing. a deck. Does the shipwright shape his Does he deck the vessel with vessel? FASTEN, to hold firm; to make firm. boardse Does the shipwright fsten the RIB, to give sides; to enclose with Does the shipwright fasten the ris ribs. beams? WIELD, to strain forcibly; to sway Does he rib the ship? with the hand. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOURTH STUDY, ACTIONS OF THE MILLWRIGHT. "UPON the river's bank, Near by the sounding waterfall, He built the village mill." 126 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. DAM, to stop; to keep in water with DRILL, to twist; to bore with a a bank. drill. Does the millwright dam the Does he drill holes in the water? plank? ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIFTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE SMITH. "TRE smith, a mighty man is he, With large and sinewy hands; And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands." LONGFELLOW. BEAT, to strike; to strike often. MELT, to soften; to make like a Does the smith beat the iron? liquid. NAIL, to pin; to fasten with nails or Can one melt silver? iron pins. H-IAMMER, to beat; to strike with a Is the horseshoe nailed on? hammer. IEAT, to warm; to warm by fire. Is the iron well hammered? Will the smith heat the me- NEAL, to kindle; to temper by heat. tal? Does the mechanic neal iron? ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIXTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE WEAVER. "IN olden time, Kings' daughters had their looms." WEAVE, to throng; to unite threads TwIsT, to turn about; to wind one and form cloth. thread round another. Will he weave fine cloth.? Does the weaver twist his cord 2 SPIN, to draw out; to draw out flax KNOT, to swell; to join or unite or wool into a thread. threads or cords. Do women spin? Can the weaver knot his thread I ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 127 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVENTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE MANUFACTURER. "A THOUSAND rivers minister to man: They irrigate the soil, and turn the wheels Of busy workshops." SHAPE, to form; to form for some end. GRIND, to make smooth or sharpen. Does the pin-maker shape his Can you grind a knife to make pins? it sharp? FULL, to tread; to thicken cloth in a GLAZE, to make blue; to cover over mill. with shining matter. Do men full cloth? Are many dishes glazed? BLEACII, to whiten; to make white by BRAND, to burn; to mark in any way. taking away the color. Does the manufacturer brand his Do we bleach muslin? goods? COMB, to scrape; to separate and ar- GAIN, to obtain; to get by labor or range with a comb. gift. Do they comb flax at a millI Does the idle man gain much? ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE TRADER.'TRADE is the pulse of nations, And on its healthful throbbings hang The industry of millions." HAVE, to hold; to hold or possess. LIE, to stretch; to tell an untruth. Can the trader have many Should a man lie? things? CHEAPEN, to strike a bargain; to ask WEND, to go or turn; to go from the price. place to place. Do some wish to cheapen all Does the trader wend his way goods? alone? METE, to reach to; to measure. DIuN, to crave noisily; to ask often Does the miller mete out the for payment. corn? Will the merchant dun if he is Smr, to put in shape; to put on a not paid? ship. 128 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Will the merchant ship tea from Will he buy many things China here? STORE, to hoard; to lay up goods. WEIGH, to balance; to find the quan- Should the trader store his goods tity of a thing by weighing it. in winter? Does the grocer weigh tea? SELL, to send to; to give away a DEAL, to divide; to trade in any thing for money. thing. Does the trader sell much? Does he deal in wines? BARGAIN, to lend; to make some Buy, to get things by paying for contract, buy or sell. them. Can you bargain? ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE SOLDIER. "Aui, never shall the land forget How gushed the life-blood of her braveGushed, warm with hope and courage yet, Upon the soil they sought to save." BRYANT. WREST, to twist; to gain by force. WAVER, to move to and fro; to change Can the soldier wrest the goods in courage. of the enemy? Should a soldier waver? WARD, to keep off. QUAIL, to sink away; to fall back Does he ward the blows? and lose courage. QUELL, to press down; to overcome. Does the coward quail in batCan the officer quell the fight? tle? Rusi, to move forcibly; to move with HARBOUR, to cover soldiers; to shelter violence. in any way. Do they rush on to war? Should we harbor the criminal? RECK, to emit vapor; to care or SPARE, to shut off; to keep from mind. punishment or death.. Can man snare his enemy. The soldier recks not his life Can man sare his enemy HuRT, to dash at; to injure in any WELTER, to wallow; to roll in blood.ash at; to injure in any Should the poor soldier be left way. Should children hurt each other to welter in his blood a COPE, to strive; to strive on equal SLAUGHTER, to strike down; to make to strive; to strive on equal terms. great havoc terms. Did America cope with England I Did the armies slaughter each other 8 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 129 SaooT, to throw out; to let fly an DRILL, to turn; to exercise or train arrow. in arms. Do men shoot balls? Should the officer drill his men? DUB, to strike in naming; to strike SIIELD, to cover; to protect from with a sword in making a knight. danger. Does the king dub knights? Does the soldier shield his coun. WAR, to urge against; to contend in try? battle. HEAD, to shoot or top; to lead or FIGHT, to fetch a blow; to strive for advance before. victory in battle. Does the captain head his band, Is it wrong to fight? BOAST, to use a bow; to praise oneHALT, to hold up; to stop on a self. march. Do you like to boast of yourDo soldiers halt when they are self? tired? Cow, to make afraid; to awaken fear. Does the keen look cow at times ONE HUNDRED AND FORTIETH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE TEACHER. "IN every village marked with little spire, Embowered in trees, and hardly known to fame, There dwells, in lowly shed and mean attire, A matron old, whom we schoolmistress name." SHENSTONE. TEACH, to point out; to give know- WRITE, to smear as with wax; to ledge. form letters and words. Is it easy to teach children? Can your teacher write neatly? Snow, to hold to the eye; to present RECKON, to count by balls; to count to view. by figures. Does the teacher show her Can you reckon quickly? scholars how to do things? RULE, to direct; to govern and guide. FoRM, to set; to give shape to. Should a teacher rule her puCan you form a square? pils? READ, to drive out, as the voice; to LEARN, to gather; to take up knowutter written letters or words. ledge. Should a teacher read well? Does the good child learn well? 6* 130 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIRST STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE DOCTOR. "PERMIT that I My little knowledge with my country share, Till you the rich Asclepian stores unlock." Dr. ARMSTRONG. HEAL, to make sound; to cure sick- Do doctors bray medicines in a ness. mortar? Can the doctor heal us? BLISTER, to bloat; to raise the skin BLEED, to cause to flow; to take away with a watery liquid. blood by opening a vein. Do doctors blister for fevers? Should the doctor bleed her? CuP, to use a cup to draw away Mix, to stir; to mingle things. blood. Does the doctor mix his medi- Will the doctor cup for dropsy? cines? LEECH, to lessen; to treat with mediBRAY, to break in pieces; to pound cine and heal. in a mortar. Do doctors leech the sick? ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SECOND STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE ARTIST. "O THOU sculptor, painter, poet! Take this lesson to thy heart; That is best which lieth nearest, Shape from that thy work of art." LONGFELLOW. DRAW, to move over; to represent a Do angels harp on golden harps? picture by lines. GILD, to pay in gold; to cover with Can you draw objects? gold. SING, to strain; to give forth sweet Does the artist gild frames? sounds. DRAFT, to draw; to draw the shape Do you like to sing? of a thing. PIPE, to make a sound by blowing; Can the artist draft? to play on a wind instrument. SKETCH, to cast forth; to draw an Can the piper pipe on his pipes? outline. HARP, to play on a harp. Does the artist sketch well? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT.-WORDS. 131 BLEND, to mix; to mingle together. CARVE, to cut in; to shape any thing Does the artist blend colors? on wood or stone. Do engravers carve on wood? ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-THIRD STUDY. ACTIONS OF MIINERALS. "' I AM a pebble, and yield to none,' Were the swelling words of a tiny stone!'For I am as old as the big round earth.? " GOULD. GLITTER, to sparkle; to sparkle with GLISTEN, to shine; to shine with light. light. Do diamonds glitter? Does gold glisten? DWINDLE, to fall away; to become RUST, to become red; to become less. rusty. Does lead dwindle away when Does iron rust in the air? melted? ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FOURTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF PLANTS. "THiE wind flower and the violet, They perished long ago; And the brier rose and the orchis died Amid the summer's glow." BRYANT. Gaow, to increase; to enlarge in SEED, to scatter:; to grow and make size. seed. Do all plants grow? Do farmers seed their ground? EAR, to shoot; to form ears as corn. WITHER, to become dry; to fade and Does the corn ear well? - lose its freshness. LEAF, to shoot out; to put forth Does the rose wither in autumn? leaves. DRooP, to fall; to hang downDoes the rose leaf in spring? ward. BLOSSOM, to open out; to put forth Does the lily of the valley droop? flowers. CLOTHE, to cover; to cover over any Does the rose blossom? thing. 132 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Does our Creator clothe the trees DIE, to pass away; to lose life. with leaves? Does the rose die? FEED, to nourish; to supply food. RUSTLE, to make quick, small sounds. Does grass feed cattle? Do leaves rustle? ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIFTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.'THE low of herds Blends with the rustling of the heavy grain." BRYANT. BELLOW, to belch out sound; to make Does the horse neigh? a loud hollow noise. BRAY, to make a grinding sound; to Does the bull bellow? make a harsh loud sound. Low, to make a flat low sound; to Does the ass bray? make a low noise. GRAZE, to eat grass; to feed on grass Does the cow low? or herbage. BLEAT, from the sound; to cry as Do cattle graze in the field? sheep. WAG, to shake; to move one way Does the sheep bleat? and the other, as the tail. BARE, from the sound; to make a Does the dog wag his tail? sharp snapping noise. LIcx, to rub; to draw the tongue Does the dog bark? over a thing. WORRY, to shake or tear; to harass Does the dog lick his master's or tear. hand? Does the dog worry his food? CRow, from the sound; to make the WHINE, to squeak; to make a crying noise of the cock. sound. Does the cock crow? Does the dog whine? CLUCK, from the sound; to make the FAWN, to crouch in joy; to seek favor sound of the hen while hatching. or notice. Does the hen cluck? Does the dogfawn on his mas- SLINK, to creep slily; to steal away. ter? Does puss slink behind the door? NEIGH, from the sound; to make the sound of a horse. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 133 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIXTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF WILD ANIMALS. "The wild boar sought his lair; The wolf prowled through the wood; The serpent hissed; nay, all the beasts Gave signs of fear." ROAR, to make a loud long noise. Does the lion spring on his Does the lion roar? prey GRIN, to set the teeth; to open the TEAR, to waste; to separate with mouth and set the teeth. violence. Does the wolf grin? Does the tiger tear his food? HIss, to make a hissing sound. BurPow, to bore into; to make a hole Does the black snake hiss when in the earth. angry? Does the rabbit burrow? BRISTLE, to shoot up; to rai'se the CLInMB, to go up; to creep up a tree hair. or rock. Does the wild boar bristle when Does the monkey climb trees angry? Linr, to walk as if lame. CREEP, to crawl; to move slowly. Does the hare limp over the Does the snake creep? frozen grass? SPRING, to leap; to move with violence. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF WATER ANIMALS. "SEEKEST thou the plashy brink Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, Or where the rocking billows rise and sink On the chafed ocean side?" BRYANT. CROAK, from the sound; to make a Does the leech suck blood? low hoarse noise. SwIM, to pass away; to move on or Does the frog croak? in water. Suei, to draw into; to imbibe or Do fish swim in water? draw up a fluid. SCUTTLE, to make as a basket; to bore 134 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. a ship so as to be open like a bas- SPAWN, to throw out; to throw out ket. eggs as a fish. Does the ship-worm scuttle ves- Do fish spawn once a year sels I ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF BIRDS. "WITH storm-daring pinion, and sun-gazing eye, The gray forest eagle is the king of the sky." STREET. FLY, to move with the wings; to SCREAM, to cry out in fear; to utter move through the air with wings. a loud shrill cry. Does the eaglefiy? Does the eagle scream when HoP, to hobble; to spring on the angry? feet. LAY, to put down; to bring forth as Does the robin hop merrily eggs. about?.1bo all birds lay eggs? Swoop, to carry off rapidly; to seize MOUNT, to go up; to soar on high. on the wing. Does the eagle mount on his Does the eagle swoop his prey? wings? FLUTTER, to waver: to move and flap LIGHT, to lift; to get down as a bird the wings. from on wing. Does the wounded bird flutter? Does the bird light on the branch? ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE EARTH. "Earth that nourished thee shall claim Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again." BRYANT. TURN, to wheel about; to move in a GLIDE, to move smoothly; to move circular course. rapidly but smoothly. Does the earth turn on its axis? FLOAT, to move as if on wing; to be WHIRL, to turn round quickly; to borne along on water or in the roll rapidly. air. Does water whirl in the whirl- Do cloudsfloat in the air? pool? ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 135 QUAKE, to shake; to shake or tremble. Does the air swarm with life I Does the earth sometimes quake? SPRouT, to shoot; to spring forth as TEEM, to bring forth; to swarm with grass. life. Does grass sprout up from the Does the earth teem with living earth? things? BEAR, to carry; to bring forth. SWARM, to move as boiling water; to Does the earth bear grain? throng in crowds. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH STUDY. ACTIONS OF BODIES OF WATER. "AND why do the roaring ocean, And the night-wind wild and bleak, As they beat at the heart of the mother, Drive the color from her cheek?" LONGFELLOW. SWELL, to enlarge; to rise in bil- THAW, to flow; to melt what is lows. frozen. Do the waves of the ocean Does the sun thaw ice? swell? FLOOD, to flow over; to flow over its FLOW, to move as water; to glide bounds. along as water. Do rivers sometimes flood their Do streams flow? banks? FREEZE, to shrink; to harden into DROWN, to draw over; to overwhelm ice. in water. Does water freeze? Did the man drown his dogI ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIRST STUDY. ACTIONS OF THE HEAVENS. " THE golden sun, The planets, all the infinite host of heaven Are shining on the sad abodes of death." BRYANT. HANG, to waver; to suspend. WATER, to flow and wet; to pour out Do the clouds hang in the heav- as rain. ens? Do the heavens water the earth? 136 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. SHADE, to cut off as light; to screen TWINKLE, to wink; to shine tremfrom the light. blingly. Do clouds sometimes- shade the Do stars twinkle? sun? GLEAM, to shoot; to shoot forth DAZZLE, to make dizzy; to overpower rays. with light. Does the moon gleam in misty Does the sun dazzle our eyes? weather? WHEEL, to turn about; to roll for- DRENCII, to drink; to soak as with ward. rain. Does the bear wheel about the Does rain drench the earth? pole star? SPRINKLE, to scatter; to scatter as RISE, to go up; to move or pass up- rain. wards. Do the clouds sprinkle rain? Does the sun rise every morning? DAWN, to become day; to open as the SET, to drive; to pass below the hori- morning. zon. Does day dawn gently? Does the sun set every evening? ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SECON'D STUDY. ACTIONS OF GOD. " OUR God, our Father, our eternal all! Who made our spirits, who our bodies made, Who made the heavens, who made the flowery land, Who made all made, who orders, governs all." POLLOK. MAKRE, to form; to form into any Does God hold the sea in the shape. hollow of his hand? Did God make the earth? KEEP, to thrust; to hold or preLAY, to throw down; to settle or fix. serve. Did God lay the foundations of Does God keep us from harm? the world? CURSE, to bring evil upon one. REAR, to raise up; to raise or Does God curse the wicked? build. BLESS, to make happy; to confer Did God rear the earth 8 good on one. Fix, to fasten; to make firm. Does God bless the good? Did God Jix the earth in its ATONE, to make one; to satisfy for place? sin. HOLD, to strain; to bind fast, or to- Should iWe atone for our sins? gether. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 137 CHAPTER XIII. EVENTS. EVENTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD. THE death of children in early life is a sad event; the blight of buds of promise. "I SAW the nursery windows Wide open to the air; But the faces of the children, They were no longer there." LONGFELLOW. WED, to pledge love; to unite in WoRK, what is done by effort; labor marriage. of any kind. Do men and women wed each Should all men work? other? PLAY, a throwing off work; sport or WEDDING, a pledging of love; a mar- amusement. riage. Do children like play? Did you attend the wedding? SLEEP, a loosening; rest by susBIRTH, a bringing forth; coming into pending the powers of body and life. mind. Do you watch the birth of the Do children sleep sweetly? flowers? ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-THIRD STUDY. EVENT'S IN TIE OCCUPATIONS OF MAN. "So many hours must I tend my flock; So many hours must I take my rest; So many. hours must I contemplate." SHAKSPEARE. SEED-TIME, time of sowing; the sea- Is Arugst a harvest month? son for sowing. SOWING, a scattering; the art of seed Is spring the seed-time of the ing a field. year? Is sowing a toilsome work? HARVEST, the food part of the year; BLIGHT, a scurf; a disease that nips the season for gathering the crops. plants or grain. 138 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Does the farmer dread the RusT, red; a disease in grain. blight?, Does rust injure wheat MILDEW, honey-dew; a white coat- BEGINNING, a going in; the first of ing on plants. any thing. Does mildew injure plants? Did God create the earth in the SIhPWRECK, ship-breaking; the cast- beginning? ing away of a ship. Loss, a parting; a ceasing to possess Is a shipwreck a dreadful thing a something. FALL, a driving; the act of dropping Do we mourn the loss of our from a high place. friends? Does snowfall to the earth? FIRE, a raging; the burning of any WOUND, a thrust; a -.hurt of any thing. kind. Is fire useful? Is a wound painful ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FOURTH STUDY. EVENTS OF THE EARTH. "Now that winter's gone, the earth hath lost Her snow-white robes, and now no more the frost Candies the grass, or calls an icy cream Upon the silver lake." CAREW. COLD, a blowing; the want of heat. FALL, a dropping; the time of decay Is winter cold? Is fall dreary? HEAT, fire; a state of warmth. WINTER, windy time; the sleep of Does the fire give out heat? the earth. DAY, opening; the time when the - Does snow fall in winter? sun is with us. WIND, a moving; the air in motion. Does the sun shine during the Do you like to hear the wilnd? day? BLAST, a striking; a sudden gust of NIGHT, black; the time when the sun wind. is absent. Did you hear the blast? Does the moon shine at night? BRrEZE, a moving; a gentle blow of SPruIN, a shooting; the season of air. buds. Is a breeze pleasant? Is spring pleasant? STORM, a raging; a strong wind and SUMMER, hot or sun time; the flower- rain. ing of the earth. Is a storm often fearful? Do roses bloom in summer? SHOWER, a shaking; a fall of rain. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 139 Does a shower do good? FLOOD, a rushing; a great flow of HAIL, a driving; a fall of frozen water. rain. Do floods occur in spring? Does hail do any harm? WAVE, a going to and fro; a moving SNOW, a glistening; a fall of frozen swell of water. vapor. Does the wind make waves? Is snow white? TIDE, a hopping; the rise and fall of IcE, what is firm; water frozen solid, the waters of the sea. Is ice clear? Does the moon make the tide? FRsosT, a shining; frozen mist or fog. LAND-SLIP, a moving of land; a slide Isfrost a pleasing thing? of land. MILST, what mixes; water falling in Does a land-slip destroy any very small drops. thing? Is mist gloomy? SPRING, a leaping; a boiling up of DEw, what gleams; moisture in the water. air made into drops. Is a spring beautiful? Is dew sparkling.? FALL, a throwing; a descent of water. Is a fall of water a fine sight I ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIFTH STUDY. EVENTS IN TIIE HEAVENS. "THE sky is changed! and such a change! O night, And storm and darkness, ye are wondrous strong. From peak to peak the rattling crags among Leaps the live thunder.'! BYRON. LIGiT, a darting forth; that by which LIGmITING, a flashing; a flash of light we see. before a thunder-clap. Is light pleasing to the eye? Is lightning a strong thing? TWILIGHT, two lights; light before SUNRISE, a going of the sun; the first the rising and setting of the sun. appearance of the sun. Is twilight the time for thought?- Is sunrise beautiful? CLOUD, a mass; a mass of visible SUNSET, a sinking of the sun; the vapor, going down of the sun. Does the cloud sail in the air? Is a sunset glorious? DAWN, opening; the break of day. RAINBOW, an arch of colors made by Is the dawn the time to rise? the sun shining on rain. THUNDER, a clashing; the sound that Is a rainbow a lovely sight? follows lightning. RAIN, what flows; falling drops of Is thunder a fearful thing? water. Is rain useful to the farmer 140 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SIXTH STUDY. EVENTS OF GOD. "THE spacious firmament on high, With all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled heavens, a shining frame, Their great Original proclaim." ADDISON. EARTH, dust; the place on which MIAN, strong; the race of thinking plants, animals and man live. beings to which we belong; God's Is the earth our world 8 image on earth. HEAVEN, lifted up; the sky or place Is man a thinking being? round the earth. FALL, a casting down; the ruin of Is heaven above the earth? God's image in man by sin. SUN, the shiner; the body that lights Did Adamfall by sin? the earth by day. GOSPEL, good-speaking; good news Is the sun bright? from God to man. MoosN, what directs; the body that Is the gospel news about Christ? lights the earth by night. DAYSMAN, the strength of day; one Do you like to see the moon? who unites parties, as sinful man STAR, what steers; a bright body and offended God. that sparkles at night in the sky. Is Christ our daysman? Is a star a world. PEACE, pressed down; rest from every WORLD, round; the earth, or the thing that troubles. universe. Does Christ give peace? Is the earth called the world? ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SEVENTH STUDY. LAST THINGS. "TUvs have I sung beyond thy first request, Rolling my numbers o'er the track of man, The world at dawn, at midday, and decline; Time gone, the righteous saved, the wicked damned, And God's eternal government approved." POLLO;. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 141 END, a point; the close or last of any Doom, judgmenlt; sentence or fixed thing. state of man. Is death the end of life on earth? Is the doom of man known after DEATH, a falling away; the end of death? life on earth. HELL, a covered place; the abode of Is death sometimes fearful? the wicked. GRAVE, a place dry; the place of the Is there a hell? dead. HEAVEN, lifted up; the high abode; Is the grave the last resting-place the home of God, angels, and of the body? saints. COURT, a circuit; a place of justice. Do holy persons go to heaven? Is the court of heaven to be entered? ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-EIGHTH STUDY. THE END OF THE SECOND PART. THE second part of the HAND-BOOK OF ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS is ended. We began it with the words of HOME, and closed it with the words of LAST THINGS. Between these two points there is a wide space. We have passed over it THREE TIMES. The FIRST TIME we noticed the things lying between home and heaven, and gathered up their NAMES. Thus, home, house, under the HEAD, Home. We did more than this. We learned what they meant, when the Saxons first used them; and also what they mean now with us. Thus, home, a cover, the place where one lives. The SECOND TIME we marked the QUALITIES of things lying between home and heaven, and picked up the WORDS that stand for them. Thus, under home, we got sweet, dear. The THIRD TIME, we noticed the ACTIONS of things lying between home and heaven, and learned the words that 142 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. stand for them. Thus, under the senses, we got the words, look, hear, smell, feel. In this way, the mind grows in learning words and joining them with things. Thus, your mind grows. Already you possess over ONE THOUSAND root-words, and are able to point out their meanings, and use them in speech. These are like seeds. They will produce other words. Some TWENTY THOUSAND form their great offspring. THIRD PART. TflE BEGINNINGS OF THE ROOT-WORDS. 145 THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ROOT-WORDS. CHAPTER I. THE BEGINNING OF WORDS. WORDS have a beginning. We propose to seek it in the human body, the great instrument from which the soul awakens words. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-NINTH STUDY. WORDS. WORDS are now well-known things. Already you know over one thousand. What are they? Words are the sounds that pass from the lips. They are made on the organ of speech. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTIETH STUDY. THE ORGAN OF SPEECH. THE organ of speech is the instrument by which we speak. It is made up of the following parts: the lips, teeth, tongue, palate and throat, 7 146 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. On this organ we speak and sing. It is the source of words. All words are formed on the organ of speech. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-FIRST STUDY THE BODY AND WORDS. THE body, as well as the organ of speech, has something to do with making words. Every part of the body helps us to make them. The lips give us sip and sup, the hands handle, haft, hold, and the feet step, walk, stand. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SECOND STUDY. THE WORLD AND WORDS. THE world also has something to do with making words. Every thing without us helps us to them. The mother's voice first gave us the words, pa and ma. Servants, brothers and sisters helped us to others-dog, cat, chick. The fire led us to pick up burn, hot. The dog helped us to bow-wow, and the cat to mew; the hen to cluck and cackle, and the cow to low and moo. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-THIRD STUDY. THE SOUL AND WORDS. THE soul has more to do with making words than every thing else. The organ of voice and body are the instrument on which it makes them. The world helps it to do so. Do you understand this? I will make it plain. I take a cup of tea and suck in a little of it with my lips. You hear the sound sip, and say, ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 147 I sip my tea. I tell you something that makes you very happy. You strike your hands. together, and I hear the sound clap, and say you clap me. So the soul picks up words from all things. ONE HUNIIDRED AND SIXTY-FOURTH STUDY. THE BEGINNINGS OF WORDS. ALL words came forth from the lips, but all words did not begin there. Some of them began in the motions of the hands, others in the action of the feet; and some in breathing. Some words began in the noise made by animals; others in the growth of flowers and the beams of the sun. In these and other things, we have the beginnings of words. If we take now the THOUSAND words we have learned, and look at them in their beginnings, we will see clearly what they mean. We will find clasp, finger, grope and feel beginning with the hands: look, see, hear, taste, with the senses. Thus, we shall trace words up to their beginnings, as we trace streams up to their springs. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-FIFTH STUDY. NATURAL HISTORY OF WORDS. WORDS, like every thing else, have a beginning and a growth. This is their history. All the words that we use, form one family. Some of them are older than others. Thus red and yellow are older than brown or gray. They first pleased us, and were first used. 148 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. Some of them have their beginnings in one part of the body and some in another. The feet, for instance, give us foot, step, steep, mount; the hand helps us to such words as hand, handle, ta/ce, hold. We are now ready to look at the one thousand AngloSaxon root-words in their beginnings. In doing this, one simple rule will be our guide —WORDS WILL BE FOUND UNDER THE PARTS OF THE BODY, OR THAT WHICH PUTS THE BODY IN ACTION. CHAPTER iI. THE HUMAN BODY. THE human body is the instrument on which the soul forms words. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SIXTH STUDY. THE ORGAN OF SPEECH. THE ORGAN OF SPEECII IS THE FOUNT OF WORDS. SPEECH, speak, lisp, word, song, sing, lip, mouth, tongue, pipe, answer, mourn, reck, chide, say, bid, bequeath, read, gospel. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVENTH STUDY. THE SENSE OF HEARING. THE organ of speech would be useless without this sense. It guides speech. The following words mostly mark SOUND. Sound, ear, hear, hearing, clock, tick, bell, gong, cow, bullock, swine, frog, owl, crow, lark, dove, cuckoo, goose, ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 149 gander, gosling, winter, hare, slumber, snore, weep, hearken, listen, list, moan, craze, stun, smack, scream, sup, sip, singe, dun, rustle, bellow, low, bleat, bark, whine, greet, neigh, bray, crow, cluck, roar, hiss, croak, thunder. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-EIGHTH STUDY. TIE SENSE OF SEEING. THIS sense helps us to some words. It aids the organ of speech in getting those words that mark COLOR. Red, yellow, blue, white, black, dark, wan, green, brown, gray, dun, coal, flint, gold, gall, silver, glass, brass, brimstone, ash, sallow, radish, ruddy, swan, fair, foam, welkin, roach, tidy, blank, bright, look, blink, seek, stare, dye, neal, bleach, glaze, brand, reck, show, glisten, rust, glitter, twinkle, snow, frost, dew, lightning. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-NINTH STUDY. THE SENSE OF TASTE. THIS sense helps us to words that mark the flavor of things. Sweet, sour, tart, salt, rue, sorrel, sloe, acid, prove. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTIETH STUDY. THE SENSE OF SMELL. THIS sense helps us to words that mark ODORS. Smell, smelling, fennel, stench, stink. 150 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIRST STUDY. THE SENSE OF TOUCH. THIS sense aids the organ of speech in forming a large class of words. They mark feelings of what is WARM, COLD, EVEN, ROUGH. Touch, warm, hot, cold, cool, even, rough, end, rye, bere, barley, harp, brier, thorn, bramble, shrub, nettle, thistle, spur, pen, desk, boar, lobster, trout, wet, mead, meadow, clay, lime, fir, oil, south, summer, wide, broad, narrow, rim, boat, bellows, mound, brow, neck, nape, back, pimple, heel, ankle, blain, knee, thigh, hip, dough, loaf, bread, nose, chin, kernel, pith, lump, hate, feud, fiend, foe, shabby, raw, mild, keen, sharp, pain, smooth, harvest, whet, heat, melt, blister; cold, wither. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SECOND STUDY. THE HANDS. THE use of the hand helps us to a large class of words. Hand, handle, haft, finger, fist, hold, sleeve, rake, thresh, reap, mow, sow, plough, hunt, fish, hook, mill, smith, weave, buy, sell, spin, hammer, crib, herd, axe, saw, sledge, hoe, sickle, scythe, whip, pin, loom, yarn, silk, web, slaie, woof, warp, ladle, beetle, nave, rope, anvil, tongs, milk, butter, cup, wheat, meal, helmet, tow, span, fathom, yard, dart, seed, heath, mistletoe, pitch, leech, knife, thin, thick, haggard, raven, claw, cliff, dell, shore, parsnep, beat, twist, comb, cheapen, wrest, ward, hand, dub, fight, brittle, creep, grope, gripe, write, mise, bray, blend, lick, climb, grapple, ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 151 clap, clutch, clip, strike, stroke, reach, box, have, like, knead, churn, milk, wring, slay, throw, spear, seed, reap, rake, thresh, gather, earn, sunder, saw, hew, cleave, drill. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-THIRD STUDY. THE FEET. THE use of the feet furnish us with some words. Foot, step, slip, steep, steeple, trap, road, mount, cloven, trip, ford, run, full, halt, slink, creep, spring, limp, hop, mount, rise. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOURTH STUDY. THIE MUSCLES. THE muscles are bundles of fibres. They act by drawing and stretching. In this way they move the body, or any part of it. Their use supplies us with a very large class of words, in addition to those under the organ of speech, hands and feet. 1. Words that mark GOING or MOVING. Go, do, bear, spring, out, in, ague, mood, boil, cook, well, monger, watch, bridge, bier, cart, wagon, wheel, barrow, sail, sling, court, car, cradle, goat, lamb, deer, roe, ape, whale, flea, fowl, fresh, fickle, wild, ready, bold, quick, merry, wriggle, begin, glide, wonder, gad, shun, turn, wend, waver, wag, turn, whirl, beginning, wave, fish. 2. Words that mark DRAWING or TAKING. Last, drag, dray, seine, ladder, teach, mind, moon, star, chuze, elephant, snake, worm, snail, dread, tough, sigh, drink, lead, pull, spin, cow, suck, freeze, drench. 152 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 3. Words that mark STRETCHING or GIVING. Stretch, right, reach, play, pain, pang, ache, sick, belt, bed, roof, sheet, war, fight, work, pan, dish, spade, board, rack, side, wing, keel, reed, spindle, ridge, bay, hall, cock, chicken, hen, hound, late, earnest, early, better, best, hope, feel, feeling, rank, greedy, gape, look, stare, wish, send, tie, give, work, mete, lie, cope, war. 4. Words that marZk THRUSTING or SHOOTING. Thrust, shoot, shot, spasm, shooting, rod, arrow, spike, plough, shovel, stuff, tooth, sprout, toe, ear, willow, ram, buck, horse, peak, ditch, kiln, keep, fire, sneeze, spit, laugh, loath, break, hunt, wound; dig, shovel, bore, hurt, head, shoot, bristle, hail. 5. Words that marke FIRM or STRONG, RESISTING. Hard, soft, strong, strength, body, heart, fist, knuckle, lock, latch, post, stem, stove, mast, hasp, key, besom, iron, saddle, starch, stag, might, stark, stony, hemp, oak, holly, clam, lobster, steady, doughty, kind, king, stubborn, good, will, law, stand, stall, stool, hoof, dam, target, furze, horn, wool, binding, bow, elbow, cup, door, gate, nostril, sap, ice, mouth, fan, acre, fold, crafty, cunning, stern. 6. Words that mark LIFTING or PRESSING DOWN. Lift, light, head, high, leaf, east, eastern, west, open, low, night, noon, peace, bolster, pillow, sill, wharf, ground, field, wright, heavy, ballast, felt, shoal, load, flock, spare, glad, blithe, joy, glee, sorrow, fear, cap, tippet, foul, dead, many, level, sit, lie, rise, nap, lift, brook, open, weary, weave, quell, lay, fall, nod. 7. Words that denote LOOSENING or RESTING. Rest, sleep, creed, truth, love, sin, laugh, smile, tear, blood, water, wash, flax, liquor, tar, lank, wan, evening, old, idle, slow, swoon, spill, quail, droop ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 153 ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIFTH STUDY. THE ORGAN OF BREATHING. THE use of the organ of breathing helps us to some words. Breathe, breath, soul, ghost, life, live. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SIXTH STUDY. THE COVERING OF THE BODY. THE need of covering or defending the body helps us to a useful group of words. Cloth, clothing, mantle, hat, glove, hose, shoe, shroud, sheet, home, house, hut, hovel, hamlet, shed, cot, cottage, hall, town, skin, hide, bark, maple, shield, cap, shoulder, pride, pretty, bury, clothe, deck, screen, swaddle, stable, pen, roof, board, spare, shield, wallow. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SEVENTH STUDY. FOOD. FoOD and its use help us to some words. Food, feed, meat, oats, ham, farm, poppy, dine, craw, carve, soak, swoop. CHAPTER i11. MAN. MAN is a social being, and as such furnishes us with many words. 7* 164. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND SEYENTY-EIGHTH STUDY. MAN. MAN, in his form and growth and conditions of life, gives us some words. Man, woman, queen, knight, swain, boor, bear, ail, hallow, yawn, bide, rest, rouse, heal, quake, death, wise, wisdom, wicked. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-NINTH STUDY. THE HOUSEHOLD. THE household is the first form of society, and gives a rich class of words. Husband, wife, father, mother, child, son, daughter, brother, sister, bairn, kin, kindred, steward, kiss, ask, meet, scorch, clean, sweep, wash, wipe, quench, foster, warm, rinse, rear, dear, darling. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTIETH STUDY. SOCIETY. DIFFERENT forms of society branch out from the household. The church and state are the chief, and supply some words. Fellow, neighbor, guest, yeoman, henchman, hireling, hire, friend, elder, bishop, sheriff, canon, monk, nun, provost, ruler, priest, worship, bow, taunt, bet, gain, bargain, harbor, loss. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 165 ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIRST STUDY. BUSINESS OF MIA.N. THE business or occupations of man furnish some words, the names of some instruments and works. Box, chest, deck, weir, ripe, swear, cook, bake, grind, knit, whittle, hem, sew, fish, steer, row, toil, boil, wreck, sail, swamp, farm, till, weed, mow, fan, hire, frame, build, buy, store, sell, boast, cup, gild, rear, fix. CHAPTER IV. THE WORLD. THE earth and the heavens act upon the body of man, and help us to the names of bodies and their qualities. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SECOND STUDY. THE EARTH. THE land, water, minerals, plzants and animals of the earth help us to many words. 1. EARTH. —Heath, heathen, earth, hearth, island. 2. LAND.-Land, hill, sward, ledge. 3. WATER. —Water, sea, stream, swift, flow, thaw, flood, drown, tide, bay, creek, sound. 4. MINERALS.-Lead, steel, sand. 5. PLANTS.-Book, limb, barn, grass, grain, grow, flay, fir, linden, yew, ivy, madder, leaf, blossom, blight, mildew. 6. ANIAMALS.-Bird, nail, claw, scale, rampant, tame, stray, skin, ride, swim, rush, welter, graze, lick, worry, grin, tear, fly, teem, flutter, swarm, bean. 156 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-THIRD STUDY. THE HEAVENS. THE heavens, and what they contain, supply us with some words. Heaven, sun, light, ray, day, dawn, morn, morning, daisy, Sunday, Monday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, twilight, weather, dazzle, gleam, sprinkle, shade, set, blast, breeze, storm, shower, cloud. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FOURTH STUDY. FORM. THE shapes of things act upon our senses, and are named. Shape, ship, shop, shilling, rib, form, draw, draft, sketch, world. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIFTH STUDY. QUANTITY. THE size or dimension of things acts upon our senses, and aids us in forming some words. Size, long, length, side, end, tall, short, thumb, liver, board, broad, spade, lungs, farthing, boot, some, all, great, part, weigh, deal, leech, dwindle, swell. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SIXTH STUDY. PLACE. THE places of things are brought into notice by the things, and 4aelp us to some words. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 157 Room, stead, stern, oar, pier, harbor, through, land, hell, grave. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SEVENTH STUDY. TIME. THE things without us are active, and as one thing succeeds another, we get the notion of time-get it from sucCESSION. Time, winter, summer, watch. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-EIGHTH STUDY. RELATIONS OF THINGS IN PLACE AND TIME. THESE are noticed, and give us some words. In, out, to, of, from, towards, by, with, near, about, around, above, under, down, up, for, through, first, prime. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-NINTH STUDY. CONNECTIONS OF THINGS IN PLACE AND TIME. WE observe these, and get from this quarter some words. And, but, if, though, or, as, so, that, lest, still, till, since, then, else, yet, than. CHAPTER V. THE SOUL AND GOD. THE body and the world could not aid the organ of speech to form words without the soul and God. 158 ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. ONE HUNDRED AND NINETIETH STUDY. THE SOUL. THE soul is the fount of all words. The organ of speech and the body are only its instruments. The world is the material. Like, little, true, believe, think, know, heed, doom, teach, learn, think, thought, same, like. ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIRST STUDY. GOD. GOD is the Creator of words as well as works. He made the soul to speak. He taught man some words, and formed the soul, so as to make others for herself as they were needed. Make, bless, curse, daysman, atone. CHAPTER VI. THE END OF THE HAND-BOOK OF ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. THE end of a good book is better than its beginning. It adds something to our knowledge. Let us see what the Hand-Book of Anglo-Saxon Root-words has added. It is wise to look back, and gather up all we have seen and learned by the way. FIRST PART. THE FIRST PART led us to a knowledge of words. We learned much about spoken and written words, and the ways of writing and spelling them. Letters, sounds and speech were explained. ANGLO-SAXON ROOT-WORDS. 159 SECOND PART. THE SECOND PART made us master of one thousand rootwords. We began at home, and went out over all the things lying between home and heaven, and named them; learned the first and common meanings of these names, and used them in sentences. We returned, and went forth the second time over the same things, and named their qualities. Again, we returned, and went forth the third time over the same things, and named their actions. THIRD PART. THE THIRD PART led us to the BEGINNINGS of these one thousand root-words. We saw them come forth from the lips. The organ of speech is the instrument of words. The body and all its parts aid this organ, and help it to words. So does the world. The soul uses all these, and is the fount of all words. God is their maker in forming the soul for speech, and teaching man to speak. D. APPLE ro0N' CO., PUBLISHERS. SERIES OF READING BOOKS BY IIENRY YIANDEVILLE, D. D. COMPRISING PRI-MARY READING BOOK. 1 vol. 16mo.., Price, $0 1( SECOND READER. 1 vol. 1Gtlo. 17 T'EI D READER. 1 vol. 16mo. " 25 FOURTH READER. 1 vol. 12mo... 88 C(OURSE OF READING, OR FIFTH READER. 12mo. ", t TLEME3ENTS OF READING A-ND ORATORY. 1 vol. laru(e 12tmo....... " ()O0 2Great pains have been taken to make these books superior to any other reading-books in use, by reducing thern to a conmplete prctitical system, founded on the nature of the language, by which the lproper dellvery of all sentences may be determined, and Reading elevated to the rhnk of a science. The proper and thorough use of these books places it in the power of every pupil to become an accomplished reader. The selections will be found to contain some of the finest gems in the language, which cannot fail of interesting the pupil, and cultivate a literary taste. TIIE FIRST AND SECOND READERS introduce successively the different parlts of speech, and are designed to combine a knowledge of their grammatical functions with the meaning and pronunciation of words. TIIE TnIRD AND FouRTI READEnS commence with a series of exercises on articulation and modulation, containing numerous examiples for practice on the elementary sounds (including e rrors to be corrected), and on thle different movemnents of the voice produced by sentential structure, by emphasis, and by tile passions. THE CouRSE OF READINGIX comprises three parts: tile first part containing a nmore elaborate description of elementary sounds and of the parts of speeclh gramrnmatically considered, than was deemed necessary in the preceding worlks; part second, a complete classification and description of every sentence to be found in tile English, or in any other language; part third, paragraphs; or sentences in their connection unfolding general thoughts, as in thle common reading-boolks. Tile ELEMENTS OF READING AND ORAnTORY closes the series with an exhikition of tile whole theory and art of Elocution exclusive of gesture. It contains, besides the classification of sentences, the laws ol punctuation and delivery deduced from it, the whole followed b1) carefully selected pieces for sentential analysis and vocal practc.e. D. APPLETON'~ CO.; PUBLISHERS. MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 12mo. 396 pages. Price $1 00. This work was originally prepared by Wilhelm Piitz, an eminent German scholar, and translated and edited in England by Rev. T. K. Arnold, and is now revised and introduced to the American public in a well-written preface, by Mr. George W. Greene, teacher of modern languages in Brown University. As a text-book on Ancient History for Colleges and advanced Acadenlies, this volume is believed to be one of the best compends publl lished. HAND-BOOK OF MEDILEVAL GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY BY WILHELM PUTZ. TRANSLATED BY REV. R. B. PAUL, lM. A. 1 Vol. 211 pages. 12mo. Price 75 Cents. The characteristics of this volume are: precision, condensation, and luminous arrangement. It is precisely what it pretends to be-a manual, a sure and conscientious guide for the student through the crooks and tangles of Medieval History. All the great principles of this extensive period are carefully laid down, and the most important facts skilfully grouped around them. MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. BY WILIIELM PUTZ. TRANSLATED DBY REV. R. B. PAUL, A2I. A. 12mo. 336 pages. Price $1 00. This volume completes the series of the author's works on geography and history. Every important fact of the period, comprehensive as it is both in geography and history, is presented in a concise yet clear and connected manner, so as to be of value, not only as a text-book for students, but to the general reader for reference. Although the facts are greatly condensed, as of necessity they must be, yet they are presented with so much distinctness as to produce a fixed impression on the mind. It is also reliable as the work of an indefatigable German scholar, for correct information relating to the progress and changes of states and nations-literature, the sciences and the arts-and all thal combines in modern civilization. D. APPLETON - CO., PUBLISHERS. FIRST LESSONS IN ENGLISH COMPOSITION. BY G. P. QUACKENBOS, A. M. 12mo. Price 45 Ce-nts. These " First Lessons" are intended for beginners in Grammarlland Composition, and should be placed in their hands at wllhatever age it may be deemed best for them to commence these branches-say from ninle to twelve years. In the first fifty pages, by meanlls of lessonls on the inductive system, and copious exercises under each, the pupil is made familiar with the nature and use of the different lparits of spee(.ci, so as to be able to recognize them at once. lie is then led to consider the different kinds of clauses and sentences, and is thus preplared ftb Punctuation, on which subject he is flrnished witll well considered rules, arranged on a new and simple plan. Directions for the use of capital letters follow. Next come rules, explanations and examples, for the purpose of enabling the pupil to form and spell correctly such derivative words as /having, debarring, p2inalirg, and the like, which are not to be found in ordinary dictionaries, and regarding which the pupil is apt to be led astray by the fact that a change is made in the prillitive word before the addition of the suffix. This done, the scholar is prepared to express thoughts in his own language, and is now re. quired to write sentences of every kind, a word being given to suggest an idea for each; he is taught to vary them by means of different arrangements and modes of expression; to analyze coqmpounld sentences into simple ones, and to combine simple ones into compound. Several lessons are then devoted to Style. The essential prolperties, purity, propriety, precision, clearness, strength, harmony, and unity, are next treated, examples for correction being presented under each. The different kinds of composition follow; and, specimens having been first given, the pupil is required to compose successively letters, descriptions, narrations, biographical sketches, essays, and argumentative discourses. After this, the principal figures receive attention; and the work closes with a list of subjects carefully selected, arranged under their proper heads, and in such a way that the increase in difficulty is very gradual. The work has received the universal approval of Teachers and the Press throughout the Union. QUACKENBOS' ADVANCED LESSONS IN COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. (NEARLY READY.) 18 D. APPLETON -' CO., PUBLISHERS. A DIGES.T OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR. BY L. T. COVELL. 12mo. Price 50 Cents. Tllis work, which is just published, is designed as a Text-Book fmo the use of Schools and Academies; it is the result of long experience, of an eminently successfill Teacher, and will be found to possess many leculiar merits. At a regular meeting of the Board of Education of 1Rochester, held June 13, 1853, the followinzg resolution was unanimously adopted: "Resolved, That Covell's Digest of English Grammar be substituted for Wells! Grammar, as a Text-Book in the public schools of this city, to'take effect at the coinmmencement of the next school year." Extract from the MJinutes of a Regular Jfeeting of the Board of.Education of Troy, J~ay 31st, 1853. "Mr. Jones, fiom Committee on text-books, and school librarias, moved, that Bullion's English Grammar be stricken from the list of text-books, and Covell's be substituted. -Passed." From forsty-foer Teachers of Public Sekools, Pittsbulrg, Pa. "The undersigned have examined' Covell's Digest of Englisll Gramnmar,' and are of opinion that in the justness of its general iews, the excellence of its style, the brevity, accuracy, and perspicuity of its definitions and rules, the numerous examples and illustrations, the adaption of its synthetical exercises, the simplicity of its method of analysis, and in the plan of its arrangement, this work surpasses any other grammar now before the public; and that in all respects it is most admirably adapted to the use of schools and academies." Froom all the Teachers of Public Schools of the City of Alleghany, Pa. "We, the undersigned, Teachers of Alleghany city, having carefully examined Mr. Covell's Digest of English Grammar,' and impartially compared'it with other grammars nlow in use, are fully satisfied that, while it is in no respect inferior to others, it is in very many respects much superior. While it possesses all that is necessary for the advanced student, and much that is not found in other grammars, it is so simplified as to adapt it to the capacity of the youngest learner. We are confident that much time and labor will be saved, and greater improvement secured to our pupils in the study of this science, by its introduction into odr schools; hence we earnestly recommend to the Boards of Directors of this city, its adoption as a uniform text-book upon this science in the schools cnder their direction." From JonIs J. WOLCOTT, A. M., Pr. and Ssupt. 9th Ward School, Pittsburg, Pa. "' Covell's Digest of English Grammar' not only evinces the most unceasing labor, the moist extensive research, the most unrelaxing effort, and the most devoted self-sacrificing study of its author, but it is the most complete, the most perfect, and, -to me, the most Eatisfactory exposition of English Grammar that has come to my notice. It appears te me that every youth aspiring to become naster of the English language, fromn the rudi mental principles to the full, round, beautiful, faultless, perfect period. will make this sol ume his' va(le imectInm. " 14 D. APPLETON 4 CO., PUBLISHERS. EXPOSITION OF THE GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THEll ENGLISH LANGUAGE. BY JOIN MULLIGAN, A. M. Large 12mb. 574 pages. 81 50. This work is a comprehensive and compilete system o English Grammar, embracing not only all that has been developed by the later philologists, but also the results of years of study and research on the part of its author. One great advantage of this book is its admirable arrangement. Instead of proceeding at once to the dry details which are distasteful and discouraging to the pupil, AMr. hM. commences by viewing the sentence as a whole, analyzing it into its proper parts, and exhibiting their connection; and, after having thus parsed the sentence logically, proceeds to consider the individual words that compose it, in all their grammatical relations. This is the natural order; and experience proves that the arrangement here followed not only imparts additional interest to the subject, but gives the pupil a much clearer insight into it, and greatly facilitates his progress. Fromn DR. JAMES W. ALE XANDER. "I thank you for the opportunity of perusing your work on the structure of the English language. It strikes me as being one of tlhe most valuable contributions to this important branch of literature. The mode of investigation is so unlike what appears in our ordinary compilations, the reasoning is so sound, and the results are so satisfactory and so conformable to the genius and great authorities of our mother tongue, that I propose to recur to it again and again." Extractfrom a letter from E. C. BENEDICT, Esq., President of the Board of Education of the City of Neew York. "I have often thought our language needed some work in which the principles of grammatical science and of the structure of the language, philosophically considered, were developed and applied to influence and control the MOsus and consuedo of Horace and Quintilian, which seem to me to have been too often the principal source of solecisms, irregularity and corruption. In this point of view, I consider your work a valu. able and appropriate addition to the works on the language." From Wm. HorAcE WEBSTIR, President of the Free Academy, New York. "The exposition of the grammatical structure of the English language by Professor Mulligan, of this city, is a work, in my opinion, of great merit, and well calculated to impart a thorough and critical knowledge of the grammar of the English langLuage. "No earnest English student can fail to profit by the study of this treatise, yet it Is designede more particulary for minds somewhat maturer, and for pupils who are calo,ie and have a desire, to comprehend the principles and learn the philosophy of their own tongue." D. APPLETON 4 CO., PUBLISIHERS DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY ALEXANDER REID, A. M. 12nio. 572 pages. Price $1 00. This work, which is designed for schools, contains the PRONUNCIABO(Is s and Explanation of all English words authorized by emlinent writers. A Vocabulary of the roots of English words. An Accented List of GREEK, LATIN; and SCRn'TURE proper names. An Appendix, showing the pronunciation of nearly 3,000 of tile most important GEOGRAPHICAL names. It is printed on fine paper, in clear type, strongly bound. And is unquestionably one of the best dictionaries for the sclhoolroom extant. From C. S. HENRY, Professor of Philsosophy, History, and Belles-Lettres, in the University of the City of New York. "Reid's Dictionary of the English Language is an admirable book foi the use of schools. Its plan combines a greater number of desirable conditions for such a work, than any with which I am acquainted; and it seems to me to be executed in general with great judgment, fidelity, and accuracy." Firom IHENXY REED, Professor of Elglish Literature icc the University of PeLnsylvani a. "Reid's Dictienary of the English Language appears to have been compiled upon cound principles, and with judgment and accuracy. It has the merit, too, of combining much more than is usually looked for in dictionaries cf small size, and will, I believe, be found excellert as a convenient manual for general reference, and also for various purposes of education." GR&HAM'S ENGLISH SYNONYMS, CLASSIFIED AND EXPLAINED; WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES. DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE TUITION WITSl AN INTRODUCTION AND ILLUSTRATIVE AUTHORITIES. BY HENRY REED, LL. D. 1 Vol. 12mo. Price $1 00. This is one of the best books published in the department of lan guage, and will do much to arrest the evil of making too eommon uso of inappropriate words. The work is well arranged for classes, and can be made a branch of common school study. It is admirably arranged. The Synonyms are treated with reference to their character, as generic and specific; as active and passive; aa positive and negative; and as miscellaneous synonyms. 16 D. APPLETON' CO., PUBLISIIERS. HAND-BOOK OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY G. R. LATHAM, M. D., F. R. S. 12mno. 400 pages. Price $1 25. This work is designed for the use of students in the University And Hiigh Schools. "H Iis work is rigidly scientific, and hence possesses a rare value. With the widespreading growth of the Anglo-Saxon dialect, the immense present and prospective power of those with whom this is their' mother tongue.' such a treatise must be counted alike interesting and useful."- Watchman and Reflector. "A work of great research, much lear.ning, and to every thinking scholar it will be a Dook of study. The Germanic origin of the English language, the affinities of the Eng. Ish with other languages, a sketch of the alphabet, a minute investigation of the etymoagy of the langnage, &c., of great value to every philologist.-Observer. HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. BY WILLIAM SPALDING, A. M. PROFESS0BO OF LOGIC, RHETORIC, AND METAPIITSIOS, IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS 12m.o. 413 pages. Price $1 00. The above work, which is just published, is offered as a Text-book for the use of advanced Schools and Academies. It traces the literary progress of the nation from its dawn in Anglo-Saxon times, down to the present day. Commencing at this early period, it is so constructed as to introduce the reader gradually and easily to studies of this kind. Comparatively little speculation is presented, and those literary monuments of the earlier dates, which were thought most worthy of atten tion, are described with considerable fulness and in an attractive manner. In the subsequent pages, more frequent and sustained efforts are made to arouse reflection, both by occasional remarks on the relations between intellectual culture and the other elements of society, and by hints as to tile theoretical laws on which criticism should be founded. The characteristics of the most celebrated modern works are analyzed at considerable length. The manner of the author is remarkably plain and interesting, almost compelling the reader to linger over his pages with unwearied attention. 17 D. APPLETON' CO., PUBLISHERS. ARITHMET ICAL S E R I E S. BY GEO. R. PERKINS, LL. D PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. 18mo. 160 pages. Price 21 Cents. This work is in two parts. 1st, Intellectual Arithmetic, and 2d, Primnary Written Arithmetic. It will be found to containA familiar treatment of the ground rules, and all informal and extenlded explanation of the principles of Decimals, in connection fwith exercises in Federal Money. ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC. 16mo. 350 pages. Price 42 Cenlts. This work is peculiarly adapted to discipline the millds of those who study it. No principle is left unelucidated, and new light is thrown upon many heretofore imperfectly illustrated. The subject of Proportion and Ratio is presented with peculiar folrce; as also, in'Equation of Payments, the method of finding the Cash Balance. The method of Extraction of the Cube Root is greatly preferable to the old method. It is far more concise and more comprehensive; saving nearly half the labor, and being applicable, with little variation, to the extraction of all arithmetical roots. PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC. 12mo. Cloth sides. 354 pagec. Price 62 Cents. The Practical Arithmetic, containing about 4000 examples, is sub. stantially the same as the "Elementary," and is designed for the use of such institutions and schools as require more examples than are given in that work. The almost universal expression of those who have used it is, that "it is the best and most complete arithmetle published." KEY TO THE PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC. 12mo. Cloth sides. 324 pages. Price 75 Cents. This work, which is just published, contains complete and fa'. solutions to nearly 4000 examples, and is designed for the use of teachers only. HIGHER ARITHMETIC. 12mo. Sheep. Price 75 Cents. This work is what its name purports,. and develops Arithmetical principles higher than are usually found in other school Arithmetics and fully explains the science of numbers and their application. 22