THE SEVENTH CENSUS. REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS FOR DECEMBER 1, 1852; TO WHICH IS APPENDED THE REPORT FOR DECEMBER 14 1851. PRINTED BY ORDER OF TIHE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UITED STATES. WASHINGTON: ROBERT ARMSTRONG, PRINTER. 1853. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. JANUARY 11, 1853. Resokved, That one hundred thousand copies of the Report of the Superintendent of the Census (which accompanies the last message of the President) be printed separately for the use of the members of this House. JANUARY 12, 1853. Resolved, * * * That the Committee on Printing cause to be published by the public printer, and bound with said report, (December 1, 1852,) one hundred thousand copies of the Abstract of the Census, reported to the House at the last session, (December 1, 1851.) CONTENTS, 1. Population of the United States-progress of, considered in comparison with that of England, France, Prussia, and Belgium. 2. House accommodations, considered with reference to the United States, and England and Ireland. 3. Law of mortality, with statistical tables illustrative thereof, in the United States, England, and France, and tables comparing the white, free colored, and slaves, with respect to the Expectation of life. 4. The origin of the inhabitants of the several States with respect to each other, and with reference to foreign countries. 5. Deaf mutes-number and increase considered. 6. Blind-number of, and increase. 7. Insane and idiotic, separately considered as to number and increase. 8. Education-number of teachers, and taught; academies, colleges, and schools. 9. Pauperism-the number of paupers, (native and foreign,) and cost of maintenance, in this and other countries. 10. Statistics of crime, showing the number of criminal convictions (of natives and foreigners) within the year, and the number in prison on the 1st of June, 1850. 11. Religion-number of churches, value, and accommodations in the several States, denominationally considered. 12. Estate, real and personal, of the several States. 13. Agriculture-containing a history of the origin, introduction, extent of cultivation, and imports and exports, of the principal agricultural productions of the several States. 14. Railroads-history of introduction, extent, cost, and capital of the railroads in the United States; also, dividends and cost of transportation, compared with those of Europe as to cost, &c. 16. Telegraphs-history of the first introduction; the progress and extent of telegraphs, cost of construction,with rates of charges; view of European magnetic telegraphs. 16. Estimated cost of work, and necessary appropriations to complete the same. 17. Concluding remarks. REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS, CENSWS OFFICE, December 1, 1852. Smi: I have the honor to report that much the largest portion of the topics embraced within the last Census has been prepared for publication, and that the unfinished parts of those subjects contemplated by the act of Congress are in such a state of forwardness, that their preparation will not interfere with the printing. Had our duties beenlimited to the preparation of the statistical tables, this work would, ere now, have been completed; but, in addition to our ordinary labors, this office has performed a large amount of work in answering calls from members of Congress, State legislatures, various institutions throughout our country, and the representatives of foreign governments. Many of our reports, in answer to these calls, have been quite voluminous, and several have been printed by authority of State legislatures. The uncertainty which seemed to exist respecting the printing of the Census increased the number of these demands, and induced us the more readily to accede to such requests, especially as they could be complied with without retarding the publication by Congress. In my last annual report was presented a full statement of the population of the United States, together with a portion of the returns of agriculture and manufactures. At the close of the last session of Congress, a report was made respecting the condition of the finances of this office, and its expenditures from its first organization to that date. The classification of the returns has greatly advanced since the commencement of the last session of Congress; and the condition of the work will enable me to present a statement respecting pur agricultural resources and the relative increase of our agricultural productions, and to exhibit some facts respecting the value of real and personal estate, education, pauperism, crime, internal improvements, and other topics having an important relation to the welfare and progress of our country. Having obtained, during my visit to Europe last year, from the different government departments, official data respecting the population of other countries, it may be proper to make such information available, to some extent, in this report; and I therefore append tables of the population of several nations, for different periods in the present century, with other statistics of no less interest and importance. It might seem, from an examination of that portion of our statements relating to internal improvements alone, that the attention of our people was directed solely to the means of intercommunication for thought or ideas and the interchange of matter, and that the entire population were concentrating their energies, as it were, in a spasmodic effort to extend railways and telegraphs over the country. A more general and particular observation, however, will prove that, while these interests have only advanced with the necessities of our people, the subjects of education, morals, and religion have not only not been neglected, but have received their due share of private attention and public consideration. 6 While a net-work of internal improvements spreads over our country, there appears to be no inhabited space without its schools and churches, for promoting the education and morals of our people. Institutions are everywhere rising to protect comfortably those visited with the infirmities of life, for the restoration of lost or impaired reason, and for the instruction of those whose education was formerly held to be impossible and hopeless; and it is gratifying to realize that the increase of wealth and refinement has not served to blunt the moral sensibilities of our people, and that prosperity has not tended to obstruct, but to enlarge, the avenues to charity and liberality. At the commencement of the last session of Congress, I had the honor to report the number of inhabitants of the United States according to the Census of 1850, and to present a table showing the rate of increase for sixty years, from which it was seen that we had multiplied at the rate of about 3 per cent. per annum for the whole period. It may not be out of place here to avail ourselves of one of the uses of statistics to exhibit the comparative progress of the population of the mother country for a portion of the period, that, with a full knowledge of her condition, we may study the causes of her distress, and while thankful for our prosperity, may avoid those evils under which she has so much suffered. By the Census of 1851 it appears that the population of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the islands, including persons in the army, navy, and the merchant service, amounted to 27,619,866; of whom 13,537,052 were males, and 14,082,814 females. This population is distributed as follows, viz: Houses. Males. Females. Total. England and Wales...-.......... 3,280, 961 8,762,588 9,160,180 17,922,768 Scotland........................ 366,650 1,363, 622 1,507,162 2,870,784 Ireland..-..-..............-.. 1, 047,735 3,176,727 3, 339,067 6,515,794 Islands in the British seas.......... 21,826 66, 511 76,405 142,916 Part of the army and navy out of thekingdom......... —........... 167,604. ——.. ——. 167,604 4,717,172 13, 537,052 14,082,814 27,619, 86 There exists no official record of the population of England previous to the commencement of the present century. The first enumeration of the population of Ireland was made in 1813; but so imperfectly was the work accomplished, that English statists place no reliance on the correctness of the returns, and make no use of them as the basis of calculation; so that the only tables upon which we can found statements with reference to the progress of Ireland from time to time, must be made with reference to the termination of each ten years, ending in 1831, 1841, and 1851. The first Census of Great Britain was taken in 1801, at which date the population amounted to 10,567,893. By the census of 1841 the population of Great Britain and the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and Man, amounted to 18,658,372. During each ten 7 years, from 1801 to 1851, the actual increase was as follows, viz: 1,479,562, 2,132,896, 2,184,542, 2,260,749, 2,227,438, being at the rate of 14, 18, 15, 14, and 12 per cent. respectively. The actual increase of the population in fifty years has been 10,317,917; the rate per cent. in fifty years 98, the annual rate per cent. being 1.96. With respect to Ireland and the returns of 1821, the number of inhabitants at that period was 6,801,827. In 1831, 7,767,401-increase, 965,574; rate per cent., 14.19. In 1841, 8,175,124-increase, 407,723; rate per cent., 5.25. In 1851, 6,515,794-decrease, 1,659,330; rate per cent., 20..By this statement we perceive that the population of Ireland increased from 1821 to 1841 at the average rate of about 1 per cent. per annum, while a decrease of 1,659,330 fiom 1841 to 1851 indicates a most appalling diminution of population, amounting to 2 per cent. per annum, or 20 per cent. for the entire ten years-a reduction amounting to the total emigration from the whole United Kingdom from 1839 to 1850. The contemplation of such a state of affairs is the more melancholy when we consider that the great diminution of population, in place of being equalized through the period of ten years, must have occurred mainly within one or two years; a reduction of population sinking the number of people to a lower point than it was in 1821, when the first census of Ireland was taken; and it would appear in still stronger light if we were to calculate the natural progress the population would have made up to 1846, the year of famine, and estimate what should be the present population if no unnatural cause had operated to reduce it. The decrease extended to no less than 31 counties and cities, and varied from 9 to 31 per cent., while the only increase which occurred was confined to 9 towns and cities, to which many probably fled to find relief. The greatest decrease occurred in the county of Cork, the population of which was reduced 222,246, viz: from 773,398 inhabitants in 1841, to 551,152 in 1851-equivalent to a reduction of 28 per cent. The decrease in the several provinces was as follows, viz: Leinster, 305,960; Munster, 564,344; Ulster, 382,084; Connaught, 406,942. These startling and appalling facts proclaim the reality of the sufferings experienced from the famine in Ireland; yet it is some consolation to feel that our distance did not preclude those efforts in her behalf, by our own citizens and government, without which the desolation would have been even more strongly marked. During ten years the population of the entire kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland increased from 26,833,496 to 27,452,262, or at the rate of a little more than half a million in ten years. In the last fifty years England and Wales increased 102 per cent., (males 105, females 97.5,) and Scotland, 78 per cent., (males 84, females 73.) The population of the United States during the past fifty years has increased at the rate of 337 per cent., and in ten years intervening between the last two Censuses, it increased from 17 and a fraction millions to over 23 millions, or 36 per cent. During the same period, (leaving Ireland out of view,) the population of Great Britain increased at the rate of 12 per cent. during ten years, or 1.2 per cent. per annum. 8 Ilouses.-By the last Census it appears that in the United States the number of houses occupied by free persons amounted to 3,363,427. It would seem from the British reports that the population of that country is supplied with houses almost in the precise proportion as in our own country. The proportion being so very nearly alike in the two countries, it would be perhaps satisfactory to institute some inquiry concerning the character of what are termed "houses" by the British census, that we may be enabled to judge of the propriety of estimating the degree of comfort enjoyed by the people from their house accommodations. While our country cannot boast the princely residences of European countries, the occupancy of which is limited to comparatively few persons, we think there is a general sufficiency and comfort in the house accommodations of the American people, and that, in the most remote regions of our country, where their accommodations are most limited, they exhibit a very satisfactory degree of comfort and cleanliness. The fact is notorious, that where wretchedness is at all general, there will be found a population which formed habits and imbibed tastes in a foreign land. In comparing the population of Great Britain and Ireland with the inhabited houses, it appears that the whole number of houses in Great Britain amounts to 3,669,437, being nearly one house to each six persons; and that in Ireland the numberof inhabited houses amounts to 1,047,735, being in the proportion of 2 houses to each 13 persons. The fact is somewhat extraordinary, that almost precisely in proportion to the diminution of the Irish population since 1841, has been the reduction in the number of houses. By this is not meant the "inhabited houses," but the whole number, including inhabited and uninhabited, built and building, the number of which in 1841 was 1,384,360, to 1,115,007 in 1851, being a reduction of 269,353. The fact is unquestioned that in a very great number of instances in Ireland, the term "house" should be understood merely as applying to something containing human beings, and not as indicating such a structure as the term usually signifies. BELGIUM.-Popuiation and Houses.-The population of Belgium on the 31st December, 1845, amounted to 4,298,560; on the 15th October, 1846, to 4,337,196. In the cities of Belgium the houses inhabited amount to 170,455, and those uninhabited to 9,302. In the rural communes the inhabited houses number 629,393; the uninhabited, 20,411. Total number of inhabited houses, 799,848; uninhabited, 29,713. Of these houses, 78.2 per cent. had but one (basement) story; 18.32 per cent. were of two stories, including the basement, and 3.48 per cent. were of three or more stories, including the basement. Of the entire number of houses 160,500 were insured againstfire, for the average amount of 6,811 francs. One-fourth of the Belgian population is found enclosed in cities, and the other three-fourths spread over the rural communes. Of the number of dwelling-houses in cities, 72,407 had but one room for a family; 65,461 had two rooms, and 100,402 had three or more rooms, for a family. In the rural communes 82,047 houses had but one room for a family; 217,324 had two rooms, and 352,925 had three or more rooms, for a family. 9 PRussIA.-For the first time the Prussian government has made provision for the publication of their statistics in an extended form. Their census was taken at the close of the year 1849, of which a portion of the results have been published in one large quarto volume, to be followed by two others, under the direction of Dieterici, Director of the Statistical Bureau. The subjects embraced and the divisions included, are public buildings enumerated as churches and houses for prayer, school-houses, orphan and poor asylums, buildings for the administration of public affairs, justice, customs, &c., buildings for ecclesiastical and communal magistracies, military and hospital buildings, private dwelling-houses, factories, mills, &c., stables and barns. Population: male and female, at the ages of 5, 7, 14,- 16, 19, 24, 32, 39, 45, and 60, and those over 60. They are enumerated also according to religion, as far as respects Evangelical Christians, Roman Catholics, Greek Christians, Mennonites, and Jews. The deaf and dumb are returned as to age and sex-enumerating them at the ages of 5, 15, 30, and over, respectively; and the blind are returned by age and sex, ait the ages of 15, 30, and over 30, respectively. They enumerate their horses, asses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep and goats, dividing the sheep into three classes. By their census, (1849,) the population of Prussia amounts toMales... —------- ---—. —--- —. 8,162,805 Females............................. 8,168,382 Total...........-16,331,187 Number of families. —.....-.. — -.... — 3,180,707 Number of dwelling-houses. —--- ----------- 1,945,174 Number of churches, 16,897; school-houses, 23,384; asylums for orphans and destitute persons, 5,710; civil, ecclesiastical, military, and hospital buildings, 35,353. The Evangelical Christians number...........- -.10,020,161 Roman Catholics.......,., —.. —........ 6,076,252 Deaf and dumb.....-... -., --- -----. -..-. 11,973 Blind a......................~........... 9,579 10 Population of France. Sex. Years, Total. Increase of For all the Yearly. Men. Women. population. period. 1801. — 13,311,889 14,037,114 27,349,003... —.......... 1806... 14,312,850 14,794,575 29,107,425 1,758,422 6.43 1.28 1821... 14, 796,775 15,665, 100 30,461,875 1,354,450 4.65 0.31 1831... 15,930,095 16,639,128 32,569,223 2,107,348 6.92 0.69 1836... 16,460,701 17,080,209 33,54, 910 971,687 3.00 0.60 1841... 16,908,674 17,321,504 34,230,178 689,268 2.05 0.41 1846.-. 17,542,083 17,858,403 35, 400,486 1,170,308 3.42 0.68 1851.-................... 35,781,628 381,142 1.06 0.21 From the foregoing statement it will be seen that France, with a population of more than thirty-five millions, has increased in the number of her people but little more than the two States of New York and Pennsylvania, with not more than one-sixth her population, in the same period. Mortality.-In a former report, the aggregate number of deaths in each State of the Union, during the twelve months prior to June lst, 1850, was given, together with the ratio of deaths to the number living; and some considerations were adduced, showing the most feasible mode of arriving at the law of mortality. The work of condensing this order of statistics has been continued with such discrimination as the nature and value of the returns seemed to require. A great diversity of opinions, it is well known, exists, with respect to the salubrity of the northern and the southern, the maritime and the inland localities of our country, and on no point, perhaps, could reliable information be more reasonably desired. It is not here proposed to discuss the numerous inquiries which this important branch of statistics suggests-how far it shall confirm existing opinions, or awaken an interest, and prepare the way for more full researches. The returns, being the first of their kind in the national Census, may seem to require some mode of verification, and in this view the following investigations have been prepared. The great mass of the white population of this country is of Teutonic origin, with a considerable admixture of Celtic. Located in temperate latitudes, with a climate not greatly differing from that of Europe, the presumption naturally arises that the same laws of life would prevail, and to nearly an equal degree, on both sides of the Atlantic. In the absence of any assignable and special source of change, the universal law of self-preservation and protection might be assumed to produce like results upon both continents. As has been truly observed, " a race of men launched upon the tide of existence, have, by virtue of all the conditions, a determined course to run, which will make its own way, and fulfil its own destiny, in accordance with a system of laws as unalterable and supreme as those which control the physical universe." Without enumerating the conditions and circumstances of vital develop 11 ment, the practical conclusion arises, that the values of life for different branches of the Teutonic family of nations, in temperate climates, will not greatly differ; and if the ratios of annual mortality and the expectations of life in America should substantially agree with the like values in European tables, the general correspondence would afford so many credentials of statistical authority. With respect to the northern United States, the returns of Massachusetts have been selected for comparison with those of the national census of England. In applying the same mode of verification to the middle States, the statistics of Maryland have been taken, the table described in last year's report being revised, and male and female lives distinguished. The computations have been executed by Mr. L. W. Meech, whose familiarity with the subject and scientific qualifications afford a sufficient guaranty. In contrast with these results are set the expectations of life in France. The proportion of deaths and the expectations of life, at its several periods, may thus be compared, as follows: (I.) Annual deaths per cent., 1850. MASSACHUSETTS. MARYLAND. ENGLAND, 1841. Ages. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 0-5...... 7.105 6.052 5.466 4.875 6.838 5.860 5-10 -.... —-.. 1.168 0.983 1.041 0.855 0.955 0-922 10-15............. 452 0. 45 573 0.477 0. 606 0. 509 0. 545 15-20-.......... 0.572 0.831 0.605 0.757 0.718 0.801'20-30-..-. 0. 998 1. 170 0.896 0. 938 0.949 0. 942 30-40........ 1.253 1. 346 0. 991 1.146 1.080 1.121 40-50. ——.. —--. 1. 513 1.325 1.884 1.249 1.410 1.308 50-60.. —-.. —--- 2.067 1.654 2.433 1.712 2.230 1. 938 60-70.. —-------- 3.482 2. 960 3.405 3.285 4.232 3.761 70-80.. —-----. 6.767 5.762 8.977 7.221 9.150 8.378 80-90............ 15. 000 13. 470 15.157 12.280 19. 850 18. 850 90-100..... —... 35.240 27. 540 31.132 23. 430 37. 390 34. 570 (II.) Expectation of life. MASSACHUSETTS. MARYLAND. ENGLAND. FRANCE. Completed age. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. 0............ 38.3 40.5 41.8 44.9 40.2 42.2 38.3 40.8 10. —-------- 48.0 47.2 47.3 49.5 47.1 47.8 47. 47.4 20 —. —------ 40.1 40.2 39.7 42.1 39.9 40.8 40.0 40.1 30. —---—. -. 34.0 35.4 32.9 35.7 33. 1 34.3 34.0 33.4 40 -. ——.- 27.9 29.8 25.8 29.5 26.6 27.7 27.0 26.6 50 -—. ——. 21.6 23. 5 20.2 22.7 20.0 21.1 19.9 19.6 60. —------ 15.6 17.0 14.4 16.0 13.6 14.4 13.3 13.2 70 ----—. —-. 10.2 11.3 9.1 10.5 8.5 9.0 8.1 8. 1 80............ 5.9 6.4 6.2 7.0 4.9 5.2 4.8 4.8 9......... 2.8 3.0 3.9 4.3 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.2 12 The Expectation of life expresses, in years and decimal parts of a year, the future length of life to be lived, on an average, after attaining a given age. Thus, on arriving at the age of thirty, the average future life-time of males, by the Massachusetts table, is 34 years, while that of females is 35.4 years. The expectations for other ages and columns of the table will readily be understood from mere inspection; though the analytic process of deriving the values, requires much collateral research and professional experience. As the year is a natural unit of time, universally familiar, the expectation is, doubtless, the simplest method that could be devised for exhibiting, at a glance, the changing value of life. Viewed as a whole, the general correspondence both of the ratios of mortality and the mean length of life, from independent sources, sufficiently verifies their accuracy. For general estimates, adopting the current classification of the States, the American Census exhibits the following ratios of mortality, disregarding the ages at death: Annual Ratio to the deaths, per number cent. living. New England States..-.....-.......... 1.55 1 to 64 Middle States, with Ohio.-......... 1.39 1 to 72 Central slave States................ —... 1.38 1 to 73 Coast planting States ----—.. —---- -. —-----. 1.37 1 to 73 Northwestern States -...1.24 1 to 80 United States, total --—. —-—.-.. - -,.. —..., 1.38 1 to 73 It will be seen that the values for the three middle divisions strilingly agree with the average for the United States, as a whole, representing 1 death to 73 living, and this is substantially the ratio stated by Noah Webster for interior towns in 1805. "The annual deaths," he observes, "amount only to one in seventy or seventy-five of the population." The inquiry might arise, in examining the preceding abstract, why the rate of deaths in the northwestern States should be so much lower than in the middle States, and especially New England. In reply, the mere ratios of mortality are not conclusive upon the question of relative longevity, without taking into account the proportions of young and aged, and the increase of population.* Without attempting a full explanation, one source of the difference referred to undoubtedly lies in the youthful character of the population of the new States, and the comparative absence of aged persons, who remain in the older States of the Union. The influence of this immigration will be understood by table (I,) where, from the age of five to thirty, the deaths are only from onehalf to one per cent.; while above the age of fifty-five, the rate of deaths * Corrections have been made for these circumstances in determining the Expectations of life, tables II and III. 13 increases from two to thirty-five per cent. Wisconsin, and other northwestern States, being newly settled by persons chiefly in the prime of life, in the comparative absence of older persons the per-centage of deaths should be less, as it is indeed given by the Census. This distinction will tend, in a considerable degree, to reconcile apparent differences in the returns. From the year 1840 to 1850, the population of the United States was augmented from seventeen millions to twenty-three millions, the increase being six millions in ten years. At the rate of annual mortality above stated, the total deaths during the same period were from two and a half to three millions, being nearly equal to half the residual increase by births and immigration. Thus, and in various other ways, which space here precludes our specifying, statistics of the persistence of life, pointing ultimately to the removal of special causes of mortality, are essentially related to national happiness and advancement. With respect to the longevity and vital characteristics of slaves and the free colored, the following epitome of life tables is given for three localities, selected from the northern, middle, and southern States. The values for New England are deduced from the general Census, embracing 23,020 colored residents; that of Maryland is founded upon the total returns of 90,368 slaves; and that of Louisiana upon the aggregate of 244,786 slaves, and 17,537 free colored, taken collectively. The relative preponderance of female African life is remarkable, while the prevalent opinion of the greater mortality of male slaves in Louisiana is statistically confirmed. The table possesses a higher interest, not only from the definite and comprehensive information contained, but from its being the first of the kind for the colored classes in the United States. (III.) Expectation of life for colored persons. NE'W ENGLAND. MARYLAND. LOUISIANA. Completed age. Colored, Colored, Slaves, Slaves, Colored, Colored, male. female. male. female. male. female. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. ea. o.............. 39. 75 42. 20 38. 47 39 47 28. 89 34. 09 10........ —-..... 42. 92 45.75 45. 30 45. 00 35.92 40. 69 20................ 35. 87 39.92 39.28 39. 62 30.48 35. 36.02................. 9.77 34.96 34.41 34.62 26.87 30. 86 40 -..-.-..- -..-.. 22. 83 28.75 27. 50 29. 00 23.25 25.85 50...........-... 18.27 22.11 21.16 23.17 19.13 21.07 60................ 13. 89 17. 31 14.32 16.71 14.75 15.27 70...... 9.42 13.06 8.76 10.57 11.33 10.93 80 -.-....-...-.-. 6.44 7.87 5.40 6.80 5.38 6.16 90............. 3.69 4.61 3.80 4.00 3.43 3.34 Nativity of the Population.-One of the most interesting results of the Census is the classification of inhabitants according to the countries of their birth, presented in an authentic shape in No. 5 of the accompanying tables. We are thus enabled to discover, for the first time, of what 14 our nation is composed. The investigations under this head have resulted in showing that, of the free inhabitants of the United States, 17,737,505 are natives of its soil, and that 2,210,828 were born in foreign countries; while the nativity of 39,014 could not be determined. It is shown that 1,965,518 of the whole number of foreign-born inhabitants were residents of the free States, and 245,310 of the slave States. It is seen that the persons of foreign birth form 11.06 per cent. of the whole free population. The countries whence have been derived the largest portions of these additions to our population appear in the following statement: Natives of Ireland in the United States in 1850 961,719 Germany do. do. -- 573,225 England do. do. 278,675 British America do. do. —--- - 147,700 Scotland do. do. ----- -- 70,550 France do. do. ------ 54,069 Wales do. do...... 29,868 All other countries do. do.. —---- 95,022 2,210,828 The proportion in which the several countries above named have contributed to the aggregate immigrant population, is shown in the subjoined statement: Ireland......................... 43.04 per cent. Germany ----—.............-......... 25.609 England...........................12.06 " British America......... - 6.68 " Scotland....3.... -..8. -- --- 3.17 " France -. —---- -—,, —-------..- 2.44 " Wales -..... —-.... 1.34 " Miscellaneous. ——... ~.. —-. —...-. 4.47 ". This view of the living immigrant population is important, as serving to correct many extravagant notions concerning it which have attained extensive currency. With a view to trace the relation between the statistics of nativity and those of immigration, I have procured a series of calculations, to ascertain how many of the immigrants into the United States since 1790 would be living in 1850, according to the laws of survivorship, given by the English life table. An inspection of the returns at the State Department, of the custom-house of New York, and other ports of entry, shows that comparatively few immigrants are above fbrtyfive years of age; that females under that age constitute only twofifths of the whole number; and that the total proportion of immigrants "under fifteen" is 21.8 percent.; from "fifteen to thirty," 50.6 per cent.; and from "thirty to forty-five," including the small number at older ages, 27.6 per cent. Also, adopting the statistics of immigration contained in the former report, down to 1830, and correcting subsequent returns for the balance of re-emigration from Canada, according to a comparison of the late Canada returns with those of the United 15 States, the formula of "life tables" gives 2,460,000 as the number of survivors in 1850. In this calculation, which extends over the space of sixty years, the English life table has been employed; but, owing to peculiar causes, the mortality of immigrants is greater than the average which prevails in the land to which they migrate, as well as in the land of their birth; of which the migration of our own citizens to California has afforded an example. Besides this, a large share of the immigrants have been Irish, among whom the expectation of life is low in their own land, being, at the age of twenty-five, only 32 years, by the seventeen life offices tables for Irish life; where, in the English table, (see Mortality,) the expectation at that age is 37 years. It is furthermore well known, that within the period of cholera visitations the foreign population experienced the dreadful effects of its ravages to a most frightful extent-a fact illustrating their greater susceptibility to disease. In consideration of these and similar facts, deducting ten per cent. from the results of calculation-which all persons of experienced judgment will admit as an allowance favorable to the foreign population-the remainder is 2,214,000 survivors in 1850. The number of foreign-born residents in the United States, according to the Seventh Census, was 2,210,000 in 1850. The near correspondence favors the general accuracy of both branches of statistics, and affords proof, if it were wanting, of no trifling force, of the general correctness of the returns of foreign population in the United States. Another interesting branch of this inquiry is that which concerns the inter-migration of our native citizens among the States. The tables presenting a view of this movement will be most useful and valuable in tracing the progress of different portions of the country. The facts developed will show how far one section has impressed its own characteristics and peculiar customs on others. It is found that out of 17,736,792 free inhabitants, 4,112,433 have migrated and settled beyond the States of their birth. Three hundred and thirty-five thousand natives of Virginia, equal to 26 per cent. of the whole, have found homes outside of her own borders. South Carolina has sent forth 163,000, which is 36 per cent. of all native citizens of that State living in the United States at the date of the Census, and the very remarkable proportion of 59 per cent. of the number remaining in the State of their nativity. North Carolina has lost 261,575 free inhabitants, equal to 31 per cent., by emigration. Among the northern States, Vermont and Connecticut have contributed most largely to the settlement of other parts of the country. Their proportion, about 25 per cent. of their native citizens, would exceed, perhaps, that of either of the southern States already mentioned, were the number of slaves in the latter admitted as an element of the calculation. The roving tendency of our people is incident to the peculiar condition of their country, and each succeeding Census will prove that it is diminishing. When the fertile plains of the West shall have been filled up, and men of scanty means cannot by a mere change of location acquire a homestead, the inhabitants of each State will become comparatively stationary, and our countrymen will exhibit that attachment to the homes of their childhood, the want of which is sometimes cited as an unfavorable trait in our national character. No. 1-Nativities. STATES. 5 5) 9 8' _^-^ - * ^ ~ —"y"C ~ Maine.............. 517,117 13,509 1,177 16 535 410 460 973 134 201 36 113 2894 27 31 24 24 New Hampshire..... 9635 61591 11,266 18,495 364 1,105 1,171 49 148 10 34 14 48 10 Vermont........... 835 19609 232,086 15059 801 4,551 7,218 171 158 1.2 521 7 5 18 6 hode Island....... 768 716 459 1188 10641 3976 2,055 193 427 50 365 64 191 76 57 68 22 Connecticut........ 670 795 1,508 11,366 6,890 292,653 14,416 1,174 1,055 58 265 50 228 95 116 217 46 New York......... 4,509 14,519 52,599 55,773 13,129 66,101 2,151,196 35,319 26,252 899 3,953 538 3,347 673 935 510 135 New Jersey.........' 187 301 280 1,494 264 2,105 20,561 385,429 15,014 1,384 1,400 82 628 98 141 87 17 Pennsylvania....... 1,157 1,775 4,532 7330 1,946 9,266 58,835 29,117 1,844,672 12,552 21.013 767 10,410 409 559 176 21 Delaware.......... 2 44 31 12 113 204 50 218 1,186 5,067 72,351 4,360 28 139 18 13 14 4 Maryland........... 456 260 262 1,421 209 484 2,646 1,321 16,076 4,373 400,594 1,940 7,030 225 158 74 37 District of Columbia 87 84 43 331 23 135 817 163 1,164 99 9,245 24,967 4,950 100 100 67 25 Virginia.... 271 239 231 1,193 100 558 2,934 11,447 6,323 542 10,328 1,184 872,923 7,343 381 193 26 North Carolina...... 68 26 27 261 59 272 468 174 665 96 635 28 10,838 556,248 4,420 844 54 South Carolina...... 6 39 37 4078 39 37 884 1 182 1 362 14 320 30 1,621 6,173 262,160 1,504 55 eoria...178 122 186 594 138 712 1,203 331 642 117 703 72 7,331 37,522 52,154 402,666 1,103 Florida..140 61 55 235 66 179 614 83 240 9 194 33 643 3,537 4;470 11,316 20.563 Alabama.......... 215 151 155 654 74 612 1,443 271 876 73 757 66 10,387 28,521 48,663 58,997 1,060 Mississippi......... 139 100 141 339 62 242 952 221 981 67 791 73 8,357 21,487 27,908 17,506 629 Louisiana...... 816 247 283 1,620 239 469 5,510 498 2,493 117 1,440 156 3,216 2,923 4,583 5,917 372 Texas.............. 26 97 144 414 56 369 1,589 205 1,005 61 521 35 3,580 5,155 4,482 7,639 365 Arkansas........... 80 49 82 174 36 121 537 117 702 51 326 49 4,737 8,772 4,587 6,367 38 Tennessee.......... 97 64 179 331 38 261 1,019 248 2,146 95 1,554 101 46,631 72,027 15,197 4,863 369 Kentucky.......... 227 225 277 665 2-26 448 2,881 1,249 7,491 507 6,470 176 54,694 14,279 3,164 89~2 30 Ohio............... 3,314 4,821 14,320 18,763 1,959 22,855 83,979 23,532 200,634 4,715 36,698 598 85,762 4,807 1,468 447 17 Michigan........... 1117 2,744 11,113 8,167 1,031 6,751 133,756 5,572 9,452 368 537 45 1.504 312 81 68 12 Indiana............ 976 886 3,183 2,678 438 2,485 24,310 7,837 44,245 2,737 10,177 227 41,819 33,175 4,069 761 21 Illinois............. 3,693 4,288 11,381 9,30 1,051 6,899 67,180 6,848 37,979 1,397 6,898 226 24,697 13,851 4,162 -1,341 23 Missouri........... 311 304 630 1,103 124 742 5,040 885 8,291 518 4,253 238 40,777 17,009 2,919 1,254 67 Iowa................ 713 580 1,645 1,251 256 1,090 8,134 1,199 14,744 439 1,888 70 7,861 2,589 676 119 51 Wisconsin........ 3,252 2,520 10,157 6,285 690 4,125 68,595 1,566 9,571 141 462 33 1,611 322 107 495 4 California.......... 2,700 904 1,194 4,760 861 1,317 10,160 1,022 4,506 305 1,164 86 3,407 1,027 519 876 54 TERRITORIES. Minnesota.. 1,334 365 47 100 92 3 48 488 115 227 3 31 3 59 6 4 4.... Oregon...... 3,175 129 44 111 187 20 72 618 69 337 18 73 15 469 201 34 22 4 Utah....... 1,381 151 123 232 350 21 193 1,430 96 553 17 27 1 99 92 53 12 4 NewMexico. 58,421 12 6 8 24 1 10 101 9 97 6 37 12 77 13 18 9 5 Total... 64,311 584,310 371,469 377,741 894,818 145,941 447,544 2,698,414 518,810 2266727 104,316 526,393 32,236 1,260,982 839,325 448,639 525,620 25,297 No. 1-. Natvities — ontinued..s C_~_~ ~~ ii 4C 9Is,,4 a u Ii C nd a 0 C ___....... __'-... 0 Maine............. 6 16 21 9 6 6 14 68 19 5 38 11 1 10 2 4 551,129 New Hampshire..... 13 9 9 2 8 3 11 66 48 20 31 12 4 10 1 2 304,227 Vermont........ 11 5 12 1 2 6 7 165 86 15 34 10 5 32........ 1 280,966 Massachujetts..... 71 179 10 10 25 75 593 122 60 165 58 12 32 7 9 830,066 Rhode Island....... 13 8 21 4......... 4 19 98 22 11 15 13 9 6....... 40 124,299 Connecticut.......... 74 23 64 20.......... 13 41 400 89 47 80 28 1.8 23 25 3 332,525 New York........... 184 164 563 46 20 116 369 3,743 1,921 415 605 173 70, 360 7 53 2,439,296 New Jersey......... 36 43 83 6 2 21 64 372 66 61 61 28 7 15 3 1 430,441 Pennsylvania....... 87 101 187 17 10 158 497 7,729 224 399 333 220 70 45 3 2 2,014,619 Delaware 4.......... 4 6 4 1.......... 4 16 54 12 19 5 8...... I........ 2 83,968 Maryland............ 51 143 181 24 14 39 131 535 16 65 54 86 5 4 1 1 438,916 District of Columbia. 45 55 58 7 4 58 90 123 28 29 24 28 1 2........ 3 42,956 Virginia............ 92 78 93 7 150 1,560 2,029 5,206 33 288 126 223 37 11 4 3 926,154 North Carolina...... 131 57 14 6 1 2,037 141 48 2 67 23 33 3 4....... 577,750 - South Carolina...... 225 60 30 1 9 188 73' 23 2 11 6 3............... I...... 274,813 Georgia............ 3,154 184 42 28 25 8,211 458 46 3 50 41 60 1 2.............. 518,079 Florida............ 2,340 92 146 8 5 112 87 53 7 14 8 7 3....... 45,320 Alabama........... 237,542 2,852 628 55 91 22,541 2,694 276 3 93 114 158 7 3.......... 420,032 Mississippi.......... 34,047 140,885 2,557 139 456 27,439 3,948 594 10 413 311 303 7 4 1 5 291,114 Louisiana.......... 7,346 10,913 145,474 864 803 3,352 2,968 1,473 68 414 401 909 28 7 1 1 205,921 Texas.............. 12,040 6,545 4,472 49,160 4,693 17,692 5,478 947 125 1,799 2,855 5,139 109 42.. 14 137,053 Arkansas........... 11,250 4,463 1,096 336 63,206 33,807 7,428 1,051 17 2,128 3,276 5,328 106 13 6 9 160,345 Tennessee.......... 6,398 2,137 261 100 496 585,084 12,609W 742 7 769 872 920 30 8........ 2 755,655 Kentucky.......... 792 657 671 71 271 23,623 601,769 9,985 59 5,898 1,649 1,467 59 11........ 3 740,881 Ohio............... 209 422 648 29 141 1,873 13,829 1,219,432 2,238 7,377 1,415 656 378 196..... 24 1,757,556 Michigan.......... 19 34 30 4 25 101 402 14,677 140,64' 2,003 496 92 59 332 3 36 341,591 Indiana............ 395 287 32t1 44 151 12,734 68,651 120,193 1,817 541,079 4,173 1,006 407 99....... 11 931,392 Illinois............. 1,335 490 480 63 727 32,303 49,588 64,219 2,158 30,953 343,618 7,228 1,511 1,095 3 16 736,931 Missouri............ 2,067 638 746 248 2,120 44,970 69,694 12,737 295 12,752 10,917 277,604 1,366 123 4 80 520,826 Iowa................ 180 138 133 10 163 4,274 8,994 30,713 521 19,925 7,247 3,807 50,380 692 3 135 170,620 Wisconsin.......... 49 35 7 4 67 449 1,429 11,402 1,900 2,773 5,292 1,012 445 63,015........ 26 197,912 California.......... 631 772 929 250 350 3,145 4,690 5,500 284 2,077 2,722 5,890 341 248 6,602 317 69,610 TERRITORIES. Minnesota......6....... 4 21......11 1 71 241 41 35 168 90 81 301 1 7 4,007 Oregon............. 20 8 6 15 61 402 730 653 37 739 1,023 2,206 452 10 25 7 11,992 Utah............... 62 119 8 6 7 294 256 694 121 303 1,285 519 726: 30 14 76 9,355 New Mexico........ 5.......... 4 46 17 25 62 34 8 11 24 93 3 1 6 56 59,261 Total........... 320,930 172,473 160,253 51,641 74,122 826,690 859,407 1,514,885 153,057 633,117 389,507 315,428 56,738 66,790 6,698 949 17,737,578 No. 2-Natiifies. 7a STATES. a)a - 5| 4 r0 1 1 s r2 is 47 Maine................... 1,949 13,871 532 60 290 143 18 58 2 12 4 20 3 11 2 12 47 New Hampshire..... 1,469 8,811 467 11 147 69 8 8...................... 1 9.....2 Vermont........ 1,546 15,377 1045 57 218 40 3 5 2 7 2 1 8 hode Island............ 4,490 15944 988 12 230 0 14 58 2 1 1 25 1 8 1 25 1 Connecticut.. 5091 26,689 1,916 111 1,671 21 2 16 0 5 New York... 84,4820 343111 23,418 7,582 118,398 12,515 461 194 401 2,917 12 833 168 1,850 617 392 429 New Jersey.. 11,377 31,092 2,263 166 10,686 942 23 16 43 357 30 20 204 22 4 28 Pennsylvania..: 38048 151,723 7,292 8,920 78,592 4,083 101 34 126 257 2 172 49 914 139 27 97 Delaware..... 952 3,513 155 17 343 73 1.. 1 5.... 2 123 1 Maryland.. 3467 19,557 1,093 260 26,936 507 18 29 5 106 11 82 16 68 23 10 35 District of Columbia... 682 2,373 142 2 1,404 80 20 6 14 4. 74 3 38 2 6 Virginia.. 2,998 11,643 947 173 5,511 321 29 51 7 65.. 65 15 83 8 5 15 North Carolina...... 394 567 1,012 7 344 43 4 12 1 4........ 4 2 3 8........ 6 Soth Carolina......... 921 4,051 51 10 2,180 274 30 14 5.....9 11 19 75 24 G Georgia................. 679 3,202 367 13 947 177 13 5 41 11 1 33 13 38 8 6 24 Florida................. 300 878 182 11 307 67 70 17 4 8 40 8 7 2 17 21 Alabama............... 941 3,639 584 67 1,068 503 163 39 4 1 1 90 33 113 10 3 18 Mississippi.. 593 1,928 317 10 1,04 440 49 2 3 8.. 121 16 41 9 8 24 Louisiana..... 3,550 24,266 1,196 48 17,507 11,552 1,417 157 115 112 48 915 156 723 65 64 288 Texas.. 1,002 1,403 261 17 6,191 647 62 5 8 14 41 11 134 10 105 49 Arkansas................ 196 514 71 11 516 77 3 3 2 2........ 15.. 12 1 7 Tennessee............... 706 2,640 327 17 1,168 245 3 2 4..7 59 1 26 9 8 1 1fentucky.2....... 2,805 9,466 683 171 13,607 1,116 21 5 27...... 143 12 279 70 18 7 en ky......3 174 29 31291 84 18 53 Ohio............. 25,660 51,562 5,232 5,849 111,257 7,375 28 7 103 348 1 174 29 3,1 4 Michigan........... 10, 0 13,430 2,361 127 10,070 945 10 2 2,54 2 12 21 118 25 110 134 Rhodebigan.. Iv 43 6 17 7a4 6 is 10 Indiarna................. 5,550 12,787 1,341 169 28,584 2,279 3 6 86 43 26 7 724 1 1 Illinois......18,628 27786 4,661 572 38,160 3,396 70 42 33 220.. 4.... 65 1,635 27 2,415 Missouri................. 5,379 14,734 1049 176 44,352 2138 46 11 58 189 7 124 71 984 29 155 5 Iowa............. 3,785 4,885 712 3 7,152 382 1 8 4 1,108 1 13 175 4 361 10 Wisconsin......... 18,952 21,043 3,527 4,319 34,519 775 4 4 45 1,157........ 9 61 1,244 71 8,651 146 California............... 3,050 2,452 883 182 2,926 1,546 220 109 12 63 228 87 177 4 124 TERRITORIES... 1 1 6 2 7 Minnesota........... 84 271 39 2 141 29 1.. 1 16 1 1 22 2 7 Oregon................. 207 196 106 9 155 45..... 11 1.5 8. 1 1 2 Utah.................... 1,056 106 232 125 50 13 1............................1 4 2 NewMexico............. 43 292 29 1 215 26 8 1........ 2........ 4 2 2 Total............. 278,675 961,719 0,550 29,868 573,225 54,069 3,113 1,274 1,313 9,848 106 3,645 946 13,38 1,414 12,678 1,838 No. 2-Nativities —Continuedo I* I 6TATBS. C tgI 1 2|I l l 1 a a ~ a, a ~ C - Maine.....55 27..... 3 5 5 14,181 2...... 31 61 1 51 31,456 584 583,169 New Hampshire.... 12 2................ 4 3 2,501 5 11 17 3 7 13,571 175 317 976 New Jersey.... 34 57 1 4 4 10 17 581 23 2 27 265........ 66 58,364 528 489,333 Pennsylvania.. 133 413....... 7 1 4!2 40 2,500 42 4 83 665 3 361 294,871 2290 2,311,786 S~Ma ""land.. 57 158... 1 2************ * " \~ " 10 215 8........ 52 279 2 251 53,288 462 492,666 North Carolina.......... 9 19......... 2 2 30 2 4 3 37 5 2,524 217 580,491 South Carolina.. 29 44 1.. 1 9 57 4 8 177 50 8,662 48 283,523 25.....:::::::. I........ 5/ 2 0 3 Alabama.......... 51 45.......1..8 49 9 3 2 28 3 116 7,638 1,109 428,779 Mi Hsissippir...14 71..6 79 13 1 4 25... 110 4,958 576 296,648 Louisiana..49 380 9?3 2 33 17 90 499 405 3 15 1,337 1 1,173 66,413 619 272,953 iTexasiaa.... 7.....43.... 1 322 5 60 16,774 604 154,431 Arkansas.......1. L 24.............. I 41 68................ 7........ 50 1,628 824 162,797 Tennessee........ 8 32 9"2...2... 3 5 76 12.............. 20....... 59 5,740 1,759 763,154 Kentucky..0 198 1 1 3 4 275 42 1 2 41....... 133 29,189 1,354 771,424 Ohinto.......55 765 15............3 6 7 5 880 2 12 41 86 1 544 18,512 4,359 1,980,427 Michigan................16 190 2 3 14,008 4........ 5 34 2 66 54,852 1,211 397,654 Indiana............ 16 740.................... 4...4 1,878 31.....4 12......108 54,42,598 988416 Missouri.. 37 697 1................ 3 7 1,05........20 50 1. 954 72,474 1,0322 594,62 Iowa.........2..........!~31 88 1..... I........ 2p......... 1,756 16........ 1 14 2124 21,232 3621 1932,214 Wisconsin..... 88 3545 16 17 1 8,277 9 11 6 20 1 191 106,695 784 305,391 Cahifornia....... 162 158 1 9 0 117 65 834 6,454 39 877 64 319 400 6 12,358 629 92,597 Minnesota.. 4 5......1,1.......4 2,048 2 6,077 Ore-on.... 2...2.... 293 1.. 5 57 1,159 143 13,294 t k 338 7......................... 1 1990 9 11,354 NewaMexico.............:::::115 6.........................1.2,063....223 561,547 Total.......... 3,559 10,549 34 86 758 377 551 147,711 13,317 141 1,543 5,772 588 8,214 2,210,839 39,154 19,987,571 [... 20 Deaf and Dumb.-No one thing. perhaps, better proves the value of the statistical details connected with our Census, than its efficacy in pointing out the number of the unfortunates who come within the above designation, and who are unable to make known their own wants. Not only does it give us the aggregate in each State, and in our whole country, but its unpublished details so designate and particularize the deaf mutes in the United States, that those who have been led to make their condition and improvement a special study, have now, for the first time, the means to arrive at the age, sex, color, condition, and wants of each. It will appear, from the tabular statement annexed, that the number of white mutes in the United States amounts to 9,091, and the colored to 632, of which 489 are slaves. The Census of 1840 returned the number of white deaf and dumb at 6,685, and the colored at 979. The latter amount is clearly erroneous, and was calculated to create an opinion that the deaf mutes were so much more numerous among the colored population of the North than among the whites; in fact, there were, by the Census of 1840, colored mutes returned for counties where no colored persons existed. The proportion of deaf mutes among the colored is less than among the white population; and among the slaves the proportion is still smaller. Among the white population there appears to be one deaf mute to each 2,151 persons; of the free colored, one to each 3,005; and among the slaves, one to each 6,552. The directors of several institutions for the deaf and dumb memorialized Congress at its last session to provide for the publication of a small volume, to be prepared by this office, in which should be given the name, age, sex, residence, occupation, &c., of each deaf mute in the United States. Such a work would be of great value to such institutions, but of more consequence to the unfortunate class it would be specially designed to benefit. It would lead to the discovery of hundreds whose abode is unknown, and render available to those unable to proclaim their wants, the blessings of instruction. In addition to its beneficent effects upon the afflicted, the information thus imparted would furnish many interesting details useful in a practical point of view. The method of deaf mute instruction was introduced from Europe, thirty-five years ago. To study into the improvements effected there within that time, institutions in this country have sent, at different periods, commissioners into different portions of Europe, and the result of their investigations appears to have led to the conclusion "that in the matter of intellectual instruction we have very little to learn from European schools, while in the very important point of religious instruction.they are painfully inferior." 21 Deaf and Dumb. White. Free colored. Slaves. States and Territories. Aggregate. MlIale. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Maine... —. —-- ---. 140 89 1..... -....... 230 INew Hampshire.. —-- 87 76 -—.. —. — ------—. —------ 163 Vermont. —--- --—. 75 68.. ——.... 1..,-.... 144 Massachusetts. —-..- 204 156 1 3............... 364 Rhode Island. -—. —. 34 27 2 1........-... —-. 64 Connecticut --—..... 211 174 2 2. —--....-.. 389 New York. - 682 615 5 5......... 1307 New Jersey. ——.... 111 81 7 4.-.......-... 20S Pennsylvania —.-.. 521 465 1 4 4. —----- -. —- - 1, 004 Delaware..-...-..- 28 26 1 1.2 58 Maryland... ——. 103 92 19 17 15 8 254 District of Columbia - 7 9 2...... 1........ 19 Virginia. —----- -. 325 256 10 8 67 45 711 Nolth Carolina.....-. 198 153 1 3 29 23 407 South Carolina........ 74 55..-.. 1 11 4 145 Georgia-.......-. 116 95 - --- -—. 20 21 252 Florida ----- -- 8 4 ------.-. —. 6 4 22 Alabama -----—. 96 61 1 2 —----- 28 25 211 Mississippi..-.... 52 29........ 1 13 13 108 Louiisiana ---—' —- 58 31 3 2 22 12 128 Texas ---------—. 33 16 -.. —. —-—. 6 3 58 Arkansas.. -,-.. 46 37........4 2 89 -Tennessee — —, — -- 195 140........ 2 16 24 377 Kentuckly --------—. 253 232 1 3 28 22 539 Ohio -----. —-.-..- 503 436 6 2..... - -- - 1 947 Michigan. -- -...-. 62 59 1...... 1 -. -- -. 122 Indiana ------- -—, —. 301 213 4 ----. - - ----—. 518 Illinois. —-... —...- 283 190 2. -—. -. 475 Missou ri —--—.-... 128 116...-.. -. 10 5 259 Iowa -------—. ——. 27 24.- - -- -........1. 51 Wisconsin............ 42 23 --- 65 California --. —-- -- -. 5 1-.... -..-. — -..- -.... --- 6 Minnesota Territory............ Oregon Territory —-........... - -- - -. -..............- Utah Territory...... 3- -1 4-................. 5 New iexico Territory.. 19 9...... -2...-........ -—.. 28 Aggregate —-- - 5, 027 4,058 78 65 276 213 9,717 Blind.-By the table annexed, it will be seen that the number of persons in the United States who are destitute of sight is 9,702, of whom 7,997 are white, and 1,705 colored, of which latter 1,211 are slaves. By the Censusof 1840, the numberofwhitete blind persons in the United States was returned at 5,030; the colored ditto, 1,892. The same error respecting the colored blind existed with the last Census as has been shown to exist respecting the deaf and dumb. We present a table giving the numbers and proportions of the deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and idiotic, among the white, free colored, and slaves, respectively. From this table it will be seen that muteness and insanity are more prevalent among the whites, and blindness and idiocy among the colored. Among the wste population there appears to be one blind person for each 22 2,445 persons; among the free colored, one to each 870; and among the slaves, one to each 2,645. An analysis with respect to native and foreign population, made from the returns, by Harvey P. Peet, LL. D., presents the fact that the blind and insane are much more numerous among our foreign population, which he attributes to "home-sickness, change of climate, and the various hardships of an emigrant's lot," which have a strong influence in inducing insanity, and perhaps blindness. Bl/nd. White. Colored. Slaves. States and Territories. Aggregatie Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Maine..-.......... 115 86 -................... 201 New Hampshire. —--- 69 65 1 1.... —... —.-. 136 Vermont --—.. —-—. 89 49 -.................. 138 Massachusetts........ 27 0 0 4 3. —-. ——. 497 Rhode Island......... 39 22 1 2 ---- ---- 64 Connecticut --—. -. 110 67 12 3 -.... —..-.. 192 New York.... —. 738 483 29 22 2 —----- ------ 1,272 New Jersey-.......-. 114 72 10 17.-.-. - 2,13 Pennsylvania.. —..-. 443 355 20 11..........29 Delaware ---—. 10 17 7 12 ---- --—. 46 M aryland.....-.... 96 97 30 41 22 21 307 District of Columbia -- 7 7 5 3... 1 23 Virginia. —----—. -. 261 275 56 65 137 202 996 North Carolina...-.. 182 205 13 15 57 60 532 South Carolina...... 91 61 6 8 31 25 222 Georgia -. —---... 128 96 1 4 38 42 309 Florida —------ -- 10 2......8 4 26 Alabama. —-—. —-.. 82 82 1 2 73 68 308 Mississippi --—. 75 55.. 1 35 51 217 Louisiana ---—..- 36 31 15 10 60 66 218 Texas.. ——. —--—. 36 23 2 1 12 2 76 Arkansas............. 45 30 -,.. 1 3 2 81 Tennessee —--. —- 199 186 4 6 29 44 468 Kentucky.. —---—... 249 172 8 11 46 44 530 Ohio. —.-.... —-. 370 283 7 5......... 665 Michigan —-.... —.-.. 72 50.- -.- —. 122 Indiana-.............. 189 151 4 5 - ---- 349 Illinois....-. 156 97 1 3 --- 57 Missouri -......... 104 76 2 1 11 17 211 Iowa ——............ 28 19.-. —-. --. 47 Wisconsin............ 34 16. — -. —. 50 California......... —.....-... --......... Minnesota Territory...... Oregon Territory- I —......-.... Utah Territory2. ----- -- -- ----—. --. -- - New Mexico Territory 70 28.. —-98 Aggregate.....-. 4,519 3,478 239 255 562 649 9,70 23 Insane and Idiotic.-The number of insane persons in the United States is given at 15,768; of whom 15,156 are whites, 321 free colored, and 291 slaves. The number of idiots returned is 15,706, distributed as follows: whites, 14,230; fiee colored, 436; slaves, 1,040; total insane and idiotic, 31,474; total whites, 29,386; total blacks, 2,088. By the Census of 1840 these two classes of persons were returned togethera thing not generally understood-and presented the following numbers; white insane and idiotic, 14,508; colored insane and idiotic, 2,926; total, 17,434. These figures make it appear that with the white population in the United States there exists one insane person for each 1,290 individuals; among the free colored, one to each 1,338; and among the slaves, one to each 11,010. With respect to idiocy, the white population presents one to each 1,374 persons; the free colored, one to each 985; and among the slaves, one to each 3,080. Want of time will not permit a sufficiently detailed examination to arrive at the causes which present these unfortunate beings in such greater number than they appeared in 1840. From the manner of taking the Census of 1850, they could not be rated higher than their actual numbers; and t follows, therefore, that the returns of 1840 must have been deficient, or that an error occurred in placing the figures in the tables. A more particular examination of both sets of returns will be made previous to the printing of the Seventh Census, in which it is hoped the discrepancy will be satisfactorily explained. Throughout our country increased attention is being paid to the amelioration of the condition of;his class of our population-a feeling kept in active operation, and rrade to yield continually practical fruits, mainly through the instrumentality and devoted zeal of one American lady, whose reputatiornis at limited, and whose influence is not confined to her native country. 24 Insane. Whites. Free colored. Slaves. States and Territories. [ Aggregato Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Maine --...-......... 279 254 3 I5................ 536 NTew Hampshire. —-...... 188 197 --.-. -............ 385 Vermont.. —-------- 27. 76.. —......-.... 552 Massachusetts-... 781.848 10 8 -.... —-----...... —----- 1,647 Rhode Island —..12...... 11 127 3 1. — -...-.-. 25 Connecticut. — -.. 218 231 9 4............... 462 New York-.......-.. 1,198 1,346 18 18...., —... 2,580 New Jersey.- -.. —-. 197 178 3 8....-. —-.-.... 386 Pennsylvania...-,..... 924 918 16 33........1,891 Delaware....... - 29 28 6 7........... 70 Maryland --—.. —-. 226 251 23 29 9 15 553 District of Columbia.- 10 3 4 4 1.....22 Virginia -............. 505 417 19 27 22 36 1, 026 North Carolina-....- 220 242 4 1 9 15491 South Carolina-...... 108 84 1 2 3 6 204 GeQrgia-. —- —'.. 157 124 1 1 7 16 306 Florida. —. —- - 4 2 ~. —----- ----- 1 1 8 Alabama-1....-....-... 106 102 1 1 18 17 245 Mississippi -...... 71 56 -.- 12 10 149 Louisiana............ 83 67 6 9 14 29 208 Texas.........-..I. 24 15.... —. 1 1....... 41 Arkansas..,.... -. 38 22....-......-... 2 1 63 Tennessee........ I 258 195 1 3 8 13 478 Kentucky...-....-..... 271 217 1 2 8 8 507 Ohio -. —-........... 695 640 11 6....- -..,..... 1,358 ichigan.......... 71 64 1................. 136 Indiana —........... 300 269 2 8.-.. —....-. 579 Illinois.- -.......... 137 109 -... — 3...2....... 1 49 Missouri............ 40 131 1 1 2 7 28 Iowa. —-—..- -...19 21...-...-.......... 40'Wisconsin.,..- -........ 7 21 -...... -...48 California —-------- 2...-..... -..............-.... Minnesota Territory....... - ---—.- -.,. —.. Oregon Territory....... 4-.. —-- --- 4 Utah Territory --- - 1 - -. —- -..........-. 3 ewMexico Territory.. 8 3 —.. —..-..........11 Aggregate. -.... 7,697 7,459 144 177 117 174 15,76 25 Idiotic. Whites. Free colored. Slaves. States and Territories. - - Aggregate. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Maine -. —---—. — 330 225 3 -----.. ---------—.. 558 New Hampshire -.. —-- 208 140 4.-.-.. -—.... —.. 352 Vermont. —-—.. —-- - 171 109 1 -—..... —-------- - --- - 281 Massachusetts —.. —. 465 320 4 2 --—.... —-791 hode Island.. —65 39 1 2...... —-- 107 Connecticut. --------- 182 114 3 1. —.... ——.. 300 New York -—. —.- 1,032 689 8 10...... -- 1,739 New Jersey. —--—..- 242 168 9 7.-....... 426 Pennsylvania -. —-.. 99 587 34 28. —---. —---- 1,448 Delaware. —-—. ——. 38 40 7 12 3 1 101 Maryland. ——. —-—. 147 121 32 21 41 31 393 District of Columbia.. 3 4 3 1.-.. -. —. - 11 Virginia. —------ ---- 560 385 64 56 125 95 1,285 North Carolina... —-- 338 266 12 20 74 64 774 South Carolina-........ 139 103 1 2 26 24 295 Georgia. —-------- —. 264 212......... 3 59 39 577 Florida ---------—. — 23 6 1 -----—. 4 3 37 Alabama ---—.. ——. 219 144..........-.-. 80 62 505 Mississippi -...... —-. 88 53 1 4 36 28 210 Louisiana. —... —- 67 37 5 8 28 28 173 Texas. —.. —,.. —-- 58 39 1.... —-. 7 3 108 Arkansas............. 51 40.... 7 2 102 Tennessee -----..-. — 439 350 2 2 36 25 854 Kentucky.-.-.. —.. — 428 321 13 7 48 32 849 Ohio --—. —-. —.. —. 769 611:10 9 - -.......-....... — 1,399 Michigan —--- —.. 113 74 3... —-..... —-190 Indiana... 520 386 7 6. —......- 919 Illinois.. 213 155 2 1 —......71 Missouri -..-....-.. 186 118.........- - -.. 11 18 333 Iowa....... 45 48... —-., -..........-.... 93 Wisconsin -- - -..... 45 31 1. —-..- -. -.-. — -..77 California-............ 2 1.................. —............ 3 Minnesota Territory- I.... 1..... -.... —-.................... Oregon Territory. —-. — 4 -...- - -..- -.. —.~..-.-, —.-. ——. 4 Utah Territory -....... 1 1.... —-.... -............2 New Mexico Territory.. 22 16.......... —.. —.....8 Total. —-.. —- 8,276 5, 954 234 202 585 455 15,706 Statement showing the ratio of the deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and idiotic, to the aggregate population, by classe. Il Bi *. 2 _ g' i A Cd! ~ s ~ ~ I~ I ~ 4 ~~ I I I t I IM II I I I m,. s. 1. &'s &*s, i P4+ P4 ~ ~ ~ o L0~ doo o 40o o ol~4~o Wheitesol 4| 193L 3 o/ 9,09 | 21oi 4|i 4.0'.,99 |C 4 6|1 Whites —- 19,553,928 9,091 2,151 0. 04 7,997 2,445 0. 04 15,156 1,290 0. 07 14,230 1, 374 0. 07 46,474 420 0.23 Free colored. 433,643 143 3,032 0. 03 494 877 0.11 321 1, 350 0. 07 436 994 0.10 1,394 311 0.32 Slaves... 3,204, 347 489 6,552 0. 01 1,211 2,645 0. 03 291 11,01 -- 1,0 -- 1,040 3, 080 0. 03 3,031 1, 057 0. 0.9 Aggregate. 23, 191,918 9,723 2,385 0.04 9,702 2,390 0. 04 15,768 1,470 0.06 15,706 1,476 0.06 50,899 455 0.21 27 Education.-It was intended to accompany this report with a tabular statement, presenting the statistics of education in the United States. We are compelled to defer such table to a future period for want of time to complete it. It may be satisfactory to state that near 4,000,000 of our youth were receiving instruction in the various educational institutions of the country on the 1st of June, 1850, or at the rate of one in every five free persons. The teachers number more than 115,000, and the colleges and schools near 100,000. I will endeavor to furnish in a few weeks a detailed statement of the condition of the American people as respects education, to which time it will be proper to defer extended remarks. Pauperisnm-No State in the Union is without its legal provisions for the protection and support of the indigent population. In many they receive a care and attention wh:ich places them in an enviable condition, compared with some of the laboring classes of other countries. By the table annexed to this report, it will be perceived that the whole number of persons who have received the benefit of the public funds of the dilferent States for the benefit of indigent persons, amounts to 134,972. Of this number there were 68,538 of foreign birth, and 66,434 Americans; while of the whole number receiving support on the first day of June there were 36,916 natives, and 13,437 foreigners, making a total of 50,353 persons. Of those termed America.ns, many are free persons of color. The entire cost of the support of these individuals during the year has amounted to $2,954,806. This aggregate may seem startling to persons who have paid but little attention to pauper statistics in our own and other countries, and it may be useful, and perhaps not amiss, to compare these facts with results as they are officially developed abroad. In 1818, about $39,000,000, and during the years 1832,'33, and'34, more than $100,000,000, was expended for the relief and maintenance of the poor of England and Wales, exclusive of the immense expenditure of the Poor Law administration in the unions and parishes. In 1842 and'43, the amount of $50,000,000, and during each of the years 1847,'48, and'49, there was expended $28,500,000 in England and Wales. The entire number of paupers relieved by the public funds in England and Wales for nine years, from 1840 to 1848, inclusive, amounted to 13,193,425, equal to 1,649,178 persons per annum; in 1848, the number relieved was 1,876,541, by which it appears that one person in every eight was a pauper. The average number of those annually relieved, who are represented to have been "adult and ablebodied paupers," amounted to more than 477,000; and it is on British authority asserted that in 1848 more than 2,000,000 in England and Wales were kept from starvation by relief from public and private sources. The total public expenditure for the poor in England and Ireland, in 1848, amounted to $42,750,000. Within the past seventeen years, the Poor Law fund expended in England and Wales amounted to $426,600,000. This enormous expenditure, accompanied, as it is, by immense private contributions, falls far short of relieving the wants of the, poor of Great Britain. While her population embraces a large number of persons of princely estates, and other classes composed of individuals of every variety of income, combining with it ease, corn 28 fort, and elegance, the statistics of the nation prove that the substratum of pauperism, or want, is of a magnitude alarming to the English moralist and thinker, as well as to the statesman, and of an extent and nature harrowing to all. The expenses of the organized benevolent institutions of France amounted, in 1847, to 52,000,000 francs. The number of distressed persons relieved amounted to about 450,000 annually. We have no means of arriving approximately at the number of paupers in France, as the institutions above referred to are confined to the cities and large towns, while among the rural communes, which contain several millions of landed proprietors, there are large numbers of persons in receipt of public support. It appears from a report of M. Duchatel, Minister of Commerce, that 695,932 persons received public alms at their own houses. The Netherlands, in 1847, with a population of 6,167,000, contained 11,400 charitable institutions, which contributed to the support of 1,214,055 persons-about one-fifth of the entire population. Pauperism. Whole No. of paupers who Whole No. of paupers on received support within the June 1, 1850. Annual cost ~Sta~tes. year ending June 1, 1850. of support. Native. Foreign. Total. Native. Foreign. Total. Maine -. —...... —. 4, 553 950 5, 503 3,209 326 3,535 $151,664 New Hampshire ---—. 2, 853 747 3, 600 1,998 186 2, 184 157, 351 Vermont. -..-. —- - 2, 043 1,611 3,654 1,565 314 1,879 120,462 Massachusetts ------- 6,530 9,247 15,777 4,059 1,490 5, 549 392,715 Rhode Island —------ 1, 115 1, 445 2,560 492 204 696 45,837 Connecticut --------- 1,872 465 2, 337 1, 463 281 1,744 95, 624 New York... —-—.- 19,275 40, 580 59, 855 5,755 7, 078 12, 833 817, 336 New Jersey......... 1, 816 576 2, 392 1, 339 239 1, 578 93,110 Pennsylvania -... —- 5, 898 5, 653 11,551 2,654 1, 157 3,811 232, 138 Delaware........... 569 128 697 240 33 273 17,730 Maryland.. —-......... 2,591 1, 903 4, 494 1,681 320 2, 001 71,668 Virginia ---—. ——. 4,933 185 5,118 4,356 102 4,458 151, 722 North Carolina ---—. 1,913 18 1,931 1, 567 13 1,580 60,085 South Carolina.... —.. 1, 313 329 1,642 1,113 180 1,293 48, 337 Georgia............. 978 58 1,036 825 29 854 27,820 Florida -..-........... 64 12 76 58 4 62 937 Alabama —-—........... 352 11 363 306 9 315 17,559 Mississippi......... —. 248 12 260 245 12 257.18, 132 Louisiana...... —-.. 133 290 423 76 30 106 39,806 Texas -. —-----—. 7 -...7-.. 7 4... 4 438 Arkansas. —-—. —-- 97 8 105 67 —.. —-- 67 6,888 Tennessee ----—. —- 994 11 1, 005 577 14 591 30, 981 Kentucky... —........ 971 155 1,126 690 87 777 57,543 Ohio............ —.. 1,904 609 2,513 1,254 419 1,673 95,250 Michigan.. —..... —-. 649 541 1, 190 248 181 429 27,556 Indiana. ——..-. —-. 860 322 1,182 446 137 583 57,560 Illinois..... —.. —.... 386 411 797 279 155 434 45,213 Missouri............ 1,248 1,729 2,977 251 254 505 53,243 Iowa............... 100 35 135 27 17 44 5,358 Wisconsin.......... 169 497 666 72 166 238 14,743 Aggregate...... 66,434 i 68,538 1 134,972 36,916 | 13,437 50, 353 2,954,896 29 Crime.-The statistics of crime form a subject of our investigation. From the returns, it appears that the whole number of persons convicted of crime in the United States, for the year ending the first day of June 1850, was about 27,000; of these, 13,000 were native and 14,000 foreign born. The whole number in prison on the first day of June was about 6,700, of whom 4,300 were native and 2,460 foreign. It will be borne in mind that the native prisoners include colored convicts, the number of whom it is impossible to state, as time has not sufficed to admit of the more particular separation into classes other than native and foreign. Our criminal statistics, when fully understood, will present many subjects for reflection, and open a wide and interesting field for the study of the Christian, moralist, and statesman. Churches.-The assistant marshals were required to give an account of churches, including halls and chapels, if statedly used as places of public worship, belonging to all religious denominations. By the returns made, it appears there are 36,011 churches in the several States, and 210 in the District of Columbia and the Territories. The churches in California and the Territories are not fully returned; but the religious denominations in those places are not supposed to have possessed numerous or large buildings. The halls and school houses which are used in many of' the thinly-settled portions of the country, and in cities, by societies which are unable to build houses of worship for their own use, are not included. By the "aggregate accommodations," in the table, is meant the total number of seats for individuals. Under the "value of church property" is included the valuation of each of the churches and property owned by the different religious denominations. By the annexed tables it will appear that the total value of churchproperty in the United States is $86,416,639, of which one-half is owned in New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In the table we specify the principal, out of more than 100 denominations returned, although between some of these there are but slight shades of difference in sentiment or form of church government. About 30 are returned as "African," 30 as "Independent," and 20 as "Protestant,' without distinguishing them more particularly. These, and all the churches not properly classed under the heads given, are included in "minor sects." All the varieties of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians, are included under their general heads, except where distinctly specified. There is one church for every 557 free inhabitants, or for every 646 of the entire population. The average number the churches will accommodate is 384, and the average value $2,400. Churches are more numerous, in proportion to the population, in Indiana, Florida, Delaware, and Ohio; and less numerous in California, Louisiana, and Iowa. Those in Massachusetts are the largest, and have the greatest average value. The following tables present interesting facts respecting the relative value and size of the churches in the several States, and those of dif 30 ferent denominations. They also show the number of churches to the total population in each State: i s ~1 1.5 States. _ og e Maine... —.85... --- -- 851 685 304,477 358 $1, 712,152 $2, 01g New Hampshire. —----. 602 528 233,892 389 1,401,586 2, 327 Vermont.. —-.. —----—. 564 556 226, 444 401 1,213,1266 2,151 Massachusetts............ 1,430 695 682, 908 478 10, 205, 284 7,137 Rhode Island-.... —-.. -- 221 667 98,736 447 1,252,900 5, 669 Connecticut. —. ——. —-. 719 515 305, 249 425 3, 554, 894 4,944 New York —..... -—.-... 4, 084 758 1,896,229 464 21,132,707 5, 174 New Jersey. --.-....... 807 606 344,933 427 3,540,436 4,387 Pennsylvania-.... —-.-. 3,509 658 1,566,413 446 11,551,885 3,297 Delaware. —.... —-..- - 180 508 55,741 310 340,345 1,891 Maryland -..............- 909 641 390,265 429 3,947,884 4, 343 Virginia.............. 2,336 608 834,691 357 2,849,176 1,220 North Carolina —... 1, 678 517 558,204 333 889, 393 530 South Carolina..... —.... 1,163 574 453, 930 391 2,140,346 1,962 Georgia —. -....-.. —-—. 1,723 525 612, 892 356 1,269, 159 737 Florida....... ——. —.. 152 507 41,170 271 165,400 1,088 Alabama... —---—.. ——. 1,235 624 388,605 315 1,132,076 836 Mississippi --- —.. ——. 910 666 275, 979 303 754, 542 829 Louisiana —-. —------- 278 1,862 104, 080 374 1,782, 470 6,412 Texas -------------—.. 164 1,296 54,495 332 200,530 1,223 Arkansas..-........ —... 185 1, 133 39, 930 216 89, 315 483 Tennessee................ 1,939 517 606, 695 313 1,208, 876 623 Kentucky. —--—. —. —--- 1,818 540 672, 033 370 2,260,098 1,243 Ohio..................... 3,890 509 1,447,632 372 5,765,149 1,225 Michigan.-.......... —- 362 1,098 118,892 328 723,200 1,998 Indiana.-................ 1, 947 507 689, 330 354 1, 512, 485 777 Illinois -.. —........... 1,167 729 479,078 411 1,476,335 1,265 Missouri.-....-......_ —-.. 773 882 241,139 312 1,558,590 2,016 Iowa..................... 148 1,298 37,759 255 177,400 1,199 Wisconsin -. ——.. —--- 244 1,250 78,455 322 350,600 1,437 California. -.-....-.. 23 7, 173 9,600 417 258, 300 1,123 Total..... -. 36,011 646 13,849,896 38486,416,639 2,400 31 _..I I-! Christian.-................-. 812 296, 050 365 845, 810 1, 041 g r minatio........ 1674 795177 47 7,973,962 4 763 Dutch Reformed -.-.-. —----- 324 181,986 561 4, 096, 730 12, 644 lEpiscopal...................[ 1,422 625, 213 440 11,261, 970 7, 919 Free... - - -^ 361 108, 605 300 252, 255 698 Baptist..-. —..-.-... —--—. 8,791 3,130,878 356 $10,931 382 $1,244 Christia —.. —.. --—.....1 2296,8050 365 845,7810 1,041 Congregational —-..-.. —-. 1,674 795, 177 475 7,973,962 4,763 Dutch Reformed -3 —.....- 324 181,986 561 4, 096,730 12,644 Episcopal. -—. ——..-.- -- 1,422 625,213 440 11,261,970 7,919 Free.. —----—. — - - 361 108,605 300 252,255 698 Friends —-—. —-- —. 714 282,823 396 1,709,867 2,395 *German Reformed —...... 327 156,932 479 965, 880 2,953 Jeish..................... 31 16, 575 534 371,600 11,987 *Lutheran. —---- --—.... 1,203 531, 100 441 2, 867, 886 2, 383 Mennonite.-............... 110 29,900 272 94,245 856 Methodist................... 12,467 4,209, 333 337 14,636, 671 1, 174 Moravian —. -—. —.. —--- 331 112,185 338 443, 347 1,339 Presbyterian. —-............. 4,584 2, 040, 316 445 14, 369, 889 3,135 Roman Catholic......... —.. 1,112 620, 950 558 8,973,838 8,069 Swedenborgian..-..... —. 15 5, 070 338 108, 100 7,206 Tuker..................... 52 35, 075 674 46, 025 885 Union...-............6....19 213,552 345 690,065 1,114 Unitarian. -........... 243 137, 367 565 3,268,122 13, 449 Universalist.............. 494 205, 462 415 1,767, 015 3, 576 Minor Sects -.....- 25 115, 347 354 741, 980 2,283 Tota............ 36,011 13,849,896 384 86,416,639 2,400 The German Reforme d d Lutheran denominations use the same building in many places. Statistics of the Churches in the United States-Seventh Census, 1850. BAPTIST. CHRISTIAN. CONGREGATIONAL. States and Territories. No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of churches. commodations. church prop- crches. comnodations. church prop- churches. commodations. church property. erty. erty. Maine.........-.- 283 93,079 $426,787 9 3,580 $13,800 165 67,153 $526,270 New Hampshire.. 180 62,621 318,756 23 7,240 30,350 172 79,656 527,340 Vermont. —---..... 88 31,937 1503,842 7 2,220 12,000 168 76,122 451,084 Massachusetts 262 114,140 1,460,350 29 11,020 84,450 439 237,237 3,279,089 Rhode Island... 100 40,131 366,300 7 2,500 24,300 21 11,703 178,550 Connecticut —------- 113 44,384 406,034 4 950 5,500 252 127,320 1,657,185 New York. -- - 776 334,274 2,252,350 62 20,000 79,650 214 102,430 779,304 New Jersey. ---. 107 43,225 334,600 8 2,835 10,400 8 3,500 37,700 Pennsylvania..-.... 317 127,308 806,395 19 6,400 24,400 9 3,100 17,250 Delaware - -- - 12 2,975 16,800..........................-.-..-.... Maryland. 48 16,800 132,810...... —-—.-. --- -.- —. —.-. —Virginia.-6. 639 241,689 687,918 16 4,900 7,595. —-- North Carolina -... 573 195,727 201,4-8 29 11,600 10,575 —.... -- -- -. South Carolina.... 413 165,805 293,863......-. 1 2,000 70,000 Georgia........... 821 310,063 390,801 5 1,710 12,050 1 250'2,700 Florida.. -.... 45 10,400 25,640-.. -..- - Alabama - - --- 505 158,880 227,297 13 3,550 6,165. -. Mississippi.-. | 336 105,050 186,192 8 2,350 9,950 - - ---- Louisiana........ 72 15,385 30,470 2 1,500 61,000 - -_, o - O Texas.... I 30 8,075 19,790 1 100 150................... Arkansas.,......... 73 14,730 21,870 -- Tennessee...... 611 188,815 269,424 57 17,800 48,295 -.... — KEentucky. —. - 789 5290,460 571,655 112 48,040 165,725 Ohio - - 545 184,098 598,730 90 30,190 56,155 100 41,920 207,S80 Michigan- 58 17,615 84,050 1 350 1,000 29 10,500 59,550 Indiana...... 412 136,333 211,585 182 64,266 88,640 2 1,400 8,000 Illinois - - - 265 91,620 204,095 67 30,754 42,950 46 15,576 89,250 Missouri.. - -..- 273 71,857 154,480 51 19,370 43,210 Iowa-.. 16 3,497 19,550 8 2,125 6,300 14 4,725 21,550 Wisconsin o —- 28 9,505 52,500 2 700 1,200 33 10,585 61,260 California. - -, - -- 1 400 5,000 8,791 3,130,878 10,931,382 812 296,050 845,810 1,674 795,177 7,973,962 District of Columbia — 6 3,460 29,300... —------- Minnesota Territory... — New Mexico Territory. Oregon Territory. 1 100 2,000 1 500 6,200 Utah Territory - -- - ------ - ------ -.. ----------—. ----—.. - Statistics of the Churches in the United States-Continued, DUTCH RE.FORMED. EPISCOPAL. FREX. States and Territories. No. of Aggregate ac- Total valiue of No. of Aggregate Total value of No. of Aggregate ae- Total value churches. comimodations. church property. churches. accommoda- church property. churches. commodations. of church tions. t property. Maine- - - - 8. 3,937 $52,600 19 6,742 $25,700 New Hampshire. ——.-.... ——.. 11 4,425 41,400 2 750 4,000 Vermont - -—... - -—.. —-2 —... —5 2 10,525 81,500 1 100 300 IMassachusetts ——.................... 53 23,595 697,250 3 1,000 11,750 IRhode Island. --------—...... -.....- 26 11,606 24S,500 2 611 5,000 Connecticut. -- -.. —......... 100 44,350 773,875 1 325 800 New York --—....... 232 131,025 $3,542,850 275 138,945 4,110,824 15 4,600 28,700 New Jersey........... 66 39,146 460,430 51 19,447 473,409 7 2,400 7,500 Pennsylvania.... 7 6,640 79,500 135 67,324 1,483,700 22 6,400 15,050 Delaware - - 21 7,650 78,900 -.-... lWaryland - —... —-----.- -....... 133 60,105 610,8177 --—. Virginia.-.. -—......... - -.... 167 73,884 527,150 107 35,025 61,900 North Carolina.. —---—.... -....- -..... 4'7 14,970 112,100 51 14,545 15,860 South Carolina.... -............ 71 28,540 615,450 5 1,550 1,700 Georgia.. —-. —. — —......... 19 8975 109,910 5 1,580 2,650 Florida.-. -- -. - _. —-..0 3,810 37,80 1 400 400 Alabama................ 16 6,220 76,-300 5 61,800 2,300 Mississippi.. —........ 13 4,550 66,800 3 700 1,850 Louisiana,.............. - 12 4,410 57,900 3 675 10o430 Texas..-.. -.. — 1 - - ---------- --- - 1,025 15,100 7 1,600 7,100 Arkansas- - ----. - ---.-.... --- 2 |350 4,250 1 200 200 Tennessee - --- -------- ---------- 17 7,810 85,300 28 6,900 6,665 Kentucky... 1'7 7,050 112150 32 7 13,100 Ohio. —------ 5 1,150 2,600 79 31,975 367,425 3 5,100 9,550 Michigan. ----------- 6 1,575 6,250 25 8,425 82,S00 700 3,000 Indiana --------- 4 1,025 1,650 24 7,300 74,000 10 2,750,700 Illinois. —----- -. 2 875 2,700 27 14,000 78,-50 2 750 6,400 Missouri. —'o —-—. —---- - 1-0 4~200 135,600 413 2,350 4,400 Iowa —. - ---------—..-. —-—. —. 4 670 5,000..-. — -- Wisconsin —.2 550 750 19 5,140 45,750 2 275 250 California. —----- --- ----- -----. —---- ------ - - -------- 324 181,986 4,096,730 1,422 625,213 11,261,970 361 108,605 252,255 District of Columbia.. —-. -s8 6,400 57,500.-......-.. Minnesota Territory. -...-.- - New Mexico Territory - - -------- -- — |I.. Oregon Territory. -- - ---------------- Utah Territory -------—... o o.'~ I..... Statistics of the Churches in the United States-Continued. FRIENDS. GERMAN REFORMED. JEWISH. States and Territories. - No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of No. of Aggregate Total value of No. of Aggregate ac- Total value churches. commodations. church property. churches. accommoda- church property. churches. commodations. of church tions. property. AMaine- - 24 7,225 $14,580 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _,.-,., New Hampshire.... 15 4,700 15,200 —.... —...-.-...... Vermont 7 2,550 5,500 -.... —---- ----- -,- -,,..-. Massachusetts.-. 37 13,823 108,600 --.... —-.1 200 $1,200 Rhode Island 1 6,370 57,800 - - -- 1 300 1,000 Connecticut —--- 5 1,025 7,150. —..-..... —-......... - -.- -- New York -_ 132 49,314 309,380 1 600 $15,000 9 5,600 126,000 New Jersey —,. —-- 52 25,545 20T,100 -----—.-.......~... Pennsylvania. 141 60,974 661,787 203 104,262 639,210 7 3,175 45,700 Delaware 9 3,636 24,900.- -..... —. - MIaryland ------ 26 7,760 114,050 22 14,800 197,800 3 1,400 41,000 Virginia --- 14 6,300 18,825 9 3,800 16,200 1 600 4,000 North Carolina.- - 30 12,620 7,575 1 5,725 17,200 - O.... - -. O - - South Carolina. 1 500 500, —- ----, - -,, - —,, 3 2,400 83,700 Georgia.. 2 500 400- - - - - - - - - - - - - Florida -. —. ——.-......- —... —--- - Alabama ------—. ---.....- - ---.- -, —-- ---- -. - —, Mississippi.. _., _-__ __ - _.. ec...-..o,.-,..-.-. Louisiana.,,., ------ --------- ^-..-. —- 1 20 $iO0 000 600 20000 Texas -.... -,,....,-,. -......... o.............. o Arkansas.... -..... o.....,.. o o eQ O O a o Q i _ O. a o s Tennessee..- -... 4 1,600 1,300 o.. o O _ Kentucky.... -.. OO..... _......... 600 1 6 3,000 Ohio * — | — --—. 94 30,866 82,175 71 26,315 71,860 3 1,300 29,000 Michigan... ——..-. 7 1,400 4,850. -..,,.... __._ -- - _.., Indiana -----— 85 43,015 59,555 2 550 3,500 -... — -- ---. -- -. — - Illinois —-- - 6 1,550 2,340 2 180 310...................O Missouri....... --—.- - --- - —...,. -- - -..- 1 400 7,000 Iowa.............. 5 1,550 6,300 1 200 800..............-.....W isconsin - a.,- -.-................,....... --....-...-....-......... C alifornia.~ ------ --- -- -- -- —, -. — - - - - —. --- — ~- --- ~ —- - - - - - —. —-—.-.- -. —.,.. - -. —., —-- - - --... —- 714 282,823 1,709,867 327 156,932 965,880 31 16,575 371,600 District of Columbia... 1 200 1,000................. Minnesota Territory.. —.- |.-..- -.. New Mexico Territory.. —... — -.... -— ~.... Oregon Territory... --- —. -..... —-......... —----...Utah Territory —-—. f 7.......7.................................... Statistics of the Ch-urches in the United States-Continued. LU'TIIERAN. MENNONITE. uI TlODIST. States and Territories. No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of No of Aggregate ac- Total value of To. of Aggregate ac- Total value of churches. commodations. church prop- churches. conmodations. church prop- churches. commodations. church property. erty. erty. Maine - -. -. -.... —-. —.-171 55,111 $259,695 lNew Hampshire - ------------- - -99 32,340 175,2-90 Vermont. ---— 123 45,010 221,850 Massachusetts 1 450 $11,193 255 94,011 934,380 Rhode Island -.-......... 23 9,310 102,900 0 Connecticut —----- -—. ----------------- - 178 56,625 3519550 New York 80 37,870 252,200 4 1,000 $2,050 1,215 478,145 2,885,543 New Jersey- 7 2,900 28,512 —-- 312 109,350 683,850 Pennsylvania. - - 495 259,502 1,633,356 86 23,870 82,400 878 339,026 1,715,658 Delaware ----------- --- -- 106 29,300 127,845 Maryland 42 26,800 287,950 4 850 2,000 479 181,715 837,665 Virginia. -50 18,750 52,445 6 2,250 5,550 1,002 315,763 721,003 North Carolina -47 19,550 29,025 --— I —-. —---- 1- -. —-- 727 214,937 284,930 South Carolina....... 41 14,750 109,500 - - - - 467 159,920 311,168 Georgia - - 8 2,825 34,850 ---- 735 233,143 393,743 Florida ----—...... 75 18,010 55,260 Alabama 1 200 250 531 150,675 276,939 Mississippi - - - - -- -- 406 112,983 240,265 Louisiana. -.... -.-. —. -. -. —-.. 106 3 0,260 3,5o 0 Texas It. 6....S....S Q8..8,985 56,0965 Arkansas 73 [ ~~~~Arkansas. ~ -_. -- -----—.,-._ - -. - -- -------—'73 14,250 27,070 Tennessee 12 3,400 2,600 - -.. -...., - -. 831 240,353 378,511 Kentucky --- 5 2,850 21,300.-. —......... 522 167,860 462,955 Ohio- 259 90,348 259,975 9 1,730 1,825 1,520 539,840 1,542,181 Michigan ---- 12 3,205 12,625. 103 33,610 142,650 Indiana 60 18,000 36,825 - —..745 256,372 4S2,460 Illinois. 40 16,440 40,120.......... 389 176,474 327,290 Missouri. - 21 7,260 34,560 1 200 420 200 5'7,350 280,245 Iowa.-.. 4 1,000 6,950.-_.50 12,197 43,450 Wisconsin —..- 18 5,000 13,650 —....... 54 15,008 62,430 California-......... 4 1,400 15,300 1,203 531,100 2,867,886 110 29,900 94,245 12,467 4,209,333 14,636,671 District of Columbia - 2 1,000 15,000 16 10,460 71,900 ^ Minnesota Territory-....... —----.. -----—.. —---- --- -.- ----- -. --- New Mexico Territory -.......... Oregon Territory ---------- ----- - ----- - - —.- - ---- 1 500 22,000 Utah Territory. —--------------------- - ---—......... ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ------------------- Statistics of the Churches i the United States-Continued. MORAVIAN. PRESBYTERIAN. ROMAN CATHOLIC. States and Territories. No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of No. of Aggregate ac- Total value of ahurches. commodations. church prop" churches, commodations. church property. churches. commodations. church property. erty. Maine -.....7.-.. —- 7 4,086 $32,000 11 6,650 $20,700 New Hampshire............... 13 6,500 71,000 2 1,450 20,000 Vermont -. -...........- 10 4,100 17,500 8 4,305 42,200 Massachusetts. —..- 8-20 15 7,785 82,500 36 30,315 477,500 Rhode Island......... 77,300 72,500 Connecticut. - —. - 17 7,500 88,700 12 9,015 97,500 New York....... 3 1,500 $36,000 662 369,314 4,347,206 174 122,588 1,569,875 New Jersey -----—. —-- -- 146 81,400 1,175,250 21 9,335 99,385 Pennsylvania..... 84 32,715 221,350 755 57,481 2,574,700 139 89,251 1,084,204 Delaware.......,........-.. 26 10,100 75,500 3 1,630 15,000 Maryland. 12 5,350 32,500 57 23,235 378,300 65 31,100 1,161,532 Virginia 8 1,500 2,550 236 101b625 567,165 17 7,930 126,100 North Carolina.-....v 7 3,000 34,000 143 62,730 170,030 4 1,400 5,900 South Carolina,,..,..,........ 125 64,465 471,125 14 6,030 78,315 Georgia....,, 1 75 25 92 39,996 218,805 8 4,250 79,500 Florida..... 14 5,700 31,500 5 1,850 13,600 Alabama. 150 58,705 222,77 5 5,200 300,000 Mississippi 13 47 1-,6-..- 3.S... 135 47,166 183,085 8 3,000 66,000 Louisiana. p., s 17 95 10 1499300 5 37,240 1,045,650 Texas................ 6, 15 00 9,070 13 6,760 79,700 Arkansas.... 25 7,200 28,275 6 1,400 6,650 Tennessee............- -........ 357 132,717 365,531 3 1,300 45,000 Kentucky. -222 99,006 492,303 48 24,240 336,910 Ohio.......... -158 49,545 93,072 659 271,499 1,388,199 130 76,215 763,307 Michigan........... 1 200 500 67 22,530 142,650 42'15,972 159,775 Indiana... 53 17,400 20,800 267 103,432 324,170 63 25,115 167,725 Illinois. 2 400 350 198 81,529 395,130 58 29,000 220,400 Missouri —- -..- - -—. l.....-.. —- 108 41,750 285,970 64 26,102 494,575 Iowa...... 2 500 2,200 24 6,655 28,350 17 3,990 28,250 Wisconsin... 21 6,000 35,800 57 23,717 66,085 California -............ --- - - -1 500 1 8,000 17 7,300 230,000 331 112,185 443,347 4,584 2,040,316 14,369,889 1,112 620,950 8,973,838 District of Columbia.... 1 6 5,000 73,000 6 7,100 105,300 Minnesota Territory. New Mexico Territory.. -146 76,100 188,200 Oregon Territory..... - 1. 200 5,000 5 1,833 41,320 Utah Territory................... Statistics of the Churches in the United States-Continued. SWEDENBORGIAN. TUNKER. UNION. UNITARIAN. States and Territories. 2 I; S U H US.-. AU k New York....... 13,121,498 4,148,182 17,858,400 26,552,814..... —. —. 83,189 New Jersey..1,601,190 1,255,578 8,759,704 3,378,063 ------ 310 Pennsylvania- -.. -, 15,367,691 4,805,160 19,835,214 21,538,156 ----- - 912,651 Delaware -. —....- -.... 482,511 8,066 3,145,542 604,518 —. Maryland --—. — - - 4,494,680 226,014 11,104,631 2,242,151 - 21,407,497 District of Columbia --—. - 17,370 5,509 65,230 8,134 ----—. 7,800 Virginia. ----—. —-.... 11,232,616 458,930 35,254,319 10,179,045 17,154 56,803,218 North Caroliaa.... 2,130,102 229,563 27,941,051 4,052,078 5,465,868 11,984,786 South Carolina.. 1,066,277 43,790 16,271,454 2,322,155 159,930,613 74,285 Georgia...,.., 1,088,534 53,750 30,080,099 3,820,044 38,950,691 423,924 Florida.................... 1,027 1,152 1,996,809 66,586 1,075,090 998,614 Alabama ---—. —....,- 294,044 17,261 28,754,048 2,965,697 2,311,252 164,990 Mississippi.- 137,990 9,606 22,446,552 1,503,288 2,719,856 49,960 Louisiana 417 475 10,266,373 89,637 4,425,349 26,878 Texas -.. -. -- 41,689 3,108 5,926,611 178,883 87,916 66,897 Arkansas..... ---- 199,639 8,047 8,893,939 656,183 63,179 218,936 Tennessee.....-.1,619,381 89,163 52,276,223 7,703,086 258,854 20,148,932 Kentucky...... 2,140,822 415,073 58,675,591 8,201,311 5,688 55,501,196 Ohio.. 14,487,351 425,718 59,078,695 13,472,742- 1-0,454,449 Michigan... - -4,925,889 105,871 5,641,420 2,866,056...1,245 Indiana. ----- —.., _6,214,458 78,792 52,964,363 5,655,014 -- 1,044,620 Illinois —9,414,575 83,364 57,646,984 10,087,241....... 841,394 Missouri. - -2,981,652 44,268 36,214,537 5,278,079 700 17,113,784 Iowa. - 1,530,581 19,916 8,656,799 1,524.345 500 6,041 Wisconsin-. --.... —- 4,286,131 81,253 1,988,979 3,414,672 1,268 California -...17,328 -12,236...... 1,000 Minnesota Territory-. 1,401 125 16,725 30,582 Oregon Territory.- 211,493 106 2,918 65,146 325 Utah Territory. 107,702 210 9,899 10,900.70 0 New Mexico Territory.. -196,516 - -...365,411 5 8,467 ~' Aggregate..- 100,503,899 14,188,639 592,326,612 146,567,879 215,312,710 199,752,646 Productions of Agriculture in the United States-Continued. PRODUCE DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850. States and Territories. Ginned cotton, Wool, pounds of. Peas and beans, Irish potatoes, Sweet potatoes, Barley, bushels of. bales of 400 pounds bushels of. bushels of. bushels of. each. Maine.... -1,364,034 205,541 3,436,040 -. —- - 151,731 New Hampshire... 1,108,476 70,856 4,304,919 - - -- 70,256 Vermont. 3,400,717 104,649 4,951,014 —-. 42,150 Massachusetts..-.. —-—....-. 855,136 43,709 3,585,384 112,385 Rhode Island.. 129,692 6,846 651,029. 18,8 75 Connecticut................. 497,454 19,090 2,689,725 80 19,099 New York........... 10,071,301 741,636 15,398,362 5,623 3,585,059 New Jersey. —. 375,396 14,174 3,207,236 508,015 6,492 Pennsylvania -.... 4,481,570 55,231 5,980,732 52,172 165,584 Delaware ------ 57,768 4,120 240,542 65,443 56 Maryland........... 480,226 12,816 764,939 208,993 745 District of Columbia -— 525 7,754 28,292 3,497 75 Virginia ------ 3,947 2,860,765 521,581 1,316,933 1,813,671 25,437 North Carolina 73,849 970,738 1,584,252 620,318 5,095,709 2,735 South Carolina. 300,901 487,233 1,026,900 136,494 4,337,469 4,583 Georgia 499,091 990,019 1,142,011 227,379 6,986,428 11,501 Florida.. 45,131 23,247 135,359 7,828 757,226 -- ---- Alabama - - - 564,429 657,118 892,701 246,001 5,475,204 3,958 Mississippi............ 484,293 559,619 1,072,757 261,482 4,741,795 229 Louisiana............ D 178,737 109,897 161,732 95,632 1,428,453....... Texas-.. "...-6- 57,596 131,374 179,332 93,548 1,323,170 4,776 Arkansas.... —--—. —- 65,346 182,595 285,738 193,832 788,149 177 Tennessee ---------------- 194,532 1,364,378 369,321 1,067,844 2,777,716 2,737 Kentucky -----------. 758 2,297,403 202,574 1,492,487 998,184 95,343 Ohio. —---------- —. — -. —-- 10,196,371 60,168 5,057,769 187,991 354,358 Michigan -—.-. --- 2,043,283 74,254 2,359,897 1,177 75,249 Indiana.- -------- 14 2,610,287 35,773 2,083,337 201,711 45,483 Illinois —. 2,150,113 82,814 2,514,861 157,433 110,795 Missouri —...1,627,164 46,017 939,006 335,505 9,631 Iowa -- -373,898 4,775 276,120 6,243 25,093 Wisconsin......... —-.. 253,963 20,657 1,402,077 879 209,692 California. 5,520 2,292 9,292 1,000 9,712 Minnesota Territory - —...-.-...-.... —. 85 10,002 21,145 200 1,216 Oregon Territory. 29,686 6,566 91,326 —......... Utah Territory - ---...9,222 289 43,968 60 1,799 New Mexico Territory --—.. —---- -- - 32,901 15,688 3..... 5 Aggregate -.......... 2,468,624 52,789,174 9,219,975 65,796,793 38,259,196 5,167,016 Productions of Agriculture in the United States-Continued. PRODUCE DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850. States and Territories. _ _ Buckwheat, Value of orchard Wine, gallons of. Value of produce Butter, pounds of. Cheese, pounds of. bushels of. products. of market gardens. Maine -—....... 104,523 $342,865 724 $122,387 9,243,811 2,434,454 New Hampshire.. — -...... 65,265 248,563 344 56,810 6,977,056 3,196,563 Vermont........... 209,819 315,255 659 18,853 12,137,980 8,720,834 Massachusetts. ——.... - 105,895 463,995 4,688 600,020 8,071,370 7,088,142 Rhode Island...... 1,245 63,994 1,013 98,298 995,670 316,508 ( Connecticut.. 229,297 175,118 4,269 196,874 6,498,119 5,363,277 New York -.-. | 3,183,955 1,761,950 9,172 912,047 79,766,094 49,741,413 New Jersey -......- 878,934 607,268 1,811 475,242 9,487,210 365,756 Pennsylvania................ 2,193,692 723,389 25,590 688,714 39,878,418 2,505,034 Delaware.... 8,615 46,574 145 12,714 1,055,308 3,187 Maryland.. —------..... -.. 103,671 164,051 1,431 200,869 3,806,160 3,975 District of Columbia........... 378 14,843 863 67,222 14,872 1,500 Virginia... 214,898 177,137 5,408 183,047 11,089,359 436,298 North Carolina........... 16,704 34,348 11,058 39,462 4,146,290 95,921 South Carolina..... 283 35,108 5,880 47,286 2,981,850 4,970 Georgia ------- -. 250 92,776 796 76,500 4,640,559 46,976 Florida..... 55 1,280 10 8,721 371,498 18,015 Alabama.-... -... 1-348 15,408 220 84,821 4,008,811 31,412 Mississippi......... _...... 1,121 50,405 407 46,250 4,346,234 21,191 Louisiana....... 3 22,359 15 148,329 683,069 1957 Texas..-. --— 59 12,605 99 12,254 2,326,556 94,619 Arkansas.... 175 40,141 35 17,150 1,854,239 30,088 Tennessee.... —----- 19,427 52,894 92 97,183 8,139,585 177,681 Kentucky.. - --- ---— 16,097 106,230 8,093 293,120 9,887,523 213,954 Ohio... 638,064 695,921 48,207 214,004 34,449,379 20,819,542 Michigan-... —--- — 472,917 132,650 1,654 14,738 7,065,878 1,011492 Indiana.. 149,740 324,940 14,055 72,864 12,881,535 624,564 Illinois..-..... 184,504 446,089 2,997 127,494 12,526,543 1,278,225 Missouri.23,641 514,711 10,563 99,454 7,834,359 203,572 Iowa....52,516 8,434 420 8,848 2,171,188 209,840 Wisconsin..-.79,878 4,823 113 32,142 3,633,750 400,283 California......... 17,700 58,055 75,275 705 150 Minnesota Territory -515...- —. 150 1,100 Oregon Territory..-12... 71 - -90,241 211,7464 36,980 Utah Territory. -- 332 - - -....23,868 83,309 30,998 New Mexico Territory......... 100 8,231 2,363 6,679 1 115,848 Aggregate-........... 8,956,916 7,723,326 221,240 5,269,930 313,266,962 105,535,219 Productions of Agriculture in the United States-Continued. PRODUCE DURING THE YEAR ENDINB JUNE 1, 1850. Hemp. States and Territories. Hay, tons of. Cloverseed, Other grass Hops, Flax, Flax seed, Silk cocoons, bushels of. seeds, bush- pounds of. pounds of. bushels of. pounds of. els of. Dewrotted, Water rottons of. ted, tons of. Maine. 755,889 9,097 9,214 40,120 -....- 17,081 580 252 New Hampshire- 598,854 829 8,071 257,174. - 7,652 189 191 Vermont-*. 866,153 760 14,936 288,023......-.. 20,852 939 268 Massachusetts......... 651,807 1,002 5,085 121,595 -.....-..... 1,162 72 7 ]Rhode Island. - 74,818 1,328 3,708 277. 85. - --- Connecticut. 516,131 13,841 16,60S 554...... -17,928 703 328 New York.... 3,728,797 88,222 96,493 2,536,299 1 3 940,577 57,963 1,774 New Jersey....... 435,950 28,280 63,051 2,133 182,965 16,525 23 Pennsylvania 1,842,970 125,030 53,913 22,088 44.. — 530,307 41,728 285 Delaware. 30,159 2,525 1,403 348- 11,174 904-. —-. Maryland.157,956 15,217 2,561 1,870...... - 35,686 2,446 39 District of Columbia... 2,279 3 15.. -..-.......... Virginia.-.. 369,098 29,727 23,428 11,506 90 51 999,450 52,318 517 North Carolina. 145,662 576 1,275 9,246 36 3 593,796 38,196 229 South Carolina...... 20,925 376 30 26 -.... —. 333 55 123 Georgia......23,449 132 428 261...... 5,387 622 813 Florida., 2,5,....... 2 14,... -- 0 t50.... 6 Alabama -......32,685 138 547 276.... 3,921 69 167 Mississippi........12,505 84 533 473 7 665 26 2 Louisiana..-...... 25,752 2 97 125...-.. --.....-... 29 Texas.. —---- 8,279 10. - 7....- 1,048 26 22 Arkansas -....S. —--- 3,977 90 436 157 15 12,291 321 38 Tennessee - - - - 74,092 5,096 9,118 1,032 456 141 368,131 18,906 1,923 Kentucky -. - -- - 113,747 3,230 21,481 4,309 16,432 1,356 2,107,261 75,801 1,281 Ohio.- -... --.1,443,142 103,197 37,310 63,731 100 50 446,932 188,880 1,552 Michigan........404,934 16,989 9,285 10,663-.. 7,152 519 108 Indiana-. 403,230 18,321 11,951 92,796 67 62 584,609 36,888 387 Illinois -.... 601,952 3,427 14,380 3,551 93 56 160,063 10,785 47 Missouri -— 116,925 619 4,346 3,130 15,968 60 527,160 13,696 186 Iowa.-... -89,055 342 2,096 8,242. —. -- - 62,660 1,959 246 Wisconsin.. —..- - 275,662 483 5,003 15,930. 2 68,393 1,191.. - California. 2,038 -..-..-....-... — Minnesota Territory. 2,019. —-.. —---—.. Oregon Territory -.373 4 22 8. 640 Utah Territory -.4,805 2 50 -550 5 New Mexico Territory..-. -—.- -I..-. - * —- -.... Aggregate.-. -. -13,838,579 468,979 416,811 3,496,029 33,294 1,799 7,715,961 562,312 10,843 Productions of Algriculture in the United States-Continued. PRODUCE DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 1, 1850. States and Territories. Maple sugar, Cane sugar, hhds. Molasses, gal- Beeswaxandhoney, Value of home- Value of animals pounds of. of 1,000 pounds. lons of. pounds of. mademanufactures. slaughtered. Maine ----- 93,542. — --- 3,167 189,618 $513,599 $1,646,773 New Hampshire 1,294,863 -- ---- 9,811 117,140 393,455 1,522,873 Vermont. 6,349,357 -5,997 249,422 267,710 1,861,336 Massachusetts 795,525..4. — 4,693 59,508 205,333 2,500,924 Rhode Island --------------- 28 ---- - 4 6,347 26,495 667,486 Connecticut- 50,796.-..-...... 665 93,304 192,252 2,202,266 New York.... 10,357,484 ----- - 56,529 1,756,190 1,280,333 13,573,983 New Jersey-29.. 2,197. 954 156,694 112,781 2,638,552 Pennsylvania-... 2,326,525 - 50,652 839,509 749,132 8,219,848 Delaware-.... 50 41,248 38,121 373,665 Maryland. —---- 47,740 ---- 1,430 74,802 111,828 1,954,800 District of Columbia. —....... -550 2,075 9,038 Virginia -1,227,665 ----- 40,322 880,767 2,156,312 7,503,006 North Carolina. -27,932 -- --- 704 512,289 2,086,522 5,767,866 South Carolina..-.. 200 671 15,904 216,281 909,525 1,302,637 Georgia- 50 1,644 216,150 732,514 1,838,968 6,339,762 Florida-. 2,752 352,893 18,971 75,582 514,685 Alabama. -.... 643 8,242 83,428 897,021 1,934,120 4,823,485 Mississippi. -.-.- 388 18,318 397,460 1,164,020 3,636,582 Louisiana..2.............. 255 226,001 10,931,177 96,701 139,232 1,458,990 Texas.- -. --. —- - 7,351 441,638 880,532 255,719 1,106,032 Arkansas.........- - 9,330 s -.18 1 192,338 638,217 1,162,913 Tennessee................ 158,557 248 7, 23 1,036,572 3,137,810 6,401,765 Kentucky........ 437,405 284 30,079 1,158,019 2,458,128 6,462,598 Ohio.- 4....... 4,588,209 -.......... 197,308 804,275 1,712,196 7,439,243 Michigans.......... 2,439,794 - -..... 19,823 359,232 340,947 1,328,327 Indiana -----------—. —. -. 2,921,642 - - --- 180,325 935,329 1,631,039 6,567,935 Illinois......... - -.... 248,904... 8,354 869,444 1,155,902 4,972,286 Missouri........ 178,910.. 15,636 1,328,972 1,674,705 3,367,106 Iowa.... 78,407 - -. - 3,1.62 321,711 221,292 821,164 Wisconsin -— 610,976. —- - - 97 9,874 131,005 43,624 920,178 California - - -.. - - - - -.... -....... - 7,000 100,173 Minnesota Territory. -. 2,950.. -- - - -. s - 0... —.....2,840 Oregon Territory-. -..-....... 24.. -. -------------. 164,530 Utah Territory-..-.-. - -- —..- -... ——. 858 10 1,392 67,985 New Mexico Territory............................ 4,236 2 6,033 82,125 Aggregate. -.. 34,249,886 247,581 12,700,606 14,853,857 27,481,399 109,485,757 98 Railroads in the United States.-In no other particular can the prosperity of a country be more strikingly manifested than by the perfection of its roads and other means of internal communication. The system of railroads, canals, turnpikes, post routes, river navigation, and telegraphs, possessed by the United States, presents an indication of its advancement in power and civilization more wonderful than any other feature of its progress. In truth, our country in this respect occupies the first place among the nations of the world. From returns received at this office, in reply to special circulars, and other sources of information, it is ascertained that there were, at the commencement of the year 1852, 10,814 miles of railroads completed and in use; and that 10,898 miles were then in course of construction, with a prospect of being speedily brought into use. While the whole of these 10,898 miles will, beyond reasonable doubt, have been finished within five years, such is the activity with which projects for works of this character are brought forward and carried into effect, that it is not extravagant to assume that there will be completed within the limits of the United States before the year 1860 at least 35,000 miles of railroads. The Quincy railroad, for the transportation of granite from the quarries at Quincy to Neponset river, and the Mauch Chunk railroad, from the coal mines to the Lehigh river, in Pennsylvania, were the first attempts to introduce that mode of transportation in this country; and their construction and opening, in the years 1826 and 1827, are properly considered the commencement of the American railroad system. From this period until about the year 1848, the progress of the improvements thus begun was interrupted only by the financial revulsion which followed the events of 1836 and 1837. Up to 1848, it is stated that about 6,000 miles had been finished. Since that date an addition of 5,000 miles has been made to the completed roads, and, including the present year, new lines, comprising about 14,000 miles, have been undertaken, surveyed, and mostly placed under contract. The usefulness and comparative economy of railroads as channels of commerce and travel have become so evident, that they have in some measure superseded canals, and are likely to detract seriously from the importance of navigable rivers for like purposes. In a new country like ours, many items of expense, which go to swell the cost of railroads in England and on the Continent, are avoided. Material is cheap; the right of way usually freely granted; and heavy land damages seldom interpose to retard the progress of an important work. It is difficult to arrive at a clear approximation to the average cost of railroad construction in the United States. Probably the first important work of this class undertaken and carried through in the Union was the cheapest, as it has proved one of the most profitable, ever built. This was the road from Charleston, in South Carolina, to Augusta, on the Savannah river. It was finished and opened for traffic in 1833. The entire expense of building the road and equipping it with engines and cars for passengers and freight was, at the date of its completion, only $6,700 per mile; and all expenditures for repairs and improvements, during the eighteen years that the road has been in operation, have raised the aggregate cost of the whole work to only $1,336,615, or less than $10,000 per mile. 99 It is estimated that the 2,870 miles of railroads finished in NewEngland have cost $132,000,000, which gives an average of nearly $46,000 per mile. In the middle States, where the natural obstacles are somewhat less, the average expense per mile of the railroads already built is not far from $40,000. Those now in course of completion-as the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, Pennsylvania Central and other lines, the routes of which cross the Alleghany range of mountains-will probably require a larger proportionate outlay, owing to the heavy expense of grading-, bridging, and tunnelling. In those States where land has become exceedingly valuable, the cost of extinguishing private titles to the real estate requires, and the damages to property along the routes, form a heavy item in the account of general expenses of building railroads. In the South and West the case is reversed; there the proprietors along the proposed line of a road are often willing and anxious to give as much land as may be needed for its purposes, and accord many other advantages in order to secure its location through or in the vicinity of their possessions. In the States lying in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi the cost of grading, also, is much less than at the eastward. Where the country is wooded, the timber can be obtained at the mere cost of removing it from the track; and through prairie districts, Nature seems to have prepared the way for these structures by removing every obstacle from the surface, while fine quarries of stone are to be found in almost every region. These favorable circumstances render the estimate of $20,000 per mile in all the new States safe and reliable. The primary design of nearly all the great lines of railway in the United States has been to connect the seacoast with the distant interior; to effect which object it was necessary to cross the Alleghanies, which intersect every line of travel diverging to the West from the great commercial cities of the sea board. The following are some of the vast enterprises which have been undertaken to accomplish this great purpose, which have either been finished or are in such a state of progress as leaves no doubt of their being brought to a successful issue within a few years: First. The railroads connecting Portland, the commercial capital of eMaine, with the British provinces, and through their public works, the St. Lawrence river and the lakes, with the western States of the Union. Second. The railroads from Boston westward, connecting at Albany with the roads of central New York, and, by the more northern route, traversing New Hampshire and Vermont, continuing towards the West by the Ogdensburg railroad, and bringing Montreal, the chief commercial city of Upper Canada, into communication with the capital of New England. Third. The New York and Erie railroad, extending from New York city to Lake Erie, and intended to form a part of a continuous line from the Hudson to the Mississippi-a project likely to be effected within the ensuing ten years. Fourth. The Pennsylvania Central railroad, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, with numerous diverging branches, to points north and south of the general direction. This great route will reach St. Louis 100 by a nearly due west course through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Pennsylvania section will be completed about the end of 1852. Fifth. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad, one of the most magnificent works of the day, will pass from Baltimore through Maryland and Virginia to Wheeling, on the Ohio. At the latter point, it will form a connexion with the system of roads traversing the West and Northwest. It crosses the Alleghanies by the most favorable passes, and, to avoid a very high grade, a tunnel has been cut, perhaps the longest and most expensive in the world. Sixth. The roads proposed to be constructed under authority of Virginia, and already commenced, intended to establish communication between tide-water and the interior, and southwestern parts of that State, and to continue the same through Tennessee to the Mississippi. These routes pass through the mountains at the southeast corner of Virginia, and the works are in a state of less forwardness than those upon any other of the great lines referred to in this connexion. Seventh. The several lines of railroad from Charleston and Savannah, penetrating South Carolina and Georgia, concentrating in northeastern Alabama, and reaching the level region of the Mississippi by the valley of the Tennessee river. These roads, by their western continuation, will intersect lines running to every important point between the mountains and the Mississippi. Eighth. The Mobile and Ohio railroad, from the Mexican gulf to Cairo, on the Ohio river, and thence by the Illinois Central railroad to the lakes, a distance in a straight line of about eleven hundred miles. It will be seen at a glance that the leading idea in all these vast enterprises was to overcome the barrier presented by this chain of mountains, to a direct and unrestricted intercourse between the sea board and the West, and to supply the want of those natural channels of commerce, navigable rivers, extending into the section we desire to reach. The enormous aggregate of expense of the numerous works specified above, undertaken with this one object, and their importance as public improvements, may be estimated forn the following brief notice of the New York and Erie railroad, which occupies the third place in our preceding enumeration: The longest continuous line of railroad in the world, and that in the construction of which the greatest natural obstacles have been overcome, is that which extends from the Hudson river, through the southern counties of New York, to Lake Erie. Its length is four hundred and sixty-nine miles, and it has branches of an additional length of sixty-eight miles. Nearly its whole course is through a region of mountains. The bridges by which it is carried over the Delaware and Susquehannah rivers, and other streams, and the viaducts upon which it crosses the valleys that intercept its route, are among the noblest monuments of power and skill to be found in our country. The most of these works are of heavy masonry; but one of them is a wooden bridge, one hundred and eighty-seven feet in height, with one arch, the span of which is two hundred and seventy-five feet. One of the viaducts is twelve hundred feet long, and one hundred and ten feet high. The aggregate cost of this important work was $23,580,000, and the expense of construction was $42,333 per mile. The road was originally suggested in 1829; a company was organized in 1833; it was finished in May, 1851, and opened with great ceremony for travel 101 and transportation in that month. The State advanced three millions of dollars towards the work, and afterwards released the company from the obligation to pay the loan. It will be seen that the execution of this great work was pursued through nineteen years, and was not accomplished without calling into requisition both the resources of the State and the means of her citizens. The following table presents, in a convenient form, some of the principal facts connected with railroads in the United States on the first January, 1852: or in process of construction.' g o: Maine.. 315 127 30, 000 583,188 19.44 New Hampshire.... —..... 489 47 9, 280 317,964 34. 26 Vermont.-.. —.. —-----—. 3 380 59 9,056 314, 120 34. 68 Massachusetts.....- -. 1, 089 67 7, 800 994, 499 127.49 Ehode Island. —-. —------- 50 32 1, 36 147, 544 112. 97 Connecticut ---—... —------ 547 261 4,674 370, 791 79. 33 New York.. —-----—. —.. —-. 1,826 745 46,000 3,097, 394 67. 33 New Jersey.. --—... —- ---- 226 111 8, 320 489, 555 58. 84 Pennsylvania.. ---—...... ——.. 1, 146 774 46, 000 2, 311,786 50.25 Delaware -. —. —-.-.- -.. 45 11 2, 120 91,535 43.17 Maryland ------------- -- 376 125 9, 356 583, 035 62. 31 Virginia.. —-- ---- 478 818 61,352 1,421,661 23.17 North Carolina.. —---—. ——.. 2449 385 45, 000 868, 903 19. 30 South Carolina.. —. —--—..-.. 340 298 24, 500 668, 507 27.28 Georgia... —.. -. —- -—. —-- 7:,4 229 58,000 905, 999 15. 62 Alabama.-........... —---- - - 121 190 50,722 771,671 15.21 Mississippi. ——........ —---- --- 93 273 47,156 606,555 12. 86 Louisiana --------—. —- 63. —-- 46, 431 517,739 11.15 Texas...... —. —----------- 32 237, 321 212, 592 0.89 Tennessee. ------ —. —------- 112 748 45,600 1, 002, 625 21. 98 Kentucky... —- ----- 93 414 37,680 982,405 26.07 Ohio..... —. —---—. s828 1,892 39,964 1,980,408 49.55 Michigan.. —-..... —-. 47...-.... 5. 6, 243 397,654 7.07 Indiana. —... —-. —--- 600 915 33, 809 988,416 29. 23 Illinois. —... —-—.. —------—. 176 1,409 55,405 851,470 15. 36 Missouri... --—.. —..... — -—. —-- 515 67,380 682, 043 10.12 Wisconsin...-....-.......... 20 421 53,924 305,191 5. 65 10,843 10,898 Since the first edition of this report was put to press, information has been received, tending to prove that 2,500 miles of railroad, in progress at the beginning of 1852, had been completed during the year, and that 3,652 miles of new road had been placed under contract, making the aggregates of 13,266 miles of railroad in operation, and 12,681 miles in progress, on the 1st of January, 1853. These facts display a rate of increase in the extension of the railroad system greater than the experience of former years had authorized us to anticipate. New York has 3,047 miles of railroad. This is the greatest absolute amount pos 102 sessed by any State; but Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Ohio exceed it in proportion to their area and population. Several other States-as Illinois, Indiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and Wisconsin-have a greater extent of railway accommodation, according to population, than New York. Of the southern States, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi are proceeding most rapidly in the construction of these improvements. In the North, Illinois and Ohio take the lead of all other States. But it will be more satisfactory to copy in this place a table, exhibiting the progress which each State is making, and has made, in such enterprises. It is extracted from the American Railroad Journal, and has been scrutinized with great care, and is believed to be a statement as nearly the exact as any that can be made. Table showing the nzmber of miles of railroad in operation, and in course of construction, in each State of the Union, on the first of January, 1853. States. No. of miles in No. of miles in Total. operation. progress. Maine. ---- -- -- 394 111 505 New Hampshire...... 500 42 542 Vermont. — --------- 427.-. —-- 427 Massachusetts.... 1,140 66 1,206 Rhode Island. 50 32 82 Connecticut......... -.. 627 198 825 New York............... 2,123 924 3,047 New Jersey........ — 254 85 339 Pennsylvania.-. —.- 1,244 903 2,147 Delaware...... —-....... 16 11 27 Maryland -—. -. —- 5621.-.. 521 Virginia...-. 624 610 1,234 North Carolina,.......... 249 248 497 South Carolina,.. 599 296 895 Georgia................ 857 691 1,548 Florida - 23.. 23 Alabama..236 728 964 Mississippi... 95 875 970 Louisiana........ 63 200 263 Texas 32. 32 Tennessee...,... 185 509 694 Kentucky...... 94 661 755 Ohio.. 1385 1,755 3,140 Indiana............. 755 979 1,734 Michigan...-...-..-... 427.-.. 427 Illinois............. 296 1,772 2,068 Missouri -------... — 515 515 Wisconsin............. 50 470 520 Total..... 13,266 12,681 25,947 103 Measures are in progress for establishing railroads in California, with the object of connecting San Francisco with some of the principal towns of the State; and no doubt, ere the lapse of many years, that important division of the Union will be in possession of as large a proportion of these facilities for travel and business as her population and resources require. From the brief sketch of American railroads should not be excluded some mention of several projects which are not only closely connected with the interests of the United States, but possess something of national importance. The first of these, in point of vastness of design, is the enterprise of building a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean. The routes proposed in this great work are almost as numerous as the persons who claim the merit of having first suggested and brought forward the scheme of thus completing the chain of railroad connexion between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Union. Although the importance of such a work to the prosperity of the nation cannot be doubted, there is reason to suppose that many years will elapse before the resources of the country will be found sufficient for its accomplishment. No scientific survey of any route west of the frontier of Missouri has been made, but it is not probable that any could be found that would bring the line of travel between the Mississippi and the ocean within the limit of 1,600 miles. The natural obstacles to be overcome are the Rocky mountains and the Sierra Nevada, the deserts between the Missouri and the former chain, and those of the great basin, the flying sands, and the want of timber. Further explorations may lead to the discovery of means to overcome these difficulties. Should the cost not exceed the average of western roads, it would form no objection to the enterprise, since it would be only about $32,000,000, or only twenty-five per cent. more than has been expended upon the Erie railroad-less than fifty per cent. greater than the aggregate expenditure upon the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and not two-thirds of that incurred by the State of Massachusetts on her railroads. And even though the average cost should be as heavy as that of the most expensive roads in the countrythose of New England, for example-the aggregate expenditure required for the completion of this great national enterprise would not exceed $72,000,000, which is not a larger sum than has been invested in such improvements in England in a single year. The only question, then, affecting the probability of the construction of the Pacific railroad is that of practicability. This can only be determined by thorough surveys of some or all of the routes proposed, from the valley of the Rio Grande, the Arkansas, the Missouri, and the upper Mississippi. If this road were completed, and the route continued westward by steamship to Calcutta, it would reduce the time required for the circuit of the globe, by the American overland route, to ninety-three days, as follows: 104 From New York to San Francisco --..,,.,.,, 4 days. San Francisco to Hong-Kong.... " Hong-Kong to Calcutta --- -- 6 6 Calcutta to Bombay... ia 13 " Bombay to England.-...............356 London to New York. 10 " 93 days. Another project for connecting, by the means of cheap and rapid conveyance, the two coasts of our confederacy, which deserves, as it has received, very great attention, is the proposition to build a railroad across the isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. The difficulties which surround this undertaking are chiefly of a diplomatic character, upon the ultimate decision of which the success of the enterprise depends. An American company has taken the work in hand, and caused a preliminary survey to be made, which establishes its feasibility. The length of the road, according to the report of the surveyors, will be 166 miles from sea to sea; but only about 80 miles from the head of navigable water on either side. The cost of the road, Ewith all the necessary equipments, stationhouses, &c., is estimated at $7,S48,000. The time expected to be required for its construction is three years. With this connecting link of communication completed, the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco will be performed in eight or nine days. The subjoined table, prepared fbr the most part from actual returnms exhibits the amount expended upon roads in operation on the 31st December, 1851: New England States....-... -.-...... $131,940,000.New Yorkl 76,000,000 New Jersey... —..........- -.. 9,040,000 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.... 81,600,000 North Carolina 3,800,000 South Carolina —. —---.....- 9,860,000 Georgia -. —... — -.. —-. 13,000,000 Mississippi _-.._. —. --—, —. 1a,400,000 Alabama... 2,000,000 Louisiana. 1,000,000 Tennessee..... 2,000,000 Kentucky - -.. —. —-- - -- -..- 1,670,000 Ohio..... —................ 17,60,000 Indiana.............. 9,000,000 Illinois*....... *. in. S. 2,600,000 Michigan...10,000,000 Wisconsin -. —-. —--- - -.. 300,000 Cost of completed railroads in the United States..... 372,770,000 Probable cost of those in progress................. 20,000,000 Total amount of capital invested in railroads, December 31, 1851 — 6.a........ 592,770,000 105 For the purpose of comparison with the foregoing, the subjoined statement has been prepared, showing the number of miles of railroads, with their costs, according to the most generally received authorities in all the countries of Europe in which those improvements have been to any considerable extent introduced: Miles. Aggregate. Cost per mile. Great Britain and Ireland.. 6,890 $1,218,000,000 $177,000 German States, including Prussia and Austria...... 5,332 325,875,000 61,000 France..... 1,018 238,905,000 254,000 Belgium............ 532 46,288,000 49,000 Russia..... 200 15,000,000 75,000 Italy............ 170 15,000,000 88,000 14,142 1,859,068,000 The preceding table was made before the opening of the railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which, being nearly 400 miles in length, would add largely to these statistics, so far as refers to Russia. In France, also, during the past season, 1,500 miles of railway, in addition to that stated in the table, were opened, making the whole extent of railway in that country, in July last, about 2,500 miles; and it is expected that, during the course of the ensuing year, 1,800 miles additional will be completed. By these statistics it is made to appear that the average cost of European railroads was $130,300 per mile. The average cost of American railroads completed previous to the commencement of the present year was $34,307 per mile. The excess of expenditure, therefore, in the construction of European roads over those in the United States, is $95,993 per mile, or about 280 per cent.; but it may be remarked that the estimated average cost of construction in the United States of all the roads completed and in progress does not exceed $27,300 per mile; so that the actual excess is $103,000 per mile. The foregoing statements develop the striking fact that the United States possess an extent of railroad nearly equal to that of the rest of the world combined; and, at our present rate of progression, we are likely, in a few years, far to exceed it. In the infancy of the American railroad system, a favorite means of providing funds for their construction was the advance of loans from the treasuries of the respective States in which they were situated; but this plan has been superseded by the use of private capital, and, within the last ten years, frequent recourse has been had to the expedient of loans and subscriptions by counties, cities, and towns through which the roads pass. Loans of this character, however, are in all cases made under the sanction of authority conferred by the State legislatures. The bonds representing these transactions with the stocks of 106 the companies have been estimated to amount to $300,000,000. This sum may be assumed as the amount of the capital invested in those roads now in progress, and those which may have been completed since the opening of the year. If, then, we add this sum to the estimated cost of the roads finished in December, 1851, we shall have $672,770,000 as the total amount of investments in railroads in the United States. From the best data accessible at this time, we prepare the following table, representing the financial condition of some of the railroads of the States, selected as affording a fair exemplification of the whole system in this country: Length of Aggregate cost. Net income. Declared Estimated acroads. dividends. tual profits. Massachusetts.. 1,089 $52,595,288 $3,260,670 6.2 7.5 New York..... 1,826 76,000,000 4,023,000 5 9.44 Georgia........ 754 13,000,000 —..... 7.5 10 The figures under the head of "estimated actual profits" present the assumed net income after the addition to the amount of the dividends of the surplus earnings, reserved profits, and all receipts in excess of expenditure not included in the calculation of which the dividend is a result. The rates of fare on our railroads are lower than on those of any country of which we have returns, affording the means of comparison. In New England, the average rate per mile is slightly over two cents; from New York to Washington, it is three cents and a half per mile. From New York to Cincinnati, the railroad and steamboat fare together is less than two cents per mile. From New York to Albany, the price of passage is a fraction over one cent per mile, and the average rate upon all the New York railroads has been stated at two cents and onefifth per mile. Telegraphs.-As telegraphs have formed a subject of inquiry, it is deemed proper to present some account of the information obtained respecting this recent but widely extended and daily enlarging means of communication. At the present time it is a subject engrossing much of the attention of our own citizens, and frequent applications are made to this office, from foreign countries, for information regarding the minntice of the system as conducted in the United States. Here, the telegraphic system is carried to greater extent than in any other part of the world, and the numerous lines now in full operation form a net-work over the length and breadth of the land. They are not confined to the populous regions of the Atlantic coast, but extend far into the interior, climb the sides of the highest mountains, and cross the almost boundless prairies; and in a few years a continuous communication will be established between the capital of the nation and the 107 shores of the Pacific, as it now exists between the Atlantic, the great lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico. It is to American ingenuity that we owe the practical application of the magnetic, telegraph for the purpose of communication between distant points, and it has been perfected and improved mainly by American science and skill. While the honor is due to Professor Morse for the practical application and successful prosecution of the telegraph, it is mainly owing to the researches and discoveries of Professor Henry, and other scientific Americans, that he was enabled to perfect so valuable an invention. The first attempt which was made to render electricity available for the transmission of signals, of which we have any account, was that of Le Sage, a Frenchman, in 1774. From that time to the present, there have been numerous inventions and experiments to effect this object; and from 1820 to 1850, there were no less than sixty-three claimants for different varieties of telegraphs. We will direct attention only to those of Morse, Bain, and House, they being the only kinds used in this country. During the summer of 1832, Professor S. F. B. Morse, an American, conceived the idea of an electric or electro-magnetic telegraph, and, after numerous experiments, announced his invention to the public in April, 1837. On the 10th of March, 1837, Hon. Levi Woodbury, then Secretary of the Treasury, issued a circular requesting information in regard to the propriety of establishing a system of telegraphs for the United States, to which Professor Morse replied, giving an account of his invention, its proposed advantages and probable expense. At that time he'" presumed five words could be transmitted in a minute." Professor Morse having petitioned Congress for aid to enable him to test the practical operation of his invention, an appropriation of $30,000 was made for this purpose; and in June, 1844, he erected the first telegraphic line in the United States, between Washington and Baltimore, a length of 40 miles. This line was extended to Philadelphia and New York, a distance of 250 miles. It reached Boston in 1845, and became the great line of the North, from which branched two others, one from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, 1,000 miles; the other from New York to Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago, and Milwaukie, 1,300 miles. Another line, 1,395 miles in length, connects Buffalo, Niagara, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, and Halifax. Two lines run south to New Orleans —one from New York, Washington, and Charleston, 1,966 miles-the other from Cleveland, Ohio, and Cincinnati, via Nashville, 1,200 miles long. The only line constructed with government aid was that connecting the cities of Washington and Baltimore. The others have been established by private enterprise. This line is at present, perhaps, the best appointed and most reliable in the world. The following table exhibits the annual receipts of the " Magnetic Telegraph Company," extending 108 from Washington to New York, which was the first organized in this country: From January 27, 1846, to July 1 1846 -.....-...... $4,228 77 " July 1, 1846, to July 1, 1847....,..... 32,810 28 " 1847, " 1848.-..-...5. 52,252 81' 6' 1848, " 1849................... 63,367 62 s' " 1849, " 1850...........-... 61,383 98' " 1850, " 1851 ------------ 67,737 12'; "s 1851, " 1852 —---- —..- 103,860 84 Total amount received up to July, 1852, —.... —-...385,641 42 The number of messages sent over this line in the last six months was 154,514, producing $68,499 23. The amount of business which a well-conducted office can perform is immense. Nearly seven hundred messages, exclusive of those for the press, were sent in one day over the Morse Albany line; and a few days after, the Bain line at Boston sent and received five hundred communications. Another office, with two wires-one five hundred, the other two hundred miles in length-after spending three hours in the transmission of public news, telegraphed, in a single day, four hundred and fifty private messages, averaging twenty-five words each, besides the address, sixty of which were sent in succession, without a word of repetition. The apparatus cannot be worked successfully without skilful operators, good batteries and machines, and thorough insulation of the conductors. The expense of copper wire, which was at first used, has caused it to be superseded by iron, which is found to answer the purpose as well, though it is requisite to give the iron wire six times the weight of a copper one, to gain the same conducting power with equal lengths. About two hundred and fifty pounds of iron wire are required to a mile. Its insulation is effected by winding it around or passing it through caps or knobs of glass, or well-glazed stoneware, or enclosing it with gutta percha. The wires are generally supported on spars or posts, from twenty to thirty feet in height, nine inches in diameter at the base, four and a half at the top, set in the ground five feet deep, and placed from twelve to fifteen rods apart. Although the wires have been buried in the earth, in some countries, and experiments tried here to effect this object, it would appear, from the latest information received, that this method is unsuccessful, and will be relinquished. The cost of construction, including wire, posts, labor, &c., is about one hundred and fifty dollars per mile. The only constant and economical battery used in the United States is Grove's, consisting of cups of zinc, with strips of platinum, in an earthenware or porcelain cup, which cup is filled with nitric acid and is placed inside of the zinc cup, in a tumbler containing diluted sulphuric acid. The main battery on a line, (from four to fifty cups,) requires renewing once in every two weeks, and daily in unfavorable weather and in local batteries of two or three cups. 109 The earth itself has been made to furnish a supply of electric force a single pair of zinc and copper plates buried sufficiently deep below the surface to be in the wet sub-soil, will cause a current of low intensity. The earth acts as the return wire to any given number of distinct wires, without in the least affecting the regularity of the action of any of them. The average performance of the Morse instruments is to transmit from eight thousand to nine thousand letters per hour. The usual charge of transmission is twenty-five cents for ten words, or less, sent one hundred miles. The following table will show the rates of telegraphic communication between the city of Washington and some of the principal cities of the Union. The distances are given from a table prepared at the Post Office Department. Telegraphic charges from Washington to the following places for mes sages containing ten words or less. Places. Miles. Rates. Albany - -. -—,. —---- - N. Y.. 376 $0 SO Augusta. ----- -— Me... 619 1 15 Baltimore... d..... 40 20 Baton Rouge..-. —-- ---— La.. 1,539 2 25 Boston....- Mass.. - 448 75 Buffalo. -- N. Y. 703 90 Chicago.-.....11..... 1,238 1 25 Cincinnati....... Ohio. 578 70 Cleveland......do... 439 80 Detroit -------- --- Mich... 970 1 00 Dubuque....... owa. 1,449 1 70 Erie ----—... ------ Pa.... 4439 1 00 Frankfort. ----—... — ------— Ky.... 669 2 00 Harrisburg. -Pa.. —. 124 45 Hartford......Conn... 345 75 Indianapolis.- a.... 639 1 00 Jackson..-. Miss... 1,32^5 2 00 Louisville..........- Ky... 720 95 Madison... -- -----— Wis.... 1,413 1 55 Memphis..Tenn... 1,305 1 70 Milwaukiei.is... 1,332 1 35 Nashville. Tenn.- 1,142 1 35 Natchez..Miss.. 1,694 2 05 New Albany.....a. 723 1 10 Newport.........R... 414 75 New Orleans.. —-- ----- La.. 1,408 2 20 New York. X............ N Y. 232 50 Philadelphia.... Pa... 142 30 Pittsburg.......P..... 307 45 110 Telegraphic charges-Continued. Places. Miles. Rates. Portland-.. e...FMe.. 555 $0 95 Portsmouth................N...... 03 1 00 Providence... —......,-...R. I.... 405 75 St. Louis....................... Mo.... 989 1 20 Springfield..................... ll. 851 1 45 Syracuse.. N.. Y.... 524 90 Vicksburg M.....................iss.. 1,371 2 30 Wheeling.......................Va..... 331 50 Wilmington.....................Del. 112 25 Messages passing from one very distant point to another have usually to be re-written at intermediate stations; though, by an improved method, the seaboard line has, in good weather, transmitted communications direct between New York and Mobile-a distance of near 1,800 miles-without intermediate re-writing. By the Cincinnati route to New Orleans-a distance of nearly 2,000 miles-the news brought by an Atlantic steamer at 8 o'clock A. M., has been telegraphed from New York to that distant point, and the effects produced in the market there returned to New York by 11 o'clock A.. The Congressional reports from Washington are usually received simultaneously in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York; and all that is necessary at the intermediate stations is for an operator to be present and receive the message as it is developed on paper by the instruments. The electric telegraph has been applied in this country to a new and highly important purpose-that of the registration of astronomical observations; thus establishing the best possible means for the determination of the difference of longitude. The observatories in different parts of the country are connected by telegraphic wires; and the most delicate experiments, dependent upon the appreciation of minute portions of time, have been successfully performed. This method has been recently used for the determination of the wave time of electrical currents. The great extent of the telegraphic business, and its importance to the community, is shown by a statement of the amount paid for despatches by the associated press of New York, composed of the seven principal morning papers-the Courier and Enquirer, Tribune, Herald, Journal of Commerce, Sun, Times, and Express. During the year ending November I, 1852, these papers paid nearly fifty thousand dollars for despatches, and about fourteen thousand dollars for special and exclusive messages not included in the expenses of the association. The Morse system is used generally throughout the United States. It is used in Prussia, wherever intelligence is transmitted great distances. The great German-Austrian Telegraphic Union, comprising all the States of Germany and Austria, after deliberating in convention at ill Vienna, came to the conclusion that none but the American system would fully accomplish their object for international correspondence. Alexander Bain, a native of Scotland, patented an electro-chemical telegraph on the 12th December, 1846; and another patent was granted to him in connexion with Robert Smith, in Ociober, 1849. The advantages which the inventor attributes to the electro-chemical telegraph are, "1st. More economy and simplicity in the primitive construction. 2d. More rapidity in the transmission of despatches. A single wire, with a good insulator, can transmit 1,200 letters a minute. 3d. An electric current, more feeble than ordinary, suffices to cause the apparatus to work. 4th. More simplicity and economy in the correspondence and superintendence. 5th. Fewer chances of error in the despatches sent." The Bain telegraph used in this country has been materially improved by Henry J. Rogers. The following is a list of the Bain telegraphic lines in the United States: New York to Boston, (250 miles each).. - 2 wires 500) miles. Boston to Portland....-.........-. —-.-.1 " 100 " Boston to Burlington, Vermont, and thence to Ogdensburg, New York- —,.. —.........-1 350' 6 Troy to Saratoga........ -...........1 "( 36 " New York to Buffalo, (513 miles each)........2 " 1,026 "6 7 " 2,012 Five lines, having seven wires and a length of 2,012 miles. The "House printing telegraph'" was invented by Royal E. Housee a Pennsylvanian, and patented April 18, 1846. The first line operating with this instrument was completed in August, 1850, by the Boston and New York Telegraph Company, between those cities. It has been patented in England by Jacob Brett. The difierence between Morse's and House's telegraph is, principally, that the first traces at the distant end what is marked at the other; while Hlouse's does not trace at either end, but makes a signal of a letter at the distant end which has been made at the other, and thus, by new machinery, and a new power of air and axial magnetism, is enabled to print the signal letter at the last end, and this at the astonishing rate of sixty or seventy strokes, or breaks, in a second, and at once records the information, by its own machinery, in printed letters. Morse's is less complicated, and more easily understood; while House's is very difficult to be comprehended in its operations in detail, and works with the addition of two more powers-one air, and the other called axial ma gnetism. One is a tracing or writing telegraph; the other, a signal and printing telegraph. The following are the House lines in operation: The Boston and New York Telegraph Company; two wires; length, 600 miles. A line is being constructed to connect with the Boston line, running from Springfield, Massachusetts, to Albany, New York, there to inter 112 sect the New York and Buffalo line, using the same instruments, extending from New York to Buffalo, a distance of 570 miles. One wire is now in operation, connecting with Poughkeepsie, Troy, Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Lyons, Rochester, Albion, Lockport, and Butffdo. The same line to continue to St. Louis, Missouri, connecting with Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Louisville, will soon be completed, forming the longest line in the world under the direction of one company, the whole length being 1,500 miles. The New Jersey Magnetic Telegraph Company, using House instruments, extends from Philadelphia to New York, two wires, 132 miles each. A line also extends south to Baltimore and Washington. The whole length of House lines in the United States is about 2,400 miles. List of Telegrajphs in the United States. Wires. Miles. Total miles of wire. New York and Boston Telegraph Co...-.... 3 250 750 Merchants' Telegraph Co., N. Y. and Boston. 2 250 500 House's Printing Telegraph --,.-1 250 250 Boston and Portland................. 1 100 100 Merchants' Telegraph Co., (Boston and Portland)................... 1 100 100 Portland to Calais, —-. — ----- --- 1 350 350 Boston to Burlington, Vt., and thence to Ogdensburg, N. Y.. -..-..-... 1 350 350 Boston to Newburyport ------—.... 1 34 34 Worcester to New Bedford.......... 1 97 97 Worcester to New London. ----—,. - 1 74 74 New York, Albany, and Buffalo....... 3 513 1,539 N. Y. State Telegraph Co., N. Y. to Buffalo.. 2 550 1,100 Syracuse to Ogdensburg- --—. —...1...... 1 150 150 Troy to Saratoga. - 1 36 36 Syracuse to Oswego.-.....-... 1 40 40 House Telegraph Co., New York to Buffalo. 2 550 1,100 N. Y. and Erie Telegraph, N. Y. to Dunkirk. 1 440 440 N. Y. and Erie Railroad Telegraph, New York and Dunkirk........................ 1 460 460 Magnetic Telegraph Co., N.Y. to Washington. 7 260 1,820 House Line, New York to Philadelphia...... 100 100 Troy and Canada Junction Telegraph Co., Troy and Montreal..-, —-. 1 260 260 Erie and Michigan Telegraph Co., Buffalo to Miilwvaukie --..-................ 2 800 1,600 Cleveland to Cincinnati -. —.-........... 2 250 500 Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Indianapolis -. - 1 400 400 Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Vincennes.... 1 410 410 Cleveland and Pittsburg.........- 2 150 300 113 List of Teegraplhs in the United States-Continued. Wires. Miles. Total miles of wire. Cleveland and Zanesville-... —..- I 150 150 Lake Erie Telegraph Co., Buffalo to Detroit.. 1 400 400 Cincinnati and Sandusky city - --------- 1 218 218 Toledo and Terre Haute....... -..-. 1 300 300 Chicago and St. Louis... —- - 1 400 400 Milwaukie and Green Bay-.......-... 1 2 00 200 Milwaukie and Galena. 1 250 250 Chicago to Galena, Whitewater and Dixon. - 1 310 310 Chicago and Janesville. - ----- 100 100 Buffalo and Canada Junction Telegraph Co.. 1 200 200 New York and New Orleans, by Charleston... 1 1,966 1,966 Harper's Ferry to Winchester, Virginia -1. 1 32 32 Baltimore to Cumberland......- 1 324 324 Baltimore to Harrisburg................... 1 72 72 York and Lancaster... —...-.-. —-..... 1 22 22 Philadelphia and Lewistown, Delaware...... 1 12 12 Philadelphia and New York......-.. 6 120 720 Philadelphia and Pittsburg......-.-.-. 1 309 309 Philadelphia and Pottsville. 1 98 98 Reading and Harrisburg....... 1 51 Troy and Whitehall... —-. —... 1 72 72 Auburn and Elmira. 1 75 75 Pittsburg and Cincinnati. -.-....-_. 2 310 620 Columbus and Portsmouth, Ohio..-..1 90 90 Columbia and New Orleans...-. —. —-.- 1 638 638 New Orleans to Balize- -- - - -1 90t 90 Cihcinnati and Maysville, Kentucky..-... 1 60 60 Alton and Galena -------... --------- 880 380 St. Louis and Independence. -.-....... —1 25 26 St. Louis and Chicago..-.1 330 330 Newark and Zanesville...-. —--. 1 40 40 Mansfield and Sandusky....4... I...1 40 40 Columbus and Lancaster, Ohio -.... —- 1 30 30 Lancaster and Logan-... 1 26 26 Cincinnati to Dayton......-1 100 100 Zanesville and Marietta -..... —----- -- 1 66 66 Dunkirk, New York, and Pittsburg..1 200 200 Camden and Cape May, New Jersey ----- 1 100 100 Camden and Mount Holly, New Jersey. 1 2-5 2 New York and Sandy Hook-.1...80. 180 Cleveland and New Orleans, by Cincinnati.. 1 11,20 0 89 16,735 23,28% 114 The telegraphs in England are the next in importance and extent to those in this country. They were first established in 1845, and there are about 4,000 miles of wire now in operation. The charge for transmission of despatches is much higher than in America, one penny per word being charged for the first fifty miles, and one farthing per mile for any distance beyond one hundred mileso A message of twenty words can be sent a distance of 500 miles in the United States for one dollar, while in England the same would cost seven dollars. In June, 1852, the submarine telegraph between Dover and Ostend was completed, and on the 1st of November the first electric communication was established direct between Great Britain and the Continent of Europe. By a line of wires between London and Dover, via Doncaster and Canterbury, in connexion with the submarine cable across the Straits of Dover, instantaneous communication is obtained between London, Paris, Sweden, Trieste, Cracow, Odessa, and Leghorn. The wires are also being carried onward to St. Petersburg; also to India, and into Africa. A project has been formed for constructing a submarine telegraph between Great Britain and the United States. It is proposed to "' commence at the most northwardly point of Scotland, run thence to the Orkney islands, and thence by short water lines to the Shetland and the Feroe islands. From the latter, a water line of 200 miles conducts the telegraph to Iceland, thence to Greenland, and across Davis's straits to Byron's Bay, on the coast of Labrador. The entire length of the line is estimated at 2,500 miles-the submarine portions of it at 1,500 miles; and the expense of this great international work is estimated at ~500,000. Another enterprise has been actually started, with every prospect of consummation. A portion of the line is being prosecuted with vigor, and the company propose transmitting intelligence between the Old and New Worlds in four or five days. A charter has been granted by the British Colonial government to the "Newfoundland Electric Company," with a capital of ~100,000, to construct a line of telegraph from Halifax, N. S., to Cape Race, touching at St. John, crossing the island of Newfoundland to Cape Ray; thence, by a submarine line of 149 miles, to cross the Gulf of St. Lawrence, a landing being made at Cape East, on Prince Edward's island, and, crossing Northumberland straits by another submarine line often miles, to land at Cape Torment, in New Brunswick, and so on to the boundary of the United States; whence, by an independent line to New York, the connexion is completed. The total distance traversed by this line will be between 1,400 and 1,500 miles, of which 150 are submarine. It is stated that steamers can make ordinary passages between Cape Race, Newfoundland, and Galway, Ireland, in five days. 115 The following is a list of lines now in operation or construction in Canada: Miles The Montreal Telegraph Company's line extending from Quebec to the suspension bridge at Niagara Falls..... 155 British North American Electric Telegraph Association, from Quebec to New Brunswick frontier -- ------. - 220 Montreal and Troy Telegraph Company, from Montreal to New York State line. 47 Bytown and Montreal Telegraph Company....... 115 Western Telegraph Company, from Hamilton to Port Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron............................. 143 Niagara and Chippewa line. 14 Brantford to Simcoe and Dover -.. 33 Kingston to Hamilton,.......... —......... 256 Total length in Canada......... 983 In Prussia the wires are generally buried about two feet below the surface, and carried through rivers in flexible pipes. About 1,700 miles of telegraphic lines are in operation. In France there are about 750 miles; and in Germany about 3,000 miles have been completed. In Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Tuscany, Holland, Italy, Spain, and Russia, great progress has already been made in establishing lines of telegraph, and communication will soon be had between the capitals of all the States in Europe. In India, a line has been laid between Calcutta and Kedgeree, 71 miles, and an extensive system is projected for that country. The fbllowing details respecting the telegraph in India is given for the instruction and encouragement of those interested in the construction of lines through somewhat similar regions in our own country. From Calcutta to Rajmoole, the conductor is laid under ground, in a cement of melted resin and sand. From that village to Kedgeree, it is carried over ground on bamboo poles, fifteen feet high, coated with coal tar and pitch, and strengthened, at various distances, by posts of willow, teak, and iron wood. The bamboo posts are found to resist storms which have uprooted trees, the growth of centuries. Though the bamboo soon decays, yet its amazing cheapness makes the use of it more economical than that of more durable and costly materials. The branch road from Bishlopore to Moyapore passes through a swamp; the country is little less than a lake for five months. The conductor runs on the foot paths between the island villages, and, for some miles, crosses rice swamps, creeks, and ponds, on which no road or embankment exists. The most difficult and objectionable line was selected to test the practicability of carrying the conductors through swampy ground, and it has been perfectly successful. The Huldee river crosses the Kedgeree line half way, and varies in breadth from 4,200 to 5,800 feet. A gutta percha wire, secured in the angles of a chain cable, is laid across and under this river; and the chain is 116 found to afford perfect protection from the grapnels of the heavy native boats which are constantly passing up and down. The over-ground lines differ totally from those in use in England and America, or any other country, in this important respect. No wire is used. Instead of wire, a thick iron rod, from three to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, weighing one ton to a mile, is adopted; the heaviest wire elsewhere used being only 250 pounds to the mile. The advantages of these substantial rods are these:' They possess a complete immunity from gusts of wind, or ordinary mechanical violence. If accidentally thrown down, they are not injured, though passengers, bullocks, buffaloes, and elephants may trample on them. Owing to the mass of metal, they give so free a passage to the electric currents, that no insulation is necessary. They are extended from bamboo to bamboo without any protection, and they work without interruption through the hardest rains. The thickness of the wire allows of their being placed on the post without any occasion for the straining and winding apparatus, whereas the tension of wires exposes them to fracture, occasions expense in construction, and much difficulty in repairs. The thick rods also admit of rusting without danger, to an extent which would be destructive to a wire. And, lastly, in considering repairs, the rods are but little more costly than small wire, and the welding occasions no difficulty. The importance of this discovery of the superiority of rods over wire will be fully appreciated in a country like India, where the line must often run through a howling wilderness, tenanted by savage beasts, or more savage men. The lines must therefore protect themselves, and this is secured by the use of thick rods. The expense of this experimental line was about $200 a mile. The pecuniary returns were originally calculated at about $90 a month; but they have been more than three times that amount. CONCLUSION. The balance of the appropriation of 1850 was drawn from the treasury on the 4th of September last. It is believed that the additional sum of $25,000 will be required to complete all the purely statistical portions of the work and prepare the same for the press, and to pay the expenses of superintending the printing of the first volume, and preparing the second volume in the manner proposed in my former report, and superintending to its completion the whole work, the further sum of $25,000 will be required to pay all expenses and complete the work by the close of the next fiscal year. The more particular the analysis of the returns of the Seventh Census, the more interesting do they appear, and the more confident are we of their general correctness and reliability. There is no question but they present the most ample materials for representing, with almost perfect accuracy, the social, civil, and physical condition of the American people. While, in the minulti of some small details, ingenuity may discover discrepancies in these returns, as in all others, they present 117 such an array of facts and body of accurate information relating to our people and country as exists respecting no other nation. While the savans of the old world are digging into the ruins of cities, removing mountains of sand, and excavating subterranean temples, to discover the most feeble rays pointing out the history of nations of antiquity, we possess, respecting our own, archives, of' which the like would be sought for in vain in any other country, and which furnish every facility for us to know ourselves, and to transmit our true history to posterity. The importance of statistical investigations and publications cannot be more strongly illustrated than by the examples of those nations of die Old World where the power existed in the throne to admit of their continuance, or suspend their development, as policy, in view of the existing state of the country, would seem to dictate. Statistical researches instituted by Louis XIV. after the treaty of Ryswick, were annihilated inFrance when it was necessary to smother the revelations of her decay, as they would be illustrated, during the war of the Spanish Succession, and the disasters of Hochstadt and Ramillies. The same result was exhibited a century after, when the statistical investigations re-established by the First Consul in 1802, after the peace of Amiens, were not allowed to exist, to make manifest the condition of the country after the catastrophe at Leipzig. With reference to the present progress of statistical science in Europe, a late French writer, Moreau de Jonnes, remarks that, "A profound peace, whose duration is unexampled, has caused an admirable emulation to spring up among all the nations of Europe, which, to repair the misfortunes occasioned by their former numerous wars, and to attain to greater prosperity, have ardently employed themselves in the cultivation of statistics, which is the basis of enterprise, and from the registers of which they obtain instruction in those things affecting the welfare of the state and people." One of the best evidences of the truth of his remarks is furnished by the National Statistical Congress proposed to be held at Brussels in September of 1853-a meeting referred to in my last report, to be composed of delegates from all nations, the convening of which in 1852, was postponed on account of the unsettled state of European affairs. These illustrations serve to show the value and moral force of statistical revelations, and the duty of a self-governed people, like ours, to sustain them, and to demand a proper publication of their developments, and that it should form a work easily comprehended in all its parts-one not exclusively for the learned, but adapted to the wants of all who would wish to consult it. The preparation of such a work is not only within the compass of possibility, but, with the means possessed, can be readily accomplished by industry and a reasonable amount of ability. That the expense necessarily attending the publication has been generally exaggerated, will appear from an examination of the correspondence relating thereto, which has been transmitted to you. Many great men, as Lavoisier, Vauban, Necker, and Young, for want of better means than they possessed, have made use of much more imperfect' data than ours to arrive, approximately, at the truth; and the character of their data, imperfect as it was admitted to be, did not intimidate them from 118 making use of the materials they possessed, nor deter their governments from adopting their deductions. Of these permit me to present but one illustration —that exhibited by Lavoisier, to whom a committee of the National Assembly in France applied, in 1790, for information to enable them to prepare, in accordance with the directions of that body, a rational basis for the establishment of taxes. To meet the wishes of the committee, and to form his calculations respecting the quantity of land cultivated, and the quantities of production and consumption, this learned man used, as a means of arriving at the desired facts, the number of ploughs which was supposed to exist in each commune. The results thus arrived at were adopted, and subsequent revelations, made upon more sufficient data, exhibited in them a close and wonderful approximation to the truth. Our materials present no such hypothetical character, but are deemed generally accurate and reliable, and are of a character to warrant their publication. Respectfully submitted: I have the honor to be your obedient servant, JOS. C. G. KENNEDY. Hon. ALEX. H. H. STUART, Secretary of the Interior. EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES. The effects of immigration upon the progress of population in the United States is a subject on which considerable difference of opinion has heretofore existed, and in the discussion of which many able pens have been from time to time employed. With a view to the attainment of the greatest possible accuracy, the statement published in the report of 1851, presenting in a tabular form the number of immigrants from 1790 to 1850, with their natural increase in periods of ten years, has been revised; and the result of the inquiries instituted has been to confirm the correctness of the results then announced. The rule adopted in preparing the statement referred to, for determining the actual increase of immigrants, until they became amalgamated with the mass of the population, was to assume the rate of increase of that class to be equal to one-half that of the entire body of white inhabitants, of native and foreign birth. By some this rule has been thought too liberal towards the class of adopted citizens, and by others it has been thought that its effect is to exaggerate the importance of accessions to our population from this source. Upon the side of those who entertain the former opinion it is urged that the proportion of females among immigrants is much less than among native citizens; that they suffer hardships in their passage across the ocean, and upon their arrival before they become settled, which render them peculiarly liable to disease, and diminish the average length of life among them; and, finally, that the state of poverty which is in so many cases the motive for leaving the shores of the Old World, continues with males and females of the marriageable ages for so long a period after reach 119 ing the United States, as to disincline large numbers of them to the formation of family ties. These are considerations tending to show that immigrants are subject to laws of mortality less favorable to length of life than natives of the country, and that their natural increase is retarded by circumstances which do not operate upon those among whom they settle. But there are certain facts which counteract the influence of such causes, to which attention is now called. If the proportion of female immigrants to males is less than among. natives, the proportion of those within the limits of the child-bearing age is much greater. If immigrants are subjected to special causes of disease and death, the comparative number of children and aged persons among them-that is, of those who most swell the bills of mortality in every country-is remarkably small. If it be true that many more of the industrial classes of Irishmen, Germans, and other foreigners remain unmarried to a late age, or throughout life, than among the same classes of the native population, it must be remembered that such cases are nearly confined to one sex, and that not the one which directly contributes to population. As illustrations of these positions the following table and explanatory remarks are submitted: Statement sihwing the sexes and ages of 245,336 immigrants who arrived at New York, Boston, and New Orleans during the year ending September 30, 1850, compared with the same number of native white inhabitants of the United States. IMMIGRANTS. NATIVE INHABITANTS. Number. Pei cent. of Number. Per cent. of the whole the whole number. number. Children under 10 years of age..-....... 32,184 13.12 77, 771 31.70 Persons over 40 years..................... 22,996 9. 37 36, 967 15. 17 usmber of both classes..-......-..- -.... 55, 180 22.49 114, 822 46.87 Number of females...........-........ 101, 021 41.14 120,000 48. 88 sumber of females between 15 and 40 years.. 68,253 27.82 48,850 19. 89 Proportion of the above to whole number of males and females.......................... 67.50.... 40.70 This table discloses some facts which certainly have an important bearing upon the question of the relative progress of our native and immigrant white population. Of native inhabitants, it is seen that very nearly half are between those ages subject to the most fatal diseases, while of the foreign born considerably less than one-quarter fall in those divisions. And although the proportion of immigrant females to males is only as 41.14 to 48.86, yet the capacity of these females to produce accessions to the population is, when compared with a like number of American females indiscriminately taken, as 58.29 to 41.71. Their superiority, in this respect, is, statistically speaking, 16.58 per cent. Tis fact of course insures a greater rapidity of natural increase in 120 that proportion. If we estimate that the influence of the smaller ratio of children and aged persons among immigrants is equal to an advantage of 3.42 per cent. in the rate of their increase, which is a moderate estimate, we shall find that, under the ordinary rules of procreation and mortality, our European population should multiply 20 per cent. faster than the native white inhabitants. But we must make some allowance for the excessive mortality assumed to prevail among the former before acclimation, which may be supposed to reduce this greater rapidity of advancement by about five per cent. And we may presume that it will cease altogether with the decade in which the immigrants arrive; because after that term the advantage from the greater number of child-bearing women will be almost annihilated, and the counteractive circumstance of the smaller proportion of girls at the time of arrival will begin to produce its effect in checking increase. These reasons are sufficient to authorize the assumption that immigration has no other effect upon the progress of our population than is indicated by the absolute addition of the numbers which arrive, and their natural increase within the decennial term of their arrival. After that period it is proper to consider them as a part of the American race. In correcting the statement of 1851, an error was discovered in the; table of immigration from 1840 to 1850, caused by the transposition of a figure. The statement for the year 1849 was 296,610, increasing the aggregate for the decennial term by 27,000. The statement in the report of 1851, that the number of immigrants from Europe passing into the United States through Canada from 1840 to 1850 was balanced by those emigrating to that province through the United States, so that the total addition to our population from this source was represented by the arrivals at our seaports, has been disputed, but is amply confirmed by a searching investigation. From 1831 to 1842, the population of the two Canadas increased from 797,972 to 1,142,000; being a gain of 344,028 in eleven years, or 43.2 per cent. The natural increase of population in Canada is supposed to be a little greater than in the United States; and for these eleven years it was about 30 per cent., or 239,391; leaving to be acounted for by immigration 104,637. During these eleven years there sailed from the ports of Great Britain 356,305 emigrants for the North American provinces. Of these, about one-eighth, or 44,000, are supposed to have landed and remained in the eastern provinces, leaving for Upper and Lower Canada 312,000. We may suppose that 8 per cent. of these died before 1842, leaving 287,000 to be added to its population; but it seems that but about 104,000 were so added, and it follows that the remaining 183,000 emigrated to the United States. That number is 16,000 in excess of the estimate first adopted for our table, which has been corrected in the present edition. A Census of Canada was again taken in 1852, and the aggregate population was found to be 1,842,000. Assuming the natural increase for the ten years to have been 27 per cent.-that of the United States being 25 per cerit.-we have a gain by that means of 308,340. The actual increase being 700,000, there remains to be accounted for by immigration 392,000. There sailed from Great Britain for her Ameri 121 can provinces during the ten years, (the two last being estimated,) 417,000 emigrants. Deducting one-eighth for the eastern provinces, and 8 per cent. for deaths within the term, amounting to 85,000, and we have for the total immigration into Canada for the period 332,000. It thus appears that there is a surplus of 60,000 inhabitants in Canada to be by some means accounted for. They could have only come from the United States. And as the number of natives of the United States in Canada, irn 1852, was only about 12,000 in excess of those settled there in 184, it is shown that at least 48,000 foreign emigrants went from the United States into Canada —mare than came from Canada into the Union. REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS, DECEMBER 1, 1851. 125 REPORT. CENSUS OFFICE, Washington December 1, 1851. Sm:i T have the honor to report that fall and complete returns of the Seventh Census have been received from all the States of the Union on this side of the Rocky mountains, and from the Territories of New Mexico and Oregon. A portion of the California returns was destroyed by the conflagration at San Francisco —an accident which rendered it necessary for the Census agent to prepare new copies from the originals, which are expected here daily. The other returns have been received. On the 30th September, there were employed in this office ninety-one clerks, two messengers, two watchmen, and two laborers. In the month of November, it was found necessary, in order to prepare certain information in time for the meeting of Congress, to make a large temporary addition to the clerical force of the office, and the number was increased to one hundred and forty-eight, who have performed extra duty. The frequent demands made by State officers and private individuals for statistical information have much increased our labors. All such calls have been promptly responded to, when compliance therewith would not interfere too much with the progress of business. The schedules used in taking the Seventh Census of the United States were arranged on principles different from any heretofore used for that purpose. The plan adopted for their construction, while adding immensely to the labor of the office, presents on the face of the schedule much more information in the same space, and a better combination of facts relating to persons and things, than has heretofore been attained, while it is perfectly simple, without complication, but little liable to error, furnishing easy means of detecting and correcting most of the errors which occur. These blanks were prepared under the direction of the Census Board, and were furnished in timely season. They proved to be well adapted to the purpose for which they were designed. Among the great number transmitted through the mails, from every portion of our territory, not one schedule was received at the office in a mutilated condition, nor in any way injured. The expenses of the Census Office have been as follows, viz: For printing and stationery, including the amount reported at the first and second sessions of the last Congress, and by the Census Board.................... $33,153 71 For amount paid United States marshals............. 34,001 25 For amount paid to assistant marshals as...-.....,. 891,245 18 For amount paid for clerk hire and contingent expenses of the office.. —-................. - —. — -, 105,929 66 The aggregate amount appropriated for taking the Seventh Censuswas. -......,........ 1,267,500 00 The balance on hand this first day of December, 1851.. 203,170 00 The balance due to marshals and assistant marshals of the United States........................ 130,201 00 126 To pay our contingent expenses, including clerk hire, office rent, fuel, stationery, &c., to the 30th day of June, 1853, there will be required an appropriation of.........., $150,000 The cost of printing the compilation of the Seventh Census forms no portion of this estimate. That must be determined by the plan adopted by Congress for the execution of the work. In the few cases where payment has not been made to marshals and their assistants in full, their accounts have been delayed, either on account of negligence in making a proper or timely return of their work, or to admit of some further consideration, in cases where the question of amount is, under the act of Congress, to be fixed by the Secretary of tlh Interior, and the data still too imperfect to enable him to decide the matter, without, perhaps, doing injustice to the parties themselves or the government. To such marshals as the act of Congress authorizes the payment of 6a reasonable amount for clerk hire, provided the charges under the act for taking the census do not reach $500," the principle has been adopted, to pay in no case a larger amount than that which, added to the other charges of the marshal, will make his gross receipt equal to that sum. This construction of the act of Congress is believed to be in accordance with its intention. The compensation of some of the assistant marshals, particularly in remote regions of the United States and Territories, which are not ineluded within the provisions of the supplementary act of August 30, 1850, is entirely inadequate to the amount of duty performed. It is my opinion that additional compensation is equally due to some of the marshalsb To the marshals and assistants, with but a few exceptions, too much credit cannot be accorded for the prompt and efficient manner in which they have discharged the duties prescribed by the law, and for the readiness with which they have responded to calls for information on a variety of subjects, some of which were not embraced in the scheduleso To them is due the credit of returns being made and rendered from this widely-extended country in time to admit of placing the aggregate enumeration of population before the Congress succeeding that which enacted the law, and on the first day of its session. The zeal and industry of many of these officers have contributed to furnish materials, rich and various, illustrative of the history, geography, and geology of the country, and it would be gratifying to the Superintendent of the Census to be permitted to send to each marshal and assistant, who has thus respected the calls upon his time and labor, a copy of that Census, which their united exertions have contributed to enhance in value. Good results would, doubtless, be experienced in future years from liberality thus dispensed. When it is remembered that, previous to the date of its commencement, eight days only elapsed after the passage of the act to take the Seventh Census, and, considering the large increase of population, and the immense extent of new territory comprised within its scope, it is not to be supposed that this office can be charged with delinquency; in view of he fact that we have received all the returns from every portion of the 127 country, (excepting those accidentally destroyed in California,) within a shorter time than they were received after the commencement of the Sixth Census, for the taking ofwhich the law was enacted fifteen months previous, which gave ample time for executing the preparatory measures. In the performance of the present work, there have been engaged 45 marshals, and 3,231 assistants, to each of whom, in addition to the schedules, were sent pamphlets of printed instructions, together with "form" schedules ready filled up for their guidance. Payment has been made to these officers in two portions -the first on the receipt of the marshal's certificate that the assistant had made proper returns to his office; and the second, after an examination of every item of the work in detail by this office, and adding to or abating the amount certified to be his due, as the result justified. The entire number of payments made to marshals and assistants has been 5,959. In some cases the assistant has preferred to receive payment at one time, after the final examination of his returns. In the compilation of the Seventh Census, it has not been deemed necessary to divide the population (as has been done heretofore) into divisions other than by counties, cities, wards, or boroughs. Each county in the United States possesses a copy of its own returns, and for its own purposes it enjoys facilities of arriving at the interests of the separate towns or townships-divisions uninteresting to the community at large. Each separate State possesses also a copy of the complete returns of the whole State, and from these may be able easily to subdivide, for State purposes, as minutely as desirable. To include all the subdivisions of each State would make the work, if not now, very soon, entirely too unwieldy. The subdivisions are, however, laid down in the original returns, and, if it should be deemed desirable, may easily be designated in the general work. The original returns should be carefully preserved, and should, as heretofore, be bound for their better preservation. It seemed to me doubtful whether the office possessed the authority to expend more in the preservation of these valuable records than would secure them from injury while in actual use for preparing the Census. The only expense incurred for this purpose has been for book boards, which can be used for binding them. Duty to coming generations requires that documents containing so many proofs relating to the history of the present should be carefully guarded from injury or harm. While they contain the last record of the dead for one year, they comprise no insignificant portion of the history of every man, woman, and child living; and long after all those whose names they contain will have passed from earth, will they be appealed to in proof of our once having lived, for our place of residence, our children, and our property. Those now living use them to learn whether friends or relatives long unheard of may not be found, and the search is not always made in vain; they have led to the discovery of lost relations, and their developments have brought happiness to many families. It would be well worth the expense to have recorded in volumes, alphabetically arranged, the name of every adult citizen, or head of a family, as it appears in the return, with his occupation, and with a 128 reference to the schedule upon which it may be found. This would furnish facilities of search hereafter, and save unnecessary handling of the papers. The advantages of such a plan would be somewhat analgous to that in practical operation in England with respect to the registration of their deaths, births, and marriages. Names to the number of 14,000,000 have there been registered during the past twelve years, in the ordinary course of events, in one office alkne. The returns are rendered the more valuable for future reference by the incessant vigilance exercised to the detection of errors. The utmost care has been exercised to insure correct returns, and the manner of taking our Census has been calculated to effect such a result. In connexion with every variety of statistics given, the name of each person to whom every entry on the tables applies has been furnished. in all cases where error or inconsistency could be detected, real or imaginary, the individual has been written to in order that the discrepancy might be corrected. The replies have been, for the most part, prompt and satisfactory. It has been necessary, in only three cases, to call the attention of a United States district attorney to require enforcement of the act of Congress for refusal to reply to the interrogations of the assistants. In all but one of these cases return has been eventually made without the necessity of making costs to the parties-in that excepted, the individual paid costs before appearance, and made satisfactory return to the office. These facts speak loudly in favor of the general intelligence of our people, and their deference to the laws, and prove that as liberty and intelligence are diffused, these investigations, made for the benefit of the people, cease to be deemed inquisitorial. HIere, no fears of an excise duty or tax deter individuals from contributing to a stock of knowledge, the dissemination of which must lead to the benefit of all The seventh enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States exhibits results which every citizen of the country may contemplate with gratification and pride. Since the Census of 1840, there have been added to the territory of the republic, by annexation, conquest, and purchase, 833,970 square miles; and our title to a region covering 341,463 square miles, which before properly belonged to us, but was claimed and partially occupied by a foreign power, has been established by, negotiation, and it has been brought within our acknowledged boundaries. By such means the area of the United States has been extended, during the past ten years, from 2,055,163 to 3,230,572 square miles, without including the great lakes which lie upon our northern border, or the bays which indent our Atlantic and Pacific shores; all which has come within the scope of the Seventh Census. In the endeavor to ascertain the progress of our population since 1840, it will be proper to deduct from the aggregate number of inhabitants shown by the present Census, the population of Texas in 1840, and the number embraced within the limits of California and the new Territories at the time of their acquisition. From the best information which has come to hand, it is believed that Texas contained, in 1840, 75,000 inhabitants; and that when California, New Mexico, and Oregon came into our possession, in 1846, they had a population of 97,000. 129 It thus appears that we have received, by accessions of territory, since 1840, an accession of 172,000 to the number of our people. The increase which has taken place in those extended regions, since they came under the authority of our government, should obviously be reckoned as a part of the development and progress of our population; nor is it necessary to complicate the comparison by taking into account the probable natural increase of this acquired population, because we have not the means of determining the rate of its advancement, nor the law which governed its progress, while yet beyond the influence of our political system. The year 1840, rather than the date of the annexation of Texas, has been taken for estimating her population, in connexion with that of the Union, because it may safely be as;umed, that whatever the increase during the five intervening years may have been, it was mainly, if not altogether, derived from the United States. Owing to delays and difficulties mentioned in completing the work, which no action on the part of this office could obviate, some of the returns from California have not yet been received. Assuming the population of California to be 165,000, (which we do partly by estimrate,) the total number of inhabitants in the United States was, on the 1st of June, 1850, 23,263,488. The absolute increase from the 1st of June, 1840, has been 6,194,035, and the actual increase per cent. is 36.28. But it has been shown that the probable amount of population acquired by additions of territory should be deducted in making a comparison between the results of the present and the last Census. These reductions diminish the total population of the country, as a basis of comparison, to 23,091,488, and the increase to 6,022,035. The relative increase, after this allowance, is found to be 35.27 per cento The aggregate number of whites, in 1850, was 19,630,738, exhibiting a gain upon the number of the same class, in 1840, of 5,434,933, and a relative increase of 38.28 per cent. But excluding the 153,000 free population supposed to have been acquired by the addition of territory since 1840, the gain is 5,281,933, and the increase per cent. is 37.2. The number of slaves, by the present Census, is 3,204,089, vwhiich shows an increase of 716,733, equal to 28.81 per cent. If we deduct 19,000 for the probable slave population of Texas in 1S40, the result of the comparison will be slightly different. The absolute increase will be 697,733, and the rate per cent. 28.05. The number of free colored in 1850 was 428,661; in 1840, 386,292. The increase of this class has been 42,369, or 10.96 per cent. From 1830 to 1840, the increase of the whole population was at the rate of 32.67 per cent. At the same rate of advancement, the absolute gain for the ten years last past would have been 5,576,590, or 445,445 less than it has been, without including the increase consequent upon additions of territory. The aggregate increase of population, from all sources, shows a relative advance greater than that of any other decennial term, except that from the Second to the Third Census, during which time the country received an accession of inhabitants, by the purchase of Louisiana, considerably greater than 1 per cent. of the whole number. Rejecting from the Census of 1810, 1.45 per cent., for the population of Louisiana 9 130 and from the census of 1850, 1 per cent. for that of Texas, California, &c., the result is in favor of the last ten years by about one-fourteenth of one per cent.; the gain from 1800 to 1810 being 35 per cent.; and from 1840 to 1850, 35.28 per cent. But, without going behind the sum of the returns, it appears that the increase from the Second to the Third Census was thirty-two hundredths of one per cent. greater than the increase from the Sixth to the Seventh. The decennial increase of the most favored portions of Europe is less than 1 per cent. per annum, while with the United States it is at the rate of 34 per cent. According to our past progress, viewed in connexion with that of European nations, the population of the United States in forty years will exceed that of England, France, Spain, Portigal, Sweden, and Switzerland combined. The relative progress of the several races and classes of the population is shown in the following tabular statement: Increase per cent. of each class of inaabitants in the United States for sixty years. 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 Classes. to to to to to to 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. Wahites........................... 35.7 36.2 34 19 33.95 34 7 38.28 Free colored-......................... 82.2 72.2 25.25 36.85 20. 9 10.96 Slaves-....-........ —. 27.9 33.4 29.10 30.61 23.8 28, 81 Total colored............-......- 32.2 37.6 28.58 31,44 23. 4 26.41 Total population.................... 35.01 36.45 33. 12 33.48 32.67 36.28 The Census had been taken previously to 1830 on the 1st of August; the enumeration began that year on the 1st of June, two months earlier, so that the interval between the Fourth and Fifth Censuses was two months less than ten years, which time allowed for would bring the total increase up to the rate of 34.36 per cent. The table given below shows the increase from 1790 to 1850, without reference to intervening periods: Number of- In 1790. Inl 1850. Absolute in- Incr'se per crease in sixty ct. in sixty years. years. Whites...................... 3,172,464 19, 630,738 16,458,274 518.78 Free colored -..... —-....... 59,466 428, 661 369, 195 620.85 Slaves..............-... 697,897 3,204,089 2,506, 92 359.10 Total free colored and slaves. 757,363 3,632, 750 2,875,387 379,65 Total population........... 3,929,827 23,263,488 19, 333,661 491.97 131 Sixty years since, the proportion between the whites and blacks, bond and free, was 4.18 to 1. In 1850, it was 5.4 to 1, and the ratio in favor of the former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as fast as the whites during these sixty years, their number, on the first June, would have been 4,686,410; so that, in comparison with'he whites, they have lost, in this period, 1,053,660. This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emigration to the United States. Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon emigration, published at Boston in 1848-distinguished for great elaborateness of research-estimates the gain of the white population, from this source, at 3,922,152. No reliable record was kept of the number of immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, by the law of March, 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign passengers arriving in their districts. For the first ten years, the returns under the law afford materials for only an approximation to a true state of the facts involved in this inquiry. Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of the 6,431,088 inhabitants of the United States in 1820, 1,430,906 were foreigners, arriving subsequent to 1790, or the descendants of such. A;cording to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of foreign passengers, from 1790 to 1810, was, as nearly as could be ascertained, 120,000; and from the estimates of Dr. Seybert, and other evidence, Hon. George Tucker, author of a valuable work on the Census of 1840, supposes the number, from 1810 to 1820, to have been 114,000. These estimates make, for the thirty years preceding 1820, 234,000. If we reckon the increase of these emigrants at the average rate of the whole body of white population during these three decades, they and their descendants, in 1820, would amount to about 360,000. From 1820 to 1830, there arrived, according to the returns of the Customhouses, 135,986 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, making for the 20 years 715,356. During this period, a large number of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland came into the United States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such from 1820 to 1830, at 67,993; and fiom 1830 to 1840, at 199,130-for the twenty years together, 267,123. During the same time, a considerable number are supposed to have landed "at New York with the purpose of pursuing their ronte to Canada; but it is probable that the number of these was balanced by the omissions in the official returns. 132 From 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign passengers in the ports of the United States have been as follows: 1840-'41..... o - - - - - - - - — 0 - - - - - -- 83,504 1842................................. 101,107 1843 - - -—...-....-....................... 75,159 1844..................................... 74,607 1845 - ------- --- - - - o- - ----------- --- --- 102,415 1846 -.-..-...- - —............. —-.. 202,157 1847...................... -- 234,756 1848 - - * 9 * - * - - -- 9- -- - -- ----- 226,524 1849 - -. --.. >d@*Q - O _O J- d 296,610 1850t. ---- --- —.. -.... -- - ---... - I -........ 173,011 Total............................ 1,569,850 Within the last ten years there has probably been comparatively little immigration of foreigners into the United States over the Canada frontier; the disposition to take the route by Quebec having yielded to the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities of the Union; what there has been, may, perhaps, be considered as equalled by the number of foreigners passing into Canada, after landing at New York, many having been drawn thither by the opportunities of employment afforded by the public works of the province. As the heaviest portion of this great influx of immigration took place in the latter half of the decade, it will probably be fair to estimate the natural increase during the term at twelve per cent., being about one-third of that of the white population of the country at its commencement. Investigations instituted since the date of this report lead to the conclusion that the immigration through Canada virtually ceased with the ten years ending in 1840, and that during the decennial term from 1840 to 1850, at least 48,000 foreign immigrants passed from the United States into Canada in excess of the number which passed from that province into the States of the Union. This correction does not materially alter the table of immigration up to 1 840, but slightly reduces the aggregate for the sixty years. See note on immigration at the end of the report for 1852. Taking for granted the substantial correctness of the above estimates, and the accuracy of the returns during the last ten years, the following statement will show the accessions to our population from immigration from 1790 to 1850: Number of foreigners arriving from 1790 to 1.810...... 120,000 Natural increase, reckoned in periods of ten years - - - 47,560 Number of foreigners arriving from 1810 to 1820 -—..... 114,000 Increase of the above to 1820 ---------- --- - 19,000 Increase from 1810 to 1820 of those arrivingprevious to 1810. 58,450 * This return includes fifteen months, from July 1, 1845, to 30th September, 1846. t The report from the State Department for this year gives 315,333 as the total number of passengers arriving in the United States; but of these, 30,023 were citizens of the Atlantic States proceeding to California by sea, and 5,320 natives of the country returning from visits.abroad. A deduction of 106,870 is made from the balance for that portion of the year from June 1 to September 30. 133 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in 1820 -----— 359,010 Number of immigrants arriving from 1820 to 1830 -.... 203,979 Increase of the above-.............. 35,728 Increase from 1820 to 1830 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the country in 1820..-1-.......... 134,130 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1830 7..-.... 732,847 Number of immigrants arriving from 1830 to 1840.... 762,369 Increase of the above- -...-..................-.. 129,602 Increase from 1830 to 1840 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1830.- 254,445 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1840-..........1,879,263 Number of immigrants arriving from 1840 to 1850........ 1,521,850 Increase of the above at twelve per cent. - - 183,942 Increase from 1840 to 1850 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1840........ 719,361 Total number of immigrants into the United States since 1790, living in 1850, together with descendants of immig ants,....~, ~.. o.,..-.........,........... 4,304,416 134 The density of population is a branch of the subject which naturally attracts the attention of the inquirer. The following table has been prepared from the most authentic data accessible to this office: Table of the area and the number of inhabitants to the square mile in each State and Territory in the Union. Area in Population No. of inhm State. square miles. in 1850. bitants to sq. mile. Maine.......- —..3..,-. —......... 30, 000 583,188 19 44 New Hampshire. —.. —..-... —---—.- -—. 9,280 317,964 34.26 Vermont... -..- -............ —...... —. 9, 056 314, 120 34. 68 Massachusetts... -....-..... -- - - - 7,800 994,499 127.49 Rhode Island.............................-...... 1,306 147,544 112.97 Connecticut....................................- - 4,674 370,791 79. 33 New York..................................... 46, 000 3,097,394 67. 33 New Jersey.. —--—. —. ——.-. —--—. —.. —. — 8, 320 489,555 58. 84 Pennsylvania... —-..-.. -..... —--------------- 46, 000 2,311,786 50.25: Delaware... —--—. —. —---------- 2,120 91,535 43.17 Maryland-...................................... 9, 356 583,035 62. 31 Virginia. —-.. —... —-..-...... —... — 61,352 1,421,661 23.17 North Carolina................ —................ 45, 000 868,903 19. 30 South Carolina..-........ -24,500 668,507 27.28 Georgia.....-. —........................ 58,000 905,999 15.62'Alabama-.. —-- —. ——.. -- 50,722 771,671 15.21 Mississippi.......................... —.......... 47,156 606,555 12. 86 Louisiana —...-.... -—. —-- - 46,431 517,739 11.15 Texas.............................. —-........... 237,321 212,592 0.89 Florida —-....- --. —. —---—.. 59,268 87,401 1.47 Kentucky —-.. —- ---—.. — —... —- 37,680 982,405 26. 0O Tennessee.. —- -......................-. 45,600 1,002,625 21.98 Missouri....................................... 67,380 682. 043 10. 12 Arkansas-................................... 52, 198 209,639 4.01 Ohio. —-. - ---—... —- --.. ---—.. 39,964 1,980,408 49.. 55 Indiana -—. —- - -------------- - 33, 809 988,416 29.23 Illinois..................................... —-.... 55,405 851,470 15. 36 Michigan —--------—.. —-.. —-—. 56,243 397,654 7.07 Iowa. —.... —----------- --------- 50,914 192,214 3.77 Wisconsin. —. —-. —.. —. —---—.... 53, 924 305,191 5.65 California...................................... 188,982.-..-............ Minnesota -—. —.. —.. —--—. —. —-- - 83,000 6,077 0.07 Oregon.- ----- ----—............... 341,463 13,293 0.03 New Mexico.... -........-..-.., 219,774 61,547 0.28 Utah.......................................... 187,923 11,380..... Nebraska.... —---. —--—.. —-......................136,700 - -. -. Indian......................................... 187,171...................... Northwest..-................................... 587,564.-......... — District of Columbia............................ —--—. 60 51,687 861.45 135 Fromn the location, climate, productions, and the habits and pursuits of their inhabitants, the States of the Union may be properly arranged into the following groups: Area in Population. No. of inhasquare miles. bitants to sq. mile. New England States, (6). -..-.-... — —..-. 63,272 2,728,106 43. 11 Middle States, including Maryland, Delaware, and Ohio, (6).. —........... —--—..... —- 151,760 8,553,713 56o 36 Coast planting States, including South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mfississippi, and Louisiana, (6).......... —-........ —-------.. —------ 286, 077 3,557,872 12. 43 Central slave States, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, (6) -... —- 309,210 5, 167,276 16.71 NIorthwestern States, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, andf Iowa, (5). —-—. —-. —-.-..-. 250,295 2,734,945 10. 92 Texas —--------. —-. —... -...... 237, 321 212,592 0. 89 Califoria...................................... 188, 982 165, 000 0. 87 There are points of agreement in the general characteristics of the States combined in the foregoing groups, which warrant the mode of arrangement adopted. Maryland is classed, as heretofore, with the middle States, because its leading interests appear to connect it rather with the commercial and manufacturing section to which it is here assigned, than with the purely agricultural States. Ohio is placed in the same connexion for nearly similar reasons. There seems to be a marked propriety for setting off the new agricultural States of the Northwest by themselves, as a preliminary to the comparison of their progress with other portions of the Union. The occupations which give employment to the people of the central range of States south of the line of the Potomac distinguish them to some extent from that division to which we have given the appellation of the coast planting States. In the latter, cotton, sugar, and rice are the great staples, the cultivation of which is so absorbing as to stamp its impress on the character of the people. The industry of the central States is more diversified, the surface of the country is more broken, the modes of cultivation are different, and the minuter divisions of labor create more numerous and less accordant interests. So far as Texas is settled, its population closely assimilates with that of the other coast planting States; but it would obviously convey no well-founded idea of the density of population in that section to distribute their people over the vast uninhabited region of Texas. For the same reason, and the additional one of the isolation of her position, California is considered distinct from other States. Taking the thirty-one States together, their area is 1,4S6,917 square miles, and the average number of their inhabitants is 15.54 to the square mile. The total area of the United States is 3,230,572 square miles, and the average density of population is 7.2 to the square mile. The areas assigned to those States and Territories in which public lands are situated are doubtless correct, being taken from the records of 136 the Land Office; but, as to those attributed to the older States, the same means of verifying their accuracy, or the want of it, do not exist. But care has been taken to consult the best local authorities for ascertaining the extent of surface in those States; and as the figures adopted are found to agree with, or differ but slightly from, those assumed to be correct at the General Land Office, it is probable they do not vary essentially from the exact truth. The area of some of the States, as Maryland and Virginia, are stated considerably below the commonly assumed extent of their territory, which may be accounted for from the supposition that the portions of the surface within their exterior limits covered by large bodies of water have been subtracted from the aggregate amount. This is known to be the case in regard to Maryland, the superficial extent of which, within the outlines of its boundaries, is 13,959 square miles; and is deemed probable with reference to Virginia, from the fact that many geographers have given its total area as high as 66,000 square miles. It appears from the returns that during the year ending on the first of June, 1850, there escaped from their owners 1,011 slaves, and that during the same period 1,467 were manumitted. The number of both classes will appear in the following table: MIanumitted and Fugitive Slaves-1850. States. Manumitted. Fugitives. Delaware -.............,.. —. 1. 277 26 Maryland.................., -.... 493 279 Virginia. --...-... --.. 218 83 Kentucky.................... 152 96 Tennessee...... - 45 70 North Carolina...- - --- -. —-- - 2 64 South Carolina...................-... 2 16 Georgia. ---..-,.- -.-.. 19 89 Florida.... —- 22 18 Alabama.................................. 16 29 Mississippi...................... 6 41 Louisiana........................... 159 90 Texas.........-....... 5 29 Arkansas.. -.......-...... 1 21 Missouri-...... -..-,..-.. -..-........ 50 60 Total...................... 1,467 1,011 In connexion with this statement, and as affecting the natural increase of the free colored population of the United States, it may be proper to remark that, during the year to which the Census applies, the Colonization Society sent 562 colored emigrants to Liberia. In our 137 calculations respecting the increase of the free colored population, we have considered that class of persons independent of these two causes, which respectively swell and diminish their number. MORTALITY. The statistics of mortality for the Census year represent the number of deaths occurring within the year as 320,433, the ratio being as one to 72.6 of the living population, or as ten to each 726 of the population. The rate of mortality in this statement, taken as a whole, seems so much less than that of any portion of Europe, that it must, at present, be received with some degree of allowance. Should a more critical examination, which time will enable us to exercise, prove the returns of the number of deaths too small, such a result will not affect their value, for the purposes of comparison of one portion of the country with another, or cause with effect. The table will possess an interest second to none other in the work, and the many valuable truths which they will suggest will be found of great practical advantage. Medical men will accord to the Census Board no small meed of credit for the wisdom manifested in an arrangement which will throw more light on the history of disease in the United States, and present in connexion more interesting facts connected therewith, than the united efforts of all scientific men have heretofore accomplished. The registration of the annual deaths, as well as of the living, marks an epoch in the history of "life contingencies" in the United States. To trace the effect of the wide range of physical features and natural productions upon the human constitution and faculties, presents to every reflecting mind an interesting field of research. Likewise, to investigate the influence of mental occupations and industrial pursuits, and of the wide diversity of climate-fiom the highlands of Maine to the everglades of Florida-upon the persistence and duration of life, is an object of permanent importance, not only in a scientific, but in a commercial and national point of view. For all such inquiries, the returns of 1850 furnish facilities, less satisfactory indeed than would have been given by a permanent system of registration, but far superior to those hitherto available. Among the more immediate advantages to be derived from data of this kind, through the medium of life tables, they would form a basis for the equitable distribution of life-interests in estates, pensions, and legacies; they would. assign the true valuation of life annuities, assurances, and reversions of heritable property, and tend to protect the public from many ill-adjusted financial schemes founded in ignorance of the true probabilities of life. They would correct a multitude of prejudices and misconceptions respecting the healthiness of the different localities, aid, besides this, form a common standard of reference in all those moral, sanitary, and mercantile statistics, which have brought to light most valuable truths and generalizations, and which give prorise of still greater benefits in the advancement of civilization. Without intending to discuss several attempts heretofore made for the construction of life tables in this country, let it be.observed, as is universally admitted, that the ratio of the annual deaths to the conten 138 porary number living at each age constitutes the implicit element of computation. An enumeration of the living, or of the deaths only, is insufficient for the purpose, unless the population is stationary, or due allowance is made for the changes inwrought by births and migration during the whole century previous. The assumption of a stationary population, however, can scarcely be entertained of even the oldest settled parts of the Union. The value and prospects of life, and the influence of climate on longevity, are lost or obscured, both by recent and remote changes. It is within the memory of persons now living, when most of our large cities were in their infancy; when forests were standing on grounds since occupied by the busiest marts of trade, and the corn was waving in the wind where now are the most populous streets. Periods of unusual emigration have been followed by a temporary decrease, only to recommence with augmented numbers. But the chief inequality with reference to the present inquiry arises from the fact, that the great mass of emigrants are almost exclusively in the prime of life. Traced upon the texture of society, as these changes must be in relative excesses and deficiencies at the several ages, the joint statistics of the living and of the annual deaths afford the only feasible mode of arriving at the law of mortality, independent of those former changes. A life table for the State of Maryland has been prepared from a joint comparison of the abstracts of the returns of 1850. It comprises a very full interpretation of the laws of vitality indicated by the data for the year of enumeration, which may be regarded as one of average mortality. In the present case the investigation relates exclusively to the white population of Maryland, irrespective of city or country residents, or of the sexes, or of foreign or indigenous extraction. The results and derived tables are specified at length in the Report on Maryland. From the preliminary table of population there given, it would appear that the line of equal division of the living falls upon the age of twenty; one-half of the white population being under, and the other half above, twenty years of age; or, distributing with reference to three equal parts, one-third of the population are under thirteen and a half years of age; one-third are included between this and the age of twenty-nine, and the other remaining third are above twentynine years of age. With respect to the deaths, the points of equal division fall upon ages several years younger than in the corresponding distributions of the living. For exhibiting the law of mortality for individual lives, the data of the Census were equated, and reduced to the simple case of 10,268 infants born on the same day, and commencing life simultaneously. Assuming that like circumstances will continue to prevail during the years to come in this State, which may be regarded as certain, the population will continually be affected by the same rate of mortality. And hence we may safely estimate and predict, that, of the specified number of infants at the outset of life, 1,243 will perish prematurely in the first year of existence, and 9,025, or numbers in that proportion, will survive to enter upon their second year. A very considerable but 139 decreasing mortality likewise prevails in the second and third years, leaving only 8,183, or about four-fifths of the original number, to commence upon their fourth year. But after this age, the juvenile system acquires more firmness, and a greater degree of the vigor and experience to guard against disease. At the age of twenty-one, 7,134 survive to enter upon a more active and responsible career of life; of whom 6,302 attain to thirty-five-the meridian of manhood. Proceeding onward for twenty years, to the age of "fifty-five," only 4,727, or less than one-half the original number, then survive. From this age the numbers are decimated more frequently, and the vacated places of the fallen are occupied by advancing generations; till, having passed the mental and physical changes in the round and mystery of life, so graphically portrayed in the "Seven Ages" of the dramatist, a few become centenarians, and linger on the verge of life, till virtually, at the age of one hundred and six years, all have closed their earthly existence. The table for Maryland also comprises the "Expectations of life,'5 or the average number of years which the great mass of the white population live after a given present age. This arrangement of the data is justly described as that which is of the most interest to society; for it points out the average number of years in which one member of the community with another participates in the pleasures and cares of life. An individual, for instance, on attaining his thirtieth birthday, has an expectancy of nearly thirty-five years. At fifty years of age the lease of time's estate (so to express the idea) is limited to a little more than nineteen years longer. The maximum expectation (52.86 yearg) is at the age of four in this table; in the well-known Carlisle table, it is represented to occur at the age of five; and at six in the Swedish table. The joint expectation for two lives, as in the marriage relation, or the average period during which both shall be living, may now be determined in like manner, and also for three or more lives of given ages. It has been remarked that tables, properly constructed from sufficient data, never differ widely from each other. For this reason, and on account of their high value, insertion is likewise given in that report to three standard European tables; from no one of which does the Maiyland table differ in the comparison so much as they differ among themselves. Indeed, the duration of life by the Maryland table is found to be almost an exact medium between the British Female Annuitant's and the Carlisle values; which affords strong proof of accuracy. From these tabular forms for Maryland, the probabilities of life can readily be ascertained in a given case, with the value of annuities, assurances, and other reversions dependent upon lives; and, when extended to other localities, the results will eventually promote a most important national purpose, one which has long been desired-that of attaining a correct estimate of the standard of human life among different classes of population in this country. 140 Table of deaths during the year ending June 1, 1850. No. of deaths. Ratio to the number living. Maine —..,-............ 7,545 1 to 77.29 New Hampshire ------ ---- —. 4,268 74.49 Vermont........ -,3-., — - 3,132 100.29 Massachusetts. -.- - -............. 19,414 51.23 Rhode Island. -................-. 2,241 65.83 Connecticut....-..5,781 64.13 New York -.. —..................... 44,339 69.85 New Jersey, ---—. —--- -—.6,467 75.70 Pennsylvania....-. -..... 28,318 81.63 Delaware. -—,,.,1,209 75.71 Maryland... —...,.9......... 9,594 60.77 Virginia.- -. —...._......-19,053 74.61 North Carolina - --. 1. 10,207 85.12 South Carolina.. —....... —--........7,997 83.59 Georgia -—...... —..... -9,920 91.33 Alabama --.. ——... -—... -- 9,084 84.94 Mississippi.. 89O,...8,711 69.63 Louisiana.- --—.,-11,948 42.85 Texas.......-..................... 3,046 69.79 Florida.. —,.- -.... —. —.. 933 93 67 Kentucky..................... 15,206 64.60 Tennessee.......11,759 85.26 Missouri ----—.,, - -------- 12,211 55.85 Arkansas - ------ - -. ----.2,987 70.18. Ohio -—..-... ---—. — --- 28,949 68.41 Indiana.............................. 12,728 77.65 Illinois --—,.-.-.. —- —... 11,619 73.28 Michigan - - —.-,.-..... 4,520 87.97 Iowa...... —-,.,...... 2,044 94.03 Wisconsin. —-...., -.,,-..- 2,884 105.82 California -........................ Minnesota..,....-.........,.... 30 202.56 Oregon. -—.........___47 232.82 New Mexico..- - -................. 1,157 53.19 Utah...O.......-............s 239 47.61 District of Columbia.-...-............. 846 61.09 141 AGRICULTURE. The great amount of labor requisite to the extraction of the returns of agriculture will admit, at this time, of presenting but limited accounts, though, perhaps to some extent, of the most important separate interests. The returns of the wheat crop, for many of the western States, will not at all indicate the average crop of those States. This is especially the case with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from which, especially the former, the assistant marshals return a "short crop," to the extent of fifty per cent. throughout the whole State. The shortness of the wheat crop in Ohio, in 1849, is verified by returns made during the subsequent season, by authority of the Legislature. The causes which affected the wheat crop in those States were not without their influence in reducing that of western Virginia and western Pennsylvania to some considerable extent. MANUFACTURES. The period which has elapsed since the receipt of the returns has been so short as to enable the office to make but a general report of the facts relating to a few of the most important manufactures. If, in some instances, the amount of "capital invested" in any branch of manufacture should seem too small, it must be borne in mind that, where the product is of several kinds, the capital invested, not being divisible, is connected with the product of greatest consequence. This, to some extent, reduces the capital invested in the manufacture of bar iron in such establishments where some other article of wrought iron predominates-sheet iron, for example. The aggregate, however, of the capital invested in the various branches of wrought iron will, it is confidently believed, be found correct. The entire capital invested in the various manufactures in the United States, on the 1st of June, 1850-not to include any establishments producing less than the annual value of $500-amounted, in round numbers, to -— _ —------- ------- -...-. $530,000,000 Value of raw material -------—.. — 550,000,000 Amount paid for labor ---.. —-.- -. 240,000,000 Value of manufactured articles,....-. 1,020,300,000 Number of persons employed -....-.. 1,050,000 More minute particulars respecting these separate interests will be found incorporated in tables A, B, C, D, E, F. THE PRESS. The statistics of the newspaper press form an interesting feature in the returns of the Seventh Census. It appears that the whole number of newspapers and periodicals in the United States, on the first day of June, 1850, amounted to 2,800. Of these 2,494 were fully returned, 234 had all the facts excepting circulation given, and 72 are estimated for California, the Territories, and for those that may have been omitted by the assistant marshals. 142 From calculations made on the statistics returned, and estimated circulations, where they have been omitted, it appears that the aggregate circulation of these 2,800 papers and periodicals is about 5,000,000, and that the entire number of copies printed annually in the United States amounts to 422,600,000. The following table will show the number of daily, weekly, monthly, and other issues, with the aggregate circulation of each class: Number. Circulation. No. of copies printed annually. Dailies -............... 350 750,000 235,000,000 Tri-weeklies........... 150 75,000 11,700,000 Semi-weeklies.-.... -. 125 80,000 8,320,000 Weeklies. —....X.. 2,000 2,875,000 149,500,000 Semi-monthlies....... 50 300,000 7,200,000 Monthlies............... 100 900,000 10,800,000 Quarterlies....-.. 25 29,000 80,000 2,800 5,000,000 422,600,000 Four hundred and twenty-four papers are issued in the New England States, 876 in the middle States, 716 in the southern States, and 784 in the western States. The average circulation of papers in the United States is 1,785. There is one publication for every 7,161 free inhabitants in the United States and Territories. In accordance with the views expressed in the commission with which the department honored me in May last, I visited, during the three summer months, the capitals of many of the important governments of Europe, for the purpose of examining into the methods adopted for the procuring and classification of such facts as are enumerated by those governments in their statistical investigations, in order that our own Census might, when published, prove of the greatest value to ourselves, and not seem inferior to those of countries which have the credit of having paid more attention to statistical science, although they may not have made greater advances in what we esteem rational forms of government. It seems more desirable to possess every ray of light on this subject, when considering that the present Census is one of unexampled importance to ourselves and our posterity, as exhibiting our condition to the middle of a century, and illustrative of the progress of a people, flourishing beyond all precedent, under a new form of government-one whose history and example must, as it becomes known, exert an imp portant influence throughout the civilized world. This Census, while it exhibits our progress for sixty years, with a precision and certainty which no other country has been able to enjoy, and giving a reality to the past unattainable with respect to any other people, discloses the 143 present statistical history, and that for the fi~rst time, of a country embracing more than a million square miles of territory, the future destiny of which is inseparably connected with that of the original thirteen States. Not only, however, in connexion with these statistical investigations did it seem desirable to avail ourselves of any improvements introduced into the last Censuses of Europe, to enable us to prepare our own great national work on the best system, but for many of the practical purposes to which statistics are applied and deemed valuable, it seemed desirable to effect some arrangement by which the publication of the results of the great elementary facts among nations should be made as nearly simultaneous as possible, and classified on the same general principles, as far as the facts taken would justify, in order that, while we use every exertion to analyze society at home, we may, from their statistics, enjoy the advantage of being able to arrive at a similar analysis with respect to other nations, and that, while contemplating our own progress from time to time, we may be able to institute comparisons with the advancement of other people. Heretofore, at almost every step of investigation, the statist wishing to prosecute inquiries respecting different nations, touching the great elements of society, has mnt with the insurmountable difficulty arising from the different elements elucidated, and the diverse methods of combination adopted, which lessen the value of their labors, reciprocally, and, in the absence of more reliable data, lead to the frequent use of one set of elements to ascertain the condition of some different set, producing results equally unsatisfactory to the man of science, as they are often dangerous, if made the basis of the political economy and legislation of a government. In addition to the effort to effect a general sympathy or concert of action among nations, with reference to their periodical statistics, it has been my aim, in which I have succeeded, often in the absence of published records, to procure a knowledge of the exact condition of the people of all classes in each country visited, and learn their true state, with reference to numbers, and the products of their agriculture and manufactures, their social and moral condition, the state of education, the price of labor, and the practical management of the farming interests; in no case, however, relying upon information not either obtained from personal observation or derived officially, and in a manner which can leave no doubt of its correctness. My opportunities abroad will not only enable me to effect valuable improvements in compiling our Census, but it will be my aim to make the statistical facts useful to the country, by forming them into a report to be supplemental hereto, the completion of which has been retarded by my other official duties. Another object had in view was the procuring information with reference to the manner in which the various offices in Europe, especially those connected with agriculture and statistics, are organized,, and the manner in which the information obtained is made available to the government and people. To the attainment of these purposes, the few weeks to which my time limited me, and the diversity of languages among those with whom my investigations were pursued, interposed difficulties only surmounted by a zealous determination to effect the duty undertaken-one in which failure must have ensued, were it not 144 for the official character sustained in connexion with the office here, and that with which the department honored me, as its representative abroad-the one enabling me to impart as much valuable information to others as was solicited in return; the other giving facilities of intercourse, and a claim to consideration, which was never slighted by any officer of a foreign government. In England, in addition to the free intercourse enjoyed with the officers of government connected with statistical matters, several opportunities were offered for bringing the object of my mission before public audiences; and invitations were tenderecd me to address the members of the London Statistical Society at its annual meeting in that city, the Society of Actuaries at Richmond, and the British Association at Ipswich, during its annual meeting, which was attended by Prince Albert, one of its members, and many of the most distinguished literary and scientific gentlemen of Great Britain and the Continent. The Statistical Council of Belgium, M. Quetelet, president, gave me a place in their board at one of its regular meetings. On each opportunity it gave me pleasure to present a full account of the character and extent of our investigations under the act of Congress for taking the Seventh Census, to make a fair and impartial exhibit of our progress in wealth and numbers during the past ten years, and at the same time urge the propriety of mutual effort towards the attainment of more uniform and useful statistical publications by different governments. The propriety of this measure was felt by individuals who had made statistics a study, and the necessity for some action was universally conceded; and it affords me infinite gratification to state that an arrangement has been made for a general Statistical Congress, to be held at Brussels, (Belgium,) during the ensuing fall-a measure which has received the approbation of several of the most distinguished statists of Europe, and from which the most beneficial results are anticipated. Mr. Porter, of the Board of Trade, has been appointed a delegate to this Statistical Congress from England. He is a gentleman distinguished no less by his laborious researches and valuable contributions to the science of political economy and statistical knowledge of the British empire, than for the elevated position he holds as a public officer and man of letters. PLAN OF UNITED STATES CENSUS. In order that Congress may judge of the propriety of the plan in contemplation for preparing the tables of the population and other statistics, and be fully advised of any new features introduced into other portions of the work, it has been deemed proper to prepare, in printed form, the statistics of one State, of which copies will be laid before the members of both houses for their inspection. For this purpose the State of Maryland has been selected, as best adapted, from its central position and combination of more of the various elements which enter into our interests than any other State of its limited extent. It has been my endeavor, according to the act, to arrange the facts " in the best and most convenient manner for use." To judge of the character of a statistical work in manuscript would require the long, 145 laborious, and, perhaps, unsatisfactory investigation of a Congressional committee, and Congress would be possessed of no means of forming an independent opinion of the matter. It has been deemed the more proper to lay before Congress a printed copy, inasmuch as the expense of the entire work may readily be known, and some standard of excellence in execution clearly and intelligibly understood. The variations from the plans heretofore adopted in the compilation of the decennial Census, with every portion of which the facilities of comparison are maintained, consist: 1. In the form-that adopted being in conformity with the size and appearance of the "American Archives." 2. In accompanying the statistics of each State with a condensed account of the most important events connected with its history from its first settlement, exhibiting the progress of our whole social system, to the year 1850, also, in presenting as short accounts of each separate county, from the date of its settlement, with the date of its organization; an account of its physical features, its rocks, minerals, streams, timber, water, and adaptation, naturally and artificially, to the purposes of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. 3. In the general geological account of the State. 4. In the account of its progress in population, from the first to the Seventh Census, inclusive, with tables of population, to make which correctly it has been necessary to refer to the original returns of the Census twenty and thirty years back, a reliance could not be placeid on the figures officially given in the printed work. 5. In the review of its character for the health and longevity of its inhabitants, on account of the prevailing diseases and rates of mortality, with full tables, presenting a perfect history of the statistics of disease and mortality, and calculations of the value of life among the several classes. 6. In the number of new subjects embraced in the statistical details and in the manner of classification, so as to admit of extracting all the essential facts respecting the raw materials of each variety of manufactures, together with other features in which the statist will perceive variations from any previous Census. Allusion is not made to these things with a view to represent their advantages, or as predicating any argument for their adoption. The plan, with all the disadvantages which must result from the sudden formation of a department for its execution, is the result of much study and reflection, and, it is thought, will prove useful. Should the work be found to possess real value, the result must be attributed mainly to the abundant materials collected, and the zeal and intelligence of the persons employed thereon; some of whom are men whose ability should secure a better remuneration, which, it is hoped, Congress will be willing to accord. If, however, the general plan shall be considered faulty, or by its imperfect execution be deemed unworthy of adoption it will have been well thus to bring it to the test, that it may be condemned. The work, of course, has not been submitted to the public for its judgment; but where opinions have been at all expressed by those deemed good authority, on the propriety of our classifications, they 10 146 have been invariably favorable. Some such have found their way into the public documents. In the thirty-second annual report of the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, made to the Legislature of that State, the following language occurs, with respect to our designed classification, of such portions of the work as interested particularly the directors of that institution: "Such a list will furnish valuable materials, never possessed to any extent before, for solving many highly interesting statistical questions; and its publication is looked for with much interest. We shall endeavor, in our next annual report, to set forth the results of a careful analysis of the Census returns, respecting the deaf and dumb." So far as the judgment of the public press is concerned, its expression has been much more favorable than could be wished, with its imperfect knowledge of the plan, as expectations may thereby be raised which the results will not justify. None of the information, as imparted in the volume of statistics, has been promulgated, it being considered indelicate to make known to the world information due first to the head of the department, and through him to Congress; and it would not be decorous to forestall the dispassionate judgment of either. It has seemed to me that a work, the expense of which is shared by the whole community, should be arranged, as far as possible, for general utility, and not a compilation of mere columns of figures, interesting only to the man of science, for legislative purposes or for reference, biut should be so adapted that while it will furnish practical information to the statesman and philosopher, and useful data to the legislator, it will contain, also, matters interesting to every portion of the community, furnished somewhat in advance of those deductions from analytical investigations made years after its publication. To this end, if supported by the favorable opinion of Congress, it will be made to evolve all of instruction which zealous efforts, though limited ability, are capable of eliciting Irom the facts within such period of time, as it must be accomplished without retarding its publication. It may be contended by some that the Gazetteers furnish most of the information we include. To such it may be replied, that whilst these publications possess great value, and are all replete with instruction, many present but a reprint of former editions, with the title page changed to suit the date, and a few unimportant alterations in other respects. Others may contend that the plan presented takes within its scope subjects not legitimately embraced within that of statistics. Such an opinion might be maintained by forming conclusions from our previous publications; but they are, however, at variance with the best authority on this subject. The defirition of "statistics," as given by one author, consists in "such a description of a country, or any part, as gives the present or actual state thereof." But as it is only by a thorough knowledge of the present state of the country and its inhabitants, with their customs, habits, morals, health, and manners of life, that we can form an accurate estimate of the condition of the people, so to enjoy the knowledge necessary for the amelioration of their circurstances, or improve their condition, it is necessary to take a retrospective glance, and study their past history, and trace it to its first 147 beginnings, as we survey a river to its source to acquire a knowledge of its geography or of the permanent character of its supplies. The term "Census" applies more particularly to wealth and possessions than to numbers. It was so understood by the Romans, who first used the term. Livy, in his first book of the History of Rome, chap. 42, speaking of Servius Tullius, says: "He then entered on the improvement of the civil polity of the utmost importance, for he instituted the Census-an ordinance of the most salutary consequence in our empire, that was to rise to such a pitch of greatness, and according to which the several contributions in peace and war were to be discharged, not by every person indiscriminately, as formerly, but according to the proportion of their several properties." And after describing the contributions required in proportion to the wealth of individuals, who appeared on a certain day every year, each in his own century, and gave in the amount of his property, he continues: " In all these instances, the burden was taken from off the poor, and laid on the rich." The Census was completed with great ceremonies and offering of sacrifices, termed closing the lustrum. In his fourth book, he speaks of a "survey" under the Census, and a description of all the lands and houses, -and the entire revenue of the Roman people. (B. C. 440.) In the twelfth book, it is stated that "the senate then received the survey of twelve colonies, presented by the censors of those colonies." Tacitus mentions that Augustus wrote with his own hand an exact account of his dominions, which is termed a "Census." Although the term "Census" in our constitution is limited to, and contemplates a bare "enumeration" of inhabitants, such construction does not apply to the act of Congress, under which this office is organized, " An act for taking the Seventh and subsequent Censuses," &c., the body of the act referring to the collection of statistics. But it is, perhaps, unnecessary to go back to antiquity for the meaning of the term Census, or that of statistics, when we have such good modern authority not only as to the meaning of the terms, but the practical carrying into effect what the most distinguished statists understand to be comprised within their meaning. The term "statistics" originated in England, with Sir John Sinclair, with respect to which, in the twentieth volume of his Statistical Account of Scotland, he remarks: "Many people were at first surprised at my using the new words, statistics and statistical. The idea I annex to the term is an inquiry into the state of a country for the purpose of ascertaining the quantum of happiness enjoyed by its inhabitants, and the means of its future improvement." With such an understanding of the term, he applied the title " Statistical Account" to a work, perhaps, of the greatest magnitude, importance, and public utility ever attempted by one individual, devoted to a perfect history of Scotland. Among almost numberless other features, the Statistical Account of Scotland contains the ancient and modern names of each parish, its history, extent, the nature of the soil and surface, extent and description of seacoast, lakes, rivers, islands, hills, rocks, caves, and woods, the climate, diseases, longevity, state of the church, manse, and glebe, the minerals, mineral springs, eminent men, antiquities, parochial 148 records, with an account of the manners, habits, and customs of the people. The collection of the materials occupied seven years and seven months, and their compilation engaged the attention of nine hundred learned men, and fill twenty volumes. Its publication led to a Parliamentary survey of England and Wales on somewhat similar principleso "If similar surveys," remarked the founder of British statistics, "were instituted in the other kingdoms of Europe, it might be the means of establishing on sure foundations the principles of that most important of all sciences, viz: political or statistical philosophy-the science which, in preference to any other, ought to be held in reverence. " No science," he continues, "can furnish to any mind capable of receiving useful information, so much real entertainment; none can yield such important hints for the improvement of agriculture, for the extension of our commercial industry, for regulating the conduct of individuals, or for extending the prosperity of the State; none can tend so much to promote the general happiness of the species." The example of all enlightened Europe sustains the views of Sinclair, although falling far, very far, behind him in the extent embraced within their periodical statistics. McCulloch, in the introductory chapter to the last edition of "Smith's Wealth of Nations," uses the following language: " To arrive at a true knowledge of the laws which regulate the production, distribution, and consumption of national wealth, we must draw our materials from a very wide surface, study man in every different situation, resort to the history of society, arts, commerce, and government-to the works of philosophers and travellers-to everything, in short, fitted to throw light on the progress of opulence and civilization. We should mark the successive changes which have taken place in the fortunes and condition of the different ranks and orders of men in our own country and in others; should trace the rise, progress, and decline of population and industry; and, above all, should analyze and compare the influence of different institutions and regulations, and carefully discriminate the various circumstances wherein advancing and declining societies differ from each other. These investigations are so very complex and difficult, that it is not possible, perhaps, always to arrive at a right conclusion. But, though they may not be quite free from error, they are sufficient, when made with the requisite care and attention, to unfold. the principal sources of national opulence and refinement, and of poverty and degradation; and however defective, they furnish the only available means for satisfactorily solving the various problems in the science of wealth, and for devising a scheme of public administration, fitted to insure the advancement of nations in the career of improvement." The commissioners for the Census of Ireland, in 1841, in the introduction to the Census of that country, which comprises a folio of nearly 1,000 pages, and was published in 1843, use the following very appropriate language: "We feel, in fact, that a Census ought to be a social survey, not a bare enumeration." In connexion with the population of England, they have published many large folio volumes, containing maps of all the counties and 149 boroughs in the kingdom. In other portions of Europe, the same expanded view is taken of what should constitute a statistical work. The European statistical publications, in point of execution, far exceed our own, which have heretofore been most inconvenient and unwieldy volumes. The only volumes in its possession, which the shelves of the royal library of Belgium are not adapted to hold, are those of our last Census, which have occupied a place on the floor beneath the shelves for several years.. The inconvenient shape of these volumes has led to their destruction, and almost entire extermination. Their extreme rarity, at this time, leads me to believe that they have, in many instances, unfortunately, been used as so much waste paper, not esteemed worth the room they occupied. These explanations are deemed necessary only for information relating to the views of contemporaneous nations, and not as an apology for what is deemed correct and proper in the preparation of our own Census. Our materials are more varied and of better character than any nation has ever possessed; and shall it be said that, insensible of their value, we have not known how to render them useful? Respectfully submitted. J. C. G. KENNEDY. Hon. ALEXANDER H.. TUART, Secretary of the Department of the Interior, Statement of the population in each State and Territory decennially, cpommencing 1790, to 1850, inclusive. ca. o 1 c w c Represent'ves ^ 0/ m c13 ra a, l an oo,-~, ~ ~ of each State, - ~. ~..~ ~ a according to o STATES. ~. the Seventh o.2.2g -s Census. oo a a a a a a ~ a a f gh M; No. Fract'ns. " New England States. Maine. —------------ 96,540 151,719 57.1 228,705 507 298,335 30.4 399,455 33.9 501,793 26.2 583,188 16.22 6 20,802 7 New Hampshire...-. 141,899 183,762 29.5 214,360 16.6 244,161 13.9 269,328 10.3 284,574 5.6 317,964 11.73 3 36,771 4 Vermont - ---- ----- 85,416 154,465 80.8 217,713 41,0 235,764 8.2 280,652 190 291,948 4.0 314,120 7.59 3 32,927 4 Massachusetts -- 378,717 423,245 11,7 472,040 11,5 523,287 10.9 610,408 16.6 737,699 20.8 994,499 34.81 11'57,189 10 hode Island —- --- 69,110 69,122 —-- 77,031 11,4 83,059 7.8 97,199 17.0 108,830 11.9 147,544 35.57 2 53,813 2 Connecticut.- --- 238,141 251,002 5.4 262,042 4.3 275,202 5.0 297,675 8.1 309,978 4.1 370,791 19.61 4 "89,598 4 Total..-.. 1,009,823 3,315 22.1 1,471,891 19.3 1,659,808 12.8 1,954,717 17.7 2,234,822 14.3 2,728,106 22.07 Middle States. New York - -..... 340,120 586,756 72,5 959,049 63,4 1,372,812 43.1 1,918,608 39.7 2,428,921 26.6 3,097,394 27.52 33 4,271 34 New Jersey -..-....-. 184,139 211,949 15.1 245,555 15.9 277,575 13.0 320,823 15.5 373,306 16.3 489,555 31.14 5 20,811 5 Pennsylvania —.... 434,373 602,365 38.6 810.091 34.4 1,049,458 29.5 1,348,233 28.5 1,724,033 27,9 2,311,786 34,09 25 -62,242 24 Delaware. —-------- 59,096 64,273 8.7 72,674 13.0 72,749 76,748 5.5 78,085 1.7 91,535 17.22 1. —------ 1 Maryland -......... 319,728 341,548 6.8 380.546 11.4 407,350 7.0 447,040 9.7 470,019 5.1 583,035 24.04 6 x78,232 6 Ohio —-.. —... — -—. -----— 45,365 230,760 408.7 581,434 152.0 937,903 61.3 1,519,467 62.0 1,980,408 30.33 21 12,057 21 Total.......- 1,337,456 1,852,256 38.49 2,698,675 45.69 3,761,378 39.37 5,049,355 34.24 6,593,831 30.58 8,553,713 29.72 Coast Planting Statles, South Carolina 249,073 345,591 38.7 415,115 20.1 502,741 18.1 581,185 15.6 594,398 2.3 668,507 12,46 5 45,858 7 Georgia — 82,548 162,101 96.4 252,433 55.1 340,987 35 516,823 512 691,392 338 905,999 31.0 8 3,478 8 Florida-.,. -..... -.. -.'.....-..................... 34,73 --- 54,477 56.8 87,401 60.43 1.- - 1 I Alalbam. —. ~- ~ —- -- I —. —-c —.;-.-I- —;; —I —--- -1 — ~127,901. —--- 309,527 142.0 590,756 90.8 771,671 30.62 7 "72,128 7 Mississippi —----- - - -........- 8,850. 40,352 356.0 75,448 87.0 136,621 810 375,651 175.0 606,555 61,46 5 13,940 4 Louisiana ------- ----- - - 76,556. —-. 153,407100.4 215,739 40.6 35,411 63.3 517,739 46.91 4 44,900 4 Total. —... - -- 331,621 516,542 55.76 784,456 51.86 1,200,484- 53.03 1,794,625 49.49 2,659,085 48.16 3,557,872 33.80 Central Slave States. Virginia. —--—., —-.. 748,308 880,200 17.6 974,622 10.7 1,065,379 9.3 1,211,405 13.7 1,239,797 2.3 1,41,661 14.66 13 14,140 15 North Carolina.... —. 393,751 478,103 21,3 555,500 16.2 638,829 15.0 737,987 15.5 753,419 2.1 868,903 15.32 8 3,690 9 Tennessee. ----------- 35,791 105,602 200.0 261,727 147.8 422,813 61.5 681,904 61.3 829,210 21.6 1,002,625 20.91 10 -63,261 11 Kentucky.-..-... —-. 73,077 220,955 200.0 406,511 83.1 564,317 38.8 687,917 21.9 779,828 13.3 982,405 25.98 10 "54,433 10 Missouri —. —-.......... — -.. -..-.......... 20,845 ---- 66,586 219 5 140,455 110.9 383,702 173.2 682,043 77.75 7 "84,688 5 tArkiansas-. -. —. —-. —----—. --------—..-...,.-..-. —- 14,273 —--- 30,388 112.9 97,574 221.1 209,639 114.85 2 3,384 1 ^ Total-..... —- 1,250,9274 1,684,860 34.68j 2,219,205 31.71 2,772,197 24.913,490,056 25.89 4,083,530 17.0 5,167,276 26.53 Northwestern States. Indiana -... —-----—. —-—.. 4,875 ——. 24,520 403.0 147,178 500.2 343,031 133.0 685,866 99.9 988,416 44.11 11 "51,106 10 Illinois ---— 1 —-------...-.. —. --------- -. —- 12,282. —--- 55,211 349.5 157,445 185.2 476,183 202.4 851,470 78.81 9 7,891 7 Michigan —.. —. —---- -------------- 4,762 ------ 8,896 86.8 31,639 255.6 212,267 570.9 397,654 87.33 4 22,730 3 Wisconsin.. —. ---- ---- - - -—.. - -—... —- 30,945. —--- 305,191 890.48 3 23,0998 3 Iowa ---------. —---- -.. —- ------ ---- 43,112 -- 192,214 345.84 2 4,752 2 Tota.................. 4,875 --—. 41,564 752.59 211,285 408.33 532,115 151.84 1,448,373 172.19 2,734,945 88.82 Have the addition on account of the fractions. Statement-Continued.. -.. o b. c m o ^ oS ~ ~. ~.. o~ 0 ~~- A 0 Represent'ves en oo Wi n w a c We GO r of each State, l.2 ^ ~.I..I, -: s according too STATES.... S *g r - *,.-S g s g -n. the Seventh t I | S. I - -,, | I.'- I Texas-.................. —,.- --. -_. -- -. —-. —-- --... — 2....2 - - 1,865 Califoriia........ 1........-6. ---. ------- -- -- 5-,000 - i 2 --—... 2 District of Columbia.......... 14,093 -. 24023 36.8 33,039 37.5 39,834 29.2 43,712 23.3 51,687 18.24.. —---- Territories, i.lnnesota Territory-,-93.......-............ -- 6,077 - New Mexico.do... -, *...-...............o................ 6,547....... Oregon*...... do*........-. -- --- -- - ---- - O - ------..... OOO. O.. 13,293 ------ ---- --------. — Utah —-. do — ------ - ----- ---—. -. _ —---- -- - -,_ --- ------ ------- --- 11,380.....-........... Seamen in U. S. service. --- -- ---- - ---- - -- ------ 5,318 —- 6,100 ------ ------ - -- -- - ----- Grand total. 3,929,827 5,305,941 35,01 7,239,814 3645 9,638,191 33.1212,866,020 33.4817,069,453 32,6723,263,488 36.28 233 ----- 233 * The population of California is set down at -165,000,as -an -approximation to the real population, which- may be essentially varied by complete returns. Should the returns vary from on estimate so far as to reduce the population of California 30,000, South Carolina will be entitled to a member additional, as being next above on the list of fractions, The oiffcial returns of California will slightly affect the calculation respecting the aogregate increase of the free population for the year 1850. Ratio of representation, 93,731. Since the foregoing note was prepared, by'a special act of Congress, rendered necessary from the incompleteness of the California returns, one member in the House of Representatives has been accorded to South Carolina, in' accodance with the official returns, and two melmbers acceded ti CalifQrnia. Tlhe whole nuimber of embers s sncreased to two htntldred Wnd thirty-fo,1-r which is to be t!he n mbetr Qf the representatives Qf the sevyri. St-.tess to the yeat 180 Ve.r tml he presert C0e1s51s Statement of population by classes decennially, from 1790 to 1850, inclusive.:.0 a a aI a a a s a a -s - *0 a *- 0 0 c0 0ci 0 0............. 44 4 0 C. 96. _______d____________ P P 0 Free colored................ 59, 466 108, 395 82.2 186,446 72.25 233,524 25.25 319,599 36.85 386,292 20.86 428,661 10.96 Slaves...... 697,897 893057 27.9 1,191,364 33.4 1,538,098 29.10 2,009,043 30.61 2, 487,356 23.80 3,204,089 28.81 Seam en in U. States service....................................................... 318.......... *6 100................................ Total................. 3 929,827 5305941........ 7,239,814........ 9 638,191.......... 12 866 020.......... 17 069 453.......... 23,263488........ Totalfree.................. 33130 4, 884 3231930 4412884 3 6.4 6 048450 3 7.0 8100,093 33.92 10,856,977 34.03 14582097 34.31 20059399 37.56 Total colored population, free and slaves................ 757.363 1,001,452 1 322 1377810 37.6 77122 28,58 2,328,642 31.44 2,873,648 23.4 3,632,750 26.41 Seamen. - in. -.. U. Sae se rv ice....*5,318 6. —--------— Ade t.bt. op.u.., 100.. * A ded to wlhite population. A-Cotton goods. o.j0 Number of hands Entire wages per Average wages per employed. month. month. 5. STATES. Sundries. STATES. ^ 3g ~ e6- __________________5 - a udis ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.3 |.3!*< ^ | *i Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 3 1 New Hampshire.... 44 10,950,500 83,026 7,679 4,839,429 2,911 9,211 75,713- 124,131 26 00 13 47 8, 830,619 113,106,247 Yarn, lbs........ 149,700 Vermont........... 9 202,500 2,243.......... 114,415 94 147 1,460 1,861 15 53 12 65 196,100 1,651,000.... do............ 53,050 Massachusetts. 213 28,455,630 223,607 46,545 11,289,309 9,993 19,437 212,892 264,514 2 90 13 60 19,712,461 298,751,399....do............ 353,660 Rhode Island....... 158 6,675,000 50,713 13,116 3,484,579 4,959 5,916 92,282 76,656 18 60 12 95 6,447,190 96,795,619 Thr'd & yarn, lbs. 1,909,980 Connecticut....... 18 4,219,100 39,483 2,866 2,500,062 9,708 3,478 51,679 41,060 19 08 11 80 4,957,522 51,780,700 Yarn, lbs........ 950,000 New York......... 86 4,176,920 37,778 1,539 1,985,973 2,639 3,688 48,944 35,699 18 32 9 68 3,591,989 44,901,475.... do............ 9,180,600 New Jersey........ 21 1,483,500 14,437 4,467 666,645 616 1,096 11,078 10,487 17 98 9 56 1,109,524 8,122,580.... do............ 2,000,000 Pennsylvania...... 908 4,528,9925 44,1629 24,189 3,152,530 3,564 4,099 63,649 40,656 17 85 9 91 5,392,262 45,746,790.... do............ 5,308,561 Delwar.......41 Delaware.......... 12 460,100 4,730 1,9920 312,068 413 425 6,326 4,926 15 31 11 58 538,439 3,521,636.... do............ 533,000!Maryland.......... 24 2,236,000 3,325 2,212 1,165,579 1,008,014 15,546 19,108 15 42 9 48,120,504 27,883,923.....do....46,000 Virginia........... 7 1, 908, 900 17,785 4,805 828,375 1,9275 1,688 1,983 11,791 10 18 6 98 1486,384 15;640,107....do............ 1,755,915 North Carolina..... 28 1,058,800 13,617.......... 531,903 442 1,177 5,153 7,216 11 65 6 13 831 342 2470,110....do............ 2,9267,000 SouthCarolina..... 18 857,200 9,929.......... 295 971 399 60 1 5,565 5,151 13 94 8 30 748,338 6, 563,737....do............ 1,348,343 Georgia............. 35 1,736,156 20,230 1,000 900,419 873 1,399 1,712925 10,352 1457 7 39 2,135,044 7,1209,29.... do............ 4,198,351 Florida................ 80,000 600.......... 30, 000 298 67 900 335 39 214 52 000 49,90 6.....9400..................... Alabama.......... 19 651,900 5,208.......... 937,081 346 369 4,053 9,946 11 71 7 98 389160 3,081,000.... do............ 790,000 Mississisppi......... 2 38,000 430.......... 21,500 19 17 70 101 14 21 5 94 30,500................do............ 171, 0000 L ouisiana........................................................................................ Texas..................................................................... Arkansas........... 3 16,500 170.......... 8,975 13 18 190 106 1461 588 16,637................ do............ 81,250 Tennessee......... 33 669,6 11 3010 97,500 310 581 3,394 3,730 10 94 6 42 510,624 363,250.... do........... 2,326,250 Kentucky.......... 8 239,000 3,760 70 180,907 181 21 707 58 2,070 14 95 9 36 273,439 1,003,000.... do............ 725,000 Ohio.............. 8 297,000 4,270 2,152 237,00 132 269 2,191 2,534 16 59 9 42 394,700 280,000.... do............ 433, 000 M ichigan................................................................................................................................................................. Indiana............. 2 43,000 675 300 28,220 38 57 495 386 1302 677 44,200................do............ 300,000 Illinoissp........................................................ Missouri...2 102,000. 2,160. 1,658. 86,446 75 80 890 8 093.1000 142,900........ Batting, bales.... 13,260 Iow a............................................................................................................................................................................. W isconsin................................................................................................................................................ California....................... 97 13. 18...........................................8 1 Dist. of Columbia...5 2 1 85, 000 960.... 67,000 41 103 575 895 14 02 00 100,000 1,400,000. Total.......... 1,094 74,501,031 641,240 121,099 34,835,056 33,150 59,136 653,778 703,414.................61,869,184 763,678,407 Poundsandbales.27,873,600 ~o~,........ [,o-~'~4-7~o~ 5~-~ ~.,o~ ~~o~ ~~;;;;~ ~-l~4~ 7z::-7~1 ~ ~ ~,~-~,~o t..-;.-.-s~.. B- Woolen goods. d Number of hands Entire wages per Average wages R 3 a*~53 -1'3 ~ ~ o.~~~~~ 5employed. month. per month. STATES. ~~ ^___ __________ ____________vSundries.__S 33 ~- 3. 23 a |'| g | Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Maine................. 36 467,600 1,438,434....... $495,940 310 314 $6,998 $3,697 $22 57 $11 77 $753,300 1,023,020 Yarn, lbs...... 1,200 New Hampshire....... 61 2,437,700 3,604,103 3,600 1,267,329 926 1,201 21,177 17,451 22 86 14 53 2,127.745 9,712840....do....... 165200 Vermont............. 72 886,300 2,328,100....... 830,684 683 710 16,712 8,388 24 46 11 81 1,579,161 2,830,400......... Massachusetts........ 119 9,089,342 22,229, 952 15,400 8,671,671 6,167 4,963 141,533 70,581 22 95 14 22 12,770,565 25,865,658.... do....... 749,550 Rhode Island........... 45 1,013,000 4,103,370 2,032 1,463,900 987 771 20,431 11,708 20 70 15 18 2,381,825 8,612,400.... do... 46,000 Connecticut........... 149 3,773,950 9,414,100 7,912 3,325,709 2,907 2,581 70,141 33,216 24 12 12 86 6,465,216 9408777.............. New York............. 249 4,459,370 12,538,786 3.... 3,838,292 4,262 2, 412 85,147 28,377 19 97 11 76 7,030,604 7,924,252... do......... 261 700 New Jersey............ 41 494,274 1,510,289 1889 548,367 411 487 10,367 4,1.92 25 2-2 860 1,164,446 771,100.... do......... 350,000 Pennsylvania.......... 380 3,005,064 7,560,379 10,777 3,282,718 3,490 2,236 67,138 23,279 19 23 1041 5,321,866 10,099,234.... do.........1,941,621 Delaware.............. 8 148,500 393, 000 45 204,172 122 18 2,293 312 18 79 17 33 251,010 152 000....................... Maryland.............. 38 244,000 430,300 100 165,568 262 100 4,875 1.189 18 60 11 89 295,140 373,100....................... Virginia............... 121 392,640 1,554,110 357 488,899 478 190 8,688 1;883 18 17 9 91 841,013 2,037,025... do......... 398,70 North Carolina......... 1 18,000 30,000........ 13,950 15 15 270 105 18 00 700 23,750 34, 000....................... South Carolina........................................................................................................... Georgia............... 3 68,000 153,816........ 30,392 40 38 1,099 536 27 47 14 10 88,750 340, 660..................... F lorida....................................................................................................................................................................... A labam a....................!......................................................................................................................... M ississippi..................'............................................................................................................................................ L ouisiana................................................................................................. Texas................. 1 8,000 30,000!........ 10,000 4 4 80 80'2000 2000 6 1 i5,000. 1 4,000 Blankets.4...... 4'000 Arkansas.................... A r aesase..............:'. 4'.... ~6....... 5'...............+~...........................5~........ i h i' 5'..........5............................................................. h 6, Tennessee............. 4 10,900 6,200........ 1,675 i5 2 26501 17 66 6'6 6,'310i............ Hats.......... %2,220 Kentucky............ 25 249,820 673,900........ 205.287 256 62 3,919 689 15 30 11 11 318,819 878,034....................... Ohio.................. 130 870,220 1,657.726 2,110 578;423 903 298 18,191 3,250 20 14 10 90 1,111,027 1,374,087 Yarn, lbs...... 65,000 Michigan.............. 15 94,000 162;250........ 43,402 78 51 1,689 585 21 65 11 47 90,242 141,570........................ Indiana............... 33 171,545 413,350 90 120,486 189 57 4,122 630 21 81 11 05 205,802 235,500....do......... 104,000 Illinois................. 16 154,500 396,964 987 115,367 124 54 2,728 676 22 00 12 52 206,572 306,995.... do......... 137,000 Missouri............... 1 20, 000 80,000 1,071 16,000 15 10 480 65 32 00 650 56,000 12,000 Blankets, pairs. 6,000 Iowa.................. 1 10,000 14,500........ 3,500 7......... 78......... 11 14......... 13,000 14,000......................, Wisconsin............. 9 31,225 134,200........ 32,630 25......... 562.......... 2248......... 87,992 36,000 Yarn, lbs. 74350 C alifornia................................................................................................. District of Columbia.... 1 700 5000..1*630.`.60 3000............0' 66.................... 0......_I________ Total............ 1,559 28,118,650 70,862,829 46,370 25,755,988 22,678 16,574 489,039 210,901................. 43,207,555 82,206,652 Yarn, pounds, 4,294,326 C-Pig iron, Sc Cf -.3 a M 0 0 ~S~~~~'^ ns~~~~ "g ^ oNumber of hands Entire wages per Average wages 7*S St4 -Z-H~ employed. month. per month. STATES.' e 3Cg'g<~~.g~ gMales. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 9 ______________ __.i ___ __ _ W____ ____ ___ __ Is 0~~~~~~~~~~~ Maine............. 1 214,000 [ 2907.......... 213,970 141939 71......... 1,562......... 62200......... 1,484. 36,616 New Hampshire.......... 1 2,000 500.......... 50,000 4,900 10......... 180......... 18 00......... 200.... 6, 000 Vermont.................. 3 62,500 7, 676 150 326,437 40,175 100......... 2,208......... 22 08......... 3 200. 68,000 Massachusetts............ 6 469,000 27,909.......... 1,855,000 185,741 2635. 7,238.. 2752..12287.95,123 Rhode Island....................................................... Connecticut.............. 13 225,600 35,450.......... 2,870,000'289,'225 148......... 3,967.........26 80.... 420' 20,0 New York................ 18 605,000 46,385 20 3,000,074 321,027 505.1 2.........12,625.2500......... 23022 12,800 597,90 New Jersey............... 10 967,000 51,266 20,865 1,621,000 332,707 600......... 12,720.21......... 24,031 560,544 Pennsylvania............. 180 8,570,425 877,283 316,060 27,505,186 3,732,427 9,285 9 201,039 j46 2165 $511 285,70 40,000 6071,513 Delaware 14........00.00..................32,427...9,285. 9...201,039....46.... 21......65...... 5. 11.... 285,702.. 40,000.. 6,071,51 Maryland.................. i1 420,000 99,866 14,088 3,707,500 560,725 1,370......... 27,595......... 20 14......... 43'641. 96000 1056,400 Virginia................. 29 513,800 67,319 39,982 1,311,000 158,307 1,115 14 14.232 96 12 76 6 86 22,163.. 521,924 North Carolin'a........... 2 25,000 900.......... 150,000 27,900 26 5 208 22 800 440 400.. 2500 South Carolina........................................................................................... Georgia.............. 3::::/"5;2,800' 3 3..........430,0 25,840 35 2,355 5 17 44 5 00 900 28 57 F l w o ri d.......................::::::..'.........................:.............................................. Alabaima.................. 83 / 65000 1 838 / 000 70 0......... 36700......... i........ 0,0 990 M ississippi............................................................................................................... L ouisiana.............................. * ** *............................................................................................. Teousiana............. A rkansas....................................................'...........',........' *' " "' " * " * "'.......................................... Tennessee................ 23 1,021,400 177 167 160,000 5490 3 100 7 0 2549,73 i 21,958 558 1281 511 30420 4900 6761006 Kentucky................21 924,700 72,010.......... 4,576,269 260,152 1,845 10 37,335 47 20 23 4 70 24,245 10,000 604037 Ohio..................... 35 1,503,000 140,610 21,730 5,428,800 630,037 2415......... 59,129......... 24 48......... 52658........ 1,255,850 Michigan................. 1 15,000 2,700........... 185,000 14,000 25......... 875......... 35 00... 660 6,000 21,000 Indiana.................. 2 72,000 5,200.......... 310,000 24,400 88......... 2,290......... 26 00........ 1,850.......... 58000 Illinois.................. 2 65,000 5500.......... 170,000 15,500 150....... 3,310..........22 06... 2700.. 70,200 Missouri.................. 5 619,000 37,000 55,180............. 97,367 334......... 8,112... 24 28......... 19250.......... 314,600 Caior~nia. C I fow na........................................................................ W isortnCroina.............. 1- 1 0 00........'4 00 1,,5050 6.... 10.... 66 —,0 District of Colum bia........................................................................... Total................. 377 17,346,425 1,579,309 645,242 54,165,236 7,005,289 20,298 150 421,435 784................. 564755 259,700 12,748,777 D-Castings. fi a"^ l^.2Scu na'TC=a! C Number of hands Average wages per r 4 a.~ u. - s STATES.S ~ ~~~~~~~~ a* C a 3'employed month. Ca STATES. ^a~~~~~a 3 8 g~~~~~~~~~~g ^______________________ _ %,~~ ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~C ______________ | ii~ S' I ] ] J ]' Males. Females. Males. Females. C EC C C C C Cd C ii E — H i H -i - t _ _ _. _ _ _ E- _ _ Maine 25 150,100 3,591 245........ 1,319 14,000 112,570 243 1 29-00 $5 00 3,691............ $265,000 New Hampshire"..... 26 / 232,7000 5,673 500........ 1,680 20,500 177,060 374......... 33 05......... 5,764 27,700 371,710 Vermont......... 26 290,7200 5279 274........ 1,066 198,400 160,603 381......... 28 27......... 5,000 87,770 460,831 Massachusetts.......... 68 1,499,050 31,134 3,361........ 12,401 3,500 1,057,904 1,596......... 3090.. 32....... 3,074............ 2,235,635 Rhode Island.......... 20 428,800 8,918................ 4,670 4,000 258,267 800......... 29 63......... 8,558 119,500 728,705 Connecticut......... 60 580,800 11,396 337........ 7,592 30,600 351,369 942 7 27 02 8 00 11,210 70,000 981,400 NewYork.......... 323 4, 622,482 108,945 3,212........ 22,755 181,190 2,393,768 5,925......... 2749.........104,588............ 5,921,980 NewJersey.. 45 593,250 10, 666 350..... 5,444 175,800 301,048 803......... 2409......... 10,259............ 683,430 Pennsylvania... 390. 320 3,422,924 69,501 819........ 49,228 276,855 2,372,467 4,782 1 27 55 6 00 57,810 661,160 5,354,881 Delaware......... 13 373,500 4,440................ 4,967............ 153,852 250......... 2336......... 3,630 55,000 267,4627 Mtaryland".......... 16 359,100 7,220................ 5,000 30,000 259,190 761......... 2750......... 6,244 80,000 685,000 Virginia.. 54 471,160 7,114 205........ 7,878 71,600 297,014 810 9 1991 9 44 5,577............ 674,416 North Carolina....... 5 11,500 192.......................... 6,375 8,341 15......... 2346......... 172............. 12,867 South Carolina......... 6 185,700 169........ 2,800......... 405,560 29,128 153 2 1359 4 00 1,286............ 87,683 Georgia..4 35,000...... 440..100 9800 11,950 39.......... 2743......... 415............ 46,200.................................].................. Alabama"..10 " 6 216,625 2,348........................ 31,300 i02,085 212...... 30'05"....,915..271,1i26 Mississippi........... 8 100,000 1,197................ 248 92,000 50,370 112..... 37 91......... 924 2,800 117,400 Louisiana............. 8 255,000 1,660................ 3,205............ 75,300 347......... 35 60 -....... 1,570 4,000 312,500 Texas................. 2 16,000 250................ 250............ 8,400 35......... 4343......... 200 15,000 55,000 A rkansas...................................................................................................................................................................... Tennessee............ 16 139,550 1,682........ 5,050 24,690.13,200 90,035. 261 8 17 96 4 50 3,384..264,325 11,90 533 35 1 ~ 9 41 8..................... Kentucky............. 20 502,200 9731............... 2,649 432,750 295,533 558 20 24 89 4 15 5,888...744,316 Ohio............. 183 2,063,650 37,555 1,843 2,000 30,006 355,120 1,199,790 2,758....... 27 32......... 37,399 208,700 3,069,350 Michigan............. 63 195,450 2,494................ 901 16,200 91,865 337......... 2868......... 2,070 25,616 279,697 Indiana................ 14 82900 1968 5........ 132 29,600 66,918 143.. 25 74......... 1,757..149,430 Illinois................ 29 260400 481 501412 12,500 1725330 33.. 28 50..4.... 160 89,250 441,185 Missouri.............. 6 187,000 5,100 200...... 2,598............ 133;114 297......... 19 63......... 5,200............ 336,495 Iowa.................. 3 5500 81........................ 200 2,524 17......... 32 35......... 71 2,600 8,500 Wisconsin.. 15 116,350 1371 15 595 2,700 86,930 228.... 73........ 1,342 64,025 216,195 California.............. 1 5,000 75................ 250............ 85303......75............ 20,740 District of Columbia 2 14,000 545..80.. 18,100 27....27 0......................... 512 11,000 41,696 Total............. 1,391 17,416,361 345,553 11,416 9,850 190,891 2,413,750 10,346,355 23,541 48......... 7......... 322,745,524,121 25,108,155 E-T7ro rlt'tiron 5 ~ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 *a a C Number of hands Average wages per a. C,^~~ ctg~~ U2^ - employed, month.. 2 STATES. ^ | * | S *& S - - g ^^ Males. Females. Males. Females.. M~aine M aine........................................................................................................................................................ New Hampshire......... 2:4,000 145............0...........3re0........0'00 5,60 $3200... 110... o10,400 Vermont................ 8 62, 700 750 525 2, 625.......... 337 000 66,194 57. 3105......... 2 045......... 163, 986 Massachusetts.......... 6 610,300 7,030.................... 11,02 78,500 221, 194 260......... 22 50......... 6,720.......... 428,320 Rhode Island............ 1 208,000 3.000.................. 6000.......... 111,750 220...... 2600........ 2,650.......... 22,400 Connecticut~~~~~52 50 44.............0667.600 Connecticut............. 18 529,500 7081 1,644.......... 5,062 783.600 358,780 374......... 31 59......... 6,325 $5,000 667,560 New York.............. 60 1,1.31,300 8,530.......... 44,642 13,908 5,554,150 838,314 1,037......... 6 00......... 13,636 195,000 1,423,968 New Jersey............. 53 1,016,843 10,430......... 14,549 4,.07 1,994,180 320,950 593......... 27 78.... 816...... 8,162629,273 Pennsylvania............ 131 7,620,066 163,702 20,405.......... 325,967 3,939,998 5,488,391 6,764 7 27 68 $7 50 182,506 219,500 8,902,907 Delaware............... 2 15,000 510 60..............2.....28,000 19,500 50......... 4 19......... 550......... 55,000 Maryland............... 17 780,650 10,172 3,389.......... 10,455 { 246,000 439,511 568.. 3 3310,000....... 771,431 Virginia................ 39 791,211 17,296 92,500.......... 66,515 103,000 591,448 1,295......... 23 62......... 15,328....... 1,254,995 North Carolina.......... 19 103000.................... 4,650.......... 357,900 28,114 173 14 10 37 5 28 850... 66,980 SouthCarolina...... South Carolina......................................................i.............,................................ Georgia................ 3 9,200. 100.................76,600 5,986 26 1 1135 500 90..... 15,384 F lorida:........................................................................................................................................................................ Fl'orida................... Alabama................ 1 2,500 120.............................. 30,000 3,000 14......... 20 00 100 7,500 Louisiana. I 1000 10....... M ississippi...............................................................................................................................................:.........:............ Louisiana..........................................................................................................................................................!...... Texas.................. Arkansas................ I.... Tennessee.............. 42 755,050 11,696 325 91151 62,038............ 385.616 731 55 1520 5 00 10,348.38,800 670,618 Kentucky............... 4 176,000 2,000 1600.................... 280,000 180,800 183......... 3206......... 070.......... 299,700 Ohio................... 11 620,800 13,675 2,900.......... 22,755 466,900 604,493 70833 61.........14,416.................. 1,076,192 M ichigan.................................................................................................................................................................. Indiana.................3 17000 50.......... 3,150.......... 85000. 4425 22 2 2745 400 175 11,760 Illinois.................................................................................................................................................2.....7.5 Missouri.......... 2 42100 104.................... 9834............ 24,509 101......... 30 00......... 963 68,700 I"ow'a......................................'........................................i.................................................................................. W isconsin....................................................................................................................................................... California......................................................0 District of Columbia........................ Total............... 422 14,495,220 251,491 33,344 78,787 538,063 14,510,828 9,698,109 13,178 79............ 278044 458,300 16,747,074 ___~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~3)(01 I_____..... _____ ____ F-Malt and spirituous liquors. Quantities and kinds of grain, &c., consumed. Quantities of liquors produced. STATES. Capital Hands em-_________________________ invested. ployed. Bushels of Bushels of Bushels of Bushels of Bushels of Hhds. of Tons of Barrels of Galls. ofwhisker Gallons of barley. corn. irye. oats. apples. molasses. hops.ale, &c. and high wines, rum. M aine............................. 17,000........................................................ 000.......... 50............................ 220,000 Vermont........................... 7,000 2,500............ 2 00. Massachusetts...................... 457,500 80,000 19,400 26,600.................... 35,130 29 131 25,800 120.000 3,786,008 Rhode Island....................... 17; 000 12,500................6 09 3, 900........................... Connecticut......................... 15,500............ 20,000 2 0,00.................... 20 130,000 1,200 New York.......................... 2,585,900 2,062,250 1,647.266 909,087 6,707 60,940 24,500 581 1,380 644,700 9,231,700 2,488,800 New Jersey......................... 409,655 103,700 254,000 58,400.......... 409,700.......... 42 197 34,750 1,250,530........... Pennsylvania........................ 1,719,960 550,105 1,483,555 517,180 24,790 51,200 10 263 911 189,581 6,548,810 1,500 Maryland........................... 247,100 76,900 166,100 54,300 460.................... 25125 26,380 787,400........... Virginia............................. 100,915 20,000 250,700 62,680 450.................... 14 123 5.500 879,440............ North Carolina...................... 21,930............ 64,650 4,700........................................75........... 153,030............ South Carolina..........3....475......18,100........... 33............ 43,900............ Georgia............................. 7,150............ 20,150 2,500 1,500..............................15............ 60,450............ A labam a........................... 500........................................................ 25..........2............................ 3,000 L ouisiana............................ 8,500 10,000....................................... 10 8 3,000........................... Kentucky.......................... 168,895 65,650 551,350 30,520.......... 55,000. 10..274 19,500 1,491,745........... Tennessee.......................... 66 125 3,000 258,400 5,480........................................159............ 657,000......... Missouri............................ 2,900 124,440 309,200 24,900.............................. 31 179 44,850 939,400............ Missouri ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~..........J........../..........9 90 1 75 1 Ohio................................ I 1262 974 330,950 3,588,140 281,750 19,500.................... 178 1,033 96,943 11,865,150............ Indiana............................ "334,950 118,150 1,417,900 48,700 3,000.............10...... 18287 11,005 4,639,900. Illinois.............................. 30.400 98,000 703,500 48,700 2,200.................... 30274 27,925 2315,000........... Michigan........................... 19I 4?5 32,030 2'12,300 19,150..........1.................... 16 08 10,300 690. 900............ Iow a............................... 19.5^)............ 51,150 7,200........1..........9.............19............ 160,600............ Wisconsin.......................... 9 91,020 29,900 9,200.............................98 31,320 127,000. New Mexico Territory.............. 7,0........ 2000 12,900............................21............ 42,000.............U tah Territory..................... 3, 00 1,000.....................3300............................ District of Columbia.P 0................21.5......................................... Total...................... 334,254 787195 11,067,761 2,143,927 56,517 526,840 61,675 1,294 5,487 1,177,924 42,133,955 6,500,500 Population of the United States, and representation in Thirty-third Congress. STATES. Whites. Free colored. Total free popu- Slaves. Total population. Representative ~' Fractions. 5 lation, population. C~~~~~~~. ______________________.__________ z a Maine....................................... 581,813 1, 356 583, 169................. 583,169 583 169 6 22,631 7 New Hampshire............................... 317,456 520 317, 976.... 317,976 317,976 3 37,707 4 Vermont...................................... 313,402 718 314,120................. 314,120 314,120 3 33.851 4 Massachusetts................................ 985,450 9,064 994,514..................994,514 994,514 11 *60, 284 10 Rhode Island.................................. 143,875 3,670 147,545................. 147,545 147,545 2 *54, 122 2 Connecticut.................................. 363,099 7,693 370,792................. 370,792 370,792 4 *90,523 4 New York.................................... 3,048,325 49,069 3,097394............ 3,097,394 3,097,394 33 14,435 34 Pennsylvania................................. 2,258,463 53,323 2,311,786................. 2,311,786 2,311,786 25 *69,634 24 Ohio......................................... 1,955,108 25,319 1,980,427............ 1,980,427 1,980,427 21 18,544 21 Indiana........................................ 977,628 10,788 988,416................. 988,416 988,416 11 *54, 186 10 Illinois....................................... 846,035 5,435 851,470................. 851,470 851,470 9 10,663 7 lichigan...................................... 395,097 2,557 397,654................. 397,654 397,654 4 23,962 3 Wisconsin.................................... 304,758 633 305,391................. 305,391 305,391 3 25, 122 3 Iowa......................................... 191,879 335 192,214................. 192 214 92,214 2 5,368 2 California.................................... 91,632 965 92,597................. 92, 597 92,597 2............... 2 New Jersey................................... 465,513 23, 820 489,333 f 222 489,555 489,466 5 22,351 5 0 Delaware..................................... 71,169 18,073 89,242 2, 290 91,532 90,616 1.............. 1 Maryland..................................... 417,943 74,723 492,666 90,368 583,034 546,886 6 *79,771 6 Xirginia...................................... 894,800 54,333 949,133 472,528 1,426,661 1,232,649 13 18,150 15 North Carolina................................ 553,028 27, 463 580, 491 288,548 869,039 753,619 8 6, 235 9 South Carolina................................ 274,567 8,956 283,523 384,984 668,507 5141,513 6 *47, 398 7 Georgia........................................ 521,572 2,931524,503 381, 682 906,185 753,512. 8 6,128 8 Alabama....................................... 426, 486 2,293 428,779 342,892 771,671 634,514 7 *73,976 7 Mississippi.................................... 295, 718 930 296,648 309,878 606,526 482,574 5 15,495 4 Louisiana..................................... 255,491 17,462 272,953 244,809 517,762 419,838 4 46,146 4 Tennessee.................................... 756,753 6,401 763,154 239,460 1, 002,614 906,830 10 *66,023 11 Kentucky.................................... 761,417 10,007 771,424 210,981 982,405 898,012 10 *57, 205 10 Missouri...................................... 592,004 2,618 594,622 87,422 682,044 647,075 7 *86,537 5 Arkansas..................................... 162,189 608 162,797 47,100 209,897 191,057 2 4,211 1 Florida....................................... 47,21192448,13539,30987,444 71,720 1.............. 1 Texas........................................ 154,034 397 154,431 58,161 212,592 189,327 2 25 481 2 District of Columbia........................... 38,027 9,973 48,000 3,687 51,687................................................. Utah Territory................................ 11,330 24 11, 354 26 11,380................................................. Minnesota Territory........................... 6,038 39 6,077...6,077................................................. New Mexico Territory......................... 61,530 17 61,547............. 61,547................................................. Oregon Territory.............................. 13,088 206 13,294.................13,294................................................. Aggregate............................... 19,553,928 433,643 19,987,573 3,204,347 23,191,918 21,767,673 234.............. 233 * H-lave the addition of a member on account of the fractions. "Apprentices" by the "act to abolish slavery," passed April 18, 1846.