REPUBLICAN LAND POLICY-HOMES FOR THE MILLION. Give the Public Lands to the Peopjle, and you settle the Slavery Ques tiont, obliterate the Frontiers, disp)ense with a Standing Armny, and extinguish Mlornonisn.' SPEECH HON. STEPHEN C. FOSTER, OF AAINE. o Delivered in the House of Representatives, April 24,1860. C WASHINGTON, D.C. BUELL & BLANCHARD, PRINTERS. 1860. OF Speech of Air. Foster. In my judgment, the Government of the Union is called upon, by every consideration of humanity and expediency, to encourage the settlement of the Territories as rapidly as possible. We now have two frontiers exposed to the predatory attacks of savage Indians. The States on this side of the continent have a western frontier; the States on the Pacific have an eastern frontier. From whatever cause it may happen-whether from the warlike habits of the Indians, or from the unjust encroachments of white men upon these children of the forest-we know that a state of almost perpetual hostility exists between the people of the frontiers and the savage tribes. This state of things will become worse and worse, so long as the Territories remain wild and unsettled, and the Indians continue their savage customs. In view of what has been accomplished during the last eighty years, from small beginnings, and with small means, we hazard little in the prediction that the whole of our Territories may, within twenty years more, become organized and compactly-settled States. Eighty years ago, our population was three million. It is now more than thirty million. Within that period, those three million and their descendants, together with immigrants from Europe, have settled and subdued a wilderness larger than that which now remains in its wild state. Cannot thirty-odd million, backed by an increasing tide of European immigration, accomplish as much within the next two decades as three million accomplished in eighty years? Is it too much to anticipate the obliteration of our frontiers within that period? If we consult merely economical considerations, it seems to me that the Federal Government is bound to pursue a policy which will facilitate the speedy settlement of the Territories. Why do we keep a standing army of twenty thousand men, at a cost of $20,000,000 per annum? It is not to protect the people of Mr. FOSTER said: Mr. CH.,IR3,IA-N: The proper disposition to be made of the public lands has been, from the origin of the Government, a subject of grave inter est, upon wh ich th e great parties of the day have been d ivided. The treaty of 1783, by which Grea t Britain acknowledged the independence of hw revolted colonies, fixed the western limits of the Confederacy at the Mississippi river. At that day, the whole valley of the great river was an unbroken wilderness; and, indeed, the settlements were almost confined to the belt of laud near the seashore. The western portions of the now old States were, at that period, as wild and as unknown to civilized man as the Rocky Mountain regions are to us to-day. If we look at the'modern maps of the United States, the area included within the original limits of the Union will appear small; but the proportion of land to the number of the inhabitants was, at the commencement of our national existence, far greater than it is at the present time. We have made vast acquisitions of territory, but the increase of population has outstripped territorial expansion in a fourfold degree. This single comparison illustrates the immernse progress which the country has made in subduing the wilderness, and subjecting it to the uses of civilized life. It also gives promise of still greater and more rapid victories of peace and industry in the near future. Within the space of a lifetime, our population has advanced from the Atlantic slope of the Alleghanies, in compact array of States, to the western frontiers of Missouri and Iowa. We have planted States on the Pacific, and, interspersed between these disjointed parts of the Confederacy, we have planted colonies, numbering tens of thousands of intelligent freemen, which, under the fostering care of the Federal Government, are destined to become States, and to complete the chain of civilization from ocean to ocea!.. 0 4 the United States from aggression upon each other. It is not to defend them against the assaults of the great P'owers of the earth. It is well understood that our immense and rapidly-growing commerce is our best protection against the really formidable nations of the earth. They cannot afford to go to war with us; our trade is too important, too necessary to their prosperity, to permit the idea of war. \We fear nothing from abroad, nothing from domes. tic insurrection or revolution. Why, then, I repeat, do we keep a standing army at a cost of $20,000,000 per annum? The reason is obvious. It is to prevenit the roving bands of Indians in the Territories from preying upon the frontier settlers. These Indian savages are few in numbers, but their trade is war, and their means of subsistence altogether precarious. They are not engaged in cultivating the earth. nor even in pastoral pursuits. Their habits are those of mere savages, and their pursuits, hunting, fishing, and war. When the first two fail them, they resort to the third. They rob caravans, they murder and despoil emigrants, and they attack settlements. Now, sir, there is but one remedy for these Indian depredations; and that is, the purchase and settlement of their lands. This can be accomplished in a very few years, if the policy of the Federal Government is made to conform to the natural tendency of American population. Let us aid and encouraffge the settlement of the Territories, by granting the public lands to actual settlers. The actual settlers are the me n w ho m ake the new States; it is their labor which confers value upon the lands; they mam oe marts for the commer ce and manufactures of the older S tates, and t hey are entitled to the lands. Pass this bill, and ev ery foot of our Territories will, wi thin twenty years, be as secure against Indian depredations as Ohio and Kentucky are to-day. But what is to become of the Indians? I would not ignore their rights. Far from it. 1 would be more just and kind to them than this Government or people have ever been. But I deny the right of a handful of savages to monopolize a continent, when millions of melt, more intelligent and better every way, need homes. I would pay the Indians liberally for their lands, and secure to them and their posterity perpetual homesteads, and I would extend to them every facility for learning the arts of civilized life. Above all, their present vagabond and destructive habits of hunting and war should be broken up. They should be assigned a permanent home, and confined to it. They can never become civilized until they become fixed to the soils and learn to live by its cultivation. They are now scattered over a million of square mliles of territory, and are nevertheless dying for want of the comforts of life. A hundredth part of that space, if cultivated~ would support ten timnes their number. I bayh therefore~ let the Indians be cared for;i let their condition be made t e n fold better, morally and physically; but le t the wil d lands on which they roam be given to civilized d mlen, who will c u l t ivate and subdue them. The people and Government of the United States have fallen far short of the ir duty to th e Indian tribes, but their fault consists in no t taking sufficient pains to civilize and Christ i anize the m. I know that honest efforts are be i ng made to that end, and th a t they are crowned wi th the promise of success, but we have fallen far short of our duty. The worst thing that can happen for the Indians is to permit them t o co ntinue their present habits of war and lountin, t o the neglect of agriculture. I repeat, that the speedy settlement of' the Ter ritories is t he only remedy for a st ate of continual war with thehes e savages, attended with the expense of a large and growit-g standing army. There is another evil which the remoteness and wildness of our immense Territories has fostered into fearful importance. I allude to polygamy, that fo ules t pr oducc t of the nineteenth century, which seems to denote a deec lie in civilization. Mormon oismH we are aware, sprung up ill the older States, but polygamy was unheard o f until the Saint s re - moved beyond the reach of c i vilizatio n. In Missouri and Illinois, that fanatical and persecuted sect was suspected of Arnme practices inconsistent with morality; but it was not until they felt themselves secure in the mountain fastnesses of Utah, a thousand miles beyond the frontiers of civilizations that they threw off all disguise, and shocked the moral sense of the country and the world by the open practice of polygamy. They feel secure from molestatioIl in that remnote and not easily-accessible region. We know what their history has been. They have publicly defied the Government. They have trampled on the laws of Congress, and, notwithstanding that millions of money have been spent in sending an army to subdue them, they still revel in licentiousness, insult your judges, mock your army, and murder your citizens. Sir, it was but the other day that a bill was introduced in this body for the abolition of polygamy. It met my hearty support. I had no constitutional doubt or scruple about voting to suppress a practice which is a felony at common law, and an insult to decency and morality. The fact that a practice so monstrous has sprung up in one of the organized Territories of the Union proves the necessity of a general law to prohibit it, not only in Utah, but in all the Territories. But who is to put the law in force in Utah? There the institution of polygamy has been permitted to grow up to suceh proportions as to defy suppression by anly ordinary legal process. The whole population sustain and practice it, or desire to practice it. Who is to put the law in force? The Mormons? Have we no experience of the integrity of Mormon sheriffs and juries? Have they not screened or acquitted 5 the most heinous murderers, who murdered in the cause of polygamy? And are they the men to put in force your law which abolishes their favorite institution? Sir. it is idle to ex pect such a thing. The only way to render the abolition of po lygamy effectual is to encourage the settlement of the Territories as rapidly as possible. To effect this result, no plan could be better de vised than the homestead bill which lately passed this body, but which, I fear, is doomed to hang up for a long time in the other wing of the Capitol, if it ever passes that body. If such a law were passed, a very few years would suffice to fill the Territories with population, and to overwhelm the polyoamists of Utah be neath the advancing tread of Christian civili zation. Another remedy has been suggested for po lygamy, namely: the division of the Territory of Utah, and the annexation of its parts to the adjacent States and Territories. But this plan, it seems to me, would be as inadequate as the other, without the homestead law to fill the va cant lands with population. What, for in stance, would the polygamists of Salt Lake care for the legislative anathemas adopted at Lecompton, a thousand miles east; or at Salem, a thousand miles northwest; or at Sacramento, equally far southwest; or at Santa Fe6, beyond the interminable and almost impassable ranges of the Rocky Mountains? Is it not apparent that such a scheme would be even less effective than the simple act for the abolition of polyg amy which has been adopted in this body? Sir, there are three measures of Republican policy which admirably harmonize with each other, and co-operate for the common defenc e and the general welfare of the Union. These are, the homestead for actual settlers on the public lands, the construction of a Pacific rail road, and the suppression of polygamy. The most effectual way to bring about this last re sult is to adopt the other two. It is to be hoped that a bill for the construction of a Pacific rail road will be adopted during the present session of Congress. This Congress has it in its power to make itself memorable, through all coming time, by the inauguration of the Homestead and the Pacific railroad. They should go together, because they will mutually assist each other. The railroad will make the lands more desirable to settlers, and the settlers will make the construction of the road easier, and add to its utility when completed. I These two great measures, if adopted, would develop the resources of the country; they would people the wilderness, and convert it into smiling fields and peaceful homes for millions of Christian families. This influx of population, as I have pointed out, is the only sure remedy for polygamy; and thus three seemingly independent measures are so intimately blended in their beneficent consequences as to appear parts of one common policy. But the re are other cons eque nces which must re sult fr om these great mIeasures. I have al read y alluded toone of first-rat e impo rtance. By the settlement of the public lands, th e frontiers will be obliterated, India n war s will be abolished, iand a large standing army rendered unneces sary. There is still another incidetntal benefit which must flow from the passag,e of these im portant measures. It addresses itself pecu liarly to Southern men. They are bitterly hos tile to the old Jeffersonian policy of excluding slavery from the Territories; and for a gen eration past, the very pivot on which their poli tics has turned has been this question of the power of Congress over slavery in the Territo ries. The most effectual remedy for the evil of which they complain is to be fonnid in the transformation of the Territories into States. Now, all that I have said goes to prove that the most speedy way to malke this transforma tion is the passage of the homestead bill, and I will add, as its complemenit, a bill for the con struction of the Pacific railroad. The first of these measures has already passed this body; and if the Southern members are really anxious to banish slavery agitation from the Halls of Congress, they should exert their utmost influ ence to secure its passage tlhrough the Senate, and its ratification bv the President. I hazard little in the prediction that the Republican party will never be called upon to prohibit sla very in the Territories, if this homestead bill shall become a law; and especially if it be ac companiied'by a bill for the construction of a Pacific railroad. For, before the Republicans secure a majority ill the other branch of Con gress, the homestead and the railroad will have practically settled the question by fillingg the Territories with people. Before the Republi cans obtain power ill all branches of the Gov ernmnent, they will find that their work has been done by the voluntary action of the peo. ple in the formation of Statd Governments. Now, would not this be better than to keep up the agitation in Congress, and run the risk of bringingif the Wiimot proviso upon you? Will you not join us in superseding the Wilmot proviso, by the passage of the homestead and the Pacific railroad bills? We learn from the reports of the Secretary of the Interior, that the G;overnment had, up to September 30, 1859, disposed of 380,000,000 acres of land. Of this vast aggregate, only 147,000,000 acres, or a little more than onethird, had been sold for Cash; while 241,000,000 acres were donated to individuals, corporations, and States. The old parties have had their separate; and conflicting policies ill regard to the proper disposition of the public lands, but neither policy has prevailed. Tlhe VWhigf policy was to divide the proceeds of sales among the States. This was never done blut in one instance, when some twenty million dollars were donated to the States, if I am not mistaken, under the form of a loan or deposit. That measure was never re 6 garded with general favor, and some of the But for the law which allows lands which States for a long period refused to receive their have been exposed to sale for a certain number distributiveshares. TheDemocratic policywas, of years to be entered at reduced prices, the to put the proceeds of the land sales into the actual sales of the last fiscal year would have Treasury, and disburse them as ordinary rev- constituted a minute fraction of the amount enue, thus saving the necessity of taxation to disposed of. that amount. This scheme may appear very Now, sir, the country is growing tired of this plausible to the loversof ecotomy, who happen mockery. Whatever honest and unsophistinot to be acquainted with Democratic practice; cated Democrats may have thought of the but the above statement, from official sources, avowed policy of the party twelve or twenty must open the eyes of all such persons to the years ago, it is now clear that that policy has true state of the case. Only about one-third never been put in practice; or that, if it ever of the lands disposed of have been sold for was the practice, it has for many years ceased cash; the remaining two-thirds have been given to be, and that it will never be again. I have away. But it must not be supposed that the shown what proportion of the public lands were one-third sold has brought $1.25 per acre into sold, and what proportion were given away, the Treasury. Far from it. Out of the pro- during the last fiscal year. During preceding ceeds of sale must be taken the whole expense years, the donations were still larger in proporof surveys and sales, and of the Land Office tion to the sales. Under the convenient name bureau. When these expenses are deducted, of swamp lands, nearly every foot of the public the actual clear receipts into the Treasury will domain in the Southern and Western States scarcely reach $100,000,000. have been given to those Commonwealths. 1 will not undertake to say that the twothirds The last annual report of the Land Office of the public lands, which have been given Commissioner shows that, between March 2, away, have been improperly disposed of. I ad- 1849, and September 30, 1859, the enormous mit that the bounties to soldiers, and the grants amount of 56,634,000 acres of land have been for purposes of education, have been generally given away under the designation of "swamp well bestowed. It may be admitted, also, that lands." the grants for railroad purposes have generally If these lands are good for nothing, the tended to promote the welfare of the new States, States would not be so anxious to receive although they have, at the same time, more im- them. If they are valuable, but need draining, mediately benefited the wealthy few engaged the Federal Government is able to bear the exin the construction of the roads. The mass of pense; and, for the sake of the public health, the people have come in for incidental benefits; as well as for the advantage of the Treasury, but the donations of the Government have been it should, in conformity with its favorite policy, made to the wealthy classes. Thus, while the have drained and sold them. How can either country is amused and cheated with the idea of the old parties which voted away these lands which the Democratic party has ever held up to particular States, reconcile their conduct to view-that the public lands are to be sold, with their avowed policy? If the public lands and their proceeds put into the Treasury, in are the property of the country at large, on order to save the necessity of taxation-they what principle of equity were 3,259,000 acres are, in fact, voted-away by millions of acres to given to Illinois, 4,343,000 acres to Missouri, States and -corporations. This practice of giv- 11,256,000 acres to Louisiana, 7,273,000 acres ing away the public lands is becoming the to Michigan, 8,652,000 acres to Arkansas, and general rule, and selling them the exception. 11,790,000 acres to Florida? Whigs and Dem A brief quotation from the last annual report ocrats voted for these enormous grants to the of the Secretary of the Interior will illustrate States, without a constitutional scruple. North this rem,ark: ern men and Southern men voted for them. "During the five quarters ending 30th Sep- There was no sectional issue when the propo tember, 1859, (says the Secretary,) 16,618,183 sition was to give the lands to the States, to be acres of public lands were disposed of; managed by the politicians for the advantage ' 4,970,500 acres were sold for cash, yielding of parties and classes; but the moment we pro' $2,107,476; 3,617,440 acres werelocated with pose to give the lands to the people, to the act bounty land warrants; 1,712,010 acres were ual settlers, Southern men hold up their hands approved to the several States entitled to them in horror, and exclaim against agrarian laws. ; under the swamp grants of March 2, 1849, I have stated, on the authority of the last and September 28,1850; and 6,318,203 acres annual report of the Land Office Commissioner, ' certified to States as falling to them under that 56,000,000 acres of land have been given 'the grants for railroad purposes." to the States, under the designation of swamp So that, of near seventeen million acres dis- lands. But this is only one exhibition of Fed posed of, only 4,970,500 acres were sold at the eral munificence to the States. I find in the reduced or graduated price, and brought only annual report Of the Commissioner for Decem $2,107;476! Out of this sum, the expense of iber, 1857, that up to that period 24,247,335 surveying and selling is to be taken, and they acres of land had been granted under various residue is the fruit of the Democratic policy. l acts of Congress passed since 1850, to the 7 States, for the construction of certain railroads. I am unable to say whether additional grants of the same kind have been made since the date' of that report. Nearly all these grants to rail road corporations have been made since the inauguration of President Pierce, and received his sanction. Whether the present President has given his assent to any similar measures, I am unable to say; but, at any rate, the party which elected him, and which sustains him, is responsible for them. They have no scruple in giving millions to States, or rather into the hands of political' managers, and other millions to wealthy corporations, but they are shocked at the thought of giving lands to the landless people of the country. Is it not clear that the party platforms have only served as a pretext for keeping the public lands out of the hands of the people? When sold for cash, which happens to about one acre in five, they as often as otherwise fall into the hands of wealthy spec ulators residing in the great cities. These speculators never dream of spending a dollar for the benefit of the country whose soil they monopolize. They calmly wait for poor men to settle around the lands they have purchased, and thus render them valuable, when they enter into other men's labors and become rich, without striking a blow, by a cheap investment in wild lands. The lands donated to railroad companies answer a useful end; but they also are held out of market, in order, at a future day, to be rendered valuable by the progress of settlements around them. It is thus the fate of the honest laboring masses to be imposed upon and speculated upon, whether the public lands are sold to capitalists, or donated to the States for the construction of railroads. The policy which has been pursued by this professedly Democratic Government has been literally to -make the honest farmers and laborers "hewers of wood and drawers of water" for their more fortunate fellowcitizens, who have money, or credit, or political influence, to procure land grants. Sir, I think it is about time to change this policy. The Democratic policy has now been ostensibly in operation since the foundation of the Government, and its effect has been, to make the rich richer, and the poor poorer. Now, let us try the Republican policy, which is to give the public lands to actual settlers, in tracts of one hundred and sixty acres each. Whoever chooses to reside five years on a quarter section of the public domain will amply repay the Government for it, since he will be a pioneer of civilization and Christianity; he will, to that extent, curtail the area of the savage wilderness, and limit the territory to be defended by the army. He will become a sentinel on the outposts of civilization, and his compensation will be not mole than adequate to the service he will render his country. Sir, the idea of giving awayr the public domain to the people is no new one. Indeed, I incline to in that the opinion that the idea of selling them is new. The first settlers on this continent, we are informed by history, received the most magnificent donations of land from th ose who had no ri g ht to give them-na mely, the mon archs of Europe. The Court favorites were munificently endowed with provinces and principalities, an d these favorites, I believe, sub granted them -to actual settlers, at nominal prices, or at no price whatever. The Norman conquerors of England, and the Goth and Vandal conquerors of Southern Europe, we are told, divided the conquered countries between the officers. The feudal system was a homestead law; but, unfortu nately, it only provided homes for the great men, the generals and principal officers, and left the poor in a condition of slavery. The ancient Iroman Republic was in the habit of making small allotments of land to the com mon people. At a later period, when the aris tocracy or patrician order had grown unduly strong in the government, this plan of giving lands to the common people was abandoned; and when the Gracchi endeavored to pass a law, or rather to revive an old law, for the dis tribution of public lands among the common people, in order that they might be cultivated by freemen, instead of slaves, their patriotic efforts were resisted with the greatest violence by the patricians. Sir, is it not singular that the very same issue should again arise, in another hemisphere, after the lapse of t-wo thousand years? It seems a literal verification of Solomon's saying, that " there is nothing new under the sun." If we go to the great cities, and see thousands of men and women crowded together, like pigs in a sty i if we reflect that their great numbers furnish a supply of labor out of all proportion to the demand; and that this undue competition for employment has reduced them to poverty and to vice, do we not wonder why such things are to be witnessed in a country which has a territory half as large as Europe without inhabitants? Is it wise, is it humane, is it just, to withhold from these people lands which have remained untilled, perhaps, since the dawn of creation? By giving them away, we change the wilderness into fruitful fields; we increase the productive capacity of the land; we set thousands of idle hands to work; we enhance the wages of labor in the Eastern cities, by diverting the excess of laborers into new channels of employment, and we create new markets in the West for the manufactures of the East. It is a great mistake to suppose that the develo~pment and settlement of the WVest will be injurious to the Eastern States. A little reflection will satisfy us that emigration westward, so far from injuring the East, by drainling off its population, is the very thing to make the East great and prosperous. What would New York} and Boston,J and Philadelphia} and Bal 8 timore, be to-day, but for the constant tide of' fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over emigration that has for more than half a cen- all the earth, and over every creeping thing tury flown westward? Where would be their' that creepeth upoii the earth. So God created markets for their manufactures and their im-' man in his own image, in the image of God portations from abroad, if the great West had' created he himn; male and female created he not been settled? The emigrants fromn New'them. And God blessed them; and God England, New York, and Pennsylvania, from' said unto them, be fruitful, and multiply, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, to the' and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and Mississippi valley and to the Pacific shores,' have dominion over the fish of the sea, and have made the Erie canal, the Central and' over the fowl of the air, and over everyliving Erie railroads, the Penllsylvania, Maryland'thing that moveth upon the earth." and Virginia railroad connections with the We are again told that after the flood, Ohio necessary. Without emigration to the as Oestthiosne ressar highways of our internal om- "God blessed Noah and his sons, and said West, th'-ose great highways of' our internal eoin West,Ithose great unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and re. merce would never have existed; the m, an ufand re'o pleniish the earth. And the fear of you and tures of New England, Philadelphia, and Bal- p enish the earth. And the fear of you and t.-mre, wof Newe Engave Phaelphiard and Bal the dread of you shall be upon every beast of timore, would never have been beard of; and of New York would have re the earth, and every fowl of the air, upon all the commerce ofti Nwasx Y or k Woul d i,r' that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the mained what it was sixty years ago. -id ave they de. l fishes of the sea * into your hand are they de The homestead law, instead of injuring6 the v ' livered. Every moving thing shall be~ meat Eastern States by drawiilia off their populationi I willasteru tatesbdrwi off terppuriss for you; even as the green herb have I given will give to them new life and enterprise. The 11 I ~~~~~~~you all things. ~ e.~And you, be unemployed will find employment; the home- you all things * * * * And you be lswilfdhoe;auatrsad m' ye fruitful, and multiply; bring forth abunless will find homes; manufactures and coIm 'Om dantly in the earth, and multiply therein." merce will be invigorated by the new markets dantly n the earth and multiply theren which will be opened in the immense and ter- Such, sir, is the language of the Bible, and tile regions which remain to be settled. - is equally the language of reason and phi The history of the world has been a history osophy. Every rational being must feel its of injustice and oppression of the poor. The force and authority. For his sins, man was rulers of the world have ruled for their own ad- turned forth from the garden of God, and told vantage, and the rights and interests of the to go out and redeem himself by converting people have been sacrificed without scruple onli the whole earth into a garden. It was a merthe altar of individual ambition, or to promote ciful sentence. Happy will he be when, through the welfare of a iavored few. But a better day labor and sorrow, through patience and effort, is dawning,.. The era. of kings and oppressors he shall have extirpated the thorns and thisis passing away, and the era of the people is ties, the savage beasts and poisonous reptiles, approaching. Goverliments are now instituted which are but the outward symbols of his inprofessedly for the benefit of the governed, and ward moral evils. Shall Governments interthere is reason to hope that the day is not pose obstacles to the fulfilment of the Divine distant when the universal diffusion of knowl- commands? Above all, shall a Govetrnment of edge and the freedom of the press and of the people annul the patent right which the speech will reduce theoretical justice and Almighty has given to every man to cultivate equality to practice. the earth? Sir, is it not a shame and a reproach to a It is worthy of remark, that the Divine gift Government like ours, which professes to be a of the earth was made, not to rulers, not to a Government of the people, that it should coni- favored few, but to man-that is, to mankind. tain, at one and the same time, millions of Iluman Governments have appropriated the families without house antd home, and a thou- Ilards, and dole them out to the people at a sand million acres of land which liave not price generally at such a price as the poor known the plow, or seed-time and harvest, cannot pay-or else the Governments have be since they came forth fresh from the Creator's stowed the lands upon the most worthless part hand? of mankinrid-namely, Court favorites. But in On the first page of the Bible, we read the the beginnirng it was not so. We are told by patent by which the Almighty gave the land to sacred history that God had no Court favorites, man: no favored class, and that He gave the whole "And God said, let us make man in our im- earth, without money and without price, to age, after our likeness; anrid let them have do- mankind, on the condition that they should minion over the fish of the sea, and over the subdue it and cultivate it. Published by the Bepublican Congressional Committee. Price 50 cents per hundred.